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A Spectator of Theatre Uncollected Reviews by R. H. Hutton Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Robert H...
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A Spectator of Theatre Uncollected Reviews by R. H. Hutton Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Robert H. Tener University of Calgary Press
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Disclaimer: This book contains characters with diacritics. When the characters can be represented using the ISO 88591 character set (http://www.w3.org/TR/images/latin1.gif), netLibrary will represent them as they appear in the original text, and most computers will be able to show the full characters correctly. In order to keep the text searchable and readable on most computers, characters with diacritics that are not part of the ISO 88591 list will be represented without their diacritical marks. © 1998 Robert H Tener. All rights reserved. University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Hutton, Richard Holt, 18261897. A spectator of theatre Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1552380009 (bound) — ISBN 1552380017 (pbk.) 1. Theater—Great Britain—Reviews. 2. Theater—Great Britain—History—19th century. I. Tener, Robert H. II. Title. PN2594.H87 1997 792.9'5'094109034 C97910937X
Financial support provided in part by the Alberta Foundation for the Arts. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical without the prior permission of the publisher. Any request for photocopying, recording, taping or reproducing in information storage and retrieval systems of any part of this book shall be directed in writing to the Canadian Reprography Collective, 379 Adelaide Street West, Suite M1, Toronto, Ontario M5V 1S5. Printed and bound in Canada This book is printed on acidfree paper.
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Contents Preface
vii
Introduction
ix
A Note on the Text
xxviii
Intellectual Acting
1
Mr. Fechter's Othello
6
Iago
11
M. Fechter's Iago
16
Mr. Fechter in a Double Character
21
The Devil on the Stage
25
The Princess Mary's Amateur Theatricals
28
Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals
32
Mademoiselle Colas as Juliet
36
Dr. Conolly on Hamlet's Sanity
40
Mr. Sothern as a Caricaturist
47
Shakespeare and the Bible
51
Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party
56
Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen
60
Miss Kate Terry
66
Mr. Fechter in Melodrama
70
Shakespeare in Germany
74
"Settling Day"
80
"Twelfth Night" at the Olympic
85
Lord Dundreary's Brother
89
Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle
93
Theatrical Taste and Management—The Lyceum and Olympic
97
Mr. John Parry's WeddingBreakfast
102
Experience and Inexperience on the Stage
106
The Long Strike
110
Mephistopheles on the Stage
114
The Clothes of the Mind
118
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Mrs. Scott Siddons in Rosalind and Juliet
122
Actresses and their Critics
126
Mr. Bandmann in Narcisse
132
Mrs. Gamp at the Olympic
136
The Tenderness for Actors
140
A Holiday in the Tyrol: II.—The Passion Play [at Ammergau]
144
Miss Bateman's Medea
151
"Hamlet" at the Crystal Palace
155
Mr. Irving's Hamlet
160
"The Merchant of Venice"
164
Shakespeare's Henry VIII
168
"Macbeth" at the Lyceum
174
Mr. Tennyson's Drama on the Stage
180
Miss Geneviève Ward
184
Tennyson as Dramatist
186
Mephistopheles at the Lyceum
189
Professor Jowett on the Drama
193
"A Doll's House"
198
The "Pale Cast of Thought"
202
Appendix I: Hutton's Spectator Reviews of Editions of Plays, Including Poetic Dramas
206
Appendix II: Identified Spectator Reviewers of Theatre Other than Hutton
208
Notes
210
Selected Bibliography
245
Index
249
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Preface Students of Victorian theatre are well aware of the contemporary criticism of George Henry Lewes, Henry Morley, Clement Scott, and Dutton Cook, but not so aware of the reviews by Richard Holt Hutton of the Spectator, probably because unlike those four writers he never collected his appraisals, all of which had been published anonymously. The present book, therefore, should increase the recognition of another intelligent observer of the stage of that time. I could not have completed this collection without the unstinted help of James Black, Richard Chadbourne, and Janis Svilpis, and without the resources of the British Library, the Research Library of the Theatre Museum (London), the Central Library, Birmingham, and the University of Calgary Library, and the courtesy and efficiency of their staffs. And I shall always be grateful to successive editors and staff members of the Spectator for their generosity and kindness over many years. My work on Hutton would not have been possible without the access they so freely gave me to the "Records of Articles" in their office which enabled me to identify many of Hutton's anonymous articles. And here I willingly state my gratitude to five publishers who granted me permission to quote from their books: Cambridge University Press for Richard Foulkes's Shakespeare and the Victorian Stage (1986), and for Anthony Jenkins's The Making of Victorian Drama (1994); Columbia University Press for Tom Taylor and the Victorian Drama by Winton Tolles. Copyright (c) 1940 by Columbia University Press; Oxford University Press for Phyllis Hartnoll's Oxford Companion to the Theatre, Fourth Edition (1983); The Society for Theatre Research for Mollie Sands's Robson of the Olympic (1979); and the University Press of New England for Shirley Allen's Samuel Phelps and the Sadler's Wells Theatre (1971), published originally by the Wesleyan University Press. Absolutely indispensable to me, moreover, was the computer skill of my wife, Jean, who cheerfully typed several drafts of a muchdelayed document.
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Introduction In the later Victorian period Richard Holt Hutton was widely known in Britain and America as a writer on politics, literature, and religion as a result of his signed articles in nearly twenty periodicals, and his books, Studies in Parliament (1866), Essays Theological and Literary (1871), Sir Walter Scott (1878), Modern Guides to English Thought (1887), Cardinal Newman (1891), and Contemporary Thought and Thinkers (1894), but neither in them nor in any of the more than sixty obituaries published in the British and American press after his death was there the slightest hint that he had an interest in the Victorian stage. That he wrote in his paper, the Spectator, nearly three dozen articles on theatrical performances (all articles in the Spectator were anonymous) would have surprised his contemporaries, especially those who knew of his lifelong passion for theology; equally surprised, perhaps, would have been those critics and scholars who, in our own century, wrote about him before 1972. In that year I published a bibliography of 3,600 of his identified writings, following this up the next year with a list of 1,500 attributions. 1 Both before and after these appeared, the compilers of such collections of nineteenthcentury reviews of literary works as Routledge's Critical Heritage series spoke with one voice of the "perceptive" quality of Hutton's articles, more than once according him more space in their volumes than any other single reviewer. "Perceptive" is exactly the adjective I would apply to his appraisals of theatre, and it justifies, in my view, assembling them in the present volume. Born in 1826 in Leeds, Hutton moved with his parents and three brothers and two sisters to London nine years later because his father, the Reverend Dr. Joseph Hutton, a Unitarian clergyman, insisted that his sons enjoy the privilege (when they earned it) of a university education, a privilege that only the new University of London afforded Dissenters. Unitarians were intellectual aristocrats among the Dissenters in the late eighteenth and early years of the nineteenth century,—Joseph Priestley, Hazlitt, Coleridge (for a while), the Wedgwoods, the Gaskells, the Martineaus—and were a sect that to one degree or another influenced such prominent Victorians as Charles Dickens, Walter Bagehot, Charles Darwin, T. H. Huxley, and many others. The Rev. Joseph Hutton was, though not the foremost Unitarian, certainly a cultivated man, as his
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library of 6,000 books testifies. 2 He loved to read to his family—Burns, Tennyson, Irish stories—but, best of all, the plays of Shakespeare. His biographer states, His sympathetic and mobile imagination was never so fully shown, as in his reading of Shakespeare. From their earliest childhood, his children remember feeling his power in this direction. Before the age of twelve, we had, many of us, enjoyed and entered into the power of some play of which we could scarcely have had the faintest comprehension from a personal perusal. He not only enjoyed the breadth of Shakespeare's wide range of character, but gave all the great variety of his characters with equal spirit and taste. From Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and Lear, down to Falstaff, Shallow, Dogberry, and Verges, all seemed to live again in his rendering.
And in his middle age he greatly enjoyed reading in the original language the Greek tragedies with his college student sons.3 The young Richard Hutton was already a precocious reader, telling us that by the age of nine he had read both Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Maria Edgeworth's Patronage, infinitely preferring the former. Intellectually ahead of his peers, we are not surprised to learn that during his attendance in the early 1840s he won awards in every class he took at University College, earning in his graduating year the highest scholarship the college offered, the Flaherty Scholarship in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. With his M.A. in 1849 he won the Gold Medal. He had begun German at University College School before starting university itself, but acquired his real fluency in the language as a result of two stays in Germany in the later 1840s. He was an exemplary student of Latin, but was more impressed with Greek as taught to him for four years by Professor Henry Malden. Of the latter he remarked, "There was a charm in the mingled delicacy and accuracy of his translations of the greater choric songs of Æschylus and Sophocles, which reproduced admirably the finelychiselled lines of the originals," and he added that "no man ever entered more keenly than Professor Malden into the grand religious irony of those melancholy musings on human hope and fate."4 But in addition to his youthful study of Greek and Roman drama, Richard Hutton had personal experience of the stage of his own day as he revealed in "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party." In that Spectator article of May 21, 1864, he spoke of hearing John Parry in the 1840s raise commonplace humorous song to the level of true comedy. Reticent as Hutton always was about revealing his own experiences, he has told us of another one. Late in life he declared that he had seen Macready, Fechter, and Irving "in Shakespeare's most considerable plays."5 Macready retired in February, 1851, so the probability is that Hutton saw more than one of his performances during his college days in the 1840s. Another kind of
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performance closely allied to theatre was oratory. When they were both young he and his best friend, Walter Bagehot, deliberately pursued opportunities to hear it. The time of our college life was pretty nearly contemporaneous with the life of the AntiCornLaw League, and the great agitation in favour of free trade. To us this was useful . . . from . . . the literary curiosity it excited in us as to the secret of true eloquence. . . . Bagehot and I seldom missed an opportunity of hearing together the matchless practical disquisitions of Mr. Cobden,—lucid and homely, yet glowing with intense convictions,—the profound passion and careless, though artistic, scorn of Mr. Bright, and the artificial and elaborately ornate periods, and witty, though somewhat ad captandum epigrams of Mr. W. J. Fox (afterwards M.P. for Oldham). Indeed, we scoured London together to hear any kind of oratory that had gained a reputation of its own, and compared all we heard with the declamation of Burke and the rhetoric of Macaulay. . . . 6
After two stays in Germany in the winters of 184647 and 184849, and failing to secure a congregation subsequent to his being ordained as a Unitarian minister, Hutton in October, 1849, took the position of VicePrincipal of University Hall, a residence for Unitarian students attending University College. In June, 1851, he married. In November he began to assist with the editing of the small Unitarian weekly, the Inquirer, but by midsummer the next year had to give up that and his other positions because of inflammation of the lungs, a disease that sent him to Barbados. There, his wife died of yellow fever. Back in London by the middle of 1853, he once more took up editing, for twoandahalf years working on the Inquirer and the quarterly Unitarian Prospective Review, followed by seven years of editing the National Review, of which he and Bagehot were founding editors. They made it into one of the great Victorian quarterlies. In the meantime Hutton served from 1857 to the Spring of 1861 as an editor of the Economist. In none of these journals, however, was there any opportunity for Hutton to write about current theatre. That opportunity came when he joined the Spectator. This he did at the beginning of June, 1861, as literary editor and coproprietor with Meredith Townsend. The partnership endured without a break until Hutton's resignation thirtysix years later in June, 1897. (He died within twoandahalf months.)7 For most of this time he averaged four articles a week, two in the Spectator's political pages, one subleader, often on a religious or literary topic, and a book review. In addition, he shared with Townsend the writing of the paragraphs in "News of the Week." He never wrote a regular column on theatre, squeezing instead whatever he had to say about stage productions into the finer print of a subleader, or commenting on a critical study or on an actor's biography in a book review, which he did from time to time until 1896—most frequently in the first fifteen years of his editorship.
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Twothirds of his theatre articles appeared in the 1860s, most of the rest in the following decade. An American scholar, in tracing the changes in British theatre in the middle years of the nineteenth century, had occasion to state, "No other period in English dramatic history had seen so many important developments in the playhouse as did the years between 1840 and 1880." 8 (Perhaps the most important development was the shift from stock theatre to the long run.) Pivotal, then, were the 1860s, Hutton's most productive years. It is from his reviews of that period that we may extract most of his principles of the drama, his strictures on productions, and his views on what he condemned and what he could applaud in acting. Why Hutton wrote theatrical criticism at all can be accounted for by the breadth of his interests. "A prodigy of diversified culture," an editor of the Fortnightly Review remarked of him; the "greatest journalist and most allround brain" of his time, Herman Merivale called him,9 Hutton was unquestionably alive to the rich cultural diversity of his age; theatre was very much a part of that diversity. Fortunately, his theological convictions did not keep him from the theatre in these early days. Deeply religious as he was and wellknown for his intense moral convictions, there nevertheless seems to have been no trace in him of the evangelical suspicion or fear of the stage, for he recognized that true drama ''is saved by its very wealth of imagination, poetry, and thought from almost all that is dangerous," and he was further convinced that "true Art is . . . in the class of moral and spiritual events given to enrich our knowledge of man. . . ."10 Clearly, it was his lofty standards for the drama that account for the relatively high proportion of his reviews being devoted to aspects of Shakespeare (a third), and for the severe critical demands he made on many other plays of his time. But other causes were at work. Thoroughly trained in physics, the higher branches of mathematics, and the ancient languages, and profoundly steeped in theology, Hutton's outlook was always seriously intellectual and supportive of the highest culture. Hence his unspoken demand that the good play must simultaneously be good literature. And for him this necessarily entailed a restricted view of contemporary drama. Conspicuously absent from his theatre reviews is much favourable comment on the most popular and most characteristic stage production in the Victorian age, melodrama. Conspicuously absent, too, is enjoyment of any of the age's countless farces, entertainment that the popular audiences of the time insisted on being a part of any evening's fare. But probably because the transcendent literary quality and unique cultural values he found in Shakespeare were missing from the productions of such newer writers like T. W. Robertson, Henry Arthur Jones, and Arthur Wing Pinero he never reviewed performances of their plays,
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though he did appraise two printed editions of plays by the latter. It was also printed editions of Ibsen that he assessed, not performances: A Doll's House in 1889 and Brand in 1894. And long before Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw publicly staged their plays in the 1890s Hutton had lost interest in acted drama. In the last two decades of his life he was increasingly preoccupied with religion. That interest, however, did not keep him from the theatre in the 1860s and 1870s. The tone, especially the tone of his Shakespeare reviews, reveals his genuine interest in the stage of that day. But his articles then reveal something else, his desire to improve the criticism of acted drama. "By the common admission of all educated persons," he said, the criticism of theatrical (and musical) performances is "the most contemptible of all departments of newspaper criticism." 11 And so almost as soon as he joined the Spectator he set about his selfimposed task. The result was "Intellectual Acting" on July 27, 1861. In it Hutton applauded Charles Fechter for being an intellectual actor, for having a consistent theory of the type of character he was portraying, for having purpose in all his finest acting; in short, for bringing a mind onto the stage. Deploring the mindless theatrical entertainments that disfigured the stage of his day, he asked, "Why do managers, who understand so well what an actor may achieve, think so ill of the public as to dose them with these poor and in part deleterious drugs?"12 And so he was grateful to Fechter, Macready, and Helen Faucit for the intellectual element in their performances, for studying "the particular relations of each movement in the play to the evolution . . . of [the] character [they represented]," thus making "the whole performance not only a complete picture, but a commentary on the general structure and significance of the artist's creation."13 Hence he was greatly pleased in 1865 with the actors in Settling Day, declaring that "nowhere [else] is there to be seen a company who act together with cooperation so nearly perfect, and with the capacity to bring out the meaning not only of their own parts, but of each other's."14 Indeed, he added, "in this respect they are more like a company of French than English comedians.'' And good actors, he insisted, are creative, even—or especially— when the play they are in is thin. "It would be almost possible to measure the worth of the actors [in the working stock of the English or French stage] not by what they find in the play, but by what they put into it."15 What Hutton wanted in acting was freshness, not rote performance, not mechanical conventionality. He regarded Kate Terry as the finest actress of her generation not only because she could display subtly blended emotions, not only because she could exhibit passion with both intensity and delicacy, but also because she almost never mechanically
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imported an acting style suitable to one rôle into a similar rôle in another play. Indeed, he found her acting an educating experience: She not only satisfies every critical demand we can bring to her part, but in some parts greatly enlarges our conception, and teaches the critic how many shades of natural thought and feeling it would have been impossible for him to suggest if she did not teach him what to ask for. 16
That word "natural" is a key to the demand that Hutton made of acting. Macready's acting was too often stilted, Helen Faucit's too full of "idealism." Again and again in his reviews he deplored stage rant, even finding it in Irving's Shakespeare productions. Loving to read plays, Hutton nevertheless declared, "What good actors can and do effect, is . . . to restore to the drama that realism of common life which the mere reader . . . is too apt to forget. . . ."17 He therefore disliked exaggerated or redundant or stock gestures, rebuking Mary Frances ScottSiddons for inappropriate movement in the wrestling scene of As You Like It: she is never still for a moment, moving her hands and eyes constantly with forced actions of surprise, and terror, and hope, which are not in the least expressive of these emotions, and only persuade you that she is thinking not of her love, but of herself. Mrs. Scott Siddons is not mistress of expressive gesture.18
Acting, Hutton was convinced, is not mere imitation, for acting is one thing and mimicry another. What, for instance, would Hamlet be imitating when he obeys the ghost during the interview with his mother? We take it [he said] that both in good tragedy and good comedy, the essential part of the enjoyment depends not on the success of the imitation, but on the success with which the actors throw themselves into the mood of the characters they impersonate, and so introduce the audience to spheres of experience and conditions of feeling which would otherwise be almost inaccessible to them.19
"To act," he said, "you must put off your own nature as well as put on another's."20 Doing this, however, must sometimes be difficult for the actor who has a strong sense of self. More than once in his reviews Hutton speculates on the psychological condition of the actor who takes on a rôle that differs markedly from his own personality. In "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party" he suggests that John Parry "must himself get confused between his real and some of his fictitious characters. . . . We know there is a foundation beneath the superficial social nature which assures him of his own identity, but. . . ."21 Thus, the more a great actor knows himself, and the more thoroughly he knows his part, "the more unreal must seem the act of identifying himself with that part.''22 Hutton once went so far as to suggest that only those who do not feel at ease in their own character are at all likely to put it off for the sake of another's.23 At any rate, the question of what constitutes the sense of self and of
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personal identity always interested Hutton, prompting him to write in the Spectator not only on Parry but on Ernst Schulz in "The Clothes of the Mind," later enlarging on this interest in articles on multiple personality, the unconscious self, problems of awareness, and other phenomena connected with the way the mind works. In 1874 Hutton criticized Henry Irving's Hamlet, charging that "he has not even yet quite cured himself of ranting, and of that overaccentuation and false pauses by which ranters give the artificial character to their enunciation." 24 He might almost have been speaking of Irving as the villain in melodrama (a rôle Irving had often performed). That manner of delivery accounts for some of Hutton's dislike of most melodrama, a form which he defined as "the sort of play in which an exciting situation is produced far more by an accumulation of improbable circumstances than by the natural development of character and action."25 He deplored "those totally impossible conventional assumptions which melodrama makes upon you, and which you are bound to accept if you intend to enjoy the piece at all. . . .''26 So exasperated was he with the form that he once angrily asserted, "All love for melodrama is bad taste on the part of the public, and weakness on the part of managers. . . ."27 Melodrama for him meant the misuse of theatre. Rather than subordinating human passions and interests to the excitement of mere situation, the responsible playwright must show the effect of character on action and of action on character if he is to achieve high dramatic force. He criticized Tennyson for failing in that respect in The Promise of May and even in Queen Mary where the poet neglected to make actions produce their natural result on character. In 1864 Hutton drew attention to the growing realism in the Victorian theatre, "that close and sometimes extravagantly minute reflection of the details of social life which has lately taken so strong a hold of the public fancy."28 Allied with this, of course, was the growing taste for more realistic sets, props, and scenery. On occasion he enjoyed these things, as he did the rich costumes and the Venetian architecture in the street scenes in the Bancrofts' production of The Merchant of Venice at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in 1875: The scenery, indeed, is perfect, and Portia's dresses give us positively a new vision of the capabilities of dress. And though scenery and costume can do nothing without good acting to fill the mind of the audience, it can do a great deal to console us for one or two great failures. . . .29
In spite of Ellen Terry's universally acclaimed Portia, the production was widely judged to be a failure.
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Hutton does not often comment on anything but actors and acting and sometimes on plot but could be severe on irrelevant interpolations as he was with the parachuting of some "dreadful Zingari maidens, with their dressy and imbecile smiles, interrupting Mr. Fechter's acting [in The Duke's Motto] by nimble performances on two feet and axial rotations on one," adding that "these spectacles, if the audience craves them, should at least be wholly separated from the pieces in which so intellectual an actor as Mr. Fechter performs." 30 He was even more dismissive when managers offered nothing but an appeal to the eye: The Watch Cry, he said in 1865, "has no merit at all, except splendid scenery and gorgeous dress," and for the pleasure of mere gorgeous effects ''five shillings laid out in fireworks," he believed, "would be more remunerative in agreeable dazzle to the optic nerve. . . ."31 "A scene is always bad," he argued, "in which the audience are attracted far more by the accuracy or beauty of the scenepainting and 'properties' generally than by the actors."32 Very sensibly he added that these things are good only if they contribute to the illusion of the scene, and—he would add—the realization of character. Common sense is, indeed, the hallmark of Hutton's theatre principles and theatre criticism. George Henry Lewes was no doubt a more acute critic, Henry Morley and Dutton Cook, like Clement Scott, more experienced. But Hutton's reviews deserve to be known, for they add to the corpus of Victorian criticism of the drama an intelligent voice commenting from a fresh perspective. <><><><><><><><><><><><>
Now for some remarks on the present collection of articles. Thirtythree of the articles deal with performances, four with the quality of managers or actors and actresses, four with ancillary matters (Shakespeare's religion, an actor's friendly relations with his audience, the comparative vitality and influence of fiction and drama, the interpretation of a key word in Hamlet) three are book reviews, the third being Hutton's appraisal of A Doll's House, and two are essays on Shakespearian rôle. With two exceptions, none of the articles, as far as I am aware, has been collected before, but all of them shed light on Hutton's knowledge of drama. Some readers may feel that the one on the Ammergau passion play does not belong here because Hutton himself incorporated it in 1877 into his lightly fictitious accounts of his summer travels, Holiday Rambles (London: Daldy, Isbister). I include it because Holiday Rambles is very hard to locate, because the review gives insight into Hutton's deepest interest, religion, and because it adds a striking dimension to his articles on drama. And I include "A Doll's House" even though it
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appeared years ago in Routledge's Critical Heritage series because it deals with the most controversial playwright of the later nineteenth century. Moreover, though Hutton speaks of reading the play it is just possible that he saw a CharringtonAchurch performance, for surely it was that "about which everyone was talking," not William Archer's translation. Only fifteen days had elapsed from the first performance till Hutton's article was published. Finally, I quite deliberately omitted three late Spectator articles because they add little or nothing to his views, or else they show just how unsympathetic to the stage he grew in the last decade of his life: "Mr. Irving's Claims for the Actors," April 24, 1886, p. 543; "The Bible and the Stage," February 4,1893, pp. 15556; and "Mary Anderson's 'Memories'," April 4, 1896, pp. 48284. Hutton insisted that the good critic of theatre not only analyze performances but also read the plays he planned to attend. There is evidence in several of the articles in the present collection that he himself did just that, but he also read plays that never made it to the stage and plays that were never intended for it. "Appendix I," below, lists his fortyseven reviews of such plays, most of them from the Spectator's book department. Several were translations, nearly all the rest closet dramas; the plays by Pinero and Ibsen were the only ones by playwrights who understood the conditions of theatre. Like many other Victorians, Hutton exaggerated the talent of the authors of nineteenthcentury verse dramas, the auntniece duo who called themselves Michael Field being the glaring example. His artistic sin seems less venial, perhaps, when we realize that Browning praised their plays. Hutton was by no means the only Spectator reviewer of theatre, though he was the most prolific. Unfortunately, there is no evidence for the authorship of some of the best reviews. In his Life of Henry Irving (London, 1908), I, 132, Austin Brereton asserts that "the most illuminating" review of Irving's performance in Charles the First was the Spectator's subleader, "The New Play at the Lyceum Theatre," October 12, 1872, pp. 129697. To the Spectator review of Irving in Eugene Aram Brereton in I,143, also applies the same epithet (April 26, 1873, pp. 53435). Yet another Spectator review cited by Brereton (I, 30306) was "'The Merchant of Venice' at the Lyceum," November 8, 1879, pp. 140809. The reviewers of these performances are unknown. However, sixteen authors are identified from the "Records of Articles" in the Spectator office. They are listed in "Appendix II,'' below. <><><><><><><><><><><><>
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Finally, the more telling clues for attributing articles to Hutton require some discussion. There can, of course, be no certainty about authorship based on internal evidence, but a careful study of a writer's characteristics of content and style can be decidedly helpful in establishing the degree of probability of his authorship of an anonymous piece of writing. Fortunately, 3,600 of Hutton's articles are identifiable, as I pointed out at the beginning of this "Introduction." From them over the course of nearly forty years I have gleaned many clues about the range of his subjectmatter, the vocabulary that he habitually used, the kinds of sentence structure he employed, his recurrent allusions, his favourite quotations, and his favourite imagery. When to this is added biographical and even autobiographical clues, cross references, parallel passages, and repeated judgments, a good case can be made out for a given attribution. Naturally, some ascriptions will be more persuasive than others, but in the present collection I have included only those articles that I could attribute to Hutton without hesitation. An attribution, of course, is not an identification no matter how compelling the evidence, so at the end of the headnote for each article in this collection I indicate the status of the article. The Spectator published three main types of article: leading articles (editorials), subleaders, and reviews. Most of the theatrical articles in this collection were originally published as subleaders. The "Records of Articles" in the Spectator office reveal that week after week, year after year Hutton contributed subleaders, writing them even more regularly than book reviews in spite of the fact that he was the paper's literary editor. Other contributors, however, wrote subleaders, especially his partner, Townsend, so additional evidence is needed to determine which anonymous articles are probably his. Sometimes the use of a single word will catch the attention of the attributor. Four articles here contain the French word, espiègle: "Mademoiselle Colas as Juliet," "Mr. John Parry's Wedding Breakfast" (espièglerie) "Mrs. Scott Siddons in Rosalind and Juliet" (twice in the same article), and "Mr. Bandmann in Narcisse." Since I have not found this word (with one exception) in Spectator articles by identified writers—over the years there were scores of contributors—it is clearly an unusual word, and (I would argue) is probably in only one contributor's theatrical vocabulary. Hutton knew French well enough to twice review Renan's Vie de Jésus in 1863 before it was translated into English, 33 so it is at least possible that he was the writer of these articles. What to my mind raises the possibility to a probability is the presence of the word in the only identified article in the Spectator exhibiting it, "The Taste for Privacy and Publicity,'' June 9, 1888, p. 782, the Spectator's "Records of Articles"
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revealing it to be Hutton's. Outside the Spectator Hutton had used it ten years before in his English Men of Letters study, Sir Walter Scott, p. 34. The presence of parallel passages in two or more articles can strongly suggest identity of authorship. Fechter's name runs as a thread through a dozen articles in this collection, often accompanied by the epithet, "intellectual," articles more than once praising him as the great actor of his times, which Hutton confirmed in 1886 in the identified article, "Professor Jowett on the Drama," where he states that of the three great tragedians he has seen, Macready, Fechter, and Irving, he prefers Fechter. But the more important parallel passages involving Fechter are these, beginning with "Intellectual Acting" which says that Fechter does give us the full force of that aristocratic scorn for the intellectual poverty of the plotters around Hamlet . . . which culminates in that interview with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . . . where the bitter contempt of the Prince is poured forth on the poor tools who have tried to play upon him. . . .
This is paralleled in "'Hamlet' at the Crystal Palace": Mr. Fechter's greatness was in the princely dialogue,—for instance, with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the flutescene, when he laughs to scorn their attempt to play upon him. . . .
Then, again, in "Mr. Irving's Hamlet" we read, Nothing . . . can be better than the scene in which, at first with genuine pathos, he entreats Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be frank with him as to whether they were or were not sent for by the King, and the gradual hardening of his heart towards them, as he discovers them to be mere tools of the Court. The flute scene, in which he mocks their clumsy attempt to play upon him, is fine too, though hardly so fine,—not quite so princely,—as Mr. Fechter made it.
Other articles I have attributed to Hutton also stress Fechter's emphasis on Hamlet's princely nature. "Intellectual Acting" has this: . . . it is quite obvious that M. Fechter's study of the character of Hamlet brings into prominence the proud prince. . . .
and "Mr. Fechter in Melodrama" asserts, What Mr. Fechter acted most powerfully in Hamlet was the imperious selfpossession of the Prince. . . .
There are additional parallelisms. The writer of "Intellectual Acting" criticizes Fechter's soliloquies by saying the dreaminess of Hamlet's mind, its natural relapse into the relaxation of reverie . . . is scarcely understood by M. Fechter. . . .
In "Mr. Fechter's Othello" we read,
Page xx This was the defect of his Hamlet. There was no reverie, no possibility of reverie in his presentation of the Prince of Denmark: he thought, but he never dreamed, he never meditated.
and in "M. Fechter's Iago" a limitation was seen in this actor: . . . Hamlet's meditative dreams . . . are too much of involuntary reveries to be suited to the nature of his genius.
At least twice Fechter's weakness in the soliloquies was explained in a similar way. In "Mrs. Gamp at the Olympic" the writer says that the actor playing the alcoholic nurse makes the same sort of mistake in delivering her recollections as Mr. Fechter. . . . He does not let his mind wander gently over the subject. . . .
And in "'Hamlet' at the Crystal Palace" we find this: Mr. Fechter failed terribly in the soliloquies. He could not let his mind drift.
Parallel views suggestive of common authorship are visible in several other articles. In "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen," for instance, the reviewer states, Miss Helen Faucit satisfied and more than satisfied the dramatic taste of a very different period from the present,—a period of dramatic idealism as distinguished from that close and sometimes extravagantly minute reflection of the details of social life which has lately taken so strong a hold of the public fancy. . . . But Miss Faucit is, as she always was, a pure idealist in style. . . . Accordingly, to our minds, instead of rendering Imogen more real she renders her somewhat less so.
In "Actresses and their Critics" the writer declares, Miss Helen Faucit is always graceful, and never unrefined, but on the other hand, never real, never lifelike, always selfconscious of her own artistic efforts. No one who has seen her lately in Imogen or Rosalind, could for a moment forget Miss Faucit and live in the character she is trying to render. . . . And this selfconsciousness, with this study of ideal elegancies, is the vital fault of all her acting, which is never by any chance like real life.
Of Ellen Terry the Spectator reviewer remarks in "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage," In Miss Ellen Terry, who acted her part with admirable brightness and impertinence . . . we thought we detected in the graver portions of the earlier scenes, when her face was in repose, a certain heaviness and deficiency of expression, and we doubt much whether she could act parts of pathos and emotion, as she can certainly act parts of saucy vivacity. . . .
And in "Actresses and their Critics" the reviewer says, Miss Ellen Terry . . . may turn out nearly equal to her sister. But at present she seems to us strictly limited to vivacious parts. She breaks down in pathos, and gives the impression of a certain hardness and want of elasticity. . . .
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More striking is the parallelism between the account of Mrs. Herman Vezin's Gretchen in "Mephistopheles on the Stage" and what is remarked of her in this rôle in "Actresses and their Critics." The former article says, Mrs. Herman Vezin's Gretchen has some good points. . . . [H]er delight in Mephistopheles' jewellery is really pretty and natural. But there is very little of the true peasant girl about her. With Faust she is "a gushing thing," conscious of gush, which is entirely alien to Gretchen's nature. Her 'innocence' in dialogue with both Faust and Mephistopheles has a stagey flavour.
The latter article asserts, As Gretchen in Faust . . . she is wholly unequal to the innocence and unconsciousness of the part. She "gushes" to Faust like an underbred schoolgirl, instead of a childlike peasant girl, and only in the scene when she discovers the jewels that Faust has left for her, and she has to act the natural vanity of a woman in possession of her first valuable ornaments, is she really equal to her part.
More striking still is the similarity, indeed, one can almost say the identity, of the parallelism between what the reviewer of "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage" overheard a couple in the audience affirming and what the reviewer of "Actresses and their Critics" recalled of the episode; "bad as the Hunchback is as a play," the "Experience" reviewer wrote, we heard a gentleman in the stalls tell his wife that it was Shakespeare's, the lady demurring, but admitting freely that it was as good as Shakespeare's. . . .
The reviewer of "Actresses," speaking of Sheridan Knowles's Hunchback, declared, we would as soon accept the dramatic criticism of any one who thinks it an "original and exquisite play," as we would that of a gentleman whom we once heard maintain, during its performance, that it was written by Shakespeare,—his wife, who knew better, soothingly remarking, "No, my dear, not Shakespeare, but quite good enough for Shakespeare."
We notice, of course, that these latter parallel passages link four articles: "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen," "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage," "Mephistopheles on the Stage," and "Actresses and their Critics." It seems to be reasonably safe to conclude, therefore, that the same writer produced them all. And that they were probably all written by Hutton is suggested not only by the fact that nothing in their style is uncharacteristic of him, but more especially by the fact that "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen'' contains a saying originated by his greatest friend, Walter Bagehot; for the significance of this saying—"such creatures as we are, in such a world as the present"—see the passages on quotations below. His authorship of "Mephistopheles on the Stage" becomes plausible when we know that Hutton had a fluent knowledge of German,
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and becomes much more likely when we remember that he wrote a masterly essay on Goethe for the National Review in April, 1856 (reprinted in his Essays Theological and Literary of 1871), and—I would argue—more likely still when we learn that the "Records of Articles" identify as Hutton's the subleader, "Mephistopheles at the Lyceum," in the Spectator for December 26, 1885, at a time when he had long since lost most of his interest in stage performances. Clearly it was the fact that the Lyceum was producing Goethe's great play that drew Hutton to the theatre on this occasion, not the acting of Henry Irving and Ellen Terry, for even earlier he had reservations about both of them. And when we compare the details in the two reviews we notice that the writer focusses on identical faults in the two productions. In the 1866 subleader we read (a passage already quoted): Mrs. Hermann Vezin's Gretchen has some good points. . . . [H]er delight in Mephistopheles' jewellery is really pretty and natural. But there is very little of the true peasant girl about her. . . . Her 'innocence' in dialogue with both Faust and Mephistopheles has a stagey flavour.
And in the identified 1885 subleader we have: Miss Terry's acting is, in the earlier scenes, very lively and charming. Especially her delight in the ornaments which Mephistopheles has obtained for her as Faust's gift, is given with great playfulness and grace. . . . In the tragic scenes she becomes quite artificial, and as unlike a peasantgirl mourning for her lost peace as it is possible to imagine. . . . [In her performance] there is . . . too little of the fascinating purity of perfect innocence. . . .
But perhaps it is the imagery and the quotations that make the strongest case for Hutton's authorship of unsigned articles in this collection. "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals" of 1863 illustrates both clues. There we read, Mr. Robson has a special genius for at once lending fresh emphasis to passion and at the same time relieving the intellectual monotony of it, by the resisting medium of grotesquerie through which it struggles to the surface. The "lyrical cry," as it is called in poetry, comes from him with so much the more terrible force that it makes its note heard shrill above the sound of laughter, like the wail of a violin above the murmur of noisy mirth.
Hutton made use of the image, "resisting medium," fifteen times in identified articles and twenty times in articles I attribute to him, and he employed the quotation, "lyrical cry," twentysix times in identified writings and seventeen times in attributed ones. His Spectator partner, Meredith Townsend—obviously borrowing from Hutton—used "resisting medium'' once in an identified article and six times in attributed ones, and "lyric cry" (not "lyrical") twice. 34 The great difference alone in
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the frequency of the use of these expressions by the two editors would tip the probability of authorship in Hutton's favour even if we ignore other evidence. No other contributor to the Spectator employs these phrases. But to have two "Huttonian" expressions concurring in the same article surely makes for a strong case for his authorship. In identified writings Hutton made use of "ripple" imagery twentyfive times; in articles I attribute to him it appears twentytwo times. 35 I know of no other contributors to the Spectator whose style exhibits ripple imagery. In three articles in the present collection it appears four times: "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," ''Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle," and "Mr. John Parry's Wedding Breakfast" (twice). The latter contains not only the straightforward example, "Mr. Parry goes a good deal deeper than the mere ripple of conventional affectations," but also the variant, "all the rippling impressions which writers . . . must have had at one time in their imaginations." Two other images are, in the pages of the Spectator, unique to Hutton. The first is the image of a "false bottom." In Hutton's identified writings it appears as early as "Unspiritual Religion: Professor Rogers," National Review, 5 (October, 1857), 37980: "It does not tend to make us grapple with deeper thoughts, but only to suggest every seemingly deep thought of a false bottom." The image also appears in his signed pamphlet, "The Incarnation and Principles of Evidence," Tracts for Priests and People, Series II, No. XIV (London, 1862), p. 4, and in his "Lord Cranborne," Pall Mall Gazette, June 30, 1865, p. 2, reprinted in Hutton's Studies in Parliament (London, 1866), p. 78. In attributed articles in the Spectator it appears nine times, beginning with "Mr. Fechter's Othello," November 2, 1861, p. 1200, and running through "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," May 21, 1864, p. 589 (twice), to mention two articles in the present collection.36 After 1867 it disappears. But perhaps the most striking image draws upon Hutton's collegeday knowledge of natural philosophy (physics). At some point in his study of atmospheric pressure he had had an unforgettable experience which he alluded to thirty years later in "The Magnanimity of Unbelief," Spectator, October 27, 1877, p. 1331: Anyone who has seen a shrunken and withered apple apparently revive under the exhausted receiver of an airpump, may perhaps have some notion, derived from that analogy, of the reason of this swelling of the heart in a sort of triumphant relief at the imaginary evanescence of the religious influences under the pressure of which it had lived. The apple swells out because the atmospheric pressure on the outside is removed, and the confined air in it consequently expands till it seems as sound and plump as it was while all its juices were rich and full.
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This analogical image involving the transformation wrought by an exhausted receiver Hutton employed in seven other identified articles from 1863 to 1896, and in twelve attributed ones. 37 No other contributor to the journals Hutton edited ever used it in those pages. Clearly then it is his hand that is revealed in a passage in "Dr. Conolly on Hamlet's Sanity," Spectator, July 25, 1863, p. 2294 which reads: We are sure at least of this, that Shakespeare had no notion at all of using the exhausted receiver of Polonius's worldly wisdom as the organ of any true diagnosis of Hamlet's case.
In five articles three of Hutton's favourite quotations are discoverable. No other contributor quotes them in the pages of the Spectator; therefore, they are powerful indications of Hutton's authorship. The first quotation, "make believe very much," original with Dickens in The Old Curiosity Shop, Ch.LXIV, appears in three subleaders in the present collection: "Intellectual Acting," "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party,'' and in the identified article, "A Doll's House." In total, the quotation may be found in four identified Hutton articles, and thirteen more I attribute to him, and is to be seen in each type of Spectator article that he wrote, leading articles, subleaders, and reviews.38 The next quotation too is, in the pages of the Spectator, unique to Hutton, and is also discoverable in all three types of article. It is Luther's saying that the words of the Bible have "hands and feet."39 Perhaps not surprisingly, it is quoted in the present collection in "Shakespeare in Germany." For his third quotation Hutton was indebted to his best friend, Walter Bagehot. On the basis of a passage in the Preface to Bishop Butler's Fifteen Sermons of 1729, Bagehot coined the saying, "such creatures as we are, in such a world as the present one," and Hutton adopted and adapted it (he never included the word "one"), using it eighteen times in identified writings between 1867 and 1895, and twenty times in attributed articles.40 Neither Bagehot nor anyone else has been identified as employing it for an article in the Spectator besides Hutton. In the present collection it is found in the identified article, "Professor Jowett on the Drama," last sentence, and also in the attributed "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen." Not all the articles collected here are as helpful with clues to authorship as, say, "Dr. Conolly on Hamlet's Sanity" (with its "exhausted receiver" image) or as "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party" (which contains Dickens's "make believe very much," and two images, "ripple" and "false bottom"), but I take heart from R. D. Altick's conviction:
Page xxv Long and intensive study of an author's works attunes the scholar's ear, as no amount of mechanical analysis can do, to his true and subtle accents. The scholar seeking to decide the genuineness of a literary work is in the position of an art expert called in to authenticate a museum's new acquisition. Other tests proving inconclusive, he must finally rely upon his knowledge of the way the artist customarily worked. 41
Notes 1. "The Writings of Richard Holt Hutton," Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 17 (September, 1972), entire issue; "R. H. Hutton: Some Attributions," Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 20 (June, 1973), pp. 1431. The surviving "Records of Articles" in the Spectator office cover the issues from November 14, 1874, to November 10, 1877, and November 20, 1880, to the present day, Hutton's last contribution of any kind appearing on June 26,1897, just thirtysix years after his first. Thus there is a sixteenyear gap that must be filled by attributions. All articles in the Spectator were anonymous. 2. See in the British Library Puttick and Simpson's auction Catalogue of the Valuable Library of the late Rev. Joseph Hutton of Derby comprising a good selection of Theological and Miscellaneous Books (London, 1868). 3. Joseph Henry Hutton, "Preface," Personal Duties and Social Relations, A Volume of Discourses, By the late Joseph Hutton (London, 1861), pp. xixxx. 4. "The Late Henry Malden," Spectator, July 8, 1876, p. 860. 5. "Professor Jowett on the Drama," Spectator, July 3, 1886, p. 874 (reprinted below). 6. "Walter Bagehot," Fortnightly Review, New Series, 22 (October, 1877), 456. 7. No full biography of Hutton exists, though many facts are discoverable in the Dictionary of National Biography and in John Hogben's monograph, Richard Holt Hutton of 'The Spectator' (Edinburgh, 1899). The best brief biographical account is Ch.1 of Malcolm Woodfield's R. H. Hutton, Critic and Theologian (Oxford, 1986). In the Victorian Periodicals Newsletter in 197475 I traced the main facts of his editorial career. 8. Winton Tolles, Tom Taylor and the Victorian Drama (New York, 1940, repr. 1966), p. 18. See also George Taylor, Players and Performances in the Victorian Theatre (Manchester, 1989), pp. 5, 8. 9. John Hogben, p. 18; Herman Merivale, Bar, Stage, and Platform (London, 1902), p. 32. 10. "Tragedy and Crime," Spectator, January 1, 1876, p. 10. 11. "Actresses and Their Critics," Spectator, June 22, 1867, p. 692 (reprinted below). 12. "Theatrical Taste and Management," Spectator, November 11, 1865, p. 1250 (reprinted below). 13. "Intellectual Acting," Spectator, July 27, 1861, p. 810 (reprinted below). 14. "Settling Day," Spectator, March 11, 1865, p. 269 (reprinted below). 15. "Mr. Fechter in Melodrama," Spectator, January 28,1865, p. 95 (reprinted below). 16. "Settling Day," p. 269 (reprinted below). 17. "Professor Jowett on the Drama," p. 874 (reprinted below).
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18. "Mrs. Scott Siddons in Rosalind and Juliet," Spectator, April 20,1867, p. 439 (reprinted below). 19. "The Sphere of Imitativeness," Spectator, May 11, 1889, p. 639. 20. "Mary Anderson's 'Memories'," Spectator, April 4, 1896, p. 484. 21. "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," Spectator, May 21, 1864, p. 589 (reprinted below). 22. "Intellectual Acting," p. 810 (reprinted below). 23. "Mary Anderson's 'Memories'," p. 484. 24. "Mr. Irving's Hamlet," Spectator, November 7, 1874, p. 1396 (reprinted below). 25. "Mr. Fechter in Melodrama," p. 95 (reprinted below). 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid. 28. "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen," Spectator, October 29,1864, p. 1237 (reprinted below). 29. "The Merchant of Venice," Spectator, April 24, 1875, p. 526 (reprinted below). 30. "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," Spectator, January 17,1863, p. 1522 (reprinted below). 31. "Theatrical Taste and Management—The Lyceum and Olympic," p. 1250 (reprinted below). 32. "The Long Strike," Spectator, September 22, 1866, p. 1051 (reprinted below). 33. "M. Renan's Life of Jesus," Spectator, July 4,1863, pp. 220306, reprinted in Hutton's Essays Theological and Literary (London, 1871), I, 285309, as "M. Renan's 'Christ';" "M. Renan's 'Vie de Jesus'," Victoria Magazine, I (September, 1863), 38596 (signed). 34. Robert H. Tener, "'Resisting Medium' in R. H. Hutton's Articles: A Clue for Attribution," Victorian Periodicals Review, 27 (Spring, 1994), 2531, with corrections of the editor's blunders in the Fall, 1994, number, p. 283. For "lyrical cry" see my early article, "An Arnold Quotation as a Clue to R. H. Hutton's 'Spectator' Articles," Notes and Queries, New Series, 18 (March, 1871), 100101. 35. Robert H. Tener, "A Clue for Some R. H. Hutton Attributions," Notes and Queries, New Series, 14 (October, 1967), 38283, a preliminary list. 36. The other seven attributed articles in the Spectator are "Bastard Revolution," September 20, 1862, p. 1043; "Bishop Blomfield," April 25, 1863, p. 1927; "Late Laurels," April 16, 1864, p. 451; "Mr. Goschen and the Oxford University Test," June 17, 1865, p. 658; "Railway Familiars,'' December 22, 1866, p. 1425; "The Transmutation in Lord Cranborne," July 20, 1867, p. 798; and "Martyrdom for Respectability," December 14, 1867, p. 1411. 37. The full list of identified and attributed articles containing this image appears in my article, "Breaking the Code of Anonymity: The Case of the Spectator, 1861 1897," The Yearbook of English Studies, 16 (1986), 7273. 38. The other identified articles containing this quotation from Dickens are "Miss Hitchcock's Wedding Dress," Spectator, December 25, 1875, p. 1632; "Mr. Disraeli and the Bulgarian Atrocities," Spectator, July 15, 1876, p. 884; and "George Eliot," Contemporary Review, 47 (March, 1885), 386. The other attributed articles are, except for the first, all in the Spectator "A Hierarchy Eager to Stand Still," Inquirer, February 10, 1855, p. 82; "The Emperor of Austria on Constitutional Rights," August 31,1861, p. 947; "Bastard Revolution," September 20, 1862, p. 1043; "The New Zealand War
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and Sir George Grey," July 25, 1863, p. 2286; "Bishop Ellicott Against the World," October 8, 1864, p. 1148; "The Worst Sermon We Ever Heard," September 23, 1865, p. 1050; ''Old Whigs in a Twitter," January 19, 1867, p. 60; "Mr. Forster's Life of Charles Dickens," December 16,1871, p. 1527; "Can Modern Society Turn Christian?" January 4, 1873, p. 10; "The Artificial Gloom of the Budgets," April 5, 1873, p. 432; and "The Positivist Strike for a Liturgy," March 22, 1879, p. 366. 39. An earlier attributed article containing this quotation is "Spiritual Phraseology," Spectator, September 28, 1861, p. 1060. But the three identified articles in the same journal which exhibit it are "The Official Pressure in the Arnim Case," December 5, 1874, p. 1521; "Martin Luther," November 17, 1883, p. 1473; and "Bookishness and Literature," March 19, 1887, p. 382. 40. The earliest use of the saying in an article identified as Hutton's is "A Wife on her Travels," Spectator, September 21,1867, p. 1060; the latest is "The Life and Letters of Dean Church," Spectator, January 12,1895, p. 52. The earliest use of the saying in an attributed article is "The Literary Scorn for Talkers," Spectator, August 31, 1861, p. 949, where it appears twice, and the latest is "Is Life Worth Living?" Spectator, July 12, 1879, p. 885. 41. Richard D. Altick, The Art of Literary Research, Third Edition, Revised by John J. Fenstermaker (New York, 1981), p. 87.
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A Note on the Text I have attempted to reproduce Hutton's articles as accurately as possible, even preserving his punctuation. Some changes had to be made, however. Five of the early articles inexplicably italicize the names of characters in the plays; I have changed that font to roman. The question mark in this quotation in "Mrs. Scott Siddons in Rosalind and Juliet" I changed to a comma: "When . . . Rosalind replies, 'Let me love him for that, and do you love him, because I do?" In the last paragraph of ''Dr. Conolly on Hamlet's Sanity" I altered "his" to "is" in "His mind his highly morbid," as I changed "beat" to "bent" in "natural beat of character" in "Mademoiselle Colas as Juliet." In "Mr. Sothern as Caricaturist" I interpolated "[behind]" in this sentence of the final paragraph: "Those who go to see Mr. Sothern for the first time as Lord Dundreary are usually at least two or three scenes [behind] before they fall into the subtle humour of the conception. . . ." And in the last paragraph of "'Hamlet' at the Crystal Palace" I interpolated "[has]." From "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character" (January, 1863) to the end of his editorship Hutton included the first "e" in spelling Shakespeare's name, so I have used that spelling in the first four articles, too. I have preferred normalized spelling to "downfal" in "Mr. Fechter's Iago," and to "hacknied" in "Theatrical Taste and Management," and have corrected "Rosencranz" in "Mr. Bandmann in Narcisse" and in "Mr. Irving's Hamlet" (also in the latter correcting "Guildenstein"). Hutton himself preferred "Katharine" to "Katherine" (which appears only once) in "Shakespeare's Henry VIII," so I did throughout. Finally, I have corrected the title, "Devil on Town," to "Devil in Town" in "The Devil on the Stage."
