Aboriginal health: An annotated bibliography

an annotated bibliography First published in 1988 by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies GPO Box 553, Canbe...

Author: Neil Thomson

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an annotated bibliography

First published in 1988 by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies GPO Box 553, Canberra, ACT 2601 and Australian Institute of Health GPO Box 570, Canberra, ACT 2601 @ Australian Institute of Health 1988

Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, n o part of this publication may be reproduced by any process whatsoever without the written permission of the publisher National Library of Australia, Cataloguing-in-Publication data Thomson, Neil, 1942Aboriginal health, an annotated bibliography ISBN 0 85575 201 7 [l]. Aborigines, Australian- Health and hygiene - Bibliography [2] Aborigines, Australian - Medical care - Bibliography I Merrifield, Patricia II Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Ill Title

Typeset in Interleaf Modern by the Australian Institute of Health Printed in Australia by Australian Print Group, Maryborough, Victoria

CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction

vii ix

Bibliography Aboriginal health - general

1

Health policy and funding General health services Aboriginal medical services State and Territory programs Aboriginal health workers Other special health services Health policy - miscellaneous

25 31 33 41 45 53 57

Environmental aspects - social and cultural Environmental aspects - physical

59 71

Traditional health and medicine

75

Demography (includes mortality and fertility)

83

General morbidity

91

Nutrition and growth

97

Child health and health care

109

Communicable diseases - general Communicable diseases - leprosy Communicable diseases - sexually transmitted Communicable diseases - other

119 121 127 131

Endocrine and metabolic diseases - diabetes mellitus Endocrine and metabolic diseases - other

139 143

Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs

151

Mental health - general Mental health - alcohol abuse Mental health - other substance abuse Mental health - other

153 165 175 181

Diseases of the nervous system -general Eye diseases Ear diseases

183 185 195

Diseases of the circulatory system Diseases of the respiratory system Diseases of the digestive system Dental health Diseases of the genito-urinary system Skin diseases Diseases of the musculoskeletal system Obstetrics and gynaecology Health education Psychology Genetic studies Women's health Family planning Immunology Miscellaneous Index of authors Index of regions

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publication of this bibliography would not have been possible without the willing assistance provided by so many people, mainly from the four agencies directly involved in its planning and preparation - the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, the former Commonwealth Department of Health, the National Library of Australia, and the Australian Institute of Health While it is not possible to acknowledge by name all those who have made contributions, we are particularly grateful to a number of colleagues From the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, we would like to thank Eric Willmot, Warwick Dix, Frank Kunz, Val Chapman, David Horton and staff of the library and the publications section Commonwealth Department of Health staff who made significant contributions include Patricia Woolcock, Bert Pribac, Dennis Stanbury, Shirley Price and the staff in the ADP branch We are indebted to Sandra Henderson, Paul Hodgson and other staff at the National Library of Australia, and to Len Smith, Norma Briscoe, Robyne Zibar and Audrey Jitts from the Australian Institute of Health The assistance of Marji Hill, David Keightly, Rosalie Pearson and Jill Mendham was greatly appreciated We are also grateful to the National Health and Medical Research Council for the grant which made the preparation of the bibliography possible

Aborigines are the least healthy sub-population in Australia In addressing the health disadvantages experienced by Aborigines, politicians and health planners, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, require access to the best available information about Aboriginal health The preparation of this bibliography was stimulated in 1982 by the recognition that much valuable information had appeared since the 1971 publication by PM Moodie and EH Pederson of The health of Australian Aborigines' an annotated bibliography (Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra), but that retrievalof that information neededto be facilitated by the assembly of an easily accessible reference This recognition led to a series of meetings, initially between representatives of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies and the Commonwealth Department of Health, and later also involving staff from the National Library of Australia, to discuss how action to rectify this could be undertaken At that time, the National Library of Australia was starting to develop the Australasian Medical Index, to be accessible throughout Australia and New Zealand by computer terminals It was decided to first develop the bibliography on Aboriginal health as a separate data base within the Australasian Medical Index, and then produce a book version The computer version has been operational since late 1985, and this publication, which is jointly published by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies and the Australian Institute of Health, includes material up to that date It is produced in response to numerous requests from people without access to the terminals needed to use the computer version Material since 1985 is currently being added to the data base For information about the most recent material available readers are referred to the summaries of recent research, reports and theses contained in the AboriginalHealth Information Bulletin, also jointly published by the Australian Institutes of Health and of Aboriginal Studies The authors would be grateful for advice of any errors or omissions

Content of the bibliography The bibliography includes all significant locatable publicationson Aboriginal health produced since about 1970 It does not include material that appears in the 1971 publication The health of Australian Aborigines an annotated bibliography, and no intensive search was undertaken for material published before 1970 Although journal articles comprise a large proportion of the items, also included are books, chapters in books,government and non-government reports, and even submissions made to some Parliamentary and other inquiries For example, quite a number of the submissions made to the Australian Parliament's House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs 1977-1 978 Inquiry have been included

As in the bibliography compiled by Moodie and Pederson, some rather arbitrary decisions were required regarding the selection of material for inclusion Emphasis was placed more on the practical social and medical aspects of health, rather than on some of the more esoteric biomedical or anthropological aspects In general, minor articles, letters to journals, and media items were not included Other sources of information on Aboriginal health It has not been possibleto include reference to all materialabout Aboriginal health For example, some annual reports of health authorities and of medical services contain valuable information, but for practical reasons have not been included The annual report of the Commonwealth Department of Health (previously known as the Annual Report of the Director-Generalof Health) has, in the past, contained information about births, deaths (including infant deaths), leprosy and tuberculosis Of the annual reports of StateITerritory health authorities, thosefrom Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory are generally the most useful The Nganampa Health Council's reports are also valuable references While some of the submissions to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs 1977-1978 Inquiry into Aboriginal health have been included, generally submissions to other Inquiries have not been However, some of these, such as the earlier Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs Inquiry into alcohol abuse, contain useful material More recently, the Senate inquiry into volatile substance abuse received many submissions about petrol inhalation among Aborigines

How t o use this bibliography In an attempt to make this bibliography more readily usable, it has been organised somewhat differently to most bibliographies Rather than simply including the material alphabetically by author or title, entries have been arranged in chapters according to subject Within the chapters related to specific subjects, the material is ordered primarily by date of publication, the most recent material listed first, and then alphabeticallyby author or title Modificationof the designated authorship of a numberof articlescontained in the computerversion of the bibliography has meant that some are not in strict alphabeticalorder At the end of each chapter, reference is made to additional items classified primarily under another subject, but which contain material on the subject of that chapter. To facilitate reference to specific items, each item has been assigned a unique number The prefix of this number, and, if appropriate, the first digit(s) of the suffix, identifies the chapter or sub-chapter in which the item has been included Users will notice the occasionaldiscontinuity in numbers, resulting from the deletion of a few articles contained in the computer version of the bibliography Following the body of the bibliography are two cross-reference indexes, one by author and one by geographic region In addition to the primary grouping into

Stateflerritory, the geographic cross-reference index also includes classification into regions, such as the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory or the Kimberley region of Western Australia For convenience, the Central Australia region is not confined by StateITerritory borders, and includes parts of the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia

Obtaining copies of specific items Readers requiring copies of items included in the bibliography are referred to their local health-related library, or to the library of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, the world leader on Aboriginal matters The Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies library has copies of virtually all the material included in this bibliography, as well other useful material not included, such as submissions to various Inquiries The library, located in Canberra, is open to the public and can supply copies of most items for a modest fee

Conclusion The literature on Aboriginal health repeatedly reveals the markedly lower health status of most Aborigines, compared with other Australians Although there have been some improvements in recent years, there is still much to be done if the health inequalities experienced by Aborigines are to be reduced, and eventually eliminated It is hoped that, by contributing to the dissemination of knowledge on Aboriginal health, this bibliography will assist those politicians and health planners attempting to eliminate Aboriginal health inequalities

1.0 ABORIGINAL HEALTH - GENERAL 1 0001 THOMSON N (1985) Aboriginal health status, programs and prospects Department of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 50pp Summarises evidence on current state of Aboriginal health, reviews various programs and services aimed at alleviating ill health, considers prospects for further improvements in health, and examines role of Commonwealth

1 0002 FOLEY GE (1984) The report of the Committee of Review into AboriginalHealth in South Australia South Australian Health Commission, Adelaide, 135pp Reviews current health services, current health status, training of health workers and financing of health services, recommends a number of changes 1 0003 GAY JE (1984) Australian Aboriginal health and change Journal of the Royal Society of Health 5 188-1 9 1 Details health problems of Aborigines and contributoryfactors, discussesfailure of health and welfare services to overcome the problems 1 0004 GURD C (1984) Aboriginal health in the Northern Territory In Tatchell M (ed) Perspectives on health policy Proceedings of a Public Affairs Conference held at the Australian National University, Canberra, 27-29 July 1982 Health Economics Research Unit, Australian National University, Canberra 170-1 74 NorthernTerritory Government health programs are aimed at improving standards of living and developing community purpose as well as direct assaults on environmental and health problems 1 0005 HOLLOWS F (1984) Aboriginal disease patterns and medical systems for Aborigines In Tatchell M (ed) Perspectives on health policy Proceedings of a Public Affairs Conference held at the Australian National University, Canberra, 27-29 July 1982 Health Economics Research Unit, Australian National University, Canberra 159-1 64 Outlines health status of Aborigines and discusses the efficacy of various approaches to providing health care, Aboriginal controlled medical services alone offer the essential ingredients to improved health, that is liberation and independence of Aboriginal people

2 Aboriginal health -general

1 0006 MANNING B, SEWELL M (1984) A review of under-enumeration of Aboriginality in vital and health statistical collections in the urban areas of New South Wales Department of Health, New South Wales, 60pp Recommends redesign of forms, new administrative procedures and more emphasis on awareness and education to improve collection of birth, death and morbidity statistics 1 0007 NORRIS M (1984) Health care in the Torres Strait Aboriginal Health Worker 8(1) 7-9 Reports on lifestyle, traditions, hospitals, nurse education and health care. 1 0008 THOMSON N (1984) Australian Aboriginal health and health-care Social Science and Medicine 18(11) 939-948 The low standard of Aboriginal health related to social inequality, characterised by poverty and powerlessness, special health programs have met with limited success due to failure to address underlying causes 1 0009 THOMSON N (1984) Aboriginal health - current status Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1 4 705-71 8 Comprehensive review of Aboriginal health status, including statistics on mortality, hospitalisation and specific disease conditions

1 0010 COOMBS HC (1983) Economic, social, and spiritual factors in Aboriginal health Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 14pp. Aboriginal lifestyles and their relevance to health and health policies 1 0011 COOMBS HC, BRANDL MM, SNOWDON WE (1983) A certain heritage Programs for and by Aboriginal families in Australia Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 461pp Analyses the impact of government programson Aboriginal families, and provides many insights towards understanding Aboriginality Contains a chapter on health care delivery 1 0012 NATHAN P, JAPANANGKA DL (1983) Health business Heinemann Educational Australia, Richmond, Victoria, 216pp

Aboriginal health -general 3

Aboriginal perceptions of health and illness, sickness management and health needs and priorities A redefinition of the Aboriginal health problem from central Australia 1 0013 REIDY M (1983) The health of Aboriginals in Australia Contact 72 1-17

A health profile of Aborigines is provided Also investigates the various factors contributing to the poor health status of Aborigines 1 0014 SEMMENS K (1983) Problems for a health-worker in Arnhem Land Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 3 23-29

Observations on the health status of agroupof Aborigines living on two outstations in northeast Arnhem Land, including identification of difficulties facing a Western medical practitioner when dealing with people living a traditional lifestyle in remote communities

1 0015 CUTTER T, TREGENZA JD (1982) Nganampa Health Service a report on health services in the eastern Pitjantjatjara and Yankunyatjara areas Commissioned by the Pitjantjatjara Council Inc, 146pp Survey of the health needsfor the eastern area of the Pitjantjatjara Council region 1 0016 FLEMING KJ (1982) Health in the Northern Territory Transactions of the Menzies Foundation 4 29-41 A review of Northern Territory health status, including that of Aborigines 1 0017 HETZEL BS, WIGGLESWORTH EC (1982) Prospects for health in the Northern Territory Transactions of the Menzies Foundation 4 43-59 Analysis of the major health problems of the Northern Territory 1 0018 MCILRAITH S, REID J, FRANKLIN M (1982) Aboriginal health and lifestyle Australian Medical Association, Sydney, 24pp Poor status of Aboriginal health and an examination of some of the cultural and social reasons underlying this 1 0019 OSBORNE PD (1982) The other Australia- the crisis in Aboriginal health Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 144pp Establishes the state of the Aboriginal health crisis and proposes policies to alleviate the crisis

4 Aboriginal health -general

10020 RE1D J (1982) The Australian problem In Reid J (ed) Body, landandspirit: health and healing in Aboriginal society University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland ix-xvi Establishes the framework for a series of papers on the themes of contemporary crises in health, traditional system of dealing with health, and medical strategies in change 1 0021 ROWLEY CD, MACKAY V, RILEY B, KENNEDY S, LITTLE E, MCLEOD B, SIMMS H, ROBERTSON M (1982) Equality by instalments: the Aboriginal householder in rural New South Wales, 1965 and 1980 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 33pp Sampling of New South Wales Aboriginal households in 1965 and 1980 reveals useful data on demographic patterns, employment, income and assets, health, education and housing. 1 0022 TAME A, ROBOTHAM FP (1982) Maralinga: British A-bomb Australian legacy Foiitana, Melbourne, 272pp presents some evidence that many Aborigines were affected by radiation during and subsequent to nuclear weapons testing at Maralinga .'

'

1 0023 SMITH LR-i(1982) Aboriginal health and Aboriginal health statistics Aboriginal Health,Project Information Bulletin 1 14-24 "'

-,

p,

F.3,

isc cusses h e lack of statistics on Aboriginal health matters, Aboriginal health policy,:health program planning and monitoring and health surveillance 1 0024 WILSON P (1982). Black death, white hands George Alien & Unwin, Sydney, 150PP Reports on the background to a homicide by a twenty-four-year-old Aborigine; concludes the solution to the problems of violence among Aborigines lies with greater self-determination for the Aboriginal community

1.0025 Aboriginal 'illth': a broken record? (1981) Medical Journal of Australia 1(8) 444 Comments on the health status of Aborigines. 1 0026 Causes of Aboriginal ill health (1981) In Parliament of New South Wales Second Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines.

Aboriginal health -general 5

Part 1 - Report and minutes of proceedings Government Printer, Sydney, New South Wales 131-42 Recommends that research programs be implemented to document extent and pattern of Aboriginal ill health, and that formal State policies on Aboriginal health be drawn up in consultation with Aborigines 1 0027 Incidence of Aboriginal ill health (1981) In Parliament of New South Wales Second Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines. Part 1 - Report and minutes of proceedings Government Printer, Sydney, New South Wales 143-149 Recommends that in consultation with Aboriginal Medical Services, the government should implement an urgent program of health care to raise the health status of Aboriginal people to that of the general community 1 0028 Medical training and education (1981) In Parliament of New South Wales Second Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines. Part 1 - Reports and minutes of proceedings Government Printer, Sydney, New South Wales- 166-1 69 Recommends assistance to Aborigines wishing to pursue studies in the health field and that courses on Aboriginal health and social problems be available to non-Aboriginal health personnel 1 0029 Second Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines (1981). Government Printer, Sydney, New South Wales, 479t)p A survey of many aspects of Aborigines, including their housing, health, employment, education and culture Arrangements between the Commonwealth and States in the case of Aborigines are discussed 1 0030 BAUME P (1981) Message to Aboriginal health workers Medical care does not equal health Aboriginal Health Worker 5(1) 5-8. Identifies smoking, drinking, junk food, dirty water, garbage, flies and bad living conditions as the sources of many Aboriginal health problems. 1 0031 BAUME P (1981) The challenge of Aboriginal health Address by the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Senator the Hon Peter Baume at the Sixth Australian Medical Congress in Launceston, 12 February 1981 Current poor status and planning objectives are stated Outlines some existing programs 1 0032 BRISCOE G (1981) Aboriginal health some of the political issues involved Identity 4(5) 31-32

6 Aboriginal health - general

Background to current situation, with consideration of political aspects 1 0033 COABY CB (1981) Cross-cultural and minority groups In Man, drugs and society - current perspectives. Proceedings of the First Pan-Pacific Conference on Drugs and Alcohol, Canberra, Australia, February 2 6 - March 5, 1980 Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra 152-1 53 Problems of the Aboriginal people, including cultural identity of part-Aborigines, brief reference t o health and education 1 0034 JACKSON J, SARIAGO V (1981) Aboriginal land rights and health Australasian Nurses Journal 10(9) 5-6 An overview of Aboriginal health, and the importance of land to Aborigines 1 0035 KAMIEN M (1981) Aboriginal health care between givers and receivers - a cultural chasm Current Affairs Bulletin 58(2) 14-22 Examines current health status of Aborigines and compares this with their health status prior to European contact Comments on the cultural chasm between Aboriginal medical needs and the nature of European delivery of health care 1 0036 KIRK RL (1981). A people in transition In Kirk RL Aboriginal man adapting- the human biology of Australian Aborigines Clarendon Press, Oxford 191-205 Discusses biological effects of social transitions demographic factors, community health and mental health Covers new adaptive responses Aboriginal health services, development of cognitive abilities and the homelands movement 1 0037 KIRK RL (1981) Aboriginal man adapting: the human biology of Australian Aborigines Clarendon Press, Oxford, 229pp A broad perspective of Aboriginal biological adaptation to the environment over 40,000 years 1 0038 KIRK RL (1981) Adapting to the environment In Kirk RL Aboriginal man adapting: the human biology of Australian Aborigines Clarendon Press, Oxford 152-1 68. Discussesmorphologicaladaptation, body temperature and metabolism,the need for water and regulation of salt, blood pressure, and alcohol metabolism 1 0039 KIRK RL (1981). Changing patterns of health In Kirk RL Aboriginalman adapting: the human biology of Australian Aborigines Clarendon Press, Oxford 169-190

-

Aboriginal health general 7

Past and present patterns of disease, including discussion of childhood mortality and morbidity, protein calorie malnutrition, congenital and genetic defects, and mental health 1 0040 KIRK RL (1981) Physical unity and divergence In Kirk RL Aboriginal man adapting the human biology of Australian Aborigines Clarendon Press, Oxford 88-1 09 Physical anthropology of the Australian Aborigines Some traits, particularly differences in skulls, are used to distinguish populations in various parts of the country, and are compared with populations in other parts of the world 1 0041 KIRK RL (1981) Physiological,demographic and genetic adaptation of Australian Aboriginals In Keast A (ed) Ecological biogeography of Australia W Junk Publishers, The Hague 1799-181 6 Physiological aspects are discussed in relation to Aboriginal adaptation to the environment Genetic evidence relates Aborigines to New Guineans and Melanesians, but to no other outside groups 1 0042 MOODIE PM (1981) Australian Aborigines In Trowell HC, Burkitt DP (eds) Western diseases: their emergence and prevention Edward Arnold, London 154-1 67 Western diseases among Aborigines since contact with Western culture

1 0043 BARRETT T (1980) The cause of bad health standards Australasian Nurses Journal 9(10) 26 Factors contributing to Aboriginal health status 1 0044 CHANEY F (1980) The role of education in breaking the poverty cycle Australasian Nurses Journal9(10) 20 Minister for Aboriginal Affairs comments on education and poverty 1 0045 KAMIEN M (1980) The Aboriginal Australian experience In Stanley NF, Joske RA (eds) Changing disease patterns and human behaviour Academic Press, London 254-270 The disintegration of Aboriginal culture has been attended by the processes of acculturation However the delivery of health care to Aborigines leaves much to be desired

8 Aboriginal health - general

1 0046 RUDDOCK PM (1980) Aboriginal health Australasian Nurses Journalg(5):5-10 Findings of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs report on Aboriginal health 1 0047 WINCH J (1980) An exploration into problems of a breakdown in health of the Aboriginal population in Western Australia. In- Berndt RM, Berndt CH (eds) Aborigines of the West: their past and present University of Western Australia Press, Perth 451-458 Problems include lifestyle changes, health care, housing, prejudice, education and unemployment

1 0048 NORTHERN TERRITORY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1979) A survey b y Tiwi health workers - 1977-1979 Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, 1 PP Survey covers methods of traditional healing, foods, anthropometric measurements and disease occurrence, totems, birth practices

1.0049 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STANDING COMMITTEE ON ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS ( 1 979). Aboriginal health Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra A comprehensive report on Aboriginal health based on the Committee's consideration of more than one hundred written and verbal submissions. It addresses briefly the prevalence of disease experience by Aborigines, and considers the physical and social environmental and cultural factors influencing the pattern of disease. The report also summarises the existing health care programs, including Aboriginal involvement, as well as considering requirements for non-Aboriginal health personnel. 1 0050 CHANEY FM (1979) On Aboriginal health Australasian Nurses Journalg(1) 1-3 Ministerial paper outlining some of the key issues in Aboriginal health 1 0051 ELLIOTT J (1979) Health problems of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Queensland, Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 62(2) 49-63 Overview of present health facilities in Cape York Peninsula; proposes improvements in the provision of health care to Aboriginal and Islander communities

Aboriginal health - general 9

1 0052 KRATZ C (1979) The Aborigines Nursing Times 75(47) 2042-2043 Non-Aboriginal woman doctor's personal response to the health status of Aborigines at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia 1 0053 REID J (1979). Aboriginal health and politicians' briefcases Medical Journal of Australia l(8) 319-321 The low standards of Aboriginal health and of delivery of health care, could be alleviated in part by self-determination 1 0054 REID JC (1979) Aboriginalhealth in the 1970sand 1980s Cumberland College of Health Sciences, Sydney, 14pp Examines health status, causes of ill health, including social and environmental factors Recommends changes to the system of health care

1 0055 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA (1978). Enquiry into health problems of Aboriginals Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard 849-854 Discusses causes of health problems, effectivenessof existing health schemes, alternative health care delivery, ways to encourage more people with appropriate qualifications to participate in services, ways to encourage more Aboriginal involvement in health services 1 0056 CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL CONGRESS (1978) Health of, for and by the Aboriginal people Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 1513-1578

Argues for the passing back of control of health services to Aborigines in giving them options to choose services according to priorities and needs, and in line with their own structure and traditions 1 0057 VICTORIAN DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH (1978) Health of Aborigines in Victoria Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 2181-2188 Argues for greater Aboriginal involvement in planning and delivering health services, greater emphasis on preventative health services and more involvement of specialists

10 Aboriginal health -general

1.0058 WARD JA (1978) Health problems of Aborigines in NSW Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 390-407. Outlines health problems of New South Wales Aborigines, causative factors and requirements to improve this situation 1.0059 TOWNSVILLE ABORIGINAL AND ISLANDERS COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRE (1978) Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 1751-1761 Reports on the physical and mental health and social conditions of Aborigines and Islanders in and around Townsville 1.0060 PRINCE OF WALES CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL (1978) Submission to the House of RepresentativesStanding Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 272-276 Argues for greater cooperation within and between health and welfare organisations, a central government listing of individuals and groups involved, a government 'Urgent Needs' committee, and changes in the administration of project and research funding 1.0061 ABORIGINAL MEDICAL SERVICE (1978) Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 463-505 Describes problemswhich should be addressed by government policies, including infant diseases, water and sanitation systems, education, dental health, nutrition disorders, alcoholism and vitamin C deficiency 1.0062 SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH COMMISSION (1978) Submission to the House of RepresentativesStanding Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 2637-2686 Reports on disease prevalence and etiology, and effectiveness of health care programs in South Australia Particular attention is paid to Huntington's disease 1.0063 BECKETT J (1978) Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 241-244. Discusses the causes of ill health in part-Aboriginal populations in far western New South Wales including disorganisation, alcoholism, poverty, lack of balanced diet and attitudes to medical treatment

Aboriginal health -general 11

1 0064 BOURKE C (1978) Aboriginal health problems Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 2350-2358 Argues that poor Aboriginal health is linked to social conditions and self- esteem, solutions lie with giving Aborigines greater control over their affairs 1 0065 BRISCOE G (1978) Aboriginal health and land rights New Doctor 8 13-15 Stresses the importance of land rights and self-determination to Aboriginal health 1 0066 COOMBS HC (1978) Aboriginal nutrition and the eco-systems of Central Australia summing up Aboriginal Nutrition 4 1-4 Concluding comments on the 1977 CSIRO workshop 1 0067 DINNELL GP (1978) Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 2741-2756 Emphasises the need for more Aboriginal involvement in primary health care and presents a course outline for training Aboriginal health workers 1 0068 DUGDALE AE (1978) Effectiveness of existing health care programs Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 2162-21 64 Argues for greater coordination of medical services offered to Aboriginal communities adjacent to towns in Queensland and closer supervision of medical research teams visiting the communities

4

1 0069 ELLIOT J (1978). Health problems of Aborigines and Torres Strait l s h d e r s in Queensland Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard 2071-21 26

Recommends better planned health care buildings, better coordination of services, better supervision and screening of research into health matters, more publicity to encourage Aboriginal and Islander girls to become nurses, intensification of the Health Education Program, more attention to health care servicesforTorres Strait Islandcommunities,and salary loadingsfor professionals working in isolated areas 1 0070 GAVRANIC T (1978) The Aboriginal homelands movement a community development approach to health New Doctor8 39-41

12 Aboriginal health

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There is a need to adapt health care facilities and provisions to the needs of Aborigines This involves self-determination, land ownership, and training of Aboriginal health workers. 1 0071 KAMIEN M (1978). The dark people of Bourke: a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 342pp. Author describes his role as physician and change agent in the Bourke Aboriginal community. Sets the social scene, identifies patterns of illness and examines other aspects of social and psychiatric medicine 1 0072 KAMIEN M (1978) The doctor as an agent of social change: a retrospective view of what I tried to be. In Kamien M The darkpeople of Bourke: a study ofplanned social change Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra- 234-255 How the author initiated and suggested changes which would result in long term improvement in the overall condition of the Aboriginal community in Bourke 1.0073 KENDRICK N (1978). Aboriginal health statistics Aboriginal Health Worker 2(4) 19-21 Outlines aims and methods of the Aboriginal Health Statistics project 1 0074 KETTLE ES (1978) Inquiry into health problems of Aboriginals. the training of Aboriginal health personnel Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals Hansard- 3399-3445 Argues for better training to be available for young Aborigines aiming to become health workers, hospital nursing and liaison staff, and health inspectors. 1.0075 LANGTON M, SHEA L (1978) Uranium mining the impact on Aboriginal lifestyles Survival International Review 3(3) 12-1 5. Analysis of the Second Ranger Report and the likely impact of uranium mining on the wellbeing of Aborigines 1 0076 MORICE R (1978) Central Australian Aborigines Changes in lifestyle and their effect on health. New Doctor8 24-26. Self-determination by Aborigines is necessary for them to adapt to the changed environment in which they now find themselves 1 0077 REED CJ (1978) Survey of health related matters in the south-west of Western Australia. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard 855-913

Aboriginal health -general 13

Reports on survey into attitudes of Aborigines to health and health services. Research found satisfaction with health services but a feeling that more help is needed with housing, education, employment, community acceptance and alcoholism. 1.0078 ROWLEY CD (1978). A matter of justice. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 249pp. Social survey of Aboriginal situations today including politics, social change, justice, alienation, settlements, missions, bureaucracy and legislation. Solutions offered. 1.0079 SMITH LR (1 978).Second draft. Aboriginal health statistics in Australia - a survey and a plan. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3329-3383. Reports results of an investigationinto Aboriginal health statistics and a proposed plan for a national system of statistics. 1.0080 PITJANTJATJARA HOMELANDS HEALTH SERVICE (1978).Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1702-1 732. Proposal for a community based and operated health service for isolated traditional communities. 1.0081 TONKINSON ME (1978). Aboriginal health at Jigalong, Western Australia. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 4012-4025. Recommends granting of land rights and improvement of living conditions, community participation in decision making in health matters, education of health workers, the community and medical staff, and recognition of the role of traditional healers. 1.0082 WARD J (1978). Aboriginal health in Australia [editorial]. New Doctor8:5-6. Comments on how the funds provided each year by the Federal Government for special health services for Aborigines have not resulted in improvements in Aboriginal health. Suggested solutions include: understanding by Governments and people that the problem is essentially one of the repairingof the psychological damage done over nearly two centuries; promoting of a treaty of commitment which would allow for Aboriginal community development; self-determination, restoration of land; and development of an economic base. 1.0083 WARMINGTON S (1978). Inside Australia: cultural exchange in the Kimberleys. Medical Journal of Australia 1(6):328-329.

14 Aboriginal health - general

Brief paper outlining some of the health problems a t Fitzroy Crossing in Western Australia and the need for cultural exchange. 1.0084 WEBBER DL (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 163-1 6 9 . Argues for greater Aboriginal involvement in all aspects of Aboriginal health services eg selection of trainees, course methods, evolution, job criteria and funding. 1.0085 WEBSTER I (1978). Aboriginal health in Australia [editorial]. New Doctor8:6. Discusses Aboriginal health issues. 1.0086 WHITE NG (1978). Changing lifestyles and dietary patterns in a north-eastern Arnhem Land community: some observations and comments. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2423-2451. Recommends outstations be encouraged, but there is a need for more education (nutrition, English language skills, motor mechanics etc) and more facilities for establishment of gardens to supplement traditional diets. 1.0087 WINCH J (1978). Looking at human rights. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1041-1 043. Looks at health problems of fringe dwellers in Perth and recommends more appropriate housing, Aboriginal liaison officer at Royal Perth Hospital casualty department, improvement of food services, more money for medical field staff, changes in nurse training to include anthropology and sensitivity training, and a revival of traditional healing methods. 1.0088 YARRAN L (1978) Aboriginals' health problems. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1044-1 046. Discusses causes of health problems (eg exposure to new diseases, cultural and social factors, lack of appropriate health care) and some solutions (eg more qualified people to help, more Aboriginal participation,more research into practical problems, better social conditions).

Aboriginal health -general 15

1.0089 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1977). Enquiry into Aboriginal Health. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 5-41. Looks at disease prevalence, effectiveness of existing services, alternative health care delivery systems, recruitment of suitably qualified health care workers and development of health care services. 1.0090 DEPARTMENT OF ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS (1977). Role of the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and his Department in respect of Aboriginal health. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 93-1 24. Summarises role of the government in Aboriginal health services. Discusses collection of relevant statistics, adequacy of health care programs, health care delivery, economics and records Committee discussions. 1.0091 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1977). The National Plan for Aboriginal Health. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 43. Outlines a ten-year plan approved by the Minister for Health in March 1973, for a national campaign to raise the standard of health of Aborigines. 1.0092 MULLEN S (1977). Nursing in an Aboriginal community on EIcho Island. Australian Nurses Journal 7(2):52-54. Describes nursing experience and general impressions of a visiting nurse among the Elcho Island Aborigines. 1.0093 VINER RI (1977). 10th anniversary. Australasian Nurses Journal7(2):4-5. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs reflects on the major Aboriginal health issues. 1.0094 WHITE G (1977). The ancient Greeks had a word for it 27(4) 33-9.

... Metriopathia. Health

The need for real understanding between non-Aboriginal health personnel and Aborigines living in remote areas. 1.0095 WHITE IM (1977). Pitfalls to avoid: the Australian experience. In: Health and disease in tribal societies. Ciba Foundation Symposium 49, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam: 269-301.

16 Aboriginal health -general

Review of major Aboriginal health problems. Identifies the genetic, environmental, social and cultural factors to which they may be attributed. 1.0096 WRIGHT B (1977). The ecology of disease amongst fringe-dwelling rural Aborigines in New South Wales. Graduate Diploma in Aboriginal Studies thesis, South Australian College of Advanced Education, 155pp. Examines health status and associated factors for Aborigines in rural New South Wales, and looks in detail at those living on a reserve at Walgett.

1.0097 Australian Government involvement in Aboriginal health (1976).AboriginalHealth Issues 1(1):18-19. Summarises history and current position, both organisational and economic, 1.0098 DINNELL GP (1976). Aboriginal health. Australasian Nurses Journal5(4):29-31. General statement about the effects of cultural change on the health of Aborigines and the need for Aboriginal self-determination in health matters. 1.0099 KIRK RL, THORNE AG (1976). The origin of the Australians. Australian Instituteof Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 449pp. Research into ancestry of present day Aborigines reported in conference sessions titled: The Pleistocene Background; Early Man in Australia; Morphological Variation; Genetic Patterns; and, Genetics and Evolutionary Relationships. 1.0100 NURCOMBE B (1976). Children of the dispossessed. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 270pp. Intelligence, the Jensen controversy, cognitive performance, early childhood education, cultural disadvantage in Australia, an Australian pre-school and a discussion of theoretical issues are the major themes discussed. 1.0101 RICHARDSON J (1976). Aboriginal health: a vicious circle. Australian Nurses Journal 6(2):25-26. Health, prejudice and under-achievement in school seen as factors preventing Aborigines from being socioeconomic achievers.

1.0102 Aboriginal health and related matters in the south-west of Western Australia (1975). Second report of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 96pp.

Aboriginal health -general 17

A review of health status and health services, 1.0103 The Aboriginal Medical Service (1975). Opus 6:9-13. The work of the Aboriginal Medical Service and causes of Aboriginal ill health with special reference to housing, preventive medicine, employment and public relations. 1.0104 The human ecology of the arid zone [editorial] (1975). MedicalJournalofAustralia l(8):221-223. Description of the action-oriented research program in the Upper Darling region, New South Wales. 1.0105 Why a special supplementon Aboriginal health?[editorial] (1975). MedicalJournal of Australia 1(2):23-24. To emphasise the needs of Aborigines for health care, the journal suggests the idea of a special supplement on Aboriginal health. 1.OlO6 BLAINEY G ( l 975). Triumph of the nomads: a history of ancient Australia. Sun Books, Melbourne, 285pp. Relatesthe history of the inhabitantsof Australiafrom over 30,000 years ago to the arrivalof European settlement in 1788. Containschaptersonfood, birth anddeath, and medicines and drugs. 1.0108 FRITH NC (1975). Experiences in public health nursing. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, University of Sydney, 183pp. Provides three family case histories, discusses major health problemsl factors influencing health and public health nursing. l.OlOg KAMIEN M (1975). The doctor as an agent of change: an action oriented epidemiological and sociological study of the health of a rural Aboriginal community. MD thesis, Departmentof Medicinel University of Western Australia, 2 volumes. Examines the health status of an Aboriginal community around Bourke, New South Wales, and looks at ways in which a doctor can act as an agent of social change to improve the overall condition of an Aboriginal community.

1974 1.0110 Health (1974). In: Repodon the environmentalconditionsofAborigines and Torres Strait Islanders and the preservation of their sacred sites (Second Progress Repod). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 23-38.

18 Aboriginal health -general

A survey of the principal Aboriginal health problems, with emphasis on infant morbidity and mortality. 1.0111 Repott on the environmental conditions of Aborbines and Torres Strait Islanders and the presetvation of their sacred sites (Second Progress Repot?) (1974). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 72pp. Observations on the needs of Aborigines for advancement, with a survey of problems in education, health, housing, alcoholism,and referenceto sacredsites. 1.0112 Repott on the present conditions of Yirrkala people (1974). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 108pp. Report containing recommendations including guidelines for an agreeable arrangement between Nabalco Pty Ltd and Yirrkala Aborigines over mining rights, alleviation of alcohol drinking problems, and provision of improved health care. 1.0113 CAWTE J, KAMIEN M ( l 974). The doctor as a social change agent in Bourke,New South Wales. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborbines? Repod of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 151-160. Transcultural psychiatry - with pahicular interest in Aboriginal defensive and adaptive processes. Study of Bourke Aboriginal population, New South Wales. 1.0114 COOLICAN RE (1974). The role of the general practitioner in a rural part-Aboriginal community. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Repot? of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 127-132. Health status of Aborigines in Bourke, New South Wales. 1.0115 DOHERTY RL (1974). A microbiologist looks at Aboriginal health. MedicalJournal of Australia 2(5): l 49-1 55. Various communicable diseases found among Aborigines are not found among non-Aborigines. Factors contributing to these and other differences are discussed. 1.0116 FRITH NC, HAUSFELD RG, MOODIE PM (1974). Health relatedfactors. In: Frith NC, Hausfeld RG, Moodie PM (eds) The Coasttown project: action research in Aboriginal community health. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 164-1 78. Examines relationshipsbetween selected health variables and other parameters.

Aboriginal health -general

19

1.0117 FRITH NC, HAUSFELD RG, MOODIE PM (1974). The Coasftownproject:action research in Aboriginal community health. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 251pp. An examination of the health status of a New South Wales coastal community in relation to social and environmental factors. 1.0118 GRACEY M (1974). Experiment on the Darling. Medical Journal of Australia 1(11):402-404. An attempt to improve the quality of education for Bourke Aboriginal children is discussed! in the light of the problem of cultural assimilation and cultural identity. 1.0119 HAMILTON A ( l 974). The traditionally oriented community. In: Hetzel BSI Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 14-28. Health situation in two traditional communities - Maningrida in Arnhem Land 1967-1 968 and Everard Ranges! South Australia, 1970-1 971. l,0120 HETZEL BS (1974). Summary and conclusion. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 243-256. Aboriginal health status, health services, Aboriginal experience of these servicesl future planning and recommendations of the Monash University Aboriginal health seminar.

1.0121 HOWSON P (1974). Opening address. In: Hetzel BSI Dobbin M, Lippmann L! Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: xxiii-xxv. Minister for the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts, gives opening address at the Health Services Seminar and raises such issues as health status of Aborigines, family planning, alcohol consumption and government funding. 1.0122 KALOKERINOS A (1974). Poor black health, bad white attitudes, Australian Nurses Journal 3(9):29-31. Isolates the various elements which characterise the poor health status of Aborigines! includingthe general attitudes of non-Aborigines towards Aborigines. 1.Ol23 MOODIE P (l 974). Aboriginal health. Australian Health Education Advisory Digest 11(2):10-12.

20 Aboriginal health -general

Delivery of health care to Aborigines. 1,0124 ROBERTS P (1974). Opening address. In: Hetzel BSI Dobbin Ml Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Reporf of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Pressl St Lucia, Queensland: xxvii-xxviii. Aboriginal liaison officer in a brief address raises the issue of the health situation of Aborigines prior to, and afterl white contact. 1.0125 TAT2 C (1974). Innovationwithout change. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Reporf of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Pressl St Lucia, Queensland: 107-120. Non-Aboriginal attitudes towards Aboriginesl including prejudice and racism, are the real factors underlying the appalling health status of Aborigines. Calls for the adoption of an accommodationist philosophy.

1.Ol26 SCOTT WD & CO Pty Ltd (1973). Problems and needs of the Abor@inals of Sydney. Sydney, 3 volumes. Presents findings and recommendations of a major survey of the problems and needs of Aborigines of Sydney. 1.0127 Racism [editorial] (l 973). Medical Journal of Australia 2(9):415-416. Questions whether racism in Australia can in fact be overcome, 1.0128 CAWTE J (1973). Social medicine in Central Australia: the opportunities of Pitjantjatjara Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 1(5):221-231. A survey of health in the Pitjantjatjara settlements in central Australia, relating health problems to the living conditions of the people. A need to amalgamate traditional and Western medicine is seen. 1.0129 DEARLOVE C (1973). Social medicine in Central Australia [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia l(14)171l. Self-determination is encouraged for Aboriginal health services. 1.0130 MOODIE PM (1973). Aboriginal health, Australian National University Pressl Canberra, 307pp. Major study of Aboriginal health problems - their identification, classification, evaluation and interrelationship. Confirms that Aborigines are severely

Aboriginal health -general 21

disadvantaged in this sphere when compared to non-Aborigines and other indigenous minorities. 1.0131 MOODIE PM (1973). Aboriginal mortality as an index of Aboriginal health. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: l 18-1 22. Discussion of the information Aboriginal modality statistics provide about Aboriginal health ecology. l.0132 MOODIE PM (1973). Contact between Aborigines and the healthlmedical services. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 251-264.

Effective delivery of health care depends on the community maintaining contact with the system. This chapter examines the utilisation of health and medical services by Aborigines. 1.0133 MOODIE PM (1973). Demographic factors in Aboriginal health. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 26-42. Considers some interactions between demographic factors (numbers, distribution, density, family size, age-structure, fertility and mobility), disease patterns, and access to health sewices.

1.0134 Health for Aborigines: a new approach [editorial] (1972). Medical Journal of Australia 2(13):693-694. Health status of Aborigines and the Monash Seminar. 1.0135 Summary report of the Aboriginal studies group, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (1972). Australian Nurses Journal 2(6):20-24, 35. 1970-1 971 survey of medical status, public health needs and special problems of Aboriginal communities in Western Australia -findings and recommendations. 1.0136 CAWTE J (1972). Racial prejudice and Aboriginal adjustment: the social psychiatric view. In: Stevens FS (ed) Racism: the Australian experience. A study of race prejudice in Australia, Volume 2. Black versus white. Australia and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney: 43-62. Argues that conflict between black andwhite Australians is inevitable; but possible to diminish inequality of opportunity. A social psychiatric view would promote improved case-finding and clinical care as well as emphasising how to stay well.

22 Aboriginal health -general

1.0137 MOODIE PM (1972). The health disadvantagesof Aborigines. In: Stevens FS (ed) Racism: the Australian experience. A study of race prejudice in Australia. Volume 2. Black versus white. Australia and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney: 235-242. Examination of racist implications in Aboriginal health. 1.0138 TATZ C (1972). The politics of Aboriginal health. Politics 7(2 Suppl):3-22. Major article on Northern Territory Aboriginal health status, attitudes of bureaucracies, ineffectiveness of health services, real nature of the health problem and prospects for change.

1.0139 HETZEL BS (1971). The impact of a changing society on community health programmes. Medical Journal of Australia 2(18):881-885. Community health services, health needs and health programs in four different types of society. 1.0140 KIRKE DK (1971). Aspects of the aetiology of Aboriginal ill-health. Australian Nurses Journal 1(5) : l 7-1 8. Discusses genetic and environmental factors that contribute to ill health among traditional Aborigines in central Australia. 1.0141 MOODIE PM, PEDERSEN EB (1971). The health of Australian Aborigines: an annotated bibliography. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 248pp. Extensive bibliography covering aspects of Aboriginal health, health services and health policy, including historical material. 1.0142 NURCOMBE B (1971). Deprivation: an essay in definition with special consideration of the Australian Aboriginal. Medical Journal of Australia 2(2) :87-91. Aborigines suffer from physical, psychosocial, and sociocultural deprivation. 1.0143 WORTHY R (1971). Aboriginal health in Victoria: problems and progress. Australian Nurses Journal 1(5):22-23. Describes trend toward greater acceptance of responsibility by Aborigines fortheir own health.

Aboriginal health -general 23

1.0144 LONG JP (1970). Aboriginal settlements in Eastern Australia. Aboriginal settlements: a survey of institutional communities in Eastern Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 222pp. A detailed survey of Aborigines living in Aboriginal settlements in Eastern Australia. 1.0145 TATZ CM (1970). The health status of Australian Aborigines: the need for an interdisciplinary approach. Medical Journal of Australia 2:191-196. Improvement in Aboriginal health can take place only in the context of Aboriginal culture, and when a multidisciplinary approach to the problem is made.

See also: 8.0001,8.0003, 13.2031.

2.1 HEALTH POLICY AND FUNDING 2.1001 Report to the Minister for Health, Hon LJ Brerefon, of the New South Wales Task Force on Aboriginal health (1983). Sydney, 77pp. A survey of the health status of New South Wales Aborigines. The effectiveness of existing health care services and health workforce is examined, and proposals for changes suggested. 2.1002 COOMBS K (1983). Aboriginal health programs in Victoria. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 4:8-11. Reports on review of services provided by Victorian Health Commission, Aboriginal Health Section and the shift in emphasis away from funding State operated health services to funding those controlled by Aboriginal communities.

2.1003 AMA involvement to be stepped up (1982). AMA Gazette 278:20. An outline of AMA policy to improve its involvement in provision of health care to Aborigines. 2.1 004 FRANKLIN MA (1982). Delivering health care to Aborigines. Australian Journalof Social Issues 17(4):276-287. Unsatisfactory nature of health care delivery to Aborigines, and the need for more support for Aboriginal Medical Services. 2.1005 OSBORNE PD (1982). The delivery of health care services. In: Osborne PD The other Australia: the crisis in Aboriginal health. Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart: 84-11 1. Examines the role of government in Aboriginal affairs and political implications. Includes discussion of the American Indian Health Service. 2.1006 SMITH LR (1982). Aboriginal health and Aboriginal health statistics. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 1:14-24. Discusses the role of accurate health statistics in the formulation of an Aboriginal health policy, and the inadequacy of statistics currently available. 2.1 007 WHITTAKER M (1982). Aboriginal health [letter]. AMA Gazette 275:4.

26 Health policy and funding

Australian Medical Students Association statement on Aboriginal health and the policies that should be implemented. 2.1008 WINTON R (1982). Who reads the reports of AMA Federal Council meetings? [leading article]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(9):405-406. Very brief comment on AMA's intention to formulate Aboriginal health policy.

2.1009 Report to the Minister of Health for the State of Victoria, the Hon W Borthwick, MP, from the working party on Aboriginal health (1981). Aboriginal Health Section, Health Commission of Victoria, Melbourne, 54pp. A survey of health services for Victorian Aborigines, with recommendations for increased funds for the community controlled health cooperatives, and increased decision making by Aborigines concerning their health and welfare needs. 2.101 0 The August Federal Council meeting (1981). Medical Journal of Australia 2(6):271. Includes reference to the AMA's attitude to Aboriginal health. 2.101 1 ADAMSON J (1981). SA's Aboriginal health initiatives. Australasian Nurses Journal l O(9):lS. The South Australian proposals for improved health care for Aborigines, and for training of Aboriginal Health Workers. 2.1012 BAUME P (1981). Improving Aboriginal health? Australasian Nurses Journal 10(9):1-3. The Minister for Aboriginal Affairs mentions the major health problems faced by Aborigines, the programs presently under way to cope with these, and plans for more appropriate health care. 2.1013 RUD DOCK P (1981 ). Aboriginal health - despair or progress. Australasian Nurses Journal l O(9) :17-1 8 . National failure to bring about real improvements in Aboriginal health and the need for increased Aboriginal involvement in control, management, design, delivery and evolution of health care.

2.1014 RUDDOCK P (1980).The delivery of Aboriginal health care - a community based approach. Australasian Nurses Journal 9(11):6-11.

Health policy and funding 27

An approach to Aboriginal health care involving: Aboriginal responsibility in choice of health services; Aboriginal involvement in delivering health care; and Aboriginal community participation and development.

1978 2.1015 DEPARTMENT OF ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals, Hansard: 1249-1 260. Reviews current arrangements for collection of Aboriginal morbidity statistics and government policy and guidelines for financial assistance to Aborigines. 2.1016 VINFR RI (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 4405-441 2. Sets out government policy on Aboriginal health services. 2.1017 WALKER DB (1978). National black health program. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2057-2065. Proposes and costs a program of health care for Aborigines based on transfer of responsibility for health care delivery to Aboriginal controlled services for individual National Aboriginal Conference electorates.

1976 2.1018 Aboriginal health (1976). In: Rural health in Australia. A report prepared by the Hospitals and Health Services Commission May 1976. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 29-35. Examination of three aspects of planning for provision of rural Aboriginal health services - facilities, health workforce, transport and communication. Includes chapter on Aboriginal health. 2.1019 HAY DO (1976). Review of delivery of services financed by Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Report to the Government, Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Canberra, 204pp. A survey of the delivery of services to Aborigines by the Department of Aboriginal Affairs to assess their effectiveness, recommend improvements, and identify areas of waste and inefficiency. 2.1020 Report on community health model: health by the people (1975). Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, 88pp.

28 Health policy and funding

An argument for reduced involvement of non-Aborigines in the control of Papunya. The development of a community-oriented and based health service is urged. 2.1 021 EVERINGHAM D (1975). The 'phony war' in Aboriginal health [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(3):83-84. Federal Minister f o r Health replies to criticism of the government's support of Aboriginal medical research.

2.1022 Developments in the Australian Department of Health [editorial] (1974). Medical Journal of Australia 2(17):617-618. Restructuring, expansion and organisation developments in the Australian Department of Health, including reference to the Aboriginal Health Branch. 2.1 023 The 'phony war' in Aboriginal health? (1974). Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):146. Discusses the policy and planning implications of the enormous communicable disease component of Aboriginal ill health. 2.1 024 BOWLER D (1974). Problems facing the administrator. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 121-123. Brief statement o n the need for the implementers of a health care system for Aborigines to have a knowledge, understanding and sympathy for Aboriginal culture. 2.1 025 DEEBLE J (1974). Health insurance. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 133-137. Brief discussion of issues relating to health insurance. 2.1 026 HIRSHMAN JH (1974). Report on aspects of Aboriginal health services in the Northern Territory to the Minister for Health. Typescript, 21pp. The health needs of Northern Territory Aborigines do not necessarily include new hospitalfacilities, but rather re-education of existing healthcare teams, education of Aboriginal health workers, and improvements in the standard of living.

Health policy and funding 29

2.1027 Reorganization in Health and Social Security in 1973 [editorial] (1973). Medical Journal of Australia 2(25):1105-1106.

Includes reference to the creation of the Aboriginal Health Branch in the Commonwealth Department of Health.

2.1028 National seminar on Aboriginal health services, Monash University (1972). Medical Journal of Australia 2:740.

Recommendations from the seminar held 14-17 May 1972.

See also: 1.0002, 1.0012, 1.0015, 1.0029, 1.0045, 1.0049, 1.0053, 1.0069. 1.0093,1.0121, 1.0123, 1.0126, 1.0138,2.3117,2,3118,2.3140,2.3322,2.3405, 6.0017, 6.0031, 12.1033, 13.2006.

2.2 GENERAL HEALTH SERVICES 2.2001 MUNOZ E, MANN M (1982). Nursing in the outback - a survey of training needs. Australian Nurses Journal 11(10):38-39. Survey to identify the skills required by outback nurses and so determine their training needs.

2.2002 MILSTED B (1980). Flying to the 280(6209) :231-232.

rescue. British Medical Journal

Brief article on the Royal Flying Doctor Service, including comment on visits to Aboriginal settlements.

2.2003 KAMIEN M (1978). Changing patterns of health care delivery. In: Kamien M The dark people of Bourk: a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 204-21 8. Accessibility of and efforts at coordinating health services, and the role of the doctor in delivery of health care. 2.2004 KAMIEN M (1978). The health care services: cultural chasm and chaos. In: Kamien M The darkpeople ofBourke:a studyofplannedsocialchange. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 191-203. Ineffectiveness of health care due to the cultural differences and lack of understanding between the providers and potential consumers, and also the inefficiency of the health care delivery services themselves. 2.2005 WEBBER DL (1978). Rehabilitation problems amongst Aboriginals in North Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues 13(4):276-285. Examines rehabilitation in relation to tribally-oriented Aborigines in northern Australia.

2.2006 KILLINGTON G (1977). Use of health services by Aborigines. Australian Government Commission of Inquiry into Poverty. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 26pp.

32 General health services

Detailed report of study investigating use of medical services by Aborigines in Perth and Adelaide.

1973 2.2007 MCDONALD G (1973). Diagnosing the problems of the Aborigines. Australian Nurses Journal 3(6):16-1 8.

Work of nurses in delivering health care to Aborigines in Northern Territory.

2,2008 BROWN J (1971). Kimberley venture. Australian Nurses Journal 1(5):15-16.

Nursing aide training scheme at Derby Hospital, Western Australia.

2.2009 BR1DGES B (1970). The beginnings of medical care to Aborigines in Eastern Australia (NSW). Medical Journal of Australia 2(19):879-883.

Describes how the colonial administration slowly came to accept some responsibilities for Aboriginal medical care, with emphasis on the period 1830-1850.

See also: 1.0015, 1.0035, 1.0049, 2.3131, 2.3138, 2.3217, 3.1057.

2.31 ABORIGINAL MEDICAL SERVICES 2.31 01 KETTLE SR (1983). Aboriginal health [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):213-214. Questions the focus on independent health services, and seeks cooperation amongst Aboriginal health agencies.

2.3102 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1982). Report on three rural community controlled AboriginalHealth Servicesin CentralAustralia 1978-1981, Vol. 1: Generallssues. Canberra, 106pp. Survey of findings and recommendations for the Pitjantjatjara Homelands Health Service, the Urapuntja Health Service, and the Lyappa health Service. 2.31 03 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1982). Report of three community controlled Aboriginal Health Services in Central Australia 1978-1981, Vol. 2, Part B: Urapuntja Health Service. Canberra, 106pp. An overview of the Urapuntja Health Service of central Australia, with discussion of its workforce, organisation, and financing. Includes health profile, and discusses environmental factors. 2.31 04 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1982). Report on three rural community controlled Aboriginal Health Services in Central Australia 1978-1981, Vol. 2, Part A: Pitjantajatjara Homelands Health Service. Canberra, 98pp. An overview of the Pitjantjatjara Homelands Health Service of central Australia, with discussion of its workforce, organisation and financing. Includes health profile, and discusses environmental factors. 2.31 05 DEPARTM ENT OF HEALTH (1982). Report on three rural community controlled Aboriginal Health Services in Central Australia 1978-1981, Vol. 2, Part C: Lyappa Health Service. Canberra, 94pp. An overview of the Lyappa Health Service of central Australia, with discussion of its workforce, organisation and financing. Includes health profile, and discusses environmental factors. 2.3106 The Aboriginal Medical Service, East Perth (1982). Aboriginal Health Worker 6(2):19-33.

34 Aboriginal medical services

Operations of the Medical Service outlined by members of staff. 2.31 07 BRISCOE G (1982). The development of Aboriginal Medical Services. Panacea 13(1):5-8. An historical review of health care services for Aborigines, leading to the development of t h e Aboriginal Medical Services. 2.3108 FOLEY G (1982). Aboriginal community controlled health services - a short history. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 2:13-15. Examines the background and development of the Redfern, New South Wales Aboriginal Medical Service. 2.3109 WATERFORD J (1982). The Aboriginal Medical Services- a uniquely Australian phenomenon. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 2:16-21. Traces the development of Aboriginal medical services and highlights their impact on other aspects of Aboriginal welfare and community development.