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Intellectual Acting [Originally published in the Spectator, July 27, 1861, pp. 81011, as a subleader partly on the performance of the French actor, Charles Albert Fechter (182479), in the title rôle of Hamlet currently running in London at the Princess's Theatre, Oxford Street. 1 (Attributed)]
It is possible that if the finest dramatic critic of the present day could for once see how Shakespeare acted the parts which his own mind had created, he would find it to be something widely different, not only in execution, but in drift, from his own highest conception. The best modern dramatic school is far more intellectual and critical than is in any way consistent with a great dramatic era like that in which Shakespeare lived. It is the aim of the highest actors in the modern school to have a consistent theory of the type of character which they wish to present, to study the particular relations of each movement in the play to the evolution of that type of character, and thus to make the whole performance not only a complete picture, but a commentary on the general structure and significance of the artist's creation. Any one who has seen M. Fechter's treatment of Hamlet, or Mr. Macready, or Miss Fawcett [sic],2 in any of their greater parts, will admit at once that this intellectual atmosphere, either envelops or is intended to envelop all their performances. There are parts which they cannot adequately fit into their view of the character, and these they slur over, or obviously fail to render successfully; there are others which first presented their own conception to them, and these they give with a force and insight that for the first time brings home to the audience a full conception of their meaning and power. For example, it is quite obvious that M. Fechter's study of the character of Hamlet brings into prominence the proud prince and the shrewd humour of the man of the world, and leaves in shadow that German speculativeness, that irresolute wavering of purpose, that inadequacy of the lax sensuous constitution to a stern and terrible purpose, on which Goethe has founded entirely his noble criticism of Hamlet. M. Fechter gives us little feeling that "a great action has been laid upon a soul unfit for the performance;" that "an oaktree has been planted in a costly jar which should have borne only pleasant flowers in its bosom, so that when the roots expand, the jar is shivered."3 But, on the other hand, he does give us the full force of that aristocratic scorn for the intellectual poverty of the plotters around Hamlet which Shakespeare certainly intended to express in all the scenes with Polonius, the King, Osric, and the rest, and which culminates in that interview with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, given by M. Fechter with such transcend
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ent art, where the bitter contempt of the Prince is poured forth on the poor tools who have tried to play upon him as though he were "easier to be played on than a pipe." 4 There is a vein of princely coldness in Hamlet, of the aristocratic feeling, that no claims of ordinary men, nay, none even of Ophelia herself, could be worthy for a moment to mar the development of a purpose belonging to an altogether higher and more royal sphere, which few would understand till they had heard M. Fechter's rendering of the play, and especially of the coarse, contemptuous manner with which Hamlet replies to the King's questions about the body of Polonius. On the other hand, the dreaminess of Hamlet's mind, its natural relapse into the relaxation of reverie whenever it has been strung up to the tension of a purpose, his slightly selfconscious sensuousness of temperament, in short, all the relaxed side of his nature, is scarcely understood by M. Fechter at all, who pronounces the finest of the speculative soliloquies as if they were retained on the hard outside shell of his understanding, and had never penetrated any further. We adduce M. Fechter's Hamlet, however, only as the most recent and most striking example of what we may call the intellectual school of acting, which identifies the part with a specific theory of its significance in the actor's own eyes: and we wish to point out that this school necessarily has defects as well as great merits of its own. We feel pretty sure, at all events, that Shakespeare had no such critical conception of his own great creations as the intellect of modern times has elaborated, often with great truth and subtlety, and we believe that it would have been inconsistent with the conditions of a productively dramatic age. When a great people naturally express their own thoughts, and love to find them expressed, through a dramatic medium, they are not in the criticizing phase of national life. There is something childlike in the love of drama. It requires both the faculty so strong in children to "make belief very much,"5 and also the incapacity equally strong in children to realize adequately in any form that which has not some external body presented to the senses. A nation is in the dramatic phase of its life when its imagination is at once eager, and yet so dependent on sensuous impressions, that it does not realize fictitious characters or conceptions till it sees something that passes for them actually presented by living men and actions to the eye. Yet to any one who really thinks about it, this identification of great imaginative conceptions with a widely different class of living people,—of imaginative interests with a widely different class of real interests,—of Cleopatra with the tawdry Egyptian costume in the greenroom, and the vivid interest of the actress who impersonates her in the money taken at the door,—of Claudius and Gertrude with needy lodgings in Newmanstreet Oxford street,—to such a person all the imaginative suppressions which are absolutely needful before any full
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sympathy with the spirit of the performance is possible, seem a greater feat by far than the effort of imagination requisite to realize the drama without any such helps. But assuredly this is not the true condition either of children's feeling, or of nations', and, least of all, of nations in the first bloom of their dramatic era. Then nothing seems to be so easy as this kind of makebelief. The imagination is called into activity by the senses without incurring any danger of transgressing the prescribed limits. All the assumptions requisite for the selfdelusion, are accepted as simply as by children transfiguring bricks into imaginary persons, 6 and mudpies into rare confectionary. And this is the true state of mind for full enjoyment of a national drama—a general incompetence to realize imaginative conceptions without some aid from the senses, and readiness to accept that aid without dwelling on intrusive elements. And such, we take it, was the great dramatic age of Shakespeare. The whole country loved to see the rudest representations of imaginative stories; and yielded with the facility of children to the makebelief of wandering actors who piled the impossibilities of vulgar ignorance upon the top of the conventional impossibilities of the stage. It was to such actors that Shakespeare addressed that celebrated passage in Hamlet, in which he descants on the towncrier species of players who "tear a passion to tatters." But there is not the slightest sign that Shakespeare wished for more in the actor than what we may call good taste, to "suit the action to the word, the word to the action; with this special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature: for anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end, both at the first, and now, was, and is, to hold, as 'were, the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time, its form and pressure."7 This is not a description of intellectual acting—of that acting, we mean, which strives to conceive character as a whole in relation to every word or action which is attributed to it—for this is entirely of later date, and would perhaps, to Shakespeare's mind, have savoured of far too much deference to the creation of any human imagination. It is an application simply of obvious common sense and judgment to acting, bidding actors to try and give the manner in accordance with the meaning, rather than with the strength of the desire to produce an effect. The multitudes of doubts which modern critics have raised with respect to the mutual relations of different elements in the same character are not really proper to a dramatic age. They are the natural products of an age which tries to find a secondary intellectual interest in the drama besides the legitimate dramatic interest, which looks for implied theory and criticism as well as art, which loves an actor who betrays his own reflective subtlety as well as his power of catching the true spirit of the part. To the old school of actors the man who carried
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away his audience with the most complete sense of illusion, who required least help from the "makebelieving" power of the spectators, was the best; to the new school, he who throws most additional light on the organic development of Shakespeare's genius. Of course there is nothing but gain in the addition of an intellectual pleasure to an imaginative pleasure. Of course, if the new school of intellectual acting can produce as complete and unbroken an impression of the grandeur of the great works of art they present to us, the gain is double, for we do not hold that mere illusion is or can be the true object of dramatic art. The object is to inform the imagination, to pour into the audience as fully as possible the same conceptions which came from the creative mind of the poet,—not to make people suffer or rejoice under delusive impressions, as they would with the beings who haunt their dreams. The true aim, then, of a great actor should be, not to deceive, but to engrave his own deeper understanding of the poet on the minds of all who hear him; and if he can best do this by a subtle intellectual study of the characters they portray, that is the only path open to him. But it is well to remember that he has at least one great difficulty in pursuing this intellectual path. The more distinctly he elaborates for himself the picture he wishes to delineate, the keener the outlines which he learns to assign to it, the more difficult it will become in a general way to identify himself with it. The picture of the true Hamlet must often hover before M. Fechter's imagination on the stage like a film blinding and obscuring for him the part he has undertaken to perform. The more a great actor knows himself, and the more thoroughly he knows his part, the more unreal must seem the act of identifying himself with that part. To a lucid intellect that has called up before it a clear vision of Shakespeare's creations, the very clearness of this vision must be a new difficulty in attempting to speak and act in its name. Intellectual men want almost necessarily the mobility of mind which is the first requisite of an actor. From them, at least, the unrealities of the position cannot be concealed, however completely they are banished from the mind of the audience. A man who has studied Hamlet till he sees how the weakness and the strength, the pliancy and the mettle, the meditative seriousness of his temperament and the shrewd aristocratic scorn are mingled in every scene, can scarcely imagine for a moment that he himself has any right to intrude on the acts of this distinct personality. Sometimes we can fancy that M. Fechter feels this so much that he repeats those of Hamlet's soliloquies with which he has least sympathy, by proxy, as it were, and with a kind of mental apology for repeating them at all. A highly intellectual actor requires the help of a certain dreaminess of temperament, of a certain power of confusing his own personal identity with another's, in order to act perfectly his part. So strongly did Goethe feel this, that when he makes
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his hero, Wilhelm Meister, perform the character of Hamlet, he introduces a little sideplot, for the express purpose of throwing a general mist over the actor's sense of personality. He makes the person who acts the ghost of his father an intruder, instead of one of the regular band of actors,—a person whom Meister does not know, and in whose tones he fancies some resemblance to those of his own father, who is just dead. This rectifies the too intellectual character of the act of impersonation, and suffuses the whole effort with a sense of personal identity which, as Goethe saw, intellectual acting generally wants. "He girded up his mind; and spoke that appropriate passage on the 'rouse and wassel,' the 'heavyheaded revel' of the Danes, with suitable indifference; he had, like the audience, in thinking of it, quite forgotten the Ghost; and he started in real terror when Horatio cried out, 'Look, my lord, it comes!' He whirled violently round; and the tall, noble figure, the low inaudible tread, the light movement in the heavylooking armour, made such an impression on him, that he stood as if transformed to stone, and could utter only in a halfvoice his, 'Angels and ministers of grace defend us!' He glared at the form; drew a deep breathing once or twice, and pronounced his address to the Ghost, in a manner so confused, so broken, so constrained, that the highest art could not have hit the mark so well. . . . "A deep effect was visible in the audience. The Ghost beckoned, the Prince followed him amid the loudest plaudits. The scene changed; and when the two had reappeared, the Ghost, on a sudden, stopped, and turned round; by which means Hamlet came to be a little too close upon it. With a longing curiosity, he looked in at the lowered vizor, but except two deeplying eyes, and a wellformed nose, he could discern nothing. Gazing timidly, he stood before the Ghost; but when the first tones issued from the helmet, and a somewhat hoarse, yet deep and penetrating voice pronounced the words, 'I am thy father's spirit,' Wilhelm, shuddering, started back some paces, and the audience shuddered with him. Each imagined that he knew the voice; Wilhelm thought he noticed in it some resemblance with his father's. These strange emotions and remembrances; the curiosity he felt about discovering his secret friend, the anxiety about offending him, even the theatric impropriety of coming too near him in the present situation, all this affected Wilhelm with powerful and conflicting impulses. During the long speech of the Ghost, he changed his place so frequently; he seemed so unsettled and perplexed, so attentive and so absent minded, that his acting caused a universal admiration, as the Spirit caused a universal horror. 8
If this device were usually possible, it is very likely that the critical and intellectual class of actors, of whom M. Fechter is the highest, as well as most recent, specimen, would give the finest possible perfection to their art. But, as it is, the difficulty is likely to remain, that those who best understand their part are at many points least able to identify themselves with it; since they stand, as it were, outside the character, knowing what it should be, knowing that it is different from themselves, and being scarcely able to assume frankly even the fiction that they are to represent it.
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Mr. Fechter's Othello [Originally published in the Spectator, November 2, 1861, pp. 11991200, as a subleader on Fechter in the leading role of Shakespeare's tragedy currently running at the Princess's Theatre. For information on Fechter see n.1 to "Intellectual Acting." (Attributed)]
Mr. Fechter's only great defect—and it is a defect almost essentially connected with his highest powers—is the want of any true abandon in his manner in those characters and scenes in which all pretence of selfguidance is entirely dropped, and the mind drifts with its own thoughts or passions. This was the defect of his Hamlet. There was no reverie, no possibility of reverie in his presentation of the Prince of Denmark: he thought, but he never dreamed, he never meditated. This is almost the only defect in his Othello. 1 While the poison is being poured into his mind, while the play of conflicting fears is still kept up, while even the presence of others half restrains the boiling passion in his heart, Mr. Fechter's impersonation is almost perfect,—certainly as grand a delineation of the tormenting rage and anguish of distrust as it is possible to conceive. But when for a moment all restraints are loosed, when Othello abandons himself in solitude to the tide of ungoverned passion, we are immediately sensible of something hard and lashedup in his manner. It is not that he underacts the passion—as we have seen it asserted—but that he cannot simulate the requisite spontaneousness of feeling. Mr. Fechter is unrivalled when he is princely, scornful, intellectually contemptuous; and he is, if anything, still more powerful—which we were by no means prepared to expect—when he is being played upon by others, and summons up into his face the flashes of suffering, hatred, and terror which the part requires. No one who has once beheld him in the scene in which Iago narrates to Othello his grounds for suspecting Cassio's guilt with his wife can ever doubt—as from his impersonation of Hamlet we were inclined to doubt—his marvellous power of portraying passion. The contracted and almost contorted frame, the raised shoulders, the large unclear whites of his turbidly gleaming eyes as they shoot oblique glances of physical fury mixed with dread at his informer, the visible spasms as barb after barb enters, the bloodthirsty insanity which comes over his countenance when the gift of Desdemona's handkerchief to Cassio is mentioned, present one of the most marvellous dramatic pictures on which the eye can dwell. Mr. Fechter has one or two great physical advantages for such a part, which have, no doubt, their weight in inducing him to prefer the character of Othello to the still more striking one of Iago. The lurid whites of his eyes, which jarred very painfully
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with the dreamy character of Hamlet, seem expressly intended to image the jealous fury of Othello's Moorish blood. Then, in both Hamlet and Othello, there is a superficial sensuousness of temperament evidently not alien to Mr. Fechter's own. But still, no doubt, it is far more to his art than to any natural gift that he owes his power to give such terrible vividness to the whole physique of Othello—to convey so marvellously the impression of that halfsavage physical intensity of emotion which culminates in Othello's epilepsy. In connexion with this wonderful portraiture of Othello's physique we must, however, notice an extravagant conceit, which is not worthy of so thoughtful an actor. Mr. Fechter is exceedingly anxious—and rightly anxious—to render truly Othello's constant dread of the repelling effect of his dark skin on Desdemona's senses—a most essential current of feeling throughout the play. But there is one most absurd and unnatural attempt to force this feeling into a passage where it has no concern, where all such feelings are swallowed up in the fierce struggle between pity, horror, and revenge, by the deathbed of his victim. Here is Mr. Fechter's virtual interpretation of the passage, as conveyed in his stage directions: 2 "OTHELLO (who, during the last couplet, comes slowly forward to look at Desdemona, accidentally touches the glass, in which he sees his bronzed face with bitter despair). It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul,— [Retiring to the window, his eyes fixed on the heavens. Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars!— [Looking at his face again. It is the cause.— [He violently throws the glass into the sea; then goes to the door, locks it, advances to the bed, half drawing his sword; then suddenly stops, and returns it to the scabbard. Yet I'll not shed her blood; Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster. Yet she must die."3
Mr. Fechter wishes to make Othello's colour the "cause" of which he speaks, and evidently supposes that this "motives" the change of resolution implied in "yet I'll not shed her blood; nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow." But this interpretation seems supremely forced and trivial. Possibly, indeed, Shakespeare did mean to convey in this renewed reference to the snowy whiteness of Desdemona's skin some passing renewal of the pang as to the darkness of his own, but whether this be so or not, it seems to us absolutely certain that the "yet," is not to be construed as proving that he had been dwelling on this as the original
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"cause" of the whole tragedy. Othello is trying to justify his own resolution to kill her, to stifle the shrinkings of his conscience by dwelling on the depth of guilt which he believed himself to be punishing. This, if it were not otherwise clear, would be sufficiently so when he says, "Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars!— It is the cause!"—
and then, turning to the bed, he sees her "whiter than snow" and "smooth as monumental alabaster," and says to himself that, though he must kill her, yet he will not mar that beauty by shedding her blood. To refer the "cause" to his own dark skin, is to substitute for those last hesitations of love and tremblings of conscience, which imply a mind strung up to the last effort, a morbid suggestion which had exhausted its power long ago, as one of the many conspiring circumstances which seemed to lend probability to Desdemona's guilt, and which, if reintroduced here, would imply that Othello was not only rearguing the whole question, but dwelling on the slightest of all the threads of presumption. The whole of this soliloquy shows Othello with the certainty of Desdemona's guilt utterly fixed in his mind, but yet starting back in horror on the edge of murder. He stimulates himself by contemplating the depths of his victim's guilt; still he cannot mar her beauty, and looking on that beauty, he cannot help recoiling from an act so irrevocable as putting out a light which nothing can rekindle. Everything shows his mind to be in the last spasm of revulsion from the fatal plunge, or absorbed in the consideration of the terrible "how"—whether by sword or pillow. It is not a moment when he would retrace one of the original reasons for her infidelity, even though one painfully personal to himself. Mr. Fechter has here clearly caricatured the sensuous element in Othello's credulousness, at the expense, too, of his shrinking conscience and affection. Partly for this reason, partly for the one with which we commenced our criticism, the scene of the murder strikes us as throughout the least effective. Othello has thrown off all selfcontrol, and after the first hesitation, which Mr. Fechter misinterprets, he abandons himself on the waking, and after the murder, of Desdemona, to the tide of involuntary passions which are crowding into his breast. Here Mr. Fechter strikes us as not fully equal to his part. There is a hardness about his lower tones; they sound as if they did not come from the bottom of a deeplystirred heart, but from a false bottom of intellectual effort. 4 If there be a fault in Mr. Fechter's general conception of the play, it is, we think, that he rather overdoes the murderousness of Othello's jealousy, and disregards the reluctant starts of his conscience, while he also somewhat diminishes the force of the network of circumstances by which
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the Moor is enmeshed. In Shakespeare's play, Othello is represented as informed of the murder of Cassio before he goes to Desdemona's room. He hears Cassio's cry in the street, and passes on, saying: " 'Tis he;—O brave Iago, honest and just, Thou hast such noble sense of thy friend's wrong! Thou teachest me,—Minion your dear lies dead, And your fate hies apace." 5
And so he goes to the scene with the knowledge, as he supposes, of one murder on his conscience already committed. We think it is a mistake in Mr. Fechter's acting edition to omit this passage. The blood already shed adds a powerful sting to the passion of Othello's recklessness; and incidentally we may notice that if Mr. Fechter had remembered that Othello goes in to Desdemona muttering: "Thy bed luststained shall with lust's blood be spotted," he would have had a clearer understanding of the train of feelings which lead him to say, "yet I'll not shed her blood." While pleading, however, for more genuine signs of moral recoil from the murder than Mr. Fechter admits, we must do justice to his noble rendering of the passage where Othello first directs Iago to set his wife to watch Desdemona. The start of shame which he gives as the words escape him, and the abrupt "Leave me!" prove that the high generosity in Othello's nature is fully appreciated by Mr. Fechter. But masterly as his acting is in Othello, we could not see the play without regretting most deeply that Mr. Fechter did not take the part of Iago. It is impossible to conceive it worse acted than it is acted by Mr. Ryder.6 Low, very low cunning, as modified by occasional rant, is that gentleman's only conception of the Italian's part. Iago is one of Shakespeare's most elaborate efforts. His intellect is meant to be an intellect of a very high order, sceptical, scornful, cold, malicious. He does not disguise from himself Othello's native goodness. He looks evil in the face with an intellectual relish—a delight in the creative power of his own mind, which is, as it were, the evil side of true art. When he says, " 'Tis here, but yet confused; Knavery's plain face is never seen, till used,"7
he is a perfect impersonation of a fertile mind rejoicing in the inspiration of conscious evil as stroke after stroke of the dark picture rises before him. It is no common task to represent this together with the Italian passion, the contempt for women, the covetousness, and the general malice of temper, with which his immediate design is coloured. It would be an attempt worthy of Mr. Fechter's highest powers, and, if we mistake not, well adapted to the scope of those powers. Mr. Ryder could not be worse in Othello than he is in Iago, and probably would not be so bad. At
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all events, it would be far more tolerable to hear him ranting a comparatively simple part, than parodying one of such complex and subtle power. We may add that the scenery is exceedingly good, and that the part of Roderigo, Iago's dupe, is performed with real art by Mr. J. S. Shore. 8 The weak, irresolute impatience and resentment,—and still more the skill with which he lights up his vacant face with foolish smiles, as Iago holds out one hope after another, is, in its small way, striking enough. Desdemona we were not sorry to see smothered. Miss Leclercq9 was better suited for Ophelia of her two characters, and not very well suited, except by a pretty face, for either. The earnest simplicity which belongs to Desdemona is badly exchanged for an irritating charmingness of ordinary young ladyism. In his Desdemona Mr. Fechter is unfortunate; in his Iago worse than unfortunate; but only the more closely is the spectator's attention riveted on the single centre of interest which is presented by the mobile features and grand bearing of the tortured Moor.
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Iago [Originally published in the Spectator, November 9,1861, pp. 122829, as a subleader essay arising out of Fechter's Othello. (Another such essay by Hutton is ''Shakespeare's Henry VIII," an identified "book" review appearing later in this collection.) (Attributed)]
There are few of Shakespeare's characters which have enlisted so little intellectual power on the stage, in proportion to that which Shakespeare had spent on their creation, as that of Iago. The reason is not far to seek. To carry public sympathy with us is as fascinating as public admiration, and a great actor cannot, therefore, profess to be indifferent to the double triumph which his art and the nobility of the character that he portrays wring from his audience. To take the part of Othello is to gain this advantage; and is, besides, to concentrate gradually the undivided and, what is more, the final interest of the audience on himself,—to leave the latest as well as the deepest impression on their minds,—to gather to himself the awe and pity which half obliterates all other thoughts and emotions. Nor is it, perhaps, even to the astute intellect of a great actor a very pleasant task to identify itself absolutely with the evil secrets of such a nature as Iago's, even for the sake of embodying expressively Shakespeare's farreaching thought. To any actor, however, whose wealth of imagination should be half as independent of his personal character as was Shakespeare's, it might be a delightful as well as deeplyinstructing study to delineate the character of Iago as Shakespeare conceived it. We have already said that Mr. Ryder's success in portraying under that name the ordinary cunning of an ordinary knave does not deserve the trouble of criticism. 1 We must add, we fear, that unless Mr. Fechter, knowing that he had no actor equal to the part, clipped it intentionally down to the limits which seemed to him feasible, his acting edition is not guiltless of purposely narrowing the range and lowering the aim of this finely imagined picture.2 It would task the powers of the greatest of critics—of Coleridge, of Goethe, or of Hazlitt—to give anything like an adequate insight into the vision which hovered before Shakespeare's mind in the creation of this character. But as we cannot question these great critics, we will attempt to do what is in our power to rectify the uneven balance of intellectual favour evinced towards the two leading characters of this great play. During the first two acts Iago's character is necessarily, and beyond all comparison, the foremost one. In fact, in his breast the whole tragedy still lies an undeveloped embryo. Up to this point Shakespeare has merely contrasted the true frankness and simplicity of the Moor with the external frankness of Iago's craft, and kept our attention concentrated upon
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the brooding mind of the latter. In the third act, the interest begins to be divided between the schemer and his victim, and gradually, as the poison works, to transfer itself from the inventive mind, on the fertility of which there is less and less occasion to draw, to the fatal development of the agencies it has put in motion; but never until the last scene is Iago entirely eclipsed by the effects of his own work; and during the course of the third and fourth acts, the prominence given to the swift and fertile creativeness of Iago's evil intellect is scarcely less than that accorded to the halfsmothered anguish and passion of Othello. If Iago's character, therefore, appears at the close quite subordinate to the development of Othello's, it is only from the intrinsic artistic necessity of ceding to the expanding force of a great passion a larger scenic space than is wanted for the cool, collected mind of the unchanging tempter. So long as the exigencies of the tragedy will allow, Shakespeare omits no opportunity of adding fresh touches to the great and evil nature he had conceived. What are, then, the principal features in this great conception? Iago, we must never forget, is intended to look an honest man, and to be a brave soldier. There is no trace of the cowardice of petty villainy about him. He says himself that Othello had proved his courage as a soldier, and there is no imputation at any time upon it: "And I,—of whom his eyes had seen the proof, At Rhodes, at Cyprus; and on other grounds, Christian and heathen, must be his Moorship's ancient." 3
And the whole action of the play is in keeping with the reputation of Iago as a brave and blunt soldier, whose bluntness of manner had gained him a high general reputation for honesty. "Honest Iago" is the running epithet applied to him in good faith throughout the tragedy until the last scene. Othello describes his aidedecamp to the Venetian Senate as a "man of honesty and trust,"4 and consigns his wife to his care without a shadow of scruple. Cassio is under the same delusion, and says to Desdemona—after they have heard Iago's dictum that a faultless woman is only fit "To suckle fools and chronicle small beer—"
"He speaks home, madam; you may relish him more in the soldier than in the scholar;"5 and he, too, like the others, uniformly speaks of "honest Iago," as if this were the uppermost impression made upon his mind, and expresses his absolute confidence in Iago's friendship for himself. It is quite clear that Shakespeare meant Iago to have all the manner of a bluff soldier, speaking his mind, on delicate subjects where politeness would usually forbid, with even more than a soldier's bluntness. Under this character it is that he contrives to say to Othello so much that it would scarcely have been possible for any but a blunt soldier to say,—as
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when he distinctly intimates that Othello's colour and race may be operating unfavourably on Desdemona's senses, and producing something of revulsion of feeling in favour of the Venetian suitors whom she had discarded. Iago blurts out this with a military dash of plainspokenness: "Oth. And yet, how nature erring from itself— "Iago. Ay, there's the point:—As, to be bold with you,— Not to affect many proposed matches, Of her own clime, complexion, and degree Whereto, we see, in all things nature tends— Foh! one may smell, in such, a will most rank, Foul disproportion, thoughts unnatural,— But pardon me; I do not, in position, Distinctly speak of her: though I may fear, Her will, recoiling to her better judgment, May fall to match you with her country forms, And (happily) repent." 6
This could not have been said under any character but that of friendly soldierly abruptness, which Iago always uses. Iago must be conceived, then, as a bluff soldier, with all the air of habitual, and on occasions even coarse, frankness, which is usually associated with a straightforward character—a man with only an occasional doubtful line about the mouth, or passing vacancy of face, or inscrutable flash in the eye to unsettle the impression of almost reckless plainspeaking which his superficial manner produces on all his companions. Nor does his manner alter essentially when he is alone with Roderigo, his dupe and partial confidant. There should, in these scenes, be no air of throwing off a mask and breathing freely, but rather of hard bold will defining itself more clearly, and speaking of men and things with a colder certainty. In one most characteristic speech which Mr. Fechter has needlessly clipped down to the most meaningless and insignificant dimensions, Iago tells Roderigo with very sincere frankness his theory of the human reason, will, and passions: "Iago. Virtue? a fig! 'tis in ourselves, that we are thus, or thus. Our bodies are our gardens; to the which, our wills are gardeners: so that if we will plant nettles, or sow lettuce; set hyssop, and weed up thyme; supply it with one gender of herbs, or distract it with many; either to have it sterile with idleness, or manured with industry; why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions: But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts; whereof I take this, that you call—love, to be a sect, or scion."7
The duplicity, then, in Iago's character is not of the flexible and serpentine kind; it is simply the iron mask with which he covers all that is
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dangerous to reveal; and the thoughts he does habitually express are thoughts that are really in his mind, only that he gives them the air of blunt unreserve, whereas they are really but the upper stratum of an unfathomable world of evil. When he implies to Roderigo his contempt for characters that are easily read— "For when my outward action doth demonstrate The native act and figure of my heart In compliment extern, 'tis not long after But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve For daws to peck at: I am not what I am"— 8
it is only to explain away his apparent loyalty to Othello as part of his scheme of selfish aggrandizement; but the character he assumes is always as close as may be to the character he is; it is an indication of his intellectual strength that he attempts no part that is out of keeping with his real character, though concealing the particular baits with which his cold nature is playing. But were this all, Iago, though a very strong evilthinker and evildoer, would scarcely be one of unique type. We have dwelt on the sort of subtlety in him, which consists more in the inscrutability of his aims than in any assumption of a nature alien to his own, because he is completely transformed by the tone of the acting at the Princess's into that lithe and suppleminded kind of knave who has no fixed character of his own beyond his greediness and his voluptuousness. Iago's mind rests in a fixed centre of its own, from which it never attempts to move. His only real feigning of an utterly foreign emotion throughout the whole play is when he kneels beside Othello and records the vow to give up his life to "wronged Othello's service."9 The purpose he has in view seems absolutely to demand this, and Othello being too much excited to criticize him, he gets through it as he may; but no affectation of any like generous emotion ever recurs. By preference he keeps sedulously to the task of goading Othello with his poisoned words, instead of displaying any hypocritical zeal. He is not by taste an actor; he has far too strong and defined a nature for that. Deceit is only his occasional instrument; callous inscrutability—behind that superficial outspokenness which he both likes and thinks it his interest to indulge—is his permanent habit of mind. But in addition to this—and here we have the chief originality of the mould—there is in Iago very great critical, and no slight imaginative power combined with his malicious temper, cold will, and inquisitive intellect. When Desdemona asks him what he can say in her praise, he replies with perfect sincerity: "Oh, gentle lady, do not put me to't; For I am nothing, if not critical."10
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And through the whole course of the play he shows how critical an impulse accompanies him through all his malice. He is a critic, and a very acute, though malicious, critic of human nature itself, as is shown in the speech to Roderigo, which we extracted above. He criticizes his own villainy with the subtlest acumen at various intervals throughout the play, stating, and then exposing, with a sort of mocking malice against himself, the "case" that might be made for it. He announces to Othello what is true in substance though not in form: "As I confess, it is my nature's plague To spy into abuses." 11
He has thought out clearly what he is doing in robbing Desdemona of her good name, and dilates powerfully on the enormity of the crime to Othello, in order to stimulate his suspicion. He depicts the various anguish of jealousy with a cold, true hand, in order to excite it. He studies Othello's symptoms with an interest that goes far beyond the practical object he has in view. And then, too, there is no slight imaginative power in his mind. The sensual bent of his imagination does not restrict it within sensual limits. He takes a wide sweep of time, space, and human character in his view. He makes full allowance for the work of "dilatory time." How vividly he realizes its effect: "Dangerous conceits are, in their natures, poisons, Which, at the first, are scarce found to distaste; But, with a little act upon the blood, Burn like the mines of sulphur."12
He individualizes his scheme slowly out of the many surging possibilities which swell up thick in his mind—abandoning at once all the threads of evil which give no promise of fruitfulness—but he conceives many paths, though so quick to seize on the most feasible. "There are many events in the womb of time which shall be delivered,"13 he says,—and we actually see him mapping out the different combinations with the vivid imagination of a general. Then how scathing is his coarse wit where he can safely loose it, as when under the cover of his incognito, he tells Brabantio that, should he not be in time to prevent the marriage with the Moor, he will be in danger of having a monstrous posterity more animal than human.14 Take it as a whole, no creation of Shakespeare's is more marvellous and unique than this blunt soldier with his coarse free manners, his strong will and inscrutable mind, his sensual but farreaching and fertile imagination, his coarse and poignant wit, his critical and inquisitive intellect, and his malicious temper. For any actor to approximate very closely to Shakespeare's thought, is, perhaps, scarcely possible; but if such an actor there has been, we should suppose it was Mr. Fechter.
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M. Fechter's Iago
1
[Originally published in the Spectator, March 8, 1862, pp. 26667, as a subleader on Fechter's new rôle in Othello at the Princess's Theatre. (Attributed)]
The only attempt which Shakespeare ever made at the delineation of a Mephistopheles—a being evil for evil's sake, and rejoicing in evil even when he gains nothing by it but the excitement of the spectacle—is no doubt to be found in his Iago, and it is evidently in this light—and far too exclusively in this light—that M. Fechter has conceived and portrays the character.2 This is perhaps most powerfully marked in his very fine and original rendering of the sentence in which Iago, flushed with the success of his first plot for Cassio's disgrace, expresses his astonishment that the night is already over "By th'mass, 'tis morning; Pleasure and action make the hours seem short"—3
which is given with all the bounding animation of a mind that, scornful of all things else, feels no scorn for the delightful stimulus of its own evil inspiration. The whole character is conceived and delineated in the same key, and though, as we shall see, open to criticism—like all things human, Shakespeare's own conception of this marvellous character itself not excepted—is certainly a magnificent piece of intellectual acting. Perhaps the most striking part of the performance is in the play of M. Fechter's countenance when he is a mere bystander, listening, for example, to Brabantio's accusation against Othello in the Senate, or to the passion of Othello, when the general's eye is off him. While Brabantio is addressing the Senate, Iago stands in the background with halfbent head as a mere attentive subordinate, his features generally impassive, but lighting up with gleams of scornful amusement when Brabantio, denying that his daughter really loved the Moor, accuses Othello of witchcraft,—a charge which recurs to Iago at the very nick of time, when he is persuading Othello that Desdemona had practised so effectual a deception upon her father as to induce him to account in this farfetched manner for her conduct. The finest instance of the same play of feature in the scenes with Othello is at the moment when the Moor, after refusing to harbour any jealous suspicions until there is final evidence, after boldly affirming that he will never suspect, since "to be once in doubt, is once to be resolved"—"I'll see, before I doubt; when I doubt, prove,"—yet condescends to say, ''Set on thy wife to observe,"4 and here the face of
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Iago, who is behind Othello, suddenly lights up with a triumphant glare of scorn which is inexpressibly fine. He has broken down Othello's fine sense of honour. After that the rest is easy. Another very remarkable feature in M. Fechter's rendering of Iago is the wonderful truth and vigour with which he gives the plotting soliloquies. In Hamlet and in the last act of Othello, the weakest parts were the real soliloquies, which never seemed to have a spontaneous effect. There is purpose in all M. Fechter's finest acting; and Hamlet's meditative dreams, or Othello's emotion at the audacity of putting out a light that he can never rekindle, are too much of involuntary reveries to be suited to the nature of his genius. Iago's soliloquies are very different; they are schemes in embryo, purposes slowly coming to the birth. There is no aspect of life which the genius of this great actor is so eminently qualified to delineate. A greater contrast can scarcely be conceived than that between Mr. Ryder's cunning Bowstreet detective manner of striking his forehead with his forefinger, and saying "'Tis here, but yet confused; Knavery's plain face is never seen, till used"— 5
and the truly satanic birththroes of intellect with which the Iago of M. Fechter delivers himself of the same thought. With him, it is the living realization of Iago's own prophecy: "Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light"—6
with Mr. Ryder, it was vulgar cunning inventing a new trick. There has seldom been a greater climax of iniquity expressed in a human face than M. Fechter puts into the lines, "So will I turn her virtue into pitch; And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all."7
But, magnificent as M. Fechter's acting certainly is, in one respect he does not satisfy us. He describes Iago, in his acting edition of the play, as "dressed quietly and in good taste; his manner and appearance attractive."8 And this is the conception he tries to develop throughout. M. Fechter's Iago is very much like Goethe's Mephistopheles—a supple, sardonic, gentlemanly man—a polished civilian in manner, taste, and learning—cynical by preference in common society, but able to understand all the finer shades of sentiment, even while sneering at and exposing them. Like Mephistopheles, M. Fechter's Iago eschews the finer feelings from choice rather than from want of culture, and might say with the former in Goethe's Prologue in Heaven, "Excuse me, Lord, I
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cannot talk fine, even though your whole set should cry scorn on me; my pathos would certainly make you laugh, had you not left off laughing. I have nothing to say about suns and worlds; I only mark how men are plaguing themselves." 9 But though the scoffing essence of Iago's character is similar, we take it that the setting was meant by Shakespeare to be very different, and to some extent different in kind from what M. Fechter delineates for us. Iago is not a polished, suppleminded civilian of "attractive appearance," but a rough, readywitted soldier, whose blunt and coarse language gains him the reputation of frankness, while it expresses—just carelessly enough to disguise—a malicious, calculating, and suspicious spirit. This it is which has gained him that reputation for "honesty" which is his universal repute throughout the play, and which M. Fechter entirely fails to render, having apparently tried to translate it into ''attractive," which Iago is certainly never meant to be. While everybody is taken in by him, it is clear that no one ever is really attached to him or attracted by him. They see that he is keen and shrewd, and though rough and scornful, yet in a careless way apparently disposed to help them, and they are taken in. But as Cassio remarks, after Iago has intimated jestingly his scorn for feminine paragons, by saying that they are fit only "to suckle fools and chronicle small beer," "He speaks home, madam; you may relish him more in the soldier, than in the scholar."10 And this is, we take it, the real key to Shakespeare's conception of the external character. Yet there is nothing of this hard, free, military coarseness about M. Fechter's impersonation. He has omitted partly of necessity, partly unfortunately—many of Iago's most characteristic speeches, in which the licence of his manners comes out most strongly. The play opens with Iago's own recital of his real experience in war, which constitutes the ground of his grudge against Othello for the promotion over his head of a youth like Cassio, who had seen no actual service. M. Fechter omits the larger part of this, and drops altogether the military side of Iago, which is the appropriate mask (the more effectual for affecting so little of a disguise) of his true character. In the scene on the seashore in Cyprus, when Iago's coarse wit is tasked to pass away the time till Othello's arrival, M. Fechter is far too much of a courtier, misled apparently by the courtesy of the phrase " O gentle lady, do not put me to 't; For I am nothing, if not critical"—11
which, however, is but the prelude to a string of coarse jokes much better suited, as Cassio says, to the society of the camp than of the drawingroom. The unaffected materialism and sensualism of his acquired
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wisdom, which he blurts out with so much show of selfdistrust to Othello, admitting that "It is my nature's plague to spy into abuses; and oft, my jealousy shapes faults that are not," 12—and with so much authoritative wisdom to Roderigo, when that youth indulges the belief that Desdemona is "full of most blessed condition,"— "Blessed fig's end! the wine she drinks is made of grapes,''13—could not be carried off consistently with Iago's general reputation for "honesty," if the exterior of the character were what M. Fechter makes it—the polished cynicism of a highbred man—for never did such a reputation seem more unaccountable than in M. Fechter's presentation. When on his guard he looks shrewd and insinuating—plausible perhaps—but by no means honest. Shakespeare certainly conceived, we think, a colder, more inscrutable, less mobile countenance and bearing, overflowing in coarse and almost brutal phrases, thrown off with a jovial manner that made them appear less deeply significant than they were. The worst of the man came to the surface, it was thought—hence the impression of "honesty." After Iago's scheme has failed, and he has murdered his wife, he remains the stolid soldier, still replying, with cool effrontery, to Othello's thrust and comment that if he be a devil no sword can kill him, "I bleed, sir, but not killed;" and answering sullenly when questioned: "Demand me nothing: What you know you know: From this time forth I never will speak word."14
M. Fechter is weakest in this scene. It is one in which a pure Mephistopheles cannot well be introduced at all. Iago is not enjoying here the triumph of pure evil, but is savagely brooding over the downfall of his plans. You want the sullen face of the foiled ruffian, and you have only the calm equanimity of an intellectual devil. Indeed, there is much more of the ruffian and less of the pure devil in Shakespeare's Iago than in M. Fechter's. In the latter, the love of evil for its own sake so completely absorbs the individually selfish end, that the pursuit of it scarcely seems to enter perceptibly into Iago's mind. Malice and revenge completely absorb the selfish aim before him. M. Fechter acts what we may almost call a disinterested demon, so bent on destroying others, as to throw in his own life without a murmur if he do but succeed. There is much of this, no doubt, in Iago, but not at all to this extent. The conception is, indeed, more abstract and less human than Shakespeare's. The greedy, vindictive soldier has, of course, no spark of compunction in his heart. But he is selfish and greedy to the last. After uselessly endangering his plot by taking large bribes from Roderigo, on the false pretence of making presents to Desdemona, and then killing
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Roderigo, and trying to throw the blame of the attempt on Cassio's life on Bianca, he marks his own greedy hopes, by saying: "This is the night, That either makes me, or fordoes me quite." 15
And the vehement menaces with which he strives to awe Emilia into silence before he despatches her, again indicate the importance Shakespeare intended him to attach to the worldly success of his plot. M. Fechter loses this coarser and more concrete aspect of Iago. He completely sinks the greedy freebooter and ambitious soldier in the malignant evil spirit. But Iago is not merely a destroyer of others' soul—she is also a rapacious builder of his own fortunes.
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Mr. Fechter in a Double Character
1
[Originally published in the Spectator, January 17, 1863, pp. 152122, as a subleader on Fechter's rôles in The Duke's Motto at the Lyceum, Wellington Street, both as a soldier of fortune and as a hunchback. (Attributed)]
Mr. Fechter, perhaps like most really great actors, loves not only to act, but to act the part of an actor. In other words, he loves his audience to see, not only that he can throw himself thoroughly into the part designed for him, but that he can as well throw himself out of it and into any other part which he assumes for the moment— that he can become a different person without changing his mask (or persona, in the Latin sense); or rather, that his own face and bearing contain ample provisions in themselves for a vast variety of masks, any one of which can be exchanged for any other by the finest breath of volition, by a contraction or relaxation of the muscles, by a quiver of the mouth, by a light or shadow in the eyes. It is certain that the characters he evidently prefers, and which he acts with the greatest effect, are those in which there is some double part to play; Hamlet, veiling a stealthy vigilance and a deep irresolution beneath the princely eccentricities of an assumed insanity; Iago, drawing over the keen malicious appetites of a mocking mind the veil of dissimulated frankness and loyalty; and, even in Othello, he gives by far the greatest effect to those scenes in which the undercurrent of loyal love is still keeping a halfcontrol over the will, and still moulding the outward actions and expressions which jealousy is fast robbing of their true meaning. The same tendency is easy to perceive in the adaptation which he has just made of M. Feval's drama called Le Bossu ("The Hunchback," which would, by the way, be a much better title than the one selected, the Duke's Motto).2 The charm of the play for him lies in the large opportunities of confessed acting which it gives him, that is, of so acting that the audience sympathizes with him as an actor, and not merely with the part which he has assumed. The plot of the new play at the Lyceum is rather intricate, but the only intellectual interest in it is very simple. Mr. Fechter has, in the first instance, to play in it the character of a free and even reckless soldier of fortune (M. de Lagardère), and in that part he is obliged by the exigencies of the plot suddenly to impersonate a malicious hunchback, the agent of his chief enemy, whom he has really killed, and whose place and part he has the audacity for his own purposes to take. The play, in general, has little or no intellectual interest beyond this. But to this transformation Mr. Fechter gives all the force of his dramatic genius. The mien, in some respects
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free, and certainly sufficiently elastic, though never really frank, with which he represents the soldier of fortune, changes with truly astonishing and almost magical completeness into the depressed and heavy cunning of the fictitious hunchback; so that the audience feels, to adopt the old Irish bull, 3 that the new hunchback is almost more like the old one than the old one himself. The extraordinary alacrity with which Mr. Fechter assumes the acute vacancy and puffedout, unhealthy stupor of the hunchback's face, so that for a minute or two you cannot even recognize his own proper features with the closest examination, is certainly a very startling triumph of the power of volition over the natural landmarks of the human countenance. After the deception has been tried, and successfully tried, Mr. Fechter, no doubt purposely, relaxes something of this strain, and allows a variety of expression and a cloud of irony to pass over his face, which shows you distinctly enough the actor playing with his own costume. But this is, in fact, only another stroke of his art. For a daredevil soldier, such as he really represents, would never sustain long such a disguise without allowing much of his own nature to flash through the thin surface of his dramatic part, and it is in the subtlety with which Mr. Fechter gives this, the high artistic discrimination with which he permits the flame of careless audacity to leap up at times, so as almost to dissolve and quite transform the sullen shadow of the hunchback's superficial gloom and cunning, that the genius of the performance consists. The climax of this effort is reached in the closing scene, where we have not only the actor confessedly acting a different part from his own, but even superinducing on that part what we may call a third stratum of histrionic effort. Not only is Mr. Fechter acting the part of a Free Lance,4 while that Free Lance is acting the part of a malicious hunchback, but that hunchback is, in his turn, affecting a mesmeric power over the heroine. This is supposed, indeed, to belong to his morbid organization, but at any rate it is a newly extemporized layer of unreal assumption, engrafted by an improvised effort on the character of the imaginary hunchback. In Mr. Fechter's hands this scene is certainly a marvellous effort of skill; and he has obtained in it almost the only effective cooperation which we note in the play. The heroine, Blanche de Nevers (Miss K. Terry),5 answers to the ostensibly mesmeric magic of the false hunchback with an ease and elasticity of action and expression quite worthy of the magician in whose hands she is. Indeed, her part is throughout nicely played, and it is the only real support which Mr. Fechter receives. There is something almost ludicrous in the effect of some of the other parts. The Prince de Gonzagues, the cousin of the Duc de Nevers, and the villain of the piece, is represented by Mr. George Vining, whose hard brassy voice and familiar lowcomedy manner resemble about as much
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of the dark intrigues of a French noble of high rank, as the strumming of a street fiddler resembles the tones of Joachim's violin. The Duchesse de Nevers (represented by Miss Elsworthy) is an impersonation, if we may call it so, quite as wooden. The unmodulated voice, the flat stress of accentuation, the hard mechanical oblong face with which she strives to express undying grief, irresistibly suggest a dejected dressmaker who has not given satisfaction with the last suit of mourning. And the irritating twitter of gushing girlish hilarity with which Zillah's (Miss Carlotta Leclercq) 6 stout gipsy frame vibrates, in no way reconciles us to the showy details in the first two acts of this rather thin piece. To complain that the Zingari girls of the Pyrenees are probably not in the habit of meeting in a mountain gorge in evening dresses and furnished with wreaths and tambourines, to thread the mazes of an intricate ballet, would be a youthful and even infantine criticism. But these spectacles, if the audience craves them, should at least be wholly separated from the pieces in which so intellectual an actor as Mr. Fechter performs. It is not like putting old cloth into a new garment, but like piecing strong rich silk with flowered muslin, eating trifle with your roast beef, to have these dreadful Zingari maidens, with their dressy and imbecile smiles, interrupting Mr. Fechter's acting by nimble performances on two feet and axial rotations on one. In fact, the true interest of the performance begins and ends with Mr. Fechter, whose remarkable powers it illustrates in some ways even more remarkably than his great Shakespearian parts. In such plays as Hamlet and Othello one can never feel sure how far the intellectual stimulus of the great poet acts upon Mr. Fechter, and how far it is really his own impersonating will, the facility with which he moulds his own mask out of his own mobile features, that we behold. Was it the poet or the actor in Mr. Fechter which gave us so grand a delineation of the poison working in Othello's passionate blood, or the lynxeyed but hesitating intellect of the Prince of Denmark? It was hard to tell. We felt the full doubt expressed by Dr. Johnson, who was evidently not a little puzzled to know whether it is sympathy with sentiment expressed, or strength of will and shrewdness of eye, which are most important to make a great actor. "It seems reasonable," he says, "to expect that he who can feel could express; that he who can excite passion should exhibit with great readiness its external modes. But since experience has fully proved that of these powers, whatever be their affinity, one may be possessed in a great degree by him who has very little of the other, it must be allowed that they depend upon different faculties or on different uses of the same faculty; that the actor must have a pliancy of mien, a flexibility of countenance, and a variety of tones which the poet may be easily supposed to want; or that the attention of the poet and the player have been
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differently employed; the one has been considering thought, and the other action; one has watched the heart, and the other has contemplated the face." 7 No one can feel a doubt about the matter, after seeing Mr. Fechter in his new part. Not merely are "pliancy of mien, flexibility of countenance, and variety of tone," his special medium of success, but it is close scrutiny of the faces of others, and an extraordinary command of his own, not sympathy with the poetry or the situation, which enable him to use these great gifts. His certainly large critical faculty is quite needless in this play. There is no opportunity for him to try to enter into any great conception of another's. He can make almost what he likes of his own part. And what he does do is to vary, almost at pleasure, the mask of natural expression—to make his mien and face express in turns all sorts of different modifications of two or three distinct characters, one within the other, peering partly through it, or for a moment perhaps, piercing it entirely, and then retiring again completely into it, as a snail draws into his shell. It is a wonderful exhibition, but rather a tour de force than high art. Striking as it is, one feels a permanent doubt whether it is worth the intellectual force expended on it. A really great actor, who can in some measure interpret Shakespeare to the million, should scarcely care to show the wonderful range and elasticity of his power for masking himself at will in any veil of moral expression which the occasion demands.
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The Devil on the Stage [Originally published in the Spectator, May 2, 1863, pp. 194647, as a subleader on J. B. Johnstone's The Devil in Town at the Surrey Theatre. (Attributed)]
The managers of the Surrey Theatre have reintroduced the Devil in person to the stage. 1 And, no doubt, there is something intrinsically theatrical about him, though his characteristic relations with the stage of human things are, perhaps, rather more appropriately conducted from the prompter's box than from before the footlights and beneath the full gaze of an audience. Apparently, indeed, it is with the view of diminishing his influence in the house that the Surrey manager has brought him upon the stage, subtly perceiving that his invisible influence is greater than his visible, and that, if you compel him to exchange his whispered suggestions for an avowed part, you may put him to shame, and turn a great Iago into a poor Othello. Perhaps this may account for the rather milkandwater character of the Devil at the Surrey. He tries to do a little tempting, but after all it is not very real work before a vigilant audience, and he does it feebly. Secrecy is of the essence of his pleasures in this respect, and he has no more satisfaction in coarsely suggesting crime before the multitudinous eyes of indignant Surrey, than a raven has in stealing when he can find no place in which to bestow his booty except by boring a hole in the bottom of his cage. "Where is the satisfaction," said the tame raven in Mr. Dickens's happy family, "of dropping a guineapig's eye into Regent Street?"2 And so the Devil at the Surrey Theatre is evidently damped, depressed, and discountenanced by having to go through his temptations in that uncomfortable and exposed way. Indeed, the "Devil in Town" at the Surrey Theatre, is a mild Devil, a candid Devil, and rather a dull Devil, and so much the superior of some of the human wretches with whom (or through whom) he is supposed to act, that we did not feel clear that the censor had done his duty to the theology of the day in passing the play.3 He appears first in the orthodox fashion, robed in the flames of hell, which the audience highly appreciate, but, as even the Devil cannot keep up permanently so melodramatic a pomp, if he is to act a leading part in the play, he subsequently dispenses with this species of state, modernizes his costume and appears in an easy scarlet uniform, which, with other hints, suggests that the volunteer organization is already extended to the Inferno.4 We are sincerely glad to think that there is any anxiety there which suggests so prudent a precaution against invasion, but sorry to find the precaution
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possible, as we had always supposed that department a world of disorganization, a multitude of egotistic dissents and dissensions, infinite, infinitesimal, and furious. The fashionable scarlet uniform and easy man of the world manners are a Mephistophelian touch rather above the audience at the Surrey, who evidently don't think the Devil so black as he is painted, and begin to lose their interest in him directly he assumes this form. He does compare very favourably with one or two of his human competitors, and the play has, therefore, rather a Pelagian tendency, which may tend to undermine his absolute authority in matters of evil, and indirectly contribute to sap, through the imagination, the tenets about the author of the Fall, which the Bishop of Natal has attacked historically. 5 The great hit of the play is getting the Devil fairly into the hands of the London police, and having him fined by a stipendiary magistrate. There is something evidently very satisfactory to the feelings of the audience in bringing this important potentate into so humiliating a situation, seeing him impertinently chaff the representative of order, offer to pay his fivepound fine in halfpence (though he must have well known it was not legal tender),6 and finally yield his place in the prisoner's box to a poor drab who acts her horrid part with so marvellous a perfection as to suggest the unreal fancy that she had rehearsed it more than once without any theatrical purpose. This policecourt scene is, indeed, much above the average level of the play, and the Devil becomes sensibly more popular, and sensibly less awful, after bearding the magistrate in the Artful Dodger's fashion.7 Indeed, he ceases thenceforth to be in any sense the theological Devil, and becomes rather a favourite with the audience. To have kept up his real character the play should have presented him very differently,—should have made his manner in the prisoner's box weighty and sedate,—should have produced innumerable testimonials to character, and altogether have furnished ample assurances of the "high consideration" in which he is held. The Devil may "chaff" the Law in the recesses of man's private conscience, but he would sedulously keep up appearances in public, and the candour and license of his tongue under these solemn circumstances removed all sense of the supernatural from the heart of the vigilant gallery. His crooked sceptre and fiery crown departed from him when it became evident that he practised no hypocrisies. Even the occasional glimpses of infernal flames could not restore the illusion. The hypocritical encomium on sermons, with which he began his diabolical career, was wasted breath when it became evident that he could not resist the temptation to give the magistrate "a piece of his mind." That was too human. On the whole, we think the Devil should retire from the stage if he cannot do something decisive to shake the confidence of the spectators
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in his similarity to themselves. The theatrical side of the Devil is his insincerity and constant acting of a virtuous part. Now this Devil is sincere, and, therefore, undramatic. He does not succeed as a cheat; he does as a dupe. He is the sort of friendly Devil whom Burns was so fond of apostrophizing—the "Auld Nickie ben" whom he entreated to "tak a thought an' men'," the Deil who "cam' fiddling through the toun," and beneficently took himself off "wi' th' exciseman.'' 8 Now that is a very popular image to the imagination of the crowd, but not a great stage character. De Foe, in his rather dull political history of the Devil, suggests a really grand theatrical Devil, who, though it is his profession to find his Jesuitical way into the heart of man, has all the solitary immutability of a Prince of the Power of the Air. His court, says De Foe, is held outside the limits of our atmosphere, in order that he may not have his head disturbed by our diurnal motion; there he watches us spin, as a cook watches the turning spit, with his back turned always to the light. There he calculates our weakness and his opportunities, and despatches his aidesdecamp to deceive us, even descending himself occasionally in close disguise; but keeping his Satanic court outside the limits of night and day, of evening and of dawn,—in short, outside the limits of human change,—into the heart of which he only enters dramatically, to poison it with the steady falsehood of a diabolic purpose.9 This is a truly theatrical conception of the Devil. Even his abode is not the popular hell, which would be, we imagine, a fire at the centre of the earth, and therefore liable to the objection (perhaps not an objection to some sects) of representing hell as the core at the heart of the earth. De Foe, on the contrary, carefully makes hell exterrestrial, in the empty spaces of infinitude. This Devil of his, therefore, watching us from afar, requires all sorts of careful disguise and adaptations foreign to his own nature in order to get at us at all; is necessarily theatrical so far as he is a tempter; is obliged, as it were, to dress for the stage of earth, or he would not be able to recommend himself to us with any success; and even then is rather dizzied and confused by our humble planetary rotation, when he comes amongst us. This is a conception of the Devil and his court which there might be mechanical difficulty in adapting to the stage;—but if the Prince of Darkness is to appear at all on the scene, we submit that he should, at least, be less completely "one of us" than the "Devil in Town," who is by no means calculated to impress the Surrey population with correct moral or theological ideas. Might not the Bishops take up the matter? It would be better suited to many of them than the subject of the historical evidence for the Pentateuch.10
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The Princess Mary's Amateur Theatricals 1 [Originally published in the Spectator, June 6, 1863, pp. 208687, as a subleader on the performance by educated amateurs of a variety of short plays before the Prince and Princess of Wales on Monday, June 1st, at the Bijou Theatre. (Attributed)]
The true fascination of acting to cultivated minds is probably the fascination and refreshment of what we may call a change of mental dress. All classes know the intellectual stimulus of dress; and to some the practice of dressing for dinner is, we have understood, a moral rather than a physical habit,—a condition necessary and sine quâ non, though not in itself sufficient, of a social attitude of spirit. Perhaps, however, this class to which the change of dress becomes an incident of twofold or even threefold occurrence in every diurnal period, has so far exhausted its stimulus that it feels almost more profoundly than any other the fascination of changing at times something that lies deeper in human life than dress,—of essaying, at least, to change the habit of mind as well. Every one understands the sort of halo which envelopes the stage to the young, the excitable, and the uneducated—the dazzling glory of dramatic dignity and passion which the grandeur of tragedy or even of imaginary high station sheds round the actor. We are not sure that this is essentially at all a more vulgar state of mind than that to which we have been alluding. This, too, is a sort of intellectual stretching of the nature, a craning of the neck to get a view of life from some other—and, of course, the first effort is towards a socalled— higher position, than that to which the aspirant is born. The only difference is that while the more vulgar kind of passion for the stage is an ambitious form of restlessness which always craves most the situations and parts it can least understand, the corresponding wish in thoroughly cultivated people usually leads them to throw themselves into parts which lie quite within their intellectual and moral reach, and only involve a sort of voluntary limitation of themselves and an elasticity of mental fibre, not any unnatural stretching into a region beyond them. The change of mental dress which uneducated or half educated people desire, happens to be a transfiguration into glorious and flowing vestments for the graceful management of which they are absolutely incompetent; and therefore we laugh at the vanity of the craving, and call it unreal. But a very similar state of mind in cultivated people,—though stripped of its ambitiousness,—we regard as the legitimate pleasure in the exercise, if we may so speak, of the intellectual muscles, a wholesome enjoyment in the exchange of one moral situation and attitude for another accidentally beneath or beyond
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them. While the characters which allure shopboys and attorneys' clerks on to the stage are almost always the royal, or in some way or other the gorgeous, characters,—i.e., the characters which have to make lordly ironical speeches like Mr. Vincent Crummles' "Orff with is 'ed,—so much for Buckingham," 2 —the dramatic situations which attract the higher classes are almost always those in which the art consists in contracting instead of stretching the muscles of the mind;—in the change given, not by craning the neck so as to peep into a more gorgeous world, but by stooping it, so as to get a clear view of a more simple one. Something of this kind might have struck any observer of the very clever and amusing amateur performance on Monday night before the Prince and Princess of Wales at the Bijou Theatre.3 The acting itself was very much above the average of what is called professional acting, and we do not know that there was any special glory in achieving this much of success. The cultivated amateur, even on such a stage as that, has, no doubt, the disadvantage of shyness and a want of practice in managing the voice. But to set on the opposite side there is the educated taste which makes the conventional rant and stage posturemaking of the professional actor absolutely impossible, and the total absence of the sort of audience which expects and demands such food. The pieces selected, which were all of them, perhaps necessarily poor, and, except the first, exceedingly poor,—we say, perhaps necessarily, because the smallness of the amateur staff probably limited very much the area of selection, gave, it is true, very little room for this sort of bad taste, had the actors been capable of it. But they were not; and it was obvious that all their strength was put forth in the opposite direction, and that what they enjoyed most was the complete undress of the sort of life into which they threw themselves. The second piece, indeed, called "Delicate Ground," was a kind of mock sentimental affair, but the point, so far as there was one, consisted in making the sentimentalists cover themselves with ridicule, which was very effectually done. The cold ring of Mrs. Baldock's sentimental precision in Pauline, and the highstrung sheepishness of Mr. Herman Merivale4 in Alphonse, gave an artistic effect to a very weak dialogue and an absolutely inane plot, while Captain Cecil Peel's tone of sarcastic worldliness as M. Sangfroid did something to make the part appear possible, in spite of its intrinsic absurdity. But the strength of the actors was best seen, not in the weak satiric piece, but in the first, which was in itself a lively and perhaps even clever comedietta from German village life, but made very lively and very clever by the actors. It was exceedingly curious to see the thorough enjoyment with which the Hon. Mrs. George Wrottesley threw herself into the squat manners of a lively little village flirt. She probably enjoyed those short vulgar repartees, in
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reply to her ungallant and reluctant lover, uttered as they were in that plump form for that time only in her life, much more than the original Minnie would have enjoyed them. It must have been almost sufficient to repay the royal party for their visit, to hear Mrs. Wrottesley's elocution of the word "Grumps!" and see the pudgy little curtsey of impertinence with which she accompanied it. It was a refreshment to her whole nature to put aside for once the weapon of graceful badinage, and twirl in its place the homely mop of village ridicule. Mr. Brandram 5 succeeded almost as well in assuming the needlessly humiliated and inferior air of a rather stupidly good lover, who does not dare raise his eyes to his own choice. The almost degraded humility and want of dignity in the wheelwright were rendered with real art, so that the spectator felt almost uncomfortable at the partial want of sense and complete want of selfesteem in his muddled devotedness. And, in the same piece, Mrs. Baldock's vacant rendering of Louise, as the young woman educated rather above her station, but in motherwit not equal to the emergency, was conceived in exactly the same spirit. The enjoyment of the performance was the touch of plebeianism, the broad blunt features, that the actors gave it. Next to the keen enjoyment with which this change of social latitude was appreciated by the actors, the most curious thing was, as it generally is in such cases, to notice the exceedingly little difference between the taste of this "brilliant and distinguished audience," as the papers termed it, in jokes, and that of an ordinary shilling gallery. The company present, no doubt, would not have admired any artificial acting, and would have disliked any approach to the rant which brings down an ordinary pit and gallery. They would be aware that this is an altogether false way of expressing strong feeling, but in matters of socalled humour we doubt if they are very far in advance of the Surrey Theatre.6 It may indeed be said that there were few of the finer shades of comedy properly so called for them to laugh at. The slightly vulgar farce which concluded the performance, called Little Toddlekins, was full of the most ordinary farce jokes, and they all took with amazing and unerring success. A dyspeptic old gentleman who describes his symptoms of alloverish misery by stroking down his chest and his back as the localities of his pains, and whose disease is described by his quack doctor as "a chronical complication of epidemical sensations acting through the nervous membranes, associated with the diaphanous cuticles covering the inner metempsychosis of your periosteum," gave the most profound delight to the "brilliant and distinguished" audience, and when he stated that he had been vaccinated only last week, the noble countenances present were as openmouthed in their laughter as the Victoria Theatre7 would have been at that very simple hit. Again, the point of the piece is
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that the clumsy, middleaged step daughter of the hero, is supposed by the young lady whom he is wooing to be a little baby in arms, born but a few months previously to the death of his first wife. And when a pasteboard mannikin is exhibited as a present for "little Toddlekins" (the stout lady of fifty above mentioned), and the string which jerks his legs upwards is pulled, inextinguishable laughter shook the Bijou Theatre. On the whole, the striking fact in this aristocratic performance was the sincere pleasure with which the whole company, both actors and audience, threw themselves back into the commonplaces of life, commonly supposed to be beneath their own. It realized afresh the truth that the polish of aristocratic society is most efficient in rubbing off the vague idealisms of the lower social grades. There are many dreams for an aspirant to lose and but few dreams to realize in that elevated atmosphere; and when those who breathe it have once learnt to lay aside entirely the fancy that elevated station is any stimulus either to the intellect or the heart, they differ only from the class below them by defining their thoughts and purposes more clearly, and standing partially above the frequent mists of false conception and false shame to which aspiring classes are so much more liable. At the same time, though the exchange of social costume between the lower and the aristocratic classes always results to the advantage of the latter,—the moral costume of the halfeducated or uneducated class hanging much more comfortably on the aristocracy than the grander costume does on the lower class,—is it not rather because it involves the less real effort of the two? The commonplace passion for theatrical grandeur is a sort of faint attempt to try its wings in a higher region,—to experience thought and feeling on a grander scale. It would be a fairer test of the aristocratic amateurs, if they also ventured to try the impersonation of a scale of life, not above in rank, but in breadth and intellectual power higher than their own, such as the great dramatic poets have delineated. It is possible enough that in that attempt they might fail even more than the common professional actors, who may often know more of the actual realities of life, and the passions which great poets depict, than their more refined and cultivated superiors.