2.3110 Aboriginal medical services (1981). In: Parliament of New South Wales. Second report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines. Part 1 - Report and minutes of proceedings. Government Printer, Sydney, New South Wales: 162-1 65. Particular reference to the Redfern and Durri Aboriginal Medical Services. 2.3111 What the current VAHS crisis is all about (1981). North QueenslandMessagestick 6(2):14. Comments on funding and other problems of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service. 2.3112 ANDREWS M (1981). Aiming for better health in Darwin. Australasian Nurses Journal 10(4):25. Work of the Aboriginal and Islander Medical Service, Darwin. 2.3113 GAFFNEY E (1981). Community health: the call for self-management. Identity 4(4):13, 54. The need for self-management in Aboriginal health. '

2.3114 THORPE A (1981). Aboriginal health programme. In: Bear VD, Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in

Aboriginal medical services 35

Melbourne. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 18-20. The aims and organisation of the Aboriginal Medical Service in Melbourne. The community based and controlled programs have a high level of acceptance amongst Aborigines. 2.3115 TREGENZA J (1981). Pitjantjatjara Homelands Health Service.A case study by John Tregenza. Australasian Nurses Journal 1O(9): l 9-20. The organisation of the health service is discussed.

2.3116 DEEMAL P (1980). Aboriginal Medical Service. In: Bygee: a collection of writings describing minoritygroup movements in Australia and North America. Townsville College o; Advanced Education, Townsville: 29-30. Brief comment about Townsville Aboriginal Medical Service. 2.3117 NATHAN P (1980). A home away from home. New Doctor 17:50-51. Brief comment on the role of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service and the Special Services Health Section of the Victorian Department of Health. 2.3118 NATHAN P (1980). A home away from home: a study of the Aboriginal health service in Fitzroy, Victoria, Preston Institute of Technology Press, Bundoora, Victoria, 128pp. Supports the Aboriginal controlled health service as the mainstream services cannot cope with the special needs of Aborigines.

2.3119 ABBOTT K, BECK T, CUTTER T, NELSON H, ARMSTRONG M (1979).Aboriginal community health workers: our screening program. Abor@nal Health Worker 3(3) :24-28. The on-the-job screening form helps Aboriginal health workers identify health problems in patients and, in conjunction with a chart, refers them to appropriate treatments for the patients. 2.3120 AUSTIN J, LAKE P (1979). An expanded Aboriginal Medical Service in Adelaide. Australasian Nurses Journal S(1) : l 6-1 7. Summary of the aims and functions of the Adelaide Aboriginal Medical Service,

36 Aboriginal medical services

2.3121 COSTER G (1979). East Gippsland Aboriginal Medical Centre. Australasian Nurses Journal 9(1) :4-6. Brief description of the Bairnsdale based medical service. 2.3122 DUCKETT SJ, ELLEN JM (1979). The Aboriginal Medical Service in Sydney. School of Health Administration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 60pp. Presents the findings of a survey of the activities of the service; survey based on data recorded by staff of the medical and dental clinics relating to people seen, client characteristics, services offered, activities undertaken, location of service and travel.

2.31 23 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1978). Aboriginal control of medical services. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 4047-4059. Examines Aboriginal control of medical services in general terms, and then looks specifically at services at Papunya, Utopia and Pipalyatjara. 2-3124 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1978). Health services at Papunya. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1197-1 213. Traces the bureaucratic background to the establishment of an independent health service at Papunya andsimilardevelopments at Utopia and on Pitjantjatjara lands; highlights the dangers of fragmentation of Northern Territory health services. 2.3125 HARRIS S (1978). Submission to the Federal Ministers for Aboriginal Affairs and Health concerning North Australian Aboriginal and Islander Community Health Service. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3230-3237. Argues for the establishment of the service and outlines costs. 2.3126 EASTGIPPSLAND ABORIGINAL MEDICALSERVICE CO-OPERATIVE (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2224-2266. Discusses the work of the East Gippsland Aboriginal Medical Service Co-operative.

Aboriginal medical services 37

2.3127 ABORIGINAL MEDICAL SERVICE OF WA INC (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 974-1 006. Covers introduction and organisation of the Service, services offered, staff training, constitution, a report by community nurse practitioner on her work, balance sheet for 1976-1977, and the results of a morbidity survey undertaken by the service. 2.31 28 VICTORIAN ABORIGINAL HEALTH SERVICES CO-OPERATIVE LIMITED (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2469-2528. Reports the activities of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Services Co-operative Limited. 2.3129 AICHS BRISBANE LTD (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3804-3854. Discusses the work of the service and arguesthat its two roles of offering a general practice, casualty service and operating a preventive program are complementary. 2.3130 COULTHARD J (1978). Aboriginal Medical Service, Port Augusta. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 4365-4368. Reports the history, development and operations of the service. 2.3131 LARSEN KS (1978). The role of Aboriginal medical services. Australian Journalof Social Issues 13(4,1:261-275. Social-psychological model predicting preferences of black patients for alternative medical facilities in Townsville, Queensland. 2.3132 PERKINS N (1978). The program of the Central Australian Aboriginal Congress in relation to nutrition and agriculture. In: Hetzel BS, Frith HJ (eds) Nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne: 11-15. Policy and program of the Central Australian Aboriginal Congress with regard to nutrition and agriculture. 2.3133 REID DB (1978). Aboriginal Medical Service, Perth, Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1(1)53-55.

38 Aboriginal medical services

Describes and discusses activities during the first three years of the Aboriginal Medical Service. 2.3 1 3 4 ROBERTS B (1978). Aboriginal health and nutrition. North Queensland Messagestick 3(3): l . Aboriginal nutrition and health and the establishment of Aboriginal Health Services. 2.3 135 SY KES B (1978). The Aboriginal Medical Service. New Doctor 8:16-18. Self-determination in practice; the Aboriginal run service in Sydney. 2.3 136 WINTERFLOOD GN (1978). Patterns of morbidity, treatment and referral among patients presenting to the Aboriginal and Islanders Community Health Service, Red Hill, Brisbane, from 1/9/75 to 3018176. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3818-3854. Statistics on occurrence of various diseases, also referral rates and drugs used. 2.3 137 FUA C (1977). The Townsville Aboriginal Medical Service. In: Diesendorf M, Furnass B (eds) The impact of environment and lifestyle on human health. Proceedings of the national symposium heldat the Australian National University on 2nd to 4th September. 1976.Societyfor Social Responsibility in Science (ACT), Canberra: 171-1 74. Brief summary of the activities of the service. 2.3138 SAMISONI MT (1977). Aboriginal and Islander attitudes to public health care institutions. Australian Nurses Joumal7(5):45-48. Reluctance of Aboriginal and Islander patients to seek medical help from established health institutions - Brisbane study. 2.3139 SYKES B (1976). Bobbi Sykes talks about the Aboriginal Medical Service, Redfern. Aboriginal Issues 1 :&l 1. Problems of the Aboriginal Medical Service, government support, costs, nutrition program, the new building, operations, the Newsletter, Aboriginal prisoners. 2.31 40 FOLEY GE (1975). The history of the Aboriginal Medical Service bureaucratic obstruction. Identity 2(5):38-40.

- a study in

Aboriginal medical services 39

The Aboriginal Medical Service in Sydney and its relationship with the Department of Aboriginal Affairs.

2.3141 Workshop on Aboriginal Medical Services, Albury, New South Wales, 5-7 July 1974 (1974). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 79pp.

Experience of existing Aboriginal Medical Services, the desirability of further services of this kind, and suggestions for training Aboriginal health workers and other professionals in this field. 2.3142 BRISCOE G (1974). The Aboriginal Medical Service in Sydney. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Betterhealth forAborigines?Reportofa seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 166-1 70.

Poor status of Aboriginal health brought about in part by a racist assimilation policy. Gives details of how the New South Wales Aboriginal Medical Service began.

See also: 1.0005, 1.0049, 1.0056, 1.0080, 2.1004, 2.1017, 2.1019, 2.3302, 3.1004,3.1014.

2.32 STATE AND TERRITORY PROGRAMS 2.3201 JANS J (1984). The Aboriginal Health Organisation of S.A.: an overview. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3): l 0-1 6 .

Reports on the aims, role, services and organisation of the Aboriginal Health Organisation with particular reference to training of health workers. 2.3202 MCADAM E (1984). A.H.O.: our history. Aboriginal Health Worker8(3):17-19,

Reports on the work of the Aboriginal Health Organisation of South Australia since its establishment in 1981. 2.3203 TELFER G (1984). Elderly, disadvantaged, disabled: Part I. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3):22-24.

Reports on the background to and the conduct of a survey on the health and social needs of the elderly, physically and emotionally disadvantaged Aboriginal people in metropolitan Adelaide.

2.3204 Food in nutrition work (1983). Aboriginal Health Worker7(1):4-46.

Report on the workof the Dietary Nutrition Unitwithin the Queensland Department of Health's Aboriginal Health Programme. 2.3205 HAWES RB (1983). Health programmesfor Aborigines [letter]. MedicalJournalof Australia 2(12):600-601.

Locally organised health care teams are preferred to centrally organised health care. 2.3206 MCADAM E (1 983).Aboriginal Health Organisation of South Australia. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 33-9.

Work of the Aboriginal Health Organisation, incorporated under the South Australian Health Commission Act, and governed by ten people, eight of whom are Aborigines. 2.3207 MUSGRAVE IA (1 983). Aboriginal health [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):214.

42 State and Territory programs

Defends the role of the Queensland Department of Health's Aboriginal Health Programme.

1982 2.3208 FOX D (1982). The delivery of health care to Aboriginal fringe dwellers in and around Darwin: an exercise in cross-cultural problem solving and communication. Transactions of the Menzies Foundation 4:143-151. Considers the type of care required, the appropriateness of existing health facilities, and the relevance of health education materials available t o fringe dwellers. 2.3209 HARGRAVE JC (1982). Aboriginal health [letter]. AMA Gazette 276:4,6. Involvement of Aborigines in the delivery of health care in Northern Territory. 2.321 0 WILLAWAY G (1982). Community and Child Health Services, W.A. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(2) :34-38. Outlines the work of the Aboriginal health coordinator of the Western Australian Community and Child Health Services; emphasises liaison and preventive roles.

1981 2.3211 HARGRAVE JC (1981). Focus on Aboriginal health. Medical JournalofAustralia 2(11):575-576. Aboriginal control of their own health care is emphasised, along with encouragement of traditional medicine.

1978 2.321 2 DONALDSON J (1978). Arnhem Land: urgent need for practitioners. AMA Gazette 197:24, The importance of the role of the District Medical Officer in Arnhem Land is emphasised. There is a need to train Aboriginal health workers. 2.3213 HARRISON L (1978). Nursing on Cape York. Australasian Nurses Journal 7(12):28-29. Health care arrangements at Edward River, Cape York, Queensland. 2.321 4 MUSGRAVE IA (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1835-1 852.

State and Territory programs 43

Reports on major aspects of the Queensland Aboriginal Health Programme from 1972 to 1976.

2.321 5 Tried and proven' health program (1975). Australasian Nurses Journal 4(1):5. A public health nurse's observations of a health program on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. 2.321 6 HAGGER J (1975). Aboriginal unit plays a vital role in children's health. Australasian Nurses Journal 3:2. Work of the Aboriginal Health Unit, South Australian Department of Public Health. 2.321 7 SPARGO RM (1975). Aboriginal communities in remote Australia: health care delivery - a doctor's role. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):I-3. Physician's role in Aboriginal communities, especially in remote regions, such as the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

See also: 1.0004, 1.0049,1.0077, 2.1002, 2.1019, 2.3304, 2,3310, 2.3312, 2.3324,3.1004, 3.1014, 5.0002, 9.2024, 9.3011, 12.2002, 12.2025, 22.1014.

2.33 ABORIGINAL HEALTH WORKERS 2.3301 COABY C (1984). The Aboriginal health worker under stress. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3):3-9. Discusses sources of stress, stress management and stress problems peculiar to Aboriginal health workers. 2.3302 FOLEY G (1984). Victorian Aboriginal Health Service Health Worker Education Programme: a black success story. In: Tatchell M (ed) Perspectives on health policy. Proceedings of a Public Affairs Conference held at the Australian National University, Canberra, 27-29 July 1982. Health Economics Research Unit, Australian National University, Canberra: 165-1 69. Outlines the development and approach of the first Aboriginal controlled health worker training program. 2.3303 SOONG FS (1984). The Aboriginal health worker training program in South Australia. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3):20-21. Reports on the training program which covers first aid, clinical subjects, health promotion, environmental health and mental health.

1983

.

c

2.3304 + COOMBS K (1983). Aboriginal health programs in Victoria. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 4:8-11. Describes recent innovations in Aboriginal health care services in Victoria.

. p-

2.3305 DEVANESEN D (1983). Traditional art in the health worker training Aboriginal Health Worker 7(3):4-8. Sand drawings used in the training program help learning on both sides and provide a rich Aboriginal flavour to the program. 2.3306 DIXON P (1983). Training as an addiction worker. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(2):26-31. Recalls the author's life before, during and after her training as an addiction worker; emphasises her growth in confidence. 2.3307 MOSELEY E (1983). Health workers learning literacy. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(3)123-24.

46 Aboriginal health workers

Reports on literacy program at the Alice Springs Health WOrkers' Training Centre.

2.3308 SOONG FS (1 983).The role of Aboriginal health workers as cultural brokers: some findings and their implications. Australian Journal of Social Issues

18(4):268-274. Aboriginal health workers and their role as mediators between two cultures. Discusses implications for their training and the health services in Aboriginal communities.

1982 2.3309 Do Aboriginal health centres need nurses? (1982).Aboriginal Health Worker

6(1):l 4-1 9. Reports work of the Yirrkala Health Centre in East Arnhem Land, a centre staffed entirely by Aboriginal health workers.

2.3310 DEVANESEN D (1982).The Aboriginal Health Worker Training Programme in Central Australia. Panacea 13(1):14-22. Reportsthe development of the NorthernTerritory's training scheme forAboriginal health workers; emphasises the importance of offering 'two-way medicine', that is both Aboriginal and Western medicine.

2.3311 DJAKALA B,BILIN J (1982).Aboriginal health workers compare notes in New Guinea. Australian Nurses Journal 11 (9):46-47. Visit to Papua New Guinea by two Aboriginal health workers.

2.3312 DRURY V (1982).Health workers at Carnarvon. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(2):39-42. Describes the work and background of the regional coordinator for Community and Child Health Services.

2.3313 HARGRAVE J (1982).The doctor and the Aboriginal health worker. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(4):8-9. Argues health workers must win their seniority and responsibilities from their community; these are not attributes the non-Aboriginal doctor can bestow.

2.3314 HICKS D (1982).What should Aboriginal health workers do? Aboriginal Health Worker 6(2):9-13.

Aboriginal health workers 47

Three main jobs are health education and acting as exemplar, arranging check-ups on healthy people, and caring for sick people. 2.331 5 KAMIEN M (1982). The doctor, the nurse and the Aboriginal health worker. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(2):5-8. Role and value of the health worker and the ways in which doctors and nurses can facilitate that role. 2.331 6 LAK L (1982). The Aboriginal Health Worker Training Centre - Nhulunbuy, N.T. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(1) :28-30. Describes author's work in the training centre. 2,3317 MAYPILAMA R, DANGATANGA J, WANAMULA D, BRAND R (1982). A health worker study tour from EIcho Island to the Philippines. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(4):11-22. Reports on a study tour to the Philippines to view a community based health program. 2.3318 SOONG FS (1982). Aboriginal health workers in Australia. World Health Forum 3(2):166-169. The development and effectiveness of the Aboriginal health worker movement. 2.3319 SOONG FS (1982). The role and training of village health workers. Report of a study tour. Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, 56pp. Following an examination of community health systems in China, Mexico, Canada and the USA, suggestions are made concerning the Aboriginal health worker training program.

2.3320 BAUME P (1981). The Aboriginal health worker and the doctor. Aboriginal Health Worker 5(3) :5-8. Argues that Aboriginal health workers are important as the link between Aboriginal people and conventional medical services. 2.3321 HART G (1981). Problems facing Aboriginal health workers in acommunity health service. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):15-16. There is a high resignation rate among Aboriginal health workers, due largely to personal conflicts and pressure of work.

48 Aboriginal health workers

2.3322 SOONG FS (1981). Culturalbrokers in western Arnhem Land:a studyof the role of the Aboriginal health worker. Diploma of Anthropology thesis, University of Sydney, 162pp. Extensive study which describes behaviour of various health staff, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, working in the Oenpelli community, Arnhem Land.

2.3323 DEVANESEN D, BRISCOE J (1980). The Aboriginal Health Worker Training Programme in Central Australia. Paper presented at the Sydney University Medical Society, Lambie-Dew Oration, 17pp. A blend of Western and traditional health care in education of Aboriginal health care workers ensures a strong program in central Australia. Training, career structures and acceptance of the program are discussed. 2.3324 GOLDSTEIN G, HUNT HJ, SHARKEY B (1980). Aboriginal health workers in NSW 1971-1979: an evaluation. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Commonwealth Institute of Health, Sydney, 192pp. Evaluationof Aboriginal health workers in New South Wales. Examines their roles by analysing the components of their work loads.

2.3325 The employment and training of health workers (1979). AboriginalHealth Worker 3(1):13-15. Discusses career structure and training of Aboriginal health workers. 2.3326 HART G (1979). Job problems of Aboriginal health workers [editorial]. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(4):3-5. Problems include adherence to rigid schedules, family pressures, community pressures, health, alcoholism, and demands by supervisors and alternative careers of Aboriginal health workers in Western Australia. 2.3327 MOSELEY E, TURNER J (1979). Learning and teaching by doing. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(3):29-31. Training Aboriginal health workers, 2.3328 SIMON M (1979). A health worker in Sydney. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(2):42-44.

Aboriginal health workers 49

The role of the health worker is largely liaison between Aboriginal people and professionals such as nurses teachers, etc, as well as negotiating with real estate agents. 2.3329 WHITE J ET AL. (1979).The planningof the Darwinconference. AboriginalHealth Worker 3(1):1. Planning for the National Aboriginal Health Worker Conference.

1978 2.3330 First National Aboriginal Health Workers' Conference (1978). Health Education Branch, Department of Health, Darwin, 64pp. The role of the Aboriginal health worker. Specific problems of alcohol, venereal disease, pregnancy, diet and child care are discussed. 2.3331 CAWTE J (1978). Training Aboriginal mental health workers. In: NationalAlcohol and Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 78. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra, 20-26. There is a need to train Aboriginal mental health care workers to treat Aborigines. 2.3332 CAWTE J (1978). What do Aboriginal health workers want? Priorities shown by their journal. In: NationalAlcoholand Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 78. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 104-1 09. An analysis of the first 100 articles printed in the AboriginalHealth Workerrevealed an emphasis in the areas of social medicine, mental health and traditional medicine. There is a need to train Aboriginal health workers. 2.3333 DONALDSON J (1978). Healthworkers are the vital factor. AMA Gazette 198:17. There is increasing education and use of Aboriginal health workers in the Northern Territory. 2.3334 SMITS ML (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 4281-4283. Argues for greater involvement by Aboriginal health workers in planning and implementing health services and training programs, and for greater recognitionof their unique qualifications. 2.3335 SOONG FS (1978). Developing the role of primary health workers (Aboriginal) in the Northern Territory a challenge to the health professions. New Doctor 11:29-31.

-

5 0 Aboriginal health workers

Analyses the needs and opportunities for training Aboriginal people as primary health workers in the Northern Territory.

2.3336 BRISCOE G (1977). Aboriginal health worker training as a low resource environmental model. In: Diesendorf M, Furnass B (eds) The impact of environment and lifestyle on human health. Proceedings of the national symposium held at the Australian National University on 2nd to 4th September, 1976. Society for Social Responsibility in Science (ACT), Canberra: 175-1 77. Training programs for Aboriginal health workers are an effective, low cost way of improving Aboriginal health. 2.3337 RANSE MA (1977). Nurses at work. In-service training of Aboriginal health workers in a remote area. Australian Nurses Journal6(10):20-21. Outline of a training program for female Aboriginal health workers at Ernabella, South Australia. 2.3338 SOONG FS (1977). Jimmy and Margaret - Aboriginal health workers in the Northern Territory. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(4):16-19. Describes the training and role of two Aboriginal health workers. 2.3339 WEBBER DL (1977). Aboriginal health courses. Australian Journal of Social Issues 12(3):178-185. Issues in the training of Aboriginal health workers, such as cultural factors, selection, participation and skills.

2.3340 HICKS DG (1976). A study of factors which people of Aboriginal descent find important. National Hospital and Health Care 1(10):18-21. Factors contributing to work satisfaction and dissatisfaction among Aboriginal people in Perth who are fairly happily employed. 2.3341 KAHN MW, HENRY J, CAWTE J (1976). Mental health services by and for Australian Aborigines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 10(3):221-222. Discusses training program for Aboriginal behavioural health workers and their role in a mental health clinic.

Aboriginal health workers 51

2.3342 SOONG FS, REID B, KELLER M, THOMPSON L (1976). Aformula for Aboriginal health workers. Australian Nurses Journal6(4):21-23.

Northern Territory program to train Aboriginal health workers.

See also: 1.0049,1.0067, 2.1026, 2.3119, 2.3201, 2.3210, 2.3211, 2.3420, 3.1004, 3.1006, 3.1014, 3.1025, 9.2002, 9.2016, 12.2034, 12.4006, 12.4007, 12.4010, 19.0002, 22.1003, 22.1004, 22.1011, 22.4001.

2.34 OTHER SPECIAL HEALTH SERVICES 2.3401

PARSONS G (1981). Bush nursing at the Top End. Australian Nurses Journal 11(1):10-11.

Experiences of a rural health nurse.

2.3402

Mantle of safety - RFDS jubilee (1978). Medical Journal of Australia 2(11):515. Comments on Reverend John Flynn and the work of the Royal Flying Doctor Service. 2.3403

ROYAL FLYING DOCTOR SERVICE OF AUSTRALIA (1978).Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3494-3533. Royal Flying Doctor Service personnel comment on the service and problems in remote areas. 2.3404

BEALE R (1978). Military medicine in a civil community. Triad10:20-22. 1978 Army field exercise surveys incidence of ear, nose and throat disease in . .)... Aboriginal children. ,

2.3405

GRIMOLDBY P, PITMAN R, ROBINSON F (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 638-646. Argues for greater Aboriginal involvement in health care delivery and presents a model, currently used by a homemaker service, that would be appropriate for delivery of health services. 2.3406

RICHARDSON J (1978). Indigenous homemaking: a contemporary role for Aboriginal women in the social change program. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 647-664. Reports on a homemaker service staffed mainly by Aboriginal women which served the dual purpose of offering employment at the same time as improving living standards. 2.3407

SMITH J (1978). Report on activities in Central Reserve with direct reference to Warburton Ranges Hospital. Submission to the House of Representatives

54 Other special health services

Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1 621 -1 665. Outlines Royal Flying Doctor Service proposals for health services to the Central Reserve supported by information on the activities of the service and the Warburton Ranges Hospital and on health problems of Aborigines of the area.

2.3408 CAMPBELL D (1977).The visiting nurse service, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA. Interface 3(4):21-25.

A service to assist children who have been inpatients oroutpatients of the hospital. 2.3409 HOLLOWS FC (1977). The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology5:151-154.

Discusses the aims of the program including elimination of trachomatous blindness in Australia, provision of eye care to rural Australians, and training of individuals in these tasks. 2.341 0 HUNT R (1977). The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 5 :149-1 50.

Ministerial statement on achievements of the program. 2.341 1 PANG H (1977). The application of the China model to Aboriginal health. In: Diesendorf M, Furnass B (eds) The impact of environment andlifestyle on human health. Proceedings of the National Symposium held at the Australian National University on 2nd to 4th September 1976. Society for Social Responsibility in Science (ACT), Canberra: 195-1 97.

Considers the lessons from China that may possibly be applied to Aboriginal health.

2.341 2 RANSE MA (1976). Nurses at work. The one-woman team. Australian Nurses Journal 5(10):8-9.

A nurse's observations of Ernabella and the work of the traditional healer there.

2.3413 The Coasttown proposal [comments] (1975). Medical Journal of Australia l ( 1 9 )583-584.

Other special health services 55

Discusses the recommendations of the 1966-1 972 Coasttown project, which include changes in the whole social, cultural, environmental and economic system within which Aborigines live. 2.3414 MARTIN EM (1975). A white man tries. Lamp32(7):27-31. Health services for Aborigines from Purfleet Aboriginal Reserve, via Taree, New South Wales.

2.3415 DOBBIN M (1974). The American Indian health service. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 171-1 79. Striking similarity between health problems of Aborigines and those of the American Indian population. Analyses health services for American Indians and discusses implications for Aboriginal health. 2.341 6 FRITH NC, HAUSFELD RG, MOODIE PM (1974). Nursing Intervention, 1969-71. In: Frith NC, Hausfeld RG, Moodie PM The Coasttown project: action research in Aboriginal community health. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 94-1 31. Investigates the role of the public health nurse in promoting the health of Aborigines in Coasttown and outlines the major health problems confronted. 2.3417 MCPHERSON P (1974).The role of the public health nurse. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 161-1 65. Role of the nurse in an Aboriginal community, 2.3418 MCCONNEL F (1974).Atotal health programme forthe East Kimberley. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 145-1 50. Health facilities and services for Aborigines in East Kimberley, Western Australia.

2.3419 HAUSFELD RG (1973). Social medicine in central Australia [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8):410.

5 6 Other special health services

There is a need for a community health services program to reduce morbidity and mortality in Aboriginal populations in central Australia. 2.3420

HENLEN MV (1973). Editorial The Lamp 3 0 ( 3 ) : 5 . Editorial concerning role of Aboriginal nurses in providing health care and health advice to ~borigines. /

1971 2.3421

The world of the settlement sister

1).Australian Nurses Journal 1( 5 ):20-21,

31.

Role of the nurse in Aboriginal settlements. 2.3422

MCPHERSON P (1971). Nurses at work. Moments of truth. Australian Nurses Journal1(5):11-13. Nurse writes about personal experiences in delivery of healthcare to Aborigines of Fitzroy Crossing region, Western Australia.

See also: 2.3322, 3.1006, 3.1014, 3.1019, 3.1059, 6.0013, 12.2012, 12.2015, 13.2007.

2.4 HEALTH POLICY- MISCELLANEOUS 2.4001 NT work values recognised by Commission (1979). AMA Gazette 214:13. Salaried doctors' conditions in Northern Territory.

2.4002 MITCHELL IS, CAWTE JE (1977). The Aboriginal family voluntary resettlement scheme: an approach to Aboriginal adaptation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 11(1) :29-35. Description of the main principles involved in the project with particular reference to the physical and mental health aspects of the Aboriginal 'migrants'.

2.4003 KAMIEN M (1975). Education in community medicine with an emphasis on the health of an Aboriginal community: a pilot project. Medical Journal of Australia 2(13):509-513. Outline of pilot project to introduce medical students to the broad concept of community medical practice with the emphasis on a rural Aboriginal community.

2.4004 O'KEEFEV (1972). Aboriginal health [letter]. Medical JournalofAustralia l(2):89. The urgent health requirements of Aborigines necessitate a free health service.

See also: 1.0049, 3.1 007.

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL 3.1 001 EASTWELL HD (1984). Death watch in East Arnhem, Australia. American Anthropologist 86:119-121. Adds to an earlier paper arguing that Aborigines practise passive euthanasia o n old and infirm by withdrawing fluids. 3.1 002 EASTWELL HD (1984). The forefather needs no fluids: voodoo death and its simulacra. American Anthropologist 86:133-136. Answers critics of proposal that dehydration is a cause of death in 'voodoo death' and senilicide cases. 3.1 003 REID J, WILLIAMS N (1984). 'Voodoo death' in Arnhem Land: whose reality? American Anthropologist 86:121-133. Argues that 'voodoo death' may not exist in any Aboriginal communities and that proposed mechanisms are far from proven.

3.1004 COOMBS HC, BRANDL MM, SNOWDON WE (1983). Marching to a different drum: reshaping health care delivery to Aborigines. In: A certain heritage. Programs for and by Aboriginal families in Australia. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra: 277-301. Considers aspects of health care at central Australian independent Aboriginal health services particularly the Pitjantjatjara Service, and at the government controlled centre at Belyuen, Northern Territory. 3.1005 REID J (1983). Sorcerers and healing spirits: continuity and change in an Aboriginal medical system. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 183pp. Yolngu medical theory - ideas about sickness and death are explained in the context of the Aboriginal community at Yirrkala, Northern Territory. 3-1006 SOONG FS (1983). Working in an Aboriginal community. Australian Nurses Journal 13(2)54-56. Discusses problems faced by non-Aboriginal nurses in an Aboriginal community.

60 Environmental aspects -social and cultural

3.1007 BELL D (1982). Women's changing role in health maintenance in a Central Australian community. In: Reid J (ed) Body, land and spirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 197-224. Role of women in health maintenance in a traditional community at Warrabri, Northern Territory. 3.1008 BERNDT CH (1982). Sickness and health in Western Arnhem Land: a traditional perspective. In: Reid J (ed) Body, landandspirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 21-38. Traditional attitudes to health and medicine in western Arnhem Land. 3.1 009 CAMPBELL D (1982). A race apart: nursing the Aborigines. Nursing Times 78(48) :2019-2022. A nurse's experiences with, and attitudes towards, Aborigines at Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia. 3.1010 Medical anthropology in Australia (1982). Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 1 :27. Discusses history and current position of medical anthropology in Australia. 3.1011 ROWLEY CD, MACKAY V, RILEY B, KENNEDY S, LITTLE E, MCLEOD B, SIMMS H, ROBERTSON M (1982). Equality by instalments: the Aboriginal householder in rural New South Wales, 1965 and 1980. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 33pp. Sampling of New South Wales Aboriginal households in 1965 and 1980 reveals useful data on demographic patterns, employment, income and assets, health, education and housing. 3.1012 STEFFENSEN MS, COLKER L (1982). Intercultural misunderstandings about health care. Recall of description of illness and treatment. Social Science and Medicine 16(22):1949-1954. Factors that contribute to effective utilisation of health services in areas of world where non-Western and Western health care systems CO-exist. 3.1013 THOMSON N (1982). Aboriginal nutrition: the need for a cultural and historical perspective. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7:20-29.

Environmental aspects - social and cultural 61

Describes social, cultural, historic and economic factors, in relation to food and nutrition, and reviews nutritional adaptation to different environments.

3.1014 BRANDL M, TILLEY E (1981). Marching to a different drum. Australasian Nurses Journal 1O(9):24-3 1. Uses of anthropology in the Belyuen Health Centre, Northern Territory. 3.1015 BRANDL M, TILLEY E (1981). Marching to a different drum: the uses of anthropology in the Belyuen Health Centre, Northern Territory of Australia. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 66pp. The ways in which a nurse applies her knowledge of general anthropology and of the culture of the Belyuen Aboriginal community in her work. 3.1016 MOUNTFORD CP (1981 ). Aboriginal conception beliefs. Hyland House, Melbourne, 72pp. Conception myths from many areas of Australia. 3.1017 PIELEAR (1981). Towards aproper and understanding health-care deliveryto the Aborigines. Nelen Yubu 10:28-29. Understanding the nature of delivering health care to Aborigines. 3.1018 TRIGGER DS (1981). Blackfellows, whitefellows, and head lice. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter 15:63-72. Discusses Aboriginal attitudes and practices concerning headlice in the Gulf country of North Queensland. 3.1019 YOUNG ES (1981 ). Tribal communities in rural areas. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(1):19-23. Socioeconomic components of the contemporary lifestyle of Aboriginal people living in tribal communities. Examines the resources available forthe maintenance of Aboriginal social and material life, and health care facilities.

3.1 020 JOHNSON S (1980). Some aspects of the Tiwi concept of health. Nymuna 4:39-50.

62 Environmental aspects - social and cultural

Tiwi concepts of sickness and health.

3.1 021 GEHLING M (1 979). The Aboriginal connection. Nursing Mirror 149(11):28-30.

A nurse's view of the health problems of Aborigines and cultural attitudes to health. Stresses the importance of fostering a healthy, personal relationship between the two cultures. 3.1 022 REID J ( 1 979).A time to live, a time togrieve: patterns and processes of mourning among the Yolngu of Australia. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry3:319-346.

Mortuary rites in northeastern Arnhern Land -their psychological effects, impact on the individual and role in facilitating the expression and resolution of emotion by the bereaved. 3.1023 STAGY S (1979). Showing the way to good health poses questions. Aboriginal News 3(7):18-19.

The problems facing Aborigines during acculturation include changes in diet and hygiene, which may conflict with traditional values. 3.1 024 TYNAN BJ (1 979). Medical systems in conflict: a study of power. Diploma of Anthropology thesis, University of Sydney, 226pp.

Study of two medical systems of differing philosophies and practices operating at the Warrabri Aboriginal community. One system is a traditional Aboriginal one, the other is of Western origin.

3.1 025 Our social environment: views from health workers (1978). Aboriginal Health Worker 2(1):4-8.

Health workers, doctors and nurses discussing problems faced by the east Arnhem Land communities: impact of rapid change; effects of change on Aboriginal culture; alcohol; and factors affecting stability and peace of mind. 3.1 026 CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL CONGRESS (1978). Second submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 4121-4140.

Argues in favour of independence, with land rights as its cornerstone, and compatible service development with long term guarantees of financial support; illustrated with some existing examples.

Environmental aspects - social and cultural 63

3.1027 BAIN MS (1978).Aboriginal health. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2290-2293. Kinship system provides strength and stability to tribal individuals but it also provides responsibilities and restrictions that must be considered in effective delivery of health care. 3.1 028 COOMBS HC (1 978). Kulinma: listening to Aboriginal Australians. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 250pp. The book covers the role of the Council for Aboriginal Affairs, and the needs and problems of Aborigines with regard to acculturation, and their environment. The land rights issue is discussed. 3.1 029 KAMIEN M (1978).The psychiatrist as a change agent. In: Kamien M The dark people of Bourke: a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 256-267. Attitude of the people of Bourke towards outsiders, the mentally ill and to the author as a psychiatrist, relations with other helping agencies, and the process of acceptance of the author in the community. 3.1 030 MACFARLANE WV (1978). Aboriginal desert hunterlgatherers in transition. In: Hetzel BS, Frith HJ (eds) Nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne: 49-62. The effects of European contact on the health of Aborigines who once lived the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. 3.1 031 MCNAMARA N, VALADIAN B (1978).The Aboriginal Development Foundation an experiment in primary health care. Australasian Nurses Journal7(12):19-21. Need for environmental health care program particularly for those Aborigines in fringe community groups. 3.1032 PEILEAR (1978).Health problemsof the Aborigines. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1086-1 089. Emphasises the impact of culture on the effectiveness of health services to Aborigines and argues for greater use of anthropologists and linguists in health care delivery. 3.1033 PETERSON N (1978).The traditional pattern of subsistence to 1975. In: Hetzel BS, Frith HJ (eds) Nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne: 25-35.

64 Environmental aspects - social and cultural

Subsistence strategy, diet and work patterns among Western Desert Aborigines. 3.1 034 REID J (1978). The dangers of surgery: an Aboriginal view. Medical Journal of Australia 1(2):90-92. Aboriginal traditional beliefs and the implications for surgery at Yirrkala, Northern Territory. 3.1 035 REID J (1978).Socialandcultural aspectsof healing in a n Aboriginal community in Northern Australia and their implications for the delivery of health care. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 308-389. Reviews results of study of health care in an Aboriginal community in 1974-1 975. Presents a series of recommendations. 3.1036 REID J, DHAMARRANDJI B (1978) Curing, not caring: why Aboriginal patients abscond'. N e w Doctor 8:27-32. There is a need to recruit Aboriginal staff to hospitals, and to adapt hospitals to needs of Aborigines. This could reduce number of absconders from hospital wards. 3.1 037 REID J , YUNUPINGU L, YUNUPINGU D (1978).Caringforthe aged and dying in an Australian Aboriginal community. Australasian Nurses Journal7(12):22-26. Comments on the nature of care for Aborigines in northeast Arnhem Land. 3.1 038 STACY S ( 1978). Living and learning. Hemisphere 22(9):30-33. Cross-cultural differences cause misunderstanding in health and other matters. 3.1039 TAYLOR J C (1978). Murri doctor or nursing sister? Part II. The nurse's point of view. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(1):37-41. Concludes that conflicts between nurses and patients at Edward River are a reflection of opposing sets of ideas about causes of sickness. 3.1 040 TAYLOR JC (1978). Murri doctor or nursing sister? Part Ill: Culture shock. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(2):4-12. Argues that nurses who learn about Aboriginal culture have less stress working in tribal communities and improve the delivery of health care. 3.1 041 TAYLOR JC (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1799-1801.

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Considers the delivery of health care to Aborigines and the place of traditional medical systems. 3.1042 WEBBER DL (1978). Interpersonal behaviour in relation to Aboriginal programs, Australian Journal of Social Issues 13(1):61-71. Need for both European and Aboriginal health workers to acquire greater skills in dealing with and understanding the behavioural aspects of health programs.

3.1043 GAVRANIC T (1977). The Aboriginal homelands movement: 'a great gathering of the clans'. In: Diesendorf M, Furnass B (eds) The impact of environment and lifestyle on human health. Proceedings of the national symposium held at the Australian National University on 2nd to 4th September, 1976.Society for Social Responsibility in Science (ACT), Canberra: 198-214. A view of the causes of failure of many Aboriginal health schemes and a proposal for a new model for Aboriginal health based on land rights and economic independence. 3.1044 HAUSFELD RG (1977). Social, ethnic and cultural aspects of Aboriginal health, Australian Family Physician 6(10):1301-1307. Social and cultural factors are believed to be largely responsible for the high levels of Aboriginal morbidity and mortality. 3.1045 JONES IH (1977). Employment problems among tribal Aboriginals. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):8-10. Attitudes to work and social problems among Balgo, Western Australian Aborigines. 3.1046 MCCONNOCHIE KR (1977). The place of the handicapped child in Aboriginal communities. In: Deaf children - their parents and teachers in a cross-cultural setting. Paperpresentedat theconference, Alice Springs, October 1977.Northern Territory Department of Education, Darwin: 43-45. Degree of sociocultural handicap of Aboriginal children with disabilities can be established by considering the degree to which they are held accountable, the demands for competence placed on them, the amount of stigmatisation experienced, the likelihood of marriage, and the society's view of the role of the supernatural in the illness. 3.1047 REID JC, MUNUNGGURR D (1977). We are losing our brothers. Sorcery and alcohol in an Aboriginal community. Medical Journalof Australia 2 Suppl(4):I-5.

66 Environmental aspects -social and cultural

Unexpected deaths in a n Aboriginal community in northern Australia were attributed to sorcery, although the deaths may have been related to alcohol consumption. Implications for health care provisions are drawn. 3.1 048 STACY S (1977). What do we mean by subjective data? Australian Nurses Journal 6(8):34-38. Evaluation of Institute for Aboriginal Development's health education program. 3.1 049 TAYLOR JC (1977). Some consequences of planned social change in an Aboriginal community. In: Berndt RM, Berndt CH (eds) Aborigines and change: Australia in the 70s. Humanities Press Inc, New Jersey: 147-158. Traces the origins of present food consumption patterns at Edward River and examines the effect of rising levels of income on diet. Demonstrates how the planned social development of the community has had the unintended effect of fixing the community's dietary levels at their present nutritionally inadequate standard. 3.1050 WHITE G (1977). Medical metriopatheia. New attitudes to health services in Central Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(4):13-16. A need is seen to bridge the gap between Western health care for Aborigines, and traditionalAboriginal medicine.

3.1051 Aboriginals (1976). In: Australian Government Commission of Inquiryinto Poverty. Third Main Report March 1976. Social/medical aspects of poverty in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 210-250. The effects of poverty on the health status of Aborigines are discussed for urban and settled areas. Existing medical services do not meet the needs of Aborigines. Suggested solutions include improvements to housing, sanitation and employment, and increased Aboriginal involvement in health care. 3.1052 MIDDLETON MR, FRANCIS SH (1976). Organisation of roles in the Aboriginal settlement family. In: Yuendumu and its children: life and health on an Aboriginal settlement. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 61-71. The basis of this study was a version of the 'Day at Home', Queensland. 3.1053 MIDDLETON MR, FRANCIS SH (1976).The young Yuendumu child's immediate environment and care. In: Middleton MR, Francis SH Yuendumu andits children: life and health on an Aboriginal settlement. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 72-79.

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Describes the social and economic environment and some of the more important aspects of the children's day to day lives and care.

3.1 054 AKERMAN K (1975). Altered food taboos: effects on the geriatric population of South-West Kimberley. Oceania 46(2):122-125. Meat avoidance as part of mortuary rituals in the Kimberleys, 3.1055 GALE F, BINNION J (1975). Poverty among Aboriginal families in Adelaide. Research report to the Commission of Inquiry into Poverty. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 52pp. Examines economic situation of Aborigines living in family households in Adelaide in 1973. 3.1056 HILL KF (1975). A study of Aboriginal poverty in two country towns. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 89pp. Includes a chapter on health services available in both towns, and compares the extent of their use and an evaluation of their helpfulness as revealed through answers to questionnaires. 3.1057 KAMIEN M (1975). Cultural chasm and chaos in the health care services to Aborigines in rural New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(3):6-11. Ineffectiveness of health care for Aborigines in Bourke, New South Wales, due to the cultural chasm between providers and consumers, and the inefficiency of the health delivery services themselves. 3.1058 WEBBER DL, REID LE, LALARA N (1975). Health and the Groote Eylandter. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(4):17-20. Notions of health and sickness among Groote Eylandt Aborigines. 3.1059 WHITTAKER Y (1975). Cultural relativism andoutback nursing. Australian Nurses Journal 4(9) :28-30, Need for nurses to understand cultural differences in effort to overcome ethnocentrism. This way nurses can be of assistance to Aboriginal women.

3.1060 The Scott report on the problems and needs of Aborigines in Sydney (1974). New Dawn 4(8):2-4.

68 Environmental aspects - social and cultural

Describes the social condition of Aborigines living in Sydney, indicating their demography, education, housing, employment and health. 3.1061 CAWTE J (1974). Cultural variations in the Aboriginal population: their significance for health care. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):40-43. A summary of Aboriginal cultural variation of importance in considering health. 3.1062 LESTER J (1974). Communication between Aboriginesand Whites. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) BetterhealthforAborigines? Reportofa seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 187-1 90. Cultural differences between traditional Aborigines and non-Aboriginal health personnel, and its effect on Aboriginal health. 3.1063 PIDEK N (1974). The Aborigines of Port Hedland. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 34-35. A nursing aide discusses how the basic principles of cooperation and sharing which underlie the way of life of Aborigines around Port Hedland, Western Australia, are breaking down. 3.1064 STACY S (1974). Cultures in collision. Australasian Nurses Journal3(38):12. Experiences with Pitjantjatjara people and learning to appreciate their values. 3.1065 STANNER WE (1974). Some aspects of Aboriginal health. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 3-1 3. Probes into some of the cultural and social factors giving rise to Aboriginal discontent today, particularly with regard to health, and the need for a health program.

3.1066 O'BRIEN G, PLOOIJ D (1973). Cultural training manual for medical workers in Aboriginal communities. School of Social Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia, 264pp. A training manual to instruct health care workers on effective communication with Aboriginal patients.

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3.1067 TATZ C (1971). No understanding, no results. Australian Nurses Journal 1 (5):19-20.

Failure of Western health personnel to recognise and accommodate Aboriginal culture.

3.1068 MONEY J , CAWTE JE, BIANCHI GN, NURCOMBE B (1970). Sex training and traditions in Arnhem Land. British Journal of Medical Psychology 43:383-399.

Reports and discusses sex behaviour of Aborigines in Arnhem Land from childhood to adulthood.

See also: 1.0018, 1.0035, 1.0045, 1.0047, 1.0049, 1.0081,1.0095,1.0096,1.0100,1.0101,1.0117,1.0119,2.1026,2.3208,2.3308, 2.3322,2.3339,2.3412,2.3419,2.3421,3.2002,3.2006,3.2007,3.2010,3.2012, 3,2013,3.2014,3.2019,3.2020,4.0015,4.0027,4.0032,4.0037,4.0038,4.0048, 5.0008,5.0013,5.0016,5.0027,6.0016,6.0019,6.0023,6.0026,7.0026,7.0038, 7.0042, 8.0017, 8.0023, 8.0025, 8.0034, 9.2011, 9.2016, 9.3014, 9.4024, 12.1003, 12.1004, 12.1006, 12.1015, 12.1020, 12.1024, 12.1032, 12.1039, 12.1058, 12,1061, 12.1062, 12.1066, 12.1068, 12.1070, 12.1071, 12.1078, 12.2001, 12.2065, 13.3001, 13.3004, 13.3027, 17.0010, 17.0024, 21.0004, 22.1OO8,22.2004, 22.2005, 22.4004, 22.4005, 22.5005, 22.5014.

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS - PHYSICAL 3.2001 ASHBY OJ (1984). Review of the use of the 'Aqua' privy and its suitability for Aboriginal communities, West Australian Health Surveyor 5(7):l 7-27 Discusses advantages of aqua privies, acceptable designs and alternatives, comparison to world equivalents, maintenance, cost and evaluation.

3.2002 HUDSON HMSROCKETT IR (1984).An environmental and demographic analysis of otitis media in rural Australian Aborigines. International Journalof Epidemiology 13(1):73-82. An analysis of otitis media and tympanic scarring in relation to age, sex, community size and physical environmental variables.

3.2003 DEPARTMENT OF ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS (1982). Appraisaloftheeffectiveness of the Aboriginal Public Health Improvement Program. Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Canberra, 85pp. An analysis of the program, in terms of provision of water supply, sewage disposal and power. 3.2004 GOLOWYN GK, TEMBY CR (1982). Investigation of water supply and sewerage facilities at58 Abori~inalcommunitiesin WesternAustralia. Engineering Division, Public Works Department, Perth, 106pp. Gives results of an investigation into water supply and sewerage facilities in isolated Aboriginal communities. Provides details and estimates of expenditures required to bring these services up to acceptable standards.

3.2005 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STANDING COMMITTEE ON ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS (1982). Strategies to help overcome the problems of Aboriginal town camps. Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, 115pp. The report of the Inquiry into the causes and features of fringe dwelling amongst Australian Aborigines. Strategies to overcome the problems of these communities are suggested.

3.2006 HUDSON HM, ROCKETT IR (1982).An environmentalanddemographic analysis of otitis media in rural Australian Aborigines. Macquarie University School of Economic and Financial Studies. Research Paper No 246, 24pp.

72 Environmental aspects -physical

See 3.2002. 3.2007 MCLEOD l ( l 982). Shade and shelter: the story of Aboriginal family resettlement. Jacaranda Press! Brisbane! 58pp. Describes the work of the Family Resettlement Aboriginal Corporation, a program that aims to provide good housing and a new way of life for disadvantaged Aboriginal families. 3.2008 WALKER BW (1982). Water and related services to remote communities. In: Loveday P (ed) Servicedeliveryto outstations. The Australian National University North Australia Research Unit, Darwin: 33-43. Questions to be asked in supply of water to outstations are: what criteria and values apply; whose needs are being satisfied; how is water utilised; what is the appropriate level of technology and how is the community involved? A case study is presented.

3.2009 Environmental health problems (1981). In: Parliament of New South Wales. Second Reporf from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines. Part 1 - Reporf and minutes of proceedings. Government Printer, Sydney: 151-1 54. Public health facilities i n Aboriginal communities and two special problems: exposure to aerial chemical spraying in the Narrabri-Wee Waa region, and asbestos from mines at Baryulgil.

3.2010 NEWFONG J (1979). A race of cripples in concentration camps without barbed wire. Identity 3(10):7-9. Living conditions of Aborigines in Northern Territory communities. 3.2011 An environmental survey of Aboriginal communities, 1977-1 978 ( l 979). Department of Health, Darwin, 351pp. A survey of Northern Territory Aboriginal communities, with regard to housing and sanitation. For each community, statistics are provided on housing density and amenities, community facilities, and water supply and sewerage facilities,

3.2012 DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITY WELFARE, WESTERN AUSTRALIA (1978). An interim report on the special housing programme to rehouse Aboriginal families

Environmental aspects -physical 73

residing on Aboriginal camping reserves. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 665-688. Reviews a housing program which differs from conventional programs in that it was designed as a social program rather than simply an accommodation scheme. 3.2013 KAMIEN M (1978). Housing and health. In: Kamien M The darkpeople 0fBourke:a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 174-1 90. Types of housing in Bourke; overcrowding causing disease and interpersonal problems; social health and morale; relations with the Housing Commission. 3.2014 KAMIEN M (1978). Housing and health in an Aboriginal community in Australia. Ekistics 45(267) 165-69. Describes how inadequate housing contributed to poor morale and poor health among Aborigines in Bourke. 3.2015 RESER J (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3017-3076. Focuses on the relationship between dwelling circumstances and health.

3.2016 DJIMBARR'YUN GC (1977). A new toilet system. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(1):50-53. Describes the installation of new toilets in an Aboriginal community at Galiwinku, Northern Territory. 3.2017 RESER J ( l 977). What is a 'decent' house? AboriginalHealth Worker 1(2):50-60. Conventional European houses are not the preferred form of dwelling for many Aborigines. Housing should adapt to the needs and values of the Aborigines, not the other way around.

3.2018 KAMIEN M (l 976). Housing and health in an Aboriginal community in Bourke, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Social Issues 11(3):187-200. Describes how inadequate housing contributed to poor morale and poor health among Aborigines in Bourke.

74 Environmental aspects - physical

3.2019 MIDDLETON MR, FRANCIS SH (1976).The physical environment as it relates10 the health of the community at Yuendumu. In: Middleton MR, Francis SH Yuendumu and its children: life and health on an Aboriginalsettlement,Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 46-60. Examines climate, housing and facilities, and the ways in which the Yuendumu people used such facilities as were available to enable them to live under hygienic conditions.

3.2020 HETZEL BS (1972).The implications of health indicators: a comment. /nternationalJournal of Epidemiology l(4)131 5-31 8. A close relationship between health and the physical and social environment demands improvement in the living conditions of Aborigines.

See also: 1.0021,1.0022,1.0029, 1.0047,1.0049, 1.0081,1.0095,1.0117, l.0140,2.1026,2.3102,2.31031 2.3104,2.3105,2.3213,3.1004, 1.0119,1.0135, 3.1011,3.1013,3.1014,3.1018,3.1019,3.1023,3.1028,3.1030,3.1051,3.1055, 5.0013,5.0027,6.0004,6.0006,6.0016,6.0019,6.0023, 3.1056!3.1O6O,5.OOOg, 7.0026,7.0028,7.0029, 7.0042!7.0048,7.0049,8.0017,8.0025,9.2011, 12.1O66!13.2009,13.2013,13.2029,13.2030,13.3027.

4.0 TRADITIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE 4.0001 NORRIS M (1984).Torres Strait medicines. AboriginalHealth Worker8(1):14-18.

Traditional medicines included coconut oil, young almond fruit, frangipani leaf or sap, beach vine, six o'clock plant, dugong oil, and chilli leaves.

4.0002 BRAND JCl RAE C, MCDONNELL J, LEE A, CHERIKOFF V, TRUSWELL AS (1983). The nutritional composition of Australian Aboriginal bushfoods. Part 1. Food Technology in Australia 35(6):293-298.

Forty two raw and cooked foods analysed for moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ashl seven minerals, two vitamins, carbohydrate and energy contents; green plum ( Terminalia ferdinandiana) world's highest vitamin C content, 4.0003 GOTT B (1983). Murnong - Microseris scapigera: a study of a staple food of Victorian Aborigines. Australian Aboriginal Studies 212-1 8 .

Details natural history of plant priorto Europeansettlement, ethnographic records, methods of gathering and preparation, nutritional value and effect of European settlement. 4.0004 JAMES KW ( 1 983). Analysis of indigenous Australian foods. Food Technology in Australia 35(7)1342-343,

Presents results of analysis of sixty three indigenous foods for water, protein, fat, energy, thiamin and ascorbic acid. 4.0005 LEIPER G, HAUSER J (1983). Mufooroo: Plant use by Australian Aboriginal people. Assembly Press, Brisbane, 80pp.

Itemises Aboriginal food plants; including plant uses, raw fruits that may be eaten, European and Aboriginal food comparison, recipes, glossary and bibliography, 4.0006 ROFF D (1983).Bush tucker. Geo 5(3):70-87.

Reports on the gathering and handling of traditional food by the older Aborigines of the Uluru National Park. 4.0007 SOONG FS (1983).Role of the margiabu (traditional healer) in western Arnhem Land. Medical Journal of Australia 1 1474-477.

76 Traditional health and medicine

Summarises some of the findings relating to the margidjbu and traditional health beliefs a n d how they interact with the Western health service and its ideology. 4.0008 UMBIDONG E (1983). Bush medicine at Uluru. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(3) :27-28. Bush remedies for sore lips, scabies, coughs, burns, boils, infected wounds, fractures, pain when urinating, swollen breasts, toothache, earache, snake bite and skinniness.

4.0009 BRAND JC, CHERIKOFFV, LEEA, MCDONNELLJ (1982). Nutrients in important bushfoods. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 750-54. The composition of Australian Aboriginal bushfoods, analysed for moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash, seven minerals and two vitamins. 4.001 0 BRAND JC, CHERIKOFF V, LEE A, TRUSWELL AS (1982). An outstanding food source of vitamin C [letter]. Lancet 2(8303):873. Extremely high levels of ascorbic acid were found in three samples of Terminalia ferdinandiana, a wild fruit eaten by Aborigines in the Northern Territory. 4.0011 DEVANESEN D, HENSHALL TS (1982). A study of plant medicines in Central Australia. Transactions of the Menzies Foundation 4:161-166. Aboriginal use of plants for traditional medicinal purposes. 4.001 2 KOONGOTEMA G, OWOKRAN S, POONKAMELYA D (1982). Health team 60: Aboriginal health program in Aurukun. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(3):7-9. Discusses the use of traditional and European medicine by health workers at Aurukun. 4.001 3 RAE CJ, LAMPRELL VJ, LION RJ, RAE AM (1982). The role of bush foods in contemporary Aboriginal diets. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7:45-49. Describes the seasons known to the Top End Aborigines and the relationship to food sources. 4.001 4 SCARLETT N, WHITE N, REID J (1982). Bush medicine: the pharmacopoeia of the Yolngu of Arnhem Land. In: Reid J (ed) Body, land and spirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 154-191.

Traditional health and medicine 77

Traditional pharmacopoeia in north-eastern Arnhem Land including a listing of medicinal plant species from this area. 4.001 5 TONKINSON M (1982). The Mabarn and the hospital: the selection of treatment in a remote Aboriginal community. In: Reid J (ed) Body, land and spirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 225-241. Selection of treatment in the Jigalong Aboriginalcommunity in the Western Desert. Focuses on traditional beliefs about causes of illness, diagnosis, treatment and the work of the traditional healers. 4.0016 BRAND JC, SHELLEY C, MCDONNELL J, LEE A (1981). The nutritional composition of Aboriginal bushfoods [abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 6:170. Brief analysis of some plants and animals used as bushfood by Aborigines. 4.0017 CRIBB AB, CRIBB JW (1981). Wildmedicine in Australia. Collins, Sydney, 228pp. A survey of Australian plants used in traditional medicine by Aborigines, in modern medical practice, and for use as narcotics and aphrodisiacs. 4.0018 KIRK RL (1981). Hunting and gathering. In: Kirk RL Aboriginal man adapting. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 63-87. Describes traditional foods from seashore, grassland, riverine and desert environments, seasonal fluctuations in food supply and the food equation for traditional diets. 4.0019 LEVITT D (1981). Plants andpeople. Aboriginal uses of plants on Groote Eylandt. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 166pp. Documents the use of plants in everyday activities, for spears and harpoons, as food, and in sickness; poisonous plants and collection and processing of burrawang nuts are also discussed; line drawings of all plants, followed by appendix listing habitat, form, flowers and uses of each species. 4.0020 STEFANSKA A, BARR A (1981). Cures from the bush. Hemisphere 25(6) :368-373. Traditional Aboriginal bush medicine. 4.0021 Ngurrju maninja kurlangu. Nyurnu yapa kurlangu, Bush medicine (1980). Warlpiri Literature Production Centre Inc, Yuendumu, Northern Territory, 24pp.

78 Traditional health and medicine

A list of medicinal plants known and used by Aborigines in central Australia. 4.0022 HALL J (1980). Aboriginal birth in the bush. New Doctor15:44,

Customs associated with birth among tradition-oriented Aborigines. 4.0023 ROBERTS N, RANDALL B, BARKER J, WARD M, OWEN P (1980).Wild foods of New South Wales. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(1):13-18.

Lists a wide variety of traditional Aboriginal foods, separated into body building foods, protective foods, energy foods. 4.0024 SIMEON G (1980). Tiwi ethnomedicine and the concept of tarni (N. Australia). Anthropos 75:942-948.

A description of the traditional medical practices and beliefs of the Tiwi people of Melville Island.

4.0025 AKERMAN K (1979). Contemporary Aboriginal healers in the South Kimberley, Oceania 50(1):23-30.

Accounts of cases handled by traditional Aboriginal healers at Christmas Creek, Kimberley. 4.0026 DJAYPILA, YALWIDIKA, GUYAMIRRILILI (1979). Medicinal plants on EIcho Island. Aboriginal Health Worker3(2):50-56.

Discusses herbal remedies used by the people of EIcho Island in the past. 4.0027 GRAY D (1979). Traditional medicine on the Carnarvon Aboriginal reserve. In: Berndt RM, Berndt CH (eds) Aborigines of the West: their past and present. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands: 169-183.

The importance of traditional medicine in the Aboriginal community is emphasised. Seven case reports are presented, with a comparison between Western diagnosis, and traditional diagnosis and treatment. 4.0028 LEVITT D (1979). Unwritten pharmacopoeia. Hemisphere 23(4):244-249.

Traditional Aboriginal bush medicines, Groote Eylandt. 4.0029 PEILE AR (1979).Colours that cure. Hemisphere 23(4):214-217

Traditional health and medicine 79

Use of ochre as a medicament by Gugadja Aborigines at Balgo Mission,via Halls Creek, Western Australia. 4.0030 PETERSON N (1979). Aboriginal uses of Australian Solanaceae. In: Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Skelding AD (eds) The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London: 171-188. Plants of the Solanaceae family were used both as food, and as a narcotic. The species used and their methods of preparation are outlined. 4.0031 REID EJ, BETTS TJ (1979). Records of Western Australian plants used by Aboriginals as medicinal agents. Planta Medica 36(2):164-173. Details of thirty plants used by Western Australian Aborigines for medicinal purposes. 4.0032 REID J (1979). Health as harmony, sickness as conflict. Hemisphere 23(4):194-1 99. Traditional Aboriginal medicine, northeast Arnhem Land.

4.0033 Bush medicines used at Warrabri (1978). Aboriginal Health Worker 2(4):12-14. Describes traditional remedies, using both plants and animals, for ailments such as headache, coughs and colds, toothache and diarrhoea. 4.0034 DONALDSON J (1978). Aborigines see the medicine man first. AMA Gazette 198114-15. Aborigines have a preference for being treated by Aborigines, including traditional Aboriginal healers. 4.0035 EASTWELL HD (1978). Supporting Aboriginal ethnomedicine. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2017-2028. Argues for the re-establishment of traditional healers because they use a system of ideas and practices in which their clients believe. 4.0036 LONGMORE RB (1978). Aboriginal medicinal plants. Scientific Australian (December) :25,52. An outline of an investigation into alkaloids of Securinega melanthesoides.

80 Traditional health and medicine

4.0037 REID J (1978). Change in the indigenous medical system of an Aboriginal community. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter9:61-72. Beliefs and practices of a traditional Aboriginal community as they relate to illness and healing, northeastern Arnhem Land. 4.0038 REID J (1978). The role of the Marrnggitjin contemporary health care. Oceania 49(2) 196-1 09. Detailed analysis of traditional Aboriginal healers in northeast Arnhem Land, a n d their various roles. 4.0039 SIMEON G (1978). Do traditional medicines work? Aboriginal Health Worker 2(4):15-18. Traditional medicines vary from culture to culture but good health in every society depends on both physical and mental wellbeing. 4.0040 WIMINYDJI, PEILE AR (1978). A desert Aborigine's view of health and nutrition. Journal Anthropological Research 34 (4) :497-523. Aboriginal concepts of health and nutrition - a translation of a desert Aborigine's (Gugadja) description of how the body functions.

4.0041 BLAINEY G (1977). The early Australian pharmacists. Australian Journal of Pharmacy 58(689):416-417. Traditional Aboriginal bush medicines. 4.0042 ELKIN AP (1977). Aboriginalmenofhigh degree. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland, 185pp. Classic study of Aboriginal traditional healers - their making, personality,training, powers and mystical experiences. 4.0043 SHELLEY C (1977). The original Australians - Aboriginals in the Northern Territory. In: Wood B (ed) Tucker in Australia. Hill of Content, Melbourne: 19-23. Discusses foods used by traditional Aborigines, and methods of preparation and preservation. 4.0044 STREHLOW TG (1977). Medical practices among the Aborigines of Central Australia. Australasian Nurses Journal7(2):17, 28.

Traditional health and medicine 81

Traditional Aboriginal medicine in central Australia. 4.0045 TAYLOR JC (1977). Murri doctor or nursing sister? Aboriginal Health Worker l ( 4 )127-39. Discusses traditional medicine and notions of disease, and compares these with the diseases and methods introduced by Europeans.

4.0046 CAWTE JE (1975). Australian Aboriginal medicine before European contact. Annals of Internal Medicine 82(3):422-423. Aspects of traditional Aboriginal health are described for the Kaiadilt community of Bentinck Island. The relationship between social structure and medicine is strong. 4.0047 DAD A (1975). Nurses at work: working with the Ngangkari. Australian Nurses Journal4(8):14-16. Traditional healer, Pukatja Aboriginal community (formerly Ernabella Mission).

4.0048 CAWTE J (1974). Medicine is the law: studies in psychiatric anthropology. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 260pp. Psychiatric anthropology and transcultural psychiatry - a study of Aborigines. Examines traditional medicine, the law and religion and provides clinical observations of Aboriginal men and women showing these processes at work.

4.0049 EASTWELL H (1973). Co-operating with the medicine man. Health (First quarter):12-14. Discusses the integration of traditional and modern medicine in the Northern Territory. 4.0050 EASTWELL H (1973). The traditional healer in modern Arnhem Land. Medical Journal of Australia 2:1011-1017. Discusses the role of Aboriginal traditional healers and argues for cooperation of Aboriginal and Western practitioners.

4.0051 CAWTE JE (1971). Australia 10,000years BC: mental health in primitive societies. Mental Health in Australia 430-67.

82 Traditional health and medicine

Aboriginal medicine and law as practised by the traditional healers was weak on disease and behavioural entities, but strong on family orientation, influencing behaviours and forestalling conflicts. 4.0052 GOLSON J (1971). Australian Aboriginal food plants: some ecological and culture-historical implications. In: Mulvaney DJ, Golson J (eds) Aboriginal man and environment in Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 196-238. Explores relationships between plant use in different areas of Australia and between Australia and Malaysia; includes appendix of food plants of Arnhem Land, Cape York and central Australia and appendix of food sources present in Malaysia and Australia but unused in Australia.

4.0053 LAWLER LJ, SLAYTOR M (1970). Uses of Australian orchids by Aborigines and early settlers. Medical Journal of Australia 2(26):1259-1261. Medicinal use, food use and other references to orchids. 4.0054 MADDOCK K, CAWTE JE (1970). Aboriginal law and medicine. Proceedings of the Medico-Legal Society of New South Wales 4:170-192. Discusses several branches of Aboriginal law, in particular, reaction to death; also discusses the relationship between traditional medicine and law, concluding the medicine is weak on technology and disease but strong on family orientation, influencing behaviour and forestalling conflicts.

See also: 1.0020, 1.0049,1.0067, 1.0086, 2.3310, 2.3322, 2.3412, 3.1001, 3.1002,3.1003,3.1005,3.1008,3.1017,3.1020,3.1024,3.1034,3.1040,3.1047, 3.1050,3.1058,7.0010,12.1042, 12.1043,12.1044, 12.1050, 12.2016, 12.2036, 22.1001.

5.0 DEMOGRAPHY (INCLUDES MORTALITY AND FERTILITY) 5.0001 MANNING B , SEWELL M (1984).A review ofunder-enumeration ofAboriginality in vital and health statistical collections in the urban areas of New South Wales. New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, 60pp.

Recommends redesign of forms, new administrative procedures and more emphasis on awareness and education to improve collection of birth, death and morbidity statistics. 5.0002 MUSGRAVE IA (1984).Aboriginal mortality in Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 140(1):16-19.

Mortality in Queensland Aboriginal infants and adultsfrom 1976-1980, the causes of mortality, and a comparison with mortality rates in other States.

5.0003 GRAY A ( 1 983). A baseline study of the demography of Aboriginal people in New South Wales. New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, 74pp.

Reporting of Aboriginal births and deaths is deficient; recommendations made to improve reliability; crude death rate in New South Wales between ten and fifteen per thousand; crude birth rate close to thirty per thousand. 5.0004 GRAY A (1983).Aboriginal fertility at the time of European contact: the Daly River Mission baptismal register. Aboriginal History7(1):80-89.

The crude birth rate of the Daly River people at the end of last century was greater than forty perthousand, but high mortality meant the numbers of surviving children were small. 5.0005 GRAY A (1 983).Aboriginal fertility in decline: current research. AboriginalHealth Project Information Bulletin 3:16-22.

Discusses recent fertility decline in historical context, 5.0006 GRAY A, SMITH LR (1983). The size of the Aboriginal population. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1 :2-9.

Discusses the reliability of census data and the reasons for obvious discrepancies from census to census; estimates actual size using actuarial analyses.

84 Demography (includes mortality and fertility)

5.0007 JULIENNE A, SMITH LR, THOMSON N, GRAY A (1983). Summary ofAborigina1 mortality in New South Wales country regions, 1980-1981. New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, 14pp. For 1980-1 981, overall Aboriginal mortality was overfourtimes that of the State as a whole. The paper provides details of life expectation, age specific mortality and causes of death. 5.0008 LINCOLN R, NAJMAN JM, WILSON PR, MATIS CE (1983). Mortality rates in 14 Queensland Aboriginal reserve communities. [Aboriginal Health - corrigendum] Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):208-209. Corrects errors in statistics previously reported; however, reiterates finding of previous report that mortality was two-and-a-half to three times Queensland average. 5.0009 LINCOLN RA, NAJMAN JM, WILSON PR, MATIS CE (1983). Mortality rates in 14 Queensland Aboriginal reserve communities. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8) 1357-360. Reports the age-standardised mortality rates on fourteen Aboriginal reserves in Queensland for the years 1976-1980 and compares these rates with those that prevail in Queensland generally. 5,0010 READ A, STANLEY F (1983). Postneonatal mortality in Western Australia 1970-78. Australian Paediatric Journal 19(1):18-22. Postneonatal mortality decreased during the period of study in both males and females. Infants at high riskwere those born to unmarried teenage mothers in rural areas, especially if the infants were of low birthweight. 5.0011 REID J, KERR C (1983). Trends in Aboriginal mortality. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8) 1348-350. Examines the trends, causes and implications of Aboriginal mortality figures. 5.0012 THOMSON N (1983). Aboriginal infant mortality, 1976-1981. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1 : l 0-1 6. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infant and fetal mortality rates are compared in communities in Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory over the years 1976-1981. A lower weight at birth, and socioeconomic factors are implicated in the differential mortality. 5.0013 TRIGGER DS, ANDERSON C, LINCOLN RA, MATIS CE (1983).Mortality rates in 14 Queensland Aboriginal reserve communities. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8)1361-365.

Demography (includes mortality and fertility) 85

The social conditions experienced by Aborigines on reserves are reflected in mortality rates. Main causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, infections, and accidents and violence.

5.0014 COWLISHAW G (1982). Family planning: a post-contact problem. In: Reid J (ed) Body, land and spirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 31-48. Suggests that birth rates among Aborigines were traditionally low because of environmental and social conditions of various kinds.

5.0015 KIRK RL (1981). People in balance. In: Kirk RL Aboriginal man adapting: the human biology of Australian Aborigines. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 39-62. Factors controlling the density and distribution of population including traditional Aboriginal social structure and ecological factors. 5.0016 WAGNER H (1981). Aboriginal infant mortality. Lamp 38(9):5-16. Changes in infant mortality from 196410 1967 in several Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory clearly could be related to sanitation, water supply, nutrition, and hygiene.

5.001 7 DUGDALE AE (1980). Infant feeding, growth and mortality: a 20-year study of an Australian Aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 2(7):280-285. A reduction in infant mortality was found at Cherbourg from 1953 to 1972. The reduction was attributed to improved health services and changed approaches to infant care. 5.0018 SMITH LR (1980). Aboriginal vital sfafisfjcs: an analysis of trends. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 49pp. Vital statistics in Aboriginal health with a particular emphasis on fetal and infant mortality, 5.0019 SMITH LR (1980). The Aboriginal population of Australia. Australian National University Press for the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, Canberra, 314pp. A survey of Aboriginal populations around Australia, with reference to their population density, and age and sex distribution. A prehistory of Aborigines is provided.

86 Demography (includes mortality and fertility)

1979 5.0020 Aboriginal mortality in country areas of New South Wales 1978, 1979 (1979). Aboriginal Policy Committee, Health Commission of New South Wales, Sydney, 8PP. A brief analysis o f Aboriginal mortality in New South Wales. 5.0021 Infant deaths lower (1979). Aboriginal News 3(7):3. Brief comment on infant mortality among Aborigines. 5.0022 COX JW (1979). Infant mortality in 12 Aboriginal settlements: Queensland, 1972-1 976. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):8-9. Calculates the present day Aboriginal infant mortality rate in twelve government or church supervised communities in Queensland,

1978 5.0023 COWLISHAW G (1978). Infanticide in Aboriginal Australia. 48(4):262-283. Social, biological and psychological implications of infanticide.

Oceania

5.0024 MCKENDRICK J, CHRISTIE D (1978). The Aboriginal population of Victoria. Medical Journal of Australia 1(6):319-320. The 1971 census underestimated the Aboriginal population of Victoria. The revised estimate is 8,000 to 15,000 instead of the census figure of 6,371.

1976 5.0025 HINDSON P (1976). Infant death rates in Queensland [letter]. Medical Journalof Australia 2(19):733. Brief comment on the need for attention to environmental and behavioural factors to further reduce infant mortality. 5.0026 LOVELL S, CHANDLER D, DUGDALE AE (1976). Infant death rates in Queensland, 1962 to 1972. Medical Journal of Australia 2(11):405-408. A review of overall infant mortality, with a recognition that the highest rates occurred in areas with large Aboriginal populations. 5.0027 Aboriginal infant mortality -what does it mean? (1976). Aboriginal Issues Health

Demography (includes mortality and fertility) 87

Compares Aboriginal infant mortality rates with those for the Australian population generally. 5.0028 The environment as a cause of Aboriginal infant deaths. AboriginalIssues Health 1(1):30. Environmental factors influencing the infant mortality rate include housing, sanitation, economics and social environment.

5.0029 Population and Australia: a demographic analysis and projection. Volume two, part C. The Aboriginal population (1975). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 455-525. Aboriginal demographic transitions, the current situation and the future of the Aboriginal population. 5.0030 CAWTE J (1975). Psychosexual and cultural determinants of fertility choice behaviour. American Journal of Psychiatry 132(7):750-753. An analysis of factors affecting fertility control and population regulation.

5.0031 DEARLOVE C (1974). The 'phony war' in Aboriginal health [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(22):823. Discusses need for identification of race on birth and death certificates, and hospital records. 5.0032 KIRKE DK (1974). The traditionally oriented community. In: Hetzel BSI Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 81-87. Establishes health indicators to enable valid comparisons of disease patterns in tradition oriented Aboriginal communities. 5.0033 MOODIE PM (1974). The Aboriginal population and population education: Aboriginal fertility patterns compared with other populations. In: Cochrane RH (ed) Family planning, population education issues in Australia. Proceedings and discussions of the First Summer Schoolon Family Planning. ANZ Book Company, Sydney, 158-1 68. Examines factors which influence family size in Aborigines.

88 Demography (includes mortality and fertility)

5.0034 CAWTE J (1973). Fertility patterns in Australian Aborigines - implications for contemporary medical policy. In: Clinical Proceedings International Planned Parenthood Federation. South East Asia and Oceania Regional Medical and Scientific Congress, Sydney, 1972: 215-220. Argues that radical changes in family size and structure experienced by Aborigines since European colonisation have not permitted a socially adaptive mode of child rearing to develop. 5.0035 DUGDALE AE, PRESTWOOD J, STUART JE (1973). Neonatal and infant mortality rates among Australian Aboriginals. Medical Journal of Australia 21633-635. Death rates in infants aged one month to one year are higher in several rural communities in Queensland, than in Brisbane. 5.0036 MOODIE PM (1973). Aboriginal mortality and cause of death. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 43-47. General discussion of mortality statistics including sources of data on Aboriginal mortality and comparison with mortality in other populations. 5.0037 MOODIE PM (1973). Demographic and mortality patterns in full-blood populations. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 48-96. Mortality, including cause of death, in the Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales, late 1950s to early 1960s. 5.0038 MOODIE PM (1973). Demographic and mortality patterns in part-Aborigine populations. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 97-1 17. Mortality patterns in New South Wales. Part-Aboriginal mortality in other States has not been studied in detail, except for individual communities.

5.0040 EDMONDS R, ROBERTS RW, SCHLAFRIG G (1970). The mortality of young children in Western Australia: the Aborigines' contribution. Australian Paediatric Journal 6(2) :76-80.

Demography (includes mortality and fertility) 89

Analysis of deaths in 1967-1968 in Western Australia of all children in first five years of life.

See also: 1.0006,1.0020,1.0021,1.0023,1.0049, 1.0079,1.0131,1.0133, 8.0005,8.0011,8.0034,8.0053, 2.1OO6,2.32O7,3.lOOl,3.lOO2,3.lOO3,3.lOll, 9.2004,12.3021,16.0024,21.0007.

6.0001 BROWN C (1984). Elderly, disadvantaged, disabled : Part 11. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3):26-27. Reports findings of survey into elderly, disadvantaged and disabled Aborigines in Adelaide: low life expectancy, high incidence of diseases not common in the European community, poor nutritional status, poor housing, few social support systems, increasing numbers of single mother families and lack of social facilities.

6.0002 DIBLEY M, WADDELL C (1983). Length of hospitalisation of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Western Australia, 1971-1 979. Medical Journal of Australia 1(2):59-63. Over the time of study, Aboriginal children spent twice as long in hospital as non-Aborigines. The bed occupancy for both groups declined over the study period.

6.0003 Aboriginal morbidity and mortality in Western Australia 1974-19 79 (1982). Community and Child Health Services and Statistics Branch, Public Health Department, Perth, Western Australia, 57pp. Comprehensive data on morbidity and mortality. 6.0004 OSBORNE PD (1982). The Aboriginal health problem. In: Osborne PD The other Australia: the crisis in Aboriginal health. Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania! Hobart: 4-28. Review of morbidity in Aborigines and the physical, environmental and sociocultural contributory factors. 6,0005 ROWLEY C (1982). Aboriginal health changes in New South Wales: 1965-1980. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 2:9-12. Results suggest improvements in infant and childhood morbidity, a decline in infectious disease incidence! a marked reduction in young-age hospitalisation, but increasing incidence of mid-age hospitalisation and accidents. 6.0006 WATERFORD J (l 982). Afundamental imba1ance:Aboriginal ill-health. In: Reid J (ed) Bodx landandspirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 8-30.

92 General morbidity

Manifestations of poor health, with the conditions reflecting a fundamental disharmony between members of many Aboriginal communities and their physicall social a n d cultural environments. 6.0007 YUSUF Fl HAM1LTON A ( 1 982).Hospital morbidity among Aboriginal Australians in New South Wales. Journal of Biosocial Science 141445-463. Analyses morbidity data from 15,172 episodes of hospitalisation of Aborigines in New South Wales. Respiratory diseases! intestinal diseases, alcoholism and diabetes were t h e major causes of hospitalisation. 6.0008 Specific health problems (1981). In: Parliament of New South Wales. Second Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines. Part 1 - Report and minutes of proceedings. Government Printer, Sydney: 155-1 61. Discusses alcoholism, psychiatric disorders, trachoma! dental disease, and ear problems. 6.0009 BOOTH G (1981 ), The disabled Aboriginal. Aboriginal Health Worker5(2):5-9. Argue,s for better communication between disabled Aborigines and rehabilitation team members. 6.0010 Some infections in rural Australia: ear! nasall respiratory and skin disease (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 101-11 8. The trachoma screening program provided an opportunity to assess the prevalence of some other health problems; middle ear infection and nasal discharge in particular were examined. 6.0011 ARMSTRONG M (1 979). Aboriginal hospital morbidity in NSW, 1977. Division of Health Services Research for Aboriginal Policy Committee, Health Commissionof New South Wales, Sydney, 47pp. Hospital morbidity experienced by Aborigines in New South Wales in 1977. 6.0012 The health of the Aboriginal people in the Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory (1978). Northern Territory Medical Service Bulletin 21 :7-22.

General morbidity 93

Health profile of Aborigines in the Alligator Rivers region, including Oenpelli and Oenpelli outstations. 6.001 3 DENNY N (1978). Medical problems encountered in the Royal Flying Doctor Service (Eastern Goldfields Section) and in the Aboriginal communities in the Central Aboriginal Reserve of Western Australia. Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (Eastern Goldfields, Western Australian Section) Incorporated, Western Australia, 27pp. Manual intended as a guide for future medical officers in the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Identifies medical problems common to Aborigines. 6.0014 KAMIEN M (1978). The patterns of illness. In: Kamien M The dark people of Bourke: a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 84-1 07. Data collected by interviews, physical examination of subjects and from the records of Bourke District Hospital.

6.0015 KALOKERINOS A (1977). Aboriginal health. Australasian Nurses Journal 7(2):23-24, 30. Disease patterns among infants and adults and the importance of administering vitamin C. 6.0016 MCCONNOCHIE KR (1977). Handicapped adults in traditional Aboriginal communities. In: Deaf children - their parents and teachers in a cross-cultural setting. Papers presented at the conference, Alice Springs, October 1977. Northern Territory Department of Education, Darwin, 45-51. Discusses relationship between handicapped adults and traditional societies and the impact of environmental stress, religion, kinship, movement to settlements, and attitudes of the wider society. 6.001 7 MOODIE PM (1977). Medical aspects of Aboriginal health. Australian Family Physician6(10):1309-1317. Aboriginal health is discussed in relation to its diagnosis, management and treatment. The problems of multiple disease in the same individual are mentioned. Possible solutions to provision of adequate health care are outlined.

6.0018 KAMIEN M (l 976). The physical health of Aboriginal adults in Bourke, New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(3)138-44.

94 General morbidity

Report of a health survey of adults in Bourke. A generally high prevalence of diseases was noted. 6.0019 LICKISS JN (1975). Health problems of urban Aborigines: with special reference to the Aboriginal people of Sydney. Social Science and Medicine 9(6):313-318. Gives a perspective of the major health issues among Aborigines living in Sydney.

6.0020 FRITH NCl HAUSFELD RG, MOODIE PM (1974). The health of adults, I n : Frith NC, Hausfeld RG, Moodie P M The Coasttown Project: action research in Aboriginal community health. Australian Government Publishing Service] Canberra: 146-1 63. Indirect evidence of health status of Aboriginal adults. 6.0021 FRITH NC, HAUSFELD RGl MOODIE PM (1974). The 1966-67 Medical Survey. In: Frith NC, Hausfeld RG, Moodie PM The Coasttown Project: action research in Aboruinal community health. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 59-93. General details and results of the 1966-1967 Coasttown survey. 6.0022 LICKISS JN (l 974). The urban situation. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 29-33. Health related trends among Aborigines in Sydney. 6.0023 MOODIE PM (1974). The part-Aboriginal community. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 88-96. Outlines morbidity pattern and underlying network of factors contributing to poor health in a New South Wales coastal Aboriginal community. Results are based on 1966-1 967 and 1971 data.

6.0024 COOLICAN RE (1973). Australian ruralpractice. Australian Medical Associationl Sydney, 206pp. General practitioner describes general practice in Bourke, New South Wales. Includes health status details] a study of intestinal parasites among Aborigines and a haematological study of pregnant Aboriginal and European women.

General morbidity 95

6.0025 DOHERTY RL ( l 973). The health status of Aboriginal communities in Cape York Peninsula. In: Kirk RL (ed) The Human Biology of Aborigines in Cape York, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 37-48. Outlines the types of diseases encountered in the communities of Cape York Peninsula. Disease patterns in children are related to infant mortality and growth retardation. 6.0026 HAUSFELD RG (1973). The social prediction of self-perceived morbidity, Medical Journal of Australia 2(21)1975-978. Results of this study demonstrate that the amount of self-perceived morbidity of a group is directly proportional to its value dissonance. Two Aboriginal communities and three white Australian groups in New South Wales were used as subjects in this study. 6.0027 MOODIE PM (1973). Other categories of disease and disability. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 229-240. Examines published data on morbidity due to miscellaneous diseases,

6.0028 CAWTE J (1972). Others feel sick. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 69-83. Estimate of private discomforl in Mornington Island Aborigines using a modified Cornell Medical Index.

6.0029 ELPHINSTONE JJ (1971). The health of Australian Aborigines with no previous association with Europeans. Medical Journal of Australia 21293-301. Summarises the health findings of 111 Aborigines from the western and central desert areas, commenting on nutritional status and diseases found,

6.0030 EDWARDS LD (1970). Malnutrition and disease in pre-school Aboriginal children in the Walgett area of NSW. Medical Journal of Australia 211007-1 012, Medical survey of pre-school children in the Walgett area, New South Wales, the significance of the findings, and recommendations for dealing with the health problems.

96 General morbidity

UNDATED 6.0031 HART G, RODER D (undated). An information system for Aboriginal health services: 1. Overview. South Australian Health Commission, Technical Monograph Series No 3,83pp. Accumulated informationconcerning Aboriginal health, particularly in the areas of hospital admissions, perinatal statistics, and health in remote areas. The information is used to assist in health planning and program requirements.

See also: 1.0006, 1.0015, 1.0018, 1.0019, 1.0020, 1.0021, 1.0042, 1.0049,1.0071,1.0119,1.0140,2.3208,2.3324,2.3416,3.1011,3.1044,5.0032, 8.0030,8.0033, 8.0037, 8.0038, 8.0057,22.6012.

7.0 NUTRITION AND GROWTH 7.0001 DUGDALE AE, LOVELL S, MULLER M (1984). The growth during infancy of parents and their children. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 14:47-50. Up to one year, acorrelation exists between infant growth and mother's growth one generation earlier; no correlation with father's growth; suggests mother repeats own pattern of upbringing. 7.0002 GRACEY M, SPARGO RM, BOTTRELL C, HAMMOND K, MULHOLLAND K, VALENTINE J (1984). Maternal and childhood nutrition among Aborigines of the Kimberley region. Medical Journal of Australia 141 506-508. More than twenty per cent of children undernourished; less than sixty per cent of females of child bearing age had satisfactory nutritional status; reasons for widespread poor nutrition and relationship to childhood development and health. 7.0003 MULLER M, EATON-EVANS J, DUGDALE AE (1984). Growth of Aboriginal infants. Medical Journal of Australia 141:228-230. Infant growth rates at Cherbourg (Queensland) are similar to non-Aboriginal infants; apart from premature infants, no children in 'at risk' categories.

7.0004 GRACEY M, MURRAY H, HITCHCOCK NE, OWLES EN, MURPHY BP (1983). The nutrition of Australian Aboriginal infants and young children. Nutrition Research 3:133-147. A survey of Aboriginal children aged up to thirty months revealed a fall-off in growth commencing in the second half of infancy. Prevalence of underweight children and infants is related to nutrition. 7.0005 GRACEY M, HITCHCOCK NE (1983). Nutritional state of Aboriginal infants and young children in Western Australia. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 4:22-27, Summarises results of an anthropometric survey of Aboriginal children up to thirty months of age in Western Australia in 1981. 7.0006 O'DEA K, SINCLAIR AJ (1983). The effect of diets rich in arachidonic acid on plasma lipids, plasma fatty acids and bleeding time in Aborigines [abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia $:l 73.

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Seafood diets a n d their effect on haemostatic function 7.0007 PHILLIPS FE, DIBLEY MJ (1983). A longitudinal study o f feeding patterns of Aboriginal infants living in Perth, 1980-82. Proceedingsof the Nutrition Sociefyof Australia 8:130-133. Survey on infant feeding practices and identification of nutrition intervention priorities.

1982 7.0008 BROWN T, TOWNSEND GC (1982). Adolescent growth in height of Australian Aboriginals analysed by the Preece-Baines function: a longitudinal study. Annals of Human Biology 9(6):495-505. Adolescent phase of growth in height of Aboriginal boys and girls examined during the progress of a longitudinal study conducted at Yuendumu in central Australia between 1961 and 1971. 7.0009 FITZ-HENRY AW, BRAND JC (1982). Rate of digestion and absorption of Australian Aboriginal starch bushfoods. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7:214. Summarises results of study into rate of digestion and absorption of five traditional foods (seeds and roots). 7.0010 MEEHAN B (1982). Ten fish for one man: some Anbarra attitudes towards food and health. In: Reid J (ed) Body, landandspirit. Universityof Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 96-1 20. Detailed analysis of the diet of a food conscious group of people -the Anbarra of the northern coast of Arnhem Land, living on outstations. 7.0011 SMITH RM, SPARGO RM, CHEEK DB (1982). Zinc status and growth of Aboriginal children in the north-west of Australia. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7:37-44. Proposes that nutritional, particularlyzinc, inadequacies are partly responsiblefor retardation of growth in Aboriginal children in the Kimberley region.

7.0012 DUGDALE AE, LOVELL S (1981). The effect of early growth on distribution of subcutaneous fat in Aboriginal children. Ecologyof FoodandNutrition 11 53-55. Poor intra-uterine and toddler growth was associated with a high ratio of subscapular skinfold thickness to triceps skinfold thickness. The thin limbs of Aborigines therefore may reflect early nutritional status.

Nutrition and growth 99

7.0013 KIRK RL (1981). Growth and development. In: Kirk RL. Aboriginalman adapting: the human biology of Aboriginal Australia. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 135-1 35. Discusses growth patterns from birth to adolescence, body composition, tooth morphology, temporal changes, and mental and cognitive abilities.

7.0014 COCKINGTON A (1980). Growth of Australian Aboriginal children related to social circumstances. Australian and NewZealand Journal of Medicine 10(2):199-208. Aboriginal children at Yalata, Oodnadatta and Marree were compared for body weight, height and cranial circumference. Normal growth was found in children who came from environments similar to those experienced by non-Aboriginal children. 7.0015 COYNE T, DOWLING M, PAOLONI DC (1980). Evaluation of preschool meals programmes on the nutritional health of Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2 :369-375. A pre-school meals program had a beneficial effect on the Aboriginal children, particularly forfemales. Height, weight, blood haemoglobin, and serum nutritional status indicators were measured.

7.0016 BROWN T (1979). Skeletal maturation rates in Aboriginal children. Occasional Papers in Human Biology 1 :71-86. Skeletal ages were rated by the Greulich-Pyle atlas method for boys and girls at Yuendumu. The method was appropriate, and revealed a slight retardation in skeletal development by the atlas standards. 7.0017 COLES-RUTISHAUSER IH (1979). Growing up in Western Australia: if you are Aboriginal. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 4:27-33. Growth retardation is not uncommon in Aboriginal children in Western Australia. This is related to diet, environmental factors, and low birthweight. 7.0018 COX JW (1979). A longitudinal study of the changing pattern in Aboriginal infants' growth 1966-76. Journal of Biosocial Science 11(3):269-279. At weaning, weight gain slows in Aborigines, and at one year weight-for-age is less than that of British children. 7.0019 COX JW (1979). Growth characteristics of preschool Aboriginal children. Australian Paediatric Journal 15:10-15.

100 Nutrition and growth

Growth normal to three months; growth retardation at three to twelve months; partly compensated by growth 'catch-up' over following one to two years; mean head circumference below British average; small head and light weight attributed to growth failure rather than race. 7.0020 COYNE T, DARNTON-HILL I (1979). Australian Aborigines: nutrition and changing disease patterns. New Doctor 12:32-37. Poor nutrition in Aborigines is related to inadequate antenatal care and health services, socioeconomic factors, communicable diseases and alcohol. 7.0021 GRACEY M (1979). Nutritional problems of Australian Aboriginal children. Food and Nutritional Notes and Reviews 36(4):165-167. Serious problem of undernutrition in infants and children of Aboriginal descent. Considers infectious diseases, malnutrition, dietary patterns and prevention. 7.0022 KAMIEN M (1979). Aboriginal nutrition and the Australian scientist [leading article]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(1):13-14. A summary of the CSIRO Division of Nutrition workshop on desert survival for Aborigines. 7.0023 MAY GM, O'HARA VM, DUGDALE AE (1979). Patterns of growth in Queensland schoolchildren, 1911 to 1976. Medical Journal of Australia 2(11):610-614. Anthropometric survey of Queensland children, including Aborigines.

7.0024 BRAND JC, MILLER JJ, REFSHAUGE AJ, RASSABY L, KALOKERINOS A (1978). Improvement in growth rates of Sydney Aboriginal children [abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 3:92. An analysis of infant and childhoodgrowth suggests that improvementsare due to factors initiated by the Aboriginal Medical Service. 7.0025 COX JW (1978). Effect of supplementary feeding on infant growth in an Aboriginal family. Journal of Biosocial Science 10(4):429-436. Six infants of an Aboriginal woman showed satisfactory growth while breastfed, but growth failure following introduction of supplementary feeding. 7.0026 CUTTER T (1978). Nutrition and food habits of the Central Australian Aboriginal. In: Hetzel BS, Frith HJ (eds) Nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne: 63-70.

Nutrition and growth 101

Factors contributing to poor nutrition of central Australian Aborigines. 7.0027 GRACEY M (1978). Nutritional problems in the Australian community. Medical Journal of Australia 1(4):202-205. Malnutrition and high rates of disease and death are related to unsatisfactory dietary patterns amongst Aborigines. 7.0028 HETZEL BS (1978). The changing nutrition of Aborigines in the ecosystem of Central Australia. In: Hetzel BS, Frith HJ (eds) Nutrition ofAboriginesinrelation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, ~elbourne!39-47. Nutrition of Aborigines and the examination of the three ecosystems hunter-gatherer, European contact and settlement life.

- the

7.0029 HETZEL BS, FRITH HJ (eds) (1978). Nutrition of Aborigines in relation to the ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 150pp. Nutritional status of Aborigines of central Australia including aspects of the ecosystem - land, plants, animals, water and energy. 7.0030 KAMIEN M (1978). Nutrition and the 'secret bread tests'. In: Kamien M The dark people of Bourke:a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 108-1 02. Indices of poor nutrition in the diet of Bourke Aborigines and the effect of fortifying flour on the blood levels of vitamins, including the controversy which arose from a newspaper report on the bread project. 7.0031 RASSABY L (1978). Malnutrition amongst Aborigines in the inner city of Sydney. New Doctor 8:36-38. The Aboriginal Medical Service found a high prevalence of malnutrition in Aboriginal children, related to malnutrition in pregnant and lactating mothers, and associated with increased morbidity. A nutrition education program is outlined. 7.0032 ROBERTS RW, RUTISHAUSER IH (1978). Are Aborigines underfed? [abstract]. Australian Paediatric Journal 14(3):218. The health status of Aborigines is related to undernutrition, which in turn is complicated by the socioeconomic environment. 7.0033 SAMISONI MT, SAMISONI Jl (1978). The health of Aboriginal and Islander children of urbanised communities. Australian Nurses Journal 7(11):44-47.

1 0 2 Nutrition and growth

Problems encountered when assessing the physical growth and health status of infants and children in Brisbane. 7.0034 ROWLEY B, ROWLEY K (1978). Some practical ideas for teaching nutrition. Aboriginal Health Worker 3:45-47. Ideas on how to assist in changing nutritional practices of Aborigines.

7.0035 DOBBIN MD (1977). Review of literature concerning nutritional status: Australian Aboriginal children and other relevant groups. In: Dobbin MD The health and nutritionalstatus of Victorian Aboriginalchildren. PhD thesis, Monash University: 65-1 42. Reviews studies on nutritional status which used clinical signs, nutritional anthropometry and biochemical assessment as indices. Also examines socioeconomic and environmental factors. 7.0036 FYSH WJ, DAVISON R, CHANDLER D, DUGDALE AE (1977). The weights of Aboriginal infants: a comparison over 20 years. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):13-15. L o w weight gains of infants at Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement 1953-1972. 7.0037 GRACEY M (1977). Nutritional problems of Australian Aborigines. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 2:11-16. Draws attention to the gaps in knowledge of factors affecting nutritional status of Aborigines. 7.0038 HETZEL BS (1977). The nutrition of Aborigines in relation to lifestyle. In: Diesendorf M, Furnass B (eds) The impact of environment andlifestyle on human health. Proceedings of the national symposium held at the Australian National University on 2nd to 4th September, 1976. Society for Social Responsibility in Science (ACT), Canberra: 182-1 86. Relates poor nutrition status of many Aborigines to lifestyle factors; improvement of nutrition depends on development of a new lifestyle that blends traditional and modern elements. 7.0039 HEYWOOD PF, ZED CA (1977). Dietary and anthropometric assessment of the nutritional status of Aboriginal and white schoolchildren in Walgett, NSW. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 2:21-27. Nutritional status of Aboriginal children compared with that of non-Aboriginal children, Walgett, New South Wales.

Nutrition and growth 103

7.0040 KAMIEN M (1977). Ill. Nutritional problems. AboriginalHealth Worker1 (3):41-45. Discusses the causes of nutrition problems, including local beliefs and practices, obesity and worms. 7.0041 SHELLEY C (1977). Changing food patterns of Aboriginals in the Northern Territory. In: Wood B (ed) Tucker in Australia. Hill of Content, Melbourne. Discusses methods of acquiring food, cooking and the economic aspects of nutrition. 7.0042 SINCLAIR H (1977). Factors affecting Aboriginal nutrition. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):l-4. Aboriginal lifestyle in the Northern Territory both past and present, and other factors affecting the nutritional situation. 7.0043 TAYLOR JC (1977). Some consequences of planned social change in an Aboriginal community. In: Berndt RM (ed) Aborigines ar\d change: Australia in the 70s. Humanities Press Inc, New Jersey: 147-158. Traces the origins of present food consumption patterns at Edward River and examines the effect of rising levels of income on diet. Demonstrates how the planned social development of the community has had the unintended effect of fixing the community's dietary levels at their present nutritionally inadequate standard.

7.0044 BROWN T, BARRETT MJ, GRAVE KC (1976). Facial growth and skeletal maturation at adolescence. In: Barrett MJ (ed) Dentalobservat/ons on Australian Aborigines: collected papers and reports 1953-1973. Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide: 248-259. Ossification in the hand and wrist, and facial bone growth were used to time adolescent peak growth velocities at Yuendumu. 7.0045 BROWN T, GRAVE KC (1976). Skeletal maturation in Australian Aborigines. Australian Paediatric Journal 12(1):24-30. Radiographsof the hand and wrist of five to twenty year old Yuendumu Aborigines revealed that skeletal ages lagged behind chronological ages, more so in boys than girls. 7.0046 GRACEY M (1976). Undernutrition in the midst of plenty: nutritional problems of young Australian Aborigines. Australian Paediatric Journal 12(3):180-182.

104 Nutrition and growth

The serious problem of undernutrition in infants and children of Aboriginal descent. 7.0047 MIDDLETON M R , FRANCIS SH (1976). The nutrition of the community at Yuendumu. In: Middleton MR, Francis SH Yuendumu and its children: life and health on an Aboriginal settlement. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 80-1 01. Observations o n food obtainedfrom the bush, the settlement dining room and the store, and what foods mothers thought appropriate for young children.

7.0048 HITCHCOCK NE, GRACEY M (1975). Dietary patterns in a rural Aboriginal community in South-West Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2 S~ppl(3):12-16. Assesses dietary practices and nutrient intakes in a rural community with a large Aboriginal component. 7.0049 HITCHCOCK NE, GRACEY M (1975). The setting for unsatisfactory health and nutritional standards in Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(4):20-23. Dietary practices and nutrient intakes among Aborigines living in and around a country town. 7.0050 KAMIEN M, WOODHILL JM, NOBILE S, ROSEVEAR P, CAMERON P, WINSTON JM (1975). Nutrition in the Australian Aborigine. Dietary survey of two Aboriginal families. Food Technology in Australia 27(3):93-103. Detailed investigation of diet and nutrition of two Aboriginal families, Bourke, New South Wales.

7.0051 ABBIE AA (1974). Physical standards of nomadic Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1(13):470-471. Figures are given for stature,weight and head circumferencefor male and female Aborigines aged to twenty years. Semi-nomadic Aborigines enjoy a better diet than those brought up under partial acculturation. 7.0052 BROWN T (1974). Dental research in Australia and its practical applications: the Australian Aborigine. International Dental Journal 24(2):299-309. A longitudinal growth study of Aborigines living at Yuendumu, with particular referenceto facial growth, prevalenceof dental decay and analysis of growth data, including the use of computer facilities.

Nutrition and growth 105

7.0053 CLEMENTS FW (1974). Aboriginal health and nutritional status. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 4(2):198-199. A comment on the study to investigate the nutritional status of Aborigines at Bourke, New South Wales. 7.0054 KAMIEN M, NOBILE S, CAMERON P, ROSEVEAR P (1974). Vitamin and nutritional status of a part Aboriginal community. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 4(2):126-137. Nutritional status and extent of vitamin deficiency among Aborigines at Bourke, New South Wales.

7.0055 Malnutrition and intellectual competence [editorial] (1973). Medical Journal of Ausfralia 1(18) :869-870. Comments on the Walgett, New South Wales, study of the effects of growth retardation during infancy and childhood on the development of intellectual competence. 7.0056 BROWN T, BARRETT MJ (1973). Dental and craniofacial growth studies of Australian Aborigines. In: Kirk RL (ed) The human biology of Aborigines in Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 69-80. A growth study of Aborigines living at Yuendumu, using craniofacial development, dental development, and general measures. 7.0057 BROWN T, BARRETT MJ (1973). Increase in average weight of Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 2(1):25-28. Average weights of Aborigines from Yuendumu settlement in the Northern Territory in the 1960s are greater than those from the same settlement in the 1930s and 1950s. These findings are related to food habits and socioeconomic factors. 7.0058 CORDEN MW, HIPSLEY EH (1973). Some observations on thediets andnutrition of Aboriginal people in Central Australia. Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, 70pp. A survey of the diets and nutritional status of Yuendumu and Papunya communities in central Australia. The nutritional status of children is given particular attention. 7.0059 DUNN FM (1973). Malnutrition and intellectual development in Aboriginal children [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):243-244.

106 Nutrition and growth

Criticism of article by Edwards and Craddock (see 7.0061). 7.0060 EDWARDS LD (1973). Malnutrition and intellectual development in Aboriginal children (letter). Medical Journal of Australia 2(13) :660. Comments on malnutrition and intellectual development among Aboriginal children at Walgett, New South Wales. 7.0061 EDWARDS LD, CRADDOCK LJ (1973). Malnutrition and intellectual development: a study in school-age Aboriginal children at Walgett, NSW. Medical Journal of Australia 1(18):88 0-884. Survey of Aboriginal schoolchildren showed significant incidence of malnutrition as evidenced by body growth retardation and small brain size. IQ test results on a malnourished group, and a control group, supported hypothesis that malnutrition in this population had caused specific defect in intellectual development. 7.0062 HINGSTON RG (1973). Malnutrition and intellectual development in Aboriginal children [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):242-243. Cephalometryof Aborigines should be approached with caution, as skull size is not comparable to that of non-Aborigines. 7.0063 MOODIE PM (1973). Morbidity from malnutrition and the anaemias. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 178-194. Examines published data on malnutrition, growth retardation, nutritional deficiencies and anaemia. 7.0064 MOODIE PM (1973). Third Centile Index' in the study of small communities [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(26):1313-1314. Index which may be applied to any growth or nutritional parameter (including haemoglobin and blood chemistry).

7.0065 BROWN T, BARRETT MJ (1972). Growth in Central Australian Aborigines: weight. Medical Journal of Australia 2(18):999-1002. Details of a longitudinal growth study, confirming lowerweightsfor Aborigines than for Europeans. 7.0066 ZIEGLER E (1972). Increase in average height of Australian Aborigines [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(23):1220.

Nutrition and growth 107

Raises possibility that increased height may be due to increased sugar consumption, rather than general nutritional improvements.

7.0067 BARRETT MJ (1971). Increase in average height of Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 2(23) : l 169-1 172.

Secular increases in body height since anthropometric surveys in Yuendumu area in 1930s. 7.0068 BROWN T, BARRETT MJ (1971). Growth in Central Australian Aborigines: stature. Medical Journal of Australia 2(1) :29-32.

A longitudinal study of stature, including comparisons with British children. 7.0069 BROWN T, BARRETT MJ, GRAVE KC (1971). Facial growth and skeletal maturation at adolescence. Tandlaegebladet75:1211-1222.

Reports timing of adolescent peakgrowthvelocities in body height and in five facial dimensions in relation to timing of four stages in the ossification of hand and wrist; similar results to those reported for Caucasoid children. Discusses value of maturation indicators in the assessment of the timing of peak adolescent growth.

7.0070 JOSE DG, WELCH JS (1970). Growth retardation, anaemia and infection, with malabsorption and infestation of the bowel. The syndrome of protein-calorie malnutrition in Australian Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8)1349-356.

Growth retardation was seen in up to fifty per cent of children aged six months to three years at six settlements in Queensland. Severe retardation was accompanied by anemia and infection.

7.0071 KIRKE DK (1969). Growth rates of Aboriginal children in Central Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2: 1005-1 009.

Reports the extent of inadequate growth among Aboriginal children in the Alice Springs area and its relationship to mortality,

See also: 1.0041, 1.0071, 1.0086, 2.3132, 2.3134, 2.3138, 3.1013, 3.1033, 4.0009,4.0013,4.0018,8.0001,8.0003,8.0013,8.0016,8.0017,8.0019,8.0021, 8.0025, 8.0027, 8.0038, 8.0040, 8.0046, 8.0047, 8.0053, 8.0057, 10.1003, 10.1005, 10.1006, 10.1009, 10.1010, 10.1013, 10.2002, 10.2003, 10.2005,

1 0 8 Nutrition and growth

8.0 CHILD HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 8.0001 CAM ERON FJ (1984). Koorie kids growing: a nutritional study of four Aboriginal communities in the Murray Valley. Bachelor of Medical Science thesis, University of Melbourne. 227pp.

Mild, moderate and severe protein energy malnutrition observed; mean weight-for-age consistently less than non-Aboriginal controls; mean birthweights also less than controls; respiratory tract infections and malabsorption following gastroenteritis two major causes of hospitalisation; reason for undernutrition complex not only lack of food, but value dissonance between Aborigines and non-Aborigines; best nutrition in community with highest level of self-determination. 8.0002 CAMERON FJ, DEBELLE G, KEELE K (1984). A nutritional survey of children from four Aboriginal communities in the Murray Valley [abstract]. Australian Paediatric Journal 20(3):242. Reports malnutrition and high incidence of small-for-gestational-age babies; levels vary according to social conditions (see 8.0001). 8.0003 GRUNSEIT F (1984).Aboriginal children [comment]. MedicalJournalof Australia 140:697-698.

Better health for Aborigines will come when the Aboriginal community is given greater responsibility for its own health care. 8.0004 WALKER A, GREEN S (1984).Low birthweight Aboriginal infants born too soon or born too small [abstract], Australian Paediatric Journal20(3):254-255.

Most low birthweight Aboriginal babies both immature and small for age; intra-uterine growth retardation a common problem.

8.0005 JULI ENNE A (1983).A comparative study ofperinataloutcome amongAborigina1 and non-Aboriginal hospital confinements in rural NS W 1981. Aboriginal Health Unit, New South Wales Department of Health, Sydney, 48pp.

Aboriginal perinatal outcome compared with non-Aboriginal perinatal outcome in New South Wales rural areas. 8.0006 LIPSON AH, WALSH DA, WEBSTER WS (1983).Fetal alcohol syndrome: a great paediatric imitator. Medical Journal of Australia 1 (6):266-269.

110 Child health and health care

Alcohol abuse by the mother is related to birth and development defects. Discusses t h e diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome.

8.0007 ADLER M (1982). Health team 3: Aboriginal health program in Cairns. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(3):4-6. Reports on a weight-for-height wallchart for the assessment of thinness and a kit used in a self-help health course. 8.0008 BOULLY JM (1982). Towards Aboriginal child health: essentials of a practical approach. Panacea 13(1):23-25. An approach to Aboriginal child health. 8.0009 HAMILTON A (1982). Child health and child care in a desert community, 1970-1 971. In: Reid J (ed) Body, landandspirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 49-71. The apparent disjunction between Aboriginal attitudes of care and affection towards their children, and the poor state of health of those children.

8.001 0 HAMILTON A (1981). Nature and nurture: Aboriginal child-rearing in north-central Arnhem Land. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 183pp. A detailed description of the child rearing practices of women in Arnhem Land, related to traditional beliefs and lifestyle. 8.001 1 WALKER AC, BROCKLEHURST J, RYNN M (1981). Aboriginal child health and nutrition. Transactions of the Menzies Foundation 2:179-182. Improvement has been achieved in the infant mortality rate and hospital mortality rates in the Northern Territory. Early follow up studies of children with postnatal malnutrition show a high incidence of relapse after discharge, but follow up of low birthweight neonates suggests that the final outcome is encouraging.

8.0012 COPEMAN R (1980). The effect of an Aboriginal medical service on admissions of children to hospital in a NSW country town. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):5-6. In the Kernpsey community, a decline in hospital admissions and of bed days for Aboriginal children may be associated with better health care provision.

Child health and health care 111

8.0013 DOWLING M, WARD J, RING I, COYNE T, HEYWOOD P (1980). A surveyof the health of pre-school and primary school children in a mixed race community in NSW: including a trial of daily ascorbic acid supplementation. Aboriginal Health Section, Division of Health Services Research, Health Commission of New South Wales, Sydney, 72pp. Aboriginal and Caucasian children in the Walgett area were given ascorbic acid supplements, with few significant effects. 8.0014 FULLER V (1980). The Aboriginal child in hospital. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(3):25-31. Discusses difficulties for parents and child when an Aboriginal child is hospitalised, and makes recommendations for reducing the trauma involved. 8.0015 WALPOLE IR, HOCKEY A (1980). Fetal alcohol syndrome: implications to family and society in Australia. Australian Paediatric Journal 16(1):101-105. Aspects of fetal alcohol syndrome. Seven cases examined, two of which were Aboriginal patients. 8.001 6 WRONSKI 1 (1980). Thegrowth and development ofunder5Aboriginalchildren in Shepparton/Mooroopna. Aboriginal Health Section, Health Commission of Victoria, Melbourne, 7pp. The survey includes an account of health status, and use of health care facilities.

8.0017 BECK EJ (1979). The enigma ofAborigina1health: interaction between biological, social and economic factors in Alice Springs town-camps. Bachelor of Medical Science, Monash University, Clayton, 219pp. This thesis reports a study relating nutritional and morbidity status of town-camp children to social and economic conditions. 8.0018 KIRKE K (1979). Alice Springs child health unit. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(3):4-5. Describes the operations of the unit. 8.0019 PACKER AD (1979). Aboriginal nutrition [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(7) :369. South Australian health workers encourage breastfeeding and dietary self-determination.