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Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals [Originally published in the Spectator, June 27, 1863, pp. 217273, as a subleader on Tom Taylor's Plot and Passion at the Bijou Theatre on Wednesday, June 24th. (Attributed)]
We said not long ago, in criticizing the amateur performance before the Princess Mary of Cambridge, that while the representation of the higher kinds of human passion usually attracts the less educated classes on to the stage, it is the more humorous species of drama, in which the actor consciously stands above his part, stooping into it instead of abandoning himself to it, that fascinates as a rule the classes of the highest culture. 1 In the former case the charm of acting is, as it were, another form of poetry, an essentially ideal pleasure, in which the mind yields itselfunrestrained by any of the numerous considerations which, in practical life, good sense and prudent reserve impose—to the sweep of a strong emotion, and strives to enter for a time into the ideal essence of the various passions; in the latter case the charm consists in applying that presence of mind, sang froid, and aplomb, which familiarity with the world gives, to situations rather more difficult and catastrophes more embarrassing and absurd than the actor would be likely to meet with in real life. As a rule, so far as our observation has gone, culture is apt to disqualify for the representation of really impassioned scenes, by the finer sense of propriety and finer discrimination of the shades and meanings of tone and expression with which it embarrasses the actor; and, more than this, to render him altogether uncomfortable in loosing the reins to which refined custom has so completely inured him. Nevertheless, there is, of course, a temperament which would neutralize this habitual reserve and customary sobriety of mind, and which is in a certain degree analogous to the lyrical fervour of the poet. And when this exists, the passion of such an actor is a far more refined and delicate thing in consequence of the fine sieve of cultivated impressions and tastes through which it is filtered. But as a rule, we believe great force of dramatic passion is seldom found, except in actors who have pushed their way up in the world, and have not been early hampered by the fastidiousness of the higher social influences. For instance, M. Fechter, who has intellectual culture stamped upon his whole demeanour, though he acts with surpassing excellence such parts as require chiefly the tilting of subtle social contests and the hauteur of intellectual superiority, though he can also play that temperate and restrained tenderness which cultivated feeling permits itself, with exquisite grace, never fails so completely as when he
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tries, as in the last act of Othello for example, to throw the reins upon the neck of passion, and present it in its elemental force. Robson has infinitely more power of this kind than M. Fechter. 2 With this impression, that for cultivated amateur actors the tendency would be to fail in the delineation of what we may call the more massive sides of passion, we felt great interest in watching Mr. Tom Taylor's clever little piece called, Plot and Passion, at the Bijou Theatre, at Lord Wicklow's entertainment on Wednesday night.3 There are, indeed, in it but one or two openings for the unreserved expression of the stronger forms of passion, but the whole piece, though by no means a tragedy, contains very little comic acting. As the scene is laid during Fouché's police régime, under the first empire, and the piece was written originally for Mr. Robson and Mrs. Stirling,4 there is room in it for the play of strong emotion, and one or two openings, as we said, for the outburst of real passion. The three principal characters were sustained by actors of no common ability. The principal character is that of the heroine, Madame de Fontanges, a lady whom Fouché has ensnared, by help of her passion for gambling, to become one of his spies, or his Cohorte Cythérienne, and who from the first, struggling feebly against the degradation of her fate, is stimulated into a new horror of it by falling in love with one of Fouché's victims, whom she is ordered to decoy back into France from his retreat in Austria, that he may fall again into Fouché's power. The central idea of the play is to paint this inward conflict; but there is also a secondary plot turning on the passion with which the same lady had inspired one of Fouché's lowest agents, Desmarets, who is eager to overturn his master in any case, but also willing to abandon his infamous intrigues, if he can persuade Madame de Fontanges to accept his suit. Thus the four principal parts are those of Fouché and his unfaithful subordinate Desmarets; of Madame de Fontanges struggling in the double net, and of her aristocratic suitor, Henri de Neuville, whom she is employed to betray, and eventually is able to deliver. Of these parts that of Fouché was very cleverly played by Mr. Augustus Spalding, whose only fault was that he took, perhaps, rather too thin a view of the character, making it look smarter and less dangerous than the drift of the play demanded. There were turns, however, of great ability in his performance. In the first scene, where his treacherous subordinate is opening his parallels against his principal, and Fouché first has reason to fear that somehow or other there is a mine beneath his feet, the livid expression that came over his countenance had as much of the dangerous plotter in it as the most experienced actor could have given. And again, in the last scene, when he is checkmated and banished, the contemptuous villainy of his manner was very effective. On the whole, if the conception of the
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character was a little too cynical and fast for the design of the play and the traditional Fouché, and had rather too little in it of vulgar and ambitious selfishness, it was a very able piece of acting, quite beyond what the original actor for whom it was written (Mr. Emery) 5 could have reached. But it is a part admirably adapted for an amateur actor—a cold, calculating, worldly part. Mr. Palgrave Simpson6 had, perhaps, a more difficult task, for to him was assigned the part originally intended for Mr. Robson, that of the low subordinate of Fouché, in whom a gleam of purer passion, quickly transformed into malicious vindictiveness, struggles for the ascendancy with his hatred of his more successful superior. The mingled malice and passion of the character, the consciousness of infamy which is just broken once or twice by a fitful scream of hope, and then yields again to the chuckle of gratified hatred, is adapted with very great art to Mr. Robson's peculiar powers. Mr. Palgrave Simpson perhaps threw too much of Mr. Robson's unique grotesqueness of manner, which is natural only in him owing to the peculiar force with which he gives it, into his acting. Mr. Robson has a special genius for at once lending fresh emphasis to passion and at the same time relieving the intellectual monotony of it, by the resisting medium7 of grotesquerie through which it struggles to the surface. The "lyrical cry,"8 as it is called in poetry, comes from him with so much the more terrible force that it makes its note heard shrill above the sound of laughter, like the wail of a violin above the murmur of noisy mirth. Mr. Palgrave Simpson's reading of this was exceedingly clever, but the passion was smothered to our eyes in the grotesqueness of the manner, and the malice scarcely given at all. The part of the lover, Henri de Neuville, as it was originally the most commonplace in conception, was perhaps also the most difficult to endow with characteristic ability, and, therefore, the least successful. Mr. Lincoln Lane acted the subordinate part of a foppish and renegade Legitimist marquis with great skill and without any exaggeration, but this, too, was a part asking mainly humour and knowledge of the world. The main interest of the play turned, however, on the acting of the heroine's part, that of Madame de Fontanges, by Madame Campana, which was certainly, in many respects, a very striking piece of acting. We do not think she got over the difficulty completely to which we have alluded. Like almost all cultivated actors, she impersonated the scenes in which contending emotions are battling in her mind much more perfectly than those in which she gives way to strong passion. The play of her countenance when the fit of gambling excitement is on her, and she is borrowing money from the creature Desmarets in spite of his offensive declaration of love for her, is exceedingly striking. Eagerness, haughtiness, the sense of degradation, and the overpowering excitement of
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the gamblingtable chase themselves visibly over her face, and we only regretted that the deep tones to which she was evidently driven in the more passionate sentences by the difficulty of making herself heard, were so much more artificial than the play of her countenance. Perhaps a still more striking piece of acting, because sounded in a rather lighter key, was the soliloquy in which she reads and comments to herself on De Neuville's letter. The gradually melting cynicism of her manner, the tenderness alternating with distrust of him and disgust for herself, the helpless rebellion against Fouché's toils, the gleams of hope, the aggressive weakness of her woman's conscience, were all given with very subtle power; and the light musing manner of a soliloquy put none of that strain on her voice which brings out its more theatrical tones. In play of countenance, the highest and most difficult part of the art, Madame Campana has few equals even among professional actors; but the more unrestrained bursts of feeling seemed to us to want freedom and force, especially where she implores Fouché to relieve her from his toils. It is in transitions of expression that she is most entirely successful;—Mrs. Stirling may have played the soliloquy over the letter as subtly as Madame Campana, but we do not think she could possibly have given the hope fading into languor, and that again freezing into haughty despair, with which Madame Campana acted the scene in which Fouché's spy and her unwelcome lover Desmarets makes his appearance in Prague. Undoubtedly she has real dramatic genius, but not yet, we think, the freedom and abandon which it is so difficult for high culture to acquire.
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Mademoiselle Colas as Juliet [Originally published in the Spectator, July 4, 1863, pp. 219697, as a subleader on Mlle Stella Colas's performance in Romeo and Juliet at the Princess's Theatre. (Attributed)]
Mademoiselle Colas is just now a theme of vehement controversy, and no doubt there is much to be said both for and against her impersonation of Juliet; but of her great power as an actress no reasonable critic can doubt. 1 She is a fragile little lady, still very young, of great beauty, with magnificent dark eyes, and a profusion of light hair, and that kind of delicacy of organization and frame which seems best adapted to express the quiver of what we may call the harder yet more sultry feminine passions,—not the soft, involuntary, diffused, overwhelming emotions which possess a woman, and spread themselves like an atmosphere over all her demeanour, but the concentrated focal glare of feelings which take their centre in volition and send vibratory shocks of halfvoluntary intensity through her frame. We could not look at her during her best scenes without regretting continually that she had not begun with Lady Macbeth instead of Juliet. The key to Juliet's character is the soft spontaneous generous kind of passion which overcomes Romeo by its impulsive tenderness and radiant warmth, as contrasted with the cold reserve of Rosaline, of whose maidenly frigidity he had complained bitterly in his first scene, concluding with the remark: "She has forsworn to love, and in that vow Do I live dead that live to tell it now."2
And it is obvious that it was Shakespeare's purpose to make the spontaneous impulsive ardour of Juliet's radiant love to take Romeo by storm after this young lady's more austere propriety. The force of this poetic prologue, as it were, is lost in the play, as at present acted, by the absurd device of turning Rosaline into Juliet in this scene, and thus making all the advances come from Romeo's side, who has been thus sighing for Juliet long before Juliet gave him her love. It is a gross misreading of the play, and falsifies the whole spirit of Juliet's love, the key to which is in the lines: "My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite."3
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Shakespeare certainly meant in this play to delineate that very unconventional but incontrovertible truth, that a considerable class of charming young women bestow their affections spontaneously rather than yield them up to solicitation, and that a considerable class of not necessarily weak or characterless young men much prefer this kind of young lady to the more reserved, and are fixed and made constant in their own rather wavering minds, by the largesse thus halfoffered to them. Now, much as we admire Mademoiselle Colas, and we do exceedingly admire much of her acting, we submit that in the proper love scenes, which are the essence of the play, she does not act this part at all. She acts a very different part—that of a giver, indeed, for she could not help it—and a liberal giver, but rather of a giver in order to take, of an espiègle, fascinating, vigorousminded young lady who is determined to satisfy her craving for Romeo's love rather than to bestow her own. There is an infinite generosity in Juliet which Mademoiselle Colas does not seize. She flirts very vigorously and without false shame, it is true, but still flirts in the balcony scene. Now, Juliet is playful enough, and, of course, takes delight, as every lover must, in challenging the reciprocity of Romeo's passion, but the keynote of her character— its characteristic nuance—is the lavish wealth with which she pours out her love at Romeo's feet. You frequently catch yourself doubting whether Mademoiselle Colas knows exactly what passionate love is. There is not a trace of vanity in the real Juliet; there is constant coquetry in the earlier scenes of Mademoiselle Colas's Juliet. Then the sharp French accent and incisive turns of that slender and graceful, but determined little figure, do not present to our mind the characteristic prodigality of Juliet's beauty and love at all. Shakespeare almost exaggerates this prodigality when he makes her say, with something of the inarticulate fondness that young ladies sometimes show for babies, ''Come, gentle night, come, loving, blackbrowed night, Give me my Romeo, and when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars; And he will make the face of Heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night, And pay no worship to the garish sun." 4
Shakespeare knew well enough that this was—shall we say it?—a little silly, but he knew that this kind of young lady is apt to be inarticulate in her fondness, and wished to express, we take it, the same kind of overflow of love in exaggerated words which we have often noticed when young ladies, who are not mothers, lavish themselves on their friends' babies. For these reasons Mademoiselle Colas does not satisfy us in the love scenes of the earlier part, and still less in the foolish addition to Shakespeare's play in which the lovers have a last parting in the vault of
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the Capulets. Why Romeo's terribly strong poison, which "if he had the strength of twenty men" "would despatch him straight," acts, as it does, as a real tonic for a time, in order to enable him to see Juliet's waking, and have a sort of final wrestling match with her on the floor of the graveyard before he dies, we have not the least idea. The scene is not only not Shakespearian, but a needless difficulty to the actors, and is not at all an ornament to the play. Mademoiselle Colas labours her emotion in it far too much, and gets into a groove of little sobs like the perpetual little whinnying of a dog anxious to be let out. If, instead of all this fantastic appendix to the play, Juliet had given one piercing shriek on discovering the death of Romeo, and then hurried through her last desperate speech which she concludes by stabbing herself, the conclusion would have been worthy of the best parts. To our minds the one inimitable piece of acting in the play which confirmed us in the aperçu that Mademoiselle Colas is the very actress for Lady Macbeth, is the magnificent effect with which she gives the speech in which the shock of hearing Tybalt's death and Romeo's banishment has so far stunned Juliet's memory, that she falls into that painful uncollected state in which a halfvisible grief is pressing on the mind—a trouble that we may be said to remember, but not to recollect. "My husband lives that Tybalt would have slain, And Tybalt's dead that would have slain my husband: All this is comfort, wherefore weep I, then? Some word there was, worser than Tybalt's death That murdered me; I would forget it fain, But, oh! it presses to my memory Like damned guilty deeds to sinners' minds!" 5
This was given with a power of concentrated pain, a horror in the eyes, a haunting halfrecollection, that, as Shakespeare says, is "like damned guilty deeds to sinners' minds," which sent a thrill through the whole audience, and satisfied our highest demands on a great actress. Mademoiselle Colas' power of making her eyes dull with a sort of halfapprehended woe, and then flash out vivid fire of terrible recollection, is marvellously great, and we had a sudden vision as she pronounced these words of the effect that fragile little figure, gleaming like the flash of a sword, vibrating like a shaken leaf, as the keen passion darts through her, could give to the wonderful scene of Lady Macbeth's delirious remorse. It is Mr. G. H. Lewes, we think, who, in one of his books, truly observed that Lady Macbeth ought to be played by a woman of the exact physique, and even demeanour, represented by Mademoiselle Colas.6 This was her finest piece of acting; but the soliloquy in which she calls
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up before her mind the horrors of awakening in a living tomb, the danger of her going mad, plucking "the mangled Tybalt from his shroud," "And in this rage, with some great kinsman's bone, As with a club, dash out my desperate brains," 7
was also exceedingly fine, though it brought once more vividly before us how frequently Shakespeare's great imagination seduced him into imagining far more for his characters than they could by any possibility have imagined for themselves. The creative detail of this horrible picture is out of Juliet's natural bent of character, suggesting, indeed, a sublime frenzy of imagination not at all in keeping with it. The pleasure of the performance is greatly enhanced by the rather high level of the minor characters. Romeo is very tolerably acted by Mr. Walter Montgomery, who has evidently studied Mr. Fechter till he has caught much of his manner and even attitudes. His chief defect is that he cannot by any possibility look unhappy or even uncomfortable, and when he tries to do so by giving an odd little wrinkle to his nose and general wryness to his face, we were profoundly moved to laugh. Mercutio was really admirably acted by Mr. G. Vining. The nurse was very unequally acted, exceedingly badly in the first scene, in which her voice is that of a mere deep throated tragic actress in disguise, but very well indeed in the amusing scene in which she returns from her mission to Romeo and keeps Juliet in suspense for her news. Mrs. H. Marston8 has not quite caught the miscellaneously vulgar rambling associations of that excellent woman's ideas, and completely mars the great speech in which the nurse proves Juliet's age by her manifold memories of the day on which the child was weaned. But there are several scenes in which she shows great humour and capacity. Indeed, all the minor parts of any importance, including the Apothecary, and Friar Laurence, are much above the ordinary level of acting for those parts, and though all the interest centres on Mademoiselle Colas, there is nothing actively to offend the taste in the incompetence of any of her supporters.
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Dr. Conolly on Hamlet's Sanity [Originally published in the Spectator, July 25, 1863, pp. 229495, as a book review of John Conolly's A Study of Hamlet (London, 1863).1 (Attributed)] 1
Dr. Conolly is an accomplished critic as well as an experienced physician of mental disease, but we doubt whether any of his criticisms are, on the whole, less sound than those which are suggested to him by his professional studies. The public have often noticed a tendency in the students of insanity to declare men insane whom practical people, accustomed to judge rather by results than by any theory of mental causes, would call at most eccentric or devoid of selfrestraint. Getting a glimpse into phenomena which they have known to be symptomatic of a thoroughly disturbed reason, they are really influenced more by the associations suggested to them with such cases than by the appearances actually before them, supposing that what they see indicates the germ at least of all the evil they have formerly seen in connection with the same symptoms. And so they will often declare a man insane for the partial disclosure of those grotesque inward impulses, and the audibility of those discordant inward notes, of the vibration of which most men are conscious in their own natures, though they are sufficiently reasonable to suppress them. But when this somewhat matteroffact diagnosis is carried into the world of literature, especially the world of Shakespeare, the results are necessarily even less trustworthy than in real life. Dr. Conolly would evidently have had little scruple in signing a certificate to put Hamlet under restraint even before the appearance of his father's ghost, and regards that injudicious and selfish step on the part of the paternal spirit as in the highest degree exciting to his princely patient, and as finally determining the tendency to violent mania. He does not, however, allow anything, as it seems to us, for that general stimulus to the tone of thought and expression which dramatic poetry, especially in Shakespeare's hands, necessarily implies,—and if he were to analyze many other characters, on whose sanity no doubt has ever been cast, as he does Hamlet's, we doubt whether many of them could keep quite clear of the imputations which an experienced physician of mental disease would know how to throw out. Certainly, if Hamlet has a fit of frenzy in Ophelia's grave, Laertes must on the same occasion be pronounced still more insane when, with less to excite and unnerve him, he is the first to jump into the grave, exclaiming,
Page 41 "Now pile your dust upon the quick and dead, Till of this flat a mountain you have made To o'ertop old Pelion, or the skyish head Of blue Olympus!" 2
—quite an unreasonable proceeding, and showing, we should think a very high irritability of the nervous centres. And there are at least, eight or ten of Shakespeare's other heroes and heroines whom it would be almost as easy for Dr. Conolly to claim as patients as the Prince of Denmark. A "study of Romeo" on like principles might, we are sure, be made to prove Romeo unsound of mind from the beginning, from the first very incoherent speech containing the remarks:— "Why then, O brawling love! oh loving hate! Oh anything of nothing first create!"3
to the last fatal act, which a coroner's jury, instructed by Dr. Conolly, would have returned "temporary insanity," or, perhaps, more technically, "melancholia." Not, of course, that we wish to deny that Hamlet is, in Shakespeare's conception, far nearer to the boundary between sanity and insanity than most of the poet's heroes, but only that many of Dr. Conolly's tests of lunacy cannot fairly be applied to his case, unless they are also applied to that of other quite sane heroes. He does not allow for the permanent elevation of the level of poetical drama above the plane of common life, and brings, as we believe, many entirely untrustworthy proofs of Hamlet's incoherence of mind. Nay, Dr. Conolly even calls in the pedantic old Polonius with his amplified dissertations as a serious witness to the true diagnosis of Hamlet's disease, in a passage which is one of the most unfortunate efforts of professional refinement in the essay:— "Polonius goes on, with undiminished selfcomplacency, dilating on his own supposed perspicacity; on the counsel he had previously given to his daughter to refuse to see the prince, or to admit his messengers, or to receive any tokens from him. "Which done, she took the fruits of my advice; And he repulsed (a short tale to make) Fell into a sadness; then into a fast; Thence to a watch; thence into a weakness; Thence to a lightness; and, by this declension, Into the madness wherein now he raves, And all we wail for. "This garrulity details to us the order of the symptoms already partly indicated in the action of the play, and might have been copied from the clinical notes of a student of mental disorders. We recognize all the phenomena of an attack of mental disorder consequent on a sudden and sorrowful shock; first, the loss of all habitual interest in surrounding things; then indifference to food, incapacity for
Page 42 customary and natural sleep; and then a weaker stage of fitful tears and levity, the mirth so strangely mixed with 'extremest grief;' and then subsidence into a chronic state in which the faculties are generally deranged. These are occurrences often noticed in pathological experience, and even in the sequence mentioned. In addition to these symptoms we learn, from an observation of Polonius, occurring in the same scene, and which the Queen confirms, that Hamlet has acquired the habit of walking for hours, 'four hours together,' in one place, 'here in the lobby." 4
This seems to us about as wise as it would be to take one of Polonius's previous speeches in the same scene as an important scientific testimony to the true nature of madness in general:— "Your noble son is mad: Mad call I it; for to define true madness What is't but to be nothing else but mad? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . That he is mad 'tis true; 'tis true, 'tis pity, And pity 'tis 'tis true; a foolish figure, But farewell it, for I will use no art; Mad let us grant him then, and now remains That we find out the cause of this effect, Or, rather say, the cause of this defect; For this effect defective comes by cause. Thus it remains, and the remainder thus,"&c.5
Is it not perfectly evident, as much in Dr. Conolly's extract from Polonius's speech, as in this, that nothing whatever is intended except to paint the excessively reduplicated extravagance of the courtier's affected wisdom? Indeed, we confess grave doubts as to the asserted scientific character of Polonius's socalled "clinical notes." Does not the indifference to food often precede the loss of habitual interest in outward things? Need the "weakness" or the "lightness'' occur at all? Dr. Conolly would scarcely stand crossexamination on these matters. In Hamlet's case, at all events, the "lightness," as Dr. Conolly himself notes, is one of the earliest symptoms, occurring immediately after the interview with the ghost, when Hamlet lightly calls him "old Truepenny," "Mole," and treats him altogether as a jocular phenomenon.6 Indeed, if these "clinical notes" were really meant as a scientific description of Hamlet's disease, we cannot think that Shakespeare would have embodied them in speeches so full of longwinded pedantry and addled experience. The true dramatic purpose, not only of the character of Polonius, but in the latter part of the play of Osric, and, to a less degree, of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern throughout, is, by keeping up a constant flow of hollow phrase and courtierlike verbiage, of sounding brass and tinkling cymbals, to deepen the contrast with the accumulating tragedy of murder, guilt, and madness, which the original crime of the King
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produces. We are sure at least of this, that Shakespeare had no notion at all of using the exhausted receiver 7 of Polonius's worldly wisdom as the organ of any true diagnosis of Hamlet's case. Dr. Conolly's theory appears to be that, though Hamlet has sometimes the craftiness of lunatics in throwing dust into the eyes of his friends by providing them with false explanations of his mental state, and though he can at times intentionally caricature his part from mischievous motives, yet that, on the whole, Shakespeare was trying to delineate a mind really unhinged, liable to recurring fits of proper mania, broken by intervals either of clear reason or of clouded calm. He holds that even the purposeless and illsustained assumption of insanity, so variable in tone, so often dropped altogether; again, all his conduct to Ophelia, his first soliloquy after the ghost scene, and then his inappropriate laughter and jokes, his talk with Horatio after the play of Gonzago's murder has fairly demonstrated the King's guilt, his shocking excuse for not killing the King while at his prayers—that it might give him a chance of salvation, his wild interview with his mother and remorseless murder of Polonius, his craft in getting Rosencrantz and Guildenstern executed in England instead of himself, finally, his violence in Ophelia's grave, are all absolute proofs of a real, not of a feigned insanity. And it is on this ground alone that he justifies Horatio's panegyric on him after death, that all his more cruel acts are to be referred to a disturbed reason, while the true Hamlet was highhearted and noble.8 There is one curious passage in this essay in which the physician so overpowers the critic, that he virtually reproaches Shakespeare with making the ghost audible in the interview in the Queen's bedroom. Dr. Conolly thinks it would be more appropriate to make it in that scene a real product of Hamlet's fevered brain, and neither to make it visible nor audible to any one but himself; and the reply with which the prince persuades his mother of his perfect sanity Dr. Conolly regards, or wishes to regard, as nothing but the cunning of insanity:— "It is curious to observe that the arguments he adduces to disprove his mother's supposition are precisely such as certain ingenious madmen delight to employ HAM. "Ecstasy! My pulse, as yours, doth temperately keep time, And makes as healthful music. It is not madness That I have uttered: bring me to the test, And I the matter will reword; which madness Would gambol from.9
This obvious desire to get rid of the ghost and substitute a delusion, while retaining Hamlet's apology for his own reason as a further proof of his insanity, will show sufficiently that Dr. Conolly differs materially
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from Shakespeare as to the state of Hamlet's mind, and of course, so far, we can have no controversy with him; as the only point capable of discussion is what Shakespeare intended us to understand, not what Dr. Conolly thinks he would have done better to substitute in its place after a little conversation with himself. For the rest, we hold Dr. Conolly's view to be chiefly mistaken through not getting any true glimpse of Hamlet's motives for this feigned insanity, nor, indeed, of the character of his mind altogether. It is clear that Shakespeare means to delineate a mind always catching at intellectual excuses to avoid decisive action, starting back like an elastic spring from any final course, and seizing chiefly on those trains of reflection which tend to scare from a contemplated deed or to justify inaction. His mother's unfaithfulness has taken a morbid hold of his imagination at the very commencement of the play, opening a vein of deep distrust towards women, and deepening that general misanthropy, the excuses for which irresolution so often magnifies as its best apology for the "policy of abstention" from active life. Thus the peculiarity of Hamlet's mind is the tendency of all its impulses, if not immediately carried out into action, to turn into speculative food for his discursive imagination—a process by which they lose all their force as impulses, and by which the effort to embody them in action becomes even repulsive. There is a certain inherent dislike in the intellectual imagination to translate thought into action—a mood which in its lightest form Wordsworth has expressed for us in the beautiful poem on Yarrow unvisited:— "Be Yarrow's stream unseen, unknown, It must, or we shall rue it; We have a vision of our own, Ah! why should we undo it?" 10
And the same mood has been still more curiously illustrated by the late Mr. Clough, in his Roman poem, "Amours de Voyage," where he delineates through many pages the revolt of his hero's mind against the practical step of marrying a woman he loves when it comes to the point.11 It is wholly an intellectual and imaginative, not in any sense a moral repulsion, against committing the intellect to a given course, in favour of keeping the largest reserve of freedom. Goethe constantly delineates in himself the same excessive reluctance to take the last and critical step in any course he had resolved on. He had almost to cheat himself into doing it,—to do it with his eyes shut,—in order to do it at all. If he opened them, he hesitated, and thought hedging preferable.12 It seems to us that this is Shakespeare's great idea in Hamlet. Impulses, if not immediately acted upon, turn to speculative thought, and open a chasm between
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himself and his purpose. When he first hears of his father's murder he is all impatience to avenge it; but before the ghost has well disappeared he is noting that "a man may smile and smile and be a villain, at least in Denmark." 13 In short, he is trying to imagine his uncle's state of mind, as he had previously imagined his mother's with morbid accuracy. The ghost's revelation instead of spurring him to action is opening up a long vista of exciting images, and it is in this state of mind that the idea of feigned madness has something very fascinating for him. It will give him an excuse for loosing the control which social convention demands over his thoughts, it will open opportunities for observation, release him from the necessity of hypocritical respect to his uncle and mother, above all, look to himself like a step towards his revenge without demanding any real practical effort. Nay, more, it will release him honourably from all virtual engagements to Ophelia, which he is no longer either able or willing to fulfil,—not able, for he is dedicated to a great act of revenge, not willing, for his faith is shaken in all women by his mother's conduct, and though he still feels tenderly for Ophelia, his trust is weakened, and the thought of any practical tie like marriage is becoming more and more distasteful to him. In fact, the unhinging of his mind is a kind of unhealthiness far removed from mania—an increasing morbidness about definite actions, a stimulated vision of all the objects that can possibly be urged against a given step, a more and more complete surrender to the habit of imagining what he will do rather than doing it. To this species of intellect, under the special excitement of finding his nearest relations guilty of the most terrible crime, a plausible excuse for affecting fitful madness would be a great temptation, and Hamlet's first use of it is to disentangle himself, so far as he can, from his engagements with Ophelia, and set her free, while he secures a mask from behind which he may, as he says to himself, watch his opportunity, and in reality excuse his own delays. But Dr. Conolly thinks this interpretation would prove him altogether too coarse and cruel to Ophelia and his mother, too bloodthirsty to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, too unnatural even towards the King himself.14 We do not think so. Hamlet is not meant to be amiable, is meant to have that peculiar hardness and insensibility to the mere pain of others which often marks minds habituated to stare all sorts of emotions and events unblushingly in the face. He says of himself to Ophelia, and far from untruly,—for Hamlet is incapable of mere modest selfdepreciation,—"I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me. I am very proud, revengeful, ambitious, with more offences at my beck than I have thoughts to put them in, imaginations to give them shape, or time to act them in."15 And he is hard. He stares the bloom off all the most delicate sentiments. He justifies his substitution
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of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern for himself with the most haughty coolness. When Horatio remarks that they have gone to their death, he replies, with perfect sang froid, that they had no business to meddle:— "Why, man, they did make love to this employment, They are not near my conscience: their defect Does by their own insinuation grow: 'Tis dangerous when the baser nature comes Between the pass and fell incensed points Of mighty opposites;" 16
which is clearly no dreamy excuse, but the cold imperious temper of a prince born to the purple. And his treatment of both his mother and Ophelia is in the same spirit, not devoid of affection, but quite careless of giving pain,—perhaps rather enjoying it. On the whole, though we have derived both pleasure and instruction from Dr. Conolly's essay, we are fully convinced that any attempt to show Hamlet's reason to be shaken is utterly hopeless. His mind is highly morbid, it is true,—but the morbidness arises from the thronging thoughts which deter him from action, which draw him into the solitude of his own discursive and bitter imaginations, and cause "the native hue of resolution" to be "sickled o'er with the pale cast of thought."17 Dr. Conolly may regard Hamlet as insane if he pleases, but the insanity is not mania, not one of reason, rather of a great disproportion between his discursive intellect and his will.
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Mr. Sothern as a Caricaturist
1
[Originally published in the Spectator, February 27, 1864, pp. 23435, as a subleader ostensibly on the performance at the Haymarket of Edward Askew Sothern (182681) in the burlesque, Bunkum Muller, but mostly on his earlier rôle as Lord Dundreary, a caricature of an English nobleman, in Tom Taylor's Our American Cousin, a rôle which Sothern steadily enlarged in the United States and which when he brought it to London in 1861 became one of the great theatrical successes of his times, in its first run playing for over four hundred nights. (Attributed)]
The new piece in which Mr. Sothern has appeared this week will only serve to show that his powers as an actor are by no means limited to the very unique character in which he has acted so many hundred times already with such wonderful success. The "Monopolological" burlesque called Bunkum Muller2 is only interesting because it forces him to show a verve and vivacity which no one would at first sight suspect in the actor of Lord Dundreary, and brings out the more commonplace power of caricature, the capacity for ordinary farce, which one is in danger of denying to one who has shown so delicate a subtlety in generalizing the conception of the haughty and aristocratic idiot. Bunkum Muller lends a good deal of additional interest to the old piece, because it shows us how completely the acting of Lord Dundreary is due to Mr. Sothern's conscious art, and not to any accidental aptitude in his character. What there is to represent in the new little burlesque,—and it is not much,—is as far removed as possible from any analogy to the requirements of the more famous part. It is obvious from the new piece that if Mr. Sothern chose to act Dickens' character of Dick Swiveller in any dramatic adaptation of "The Old Curiosity Shop" he could do it to perfection. He would muse over Sophy Wackles's damp weddingcake with the most humorous despair. He would throw his whole soul into the lament:— "I never nursed a dear gazelle To glad me with its soft black eye, But when it came to know me well And love me,—it was sure to marry a marketgardener."
He would calculate with the most pathetic accuracy how many avenues to the Strand he had absolutely closed against himself by running up bills with the shopkeepers on the way, and resolve on closing the last "by a pair of gloves" with the most heroic resignation. And he would rally "the Marchioness" on the sloppy character of her ''marble floor" with the grandest air of condescension.3 Indeed, it is obvious that Mr.
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Sothern could also act, and act well, the vulgarity no less than the humour in Mr. Swiveller's part, for Bunkum Muller is only a very much more energetic and less humorous Dick Swiveller, who lives, or tries to live, by his compositions, instead of by copying deeds in an attorney's office. When we have said this, we have sufficiently attested, we think, the range of Mr. Sothern's powers as a comedian; for nothing can be more different than the eager rattle and broad burlesque of the one part from the helpless and angry drifting along an absolutely uniform current of involuntary associations in the other. With those who care for the powers evinced by an actor, and not merely for the amusement of a little laughter, the new burlesque at the Haymarket, popular as it certainly appeared to be, will raise the estimate of Mr. Sothern's powers, but will not interest on its own account. We cannot but care to know that Mr. Sothern's conception of Lord Dundreary is not in any way the result of an intellectual accident, but otherwise the new piece is too poor to call out the powers of so subtle an actor. Mr. Sothern's greatest power seems to us to be the intellectual subtlety of his caricature. We have called Lord Dundreary a haughty aristocratic idiot, but that is not really the true name for the character as Mr. Sothern has conceived it. What he has so marvellously worked out is the complete disappearance of all such intellectual power as involves even a momentary effort of attention from a supercilious mind by no means devoid of natural clearness, eager for amusement, and resentful that almost every amusement does draw upon the power of attention. He catches at every straw floating on the surface of thought, and resentfully abandons it the moment he finds that he cannot even follow the indolent train of association it suggests without some effort of discrimination. There is a chronic crave in him to individualize his own thoughts without effort to himself, and chronic anger because he can't succeed. Lord Dundreary would be even a lucidminded man if he could attend to anything for two consecutive minutes. If he calls everyone and everything "a fellah," even to the candles on his dressingtable, it is not confusion of thought, but simply indolence in expression, which induces him to use the abstract instead of recalling the specific term. When he can explain himself without an effort, there is something graphic in it notwithstanding the lassitude of his exposition,—as when he defines the game of draughts by "wound piece of wood hopping over each on squares of leather," or illustrates his own assertion that he is a goodnatured fellow, by explaining that "two out of every thwee men who know me would think so,'' and adds, after a brief pause, that "the third fellah who didn't think so would be an ass." Then the habitual angriness of his state of mind is only the natural disgust attending the discontinuity
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of his own thoughts, and the perceived impossibility of remedying it without an effort. When he says of the peacock, "I hate a bird all tail and no head," and reviles the pigeons for tumbling head over heels because "I hate a bird that doesn't know its own mind,"—the irritation he feels is merely a mode of cutting short his thoughts about a rather singular phenomenon which he feels would haunt him if he didn't get up temper and abuse it. None of this is native imbecility,—it is a haughty sort of lucidity which is furious because in this universe nothing is isolated and comprehensible at a glance, so that you are in danger of being led on from one thing to another in a very perplexing way which does not suit a man anxious to find adequate amusement in the straws floating on the surface of his thought. Even the uphill triumphant catch in his voice or crow which is his equivalent for laughter, admirably expresses this momentary character of his perceptions; for his sense of the ludicrous is not the full meeting of two incongruous ideas in his imagination, but a mere point, a spark, an infinitesimal gleam of incongruity, which it is a triumph to him to have caught at all, and which vanishes from his grasp just as he catches sight of it. The angry stare with which his lordship looks at us when he gets into difficulties about folding his arms, and can no more remember how the double junction is effected than a child who is learning to tie its shoe for the first time, is one of Mr. Sothern's most effective touches in this caricature; the difficulty represents somehow the single thread of his associations, which is never quite equal to the mastery of any two simultaneous actions, and the resentment which he evidently feels at the failure of memory and the need of recollection, betrays the indolent pride which is at its root. Even the lopsided run with which he makes his exit from the room is expressive of this utter want of coherent mental effort. One leg drags the other after it, as it were, instead of their both marching together, just as one thought succeeds and excludes another which ought to be combined with it. Of course the worth of the whole conception is in the caricature, and in that alone. But it is wonderfully subtle caricature in which almost every movement of the muscles of the face, every tone of the voice, and every grotesque discontinuity of thought, contributes something to the effect. Of course the mere power of caricature is by no means rare in comic actors, but the power of subtle intellectual caricature such as Mr. Sothern shows in this character is, we take it, exceedingly rare. It is a caricature, for instance, which even Mr. Dickens,—an accomplished actor, 4 we believe, as well as writer of caricature,—could scarcely have executed. The whole conception is grafted on the social condition in which Lord Dundreary is supposed to have been brought up, and with all his rudeness and eccentricity the notion of an aristocratic substratum of
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manners as well as of pride and indolence, is always perfectly conveyed. It is all subtle caricature, though it is caricature of the most extreme and doublydistilled character. There is nothing in it which merely tickles the eye, nothing which is even thoroughly laughable till the idea is caught. Those who go to see Mr. Sothern for the first time as Lord Dundreary are usually at least two or three scenes [behind] before they fall into the subtle humour of the conception, though no one can say that the exaggerative element, even from the first, is not extreme. Caricature is almost always founded on some commoner species of incongruity, on some broad hypocrisy, or some highlycoloured vulgarity of manner inconsistent with station, such as, for instance, Mr. Buckstone himself amuses his audience with so cleverly in the American Cousin. 5 It was a happy idea to put in this commonplace caricature as the foil to set off Mr. Sothern's infinitely subtle idea of an intellect that, through indolence and pride, had lost all power of attention and grasp. But it is a waste of power to make Mr. Sothern himself act an equally commonplace piece, even though it does demonstrate that it is not any special experience of the relaxing influence of the Castle of Indolence,6 or of the failure of the springs of his own mind, which fits him for his unique part, but rather fulness of power which renders him so sensitive to the intellectual traces of mental paralysis and fatigue. There are many caricaturists on the stage, but Mr. Sothern is the only one who can give us at once the fun of high caricature and the enjoyment of a delicate intellectual thread uniting all the touches into a single and almost refined whole.
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Shakespeare and the Bible [Originally published in the Spectator, April 30, 1864, pp. 499500, as a subleader on an aspect of Shakespeare that received some attention in the month marking the tercentenary of his birth. It would no doubt overstate the gist of this article to record here Hutton's identified view late in life: " . . . Shakespeare . . . embodied in his poetry the whole Catholic doctrine of the age which preceded him" ("Professor Haeckel's Religion," Spectator, December 22,1894, p. 883). (Attributed)]
Everybody is laying hands on some scrap or scraps of Shakespeare. Even Messrs. Moses and Son are found amongst the number of his admirers, and have issued a testimonial highly honourable to him, containing a catena of passages to prove that Shakespeare understood clothes, and that their establishment at the Minories may in some sense be regarded as a training school for the study of the poet. They quote the saying of the foes of Coriolanus, that "his clothes made a false report of him," 1 as a proof of Shakespeare's value for the expressive power of clothes. At all events they hold that clothes make a true report of Shakespeare, and they gather up conscientiously the references to clothing from every corner of his dramas. The purveyors of the dinner at StratfordonAvon the other day seem to have indulged in a similar fancy.2 With beautiful and classical taste they selected a line from Shakespeare to illustrate each heading in the bill of fare, enhancing the flavour of their "Roast Turkeys" with the appropriate quotation, ''Why, here he comes, swelling like a Turkeycock" (Henry V., v.1), and of their "Dessert cakes, jellies, and creams," with the happy allusion, "The Queen of Curds and Cream" (Winter's Tale, iv.3). Again, a book has just been published by a Mr. Sidney Beisly on "Shakespeare's garden," in which we have a perfect index to the vegetable physiology of his dramas, with the true botanical names appended and the virtues of the flowers discussed.3 And in the higher regions of thought the same scramble for signs of his approval is going on. Nobody, indeed, as far as we know, has yet attempted to extract a metaphysical system out of Shakespeare, though one gentleman not long ago proved, in an ingenious and voluminous work that a deep ethnology was the secret principle of his plays.4 But two books have been published within the last week to show that Shakespeare reflects very closely the teaching of the Bible, and is minutely familiar with the slightest peculiarities of its idiom and thought,—the one by the Bishop of St. Andrew's (Dr. Wordsworth); who last Sunday preached one of the Shakespeare sermons at Stratford,—the other by the Vicar of Trowse Newton and Lakenham (Rev. A. Pownall).5 Even the Archbishop of Dublin (Dr. Trench), who preached the great Shakespeare sermon last Sunday at
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Stratford, appears by his speech at the dinner to have claimed for Shakespeare a very close sympathy with the spirit of the Church. "There was," he is reported to have said, "an intimate connection between all true art, and therefore especially between the art of Shakespeare and faith, and if art be dissevered from that faith it must ultimately perish." Dr. Wordsworth goes much further:—''His works," he says, "have been called a secular Bible; my object is to show that while they are this they are also something more, being saturated with Divine Wisdom, such as could be derived only from the very Bible itself." 6 Now, how far is this really true? Of course no one who really appreciates the wisdom and beauty of the greatest of Englishmen will doubt that his picture of earth and man does, implicitly, involve a recognition of that divine law of harmony without which human nature would be a mere rank garden of wild passions and lawless tastes. No one who understands Shakespeare doubts the thorough healthiness of his imagination, and a healthy imagination implies a natural obedience to the laws of health. That Shakespeare had studied the Bible well too, we do not doubt. It would be very wonderful if one who had so thoroughly ransacked all the popular literature of his day had omitted to study by far the greatest poems and the sublimest traditions open to him, to say nothing of their spiritual authority for his conscience and faith. But having admitted thus much, we yet think it would be almost impossible to find any great Christian poet whose type of imagination is so entirely and singularly contrasted with that of the Bible,—or in whom that peculiar faculty which, for want of a better term, we are forced to call the thirst for the supernatural, is more remarkably absent. If, indeed, Mr. Mansel's theory that the knowledge of God as given by the Bible is intended to be only "regulative" knowledge, repressive of evil in us, telling us what God wishes us to do or desist from, but not even professing to show Him to us as He is,7 —if this were true, then perhaps it might be true that Shakespeare's writings are "saturated with Divine Wisdom such as could be derived only from the very Bible itself." But as we apprehend that no criticism misrepresents the Bible more ludicrously than this, as we take it to be the essence of the Hebrew prophecy to awaken and satisfy the insatiable thirst for the infinite and supernatural fountain of life, as we believe that the keynote of every great Hebrew poem is that rapture of spirit which sees all nature and humanity as a sort of earthly transparency through which the divine Will is shining with an almost intolerable glory,—as we hold that unrivalled as is the poetry of the Bible, there is no such thing as conscious art from its opening to its close, unless it be in very elementary germ in the drama of Job and the Song of Solomon,—and as we can see little or no vestige of these biblical characteristics, positive or negative, in Shakespeare,—it seems to us that it would be
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impossible to find a more remarkable example of a genius wide as the world, yet not in any sense above the world, than our great English poet's. The one English characteristic which Shakespeare has not represented in his poems is the capacity for that intense religious enthusiasm which, though deep in the national heart, only bursts out now and again under very special conditions. Even Goethe, a thorough humanist, has his study of the "Confessions of a Beautiful Soul;" 8 but we do not think there is a trace in all Shakespeare of any even imaginative interest in that state of mind which habitually lives in this life as not of it, which feeds on the unseen beauty in preference to feeding on the forms and colours of this fair universe, which rejoices in the Puritan symbolism of Bunyan or the Catholic ecstasies of Saint Theresa or Saint Francis. Shakespeare's poetry seems to us to image, not the slightest reaction against Roman Catholicism,—he was born a generation too late for that,—but the first luxuriance of the English imagination rooted deep in the rich mould of the Roman Catholic Church after the direct shadow of its supernatural authority was removed. Shakespeare's was probably that most genial and least intense of all faiths,—the faith of the moderate reformed Catholic, which repudiated the authority of the Roman See, and adopted with hearty sincerity the national principle, but retained as the largest, most various, and least incisive form of popular creed, that easy, manycoloured, and richly artistic Christianity which had gradually adapted itself to the shortcomings of all classes of the laity, because it provided a natural relief for every anguish of the conscience and every form of human disappointment or sorrow. It was a faith which fell in rich folds over the trembling spirit of man, covering and protecting the nakedness and the sores which the Puritan insisted on relentlessly exposing and which the ascetic Romanist still more relentlessly aggravated by the private use of moral scourge and horsehairs. No doubt Shakespeare read his Bible, but he assimilated it in his own fashion, quenching its tongues of fire in the lambent lightnings of his fancy, and veiling once more the terrible sunlight of its personal revelations behind that permanent bank of human mist and cloud which multiplies the beauty, while it diminishes the glory, of the eternal sun. The very essence of Shakespeare's genius—its dramatic nicety—is in remarkable contrast to the poetry of the Bible. Onehalf of the modern mistakes in criticizing the Bible are caused by forgetting that it is no part of the purpose of revelation to distinguish between the various shades of human character, but only to manifest that eternal light by which all human character must eventually be tried. The Bible distinguishes broadly between the wicked and the good, but takes no pains to distinguish kinds of excellence or frailty from each other. The sympathy of the Hebrew poet is with the Infinite righteousness, and trying to gaze upon that sun and to
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reflect its glory in his heart, all conscious distinction between the various kinds of human goodness or human shortcomings is utterly foreign to his thought. With Shakespeare, on the contrary, it is just the opposite. Human nature is his absolute startingpoint. And though the depth and scope of his knowledge of the human heart evidently come from something deeper than mere observation, and would seem to imply a direct intuition of the image of God within man, yet it always seems to be rather the image of God which he apprehends than the humiliating touch of the divine mind itself upon our own,—some exquisitely developed and statuesque embodiment of human perfections "how noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a God, the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals," 9 —instead of that human nature which the Psalmist, thinking of God, wondered that God had taken any account of, "what is man that thou art mindful of him, and the son of man that thou visitest him? for thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and crowned him with glory and honour."10 Nothing can be more different than the keynote of Shakespeare's poetry and that of the Bible. In Shakespeare human nature receives fresh touches of glory from the divine, but in the Bible it seems to shrink in abasement before the intense grandeur of the beatific vision. The difference between the two is just the difference between the Psalmist's "Thou hast beset me behind and before, and laid thine hand upon me: such knowledge is too wonderful for me: it is high, I cannot attain unto it,'' of which the keynote is selfabasement,—and Hamlet's "Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well When our deep plots do fail: and that should teach us There's a divinity doth shape our ends, Roughhew them how we will,"11
—where the Prince gains consolation for the weakness of human nature in thinking of the protecting providence of God. One of the clerical writers on the Biblical character of Shakespeare, the Bishop of St. Andrew's, quotes a passage from Shakespeare to prove that the frequent metaphors of the Old Testament which describe God as "riding upon the heavens" and "flying upon the wings of the wind" had engraved themselves on the imagination of the great dramatist. His proof is this speech of Romeo's to Juliet:— "Oh! speak again bright angel, for thou art As glorious to this night, being o'er my head, As is a winged messenger of Heaven Unto the white upturned wondering eyes Of mortals that fall back to gaze on him, When he bestrides the lazypacing clouds, And sails upon the bosom of the air."12
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Whether the Bishop be right or not in supposing the metaphor suggested to Shakespeare by the Bible, it is scarcely possible to conceive its genius more completely altered, and even inverted,—changed as it is from a mysterious sign of mighty invisible power into one of swanlike beauty and almost voluptuous ease. It is a transformation even greater than that which takes place in the metamorphose of St. Peter's description of the day of judgment into Prospero's reflections on the spell which dissolves the enchantments of the magic isle. "The heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat; the earth also, and they that are therein shall be burned up,"—has suggested, as the Bishop points out, no doubt, truly,— "And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, The cloudcapped towers, the gorgeous palaces, The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, Leave not a rack behind." 13
No doubt the one passage here suggested the other,—but the poetic drift is exactly the opposite. Shakespeare is illustrating the dreamlike nature of life, St. Peter its fearful reality. St. Peter is "looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat;"14 Shakespeare in dreamy meditation is reflecting that life, after all, often seems scarcely more real than the gorgeous shapes of a sunset cloud, or the fanciful enchantments of Prospero's isle. On the whole, we think it would be difficult to find any firstrate poet in whom there is less trace of any literary influence from the Bible than in Shakespeare. The Archbishop of Dublin's remark that the Christian faith needs true art for its instrument, and that true art needs Christian faith to keep it in healthy life and growth, is most true,—for Art—which is essentially conscious and finite—soon decays, if it be not constantly rekindled by a faith which is in living communion with the Eternal and Infinite. But Shakespeare's art, though it grows out of a living faith, and out of the modes of thought which that faith had been centuries in training, certainly shows far less of the direct pressure of supernatural influences upon his mind than that of the other Christian poets who most nearly approach him in greatness.