112 Child health and health care

8.0020 AUSTIN J (1978). New directions in Aboriginal (N'Unga') in South Australia. Australian Child and Family Welfare 3(314):34-36. Outlines background and principles of proposed Aboriginal Child Care Agency program in South Australia. 8.0021 COYNE T, DOWLING M (1978). Infant feeding practices among Aboriginals in rural NSW. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 3:91. Reports low frequency of breastfeeding, and a preference for sugar based liquids and foods. 8.0022 DONALDSON J (1978). Low living standards and infant health. AMA Gazette 198:16. Infant health suffers as a result of low standard of environmental conditions. It may be improved by better hygiene. 8.0023 KAMIEN M (1978). Some child rearing practices and their effect on attitudes, behaviour and health. In: Kamien M Thedarkpeopleof Bourke:a study ofplanned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 165-1 73. Discusses infant feeding, weaning, toilet training, separation from the family, and job expectations of parents and children, in the context of differing cultural values of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal society.

8.0024 BYRNES D, WARD J (1977). The problems of Aboriginal children in hospital. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(1):12-18. Describes some of the problems encountered by Aboriginal children in hospitals. 8.0025 DOBBIN MD (1977). The health and nutritional status of Victorian Aboriginal children. PhD thesis, Monash University, 425pp. Detailed analysis of health and nutritional status of Aboriginal children in the Melbourne metropolitan area and East Gippsland. Demonstrates growth retardation in both groups. 8.0026 DOBBIN MD (1977). The health status of Victorian Aboriginal children. In: Dobbin MD The health and nutritional status of Victorian Aboriginal children. PhD thesis, Monash University, Melbourne: 233-333.

Child health and health care 113

A study of morbidity in two samples (urban and rural) using information gained from interviews and health examination. 8.0027 DOBBIN MD (1977). The nutritional status of Victorian Aboriginal children. In: Dobbin MD The health and nutritional status of Victorian Aboriginal children. PhD thesis, Monash University: 143-232.

Survey of urban and rural samples investigating weight-for-age, height-for- age, head circumference, chest circumference, birthweight and haemoglobin levels. 8.0028 DUGDALE AE (1977).Studies in child health. Research Newsletter4:20-22.

Reports on research current and planned, health status, disease causes and treatment of Aboriginal children in Queensland. 8.0029 MCCONNOCHIE KR (1977). The place of the handicapped child in Aboriginal communities. In: Deaf children - their parents and teachers in a cross-cultural setting. Papers presented at the conference, Alice Springs, October 1977. Northern Territory Department of Education, Darwin: 43-45.

Degree of sociocultural handicap of Aboriginal children with disabilities can be established by considering the degree to which they are held accountable, the demands for competence placed on them, the amount of stigmatisation experienced, the likelihood of marriage, and the society's view of the role of the supernatural in illness. 8.0030 SHANNON TG, GRACEY M (1977). Aboriginal children in hospital. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):l 1-1 3.

Morbidity patterns of Aboriginal infants and children admitted to Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth. 8.0031 SOMMERLAD EA (1977).Aboriginal children belong in the Aboriginal community: changing practices in adoption. Australian Journal of Social Issues 12(3):167-177.

Aboriginal people are calling for an end to interracial adoption and are seeking to establish Aboriginal placement agencies. 8.0032 WARD JA, BYRNES D (1977). The problems of hospitalisation for Aboriginal children. Interface 3(4):5-9.

Describes problems related to hospitalisation of Aboriginal children and considers ways these problems can be overcome.

114 Child health and health care

8.0033 KAMIEN M (1976). The physical health of Aboriginal children in Bourke, New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(3):33-47. Report of a health survey of children in Bourke. A generally high prevalence of diseases was noted. 8.0034 MIDDLETON MR, FRANCIS SH (1976). The present health and developmental status of the small children at Yuendumu. In: Middleton MR, Francis SH Yuendumu and its children: life and health on an Aboriginalsettlement. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 16-35. Examinesmortality rates, growth, morbidity and level of behaviouraldevelopment. 8.0035 MIDDLETON MR, FRANCIS SH (1976). Views and practices relating to child health, In: Middleton MR, Francis SH, Yuendumu and its children: life and health on an Aboriginal settlement. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 102-1 28. Describes the health related beliefs and practices of the Aboriginal community at Yuendumu in terms of the relative strength of the influences on them of traditional and scientifically based views and procedures. 8.0036 MIDDLETON MR, FRANCIS SH (1976). Yuendumu and its children: life and health on an Aboriginal settlement. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 221pp. Detaileddiscussion of Aboriginal infant morbidity project carried out in 1969-1971 at Yuendumu, central Australia.

8.0037 BOLIN TD, DAVIS AE, CHOY D, LEVEY J, BELCHER D, YULE AJ (1975). Aboriginal health on Mornington Island, 1972. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(3):29-31. Health status of Mornington Island children, particularly the significance of lactose intolerance and the 'runny nose syndrome'. 8.0038 COPEMAN R, PASHEN D, BURGER G (1975). The health of Aboriginal children of Cunnamulla, Western Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):8-13. Survey of the health and nutritionalstatus of 187 Aboriginal children underthe age of fifteen years living in a fringe dwelling situation.

Child health and health care 115

8.0039 FRITH NC, HAUSFELD RG, MOODIE PM (1974).The health status of children in 1971 compared with 1966-67. In: The Coasttown project: action research in Aboriginal community health. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 132-1 45. Results of a survey carried out at the end of the public health nurse's two-year action-research program. 8.0040 GRACEY M (1974). Malnutrition in young Australian Aborigines. Journal of the Dietetic Association, Victoria (March):3-8. The study relates morbidity and mortality in Aboriginal infants to malnutrition. Association of lactose deficiency, protein-calorie malnutrition, and diarrhoea is discussed. 8.0041 KALOKERINOS A (1974). Every second child. Nelson, Melbourne, 145pp. Scurvy among infants and vitamin C deficiency- causing high death rate among Aboriginal children in New South Wales. Kalokerinos' personal account of his work. 8.0042 KAMIEN M, CAMERON P (1974). An analysis of white and Aboriginal children under five years of age admitted to the Bourke District Hospital from September 1971 to August 1972. Australian Paediatric Journal 1O(6):343-349. Aboriginal children had a higher proportionate rate of hospital admissions than non-Aboriginal children. They also were more likely to be anaemic, and have intestinal parasites. 8.0043 SWAN HP (1974). Diphtheria and poliomyelitis immunization in preschool children in two towns in central New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1(17):657-658. Results of survey of immunisation status of pre-school population in two New South Wales country towns.

8.0044 Aboriginal child health (1973). South Australian Clinics 6:213-215. Study of Aboriginal child health. 8.0045 Progress in Bourke [editorial] (1973). Medical Journal of Australia 2(13):621

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Comment o n the compensating education 'experiment' at Bourke. 8.0046 FORBES D A , WILLIAMS FJ, MACDONALD WB (1973). Morbidity patterns of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children admitted to hospital. Australian Paediatric Journal9(5) :248-252. Aboriginal children have a disproportionately higher frequency of chronic infections and malnutrition. Aboriginal children occupy hospital beds for longer than non-Aboriginal children. 8.0047 GRACEY M (1973). Some paediatric problems of Australian Aborigines. Paediatrica fndonesiana 13:1-1 0. Discusses incidence, causes, complications and therapy of diseases, particularly malnutrition and diarrhoea1 disease, in Aboriginal children in Western Australia. 8.0048 MACDONALD WB (1973). Chronic ill-health in Australian Aboriginal children. Australian Paediatric Journal 9(5):253-256. Commentson the problem of high mortality and morbidity in Aboriginal infants and children. Suggestions are made for improvements. 8.0049 NURCOMBE B (1973). Childhood and adolescence on EIcho Island. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 7(2) :84-86. A summary of the aims and progress of the work carried out among young people on EIcho Island, off Arnhem Land by a team of researchers from the Schools of Psychiatry a n d Paediatrics of the University of New South Wales.

8.0050 The Australian Aboriginal Child. Report of the First Australian Ross Conference (1972). Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales, 118pp. Health problems of Aboriginal children are surveyed. Considers also educational aspects, and the genetic diversity of Aborigines. 8.0051 The health of the Aboriginal child (1972). Lamp 29(3):16-17. Refers to the Ross Conference on Aboriginal child health. 8.0052 CAWTE J (1972). Child rearing, traditional and contemporary. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 98-11 0. Practices o n Mornington Island amongst the Lardil and Kaiadilt people from pregnancy, through birth and childhood to adolescence.

Child health and health care 117

8.0053 KIRKE K (1972). Morbidity, mortality and malnutrition in Aboriginal children. In: The Australian Aboriginal Child. Report of the First Australian Ross Conference. Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales: 7-11.

Infectious disease is a major cause of death in Aboriginal infants and children. Malnutrition and disease lead to growth disorders. 8.0054 STUART JE, QUAYLE CJ, LEWIS AN, HARPER J (1972). Health, hearing andear disease in Aboriginal schoolchildren. Medical JournalofAusfralia 1(17):855-859.

Many children below norm for height, weight and head circumference; eighteen per cent perforated tympanic membranes; twenty-one percent other otological abnormalities; forty-one percent some degree of deafness.

8.0055 Child care centre for Aboriginal children [editorial] (1971). Medical Journal of Australia 2(16):786.

Proposed child care centre for Aboriginal children in Alice Springs,

8.0056 KIRKE DK (1970). Goldenhar's syndrome: two cases of oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia occurring in full-blood Australian Aboriginal sisters. Australian Paediatric Journal 6(4):213-214.

Description of the disease as it affected two Aboriginal sisters in central Australia. 8.0057 LICKISS JN (1970). Health problems of Sydney Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2:995-1000.

A review of the health status of Aboriginal children in Sydney.

See also: 1.0020, 2.3422, 3.1052, 5.0034, 6.0005, 7.0001, 7.0003, 7.0005, 7.0025, 7.0033, 7.0036, 7.0047, 9.1001, 10.2031, 10.2033, 12.1065, 14.0004, 15.0002, 22.1 017, 22.3004.

9.1 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

- GENERAL

9.1001 MCNEILLY J, CICCHINI C, OLIVER D, GRACEY M (1983). Infectious disease in Aboriginal infants and children in Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2(11):547-551. From 1971 to 1980 there was a decline in the number of children admitted to Western Australian hospitals with infections. However, the rates of admission remained much higher for Aborigines than for non-Aborigines.

9.1 002 HOLLOWS F (1982). A view of some Aboriginal infections. New Doctor26:21-26. A summary of the prevalence of a number of infectious diseases noted by the National Trachoma and Eye Health Program.

9.1003 KALOKERINOS A (1973). Aboriginal infant health and mortality rates [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(9) :462-463. Transferable antibiotic resistance is a factor in Aboriginal infant mortality. 9.1 004 MOODIE PM (1973). Morbidity from infectious and parasitic diseases. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 127-177. Examines published data on prevalence of communicable infections.

9.1005 COOKE DR (1972). A study of the side effects of Lirugen measles vaccine in Aboriginal children [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(7):387-388. Very few significant side effects were noted from the administration of vaccine to children on two mission communities in north-west Queensland.

See also: 6.0023, 8.0043, 22.6004.

9.2 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES - LEPROSY 9.2001 DUNN BL, RIPPEY JJ (1983). Leprosy surveillance - Western Australia (1982). Communicable Diseases Intelligence 83(9):4. Very brief statement on leprosy statistics in Western Australia. 9.2002 HARGRAVE J (1983). Leprosy in Australian Aborigines. AboriginalHealth Project Information Bulletin 3:10-15. Traces the distribution and spread of leprosy among Aborigines and discusses its origins and transmission. 9.2003 HARGRAVE J (1983). Leprosy and the Aboriginal health worker in the Northern Territory. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(2):41-45. Discusses introduction and spread of leprosy in the NorthernTerritory, the cause of the symptoms and the importance of health workers in convincing sufferers to seek treatment.

9.2004 Leprosy surveillance and update (1982). Communicable Diseases Intelligence 82(17):1-4. Incidence of leprosy in each State and Territory from 1970 to 1981. Information about the transmission of the disease, its classification, diagnosis and therapy, is provided. 9.2005 MCNULTY JC (1982). Leprosy amongst Aboriginals [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1 (2):60. Brief comment on leprosy in the Pilbara.

9.2006 HARGRAVE JC (1981). Improving the body image in leprosy. Paper presented at the Menzies Foundation Seminar, Living in the North, 11pp. Dealing with deformity caused by leprosy is often an unconventional compromise between western medicine and traditional customs. 9.2007 HARGRAVE JC (1981). Update on leprosy. Medical Journal of Australia l(10)1502-503.

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Leprosy h a s high morbidity amongst Aborigines. Its diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

1980 9.2008 GAMARANG RL, HARGRAVEJ (1980). Leprosy and the Aboriginal health worker. Part 5. Leprosy treatment. Aboriginal Health Worker4(1):31-33. Discusses drug treatment with dapsone, clofazirnine and rifampicin, and physiotherapy for deformed hands and legs. 9.2009 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Clinical leprosy. In: Hargrave JC Leprosy in the Northern Territory.Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 45-68. Discusses classification of leprosy, its clinical characteristics in Aborigines, methods of diagnosis, case finding and treatment, and relapse. 9.201 0 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Correction and prevention of disability and deformity in Aborigines. In: Hargrave JC Leprosyin the Northern Territory.Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 177-198. Discusses peripheral nerve grafts, surgical repair of the hand and foot, prevention of neuropathy, infiltration and reactional states and prevention of progressive disability and deformity in the presence of established neuropathy and infiltration. 9.2011 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Disability and deformity. In: Hargrave JC Leprosy in the Northern Territory. Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 145-1 76, Discusses peripheral neuropathies affecting the ulnar, median, radial, lateral popliteal, posterior tibial, sural, 5th and 7th cranial, and cutaneous nerves; infiltration and reactional states, and gives morbidity data for Aborigines. 9.201 2 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Epidemiology. In: Hargrave JC Leprosy in the Northern Territory.Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 121-144. Looks at racial distribution, regional distribution, incidence in Aborigines by type of leprosy, age-sex distribution in Aborigines, and discusses susceptibility and acquired immunity, and social and environmental influences on the spread of leprosy. 9.201 3 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Introduction and spread of leprosy in the Northern Territory. In: Hargrave JC Leprosyin the Northern Territory. Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 23-44. Historically traces reports of cases of leprosy in the Northern Territory, and discusses changes in racial and regional patterns. Includes maps showing, in chronological order, areas where new cases of leprosy were diagnosed.

Communicable diseases - leprosy 123

9.2014 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Leprosy in the Northern Territory. Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin, 351pp. Major study of leprosy in the Northern Territory. The situation is defined, the epidemiology questioned, morbidity discussed, and measures of control appraised. 9.2015 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Management and control. In: Hargrave JC Leprosyin the Northern Territory. Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 207-21 4. Control in the Northern Territory depends on chemotherapy of all active cases, BCG immunisation, prophylactic treatment for susceptible people at risk, repair of disability and deformity, and early diagnosis. 9.2016 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Prevalence and incidence. In: Hargrave JC Leprosyin the Northern Territory.Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 69-1 20, 235-275. Examines historically each region in turn: Arnhem Land, Daly River, Darwin, Kimberley district, Gulf district and the southern division of the Northern Territory. Detailed data from 1951 onwards given in Appendix V. 9.2017 HARGRAVE JC (1980). Stigma and Aboriginal attitudes. In: Hargrave JC Leprosy in the Northern Territory. Government Printer of the Northern Territory, Darwin: 199-206. Feelings, beliefs and attitudes, and why Aboriginal health workers should be involved in the care of leprosy in the Northern Territory. 9.2018 HARGRAVE JC, JONES ER (1980). Leprosy in tropical Australia: a shortguide for field staff in the diagnosis, treatment and management of leprosy. Northern Territory Medical Service, Darwin, 59pp. Leprosy - diagnosis, treatment and management.

9.2019 40. Leprosy polyneuritis (1 979). Lancet l(8108):l The diagnosis of peripheral nerve disease in leprosy patients is discussed. 9.2020 BATESON EM,HARGRAVE JC (1979). Nerve calcification caused by leprosy in Northern Territory Aboriginals. Medical Journal of Australia 2(9):497-499.

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124 Communicable diseases leprosy

Describes three cases of nerve calcification, a rare manifestation of leprosy, 9.2021 BOUGHTON CR (1979). Leprosy since Hansen. Medical Journal of Australia 1(12):551-552. An account of the discovery of the means of transmission of leprosy. 9.2022 GAMARANG RL, HARGRAVE J (1979). Leprosy and the Aboriginal health worker. Part 3. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(1):55-56. Discusses leprosy in the skin. 9.2023 GAMARANG RL, HARGRAVEJ (1979). Leprosy and the Aboriginal health worker. Part 4. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(2):25-26. Discusses diagnosis of leprosy.

1978 9.2024 Leprosy control in Australia (1978). In: National Health and Medical Research Council Report of the 84th session. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra: 120-1 24. The extent of leprosy in Australia, its treatment and its prevention. 9.2025 DAVIDSON WA (1978). Havens of refuge: a history of leprosy in Western Australia. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, 188pp. Detailed review of leprosy in Western Australia- how it arose, how it progressed, the trials and tribulationsof those trying to control it, and the situation as it is today. 9.2026 HARGRAVEJ (1978). Leprosy and the Aboriginal healthworker. Part 2. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(4):22-26. Discusses cause of leprosy, paralysis and loss of feeling. 9.2027 MCDOUGALLAC, HARMAN DJ, WAUDBY J, HARGRAVE JC (1978). Peripheral nerve biopsies in the diagnosis of leprosy in Aboriginal patients from the Northern Territory of Australia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 41 (10) :874-881. Sixty-eight nerve biopsy samples from nineteen leprosy patients were examined histologically. Of these, sixty-six per cent had abnormal histopathologicalfindings in the biopsy, and thirty-one per cent showed definite evidence of leprosy. 9.2028 Exorcizingthe leper [editorial] (1977). Medical Journalof Australia 2(11):345-347.

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Review of attitudes to and treatment of leprosy, including role of doctors in modifying repressive legislation, instructive community fear and discussion. 9.2029 BOUGHTON CR (1977). Leprosy in Sydney. Medical Journal of Australia 2(11):351-353. Summary of leprosy in Sydney since 1950, including ethnic backgrounds of patients, possible source of disease, diagnosis and therapy. 9.2030 GURD CH (1977). Leprosy in the Northern Territory [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(19):652. Brief outline of the leprosy register in the Northern Territory, and figuresfor leprosy notifications in the Northern Territory for 1966 to 1976. 9.2031 HARGRAVE J (1977). Leprosy and the Aboriginal health worker in the Northern Territory. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(2):4-7. Reviews progress in leprosy treatment and attitudes of the Aborigines to the disease and its treatment.

9.2032 MCLEOD JG, HARGRAVE JC, GYE RS, POLLARD JD, WALSH JC, LITTLE JM, BOOTH GC (1975). Nerve grafting in leprosy. Brain 98:203-212. Reports results of nerve grafts in fourteen leprosy patients. 9.2033 MCLEOD JG, HARGRAVE JC, WALSH JC, BOOTH GC, GYE RS, BARRON A (1975). Nerve conduction studies in leprosy. International Journal of Leprosy 43(1):21-31. Knowledge of impairment of conduction in affected nerves is of value in the diagnosis and management of leprosy.

9.2034 HARGRAVE JC, MCLEOD JG (1973). Aboriginals in NT benefit from nerve graft research. Royal Prince Alfred Magazine 72(275):8-10. Reports success of nerve grafts and immunosuppressive therapy in treating leprosy patients.

9.2035 Leprosy over the last 25 years [editorial] (1972). Medical Journal of Australia 2(15):799-801.

126 Communicable diseases -leprosy

A survey of the approaches to the study of leprosy, its diagnosis and its treatment over twenty-five years. 9.2036 BOUGHTON CR (1972). Leprosy in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2(15):837-842. A review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, types, diagnosis and treatment of leprosy. 9.2037 HARGRAVE JC (1972). Problems of leprosy reconstructive surgery in Australia, Medical Journal of Australia 2(15) :843-845. Deformity due to leprosy can be corrected or relieved by reconstructive surgery. The problems in providing extensive surgery are noted.

9.2038 Leprosy in Northern Territory Aborigines: a short guide for field staff in the diagnosis, treatment and management of leprosy in Aborigines (1970). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 46pp. The diagnosis, treatment and classification of leprosy in the Northern Territory.

See also: 9.4040. 22.6002.

9.3 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED 9.3001 HART G (1983). The role of treponemal tests in therapeutic decision making. American Journal of Public Health 73(7) :739-743. Optimum interpretation of treponemal tests demands concurrent assessment of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory titre, and clinical and epidemiological background of the individual patient.

9.3002 Sexually transmitted disease surveillance (1982). Weekly Epidemiological Record 57(29) :220-221. A relatively high prevalence of gonorrhoea and syphilis was found in an Aboriginal population in northern South Australia. Many asymptomatic carriers were identified in a mass screening program. 9.3003 HART G (1982). Syphilis control in populations previously exposed to yaws. International Journal of Epidemiology 11 (2): l 81-1 87. Describes an epidemiologic strategy for syphilis control, based on research in four Aboriginal communities. 9.3004 MELBOURNE J, HANDKE G (1982). STD screening in a remote Aboriginal community - South Australia. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 82(10):2-3. Reports screening of a central Australian Aboriginal community for gonorrhoea, syphilis and hepatitis B. 9.3005 MOODIE PM (1982). A reassessment of STD screening in a remote Aboriginal community. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 82(13):4. Diagnosis of syphilis in northern and central Australian Aborigines should not be made on the basis of seroreactivity alone.

9.3006 CURSON PM, VARGHESE MN (1981). Routine screening of hospital blood samples for syphilis. Medical Journal of Australia 2(12-13):672. Serological evidence of unsuspected syphilis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal patients admitted to hospital. A relatively high prevalence has led to acontinuation of the routine screening.

128 Communicable diseases - sexually transmitted

9.3007 JACOBS D S (1981). A syphilis epidemic in a Northern Territory Aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):5-8. An outbreak of syphilis in the Maningrida area was treated with benzathine penicillin. Factors contributing to the outbreak are discussed.

9.3008 HART G (1978). Concealed illnesses V: sex transmitted diseases. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(1):19-21 . Discusses diagnosis and treatment of syphilis and gonorrhoea. 9.3009 HEAP GJ (1978). Syphilis in Australian Aborigines inthe NorthernTerritory [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(9):506-507. 1

B

Discusses problems of serological diagnosis of syphilis.

9.301 0 JACOBS D S (1978). Syphilis in Australian Aborigines in the Northern Territory. Medical Journal of Australia 1(1):lO-12.

isc cusses

recent increased incidence of syphilis, and outlines Northern Territory Medical Service plans to deal with the problem.

9.3011 JACOBS D S (1978).Syphilis in the Northern Territory [letter]. Medical Journalof Australia 2(2):72. Discusses the problems in the differentiation of venereal syphilis from yaws. 9.301 2 JORGENSEN DM (1978)-Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2963-2985. Syphilis and gonorrhoea among Aborigines living at South Australian missions.

9.3013 HOLLOWS F (1977).Culture, community medicine and venereal disease [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia l(12):422. Criticism of ethical aspects of a report on treatment of venereal disease in central Australian Aborigines. 9.301 4 WHITE G (1977). Culture, community medicine and venereal disease. Medical Journalof Australia 1(1-2):17-18.

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Suggests that a case of venereal disease was transmitted asexually during ceremonial practices.

9.3015 JOFRE ME, WEBLING DD, JAMES ST (1976). Granuloma inguinale simulating advanced pelvic cancer. Medical Journal of Australia 2(23) :869-873. The problem of diagnosis when other diseases are present is discussed. 9.3016 SMITHURST BA, ARMSTRONG JL (1975). Social background of 171 women attending a female venereal disease clinic in Brisbane. Medical Journal of Austra/ja 1 (1 1) :339-343. Reports survey of venereal disease in 171 women, mainly from lower socioeconomic groups; Aborigines comprised 15.2 per cent.

See also: 9.4013,9,4034,9.4038.

9.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES - OTHER 9.4001 BERRY RJ, BETTELHEIM KA, GRACEY M (1983). Studies on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil isolated from persons without diarrhoea in Western Australia. Journal of Hygiene 90(1):99-106.

Ecoliwas isolated more often in Aborigines in the wet monsoonal summer. Study of faecal Ecolidocumented previously unknown toxigenic serotypes, a n unusually high rate of asymptomatic carriage, and spontaneous clearance of toxigenic organisms without treatment. 9.4002 BURRELL CJ, CAMERON AS, HART G, MELBOURNE J, BEAL RW (1983). Hepatitis B reservoirs and attack rates in an Australian community: a basis for vaccination and crossinfection policies. Medical Journal of Australia 2(10):492-496. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in twenty-six per cent of a n Aboriginal population sample, with ninety-seven per cent of ten to fourteen- year-olds showing evidence of exposure. 9.4003 CAMPBELL J (1983). Smallpox in Aboriginal Australia, 1829-31. Historical Studies 20(81):536-556. Discusses the introduction, geographical incidence, spread, mortality, impact of traditional life, morale of survivors and the relationship between survivors and colonists of Australia's second smallpox epidemic. 9.4004 WILKEY IS, MCDONALD A (1983). A probable case of Chromobacterium violaceum infection in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2(1):39-40.

A Queensland Aboriginal infant died as a result of septicaemic illness caused by Chromobacterium violaceum.

9.4005 Dengue outbreak-Thursday Island (1982). Communicable Diseases Intelligence 82(4):2-5. Control of an outbreak of Dengue on Thursday Island was achieved through control of the mosquito population. 9.4006 Dengue surveillance - Cairns (1982). Communicable Diseases Intelligence 82(23):5-7.

132 Communicable diseases -other

Analyses statistics on the occurrence of Dengue in the Cairns district in summer,1982. 9.4007 HA NT (1982). Shigella sonnei bacteraemia. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 82(10):3-4. A case report of infection in an Aboriginal woman being treated for carcinoma of the cervix. 9.4008 WANDS JR, MARCINIAK RA, ISSELBACHER KJ, VARGHESE M, DON G, HALLIDAY JW, POWELL LW (1982). Demonstration of previously undetected hepatitis B viral determinants in an Australian Aboriginal population by monoclonal anti-HBs antibody radioimmunoassays. Lancet 1;(8279) :977-980. Use of a monoclonal antibody is suggested as superior to conventional radioimmunoassay in hepatitis B infections. Fifty-one per cent of the population studied on Mornington Island had been exposed to hepatitis B virus.

9.4009 Hydatid disease 81(9):3-5.

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Australia (1981) . Communicable Diseases Intelligence

Incidence of echinococcosis in each State and Territory in Australia from 1977-1 980. 9.4010 BATESON EM, WEBLING DD (1981).The radiological appearancesof pulmonary rnelioidosis: a report on twenty-three cases. Australasian Radiology 25(3):239-245. General discussion of rnelioidosis with correlation of clinical and radiological features in twenty-three cases, including ten Aborigines. 9.4011 BERRY RJ, GRACEY M (1981). Diarrhoea! disease in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infants and young children in Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1(19):479-482. Discusses the difference in hospital admission rates for gastroenteritis of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infants and children in Western Australia from 1971-1978. 9.4012 HOLMAN LJ, HICKS DG (1981). Hydatid disease Communicable Diseases Intelligence 81(18) :3-4.

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Western Australia.

Hydatiddisease in Aborigines and non-Aborigines in Western Australiafrom 1972 to 1979.

Communicable diseases -other 133

9.4013 MATTERS R (1981). Non-sexually transmitted gonococcal conjunctivitis. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 81(13) :3. Describes isolation of N gonorrhoeae and gram negative diplococci from ocular swabs and smears in central Australian Aborigines during outbreak of gonococcal conjunctivitis. 9.4014 STANLEY NF (1981). Australian encephalitis: a reappraisal of ecology and epidemiology. West Australian Health Surveyor (June):5-16. Reviews knowledge to date and presents summaries of ecological factors essential for an outbreak, questions still unanswered, and what should be done now.

9.4015 BCG vaccination: what should Australia do? (1980). Medical Journal of Australia 2(10):534-535. Australian policy towards BCG vaccination. 9.4016 BLAKE GP (1980). Neonatal tetanus in a Northern Territory Aboriginal child. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):9. Report of a case of neonatal tetanus. 9.4017 LIEHNE P (1980). The ecology of Australian encephalitis in north west Australia. West Australian Health Surveyor (December):19-23, Discusses ecological aspects of Murray Valley Encephalitis virus and Kunjin virus.

9.4018 MASTERS PL (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1107-1108. Aboriginal childhood incidence of bacterial meningitis, based on admissions to Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, is ten times that of Caucasian children. Author argues for specific immunisation for Aborigines. 9.4019 WELCH JS, ROWSELL BJ, FREEMAN C (1978). Treatment of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis. Medical Journal of Australia 1 :469-471. Metronidazole and tinidazole were tested for efficacy in treating amoebiasis and giardiasis in Aboriginal schoolchildren in Cherbourg. Tinidazole produced high cure rates.

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134 Communicable diseases other

9.4020 1977). Antibody to DOHERTY RL, FILIPPICH C, C.ARLEY JG, HANCOCK togaviruses in the Northern Territory and adjoining areas of Australia. Australian Journal o f Experimental Biology and Medical Science 55(2): l 31-1 39. Antibodies to flaviviruses and to alphaviruses were found in children and adults after a Murray Valley encephalitis epidemic. Evidence of frequent togavirus infections were found in individuals from monsoonal areas of Northern Territory and Western Australia. 9.4021 MEDLEY S (1977). Carriage of non-tox,igenic Corynebacterjum diphtheriae by Australian Aboriginals. Medical Journal of Australia 2(2):61. Considers the spread of the organism,

9.4022 BARRETT EJ (1976). Hepatitis B in Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders: geographical, age and familial distribution of antigen subtypes and antibody. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 6(2):106-111. Survey of hepatitis B antigen and antibodies. Family patterns of the disease, and antigen subtypes are discussed. 9.4023 BEST JC, WELCH JS, FILIPPICH C, MCPHEE L (1976). Treatment of intestinal parasites in Australian Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1(13):13-20. Intestinal parasites, detected in feces from children of the Mitchell River community (Kowanyama),were treated with drugs. The influence of the drugs on the parasites and on body growth is reported. 9.4024 SOONG FS (1976). Tuberculosis and the Aboriginal Territorian. Australian Nurses Journal5(9) :23-24. Identifies some of the problems of health educationconcerning tuberculosis in the Northern Territory and methods of overcoming these.

9.4025 ABRAHAMS EW (1975). Tuberculosis in indigenous Australians. MedicalJournal of Australia 2 Suppl(4):23-27. Comparative study of tuberculosis in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians, particularly the differing manifestations of the disease in individuals.

Communicable diseases - other 135

9.4026 BARRETT EJ (1975). Hepatitis B antigen in Aboriginal groups in Northern Australia. In: Logan GE (ed) Hepatitis B. Proceedings of the First Australasian Hepatitis Symposium, Melbourne, May 2-3, 1974.Abbott Laboratories, Sydney: 221-228. Reports prevalence of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in Aboriginal adults and children and in Torres Strait Islander adults. 9.4027 BOETTCHERB, HAY J, WATTERSON CA, BASHIRH, MACQUEEN JM, HARDY G (1975). Association between an HL-A antigen and Australia antigen in Australian Aborigines. Journal of Immunogenetics 2(3):151-161. Aborigines at Yuendumu with a high frequency of asymptomatic Australia antigen carriers showed a statistically significant deficiency of the HL-A antigen, W15. 9.4028 CANTY AA, PRESTWOOD U, DUGDALEAE, LEWISAN (1975). Factors leading to chronic middle ear disease. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):45-48. A detailed account of the bacterial species isolated. 9.4029 HACKETT CJ (1975). An introduction to diagnostic criteria of syphilis, treponarid and yaws (treponematoses) in dry bones, and some implications. VirchowsArchiv A. Pathological Anatomy and Histology 368(3):229-241. Diagnostic criteria of syphilis and other diseases from a study of crania, calvariae and long bones. 9.4030 KELLY A, MACKAY-SCOLLAY EM, ALPERS MP, CROSS RA (1975). Prevalence of hepatitis B in two Aboriginal communities. In: Logan GE (ed) Hepatitis B. Proceedings of the First Australasian Hepatitis Symposium, Melbourne, May 2-3, 1974,Abbott Laboratories, Sydney: 207-21 0. Reports epidemiological studies of hepatitis B antigen in Western Australia; concludes Western Desert Aborigines brought HBAg with them from the desert. 9.4031 JOSKE RA (1974). The changing pattern of hydatid disease, with special reference to hydatid of the liver. Medical Journal of Australia 1(5):129-132. There was a preponderance of elderly patients and Aborigines in the eighty- six proven cases of hydatid disease. Diagnosis of the disease is by raised serum alkaline phosphatase, radiological examination, and isotope scanning of the liver. 9.4032 BARRETT EJ (1972). Hepatitis-associated antigen in Aboriginal groups in Northern Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2(8):472-474.

136 Communicable diseases -other

Higher prevalence of hepatitis-associated antigen among a number of Aboriginal communities.

9.4033 DOHERTY RL, CARLEY JG, BEST JC (1972).Isolation of Ross River virus from man. Medical Journal of Australia 1(21):l 083-1 084. Ross River virus was isolated from the blood of an Aboriginal boy from Mitchell River. The boy showed no evidence of polyarthritis.

9.4034 GARNER MF, BACKHOUSE JL, MOODIE PM, TIBBS GJ (1972).Treponemal infection in the Australian Northern Territory Aborigines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 46:285-293. An analysis of positive treponemal infection tests suggests that yaws, endemic syphilis and probably venereal syphilis are present in the Aboriginal population.

9.4035 BLUMBERG BS, SUTNICK AI, LONDON WT, MILLMAN I (1971).The discovery of Australia antigen and its relation to viral hepatitis. Perspectives in Virology

7:223-240. Notes on associations between Australia antigen and viral hepatitis. Presents details of the prevalence of the antigen in population groups, and information about isolation and transmission of the virus.

9.4036 L 0 D (1 971).Klebsiella septicaemia, disseminated intravascularcoagulation and ulcerative colitis in an Australian Aboriginal. Medical Journal of Australia

1 (24): 1 279-1 280. Case report from northeast Arnhem Land.

9.4037 ANDERSON K (1970).Vi haemagglutination test for the identification of typhoid carriers. Guys Hospital Report 119:111-117. Describes haemagglutinationtest for typhoid carriers. Carriers were identified in Adelaide, and in an Aboriginal population in the Northern Territory.

9.4038 GARNER MF, BACKHOUSE JL, TIBBS GJ (1970).Yaws in an isolated Australian Aboriginal population. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 43(4):603-606. Prevalence of yaws in an isolated Aboriginal community at Mirrnatja, Arnhem Land, is related to age and sex.

9.4039 STRANG E (1970).Intermittent chemotherapy in the Northern Territory of Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2(21):948-950.

Communicable diseases - other 137

Patient cooperation in long term chemotherapy of tuberculosis has been a problem. Supervised regimens of chemotherapy lead to increased cooperation.

9.4040 BROMWICH AF, HARGRAVE JC (1969). Melioidosis in an Australian Aboriginal with lepromatous leprosy. Medical Journal of Australia 1:638-639.

Illness complicated by progressive lepra reaction and adrenal failure, which probably caused death.

See also: 7.0021, 8.0046, 9.1002, 9.3003, 9.3004, 9.3005, 9.3011, 13.1006, 13.1008, 16.0001, 16.0014, 16.0034, 18.0005, 22.6011.

13.2022, 16.0003, 16.0016, 16.0035, 19.0010,

13.2041, 16.0006, 16.0022, 16.0041, 22.6002,

13.2046, 16.0007, 16.0023, 16.0043, 22.6006,

13.3025, 16.0009, 16.0024, 16.0047, 22.6007,

13.3026, 16.0011, 16.0025, 16.0048, 22.6008,

15.0012, 16.0012, 16.0027, 17.0034, 22.6009,

15.0014, 16.0013, 16.0032, 18.0002, 22.601 0,

10.1 ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISEASES DIABETES MELLITUS 10.1001 O'DEA K (1983). Lifestyle change and diabetes in Australian Aborigines. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 4:17-21. Seven weeks of traditional lifestyle was sufficient to substantially reverse non-insulin-dependent diabetes, which had taken years to develop in the urban environment. 10.1002 O'DEA K (1983). Marked improvements in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Aborigines following temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 8:20 1. Improvement of diabetic conditions on reversion to traditional lifestyle.

10.1003 O'DEA K (1982). The relationshipbetween urbanisation and diabetes in Australian Aborigines. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7:30-36. Aborigines are susceptible to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when they make the rapid transition from traditional to urban lifestyle. Fasting plasma glucose and lipids are influenced by environment, while impairment of glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and elevations of very low density lipoproteins have a strong genetic component. 10.1004 O'DEA K, SINCLAIR AJ (1982). Increased proportion of arachidonic acid in plasma lipids after 2 weeks on a diet of tropical seafood. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36(5) :868-872. Plasma fatty acids in a group of traditional Aborigines from tropical north -west of Australia before and after a two week diet of seafood. 10.1005 O'DEA K, SPARGO RM (1982). Metabolic adaptation to a low carbohydrate-high protein ('traditional') diet in Australian Aborigines. Diabetologia 23(6):494-498. The diet led to a significant improvement in glucose tolerance, and a reduction in insulin response in Kimberley Aborigines. 10.1006 O'DEA K, SPARGO RM, NESTEL PJ (1982). Impact of westernization on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in Australian Aborigines. Diabetologia 221148-153.

140 Endocrine and metabolic diseases -diabetes mellitus

Elevations in fasting cholesterol and glucose concentrations were lifestyle associated. Improvement of glucose tolerance, and high insulin response in Aborigines may be inherited metabolic characteristics.

10.1 007 DUFFY P, MORRIS H, NEILSON G (1981). Diabetes mellitus in the Torres Strait region. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):8-11 . Considers the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and associated factors. 10.1008 TAYLOR R , REID M (1981).Admission to hospital for diabetes in Aborigines and other Australians, rural New South Wales, 1977-78. Community Health Studies 5(2):142-146. Admission rates for diabetes were seven to fifteen times higher in adult Aborigines than in other rural adult residents. The higher admission rates are related to age groups, and to lifestyle.

10.1009 O'DEA K, SPARGO RM, AKERMAN K (1980).Some studies on the relationship between urban living and diabetes in a group of Australian Aborigines. Medical Anthropology4(1):1-20. Interaction of genetic factors, in the form of high insulin response to glucose, with environmental factors which further elevate the insulin secretory response, are probably responsible for the high prevalence of obesity and maturity onset diabetes i n Aborigines. 10.1010 O'DEA K , SPARGO RM, AKERMAN K (1980). The effect of transition from traditional to urban life-style on the insulin secretory response in Australian Aborigines. Diabetes Care 3(1):31-37. An analysis of Aboriginal insulin responses to glucose and the effect of reversionto a more traditional lifestyle.

10.1011 WISE PH (1978). Enquiry into health problems of Aboriginals. Report of South Australian Study Group into the Urbanized Aboriginal Health Profile. Submission to the House of Representatives StandingCommittee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2794-2800. Reports cross-sectional survey to establish frequency of disease, particularly diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease among Aborigines in South Australia, and implications for delivery of health care.

Endocrine and metabolic diseases -diabetes mellitus 141

10.1012 KALOKERINOS A (1977). Diabetes rife among Aborigines and Islanders. Aboriginal Medical Service Information Service, Redfern, New South Wales, 8pp.

Discusses increasing prevalence of diabetes among Aborigines and Islanders and argues for more effort to be made for better identification and treatment of cases.

10.1013 WISE PH, EDWARDS FM, CRAIG RJ, EVANS B, MURCHLAND JB, SUTHERLAND B, THOMAS DW (1976). Diabetes and associated variables in the South Australian Aboriginal. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 6(3):191-196.

Nutritional status and obesity are dominant in the etiology of hyperglycaemia and diabetes in Aborigines in four communities in South Australia. Urbanised Aborigines should be provided with nutritional education.

10.1014 FINLAY-JONES RA, MCCOMISH MJ (1972). Prevalence of diabetes rnellitus in Aboriginal lepers. The Derby survey. Medical Journal of Australia 2(3):135-137,

Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in sixteen percent of men and nineteen per cent of women, with diabetics being older and more obese than non-diabetics.

10.1015 WISE PH, EDWARDS FM, THOMAS DW, ELLIOT RB, HATCHER L, CRAIG R (1970). Hyperglycaemia in the urbanized Aboriginal: the Davenport survey. Medical Journal of Australia 2(22):1001-1006.

Urbanised Aborigines living near Port Augusta had a high incidence of hyperglycaemia, which was age related, and associated with obesity and myocardial ischaernia. Genetic and environmental effects may play a part in its prevalence.

See also: 1.0042, 6.0015, 10.2022, 12.1040, 14.0003, 16.0005, 18.0001.

10.2 ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISEASES OTHER

-

10.2001 CHEEK DB, HAY HJ, LATTANZIO L, NESS D, LUDWIGSEN N, SPARGO R (1984).Zinc content of red and white blood cells in Aboriginal children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 14538-642. Zinc content of red and white blood cells of Aboriginal boys aged six to thirteen years significantly lower than of Caucasian controls.

10.2002 CONSIDINE ML (1984). Zinc deficiency and Aboriginal health. Ecos 40:14-20. Zinc deficiency implicated in retarded growth, disease susceptibility and central nervous system abnormalities in Aboriginal children; discusses complex of environmental and social factors leading to zinc deficiency in the Kimberley.

10.2003 REILLY C, HARRISON F (1983).Nutritional implications of levels of zinc, copper, iron and lead in hair of British and Australian children. Proceedingsof the Nutrition Society of Australia 8:209. Zinc and iron in hairwere higher in Cherbourg Aboriginal children than in Brisbane children.

10.2004 WATSON F,DICK M, KHIN DT (1983).Laboratory evaluation of thyroid function in Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 1 (2):66-69. A unique variant of thyroxine binding globulin in Aborigines causes difficulty in interpreting usual thyroid function tests. Appropriate reference ranges for thyroid hormones are presented.

10.2005 CHEEK DB, SMITH RM, SPARGO RM (1982).Hair and plasma zinc levels in Aboriginal Australians. In: Clinical applications of recent advances in zinc metabolism, Alan R Liss Inc, New York: 151-1 67. Discusses evidence for zinc deficiency in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

10.2006 CHEEK DB, SMITH RM, SPARGO RM (1982).Hair zinc and copper and retarded growth in Aboriginal children of NW Australia [abstract]. Australian Paediatric Journal 18(2):l 39-1 40.

144 Endocrine and metabolic diseases -other

Low levels of zinc and copper were detected in hair and blood of Aboriginal children in La Grange and three other coastal missions. 10.2007 CHEEK DB, SPARGO RM, HAY HJ, SMITH RM (1982). Zinc deficiency in the Aboriginal people of the northwest of Australia. In: Prasad AS (ed) Clinical, biochemical and nutritional aspects of trace elements. Alan R Liss Inc. New York: 63-81. Reports reduced plasmazinc and elevated plasma copper; growth retardation and susceptibility to disease may be causally related to zinc deficiency. 10.2008 DICK M (1982). Thyroid function tests in Aborigines. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 1:12-1 3. Ageneticvariant of thyroxine bindingglobulin in forty percent of Aborigines results in abnormally low total thyroxine (total T4) assays and misdiagnosis of thyroid disease.

10.2009 CHEEK DB, SMITH RM, SPARGO RM, FRANCIS N (1981). Zinc, copper and environmentalfactors in the Aboriginal peoples of the North West. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 11( 5 ):508-512. Hypozincaemia and hypercupraemia documented in Aborigines in north-west Australia were related to age, sex and growth, and were associated with parasitic infections and diet. 10.2010 CHEEK DB, SPARGO RM, HOLT AB (1981). Evidence for zinc deficiency in Aboriginal settlements in northwestern Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):4-5. Aborigines at Beagle Bay, Lombadina, One Arm Point, and Kalumburuwere found to be deficient in zinc and iron. Possible causes are discussed. 10.2011 DICK M, WATSON F (1981). A possible variant of thyroxine-binding globulin in Australian Aborigines. Clinica Chimica Acta 116(3):361-367. Thyroxine-binding globulin in Aborigines has a structural variation near its binding site for thyroxine, reducing its affinity for this hormone. This results in a low assay result in some tests. 10.2012 DUFFY P, MORRIS H, NEILSON G (1981). Thiamin status of a Melanesian population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34(8):1584-1592. Twenty-one per cent of Torres Strait Islanders sampled were found to have an elevated thiamin pyrophosphate effect; similar proportion found in urban hospital

Endocrine and metabolic diseases -other 145

population; suggests bacterial source of thiaminase activity in twenty-three of forty-six faecal samples. 10.2013 EASTWELL HD (1981). Low zinc levels in Aborigines [letter]. Medical Journalof Australia 2(4):201. A report of low hair zinc from Milingimbi, Northern Territory. 10.2014 O'DEA K, SINCLAIR A (1981). Fatty acid composition of total plasma lipids in a group of Aborigines before and after two weeks on a seafood diet [abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 6:120. Brief analysis of fatty acid composition of total plasma lipids in twelve Aborigines before and after two weeks on seafood diet.

10.2015 DICK M, WATSON F (1980). Prevalent low serum thyroxine-binding globulin level in Western Australian Aborigines: its effect on thyroid function tests. Medical Journal of Australia 1: l 15-1 18. Aborigines in the Kimberley region of Western Australia have lower levels of thyroxine-binding globulin than do Caucasians. It is uncertain whether this is a normal feature, or whether there is a causative agent. 10.2016 HOLT AB, SPARGO RM, IVESON JB, FAULKNER GS, CHEEK DB (1980) Serum and plasma zinc, copper and iron concentrations in Aboriginal communities of North Western Australia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33:119-132. A report of low zinc, low iron and high copper blood levels in Kimberley Aborigines. 10.2017 WATSON F, DICK M (1980). Distribution and inheritance of low serum thyroxine-binding globulin levels in Australian Aborigines: a new geneticvariation. Medical Journal of Australia 2(7) :385-387. Evidence for low serum thyroxine-binding globulin levels being widely distributed among Aborigines and suggests these are inherited rather than acquired.

10.2018 THIRUNAVUKKARASU K (1979). Treatment of alcoholic lactic acidosis. Medical Journal of Australia 2(11)583-584. Thiamine was used successfully in the treatment of lactic acidosis.

146 Endocrine and metabolic diseases -other

10.2019 CHEEK D B (1978). Submission to the House of RepresentativeS Standing Committee on ~boriginalAffairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2825-2832. Reports protein calorie malnutrition and zinc deficiency in Aboriginal infants. 10.2020 CHEEK D B , GRAYSTONE JE, HOLT AB, SUTHERLAND GC, CHOPRA SA, SPARGO RM (1978).Assessment of protein reserves (cellular mass) in Aboriginal children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31( 8 ): l 328-1 333. Children from the Kimberley region, and those admitted to Alice Springs Hospital were analysed for intra and extra cellular fluid space, and for weight and height. Female cell mass was less than male.

10.2021 ALLEN JR, HEYWOOD PF, MENSCH MG, SAXELBY C, WARD JA, ZED CA (1977). Dietary methods used in an ascorbic acid supplementation trial in Australian Aboriginal and Caucasian schoolchildren. Food and Nutrition Notes and Review 34(1) : l 2-1 7. Ascorbic acid supplementation trial at Walgett, New South Wales to test whether supplementation would be beneficial to the health of children. 10.2022 KALOKERINOS A (1977). Ascorbicacid, the eye, diabetes and herpes. Aboriginal Medical Service Information Service, Redfern, New South Wales, 1lpp.. Reviews literature on the use of ascorbic acid in treating eye diseases, diabetes and herpes. 10.2023 KALOKERINOS A (1977). Australian Aboriginal health and vitamin C. Australasian Nurses Journal 7(5) :8. Vitamin C deficiency and its treatment.

10.2024 ARAY M, SILINK SJ, NOBILE S, WALKER-SMITH JA (1975). Blood vitamin levels in children with gastroenteritis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 5(3):239-250. Depressed blood levels of total carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2 and B6. 10.2025 CLEMENTS FW (1975). Every second child [special review]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(11) :354-356.

Endocrine and metabolic diseases - other 147

Detailed review of Kalokerinos' book of same name, including an assessment of the evidence for vitamin C deficiency. 10.2026 DAVIS RE, SMITH BK, CURNOW H (1975). Pyridoxal, folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in Western Australian Aborigines. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 53(2) :93-105. Deficiency of vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) and folate was common in two areas in Western Australia. Vitamin B12 levels were normal or elevated. 10.2027 KAMIEN M, WOODHILL JM, NOBILE S, CAMERON P, ROSEVEAR P (1975). Nutrition in the Australian Aborigines - effects of the fortification of white flour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 5(2):123-133. Some improvement in blood vitamin B levels was found when extra iron and vitamin B were added to bread. The effect on otherclinicalfeatures, and the extent of vitamin B deficiency, are discussed. 10.2028 KAMIEN M, WOODHILL JM, MOBILES, ROSEVEAR P, CAMERON P, WINSTON JM (1975). Nutrition in the Australian Aborigine. Dietary survey of two Aboriginal families. Food Technology in Australia 27(3):93-103, Detailed investigation of diet and nutrition of two Aboriginal families, Bourke, New South Wales.

10.2029 BRIGGS MM (1974). Blood vitamins in Aboriginal children and mothers [letter], Medical Journal of Australia 1 :899-900. Oral contraceptives induce large changes in blood vitamin levels. 10.2030 NOBILE S (1974). Blood vitamin levels in Aboriginal children and their mothers in Western New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1 (16) :601-607. Vitamin C deficiency was found in the studied population of Aborigines. This was associated with deficiencies of vitamin A, B and E. Some comparisons are made with Caucasians. Vitamin C status was very low; deficiency was also noted in vitamin A and E and some of the B-group vitamins.

10.2031 DETTMANN GC (1973). Aboriginal infant health and mortality rates [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(14):711-712. Suggests that immunisation of infants with ascorbic acid deficiency can be fatal. Routine measurement of ascorbic status is suggested,

148 Endocrine and metabolic diseases -other

10.2032 LIPSON AH (1973). Epidemic rickets in Sydney. Australian Paediatric Journal 9(1):14-17. Of nineteen cases of nutritional rickets, one was in an Aborigine, 10.2033 STUART JE, CONNELLAN S (1973). Ascorbic acid studies in Aborigines. Australian Paediatric Journal 9(3): l 59-1 63. Ascorbic acid deficiency in Aboriginal children, and in milk from lactating Aboriginal women. The use of 'Lactogen' rather than other breast milk substitutes is recommended.

10.2034 Vitamin C nutrition at Collarenebri,NSW: concerning Aboriginalchildren and the claims of Dr A. Kalokerinos (1972). Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, 83pp and appendices. Insufficient children studied to allow any definitive conclusions identifying infections and inoculations as a cause for vitamin C deficiency; blood analysis showed plasma deficiencies of ascorbic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin and folic acid. 10.2035 MAYNE V, MCCREDIE D (1972). Rickets in Melbourne. Medical Journal of Australia 2:873-875. Survey of the incidence of rickets over a ten year period shows that a marked escalation of this disease has occurred, with children of migrants from Mediterranean countries and of Aboriginal origin, and also premature infants, particularly at risk.

10.2036 KALOKERINOS A (1971). The Aboriginal infant mortality rate [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(8) :445-446. Morbidity patterns and mortality among Aboriginal infants. 10.2037 GOLLAN JL, HICKS EP, GORDON JV (1970). Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) in an Australian Aboriginal. Medical Journal of Australia 2(25):1197-1199. Case report from Northern Territory. 10.2038 KIRKE DK, VORBACH EA, NEWMAN DM (1970). Scurvy amongst Central Australian Aboriginal children [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(4):187.

Endocrine and metabolic diseases -other 149

Vitamin C deficiency among Aboriginal children, Alice Springs.

10.2039 EMMERSON BT, DOUGLAS W, DOHERTY RL, FEIGL P (1969). Serum urate concentrations in the Australian Aboriginal. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 28:150-155.

Serum urate concentrations higher than Causasian controls; no specific causative factors identified.

See also: 6.0015, 7.0011, 7.0032, 7.0048, 7.0050, 7.0054, 7.0070, 8.0041, 13.3025.

11.0 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS 11.0001 VOWELS MR, GRUNSEIT F, WEBSTER BH, BERDOUKAS VA (1983). Homozygous beta-thalassaemia in a part-Aboriginal Australian. Medical Journal of Australia 2:139-1 41 . First case of classical homozygous beta-thalassaemia in a part-Aboriginal child; from family studies seventeen carriers identified in northwestern New South Wales.

1980 11.0002 AGAR NS (1980). Levels of glutathione and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cells of Australian Aborigines. Annals of Human Biology7(4):375-378. No significant differences in diphosphoglycerate between Aborigines and Caucasians. Levels of reduced glutathione in the red cells were lower in Aborigines than Caucasians. 11.0003 AGAR NS, GUPTA JD, GRUCA MA, WELCH JS (1980). Levels of glycolytic enzymes in the red blood cells of Australian Aborigines. Enzyme 25(5):329-332. Most red cell enzymes studied showed significant differences between Aboriginal populations at Cherbourg, Cairns and Darwin, and between Aborigines and Caucasians. 11.0004 WHITE GH, MORICE R (1980). Diagnostic biochemical tests in Aboriginals. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):6-8. A variety of blood constituents were measured for Aborigines from Yalata, South Australia, and the results compared with measurements made for Caucasians. 11.0005 DART GW, EDWARDS FM, KIMBER RJ, WISE PH (1975). Haematological findings in full and mixed blood Aboriginals in South Australia[abstract]. Pathology ? ( l ) 52-53. There were no differences in haemoglobin levels between Aborigines on five reserves and a similargroup of Caucasians.A low serum folate level was found for Aborigines. Serum iron levels were related to blood-letting and to alcohol consumption. 11.0006 FORD GW, JAKEMAN M, JOSE DG, VORBACH EA, KIRKE DK (1975). Migration inhibitory factor production by lymphoid cells of Australian Aboriginal children with

152 Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs

moderate protein-calorie 11(3):160-164.

malnutrition.