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Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party 1 [Originally published in the Spectator, May 21,1864, pp. 58889, as a subleader on John Orlando Parry's oneman impersonation of the various fictitious people at an imaginary dinner party as the conclusion to an "entertainment," Parry's performance taking place at the Royal Gallery of Illustration in Regent's Street. After a mental breakdown in the 1850s, he had there a long association with Mr. and Mrs. German Reed. (Attributed)]
Few people comparatively, we imagine, are aware how very extraordinary an intellectual feat has been for some time nightly visible in London at one of those evening "entertainments" which is to a play what negus is to wine, or at which the drama loses half its evil by losing all its interest,2 —the "Gallery of Illustration." You have indeed to go through something to arrive at it, for Mr. and Mrs. German Reed, while they provide no doubt all that a wellregulated mind ought to expect at an evening's entertainment, and apparently succeed in entertaining by their various réchauffés of themselves in different costumes those who come willing and anxious to ''make believe very much" as the Marchioness said to Mr. Swiveller about her diluted beer,3 certainly do not attempt to furnish any very refined species of amusement. For any one, however, who will sit out the dinner for the sake of the dessert, there is reserved a rare and, in its light way, even subtle enjoyment. The last halfhour of the "entertainment" is more than entertaining; it is an achievement which not only illustrates, it extends the very meaning we attach to the phrase "plastic" art. Mr. John Parry,—whom we can recollect, we should think, twenty years ago singing that ordinarily vulgar species of song called "comic" with a humour and expression that allied them to comedy rather than farce,4 —comes on to the scene alone and in his own dress, and tells the audience that he is going to introduce them to Mrs. Roseleaf's evening party. It may possibly slightly help the illusion, he says, if, when he represents Mrs. Roseleaf herself, he takes up a fan and bouquet which he shows us lying on the piano, but he will not need any other aid at all from costume. Thus much he says simply in his own person, and the audience have time, while he is saying it, to notice a face somewhat wan, rather weary, yet with a colour slightly hectic, perfectly refined, and yet with something of that expression of mental bareness,—of thought and emotion with the bloom off by being laid bare to others,—which is often impressed on young Roman Catholics, and which we somehow associate with a characteristic roundness, baldness, and absence of cross lines of thought or feeling on the face. No face could be imagined that offers at the first glance less promise of flexibility.
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You would say of it,—as Shakespeare said of the elephant—that "its legs are legs for necessity, not for flexure," 5 —that its lines of expression are lines for necessity, not for flexure. You have scarcely made up your mind that it is so, when Mr. Parry sits down to the piano, and his face at once assumes that stolid expression of hired drudgery, of business islanded in the amusements of others, which, without an explanation, declares to everyone the professional pianist engaged for an evening party at which there are to be a few quadrilles. While thus playing Mr. Parry announces the names of a few guests succeeding one another, and presently rising from the piano he takes up his bouquet and fan, and the stolid persistency of the hired musician is suddenly transformed into the engaging suavity and complaisance of a lady like hostess. Mrs. Roseleaf is a thorough lady, slightly affected indeed, but with the affectation arising from an excessive amiability, not from any tinge of vulgarity. There is nothing very original in anything she says,—"This is a pleasure indeed—so kind of you to come," and so forth; but the spectator gazing through the best of opera glasses at the gentleman in plain black clothes who is saying all this, can hardly persuade himself it is a gentleman at all, and not Mrs. Roseleaf herself. Indeed, so strong is the illusion that when we come away and recall the scene in memory, it is the hardest thing in the world to believe we have seen only one actor throughout, and that actor a gentleman not in disguise. Presently Mrs. Roseleaf inquires after the baby of one of her guests, and the reply indistinctly murmured is reflected with such extraordinary vividness in the dropping lines of unspeakable concern in her face, that you know it must have been croup of a more than ordinarily dangerous kind. When the answer to the next inquiry after a second child again lengthens out the face, it is to a less degree, and you see the amiable hostess's desire to blend her sympathy with the cheering playfulness appropriate to an occasion when her guests are not, after all, in too much alarm to come to her party; and so with a pleasant regret of expression she slides back through some such remark as "Sad indeed, why you have had quite a sick house,'' to her gentle companysmile. Then she introduces her little daughter to her friend, and the pleasant companysmile grows tender with the illusions of maternal pride. The daughter is, of course, present only to the spiritual gaze of the spectator, but few who recall the scene will find it easy to persuade themselves that the little girl was only suggested to them, and no more really there than any other of the shadowy actors. While being praised for decorous and pretty behaviour, the young lady snatches at the fan or the bouquet, and the mother's pride in her good conduct changes gently into playful amusement at her childish tricks. Then the little girl retires and the party grows denser. You can see
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that Mrs. Roseleaf moves about with greater difficulty and more anxious sense of responsibility. She prevails on a Mr. Jené to sing, and the fan and the bouquet vanishing, we suddenly behold Mrs. Roseleaf no more, but a vain and selfabsorbed young man of muddy sentiment, awkwardly conscious of literary pretensions, and with a stooping gait, who, with a glass in his eye, is watching discontentedly for an admiration which he does not appear to receive. The extraordinary expression of turbid fermenting vanities,—not complaisant nor selfassured, but sullenly exigeant,—which now passes over the actor's face is again completely transforming; age, character, everything is absolutely changed; the scum of gloomy hobbledehoyish conceit spreads like an unclear fluid over the whole face. He sings his song, "Would you love me, if you knew me?" ("Words and music both my own," as he blurts out with a gloomy and clumsy vanity at the conclusion), interrupted by numerous announcements of successive guests, at each of which Mr. Jené darts furious glances towards the door,—and at the end scuffles away from the piano with sulky eyes, at once inflicting retribution, and searching the company for traces of admiration,—amidst the profuse thanks and apologies of Mrs. Roseleaf. Then Mrs. Roseleaf consults her husband as to the next part of the programme, and decides to get the Fluenzas to sing. The Fluenzas, however, are obviously divided from her by a great crush, though no mention is made of it,—and the inimitable company playfulness with which she peeps through an accidental vista in the crowd and wafts with sweetest fascination and smiling menace, threatening a request, the words, "I'm coming to you," over the intervening space, is one of the most effective touches in the piece. Mr. Fluenza has a fearful cold, and complying at his wife's instance gets through a single line of modulated cough,—on which Mr. and Mrs. Roseleaf interchange with each other a very expressive sentence or two of condolence,—and then we are introduced to Miss Flora Gushington, a young lady of conscious attractions, who sings an Italian duet with an admirer at the urgent request of Mr. Roseleaf,—and whose sweet and sidelong but still open demands for admiration are a very curious contrast to the fumes of smoky conceit which clouded Mr. Jené's brow. And so the evening party slides away,—the pianist getting more weary and utterly mechanical in his movements, and more profoundly woodenfaced, as he plays the last Sir Roger de Coverley, and the company disperse. The marvel of the performance is the extraordinarily powerful impression left upon the mind that the characters and faces we have seen are all really genuine and distinct;—the inability to connect them with the blacksuited gentleman who, as we yet know, was the only person present. It is, in its way, the most wonderful triumph of powers
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of expression over plain material fact that can well be conceived. The only machinery used is the symbolism of voice, gesture, and lines of expression,—and to counteract all these is the physical evidence of our senses that no one is there but Mr. John Parry in Mr. John Parry's ordinary dress,—and yet we carry away the keenest feeling of only having seen Mr. John Parry at the commencement and conclusion, and of having beheld in the interval all kinds of invisible ladies and gentlemen, whose characteristic gait and expressions there was nothing to show us except the changing postures and lines in the actor's person and face. The feeling it produces almost is, that Mr. Parry must himself get confused between his real and some of his fictitious characters. If he can put such perfect false bottoms 6 to his mind as these, can he be always certain which is the false bottom and which is the true? If he can practise such illusions on the senses of people whose eyes warn them of the illusions, what may he not practise on his own pliant consciousness which moulds itself far more easily than the sculptor moulds his clay? It positively frightens one to reflect on the deceptive power which false signals have over the imagination of spectators; for, if when thus refuted by plain facts, they almost blind the perceptions of lookerson, what might they not do for as consummate an actor if he really kept them in harmony with his own actual position and character? Mrs. Roseleaf's evening party is not only a triumph of mental effort over the in this case by no means "too, too solid flesh,"—but is a startling illustration of the gymnastic power of the will to assume at pleasure the most different and yet most complex (though of course superficial) mental attitudes. Mr. Parry's social nature must be made of a kind of moral Indiarubber, like those little Indiarubber faces in which a touch will alter all the proportions. We know there is a foundation beneath the superficial social nature which assures him of his own identity; but there is no more striking proof of the shallowness of that ripple7 of reciprocal influence which we call social intercourse, than this marvellous power of Mr. John Parry's of showing all its different phases as mere varieties of the attitude of one and the same mind.
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Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen 1 [Originally published in the Spectator, October 29, 1864, pp. 123738, as a subleader on Helen Faucit, Lady Martin (181798) as the heroine in Cymbeline currently playing at the Drury Lane Theatre. (Attributed)]
Miss Helen Faucit satisfied and more than satisfied the dramatic taste of a very different period from the present,—a period of dramatic idealism as distinguished from that close and sometimes extravagantly minute reflection of the details of social life which has lately taken so strong a hold of the public fancy. No doubt there is some connection between the political and dramatic tendencies both of that day and this. Mr. Macready and Miss Helen Faucit who, as we believe, surpassed Mr. Macready in his own school of art, attained their popularity at the time of eager political movement and agitation, when men were disgusted with life as it was, and looked forward eagerly to a somewhat visionary ideal. Mr. Macready, if we remember rightly, retired from the stage in the very midst of the AntiCorn Law agitation, certainly very many years before the Crimean war, in which the political idealisms of the nation for a time burnt themselves out.2 And no doubt the pleasure in what we may call the ideal or sentimental school of acting,—in the acting which selects and idealizes the more interesting side of life, and suppresses the small disturbing realities,—in the acting which remembers that man is "the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals," much better than it remembers the "quintessence of dust"3 in which that beauty is embodied,—or at least which seldom remembers the two together, giving us sentiment whether evil or good without that distracting play of contradictory agencies which real life shows,—no doubt the pleasure in acting of this kind was one form of that eager uncritical enthusiasm which indulged itself in shaping the future to its liking more than in scanning the medley of the present. The tide has now long turned the other way. M. Fechter, the greatest of our modern actors, is great chiefly because he can give the easy, light, selfcontained air of modern society to great characters such as Hamlet, Iago, and Othello, without robbing them of their ideal force. In comedy Mr. Sothern's success is due to a precisely similar power. The public taste loves such critical satire on itself and the modern condition of things as he has given us in Lord Dundreary, and indeed in almost all his best efforts: and all the pieces which have had the most decided success have, like the "Ticket of Leave," had a basis in the social condition of the day.4
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The change therefore from the modern school to Miss Faucit's Imogen is a change not only of style but of aim. There is no play of Shakespeare's in which is less room for the modern realism than "Cymbeline." There is little or no character in it, Imogen herself, one of the airiest and least outlined of his exquisite "dreams of fair women," 5 being the only exception. Iachimo is a rough clay model for Iago, so rough that the genius of the sculptor is quite invisible. Posthumus is almost a lay figure, to which such art as Mr. Fechter's might perhaps, but only perhaps, give a semblance of reality. Cloten is the best of the subordinate sketches; for in him the silly and the evil qualities are not unskilfully blended. Cymbeline himself, his wife and sons, and the old lord who stole them in their infancy from revenge, are mere necessities of a very unnatural plot. So that in fact the whole interest of the play depends on Imogen, who is a vague though exquisitely beautiful impersonation of a young wife's innocent love. Probably no part ever suited Miss Faucit better, nor has she lost anything, except in youth, of the qualities needful for a representation of it. Her movements are as graceful as ever, perhaps more graceful than ever. Her voice is sweet and full, perhaps too full, of tenderness. The purely ideal passages,—the poetry as distinguished from the personation of the part,—she gives with perfect melody and taste. Nothing could be more graceful, for instance, than her delivery of the beautiful passage in which Imogen complains of the interruption of her parting with Posthumus,— "Ere I could Give him that parting kiss which I had set Between two charming words, comes in my father, And, like the tyrannous breathing of the North, Shakes all our buds from growing."6
But Miss Faucit is, as she always was, a pure idealist in style. Her effort is not so much so to present Shakespeare as to make you for the moment conceive the event and understand how it happened, as to extract the fullest beauty and deepest sentiment from the situation. Accordingly, to our minds, instead of rendering Imogen more real she renders her somewhat less so. Instead of giving such a play to her countenance and manner as should reconcile the sentiment expressed with a warm artless character indeed, but still the character of "such a creature as we are in such a world as the present,"7 in other words, one not wholly without weak and girlish elements,—deep and sweet, but a little rhapsodical and wanting in reserve, rather childish in its easy confidences and inaccessibility to suspicion even after it had been fairly roused by deliberate insult,—Miss Faucit's efforts are apparently directed to present Imogen as an incarnation of angelic tenderness not only with
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out stain, which she is, but without girlish weaknesses, which she is not. Shakespeare almost always, even in his most ideal characters, gives some indication of the clue by which they may be connected with the commoner experiences of life. Juliet with all her sweetness is meant to display the forwardness and heat of Italian passion; Desdemona has the love of influence deeply in her, and uses it with some pertinacity; Ophelia's mental strength is meant to be but of the slightest, and when it fails the sensuousness of her frail organization exhales with the faint rich odour of a dying blossom in the songs of her madness. In all these cases Shakespeare has indicated clearly enough where he intends the link to be between the ideal beauties of his characters and those traces of human clay by which the actress may make them seem real as well as beautiful. In the case of Imogen the realizing strokes may be less distinct, but there is a clear intention, we think, of delineating an artlessness which is more than the absence of art, and gives the impression of girlish impulse and hastiness in the raptures of her confidences to Pisanio, the easiness with which her mind accepts the first impression which Iachimo strives to make upon it, and after the reaction caused by his villainy accepts again his own improbable explanation, and finally the quivering passion of her insulted tenderness, after hearing Posthumus's cruel charge. Shakespeare certainly intended to give both the interest and the dependence of an almost childish artlessness to Imogen's love and anger. She almost quarrels with Cloten, and has to recall her own dignity by an effort,—"You put me to forget a lady's manners." 8 When she hears that her husband is at Milford, she asks, like an enthusiastic school—girl,— "And by the way, Tell me how Wales was made so happy As to inherit such a haven,"
—and puts as many inapposite questions in a breath about her journey, as, for example, "how many score of miles may we well ride from hour to hour?"9 as a happy child, rather than a wife looking forward to a grave, deep happiness. Her resentments, too, are those of a mere girl, sharp but not grave enough. Miss Faucit gives her the air of an offended queen when Iachimo makes his monstrous proposals, whereas Shakespeare indicates rather the fierce flash of a girl's offended honour striving in vain to be perfectly dignified, but falling in spite of herself into language too violent to be scornful:— "Thou wrong'st a gentleman who is as far From thy report as thou from honour, and Solicit'st here a lady that disdains Thee and the devil alike;"
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with further language that puts her far too much on an equality in point of dignity with the villain whom she is reproaching. Miss Faucit gives to all this scene, in which Imogen shows her inexperience and credulity as much as her own purity, the stately air of regal displeasure, and walks across the stage, as she says, "The King, my father, shall be made acquainted of thy assault," 10 with an artificial and theatric resentment more than the passion of a helpless girl's offended modesty and pride. Again, we think there is the same defect in Miss Faucit's too dignified and too monotonous rendering of that most dramatic scene in the play, when Pisanio shows Imogen her husband's cruel letter accusing her of adultery, and ordering him to kill her. As we read it there is first a flash of girlish passion and recrimination, a bitter recalling of the faithful love which her husband had accused of falsehood, and a keen retort (womanlike almost more fierce against the supposed cause of her husband's cruelty than against himself);—"Some jay of Italy . . . hath betrayed him." Then she disowns all her love for him, declares her heart empty of his image, passes through a phase of forced calmness and, as it were, judicial denunciation, and finally relapses into reproachful tenderness. Now Miss Faucit does not seem to us to reflect these rapid changes of mood and impulse. She throws no passion of jealousy into the outbreak against the "jay of Italy;" and she makes the bitter lines,— "Poor I am stale, a garment out of fashion; And, for I am richer than to hang by the walls, I must be ripped! To pieces with me! Oh! Men's vows are women's traitors!"
—an outbreak of pure grief and despair rather than of equally mingled grief and anger, which it certainly is. As the fierce flash dies down, and Imogen regains her self command without as yet melting towards her husband, she seeks to punish him by bending implicitly and coldly to his cruel purpose, and leaving him to his remorse:— "Why, I must die; And if I do not by thy hand, thou art No servant of thy master's: Against selfslaughter There is a prohibition so divine That cravens my weak hand. Come, here's my heart; Something's afore't;—Soft, soft; we'll no defence; Obedient as the scabbard.—What is here; The scriptures of the loyal Leonatus, All turn'd to heresy? Away, away, Corrupters of my faith! you shall no more Be stomachers to my heart! Thus may poor fools Believe false teachers: Though those that are betray'd
Page 64 Do feel the treason sharply, yet the traitor Stands in worse case of woe. And thou, Posthumus, that didst set up My disobedience 'gainst the king my father, And make me put into contempt the suits Of princely fellows, shalt hereafter find It is no act of common passage, but A strain of rareness: and I grieve myself, To think when thou shalt be disedg'd by her That now thou tirest on, how thy memory Will then be pang'd by me.—Prithee, despatch: The lamb entreats the butcher: Where's thy knife? Thou art too slow to do thy master's bidding, When I desire it too." 11
Miss Faucit takes these lines as the expression of a sort of spasmodic anguish. She clutches at the letters next her heart, and tears them as she scatters them. This is surely an erroneous interpretation. There is cold displeasure in the overstrained obedience with which she removes these shields from her heart, and calls her husband ironically the "loyal" Leonatus, as also in the pity she bestows on Posthumus when he shall awaken from his trance, and in the reference to her own rare sacrifice for him,—a cold displeasure which is all concentrated in the last two lines. Nor should she, we think, tear the letters. She casts them coldly away as having misguided her heart, but for the moment she is in the mood for looking down on her husband with pity, not giving way to her passion. This tone of mind is carried on into the next words, in which Imogen chooses to ignore Pisanio's horror of her husband's order, and to assume that the servant cannot wish to be more faithful or loyal than the master:— "Pisanio. O gracious lady! Since I received command to do this business I have not slept a wink." "Imogen. Do't and to bed then."12
This Miss Faucit gives with a sort of defiance or petulance, as if she could not endure Pisanio's delay. It seems to us to express perfectly the cold, impassive, apathetic stage of misery which refuses to recognize the signs of the servant's sympathy and fidelity, in the bitterness of a greater desertion. From this point Imogen's girlish pride begins to melt away at the touch of her servant's sympathy, and at last completely breaks down in the confession that her only object in life is still to follow her husband to Rome and learn his every movement. In this mood she should not leave her husband's letters torn and scattered around her. All the flood of her girlish tenderness has returned, and though half brokenhearted she has readmitted her love into her heart.
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The fault of Miss Faucit's rendering of all this scene, as indeed of the whole part, is, to our minds, a monotonous ideal tenderness which scarcely changes throughout, except from the sob of pain to the radiant smile of trusting rapture. There is too little of childishness, too much of severity and dignity in the earlier scenes; too little of wounded selflove in her later anguish; too little of the rainbow tints of girlish feeling; too little of that variety of impulse which helps us to see how Imogen though a poetic ideal might really have existed. This defect becomes the more visible because there is absolutely no reality in any other of the characters unless it be Cloten's, which is very nicely played by Mr. Walter Lacy. Mr. Phelps and Mr. Creswick 13 try to make up by vehemence for the poverty of their parts, but though that may succeed with the gallery it only enhances the deficiencies of the play to the mind of any thoughtful spectator. Cymbeline certainly derives its sole interest from the graceful and tender though somewhat monotonous sentiment of Miss Helen Faucit.
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Miss Kate Terry
1
[Originally published in the Spectator, November 5, 1864, pp. 126970, as a subleader on Kate Terry's performance at the Olympic Theatre, Wych Street, on Wednesday, November 2nd, in The Hidden Hand, an adaptation from the French by Tom Taylor.2 (For Taylor see n.3 to "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals" in this collection.) (Attributed)]
The new management at the Olympic Theatre ought to be a great success. There is more power of intellectual education, as we may call it, of actors and actresses for the full display of their powers shown in the management of that little theatre than in any other London theatre at the present moment, and though this is not wholly new there, it is evidently due to influences which have now more undisputed sway than at any previous time; and if Mr. Horace Wigan fulfils the promise which he gave on Wednesday night of entirely postponing his abilities as an actor to his duties as a manager we may fairly expect to see the Olympic Theatre become not only a very popular theatre, which, thanks to the marvellous power of the late Mr. Robson,3 it has long been, but the best school of theatrical art in England. The first performance of the present season, in what the manager fairly called the "New" Olympic Theatre—so thoroughly is the building renovated and beautified— has brought out powers quite unsuspected except by a few in a young actress of great capacity, Miss Kate Terry, and has raised Mr. Henry Neville, for some time a favourite with the public, to a much higher level of dramatic promise. The piece4 in which their powers have been displayed is, as usual, a thoughtful adaptation from the French, evidently not made without special reference to the capacity of the young actress who gives the great charm to the piece. It is somewhat of a sensation play,—the plot turning on a secret attempt to poison, and the critical scene, the spectacle scene of the play, showing a hand just stealing from behind the moonlit tapestries to drop the poison into the glass of medicine by the side of the sleeping girl who is fast fading away under its deadly influence. But though involving this sensation touch, the play is by no means a sensation one, if that implies the subordination of human passions and interests to the excitement of mere situation. The situation we have mentioned is the only one of its kind in the piece, which is really full of the natural play of conflicting emotions. We do not mean that the drama has enough elaboration in it to make a good reading play. But its action is full, rapid, and very well concentrated, and acted as it is by Miss Terry and Mr. Neville it has an intellectual as well as a strong dramatic interest. Had it been possible to secure any English
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actress of Rachel's 5 stamp, to express the Grandmother's passionate hatred against the new blood and the interloper who threatens to throw her own grandchild into the shade, the piece would be really a fine one. Unfortunately this character is so wretchedly presented that the deepest line of shadow in the play has no real depth of blackness in it, and produces altogether a shabby effect, the result of which is, that very deep secondary interests take the first place in the spectator's attention, and a certain disproportion of result is produced. The one violent passion of the play misses fire, and the struggle of deep but more refined emotions succeeds to the place which it should occupy. Fortunately, however, the intensity,—we can call it little less,—which Miss Kate Terry shows in this naturally secondary, but, as the play now is, primary character, is sufficient to make us forget entirely the disappointment, in the charm of her refined, pathetic, and often very powerful acting. Perhaps the Welsh names of the dramatis personæ are in some degree a mistake, for they rather cool external curiosity about the play, and there is nothing really Welsh about the conception of any of the characters. The motive for laying the plot in Wales two centuries ago is obviously to justify in some measure that depth of passion for the ancient blood from which the crime we have referred to springs, and, by giving a fair excuse for strong local superstitions, to introduce a slight complication in the plot which prolongs the suspense of the audience as to the real author of the crime. For the rest, all the leading characters are thoroughly English and thoroughly modern, and there is no attempt to preserve, except in costume, the antique character of the piece. It is the silliest purism to say, with some of our contemporaries, that there is anything immoral in the plot. If evil passions, distinctly marked as evil, are immoral, we do not know a drama either of Shakespeare or any one else which might not be so characterized. The action of the piece is sufficiently simple. A second wife neglected and almost deserted for ten years by her husband (Lord Penarvon) is left during that time in his lonely old Welsh castle, with the daughter of the first wife and her grandmother. Lady Penarvon's own daughter is taken away from her in childhood and educated in Belgium, where she falls in love with a Welsh neighbour who casually visits his sister at her school. This gentleman, not being of equal rank with her, fears a rebuff from her parents, and, before he declares or mentions his passion, devotes himself assiduously to her neglected mother, thereby unintentionally exciting in her, first gratitude and then love. Lord Penarvon returns from his roué life at Court with a fixed purpose to recover his wife's love, and at the same time brings back a proof of the King's favour in the shape of a patent of nobility for the Welsh gentleman who has fallen in love with his younger daughter, on condition
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that he shall marry his elder daughter by his first wife. This scheme greatly delights the old grandmother, who hates Lady Penarvon and her child, and she exerts all her influence to carry it into effect. The first act, therefore, shows Lady Penarvon receiving her truant husband's penitence with hauteur and embarrassment, discovering that her own daughter is the real object of the love which she, and the grandmother also, had imagined was directed to herself, crushing the passion at once in tenderness for her child, and then bitterly repenting its guilt, and finally winning over her husband to ask for a change in the King's intention which shall permit her own daughter, instead of the unwilling halfsister, to become the wife of the new noble. The elder child is grateful because she is attached to her cousin, a physician who has studied the then new sciences of physiology and chemistry. The younger one is still more grateful. But the grandmother's fury is so deeply roused that a stroke of paralysis ends the act. In the second act she has but partially recovered, and is wheeled about, apparently a paralytic, in her chair; but the poisoning of the youngest daughter has begun. The grandmother, knowing of Lady Penarvon's temporary passion for her own child's lover, contrives to get possession of her diary, which so falls into the hands of Lord Penarvon, and is found to contain the record of guilty feelings, and one sentence in which she expresses her belief that if it should appear she had a rival either she or her rival must die. We need not carry the story further. We have said enough to show that suspicion of the worst of all crimes, the murder of her own daughter from jealousy, falls upon the penitent wife and mother in the midst of her anguish at the daily declining health of her child. The young physician has discovered the nature of the complaint, and that the attempt, though no one knows to whom it is due—the grandmother is held guiltless in consequence of her seeming paralysis—is renewed by some inscrutable means day by day. Miss Terry as Lady Penarvon has to express the conflicting emotions of shame, returning tenderness for her husband, indignation and horror at his fearful suspicions, the intrepid love for her child which defies all attempt to separate the two, and something almost of momentary maternal fury when, still smarting herself under suspicion, she discovers that the origin of the attempt is at last divined, but the surmise concealed, by the granddaughter of the guilty woman, who simply urges her sister to leave the castle at once, and hesitates of course to denounce the criminal. It is scarcely possible to speak too highly of Miss Kate Terry's representation of these various and subtly blended emotions. There is nothing of the conventional actress about her. She is always refined, delicately refined in manner, and yet the compass of various passion she throws into her part more than satisfies her audience. The hauteur equally mingled of resentment and
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embarrassment with which she receives her husband's first entreaties for pardon, the restrained pride of her manner, half accusation, half repulse, in telling him that he cannot hope to rekindle the passion which his own neglect and coldness have extinguished,—the working of her face when her daughter pours her own passion into her ears, are all finely given. But the scene in which her husband confronts her with her own written confessions, accuses her not only of unfaithfulness to him, but crime against her child, is perhaps the finest in the play. Selfaccused, she at first cowers at his feet a confused indistinct figure, all the outlines lost, in the depth of her shame and remorse; but when she hears herself charged first with heartlessness, then with guilt towards her child for whom she sacrificed her passion, she gradually draws herself up in amazement and indignation, till at last she turns upon her husband, her head thrown back, her eyes dilated, but without the faintest tone of rant, in a storm of wounded feeling. The intensity and yet delicacy of passion with which she delivers the passage ending, ''the wife you have a right to accuse, but you shall not outrage the mother," is, we think, the best piece of tragic acting by an Englishwoman we have ever seen. We do not know how wide may be the compass of Miss Kate Terry's power, but we who saw and admired her in the "Duke's Motto" and in Ophelia with Mr. Fechter had certainly no conception of its extent. 6 She is exceedingly well supported by Mr. Neville and Mr. Coghlan, and could the grandmother be represented by a better actress than Miss Bowring,7 whose dumpy self satisfaction of expression contrasts ludicrously with the hate she tries to pour forth, the play would be one of much power. As it is, Miss Terry's acting alone ought to give it a very wide popularity.
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Mr. Fechter in Melodrama 1 [Originally published in the Spectator, January 28, 1865, pp. 9495, as a subleader on Fechter's performance as Robert Macaire at the Lyceum Theatre in Wellington Street, just a few steps away from Hutton's Spectator office at No. 1. (Attributed)]
Are those the greater actors who have the least personality of their own and the greatest power of merging themselves temporarily in any form of character vividly presented to them, or those who, with an unchangeable essence and permanent centre of personality, can stretch and contract at will all the secondary nerves and muscles of the mind which surround that centre, so as to represent a very wide class of characters indeed, but to lack the power of going beyond that class? Perhaps the former kind of actor might be the greater if dramatic literature were really capable of so completely embodying its conceptions as to need sympathetic interpretation, and nothing more. But in fact even the greatest of all dramatic writers—Shakespeare—seems not only to leave the most scope for, but even to make the most demands upon, the originality of the actor. We doubt if there is a single one of his greater characters which is not capable of a hundred very different shades of representation, all equally consistent with the words and actions attributed to it. We doubt if there is one which is even capable of effective acting without receiving an original contribution of some sort from the essential character of the actor who represents it. And if this is true even of Shakespeare's plays, how much more true is it of the medley of mere suggestions which constitute the working stock of the English or French stage. It would be almost possible to measure the worth of the actors of most of these productions not by what they find in the play, but by what they put into it. Indeed it is difficult to say whether Mr. Fechter delights the ordinary English public most, by falling so little short of Shakespeare's greatest characters, or by towering so far above the commoner theatric pieces, which have been "adapted from the French." In the former the intellectual effort no doubt is infinitely greater, but in the latter the ease and freedom of his power are not less fascinating. In his Shakespeare parts we wonder that he can express so much of what Shakespeare intended; in his slighter parts we wonder almost more, that he can express so much which the writer never intended and had not the capacity to intend. There is something like compensation in seeing Mr. Fechter create a part out of nothing, for the regret we feel that he should not rather be helping us to understand conceptions which it tasks all his powers to reach. If any one wants to understand the extraordinary fascination of acting which creates freely
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a conception scarcely more than suggested by the play, he should first read the wretched melodrama formerly called Robert Macaire, and then with the depression so produced weighing heavily upon his mind go and see Mr. Fechter calling forth from the stores of his own genius that extraordinary impersonation of playful rascality, of malign audacity, of coldhearted cruelty seemingly due to a gay, overflowing, and imperious irony,—which, with a melodramatic melting into parental tenderness at the close that seems natural only while Mr. Fechter is acting it, go to make up his conception of the Italian brigand. Nothing is more curious than to notice in this melodramatic piece of Robert Macaire how associations with Mr. Fechter's greater dramatic efforts help, instead of marring, the effect of the piece. The idea of Robert Macaire,—so far as it has an idea which is not given to it by its principal actors,—is to contrast the bearing of the two kinds of robbers, the insolent, selfpossessed, audacious robber, who enjoys the gambling side of crime at least as much as its idleness and profit, with the cowardly quaking of the poorerspirited robber, who is obliged, contrary of course to all but conventional art, to be comical in his fears and caricature them broadly on the spot for the benefit of the audience. Mr. Fechter and Mr. Widdicomb who respectively take these two parts acted together also in Hamlet,—the latter taking and performing very admirably the part of the First Gravedigger at the burial of Ophelia. 2 It is impossible not to be reminded both of Hamlet and the First Gravedigger by these two scoundrels, and yet the reminiscence instead of spoiling rather aids the effect of the piece. As regards the clownish and meanspirited brigand, the conception is so obviously one of those totally impossible conventional assumptions which melodrama makes upon you, and which you are bound to accept if you intend to enjoy the piece at all, that no crossassociations with the grim cloddish humour of that scene which enhances so powerfully the pathos of Ophelia's funeral, can interfere with or injure the caricature. In fact the character being altogether intentional caricature, the capricious associations with comedy of a different kind caused by the remembrance of the Gravedigger's rank and ghastly humour, rather swell the medley of grim absurdities. But as regards Mr. Fechter's part, which is a much closer approach to the possibilities of insolent and cruel audacity, all the associations with Hamlet directly and greatly aid the effect. What Mr. Fechter acted most powerfully in Hamlet was the imperious selfpossession of the Prince, and the haughty irony into which the shock of his mother's faithlessness and his uncle's iniquity had steeled him. There is indeed a capricious tenderness in Hamlet which Mr. Fechter also gave very powerfully, but the greatness of his acting consisted almost wholly in the pride and mockery of his bitter humour. Now his acting of
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Robert Macaire produces the impression of a soiled, shabby, and impudent Hamlet,—a Hamlet of the dangerous classes with the majesty departed but the imperiousness and ease left. Indeed when he is told by the gendarmes of the murder which he has himself committed, and affects to understand that the murdered man is the perpetrator of the crime and some one else the victim, when he exclaims with an impudent stare through the eyeglass which gives a low familiarity to his otherwise too imperious and audacious, though dirty countenance, "Whom, then, can we trust?" and on being corrected as to the fact, exclaims, "Alas! poor Germenil, I knew him well," (he had formed his acquaintance on the eve of the murder),—it is impossible not to feel the irony and the mockery heightened by the floating memories of Hamlet's "We are arrant knaves; believe none of us," and his ''Alas! poor Yorick; I knew him, Horatio." 3 Again, when he scoffs at his timid companion, asking where "his noble friend" has disappeared to,—(in terror of the gendarmes the convict had crept beneath the table)—or suddenly changes his air of assumed condescension and familiar ease for imperious menace and suppressed rage at the cowardice of his companion,—when his dirty white face gleams with dangerous malignity at his comrade, and he sharpens a knife in pantomime for that gentleman's throat, whiffs from Mr. Fechter's Iago fill the air, raising the poor melodramatic part up into a higher and more tragic moral region. The immense spring and elasticity of his rascality recall more than once that feeling of a positive refreshment and invigoration in evil, which Mr. Fechter gave so powerfully in Iago's words after his night of devilish machinations:— "By heaven 'tis morning! Pleasure and action make the hours seem short."4
In a word, the numberless associations with Mr. Fechter's greater parts which he cannot help arousing in us by the free expression which he gives to that easy, self possessed, imperious certainty of manner which is at the root of all his acting, really raise the melodrama, as far at least as he is concerned, into a piece of great power. By thus acting, however, he certainly dissipates the specific effect of melodrama, which we count no evil, but a great advantage. Melodrama means, we suppose, the sort of play in which an exciting situation is produced far more by an accumulation of improbable circumstances than by the natural development of character and action. In Mr. Fechter's Robert Macaire we entirely forget the exciting circumstances, we lose our whole interest in the longseparated mother and the son who meet each other and the rascally husband and father under such awful circumstances. The murder does not rivet us in the least, except so far as
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it is the subject of the murderer's own wanton sport and the terror of his companion. The terrible situation of Robert Macaire's wife, falsely accused of the murder just as she is made known to her son, scarcely attracts the attention. The whole melodramatic effect in fact is utterly merged in the wonderful exhibition of Mr. Fechter's joyous, overflowing rascality, and the wicked caprices of his dangerous moods. The intensifying circumstances of the situation, the horror, the maternal agonies, the filial distraction of feeling, are all as nothing. The melodrama fails because Mr. Fechter supersedes the melodrama; and his conception of his own part towers up above the play, absorbing all its significance. No doubt a good deal of the attention of the audience is given to the exceedingly amusing farce of his companion, Mr. Widdicomb; but even that farce would lose all its flavour if Mr. Fechter's wonderful pendant to it did not give it meaning and purpose. All love for melodrama is bad taste on the part of the public, and weakness on the part of managers, but it is certainly a striking lesson to see how a truly great and intellectual actor like Mr. Fechter dissipates the whole atmosphere of melodrama in the fascination which the free swing of his genius, dealing with materials he feels at liberty to alter as he likes, exerts over the minds of his audience.
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Shakespeare in Germany [Originally published in the Spectator, February 4, 1865, pp. 12829, as a review in the "Book" department of Albert Cohn's Shakespeare in Germany in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century: An Account of English Actors in Germany and the Netherlands, and of the Plays Performed by Them during the Same Period (London, 1865). (Attributed)]
There is a fascination in tracing the history of those greatest of all works of human thought which have survived in spite of the apparent indifference of their authors to the ordinary precautions for securing their perfection of form and preserving them from neglect, which belongs to the history of no work of art that has been fully appreciated and valued from its first conception. Only when words have ceased to be words, and become as it were endowed with a personal life and strength of their own,—with hands and feet, as Luther said, 1 —has it been possible to sow them broadcast in this way without any security for their safety, and yet with good confidence that they will look after themselves and assert their own power over human nature. It was so in the case of Homer, it was so in the far higher instance which is furnished us by the Gospel of Christ's words and actions, and in a great measure it has also been so with the works of Shakespeare. It is the chief interest of this curious and valuable book,—to those at least who are not Shakespeare antiquarians—that it shows us how powerfully his plays must have affected the illiterate minds of the first companies of English actors to whom they were known. They were imported without the name of their author by strolling English comedians into Germany almost as they fell from his pen, rendered—often of course losing almost all their power, but still retaining their leading ideas, though in a blanched form, and probably retaining also their traditional influence on the memory and manner of the actors—into German, and acted in Germany for at least a century and a half before their author became known there, and the true text of these great creations was restored. Mr. Cohn has proved in this curious book, first, that English actors, some of them connected with Shakespeare's own theatre (the Globe), and who must have been familiar with his plays, acted on the Continent and at various Courts in Germany, not only during Shakespeare's lifetime, but at least thirtysix years before his death,— in other words, when he was in the prime of his youth and power; and next, that the plays which they acted there were often Shakespeare's own;2 and when really of German origin usually recast into Shakespeare's models, and often indebted to him for whole scenes.
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In Heywood's Apology for Actors mention is made of a company of English actors engaged by Frederick II of Denmark at the recommendation of the Earl of Leicester, and by the King of Denmark further recommended to the Duke of Brunswick and Landgrave of Hesse. 3 As this King of Denmark died in 1588, it follows that the transaction must have happened before that date. Mr. Cohn has discovered at Dresden among the archives of the Saxon Court in 1586 letters and decrees providing for five English comedians by name, with the signatures (in German handwriting) of the five Englishmen, two of these being George Bryan and Thomas Pope, whom Mr. Cohn believes, with apparently very good reason, to be the actors of that name who stood in intimate relations with Shakespeare, and one of whom, Pope, was one of the first to act Shakespeare's clowns before an English audience.4 These actors were not a very intellectual class of beings, and do not seem to have been above harlequinade. The Elector of Saxony writes personally to the King of Denmark on the 15th October, 1586, to thank him for sending him the English "instrumentalists" as he calls the actors (who appear to have done at Court as much in the way of fiddling and athletic feats as of acting proper) in his "one horse carriage" all the way to Dresden, and in a subsequent decree, after explaining his wish that the English actors should always be ready at once to amuse him "with their fiddles and instruments," and "to entertain us also with their art in leaping and other graceful things which they have learnt,'' he promises them 500 thalers a year, "paid quarterly," besides "one coat to each," forty thalers for houserent, free table at Court, and free conveyance, so long as their engagement lasts. These particular actors seem to have returned in that year or the following to England, but Mr. Cohn traces successive bands of English comedians at this and other little German Courts far into the middle of the seventeenth century, and gives us the most convincing proof of the degree in which the Shakespearian pieces acted in the London theatres had contributed to their stock in trade. Shakespeare, whose name is never found in German literary authors till the year 1682, who as late as 1740 was spoken of by a learned man like Bodmer5 with dim and doubtful knowledge as "Saspar," was in all probability acted on the German stage as early as 1600, and certainly a little later. For instance, The Merchant of Venice (certainly Shakespeare's) was acted at Halle in 1611. In 1626 at Dresden Romeo and Juliet, Julius Cæsar, Hamlet Prince of Denmark, and King Lear were all played before the Court by the English actors; the comedy of the Clowns in Midsummer Night's Dream was acted in Germany before 1636, and in its perfect form of Pyramus and Thisbe in 1659; The Taming of the Shrew probably in 1658, certainly in 1672; and others, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and perhaps (though this is doubtful enough) Much Ado About Nothing and The Tempest, seem to have directly
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influenced the composition of German dramas on the same or allied subjects. Thus had Shakespeare's genius penetrated the German stage and, as Mr. Cohn clearly shows us, in many important respects raised the conceptions of dramatic art in Germany a century before the name of Shakespeare became known there or his true genius appreciated by Lessing and Goethe. Mr. Cohn has accumulated the most ample evidence that English comedians were the real instructors of the Germans in the art of acting, and that they were prized far above the German companies of actors as late as the middle of the seventeenth century. And though he has not been able to preserve for us any of the earliest German versions of Shakespeare's plays,—that of Hamlet being no older than 1781, though then taken from a text of 1710, and that of Romeo and Juliet of uncertain date,—he has given us most of the text of two curious old German plays of Jacob Ayser's[sic] written about 1590, containing respectively the most remarkable features in the plots of The Tempest and of Much Ado About Nothing; 6 one acted about the year 1600 containing the plot of The Two Gentlemen of Verona; a Titus Andronicus of the year 1600 taken from the old play of that name, not from Shakespeare's,—as well as the earliest extant German versions above referred to of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet, long extracts from the German form of The Taming of the Shrew and a play closely following the plot of The Merry Wives of Windsor. We must pass by the original German plays, only noting that they are genuine curiosities of their kind, to say a few words on the two German versions, or rather faint and garbled recollections of Shakespeare,—the Hamlet and the Romeo and Juliet which this volume contains. The German Hamlet must in all probability have branched off from Shakespeare's play before the quarto edition of 1603. As in that edition, the Polonius of our later play is called Corambus, and though in one or two trifling instances this German text is a little nearer to the text of 1623, in the majority of cases where it approaches either text at all (comparatively few) it is no doubt nearer to the old quarto of 1603. It seems more than likely that it was based upon a cruder form of Shakespeare's play than any now extant, which might, however, well have contained passages omitted in the edition of 1603, and afterwards restored and amplified in the later recasts of this great play. Anyhow the German text omits all the finer elements of the play, ignores literally every syllable of meditative poetry, remembers only a few jokes here and there with the slightest approach to fidelity, paints no one but Corambus (Polonius), (whom it exaggerates almost into a court fool), with any approach to Shakespeare's intellectual conception, retains nevertheless the central notion of the play, Hamlet's inability to act out his own resolve, and yet curiously enough, prefixes a prologue of considerable poetical merit, and written in a far
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higher key than any part of the play, of which the idea is the great retribution to fall on the King and Queen's crimes, but in which Hamlet himself is entirely ignored. Mr. Cohn thinks this prologue shows clear traces of translation from the English, and he finds in it various analogies to Shakespearian expressions, especially those used in the witch scenes of Macbeth. Shakespeare was not much given to prologues, and in the short one to Romeo and Juliet purposely makes light of them. But this one is not so much a prologue as an imaginative foreshadowing of the Nemesis which is to follow the great crime. A stronger objection perhaps is that it puts forward this retribution as the true subject of the play, instead of the strain on Hamlet's irresolute will and that moody fever of intellect caused by the demand of the ghost that he should avenge him. No doubt Shakespeare's real subject was the peculiar nature which starts back like a strained bow from decisive action, and which is intellectually intoxicated rather than practically stimulated by the pressure of imaginative motives to action. Hamlet can act only by lying in wait for a favourable side wind of impulse. If he has his mind wide open he is too much occupied in considering, to have any spare force for resolve. That, no doubt, is Shakespeare's true subject, and though every soliloquy and almost every expressive word of Hamlet's are left out of the German players' version, yet this impress has still been left clearly traced in the play, and was probably still more sharply engraved on its acted form. The expedient of feigning madness in order to gain time, the further expedient of experimenting on the King with an acted murder, the excuse made by Hamlet when that experiment has succeeded for not putting him to death though he has an admirable opportunity, the relief it evidently is to him to get sent away to England, and the halfaccidental character of the final catastrophe, are all clearly marked in this miserable German version, as is also the deep intellectual excitement which chooses to feign madness as the most natural veil for the cynical and reckless humour which rises continually to Hamlet's lips. One of the few cases in which a distinct trace of Hamlet's own words is preserved is where he tells Ophelia to go to a nunnery, reproaching her with the vanity and inconstancy of woman, and, again, where he wishes the King goodbye and insists on calling him "good mother," on the ground that "man and wife are one flesh," 7 —both cases of reckless irony; also, every sign of irresolution in action, though none of his musings over it, is carefully preserved. It may be asked, then, is it possible that the following kind of prologue could have expressed what Shakespeare would have said, if he had said anything, of his own play? We append the translation, by no means worthy of the original, by Miss Georgina Archer:—
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"Die Nacht von oben. "Ich bin die dunkle Nacht, die alles schlafend macht, Ich bin des Morpheus Weib, der Laster Zeitvertreib, Ich bin der Diebe Schutz, und der Verliebten Trutz, Ich bin die dunkle Nacht, und hab in meiner Macht, Die Bosheit auszuüben, die Mens chen zu betrüben, Mein Mantel decket zu der Huren Schand' und Ruh', Eh' Phöbus noch wird prangen, will ich ein Spiel anfangen; Ihr Kinder meiner Brust, ihr Toch ter meiner Lust, Ihr Furien,auf, auf, hervor und last euch sehen, Kommt, höret fleissig zu, was kur zens soll geschehen.
"Night,from above. "I am the sable Night, all feel in sleep my might, Of Morpheus, I'm the wife, in vicious pleasures rife: I'm guardian of the thief, I bring to love relief, I am the sable Night, who have it in my might All wickedness to do, and cause mankind to rue. Concealed, my veil shall keep the harlot's shame and sleep. Ere Phoebus lights the sky, I have a game to try, Ye children of my breast, daughters of lust confessed Ye furies, up, arise, come forth and shew your face, Come listen all to me what shortly shall take place.
"Alecto. "Was sagt die dunkle Nacht, die Königin der Stille, Was giebt sie Neues an, was istihr Lust und Wille?
"Alecto. "What saith the sable Night, the Queen of sleep and rest? What is her wish and will, what thoughts do move her breast?
"Magera. "Aus Acherons finstrer Höhle komm ich Mägera her, Von dir, du Unglücksfrau, zu hören dein Begehr.
"Magæra. "From Acheron's dark pit, Megæra I, appear, From thee, illomened hag, thy wishes now to hear.
"Thisiphone. "Und ich Thisiphone, was hast du vor, sag an, Du schwarze Hecate, ob ich der die nen kan?
"Thisiphone. "And I, Thisiphone, say on what is thy plan, Hecate, thou dark one, say, I'll serve thee if I can." 8
Night goes on to explain that she is preparing general ruin as the result of the King's and Queen's act, and solicits the aid of the three Furies in the vengeance to follow. We do not, however, think such a prologue in fact inconsistent with the conception of Shakespeare. His characters were so great chiefly because they grew up in his mind as secondary to the action. We doubt if he ever once invented an action for the sake of the character, if all his greatest conceptions—even Hamlet himself—were not the result of
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working out the fullest imaginative expression of a great action. No instrument better than Hamlet's great, imaginative, irresolute, and dilatory mind for protracting the anguish and yet multiplying a thousandfold the mischief of the crime and its Nemesis could have been conceived. His mind is the shell which deals out far more destruction because it lies still so long before bursting; and the spectacle of the evil wrought by his incidental murders of Polonius, of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and virtually of Ophelia, before the King, Queen, and Laertes, as well as Hamlet himself, fall victims at the end, greatly enhances the awfulness of the retribution. We do not think it impossible that this curious prologue is the rendering of something really written by Shakespeare. But at all events it is quite clear that the leading ideas of Shakespeare had fastened themselves so strongly on the minds of those who acted him, that they were retained long after the poetry and language of Shakespeare had been wholly lost. It is the same in the German Romeo and Juliet. The Nurse indeed is too purely English to be intelligible to a German mind, and she is a mere name. But the conception of Juliet's forward, passionate love remains, after all the beauty of it is gone. It is a curious sight to see these dry skeletons of Shakespeare's ideas wrapped up in a German dress, destitute of all the attractions of his style and poetry, still retaining for a hundred years at least their hold on the German stage, and marking the track of his genius,—as all footsteps are marked,—by sharplydefined vacancies.