Australian

Paediatric

Journal

A high prevalence of impaired production of migration inhibitory factor is found in malnourished children. This persists after control of infection and nutritional repletion.

11.0007 COOLICAN RE (1973). A haematological study of pregnant Aboriginal and European women. In: Coolican RE Australian rural practice. Australian Medical Association, Sydney: 60-66. Resultsfrom this study undertaken in Bourke between 1966 and 1968 showthat in general a satisfactory haematological state exists among the Aboriginal women, with the exception of serum folate levels. 11.0008 GRACEY M, HILTON HB (1973). Acanthocytes and hypobetalipoproteinaemia. Lancet 1(804):679. Reports four cases of acanthocytosis complicated b y hypobetalipo- proteinaemia in Aboriginal children with malnutrition and diarrhoea.

11.0009 GRACEY M, WILSON RG, PETERSEN M (1972).Transient acanthocytosis and hypobetalipoproteinaemia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 41397-401. Reports cases in four Aboriginal infants: attributed to malnutrition and intestinal malabsorption.

11.0010 BOETTCHER B, KENNY R (1971).Aquantitive study of Le-a, A and H antigens in salivasof Australian Caucasians and Aborigines. Human Heredity21 (4):334-345. Aboriginal secretors synthesise greater concentrations of H, A and Le-a antigens than Caucasians. The implications for red cell phenotyping are discussed.

See also:5.0016, 6.0024, 7.0063, 8.0001, 8.0042, 9.1004, 10.2001, 17.0021, 20.0007, 21.0010,22.3025, 22.3036, 22.3037.

12.1 MENTAL HEALTH - GENERAL 12.1001 EASTWELL D (1984). Pica: eating non-food. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(2):23-24. Discusses reasons for and consequences of eating non-food, such as clay and Rinso.

12.1002 CAWTE J (1983). 'Voodoo death' and dehydration. American Anthropologist 85(2):420-421. Comments on the nature of voodoo death, and the problem of dehydration. 12.1003 SPENCER DJ (1983). Psychiatric dilemmas in Australian Aborigines. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 29(3)-.208-214. Discussion of the types of mental disorders found among Aborigines including culture specific syndromes, and the problems of recognising and understanding psychiatric illness in a transcultural situation.

12.1004 BIERNOFF D (1982). Psychiatric and anthropological interpretations of 'aberrant' behaviour in an Aboriginal community. In: Reid J (ed) Body, land and spirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 139-153. Issues arising out of cross-cultural studies carried out by anthropologists and others in the health field, with special reference to a traditional Aboriginal community in north-east Arnhem Land. 12.1005 DANGATANGA J (1982). The Yolngu 'headache'. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(1):21-24. Describes different psychological states that the Yolngu class under the general term 'headache', 12.1006 EASTWELL HD (1982). Psychological disorders among the Australian Aboriginals. In: Friedmann C, Faguet R (eds) Extraordinary disorders of human behavior. Plenum Publishing Press, New York:229-257. Reports and comments on the findings of a five-year epidemiological study highlighting the cultural influence on incidence of various psychological illnesses

154 Mental health

- general

among Aborigines in northern Australia in the early 1970s, including the noting of disorders that did not appear to occur. 12.1007 OSBORNE PD (1982). Mental health. In: Osborne PD, The other Australia: the crisis in Aboriginal health. Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart: 29-50. Review of problems in evaluating Aboriginal mental health, organisation of mental health care and government attitudes and new approaches to mental health. 12.1008 PETCHKOVSKY L (1982). Images of madness in Australian Aborigines. Journal of Analytical Psychology 27:21-39. Cross-cultural comparison between psychoses in Western and Aboriginal people.

1981 12.1009 Aboriginals and mental health: hitting our heads against a brick wall (1981). Australian National Association for Mental Health, Sydney, 123pp. Mental health care for Aborigines should be given by Aborigines, trained by Aborigines in consultation with non-Aboriginal professionals where necessary. Any such professionals involved should first be trained in Aboriginal culture and health needs. 12.1010 CAWTE J (1981). Neighbours and strangers- on losing the track. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 15:251-256. The Aboriginal hero Laintjun of the Warramirri clan is discussed. The role of religious beliefs, and of nutrition in psychiatric disorders, is also discussed, 12.1011 CAWTE JE (1981). Australia. World Studies in Psychiatry 1(2):5-15. An overview of the development and organisation of psychiatry in Australia, with an emphasis on the special psychiatric needs of the Aboriginal population. 12.1012 CAWTE J (1981). Aboriginal recovery from depression: eleven clinical types. Aboriginal Health Worker 5(3):14-31 . Analysis, diagnosis and management of depressive states in Aborigines. 12.1013 COABY C (1981). Aboriginal mental health. Aboriginal Health Worker5(3):9-12. Argues for greater government involvement in mental health preventive programs for Aborigines.

Mental health - general 155

12.1014 MORICE R (1981). Depression before the white man. Aboriginal Health Worker 5(3) :32-38. Discusses causes of depression and lists words from the Pintupi and Loritja people, used to describe depressive conditions. 12.1015 RESER J , EASTWELL HD (1981). Labelling and cultural expectations. The shaping of a sorcery syndrome in Aboriginal Australia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 169(5):303-310. Describes a fear of sorcery syndrome characterised by severe anxiety and agitation, a breakdown of normal social behaviour, and a paranoid preoccupation with personal, physical and social security.

12.1016 Aborigines look at mental health: the National Aboriginal Mental Health Association. Proceedings of the inaugural conference, Sydney, 26-30th November, 1979 (1980). Aboriginal Health Worker Special issue No 2. Aboriginal health workers, in a series of papers, present their views on mental health. 12.1018 The paradoxical psychiatric illnesses of tribal Aborigines (1980). Medical Journal of Australia 2(7):357. Psychiatric illnesses of Aborigines from remote tribal townships of the Northern Territory. A brief discussion of fear of sorcery syndrome, phobias, hysterical trance states, depression, suicide, and senilicide. 12.1019 BONNER NT (1980). Aborigines and mental health. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(3) :4-14. Discusses the history of Aborigines since European settlement andconcludes that they will never regain their culture, pride and dignity without first regaining their land. 12.1020 EASTWELL HD (1980). Mental health in full-bloods: how it differs from whites. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(1) : l 9-23. Argues that mental illness in Aborigines differs from mental illness in non-Aborigines because of their different cultures; for non-Aboriginal doctors to understand mentally ill Aborigines they must understand Aboriginal culture first. 12.1021 PRICE J,EASTWELL HD (1980). Psychological problems relating to the educated elite in some Pacific peoples. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 14(3):199-202.

156 Mental health - general

Problems of the educated elite as a result of social change. 12.1022 WEBBER DL (1980). Mental health problems amongst Aboriginal children o f North Australia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 26(2) :118-1 23. A summary of Aboriginal childhood mental health problems, including mental retardation, hearing difficulties, behaviour problems and other mental disorders.

12.1023 EASTWELL HD (1979). The mental health movement. Part 3. Understandingthe trance. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(1) :57-59. Describes trance states in north Australia where they are always a sign of stress. 12.1024 MORICE R (1979). Personality disorder in transcultural perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 13(4):293-300. Reviews the diagnosis of personality disorder among Aborigines and examines Pintubi lexicon for anger and aggression.

12.1025 CAWTE J (1978). Gross stress in small islands: a study in macropsychiatry. In: Laughlin CD Jr, Brady LA (eds) Extinction and survival in human populations. Columbia University Press, New York: 95-121. A high level of stress, due largely to environmental factors, was found in Bentinck Island Aborigines. This was compared with stress found in Mornington Island Aborigines. 12.1026 DAVIDSON GR, NURCOMBE B, KEARNEY GE, DAVIS K (1978). Culture conflict and coping in agroup of Aboriginal adolescents. Culture, ~ e d i c i n and e psychiatry 2(4)1359-372. Elcho Island Mission Aboriginal adolescents were found to have a conflict between traditional values and lifestyle, and non-traditional values. Males were more restricted by traditional social expectations than were females. 12.1027 EASTWELL D (1978). The mental health movement: Part 1:The stress of change. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(3):4-9. Argues that changes in lifestyle have resulted in high levels of stress among Aborigines. 12.1028 EASTWELL D (1978). Signs of Aboriginal stress: eating clay and sniffing petrol. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(4):8-11.

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Petrol sniffing and eating clay are seen as signs of stress at Maningrida. 12.1029 EASTWELL HD, CAWTE JE (1978). The role of psychiatry and psychiatrists in Aboriginal and Islander mental health. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3717-3731. Suggestions as to what psychiatry may offer in the management of Aboriginal mental health. 12.1030 JONES IH (1978). Health problems of Aboriginals - psychiatric and psychological aspects. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2560-2568. Discusses psychiatric disorders and psychological distress in traditional Western Desert Aborigines. 12.1031 KAMIEN M (1978). Psychiatric and behaviour disorder. In: Kamien M The dark people of Bourke: a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 125-144. Assessment of the frequency of psychiatric disorders in the Bourke Aboriginal community. 12.1032 MORICE R (1978). Psychiatric diagnosis in a transcultural setting. The importance of lexical categories. British Journal of Psychiatry 132(1):87-95. Diagnosing mental disorders among the Pintubi, central Australia. 12.1033 MORICE RD (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2883-2889. Reviews health status, particularly mental health status, of Aborigines and recommends greater Aboriginal involvement in delivery of health care. 12.1034 ROSS B, KAMIEN M (1978). A modified Rutter children's behaviour questionnaire: its reliability and validity in screening for behaviour disturbances in part-Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):9-11. Behaviour disorder assessment at Bourke and Enngonia, New South Wales.

12.1035 CAWTE J (1977). Multidisciplinary collaboration in fieldwork: Australian studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 285:707-711.

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Mental health care of Aborigines by non-Aboriginal Australians needs more Aboriginal involvement. 12.1036 CAWTE J (1977). The psychiatry of the first Pacific peoples. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 11(1):25-28. Need f o r Aborigines and peoples of the Pacific to organise their own psychiatric services. 12.1037 EASTWELL HD (1977). Projective and identificatory illnesses among ex-hunter-gatherers: a seven year survey of a remote Australian Aboriginal community. Psychiatry40(4):330-343. Psychiatricanalysis of a traditional Aboriginal community in eastern Arnhem Land. 12.1038 JONES IH (1977). Social unrest in an Aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):5-7. Aggression, alcoholism and work difficulties in Balgo Aboriginal community, Western Australia. 12.1039 JONES IH, ROBINSON I (1977). Severe illness with anxiety following a reputed magical act on an Australian Aboriginal. Medical Journal of Australia 2(3):93-96. An account of an episode from Mornington Island. 12.1040 KAMIEN M (1977). Concealed illnesses. Part IV. Psychological and behavioural disorders. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(4):4-9. Discusses various psychological disorders including depression, anxiety, drug abuse, antisocial behavior and bed wetting. 12.1041 MORICE RD (1977). Know your speech community. Ill. Anger and aggression. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(3):3540. Discussesthe words usedto describe anger and aggression in the language of the Pintupi and Loritja people. 12.1042 MORICE RD (1977). Know your speech community -fear and anxiety. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(1) :4-9. Discussesthe importance of speech communities,the traditionalAboriginal doctor and the way in which feelings of fear and anxiety are expressed. 12.1043 MORICE RD (1977). Know your speech community. Part II. Grief and depression. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(2):22-27.

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Points out the importance of understanding the language if depression and grief are to be successfully diagnosed and treated. 12.1044 MORICE RD (1977). Know your speech community. Part IV. Serious mental illness. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(4): l 0-1 5. Aboriginal peoples have their own words to describe serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. The health worker must learn to understand these to be able to help. 12.1045 WYLES V (1977). The Aboriginal health movement - highlights of the Townsville Conference. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(2):i 1-1 8. Reports on a conference which discussed mental health services among Aboriginal people. Discusses influence of religion, mixed races, family, alcoholism.

12.1046 CAWTE JE (1976). Social and cultural influences on mental health in Aboriginal Australia: a summary of ten years' research. Transcultural Psychiatric Research (April):23-38. Overview of research into sociocultural influences on Aboriginal mental health. 12.1047 EASTWELL H (1976). Associative illness among Aboriginals. Australian andNew Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 10(1A):89-94. Associative mental illness occurring in close relatives is described at Numbulwar and Yirrkala, north-east Arnhem Land. 12.1048 KAMIEN M (1976). Behaviour disorders in Bourke Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(3)3-1 1. A survey of 250 Aboriginal children undertaken to identify those with behaviour disorders. 12.1049 KAMIEN M (1976). Psychiatric disorders in Bourke Aboriginal adults. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(3):ll-16. Identifies psychiatric disorders among Aboriginal men and women at Bourke New South Wales - the pattern exhibiting a marked gender difference. 12.1050 MORICE RD (1976). Woman dancing dreaming: psychosocial benefits of the Aboriginal outstation movement. Medical Journal of Australia 2(25-26):939-942.

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Health benefits of the outstation movement - the experience at Kungkayunti, central Australia.

12.1051 Social psychiatry in Aboriginal communities [comment] (1975). Medical Journalof Australia 1124-25. Review of John Cawte's book Medicine is the law and the significance of his research in Aboriginal mental health. 12.1 052 BURVILL PW (1975). Attempted suicide in the Perth statistical division 1971-1 972. Australian and Ne W Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 9 (4):273-279. Includes statistics on Aboriginal attempted suicide, and suggests the need for further studies. 12.1053 KAMIEN M (1975). The social role of the community psychiatrist in rural Australia: from rejection to acceptance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 9(1):15-20. The role and problems of a community psychiatrist at Bourke, New South Wales. 12.1054 KILOH LG (1975). Psychiatry amongst the Australian Aborigines. British Journal Psychiatry 126:l-10. Psychiatric field trips to Mornington Island (Queensland) and EIcho Island (off Arnhem Land).

12.1055 CAWTE J (1974). Medicine is the law: studies in psychiatric anthropology. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 260pp. Psychiatric anthropology and transcultural psychiatry - a study of Aborigines. Examines the place of traditional medicine, the law and religion in the lives of Aboriginal people. 12.1056 EASTWELL H (1974). Dilemmas of Aboriginal marriage in East Arnhem Land, North Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 8(1):49-53. Discusses marriage customs, including polygamy, of the Murngin people and the effect of the introduction of a cash economy. Reports association of loss of traditional roles within the family with cases of psychiatric illness. 12.1057 JONES I (1974). Psychiatric illness among tribal Aborigines. Aboriginal News 1(6):19-20.

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Discusses results of research into psychiatric disorders in Aborigines in the Western Desert. 12.1058 JONES I (1974). Psychiatric illness among tribal Aborigines. Australasian Nurses Journa/2(36):15,17.

Psychiatric disorders among traditional Aborigines,

12.1059 JONES IH, HORNE DJ (1973). Psychiatric disorders among Aborigines of the Australian Western Desert. Further data and discussion. Social Science and Medicine 7(3):219-228.

Psychiatric survey of 959 Australian Western Desert and Kimberley Aborigines the communities studied all representing traditional lifestyles. 12.1060 MOODIE PM (1973).Mental health. In: Moodie PM Aboriginalhealth. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 195-203.

General discussion of mental health with reference to published data on psychiatric morbidity.

12.1061 CAWTE J (1972). Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 183pp.

Transcultural psychiatry-analysis of mental health of Aboriginesfrom Mornington Island. 12.1062 CAWTE J (1972).Cultural identity and mental health: a correlation analysis. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 84-9 7 .

Relationship between acculturationand psychiatric morbidity in Mornington Island Aborigines examined by means of information from questionnaires. 12.1063 CAWTE J (1972). Implementation: the psychiatric field unit. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 142-1 59.

In addressing the needs of remote Australia, the author proposes the establishment of a number of human ecology teams or psychiatric field units. The socially-aware teams, each serving a population of some 15,000,would comprise a general psychiatrist, a child psychiatrist, and an anthropologist or social psychologist with clinical experience.

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12.1064 CAWTE J (1972). Some make disturbances. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 55-68. Census of psychiatric morbidity in Mornington Island adults with discussion and case historiesof personalitydisorders, transitory delusional states and depressive states. 12.1065 CAWTE J (1972). The children in difficulties. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutal nations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 111-1 28. Census of childhood psychiatric morbidity in Mornington Island Aborigines. 12.1066 CAWTE J (1972). The sickest society: the search for determinants. In: Cawte J Cruel, poor and brutalnations. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 129-141. Searches for causal determinants of high level of psychiatric complaints in the Kaiadilt in the areas of constitutional (genetic) factors, cultural change pressures from without, social disintegrationoperating from within, and human ecology and its stresses. 12.1067 JONES IH (1972). Psychiatric disorders among Aborigines of the Australian Western Desert (11). Social Science and Medicine 6(2):263-267. Findings of psychiatric survey carried out at Jigalong Mission and Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia in 1968. 12.1068 JONES IH, HORNE DJ (1972). Diagnosis of psychiatric illness among tribal Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8):345-349. Psychiatric illness among mission Aborigines in Western Australia, 12.1069 JONES IH (1971). Ethology and psychiatry. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 5:258-263. Draws attention to certain analogies between human and non-human behaviour, with some reference to Aborigines. 12.1070 JONES IH (1971). Stereotyped aggression in a group of Australian Western Desert Aborigines. British Journal of Medical Psychology 44(3) :259-265. Stereotyped aggression acts among traditional Aborigines of the Western Desert including spearing, clubbing and magical procedures.

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12.1071 LICKISS JN (1971). Social deviance in Aboriginal boys. Medical Journal of Australia 2(9):460-470.

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Social deviance among Aboriginal adolescent boys in Sydney.

12.1072 BIANCHI GN, CAWTE JE, KILOH LG (1970). Cultural identity and the mental health of Australian Aborigines. Social Science and Medicine 3:371-387.

For Mornington Island Aborigines there is a relationship between retention of traditional beliefs and psychological disability. The latter was related to age, sex and ethnic background. 12.1073 BIANCHI GN, MCELWAIN DW, CAWTE JE (1970).The dispensary syndrome in Australian Aborigines: origins of their bodily preoccupation and sick role behaviour. British Journal of Medical Psychology 43(4):375-382.

Hypochondriacal neurosis among the Yolngu, northeast Arnhem Land. 12.1074 COWDY GO (1970).Clinical psychiatric service to the Aborigines of the Northern Territory. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 4(1):3-5.

Describes supply and utilisation of psychiatric services in the Northern Territory. 12.1075 GAULT El, KRUPINSKI J, STOLLER A (1970). Psychosocial problems of Aboriginal adolescents and their sociocultura! environment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry4(1):174-182. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescents compared i n terms of their social background and psychological adjustment at Derby, Western Australia. 12.1076 GAULT El, KRUPINSKI J, STOLLER A (1970). Psychosocial problems of adolescent Aborigines in Victoria. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 4(1):24-33. Adaptive difficulties of Victorian Aboriginal adolescents. 12.1077 NURCOMBE B (1970). Adolescence in a changing society. Medical Journal of Australia 2(26):1225-1 229.

Transcultural perspective on adolescence Aborigines at EIcho Island, Northern Territory.

-

with particular reference to

12.1078 CAWTE JE (1969). Psychological adjustment to cultural change: the case of the Australian Aborigines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 3:343-347.

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Reviews studies that draw attention to signs, symptoms and behavioural expressions of Aboriginal anxiety that results from culture change.

See also: 1.0020, 1.0071, 1.0109, 1.0113, 1.0136, 2.3301, 2.4002, 12.3024, 13.1001.

12.2 MENTAL HEALTH

- ALCOHOL ABUSE

12.2001 BRADY M , PALMER K (1984). Alcohol in the outback: two studies of drinking. Australian National University Northern Australia Research Unit, Darwin, 102pp.

Describes drinking behaviour in a South Australian settlement and the consequences; suggests reasons for drinking and argues that alternative forms of ritual and myth can be substituted for alcohol. 12.2002 BUDBY J (1984).Alcohol abuse. Aboriginal Health Worker8(2):4&-49.

Reports on the work of the Aboriginal Health Programme, the Queensland Aboriginal and Islander Alcoholic Service, and the Aboriginal Project Team at Biala. 12.2003 CARROLL J, WILSON B (1984). Benelong's Haven celebrates its tenth anniversary. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(4):25-26.

Recalls ten years of service to Aboriginal alcoholics with emphasis on group therapy. 12.2004 HUNT H (1 984). Alcoholism among Aboriginal people. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(4):11-14.

Argues in favour of Alcoholics Anonymous, AI-Teen and AI-Anon programs for alcoholic Aborigines and their families. 12.2005 NOVAK H (1984). Training detoxification workers. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(2)150-52.

Discusses the training of Aboriginal detoxification workers. 12.2006 SUMMER B (1984). The Aboriginal Sobriety Group of South Australia Inc. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3):33-36.

Reports on the history, staff, hostels, day centrelsoup kitchen, sports teams, voluntary workers and group activities of the Aboriginal Sobriety Group.

12,2007 HARDING BURNS F, SULLIVAN DR (1983).Case study: intervention in alcohol abuse in Aboriginals - the viewpoint of the uninitiated. Australian Alcohol/Drug Review2(2):121-122.

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Aborigines should be involved in the rehabilitation of alcoholic Aborigines.

1982 12.2008 Disulfiram effective, but doctor-patient relationship must prevail (1982). Medical Journal of Australia 2(12):606.

Disulfiram can be used effectively in treatment of alcoholism if effective counselling also is available. 12.2009 Report on restricted areas (1 982). Northern Territory Liquor Commission, 24pp.

Review of the effectiveness of Northern Territory areas declared to be restricted under the Liquor Act. 12.201 0 KAHN M (1982). Aboriginal people and problem drinking. Aboriginal Health Worker 6(3):44-49.

Accounting for alcoholism among Aborigines must be in terms of emotional distress, lack of power, lack of sense of belonging and lack of a unified culture to provide social controls. 12.2011 KICKETT M (1982).Wandering Waardiny. Aboriginal Health Worker6(2):52-53.

Reports on the first three years of the Wandering programfor Aboriginal alcoholics which is based on Alcoholics Anonymous philosophy. 12.2012 MILLER C (1982).A haven for alcoholics ditching their addiction [news]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(12):602-604.

Successful treatment program for Aboriginal alcoholics. 12.2013 OSBORNE PD (1982).Alcoholism. In: Osborne PD The otherAustralia: the crisis in Aboriginal health. Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart: 51-65.

Examines initiatives taken by Aboriginal communities, by non-government organisations, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, and by governments, in dealing with alcoholism.

12.2014 COABY C (1981 ). Aboriginal mental health. AboriginalHealth Worker5(1):13-15.

Argues that alcoholism is only a symptom of serious mental health problems among Aborigines.

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12.2015 DREW LR, OAKES WK (1981). Review report: evaluation of Aboriginal alcohol programs in NSW. Unpublished monograph. A survey of alcohol rehabilitation centres through New South Wales, their budgets and services. 12.2016 FUA C (1981). Other addictions - substance abuse. In: Man, drugs and societycurrentperspectives, Proceedings of the 1stPan Pacific Conference on Drugs and Alcohol, Canberra, Australia, 26 February to 5 March, 1980. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 161-163. After a brief summary of some traditional cures, the author reviews Aboriginal substance abuse. 12.2017 HUNT H (1981). Alcoholism among Aboriginal people. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):l-3. Alcohol related problems and mortality are discussed, with suggestions for health care programs for Aborigines. 12.2018 MALEZER L (1981). The impact of drugs and alcohol use on Aboriginals: alcohol prevention. In: Man, drugs and society - current perspectives, Proceedings of the 1st Pan Pacific Conference on Drugs and Alcohol, Canberra, Australia, 26 February to 5 March, 1980. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 150-1 51. Alcohol programs need to recognisethe importance of Aboriginal social inequality. Also needed is a change in Australia's attitude to alcohol. 12.2019 STANLEY VG (1981). From Aboriginal culture to urban society. In: Man, drugsand society- current perspectives, Proceedings of the 1st Pan Pacific Conference on Drugs and Alcohol, Canberra, Australia, 26 February to 5 March 1980. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 154-155. Deals with the breakdown of the Aboriginal culture in the Townsville area and identifies loss of identity as one of the major factors leading to alcohol abuse.

12.2020 GOODLUCK J (1980). The grog-breakers. Nungalinya Publications, Casuarina, Northern Territory, 40pp. Practical ideas for combating the alcohol problem in Aboriginal communities. 12.2021 JANKE J (1980). Combating the effects of drugs. Aboriginal News 3(9):10-12.

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Looks at steps being taken to improve/implement alcohol and drug rehabilitation programs. 12.2022 LARSEN KS (1980). Aboriginal group identification and problem drinking. Australian Psychologist 15(3):385-392. Results point to the defensive nature of excess drinking behaviour as part ofthe culture of fringe groups; Aboriginalgroup identity represents the last link to a social network. 12.2023 MILERA D (1980). Walkabout to nowhere. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Canberra, 36pp. An autobiography of an Aborigine with considerable experience in helping alcoholics. 12.2024 SANSOM B (1980). The camp at Wallaby Cross: Aboriginal fringe dwellers in Darwin. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 280pp. A sociological survey of Aboriginal communities in and around Darwin, with particular attention to the role of alcohol. 12.2025 SILVAN1 G (1980). Midland and Medina: health work in Perth. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(3) : l 5-21 . Describes the work of two community health schemes for alcoholics. 12.2026 SIMON M (1980). A double impact on the Aboriginal family. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(2) : l1-1 5. Argues that the intervention of welfare services often doubles the impact of alcoholism on Aboriginal families; welfare services need to be more sensitive to Aboriginal ways of thinking and doing. 12.2027 WOOD CM (1980). National Aboriginal Mental HealthAssociation: an outcome of studies in alcoholism (report of conference). Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):ll-12. A report of identified problems and objectives in the area of alcoholism in Australian Aborigines.

12.2028 M.A.S.H. Moree Aboriginal Sobriety House (1979). Aboriginal Human Relations Newsletter 62:2-4.

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Program designed to help Aborigines live a life free of alcohol and drugs. 12.2029 COLLMANN J (1979). Social order and the exchange of liquor: a theory of drinking among Australian Aborigines. Journal of Anthropological Research 35(2)1208-224. Drinking among Aborigines: a way of constructing their social relationships with each other. 12.2030 LARSEN KS (1979). Social crisis and Aboriginal alcohol abuse. Australian Journal of Social Issues 14(2): l 43-1 60. Results of three studies in and around Perth support the predominant role of environmental alcohol abuse and the need for long term, organic approach.

12.2031 Alcohol and Aboriginals: the greatest present threat [editorial] (1978). Medical Journal of Australia 1(6):315. Brief comments on alcohol problems of Aborigines - House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs Report, 12.2032 BRYANT V (1978). Benelong's haven. Aboriginal News 3(3):16-17. Brief summary of an alcohol rehabilitation centre. 12.2033 BRYANT V, CARROLL J (1978). Aboriginal alcoholism -where are we going? White man's way or black man's way? Aboriginal Health Worker2(4):29-31. Emphasises the value for Aborigines of the group in rehabilitation, through outreach methods using recovered Aboriginal alcoholics, in contrast to the 'white man's way' of individual counselling. 12.2034 BULTEAU P (1978). It's up to the hospitals: employ Aboriginal health workers. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(1) :49-5 1. Argues that hospitals should employ more Aboriginal staff since they are often the first point of contact between alcoholic Aborigines and the health care system. 12.2035 BULTEAU P, BURNS DJ (1978).Aborigines and alcoholism:the role of the general hospital. Medical Journal of Australia 1(11):593-594. General hospitals are encouraged to admit and treat alcoholics, and to review processes for admission of Aboriginal alcoholics, but Aboriginal involvement is essential.

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- alcohol abuse

12.2036 JAKAMARA K (1978). The effects of alcohol. New Doctor8:32. A traditional healer from Yuendumu argues against alcohol drinking. 12.2037 JANKE J (1978). Across Australia.... from health worker to health worker. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(1):22-23. Reports on the success of an Aboriginal alcohol rehabilitation centre. 12.2038 KAMIEN M (1978).Alcohol and aspirin. In: Kamien M Thedarkpeop1eofBourke:a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 145-1 64. Discusses alcohol consumption, sociological aspects of drinking, attitudes of women, abstinent alcoholics, and the occurrence of analgesic abuse. 12.2039 KAMIEN MJ (1978). The measurement of alcohol consumption in Australian Aborigines. Community Health Studies 2(3):149-151. Describes methods used to estimate alcohol consumption of Aborigines in Bourke, New South Wales. 12.2040 UDECHUKU JC (1978). Abuse of alcohol among Aboriginals in KalgoorlieIBoulder and Eastern Goldfields. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 1067-1 071. Compares the incidenceof alcoholism and smoking in a fringe dwelling population and analyses the reasons for differences; suggests approaches to dealing with drinking problems. 12.204 1 WARD J (1978). Aborigines and alcohol. In: Diehm AP, Seaborn RF, Wilson GC (eds) Alcohol in Australia. McGraw Hill, Sydney: 134-1 46. Discusses alcohol abuse, its extent, nature, treatment programs to reduce heavy drinking, and suggests possible solutions. 12.2042 Alcohol problems of Aboriginals. Final report (1977). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 109pp. The extent and impact of alcohol drinking in Aboriginal communities. The possible causes of the problems, and strategies to overcome the problems, are discussed. 12.2043 WOMA report: impact of alcohol on Aboriginal communities. The WOMA committee report on drink-related problems amongst Aboriginal people in South Australia (1977). Australasian Nurses Journal 7(2):29, 31 .

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Social and health effects of alcohol on many South Australian Aboriginal families and communities. 12.2044 CAWTE J, MUNUNGGURR (1977). Aboriginal counsellors talk on alcohol. Medical Journal of Australia 2(22) 1723-725. Alcohol problems as seen by Aborigines themselves. 12.2045 CHEGWIDDEN M, FLAHERTY BJ (1977). Aboriginal versus non-Aboriginal alcoholics in an alcohol withdrawal unit. Medical Journal of Australia l(19):699-703. Describes significant differences between Aborigines and non-Aborigines in drinking patterns and social background, and comments on treatment requirements. 12.2046 CHEGWIDDEN M, FLAHERTY BL (1977).An index of hazardous drinking [letter], Medical Journal of Australia 2(2 1) :72 1. Hazardous drinking in male and female Aborigines and non-Aborigines is reported. Some problems in assessing an index for hazardous drinking are discussed. 12.2047 DOWNING J (1977). Cross-culture communication with alcohol. In: National Alcohol and Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 77. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 9-25. Social and environmental causes of alcohol consumption are identified, and some attempted solutions are described. 12.2048 ECKERMANN A (1977). The binge': some Aboriginal views. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(4):49-55. Discusses the reasons behind binge drinking, and its effects on families. 12.2049 HUNT H (1977). Alcoholism problems amongst Aboriginal people throughout Australia. In: NationalAlcoholand Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 77. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra, 84-86. An approach to the treatment of alcohol problems. 12.2050 HUNT H (1977). The alcoholism counsellor among Aboriginal people. Aboriginal Health Worker 1( 3 ):25-28. Alcoholism rehabilitation programs for Aborigines need highly trained staff and need to be suited to the needs of particular Aboriginal communities.

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12.2051 KALOKERINOS A (1977). Alcoholand Australian Aborigines. Aboriginal Medical Service Information Service, Redfern, New South Wales, 12pp. Argues that many of the behaviour problems associated with alcohol consumption by Aborigines could b e prevented and treated by diets and vitamin and mineral supplements. 12.2052 KENNEDY E, WHOP J (1977). The Aboriginal alcohol problem in Townsville. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(1)57-64, Describes plans for alleviating alcoholism in Townsville, through both immediate assistance and long term rehabilitation. 12.2053 PERKINS C (1977). Alcohol problems and suitable solutions. Aboriginal Health Worker 1( 3 ):21-24. Drinking among Aborigines is linked to various socioeconomic factors. If the causes of drinking are determined it may be possible to find solutions. 12.2054 SANSOM B (1977). Aborigines and alcohol: a fringe camp example. Australian Journal of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence 4(2):58-62. Describesthe attitudes of residents and visitors to afringe camp, based upon the one essential function to 'live longa grog'. 12.2055 STANLEY J (1977). Woma Committee of South Australia, Inc. In: NationalAlcohol and Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 77. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 94-99. Describes the impact of alcohol on Aboriginal communities in South Australia.

12.2056 GAA'L CL (1976). Alcoholism in Aborigines [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(22):848. Criticism of an article that reported no genetically determined differences in alcohol metabolism between Aborigines and non-Aborigines. 12.2057 MARINOVICH N, LARSSON 0, BARBER K (1976). Comparative metabolism rates of ethanol in adults of Aboriginal and European descent. Medical Journalof Australia 1 Suppl(3):44-46. No genetically determined difference between Aborigines and Caucasians was apparent in blood alcohol degradation.

Mental health -alcohol abuse 173

12.2058 Alcohol abuse in an Aboriginal community (1975). Medical Journal of Australia 1(10):289-290. Comments on alcohol problems of Aborigines. 12.2059 KAMIEN M (1975). Aborigines and alcohol: intake, effects and social implications in a rural community in western New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 1(10):291-298. A detailed assessment of the impact of alcohol in Bourke, New South Wales. 12.2060 LEARY J, DODSON P, TIPILOURA B, BUNDUK L (1975). Alcoholism and Aborigines. A report. Interdepartmental Committee on Alcoholism and Aborigines, 49PP. Surveys the causes and effects of alcoholism among Aborigines and the efforts of various groups and institutions in combating the problem. 12.2061 WAUCHOPE L (1975). 40 gallons a head. Alcohol in Alice. A report from the Regional Council for Social Development, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 22pp. The study surveys the use and abuse of alcohol in Alice Springs, and makes recommendations for a coordinated community program. Public opinions and suggestions are collected and community awareness of alcohol problems is raised.

12.2062 ALBRECHT PG (1974). The social and psychological reasons for the alcohol problem among Aborigines. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University, 1972. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 36-41. Identifies social and psychological factors underlying alcohol problems among traditional Aborigines. 12.2063 BAIN MS (1974). Alcohol use and traditional social control in Aboriginal society. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Betterhealth forAborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 42-52. Patterns of alcohol use in traditional Aboriginal communities. 12.2064 EGGLESTON E (1974). Legal controls on alcohol. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar

174 Mental health -alcohol abuse

at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 53-65. Discusses rationale of operation of special legislation in relation to Aborigines and alcohol. Considers also the control of Aboriginal drinking behaviour under laws applying to both Aborigines and non-Aborigines.

12.2065 LICKISS JN (1971). Alcohol and Aborigines in cross-cultural situations. Australian Journal of Social Issues 6(3):210-216. Drinking patterns, attitudes to alcohol and alcohol misuse among urban Aborigines in Sydney.

See also: 1.0112, 2.3306, 3.1047,8.0006, 8.0015, 10.2018, 12.1028, 12.1038, 22.4002.

12.3 MENTAL HEALTH - OTHER SUBSTANCE ABUSE 12.3001 CAWTE J (1985). Psychoactive substances of the South Seas: betel, kava and pituri. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19:83-87. Emphasises traditional use, future use, pharmacological and clinical properties and their place in culture.

12.3002 EASTWELL D (1984). Petrol and lead. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(2):20-22. Discusses reasons for and effects and consequences of petrol sniffing, in particular lead poisoning.

12.3003 WATSON P (1983). Thisprecious foliage: a study of the Aboriginalpsycho-active drugpituri. Oceania monograph number 26, University of Sydney, Sydney, 65pp. Discusses: early European knowledge, anthropology, consumption and effects, distribution and production.

12.3004 Discussions on Petrol Sniffing (1982). Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin: 1-24. The extent of the problem of petrol sniffing, possible causes, and its medical effects are discussed. The problem of lead poisoning is emphasised. 12.3005 BRADY M, MORICE R (1982). Defiance or despair? Petrol-sniffing in an Aboriginal community. In: Reid J (ed) Body, land and spirit. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 72-88. Petrol sniffing, its possible causes, and some approaches to the problem.

12.3006 COUTTS N (1981). Petrol sniffing. A community crisis. Developing Education 8(4) :4-6. Outlines petrol sniffing problem at Papunya, including characteristics of sniffers, criminal offences, implications for schools and some tentative suggestions.

176 Mental health -other substance abuse

12.3007 MCINTOSH M (1981). Aboriginal children, petrol sniffing and the law. In: Man, drugs a n d society - current perspectives, Proceedings of the 1st Pan Pacific Conference on Drugs and Alcohol, Canberra, Australia, 26 February to 5 March, 1980. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 159-1 60. Common legal problems associated with petrol sniffing and the way in which the Courtsof Summary Jurisdiction in the NorthernTerritory attempt to deal with such problems. 12.3008 MORICE R, SWIFTH, BRADY M (1981). Medicaltreatment. In: Morice R, Swift H, Brady M Petrol sniffing among Aboriginal Australians: a resource manual. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 27-33. Acute toxic psychosis, convulsions, coma and cardiac arrhythmias should be treated symptomatically; treatment of choice for inorganic lead poisoning is administration of chelatingagent; no generally accepted means of treatingorganic lead poisoning. 2.3009 MORICE R, SWIFT H, BRADY M (1981). Petrol sniffing among Aboriginal Australians: a resource manual. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra, 58pp. Comprehensive review providing informationon petrol sniffingfor medical officers, nurses and community advisers. 12.3010 MORICE R, SWIFT H, BRADY M (1981). Petrol sniffing and petrol sniffers. In: Morice R, Swift H, Brady M Petrol sniffing among Aboriginal Australians: a resource manual. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 1-8. Discusses the methods and epidemiology of petrol sniffing, and characteristics of petrol sniffers. 12.3011 MORICE R, SWIFT H, BRADY M (1981). Social and psychologicaldimensions of intervention; Aboriginalcommunities. In: Morice R, Swift H, Brady M Petrolsniffing among Aboriginal Australians: a resource manual. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 34-47. Discusses sociological issues, intervention strategies (individual attention, punishments, preventive measures, recreational, educational, decentralisation), and sex factors; concludes solutions lie with creating regenerated individuals and culture through intimate contact with homelands. 12.3012 MORICE R, SWIFT H, BRADY M (1981). The physical effects of petrol sniffing. In: Morice R, Swift H, Brady M Petrol sniffing among Aboriginal Australians: a

Mental health -other substance abuse 177

resource manual. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 9-20. Discusses acute physical effects, chronic effects, symptoms and signs of lead poisoning, effects of organic lead on particular organ systems and assessment of lead related physical effects. 12.3013 MORICE R, SWIFT H, BRADY M (1981). The psychological effects of petrol sniffing. In: Morice R, Swift H, Brady M Petrol sniffing among Aboriginal Australians: a resource manual. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 21-26. Discusses acute effects (revulsion, excitement, restlessness, euphoria, hallucinations, disinhibition, loss of alertness and judgement, drowsiness) and chronic effects (physiological dependence, reality avoidance, school underachievement).

12.3014 BRADY M (1980). Petrol sniffing: Part 2. What some communities have done about it. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(4):4-11. Reports on ideas that have been tried: making petrol hard to get, giving extra care to individual children, punishment, recreation, education, decen- tralisation and religious retrieval. 12.3015 BRADY M, MORICE R, SWIFT H (1980). Petrol sniffing: Part 1. What health workers should know about it. Aboriginal Health Worker4(3):34-38. Discusses symptoms, effects, complications, treatment and preventive measures. 12.3016 FUA C (1980). Addictions - substance abuse. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(2): l 6-24. Lists most common addictions among Aborigines and considers their social context.

12.3017 EASTWELL D (1979). Boys and girls sniffing petrol. Aboriginal Health Worker 3(3)132-33. Discusses symptoms, dangers and possible prevention. 12.3018 EASTWELL HD (1979). Petrol inhalation in Aboriginal towns. Its remedy: the Homelands Movement. Medical Journal of Australia 2(5):221-224.

178 Mental health -other su bstance abuse

Petrol sniffing in two Aboriginal settlements at Maningrida and Galiwinku in Arnhem Land. 12.3019 DALTON-MORGAN D (1978). Petrol sniffing. Australian Crime Prevention Council Quarterly Journal 1(1) :32-33. Petrol sniffing in Papunya community was more frequent in girls than boys. A socially organised solution to the problem is described.

12.3020 WEBBER DL (1976). Petrol inhalation and social dislocation in Arnhem Land. In: National Alcohol Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 76. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra, 139-141. Petrol sniffing and its possible causes.

12.3021 COLLINS E, TURNER G (1975). Salicylates and perinatal mortality in Aborigines [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(16):517. The dangers of salicylate consumption during pregnancy and need for identification of salicylate abuse in pregnancy are emphasised. 12.3022 TOMLINSON J (1975). Petrol sniffing in the NorthernTerritory. Australian Journal of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence 2(3)174-77. Shows the extent of petrol sniffing among Aboriginal young people in the Northern Territory, considers some of its effects, examines various factors related to this problem, and suggests some solutions.

12.3023 NURCOMBE B (1974). Petrol inhalation in Arnhem Land. In: elzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines. Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 66-71.

?

Petrol inhalation and its psychosocial implications among Murgin people on EIcho Island, off Arnhem Land.

12.3024 NURCOMBE B, BIANCHI GN, MONEY J, CAWTE JE (1970). A hungerfor stimuli: the psychosocial background of petrol inhalation. British Journal of Medical PSYC~OIOQY 43(4)1367-374.

Mental health- other substance abuse 179

Petrol sniffing on EIcho Island, off Arnhem Land.

See also: 12.1001, 12.2016, 12.2038, 22.4002,22.7010.

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12.4 MENTAL HEALTH OTHER 12.4001 CAWTE J (1984). The 'ordinary'dreams of the Yolngu in Arnhem Land. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19(3):236-243. Reports nine dreams about traditional or introduced subjects.

12.4002 PETCHKOVSKYL (1984). A Jungian commentary on the 'ordinary' dreams of the Yolngu. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 18(3)1245-249. Analyses a series of nine dreams of the Yolngu of northeast Arnhem Land.

12.4003 WATSON DS (1983).The Rinso eaters of Groote Eylandt. British Medical Journal

286:765-766. Case reports of two adolescent girls who were admitted to hospital after eating soap powder.

12.4004 EASTWELL HD (1982).Voodoo death and the mechanism for despatch of the dying in East Arnhem, Australia. American Anthropologist84(1):5-18. Psychosocial sequences of death by sorcery and the causes of death in bodily terms - north-east Arnhem Land.

12.4005 EASTWELL HD (1979).A pica epidemic: a price for sedentarism among Australian ex-hunter-gatherers. Psychiatry 42(3):264-273 Clay eating among Aboriginal women at Maningrida, Northern Territory.

12.4006 KAHN MW, KENNEDY EV (1979).Some comments on: KS Larsen. A Black community health program - perspectives on training. Australian Psychologist

14(3):381-383. A brief summary of the Townsville Behavioural Health Program.

12.4007 LARSEN KS (1979).A black community health program training. Australian Psychologist 14(1):29-39.

-

perspectives on

182 Mental health -other

Analyses training program for 'behaviour technicians' under the auspices of the Aboriginal and Islander Community Health Centre in Townsville, and discusses ideas for an improved health worker training program. 12.4008 WEBBER DL (1979). Retardation amongst Aboriginal children in North Australia. Australian Journal of Mental Retardation 5(5):1-4. Basic information on mental retardation among Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory.

12.4009 Retardation and the Australian Aborigine [editorial] (1978). Australian Journal of 4- Mental Retardation 5(3):108-109. : ~ editorial n which raises various issues concerning the physical and mental problems of Aboriginal children. 12,401 0 KAHN MW, KENNEDY EV, CAWTE J (1978). Mental health services by and for Aborigines and Islanders:a follow-up report. Australian and NewZealand Journal of Psychiatry 12:39-41. S .

Reviews the Aboriginal and Islander Behavioural Health Program in Townsville, Queensland.

See also: 12.1001, 12.2016, 12.2038, 22.4002,22.7010,

13.1 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM GENERAL 13.1001 CAWTE J (1984). Emic accounts of a mystery illness: The Groote Eylandt Syndrome. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 18:179-187. The syndrome displays neurological, psychiatric and teratological features unexplained by researchers; accounts of the disease by the island people suggest spiritual, poisonous or familial causes; the author examines these theories.

13.1002 DE WYTT CN, DICKSON PL, HOLT GW (1982). Cryptococcal meningitis: a review of 32 years experience. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 53(2):283-292. Disease has higher incidence in males, and in Aborigines. Mortality has declined since 1948 due to use of antifungal agents, and availability of CT scanners has reduced morbidity.

13.1003 ANGAS M (1981). Huntington's disease. Aboriginal Health Worker5(1):16. Describes in simple terms what the disease is and how it affects lifestyle.

13.1004 KILOH LG, LETHLEAN AK, MORGAN G, CAWTE JE, HARRIS M (1980). An endemic neurological disorder in tribal Australian Aborigines. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 43(8) :661-668. Neurological disorders are identified in Aborigines living on Groote Eylandt, and in adjacent Arnhem Land. Two distinct syndromes are seen as varieties of a single condition. Etiology is discussed.

13.1005 BATESON EM, YAKSICH IP (1976). The radiological features of cerebral torulosis. Australasian Radiology 20(3):216-224. Report of eight cases of cerebral torulosis showing clinical features suggestive of chronic meningitis. 13.1006 L 0 D (1976). Cryptococcosis in the NorthernTerritory. MedicalJournalofAustralia 2(22):825,828.

184 Diseases of the nervous system -general

A review of twenty-six cases of cryptococcosis in the Northern Territory from 1957-1975. Of these, twenty-five were in Aborigines. Overall mortality was fifty per cent.

13.1007 MOODIE PM (1973). Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 204-21 1. Examines publisheddataon morbidity due to diseases of the nervous system, eye and ear. 13.1008 SUTHERLAND JM, EDWARDS VE (1973). Geomedical aspects of neurological cryptococcosis. Proceedings of the Australian Association of Neurologists 9199-1 03. Incidence of neurological cryptococcosis is dependent upon individual susceptibility, ethnic background, climate and occupation.

See also: 7.0059, 7.0062, 8.0006, 9.2010, 9.2026.

13.2 EYE DISEASES 13.2001 TAMBLYN DM (1984).Aboriginal eye problems. Australian Family Physician

13(2):112-113. Briefly describes the major eye problems: trachoma, cataracts, trauma and refractive errors (mostly hypermetropia and presbyopia).

13.2002 TILMOUTH T, BRISCOE J (1984).Trachoma and oily tetracycline eye drops [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1 :l 19. Successful treatment of trachoma in a small Aboriginal community.

13.2003 Trachoma control (1982).Lancet 1 (8270):489-490. Diagnosis, mass screening, physiology, treatment and causes of trachoma.

13.2004 GRAHAM PJ (1982).An operation for entropion and trichiasis. A composite of methods for lid margin rotation. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology

1 O(4)1267-270. Description of technique for operations for entropionltrichiasis applicable for both upper and lower eyelids.

13.2005 HARDING JJ (1982). Cataract: sanitation or sunglasses? [letter]. Lancet 1 (8262):39. Severe and repeated diarrhoea is proposedas a major factor in cataractogenesis.

13.2006 OSBORNE PD (1982).Trachoma. In: Osborne PD The otherAustralia: thecrisisin Aboriginal health. Department of Political Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart: 66-83. Prevalenceof trachoma, the National Trachomaand Eye Health Program, Federal health policy, and Federallstate relations and Aboriginal health policies.

13.2007 DAWSON CR, JONES BR, TARIZZO ML (1 981).Guide to trachoma control in programmes forthe prevention of blindness.World Health Organization, Geneva, 5 6 ~ ~ .

186 Eye diseases

The definition and classification of trachoma infections, their epidemiology, the organisation of trachoma control programs, and the therapeutic strategies for the disease. The training of health care personnel is discussed in relationto trachoma prevention. 13.2008 FRANCIS IC, FLYNN F, HOLLOWS FC (1981). Deep corneal leukoma adherens in an Aboriginal population. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 9(4):303-309. A report of eleven Aborigines with deep corneal leukorna adherens, possibly a variant of the anterior chamber cleavage syndrome. 13.2009 HOLLOWS FC, MORAN D (1981). Cataract -the ultraviolet risk factor. Lancet 2(8257):1249-1250. A positive correlation exists between prevalence of senile cataract and levels of climatic ultraviolet radiation. Aborigines were more likely to be affected by senile cataract than non-Aborigines. 13.2010 TAYLOR HR (1981). Climatic droplet keratopathy and pterygium. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 9(3):199-206. Keratopathy was higher in males who had worked as stockmen for more than twenty years, and may be relatedto ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Pterygiumwas more common at lower latitudes and higher UV levels. 13.2011 TAYLOR HR (1981). Racialvariations in vision. American Journalof Epidemiology 113(1):62-80. Aboriginal males and females generally have significantly better unaided visual acuity than Europeans. Aborigines have less myopia and astigmatism than Europeans. 13.2012 The findings and the environment (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 119-1 50. The dry, bright climate of Australia increases prevalenceof trachoma, otitis media, skin disease, nasal discharge, cataract, pterygium, corneal scars, labrador keratopathy, blindness and poor vision. Improvement of hygiene factors tends to lower prevalence of the same diseases, except for pterygium and cataract. 13.2013 The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists (1980). Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney, 236pp.

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Reports on the National Trachoma and Eye Health Program (NTEHP): its background; development; coverage; progress; liason; methodology; prevalence of trachoma, visual handicap, visual system abnormalities, prevalence of infections of other systems (ear, nasal, respiratory and skin); environmental conditions; and trachoma treatment programs. Recommendations include the need for the provision in rural Australia of adequate housing, water, food (with appropriate storage facilities), efficient water-based sewerage systems and garbage disposal, continuation of the NTEHP (withwhich there should be ongoing direct Aboriginal liaison), regular monitoring of disease, continuing support for community-based Aboriginal medical services, and the establishment of an Aboriginal Central Support Service. 13.2014 The prevalence of trachoma in Australia (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 37-53. In the areas surveyed, overall thirty-eight per cent of Aborigines had trachoma, including about one in three of all Aborigines under age twenty and over age sixty. Trachoma was most prevalent in the Red Centre, the Western Desert and the Cattle Country of the Kimberley and Northern Territory. A significant proportion of the elderly had marked cicatrical trachoma. 13.2015 The provision of immediate care and spectacles (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 170-1 74. More than 5,000 pairs of spectacles were presented to Aborigines. Other care given as a result of the program's screening activities is described. 13.2016 The provision of surgery (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 161-1 69. During the program's field activities 1,387 cases were identified for surgery. Some were performed in local hospitals and health centres -others by short visits to the communities by highly specialised mobile teams. 13.2017 Trachoma and vision (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists.Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 68-81 . Aborigines with trachoma have asignificantly greater prospect of reducedvision or blindness. Seventy-eight per cent of 918 blind Aborigines had signs of cicatricial

188 Eye diseases

trachoma. There was a major association between trachoma and cornea1 pathology. 13.2018 Trachoma treatment programs (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 151-1 60. The program's findings on rescreening communities after mass treatment programs using cotrimoxazole, showed a substantial reduction in the prevalence of trachoma follicles in children. 13.2019 Vision in rural Australia (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 54-67. Blindness and visual handicaps among Aborigines are acquired with advancing years and occur more frequently in the zones to the centre, west and northwest of the continent. 13.2020 Visual system abnormalities in rural Australia (1980). In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney: 82-1 00. Prevalence of abnormalities of the eye, its surrounding tissue and its connection with the central nervous system, and an analysis of ocular abnormalities in relation to vision. 13.2021 GRAHAM DM (1980). A report on microbiological findings. In: The National Trachoma and Eye Health Program of the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists.Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists, Sydney, 29-36. The low isolation rate of Chlamydia trachomatis, failure to find inclusions in conjunctival scrapings and the relatively low percentage positivity of antibody in eye secretions and serum of children with trachoma follicles suggest that the load of infectious organisms in clinical trachoma throughout Australia is less than in some other areas of endemic trachoma. 13.2022 HERTZBERG R (1980). Trachoma. Medical Journal of Australia 2(2):62.

A brief outline of the aims and achievements of the National Trachoma and Eye Health Program in Australia. 13.2023 TAYLOR HR (1980). Aetiology of climatic droplet keratopathy and pterygium. British Journal of Ophthalmology 64(3): l 54-1 63.

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Climaticdroplet keratopathywas prevalent in Aboriginal males who hadworked as stockmen for more than twenty years, ultraviolet radiation being the likely causativefactorforthe disease. Pterygiumwasseen more commonly in those who worked outside.

13.2024 TAYLOR HR (1980).Prevalenceand causes of blindness in Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 1 (2):71-76. Blindness in central and Western Australian Aborigines was higher in those aged over sixty years, and associated with cataracts, trachoma, corneal diseases and eye trauma.

13.2025 TAYLOR HR (1980).Studies on the tear film in climatic droplet keratopathy and pterygium. Archives of Ophthalmology98(1):86-88. Aborigines had a significant abnormality in tear break-up time, which may be relatedto conjunctival scarring caused by trachoma. Unlikely that either pterygium or climatic droplet keratopathy is caused by a gross abnormality of the tear film.

13.2026 TAYLOR HR (1980).The environment and the lens. British Journal of Ophthalmology64(5):303-310. Cataracts occurred more often in elderly Aborigines, and were associated with high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Pseudo-exfoliation of the lens was related to age, latitude, global radiation, and occupation.

13.2027 TAYLOR HR (1980).The prevalence of corneal disease and cataracts in Australian Aborigines in northwestern Australia. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 8(4):289-301 . All Aborigines aged over thirty seen at Warburton Range and Jigalong areas showed signs of trachoma, while prevalence of blindness, corneal opacities, pterygium, cataracts, climatic droplet keratopathy and pseudo-exfoliation of the lens, was high. Prevalence of these eye diseases in Europeans was low.

13.2028 TEDESCO LR (1980).Trachoma and environment in the Northern Territory of Australia. Social Science and Medicine 14D(2):111-117. Influence of environmental indices of living conditions, housing, diet, sanitation and climate on the prevalence of trachoma in the Northern Territory.

132029 Trachoma (1979).University of Melbourne Gazette 35:4-6.

190 Eye diseases

Reports research program into the treatment and immunological aspects of trachoma. 13-2030 TAYLOR HR (1979). Pseudoexfoliation,an environmental disease? Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom 99(2):302-307, Pseudo-exfoliation of the lens, occurring most commonly in older males, particularly former stockmen, may be an environmental disorder caused by solar radiation.

13.2031 HOLLOWS FC (1978). Australian Aboriginal eye health - and what must be done. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3602-361 1. Concludes that only when the Aboriginal people are given control over their lands, their lives and their health will they defeat the factors that are denying them their health; illustrates with the trachoma situation. 13.2032 HOLLOWS FC (1978). The ocular status of old Aborigines. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 3612-361 9. Reports ocular status of old Aborigines (more than sixty years old) in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. 13.2033 TAY LOR HR (1978). Vision of Australian Aborigines: the distribution of visual acuity and refractive error in Aborigines and the prevalence and causes of blindness. MD thesis, University of Melbourne, 322pp. Visual acuity in young adult Aborigines is significantly better than that of Europeans. Aborigines have fewer refractive errors, and no high refractive error. The elderly have a high prevalenceof blindness, much of it due to anterior segment disease. Environmental factors may be responsible for this.

13.2034 DENHOLM R (1977). National Trachoma and Eye Health Program. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(1):lO-11. Summarises the aims of the program; describes progress and plans. 13.2035 KALOKERINOS A (1977). Cataracts. Aboriginal Medical Service Information Service, Redfern, New South Wales, 11pp.

Eye diseases 191

Arguesfor the use of ascorbic acid for the prevention, delay of onset and treatment of cataracts. 13.2036 TAYLOR HR (1977). Blindness in Australian Aborigines. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 5(3): l 55-1 57.

The high prevalence of blindness in Australian Aborigines is related to senile cataracts, and to eye diseases and trauma. 13.2037 TAYLOR HR (1977).Pseudoexfoliationof the lens in Australian Aborigines. British Journal of Ophthalmology 61 (7):473-475.

The high incidence of pseudo-exfoliation in South Australian Aborigines was related to age, and associated with glaucoma, trachoma, trauma and Labrador keratopathy.

13.2038 Trachoma (1976).Aboriginal Health Issues 1(1):25.

Prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of trachoma. 13.2039 EDWARDS F M , WISE PH, CRAIG RJ, THOMAS DW, MURCHLAND JB (1976). Visual acuity and retinal changes in South Australian Aborigines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 6(3):205-209.

Reports prevalence of visual defects on four Aboriginal communities. Changes in retinal vasculature are related to blood pressure and serum glucose and cholesterol. 13.2040 SLADE JH (1976).Aboriginal eye health. Australasian Nurses Journal4(1):10.

Details of brief survey of eye diseases.

13.2041 GRAHAM DM (1 975).Trachoma. University of Melbourne Gazette 35:4-6.

Treatment of trachoma, and research into why various children react in different ways to the disease. 13.2042 MURCHLAND JB, EDWARDS FM (1975).Anterior chamber depth of eyes of full blood Aborigines at a reserve in South Australia. Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 3(1)56-58.

192 Eye diseases

The depth of the anterior chamber decreasedwith age, more so in the male than in the female. This measurement may be related to angle closure glaucoma.

13.2043 GRAHAM DM, NICHOLS RL (1973). Studies on the epidemiology, microbiology and immunology of trachoma among children at three centres in Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2(8) :353-360. Trachoma is much more common in Aboriginal than in Caucasian children. Scrapings were taken from infected eyes to test for inclusions. 13.2044 HOLLOWS FC (1973). Some aspects of Australian Aboriginal eye disease. Transactions of the Ophthalmology Society of New Zealand 25:148-150. Brief overview of major eye diseases, including Labrador keratopathy, trachoma, pyocoele, eyelid diseases and hypermetropia.

13.2045 HARDY D, MOORE BW (1972).Trachoma in Aboriginal school children at Yalata, South Australia, 1965-71. In: The Australian Aboriginal Child. Report of the First Australian Ross Conference. Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales: 41-44. Hygiene improvement at Yalata could reduce trachoma incidence. 13.2046 MANN I (1972). Eye disease in the Eskimo and in the Australian Aboriginal: a brief comparison. Acta Ophthalmologica50(4) 1543-548. Eskimos had a high prevalence of trauma and phlyctenulosis, whilst Aborigines had a high prevalence of trachoma and cataract. The other eye diseases of Aborigines are discussed. 13.2047 MANN I (1972). Public health ophthalmology within the nations. Australia. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 8(8):1060-1063. Survey of eye diseases in Aborigines with trachoma being most important. 13.2048 MCGUINNESS R, HOLLOWS FC, TIBBS J, CAMPBELL D (1972). Labrador keratopathy in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2:1248-1250. Describes a series of seventeen cases seen in stockmen from central Australia.

Eye diseases 193

UNDATED 13.2049 HOLLOWS FC, TAYLOR H, O'SULLIVAN G, GRAY C (undated). Trachoma grading manual. National Trachoma and Eye Health Program, 14pp.

A photographic guide which proceeds step wise through seven trachoma signs, illustrates each in several people.

See also: 2.3409, 2.341 0, 10.2022, 13.1007, 13.3011

13.3 EAR DISEASES 13.3001 HUDSON HM, ROCKETT IR (1984).An environmental and demographicanalysis of otitis media in rural Australian Aborigines. lnternationalJourna/of Epidemiology l 3 ( l )173-82. An analysis of otitis media and tympanicscarring in relationto age, sex, community size and environmental variables. 13.3002 QUINN SM (1984). Aboriginal hearing loss and ear disease in the Australian Northern Territory. News: the newsletter of the National Acoustics Laboratories 5(2):11-16. Presents results of a survey of hearing and ear disorders in 807 Aboriginal schoolchildren. Qiscusses social and educational consequences.

13.3003 QUINN SM (1983). Aboriginal hearing loss and ear disease in the Australian Nodhern Territory. Australian Journal Audiology 5(2):4l-44. Presents results of a survey of hearing and ear disorders in 807 Aboriginal schoolchildren. Discusses social and educational consequences.

13.3004 HUDSON HM, ROCKETT IR (1982). An environmentalanddemographicanalysis of otitis media in rural Australian Aborigines. Macquarie University School of Economic and Financial Studies. Research Paper No 246, 24pp. See 13.3001.

13.3005 Leading ENT surgeon playing a major role in ear health among children and Aborigines [profile] (1981). Hospital Journal of Australia 12(5):8, Victor Bear's contribution to Aboriginal ear health. 13.3006 COELEN RJ, REBGETZT P, JOSE QG (1981).A study of otitis media in Aboriginal infants of Bathurst and Melville Islands (NT). In: Bear VD, Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, Saturday 14th March, 1981.Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 23.

196 Ear diseases

Of the factors examined, only the number of siblings appeared to be related to the incidence of otitis media. 13 -3007 GRAY LP (1981). Report on mucosa cilia investigation of nose and ear. In: Bear V D , Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, Saturday 14th March, 1981. Australian Deafness Council and OtolaryngologicalSociety of Australia, Melbourne: 24.

Outline of techniques used to test the cilia function of the ear and of the nasal mucosa. 1 3 -3008 K E R R S (1981). Preliminary report of a tympanoplasty technique. In: Bear VD, Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Abor$inal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, Saturday 14th March, 1981. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 25.

Surgical repair of tympanic membrane perforation with an underlay graft had a success rate of less than fifty per cent. 13.3009 PRICE D (1981). Otitis media and the Aboriginal child at school. Developing Education 8(5)18-1 3. Educational implications of otitis media in children. 13.3010 R A 0 AB ( l 981). Aboriginal ear programme,Darwin-progress report. In: BearVD, Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, Saturday 14th March, 1981. Australian Deafness Council and Qtolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 22-23. The prevalence of ear diseases in Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory. 13.3011 SUNDERMAN J (1981). Research into Chlamydia- progress report. In: Bear VD, Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, Saturday 14th March, 1981. Australian Deafness Council and OtolaryngologicalSociety of Australia, Melbourne: 20-22. Prevalence of diseases of nose, throat, eyes, ears and teeth in Kimberley Aborigines. Simultaneous occurrence of otitis media and trachoma was common. 13.3012 WILLIS R (1981).Aerationof the middle earcleft and mastoid-progress report. In: Bear VD, Brown M, Willis R (eds) Ear disease in Aboruinal chi1dren:proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, Saturday 14th March, 1981. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 24-25.

Ear diseases 197

A description of the embryological developmental stages of the aeration of the human middle ear and mastoid process.

13.3013 BEAR VD (1980). Ear health in Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2(7):357-358. Summarises a seminar on Aboriginal ear health. Possible causes of ear diseases are mentioned, and programs designed to improve Aboriginal ear health are discussed. 13.3014 BROWN MW (1980). Ear disease in rural Australia [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(3):137-138. A criticism of non-specialist assessment of ear disease. 13.3015 HOLLOWS F (1980). Ear disease in rural Australia [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia l ( 3 ):l38. Replies to criticisms of methods used in survey of ear diseases in rural Aboriginal populations. 13.3016 PEEVER MV, WARD JA (1980). Successful assault on ear diseases: intensive daily treatment by nurses and health workers. Medical Journal of Australia 1 SuppI(1):l-4. A higher proportion of Aboriginal than Caucasian children were suffering from ear diseases in Wilcannia, New South Wales. A reduction in disease incidence was seen after local personnel were trained in detection and treatment of ear diseases.

13.3017 Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17October 1979 (1979).Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne, 27pp. Proceedings include papers on otitis media, deafness, hearing conservation and surveys of hearing disorders. 13.3018 BROWN M (1979). Otitis media in Aborigines - identification and management, 1688-1 970. In: Ear disease in Abor@inalchi1dren:ptoceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 7-1 0.

198 Ear diseases

Causative factors for otitis media include respiratory tract inf ections! hygiene! and vectors such as flies. 13.3019 GRAY LP (1979). The Aboriginal problem: a Western Australian assessment. In: Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17October 1979.Australian Deafness Council and OtolaryngologicalSociety of Australial Melbourne: 26-27. Forms of treatment of otitis media for the age groups 0-6 years, 6-13 years, and above thirteen years! are discussed. 13.3020 JOSE DG (1979). Nutritional and immunological factors in otitis media in Aboriginal children. In: Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australial Melbourne: 13-1 4. Infections associated with malnutrition may be due to impaired immune resistance, Factors associated with otitis media are listed. 13.3021 LEWIS N (1979). Educational consequences of otitis media. In: Ear disease in Abor~Qinalchildren: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-1 7 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, 17-1 8. Hearing disorders in Aboriginal children may lead to learning difficulties, particularly with regard to language. 13.3022 LEWIS N (1979). The Queensland hearing conservation and treatment programme 1974-77: audiological data. In: Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia! Melbourne: 19-20. Screening of Aboriginal children using tympanometry, pure tone audiometry! and otoscopy, revealed a high proportion of ear diseases, and of hearing disorders. 13.3023 MORAN DJ, WATERFORD JE, JONES DL (1979).Ear disease in rural Australia, Medical Journal of Australia 2(4) 1210-21 2. Aborigines in rural Australia have a higher overall prevalence of otitis media and of tympanic scarring than do non-Aborigines. Children less than ten yearsof age had the highest prevalence of otitis media in both social groups. 13.3024 RA0 AB (1979). Northern Territory submission. In: Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979.

Ear diseases 199

Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 24-25. Prevalence of ear and eye diseases in several districts in Northern Territory. The use of gamma globulins and levamisole in their treatment is discussed, 13.3025 STUART J (1979). Some paediatric aspects of ear disease in Aboriginal children. In: Ear disease in Aborjginalchildren:proceedings ofa seminar held in Melbourne, 16-1 7October 1979.Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 15-1 6. Ear diseases in Aboriginal children often are associated with poor nutrition, poor social conditions, ascorbic acid deficiency, intestinal parasites and higher levels of immunoglobulins, 13.3026 SUNDERMAN J (1979). The management of deafness in children of the Western Australian outback. In: Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 28-31. The high prevalence of hearing disorders and eardisease in Aborigines in Western Australiacommunities is related to chlamydia infection and to nutritional disorders. 13.3027 VERCOE G (1979). Survey of Aboriginal ENTdisease in the Yalata-Ceduna area of South Australia. ln: Ear disease in Abor~inalchildren:proceedingsof a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 32-33. High prevalence of ear diseases, especially at Yalata, is related to living conditions. 13.3028 VINCENT GK (1979). Submission by NSW. In: Ear disease in Aboriginalchildren: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-17 October 1979. Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 21-23. Prevalence of hearing disorders and of ear diseases in Bourke, Brewarrina, Walgett, Wilcannia, the North Coast area, and Weilrnoringle from 1971 to around 1979. 13.3029 WILLIS R (1979). Deafness in Aboriginal children. In: Ear disease in Aboriginal children: proceedings of a seminar held in Melbourne, 16-1 7 October 1979, Australian Deafness Council and Otolaryngological Society of Australia, Melbourne: 11-1 2. Surgery to repair damaged ear drums is encouraged because of the author's successes in this area.

200 Ear diseases

13.3030 DUGDALE AE, CANTY A, LEWIS AN, LOVELL S (1978). The natural history of chronic middle ear disease in Australian Aboriginals: a cross-sectional study. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):6-9. Otologic and audiometric findings in 163 subjects at Woorabinda, Queensland.

13.3031 LEWIS AN, COMAN W, MCCAFFERTY G, SHAW E (1977).The prevalence of ear disease in Queensland Aboriginals. Journalof the Oto-LaryngologicalSociety of Australia 4(2):112-118. Reports study of perforated membranes, tympanometric defects and hearing impairment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in sixteen Queensland communities. 13.3032 PAGE S (1977). Audiological assessment of profoundly deaf Aboriginal children. In: Deaf children - their parents and teachers in a cross-cultural setting. Papers presented at the conference, Alice Springs, October 1977. Northern Territory Department of Education, Darwin: 13-1 5. Discusses diagnosis and therapy of profoundly deaf Aboriginal children with special emphasis on cultural factors. 13.3033 URBAN A (1977). Finding the profoundly deaf child. In: Deaf children their parents and teachers in a cross-cultural setting. Papers presented at the conference, Alice Springs, October 1977. Northern Territory Department of Education, Darwin: 4-1 2. Discusses methods of testing, differentialdiagnosis of deafness and other causes of lack of speech, aspects of profound deafness (eg occurrence, cause, age first diagnosed, therapy, outcome), and what can be done for the parents.

-

13.3034 LEWIS N (1976). Otitis media and linguistic incompetence. Archives of Otolaryngology 102(7):387-390. Evaluates some effects of chronic middle ear disorders on the listening skills of Aboriginal children at Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement.

13.3035 BROWN MW (1975). The 'phony war' in Aboriginal health [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(3):83-84.

Ear diseases 201

Grave concern expressed at high incidence of chronic middle ear disease among Aboriginal children in Northern Territory and the consequent need for research funds. 13.3036 CANTY AA, PRESTWOOD U, DUGDALE AE, LEWIS AN (1975). Factors leading to chronic middle ear disease. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):45-48. Sixty-five per cent of Woorabinda Aborigines had clinical evidence of pathology in the ear drum or middle ear. Active ear disease was seen mainly inchildren, while a familial factor seems to exist for the disease. 13.3037 KAMIEN M (1975). Ear disease and hearing in Aboriginal and white children in rural NSW. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(4):33-37. An assessment of children from Bourke and Enngonia, for ear abnormalities, including perforations and hearing loss. 13.3038 LEWIS N, DUGDALE A, CANTY A, JERGER J (1975). Open-ended tympanometric screening: a new concept. Archives of Otolaryngol~gy 101 :722-725. It is suggested that the tympanometric screening should be repeated on successive days. The problems in assessment of type A, B and C tympanogram patterns are discussed. 13.3039 STUART JE, QUAYLE CJ, LEWIS AN (1975). Follow-up of Aboriginal children with ear disease and hearing loss. Medical Journalof Australia 1 Suppl(4):38-40. Many children showed spontaneous improvement in their hearing disorders with time. Some required myringoplasty or mastoidectomy. 13.3040 WILLIS R (1975). Ear disease in Aboriginals [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(25):794. Comments on the etiology of ear diseases in Aborigines, and recommends a conservative approach to surgery. 13.3041 YATES G (1975). Deafness and children - the Northern Territory scene. Developing Education 3(4): l 9-20. The high frequency of hearing disorders found in Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory has implications for education.

202 Ear diseases

13 -3042 KAMIEN M (1974). Ear disease in a part-Aborigine population in rural NSW. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3(5):651-657.

Epidemiology of ear disease in Aboriginal people and the contribution that can be made by social medicine in its alleviation and prevention, based on findings at Bourke, New South Wales. 13.3043 LEWIS AN (1974). Queensland Progress Report: June, 1974. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3(5) :662-665.

T h e achievements of the hearing conservation and treatment program for Queensland Aborigines. Hearing tests and therapy, including surgery, were provided for many Queensland communities. 13.3044 LEWIS AN (1974). Some effects of early chronic middle ear disease on the auditory efficiency and linguistic competence of a group of Australian Aboriginal children. MA thesis, University of Queensland, 276pp. Examines the effect of chronic middle ear disease on language development and auditory perception. 13.3045 LEWIS AN, BARRY M, STUART JE (1974). Screening procedures for the identification of hearing and ear disorders in Australian Aboriginal children. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 88(4):335-347.

Tympanometry seen as a valuable adjunct to audiometry and otoscopy; study confirms poor childhood ear health at Cherbourg. 13.3046 MCCAFFERTY G, COMAN W, LEWIS AN (1974). A hearing conservation and treatment programme for Queensland Aborigines. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3(5) :660-662.

The organisation of a program designed to reduce and treat ear diseases in Queensland Aborigines. 13.3047 WILLIS R (1974). Aborigine ear disease. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3(5):658-659.

Report of a symposium. Occurrence of ear diseases in Queensland and Northern Territory, with suggestions for legislation and for provision of health care teams to reduce the prevalence of such diseases.

Ear diseases 203

13.3048 LEWIS AN (1973).The hearing status of Australian Aboriginal children. Journalof the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3(3):333-335.

Prevalence of hearing disorders among children at Cherbourg Aboriginal settlement, Queensland. 13.3049 STUART JE, LEWIS AN, BARRY M (1973).Hearing and ear disease in primary schoolchildren on three Queensland Aboriginal settlements. Australian Paediatric Journal9(3):164-171.

A high incidence of hearing loss and ear disease was noted amongst three Aboriginal communities. Tympanometry is used as a screening procedure for hearing disorders.

13.3050 BEAUMONT GD (1972). Chronic ear disease in Aborigines - a research programme. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia3(3):330-332.

Presents guidelines from research program to investigate etiology, long term sequelae, and social and educational problems resultingfrom chronic ear disease in Aborigines. 13.3051 BROWN M (1 972).The extent of ENT disease in the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3:327-329.

High prevalence of middle ear disease in a number of residents in the Northern Territory. Such surveys are necessary to coordinate programs of control and prevention. 13.3052 STUART JE (1972). Problems of ear disease and hearing loss in Aboriginal children. In: The Australian Aboriginal child. Report of the first Australian Ross conference. Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales, 16-21.

Incidenceof hearing loss and ear diseases in children at Cherbourg, Edward River, Palm Island and Yarrabah. 13.3053 STUART JE, QUAYLE CJ, LEWISAN, HARPER J (1972).Health, hearing and ear disease in Aboriginal schoolchildren. Medical Journal of Australia 1:855-859.

High prevalence of both ear disease and hearing loss among children at Cherbourg Aboriginal settlement, Queensland.

204 Ear diseases

13.3054 WILLIS R (1972). Challenging aspectsof ENTdiseaseamong Aboriginal children. Journal of the Oto-Laryngological Society of Australia 3(3):336-338.

Causes of the higher incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in Aborigines are discussed, with particular emphasis on nasal and ear diseases.

See also: 8.0054,9.4028, 13.1007, 15.0003, 22.2005.

14.0 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

14.001 PATTEN BR (1981). Rheumatic fever in the West Kimberley. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):I1-1 5. A high incidence of rheumatic fever was found in many settlements of the West Kimberley area. It was more common in female Aborigines. A preventive program is outlined. 14.002 SIMONS L, WHISH P, MARR B, JONES A, SIMONS J (1981). Coronary risk factors in a rural community which includes Aborigines: Inverell Heart Disease Prevention Programme. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 11(4):386-390. Compares the prevalence of major risk factors for coronary heart disease in Inverell non-Aborigines with that in Aborigines; compares Inverell with a Sydney population and reports results of a follow up study of one year.

14.0003 BASTIAN P (1979). Coronary heart disease in tribal Aborigines - the West Kimberley Survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 9(3)1284-292. A high prevalence of coronary heart disease was found in Aborigines. Of the risk factors measured, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity appeared to be most important. 14.0004 TOFLER OB (1979). Congenital heart disease in Aboriginals [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(13):620. Ventricular septal and other heart defects among Aboriginal children.

14.0005 NEILSON G, WILLIAMS G (1978). Blood pressure and valvular and congenital heart disease in Torres Strait Islanders. Medical Journal of Australia 1 S~ppl(1):12-16. Blood pressure levels in 1922 Islanders compared with Busselton and Papua New Guinea surveys. Describes valvular and congenital defects identified during survey, and estimates incidence.

206 Diseases of the circulatory system

14.0006 EDWARDS FM, WISE PH, THOMAS BW, MURCHLAND JB, CRAIG RJ (1976). Blood pressures and electrocardiographic findings in the South Australian Aborigines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 6(3):197-205. Prevalence of hypertension and electrocardiographic abnormalities in Aborigines from four centres in South Australia are related to age, sex, and degree of urbanisation.

14.0007 MOODIE PM (1973). Diseasesof thecirculatory system. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 212-215. While Aborigines currently appear to suffer from degenerative cardiovascular disease to a similar extent to non-Aboriginal Australians, rheumatic heart disease is an important preventable cardiovascular disorder in Aborigines.

See also: 1.0042, 10.1011, 18.0001.

15.0 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 15.0001 HARRIS LA, LANE AR, STEELE RH, HENDERSON TR (1984). Preliminary report on the study of the structure and function of nasal cilia in Aboriginal children of the Kimberley region of WA [abstract]. Australian Paediatric Journal20(3):242. Study results do not support hypothesis that immotile cilia syndrome is a major cause of chronic chest disease. 15.0002 HARRIS MF, NOLAN B, DAVIDSON A (1984). Early childhood pneumonia in Aborigines of Bourke, New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia 140:705-707. Reports higher incidence of lobar pneumonia in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children; notes characteristicfeatures: high rate of recurrent pneumonia; frequent involvement of upper lobe of right lung; family history of early childhood pneumonia; and substandard housing.

15.0003 TORZILLO PJ, WATERFORD JE, HOLLOWS FC, JONES DL (1983).Respiratory disease amongst Aborigines in the Pilbara. International Journal of Epidemiology 12(1):105-106. Aborigines in seven communities in the Pilbara were examined for the presence of nasal discharge, middle ear disease and signs of lower respiratory tract disease.

15.0004 CHANDLER D, DUGDALE AE (1980). Respiratory function tests in Aboriginal children on Mornington Island. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):lO. Test values were below Caucasian standards, but within expected range. No evidence of high prevalence of lung damage. 15.0005 THOMPSON JE (1980).Respiratory function tests in Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1 :668.

Commentson another article on this topic, suggests that authors overestimate the reduction in FEV in Aboriginal children.

15.0006 BATESON EM (1979). Pulmonary torulosis in the Northern Territory: radiological appearances. Australasian Radiology 23(3):233-238.

208 Diseases of the respiratory system

Describes nine case reports of pulmonary torulosis (eight Aboriginal, one non-Aboriginal). The common radiological appearance of the disease is that of a solitary circumscribed lung opacity. Important features for diagnosis are Aboriginality (possibly due to poor environmental circumstances),young age, and frequent presence of concomitant meningitis. 15.0007 CHANDLER D, DUGDALE AE (1979). Respiratory function in Aboriginal school children. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):lO-12. Study at Cherbourg shows that although chest infection is common among Aboriginal infants, most children are left with n o serious pulmonary abnormalities which could be detected with a vitalograph.

15.0008 BATESON EM (1978). Destroyed lung in the Australian Aboriginal. Australasian Rad/blogy32(2):117-124. A series of patients with total destruction of one lung by bronchiectasis and a normal contralateral lung is reported (eight cases were West Indians and fourwere Aborigines).

15.0009 BATESON EM, WOO-MING M (1976). Destroyed lung. A report of cases in West Indians and Australian Aborigines. Clinical Radiology 27(2):223-226. Report of a series of patients, including West Indians and Aborigines, with destruction of one lung by bronchiectasis, and a normal contralateral lung. 15.0010 HILLER HG (1976). The radiological follow up of Aboriginal children with bronchiectasis treated surgically or medically. Australian Paediatric Journal 12(4):319-321.

A comparison of chest X-rays of Aboriginal children who had undergone lobectomy for bronchiectasis, with a control group. Thirty-one per cent of the surgical group deteriorated radiographically, while the control group remained stable.

15.0011 HILLER HG (1975). A year's survey of paediatric chest X-rays in the Alice Springs Hospital. Australasian Radiology 19(1):32-35. The relatively high incidence of lower respiratory tract infections was confirmed, but it was noted that there was a low level of residual chronic lung disease.

Diseases of the respiratory system 209

15.0012 HILLER HG (1974). A review of chest X-rays of Central Australian Aboriginal infants and children. Australian Paediatric Journal 10(1):15-17. Reports on a six year retrospective study of the chest X-rays, and the relevant reports, of Aboriginal infants and children.

15.0013 MOODIE PM (1973). Diseases of the respiratory system. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 216-220. Examines published data on morbidity due to diseases of the respiratory system, adding to that reviewed in the section on communicable diseases.

15.0014 MAXWELL GM (1972). Chronic chest disease in Australian Aboriginal children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 47(256):897-90 1. High incidence of bronchitis and bronchiectasis in Aboriginal children from central Australia. No specific etiological factor found. 15.0015 MAXWELL GM (1972). Chronic respiratory disease in Aboriginal children. In: The Australian Aboriginal child. Report of the first Australian Ross conference. Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales: 31-37. The prevalence and treatment of bronchiectasis and bronchitis in Aboriginal children in the north of both the Northern Territory and South Australia.

See also: 9.4028, 13.3007, 13.3053, 22.3034.

16.0 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 16.0001 GILL JS, JONES HI (1985). Intestinal parasites and bacteria in Aboriginal children in South West Australia. Australian Paediatric Journal21 :45-49. Reports high incidence of Giardia lamblia and Hymenolepis nana in children under six years; notes correlation with low weight, recent diarrhoea and discharging ears.

16.0002 BOURKE AT, HAWES RB, NEILSON A, STALLMAN ND (1983). An outbreak of hepato-enteritis (the Palm Island mystery disease) possibly caused b y algal intoxication. Toxicon SuppI 3:45-48. An outbreak of hepato-enteritis on Palm Island is ascribed to the effects of ingested blue green algal endotoxins. 16.0003 GRACEY M, BURKE V, ROBINSON J (1983). Patterns of intestinal infection in Australian Aboriginal children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 3:35-39. Bacterial infections are important causes of acute diarrhoea in Aboriginal children. Intestinal parasites were found equally in children with or without diarrhoea.

16.0004 BATESON EM (1982). The alimentary tract- acomparisonof radiological findings in the Aboriginal and the non-Aboriginal. Australasian Radiology26(3):246-249. Radiographs from Aboriginal patients who had received barium meals revealed various gastrointestinal conditions, the prevalence of which is described. 16.0005 FITZ-HENRY AW, BRAND JC (1982). Rate of digestion and absorption of Australian Aboriginal starchy bushfoods. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7:214. Tests the hypothesis that the carbohydrate in traditional starchy foods is digested and absorbed slowly, thereby requiring a smaller insulin response and protecting the individual from developing diabetes. 16.0006 HALLIDAY K, EDMEADES R, SHEPHERD R (1982). Persistent post-enteritis diarrhoea in childhood. Medical Journal of Australia 1( 1 ):l 8-20. An analysis of the factors associated with the development of persisting diarrhoea after a bout of gastroenteritis.

212 Diseases of the digestive system

16.0007 MOORHOUSE DE (1982). Toxocariasis: a possible cause of the Palm Island mystery disease. Medical Journal of Australia 1(3):172-173. Toxocariasis may have been the cause of a hepatitis-like illness in Palm Island in 1979. Fruit bats were infectedwith toxocara, and eggs of the wormwere recovered from mangoes.

16.0008 BERRY RJ, GRACEY M, BAMFORD VW (1981). Campylobacterjejunicarriers in Australian Aboriginal communities [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(7) :381.

C. jejuniwas not found to be a cause of diarrhoea in two isolated communities in Western Australia, but a high prevalence of C. jejuniin children without diarrhoea was noted in one community. 16.0009 OWUSU-ANSAH A (1981). Intestinal parasites in Australian Aborigines of Kempsey Shire. Master of Public Health thesis, University of Sydney, 235pp. Eight pathogenic parasites isolated; highest prevalence in three to five age group; no relationship between occurrence of parasites and educational level, attitude to worms, alcoholism or condition of house; positive relationship between occurrence of parasites and overcrowding.

16.0010 BYTH S (1980). Palm Island mystery disease. Medical Journal of Australia 2(1)140-41. An illness of unknown origin afflicted children and adults of the Palm Island community. Its symptoms are described, and environmental factors which could have been associated with the disease are discussed. 16.0011 JONES HI (1980). Intestinalparasite infections in Western Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 2(7) :375-380. Giardia intestinalis and Hymenolepis nana were the two most frequently reported species of intestinal parasites. Infections with these and other parasites are related to geographic locality.

16.0012 DAVISON RP (1979). Evaluationof mebendazole for the treatment of trichuriasis. Medical Journal of Australia 1(9):401-403. Results indicate that mebendazole is eff ective in relievingsymptoms of clinical and subclinical trichuriasis despite a low cure rate.

Diseases of the digestive system 213

16.0013 GRACEY M, OSTERGAARD P, BEAMAN J (1979). Oropharyngeal microflora in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian children: an indicator of environmental contamination. Medical Journal of Australia 2(4):212-214. Faecal micro-organisms were found much more frequently in the oropharynx of Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children, and in younger than older children. Socioeconomic factors are implicated. 16.0014 MUSGRAVE IA, HAWES RB, JAMESON JL, SLOANE RA, QUAYLE PA (1979). Mebendazole: evaluation of a new antihelminthic for trichuriasis, hookworm, and strongyloidiasis. Medical Journal of Australia 1(9):403-405. Adouble blind trial indicates mebendazole to be a safe, effectivedrug in treatment of intestinal nematode infestations, particularly trichuriasis. 16.0015 SCHNAGL RD, MOREY F, HOLMES IH (1979). Rotavirus, coronavirus-like particles, bacteria and parasites in central Australia. Medical Journalof Australia 2(3):115-118. Overall frequency of excretion of rotavirus was similar in Aborigines and non-Aborigines. Rotavirus is associated with diarrhoea. 16.0016 SCHNAGL RD, MOREY F, HOLMES IH (1979). Rotavirus and coronavirus-like particles in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal neonates in Kalgoorlie and Alice Springs. Medical Journal of Australia 2(4): l 78-1 79. Rotavirus was detected frequently in both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal neonates. Coronavirus like particles were detected infrequently, but more often in Aborigines.

16.0017 GHOSE LH, SCHNAGL RD, HOLMES IH (1978). Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay forquantitation of rotavirus antibodies with complement fixation in an epidemiological survey. Journalof Clinical Microbiology 8(3)1268-276. Describes the development of an assay for measurement and detection of human rotavirus antibodies. Seventy-one per cent of Aborigines had rotavirus complement fixing antibodies, as compared with forty-five per cent of non-Aborigines. 16.0018 GRACEY M (1978). Lactase in Australian Aborigines [letter]. Gastroenterology 74(3):638. Lactose intolerance in Aboriginal infants and young children is usually atemporary phenomenon related to environmental factors.

214 Diseases of the digestive system

16.0019 MITCHELL JD, BRAND J (1978). Steatorrhoea in malnourished Aboriginal children: an apparent association with lactose intolerance [abstract]. Australian Paediatric Journal 14(3):218. Faecal fat levels in stools are higher in children fed normal, compared with lactose-hydrolysed, milk. Steatorrhoea is common in malnourished Aboriginal infants fed lactose, and may be due in part to lactose intolerance. 16.0020 MITCHELL JD, GRUNSEIT F (1978). Aboriginal infants. Lactose malabsorption and small bowel mucosal abnormalities. New Doctor8(8):20-23. Reviews the interaction between small bowel abnormalities and lactose intolerance, including guidelines for diagnosis and therapy. 16.0021 POWER KM, MITCHELL JD (1978). Lack of correlation between small bowel rnucosal abnormality and Giardiasis in Aboriginal children [abstract]. Australian Paediatric Journal 14(3):217-2 18. There is little correlation between current giardia infection and severity of mucosal abnormality in malnourished children. 16.0022 SCHNAGL RD, HOLMES IH, MACKAY-SCOLLAY EM (1978). A survey of rotavirus associated with gastroenteritis in Aboriginal children in Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia l(16):304-307. Rotavirus is widespread throughout Western Australia, and is more frequently seen in non-Aborigines than in Aboriginal children. Two peaks in incidence were found each year at Kalgoorlie, but only one at Derby. 16.0023 SCHNAGL RD, HOLMES IH, MACKAY-SCOLLAY EM (1978). Coronavirus-like particles in Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals in Western Australia. MedicalJournal of Australia 1(6):307-309. Presence of coronaviruses in the faeces increasedwith age in Aboriginal children. Similar viruses were found in dogs living in Aboriginal communities.

1977 16.0024 BRAND JC, MILLER JJ, VORBACH EA, EDWARDS RA (1977). A trial of lactose hydrolysed milk in Australian Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2 S~ppl(4):lO-13. Aboriginal children from the Alice Springs region showed general lactose intolerance, which can be overcome by a disaccharide free diet. 16.0025 GARDINER AJ (1977). Gastroenteritis in Alice Springs. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(4):6-10.

Diseases of the digestive system 215

Serum electrolytes and haemoglobin were low in Aboriginal children admitted to Alice Springs hospital with gastroenteritis. The disease was complicated by malnutrition, and the presence of pathogens. 16.0026 MITCHELL JD, BRAND J, HALBISCH J (1977). Weight gain inhibition by lactose in Australian Aboriginal children. A controlled trial of normal and lactose hydrolysed milk. Lancet 1(8010):500-502. Infants fed lactose hydrolysed milk gained seventy per cent more weight than those receiving normal milk. Use of low lactose milk should be considered for nutritional aid programs for undernourished children. 16.0027 SCHNAGL RD, HOLMES IH, MOORE B, LEE P, DICKINSON-JONES F, GUST ID (1977).An extensive rotavirus outbreak in Aboriginal infants in central Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8):259-260. Faecal specimens were examined during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Alice Springs. Rotaviruswas detected in fifty-four percent of patients, with other viruses being detected in many cases.

16.0028 BATESON EM (1976). Duodenal ulcer - does it exist in Australian Aborigines? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 6(6):545-547. Duodenal ulcer is an uncommon disease in the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory. 16.0029 BATESON EM, MAHAJANI AS (1976). Volvulus of the transverse colon in an Australian Aboriginal. Medical Journal of Australia 2(6) .209-210. Describes a rare case of volvulus of the transverse colon in an elderly Aboriginal woman. 16.0030 BELL RG, TURNER KJ, GRACEY M, SUHARJONO, SUNOTO (1976). Serum and small intestinal immunoglobulin levels in undernourished children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29(4) :392-397. Measurementof intestinal immunoglobulin levels revealed no apparent deficiency in the capacity of undernourished children to produce and secrete gut immunoglobulins. 16.0031 JOSE DG, FORD GW, WELCH JS (1976). Therapy with parent's lymphocyte transferfactor in children with infection and malnutrition. Lancet1 (7954):263-266. Transfer factor prepared from lymphoid cells of a parent's blood was given to Aboriginal children aged two to forty six months, who had been in hospital with

216 Diseases of the digestive system

acute infection. This appeared to reduce the number of episodes of diarrhoea1 disease. 16.0032 WALKER AC, BLAKE G, DOWNING D (1976). A syndrome of partial intestinal obstruction due t o Strongyloides stercoralis. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(3):47-48. Three case reports of children with obstruction, indicating the method for its diagnosis, and treatment.

16.0033 ARAY M, SILINK SJ, NOBILES, WALKER-SMITH JA(1975). Bloodvitamin levels in children with gastroenteritis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 5(3):239-250. Depressed blood levels of total carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2 and B6. 16.0034 WALKER AC, BELLMAINE SP (1975). Severe alimentary bleeding associated with hookworrn infestation in Aboriginal infants. Medical Journal of Australia 1(24):751-752. Four case reports of severe alimentary bleeding associated with hookworm infections. 16.0035 WELCH JS, STUART JE (1975). A longitudinal study of parasite infections in 120 Queensland Aboriginal infants. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):14-16. Parasitological study over two-year period on infants at Cherbourg Aboriginal community.

16.0036 BURKE V, GRACEY M (1974). Diarrhoea in malnourished children. Australian Paediatric Journal 10:64-68. Pathogenesis of diarrhoea in malnourished children includes damage to small bowel epithelium, disaccharidase deficiency, and high incidence of intestinal infections and infestations. This corroborates evidence for the synergism of nutrition and infection. 16.0037 GRACEY M, HENDERSON R (1974). The use of a carbohydrate-free feeding formula in Australian Aboriginal children with chronic diarrhoea. Australian Paediatric Journal 1O(3): l 64-1 67. Theformula CFI was used successfullyto treat malnourished children with severe diarrhoea. This is related to sugar intolerance in Aborigines.

Diseases of the digestive system 217

16.0038 GRACEY M , STONE DE, SUHARJONO, SUNOTO (1974).Isolation of Candida speciesfrom the gastrointestinal tract in malnourished children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27(4):345-349. Candida spp were isolated more often from the gastrointestinal tract of malnourished than well nourished children. Species differences were related to nutritional status. 16.0039 GRACEY M, THOMAS J, SUHARJONO, HENDARDJI H (1974).Assessment of steatorrhoea in malnourished children. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics and Environmental Child Health 20(5):223-225.

Lipiodol may be used as a reasonable test for intestinal malabsorption in children. It is compared with stool fat excretion studies in malnourished Indonesian and Aboriginal children, and in well nourished Caucasians.

16.0040 COOLICAN R E (1973).A study of intestinal parasites amongst Aborigines. In: Coolican RE Australian rural practice. Australian Medical Association, Sydney: 67-76.

Survey of two Aboriginal groups in Bourke: town dwelling and reserve dwelling. Includes results of interviews with selected mothers about parasite infestations in their children. 16.0041 GRACEY M (1973). Enteric disease in young Australian Aborigines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 3(6):576-579.

Aboriginal children from Western Australia had high incidence of malnutrition, anaemia, lactose intolerance, and enteric pathogens. Diarrhoea1 illnesses were related to living conditions. 16.0042 GRACEY M , BOWER G (1973).Fatal diarrhoeal disease in Australian Aboriginal children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 3(3):255-259.

Evidence of malnutrition and fatty infiltration of the liver was found in thirteen Aboriginal infants who died of diarrhoeal disease. 16.0043 GRACEY M , STONE DE, SUHARJONO, SUNOTO (1973). Oropharyngeal microflora in malnourished children. Australian Paediatric Journal9:260-262.

Oropharyngeal secretions from malnourished children contained markedly increased numbers of faecal type bacteria in comparison with a group of well nourished children.

218 Diseases of the digestive system

16.0044 MOODIE PM (1973). Diseases of the digestive system. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 221-223.

Examines published data on morbidity due to diseases of the digestive system, excluding that covered in the section on infectious diseases. 16.0045 STUART JE, WELCH JS (1973). Trial of thiabendazole and viprynium embonate in combination for trichuriasis in Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2(22):1017-1019.

Thiabendazole and viprynium embonate had no effect on the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura in Aboriginal children at Cherbourg.

16.0046 GRACEY M, STONE DE (1972). Small-intestinal microflora in Australian Aboriginal children with chronic diarrhoea. Australian and NewZealandJournalof Medicine 2(3) :215-219.

Occurrence of increased small intestinal oral and faecal type aerobes in children with chronic diarrhoea may contribute to malabsorption and malnutrition. 16.0047 WALKER A (1972). Diarrhoea1 disease in Aboriginal children. In: The Australian Aboriginal child. Report of the first Australian Ross conference. Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales: 24-28.

A high incidence of diarrhoeal disease in Aboriginal children is associated with infections and parasites, and malnutrition. The clinical features of the disease and its management are discussed. 16.0048 WALKER AC, HARRY JG (1972).A survey of diarrhoeal disease in malnourished Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1(18):904-911.

Children admittedto Darwin Hospital from many centres in northern Australia had a high incidence of diarrhoea, related to malnutrition, parasitic diseases and lactose intolerance.

16.0049 WALKER-SMITH JA, REYE RD (1971). Small intestinal morphology in Aboriginal children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1(4):377-384.

A higher prevalenceof abnormal mucosae was found in Aboriginal childrenthan in Caucasians, although only one had appearances of coeliac disease. The latter responded to a gluten free diet.

Diseases of the digestive system 219

16.0050 HARRIS MJ, DUFFY BJ, BEVERIDGE J (1970). Studies on the small bowel of a group of New South Wales Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8):356-359.

Small bowel mucosal abnormalities which occur in Aboriginal children may be related to protein malnutrition and infection.

See also: 6.0024, 7.0021, 7.0070, 8.0040, 8.0042, 9.4036, 10.2024, 17.0028, 17.0036,22.3002, 22.3003, 22.3007, 22.6003.

17.0 DENTAL HEALTH 17.0001 BROWN T, ABBOTT A, BURGESS V (1983). Age changes in dental arch dimensions of Australian Aboriginals. American Journalof Physical Anthropology 62(3):291-303. Age changes conformed to previously described patterns in Caucasian children; breadth and depth changes relatively independent; marked disparity in arch breadths characterises alternate intercuspation. 17.0002 KELLY FJ, SIMMONS B (1983). Tooth decay and how to stop it. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(3):32. Cutting down on sweet things, use of flouride and toothbrushing are given as ways of reducing decay and gum disease.

17.0003 KAILIS D (1982). Partial fluoridation and reduction of dental caries in Groote Eylandt Aboriginal children, 1974-78. Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 2:25-30. Survey of dental caries before and after fluoridation of communal drinking water;

17.0004 RICHARDS LC, BROWN T (1981). Dental attrition and age relationships""in.' Australian Aboriginals. Archaeology in Oceania 16:94-98. No significant differences in first molar attrition with different location; no clear evidence of sex differences; reliable age estimates can be made using attrition data reported in this article. 17.0005 RICHARDS LC, BROWN T (1981). Dental attrition and degenerative arthritis of the temporornandibular joint. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 8:293-307. Reports extent and rate of occlusal attrition in relation to degenerative arthritis of the temporornandibular joint in pre-contact Aborigines. 17.0006 SCHAMSCHULA R (1981). Social causes of dental disease. World Health (June):26-29. Considers a number of factors reflected in the poor oral health status of Aborigines.

222 Dental health

17.0007 SCHAMSCHULA RG, COOPER MH, AGUS HM, UN PS (1981). Oral health of Australian children using surface and artesian water supplies. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 9:27-3 1. Oral health was examined in children in Goodooga (artesian water) and Brewarrina and Walgett (river water). Children drinking artesian water had forty per cent lower caries prevalence, and better oral health. Lithium may be a beneficial element in these differences.

17.0008 BROWN T, MARGETTS B, TOWNSEND GC (1980). Correlations between crown diameters of the deciduous and permanent teeth of Australian Aboriginals. Australian Dental Journal 25(4):219-223. Size associations for within-dentition comparisons stronger than those for between-dentition. 17.0009 SCHAMSCHULA RG, COOPER MH, ADKINS BL, BARMES DE, AGUS HM (1980). Oral conditions in Australian children of Aboriginal and Caucasian descent. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 8(7):365-369. Oral health parameters of school children in the Brewarrina and Walgett areas of New South Wales. 17.0010 SCHAMSCHULA RG, COOPER MH, AGUS HM (1980). Dental conditions of Aborigines in the Orana region of NSW. New Doctor 16:36-38. Impact of adverse conditions on oral health of Aborigines living in towns in northwestern New South Wales. 17.0011 SCHAMSCHULA RG, COOPER MH, WRIGHT MC, AGUS HM, UN PS (1980). Oral health of adolescent and adult Australian Aborigines. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 8(7) :370-374. Pilot survey of oral health of Aborigines resident in fringe settlements around far western New South Wales towns of Brewarrina and Walgett.

17.0012 BROWN T, JENNER JD, BARRETT MJ, LEES GH (1979). Exfoliation of deciduous teeth and gingival emergence of permanent teeth in Australian Aborigines. Occasional Papers in Human Biology 1:47-70. Study of dental development based on deciduous tooth exfoliation and gingival emergence of the permanent teeth in 121 boys and ninety girls from Yuendumu.

Dental health 223

17.0013 DUMMETT CO (1979). Dentistry for the underprivileged: seminar in conjunction with the New South Wales Health Commission. Australian Dental Journal 24(6):391-394. Oral health of Aborigines in New South Wales. 17.0014 KAILIS DG (1979).Australian Aboriginal studies. 1. The effect of socio-economic changes on the prevalence of caries in 6-1 4year-old children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1971. Australian Dental Journal 24(5):363-368. An analysis of the impact of socioeconomic changes, particularly dietary patterns, on childhood dental caries. 17.0015 KAILIS DG (1979). Groote Eylandt Studies 3. The influence of diet o n the prevalence of dental caries in Aboriginal children at Groote Eylandt, NT, Australia, 1973. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 4:118. Dietary changes, particularly increased consumption of refinedfoods, have led to a dramatic increase in dental caries. 17.0016 KUUSK S, BARRETT MJ (1979). Rotated maxillary central incisors. Occasional Papers in Human Biology 1 :39-46. A high frequency of bilateral central incisor rotation (bilateral winging seen in 17.8 per cent of 364 Aborigines) may be due to genetic factors. 17.0017 TOWNSEND GC, BROWN T (1979). Family studies of tooth size factors in the permanent dentition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50:183-190. Reports that most common variability in tooth size can be accounted for by factors representing mesiodistal size of anterior teeth, buccolingual size of anterior teeth, generalised size of premolars and molars. 17.0018 TOWNSEND GC, BROWN T (1979). Tooth size characteristics of Australian Aborigines. Occasional Papers in Human Biology 1 : l 7-38. Tooth size was measured in Yuendumu Aborigines. Male tooth size was greater than that of females, particularly for canine teeth, and males exhibited the greater variability in measurements.

17.0019 BROWN T (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2923-2934.

224 Dental health

Reports increasing dental decay among Aborigines and recommends provision of regular dental services, introduction of fluoridation programs, increase in health education and provision of better facilities for storage and preparation of food. 17.0020 BROWN T (1978).Tooth emergence in Australian Aboriginals. Annals of Human Biology5(1):41-54. Teeth emerged earlier in Aboriginal girls than in boys, and earlier emergence in Aboriginal than in Caucasian children. 17.0021 MARGETTS B, BROWN T (1978).Crown diameters of the deciduous teeth in Australian Aboriginals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48(4):493-502. Tooth size greater in males, but sexual dimorphism less markedthan in permanent teeth; extremes of tooth size more marked in deciduous than in permanent teeth. 17.0022 MONK M (1978). The health worker and the care of teeth. Aboriginal Health Worker 2(1):52-54. Discusses the role of diet, dental hygiene and fluoride in care of teeth and how the health worker can be involved in encouraging these measures. 17.0023 WARD J ( 1 978). Dental health for NSW Aboriginals. Aboriginal Quarterly1 (2):24. An outline of the achievements in provision of dental health care to Aborigines in New South Wales.

17.0024 HOMAN BT (1977). Changing periodontal status in a changing environment. Journal of Dental Research 56(Special Issue C):C46-54. Almost 100 per cent prevalence of periodontaldisease was found in Aborigines in the Bamyili and Yirrkala settlements, and notes deteriorationfrom earlier surveys.

17.0025 BARRETT MJ (1976).Growth study of Australian Aborigines. In: Barrett M J (ed) Dental observations on Australian Aborigines: collected papers and reports 1953-1973. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide: 263-279. The growth of Aboriginals at Yuendumu is being investigated in a longitudinal study. Characteristics being measured include body weight and height, skeletal maturation, and dental development. 17.0026 KAILIS DG, KAILIS SE, STEVENSON TS, WALL CJ (1976). Groote Eylandt studies. 2. Fluoridationof a small domestic water supply, CMS Angurugu mission,

Dental health 225

Groote Eylandt, NT, Australia. 1973-1 974. Australian 21 (4):327-333.

Dental Journal

A system is described for fluoridation of a small community water supply.

17.0027 PROFFIT WR (1975). Muscle pressures and tooth position: North American whites and Australian Aborigines. Angle Orthodontist 45(1):1-11. The form of the dental arch dictates the functional pattern of tongue and lips to a much greater extent than function alters form. 17.0028 PROFFIT WR, MCGLONE RE, BARRETT MJ (1975). Lip and tongue pressures related to dental arch and oral cavity size in Australian Aborigines. Journal of Dental Research 54(6):1161-1172. Oral cavity and dental arches of Australian Aborigines are larger than those of Caucasians, while the pharyngeal cavity is smaller. The Aboriginal tongue is neither unusually large nor strong. 17.0029 YULE AJ (1975). Dental health on Mornington Island. Australian Dental Journal 20(3):167-169. The prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, pathologic disorders and orthodontic problems were surveyed in children on Mornington Island.

17.0030 BOYD TP (1974). Fractures of the dento-facial skeleton in the Northern Territory. Australian Dental Journal 19(1):32-34. Reviews last ninety cases treated at the Darwin Dental Clinic, illustrating patterns of incidence, causes and treatment. 17.0031 BROWN T (1974). Dental decay in Aborigines. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 97-1 01. Dental decay among Aborigines living in settlements with particular reference to Yuendumu, central Australia.

17.0032 HOMAN BT, DAVIES GN (1973). An oral health survey of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in far North Queensland. Australian Dental Journal1 8(1):75-87.

226 Dental health

Prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases, plaque and calculus in Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Cape York Peninsula settlements, related to age and to diet. Generally poor dental health was documented. 17.0033 MOODIE PM (1973). Dental disease and disease of the oral cavity and jaws. In: Moodie PM Aboriginal health. Australian National University Press, Canberra: 224-228. General discussion of oral health in Aborigines. 17.0034 ROGERS AH (1973). The occurrence of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque of a group of Central Australian Aborigines. Australian Dental Journal 18(3):157-159. Finding of S. mutans in more than half the Aboriginal adolescents with active caries at Yuendumu supports likely cariogenic function.

17.0035 BARRETT MJ, WILLIAMSON JJ (1972). Oral health of Australian Aborigines; survey methods and prevalence of dental caries. Australian Dental Journal 17(1):37-50. Dental survey at Yuendumu, Northern Territory -the settlement, population and survey methods. 17.0036 WILLIAMSON JJ, BARRETT MJ (1972). Oral health of Australian Aborigines: endemic dental fluorosis. Australian Dental Journal 17(2):266-268. Thirty per cent of Aboriginal children surveyed at Yuendumu had moderate or severe fluorosis, related to exposure to fluoride in the water supply.

17.0037 ADKINS KF, CAMPBELL AF (1971). Focalepithelia1 hyperplasia: report of a case in an Australian Aborigine. Australian Dental Journal 16(5):315-318. Multiple, senile, smooth polyps on the oral mucosa of an Aboriginal woman. 1 7.0038 KAILIS DG (1971). Dental conditions observed in Australian Aboriginal children resident in Warburton and Cundeelee Missions, Western Australia (August, 1968). Australian Dental Journal 16(1):44-52.

Prevalence of dental caries, dental fluorosis and lactobacillus counts are relatedto diet and climaticfactors. The greater caries resistance in the Warburton children is related to water fluoride levels and specific dietary aspects.

Dental health 227

17.0039 KAILIS DG, SILVA DG (1971). Prevalence of dental caries in Australian Aboriginal children resident in Carnarvon, Western Australia. Australian Dental Journal 16(2):109-115.

Dental caries in Aboriginal children is compared with that found in Caucasian children.

17.0040 KAILIS DG, SILVA DG (1970). Occurrence of dental fluorosis in Australian Aboriginal children resident in Carnarvon, Western Australia. Australian Dental Journal 15:216-224.

Study shows a higher prevalence and severityof dental fluorosis in Aboriginal than Caucasian children; no significant differences were detected between full-blood and part-Aboriginal children.

17.0041 BARRETT MJ (1969). Functioning occlusion. Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons 2:68-80.

An increased occurrence of malocclusion traits and oral and dental diseases in Aborigines results from reduced environmental stress placed on the teeth and masticatory process.

See also: 7.0052, 22.1 010, 22.3009, 22.3012, 22.3018, 22.3019,

18.0 DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM 18.0001 GRIM E B (1984). Kidney survey. Aboriginal Health Worker 8(3) :28-30. Reports the results of a mass screening program for diabetes, obesity, kidney disease and hypertension in South Australia.

18.0002 GOGNA NK, NOSSAR V, WALKER AC (1983). Epidemic of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in Aboriginal communities. Medical Journal of Australia 1:64-66. A mild epidemic of nephritis in the top end, Northern Territory was preceded by a streptococcal infection.

18.0003 ADSETT DB (1982). Urinary calculi in children of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Australian Paediatric Journal 18:283-285. The incidence of urinary calculi in Aboriginal children is related to geographic locations, age, and sex. The composition of the calculi is examined.

18.0004 WISNIEWSKI ZS, BROCKIS JG, RYAN GD (1981). Urinary bladder stones in Aboriginal children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 51 (3):292-295. Urinary bladder stones in Aboriginal children are initiated by ammonium acid urate precipitation, which in turn is related to supplementation of breast feeding with white flour and little else.