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"Settling Day" [Originally published in the Spectator, March 11, 1865, pp. 26869, as a subleader on Tom Taylor's play at the Olympic Theatre. (For Taylor see n.3 to "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals" in this collection.) (Attributed)]
There is no more truly dramatic, and no more truly modern, subject for the stage than the uneasy relations between the commercial spirit of modern society and the higher sentiments which every day come into closer connection with it. Not only does the spirit of commerce extend itself over many fields of mere amusement which it never reached before,—as, for example, in the practice of sending to market all the game shot on preserved estates,—but also, as one of the characters in Settling Day 1 observes, the gambling which used to be limited to games of chance or useless skill now enters into seeming alliance with the farsighted prudence of legitimate trade, and prefers 'time bargains' on the Stock Exchange to rougeetnoir or unlimited Loo.2 Then, again, women are beginning to feel that they ought not to be excluded from the world of business which takes up so much of their fathers', husbands', and brothers' lives, and are contributing the purer or coarser sentiments (as the case may be) which they feel and excite to complicate still more the motives of commercial transactions. And oddly enough the most puritanic forms of religious feeling have made to themselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness, and excepted the most worldly of worldly passions from the ban under which they have placed every confessed form of human pleasure. As a general result there certainly never was a time when commercial interests included so many points of contact with the finer intelligence, the lighter sentiments, and the deeper affections of men and women. The world of business, instead of being a sort of dull clay peninsula half insulated from the deeper feelings and beauties of life, now embraces a network of cultivated ambitions, eager passions, and various sentiment, all closely interlaced with the vulgar appetite for mere wealth. It was evidently to illustrate some general idea of this kind that Mr. Tom Taylor has written his wellconceived and wellexecuted play called Settling Day, which Mr. Horace Wigan has produced at the Olympic with a success we have seldom seen equalled on the English stage.3 The main idea of the play is to try the depth and courage of a wife's love under the strain not only of unexpected commercial failure and disgrace, but even of real dishonour. On that idea, however, are engrafted several subsidiary
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ideas proper to the subject. The irresistible current which is drifting women into closer relations with the world of business is reflected in two or three of the characters,—not only in that of the wife who so eagerly desires to share her husband's anxieties, but in that of her more independent and practical sister, who acts while others only offer sympathy; and again in that of the elderly, sentimental, "strongminded" widow who "purrs" over the beauty she envies and dislikes, but divides her real life between illnatured gossip and the interest of her stockbroker's operations on her behalf. Then the conflict between upright commercial instincts and a passionate desire to save his wife from ruin and disgrace is delineated in the mind of the better bank partner,—while the amalgam between thorough unscrupulousness, intellectual daring, and presence of mind lackered over with a superficial wash of religious hypocrisy, is given in the other. The subsidiary characters bear upon the same subject. The "promoter" of bubble companies,—a character which from the desire to amuse the gallery Mr. Taylor has a little overdrawn, and which would have been better, we think, had the schemes he recommends been rather graver sarcasms on the folly and greediness of the pseudocommercial world,—represents the lightheaded and windy ambitiousness which the vast gains of legitimate commerce have engendered in those halfknaves, halffools, who trade on the ignorance and avarice of the public. Finally the young gentleman who is so much shocked with the girl he is in love with because she wishes to have some influence in the management of her own fortune, represents the natural prejudice of the masculine mind against any alliance between woman and business. The story, which we are not going to tell, is admirably worked out,—every act being full to overflowing of closelylinked incident, so that not a word could well be spared without diminishing the effect. Its only faults are that the natural and (for the purposes of the play) essential sentiment between the newlymarried husband and wife in the very opening of the first act is expressed in language somewhat too commonplace and undistinctive, while the midnight windingup scene on the river terrace at the conclusion of the last act becomes, after the impending catastrophe is averted, theatrical and melodramatic. The assembling of almost all the dramatis personæ in a moonlit garden by the Thames to discuss a bank crisis and a fraudulent disposition of banking securities, while dancing is still going on in the house in the absence of every member of the host's and hostess's family, is a sort of incident by no means uncommon in our modern drama, but not in keeping with the strong sense, lively humour, and consistent realism of Mr. Taylor's play. The appearance of the banker's clerk Scratchell at the ball is also, we
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think, a little farcical and out of place. Comedy so good does not need farce to lighten it. Not only is the play good and thoroughly modern, but the acting is such as we have rarely seen equalled in an English theatre. More remarkable actors—Mr. Fechter and Mr. Sothern, for instance—may be seen elsewhere,—though certainly not among English actresses any so remarkable as Miss Kate Terry, 4 —but nowhere is there to be seen a company who act together with cooperation so nearly perfect, and with the capacity to bring out the meaning not only of their own parts, but of each other's. Indeed in this respect they are more like a company of French than English comedians. There is but one among them who is really unequal to her part—a subordinate, but in the idea of the play very important one—that of the sister whose vigilance and energy save the bank at the sacrifice of her own fortune. It is essential to the idea of the piece that she should be refined and thoughtful, as well as ready and disinterested. Miss Foote's impersonation is thoroughly bad,—prim, selfconscious, and lowbred. But this is the only blot on the acting of the piece, otherwise admirable. The slightest characters, however subordinate,—as, for example, the two stockbroker partners, who only appear for a moment or two, but in that moment or two almost persuade us we are in the presence of real stockbrokers, are almost as well acted as the principal parts. The "fast" young rascal, nephew of the evangelical swindler (Mr. G. Vincent), who boasts that his profession, like Louis Napoleon's, is to be "the nephew of my uncle,"5 is acted with admirable coarseness and metallic showiness. When he tells the young wife (Miss Terry) that as she is in the City "on the sly" he will certainly not betray her,—on his own conditions, however,—the jarring familiarity of his manner is a perfect and most effective foil to the refined but imperious repulse which he receives. (The incident, however, of the invitation to the ball which he dictates and obliges her to sign as the price of his silence, is an unnatural one. There is far too little motive even in the young wife's own mind to force her into so humiliating a position.) Mrs. Vernon, again, the purring and speculating matron with claws beneath her velvet touch, is well represented by Mrs. Leigh Murray. She manages her mouth so that you are always uncertain whether she intends to kiss or to bite, and are inclined to prefer the latter alternative; and yet she is quite the woman of the world, and though far from refined, also far from conventionally vulgar. Perhaps the most stagey performer in the piece except Miss Foote is Mr. Maclean, who does the highly respectable old family attorney with the conventional trot of age and nervousness. Mr. Soutar, who acts the "promoter" of bubble companies, expresses the knavish and lightheaded
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impudence of a disseminator of humbug very naturally. He reminds you somehow of fluffy dandelion seed floating about in the air, and sowing ugly weeds in every garden and field. Yet there is a pathos about his manner when begging for his starving wife and children which greatly enhances the naturalness of his professional knavery. Mr. Coghlan, who is a thoroughly easy actor, has a part somewhat beneath his power and scarcely adapted to his peculiar character in the somewhat dull, sulky, and sheepish lover, but he does what he has to do simply and well. Mr. Neville is perfectly simple and natural as the young husband and bewildered banker, but in the scenes of passion there is not enough play and variety in his manner. His emotion has a touch of the conventional suffocation. The two great characters of the piece are, however, those of the fraudulent and evangelical banker—of the Sir John Dean Paul class 6 —acted by Mr. Horace Wigan,7 and the young wife's, by Miss Kate Terry. It is difficult to bestow too much praise on either impersonation,—impossible on the latter. Mr. Wigan acts with an ease and play that we have never seen surpassed in English comedy, unless by his brother. He has caught the true shade of hypocrisy which distinguishes a hypocrite who knows the world from one who does not, and never like Mr. Pecksniff8 caricatures the cant. Nothing can be better than the halfdropped voice, the parenthetic manner, the complete subordination to knowledge of the world, with which he gives his cant. When on his first entrance he notes the fineness of the day and drops the remark that "we should be very thankful," instead of emphasizing the cant as a dramatic point, he slides it off in a way that says as plainly as words can speak that professions of piety will tell better if they are not too ostentatious. Then, in spite of his hypocrisy and cunning, he is not vulgar, but has the ease of a man of the world. He is more emphatic in his piety to inferiors than equals, and never so Pecksniffian as to his clerk Scratchell, who is a simple fellow likely to take it in. Even then, when anxious to throw dust in his eyes, he relies more on the hint of the 'handsome douceur at Christmas' than on the complimentary rewards that he is to find in his own heart and in the world above. The hard, cold, unmodulated voice, the slight but calculated action of his fingers (as when upbraiding his nephew),—all the minor elements of the part are quite beyond the criticism of a critic studying the character for the first time. But Miss Kate Terry's acting is even more than this. She not only satisfies every critical demand we can bring to her part, but in some parts greatly enlarges our conception, and teaches the critic how many shades of natural thought and feeling it would have been impossible for him to suggest if she did not teach him what to ask for. She plays the happy wife in the first act with infinite grace and playfulness. We think Mr.
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Taylor would have done well to suggest in this scene rather more, not only of her depth of love (which is sufficiently expressed by her craving to show what she might do for her husband in adversity), but of her force of character. This is developed within twelve hours in a manner we are scarcely prepared for by the somewhat child like gaiety of the first act,—not that there is anything in the least inconsistent in it, but only a slight want of artistic foreshadowing. Afterwards, as the shadow of anxiety deepens upon her,—from fear of her husband's embarrassments to fear of his ruin,—from fear of his ruin to fear of his dishonour,—the traits of the character come out gradually with exquisite clearness, like a photograph in process of "development" at the touch of the developing acid. 9 The absolute naturalness, the exquisite lightness, and freedom from all theatric emphasis of her expressive touches, the tenderness to her sister and husband, the absence of even the slightest exaggeration in her assumed gaiety, the effect of the sharp prick of terror in brightening her eye and quickening her voice and movements without giving the slightest tone of high pressure, indeed adding only a hectic colouring of manner to her natural grace, and above all, the perfect and sincere simplicity of the few words of religious trust she speaks to her husband in his despair, all mark this impersonation of Miss Terry's as the effort of a truly fine, nay, very likely of one who may prove a really great, actress. Certainly it is the parts requiring most power and most play in which she is at her best. Her taste in dress, too, is perfect, such as we have never before seen in any actress on the English stage. One word of criticism only on the scenery, which in every act is admirable. Would it not be possible to give the effect of the shadows of the dancers crossing the illuminated windows of the Putney house in the moonlitterrace scene? As it is, it looks like a house illuminated and then abandoned.
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''Twelfth Night" at the Olympic [Originally published in the Spectator, June 17, 1865, pp. 66263, as a subleader on the performance of Kate Terry, George Vincent, Robert Soutar, and Nellie Farren (and others) in Shakespeare's comedy. 1 (Attributed)]
The revival of Twelfth Night at the Olympic, a revival of great spirit and admirable judgment except for one blot ridiculous enough to add to the laughter which the actors intend to excite a second strain of interior laughter of which they are the object, gives a curious measure of the comparative popularity of the Elizabethan and the modern comedy. While half the world is crowding to see Mr. Sothern hit the finer differences between the newest types of aristocratic folly,—to see him justify the indelible impression left on the indolent aristocratic idiot's imagination by his fast aristocratic brother,2 —one of Shakespeare's most humorous comedies, and in all but one respect (though that is important) almost perfectly rendered, is drawing the thinnest houses,—houses which are scarcely numerically equal to the duty of answering to the happiest efforts of the actors and actresses, and giving that discriminating applause which is half the life of a theatre. We scarcely know whether Mr. Horace Wigan,3 who shows himself both by his action and general management so keenly alive to the different points of his cast of actors, has not got into his head some eccentric theory that in every play there should be some glaring and absurd blunder, in order to throw into relief the power and precision of the other acting. One such blunder at least we have seen in each of the pieces he has produced since his management commenced, but the blot in Twelfth Night is the greatest and most comical of all. It is precisely the same kind of absurdity of which a sculptor would be guilty who chose for his Apollo or his Venus a block of marble with such a flaw or stain in it that the nose were necessarily wanting or the eye black. Whatever the beauty of the rest of the sculpture, nothing could make up for such an error as that; and so, with a cast otherwise almost faultless, in Twelfth Night, and a most happy artifice for representing the close resemblance of the twins Viola and Sebastian, the Countess Olivia, on whose incomparable beauty the whole plot turns, who inspires Sebastian with so sudden a passion, and whose unveiling of herself to Viola is one of the critical incidents in the play, is given to a very plain, middleaged woman of fat, dumpy features, with a countenance and elocution the reverse of refined, whose love scenes with the supposed page become literally much more laughable than either the broad fooleries of the clown, the boisterous mirth of Sir Toby Belch and Sir Andrew Aguecheek, the mischievous fun of Maria the Countess's waiting
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maid, or even the pedantic selflove, of the yellowstockinged and crossgartered Malvolio. The audience laughed outright when Olivia unveiled herself to the entreaties of Viola, whose flatteries throughout excited a suppressed giggle of amusement, so exquisitely ludicrous was the contrast between their poetical abandon of phrase and the dumpy reality for whom they were intended. The only other flaw in the piece was the impersonation of the Duke by Mr. Coghlan, who should not attempt dignified parts. He is a good and very easy actor in the light impertinent parts of modern comedy, but neither the cast of his features, nor the style of his acting fit him to represent social dignity and poetic fervour;—this, however, is a comparatively very slight defect. With these exceptions we have never seen a comedy of Shakespeare's so well acted as is Twelfth Night at the Olympic. Miss Kate Terry acts the part of both the twins Viola and Sebastian throughout the play till the last scene, when a separate figure is brought in to represent Sebastian in the meeting between the sister and brother, possibly a sister of Miss Terry's, who though somewhat younger bears a strong resemblance to her, and speaks so little that the illusion is well sustained. 4 Neither Viola nor Sebastian is a great part, or one to test the great powers of the actress, but both are performed with an ease, grace, and subdued humour which leave nothing to be desired, and with a clearlymarked distinction between the leaning and timid womanliness underlying the superficial impertinence of the counterfeit page, and the frank, bold bearing of the manly boy for whom she is mistaken. Miss Terry acts Sebastian at least as well as Viola. The offhand decision of the lad has no swagger or exaggeration in it, and the genuine emotion, earnest without being unmanly, with which he speaks of his sister's supposed fate is finely contrasted with the more hopeful and tender anxiety which the sister is represented as feeling for the fate of her brother. There is not a false touch in the impersonation of either part, and the ease and freedom of Miss Terry's artistic manner increase with every new part in which she appears. Viola's persiflage, especially when, in her page's disguise, she recommends her own wellstudied flatteries as "poetical" to Olivia's attention, her undercurrent of contempt for the beauty of the Countess, contempt which in fact wins her, and its origin in jealousy, which the Countess of course does not recognize, but the audience does, are given with great subtlety, though with no appearance offinesse. Nor could the genuine woman's fear with which she shrinks from Sir Andrew Aguecheek's supposed valour, and her absolute horror of the cold steel when the swords are drawn, be better given. But we are accustomed to look for the most refined insight in combination with the strictest realism from Miss Terry, and legitimate expectation, though fully satisfied, can hardly be surpassed by anything in these somewhat slight though finelyshaded parts. The Malvolio of Mr. George Vincent
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is a surprise. No actor has made a greater advance within the last few months. The part could scarcely be better conceived or better executed than it is by Mr. Vincent. It is not perhaps a very difficult part to act. All genuine caricature is comparatively easy, and this is one of those great caricatures in which Shakespeare's broad and radiant humour laughed out its very heart. Still to combine the highest form of the pedantic dignity of ceremonious red tape with the one extravagance—a gross sin against etiquette—most contemptible to it in its saner moods, and yet to which its artificially stimulated vanity renders it peculiarly liable, requires a very considerable amount of art and subtlety. The carking anxieties of rigid formalism spoke out in every line of Malvolio's face; even his egotism and exquisite vanity, instead of beaming out over it, only wrinkled it into deeper and more petty care. Nothing could be better than the first very scene, in which he introduces Viola to Olivia. The genuine disgust he shows for the Fool's social successes; the contempt he expresses for the page because he is barely grown up,—the vanity which he throws into his cracked precisian's voice as he issues the command, "Gentlewoman, my lady calls,"—are all as well given as the official horror of the subsequent drunken midnight revel, when coming down in his dressinggown he says to Sir Toby, "Sir Toby, I will be round with you," or the glorious conceit of the culminating scene in which he exhibits his yellow stockings and cross garters and his lackadaisical smiles. Nor is the petty but furious spite of his resentment at the trick played off upon him, less successfully given. From first to last the "affectioned ass,'' 5 intoxicated as it were with excessive indulgence in his own white wand of office, and resenting with the fury of a menaced existence any slight to his official dignity, is kept in all his traits before the audience by Mr. Vincent's admirable acting. Nor is Sir Toby Belch an inferior piece of acting. Mr. Soutar has in some respects a more difficult part to perform, because the mere 'jolly dog' is neither so amusing nor so unique a character as Malvolio. It could only be rendered interesting by absolute naturalness, and this Mr. Soutar attains. The overflow of inebriety in every direction, the maudlin tenderness for Maria, the exquisite impatience to kick Malvolio, the glory in practical jokes, the delight in frightening cowards, are all done with so much spirit as to give the originality of Shakespeare to a very commonplace character, by dint merely of expressing the wealth of detailed imagination which redeems Shakespeare's commonest conceptions from the appearance of commonplace. Sir Toby Belch is only a jovial drunkard, but then he is an individual, and not merely a type of the class; he talks like no other jovial drunkard. There is the shrewdness of the man of the world even in his wine cups. His question "Dost thou think because thou art virtuous there shall be no more cakes and ale?"6 defines the man; and Mr. Soutar even
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when most drunken and most completely beyond restraint, always looks the sagacious drunkard, and throws humour and sense into his drunkenness. Miss Foote acts the waitingmaid Maria with great vivacity and freedom. The profound admiration she feels for the cunning old bon vivant, and the evident motive at the bottom of all her policy—to get him to marry her if she can, is as well studied throughout, as her mischievous pleasure in advancing her chances in this way by the particular method of playing off a trick on Malvolio. Mr. Horace Wigan is almost too sensible for Sir Andrew Aguecheek, and one can scarcely believe he can be so easily tricked by Sir Toby Belch and Fabian, but as usual he acts with great though quiet humour. Finally the Fool is played with much force and impudence by Miss Farren. Yet, on the whole, how startling is the contrast between Shakespeare's comedy and the modern taste. The whole difference is implied in the very fact that in almost all his comedies he has a professional clown or fool to do the broad, shrewd, intentional jokes, with which he contrasts the involuntary follies of unprofessional fools. In all his comedies you have comic situations drawn in large outline and with strong colours,—scenes that are definitely the comic scenes—intermingled with scenes of sentiment and adventure. All popular modern comedy tends, on the contrary, to suppress mere comic situations, and to afford amusement principally by the lights and shades of character and circumstance. Even in Lord Dundreary there would be no fun but for the subtle combination, visible probably only to our own generation, of genuine aristocratic imperiousness of character and shrewdness of natural intellect with an indolence and languor so artificial and excessive that he cannot even take the trouble to recollect. Shakespeare's comedy is to our own what the fun of Punch and Judy is to the fun of Mr. John Parry's imitations of "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party;" 7 the one all broad hearty laughter, the other all nuance—the subtlety of suggested contrasts. If we may judge by the too thin audience which the (with one great exception) admirable rendering of Twelfth Night draws to the Olympic, Englishmen are beginning to lose the faculty of enjoying the rich, direct, overflowing fun of Shakespeare's broad comedy, and to delight only in the subtler and indirect humour which consists, like the changing colours of shotsilk, in glancing away the moment it is caught, into some wholly contrary phase or some suggestive contrast.
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Lord Dundreary's Brother [Originally published in the Spectator, June 24, 1865, pp. 69192, as a subleader on E. A. Sothern's performance at the Haymarket Theatre in Brother Sam, written largely by John Oxenford 1 but with assistance from J. B. Buckstone and Sothern himself. (Attributed)]
Lord Dundreary was scarcely a more popular hero than his brother, the Honourable Samuel Slingsby,2 but it was certainly more easy to understand the secret of his attractions. The intellectual weakness which had its root in a sort of hereditary rather than personal haughtiness, making it seem scarcely worth the noble Lord's while to take the trouble either to discriminate or recollect, the brief flashes of humour in which he recovered for a moment some glimpse of common understanding with his fellowcreatures, the morbid interest which he felt in those nonsensical riddles that just rouse the intellect to a short laugh and then vanish so utterly as never to be recovered again except by accident, because they are so near to absolute unmeaningness that it is almost impossible to recover the infinitesimal grain of sense which renders them apprehensible at all,—all these were features which under Mr. Sothern's inimitable treatment really made a strong impression on the imagination. They realized with the utmost vividness a half impossible being—moulded out of the elements of modern high society much as Caliban was moulded by Shakespeare out of the bubbling mud and seething sediment of the physical nature of a desert island.3 When Mr. Sothern at the end of Brother Sam recalls his old performance by reading Lord Dundreary's telegram to himself after Lord Dundreary's own manner, we are seized with a sudden longing to renew our acquaintance with that far more original and striking of the twin impossibilities, and almost resent the favour with which the more commonplace brotherimpossibility has been received. Lord Dundreary is an impossibility which means something, which means the more because it is so grotesque a creation, which makes the memory laugh even more heartily than the immediate perception, which feeds itself on your experience, and grows in your imagination as a living essence of some of the social anomalies of the day. But 'Brother Sam' is only amusing for the moment, and while you see Mr. Sothern's acting. He has no life in him as a character at all. The fun is all in the circumstances and the actor, not in the man. You do not catch yourself thinking about what he is, but the absurdity of what he says and does. We feel quite sure that Lord Dundreary could never have been haunted by the image of his brother Sam as he was, and could never have had that strong dogmatic conviction which pervaded his
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whole mind about Sam—"Tham's mad"—a conviction quite consistent with profound admiration,—if he had only been the sort of creature which Mr. Oxenford has made him in this new play. The author should have remembered that he had to account for the force of the impression made on Lord Dundreary's not very impressible mind by the character of his brother. There is certainly nothing at all in Brother Sam to justify either his admiration or his profound conviction of his brother's insanity. Sam is only vastly impudent, and mere impudence would have produced no permanent impression on the noble Lord's haughty vacuity of mind. Without Mr. Sothern's wonderful ease and perfect culture of manner, the character of Brother Sam would degenerate into vulgar extravagance. Mr. Sothern casts upon an absurd situation just a faint reflection of the Dundreary character in a faster mould, but it is like the shadow of another man passing over a surface to which it does not cleave or in any way belong. Nobody would care to see Brother Sam a second, or third, or fourth time, as many cared to see Lord Dundreary. In the first place, Sam should not have so near an approach to Lord Dundreary's excessive indolence of mind and to his habit of hiatus in expression. His Lordship's admiration was evidently founded upon his brother's rapidity in these respects; and though Brother Sam begins with real velocity of character in the opening scene, he subsides into something excessively like his Lordship in discontinuity of speech and passivity of will in the second and third acts. And in the next place, the quality which always inspired his Lordship with the idea of the insanity of his friends, was any habit of crossing his own convenience the motive of which might be inscrutable to him. "The old woman's evidently mad," he used to say, when an elderly lady laughed excessively at what he had meant seriously, and it was always intellectual coups d'état which suggested to him so very strongly the notion of his fellowcreatures' lunacy. Now there is no doubt that Brother Sam begins his career in this play with a coup d'etat which, if it had been practised on his brother, would have produced the temporary impression "Tham's evidently mad." But then the impression was much deeper than this, had survived years of absence, and was bound up with the only character which had ever got a real hold of Lord Dundreary's mind at all. He believed profoundly in his Brother Sam's wonderful abilities, but he found his motives perfectly inscrutable. Now the Honourable Samuel Slingsby, as depicted in this play, would not, after the first start, be at all inscrutable to Lord Dundreary. There is just the same weakness of resource after the first bold design has miscarried as his Lordship would himself have shown, the same disposition to anarchy of language, and if not to fatal defects of memory, to the assumption of a weak memory,— and the same sort of
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compound fear and dislike of energy and dulness. Lord Dundreary would have sympathized too much with Sam to think him mad, and would have acted too nearly in the same way to have admired his abilities. It is evident Sam ought to be much more fertile in resource and vigorous in execution than his brother. Instead of breaking down as he does in the attempt to explain his little plot to his uncle, he should have had a thousand coherent lies at his fingers' ends. Indomitable energy and resource, with complicated ends in view, and a haughty species of craft,—these were the qualities to inspire Lord Dundreary with a profound admiration for his brother and an equally profound belief in his lunacy. The family likeness should have come out in the hauteur and the vanity, but not in the discontinuity of style or the indolence. The plot of Brother Sam is very slight and absurd. The Honourable Mr. Slingsby has deceived his rich uncle, who has been long ill, with the belief that he has married and settled down, and has got large remittances from the said uncle on this hypothesis. But, as he says, the marriage was not altogether regular, for there was "not much of a licence," nor very much of a wedding ring, nor very much of a clergyman, nor indeed very much of a wife. In short, it was a complete fiction, and when the old gentleman recovers and expresses his intention of visiting him immediately in his "little box at Scarborough," he has to extemporize both home and wife, and also, as it appears later, a "little stranger," of whom he had fabled to his uncle, but whom he had afterwards forgotten. He invades a friend therefore at Scarborough, and borrows his house for the purpose, and wants to borrow his wife, but she declines, and her sister, a young lady half in love with Brother Sam, volunteers to act the part instead. This is the whole plot. And the amusement consists in Brother Sam's impudence at first, and his melancholy indecision afterwards. When he first arrives, he orders the servants about, tries halfadozen eggs in succession to get one done to his taste, remarks that he is so weakly fond of fresh eggs that if he were a rich man he should like to have twenty or thirty thousand fresh eggs always about him, borrows the lady's purse to pay his cab, and finally solicits the use of the house and wife, and is very pathetic on the refusal which is at first given, reminding his friend ''Gussy" of the hills and vales where they had strayed together in infancy, and reproaching him that when he is on the verge of ruin, and of "ruin in its most ridiculous aspect," he will not stretch out a helping hand. All this is good screaming farce, but no more. And when in the later acts the little game gets serious, and the mock wife makes herself so agreeable to the old uncle that he will not go away, and the baby has to be borrowed as well as the wife, and finally the old gentleman announces his intention of staying there altogether, Brother Sam
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loses all his resources and becomes purely Dundrearyish, remarking when his uncle is said to be like Don Giovanni, that this must be a mistake, because it was the most remarkable feature in the character of that hero, that when he became troublesome "What's his name took him to what's his name," which is not true of Uncle Rumbelow. Again, in attempted explanation of the mystery which gradually becomes visible to Uncle Rumbelow, the Honourable Samuel becomes quite inarticulate, stating that he supposes it is because the world is round that men are expected to act on the square, and other such Dundrearyisms. Then he permits himself to be captivated by the young lady who acts the part of his wife, very much as Lord Dundreary did, expostulates with her on making him a spoon, and on their holding each other's hand like "the babes in the what's his name," and his manner becomes a mere mechanical and inconsistent mixture between Lord Dundreary's discontinuity of style and the style of a fast man of the world. There is not even really a resemblance in discontinuity of thought between the two, for Sam's "what'shisname"ism is evidently a mere smart affectation of manner, not forgetfulness, while Lord Dundreary's is due to a hiatus in the mind. The external resemblance is not a family likeness, but a family difference, and yet not a difference to excite his brother's respect or wonder. On the whole, Mr. Sothern's ease and culture make an exceedingly poor and absurd farce very amusing for once seeing. But no one will care to go and see it twice. It has no real merit in it, and not a touch of the subtlety which gives its charm to his Lord Dundreary.
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Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle [Originally published in the Spectator, September 16, 1865, pp. 102728, as a subleader on the performance at the Adelphi Theatre, Strand, of the American actor, Joseph Jefferson (18291905), in Dion Boucicault's stage adaptation of Washington Irving's celebrated story. 1 (Attributed)]
Mr. Jefferson is a great gain to the English stage.2 There are few qualities in which our English actors, and even Mr. Fechter, our greatest foreign actor, are so deficient as the soft, pliant acting of gradual transitions of mood and of playful glimmering humour. The characters in which the nerves are lax and the shades of feeling, instead of changing abruptly, pass imperceptibly into each other,—joyousness into sadness, tenderness into levity, irritation into gay and capricious banter,—are seldom acted well amongst us. Mr. Fechter gives us all the French sharpness of contrast, the sudden turns of social feeling, the keen controlling force of princely pride, the dramatic exchange of pride for the opposite extreme of tenderness, with admirable effect, but he is sadly wanting in the play of the less voluntary and more finely shaded ripple of character.3 There is a French precision about his face and its changes; the latter are far readier and livelier than our rigid English habits of thought and feeling, but they show a still sharper boundary between the sunshine and shadow. Mr. Jefferson is an actor of quite a different school, and he has a part to act at the Adelphi which brings out his powers admirably. The old legend of "Rip Van Winkle" or "Sleepy Hollow," which Washington Irving has told so well, is halfparable, half sarcasm. In one of the old Dutch colonies on the Hudson River there lived a Dutchman—with Mr. Jefferson he is a German—to whom time is valueless. He has spare time for everything but his own affairs. With one of those genial tempers which enters into every one's little wishes and pleasures almost with gratitude for their supplying the deficiency of any distinct wishes in himself,—for sympathy with others is with him a stronger feeling than any original desire of his own,—he becomes at once the most popular and the most thriftless man in the village, both characteristics being helped by the violent temper of his wife, who in her anger at the gradual disappearance of Rip's acres and stock, does all in her power to render everything else he does pleasanter to him than his own proper work, for which he never gets either thanks or love. Yet Rip, like all men of such easy, flexible temper, is somewhat meditative. Naturally clearsighted, he is not eager enough about anything to be blind to the real motives at work among his fellowvillagers. He is to some extent like Adam Smith's "impartial spectator"4 in the bosom of every man, having sympathy enough for insight and not eagerness enough to be misled by his sympathy. His only passion
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is drink, which soothes his selfreproaches for his thoughtlessness, and is, moreover, the natural passion of an oversocial man. Such is the man chosen by the legend as the fittest to lose his consciousness of the flight of time for twenty years among the haunted Catskill Mountains, and then wake up and become aware of the immense changes which had taken place during that period,—the change of a revolution both politically and socially, the Government altered, a village grown into a busy town, unknown men become famous, old men dead, babies themselves parents; yet all of these changes scarcely less affected by his own cooperation than if he had awakened every day as usual during its lapse; for a man who only helps his neighbours and lightens their work without doing his own does little which would not equally be done without him, though it might be done at greater cost. Living, too, in others, and not in himself, he is just the man to appreciate most vividly the pain of being utterly forgotten by those in whom he had as it were merged his own proper personality. Being naturally reflective and clearsighted, the anxiety and amazement of the gulf between his today and yesterday is greater than it would be with a more commonplace and confused intelligence. Without any hardness of will, he makes little strenuous effort to meet the shock, but is half borne down before it. With much social humour, he feels the full force of the contradiction between the popularity of yesterday and the loneliness of today; with much tenderness of feeling, he feels the utter friendlessness still more. And all this, though due to a twenty years' sleep, is not properly preternatural. The really curious thing is that when people do once in sleep become unconscious of what is going on, they should feel so much confidence as they do that a whole host of important events may not have happened during the temporary loss of personality. Why should we always feel confident that only twelve hours at most have elapsed during a trance that might have lasted for eighteen centuries? Why should not one man, after dipping into that oblivion, take up his life again at quite a different point from every other man who passed into it with him? The true mystery is our confidence in the measures of duration applied to such a mystery as sleep, and so far Rip Van Winkle's trance, instead of being a preternatural invasion of the laws of life, may be said to be the illustration of a doubt which sometimes haunts us all. Such are the dramatic conditions of the piece which Mr. Jefferson has to realize for us by his acting, and he does so with wonderful power and ease. When he first enters, with a crowd of children at his heels, and one on his back, the villagers laughing with him, you seem to see humour, gentleness, goodnature, pliancy, and yet a clear, indolent sense, in every movement of his mobile and handsome face. His broken English, half German, somehow adds to the effect by giving the air of a stranger, a half spectator,
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who enters warmly into the village life without being quite a part of it. There is often a slight absence of mind in his brief assenting ja, which indicates that he can reflect on the nature and drift of the purposes to which he generally gives in so lightly. In his halftender, halfhumorous, half selfreproachful conversation with the two children, his own little daughter and her small lover, on the future of which they were dreaming, how Hendrick should go and kill whales, and bring back all the money for Meenie, but give it to Rip to keep meantime till they were old enough to get married, Mr. Jefferson makes you feel how little personal influence Rip really has, and knows that he has, over the future even of those nearest to him, and yet how much concern he feels about it! He acquiesces in the children's little plans as one who is sensible he shall never have power to mould them in the least, inquiring playfully if it was all settled without his consent, and when he hears it is, saying with a smile half of tenderness, half of selfridicule, "Ja! I tought maybe you might have jus ask my leaf." And with a quizzical air of selfindulgence he drinks off a glass to the poor little things with his regular toast, "To your health, and your families, and may you live long and happy!" Nothing can express more perfectly the relaxed nerves of action, than the tenderness and selfreproach, dissolving into fun and amusement at his own aptness in finding excuses for more drink, with which he acts this little scene. He gives, too, admirably, in other scenes of this first part of the play, the manner of a man who has absolutely no end in living and few strong desires beyond the warmest social impulses, whose tendrils climb easily from circumstance to circumstance, and who yet for that very reason is more utterly annihilated than another man would be, when he is torn from all surrounding circumstances at once, and thrust, in the profound solitude of namelessness, into a new world. The art with which Mr. Jefferson obliges us by his light humour, his mobile feeling, his purposeless goodnature, to feel and see how idly he floats on the surface of his time, is appreciated in a moment when, after the great sleep has passed, his aged face, unconscious of the change, though clothed in a long white beard, prepares itself once more for its old expression of comic alarm at his wife's anger and of indolence trying to be gay, though without feeling the old effervescence. The sense of complete and terrible solitude produced is most pathetic,—far more than we could have felt in the case of any one with more personal energy of his own, or with a less delicate social instinct. The old man is deprived of his gay spirit and of all in which it had revelled at a stroke. He has suddenly become—himself, and nothing but himself, and as that self scarcely existed except in relation to his own volatile spirits and his sympathies, as he was scarcely more in himself than a lookingglass is with nothing to reflect in it, as we know that he can carve out no future, can scarcely enter even with any vivacity now
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into new society, that to transfer him to a new world is almost like moving an airbubble 5 from the surface of one stream to another, the pathos of the moment when he drifts into the new current, still expectant of the old floating straws which he used to chase, is profound. When he hobbles into what was his village, looking eagerly out for the old universal smile of welcome, and finds nothing but ridicule, amazement, and strange looks, the wonder first, then the pale glimmering of his old humour as he hopes for a moment that all is yet right, the anxiety which is all but terror as he fears that he is mad and realizes that he is forgotten,—most of all the wonderful expression of absolute nothingness he puts on as he fails to regain one after another of the lost threads, show Mr. Jefferson to be a really fine actor. Then his wife comes in, and he regains some courage, as feeling assured that his mind has not wholly played him false. While he listens to her—she has married again, and is now the persecuted instead of the persecutrix—conversing with his successor, and anticipates her replies from his knowledge of her former character, he has all the air of a man who sees and comments on that curious distortion of one's own circumstances of which one is sometimes conscious in a dream. But the finest piece of acting in the play is Rip Van Winkle's interview with his daughter after he is persuaded that it is his daughter he sees though now a young woman. The helpless quiver of his failing voice as he passionately pleads with Meenie to recognize him and convince him that he is not the madman he fears, is as fine a piece of acting as any the English stage has seen for years. His voice and his passion seem to have floated over twenty years in their way to this moment; it is the last point at which he hopes to recover his fading personality, and he knows there is no strength or life in him for anything if he fail. Succeeding in convincing her that he is her father, flickers of the old humour return, and when imitating the words and manner of the old despot (who has married his wife and made her miserable) in dismissing the presumed beggar from the house, he quivers out, "Give him a cold potato, and send him away," we see that the old Rip is kindling up again feebly in him. We have not often seen a finer, and never a less artificial or more easy piece of acting, than Mr. Jefferson's picture of the genial, quick, indolent, at once helpful and helpless loiterer, suddenly insulated from all the trifles in which he had lived, and made to realize at once that the busy world had not wanted him, but that he had no life except in it.
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Theatrical Taste and Management—The Lyceum and Olympic [Originally published in the Spectator, November 11, 1865, pp. 125051, as a subleader on changes made by Fechter and Horace Wigan in their respective theatre offerings. (Attributed)]
Both the Lyceum and the Olympic have started afresh this week. Mr. Fechter has reopened his theatre after an unusually long recess, and Mr. Horace Wigan has changed the principal pieces and materially altered his troupe of actors. 1 Both these gentlemen are themselves actors of no ordinary merit, and Mr. Fechter has shown a power for the greatest and most intellectual part in the whole range of the drama such as the English stage has not, for the last thirty years at least, displayed before. Yet the greater of the two actors has shown decidedly the worse taste of the two as a manager, and even Mr. Wigan, though by his admirable choice of a first piece and the almost perfect assignment of actors to their parts he shows his power of management, displays in his choice of the new comedy, in which he sustains, and sustains with all the ability of which it will allow, the principal part himself, a preference for intrinsically vulgar situations and exhausted jokes that tells very ill for his own individual taste. Mr. Fechter has chosen pieces of a rapidly descending order of merit from Hamlet down to The Watch Cry, which last has no merit at all, except splendid scenery and gorgeous dress. Mr. Wigan, while putting such a little gem on the stage as Mr. Tom Taylor's old drama A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing becomes in the hands of the present performers, puts side by side with it a piece of worthless farce in three acts, which, but for some acting that is far too good for such stuff, would rely for its entertaining power wholly on a running fire of facetious allusion to those immoralities and vices which for some reason that we do not comprehend are supposed to be laughable. Why do managers, who understand so well what an actor may achieve, think so ill of the public as to dose them with these poor and in part deleterious drugs? Of all the five pieces which are now being acted at the Lyceum and Olympic Theatres, but one can give any real pleasure to anything but the eyes of the audience, and as for the pleasure of mere gorgeous effects, five shillings laid out in fireworks would be more remunerative in agreeable dazzle to the optic nerve than the divertissement so absurdly interpolated in the second act of the melodrama at the Lyceum, or the tincture of pun and spectacle in Prince Camaralzaman at the Olympic.2 The truth is, we believe, that really good actors have so much power over their audience independently of the particular part they play, that
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they rapidly become more and more indolent in the expenditure of their own effort. Finding they get about the same amount of mere external applause, whether they act a great part which it requires their best effort to fill, or make a poor one look as if it had a great deal more in it than it has, they constantly diminish their demands on themselves, till at last they trust to little more than their power of expression to command the sympathy of their audience for the vaguest and silliest trash. When Mr. Fechter bounds on to the stage with the rich play of expression on his mobile countenance and fulness of life in every movement, he would probably be clapped if he were not acting a part at all, but only showing how many and how various shadows of smiles can pass over his face in a single minute. When Mr. Horace Wigan lets that air of dry perplexity complicate the hard lines of settled worldly knowledge on his face, his audience would laugh if he were only repeating hoary jokes out of Joe Miller 3 or no jokes at all. Men with faces like Mr. John Parry4 have only to come on to a platform and everybody laughs before they open their mouths, and so all good actors, whether their power is comic or not, have a certain command over their audience which is in great measure independent of the part taken and the success with which it is taken. There is a remarkable instance of this in the new piece at the Lyceum. In Mr. Fechter's part of Leone Salviati there is absolutely nothing of a character, nothing specific to act. The man is loyal to his chief, attached to his wife, is imprisoned for fifteen years in a dungeon, and has to go through other exciting adventures. He pretends to be dumb in order to save his own life, and afterwards avails himself of the deception to save the lives of others. But there is nothing in all this to distinguish him from hundreds of thousands who might happen to be placed in the same position. There is no fixed channel to define the character at all. Loyalty, and love, and a little scorn, he has to show, and he has to choose for himself how to show them. There is no character to study, and consequently Mr. Fechter studies nothing except how to throw as much life into his face as possible. In the pantomime, when he acts the part of a dumb prisoner, who has been shut up for fifteen years, he throws a good deal too much life into it, and gesticulates more like the man Friday fresh from banquets on his enemies,5 than like one reduced by hard fare and the solitary confinement of years. Throughout the part Mr. Fechter evidently feels that he may mould it at the moment as he pleases, and need confine himself to no specific conception at all, and hence there is really no unity in it. We have Mr. Fechter promising loyalty to a chief, Mr. Fechter parting tenderly from his wife, Mr. Fechter making signs of gratitude or defiance, Mr. Fechter defying an enemy, but as he is not throwing himself into the attitude of any character, but only into a very indeterminate
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situation, in which he feels free, within certain very easy limits, to look precisely as he pleases, there is little or no pleasure in his acting beyond that derived from the astonishing elasticity and verve of his power. There cannot be illusion without something much more closely defined in situation, if not in character. Nobody can form an estimate of what the expression in any particular scene ought to be, because nobody has any idea connected with Leone Salviati himself, and the various passions appealed to by the situations of the play are halfpointed out, exceedingly confused, and vague. Mr. Fechter is at large, as it were, throughout, making immense play with his flexible countenance, but with no distinct purpose intelligible either to himself or his audience. There is no sufficient idea in the part to delineate. He is like a painter mixing colours on his palette for mere effects of colour without any artistic aim. That is a great deal easier to him, we do not doubt, than painting a specific picture, and it pleases an audience much as rich colours please a baby's eye, apart from any form. But it is not acting. Not precisely the same can be said of the trashy threeact piece called A Cleft Stick, at the Olympic, which it was unworthy of French art to compose, and of Mr. Oxenford to adapt to the English stage,—because the situations are definite enough, though very vulgar, and stale to the last degree. But it is not by acting these stale jokes, but by looking as if they were making much better jokes, that Mr. Wigan and Mrs. St. Henry contrive to amuse their audience. The text of this silly piece may serve them as mere signposts in what direction to use their mental control over the expression of their countenance, but in real life we are quite sure they would not throw half the expression into their face over pleasantries so flat and antediluvian. The interferences of a motherinlaw, the jealous suspicions of a wife, the empty jollity of a drinking companion are the wellworn subjects for this unhumorous comedy, and it only shows how much better are some of the actors than the piece, that they can make something out of situations so hackneyed. The points, if they may be called such, of A Cleft Stick, are as much too small and destitute of dramatic value from their pettiness, as the points of The Watch Cry are too loose, and vague, and destitute of dramatic value for their want of clear definition. Mr. Fechter fails in his new piece from providing no wellmarked dramatic channel for his genius to flow in at all, Mr. Wigan from providing so very narrow a ditch that he can only succeed by overflowing it. In strong contrast to these wretched pieces is the old one reproduced at the Olympic to which we have alluded, and acted with a perfection that has not often been equalled. The piece is slight enough, but its situation is full of interest, and that a most dramatic one, and clearlydefined, so that the audience feels what kind of dramatic expression is
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wanted, and yet large enough and sufficiently worthy of effort to tax the powers of a good actor. A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing is a story suggested by the brutality of Colonel Kirke's "Lambs," the brutal regiment which was guilty of so many cruelties after the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion in 1685. The idea of the plot is exceedingly simple. The wife of Jasper Carew—the latter a rebel supposed to have perished on the field of Sedgemoor,—affects to be a keen Royalist, and even to encourage Colonel Percy Kirke's addresses, in order the better to shield her husband, who is really hiding in her house. For this purpose she has to feign a political tergiversation she detests, not only to the people of the little town of Taunton, but even to Jasper Carew's own mother, a bitter Whig, who believes her son really dead, and to part with her little daughter to this grandmother, lest the child should discover her father's presence and not be able to simulate ignorance. The great point of the play is the delineation of the various and conflicting feelings in the wife's heart, love and terrible fear for her husband, something like absolute enjoyment of the part she has to play in fooling the brutal Colonel, and inventing excuses to keep him at a distance and delay the marriage for which he presses, eager yearning for her child, grief at the bitter charges brought against her unjustly by her motherinlaw, and, with it all, a state of intense nervous excitement which alone sustains her spirit through the emergency. All this is played by Miss Kate Terry with far more skill than we have yet seen exhibited by her in any previous part. 6 It is an exquisite piece of acting, free, delicate, always graceful, and now and then rising into great power. When Colonel Kirke is pursuing her for a kiss, and, she having unguardedly called out for help, her husband opens the door of the closet where he is concealed to come to her aid, the scream of laughter with which she arrests at once Kirke's pursuit, while his back is still turned to the cupboard, and her husband's exit, and calls out—really to both alike, though apparently only to Kirke—"A truce, gallant colonel! Promise me not to stir a step from where you are, and I'll tell you why I object to your salute," is as fine a piece of acting as we have seen for years. The laugh is full of hysteric excitement, of warning to her husband, of feminine artifice, and abrupt generalship. Nor could the varying tenderness of her averted face when the servant (not in the secret) is telling her a story of her child whom he has met in the streets, be easily surpassed. When he tells her how the little one still longs to come back to her mother she is all but in tears,—when he says she gave him her cake to eat she smiles as if she saw the little thing making its present, and when he tells her how nothing will induce the little one to think ill of her mother, she lightens suddenly into triumph, soon to relapse into tears. How Miss Terry manages to turn pale with fright when "Kirke's
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Lambs'' are on the point of discovering her husband we cannot conceive, but she certainly does do so, and the colour returns slowly to her face as the danger passes, as if the danger were real and not artistic. She has taught her little sister, too, to act the child's part with most artless art. Miss Florence Terry is already (at nine years old perhaps) a simple and promising little actress. Nor are the other parts much less perfect. Mr. Neville never acted better than in Jasper Carew,—showing both humour, tenderness, and impatient courage. Colonel Kirke is admirably represented by Mr. Maclean, and the rough Somersetshire servant—even a more difficult part—quite as admirably by Mr. Soutar. 7 It is not an ambitious piece, but one more nearly fulfilling the conditions of a true domestic situation, well suited to the powers of the actors and yet taxing them to the utmost, it would not be easy to find. Why cannot actors so able as Mr. Fechter and Mr. Wigan take some pains to choose pieces which, like this, will not only not injure, but raise the dramatic taste of their audience? We do not expect managers to do what is now done at the Adelphi, in Rip Van Winkle, that is, allow the genius of an individual actor its full swing even when it goes quite over the heads of the majority in the pit, and even the boxes,8 but they might at least endeavour to choose the best parts an English audience can appreciate, instead of administering so freely vulgar spectacle and vulgarer jokes.
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Mr. John Parry's WeddingBreakfast
1
[Originally published in the Spectator, March 3, 1866, pp. 23839, as a subleader on John Parry's oneman impersonation at the Gallery of Illustration of the guests at an imaginary weddingbreakfast. (Attributed)]
That curious power of Mr. John Parry's over the lines of expression of his own face, by which he makes us believe, directly his entertainment is over, that, though we have really seen only him, and him in a gentleman's ordinary evening dress, we have nevertheless seen all sorts of different people as well,—young ladies flirting, elderly ladies doing the polite, the respectable butler, the spoiled child, the vain, emptyheaded coxcomb, and various other personages,—is enough to startle the most unspeculative of British spectators into momentary metaphysics. Is it that Mr. Parry has enough of Colonel and Mrs. Roseleaf, and Mrs. Jené (née Gushington), and Mr. Olympus, and the butler, &c., in himself, to become a precisely similar character by voluntarily accenting, as it were, some little drift of tendency in his own character; or is it that all these numberless expressions of face represent merely the most superficial mannerisms of social convention,—a variety of masks which almost any one could assume under a little social pressure, without ceasing to be their own individual selves? The latter can scarcely be the case, because Mr. Parry goes a good deal deeper than the mere ripple2 of conventional affectations. His face expresses almost every variety of selflove and amiability, from Mr. Jené's muddy and selfish vanity about his own songs and singing, to Mrs. Roseleaf's really amiable affectation of a hostess's flattery and raillery. Yet there is something much more extraordinary than mere acting in what Mr. Parry achieves. An actor who takes a set part has all the advantage of concentrating his mind on that part, as well as the advantage of appropriate dress and incident to remind him of the attitude of feeling he is expected, as far as he can, to assume. But Mr. Parry works with no help of this kind, and yet passes through as many transformations as Indus3 in the course of half an hour without putting off his swallowtail coat, by the mere moulding power of his fancy over the lines of his own face. Of course the limits within which he works are narrow; he does not attempt to migrate into any character out of the world of ordinary drawingroom experience. He does not change from comedy to tragedy. He always wears some variety of the company face. But within these limits the changes he produces upon his own face are astonishing, and as we have said, go quite beyond the changes of conventional manner, covering changes of real individual temper and character. Mr. Jené, and Mr. Olympus, and Colonel Roseleaf are all quite different men, not merely
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men with a different crust of social manner upon them. Perhaps indeed his most delicate touches are touches indicating the different effect of conventional position on the character. Take, for instance, his hired musician in Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party, and his respectful butler who announces breakfast in the Wedding Breakfast. The same man assuming the countenance of two characters so near each other in social position, might be supposed to be in danger of confusing the two. But in fact they are as different as Colonel Roseleaf and his own butler. The hired musician, though working for hire, has a perfectly independent air about him. He is all mechanical obedience to his superior, but there is no touch of obsequiousness in his face. What he expresses is the feeling of a professional drudge, for whom the music has lost all meaning. He is a monotony, a fatigued monotony, producing a monotonous variety of sounds. He yawns freely as the evening goes on. He executes his orders punctually like an operative, 4 not with deference like a personal attendant. His expression is almost that of a prisoner turning a crank, except that there is also the energy of a man earning his bread. The butler, on the contrary, is all reverence and selfrespect. As he enters the room his eyes are fixed on his master, and slightly turned up to express ceremonious waiting. Yet even here, where the main difference is due to a variety of social function, you will scarcely be able to conceive that the same man might under different circumstances have filled the two situations. There is too much deference—the essence of bodyservant in the butler. You feel that in undress he would probably be insolent, riotous, intemperate, and vulgar. The hired musician is, on the contrary, a respectable and trustworthy, though of course uneducated, sort of person, who, though he can relish his glass of wine after fatiguing playing, and thinks a little of his supper, yet has nothing riotous about him. Then with what wonderful delicacy Mr. Parry expresses the various phases of the same person's mind under different circumstances. In the Evening Party Mr. Jené was all muddy, dissatisfied vanity. He sang his little song,—"words and music both my own"—in a sulky, exacting mood, darting furious glances at the door as each new guest's announcement interrupted the attention of the company. He grumbled morosely to himself when it was over. His face was all suffused with the secretion of his irritated selflove, and his clumsiness exaggerated by the ungainliness of his enormous voracity for applause. As bridegroom, he is still "like his ordinary self,—like, but oh how different!"5 He is still a shade sulky at first, and asks Colonel Roseleaf how long they will be kept in the drawingroom before breakfast is ready, almost with his old rude moroseness. But there is a perceptible flutter of gratified vanity about him, and the bilious expression of face gradually gives way to a sort of moony and halfdoubtful consciousness of success. Instead of glowering, there is a haze of smile
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struggling for development on his reluctant countenance, like a doubtful sun behind a mist. He supposes "a man must do this sort of thing once in his life, though it's deuced awkward." His speech at the breakfast is a marvel of art. There oozes from him a sort of thick dreggy sentiment, such as you would expect from the author of "Would You Love Me, if You Knew Me? 6 in a state of halfsatiated vanity. "There are some situations in life," he says, ''to which a man feels himself wholly inadequate, and I am sure that if ever in my life I was in that situation it is this situation." What a vapid, infinitely clumsy egotism Mr. Parry gives to this beautiful sentence! Mr. Jené's eyeglass is stuck awkwardly into his eye, and the brow contracted to keep it in, and yet the muddy face is thawing a little beneath the cheers of the guests and the sense of his own importance. Then he goes on to say that "When I feel myself the happy possessor of so much grace and beauty"—great cheering, amidst which the face of Mrs. Jené (nee Gushington) is suddenly seen from behind the wedding cake beaming with affected coyness, and the bouquet is thrust out twice with playful menace, and a gratified "Don't, you naughty man," towards the place in which her husband was the moment before standing,—"when I feel myself, I say, the happy possessor of so much brace and geauty,—I really am so much confused I scarcely know that what I am saying!—and think that we are to brush on together through life,"—a sob from Mrs. Jené and the ladies,—"I own that I am deeply moved. I know that there is many a cup between the slip and the lip, I mean many a lip between the cup and the slip—and really I am so confused that I will only thank you very heartily for the kind way in which you have drunk the health of my dear wife, "sobs—"my darling wife"—more sobs—"and myself—and conclude in the words of the poet,—indeed I quite forget the exact words to which I referred"—here Mr. Jené sits down amidst rapturous cheering, looking almost sunny for him, as if a very watery sun had got quite through the mist for a moment. And then Mr. Parry suddenly changes into the bachelor friend, Mr. Olympus—a heavy, classicalallusionist gentleman of ponderous jocosity, who looks sternly over tortoiseshell spectacles at the bridesmaids whose health he proposes,—begins with "The ancient Greeks," goes on with the Vestal Virgins, quotes his "humorous friend Homer," reflects on the disadvantage of shaving young ladies' heads, apropos of the supposed custom of the Vestal Virgins, hurls—with that grave energy which precludes the idea of anything more than oratory—heavy compliments straight at the eight bridesmaids' sixteen eyes, and ends, after a long pause, with an emphatic and even earnest enunciation of the purpose, "I shall now sit down." The manly decision of this last resolve, the firmness with which it is instantly carried into execution, the strongly marked divisions of his sentences, and the steady, thoroughgoing way in which Mr. Olym
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pus goes through all his classical allusions, jokes, and compliments, are all in striking contrast to the espièglerie and flutter of emotion which otherwise marks the whole occasion. Mr. John Parry can transform himself at a moment's notice from the delicate, curvetting, conscious Arab, into the strong, stout cob. Mr. Parry's extraordinary variety and delicacy of expression is so great, that we much wish it could be tested by photographing him in the different characters he assumes so rapidly. We are persuaded that if you could cover up his hair and costume, his face taken as Mrs. Jené asking little Florence Roseleaf—the imaginary spoilt child—to tell her what her name is now; or bending her ear to catch the shrill little treble that squeaks "Miss Gussington;" or sweetly correcting the child, and pointing playfully to her new husband; or starting as the darling snatches at her bouquet,—would suggest a flirty young lady (well, not perhaps very young, for that depends on his acting, after all, but a coy and fascinating damsel), and not a man's face at all; and that no one would know the portrait of Mr. Parry taken as Colonel Roseleaf for the same man as Mr. Parry taken a moment after as Mr. Jené, the dress being absolutely unchanged. If we are right in this impression, it is a very curious evidence of the power of the mind to create at will its own superficial form and social flavour. Perhaps after all Mr. Parry has only the power of translating, as it were, into the face, all the rippling impressions which writers of delicate drawingroom fictions, like Miss Austen or Mr. Trollope, must have had at one time in their imagination. 7 But that is in itself a marvellous power. To conceive so vividly the different nuances of manner that an elderly masculine face shall be moulded like wax to the touch of a dozen varieties of temper and feeling and dim little amiabilities and affectations, in the most rapid succession, is a power far rarer, and fully as much charged with artistic skill, as the power of delineating on paper the same little traits. Mr. Parry is indeed a whole troop of drawingroom actors in one, with a talent for taking up and laying down any part he pleases so great as to render him independent of the aid of dress. And the refinement of his humour is as great as its comedy. The actual Mrs. Jené (née Gushington) would, we are convinced, be much vulgarer than his version of her. The affectations he takes off so happily are all so refined by his own humour, that when the bride goes off finally amidst the weak huzzas of the little boy on the lamppost, we feel that we have had all the fun and irony of a conventional worldly wedding, without its vulgarities and its worry.