18.0005 WEBLING DD (1980). Genito-urinary infectionswith Pseudomonaspseudomallei in Australian Aboriginals. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74(1):138-139. The relationship between melioidosis and pseudomonal infections is discussed in relation to transmission of the disease.

18.0006 KAMIEN M (1977). Concealed illnesses. Part 11. Infections of the urine and kidneys. Aboriginal Health Worker 1(2):8-10.

230 Diseases of the genito-urinary system

Discusses reasons why kidney diseases and diabetes are so common among Aborigines, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

18.0007 SCHULTZ P, LINES DR (1975). Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in an Australian Aboriginal kindred. Humangenetik 26(1):79-85. Four Aboriginal infantswith nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are described. A new genetic mutation was thought responsible for the condition.

19.0 SKIN DISEASES 19.0001 GOGNA NK, LEE KC, HOWE DW (1985). Norwegian scabies in Australian Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 142:140-142, Three cases of the rare variant, Norwegian scabies, are reported.

19.0002 WALDER B, BERAN D (1982). Billy Reid's sore skins: for Aboriginal health workers and others. Aboriginal Health Worker, Matraville, New South Wales, 84PP. Skin disorders - a guide for Aboriginal health workers.

19.0003 GREEN AC (1978). Skin diseases in Australian Aborigines. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2844-2849. Comments on prevalence and causes of skin diseases in Aborigines and recommends improved training of medical staff, publication of a handbook on skin diseases of Aborigines, standardisation of treatment, more use of laboratory facilities in diagnosis and greater involvement of dermatologists.

19.0004 GREEN AC, KAMINSKI GW (1977). Australian Aborigines and their dermatophytes. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 18(3) :132-1 36. The dermatophytes responsible for ringworm in Aborigines are different from those isolated from other races in Australia, with implications for treatment. 19.0005 KAMINSKI W, GREEN AC (1977). Tinea capitis in Aboriginal children at Maningrida, Northern Territory, Australia: a variant of Microsporum canis. Australasian Journal of Dermatology l8(2):88-97. A high prevalence of tinea capitis was found at Maningrida, caused by avariant of M. canis. No cases of the disease were found in Darwin or at other settlements visited in Arnhem Land.

19.0006 FREY D, LEWIS MB (1976). Mycetoma of the scalp in an Aboriginal child. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 17:7-9.

232 Skin diseases

Describes a white grain mycetoma and its association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. 19.0007 NUTTING WB, GREEN AC (1976). Pathogenesis associated with hair follicle mites (demodex spp.) in Australian Aborigines. British Journal of Dermatology 94(3):307-312. An examination of the possible pathogenicity of hair follicle mites.

19.0008 CHARTERS AD (1975). A review of tropical skin diseases seen in Western Australia, 1966-1 973. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 16(2):83-87. The occurrence of skin diseases in Western Australian Aborigines, with some case histories provided.

19.0009 NUTTING WB, GREEN AC (1974). Hair follicle mites (Acari: Demodicidae) from Australian Aborigines. Australasian Journalof Dermatology 15(1):10-14. The recovery rate of mites of the Demodex species from Aborigines living at Amata, South Australia indicated the presence of a well established infestation. Authors point out the need to remember the disputed significance of the Demodex species in considering skin disorders in Aborigines.

19.0010 GREEN AC, KAMINSKI GW (1973). Trichophyton rubrum infections in Northern Territory Aborigines. Australasian Journalof Dermatology 14(3):101-120. Tinea is endemic in the high rainfall areas. The clinical, mycological and histological findings are described.

19.0011 LENDON AH, BENNETT RC (1972). Malignant melanoma in an Aboriginal. Medical Journal of Australia 2(27):1486-1487. Case report from South Australia.

1971 19.0012 GREEN LM (1971). The distribution of eccrine sweat glands of Australian Aborigines. Australasian Journal of Dermatology l2(3): l 43-1 48.

Skin diseases 233

Eccrine sweat glands of Aborigines and Caucasians are about equal in number, but the former have largerglands, fewer sebaceous glands, and fewer body hairs.

19.0013 FREY D, DURIE EB (1970). Deep mycoses reported from Australia and New Guinea during the years 1956 to 1969. Medical Journalof Australia 2:1117-1123. Eighty-six reports of cryptococcosis; four cases of histoplasmosis; one unconfirmed report of coccidioidomycosis; some of these deep fungal infections should be made notifiable.

See also: 3.1018.

20.0 DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 20.0001 BATESON EM, LABROOY T (1983). The Aboriginal fracture. Australasian Radiology 27(1):45-49. A high incidence of isolated fractures of the ulnar shaft is recorded in Aboriginal patients. Discusses the aetiology and describes the radiological appearances of these fractures. 20.0002 TAYLOR JR (1983). Scoliosis screening in the Kimberleys [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 1(8):352. Survey of prevalence of scoliosis in Aboriginal and Caucasian schoolchildren in Kimberley region using 'forward bending test'. Lower prevalence in Aborigines may be due to genetic reasons rather than environmental stress. 20.0003 BLOOR G, RIGBY RJ, RICHMOND JM, ZILKO PJ, DAWKINS RL (1982). Systemic lupus erythematosus in Australian Aborigines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 12(5):553. Systemic lupus erythematosus appears to be more frequent and more severe for Aborigines than for Caucasians. 20.0004 SOLOW B, BARRETT MJ, BROWN T (1982). Craniocervical morphology and posture in Australian Aboriginals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59(1):33-45. Reports on comparisonof head posture and craniofacial morphology in Aborigines with sample of Danish students.

20.0005 GRAVE KC, BROWN T (1979). Reliability of skeletal age assessment in Aborigines. Occasional Papers in Human Biology 1:87-94. Skeletal age assessments revealed delayed development in Aboriginal children. The atlas method of rating skeletal development was appropriate.

20.0006 PEARN J (1978). 'Ring the bell and win a cigar'. Some early experiments on the measurement of human strength in Port Jackson and Van Diemen's Land. Medical Journal of Australia 2(4):167-1 69.

236 Diseases of the musculoskeletalsystem

A test of strength for arms and thighs applied to Caucasians and Aborigines around 1800 AD.

20 0007 BATESON EM, RODE J (1977) The pitted Aboriginal skull Radiological appearances and resemblance to myelomatosis Australasian Radiology 21(2) 112-115. Translucent areas in the radiographs of Aboriginal skulls may be producedby pits due to arachnoid granulations The changes resemble those seen in myelomatosis.

20 0008 HACKETT CJ (1975) An introduction to diagnostic criteria of syphilis, treponarid and yaws (treponematoses)in dry bones, and some implications VirchowsArchiv A. Pathological Anatomy and Histology 368(3)229-241 Diagnostic criteria of syphilis and other diseases from a study of crania, calvariae and long bones

21.0 OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1983 21 0001 CALLOPE A, RAINBOW S (1983) Pap smears in Normanton Aboriginal Health Worker 7(2) 5-8 Pap smear campaign and follow up survey possible only because women, hospital and health team worked together 21 0002 JULIENNEA (1983) Perinatal risk factors amongst Aborigines in rural New South Wales Aboriginal Health Project Information Bulletin 4 12-1 3 Summarises results from a survey of perinatal morbidity in rural New South Wales in 1981 21 0003 STREATFIELD RW (1983) Primary health care approach to maternal and child health services for Aboriginal and Islander communities, Queensland Master of Public Health thesis, University of Sydney, 166pp Surveys perinatal statisticsfor Aborigines in Western Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory and Queensland Considers birth rate trends, mean birthweight, maternal and infant nutrition, pregnancy, maternal and child health services

1982 21 0004 NATOLI M (1982) Cultural influences on birth practices in northern Australia amongst Aboriginals Australasian Nurses Journal 11(5) 12-1 3 An account of birth practices at Port Keats, Northern Territory

21 0005 NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1981) Report on maternaldeathsin Australia 1976-78 Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 37pp Maternal mortality and its causes Includes brief section on Aboriginal maternal mortality 21 0006 COX JW (1981) The antenatal and perinatal characteristics of socioeconomically depressed caucasians Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 21 20-23 Compares antenatal and obstetrical risk factors of Aboriginal, part-Aboriginal and Caucasian women in Cunnamulla, Queensland

238 Obstetrics and gynaecology

21 0 0 0 7 SEWARD JF, STANLEY FJ (1981) Comparison of births to Aboriginal and Caucasian mothers in Western Australia Medical Journalof Australia 2(2)-80-84 Live births and stillbirths to Aboriginal and Caucasian mothers, 1975-1978.

21 0008 NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1979) Report on maternaldeaths in Australia 1973-75 Australian Government PublishingService, Canberra, 40pp. Reports total population incidence and causes of maternal deaths with comments on assessment of avoidable factors four deaths in Aboriginal women are mentioned

21 0009 CONNON AF (1976) A comparative investigation of cervical cytology in Central Australian full-blooded Aboriginal women. Medical Journal of Australia l ( 1 4 ) 476-478 Aboriginal women had a higher proportion of normal cervices than the general population, both by inspection and by microscopic examination of cervical cells

21 0010 FLEMING AF, MARTIN JD, STENHOUSE NS (1974). Pregnancy anaemia, iron and folate deficiency in Western Australia Medical Journal of Australia 2(13) 479-484 Includes reference to Aboriginal women, who had particularly low levels.

21.001 1 CUMMINS CJ (1973) Review of maternal deaths in New South Wales from eclampsia and severe preeclampsia - 1961 to 1969 Medical Journal of Australia 1 342-345 Eclampsia and preeclampsia were more common in older women of high parity with preexisting hypertensionand renal disease, who were also obese, and with a multiple pregnancy 21.001 2 MARTIN JD (1980) The obstetric performance of an urban Australian Aboriginal population In-Karim S, Tar KL (eds) Problems in perinatology. Proceedings of 1st Asia Oceania Congress of Perinatology. MTP Press, Lancaster 216-221.

Obstetrics and gynaecology 239

Differences in obstetric problems between urban Aborigines and Caucasian populations of Western Australia

See also. 4 0022,7 0002,8 0004,9 4007,22 4004,22 5002,22 5017

22.1 HEALTH EDUCATION 22.1001 HORWOOD JM, WALLACE FJ, CAMPBELL C (1983). A model of food valuesfor two Australian cultures. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 81157-160. An adaptation of the Australian food group system to incorporate bushfoods. The model has been used in nutrition education in Queensland.

22.1 002 SHELLEY C (1982). Nutrition education in the Northern Territory. Journalof Food and Nutrition 39(2):81-85. The dietitian's role in nutrition programs in the Northern Territory with particular reference to Aboriginal health worker training.

22.1 003 DOWD T, SHARP G (1981). Elliott Health Program. Aboriginal Health Worker 5(4):49-60. Health education program in a school and its client community at Elliott, Northern Territory. 22.1004 SHELLEY C, LAMPRELL V, LION R (1981). Tucker today. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 6:122. Details of afilm showing nutrition education activities by Aboriginal health workers.

22.1 005 STACY S (1978). Who should learn what? Health education amongst traditionally oriented Aborigines. New Doctor8:42-44. Health education for the Pitjantjatjara people of central Australia. 22.1006 STACY S (1978). Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2314-2323. Argues that health education information is not accepted by Aborigines who have their own view of health, and therefore the education has no impact on health behaviour.

242 Health education

22.1 007 STACY S (1978). What do we mean by subjective data? An analysis of a health education programme in Alice Springs. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 2324-2337. Argues that health education programs should take into account the Aboriginal understanding of health as well as current scientific knowledge.

22.1008 Stacy S (1977). Nutrition education: a point of view. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 2:17-20. Nutrition education amongst Aborigines. 22.1009 STACY S (1977). What do we mean by subjective data? Australian Nurses Journal 6(8) :34-38. Evaluation of Institute for Aboriginal Development's health education program. 22.1010 WARD J (1977). Aboriginal dental health education programme. Dental Outlook (April):2-3. Dental health education.

22.1011 SOONG FS, FEJO W (1976). Health education approaches in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory: what we have learned. Medical Journalof Australia 2 Suppl(3):l-5. Lessons learnt in health education programs in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory.

22.1 012 SOONG FS (1975). Health education as a means of improvingAboriginal health: a study of the nurse's role. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):4-8. Perceptionsof nurses on approaches to Aboriginal health education and their own health education roles.

22.1013 DOWNING JH (1974). Health education in Alice Springs. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds). Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar

Health education 243

at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 191-200. The work of the Institute for Aboriginal Development in Alice Springs, and solution for widespread, chronic health status of Aborigines. 22.1014 JANS J (1974). Health education in Victoria. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Better health for Aborigines? Report of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 201-203. Brief statement concerning Victorian Government's aim of replacing Aboriginal dependence with self-reliance, and the opportunities that are developing to enable this to eventuate. 22.1 015 TILLEY E (1974). Prevention of undernutrition in Aboriginal children. Australian Nurses Journal 4(3):37,40.

Describes attempt to develop a program in nutritionaleducation among women at Maningrida, Northern Territory. 22.1016 WILSON DJ (1974).Training health workers for future programmes. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, LippmannL, Eggleston E (eds) Betterhealth forAborigines?Reportofa seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 124-1 26, Short paper outlining need to educate and train people working in Aboriginal health areas.

22.1017 LAWTON DW (1973). Nurses at work: attaining the point of need. Australian Nurses Journal 3(1):5-7. Experiment of Yirrkala Northern Territory involving programs of the Infant Health Centre.

See also: 2.3208, 2.3422,3.1023, 6.0002,7.0007, 7.0031, 9.4024.

22.2 PSYCHOLOGY 22.2001 DAVIDSON GR (1980). Psychology and Aborigines: the place of research. Australian Psychologist 15(1):111-121. Involvement of Aborigines in psychological research, the relevance of research for Aboriginal communities, and the availability of research findings to participants. 22.2002 SEAGRIM G, LENDON R (1980). Furnishing the mind: a comparative study of cognitive development in CentralAustralian Aborigines. Academic Press, Sydney, 242pp. Examines development of logical thinking in Aboriginal children at Hermannsburg.

22.2003 CAWTE J (1978). Mockery for the ancestors: the dynamics of disrespect in Aboriginal society. Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1(2):211-222. Mockery of ancestors may be a necessary part of intergenerational conflict, to ensure it is possible to live with the idea of an all powerful ancestor or elder.

22.2004 VAUGHAN I (1977). Aboriginal health: care without dependency. In: National Alcohol and Drug Dependence Multidisciplinary Institute 77. Australian Foundation on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Canberra: 100-1 05. The concept of dependency is discussed in general terms in relationship to Aboriginal health care.

22.2005 DUGDALE AE, LESINA J, LOVELL S, PRESTWOOD U, LEWIS AN (1975). Influence of nutrition and social conditions on school performance of Aboriginal children. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(3):l-6. Relationships between nutrition, disease, hearing loss, social factors, school performance, and results of a simple non-verbal intelligence test in a group of children at the Woorabinda Aboriginal settlement in Queensland. 22.2006 SEAGRIM GN (1975). Cultural deprivation and intellectual development among Aboriginal children. In: Pilowsky I (ed) Cultures in collision. Australian National Association for Mental Health, Adelaide: 349-353.

246 Psychology

Describes study of intellectual performance of Aboriginal children at Hermannsburg, central Australia. Analyses reasons why Aboriginal children appear to derive s o little benefit from schooling. These include: low motivationand community interest; unquestioning attitude; group, rather than individual, ethic. 22.2007 HORNE DJ DE LA (1974). Intelligence of Western Desert Aboriginal and migrant primary schoolchildren. Medical Journal of Australia 2(9):334. Aboriginal children performed more poorly on an intelligence test than did children from an inner urban primary school in Melbourne. Aboriginal males performed better than Aboriginal females. Results pointed to inadequacies in formal education of Aborigines. 22.2008 KERRC (1974).Cultural interaction in Aboriginal education: dreamtime in Bourke. Medical Journal of Australia 1(11) :395-397. Strong criticism of the Bourke pre-school enrichment experiment. 22.2009 NURCOMBE B (1974). Cultural identity: race intelligence and education: a reply. Medical Journal of Australia 1(11):397-402. Further discussion of the issues involved in the question of Aboriginal intelligence; refers to Bourke Aboriginal pre-school. 22.201 0 KERR C (1973). Aboriginal intelligence. Medical Journal of Australia 2(16) 1788-789. Criticises experimental nature of Bourke New South Wales Aboriginal pre-school. 22.2011 KERR C (1973). Race, intelligence and education - continued. Medical Journalof Australia l(4): 199-201. Review article of Jensen's views that intelligence is substantially genetically determined. 22.2012 NURCOMBE B, DE LACEY P, MOFFIT P, TAYLOR L (1973). The question of Aboriginal intelligence:the first three years of the Bourke preschool experiment. Medical Journal of Australia 2(13):625-630. Discusses alleged genetically determineddifference in intelligence between racial groups and comments on experimental pre-school at Bourke, New South Wales. 22.2013 SEAGRIM GN, LENDON R (1973). Malnutrition and intellectual development in Aboriginal children [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(18):46.

Psychology 247

Detailedletter suggesting that poor performance by Aboriginal children on testsfor conceptual and reasoning development is not necessarily related to malnutrition. 22.2014 SEAGRIM GN, LENDON R (1973). Intellectualdevelopmentof Aboriginal children [letter]. Medical Journal of Australia 2(18):867.

Correspondence pertaining to the argument about genetic differences and intellectual performance between Caucasian and Aboriginal groups.

22.201 5 NURCOMBE B (1970). Precausal and paracausal thinking: concepts of causality in Aboriginal children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 4(1) :70-81.

Determines whether precausal thinking can be found in preadolescent Aboriginal children. Based on field work at EIcho Island, Arnhem Land.

See also: 1.0100, 6.0026, 8.0049, 13.3021.

22.3 GENETIC STUDIES 22.3001 KAMBOH Ml, KIRWOOD C (1984). Genetic polymorphism of thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) in the Pacific area. American Journal of Human Genetics 36:646-654. Aborigines, East Asians and Indians did not demonstrate an electrophoretic slow variant of thyroxin binding globulin (TBG 5) which has been found in black Africans previously, and was observed in this study in Melanesian, Polynesian, Micronesian and Indonesian populations.

22,3002 BRAND JC, DARNTON-HILL 1, GRACEY M, SPARGO RM (1983). Primary low lactase activity in Aboriginal children [abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 8:168. Lactose malabsorption in Aboriginal children. 22.3003 BRAND JC, GRACEY MS, SPARGO RM, DUTTON SP (1983). Lactose malabsorption in Australian Aborigines. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37(3) 1449-452. A high proportion of healthy adult Aborigines in the Kimberley region were lactose malabsorbers. 22.3004 WALKER SH (1983). Race associated differences in drinking behaviour. Australian Paediatric Journal 19:165-167. Aboriginal children drank more during oral rehydration programs than non-Aboriginal children.

22,3005 CLARK P (1982). Alpha-1-protease inhibitor phenotypes i n Australia. Human Heredity 32:225-227. PIM2 allelefrequency high in Aborigines: S allele higher inone group of Aborigines than in controls; Z allele absent in northern Aborigines; low frequencies of PIF and PIX alleles. 22.3006 JONES GL, SHAW DC (1982). A polymorphic variant of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I with a widespread distribution in Australian Aborigines, CA1 Australia-9' (8 Asp-Gly): purification, properties, amino acid substitution, and

250 Genetic studies

possible physiological significance of the variant enzyme. Biochemical Genetics 20(9-10) :943-977. Detailed discussion of this enzyme variant and possible physiological importance.

22.3007 BRAND JC, GRACEY M, SPARGO RM, DUTTON S (1981). Primary low lactase activity in Australian Aboriginals [abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Societyof Australia 6:lOO. Prevalence of primary hypolactasia was similar to that of most other non-white population groups throughout the world. 22.3008 KIRK RL (1981). Differentiation: time, space and culture. In: Kirk RL Aboriginal man adapting: the human biology of Aboriginal Australia. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 110-1 34. Discusses blood genetic markers, genes and microevolution, the diversity of language, genetic relationships with populations outside Australia and the time scale involved in evolution. 22.3009 TOWNSEND GC, BROWN T (1981). The Carabelli trait in Australian Aboriginal dentition. Archives of Oral Biology26:809-914. Examines frequency of Carabelli trait in Yuendumu children in the Northern Territory.

22.301 0 BHATIA KK (1980). Factors affecting electromorph mutation rates in man: an analysis of data from Australian Aborigines. Annals of Human B/blogy7(1):45-54. An analysis of electromorph mutation rate in relation to molecular size and structure, subunit size and subunit number. 22.3011 BROWN T, LAMBERT W, PINKERTON SK (1980). Brachymesophalangia-5 in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Human Biology 52(4):651-659. Incidence 2.8 per cent in males, 3.2 per cent in females, which is similar to those reported for other populations. 22.301 2 BROWN T, MARGETTS B, TOWNSEND GC (1980). Comparison of mesiodistal crown diameters of the deciduous and permanent teeth in Australian Aboriginals. Australian Dental Journal 25(1):28-33. Size relationships between mesiodistal crown diameters of corresponding deciduous and permanent teeth similar in Aborigines and Caucasians.

Genetic studies 251

22.3013 BHATIA KK, BLAKE NM, KIRK RL (1979). The frequency of private electrophoretic variants in Australian Aborigines and indirect estimates of mutation rate. American Journal of Human Genefics 31 :731-740. Electrophoretic variants of enzymes were used to obtain estimation of mutation rates in the Walbiri Aborigines of central Australia. Methods for calculating mutation rates are compared. 22.301 4 BIRDSELL JB, SIMMONS RT, GRAYDON JJ (1979). Microdifferentiation in blood group frequencies among twenty-eight adjacent Aboriginal tribal isolates in Western Australia. Occasional Papers in Human Biology 2:l-38. Gene frequencies are marked by a high degree of microdifferentiation, with the range of frequencies for the twenty-eight tribes examined resembling those found among the totality of populations in Europe and Asia.

1978 22.301 5 BLAKE NM (1978). Genetic variants of carbonic anhydrase in the Asian-Pacific area. Annals of Human Biology 5(6):557-568. Two new polymorphisms of carbonic anhydrase present across the Australian continent, while a remaining one restricted to members of a single linguistic group in Arnhem Land. 22.301 6 BLAKE NM, KIRK RL (1978). Widespread distribution of variant forms of carbonic anhydrase in Australian Aboriginals. Medical Journal of Australia 1(4):183-185. Three distinctive genes which control variants of carbonic anhydrase were detected in tests on nearly 3,000 Aborigines from various parts of Australia. 22.301 7 TAYLOR HR, HOLLOWS FC, HOPWOOD JJ, ROBERTSON EF (1978). Report of a mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in Australian Aborigines. Journal of Medical Genefics 15(6):455-461. The first reported cases of mucopolysaccharidosis in Aborigines. The origin of the gene was traced through a pedigree. 22.301 8 TOWNSEND GC, BROWN T (1978). Heritability of permanent tooth size. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49 :497-504. Concludes that sixty-four per cent of total variabilityof permanent tooth size is due to genetic factors and a further six per cent to common environment. 22.3019 TOWNSEND GC, BROWN T (1978). Inheritance of tooth size in Australian Aboriginals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48:305-314.

252 Genetic studies

Results suggest polygenic inheritance of tooth size with no evidence of sex chromosome involvement. 22.3020 WHITE N (1978).A human ecology research project in the Arnhem Land Region: an outline. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter 9:39-52. Summarises results of an investigation into genetic variation and genetic relationships among Aboriginal groups. Analyses gene flow patterns.

22.3021 ANGELL R (1973). The chromosomes of Australian Aborigines. In: Kirk RL (ed) The human biology of Aborigines in Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 103-1 09. The Y-chromosome of Aborigines is shorter than that of non-Aboriginal Australians. Other chromosome differences are discussed. 22.3022 CROSS RA, YORK TJ, ALPERS MP (1973). Leucocyte antigens of Aboriginal Australians. Human Biology in Oceania 2(1):l 7-22. Histocompatibility typing is used in the genetic characterisation of Aboriginal populations of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Thursday Island. The HL-A antigens differ in frequency between populations. 22.3023 FORBES JF, BASHIR H, CROSS R, ALPERS M, TING A, MORRIS PJ (1973). Leucocyte antigen studies in Australia and New Guinea. In: Kirk RL (ed) The human biology of Aborigines in Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 95-1 02. HL-A typing reveals striking racial differences in gene frequencies between Aborigines, New Guineans and Singaporeans. Differences also documented between different Aboriginal groups. 22.3024 KIRK RL (1973). Genetic studies of Cape York populations. In: Kirk RL (ed) The human biology of Aborigines in Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 25-36. Gene frequency studies of red cell enzymes, blood groups, and blood proteins suggest an ancestral common gene pool between Australian Aborigines and New Guineans. Gene frequencies are used to construct a phylogenetic tree for populations of Aborigines. 22.3025 SIMMONS RT (1973). Blood group genetic studies in the Cape York area. In: Kirk RL (ed) The human biology of Aborigines in Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 13-24.

Genetic studies 253

Gene frequencies for blood groups for Aboriginal populations in the Cape York area are related to geographic location, and to the origins of the population. 22.3026 SIMMONS RT (1973). The Australian Aborigines of Bentinck and Mornington Islands [letter], American Journal of Human Genetics 25(6):687-690. Details of Gm and Inv allotypes, and other genetic markers.

22.3027 BASHIR HV, MACQUEEN JM, AMOS DB, GUINAN JJ, JOHNSTON JM, BROTHERTON JV, BOETTCHER B, ASHTON GJ (1972). A study of the HL-A system in an Australian Aboriginal population. In: Dausset J, Colombani J (eds) Histocompatibility testing 1972 (report of an international workshop and conference held at Evian, France. 23-27 May 1972). Munksgaard, Copenhagen: 311-31 6. Incidence of HL-A antigen in Walbiri Aborigines in the Northern Territory shows considerable variation between communities. 22.3028 CROSS RA, ALPERS MP, YORKTJ, DAVEY MG, POLLARD M, KIRK RL, BLAKE NM, MCDERMID EM, LAW W, MORRIS PJ (1972). Studies of HL-A in Australian Aborigines. In: Histocompatibility Testing 1972 (report of an international workshop andconference held at Evian, France, 23-27May 1972). Munksgaard, Copenhagen: 303-31 0. Differenceswere found between Aboriginal populations in the frequency of HL-A antigens. Populations were studied in the Western Desert, Northern Territory and Thursday Island. 22.3029 CURTAIN CC, VAN LOGHEM E, FUDENBERG HH, TINDALE NM, SIMMONS RT, DOHERTY RL, VOS G (1972). Distribution of the immunoglobulin markers at the lgG1, lgG2, lgG3, lgA2 and kappa-chain loci in Australian Aborigines: comparison with New Guinea populations. American Journalof Human Genetics 24(2):145-155. Weipa and Bentinck Island Aborigines had a high frequency of Gm, which may have arisen by a combination of gene flow from New Guinea, and genetic drift. Studies of immunoglobulins reveal information about the anthropology of races. 22.3030 KIRK RL (1972). Genetic diversity among Aborigines. In: The Australian Aboriginal child. Report of the first Australian Ross conference. Ross Laboratories, Cronulla, New South Wales: 99-111. Aboriginal populations around Australia show different gene frequencies for blood groups, blood proteins, and blood enzymes.

254 Genetic studies

22.303 1 KIRK RL, SANGHVI LD, BALAKRISHNAN V (1972).A further study of genetic distance among Australian Aborigines: nine tribes in the Northern Territory. Human Genetics 14:95-102. Genetic distance relationships among Aborigines in Northern Territory. Investigation of blood types, serum proteins and enzyme groups. 22.3032 MCDERMID EM, CLEVE H (1972).Acomparison of the fast migrating GC-variant of Australian Aborigines, New Guinean Indigenes,South African Bantu, and Black Americans. Human Heredity 22 (3):249-253. The fast migrating GC variant seems identical in the races tested, and may represent the same mutation. 22.3033 KIRK RL, BLAKE NM, MOODIE PM, TIBBSGJ (1971).Populationgeneticstudies in Australian Aborigines of the Northern Territory. The distribution of some serum protein and enzyme groups among populationsat various localitiesin the Northern Territory of Australia. Human Biology Oceania 1(1):54-76. Genetic variation was investigated in eighteen localities in the Northern Territory, for two serum protein systems and for five red cell enzyme systems. Phenotype distributions and gene frequencies were determined for each locality. 22.3034 MAXWELL GM (1971). Rarity of mucoviscidosis in Australian Aborigines [letter], Lancet1(710):1190. While respiratory disease was common in Aborigines, there was no evidence of mucoviscidosis in those admitted to the Adelaide Children's Hospital between 1952 and 1968. 22.3035 MCDERMID EM (1971).Variants in human serum albumin and caeruloplasmin in populations from Australia, New Guinea, South Africa and India. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 49:309-312. Caeruloplasminvariation was rare amongst Aborigines. The frequencyof the CpA gene was 0.002 in Aborigines. No serum albumin variants were found in Aborigines. 22.3036 SIMMONS RT, GRAYDON JJ (1971). Population genetic studies in Australian Aborigines of the Northern Territory. Blood group genetic studies on populations sampled at 16 localities including Arnhem Land and Groote Eylandt. Human Biology Oceania l ( 1 ):23-53. Various blood group gene frequencies are presented and discussedfor Aborigines in sixteen localities in the NorthernTerritory. Also reported are the blood groups for an Aboriginal family with an albino child.

Genetic studies 255

22.3037 SIMMONS RT (1970). The apparent absence of the Diego (Di-a) and the Wright (Wr-a) blood group antigens in Australian Aborigines and in New Guineans. Vox Sanguinis 19 :533-53 6. Both Diego and Wright bloodgroup antigens appeared to be absent from the blood of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans.

22.3038 MCNULTY EC, BARRETT MJ, BROWN T(1968). Mesh diagram analysis of facial morphology in young adult Australian Aborigines. Australian Dental Journal 13(6)1440-446. Reports sex difference in the height and depth of craniofacial structures but no marked differences, apart from females being slightly more prognathic, in shape and proportion of structures.

See also: 1.0041, 7.0069, 10.2004, 10.2008, 10.2015, 10.2017, 10.2039, 17.0001, 17.0017.

22.4 WOMEN'S HEALTH 22.4001 COABY C (1983). Obesity in Aboriginal women. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(1):48-59.

Poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyle contribute to obesity and ill health in Aboriginal women; management of obesity must take into account low literacy, low income and low self image.

22.4002 KOUTSOUNADISV (1980).Drug abuse amongst migrant and Aboriginal women in Australia. Aboriginal Health Worker 4(2):5-10.

Use of drugs and alcohol due to stresses of migration, working and living environments, poverty and cultural differences.

22.4003 Aboriginal women's health (1978). In: Women's health in a changing society. Volume5:problemsofisolation.Commonwealth Departmentof Health, Canberra: 131-1 69.

Discussionfrom conference session about health amongst Aboriginal women. 22.4004 SYKES B (1978).White doctors and black women. New Doctor8:33-35.

Educating the medical profession about the black community could assist in overcoming barriers between white doctors and black women.

22.4005 Health of Aboriginal women in a changing society [comment] (1976). Medical Journal of Australia 1(4)77-78.

Comments on health status of traditional Aboriginal women in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

See also: 3.1 059.

22.5 FAMILY PLANNING 22.5001 MADILL B (1983). Family planning in central Australia. Aboriginal Health Worker 7(3)40-42. Reports widespread knowledge and acceptance of family planning in Aboriginal communities of central Australia; IUDs are favoured.

22.5002 GRAY A (1982). The falling birthrate. Aboriginal Health Worker6(4):3-6. Reports views of women in three communities on birth control; concludes most women know about birth control, and most want advice from a doctor ratherthan a nurse or health worker.

22.5003 SAMISONI MT, SAMISONI Jl (1980). Family planning in urban Aboriginal and Islander communities. Australian Nurses Journalg(8):39-43. Surveys use of family planning among Aboriginal and Islanderwomen in Brisbane. 22.5004 SAMISONI MT, SAMISONI Jl (1980). Family planning in urban Aboriginal and Islander communities. Australian Nurses Journal9(9):45-50. Survey of family planning and contraceptive practices of Aboriginal and Islander women in Brisbane.

22.5005 REID J (1979). 'Women's Business': cultural factors affecting the use of family planning services in an Aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):l-4. Attitudes of women in an Aboriginal community towards family size, spacing and planning. 22.5006 REID J, GURRUWIWI M (1979). Attitudes towards family planning among the women of a Northern Australian Aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(2):5-7. Women's attitudes in an Aboriginal community towards child bearing, family spacing, family size, and their opinions about the methods of contraceptionwhich were offered by the health services.

260 Family planning

22.5007 KAMIEN M (1978). Family planning. In: Kamien M The dark people of Bourke: a study of planned social change. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 219-233. Survey of attitudes to family planning and the inception of a family planning service.

22.5008 CAVALLARO M (1977). A service for Aboriginals. Australasian Nurses Journal 7(2):27. Aboriginal health worker talks about her role in family planning. 22.5009 CAVALLARO M (1977). Family planning within the Aboriginal community. Australasian Nurses Journal6(10):21-22. Promoting the concept of family planning.

22.5010 CONNON AF (1975). Family planning among Aborigines. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(3):17-19. Women's business inAborigina1society with special reference to customs relating to family planning. 22.5011 FORSTER L, CAWTE J (1975). Family health in tribal Aborigines: the use of the vernacular 'KAP' test. Medical Journal of Australia 2 Suppl(4):27-32. Results of a pilot study made with traditional Aboriginal women in Arnhem Land to test a procedure designed to elicit their knowledge of, attitudes to, and practice of family planning. 22.5012 KAMIEN M (1975). Attitudes to family planning in an Aboriginal rural community before the development of afamily planning service. Medical JournalofAustralia 1 Suppl(3):19-21. Attitudes of Aboriginal women from Bourke, New South Wales to family planning. 22.501 3 KAMIEN M (1975). Family planning in a part-Aboriginal community, 1970to 1973. Medical Journal of Australia 1;Suppl(3):21-25. A method of providing a family planning service centred around a doctor working as an agent of social change in the Aboriginal community at Bourke, New South Wales.

Family planning 261

22.5014 KAMIEN M (1975). The social psychology of family planning in a part-Aboriginal rural communityl 1970 to 1973. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(3) :25-28, The social and psychological factors affecting Aboriginal family planning practice in Bourke, New South Wales.

22.5015 BURDEN JK (1974). The acceptability of contraception among Aboriginal women in South Australia. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) Beifer health for Aborigines? Reporf of a seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucial Queensland: 204-230. Detailed investigation into attitudesof Aboriginal women in areas north and west of Port Augusta with regards to family planning. 22.5016 STUART JE (1974). Aboriginal attitudes to family planning methods. In: Hetzel BS, Dobbin M, Lippmann L, Eggleston E (eds) BetterhealthforAbor@ines?Reporfofa seminar at Monash University. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland: 231-235. Traditional methods of controlling family size with some discussion of situation at Cherbourg Aboriginal settlement and Aboriginal families in Brisbane.

22.5017 ELLIS CJl TUR M (1973). Modern Aboriginal beliefs on contraception. Journalof the Anfhropological Society of South Australia ll(8) 14-8, Discusses currently held beliefs of Andagarinja speakers and the development of a new song for communicating family planning information.

See also: 5.0014, 10.2029.

22.6 IMMUNOLOGY 1982 22.6001 WANDS JR, MARCINIAK RA, ISSELBACHER KJ, VARGHESE M, DON G, HALLIDAY JW, POWELL LW (1982). Demonstration of previously undetected Hepatitis B viral determinants in an Australian Aboriginal population by monoclonal anti-Hbs antibody radioimmunoassays. Lancet l(8279):977-980. Use of a monoclonal antibody is suggested as superior to conventional radioimmunoassay in hepatitis B infections. Fifty-one per cent of the population studied on Mornington Island had been exposed to hepatitis B virus. 22.6002 WANGEL AG, WEGELIUS 0, DYRTING AE (1982). A family study of leprosy: subcutaneous amyloid deposits and humoral immune responses. International Journal of Leprosy 50(1):47-55. Unexpectedly high frequencies of amyloid deposits were found in the group of eleven Aboriginal families. Also found were indications of persisting hepatitis B infections, and antibodies to smooth muscle, skin basement membrane, and to extractable nuclear antigens.

1979 22.6003 TUCK R, BURKE V, GRACEY M, MALAJCZUK A, SUNOTO (1979). Defective Candida killing in childhood malnutrition. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 54 1445-447. Malnourished children have reduced candidacidal activity of their leucocytes,

1978 22.6004 STUART J (1978). The development of serum immunoglobulins G, A and M in Australian Aboriginal infants. Medical Journal of Australia l Suppl(1):4-5. Higher levels of immunoglobulins correlate with increased exposure to infectious agents. 22.6005 WEBLING DD (1978). Sarcoidosis in an Australian Aboriginal. Medical Journalof Australia l ( 3 ): l 69-1 70. A case of sarcoidosis in an Aboriginal woman. This disease is extremely rare in Aborigines.

1976 22.6006 FORD AW, BELBIN B, JOSE BG, VORBACH EA, KIRKE DK (1976). Growth and immune function in Aboriginal children during recovery from malnutrition and infection. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 6(4) :321-328.

264 Immunology

Chronic immunological stimulation is associated with malnutrition and acute infection, Measurements of blood and immunological parameters in these infants are presented.

22.6007 JOSE DG, SHELTON M, TAURO GP, BELBIN R, HOSKING CS (1975). Deficiency of immunological and phagocytic function in Aboriginal children with protein calorie malnutrition. Medical Journal of Australia 2(18):699-705. Protein calorie malnutrition is associated with impaired immune response, Measurements are made on blood cells and blood components in malnourished and normal children.

22.6008 WELCH JS, DOBSON C ( l 974). Antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis in Caucasian and Aboriginal Australians diagnosed by immunofluorescence and passive arthus hypersensitivity. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and H y ~ i e n e 23(6):1037-1045. The specificity of a fluorescent antibody test for the filariod! Dirofilaria immitis, is examined. The antibody reacts strongly with sera from Aborigines with pulmonary dirofilariasis. 22.6009 WELCH JS, DOBSON C (1974). The prevalence of antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis in Aboriginal and Caucasian Australians. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68(6)1466-472. Correlationfound between presence of antibody in humans, and prevalenceof the parasite in dogs in eight Queensland Aboriginal communities.

22.601 0 DOHERTY RL (1973). Surveys of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to arboviruses in Aborigines and other population groups in Northern and Eastern Australia, 1966-1 971. Transactionsof the Royal Societyof Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67(2):197-205. There was a high prevalence of antibody in northwest Queensland, and in some Northern Territory settlements. The antibody titres are related to Ross River virus, Murray Valley encephalitis, and to dengue infection.

22.6011 DOHERTY RLl WHITEHEAD RNl WETTERS EJl GORMAN BM, CARLEY JG (1970). A survey of antibody to 10 arboviruses (Koongol group, Mapputta group

and ungrouped) isolated in Queensland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64(5):748-753. Serological tests for arboviruses, without incrimination in disease.

22.601 2 JOSE DG, WELCH JS,DOHERTY RL (1970). Humoral and cellular immune responses to streptococci, influenza and other antigens in Australian Aboriginal school children. Australian Paediatric Journal 6(4):l92-202. Protein calorie malnutrition in infancy leads to reduced immune response to antigen stimulation, and therefore to higher rates of infection and disease.

See also: 9.1 003, 9.2Oll, 9.4008, 9.4027)9.4035) 10.2036, 11.OOO8, 13.3020, 13.3025, 16.0017, 16.0030, 18.0002, 22.3027.

22.7 MISCELLANEOUS 22.7001 British nuclear tests in Australia - a review of operational safety measures and of possible after-effects (1983). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 76pp. The effectiveness of safety measures taken during the 1952-1957 nuclear weapons tests in South Australia. The exposure of Aborigines to fallout, and the effects of this fallout, are discussed.

22.7002 CHISHOLM JS (1981). Prenatal influences on Aboriginal-White Australian differences in neonatal irritability. Ethology and Sociobiology 2:67-73. Differences in neonatal irritability between Caucasian and Aboriginal children are best accounted for by individual differences in maternal age and maternal blood pressure during pregnancy.

22.7003 BRANDL M (1980). Wuluguman and Wulman. Notes on the aged in Aboriginal society. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 28pp. Discusses ageing in terms of physical decline, changing kin and family relations, changing sex roles, losses by death of peers, status negotiations, problems arising since European contact, and solutions; relates discussion to wider issues of ageing in non-Aboriginal Australia. 22.7004 SANDISON AT (1980). Notes on some skeletal changes in pre-European contact Australian Aborigines. Journal of Human Evolution 9(1):45-47. Evidence was found for congenital anomalies, dental disease, degenerative arthropathy, trauma and infection.

22.7005 HARRISON LJ (1979). Racialideas and the health care 0fAborigines:an analysis of articleson Aborigines in the Medical JournalofAustralia 19 14-1979. MA thesis, Australian National University, 129pp. Examines the medical profession's assumptions about race and racial differences and the changes in these attitudes 1914-1979. There has been increasing

268 Miscellaneous

awareness of the social and economic factors affecting Aboriginal poverty and ill health.

22.7006 BATESON EM, LEBROY T (1978). Clay eating by Aboriginals of the Northern Territory. Medical Journal of Australia 1 Suppl(1):l-3. Describes clinical and radiological features in eleven patients and social background of phenomenon. 22,7007 MORLAND RF (1978). Aboriginal education for social competence.Submissionto the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 717-722. Argues against further research and in favour of more education for Aborigines; based on claim that Aborigines lack the necessary skills to be self-determining. 22.7008 MORLAND RF (1978). Aboriginal family education centres: action-research project. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Health Problems of Aboriginals. Hansard: 723-743. Proposes the establishment of pre-school play centres, supervised by Aborigines, with the dual aim of giving parents an opportunity to develop social and management skills and giving children appropriate pre-school education.

22.7009 MACFARLANE WV (1976). Aboriginal paleophysiology. In: Kirk RL, Thorne AG (eds) The origin of the Australians. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra: 183-1 94. Aboriginal physiological characteristics correlate with supposed characteristics of a people that evolved in a hot, tropical climate; such correlations support current theories of the origin of the race in India and Africa.

22.701 0 HAMILTON P (1975). The environment and social stress in a traditionally oriented Aboriginal society. In: Pilowski I (ed) Cultures in collision. Australian National Association for Mental Health, Adelaide: 212-21 4. Proposes criteria for examining quality of life and refers to social indicators that bear on its quantification. 22.7011 KAMIEN M (1975). A survey of drug use in a part-Aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia 1(9):261-264.

Miscellaneous 269

Use of medications, particularly analgesics, was high, and was related to psychiatric disorders.

See also: 3.1028.

INDEX OF AUTHORS Abbie AA (1974) 7.0051; Abbott A (1983) 17.0001; Abbott K (1979) 2.3119; Aboriginal Medical Service (1978) 1.0061; Aboriginal Medical Service of Western Australia Inc (1978) 2.31 27; Abrahams EW (1975) 9.4025; Adamson J (1981) 2.1 011 ; Adkins BL (1980) 17.0009; Adkins KF (1971) 17.0037; AdIer M (1982) 8.0007; Adsett DB (1982) 18.0003; Agar NS (1980) 11.0002, 11.OOO3; Agus HM (1981) 17.0007, (1980) 17.0009, 17.0010, 17.0011; AICHS Brisbane Limited (1978) 2.3128; Akerman K (1980) 10.1009, 10.101 0, (1979) 4.0025, 4.0025, (1975) 3.1054; Albrecht PG (1974) 12.2062; Alien JR (1977) 10.2021; Alpers MP (1975) 9.4030, (1973) 22.3022, 22.3023, (1972) 22.3028; Amos DB (1972) 22.3027; Anderson C (1983) 5.0013; Anderson K (1970) 9.4037; Andrews M (1981) 2.3112; Angas M (1981) 13.1003; Angell R (1973) 22.3021 ; Aray M (1975) 10.2024; Armstrong JL (1975) 9.3016; Armstrong M (1979) 2.3119, 6.0011 ; Ashby OJ (1984) 3.2001; Ashton GJ (1972) 22.3027; Austin J (1979) 2.3120, (1978) 8.0020. Backhouse J L (1972) 9.4034, (1970) 9.4038; Bain MS (1978) 3.1 027, (1974) 12.2063; Balakrishnan V (1972) 22.3031 ; Bamford VW (1982) 16.0008; Barber K (1976) 12.2057; Barker J (1980) 4.0023; Barmes DE (1980) 17.0009; Barr A (1981) 4.0020; Barrett EJ (1976) 9.4022, (1975) 9.4026, (1972) 9.4032; Barrett MJ (1982) 20.0004, (1979) 17.0012, 17.0016, (1976) 7.0044, 17.0025, (1975) 17.0028, (1974) 7.0057, (1973) 7.0056, (1972) 7.0065,17.0035,17.0036, (1971) 7.0067, 7.0068, 7.0069, (1969) 17.0041, (1968) 22.3038; Barrett T (1980) 1.0043; Barren A (1975) 9.2032; Barry M (1974) 13.3044, (1973) 13.3048; Bashir H (1975) 9.4027, (1973) 22.3023; Bashir HV (1972) 22.3027; Bastian P (1979) 14.0003; Bateson EM (1983) 20.0001, (1982) 16.0004, (1981) 9.4010, (1979) 9.2019, 15.0006, (1978) 15.0008, 22.7005, (1977) 20.0007, (1976) 13.1005, 15.0009, 16.0028, 16.0029; Baume P (1981) 1.0030, 1.0031, 2.1012, 2.3320; Beal RW (1983) 9.4002; Beale R (1978) 2.3404; Beaman J (1979) 16.0013; Bear VD (1980) 13.3013; Beaumont GD (1972) 13.3049; Beck EJ (1979) 8.0017; Beck T (1979) 2.3119; Beckett J (1978) 1.0063; Belbin R (1976) 22.6006, (1975) 22.6007; Belcher D (1975) 8.0037; Bell D (1982) 3.1007; Bell RG (1976) 16.0030; Bellmaine SP (1975) 16.0034; Bennett RC (1972) 19.0011; Beran D (1982) 19.0002; Berdoukas VA (1983) 11.0001; Berndt CH (1982) 3.1008; Berry RJ (1983) 9.4001, (1981) 9.4011,16.0008; Best JC (1976) 9.4023, (1972) 9.4033; Bettelheim KA (1983) 9.4001; Betts TJ (1979) 4.0031; Beveridge J (1970) 16.0050; Bhatia KK (1980) 22.3010, (1979) 22.3013; Bianchi GN (1971) 3.1068, (1970) 12.1072,12.1073,12.3024; Biernoff D (1982) 12.1004; Bilin J (1982) 2.3311 ; Binnion J (1975) 3.1055; Birdsell JB (1979) 22.3014; Blainey G (1975) 1.0106; Blainey J (1977) 4.0041; Blake G (1976) 16.0032; Blake GP (1980) 9.4016; Blake NM (1979) 22.3013, (1978) 22.3015, 22.3016, (1972) 22.3028, (1971) 22.3033; Bloor G (1982) 20.0003; Blumberg BS (1971) 9.4035; Boettcher B (1975) 9.4027, (1972) 22.3027, (1971) 11.0010; Bolin TD (1975) 8.0037; Bonner NT (1980) 12.1019; Booth GC (1981) 6.0009, (1975) 9.2031, 9.2032; Bottrell C (1984) 7.0002; Boughton CR (1979) 9.2020, (1977) 9.2028, (1972) 9.2035; Boully JM (1982) 8.0008; Bourke AT (1983)

272 Index of authors

16.0002; Bourke C (1978) 1.0064; Bower G (1973) 16.0042; Bowler D (1974) 2.1024; Boyd TP (1974) 17.0030; Brady M (1984) 12.2001, (1982) 12.3005, (1981) 12.3008, 12.3009, 12.3010, 12.3011, 12.3012, 12.3013, (1980) 12,3014, 12.3015; Brand JC (1983) 4.0002, 22.3002, 22.3003, (1982) 4.0009, 4.0010, 16.0005, (1981) 4.0016, 22.3007, (1978) 7.0024, 16.0019, (1977) 16.0024, 16.0026; Brand R (1982) 2.3317; Brandl MM (1983) 1.0011, 3.1004, (1981) 3.1014, 3.1015, (1980) 22.7003; Bridges B (1970) 2.2009; Briggs MH (1974) 10.2029; Briscoe G (1982) 2.3107, (1981) 1.0032, (1978) 1.0065, (1977) 2,3336, (1974) 2.3142; Brlscoe J (1984) 13.2002, (1980) 2.3323; Brockls JG (1981) 18.0004; Brocklehurst J (1981) 8.0011; Bromwich AF (1969) 9.4040; Brotherton JV (1972) 22.3027; Brown C (1984) 6.0001 ; Brown J (1971) 2.2008; Brown MM (1979) 13.3018; Brown MW (1980) 13.3014, (1975) 13.3035, (1972) 13.3050; Brown T (1983) 17.0001, (1982) 7.0008, 20.0004, (1981) 17.0004, 17.0005, 22.3009, (1980) 17.0008, 22.3011, 22.3012, (1979) 7.0016, 17.0012, 17.0017, 17.0018, 20.0005, (1978) 17.0019, 17.0020, 17.0021,22.3019, (1976) 7.0044,7.0045,22.3018, (1974) 7.0052, 17.0031, (1973) 7.0056,7.0057, (1972) 7.0065, (1971) 7.0068, 7.0069, (1968) 22.3038; Bryant V (1978) 12,2032, 12.2033; Budby J (1984) 12.2002; Bulteau P (1978) 12.2034,12.2035; Bunduk L (1975) 12.2060; Burden JK (1974) 22.5015; Burger G (1975) 8.0038; Burgess V (1983) 17.0001; Burke V (1983) 16.0003, (1979) 22.6003, (1974) 16.0036; Burns DJ (1978) 12.2035; Burrell CJ (1983) 9.4002; Burvill PW (1975) 12.1052; Byrnes D (1977) 8.0024, 8.0032; Byth S (1980) 16,0010.