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Experience and Inexperience on the Stage [Originally published in the Spectator, June 23, 1866, pp. 68586, as a subleader on strong and weak players on the current London stage. (Attributed)]
Any one who saw the extraordinary success of Miss Ellen Terry (Mrs. G. F. Watts) on Wednesday evening, in the part of Helen, the lively, forward heroine of Mr. Sheridan Knowles's Hunchback, and compared her with her abler sister, Miss Kate Terry, who as Julia, the romantic heroine of the same decidedly rubbishy play, had a far more conventional part to act, must have been struck with the substantial value, to an actress of any genius and susceptibility, of the absence of experience, rather than of experience, on the stage. 1 We are quite sure that there is nothing the true value of which is so much overpraised in all departments of life as mere experience. For the most part, experience no doubt gives confidence, and a certain range of knowledge which can only be obtained from actually entering into a great many different situations which inexperience has barely even imagined, and of which it may therefore very likely entertain false and hasty conceptions. That no doubt applies equally to life, literature, and the stage. But then, on the other hand, and this also applies equally to life, literature, and the stage, there is usually far more tendency in experience to formulate all it teaches, than to teach,—to drive the tired mind into hackneyed ways of thought and feeling than to increase the real breadth of fresh insights,—to furnish you with a number of habitual observations or expressions,—which, if not conventional as the world understands conventional, are soon conventional to the individual, mere stereotyped modes of what was once original thought in him,—than to increase the stock of fresh thoughts about fresh things. On the whole, life itself is, with minds of any truthfulness, even more of one long effort to guard against the tendency of experience to set the mind sliding in a few early manufactured grooves, than of an addition to the number of such grooves; and if this is true, as it is, of real life, where a man has always some variety and novelty, however little, in his part,—it applies infinitely more to the stage, where we are inclined to think that experience is, beyond a certain point, a mere source of difficulty, to be perpetually struggled against, instead of an advantage to be coveted. This might not be so much the case even on the stage, if real dramas, with a life in them to stimulate and buoy up the mind, and give an inexhaustible significance even to words uttered for the fiftieth time, dramas like Shakespeare's,—were oftener acted. You may see Hamlet or
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Twelfth Night even, for a dozen nights without any of that tendency in the spectator's mind to glaze, as if some mechanical process were going on before you out of which all the meaning has dropped, which you feel the second time you see Sir E. Bulwer's Money, and the first time you see the Hunchback. 2 And if this is true of mere spectators, it is far more true, we should think, of actors, and especially of actors of any genius, who depend to some extent on the breath of life in what they are representing. Of the two sisters who acted together with so much spirit on Wednesday night in Miss Kate Terry's benefit, we should say that the one best known to the public had considerably the most variety and range of expression. No one who has seen her in The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing3 could doubt the great play and flexibility of her power, for there, there is a situation in which intense anxiety has to be covered with a manner of simulated vivacity, playfulness, and sweetness, and it would be difficult to detect a single flaw in the representation. In Miss Ellen Terry,4 who acted her part with admirable brightness and impertinence in making forward love to her cousin, we thought we detected in the graver portions of the earlier scenes, when her face was in repose, a certain heaviness and deficiency of expression, and we doubt much whether she could act parts of pathos and emotion, as she can certainly act parts of saucy vivacity tinged with slightly shrewish vexation. She had far the best part of the two sisters to act on Wednesday night, and she had the still greater advantage of absolute freshness, of having had a long break in her theatrical experience,—if, as we fancy we can remember, she has had theatrical experience before. Nothing could be better than her teazing, bantering manner, when she made fun of Julia's mockmodest suggestion that the newcomer—the lover—was a clerk of Master Walter's:— "A clerk has such a gait. So does a clerk dress, Julia,—mind his hose,— They're very like a clerk's! a diamond loop And button, note you, for his clerkship's hat, O certainly a clerk!"
This was given, not illnaturedly of course, for it is all gay banter, but with that slight metallic ring in the voice which a girl so often throws into her gaiety to her own sex when she has a wish to teaze a little, as well as to laugh much. Both the sisters acted this scene with the greatest spirit,—Miss Kate Terry putting on the pout of pretty selfwill admirably when Helen says, "Then, you guess he comes a wooing?" and she replies, "I guess naught," with a smile lurking beneath her denial. Indeed, bad as the Hunchback is as a play,—we heard a gentleman in the stalls tell his wife that it was Shakespeare's, the lady demurring, but admitting freely
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that it was as good as Shakespeare's, 5 —the livelier scenes in it are much the least contemptible, and certainly much the best to act. And this was the kind of part which Miss Ellen Terry had to act throughout. She had to provoke love out of her bookworm Cousin Modus (Mr. Horace Wigan), who acted the part very cleverly, but with as little of the expression of a real bookworm as can well be conceived. His constant grave references to Ovid's Art of Love, which he took out of his pocket, whenever his cousin asked him any question about love, were entertaining enough, but farcical, and not at all after a bookworm's fashion. But all this clashing of vivacity against dullness was admirably suited to display the perfect enjoyingness and buoyancy of Miss Ellen Terry's acting, which, being "for this night only," could not well have illustrated better the advantages of freshness than it did. The character was, if not quite unconventional, at least quite free from any sentimental conventions, which are the most dangerous and annoying. And there were freshness, verve, signs of a mind throwing itself into the part for the first time, in every sentence she uttered. When she teaches her cousin to make love, and pits "my sampler 'gainst thy Ovid," you might almost have thought the gay, rattling, mocking, enticing chaff with which she peppered him was really going on in some private room, which you saw by clairvoyance as it were. Any rather gay, highspirited, clever girl who had a certain pity for her dull, bookish cousin, and a great sense of the humour of being obliged as it were to propose to him, would have done it very nearly in that way,—but there was perhaps wanting just a trace of real tenderness which would have been visible somewhere or other in such a scene, and was not visible in Miss Ellen Terry's acting of it. Miss Kate Terry would scarcely have made that mistake, but she made others, which were apparently due to the horribly conventional character of the sentiment which she had to express. She fell into her own formulas of emotion. She put up her hand to her face now and then with the conventional pathos of Miss Carlotta Leclerq,6 and twitched her mouth with a superfluous agitation, which we had never observed in her before. Not unfrequently she was her true self in the complete absence of anything like that evenly distributed stage emphasis, that superfluous excitement, by which actors agree to spoil real emotion. For instance, when she said, "Most right. I had forgot. I thank you, Sir, for so reminding me; and give you joy that what I see had been a burden to you is fairly off your hands," there was a sudden calm in her manner which exquisitely expressed the reaction which would be caused by a lover's warning her of his altered relations. But too often there was the slightest trace of stage mannerism, which it has hitherto been Miss Kate Terry's great power to keep quite at a distance. It must be a constant struggle in
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an actress of any genius, especially when acting a part that has absolutely no buoyancy of its own, to fall back on her own most effective manner in other parts, instead of rising quite freshly to the moment. There is a little, though less, sign of this in her acting of Clara Douglas in Money. We imagine the only way of fighting off this ever besieging conventionality,—individual conventionality, we mean, conventionality that arises not from the conventions of other actors or actresses, but from an actor's own best successes transferred to parts which do not suit them would be to see frequently other actors and actresses, and note the way in which their most effective hits run into habits. There was a little stamp of Miss Terry's in a scene of the Hidden Hand 7 which was, in its place, a most effective piece of acting,—but we think she transferred it to the Hunchback the other day, and used it in a place and time where it struck us as conventional. Thorough freshness is the first of pleasures in all acting. And we have no doubt that actresses of the first power, who have been burdened with a long experience, find it far more difficult to keep this freshness perfect, than actresses of even much less power who really come to the stage with a fresh mind. Judging merely by one night's experience, we should say that Miss Ellen Terry, with all her vivacity and charming impertinence, had nothing like the range of her sister. There is sweetness, but no sign of tenderness in her acting. Yet she carried off the palm the other night by virtue of absolute freshness and the absence of all conventionality. There were touches in Miss Kate Terry's acting such as no other actress on the English stage could give, but they were fewer, and the resistance to formulated modes of expressing emotion weaker than in former years; and we trust that, for the sake of the stage no less than herself, she will guard herself,—by sufficient rest, and by critical observation of the same fault in others,—from the only error which is likely to hold her back from the very highest rank of her profession.
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The Long Strike [Originally published in the Spectator, September 22, 1866, pp. 105051, as a subleader on Dion Boucicault's adaptation for the stage of (largely) Mrs. Gaskell's novel, Mary Barton (1848) at the Lyceum. (Attributed)]
The adaptation of Mrs. Gaskell's story of Mary Barton which has been just brought out at the Lyceum is worth seeing, and there is some very good acting in it, but it is not on the whole a good play. 1 In its present form it depends wholly on the heroine for its centre of interest, and Mrs. Boucicault2 makes in all the more important scenes, indeed throughout the passion of the play, an exceedingly bad heroine. This is the more fatal to the play, that Mr. Boucicault,3 with his usual quick eye for telling situations, has focussed the interest of his piece very much in one or two scenes of great circumstantial display and scenic effect. Now the higher you wind up the interest of mechanical realism on the stage, the higher also you need to have the power of your actors, unless you wish to smother the human drama in the dumb show of physical circumstance. A scene is always bad in which the audience are attracted far more by the accuracy or beauty of the scenepainting and "properties" generally, than by the actors. Mr. Vincent Crummles relied a good deal on a real washingtub which he had purchased for the "realism" of his scenery,4 and we do not know that there is anything more objectionable in relying on "a real washingtub'' than on a real telegraphic apparatus, a real policeman's bull'seye lanthorn, or a real railway lamp signalling in the distance. These things are all good if they contribute to the illusion (we do not mean delusion) of the scene. But any one who considers how utterly subordinate they would be in real life to any tragic interest enacting itself by their aid, will feel at once that when they come to be so prominent as to eclipse the actors of the piece, instead of lending themselves to them, and merging themselves in them, they rather damage the true artistic effect than increase it. We would almost go so far as to say that with feeble actors, uninteresting or ineffective scenery and properties are less inartistic than scenery and properties so cleverly imitated and got up as to extinguish the acting; just as a very gay, pretty, and delicate dress on a woman of no beauty and no expression is certainly less artistic than one which has less tendency to suggest unfavourable comparisons with the 'person and features to match.' Now, in the scene in which the heroine (who is called Jane Learoyd, instead of Mary Barton) telegraphs to the station at the bar of the Mersey for the sailor whose evidence is needed to save her lover's life, it is almost impossible to
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attend to the heroine at all, so badly does Mrs. Boucicault act the emotion of suspense and anguish, except with a feeling of annoyance that she is interrupting the interest of the telegraphic process itself. During that scene, the jeune premier is the finger of the telegraphic apparatus, who so entirely surpasses the jeune première that we are irritated by her senseless interruptions. No doubt there is something legitimately dramatic in the process of conversing by electric telegraph with a far distant person, which makes it quite permissible for Mr. Boucicault to exhibit it in actual operation on the stage. But then the high dramatic interest depends on the strange instantaneous power of communication which it gives to persons in so many respects cut off from each other, and this is what needs to be brought out powerfully on the stage. The girl who sends the message and who receives the reply should be the impersonation of the highstrung nerve of expectant tension. She should lean over the counter of the office in a breathless agony of interrogation, so as to attract all the sympathetic curiosity of the audience into the very channel of her own terrible anxiety. The keynote of the whole scene should be a sort of questioning agony, the interest of which would be only heightened and idealized by the impersonal character of the agency by which the reply is conjured, as it were, out of the empty night. Instead of being able to conjecture and anticipate the answer, to guess whether there is hope or none, from the expression of a living face, you must wait while a mere machine strikes letter after letter of the reply; and hence there is less to break the news, less shading off of the effect, a more direct facing of the inevitable 'no' or 'yes,' than in any direct questioning,—while the immediate character of the communication, the close connection in time, is nevertheless preserved, and exerts its effect on the imagination. To all this Mrs. Boucicault in her rendering of the part of Jane Learoyd is wholly insensible. Her solicitor telegraphs for her, while she sits on a low form, feebly crowing or making a noise at the top of her throat,— such as lady patients make in the dentist's chair when that operator is firm and refuses them the full use of their articulating organs, to indicate profound suffering. Mrs. Boucicault acts, not the agony of suspense, but acute nervous imbecility, which she varies by the very bad melodramatic touch of "Let me pray," when, as hope appears to have vanished, her protector tries to lift her from her knees. The electric needle does its part so much better than the human heroine that the audience almost forgets its subordination to her inquiries, and thinks not at all of the relief or joy which the final answer gives her, but only of the result of the operation on the fate of her lover. The shiftless, maundering girl is forgotten. In the other critical scene, on which Mr. Boucicault has lavished his ingenuity, the scene in the lane, with the broad quickset hedge running
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along it, and Manchester, with its lighted factories and the signal lamps of the railway in the distance, Mrs. Boucicault acts her part much better. Jane Learoyd has imposed on herself the duty of finally throwing off her grand lover, the master manufacturer, Mr. Radley, and returning to her first love, while Mr. Radley, on the contrary, has determined to make her submission to his dishonourable passion the conditions of his connivance at her father's escape from the law, which Noah Learoyd has broken by conspiring to burn down Mr. Radley's mill. Mrs. Boucicault acts the embarrassment and plainspeaking of the girl's awkward explanation exceedingly well, and also her endeavours to get rid of Mr. Radley's attempts at tenderness. She is plainspoken with evident effort, and apologizes for not finding herself at last able to love him, with a genuinely awkward pathos that very happily expresses the consciousness of the difference of rank. But when Ridley confesses that he never had the least intention of marrying her, and that he wants to make her dishonour the bargain for her father's safety, she breaks down again in the attempt to act passion, and the audience begins to think more about those railway lights in the distance and the "capital smoke" from the distant factory than about her. Nor is she helped by the other actor in the scene. Mr. Fitzpatrick, 5 who acts the millowner, Radley, is a stick. The pistolshot is not too soon in awakening the audience once more from the great effect of the scenery,—indeed, during very stirring speeches, you hear good people saying audibly (of the scene, not the acting), 'An't it good?' behind you. Mr. Boucicault should take care, if he will have impressive scenery (which is no doubt very attractive, and very useful in causing the success of the piece), to get actors on the scene who are not subsidiary to the scene, instead of the scene to them. At least, if he does not, he teaches the people bad art,—for which perhaps Mr. Boucicault cares very little. Whenever Mr. Boucicault himself is on the stage there is certainly no danger of the scenery overpowering the actor. He does the slight part he has taken upon himself of Johny Reilly, the sailor friend of Jane Learoyd's lover, and also himself her lover though without hope of any return, with perfectly quiet humour and a thoroughly Irish mixture of vivacity and feeling. Nothing could possibly be better than his acting of this little part, and one only regrets that it is not more critical. Jane Learoyd's lover, Jem Starkie, is also very well and naturally acted by Mr. J. C. Cowper.6 There is no rant, and there is real sturdy manliness in his acting, both with his rival and Jane, and the earnestness of passion is seldom given with simpler truth. He forgets himself, however, once or twice only, and becomes stagey. Where he learns that old Noah Learoyd is guilty of the crime of which he is himself accused, and that Jane has been, if not
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blameless, at least stainless in her relations with Mr. Radley, he exclaims, 'But thou art innocént!' in a tone and with an accent as different from a foreman's of engineers, and as like a bad tragic actor's as possible. Old Noah Learoyd, a character not very easy to act, the shrewd, stern old leader of the factory hands on strike, could not be much better acted than it is by Mr. Emery. 7 There is real rough passion in the part, and the look of halfdumb inarticulate reproach with which he gazes at the masters when they reject the men's terms, as he feels his own powerlessness to express the baffled hope and suffering in him, is given with singular force. He is less effective after the murder has crazed him. The wandering of an unhinged mind is not very powerfully given, but the part on the whole is a difficult part finely acted. The play would be one of no common interest, but for the complete predominance of the heroine's part throughout, and the uniform failure of Mrs. Boucicault to rise above the tamer portions of her character. She is good in her first quarrel with her lover, good in the early quiet scenes with her father, good whenever she is not expected to express emotion, but, where she is, her acting is as bad as possible. This spoils the piece, and makes the very ingenious scenery and external aids to illusion tower into an importance quite fatal to dramatic art. When Jane Learoyd is at her highest pitches of emotion, the audience are dwelling on the telegraphic apparatus or the Manchester smoke, and asking each other,' An't it good?'
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Mephistopheles on the Stage [Originally published in the Spectator, October 27, 1866, pp. 119192, as a subleader on F. B. Chatterton's production of Bayle Bernard's translation in five acts of Goethe's Faust at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, with Samuel Phelps as Mephistopheles, Edmund Phelps as Faust, and Mrs. Hermann Vezin as Gretchen. (Attributed)]
The splendid spectacle of the witch scene on the Brocken will be no doubt the greatest attraction of the version of Faust as it is now produced at Drury Lane; nor indeed has more magnificent scenery been brought on the stage for a long time than that which illustrates the English version of Goethe's great drama. 1 Mr. Chatterton has spared nothing to gratify the eye, and excepting the very absurd and dumpy apparition in a big veil,—with the hands peeping through, to show, we suppose, its competence to "weave" at the great terrestrial loom according to its own professional prospectus,—which calls itself the "Spirit of Earth," there is not a bit of ineffectual scenery and spectacle in the five acts. The dumpy apparition stands quite alone in every respect, and we do not wonder that Mr. Bayle Bernard, if he knew beforehand what a shapeless bale of goods was to represent the "Spirit of Earth" to the audience, mistranslated that mysterious being's scornful reply to Faust,— "Du gleichst dem Geist den du begreifst,—nicht mir,"2
"Thou art the equal of the spirit which thou canst picture, not mine;" for the difficulty with regard to this creature is certainly not that of comprehending him, her, or it, as the case may be (it is as easy to comprehend a man in a sheet as a man out of a sheet), but of making anything like a picture of so fat, shapeless, and shuffling a representative of the terrestrial Energies. Faust's despairing astonishment that he, "the image of the Godhead," should have no community of nature with this 'Spirit of Earth,' certainly sounds more like irony after the disappearance of this plump and formless phantom, than like serious regret. But this is, as we said, the only fault in spectacle in the whole piece, which is splendidly put on the stage. Nor is the adaptated version, on the whole, at all bad. Immense and, of course, very damaging alterations in Goethe's play are essential to put it on the stage at all. The play is far too much of a general panorama of human desire and experience to admit of dramatic exhibition without immense condensation and treatment. But there is a very general adherence to the dialogue of Goethe, and not much serious tampering with the plot. A contemporary of great authority on these matters has represented quite erroneously that Mr. Bayle Bernard has
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suppressed the fall of Gretchen, and, in fact whitewashed her reputation, making her only guilty, and that of course involuntarily through the act of Mephistopheles, of the poisoning of her mother. The critic must have had a little nap during the scene in which Faust proposes to Gretchen to secure his happiness by giving her mother the sleeping draught procured for him by Mephistopheles. There is no pretence for the misunderstanding; and the subsequent scene in which her companions mock at Barbara for her fall from virtue, and Gretchen in agony cries out, after they are gone, that Barbara's case is really hers, sufficiently shows that the fall is real. On the whole, though the task of adapting the text of Goethe's Faust for the stage can never be satisfactorily performed, the adaptation at Drury Lane, a few mistranslations or gross alterations excepted,* is probably as good as we have any right to expect. It is not possible to say very much in praise of the acting, except only of Mr. Phelps's 3 Mephistopheles, which is a thoroughly creditable and artistic piece of acting, certainly much the best in Mr. Phelps's stock of characters,—far better acting indeed than we could have thought it possible for Mr. Phelps to achieve. Mr. Edmund Phelps is a sad Faust. There are very few, if any, actors on the stage who could represent Faust's insatiable and plastic nature with any real effect. We are indebted to some young lady in the stalls,—the first of the many too audible critics of the stage in that loquacious quarter of the house from whom we ever heard a random word of wisdom,—for the acute and, we think, true remark that Jefferson4 is the only living actor whom we could conceive likely to be really successful in representing the great typical homo desideriorum, the experiencecraving and experienceexhausting man; who could give at once his impatience, his tenderness, his selfish ardours, his pathetic remorse, and his eternal hunger, with any real effect. Mr. Edmund Phelps finds no better means of expressing the throb of unsatisfied desire than a monotonous nasal cadence between a sob and a whine,—which is very irritating, and pitiful. Mrs. Hermann Vezin's Gretchen has some good points. The final scene in the prison is fairly given, and her delight in Mephistopheles' jewellery is really pretty and * Why, for instance, has Mr. Bernard interpolated a bad joke of his own where Mephistopheles informs Martha of her husband's death at Padua, and burial in the churchyard of St. Antony? Mephistopheles says the man is buried "an einer wohl geweihten Stätte, zum ewig kühlen Ruhebette,"—"in a place well consecrated for the bed that is ever chill." Mr. Bayle Bernard makes Mephistopheles say that it is "a good dry spot," and Martha reply that that is well, as her husband had always been a little too much given to wine. What a heavy joke to foist upon the devil!
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natural. But there is very little of the true peasant girl about her. With Faust she is "a gushing thing," conscious of gush, which is entirely alien to Gretchen's nature. Her 'innocence' in dialogue with both Faust and Mephistopheles has a stagey flavour. 5 But Mr. Phelps's acting of Mephistopheles is really good. It is not a fine piece of acting, not one that shows genius, but it is one which does show real taste, art, and judgment. It is exceedingly quiet, and the ironic flavour runs through it thoroughly. Some of his courtly bows,—not theatrical, but still undisguisedly acted,—and half concealing the mockery of his expression, while Martha is complimenting him on his grand air, are perfect. No doubt the irony is often expressed a little too much by drawling articulations of every syllable and every consonant in his words, as when he says of Gretchen, "pretty innócént," rather with the artificial expression of foppish satire, than the natural verve of fiendish mockery. But on the whole, the cold irony of Mephistopheles is very ably expressed, though with some hardness of manner and want of flexibility of air, without the varieties ranging from open mockery down through all the shades of subironic complaisance which Goethe's conception evidently embodies. The best scenes are certainly those in which the sardonic tone is most openly assumed, as in the mock prelection to the foolish student. Nothing could be much better done than Mr. Phelps's mock explanation of logical procedure to the gaping pupil, how, "if the first were so, and the second so, then the third and the fourth would be so; and if the first and second had not been, then the third and fourth had not been at all."6 There is real humour in this. Where Mr. Phelps seems to us to fail, is in the representation of what we may call the inwardness of the Mephistophelian temptations. Goethe, while making Mephistopheles of course a preternatural and very sharply outlined external tempter, still takes care always to make his worst and most devilish criticisms the echo of the evil suggestion lurking in the heart to which he appeals; and in all these master touches there is an evident intention on the part of Mephistopheles to strike carefully on a chord of evil already vibrating in his companion's heart. Thus he catches eagerly at the symptoms of Gretchen's vanity, and stimulates while he feeds it, and tries to make her recognize plainly the beauty of which she is only half aware before. So, too, he recognizes the sensual nature in the scholar who comes to Faust for teaching, and prompts it into activity; and with Faust himself he is always careful to echo and exaggerate the tones of his own halfuttered selfcontempt. Of course we do not mean that any acting can adequately express this extraordinary insight into and sympathy with the faintest stirrings of human evil in the hearts around him. But Mephistopheles' art consists in making his hearers feel
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that he is but expressing more boldly their own half confessed desires, and overpowering them with the feeling that they cannot escape from these secret desires, and may just as well acknowledge and yield to them as not. He tries to make them look upon that disposition to ignore temptation which is in fact the instinctive struggle of virtue against feelings easier to evade than control, as a sort of insincerity, and presents as a kind of mocking honesty and audacity what is in fact the chill which saps the vital power of resistance. Now, to give this, requires more shading of manner, more appearance of closely watching the thoughts of his companions, and taking them up with quick gleams of intelligence, instead of merely criticizing with dry, sardonic keenness of observation. When, for example, Faust expresses his intention to exhaust the experience of humanity, to grasp with his spirit the highest and deepest range of human experiences, to heap human weal and human woe on his bosom, and so widen his own self to take in all humanity, till at last, like humanity, he is wrecked in the vain effort at a wider grasp, Mephistopheles falls into Faust's vein of thought, pursues it till he has persuaded him that God alone is intended to enjoy "the whole," that stretch and strain as he will, man at best is what he is, and cannot add a cubit to his own stature, and finally, artfully translates and shapes his longing for infinitude into that in which all corrupt and debasing religions have always expressed it,—sensual appetite. Now, to act this, and indeed all the other scenes of temptation perfectly, Mephistopheles must not be the mere impersonation of a sardonic external mockery such as Mr. Phelps makes him. The cold hard tone that chills and freezes all high desire is essential, but it should be plastic irony, linking itself with delicate finesse to every look and tone of his interlocutor, and taking malicious pains, as it were, to catch the subtle clue of inward thought which he can but hope to develop and draw on into evil action. Mr. Phelps is too hard a devil. He is a diabolus ex machinâ,—a grating devil enough, but scarcely an adaptable devil, scarcely a flexible, vigilant tempter, more of a mere mocker than the Mephistopheles of Goethe. Still it is a good, careful, and very cultivated piece of acting,—quite free from rant, and very much the best part in which Mr. Phelps has recently appeared.
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The Clothes of the Mind [Originally published in the Spectator, March 2, 1867, pp. 23738, as a subleader on the facial transformations by the German entertainer, Ernst Schulz, in Masks and Faces as he mimics four dozen different characters in an hour and a half at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly. (Attributed)]
Mr. Ernst Schulz's very extraordinary entertainment at the Egyptian Hall is something more than a mere amusement. 1 Any one who has seen the fortyeight utterly different transformations through which the young German's sensible, observant, slightly humorous, not otherwise very remarkable face passes in the course of the ninetysix minutes or so during which the entertainment lasts,—just one transformation for every two minutes of time,—will be dull if he does not begin asking himself a dozen different and not very easily answerable questions on the secret of mental clothes, the mode in which one and the same mind, in one and the same body, manages to assume and throw off this immense variety of widely separated moral costumes, ranging from the stupid, pudgy pride of the wealthy English Philistine, to the wild animal pride, deeply seamed with animal cares, of the Red Indian Chief. Of course in such a character as the Chief of the Fox Indians Mr. Schulz gives himself the help of a headdress and costume; but in several of the changes through which his face passes, there is absolutely no alteration even in the arrangement of his hair, the whole transformation being due to the alteration in the attitude and lines of his face, the altered curve of the eyebrows and the lips, the angle at which the head is held, or thrown back or forwards, and the lines, deep or shallow, into which he ploughs his pliant countenance. Take, for instance, his representation of what he calls the phlegmatic temperament,—a full front, sallow face, with very few lines, hair brushed to the back, lips full, chin slightly heavy, eyes not closed, but only half open, great display of ears, big white cravat, and very little neck, and compare it with just the same front face, as he gives it us in his ideal Professor, the hair arranged in precisely the same way, no addition whatever, except in the bluerimmed spectacles, a white cravat not very different in magnitude from that of the phlegmatic man, and yet without even a family likeness of expression between the two faces. The whole difference consists in the open, bright, twinkling eyes, which peer out eagerly through the professorial spectacles, the slightly distended, dogmatic nostrils, which seem to quiver with positive assertion, and the horizontally elongated mouth, which thins out the lips and draws them wide, sending away from the corners elliptic curves, with the long axis horizontal. In the phlegmatic man's face, on the contrary, the under lip is thick and prominent, throwing a deep shadow
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on the chin, and the only line is that which seems to divide the double chin,—the true chin from the underhanging flesh. Here the whole character of the very same face is altered without even a change of hair or beard, or the slightest alteration in the angle at which it is seen, from a type of the most abstract dogmatic activity,—square with the acute inculcation of positive teaching,—into one of gross phlegmatic heaviness, that would seem to be not only of a much lower type of culture, but of a coarser family stock. Mr. Schulz's own natural face, though much younger and less lined altogether, is no doubt nearer to that of the professor,—a German professor, by the way,—than to "the phlegmatic man," of whom he has very little trace indeed in his natural composition; but no one would suspect his very close personal relationship to either of the two characters, if they did not know it beforehand. One of his most efficient expedients in effecting these changes is,—that after he has thrown his face into the deep, artificial lines which he chooses for the moment to assume, he casts upon it, thus metamorphosed, a very much intenser light than any which is ever thrown upon his own natural face, the effect of which is very much to heighten all the lights and deepen all the shadows, so that the newly assumed expression is enormously intensified as compared with what it would express in an ordinary light. If any one has ever noticed how much any even common expression of pleasure, or awe, or misery is intensified by a flash of lightning suddenly passing over the face which wears it, he will get some slight conception of one of the most important means of Mr. Schulz's wonderful selftransformations. We observed repeatedly that, after he had assumed his new aspect, we could still trace clearly enough Mr. Schulz's own natural expression beneath the new one, until the intense light of the lamps was cast upon it, when the natural Mr. Schulz entirely vanished, and the expression he had assumed was so greatly intensified as to swallow up, as it were, the natural face beneath. So, a room with a new window thrown out will look at first, even in the dusk, half strange and half familiar, but if a blaze of light is let in through it, the whole effect of the room is so changed by the emphasis thus given to this new feature of it, that you can barely recognize the old features at all. It is curious to notice how much of our natural interpretation of the meaning of certain lines and attitudes of the face depends not so much on those lines and attitudes themselves, as on the context in which we find them, and which is made to suggest to us an interpretation of its own. In one part of his entertainment Mr. Schulz takes a framework of painted cardboard, or some substance of that nature, representing various headdresses, such as a monthly nurse's, a scolding elderly female's in a bonnet with yellow strings, a fascinating spinster's "of a certain age," and so forth, and frames his own face in it, so as to give a new marginal gloss or
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commentary as it were to the very same attitudes of face which he has before presented to us under no such disguise. The same thing is done later in the evening by the use of real headdresses,—turbans, feathers, &c. In each case the observer, preoccupied and retained as it were in favour of a special interpretation by the associations connected with the headdress, whether painted or real, construes the very same lines and expressions of countenance which seemed to say one thing when they stood alone, into quite a different meaning when he is prejudiced by this external commentary. Thus two of Mr. Schulz's representations are really, if you compare the countenances alone—the mere lines and expressions of the face—precisely alike,—the one which he calls, we think, ''the genial man," and in which he is unaided by adventitious costume and framework, and the one in which he represents the amiable spinster whom he calls Miss Evelina Matilda Peablossom. Put your hand over the hair and necktie of the photograph 2 of the one, and over the ringlets and lace of the photograph of the other, and precisely the same features in precisely the same posture, and lined with precisely the same lines, remain; yet while the one picture seems to express a selfsatisfied smirk of selflove overflowing into general approbation and goodhumour, the other seems to express a (rather vulgar) admiration felt for another, overflowing into a certain limited measure of humblesatisfaction with herself. The long ringlets are alone answerable for this difference of impression. Long ringlets so uniformly plead for approbation, and are so expressive not of selfconfidence, but of plaintive requests for admiration, that they put a new gloss on the smirk of the features, and turn it from the excess of self esteem into the imploring hope of female vanity that it has not quite failed. The least interesting and yet perhaps most popular part of the entertainment is the exhibition of the various kinds of beards and moustaches which Mr. Schulz manages to exhibit by means of an optical apparatus, which casts the appearance of a very black beard or moustache of any shape he chooses, on his face, from which it vanishes again at a touch like a shadow of a cloud on the appearance of the sun. The only intellectual interest this part of the exhibition has, is not in itself,—for there is nothing but the novelty of the optical delusion which is its method to distinguish it from the disguising effect of false beards and moustaches, in which none but children would take much interest,—but in the illustration it gives us of the absolute externality of the whole machinery of expression. When you see the great, rough, black "democratic beard," as Mr. Schulz calls it, cloud the air for a moment with a shadowy flicker, and then settle in a solid grove on the face, and again at a touch dissipate into the air and leave it as white and pale as ever, we can scarcely help realizing not only that the special gleams of expression which Mr. Schulz brings and banishes at pleas
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ure are equally shadows, and still more of intellectual shadows, but that the mind sits as loose to the mechanism of expression, worked through the movement of its own features, as it does to that worked by casting external shadows upon the face, or masking itself in actual costumes. When Mr. Schulz, in imitating "the pious man," makes himself—no doubt without knowing it—look so absurdly like Lord Shaftesbury in a moment of lugubrious devotion, 3 or, in imitating "the melancholy man," makes himself the image of an acquaintance of ours who was once melancholy mad, it is impossible not to fancy that Mr. Schulz might, if he pleased, almost live one distinct life in his own mind, and quite a different apparent life in the external world; that to himself he might be known, for instance, as a man never even for a moment content with his position, while to the world he might live as a man abounding in pride and selfelation; or that to himself he might be known as an acute and vigilant observer, while he could seem to the world a model of absolute inanity. He makes us feel, at all events, that with him the expression assumed by the face is almost as voluntary as the costume assumed by the person, that he could as easily put on the one as the other, and become a Fox Indian to Fox Indians, or a monthly nurse to monthly nurses, as he can be a German physiognomist to his audience at the Egyptian Hall. The most curious question which his entertainment suggests, is this:—Has the character of each man a natural dress of its own beyond and over itself, as the body has?—is a certain costume of expression, which covers and conceals without properly disguising the true character, the natural clothing of a civilized mind, or is it the very character itself, the naked individual character, without dress of any sort, which should come out in the expression of sincere men? For our parts, we believe that just as it is natural with all civilized men to wear clothes, and clothes are not an insincerity, but a decency of the body;—so that it is natural with all civilized minds to wear moral clothes;—and that moral clothes, that is, moral lines of expression which express something more than mere individual man, moral lines of expression which, while they are individual enough to tell the intellectual stature, and the capacities, and the nature of the individual, still veil from the eye of others the inmost individuality,—are not an insincerity or mask, but a decency of the mind. Mr. Schulz himself, while putting on all sorts of moral masks and dominoes4 over his own personal moral costume, never took that off to show the absolute individual stripped of all moral conventions beneath. And the eras in any history or society when men are disposed to throw off all the national and conventional dress of character, as we may call it, and expose the naked individuality beneath, are usually eras of danger, revolution, and national shame.5
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Mrs. Scott Siddons in Rosalind and Juliet [Originally published in the Spectator, April 20, 1867, pp. 43839, as a subleader on the performance of Mary Frances ScottSiddons at the Haymarket in scenes selected from As You Like It and Romeo and Juliet for the night of her benefit. (Attributed)]
Mrs. Scott Siddons scarcely showed a true knowledge of her own powers when she chose the scenes in Romeo and Juliet to act after her very charming Rosalind at the Haymarket on the night of her benefit. 1 She is not, indeed, a perfect Rosalind, but she is a far more perfect Rosalind than any living actress of whom we know anything, except Miss Kate Terry,2 could achieve. All her gifts and powers suit Rosalind, and do not suit Juliet. She is exceedingly beautiful, but her face, though it can look tender, cannot look impassioned. Her fine dark eyes are restless and conscious, not Italian eyes, not "liberal givers,"3 at all. A beautiful Grecian nose, which slopes continuously from the forehead, and seems to belong more to the brow than to the face, always seems to us to express a certain want of spontaneousness of nature and a little consciousness of self. Her mouth is gentle, and has a capacity of great sweetness, but, again, it is sweetness, tenderness, not an overflowing nature,—of which there is no single sign in her face or in her bearing. With such a countenance and manner it was obvious from the first that Juliet was beyond her, and to try it under the great difficulties of a couple of selected scenes at the most critical point of the tragedy was a great error of judgment. The house, and more especially all who looked on with any appreciation of Juliet's part, were quite unmoved, and scarcely even interested, by this tragic supplement to Mrs. Scott Siddons' playful and tender Rosalind. We would not say hastily that this lively and graceful actress has nothing tragic in her, for we could conceive her putting an expression of great cruelty into that beautiful face with signal success. Her restless eyes and general cast of face suggested to us more than once a possible expression of power far greater than any displayed in Rosalind. But then it was power not of the impassioned kind, but of a spirit "playing with some inward bait." There is nothing of self abandonment, nothing of that willingness to fling yourself away for love which Juliet feels, in the sort of tragedy which we should suppose to be within Mrs. Scott Siddons' reach. But her Rosalind is full of happy conceptions, and has, indeed, some brilliant touches, though it seems to us to have many decided defects, defects which Miss Terry perhaps, but Miss Terry alone, would have felt and avoided. Her sadness is constrained when she first comes on, and is too rapidly and violently changed into forced gaiety at Celia's request.
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There is but little tenderness in her manner to Celia, who is played by Miss Ione Bourke 4 with very great simplicity and taste, though she has the disadvantage of being taller and every way ungainlier than Rosalind, which is just the reverse of Shakespeare's intention. Indeed, but for her beauty, there is at first sight, little or no real grace and playfulness in the first scenes of Mrs. Scott Siddons' Rosalind until she begins to laugh at herself for her sudden passion for Orlando. In the wrestling scene between Orlando and Charles, as in every part where she has to display anxiety, to express half suspended emotion, Mrs. Scott Siddons acts badly. She cannot be still a moment, and yet her movements are none of them expressive; they are movements of an eager selfconsciousness gone in search of expression, and finding no rest for the sole of its foot because she cannot attain it. But when Orlando has thrown his antagonist, and Rosalind, after congratulating her hero, affects to hear him call her back, she throws into the apology to Celia—"He calls us back—my pride fell with my fortunes,"5 a wonderful sweetness, playfulness, and frank roguishness, that gives its first true charm to the character, and from that moment the whole of the playful side of Rosalind, a playfulness rooted in sentiment which enjoys the game of love mainly because the stake is never really for a moment doubtful, is given with exquisite tact and vivacity. One of the great points in As You Like It, which gives so much variety and lightness to the play, is the comparison between the three social grades of admiring, or more than admiring, women who do not want any asking to bestow themselves on their respective lovers,—Rosalind, Phoebe, and Audrey. Of course the latter is meant for the broadest comedy,—Shakespeare always has a part for the gallery,—and Audrey's vacant stare of coarse admiration for Touchstone's grandeur of words and clothing, only serves to redeem Phoebe's sudden and milkmaidish passion for the delicate Rosalind in her boy's dress from the effect of excessive forwardness and something like matteroffact vulgarity, by showing the deep below. But the relation between Phoebe and Rosalind is very subtly drawn, and there is no part in the play which Mrs. Scott Siddons acts so well. There is a touch of light cruelty in it, and as we said, Mrs. Scott Siddons has a great possibility of expressing light feminine cruelty. Here is the sort of cruelty which a woman so often shows towards another woman, when the latter seems not content with a man who appears "too good for her,"—what we may call "the little minx" feeling. This feeling is redoubled if the woman under censure ventures to fall in love on her own account, especially if her censor should have committed the same error, since the halfvexation which she feels at herself can be wreaked on another without any of that sense of extenuating circumstances which are so strongly perceived in her own case. Both
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these shades of feeling Mrs. Scott Siddons expresses with admirable spirit. Nothing could be more truly candid,—candid in the feminine sense with a dash of malice,—than her advice to Phoebe:— "For I must tell you frankly in your ear,— Sell when you can, you are not for all markets." 6
Nothing could be keener than the flash of her sharp detective glance for the woman's incipient admiration, and the triumphant contempt of superior beauty with which she receives it, than her,— "Od's my little life, I think she means to tangle my eyes too. No, 'faith, proud mistress, hope not after it; 'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair, Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream, That can entame my spirit to your worship."7
Rosalind's feminine vanity and pleasure in punishing Phoebe for her presumption spoke out in every word of this lively and malicious speech. It would be impossible to act it better. And equally, or if possible, even more admirable was her way of reading poor Phoebe's lovelorn epistle in which she throws her heart at the supposed shepherd's feet. The first lines— "Art thou god to shepherd turned, That a maiden's heart hath burned? Why, thy godhead laid apart, Warr'st thou with a woman's heart?"8
she reads slowly, giving the rhymes with great emphasis, and evidently at first enjoying the tribute to her own beauty, while she laughs at the writer. But as she gets on towards the end of the effusion, Sylvius all the time listening sadly to the admiration of his Phoebe for another, her irritation against the minx rises and rises in her throat, till at last she ends it in a mockheroic singsong, timing with a motion of her head, and adding a line of equally expressive gibberish:— "Or else—by him—my love—deny, And then—I'll stud—y how—to die. Ri ti—titi—titi—ti."9
That was the best touch in the whole play. Playful contempt for the mockheroic little minx, who was not content with a man really too good for her, could not have been expressed with more vivacity. Nor was Mrs. Scott Siddons' Rosalind on the whole deficient in tenderness. When Celia says of Orlando, "Doth he not deserve well?" and Rosalind replies, "Let me love him for that, and do you love him, because I do,"10 there is real tenderness as well as playfulness in her manner; and
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so, too, not unfrequently when with Orlando, with whom, however, she is perhaps a little too espiègle. She peeps round her mock spear at him, when she mentions the youth who spoils the forest with hanging up poems on Rosalind, with true laughter in her eyes, but in a manner that is perhaps a little too much like open flirting, considering her boy's disguise. And in general, perhaps, she strains slightly too much after gaiety. The beaming smile and accent of pretty surprise with which she reaches the close of each rhyme ending in her own name 'Rosalind' is a little exaggerated, as it is clear she is looking for the name throughout each rhyme; and there is not in the true character any coyness or affectation of surprise at Orlando's admiration. In the playful part of Mrs. Scott Siddons' Rosalind, there may be a tendency now and then to a too great dash of the espiègle, but this is its only and a very doubtful fault. In the anxious tenderness, the pathos, however, Mrs. Scott Siddons succeeds but badly. When Oliver brings the bloody handkerchief from Orlando, and relates the latter's contest with the lioness and his slight wound, her acting is really bad. As in the wrestling scene, she is never still for a moment, moving her hands and eyes constantly with forced actions of surprise, and terror, and hope, which are not in the least expressive of these emotions, and only persuade you that she is thinking not of her love, but of herself. Mrs. Scott Siddons is not mistress of expressive gesture. In this respect she is as inferior to Miss Terry as one actress can be to another. It is really painful to see her when she is listening, and ought to be listening anxiously, to a story in which she is deeply interested. Again, when Celia is pleading for her to the Duke, she misses fire in a very carefully studied play of gesture, taking Celia's hand and dropping it with equally ineffectual result, and sweeping round to the other end of the stage in an apparent fit of what is intended to be, but is not, momentary pride. With such defects—in the direction of restless selfconsciousness, it is natural that the rather forced and affected epilogue which Shakespeare puts into Rosalind's mouth should be nearly the worst bit of acting in the whole part, and this is a great pity when the part contains so many happy, and some even brilliant, touches. Still, on the whole, Mrs. Scott Siddons shows real originality in Rosalind; but she should never again attempt to play Juliet, till she can exchange her nature for the rich, overflowing impassioned nature which of all Shakespeare's many impassioned characters is the most generous and bountiful.
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Actresses and their Critics [Originally published in the Spectator, June 22, 1867, pp. 69293, as a subleader prompted by "An Old Stager's" criticism in a printed letter of the Spectator's praise of Kate Terry. (Attributed)]
Most people have wondered why the criticism of theatrical and musical performances,—by the common admission of all educated persons the most contemptible of all departments of newspaper criticism,—never improves, even in our leading journals, in spite of perpetual complaints and perpetual expressions of desire for better things. You might as well depend on a criticism in the Times to tell you whether you would enjoy a new performance, or a new actor or actress, as on the account of the boxkeeper to the theatre in question. Indeed, we have often heard a truer criticism from a boxkeeper, derived from his observations on the general demeanour of an audience, and on the "demand" or no demand for stalls than the Times—and occasionally even the usually independent Saturday Review—would have given us. We suppose the reason to be, not so much that men of a lower general calibre of culture than the ordinary reviewers of books or critics of pictures write these stupid and misleading criticisms,—though that is partly the case,—as that the special experience of the stage which is supposed to entitle men to judge of these performances, is rarely obtained except in connection with such personal knowledge of the principal actors, managers, &c., and by the aid of such kindly attentions in the way of free tickets, and the like, that the judgment is utterly warped,—not always in the direction of praise, for the actors and actresses have their cliques, and their cliques are sometimes a little spiteful to opposite cliques. Reviewers of books are apt to be selected for their knowledge of the author's subject, and common dealings with a literary subject usually imply no such local approximation or personal association between author and reviewer as need warp the writer's judgment. But habitués of theatres can scarcely help coming within the range of actors' and managers' attractions. The higher class of theatrical critics are cultivated by the higher class of performers, and the literary circle within which these performers move. And the lower class are conciliated by free admissions and occasionally private boxes to give away. We do not say that this sort of influence in any coarse sense corrupts the critic, but that it makes it nearly morally impossible to him to think freely on any performer. And this is particularly true in the case of actresses. A very courageous man will not always object to say that a distinguished actor with whom he supped a day or two
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previously acted a new part extremely badly, and ranted where he should have shown deep emotion,—but how can he say the same of a lady whom he knows, whom perhaps he has greatly admired, whose brother or husband may be his intimate friend, and whose relations will all feel the remark that her conception of a particular part was a little vulgar, or even only very commonplace and flat, as a personal injury? These are some of the causes which make theatrical criticism so worthless, or worse than worthless, so utterly false. But to these may be added that a considerable proportion of the various dramatic criticisms are apparently not written by men who care for the literature of the drama at all, but by persons of much less literary education, who, though possessing a great familiarity with theatrical performances, seldom, if ever, read a play with the desire to enter imaginatively into the author's conception of the various characters. 1 These, too, usually, concentrate their partialities on a few favourite actresses, into whose rivalries and jealousies they enter as fervently as some devout women in a country town do into the animosities of their favourite preachers. Whatever the cause, the result is that the judgment of the Press is worth something, but not much, as to the dramatic interest of a play, exceedingly little as to the performance of the principal actors, and generally less than nothing, being determined almost wholly by the accident of private influences, as to the performance of the principal actresses. There are two preliminary questions, by the answers to which we should determine entirely the significance of any dramatic criticism. 1. Is the critic one who cares for dramatic literature apart from mere theatrical performances, and is he accustomed to judge character, as he should judge the rendering of character on the stage, by constant reference to the passions and motives of actual life? 2. Is the critic entirely free from all special "influences," that is, entirely unacquainted with the performers he criticizes, and as indifferent as a humane critic can be whether he pleases or displeases them? If both questions could be answered in the affirmative we should then attach a considerable value to the criticism, but with either question answered in the negative, we can conceive nothing more utterly valueless than the opinions likely to be given. We have a curious illustration of the first sort of incapacity for dramatic criticism in a printed letter now before us, signed "An Old Stager," which appears to have been sent to some newspaper or other, but by whom written, and whether published or not, we have not any means of telling. After bitterly condemning a very just remark in the Daily News, that Mr. Walter Montgomery is "a sixthrate actor," and censuring some sincere praise in these columns of Miss Kate Terry, the best actress now on the English stage,2 as ignorant and "fulsome," this gentleman, who has evidently had a really long familiarity with theatres and actors, asks:—
Page 128 "Who, I wonder, is the theatrical critic of the Spectator? He cannot have much experience in histrionic matters, to overlook the great actresses I have named, and place at the top of the tree (some Kean person may take this for a pun) 3 one who I allow is a sensible, painstaking, stock actress. I find in the Spectator for March 18th, 1865, 'Lord Brougham is not a great man.' If the veteran nobleman is not great, will the writer of this remark name who is? Lord Brougham (now in his 90th year) is not only a great man, but the greatest actor (politically, educationally, &c., &c.) that the present generation has seen.—Claiming a corner for the above, I am yours, &c., "AN OLD STAGER."
We have great satisfaction not only in "finding a corner for the above," but in answering "An Old Stager's" question. The "theatrical critic of the Spectator" does not exist. We hold that every cultivated man, with a love of dramatic literature, and no fettering relations with the theatres and leading performers, will give a better conception of the merits or demerits of any actor, or actress, or any piece, than the class of critics represented by "An Old Stager,"—the men of wide experience in "histrionic matters,''—are ever likely to give.4 What that class of critics is, the extraordinary satisfaction taken by this gentleman in his pun on Mr. Kean's name and Mrs. Kean's maiden name, and the remark about Lord Brougham, may sufficiently indicate. It seems that Miss Marriott, whom we have never had the pleasure of seeing, and whom we fear we never shall see till we find a better voucher for her acting than that of a critic who considers Mr. Sheridan Knowles's sentimental and melodramatic Hunchback "an original and exquisite play," is "An Old Stager's" favourite actress. We do not mean that the Hunchback has not some very effective dramatic situations. But as literary work it is some of the worst trash ever produced, and we would as soon accept the dramatic criticism of any one who thinks it an "original and exquisite play," as we would that of a gentleman whom we once heard maintain, during its performance, that it was written by Shakespeare,—his wife, who knew better, soothingly remarking, "No, my dear, not Shakespeare, but quite good enough for Shakespeare."5 "An Old Stager," in his great wrath with us for praising the perfect realism of Miss Kate Terry's acting, remarks that "Mrs. Hermann Vezin, Miss Helen Faucit, Mrs. Stirling, Mrs. Kean, Miss Woolgar, Miss Glyn, are far superior in most respects, to Miss Terry," a curious mixture of preferences, which would alone prove how little the judgment of this critic,—who is in no respects worse than the critics of many of the daily papers,—is affected by the naturalness or want of nature of various actresses. Miss Helen Faucit is always graceful, and never unrefined, but on the other hand, never real, never lifelike, always selfconscious of her own artistic efforts. No one who has seen her lately in Imogen or Rosalind, could for a moment forget Miss Faucit and live
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in the character she is trying to render. She is always studying poses, and in Cymbeline, in the scene at the door of the cave, her starts backwards and her elaborate gestures of dumb show verge on the ridiculous. And this selfconsciousness, with this study of ideal elegancies, is the vital fault of all her acting, which is never by any chance like real life. 6 Mrs. Stirling, on the contrary, within a very contracted range of modern drawingroom comedy, is nearly perfect after her kind. She is thoroughly ladylike, thoroughly real, thoroughly lively, but beyond the lively woman of fashion there is little that she can do. So Miss Woolgar, too, in certain parts, and only in certain parts, is admirable. She has made the character of the ragged, ignorant, tomboy girl in Good for Nothing, and all characters at all approaching to that rough type, completely her own, and acts them with a great power of humour and even pathos. But this is an excessively limited range of character, and when she allows herself, as she too often does, to take a part in such silly and idiotic burlesques as the Greek play recently acted at the Adelphi, it is impossible not to feel that she has no sufficient respect for either her art or herself. An actress with so small a range of character as Miss Woolgar,—admirable as she is within it,—cannot possibly be called a firstrate actress.7 Mrs. Hermann Vezin, on the other hand, attempts a considerable range of character, and is entirely unaware how little a great deal of her acting will bear criticism. As Gretchen in Faust, for instance, she is wholly unequal to the innocence and unconsciousness of the part. She "gushes" to Faust like an underbred schoolgirl, instead of a childlike peasant girl, and only in the scene when she discovers the jewels that Faust has left for her, and she has to act the natural vanity of a woman in possession of her first valuable ornaments, is she really equal to her part.8 We should say that if one or two of these actresses are to be called great, Miss Charlotte Saunders, who is now acting in no doubt a much lower sort of comedy, at the Holborn Theatre, but acting very perfectly after her kind, might fairly be called great too. In the part of groom or tiger, which she acts so cleverly, there is one scene, where her former master, a ruined man at the gold diggings, takes service also as a groom, and encountering her in his groom's livery, asks her advice as to his demeanour. There was real art—even subtlety—in the look of mingled amusement, embarrassment, and deference with which she corrects his way of touching his "'at," and teaches him to touch it in the very moment in which he makes his reply to his master.9 Miss Ellen Terry's lively and completely unaffected performance of her part as an undisciplined child of nature is not better of its kind, though it is, of course, a much higher kind, than Miss Charlotte Saunders' groom in the difficulties of finding himself on an equal social footing with his master. You cannot talk of any actress as
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great who can only do a very limited range of character, such as this, however well it is done. Miss Ellen Terry (Mrs. Watts), for instance, may turn out nearly equal to her sister. But at present she seems to us strictly limited to vivacious parts. She breaks down in pathos, and gives the impression of a certain hardness and want of elasticity on that side of her art at which it wins its greatest triumphs. 10 But if the numerous dramatic critics of the "Old Stager" kind are utterly incompetent to dramatic criticism from a radical want of literary taste, that is not the reason why they are so often echoed by critics such as the one who panegyrized Miss Glyn's Cleopatra in the last Saturday Review. There can be no more remarkable instance of the enormous chasm between the dramatic criticism of the day and the real feeling of those who appreciate and enjoy good acting, than the extraordinary chorus of newspaper eulogy over Miss Glyn's Cleopatra, and the absolute want of all social enthusiasm. The present writer, having heard much of this part, went with considerably raised expectations to the first night of the performance, and assuredly on that night no one, as far as he could see, was really stirred by it. Numbers of the stalls finally lost their occupants before the fifth act, and the most audible whispers of weariness were heard on every side. We say this only to confirm the impression produced upon the mind of one who has no claim to boast of any great range of experience in "histrionic matters." No doubt, the Saturday Review is quite right in saying that Miss Glyn studies to render fully the coquettish side of Cleopatra. And we have no objection to this rendering in itself. Most of Shakespeare's characters, like most of Nature's, have a great number of aspects, and only actors of the highest possible calibre can grasp all at once. It is not to the coquettish view of Cleopatra that good taste objects, but to the sort of coquetry. Miss Glyn's coquetry is utterly destitute of dignity. She pokes fun at Antony. She almost winks at her attendants when Antony is enraged. She certainly giggles a good deal. Now, whatever truth there may be in the coquettish view of Cleopatra,—and we do not deny that there is a good deal,—the Queen who has to lament Antony, in words of regal grief so splendid and lustrous as the following, should not coquette after the fashion of Miss Glyn:— "Hast thou no care for me? Shall I abide In this dull world, which in thy absence is No better than a stye? O see, my women, The crown o' the earth doth melt! My lord! Oh! withered is the garland of the war, The soldier's pole is fallen; young boys and girls Are level now with men; the odds is gone; And there is nothing left remarkable Beneath the visiting moon."11
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That, no doubt, and all else in the character of Cleopatra, is consistent with a deep vein of coquetry,—but not quite the coquetry of English bourgeois life. Had any one seen Miss Glyn act who could not catch the words, nothing would have been less likely to occur to him, except, indeed, through the suggestion of scenery and dress, than that she was acting the part of an Eastern Queen. 12 No doubt the Saturday reviewer, whoever he may be, is an accomplished man, of a very different order of taste from "An Old Stager," but we confess our utter inability to believe that his criticism was unbiased by unconscious social influences. The present writer went, fully expecting at least something original and powerful, and was never more utterly disappointed; or more bewildered in his life than by the chorus of newspaper panegyric with which the performance was received. The truth is, that the protection of secret ballot for the independence of political voters in the closest county of England is not needed onetenth part as much, as the protection of secret authorship for independent dramatic and operatic criticism.13
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Mr. Bandmann in Narcisse [Originally published in the Spectator, March 14, 1868, pp. 31415, as a subleader on the performance of the German actor, Daniel Edward Bandmann, at the Lyceum in the leading rôle in Narcisse, an historical drama by Brach Vogel set in the court of Louis XV twentyfive years before the French Revolution and based upon Diderot's Nevue de Rameau of 1760. (Attributed)]
The English Stage has got a real accession in Mr. Bandmann. 1 It is true that the first impression he makes upon the spectator is that of a Mr. Fechter on a diminished and somewhat confined scale,—Mr. Fechter without his great freedom and verve of acting,—Mr. Fechter with the joints of his mind somewhat stiffened and passing from one stage of feeling to another in somewhat abrupt and forced transitions. But that is scarcely the final impression. Mr. Bandmann's tones of sarcasm and scorn are curiously like Mr. Fechter's, so like that, when Mr. Bandmann in the first scene of the play is criticizing with the eccentric excitement proper to the fitful character of a halfmad actor the folly of the Parisian world of the Louis Quinze period, it is hard, with the eyes shut, to believe that one is not listening to some satirical criticisms on the courtier Polonius, or on Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern, or the players, in Hamlet, as these are always given by Mr. Fechter. Where Narcisse ridicules the eternal seesaw of the Encyclopædist metaphysicians as to the action of matter on mind and mind on matter,2 he certainly assumes too much of the grand and princely air of Mr. Fechter's philosophizing in Hamlet, and fails to distinguish the caustic mockery of a broken heart, bringing with it complete indifference to the opinions of others, from that tone of contempt which is due almost as much to the imperiousness of a princely nature and position, as to the pressure of moral suspicion on the soul, and of an enterprise too great for the nerve of the man who has undertaken it. Mr. Bandmann is, we think, throughout, too stately and aristocratic in his conception of Narcisse, and gives the brokenwitted actor a grandeur of demeanour which is different in kind from the sort of power properly due to hopeless misery and despair. Narcisse is heartbroken because the wife of his youth left him fifteen years before the time of the play, and has never been discovered by him since. His sorrow has broken the springs of his impressionable artistic nature, rendered him moody, fitful, liable to almost delirious reveries, in which he sees the past again and forgets the present, and has intensified the bitterness with which he regards the vicious and frivolous aristocracy of France for one of whom he feels sure that his wife deserted him. The frenzy and bitterness of
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such a character as this should, we think, be more different in kind from the frenzy and bitterness of a moody prince haunted by terrible suspicions and weighed down by a task too great for his resolve, than Mr. Bandmann makes it. He renders inadequately the relaxed fibre of an incoherent artist's nature, and transforms too much the fitful strength of sheer misery and excitement of mind, into the dictatorial strength of something like castepride. He is too strenuous, too stately, too commanding for his part, and fails to give us the full sense of pity which we ought to feel. And when he loses himself in the visions of his former happiness, there is too much of the direct fire of delirium, too little of the weakness of a vagrant dreamer, whose thoughts outrun his power to control them, and who has for years been sunk in melancholy dejection, about his manner. Dreaminess is either not Mr. Bandmann's conception of the character of Narcisse, or not in his power to delineate. He speaks of himself as a broken man, unable to string himself up to a great effort; yet his manner throughout, and even when he so speaks of himself, is flashing, determined, brilliant,—not in any way lost or moonstruck. This, and the too rapid and fiery transitions of his manner, strike us as the most prominent defects of a really remarkable piece of acting. In tenderness, too, in all the earlier scenes, he was deficient. His eye was fixed and haughty even while he recalled the image of his wife in earlier days, and his voice was not broken, but artificially silvered over with a feminine sweetness more like the tone of a mother recalling the vision of a lost darling, than the voice of a dreaming artist plunged in the memories of his first happy love. The difference is that the former almost unconsciously attunes her mind to the expression of the innocent face in her memory, while it is quite unnatural for the latter to reflect in his voice the object of his vision, instead of recalling rather the tenderness of the relation which it brought with it. Mr. Bandmann, instead of deepening his voice with the depth of the old feeling, gives it a sort of moonlight modulation, as if reflecting the beauty and sweetness of his lost wife, and unconsciously translating her image to himself into sound, a conception, as it seems to us, much more like voluntary recollection and a selfconscious rebuilding of the past, than the fitful and moody alienation of mind from which Narcisse is supposed to suffer. If he were really living in the past again, the tone should be the man's old natural tone, the tone of his former emotion. If he is, on the contrary, only voluntarily summoning back a vision which he finds it hard to fix before his mind, then, no doubt, he may really modulate his voice into a sort of fanciful sympathy with the sweetness he wishes to keep before his mind, but is in momentary fear of letting slip. In those dreams when Narcisse is supposed to be lost to his actual situation and living again in a long
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passed happiness, Mr. Bandmann gives us the impression rather of a memory strained to its greatest tension to retain its hold on the past, than of a memory which has actually obliterated by the force of a spontaneous resurrection the aggressive impressions of the existing world. Mr. Bandmann's acting was much more striking when he woke up from this strained reverie to the actual misery of his life, and began amusing the forced leisure of his captivity by a conversation with the little Chinese idol which he constituted his oracle for the moment, and obliged to wag its little rocking head in answer to the questions to which he desired an affirmative. When he asks, "See, now, Professor, is there anywhere a region of tranquillity where those will be united who are separated here?" and sets the oracular Chinese head wagging an assent to his question, there is a tone of selfscorn in his accent, as he comforts himself with the omen he has thus made to his own order, which expresses with wonderful force that wretched mood in which men catch at straws of their own providing, and find a pleasure in it. And when this scorn deepens so that at last he makes his oracle wag its head to a leading question intended to make it confess that all its answers have been untrustworthy, and dashes it on the floor in rage and contempt with himself, the impatience of a misery augmented by enforced idleness can rarely ever have been more finely rendered. Only this is not the sort of misery which is subject to illusion and a clouded mind. And it is no wonder if Mr. Bandmann has taken his cue from this scene for his rendering of parts which are really inconsistent with it. All the parts of the play in which he has to express the tension of vividly conscious feeling— especially feeling with a tinge of bitterness in it—are very finely rendered, though invariably in the same imperious tone, and without conveying any trace of a relaxed mind, which has lost its natural spring and elasticity, its verve and force. In the final scene, in which he recognizes his wife as Madame de Pompadour, the King's mistress, 3 and, after yielding for a moment to the impulse of his old love, casts her off as something worse even than an adulteress and a false woman,—a heartless Court favourite who has grown rich on the misery of France and the oppression of its people, the manner in which Narcisse's wrath grows and swells when he once realizes that his wife has deserted love and him for such ambition as this, furnishes as fine a tragic scene as anything we have seen on the stage for years;—indeed, in the delineation of this concentrated passion and fire of wrath Mr. Bandmann seems to surpass Mr. Fechter, and in this alone. There is less freedom, less ease, but more of tragic wrath, more of crisp democratic hatred and fierce vengeance in his manner, than we ever saw Mr. Fechter reach.
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The plot of Narcisse is a curiously improbable one constructed out of the events of the reign of Louis XV., and giving a mythical account of the fall of Madame de Pompadour. But if we regard the history as subservient to the fiction, instead of the fiction to the history, since the plot is not absolutely impossible, the historical framework decidedly improves it; for it brings a certain richness of association to the dramatic situations, the value of which has not been thrown away in the preparation of the play for the stage. We have seldom seen a play better put on the stage as regards the complete training of the whole cast of actors, 4 and the care taken to make each and all subservient to the general effect. Miss Milly Palmer acts very nicely,—though not entirely without staginess,—the part of the French actress Doris Quinault, who is the link between Narcisse and the Court of Versailles. Miss Herbert makes in the quieter scenes a very effective Pompadour, and especially acts with perfect good taste in the scene of the last great toilette before her fall. In the closing scene, which ought to be one of great passion, she is frigid and almost stony, but does her part beautifully as a corpse. Miss Furtado is sufficiently keen and espiègle as the Marquise d'Epinay, though a manner of somewhat higher breeding would suit the part better. When she taunts the Comte de Barri (we think it is) with being "incorrigible," and he retorts, "And you, Madame, are indispensable," the doubt is suggested whether such a Court spy as Miss Furtado represents could have been sufficiently successful at Court to have earned such an epithet as that. The characters of the two plotters, the Duc de Choiseul and the Comte de Barri, are very well acted by Mr. Jordan and Mr. Farren, and thus the whole effect of the play is quite in keeping with the very skilful and sometimes masterly and striking performance of the principal actor.
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Mrs. Gamp at the Olympic [Originally published in the Spectator, April 4, 1868, pp. 401402, as a subleader on Horace Wigan's stage version of Martin Chuzzlewit, a novel that Hutton declared was "one of the greatest productions of human genius" ("The Superfine View of Dickens," Spectator, January 26,1895, p. 127). 1 (Attributed)]
Mr. J. Clarke has achieved a certain success in the delineation of Mr. Dickens's greatest character,—Mrs. Gamp,—but he has produced the character with such "modifications" (as Lord Stanley says with regard to the Irish Church) that it could scarcely satisfy the mind of her profoundest admirers.2 To act Mrs. Gamp is a greater effort, of course,—because Mrs. Gamp herself is so much grander a conception,—than to act Bailey Junior; and we do not deny, therefore, that Mr. J. Clarke has achieved something greater than Miss E. Farren in her impersonation of Todgers's boy. But certainly the masculine nature in Mr. Clarke has injured Mrs. Gamp, more than the woman in Miss Farren has injured Bailey Junior. Hence her Bailey Junior, though a considerably inferior, is, on the whole, a more perfect artistic effort than Mr. Clarke's more ambitious and more powerful performance. The pert, keen, London gamin, half drilled, but with an ambition for flashy grandeur, is quite within Miss Farren's grasp; indeed, we are not quite sure that she was not born for the part.3 But the conception of Mrs. Gamp can scarcely be within any man's grasp,—though more nearly, perhaps, than within any woman's, for Mr. Dickens, though he has constructed her character most truly on the foundations of a monthly nurse's propensities, has given it an originality, a force of initiative, a farreaching variety of comprehension, to which we never saw any actress ever approach. Still, the masculine basis is a false basis for the character, though it may be subservient to the effects of imaginative freshness and grasp with which the great humourist has endowed his greatest creation. Consider this only,—that Bailey Junior's precocious external criticism on Mrs. Gamp has to be curtailed of one of its most expressive features,—morally as well as physically impressive, we mean,—in order to suit Mr. Clarke's impersonation: "There's the remains of a fine woman about Sairah, Poll," observed Mr. Bailey, with genteel indifference; "too much crumb, you know, too fat, Poll; but there's many worse at her time of life."4 The criticism in italics is necessarily left out at the Olympic, for it would be a very false criticism on Mr. Clarke's ''Mrs. Gamp." There is certainly by no means "too much crumb" about her,— too much crust rather, both physically and mentally. She is, indeed, bony; and being bony, and in physique altogether
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more like Mr. Dickens's conception of her "pardner Betsy Prig," than the true Mrs. Gamp, there is a want of keeping between the unwholesome but overflowing imaginative fat of her mind, which so fills in and cushions the hard knobs of her individual selfishness, and her physical appearance. But even if Mr. Clarke were fat, and not lean, we do not think that—fat being by no means a peculiarity of either sex,—the shortcomings of his qualifications for the character would be removed. The freshness and audacity, the incessant initiative, the sustained selfishness of purpose in Mrs. Gamp's imagination are masculine in their originality; but the plan of its manifestation, the indirectness, the subtle innuendo, the wealth of involved suggestion, the fussy detail, the dappled surface of her professional sentiment, are all completely female, and it is in the delineation of these that Mr. Clarke's efforts are so imperfect. To explain what we mean, let us contrast for a moment the style of Mr. Mould the undertaker's professional sentiments with the style of Mrs. Gamp's. Both are vulgar people, full of the same class of vulgarities, and Mr. Mould is, as pictured by Mr. Dickens (he is omitted from the play at the Olympic), much more of a true caricature than Mrs. Gamp; but note how Mr. Dickens makes Mr. Mould's professional selfinterest and selfadmiration diffuse itself equably and uniformly, as it were, over his mind and speech, while Mrs. Gamp's washes and eddies in and out of the winding course of her fertile invention, with a truly female finesse, a truly female delight in domestic detail, and yet with a breadth and sweep of conception as masculine as the form is feminine:— "'I'll tell you what, my dear' [Mr. Mould observes, when Mrs. Gamp had just left him, after some very acute flattery], 'that's a very shrewd woman. That's a woman whose intellect is immensely superior to her station in life. That's a woman who observes and reflects in an uncommon manner. She's the sort of woman, now,' said Mould, drawing his silk handkerchief over his head again, and composing himself for a nap, 'one would almost be disposed to bury for nothing, and do it neatly, too."' 5
But compare that with the exquisite detail and finesse with which Mrs. Gamp offers a suggestion of precisely identical philanthropy and generosity,—her object being, however, to convey to Mr. Pecksniff an idea of the terms she should expect for her funereal job:— " 'Ah!' repeated Mrs. Gamp, 'ah dear! When Gamp was summonsed to his long home, and I see him a lying in Guy's Hospital, with a penny piece on each eye, and his wooden leg under his left arm, I thought I should have fainted away, but I bore up!' . . . 'You have become indifferent since then, I suppose?' said Mr. Pecksniff. 'Use is second nature, Mrs. Gamp.'—'You may well say second nater, Sir,' returned that lady, 'one's first ways is to find such things a trial to the feelings, and so is one's lasting custom. If it wasn't for the nerve a little sip of liquor gives me (I never was able to do more than taste it) I could never go through with what I sometimes has to do. "Mrs. Harris," I says, at the very last case as ever I acted in, which it was but
Page 138 a young person, "Mrs. Harris," I says, "leave the bottle on the chimleypiece, and don't ask me to take none, but let me put my lips to it when I am so dispoged, and then I will do what I'm engaged to do according to the best of my ability."—''Mrs. Gamp," she says, in answer, "if ever there was a sober creetur to be got at eighteenpence a day for working people, and threeandsix for gentlefolks,"—'night watching,' said Mrs. Gamp, with emphasis, 'being a extra charge,'—"you are that inwallable person."—"Mrs. Harris," I says to her, "don't name the charge, for if I could afford to lay all my fellow creeturs out for nothink, I would gladly do it, sich is the love I bears 'em. But what I always says to them as has the management of matters, Mrs. Harris,"—here she kept her eye on Mr. Pecksniff,—"be they gents, or be they ladies, is, don't ask me whether I won't take none, or whether I will, but put the bottle on the chimleypiece, and let me put my lips to it when so dispoged."'" 6
What a subtle finesse, and yet what a stretch of bold imagination there is here,—as unlike Mr. Mould's sober and practical measurement of his individual regard for Mrs. Gamp, by his approach to willingness "to bury her for nothing, and do it neatly too," as is the illimitable sea which yet winds so close and subtly round the coasts, and creeks, and inlets of the islands it encompasses, from the mere artificial moat of a mediæval castle! Now, what we mean by saying that Mr. J. Clarke's sex is a great hindrance to him in the efficient delineation of Mrs. Gamp, in spite of some incidental advantages, is that he fails to give to his manner this vulgar finesse, this womanish interest in the ins and outs, the details and domestic pictures, of Mrs. Gamp's vagrant, yet thoroughly practical imagination. He acts her severe style admirably. Nothing could be better than the way he hooked Mr. Pinch with the umbrella at the steampacket wharf, and then savagely replied to his courteous question of which packet she wanted, "I suppose nobody but yourself can want to look at a steampackage without wanting to go a boarding of it, can they, booby?"7 Mr. Clarke is admirable also in the commonplace servile parts, where he makes Mrs. Gamp curry favour with young married ladies whom she thinks possible customers. But he brings out her meditative memories as if they were points (which, of course, to the audience, they are), but without any of the fat and rambling pensiveness of Mrs. Gamp's rehearsing imagination. For instance, when she recalls the fate of her own children, "'My own,' I says, 'has fallen out of three pair backs, and had damp doorsteps settled on their lungs, and one was turned up smilin' in a bedstead unbeknown!"'8 Mr. Clarke does not seem really absorbed at all in the intrinsic interest of what he is recalling; but, on the contrary, speaks it to the audience as one of his points. Mrs. Gamp is, no doubt, almost as difficult to act when indulging these great recollections, as is Hamlet in reverie and soliloquy,—and Mr. Clarke makes the same sort of mistake in delivering her recollections as Mr. Fechter in the celebrated, "To be, or not to be?"9 He does not let his mind wander gently over the subject, with a sort of chuckling emphasis on the detail. He
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blurts out his recollections with too much emphasis on the jokes, though, we admit, with the thick and snuffy articulation of the true Mrs. Gamp. His conception of the way in which Mrs. Gamp probably took snuff, and of the audible convulsions in the throat which followed that operation, is perfect. Again, her frenzy of passion with Betsy Prig, when both these ladies have drunk enough from the teapot to inflame as well their noses as their passions, is very good. But these are but the superficial traits of this great creation. The audacious originality of Mrs. Gamp's genius in inventing a Mrs. Harris (with a family history of an immense minuteness and detail that is worthy of Defoe, and capable of indefinite extempore additions from time to time), and the immense subtlety with which this artifice is used as the medium of panegyric on her own capacities and virtues both professional and domestic, is not at all adequately expressed in Mr. Clarke's impersonation. We have said that there is insufficient lovingness in the way in which he makes her recall the real and imaginary incidents of her picturesque career. There is also a want of cunning self importance in the manner of those circumbendibuses 10 which she always brings round with such admirable dramatic sureness of aim to her own merits and hopes. And there is a general deficiency of spontaneousness and involuntary current, about the drift of her recollections and inventions. Mrs. Gamp, though cunning enough, is not, we must remark, consciously so in her recollections. They turn on the pivot of self unconsciously. When she offers to prepare toast and butter for others, she asks them if they would not like it "without the crust," and then lapses with perfect unconsciousness into the theme of herself, for whom, of course it turns out that she is really preparing it,—"by reason of tender teeth, which, Gamp, being in liquor, knocked out four at a blow," &c.11 But this turn of her reverie is entirely spontaneous, reverting to herself only as the natural centre of all things, and is not in any way wrenched cunningly to her purpose. There is, then, an immense abandon of nature about Mrs. Gamp, which Mr. Clarke renders very imperfectly. Perhaps it is beyond not only him, but all human actors. A woman who could contemplate quite casually laying out "all her fellowcreeturs" from the love she bears them, is not easily to be portrayed on any human stage.
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The Tenderness for Actors [Originally published in the Spectator, January 8, 1870, pp. 4243, as a subleader reflecting on the address by Charles James Mathews (180378), on January 4th at Covent Garden. 1 (Attributed)]
Mr. Charles Matthews[sic] evidently keenly appreciates, and if it were only possible, might be almost said to reciprocate, that curious kind of private friendship which the English public seems to entertain for its favourite actors.2 Strictly speaking, of course, though an actor may be regarded by thousands of his admirers with a certain feeling of almost tender and familiar intimacy, it is quite impossible he should reciprocate the feeling to multitudes whom he never consciously beheld or heard of. But still he may be sufficiently aware of the general nature of the feelings of which he is the object, to reciprocate them towards some abstract and nonexisting being representing to his imagination the various audiences which have caught so intelligently his various humorous touches, and shown themselves so ready to enter into his lightest hints of expression. And certainly Mr. Charles Matthews must have had a very distinct image of some such being in his mind, and attributed to it very correctly the feelings with which he has been in fact regarded by thousands of persons unknown to him, when he addressed his Covent Garden audience on Tuesday with that easy air of affectionate selfbanter and allusive confidence, joking over his former heavy debts,—he had once had, he said, in a sort of play upon playbills, bills flying all over the town,—and expressing himself as halfpensive, halfhopeful, halfnervous about his professional prospects in Australia, with just that air of halfassumed modesty and wholly unassumed pleasure in talking of himself, which so often lends fascination to a pleasant but not very deep friendship. Undoubtedly there is this curious sense of easy intimacy and personal regard between the public and a favourite actor, which makes it seem quite natural for the latter to talk of himself and his affairs, his anxieties and his expectations, without the smallest danger of being charged with impertinence, nay, with a tolerable certainty of giving great pleasure. Of course, what he says is not believed exactly, not even as much as it might be believed if it were said in a drawingroom—poured into a single ear. But it is half believed, and everyone goes away with something of the same feeling of flattered personal regard which would be entertained if the distinguished actor in question had spoken individually to each of his audience in the same strain. What, then, is the secret of this curious personal relation between the public and their favourite actors,— personal in a degree which certainly does not obtain either with
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their favourite poets, or orators, or statesmen,—personal in a sense which interests them in the private affairs of such actors, and makes it quite seemly in the latter to allude to their own pecuniary difficulties, and speculate on their possible professional successes in just the same tone, halfserious and halfbadinage, in which they would say the same things to private friends? The reason is, as we believe, that we know our actors,—not perhaps better, it may be much worse, but still much more personally and familiarly, know much more of them in some senses at least, than we do any other public men, the greatest orators included. We know precisely how they smile when they are pleased, how they frown when they are worried, how much play there is in their faces, how they look when they are finessing, how they would brazen out a detection, how they would put down arrogance (if they had the nerve), how they would flirt when they did flirt, how they would look in fact in the hundreds of situations in which we may have seen them on the stage. It may be very certain, indeed, that if the actor in question was really, and on his own account, involved in any of those dilemmas from which on the stage he extricates himself so cleverly, he would act utterly differently, and not show any of the qualities which he has acted to us so ably. But the accuracy of our knowledge of his character is not the point at all. In our lighter and more superficial friendships we are influenced, not so much by what men and women are, as by what they show us the possibility of their being. What we care for in such cases is the play of the face, and the number of expressions we have seen on it, the effect those expressions have had in conveying distinct impressions to ourselves, the amount of new and vivid life, in short, which they have given us. No doubt the public's personal estimate of an actor whom they have seen in a hundred different plays,—not one of them perhaps representing in the slightest degree the sort of drama which goes on behind the scenes in his own domestic life,—must be a very curious hodgepodge indeed;—a miscellaneous bundle of associations which he has had the skill to excite and connect together in his audiences' minds, but very few, if any, of which were real peeps into the heart and life of the performer. But however misleading the stagelife may be in giving us any conception of the real man who fascinates us by his skill in it, still it does give us a false sense of familiarity, not only with the actor, but with the man. Of course no one is so foolish as to identify him with any one of his various parts,—or else he would incur dislike for his powerful delineation of evil characters, instead of vastly increasing his favour with the public, as he does,—nor do we believe that even as regards the good characters, there is any tendency even in the stupidest person to confuse between the actor and the part. Mr. Charles Matthews is no more thought of especially as Sir Charles Coldstream than he is as the hero of the Overland Route, or of any other of
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the many comedies and farces which he has rendered pleasant by his humour and ease. 3 But from every such part, whether he be representing that which we admire or that which we detest, or only that which amuses us by its wealth of eccentricity and absurdity, we are apt to gather some sort of impression as to the man's range of expression, as to his understanding at least of the humour and the embarrassments and the griefs and joys of life,—in a word, as to the interpreting side of his mind, his power of entering into a great variety of phases of life. Nobody who saw the late Mr. Robson in the burlesque of Medea ever thought of his burlesque of rage and hatred as a part of himself. But then no one who saw him in that or in his burlesque of Lear, or in any other of his tragicomic characters, could help carrying away with him a deep sense of Mr. Robson's marvellous feeling for the intimate connection between laughter and tears, between the terrible and the absurd, between agony and farce.4 Now, such a feeling as that is a real part of the man himself, though it may be equally easily a real part either of a very good, or of a very bad, or of a very indifferent man, a man whom you could love, hate, or simply not care about at all. And so far as it goes, such a quality is a very attractive quality. It implies a marked mental feature,—we do not say of the very essence of the man, for nothing is of his very essence that does not affect his will and his affections,—but still the kind of personal feature which more than any other affects superficial attractions and repulsions. No one dreams of supposing Mr. Sothern like Lord Dundreary; but we do carry away from his Lord Dundreary quite a new sense of his insight into the natural history of indolent pride and imbecility, and the finesse of humour with which they may be complicated.5 That he should have such a command of the finer shades of expression by which these transitions are expressed is undoubtedly a quality of great social interest which, though it tells you nothing at all of Mr. Sothern's inner nature, tells you a good deal about some of his qualities as a companion,—and just the kind of things which seem to strike up a personal intimacy between the public and such an actor. For the purposes of all such slight intimacies it is really of far more importance to know the range and tone of a man's social key, so to speak, than to know what he himself feels and is. What he has experienced, what he has understood of that experience, what he can make us to understand of that experience,—these are the important questions with regard to a mere first acquaintance, or a candidate for friendship in that milder sense which only implies a certain amount of mutual gratitude. For in this sense it is not so material what a man is, as what he seems to you. When Mr. Matthews talked of his bills flying all over town, probably no one in the theatre for a moment thought of that little confidence as a window into the prodigality of the man, but only as an illustration of his easy and humorous familiarity
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of confidence with his audience. Though we like to hear an actor talk publicly about himself and his prospects, it is not on the ground that this throws any real light on himself, for that we know very well he would be sure to avoid,—but it is that it throws a light on that part of himself which alone we have ever known or cared to know, his knowledge of the world, his power of access to the springs of feeling, from whatever cause he derives it, the social envelope of him, in short,—not himself. And the truth, no doubt, is that a vast number of our private acquaintances are valued only to the same extent, i.e., as men of experience, with a power of so far interpreting their experience as to enlarge our knowledge of life. Very many slight friendships never get very much beyond this stage. It is a distinct advance to begin to sound deliberately the real man beneath the impressions which he gives you. And it is partly because this is so difficult,—if not impossible,—in regard to a favourite actor that the relation is so pleasant. In ordinary life, though it is difficult to go far beneath the surface, it is equally difficult not to go a little beneath the surface, not to find yourself compelled to say sometimes,—'There was the true man, and not merely the companion.' And such discoveries, whether agreeable or the reverse, have something incomplete and tantalizing about them. In the case of favourite orators, statesmen, and politicians, one of the chief fascinations consists in connecting their speeches with their true selves. But with an actor, while you know quite enough for the lighter kind of liking,—while you have seen his face in a far greater number of different moods of expression than you have than even of your best friend,—you can never pretend to have a reliable personal knowledge of him, partly on account of the great variety of the attitudes which you know he can take up. And therefore, so far as you do know him, you are content without the attempt to decipher more. The friendship, though it is not a deep one, is complete as far as it goes. You know what he has done for you, what he can do for you, and you do not know what he really is. Thus while the knowledge you have is eminently personal and familiar, and even wide in its way, you are not troubled with any hints or puzzles of the kind which even the very slightest acquaintance in real life is apt to suggest. An actor may be a sort of fanciful idol, with all the lines and tones of real life about your image of him, and yet without giving you either the means of knowing or the wish to know, how far those lines and tones correspond to the reality within.
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A Holiday in the Tyrol II.—The Passion Play [at Ammergau] [Originally published in the Spectator, August 20,1870, pp. 10031005, as a "Letter to the Editor," dated from Berne, Friday, August 12, 1870, and signed, "An Englishwoman in Difficulties." 1 (Identified)]
. . . We had felt more anxious, as I told you in my last letter, as to the effect of the PassionPlay on us, the nearer we were to the fulfilment of the longdelayed expectation. Like most other English people who went there, I had read the account of the play in "Quits" by the Baroness Tautphoeus, at the time when Flunger, who now acts the part of Pilate, took that of Christ.2 And her account made me fear the play might be almost too oppressively real, too much of an illusion. On the other hand, on the Saturday, Henry had been shown Joseph Mair, who now takes the part of Christ, sitting in a wideawake and short jacket with some friends outside one of the Ammergau inns, drinking a glass of beer, and had thought his face, as seen under these not very fortunate circumstances, though gentle and, for his position in life, singularly refined, quite wanting in the majesty requisite to present springs of action so unique and unearthly,—and apparently, too, a little shadowed by a personal melancholy, or perhaps it might be by a craving for work more suitable to his powers than the woodcarving which is his usual occupation. How, if the whole representation were marred by a touch of anything morbid and selfregarding in the expression of one who in every word and deed should have seemed to be founding a kingdom that is not of this world? But neither fear was in the least realized. The openair theatre, with the very unOriental scenery,—the bright green mountainside, with its herds of cows, its hayfields and pine woods, towering behind the stage and its mimic Jerusalem,—the larks that hung over the audience vying with the finest of the singers in the beauty of their song,—the bright butterflies that darted to and fro among us whenever a gleam of sun came out,—all gave an outside framework, as it were, to the play which kept our imaginations fully awake to the fact that it was but a reproduction of the Passion in a distant land and time, and guarded us against falling under the spell of what I might call an unreal realism. Moreover, the longrobed and gailyrobed "Schutzgeister," 'protecting spirits,' as the people there called them, who played the part of a Greek chorus, reciting, chaunting, and singing their comments on the development of the action,3 and their descriptions of those various illustrative tableauxvivants from the earlier periods of Jewish history, by which
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the leading events of our Lord's life were, or were supposed to be, prefigured, interposed a confessed artistic purpose between the spectator and the action, and protected us from any illusion that we were gazing at the greatest, darkest, brightest action of human history, and not merely at a dim image of it. There is not only no vulgar attempt at that 'deception' which is falsely called realism, and is, in fact, the most utter unrealism; but there is a much completer freedom from it than is at all usual in the modern drama;—a freedom partly due to the pure air and natural lights and shadows of the wide mountain landscape, which counteract every morbid or artificial excitement,—partly to the greatness of the action itself, which, like the themes of old Greek tragedies, kept before our eyes sufferings and aims elevated far beyond those of ordinary life. Hence, though I felt, with the heroine in "Quits," from the moment that the procession with Christ sitting on the ass wound on to the stage, that every interest centred at once in that strangely impressive figure, from which it was impossible to remove the eyes while it remained before them,—yet there was not a trace of that harassing and absorbing pain which would have accompanied any illusion, any forgetfulness that what we saw was not an image of the past, but a tragedy maturing in our presence. On the other hand, Henry's fear that there would hardly be enough majesty in the figure, or sufficient elevation above personal mortifications to express the supernatural range of motive essential to the whole, disappeared in a moment. The singular grace of the purple robe did something; but Herr Mair's complete possession by the radical idea of our Lord's life,—an interior life lived with the Father which drew none of its deeper springs from mere earthly circumstance,—gave to a dark face, and tender, speaking eyes, which certainly had enough capacity for expressing, under other influences, a morbid dejection, a grandeur of mien, and a complete "detachment" 4 from all earthly passion which I have never seen,—at least in combination with so much human tenderness,—in any of the painters' ideal Christs. If there were any defect in the representation, it was perhaps that the faraway light in the eyes so entirely predominated that one missed in vividness the flash when it struck either on evil or on good. When, after sliding with inexpressible grace from the ass on which he rode, and entering the outer Court of the Temple, he finds it full of the tables of the moneychangers and of those who sold doves, there is perhaps too much of mild serenity in the tone of the severe judgment, 'It is written, my Father's house is a house of prayer, but ye have made it a den of thieves.' When he asks Judas, "Judas, betrayest thou the Son of Man with a kiss?" there is not that lightening of the eye for which one looks. And when, bending under the cross, he cries, "Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves and
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for your children. If this is done in the green tree, what shall be done in the dry?" there is hardly that piercing vision of the appalling future in his glance which seems to be demanded by its wholly obliterating for the moment so terrible a present. But this, I think, is almost the only criticism which the most fastidious observer could have passed. For true and perfectly natural stateliness of movement and dignity of manner, both in private with the Apostles, and amidst every indignity of the trial, it is impossible to conceive Herr Mair's part surpassed. "Ye call me Master and Lord, and ye say well, for so I am," is pronounced in a tone which explains how impossible it was that any act of humility, like the washing of the disciples' feet, should in him involve a humiliation. The almost utter silence, too, before Annas, Caiaphas, Herod, and Pilate, and the complete passiveness in the hands of the soldiers, as they struck and insulted him, were all accompanied by a look, not of fortitude and tension, but rather of what the Roman Catholics call 'recollection,' 5 a look as if there were nothing in these coarse questions and insults to which any genuine answer or explanation or expostulation were appropriate, but rather only a current of inevitable passions, a surface current of which the moving spring lay deep beyond the reach of words; as if, in short, there were no real want which words could reach, only, at most, an opportunity for words which could not but be vain. Nothing struck me more freshly than the effect of this prolonged and hardlybroken silence of Christ's. In reading the history, one cannot realize this, both because the events pass far too quickly in the terse narrative, and because such silence, till you see it, is a negative and not a positive conception. I confess I never realized so fully the meaning of 'the Word made flesh'6 as when I perceived the connection between the Divine speech and silence. The crucifixion thrilled, but did not horrify me. The scene opens after the crosses of the crucified malefactors have been already raised on each side. And as the greater cross in the middle, on which Christ is stretched, is slowly elevated into its place, and Mair's head turns painfully round, his eyes resting upon the soldiers immediately beneath him, who are throwing their dice for his unseamed garment, and then on the group of women and disciples standing afar off, a slight shudder ran through the audience, and in all parts of the theatre there were men and women alike unable to restrain their tears. But even then there was no physical horror. The scene was too familiar in the history of Christian art. The living forms of the soldiers and the priests as they pass and repass the dying figure, the weeping Magdalen with her yellow robe and her long hair wound round the foot of the cross, the voice which pardons the penitent malefactor, asks forgiveness for the mockers, and commends the mother to the beloved disciple, though they vivify the great
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conceptions of Albert Dürer or Velasquez, and do something towards bridging the waste of centuries, do not in the least impose on the spectator. The whole medium of triumphant associations through which you gaze and listen, is too strong for that. You are not conniving at a murder; you are commemorating a sacrifice. It is a pity that the play does not end here, or that if any scenes are given after the resurrection, they should not be the walk to Emmaus and the appearance to St. Thomas, which have in them so much of human pathos. The scenes of resurrection and ascension, with their somewhat clumsilyarranged machinery of miracle, a little mar the wonderful unity of the previous effect. Of the disciples, Peter, John, and Judas were given with real power by Jakob Hett, Johann Zwink, and Gregor Lechner, of whom the second looked rather "the disciple whom Jesus loved" than the Son of Thunder (Boanerges); while the last, though he made perhaps a little too much of the greed and avarice of Judas, expressed his despair at the issue of his sin in an attitude of agony that I can never forget,—his hand pressed on his forehead with a force which brought his elbow above the level of his head, and his upturned face gleaming white with horror. The curious thing was that all these men were genuine peasants in their speech and demeanour,—not clowns or rudemannered, but "unlearned and ignorant men," 7 —while not a vestige of this origin hung about their comrades who took the parts of Christ, Pilate, and Herod. Indeed, the art shown by Herr Flunger and Herr Lang, who took respectively the parts of Pilate and Herod, was marvellous. The former is the same actor who twenty years ago delighted the Baroness Tautphoeus so much by his representation of Christ. In 1860 he took the part which he acted again this year, of Pilate. It is hard to conceive two characters so different. But for Madame Tautphoeus's evidence, it would be impossible to conceive that the face which expressed so powerfully the Roman noble's proud indifference to the superstitions of the Jews, his haughty contempt and dislike for the high priests, his supercilious wonder at Christ's mysticism and impracticability, however modified by a clear recognition of the singular loftiness of character beneath, his sagacious deference to popular wishes, and none the less his fundamental scorn for the mob he was so anxious to conciliate, could have expressed twenty years ago the wonderful spiritual beauty and 'detachment' from earthly motives of the Saviour of mankind. One would have called his face a cold though by no means cruel one. Certainly, with Herr Lang, who took the part of Herod, any such change of parts must have been always quite impossible. His was a part of selfish and sensual goodnature and luxurious vanity. He welcomes Christ as the Czar or Napoleon might have welcomed Mr. Home, from the appetite for physical marvel,8 and suggests
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to him one miracle after another which he would like to see performed, treating Christ's unbroken silence as indicating imbecility and imposture which are irritating because they have wasted time which he might have spent in amusement and have made him look foolish, but which it would be ridiculous to treat as justifying death. He sends Jesus away with a shrug of the shoulder,—'John the Baptist at least could make kings tremble;—this man is a dumb dog, not to be compared to him for a moment.' The contrast between the puppetking living for pleasure and ostentation, and the working Roman Governor could hardly have been more powerfully given. But the most unexpected of the impressions which the Play made upon me was that produced by the vivid popular life thrown into it. You saw this as well in the most purely pictorial as in the most exciting and clamorous scenes. The tableauxvivants from the Old Testament, really picturesque and brilliant, often contained many more than a hundred figures, and amongst them considerable numbers of children in attitudes which were never for a moment varied during the three or four minutes that they were presented to the spectators. At least, I only once saw a mere baby's arm tremble, and the fiery sword, which the angel pointed at Adam and Eve when driven out of Paradise, waver, I think, a moment in its bearer's hand; and Henry, who saw the whole play again when it was repeated on the Monday (I seeing only a part), reported that Tobit's little dog, a wiry terrier of rather a large breed, which I had supposed to be stuffed, wagged its tail and ran off as the curtain descended before it was quite hidden from view. But, for the most part, the artistic perfection of very difficult and elaborate tableaux, including great numbers of figures of all ages, and for the preparation of which often three or four minutes must have been the longest available time, was really marvellous. Moreover, we heard, and our own experience partly confirmed it, that the grouping is varied in almost every performance, being left in great measure to the artistic instinct and training of the performers. Such a tableau as that of the people of Israel massed together in the wilderness, where every man, woman, and child looks up with awe and joy as the shower of manna descends from heaven, a tableau connected with the gift of the living bread in the Last Supper,—could only have been arranged as it is by a people whose ancestors had been trained to artistic work of this kind, and among whom the tradition had never faded away. But this popular effect is still more striking in the scenes where the mob of Jerusalem, stirred up by the priests and terrified at the prospect of Roman vengeance for the kingly claims of Christ, howls for the release of the ruffian Barabbas (who, clothed in his prison sackcloth, looks on with brutal enjoyment at the scene), and
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for the crucifixion of Jesus. After a most exquisite piece of music in parts,—the present music, by the way (much of it wonderfully fine, and, I was told by those who know more of it than myself, very original) was composed by an Ammergau schoolmaster in 1810, and no part of it has ever been published,—in which the chorus pleads for the release of Jesus, while the unseen crowds in the background respond with demands for the release of Barabbas and the most solemn imprecations of the blood of our Lord on themselves and their children, the scene commences in which they fiercely urge the crucifixion, and repel with ferocity what seem to be the sneers of the Roman Governor at their wish to have their King crucified. There was the effect of a truly local mob,—of common habits and common origin about the demeanour of the multitude in this scene,—which made its apparent passion infinitely more impressive than that of any stage crowd I ever saw. It was a people, and not a mere company of actors, a people swayed by the feeling of vehement common interests and fears. Henry said that Mr. Darwin should cite the Ammergau Play as ''proof of the hereditary accumulation of artistic capacities in a selected race," 9 whatever he meant by that; but it sounds so well, I thought I would mention it. None of these people get real profit by the play. I was told that the most that players of the first class, Joseph Mair, Flunger, and the leader of the orchestra, Herr Gutsjell, with many others, would get in a good year, would be about £12, for something like thirty or forty full performances (of eight hours each) and innumerable rehearsals through the previous winter. Clearly that is no profit, but a great pecuniary loss. This year, as the performances ended two or three months before the usual time, I fear they will get nothing; and perhaps the poor actors will be shot before they feel the need of it.10 But as to the tendency of the PassionPlay, you may ask, was it to produce a deeper feeling for Christ, or to fritter feeling away in picturesque effects? I can only answer for myself. I admit that in many of the audience there were occasionally signs of a shallow and empty curiosity. When the liberated doves flew out of the Temple, there was a titter; and there was an inane disposition to regard Judas as the comic character of the piece,—comic on account of his failure. When he cast down, with every sign of real despair, the thirty pieces of silver on the floor of the treasury, I heard a distinct giggle; and one chit of a German girl near us said to her brother, "Ich kann nur lachen" ('I can't help laughing'), in a weak, apologetic way, that gave me a strong desire to order her off to bed. But nothing more exalting than the effect apparently produced on the actors themselves is easily imaginable. And for myself, I can only say that when some Sundays later I heard in the lesson of the day St. John's account of the crucifixion, it came to me with a freshness and
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power that made my heart beat fast. Again I heard the oaths and jests of the soldiers, saw the high priests wagging their wicked grey heads, heard the people yelling "We have no king but Caesar," was filled with the majesty of that thrilling voice which declared, "For this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I might bear witness to the Truth;" and caught the halfsupercilious, halfsad enigma put by the Roman Governor, "What is truth?" I can only describe the general effect produced on my mind as the Spanish friar described to Wilkie, when gazing in admiration at one of the Last Suppers of Velasquez, how the picture had so taken possession of his imagination as to make the common events of life seem almost unreal phantoms beside it. The Passion Play at Ammergau had much the same effect on my mind:— "It seemed as though these were the living men, And we, the coloured shadows on the wall." 11 An Englishwoman In Difficulties.
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Miss Bateman's Medea [Originally published in the Spectator, July 20,1872, pp. 91011, as a subleader on the performance of the American actress, Kate Josephine Bateman (Mrs. George Crowe), 1842 1917, in the leading rôle of W. G. Wills's fiveact tragedy, Medea in Corinth at the Lyceum Theatre. 1 (Attributed)]
Miss Bateman has certainly grown wonderfully in power since she first acted in Leah in this country.2 Her performance of Medea at the Lyceum is occasionally grand in the highest sense, not in that baser sense which has gone far to degrade the word itself; and true grandeur is a quality that we have been little accustomed to,— especially in actresses,—on the English stage. Her countenance and whole bearing are admirably fitted for the part. In the person of Medea there needs to be something visible not merely of the enchantress, but of the barbaresque enchantress. She feels keenly her intellectual inferiority to her husband's race. She understands that she has lost her hold on Jason partly through the inferiority of her type to the Greek type,—that inferiority which is somehow closely connected with her dealings with the preternatural world, the Greeks regarding it as more seemly, more human, more worthy of the dignity of humanity, not to meddle in that which was not properly adapted to human powers. All this Miss Bateman's face, figure, and bearing are marvellously well adapted to express. At least, to an English audience, there is something if not weird, at least with great capabilities of weirdness, in the anxious, joyless, hatchetfaced, but powerful and dominant Yankee countenance, which Miss Bateman has in its perfection, though she has, by the way, cured her voice of its Yankee intonations. Under the spell of Miss Bateman's art, this face expresses the griefs and exhaustion of longdeferred hope and brooding passion, and the latent threat which belongs to the sorceress's consciousness of preternatural power and almost preternatural vindictiveness, with wonderful effect, and with that barbaresque tone which contrasts powerfully with the finished grace of the perfectly human conception of life as the Greeks had conceived and developed it. There is something wild and ungoverned in her eye, something which speaks of cruel passions underlying queenly dignity. This is the first great element of her success. It is sadly lessened, indeed, by the extremely inadequate support of which she can avail herself. Mr. Swinbourne as Jason is, to a cultivated taste, really painful.3 Where you want the graceful Greek selfishness which, in spite of indomitable courage, positively shrinks away—the time of youthful passion once past—from the fierce and suspicious jealousy which dominates Medea, you have nothing but the stagey hero of melodramatic art. Medea's rival,
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the daughter of the King of Corinth, whom Jason weds, Glaucea (why Glaucea, by the way, which is not Greek, while the loss of the final letter would have made it so?) 4 is somewhat better. It is a tribute to Miss Bateman's power, that the moment she comes upon the stage, Miss Virginia Francis, who was acting almost vulgarly before, rises into something like reality and simplicity. The father, Kreon (Mr. Ryder), is a good commonplace stageking,—the kind of actor who thoroughly knows the business of acting, but has not a spark of real dramatic talent,—and he, again, helps to dispel all illusion. Finally, the part of Orpheus seemed to us, we confess, almost ludicrous,—the mystic bard being represented by the embodiment of Cockneypoetical gloom.5 Miss Bateman has to carry the whole weight of the play on her own shoulders. There is not a touch in it of power which she does not give, and as is very natural with such support, she herself often falls into unreal and stagey intonations. For instance, when in describing Jason's reception at Colchis, she said, "He asked for hospitality,—'twas granted!" there was all the false emphasis laid on this merely introductory and completely unemphatic statement, into which common actresses so often fall. She made a stagey point of hóspitality, as if there were rhetoric in the mere word. Of course, she would say that Jason's violation of the sacred relation of host and guest was one of her points. But the art of an actress consists as much in not overdoing her little points as in the power with which she really makes her great strokes, and Miss Bateman has not yet learned the true economy of passion. When she got on to her personal confession, "I listened, trembled, hoped, despaired, and loved," she was admirable; there was the true eloquence of a later and deeper despair than that of her early youth, in her elocution. But Miss Bateman, powerful as she is, must be said to have yet much to learn in the direction of simplicity and graduation of effect. She forgets the value of the softer lights to throw out the stronger. She is too even in her energy, too much on the stretch in the passages of narrative. Nor can we admire the incantation scene. It,—or the blue and yellow fire with which Medea's face was irradiated as she pronounced her spell over the veil by which Glaucea was to be wrapped in fire,—brought down great applause from the house, but left the present writer at least and his companion in amused indifference. No doubt it is very difficult for a modern actress to pronounce such a spell as that without rant. The ideas proper to the sorceress are not in our air. We cannot believe in the working of such magic, and that is apt to make itself felt, and the actor too often supplies their place by a very different thing,—the force of malediction. It seems to us that Miss Bateman falls into this mistake. Her words come forth in a torrent of spasmodic and concentrated malediction. She does not seem to thrill
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with awe of the powers she is invoking. She gives us no sense of shuddering at her own necromancy. It is like a modern curse expanded,—that is to say, it expresses an enormous intensity of passion, but no sense of creative power in connection with that passion. There should be the strongest possible contrast between her manner of pronouncing the incantation,—where she is dealing directly with the preternatural,—and her vision of its working, when she may,—as she does,—fairly lose herself in the gratification of satiated hatred as she beholds in vision her hated rival's suffering and Jason's deadly defeat. And there is a great difference between her acting in the two scenes, but it is not the contrast we look for. The last is perfect of its kind. The laugh into which she bursts as she describes, in her trance of her second sight, the heap of ashes whom Jason can alone embrace as a bride, is the ghastliest and most impressive expression of vindictiveness which the present writer has ever seen on the English stage. But the incantation scene differs from this only as an unreal and therefore spasmodic anticipation of deadly revenge differs from its fruition. The incantation has to owe all its preternaturalness of impression to the blue and yellow lights, the gloom and the thunder, nothing to any sense that the sorceress is wielding preternatural powers. It is a poor scene, and shows that Miss Bateman has nothing of her great countryman, Hawthorne's, susceptibility to uncanny conceptions 6 in her nature. She found in the strain of artificial passion but a poor equivalent for the thrill of meddling in preternatural affairs. She was never so little weird as in that scene. And to make an end of cavils, we cannot agree with those,—some of them excellent critics,—who greatly admired her last word in the play,—we mean her answer to Jason, when, the moment after the fearful death of his bride, he asks,—as he, frozen as he should be by horror, certainly ought not to be at such an instant able to ask,—"Who killed the children?" and she replies, "Thou!" We had expected to see in that ejaculation the fierce selfdefiance of remorse trying vainly to throw the burden of the crime on him whose infidelity to her had led her to commit it; but it seemed to us the ejaculation of merely queenly and imperious reproach, of one standing above the sphere of passion, and trying to assign the true responsibility with the statuesque dignity of a goddess. There should have been, we think, the first attempt to keep at bay the horror of a furyhaunted heart in that last ejaculation. We ought to have seen the satiety of revenge giving place to a wild doubt of her own cruelty, but struggling to repel the doubt. Yet to us Miss Bateman seemed but the incarnation of a dignified Nemesis authoritatively pointing Jason to his own guilt, and apparently quite innocent of guilt herself. That final ejaculation must have been felt by many to be an anticlimax.
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And now as to what Miss Bateman did do with almost unapproachable force. First, there was that great passage,—in the parody of which both Robson and Ristori showed their genius for true tragedy, 7 —where Medea describes her jealousy, and uses the celebrated image of the leopard tearing its prey. It would be hardly possible for any actress, the greatest in the world, to surpass that in power. The leopard was incarnate in her, and the thrilled spectators could almost see the streams of blood drawn by its cruel fangs and claws from the body of its victim. Then, again, there was the sentence which closed the first act, when her rival has avowed her approaching marriage with Jason, whom she already calls "her lord," and Medea replies in a tone equally mixed of the scrutinising vision of the sorceress, and the loathing scorn of a furious woman for an evidently weaker rival, "He thy lord! It may be!" There was perhaps more real subtlety, more promise of capacity for the delicate nuances of the highest acting in this sentence,—her thoughts seeming half lost in the reverie of an inner vision, half concentrated in forbidding menace on Glaucea,—than in any other sentence of the play. But no one can deny that there was true pathos in the scenes with the children, especially that most moving one where Jason offers to let her take one away with her, and she declares it impossible to make her choice between the one whom she had loved the longest and the one that was most dependent on her still. Miss Bateman's pathos is not equal to her vindictive passion, but it is of no common order, nevertheless. On the whole, no candid critic will deny the wonderful growth of Miss Bateman's power since she first acted in Leah in this country; but to us, at least, there seems to be still a very great distance between what she is and what she might be. Most of all, she wants naturalness and ease in the level dialogue,—she needs to cast off the too constant straining after the grand style. Then she often wants subtlety in interpreting the character, though she shows plenty of power of conveying subtle effects, where she has entered fully into the situation. Most of all, she wants adequate dramatic support. But who shall find her that—in classical tragedy—on the English stage?