Callope A (1983) 21.0001; Cameron AS (1983) 9.4002; Cameron FJ (1984) 8.0001, 8.0002; Cameron P (1975) 7.0050, 10.2027, (1974) 7.0054, 8,0042; Campbell AF (1971) 17.0037; Campbell C (1983) 22.1001 ; Campbell D (1982) 3.1009, (1977) 2.3408, (1972) 13.2049; Campbell J (1983) 9.4003; Canty AA (1978) 13.3030, (1975) 9.4028, 13.3036, 13.3038; Carley JG (1977) 9.4020, (1972) 9.4033, (1970) 22.6011; Carroll J (1984) 12.2003, (1978) 12.2033; Cavallaro M (1977) 22.5008, 22.5009; Cawte JE (1985) 12.3001, (1984) 12.4001, 13.1001, (1983) 12.1002, (1981) 12.1010, 12.1011, 12.1012, (1980) 13.1004, (1978) 2.3331, 2.3332, 12.1025, 12.4002, 12.4010, 22.2003, (1977) 2.4002, 12.1035, 12.1036, 12.2044, (1976) 2.3341, 12.1046, (1975) 1,0107, 4.0046,5.0030,22.5011, (1974) 1.0113,3.1061,4.0048,12.1055, (1973) 1,0128, 5.0034, (1972) 1.0136, 6.0028, 8.0052, 12.1061, 12.1062, 12.1063,, 12.1064, 12.1065, 12.1066, (1971) 3.1068, 4.0051, (1970) 4.0054, 12.1072, 12.1073, 12.3024, (1969) 12.1078; Central Australian Aboriginal Congress (1978) 1.OO56, 3.1 026; Chandler D (1980) 15.0004, (1979) 15.0007, (1977) 7.0036, (1976) 5.0028; Chaney FM (1980) 1.0044, (1979) 1.0050; Charters D (1975) 19.0008; Cheek DB (1984) 10.2001, (1982) 7.0011, 10.2005, 10.2006,10.2007, (1981) 10.2009, 10.2010, (1980) 10.2016, (1978) 10.2019, 10.2020; Chegwidden M (1977) 12.2045, (1977) 12.2046; Cherikoff V (1983) 4.0002, (1982) 4.0009, (1982) 4.0010; Chisholm JS (1981) 22.7002; Chopra SA (1978) 10.2020; Choy D (1975) 8.0037; Chrlstie D (1978) 5.0024; Cicchlnl C (1983) 9.1001 ; Clark P (1982) 22.3005; Clements FW (1975) 10.2025, (1974) 7.0053; CleveH (1972) 22.3032; CoabyC (1984) 2.3301, (1983) 22.4001, (1981) 1.0033, 12.1013, 12.2014; Cockington R A (1980) 7.0014; Coelen RJ (1981) 13.3006;

Index of authors 273

Coles-Rutishauser IH (1979) 7.0017; CoIker L (1982) 3.1012; Collins E (1975) 12.3021; Collmann J (1979) 12.2029; Coman W (1977) 13.3031, (1974) 13.3045; Connellan S (1973) 10.2033; Connon AF (1976) 21.0009, (1975) 22.5010; Considine ML (1984) 10.2002;Cooke DR (1972) 9.1005; Coolican RE (1974) 1.0114, (1973) 6.0024, 11.0007, 16.0040; Coombs HC (1978) 1.0010, 1.0011, 1.0066,3.1004,3.1028; Coombs K (1983) 2.1 002, 2.3304; Cooper MH (1981) 17.0007, (1980) 17.0009, 17.0010,17.0011; Copeman R (1985) 8.0038, (1980) 8.0012; Corden MW (1973) 7.0058; Coster G (1979) 2.3121; Coulthard J (1978) 2.3130; Courts N (1981) 12.3006; Cowdy GO (1970) 12.1074; Cowlishaw G (1982) 5.0014; Cox JW (1981) 21.0006, (1979) 5.0022, 7.0018, 7.0019, (1978) 7.0025; Coyne T (1980) 7.0015, 8.0013, (1979) 7.0020, (1978) 8.0021 ; Craddock L J (1973) 7.0061; Craig RJ (1976) 10.1013, 13.2039, 14.0006, (1970) 10.1015; Cribb AB (1981) 4.0017; Cribb JW (1981) 4.0017; Cripps A (1975) 16.0033; Cross RA (1975) 9.4030, (1973) 22.3022, 22.3023, (1972) 22.3028; Cummins CJ (1973) 21.0011 ; Curnow H (1975) 10.2026; Curson PM (1981) 9.3006; Curtain CC (1972) 22.3029; Cutter T (1982) 1.0015, (1978) 7.0026. Dalton-Morgan D (1978) 12.3019; Dangatanga J (1982) 2.3317, 12.1005; Dannell GP (1978) 1.0067; Darnton-Hill I (1983) 22.3002, (1979) 7.0020; Dart GW (1975) 11.0005; Dau A (1975) 4.0047; Davey MG (1972) 22.3028; Davidson A (1984) 15.0002; Davidson GR (1980) 22.2001, (1978) 12.1026; Davidson WA (1978) 9.2024; Davies GN (1973) 17.0032; Davis AE (1975) 8.0037; Davis K (1978) 12.1026; Davis RE (1975) 10.2026; Davison RP (1979) 16.0012, (1977) 7.0036; Dawkins RL (1982) 20.0003; Dawson CR (1981) 13.2007; De Lacey P (1973) 22.2012; De Wytt CN (1982) 13.1002; Dearlove C (1974) 5.0031, (1973) 1.0129; Debelle G (1984) 8.0002; Deeble J (1974) 2.1025; Deemal P (1980) 2.3116; Denholm R (1977) 13.2034; Denny N (1978) 6.0013; Denny PJ (1975) 16.0033; Department of Aboriginal Affairs (1977) 1.0090,2,1015; Department for Community Welfare, Western Australia (1978) 3.2012; Department of Health Commonwealth (1977) 1.0088, 1.0089, 1.0091, 2.31 23, 2.3124; Department of Public Health, Western Australia (1978) 1.0055; Dettman GC (1973) 10.2031; Devanesen D (1983) 2.3305, (1982) 2.331 0, 4.0011, (1980) 2.3323; Dhamarrandji B (1978) 3.1036; Dibley MJ (1983) 6.0002,7.0007; Dick M (1982) 10.2004, 10.2008, (1981) 10.2011, (1980) 10.2015, 10.2017; Dickinson-Jones F (1977) 16.0027; Dickson PI (1982) 13.1002; Dinnell GP (1978) 1.0068, (1976) 1.0098; Dixon P (1983) 2.3306; Djakala B (1982) 2.3311; Djaypila (1979) 4.0026; Djimbarr'yun GC (1977) 3.2016; Dobbin MD (1977) 7.0035, 8.0025, 8.0026, 8.0027, (1974) 2.3415; Dobson C (1974) 22.6008, 22.6009; Dodson P (1975) 12.2060; Doherty RL (1977) 9.4020, (1974) 1.0115, (1973) 6.0025,22.6010, (1972) 9.4033,22.3029, (1970) 22.6011,22.6012, (1969) 10.2039; Don G (1982) 9.4008; Donaldson J (1978) 2.3212, 2.3333, 4.0034, 8.0022; Douglas W (1969) 10.2039; Dowd T (1981) 22.1002; Dowling M (1980) 7.0015,8.0013, (1978) 8.0021 ; Downing G (1976) 16.0032; Downing JH (1977) 12.2047, (1974) 22.1013; Drew LR (1981) 12.2015; Drury V (1982) 2.3312; Duckett SJ (1979) 2.3122; Duffy BJ (1970) 16.0050; Duffy P (1981) 10.1007, 10.2012; Dugdale AE (1984) 7.0001, 7.0003, (1981) 7.0012, (1980) 5.0017,

274 Index of authors

15.0004, (1979) 7.0023,15.0007, (1978) 1.0068,13.3030,(1977)7.0036,8.0028, (1976) 5.0028, (1975) 9.4028, 13.3036, 13.3038, 22.2005, (1973) 5.0035; Dummett CO (1979) 17.0013; Dunn BL (1983) 9.2001 ; Dunn FM (1973) 7.0059; Durie E B (1970) 19.0013; Dutton SP (1983) 22.3003, (1981) 22.3007; Dyrtlng AE (19 8 2 ) 22.6002. East Gippsland Aboriginal Medical Service (1977) 2.3126; Eastwell HD (1984) 3.1001, 3.1002, 12.1001, 12.3002, (1982) 12.1006, 12.4004, (1981) 10.2013 , 12.1015, (1980) 12.1020, 12.1021, (1979) 12.1023, 12.3017, 12.3018, 12.4005, (1978) 4.0035, 12.1027, 12.1028, 12.1 029, (1977) 12.1037, (1976) 12.1047, (1974) 12.1056, (1973) 4.0049,4.0050; Eaton-Evans J (1984) 7.0003; Eckermann A (1977) 12.2048;Edmeades R (1982) 16.0006;Edmonds R (1970) 5.0039; Edwards DL (1970) 6.0030; Edwards FM (1976) 10.1013, 13.2039, 14.0006, (1975) 11.0005, 13.2042, (1970) 10.1015 ; Edwards LD (1973) 7.0060, 7.0061 ; Edwards RA (1977) 16.0024;EdwardsVE (1973) 13.1008; Eggleston E (1974) 12.2064; Elkln AP (1977) 4.0042; Ellen JM (1979) 2.3122; Elliot RB (1970) 10.1015; Elliott J (1979) 1.0051, (1978) 1.0069; Ellis CJ (1973) 22.501 7; Elphinstone JJ (1971) 6.0029; Emmerson BT (1969) 10.2039;Evans B (1976) 10.1013; Everingham D (1975) 2.1021. Faulkner GS (1980) 10.2016; Feigl P (1969) 10.2039; Fejo W (1976) 22.1 011; Fllippich C (1977) 9.4020, (1976) 9.4023; Finlay-Jones RA (1972) 10.1014; Fisher S (1975) 16.0033; Fitz-Henry AW (1982) 7.0009, 16.0005; Flaherty BJ (1977) 12.2045, 12.2046; Fleming AF (1974) 21.001 0; Flemlng KJ (1982) 1.0016;Flynn F (1981) 13.2008;Foley GE (1984) 1.0002,2.3302,(1982) 2.3108, (1975) 2.3140; Forbes DA (1973) 8.0046; Forbes JF (1973) 22.3023; Ford GW (1976) 16.0031, 22.6006, (1975) 11.0006; Forster L (1975) 22.5011 ; FOX D (1982) 2.3208; Francis 1C (1981) 13.2008; Francis N (1981) 10.2009; Francis SH (1976) 3.1052,3.1053,3.2019,7.0047,8.0034,8.0035,8.0036; Franklln MA (1982) 1.0018, 2.1004; Frey D (1976) 19.0006, (1970) 19.0013; Frith HJ (1978) 7.0029; Frith NC (1975) 1.OlO8, (1974) 1.0116, 1.0117,2.341 6,6.0020, 6.0021, 8.0039; Fua C (1981) 12.2016, (1980) 12.3016, (1977) 2.3137; Fudenberg HH (1972) 22.3029; Fuller V (1980) 8.0014; Fysh WJ (1977) 7.0036 Gaa'l CL (1976) 12.2056; Gaffney E (1981) 2.3113; Gale F (1975) 3.1 055; Gamarang RL (1980) 9.2007, (1979) 9.2021, 9.2022; Gardiner AJ (1977) 16.0025; Garner MF (1972) 9.4034, (1970) 9.4038; Gault El (1970) 12.1075, 12.1076; Gavranic T (1978) 1.0070, (1977) 3.1 043; Gay JE (1984) 1.0003; Gehling M (1979) 3.1021 ; Ghose LH (1978) 16.0017; Gill JS (1985) 16.0001; Gogna NK (1985) 19.0001,(1983) 18.0002;Goldstein G (1980) 2.3324; Gollan JL (1970) 10.2037; Golowyn GK (1982) 3.2004; Golson J (1971) 4.0052; Goodluck J (1980) 12.2020; Gordon JV (1970) 10.2037; Gorman BM (1970) 22.6011 ; Gott B (1983) 4.0003; Gracey M (1984) 7.0002,7.0004, (1983) 7.0005, 9.1001, 9.4001, 16.0003, 22.3002, 22.3003, (1981) 9.4011, 16.0008, 22.3007, (1979)7.0021 , 16.0013,22.6003,(1977)7.0037,8.0030,(1976)7.0046,16.0030, (1975) 7.0048, 7.0049, (1974) 1.0118, 8.0040, 16.0036, 16.0037, 16.0038, 16.0039, (1973) 8.0047, 11.0008, 16.0041, 16.0042, 16.0043, (1972) 11.0009, 16.0046;Graham DM (1980) 13.2021,(1975) 13.2041, (1973) 13.2044; Graham

Index of authors 275

PJ (1982) 13.2004; Grave KC (1979) 20.0005, (1976) 7.0044, 7.0045, (1971) 7.0069; Gray A (1984) 5.0005, (1983) 5.0003, 5.0004, 5.0006, (1982) 22.5002; Gray C (undated) 13.2050; Gray D (1979) 4.0027; Gray LP (1981) 13.3007, (1979) 13.3019; Graydon JJ (1979) 22.301 4, (1971) 22.3036; Graystone JE (1978) 10.2020; Green AC (1978) 19.0003, (1977) 19.0004, 19.0005, (1976) 19.0007, (1974) 19.0009, (1973) 19.0010; Green LM (1971) 19.0012; Green P (1975) 16.0033; Green S (1984) 8.0004; Grime B (1984) 18.0001; Grimoldby P (1978) 2.3405; Gruca MA (1980) 11.0003; Grunseit F (1984) 8.0003, (1983) 11.0001, (1978) 16.0020; Guinan JJ (1972) 22.3027; Gupta JD (1980) 11.0003; Gurd CH (1984) 1.0004, (1977) 9.2029; Gurruwiwi M (1979) 22.5006; Gust ID (1977) 16.0027; Gye RS (1975) 9.2031, 9.2032.

Ha NT (1982) 9.4007; Hackett CJ (1975) 9.4029; Hagger J (1975) 2.3216; Halbisch J (1977) 16.0026; Hall J (1980) 4.0022; Halliday JW (1982) 9.4008, 22.6001 ; Halliday K (1982) 16.0006; Hamilton A (1982) 6.0007,8.0009, (1981) 8.001 0, (1974) 1.0119; Hamilton P (1975) 22.7009; Hammond K (1984) 7.0002; Hancock JY (1977) 9.4020; Handke G (1982) 9.3004; Harding Burns F (1983) 12.2007; Harding JJ (1982) 13.2005; Hardy D (1972) 13.2046; Hardy G (1975) 9.4027; Hargrave JC (1983) 9.2002, (1982) 2.3209, 2.3313, (1981) 2.3211, 9.2005,9.2006, (1980) 9.2007,9.2008,9.2009,9.2010,9.2011,9.2012,9,2013, , 9.2014, 9.2015, 9.2016, 9.2017, (1979) 9.2019, 9.2021, 9.2022, (1978) 9.2025, 9.2026, (1977) 9.2030, (1975) 9.2031, 9.2032, (1973) 9.2033, (1972) 9.2036, (1969) 9.4040; Harman DJ (1978) 9.2026; Harper J (1972) 8.0054, 13,3052; Harris LA (1984) 15.0001 ; Harris M (1980) 13.1004; Harris MF (1984) 15.0002; Harris MJ (1970) 16.0050; Harris S (1978) 2.31 25; Harrison F (1983) 10.2003; Harrison L (1978) 2.3213; Harrison LJ (1979) 22.7004; Harry JG (1972) 16.0048; Hart G (1983) 9.3001, 9.4002, (1982) 9.3003, (1981) 2.3321, (1979) 2.3326, (1978) 9.3008, (undated) 6.0031; Hatcher L (1970) 10.1015; Hauser J (1983) 4.0005; Hausfeld RG (1977) 3.1 044, (1974) 1.0116, 1.0117, 2.341 6, 6.0020, 6.0021, 8.0039, (1973) 2.3419, 6.0026; Hawes RB (1983) 2.3205, 16.0002, (1979) 16.0014; Hay DO (1976) 2.1019; Hay HJ (1984) 10.2001, (1982) 10.2007, (1975) 9.4027; Heap GJ (1978) 9.3009; Hendardji H (1974) 16.0039; Henderson TR (1984) 15.0001, (1974) 16.0037; Henlen MV (1973) 2.3420; Hennessy C (1980) 12.1020; Henry J (1976) 2.3341 ; HenshallTS (1982) 4.001 1; Hertzberg R (1980) 13.2022; Hetzel BS (1982) 1.0017, (1978) 7.0028, 7.0029, (1977) 7.0038, (1974) 1.0120, (1972) 3.2020, (1971) 1.0139; Heywood P ?PF? (1980) 8.0013; Heywood PF (1977) 7.0039, 10.2021; Hicks DG (1982) 2.3314, (1981)9.4012, (1976) 2.3340; Hicks EP (1970) 10.2037; Hill KF (1975) 3.1056; Hiller HG (1976) 15.0010, (1975) 15.0011, (1974) 15.0012; Hilton H 5 (1973) 11.0008; Hindson P (1976) 5.0027; Hingston RG (1973) 7.0062; Hipsley EH (1973) 7.0058; Hirshman JH (1974) 2.1026; Hitchcock NE (1983) 7.0004, 7.0005, (1975) 7.0048, 7.0049; Hockey A (1980) 8.0015; Hollows FC (1984) 1.0005, (1983) 15.0003, (1982) 9.1 002, (1981) 13.2008,13.2009, (1980) 13.3015, (1978) 13.2031,13.2032,22.3017, (1977) 2.3409,9.3013, (1973) 13.2045, (1972) 13.2049, (undated) 13.2050; Holman L J (1981) 9.4012; Holmes IH (1979) 16.0015, (1979) 16.0016, (1978) 16.0017, (1978) 16.0022, (1978) 16.0023, (1977) 16.0027; Holt AB (1981) 10.2010, (1980) 10.2016, (1978) 10.2020; Holt

276 Index of authors

GW (1982) 13.1002; Homan BT (1977) 17.0024, (1973) 17.0032; Hopwood JJ (1978) 22.3017; Home DJ (1974) 22.2007, (1973) 12.1059, (1972) 12.1068; Horwood J M (1983) 22.1001; Hosking CS (1975) 22.6007; House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs (1979) 1.0049; Howe DW (1985) 19.0001; Howson P (1974) 1.0121; Hudson HM (1984) 13.3001, (1982) 13.3004; Hunt H (1984) 12.2004, (1981) 12.2017, (1977) 12.2049, (1977) 12.2050; Hunt R (1977) 2.3410. Isselbacher KJ (1982) 9.4008; Iveson JB (1980) 10.2016. Jackson J (1981) 1.0034; Jacobs DS (1981) 9.3007, (1978) 9.3010, (1978) 9.3011 ; Jakamara K (1978) 12.2036; Jakeman M (1975) 11.0006; James KW (1983) 4.0004; James ST (1976) 9.3015; Jameson JL (1979) 16.0014; Janke J (1980) 12.2021, (1978) 12.2037; Jans J (1984) 2.3201, (1974) 22.1 014; Japanangka DL (1983) 1.0012; Jenner JD (1979) 17.0012; Jerger J (1975) 13.3038; Jofre ME (1976) 9.3015; Johnson S (1980) 3.1020; Johnston JM (1972) 22.3027; Jones A (1981) 14.0002; Jones BR (1981) 13.2007; Jones DL (1983) 15.0003, (1979) 13.3023; Jones ER (1980) 9.2017; Jones FL (1972) 5.0039; Jones GL (1983) 22.3006; Jones HI (1985) 16.0001, (1980) 16.0011; Jones IH (1978) 12.1030, (1977) 3.1045, (1977) 12.1038, 12.1039, (1974) 12.1057, 12.1058, (1973) 12.1059, (1972) 12.1067, (1972) 12.1068, (1971) 12.1069, (1971) 12.1070; Jorgensen DM (1978) 9.3012; Jose DG (1981) 13.3006, (1979) 13.3020, (1976) 16.0031, 22.6006, (1975) 11.OOO6, (1975) 22.6007, (1970) 7,0070, (1970) 22.601 2; Joske RA (1974) 9.4031 ; Julienne A (1983) 5.0007, (1983) 8.0005, (1983) 21.0003. Kahn MW (1982) 12.2010, (1979) 12.4006, (1978) 12.4010, (1976) 2.3341 ; Kailis DG (1982) 17.0003, (1979) 17.0014, (1979) 17.0015, (1976) 17.0026, (1971) 17.0038, 17.0039, (1970) 17.0040; Kailis SE (1976) 17.0026; Kalokerinos A (1978) 7.0024, (1977) 6.0015, 10.1012, 10.2022, 10.2023, 12.2051, 13.2035, (1974) 1.0122, 8.0041, (1973) 9.1003, (1971) 10.2036; Kamboh Ml (1984) 22.3001; Kamien M (1982) 2.3315, (1981) 1.0035, (1980) 1.0045, (1979) 7.0022, (1978) 1.OO7l, 1,0072,2.2003, 2.2004, 3.1029,3.2013,3.2014, 6.0014, 7.0030, 8.0023, 12.1031,12.1034, 12.2038, 12.2039, 22.5007, (1977) 7.0040, 12.1040, 18.0006, (1976) 3.2018, 6.0018, 8.0033, 12.1048, 12.1049, (1975) 1.0109, 2.4003, 3.1057, 7.0050, 10.2027, 12.1053, 12.2059, (1974) 1.0113, 7.0054, 8.0042, 13.3042,13.3037, 22.5012, 22.5013,22.5014, 22.701 0; Kaminski GW (1977) 19.0004,19.0005, (1973) 19.0010; Kearney GE (1978) 12.1026; KeeIe K (1984) 8.0002; Keller M (1976) 2.3342; Kelly A (1975) 9.4030; Kelly FJ (1983) 17.0002; Kendrick N (1978) 1.0073; Kennedy EV (1979) 12.4006, (1978) 12.4010, (1977) 12.2052; Kennedy S (1982) 1.0021; Kenny R (1971) 11.0010; Kerr C (1983) 5.0011, (1974) 22.2008, (1973) 22.2010, 22.2011; Kerr S (1981) 13.3008; Kettle ES (1978) 1.0074; Kettle SR (1983) 2.3101 ; Khin DT (1982) 10.2004; Kickett M (1982) 12.2011; Killington G (1977) 2.2006; Kiloh LG (1980) 13.1004, (1975) 12.1054, (1970) 12.1072; Klmber RJ (1975) 11.0005; Kirk RL (1981) 1.0036,1.0037,1.0038,1.0039, 1.0040, 1.0041,4.0018,5.0015,7.0013, 22.3008, (1979) 22.3013, (1978) 22.3016, (1976) 1.0099, (1973) 22.3024, (1972) 22.3028, 22.3030, 22.3031, (1971) 22.3033; Kirke DK (1979) 8.0018, (1976)

Index of authors 277

22.6006, (1975) 11.0006, (1974) 5.0032, (1972) 8.0053, (1971) 1.0140, (1970) 8.0056, 10.2038, (1969) 7.0071 ; Kirwood C (1984) 22.3001 ; Koongotema G (1982) 4.0012; Koutsounadis V (1980) 22.4002; Kratz C (1979) 1.0052; Krupinski J (1970) 12.1075, 12.1076; Kuusk S (1979) 17.0016. LaBrooy T (1983) 20.0001 ; Lak L (1982) 2.3316; Lake P (1979) 2.31 20; Lalara N (1975) 3.1058; Lambert W (1980) 22.3011 ; Lamprell VJ (1982) 4.0013, (1981) 22.1004; Lane AR (1984) 15.0001; Langton M (1978) 1.0075; Larsen K S (1980) I2.2022, (1979) 12.2030, 12.4007, (1978) 2.3131 ; Larsson 0 (1976) 1 2.2057; Lattanzio L (1984) 10.2001; Law W (1972) 22.3028; Lawler L J (1970) 4.0053; Lawton DW (1973) 22.1 017; Leary J (1975) 12.2060; Lebroy T (1978) 22.7005; Lee A (1982) 4.0009, 4.0010, (1981) 4.001 6; Lee KC (1985) 19.0001; Lee P (1977) 16.0027; Lees GH (1979) 17.0012; Leiper G (1983) 4.0005; Lenden R (1973) 22.2013; Lendon AH (1972) 19.0011; Lendon R (1980) 22.2002, (1973) 22.2014; Lesina J (1975) 22.2005; Lester J (1974) 3.1062; Lethlean A K (1970) 13.1004; Levey J (1975) 8.0037; Levitt D (1981) 4.0019, (1979) 4.0028; Lewis AN (1978) 13.3030, (1977) 13.3031, (1975) 9.4028,13.3036, 13.3039,22.2005, (1974) 13.2043, 13.3043, 13.3044, 13.3045, (1972) 8.0054, 13.3052, 13.3047, 13.3048; Lewis MB (1976) 19.0006; Lewis N (1979) 13.3021, 13.3022, (1976) 13.3034, (1975) 13.3038; Lickiss JN (1975) 6.0019, (1974) 6.0022, (1971) 12.1071, 12.2065, (1970) 8.0057; Llehne P (1980) 9.4017; Lincoln RA (1983) 5.0008,5.0009,5.0013; LinesDR (1975) 18.0007; Lion RJ (1982) 4.0013, (1981) 22.1 004; Lipson AH (1983) 8.0006, (1973) 10.2032; Little E (1982) 1.0021 ;Little JM (1975) 9.2031; L o D (1976) 13.1006, (1971) 9.4036; London WT (1971) 9.4035; Long JP (1970) 1.0144; Longmore RB (1978) 4.0036; Lovell S (1984) 7.0001, (1981) 7.0012, (1978) 13.3030, (1976) 5.0028, (1975) 22.2005; Ludwigsen N (1984) 10.2001. MacQueen JM (1975) 9.4027, (1972) 22.3027; Macdonald WB (1973) 8.0046, 8.0048; Macfarlane W (1976) 22.7008; Macfarlane WV (1978) 3.1 030; MackayV (1982) 1.0021; Mackay-Scollay EM (1978) 16.0022, 16.0023, (1975) 9.4030; Maddock K (1970) 4.0054; Madill B (1983) 22.5001; Mahajani AS (1976) 16.0029; Malajczuk A (1979) 22.6003; Malezer L (1981) 12.2018; Mann I(1972) 13.2047,13.2048; Mann M (1982) 2.2001;Manning B (1984) 1.0006; Marciniak RA (1982) 9.4008; Margetts B (1980) 17.0008, 22.3012, (1978) 17.0021; Marinovich N (1976) 12.2057; Marr B (1981) 14.0002; Martin EM (1975) 2.3414; Martin JD (1974) 21.0010, (undated) 21.001 2; Masters PL (1978) 9.401 8; Matls CE (1983) 5.0008,5.0009,5.0013; Matters R (1981) 9.4013; Maxwell GM (1972) 15.0014, 15.0015, (1971) 22.3034; May GM (1979) 7.0023; Mayne V (1972) 10.2035; Maypilama R (1982) 2.3317; McAdam E (1984) 2.3202, (1983) 2.3206; McCafferty G (1977) 13.3031, (1974) 13.3045; McComish MJ (1972) 10.1014; McConnel F (1974) 2.3418; McConnochie KR (1977) 3.1046, 8.0029, 6.0016; McCredie D (1972) 10.2035; McDermid EM (1972) 22.3028, 22.3032, (1971) 22.3035; McDonald A (1983) 9.4004; McDonald G (1973) 2.2007; McDonnell J (1982) 4.0009, (1981) 4.0016; McDougall AC (1978) 9.2026; McElwain DW (1970) 12.1073; McGlone RE (1975) 17.0028; McGuiness R (1972) 13.2049; Mcllraith S (1982) 1.0018; Mclntosh M (1981) 12.3007; McKendrick J (1978)

278 Index of authors

5.0024; McLeod B (1982) 1.0021 ; McLeod I (1982) 3.2007; McLeod JG (1975) 9.2031, 9.2032, (1973) 9.2033; McNamara N (1978) 3.1031; McNeilly J (1983) 9.1001; McNulty EC (1968) 22.3038; McNulty JC (1982) 9.2004; McPhee L (1976) 9.4023; McPherson P (1974) 2.3417, (1971) 2.3422; Medley S (1977) 9.4021; Meehan B (1982) 7.0010; Melbourne J (1983) 9.4002, (1982) 9,3004; Mensch MG (1977) 10.2021; Middleton MR (1976) 3.1 052, 3.1 053, 3.2019, 7.0047, 8.0034, 8.0035, 8.0036; Milera D (1980) 12.2023; Miller C (1982) 12.2012; Miller JJ (1978) 7.0024, (1977) 16.0024; Millman I (1971) 9,4035; Milsted B (1980) 2.2002; Mitchell IS (1977) 2.4002; Mitchell JD (1978) 16,0019, 16.0020, 16.0021, (1977) 16.0026; Moffit P (1973) 22.2012; Money J (1970) 3.1 068, 12.3024; Monks M (1978) 17.0022; Moodie PM (1982) 9.3005, (1981) 1.0042, (1977) 6.0017, (1974) 1.0116, 1.0117, 1.0123, 2.3416, 5.0033, 6.0020, 6.0021,6.0023, 8.0039, (1973) 1.0130, 1.0131, 1.0132,1.0133,5.0036,5.0037, 5.0038, 6.0027, 7.0063, 7.0064, 9.1004, 12.1060, 13.1007, 14.0007, 15.0013, 16.0044, 17.0033, (1972) 1.0137, 9.4034, (1971) 1.0141, 22.3033; Moore B W (1977) 16.0027, (1972) 13.2046; Moorhouse DE (1982) 16.0007; Moran DJ (1981) 13.2009, (1979) 13.3023; Morey F (1979) 16.0015, 16.0016; Morgan G (1980) 13.1004; Morice RD (1982) 12.3005, (1981) 12.1014, 12.3008, 12.3009, 12.3010, 12.3011, 12.3012, 12.3013, (1980) 11.0004, 12.3015, (1979) 12.1024, (1978) 1.0076, 12.1032, 12.1033, (1977) 12.1041, 12.1042, 12.1043, 12,1044, (1976) 12.1050; Morland RF (1978) 22.7006,22.7007; Morris H (1981) 10,1007, 10.2012; Morris PJ (1973) 22.3023, (1972) 22.3028; Moseley E (1983) 2,3307, (1979) 2.3327; Mountford CP (1981) 3.1016; Mulholland K (1984) 7,0002; Mullen S (1977) 1.0092; Muller M (1984) 7.0001, 7.0003; Munoz E (1982) 2.2001 ; Mununggurr D (1977) 3.1 047,12.2044; Murchland JB (1976) 10.1013, 13.2039,14.0006, (1975) 13.2042; Murphy BP (1983) 7.0004; Murray H (1983) 7.0004; Musgrave IA (1984) 5.0002, (1983) 2.3207, (1979) 16.0014, (1978) 2.3214. Najman JM (1984) 5.0001, (1983) 5.0008, 5.0009; Nathan P (1983) 1,0012, (1980) 2.3117, 2.3118; Natoll M (1982) 21.0004; Neilson A (1983) 16.0002; Nellson G (1981) 10.1007,10.2012, (1978) 14.0005; Nelson H (1983) 22,5001, (1979) 2.3119; Ness D (1984) 10.2001; Nestel PJ (1982) 10.1006; Newfong J (1979) 3.2010; Newman DM (1970) 10.2038; Nichols RL (1973) 13.2044; Mobile S (1975) 7.0050, 10.2024, 10.2027, (1974) 7.0054, 10.2030; Nolan B (1984) 15.0002; Norrls M (1984) 1.0007, 4.0001 ; Northern Territory Health Department (1979) 1.0048; Nossar V (1983) 18.0002; Novak H (1984) 12.2005; Nurcombe B (1978) 12.1026, (1976) 1.0100, (1974) 12.3023, 22.2009, (1973) 8.0049,22.2012, (1971) 1.0142, (1970) 12.1077, 12.3024,22.2015; Nutting WB (1976) 19.0007, (1974) 19.0009. O'Brien G (1973) 3.1066; O'Connor BF (1975) 16.0033;O'Dea K (1983) 7.0006, 10.1001, 10.1002, (1982) 10.1003, 10.1004, 10.1005, 10.1006, (1981) 10.2014, (1980) 10.1009, 10.1010; O'Hara VM (1979) 7.0023; O'Keefe V (1972) 2.4004; O'Sullivan G (undated) 13.2050; Oakes WK (1981) 12.2015; Oliver D (1983) 9.1001 ; Osborne PD (1982) 1.0019,2.1005,6.0004,12.1007,12.2013,13.2006;

Index of authors 279

Ostergaard P (1979) 16.0013; Owen P (1980) 4.0023; Owles EN (1983) 7.0004; Owokran S (1982) 4.0012; Owusu-Ansah A (1981) 16.0009. Packer AD (1979) 8.0019; Page S (1977) 13.3032; Palmer K (1984) 12.2001 ; Pang H (1977) 2.3411 ; Paoloni DC (1980) 7.0015; Parsons G (1981) 2.3401 ; Pashen D (1975) 8.0038; Patten BR (1981) 14.0001; Pearn J (1978) 20.0006; Pedersen EB (1971) 1.0141; Peever MV (1980) 13.3017; Perkins C (1977) 12.2053; Perkins N (1978) 2.3132; Petchkovsky L (1984) 12.4002, (1982) 12.1008; Peterson M (1972) 11.0009; Peterson N (1979) 4.0030, (1978) 3.1 033; Phillips FE (1983) 7.0007; Pidek N (1974) 3.1063; Piele AR (1981) 3.1 017, (1980) 3.1 032, (1979) 4.0029, (1978) 3.1032, 4.0040; Pinkerton SK (1980) 22.3011; Pitman R (1978) 2.3405; Plooij D (1973) 3.1066; Pollard JD (1975) 9.2031 ; Pollard M (1972) 22.3028; Poonkamelya D (1982) 4.0012; Powell LW (1982) 9.4008; Power KM (1978) 16.0021; Prestwood J (1973) 5.0035; Prestwood U (1975) 9.4028,13.3036,22.2005; Price D (1981) 13.3009; Price J (1980) 12.1021 ; Prince of Wales Children's Hospital (1978) 1.0060; Proffitt WR (1975) 17.0027, 17.0028. Quayle CJ (1975) 13.3039, (1972) 8.0054,13.3052; Quayle PA (1979) 16.0014; Quinn SM (1984) 13.3002, (1983) 13.3003. Rae AM (1982) 4.0013; Rae CJ (1982) 4.0013; Rainbow S (1983) 21.0001 ; Randall B (1980) 4.0023; Ranse MA (1977) 2.3337, (1976) 2.3412; Rao AB (1981) 13.3010, (1979) 13.3024; Rassaby L (1978) 7.0024, 7.0031 ; Read A (1983) 5.001 0; Rebgetzt P (1981) 13.3006; Reed CJ (1978) 1.0077; Refshauge AJ (1978) 7.0024; Reid B (1976) 2.3342; Reid DB (1979) 2.3133; Reid EJ (1979) 4.0031; Reid JC (1984) 3.1003, (1983) 3.1005, 5.0011, (1982) 1.0018, 1.0020, 4.0014, (1981) 10.1008, (1979) 1.0053, 1.0054, 3.1022, 4.0032, 22.5005, 22.5006, (1978) 3.1034,3.1035,3.1036,3.1037,4.0037,4.0038, (1977) 3.1 047; Reidy M (1983) 1.0013; ReillyC (1983) 10.2003; ReserJ (1981) 12.1015, (1978) 3.2015, (1977) 3.201 7; Reye RD (1971) 16.0049; Richards LC (1981) 17.0004, 17.0005; Richardson J (1978) 2.3406, (1975) 1.0101; Richmond JM (1982) 20.0003; Rigby RJ (1982) 20.0003; Riley B (1982) 1.0021,3.1011; Ring I(1980) 8.0013; Rippey JJ (1983) 9.2001 ; Roberts B (1978) 2.3134; Roberts N (1980) 4.0023; Roberts P (1974) 1.0124; Roberts RW (1978) 7.0032, (1970) 5,0040; Robertson EF (1978) 22.301 7; Robertson M (1982) 1.0021 ; Robinson F (1978) 2.3405; Robinson I(1977) 12.1039; Robinson J (1983) 16.0003; Robotham FP (1982) 1.0022; Rockett IR (1984) 3.2002, 13.3001, (1982) 3.2006, 13.3004; Rode J (1977) 20.0007; Roder D (undated) 6.0031; Roff D (1983) 4.0006; Rogers AH (1973) 17.0034; Rosevear P (1975) 7.0050,10.2028, (1974) 7.0054; ROSSB (1978) 12.1034; Rowley B (1978) 7.0034; Rowley CD (1982) 1.0021, 6.0005, (1978) 1.0078; Rowley K (1978) 7.0034; Rowsell B J (1978) 9.4019; Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (1978) 2.3403; Ruddock PM (1981) 2.1013, (1980) 1.0046,2.1014; Rutishauser IH (1978) 7.0032; Ryan GD (1981) 18.0004; Rynn M (1981) 8.0011. Samisoni JI (1980) 22.5003, 22.5004, (1978) 7.0033; Samisoni MT (1980) 22.5003, 22.5004, (1978) 7.0033, (1977) 2.3138; Sanghvi LD (1972) 22.3031;

280 Index of authors

Sansom B (1980) 12.2024, (1977) 12.2054; SariagoV (1981) 1.0034; Saxelby C (1977) 10.2021; Scarlett N (1982) 4.0014; Schamschula RG (1981) 17.0006, 17.0007, (1980) 17.0009,17.0010,17.0011;Schlafrig G (1970) 5.0040; Schnagl RD (1979) 16.0015,16.0016, (1978) 16.0017,16.0022,16.0023, (1977) 16.0027; Schultz P (1985) 18.0007;Seagrim GN (1980) 22.2002, (1975) 22.2006, (1973) 22.2013, 22.2014; Semmens K (1983) 1.0014; Seward JF (1981) 21.0007; Sewell M (1984) 1.OOO6; Shannon TG (1977) 8.0030; Sharp G (1981) 22.1002; Shaw DC (1982) 22.3006; Shaw E (1977) 13.3031; Shea L (1978) 1.0075; Shelley C (1982) 22.1003, (1981) 4.0016, 22.1004, (1977) 4.0043, 7.0041 ; Shelton M (1975) 22.6007; Shepherd R (1982) 16.0006; Silink SJ (1975) 10.2024; Silva DG (1971) 17.0039, (1970) 17,0040; Silvan1 G (1980) 12.2025; Simeon G (1980) 4.0024, (1978) 4.0039; Simmons B (1983) 17.0002; Simmons RT (1979) 22.3014, (1973) 22.3025, 22.3026, (1972) 22.3029, (1971) 22.3036, (1970) 22.3037; Simms H (1982) 1.0021; Simon M (1980) 12.2026, (1979) 2.3328; Simons J (1981) 14.0002; Simons L (1981) 14.0002; Sinclair A (1981) 310.201 4; Sinclair AJ (1983) 7.0006, (1982) 10.1 004; Sinclair H (1977) 7.0042; a l a d e JH (1976) 13.2040; Slaytor M (1970) 4.0053; Sloane RA (1979) 16.0014; $$p h ti BK (1975) 10.2026; Smith J (1978) 2.3407; Smith LR (1983) 5.0006, \@007, (1982) 1.0023,2.1006, (1980) 5.0018,5.0019, (1978) 1.0079; Smith RM ,A1~84)10.2005, (1982)7.0011,10.2006,10.2007, (1981) 10.2009;Smithurst BA 9.3016; Smits ML (1978) 2.3334; Snowdon WE (1983) 1,0011,3.1004; S 1 p w B (1982) 20.0004; Somerlad EA (1977) 8.0031 ; Soong FS (1983) 2.3308, 9 . 1 6 6 , (1983) 4.0007, 2.3303, (1982) 2.3318, 2.3319, (1981) 2.3322, (1978) 3.3335, (1977) 2.3338, (1976) 2.3342,9.4024, 22.1011, (1975) 22.1012; South 3 stralian Health Commission (1978) 1.0062; Spargo RM (1984) 7.0002, 10-2001, (1983) 22.3002, 22.3003, (1982) 7.0011, 10.1005, 10.1006. 10.2005, 10.2006, 10.2007, (1981) 10.2009, 10.2010, 22.3007, (1980) 10.1009, 10.1010, 10.2016, (1978) 10.2020, (1975) 2.3217; Spencer DJ (1983) 12.1003; Stacy S (1979) 3.1023, (1978) 3.1038, 22.1 005, 22.1 006, 22.1007, (1977) 3.1 048, 22.1008, 22.1009, (1974) 3.1064; Stallman ND (1983) 16.0002; Stanley FJ (1983) 5.0010, (1981) 21.0007; Stanley J (1977) 12.2055; Stanley NF (1981) 9.4014; Stanley VG (1981) 12.2019; Stanner WE (1974) 3.1065; Steele RH (1984) 15.0001; Stefanska A (1981) 4.0020; Steffenson MS (1982) 3.1012; Stenhouse NS (1974) 21.0010; Stevenson TS (1976) 17.0026; Stoller A (1970) 12.1075, 12.1076; Stone DE (1974) 16.0038, (1973) 16.0043, (1972) 16.0046; Strang E (1970) 9.4039; Streatfield RW (1983) 21.0002; Strehlow TG (1977) 4.0044; Stuart J (1979) 13.3025, (1978) 22.6004; Stuart JE (1975) 13.3039, 16.0035, (1974) 13.3044, 22.5016, (1973) 5.0035, 10.2033, 13.3048, 16.0045, (1972) 8.0054, 13.3051, 13.3052; Suharjono (1976) 16.0030, (1974) 16.0038, 16.0039, (1973) 16.0043; Sullivan DR (1983) 12.2007; Sumner B (1984) 12.2006; Sunderman J (1981) 13.3011, (1979)13.3026; Sunoto (1979) 22.6003, (1976) 16.0030, (1974) 16.0038, (1973) 16.0043; Sutherland B (1976) 10.1013; Sutherland GC (1978) 10.2020; Sutherland JM (1973) 13.1008; Sutnick AI (1971) 9.4035; Swan HP (1974) 8.0043; Swift H (1981) 12.3008, 12.3009, 12.3010, 12.3011, 12.3012, 12.3013, (1980) 12.3015; Sykes B (1978) 2.3135, 22.4004, (1976) 2.3139.

$195)

Index of authors 281

Tamblyn DM (1984) 13.2001; Tame A (1982) 1.0022; Tarizzo ML (1981) 13.2007; Tatz C (1974) 1.0126, (1972) 1.0138, (1971) 3.1067, (1970) 1.0145; Tauro GP (1975) 22.6007; Taylor HR (1981) 13.2010, 13.2011, (1980) 13.2023, 13.2024, 13.2025, 13.2026, 13.2027, (1979) 13.2030, (1978) 13.2033,22.3017, (1977) 13.2036, 13.2038, (undated) 13.2050; Taylor JC (1978) 3.1039, 3.1040, 3.1041, (1977) 3.1049, 4.0045, 7.0043; Taylor JR (1983) 20.0002; Taylor L (1983) 22.2012; Taylor R (1981) 10.1008; Tedesco LR (1980) 13.2029; Telfer G (1984) 2.3203; Temby CR (1982) 3.2004; Thirunavukkarasu K (1979) 10.2018; Thomas DW (1976) 10.1013, 13.2039, 14.0006, (1970) 10.1015; Thomas J (1974) 16.0039; Thompson JE (1980) 15.0005; Thompson L (1976) 2.3342; Thomson N (1985) 1.0001, (1984) 1.0008,1.0009, (1983) 5.0007,5.0012, (1982) 3.1013; Thorne AG (1976) 1.0099; Thorpe A (1981) 2.3114; Tibbs GJ (1972) 9.4034, (1971) 22.3033, (1970) 9.4038; Tibbs J (1972) 13.2049; Tilley E (1981) 3.1014,3.1013, (1974) 22.1015;TilmouthT (1984) 13.2002; Tindale NM (1972) 22.3029; Ting A (1973) 22.3023 ; Tipiloura B (1975) 12.2060; Tofler OB (1979) 14.0004; Tom H (1978) 1.OO8O; Tomlinson J (1975) 12.3022; Tonkinson ME (1982) 4.001 5, (1978) 1.0081 ; Torzillo PJ (1983) 15.0003; Townsend GC (1982) 7.0008, (1981) 22.3009, (1980) 17.0008, 22.3012, (1979) 17.0017, 17.0018; (1978) 22.3018, 22.3019; Townsville Aboriginal and Islanders Community Health Centre (1978) 1.0059; Tregenza JD (1982) 1.0015, (1981) 2.3115; Trigger DS (1983) 5.0013, (1981) 3.1018; Truswell AS (1982) 4.0010; Tuck R (1979) 22.6003; Tur M (1973) 22.5017; Turner G (1975) 12.3021;Turner J (1,9792 " 2.3327; Turner K J (1976) 16.0030; Tynan BJ (1979) 3.1 024. L

-l)

Udechuku JC (1978) 12.2040; Umbidong E (1983) 4.0008; Un PS (1981) 17,0007, (1980) 17.0011; Urban A (1977) 13.3033. Valadian B (1978) 3.1031; Valentine J (1984) 7.0002; Van Loghern E (1972) 22.3029;Varghese MN (1982) 9.4008, (1981) 9.3006; Vaughan I(1977) 22.2004; Vercoe G (1979) 13.3027; Victorian Aboriginal Health Services Co-operative Limited (1978) 2.3128; Victorian Department of Health (1978) 1.0057. Vincent GK (1979) 13.3028; Viner RI (1978) 2.1016, (1977) 1.0093;Vorbach EA (1977) 16.0024, (1976) 22.6006, (1975) 11.0006, (1970) 10.2038; Vos G (1972) 22.3029; Vowels MR (1983) 11.0001. Waddell C (1983) 6.0002; Wagner H (1981) 5.0016; Walder B (1982) 19.0002; Walker AC (1984) 8.0004, (1983) 18.0002, (1981) 8.0011, (1976) 16.0032, (1975) 16.0034, (1972) 16.0047,16.0048;Walker BW (1982) 3.2008; Walker D 6 (1978) 2.1 017; Walker SH (1983) 22.3004; Walker-Smith JA (1975) 10.2024, (1971) 16.0049; Wall CJ (1976) 17.0026; Wallace FJ (1983) 22.1 001 ; Walpole lR (1980) 8.0015; Walsh DA (1983) 8.0006; Walsh JC (1975) 9.2031,9.2032; Wanamula D (1982) 2.3317; Wands JR (1982) 9.4008; Wangel AG (1982) 22.6002; Ward J A (1977) 8.0024, (1980) 8.0013,13.3017, (1978) 1.0058,1.0082,12.2041,17.0023, 8.0032, 10.2021, 22.1010; Ward M, 4.0023; Warmington S (1978) 1.0083; Waterford JE (1983) 15,0003, (1982) 2.3109, 6.0006, (1979) 13.3023; Watson DS (1983) 12.4003; Watson F (1982) 10.2004, (1981) 10.2011, (1980) 10.2015, 10.2017; Watson P (1983) 12.3004;Watterson CA (1975) 9.4027; Wauchope L

282 Index of authors

(1975) 12.2061; Waudby J (1978) 9.2026; Webber DL (1980) 12.1022, (1979) 12.4008, (1978) 1.0084,2.2005,3.1042, (1976) 2.3339,12.3020, (1975) 3.1 058; Webling DD (1981) 9.4010, (1980) 18.0005, (1978) 22.6005, (1976) 9.3015; Webster BH (1983) 11.0001; Webster I (1978) 1.0085; Webster WS (1983) 8.0006; Wegelius 0 (1982) 22.6002; Welch JS (1980) 11.0003, (1978) 9.4019, (1976)9.4023,16.0031, (1975) 16.0035, (1973) 16.0045, (1970) 7.0070,22.6012; Welters EJ (1970)22.6011 ; Whish P (1981) 14.0002; WhiteGH (1980) 11.0004, (1977) 1.0094,3.1050,9.3014; White IM (1977) 1.0095; White J (1979) 2.3329; White NG (1982) 4.0014, (1978) 1.0086, 22.3020; Whitehead RN (1970) 22.6011 ;Whittaker M (1982) 2.1 007; Whittaker Y (1975) 3.1059; Whop J (1977) 12.2052; Wigglesworth EC (1982) 1.0017; Wilkey IS (1983) 9.4004; Willaway G (1982) 2.3210; Williams FJ (1973) 8.0046; Williams G (1978) 14.0005; Williams N (1984) 3.1003; Williamson JJ (1972) 17.0035, 17.0036; Willis R (1981) 13.3012, (1979) 13.3029, (1975) 13.3040, (1974) 13.3046, (1972) 13.3053; Wilson B (1984) 12.2003; Wilson DJ (1974) 22.1 016; Wilson P (1983) 5.0008, (1982) 1.0024; Wilson PR (1983) 5.0009; Wilson RG (1972) 11.0009; Wiminydji (1978) 4.0040; Winch J (1980) 1.0047, (1978) 1.0087; Winston JM (1975) 7.0050; Winterflood GN (1978) 2.3136; Winton R (1982) 2.1008; Wise PH (1978) 10.1011, (1976) 10.1013. 13.2039, 14.0006, (1975) 11.0005, (1970) 10.1015; Wisniewski ZS (1981) 18.0004; Woo-Ming M (1976) 15.0009; Wood CM (1980) 12.2027; Woodhill JM (1975) 7.0050, 10.2027; Worthy R (1971) 1.0143; Wright B (1977) 1.0096; Wright C (1980) 17.0011; Wronski I (1980) 8.001 6; Wyles V (1977) 12.1045. Yakslch IP (1976) 13.1005; Yalwidika (1979) 4.0026; Yarran L (1978) 1.0088; Yates G (1975) 13.3041; York TJ (1972) 22.3028, (1963) 22.3022; Young ES (1981) 3.1019; Yule AJ (1975) 17.0029, (1975) 8.0037; Yunupingu D (1978) 3.1037; Yunuplngu L (1978) 3.1037; Yusuf F (1982) 6.0007. Zed CA (1977) 7.0039, 10.2021; Ziegler E (1972) 7.0066; Zilko PJ (1982) 20.0003.

QUEENSLAND

Region: Torres Strait Islands

Region: North Queensland

Region: South Queensland

284 Index of regions

NEW SOUTH WALES

Region: Sydney

1.0006,1.0125,2.3116,2.3122,2.3131,2.3135,2.3138,2.3140,2.3142l 3.1060, 6.0019, 6.0022, 7.0024, 7.0031, 8.0006, 8.0057, 9.2028, 10.2032, 11.0001, 12.1071, 12.2008, 12.2012, 12.2032, 12.2035, 12.2045, 12.2046, 12.2065, 14.0002, 16.0049, 22.4002.

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

VICTORIA

Index of regions 285

TASMANIA

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1,0002,1.0013,1.0018,l .0022,1.0042,1.0043,1.0056,1.0062,1.0067,1.0078, 1,0080,1.0098,1.0119,1.0128,1,0132,1.0133,2.1011,2.2001,2.3104l 2.3115, 2.3120,2,3123,2,3124,2.313OI2.3134,2.3141,2.3201,2.3202,2.3203,2.3206, 2.3216#2,3303,2,3334,2.3337,2.3404,2.3407,2.3412,3.1004,3.1026,3.1027, 3.1033,3.1055,3,1062,3.1066,3.2003,4.0047,4.0048,4.0052,5.0012, 5.00181 5.0019,5,0029,5.0037,6.0001,6.0010,6.0012,6.0031,7.0014,7.0051,7.0063, 8,0009,8.0019,8.0020,8.0044,8.0053,9.2003,9.3002,9.3004,9.3012,9.4002,

9.4009,9.4013, 9.4037, 10.1011, 10.1013, 10.1015, 11.0004, 11.0005, 12.1016, 12,1017, 12,1033, 12,1055, 12.2001, 12.2006, 12.2013, 12.2014, 12.2023, 12.2042, 12.2043, 12.2060, 12.3005, 13.1007, 13.2006, 13.2012, 13.2014, 13.2015, 13.2016, 13.2017, 13.2018, 13.2019, 13.2020, 13.2021, 13.2029, 13.2032, 13.2036, 13.2038, 13.2039, 13.2040, 13.2042, 13.2046! 13.3027, 14.0006, 15.0014, 15.0015, 17.0031, 17.0035, 18.0001, 19.0004, 19.0009, 21.0009, 22.1 006, 22.1016, 22.2005, 22.3014, 22.301 7, 22.3034, 22.4001, 22.4003, 22.5001, 22.5002, 22.5008, 22.5009, 22.5010, 22.5015, 22.5017, 22.7001. See also: CENTRAL AUSTRALIA

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 1,0010,1.0013,l .0018,1.0042, l .0052,1.0055,1.0077,1.0078,1 .0O8Ol 1.0081, 1,0083,1.0087,1.0095,1.0102,1.0128,1.0133,1.0135,2.2002,2.2008,2.3104, 2,3106,2,3115,2.3127,2.3131,2.3133,2.3141,2.3210,2.3217,2.3312,2.3321, 2.3340,2.3405,2.3406,2.3407,2.3408,2.3413,2.3417,2.3418,2.3422,3.1009, 3.1013,3.1017,3.1032,3.1033,3.1045,3.1054,3.1056,3.1063,3.2001,3.2004, 3.2012,4.0015,4.0025,4.0029,4.0031,4.0036,4.0040,4.0042,4.0048,5.0010, 5.0012,5.0018, 5.001915.0029,5.0037,5.0038,5.0039, 6.000216.0003,6.0004, 6.0010,6.0012,6.0013,6.0029,7.0002,7.0005,7.0006,7.0007,7.0008,7.0011 7.0017,7,0021,7.0032,7.0035,7.0046,7.0048,7.0049,7.0051, 7.006318.0015, 8.0030,8.0040,8.0046,8.0047,8.0048,9.1001,9.1004,9.2001 9.2003,9.2004, 9.200619.2017,9.202419.2027, 9,3003,9.4001,9.4009,9.4011,9.4012,9.4013, l

l

9.40141 9.4015, 9.4017, 9.4018, 9.4020, 9.4021, 9.4030, 9.4031, 10.1001, 10.1002, 10.1003, 10.1004, 10.1005, 10.1006, 10.1009, 10.1010, 10.1012, 10.1014, 10.2001, 10.2002, 10.2004, 10.2005, 10.2006, 10.2007, 10.2010,

Index of regions 287

288 Index of regions

Region: Top End 1.0011,1.0138,2.2007,2.3112,2.3208,2.3318,2.3338,2.3401, 3.1004,3.1013, 3,1014,3.1015,3.1020,3.1031,3.2010,4.0002,4.0009,4.0010, 4.0013,4.0016, 4,0020,4.0024,4.0050,5.0004,8.0004,8.0022,9.2012,9.2015, 9.2019,9.3011, 9.4010, 9.4016, 9,4026, 9.4032, 9.4034, 9.4040, 10.2004, 10.2037, 12.1006, 12.1015, 12.1022, 12.1027, 12.1073, 12.2024, 12.2054, 12.3007, 12.3017, 12.3022, 12.4008, 13.1005, 13.2008, 13.3006, 13.3009, 13.3024, 13.3041, l5.00061 15.0008, 15.0009, 16.0004, 16.0028, 16.0029, 16.0032, 16.0034, 16.0047, 16.0048, 17.0003, 17.0014, 17.0026, 17.0030, 18.0002, 19,00011 19.0005, 19.0007, 19.0009, 19.0010, 20.0001, 21 .00041 22.1003, 22.1 004, 22.1011, 22.10121 22.3021, 22.3022, 22.3031, 22.3033, 22.3035, 22.3036! 22.3037, 22.6002, 22.7002, 22.7005. Region: Arnhem Land 1.0014,1.0070,1.0075,1.0086,1.0112,1.0119,1.0138,2.2007, 2.3212,2.3308, 2.3311,2.3317,2.3318,2.3322,3.1001,3.1002,3.1003,3.1005, 3.1006,3.10131 3.1019,3.1022,3.1034,3.1036,3.1043,3.1047,3.1058,3.1068, 3.2010,3.2015, 4.0002,4.0007,4.0018,4.0019,4.0020,4.0026,4.0028,4.0032,4.0037,4.0038, 4.0050,4.0052,5.0023,6.0012,7.0010,7.0051,8.0010,9.2012,9.2015,9.3007, \ 9.3011, 9.4034, 9.4036, 9.4038, 10.2013, 12.1001, 12.1006,12.1015, 12.1020, 12.1022, 12.1023, 12.1026, 12.1037, 12.1047, 12.1054, 12.1056, 12.1077, l2.3OO1, 12.3007, 12.3009, 12.3018, 12.3022, 12.3023, 12.3024, 12.4003, 12.4004, 12.4005, 12.4008, 13.1001, 13.1004, 13.2008, 13.30241 13.3041, 15.0008, 16.0034, 16.0048, 17.0014, 17.0015, 17.0026, 19.0005, 19.0007, 19.0009, 22.1 01Sl 22.1017, 22.20031 22.2015, 22.3015, 22.3024, 22.3031, 22.3033, 22.3035, 22.3036, 22.3037, 22.5005, 22.5006, 22.5011 22.6002, 22.7002. See also: CENTRAL AUSTRALIA l

CENTRAL AUSTRALIA 1.0011,1.0012, 1.0015,1.0056,1.0067,1.0076,1.0119,1.0128, 1.0129, 1.01351 1.013811.0140,2.1020,2.2001,2.2002,2.2007,2.3103,2.3104,2.3105,2.3115, 2.3124,2.3132,2.3305,2.3307,2.331OI 2.3323,2.340712.3419,3.1004,3.1019, 3.1021,3.102313.1024,3.1026,3.1027,3.1030,3.1033,3.1038,3.1050,3.1052, 3.105313.106213.1064,3.1066, 3.200813.2010,3.2019,4.0006,4.0008,4.0011, 4.0020,4.0021,4.0034,4.0044,4.0047,5.0016,5.0032,6.0013,7.0008,7.0016, 7.0026,7.0028,7.0029,7.0044,7.0045,7.0047,7.0051,7.0052,7.0056,7.0057, 7.0058,7.0065,7.0067,7.0068,7.0069,7.0071 8.0009,8.0017, 8.0O2gl 8.0034, l

Index of regions 289