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"Hamlet" at the Crystal Palace [Originally published in the Spectator, May 10, 1873, pp. 59798, as a subleader on Tom Taylor's attempt to stage Shakespeare's plays away from the centre of London. (Attributed)]
Mr. Tom Taylor's chief difficulty in the great attempt he is making with so much ability and spirit to represent Shakespeare's plays adequately at the Crystal Palace, will arise not from himself or from his troupe, but from the intrinsic disadvantages of an afternoon performance, from which the audience melts away for traincatching and engagementkeeping purposes before the play is over. 1 This is an annoyance which damps the spirit of the actors, because it breaks up the collective spirit of the audience, and therefore cools their enthusiasm. The difficulty is almost insuperable as regards the representation of Shakespeare's plays, very few of which can be presented under three hours, while Hamlet takes nearly four, quite too long for an audience which has still duties in prospect before it sleeps. Again, the theatre at the Crystal Palace is in an acoustic point of view an exceedingly imperfect structure, and that deficiency also tends to make the audience feel less indisposed to leave before the play is over. In spite of these great difficulties, no one who has more than once seen Hamlet as it is put on the stage at the Crystal Palace,—the first representation last Saturday was by no means up to those of the present week,—will doubt that he has seen, on the whole, by far the best 'Hamlet' of our own time. We do not mean that Mr. MacKaye,2 —though he has indisputable genius, and acts much better than Mr. Fechter in several critical scenes,—has as much fire and life as Mr. Fechter, but that the costumes and scenery of the play are admirable; that the intellectual interpretations of obscure points,—like the sudden "Where's your father?" in the scene between Hamlet and Ophelia,3 even when they are somewhat doubtful, are pointed and telling, and that the whole drill of the actors is better than in any rendering of Hamlet, or indeed of Shakespeare, that has been seen since Macready's time at least, and in our opinion, in a better school of taste than Macready's.4 The surmise of some of our contemporaries that the actors had been drilled out of all originality and presence of mind by a too anxious and literary drill master, has really nothing at all to support it except the high a priori ground of reasoning, that with such a manager it was a result not unlikely. We suspect Mr. Taylor, like a wise manager, has worked more by influence than authority,—indeed, on the first representation we caught Horatio quite enjoying himself during Hamlet's
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address to his father's ghost, till he suddenly recollected that he too ought to share the awe his Prince was expressing. There was assuredly no sign in the actors of highpressure intellectual pedagogism, while the supervision of a finely cultivated taste was visible in all the finesse of gesture and action. For instance, Hamlet's abrupt action in taking from Ophelia the book which Polonius had put into her hands merely to lend colour to her loneliness, gives the keynote to the scene, by marking at once his rough distrust of women's unreal artifices, and his deliberate intention to overdo for his own purposes the cynical mood of mind to which he is sufficiently inclined. Of such wellconceived aids to the interpretation of the feeling of the different scenes there are not a few in this Hamlet, as Mr. Tom Taylor has arranged it. Thus, the rough stage put up by the strolling players in the third act for their performance before the King helps us to realise better the crudeness of Hamlet's allies in his elaborate setting of "the mousetrap," and so impresses on us afresh Shakespeare's evident intention to paint Hamlet's elaborate and admirable comment on players and their florid, ranting art, as merely one of his unconscious expedients for getting a respite from the resolve which overstrained his nature; since, evidently enough, nothing depended on the good or bad acting of these strolling players,—who, indeed, speak speeches so stilted and affected, that stilted and affected acting would be more in keeping with it than the simplicity and naturalness Hamlet enforces at so much length. It is impossible to ignore in this version of Hamlet, that the wise and thoughtful instructions to the players are utterly malàpropros, and mere diversions for Hamlet's highstrung nerves. Mr. MacKaye's Hamlet is, in the great soliloquies, much the finest which the present writer has ever seen. Mr. Fechter failed terribly in the soliloquies. He could not let his mind drift. He made eddies of passion of them, which they are hardly ever, and reveries of zealous purpose, which they are never. Mr. Fechter's greatness was in the princely dialogue,—for instance, with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the flutescene, when he laughs to scorn their attempt to play upon him,—and in the dialogue with the Gravedigger, and with Horatio over the open grave that was to receive Ophelia. These are scenes in which Mr. MacKaye acts finely, especially in the former,—the spirit ebbs away from most of the actors towards the end, under the discouragement of a dwindling audience,—but hardly with the full imperious scorn and abounding life of Mr. Fechter, who made Rosencrantz and Guildenstern seem to shrink into nothingness before him. 5 Mr. MacKaye's tone in this scene has perhaps a thought too much of moral indignation at his old companions' treachery, and too little of the profound scorn, which he, nevertheless, gives so admirably where Hamlet deliberately asks the traitors, "Have
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you any further,—trade,—with us?" 6 Hamlet in his cynical mood, once convinced of any one's falsehood, is incapable of moral indignation; he is all scorn. Still the scene, as Mr. MacKaye plays it, is exceedingly fine, and has greatly improved since the first representation. But his highest point was in some of the reveries. Nothing can be finer than the dreamy, ghostly voice in which he says to himself that "the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country from whose bourne No traveller returns, puzzles the will."7
His imagination seems to be losing itself in the chill twilight of an unknown world, and to thrill him with a vague shiver of awe. Again, in the soliloquy on the passion which the player can affect for a mere actor's purposes, there are some fine points. Mr. MacKaye, for instance, made the present writer see for the first time that Hamlet was evidently hoping that the play would make the King confess his own guilt, and so perhaps take all the trouble of vengeance off his own shoulders,—a new and most expressive point in the rendering of the character. He gives,— "I have heard That guilty creatures sitting at a play Have by the very cunning of the scene Been struck so to the soul, that presently They have proclaimed their malefactions,"8
with a sense of relief and a prospect of the unburdening of his heart, as he pronounces the last line, that tells at once the hope of much more than a mere confirmation or disproof of the ghost's story,—a final end to his selfimposed responsibilities through the selfaccusation of his uncle. And that strikes us as a touch of real genius in the evolution of Hamlet's irresolute character. But Mr. MacKaye concludes the grand soliloquy badly. Clearly, when Hamlet says, with a deep sense of relief at a new postponement and possibly quittance of his responsibilities,— "the play's the thing Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King,"9
the last three words are quite unemphatic, and have no right to the false rhyming stress he lays upon them. It is not the conscience of the King he is thinking of, but the trap for the conscience, and the possible result of the trap. He has discovered a new chance of evading the responsibility of setting to rights the disjointed times, and throws himself into the hope with a sigh of inexpressible relief. 'The conscience of the King' is the mere modus operandi, and his mind is already drifting away beyond it among the possible results. Mr. MacKaye is not quite so effective in the ghost scenes, where he is, we think, too violent. Here and there his render
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ing even in these scenes is extremely fine; for instance, the faint, vague, inward fashion in which, not addressing Horatio, though answering, to himself, Horatio's expostulations against following the ghost, he says,— "Why, what should be the fear? I do not set my life at a pin's fee:— And for my soul, what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself?" 10
You see that he does feel the fear, and is arguing himself, not Horatio, out of it. And again, when he first bids Marcellus hold off his hand, he does it with the absorbed inward air of one not yet roused, and not doubting that a word will be enough, but who is still arguing with himself, and is only awakened by Horatio's seizing the other arm, and betraying, therefore, a serious intention of using force. The gradations of feeling here are admirably marked. But in other parts of the same scene he is clearly too violent. "Oh, my prophetic soul! mine uncle!"11 should not be shrieked,—it is the mere verification of his own suspicion; and again, the "Horrible, most horrible!"12 when the ghost complains of being sent to the other world with all his imperfections on his head and no time for penitence, is far too frenzied, and not under the control of the awe which should continue till the ghost vanishes and the unnatural flush of excitement succeeds. Mr. MacKaye has real genius. His only fault is a too restless action,—this he has already mended greatly,—and to our mind a too great multiplication of the passages where he falls "raving like a very drab,"13 though we believe Shakespeare intended many of them for dreamy reverie. On the other hand, the intense excitement caused in Hamlet by the effect of the represented murder on the King,—while he is half hoping, we suspect, to hear of the King's confession,—and the almost horrid glee with which he compares notes with Horatio, is very finely given. Of the other actors, Polonius is much the best, and the best Polonius we remember to have seen. That the old man is a courtier, and a courtier of the Elizabethan age, who thinks tropes and conceits especially suitable in addressing kings and queens, is obvious enough. But it is also perfectly obvious that he is meant for a shrewd, though worldly man, to whom both his children were profoundly attached, and that the fooling representations of him are utterly mistaken. The part could hardly be better given than it is given by Mr. Flockton.14 The parts of the King and Queen are both well acted till they come to their great testing scenes, and then neither of them is equal to it. The King's soliloquy of remorse is extremely tame and poor. When he asks,— "May we be pardoned and retain the offence?"15
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he seems to be asking, solely, as Miss Dartle would say, ''for information's sake," 16 and not because the question has the least bearing on his own case. Nor is the Queen's emotion good in the scene with Hamlet in her own bedroom. It is too much of the gasping order so greatly affected by actresses who do not feel their parts,—a fault which is but too prominent also in Miss Carlisle's17 Ophelia. The scene in which Hamlet bids her go to a nunnery is exceedingly difficult,—far more difficult than the scene of madness,—and she cannot be said to act it well. Her emotion is artificial, and she passes from it into reflections on the noble mind which is "here o'erthrown"18 which at first flavour [has] more of Miss Edgeworth, than of a wounded heart. Still, in spite of all these defects, take the play as a whole, we doubt whether Hamlet has in our generation ever been put so effectively on the stage. Certainly the dreaminess of Hamlet himself has never been so well given, and the fitful impulse never better. Nor have the general effects of the greatest play in the English, or perhaps any other language, ever been placed with so much brilliancy and force before the spectators.
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Mr. Irving's Hamlet [Originally published in the Spectator, November 7, 1874, pp. 139596, as a subleader on Henry (later Sir Henry) Irving (18381905) in the title rôle of Shakespeare's tragedy at the Lyceum Theatre. (Attributed)]
Mr. Irving's Hamlet 1 is a much finer performance than the very indiscriminate and hasty praise which was lavished upon him in the morning papers of Monday would have led us to expect. He has to a large extent cured the defects of voice and the tendency to rant which marked his earlier performances in "The Bells," and he shows an unexpected breadth of sympathy with the character itself.2 His great power of facial expression,—always his strong point,—and his nervous, almost hypochondriac countenance, give curious effect to the spasmodic fits of restlessness and dejection which alternate so rapidly in this great dramatic picture. And though his nature and physique have too much tension in them to express adequately the genuine moral indolence of Hamlet,—that relaxed fibre of mind characteristic of the lymphatic temperament, which, we may observe, Shakespeare always draws with especial emphasis after a scene of highstrung excitement,—yet, on the whole, the effects of alternate dejection and excitement are very finely rendered. Mr. Irving is not "fat and scant of breath,"3 by any means; his dark hair and the dusky pallor of his features represent a temperament nearly at the opposite pole from that belonging to the sanguine complexion and flaxen locks which Shakespeare probably meant to attribute to Hamlet. Mr. Irving is keen and nervous, whereas Hamlet should be lazy, and incapable of any protracted tension of mind,—look how his thought wanders in the course of a single reverie, in other words, how genuinely his is the temperament of true reverie—even under great stimulus. But as no man of that temperament would probably ever be equal to the effort of acting the part at all, we accept very gladly the slight change of personality which the conditions of the stage demand. Still, Mr. Irving might do more than he does to adapt his rendering of Hamlet to the true conditions of the character. His greatest failure by far is in the first ghost scene, where his longdrawnout and languishing address to the ghost is as unlike the burst of eloquent entreaty with which Hamlet asks the spirit to reveal himself, as the slow march of a funeral procession to the passionate hurry of an invocation. His slow, creeping manner of following the ghost, too, is equally bad. Again, Mr. Irving goes quite astray when, after being told clearly that he is bound to revenge his father, he shrieks out "Murder!"4 after the ghost has said the word, as though then
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for the first time, the suspicion fell upon him. He should speak it as though verifying an inward expectation already fully shaped in his mind. Again, he does ill, we think, to omit the passages showing the sudden revulsion in Hamlet's mind from its unnatural mood of fixed tension to the delirious and spasmodic gaiety of such exclamations as "Hillo, ho, ho, boy! come, bird, come," and the nicknaming of the ghost an "old mole," when the voice seems to come to them from underground. 5 These are distinctive notes of the character, of its sharp recoils and tendency to break under the weight of too much tension, and as Mr. Irving's representation of the character is generally defective in this side, he would have done well to take especial note of these elements in it. Again, in the scene,—in general exceedingly fine,—in which the play is acted before the King, why does Mr. Irving omit, as the King rushes out, that exceedingly dramatic snatch of excited song with which Hamlet marks the success of his stratagem?— "Why, let the stricken deer go weep, The hart ungallèd play; For some must watch, while some must sleep: So runs the world away."6
Nothing can be finer than the excitement expressed in Hamlet's last speech, which drives the King off the scene, and nothing more telling than the air of wild exhaustion with which Mr. Irving sinks upon the vacant throne; but we miss the snatch of song which would be so perfect an accompaniment to the movement, expressing so finely as it does the sudden collapse of Hamlet's intense mood, and the tendency of his mind to wander off once more into the vague, purposeless, unstrung state from which it is so difficult to rouse him. Again, as might be expected, Mr. Irving is not his best where we have but once seen an actor really succeed, in the dreamy reveries.7 These reveries almost always follow, as we just now said, the moods of passion, and express that marvellous power of doubting the wisdom of all that Hamlet had just determined to do, and the truth of all that he had just wound himself up to believe, which is the main feature of the character. Thus, after the great burst of selfcontempt at himself for falling "acursing like a very drab," and "unpacking his heart with words," he suddenly finds the excuse for himself that "the spirit I have seen may be the devil,"8 and resolves to outwit the devil by the plan of testing the King with the murder of Gonzago,—a passage, by the way, to which Mr. Irving gives a great deal too much emphasis, as it were a sudden flash of light to him, instead of the maturing of a scheme formed an hour before, when the Wittenberg players first appeared, so that it is absurd to ejaculate, "The
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play's the thing with which I'll catch the conscience of the King," 9 as if this device were a sort of plank suddenly snatched at by a drowning man, whereas, in truth, it is but a new excuse for further delay and for the long indulgence of his wayward irresolution. And then no sooner has Hamlet had recourse to this expedient to verify his right of revenge, than he begins to question himself if, after all, suicide be not better, and his mind launches out into speculations as to the possibilities of the hereafter inconsistent with any fixed belief at all in the ghost, or in its revelations as to the penal fires of the world from which it has returned. This is the mood in which the great soliloquy "To be or not to be?" should be uttered. Mr. Irving gave no dreaminess, no air of vague, speculative incoherence to that reverie, which should mark Hamlet's widest recoil from definite belief and definite resolve. To our mind, it should be given with something of the dreamy and dreary inwardness of one who doubts the ghost, doubts immortality, doubts annihilation, doubts his own purpose, and doubts everything, except that every enterprise of his, will "lose the name of action."10 Mr. Irving descants the reverie as if it were one of Bulwer's bits of pseudophilosophic rhetoric, meant to attract by its eloquent mannerism. But then, so far as we know, no one who has recently acted the part, except Mr. MacKaye in a very fine rendering at the Crystal Palace, which has been too soon forgotten, ever did give anything like the necessary inwardness to this reverie. Certainly, Mr. Fechter made it even more artificial and unmeaning than Mr. Irving. But we have said enough of Mr. Irving's defects, and will only add that he has not even yet quite cured himself of ranting, and of that overaccentuation and false pauses by which ranters give the artificial character to their enunciation. Still, his progress has been wonderful. For a piece of genuine criticism, given at once with the delicate discrimination and keen interest of an artist, and the authority of a prince, his discursive advice to the players on acting cannot easily be rivalled. His ridicule of Polonius, and his contemptuous habit,—halfcuriosity and halfcynicism, —of testing the complaisance of all whom he suspects to be courtiers, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, for instance, as well as, subsequently, Osric, by making them contradict themselves to please him, are rendered with the pungent cynicism of the scornful man of the world. Nothing, again, can be better than the scene in which, at first with genuine pathos, he entreats Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be frank with him as to whether they were or were not sent for by the King, and the gradual hardening of his heart towards them, as he discovers them to be mere tools of the Court. The flute scene, in which he mocks their clumsy attempt to play upon him, is fine too, though hardly so fine,—not quite so princely,—as Mr. Fechter made it. Again, even when the emotions
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Hamlet has to express are much more mixed, Mr. Irving's success is often great. In the scene with Ophelia, for instance, the blending of different chords of feeling is very finely given,—tenderness for her, suspicion of her, and the deliberate effort to alienate her from himself as one who is now devoted to a purpose inconsistent with a happy love, all appearing in his manner by turns. But perhaps his most distinctive success is in the final scenes. His short conversation with Horatio as to the weight at his heart, before the fencing scene, and the melancholy halftrust, halfweariness of his defiance of illaugury, when he tells his friend that "if it be not to come, it will be now; and if it be not now, yet it will come," 11 are given with a calm dejection that has no touch of faltering and no touch of boastfulness in it, with a simplicity that befits the Prince, and a depth of tired gloom that has in it the very augury he defies. Finest of all, however, is the death itself. The sudden rage with which he bursts upon the King when he finds that both wine and foil were poisoned, and deals the deathblow for which he had never gathered nerve before; the spasmodic effort with which he snatches the poisoned cup from the hand of Horatio, and bids him live to clear his name; and finally, the gathering glooms of death settling slowly down upon his face, as his discursive imagination hovers on the border of the unseen land, and anticipates all the terrors of the imminent disclosure, are all as fine as they can well be, and send away the audience with a conviction that they have seen an actor of rare power, who in a few years has made wonderful progress in his art, and who may,—for he is yet young,—easily reach even the highest point attainable in it. He still needs more of the discipline of the French school. He can still be stilted, and not unfrequently hard. But the gain of a few years is so marvellous that we do not know what more he might not gain. In not a few of the most difficult scenes, his Hamlet is all but perfect. He has the power in him to make it so in all.
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"The Merchant of Venice" [Originally published in the Spectator, April 24, 1875, pp. 52526, as a subleader on the production of Shakespeare's play at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, Tottenham Street, Tottenham Court Road. 1 (Identified)]
The revival of "The Merchant of Venice" at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, in spite of one very glaring and vexatious fault,—a fault of the first magnitude,—is one calculated to give a great deal of pleasure to English theatregoers.2 In the first place, it brings Shakespeare's rich and careless genius before us with a sort of vividness that no reading of his plays can ensure. The three monstrous improbabilities of the plot, two of them at least moral impossibilities,—we refer of course to the consent of a shrewd Venetian merchant to give a bond for a pound of flesh to a personal enemy whom he had most often insulted,—the extraordinary device of taking a foreign barrister's legal opinion as the judgment of a Venetian Court of law,—and the mad freak of Portia's father in making her promise her hand and wealth to the man who should guess her portrait was contained in the leaden casket, and not in the golden or the silver one,—a guess easy enough to any shrewd adventurer, who had the very moderate sagacity to reflect that the conventional moralist always insists on the deceitfulness of outside glitter,—these three gross extravagances of the plot, we say, certainly heighten instead of diminishing the charm of the play, by adding to the freedom and ease with which occasions are provided for the display of the passion of revenge, revenge gloating over its hopes, and revenge suddenly defrauded of its prey, and by giving ready and large opportunities for contrasting the generous chivalry of friendship and of love, in the case of Antonio and of Portia, with the malignant tenacity of Shylock's vindictiveness. Recklessness in the invention or treatment of incident, if accompanied, as it is in Shakespeare, with consummate skill in the delineation of character, unquestionably adds to the largeness and directness of the effects. What can be better adapted for the purpose of delineating crafty and cruel vindictiveness than a straightforward bargain to cut a pound of flesh from the neighbourhood of a man's heart if a bond be not paid on the proper day? What can give more scope to the delineation of the keen and chivalrous woman's wit of Portia, than the calm assumption that by borrowing the disguise of a famous doctor of laws she could gain the opportunity both of splitting hairs like the lawyers and of deciding, with the authority of a Venetian Judge, on the literal interpretation of an impossible bond, and also, unlike the lawyers, of displaying something
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more than a just anxiety to secure the victim of her ingenuity a way of escape out of the toils she was drawing round him, if only he were not too cruelly bent on vengeance to avail himself of it? And what could give larger scope for the portraiture of a lively woman's hopes and fears as to her own fate, than the device of compelling every one of her suitors to select among the three caskets that which he thought most likely to contain her own likeness? Of course, Shakespeare did not invent, but borrowed all these fanciful incidents; but by borrowing them he showed how greatly he preferred these wideopened doors for dramatic action and expression,—these simple and conspicuous opportunities for the delineation of character and passion,—to those finer and more artisticallycontrived occasions which would, as judged by experience, be infinitely more natural. Whether the incident were probable or not, Shakespeare cared little or nothing, so long as it gave him an ample stage for painting man and woman as he knew them. No civilised State in the world ever permitted a man to contract to allow his own murder in case he failed to meet his pecuniary engagements, or would have entertained for an instant the notion of legally empowering a private citizen to wrench its own prerogative of capital punishment out of its own hands. And probably nobody knew this better than Shakespeare. But he evidently regarded incident, in the character mainly of a large framework for the apt delineation of passion and character. There is not one of Shakespeare's plays which shows this habit of his of indulging freely and most successfully in the use of improbable, not to say impossible incident, as impressively as "The Merchant of Venice." The great blot on the play as it is brought out at the Prince of Wales's Theatre every critic has perceived at once. Mr. Coghlan 3 probably had a fancy that he could represent better than most actors have done, the depressed, crafty, and downtrodden servility of Shylock's nature, though he had not the physique adequately to represent, scarcely even to attempt the representation of, his bloodthirsty passion. But the truth is that the one quality requires the other to bring it out. The servility is nothing without the hidden fire, and the absence of that devouring flame makes the servility almost unreal. Only in one scene does Mr. Coghlan give us any approach to satisfaction, and that is where he wishes to see Jessica dead at his feet with the jewels in her ear; but there is more need for passion where there is vastly less expression of it, and in the trial scene the want of passion is quite oppressive; the audience hardly feels that any kind of crisis is imminent; the whole affair is utterly flat. Mr. Coghlan quite forgets that in the trial scene Shylock is risking everything, and knows that he is risking everything, for his revenge. Indeed, as we conceive it, the leading idea of the play is perhaps this,—that every genuine
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passion, bad or good, will risk great things to secure its own end. Shylock not only sacrifices all claim for interest on his money in the hope of securing his revenge, but in the trial scene refuses repeatedly double, treble, quadruple the sum named in the bond, and in addition ignores the gravely expressed displeasure of the Doge, rather than give up his claim on the pound of flesh. In the same sense, Antonio's commercial splendour is made to consist in his great and various risks, and his devotion to his friend is measured by his eagerness to risk his life to Shylock, rather than not serve him. Bassanio, again, wins his wife by regarding the inscription on the leaden casket "Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath," as the expression of the spirit in which a great prize can alone be won. Again, Portia, in spite of her love, and though she reminds herself that she might, if she would, teach Bassanio how to choose aright, yet deliberately runs the risk—to her a fearful one—of his choosing wrong, rather than make herself, as she thinks, unworthy of the man she loves. And afterwards, in the clever and audacious plot for cutting by her own wit the knot which threatens the life of her husband's friend, she risks much of shame and failure in the enthusiasm of her confidence in herself and her love for him. The motto of the play might be "Nothing venture, nothing have," but Mr. Coghlan gives us no sense at all of the magnitude of the risk which Shylock is consciously running for the sake of his revenge, in that trial scene in which he explains how much a man will sacrifice to gratify his whim, and that it is a whim of his to loathe Antonio, which he will risk any loss to gratify. Shylock is a gambler, and a conscious gambler from the first,—revenge being the stake for which he gambles. But the fierce excitement of the gambling spirit Mr. Coghlan never seems to have the least dream of. He renders the paternal rage and grief, and even the agony of the Jew's avarice, far better; but his excitement in awaiting the one throw of fortune's die on which he has risked all the passion of his character, Mr. Coghlan renders with almost ineffable feebleness. There is no fault of the kind in Miss Ellen Terry's Portia. No finer bit of byplay than her rendering of her suspense while the two unwelcome, and the one welcome, suitors make their choice, has been seen on the English stage for many years back. She is risking in the last of these ventures not merely unhappiness, but shame, for she has lavished on Bassanio the assurance of her love, before she lets him try his fortune; and so the venture is all the greater, and her tenacity in going through with it is almost on a level with the Jew's when he risks everything for his revenge. And no one can fail to be sensible of the quiver of her whole nature as the test proceeds, and one is made to feel that were not her mind so keen and vigorous, the tension of the moment would be too
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much for her. Yet, owing to Mr. Coghlan's failure, the vivid contrast between the great venture of the good heart, and the great venture of the bad heart, of the play, is not brought out. Indeed, the only feeble bit in Miss Ellen Terry's acting is her very calm and expository declamation of the speech addressed to Shylock, beginning, "The quality of mercy is not strained." 4 Instead of making that a passionate appeal, she makes it a didactic analysis, and thereby the representation loses one more chance of bringing out the contrast to which we have referred. But this is the only fault of Miss Ellen Terry's Portia.5 Bassanio is feebly acted, and we feel the anxiety of his risk least of all, or if not least of all, far less than that of the Prince of Morocco, whose bold bearing, and rather too selfconfident choice, are finely given by Mr. Bancroft.6 One admirable feature in the play is the wonderfully good comic acting of Mr. Wood in the part of Launcelot Gobbo.7 We take it that the conscious or unconscious purpose of this splendid bit of Shakespearian humour is to present a foil to the eager and adventurous passions portrayed in the play. And certainly it is impossible to give the irrestrainable high spirits and the free nonsensical rattle of Launcelot Gobbo more perfectly than it is given by Mr. Wood. There is not a sign of effort in the part. All is genuine, irrepressible high spirits, as superior to the forced humour of the laborious actor who cuts jokes under the name of Gratiano, as is Miss Addison's Nerissa to Miss A. Wilton's wretched Jessica, or Mr. Archer's Antonio to Mr. Standing's rather vulgar and fast Lorenzo.8 Thus, in spite of the very great blot on the play which Mr. Coghlan's tame Shylock certainly involves, "The Merchant of Venice" as acted at the Prince of Wales's gives the audience a great deal of pure pleasure. The scenery, indeed, is perfect, and Portia's dresses give us positively a new vision of the capabilities of dress. And though scenery and costume can do nothing without good acting to fill the mind of the audience, it can do a good deal to console us for one or two great failures, while there remains so striking and delicate a piece of acting as Miss Ellen Terry's Portia to fascinate and interest the audience.
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Shakespeare's Henry VIII
1
[Originally published in the Spectator, July 3, 1875, pp. 85051, as an essay in the "Book" department, prompted by Hutton's review the previous week of Tennyson's drama, Queen Mary, published in London by Henry S. King and Co. (Identified)]
This is a striking work of imagination, but hardly a great play, for Shakespeare's dramatic fire runs rather low in it, and much the most remarkable scenes are scenes in which we see the divorced Queen or the fallen Cardinal meditating on the instability of human things, and endeavouring to reconcile their minds to the blows of Heaven, by no means those in which men are seen struggling with each other for the guidance of events, or torn by those conflicting passions which give even to soliloquy a great dramatic fire and force. The most dramatic situations in Henry VIII., such as the scene in which Katharine of Aragon repudiates the jurisdiction of the Court convened to try the legality of her marriage and appeals to the Pope, and the scene of Cardinal Wolsey's disgrace, are dramatic situations embodying a certain grave and stately passion, but not passion of the deepest kind. And even these scenes seem to derive their greatest interest from leading up to others of much less dramatic character, though of a more pensive grandeur. Queen Katharine's conversation with Griffith, in which they weigh Wolsey after his decease, and pass upon him a pitiful, reluctant, and even admiring, but still profound censure, and the Cardinal's own meditation on the vanity of his career, are probably the passages which most men will recall the oftenest after reading the play. Yet both these passages are, to some extent, blots on the drama as a drama, because they contain rather the imaginative reverie of the historic poet on the occasion, poured out through a somewhat clumsily chosen mouthpiece, than the actual play of feeling appropriate to the characters who thus express themselves. Take, first, the conversation between Katharine and Griffith:— Kath. So may he rest; his faults lie gently on him! Yet thus far, Griffith, give me leave to speak him, And yet with charity. He was a man Of unbounded stomach, ever ranking Himself with princes; one that, by suggestion, Tied all the kingdom; simony was fairplay; His own opinion was his law; i' the presence He would say untruths; and be ever double Both in his words and meaning; he was never, But where he meant to ruin, pitiful;
Page 169 His promises were, as he then was, mighty; But his performance, as he is now, nothing; Of his own body he was ill; and gave The clergy ill example. Grif. Noble madam, Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues We write in water. May it please your highness To hear me speak his good now? Kath. Yes, good Griffith; I were malicious else. Grif. This cardinal, Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly Was fashion'd to much honour from his cradle. He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one; Exceeding wise, fairspoken, and persuading; Lofty and sour to them that loved him not; But to those men that sought him sweet as summer. And though he were unsatisfied in getting, Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam, He was most princely: ever witness for him Those twins of learning that he raised in you, Ipswich and Oxford; one of which fell with him, Unwilling to outlive the good that did it; The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous, So excellent in art, and still so rising, That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue. His overthrow heaped happiness upon him; For then, and not till then, he felt himself, And found the blessedness of being little: And, to add greater honours to his age Than man could give him, he died fearing God.'' 2
Now here Queen Katharine's sententious indictment is too terse and judicial, too little coloured with the sense of personal injury from which she herself had so keenly suffered, sums up, in short, Wolsey's faults too much from the position of a grave, impartial observer, too little from that of the woman who was struggling earnestly to forgive a powerful and successful enemy who had, as she believed, wrecked her life, for the mouth it comes from. And when Griffith comes to state the other side, he is obviously and incontestably a mere mouthpiece for the historic poet. "He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one," is wholly out of keeping with the mood of Katharine's mind and the issue which had been raised. A gentleman usher, in such a conversation, might, perhaps, have briefly referred to the foundations of Ipswich and Oxford, just as illustrations of the Cardinal's princely care for learning, but would certainly not have apostrophised them with the elaboration of this speech. It is more like a little bit of éloge such as would be pronounced in
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Parliament over a statesman "now no more," than the plea of a just man in extenuation of the faults of his mistress's deadliest foe,—or at least of one so regarded. Especially the reference to the beauty of the Oxford College is almost bizarre in such a dialogue between a dying woman and her devoted attendant, for Griffith should be thinking only of the indications of true virtues to be set off against the obvious sins of Wolsey, and not, of course, of the consequences of those virtues to the nation. Shakespeare makes him speak like a public man commemorating the great services of another public man to the nation, not like the friend and servant of a dying woman who is anxious to soften her severe estimate of a personal foe. Still less dramatic is the fine speech in which Wolsey muses over his lost greatness. Wolsey has just come out of the passionate scene with Norfolk, Suffolk, and Surrey, in which he has refused to acknowledge their authority to demand the Great Seal of him, told them passionately how "sleek and wanton" they "appear in everything may bring my ruin," and has given Surrey the lie direct. Surrey in return has called him "thou scarlet sin," and referred in the most taunting language to Wolsey's personal vices. Wolsey's last word to Surrey had been:— "Speak on, Sir. I dare your worst objections: if I blush, It is to see a nobleman want manners."
And Norfolk had that moment left him with the contemptuous adieu,— "So fare you well, my little good Lord Cardinal." 3
Here, without any interval we have Wolsey's first reverie:— Wol. So farewell to the little good you bear me. Farewell! a long farewell, to all my greatness! This is the state of man: today he puts forth The tender leaves of hopes; tomorrow blossoms, And bears his blushing honours thick upon him; The third day comes a frost, a killing frost, And, when he thinks, good easy man, full surely His greatness is aripening, nips his root, And then he falls, as I do. I have ventured, Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders, This many summers in a sea of glory, But far beyond my depth: my highblown pride At length broke under me and now has left me, Weary and old with service, to the mercy Of a rude stream, that must for ever hide me. Vain pomp and glory of this world, I hate ye: I feel my heart new open'd. O, how wretched Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favours!
Page 171 There is betwixt that smile we would aspire to, That sweet aspect of princes, and their ruin, More pangs and fears than wars or women have: And when he falls, he falls like Lucifer, Never to hope again." 4
Now that surely is not the reverie of a man just smarting under the new insolence of triumphant foes whom he had been accustomed to see silent, if not servile, before him. That he should even fancy his heart was "new open'd" at such a moment is not true to the anguish of a soaring ambition in the tumult of the first great crash. The metaphor, too, taken from the tender leaves and blossoms blighted by a sudden frost is far too elaborate and poetical for the moment in which it is poured forth. This speech is the poet's, who ventriloquises on Wolsey's fall through Wolsey's lips, not what that proud and scheming heart would have poured forth in the first moment of ruin. No doubt Shakespeare intended to give us the image of a mind even greater in reverses than in prosperity, as he had previously done in the case of Buckingham, Wolsey's foe and victim. But here the transition to calm, poetical meditation on his own fate is altogether too abrupt. The "poor man" who has hung for years on "princes' favours" does not take so kindly to the delight of his disencumbrance of them. That a really great man might discover, with a sort of gasp of surprise, the secret of his own inherent strength, when suddenly freed from all his schemes and cares, is true, and the kind of imaginative conception which it takes a Shakespeare to realise. But it is a secret not discoverable in the first moment of excited passion, when bitter taunts have just been flying to and fro between him and his victorious enemies, and the foot of the foe is on the breast of the vanquished. And this criticism applies still more to the speech which Wolsey almost immediately makes to his faithful friend, Cromwell:— Crom. How does your grace? Wol. Why, well; Never so truly happy, my good Cromwell. I know myself now; and I feel within me A peace above all earthly dignities, A still and quiet conscience. The King has cured me, I humbly thank his grace; and from these shoulders These ruin'd pillars, out of pity, taken A load would sink a navy, too much honour: O, 'tis a burthen, Cromwell, 'tis a burthen Too heavy for a man that hopes for heaven!"5
That Wolsey might, within a very short time, have dropped upon the reserve of power in his own heart is, as we have said, quite within the limits of the grand conception Shakespeare wished to work out, but that
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fresh from the tumult of his spoiled hopes and reckless sins, he could with any reality declare that he felt within him "a peace above all earthly dignities, a still and quiet conscience," is contrary to all our conceptions of dramatic possibility. Indeed, if this speech were wholly sincere, mere failure would in Wolsey's mind be equivalent to absolution; if not wholly sincere, what purpose does the dissimulation, to so true a follower as Cromwell, serve? But, no doubt, the finest dramatic study in King Henry VIII. is the study of the great Tudor himself, who, as Mr. Tennyson makes Lord Howard tell Queen Mary,— "Was a man Of such colossal kinghood, yet so courteous Except when wroth, you scarce could meet his eye And hold your own; and were he wroth indeed You held it less or not at all. I say, Your father had a will that beat men down; Your father had a brain that beat men down." 6
Such a will and such a brain are delineated for us with infinite vivacity and force in King Henry VIII. It is not difficult to see that Shakespeare had no love for Henry VIII. Indeed, many writers have maintained that the play could not have been produced till after Elizabeth's death, with such hits as it parades at Henry's perpetual "ha!" such a satire as it contains on his passions,—for instance, in the first scene in which he falls in love with Anne Boleyn, just after he has told Katharine "you have half our power;"—and again, with that touch of hypocrisy,— "But conscience, conscience, Oh! 'tis a tender place, and I must leave her,"7
delivered at the very moment when he is burning with rage at the delays of the Cardinals, and resolving to work through Cranmer to a hastier divorce. But in spite of Shakespeare's visible contempt for Henry's moral nature, he never for a moment forgets to let us see the almost magic fascination of the King for his servants, both while he uses them and after he has thrown them over. He shows us Buckingham going to the block an innocent man betrayed by his own servants, but yet imploring blessings on the King who had ordered his arraignment and refused him mercy. He shows us Wolsey checked by his King in mad career, and ordered to transmit a pardon to every subject who had refused to bend to his financial exactions. He shows us Katharine with all her dignity feeling the divorce more as a calamity in itself, and as a wrong done by Henry's Ministers, than as an injury and insult inflicted by himself. Again he shows us Wolsey struck down in a moment by the King's wrath, not so much for any misdoings of his own as for the proof that he was
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unfavourable to the marriage with Anne Boleyn; and yet Wolsey, like all the others, kisses the hand which chastises him. It is the same with Cranmer and Gardiner, except that Cranmer averts anything like rebuke by kissing the rod in anticipation, while Gardiner kisses it in gratitude for a blow. And finally, it shows the divorced wife grateful for a cold crumb of comfort in the shape of a kind message from the husband who had put her away and taken a new Queen. In a word, throughout the play the Tudor King's personality is so completely in the ascendant, that even Wolsey's genius pales beside his master's. And Shakespeare also shows us how skilfully Henry fitted his personal humours to the predominant humour of the English people; how sternly he rebuked and how abruptly he annulled the policy of exacting from the people a tribute intended to pay for his own and his ministers' prodigalities; how he availed himself of the English jealousy of the Pope to make his divorce popular; and how he used the dread of a weak successor to himself to enlist the public mind on behalf of a new marriage which might bring him a son. King Henry's is, indeed, in Shakespeare's play, an overbearing and predominant, but wholly unmoral, personality, which has the art of linking its caprices with the wishes of the people and the hopes of the nation. In this sense King Henry VIII. is in the highest degree a dramatic play, but only in this. Not a word spoken by the King is other than dramatic. But the other scenes of the play very frequently, as we have shown, pass into historic and very undramatic reverie, quite out of place in the mouths of those who speak them. On the whole, and making every allowance for the many dramatic byways of the play,—like, for instance, Anne Boleyn's conversation with the old ladyin waiting on the subject of feminine advancements, wherein Anne protests so strongly that she would not be Queen or even Countess even if she could,—no one who reads through King Henry VIII. with a critical eye will doubt that it far oftener deviates from the dramatic mood, and avails itself of any actor's mask that is nearest at hand as an excuse for free poetic meditation, than Mr. Tennyson's drama of Queen Mary. Shakespeare took no end of liberties with his plays—often in the most reckless fashion—which modern critics would severely censure in any modern author.
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"Macbeth" at the Lyceum 1 [Originally published in the Spectator, October 2, 1875, pp. 122627, as a subleader on Henry Irving in the title rôle, the first of his eighty nights as Macbeth having occurred on September 18th. (Identified)]
A blind critic would hardly think Mr. Irving's "Macbeth" a very fine performance, though there are scenes in it which even he would consider of the very highest power; a deaf man who knew the play well enough to follow it in dumb show, would be thrilled to the heart with the extraordinary variety and intensity of his face and eye and gestures, while even such a one might deprecate the restlessness of his stagestrut. He who can both see and hear is somewhat confounded with the complexity of his impressions,—for there is in Mr. Irving's acting a residuum of staginess at which one is puzzled when one notes the simplicity and grandeur with which he gives many passages in the play. On the whole, Mr. Irving's seems to us a very fine, and true, and original interpretation of Shakespeare's conception,— much finer than Macready's,2 —though a good deal spoiled here and there by the hold over his mind still retained by the conventional rant of tyrannical stage traditions; while of Miss Bateman's3 Lady Macbeth we should say that there was but one great fault in it, the banquet scene, where she acts her remonstrances and expostulations with her husband on his eccentric and inexplicable behaviour with as little reserve and regard to the presence of her guests as even Macbeth himself— who is mentally alone with his supernatural terrors even in the midst of all that party—displays. There are two pieces of acting in the play,—one of Mr. Irving's and one of Miss Bateman's,—which appear to us hardly to admit of being surpassed even by the greatest dramatic genius. But on the whole, Miss Bateman's Lady Macbeth had perhaps both fewer faults and less striking originality than Mr. Irving's impersonation of the imaginative assassin. There is a peculiarity in Shakespeare's conception of the chief character in this grand play which Mr. Irving's genius to some extent seizes very finely, but then, again, in very critical places, seems quite to miss. The play of Macbeth is clearly not meant to turn mainly on the subject of bloody ambition, and the preternatural gloom in which it ends, but on characteristics much more subtle. Mr. Irving rightly sees that the diabolic assurances and solicitings to which Shakespeare has given so powerful and fantastic an embodiment are of the very essence of the play,—that it is to the spirit of Macbeth that the spirit of evil addresses itself, first in vague and shapeless schemes of blood, hidden apparently in his own
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brain, or confided only to his wife, and then in the distincter form of preternatural divinations and promises which inflame his hesitating and foreboding nature by kindling its first belief in the probability of complete success. But it is most remarkable that the strangely vivid imagination which paints so powerfully,—even in images of flame,—the terrors of conscience and the threatenings of spiritual wrath, never once dwells on the objects of this lawless ambition, or lures him into murder and treachery by filling him with visions of the untasted joys of power. As far as Shakespeare's play shows him, Macbeth's wonderful imagination stands wholly in his way, is the one permanent drag on his insatiable greed of power. It is by virtue of her deficiency in this imagination that his wife surpasses him in capability and resolve. In no single case is it the fire of Macbeth's imagination which precipitates him into crime. On the contrary, it paralyses him much; it disturbs and confounds him much; but it never propels him. But for the witches, he would never have had faith enough in success to venture on the assassination of Duncan. It is they who throughout gave him that confidence in the tangibility of his hopes, of which his imaginative vision would otherwise have utterly deprived him. Had not they hailed him King of Scotland, and verified their insight by the anticipation of his elevation to the thanedom of Cawdor, he would not have dared to murder Duncan. Had they not assured him that he was invincible till Birnam Wood should come to Dunsinane, and proof against all men born of women, he would not have dared openly to defy all his former friends, and to work his bloody will on all his rivals. The absolute and persevering credulity with which he accepts the diabolic promises is no less remarkable than the fidelity with which his own imagination foreshadows all the horrors of a guilty conscience and haunted life. While his imagination scares and draws him back, his credulous superstition provides him with just enough hold on the future to go on. With him, as with Hamlet, imaginative power is a solvent, not a stimulus to action; but while Hamlet is imaginative enough to distrust the Ghost, Macbeth catches eagerly at the pledge of preternatural knowledge which the witches give him, and leans heavily on it throughout his career of crime. His imagination never pictures in glowing colours the prizes at which he aims, but only embarrasses him in grasping at them. There is no vision, no reverie in Macbeth's appetite for power and revenge; the mere access of his mood of reverie appears to awaken his whole moral and intellectual nature, and to make him see the satisfactions of his bloody desires as mere single threads in the complex web of consequences which he forecasts. Now, how far does Mr. Irving reflect this characteristic in his acting? Sometimes most powerfully. In his soliloquy before the second scene
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with Lady Macbeth, and in that scene itself, his imagination presents all the doubts, difficulties, all the dissuasive motives with a force which makes you realise how true it is that with him "I dare not" waits upon "I would." 4 His mental picture of how "Pity, like a naked newborn babe Striding the blast, or Heaven's cherubin horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, That tears shall drown the wind,"5
is wonderfully fine and paralysing to his wicked purpose in its pathos. Mr. Irving makes all his hearers feel that in his imagination he has "no spur to prick the sides of his intent,"6 but on the contrary, a most powerful curb to restrain its eagerness. But then he ought to listen without excitement or remark to Lady Macbeth's very truculent speech as to what she would have done with the baby at her breast, had she so sworn as her husband has done. This to Macbeth is a mere imaginative expression of feeling in which he could easily cap her, if he were in the vein; Shakespeare makes him cut it short with the curt objection, "But if we fail?"7 It has no special interest for him. But when, on the other hand, in her direct, practical way, Lady Macbeth goes to the details of the murder, from which his vivid imaginative horror of the deed makes him recoil till he dare not devise a plan of what fills him with such a tempest of dread, and suggests how to drug the guards, and mark them with all the signs of guilt, his admiration of her breaks forth in the words, "Bring forth menchildren only."8 Now here Mr. Irving seems to us utterly to fail. His face works during his wife's speech about tearing the baby from her breast, as if that deeply stirred him,—whereas he should cut it short impatiently; and then when the murder is put in a practical shape before him, instead of being surprised into a tribute of admiration, he rants it as if it were a bit of eloquence, whereas it is extorted from him by his wonder at the directness with which his wife goes to the details of a crime which he can contemplate at all only through the cloudy atmosphere of a vague and irrepressible horror. She provides him with "a spur to the sides of his intent'' almost as powerful as the witches had provided him, by making him see exactly how the deed can come about, and bringing down his rambling imagination from its fearful flights. "Bring forth menchildren only" ought to be spoken as the sailor would speak to the pilot who had suddenly recognised the familiar land gleaming through a blinding mist which had been too much for his less experienced sight. As the deed shapes itself to him through her, his murderous design embodies itself in it, and his imaginative terrors for the moment are driven from the field. But Mr. Irving, instead of marking
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this sudden descent of Macbeth's mind from poetry to prose, and admiration for the naked and bloody directness of the counsellor who can thus strip his conceptions of their vagueness and obscurity of form, gives the passage as if it were a new burst of eloquence, rather than an act of involuntary homage to homely murderousness of purpose. Then, after the murder, Mr. Irving rises again to the full height of the imaginative horror of himself which possesses Macbeth. It is hardly possible that any one who has ever seen should ever forget the terror with which he describes the voice that cried, "Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep." 9 It was the very incarnation of despair, of the despair of a mental and spiritual hell. No actor who ever played, so far as the present writer can conceive of fine acting, could surpass it. There was not a tone of rant in it; it was the hollow, ghastly, hopebereft experience of a haunted and bloodstained soul. It was the climax of power in the play. But he falls sadly again in strength in the scene where he breaks to his wife his resolve to murder Banquo, and where he certainly should be sinking more and more into the common ruffian, since his imagination is evidently losing its preternatural delicacy and vividness, and beginning to serve as the mere safetyvalve of his murderous anxieties. The next passage in which Mr. Irving rises to the fullest height of his power is in the scene with Lady Macbeth's physician, where the cynical selfishness and indifference of his manner in speaking of the mind which had given way under the pressure of remorse, and the predominance of his contempt for the medical helplessness of the physician, are very finely given. At the passage,— "Not so sick, my lord, As she is troubled with thickcoming fancies That keep her from rest,"10
Macbeth's cold and imperious "Cure her of that" is marvellously fine. Mr. Irving there catches the selfish mood of the tyrant who cares more for the danger to himself in what his wife may say, than for any peril it may imply to his helpmate in crime, with a power that thrills the hearer. Equally fine is the cold and bitter remark on hearing of the Queen's death:— "She should have died hereafter; There would have been time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded Time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death."11
And again, as all the critics have noticed, in the last scene of all, where he is driven to bay, the fierce animal courage of the man comes out with splendid power, in a moment when violent action drives away all the
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imaginative terrors of his haunted life. But splendid as some of these scenes are, there is a great deal more common rant in the intervals than is at all fitting in an impersonation of such real genius. Miss Bateman's performance of Lady Macbeth is particularly fine in bringing out the limitation of the unscrupulous woman's mind, which can see none of those larger consequences of crime that are so terribly real to her husband. The way in which she shrinks aghast at the thickening of the fearful anticipations which crowd upon him immediately after the murder, and is utterly cowed on finding a class of consequences for which she had never reckoned,—she had counted on suspicion, and accusation, and danger from others, but not on the unsettling of her husband's own reason, and the inward misery which he was bringing on himself,—is perfect. The hesitating way in which she suggests that "man's image" in Banquo and his son is not "eterne," 12 as compared with the eager and fierce solicitude with which she had pressed on her husband the murder of Duncan, is admirably marked. Indeed, she collapses visibly in nerve and audacity as his conscience grows more seared and his passion more cruel. Nothing can be finer than the manner in which she asks fearfully, "What's to be done?" and acquiesces almost thankfully when he replies, with a sort of coarse tenderness to his accomplice in murder, ''Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou applaud the deed,"13 and it is evident that very little of active applause will now be in her heart to give. She is learning by a frightful experience all that her husband knew by the force of his imaginative insight, and while he grows fiercer and less scrupulous every day, she is feeling the burden heavier and the weight of her heart less and less supportable. The sleepwalking scene is, too, almost as fine as it could be. The inwardness of her voice is that of one who is talking to visions in her own brain. The horror of the tone in which she expresses her wonder that the old man had "so much blood in him," and the inexpressible anguish of her sigh as she observes that "all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand,"14 gave us a thrill as keen as Mr. Irving's accent in describing the voice which proclaimed that Macbeth had murdered sleep;—it is impossible to judge which of the two delineations of despair is the higher, for both are perfect. Miss Bateman's only illsuccess seems to us to be in the Banquet scene, a very difficult scene to act, and one in which, as it appeared to us, both Mr. Irving and Miss Bateman failed. Of the other actors, the less, perhaps, said the better. But in truth, there are hardly any other parts to act, except Banquo's, which is not particularly well rendered here. Lady Macbeth's "doctor," however, does his part simply, seriously, and well. The scenic effects, and the arrangements for the preternatural scenes especially, are very finely managed.
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It is a pity that the actors who represent the witches cannot be got to understand, that if such creatures as these existed at all, they certainly would not rant, since true malignity, just because it is fierce, and even furious, is far too much in earnest to rant.
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Mr. Tennyson's Drama on the Stage [Originally published in the Spectator, April 22, 1876, pp. 52627, as a subleader on Alfred Tennyson's 1875 Queen Mary as dramatised by Henry Irving and performed at the Lyceum Theatre. (Identified)]
Judging by the second (not the first) night's performance of "Queen Mary," we should say that Mr. Tennyson's play, even as it is curtailed, altered, and put on the stage at the Lyceum, falls short of positive popularity by very much less than the notices of the London Press would seem to assume. 1 That it does to some extent hang fire at first, and drag in the last long and difficult scene, we are well aware. That there is too little action, as Mr. Irving has dramatised the play, and that the scenes are too much like a succession of partiallyconnected tableaux vivants from the life of Queen Mary, we admit also. And yet the interest of the audience in these imperfectly linked and fragmentary pictures of Tudor infatuation was, to our minds, very remarkable. As the play is now presented to us, the element of gloomy but conscientious bigotry which constitutes so striking a vein in Mr. Tennyson's drama is greatly diminished and pared away, and that infatuation of Mary's for Philip, which even in Mr. Tennyson's play was, we believe, carried to an excess hardly warranted by exact history, is rendered still more prominently and exclusively the subject of the drama. The consequence of this is that while the most effective situations in the play are omitted,—for instance, Cardinal Pole no longer receives the submission of the British Parliament and nation to the Roman Catholic Church; Cranmer makes no appearance at all, and of course, no retractation, and no retractation of that retractation; Bagenhall and his part are gone, and his fine dramatic description of Lady Jane Grey's execution is, of course, omitted also,2 —the interest centres exclusively in poor Mary's loveless lot, while the hatred excited by her religious fanaticism, and again, her kingdom's military misfortune in the loss of Calais, appear mere incidents of the troubles which gather round the close of her brief and unhappy reign. Even in the form in which Mr. Tennyson's play first appeared there was, perhaps, too little action, too little growth and development of personal character, to give the effect of high dramatic force. But instead of husbanding to the utmost all the dramatic situations of the original play, Mr. Irving has sacrificed most of them in the interest of unity of plot and of brevity of treatment; and yet, notwithstanding the very disadvantageous alterations thus implied, and the gaps in the context due to the elision of all the story of the persecution, the popular interest excited by
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the not very wellconnected scenes which remain seemed to us to be very lively, and to fall very little short of a success. And yet it is not only the large curtailment of the action of the original drama from which the play, as now acted, suffers. It certainly suffers also from the inadequate conception which the leading actress has formed of her part, and the excess of conventional violence which she throws into it. Miss Bateman (Mrs. Crowe) is really great in Medea,—in Lady Macbeth she is certainly powerful,—but in Queen Mary she is not to our mind successful at all. 3 She looks the part admirably, and here and there she is very effective. Nothing can be better than her stately way of telling the French Ambassador, who asks for some additional treaty as proof that England is not plotting to join with Spain against France, that her own royal word is good enough to sustain the existing engagements, and that she prays God the French King be not the first to break the treaties already concluded between France and England. In fact, when Mary is speaking on State affairs with her ministers or ambassadors, Miss Bateman presents her with great dignity and force. But when she goes beyond this, and either declaims on her victory over her foes, "My foes are at my feet and Philip King," or casts herself at Philip's feet to confess, "You are the mightiest monarch upon earth, I but a little Queen," or passionately reminds Count Feria, in the last scene of all, how he had formerly deceived her in promising the coming of Philip when he never came, she forgets the dignity of a Tudor, and works herself up into a kind and degree of violence which seems to us to take all reality, if not all royalty, from the character. The tone of her Queen Mary is far more like the tone of her Lady Macbeth than it is possible for the tone of diffident passion mixed with wounded pride, to resemble the tone of a fierce and ambitious murderess. Miss Bateman's declamation is painful almost throughout. She gives us no conception of any struggle between wounded pride and the passion of a woman older than her husband, a woman halfuncertain how far she ought or ought not to make advances to him, but throws herself at his head in an incessant entreaty for his love for which, no doubt, Tennyson himself is partly responsible, but which a skilful actress would have modified by nuances of manner on the stage. It cannot be that a Queen who, the moment the interests of her Crown are touched, draws back with so much offended dignity,—as, for instance, when Philip complains that the ship which brought him to England was made to strike her flag to the English standard, and Mary proudly affirms the necessity of that acknowledgment of her Sovereign right,— should be a mere imploring, lovesick wife, when she sees in her husband signs so clear of his weariness and indifference. Miss Bateman exaggerates even Tennyson's picture of Mary's lovesick madness, where
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she should qualify it. Indeed, anything like rant is especially inappropriate when it is meant to conjure a cold husband into tenderness, and unveil the devotion of a wounded heart. Again, in the last scene, when Mary's mind is intended to be visibly giving way, there is far too much of violent declamation, and far too little of the despairing sinking of a proud and breaking heart. Take, for instance, the speech in which Mary declines Lady Clarence's entreaty that she would again see her physician, and answers:— "Drugs—but he knows they cannot help me—says That rest is all; tells me I must not think,— That I must rest—I shall rest byandby. Catch the wild cat, cage him, and when he springs And maims himself against the bars, say, 'Rest'; Why, you must kill him, if you would have him rest,— Dead or alive, you cannot make him happy."
Miss Bateman declaims that like a tragedyqueen. To us it seems clear that it should be pronounced in the accent appropriate to an ebbing life, and with the calm of utter despair. Mary's outburst of passion when she cuts the picture of Philip out of the frame and dashes it at her feet is appropriate enough, and forcibly given by Miss Bateman, but it would have twice as much effect if the general tenor of the scene in which it occurs were a great deal quieter, and represented a gloom not violent, but blank and hopeless. But we have dwelt enough on the deficiencies of the play. On the other side, it must be said that to match the scenery,—which is rich, effective, and at the close of the play most striking in its presentation of the dark but magnificent chamber of death,—every part but that of Mary is admirably provided for. Mr. Irving's stately, scornful, and frigid, but yet brutal Philip is as faultless as we could well imagine it. It has been objected that he makes his disgust for the Queen too evident, since he declares to the Spanish Ambassador, Simon Renard, "I have but shown a loathing face to you, who knew it from the first." But that is evidently the selfdeception of a mind too haughty and careless of others to be aware of the disgust which his language has really implied. There is not a line addressed by Philip to Mary in the poem which could by any possibility be intended by Mr. Tennyson to express any masquerade of love. Nothing could indicate the poet's intention better than the speech made by Philip when Mary half implores him to say that he feels keenly the grief of parting:— "By St. James, I do protest, Upon the faith and honour of a Spaniard, I am really grieved to leave your Majesty. Simon, is supper ready?"
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What the poet meant to delineate here is clear enough,—a mind too utterly haughty to care to put on even the decent pretence of feeling what his words seemed to be intended to convey. As far as we can judge, it would have been impossible for Mr. Irving to represent the poet's conception of Philip more perfectly than he has done. 4
And again, Elizabeth is, on the whole, very skilfully presented by Miss Virginia Francis, in two very difficult scenes. She fails, indeed, in the first scene, with Courtenay, where she is affected, and her byplay is very bad; and she is not very impressive at the bedside of the dying Mary; but in the long and difficult scene in which she soliloquises on the thorny lot of princesses, and still more in the admirablyacted scene where she is sounded by the Count de Feria as to her personal inclinations towards Philip, in case his wife should die, and where she foils him by her wilful failure to understand his hinted suggestions, she plays with great dignity and subtlety,— far more than we had any reason to expect from her. The mingled coquetry and craft of Elizabeth are given in this last scene with very delicate skill,—indeed, with something like genius.5 Nor are any of the minor characters badly given, while one, at least, that of the Spanish Ambassador, Simon Renard, is presented with an ability which must impress every one. It is not a difficult, though it is a very effective part to act, but it is quite impossible that the astute suppleness and the dignified subservience of the diplomatist should be better acted than it is acted by Mr. Brooke.6 On the whole, with all its defects, there is so much in the play as given at the Lyceum to give the effect of a great dramatic history, that we should not be at all surprised to find it growing, instead of dwindling, in favour, and resulting in a success, moderate indeed, and by no means in keeping with the measure of the author's popularity as a poet, but still solid, and not artificially got up.
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Miss Geneviève Ward [Originally published in the Spectator, August 30, 1879, p. 1098, as a subleader on the performance of this actress in ForgetMeNot by Herman Merivale and F. Crawford Grove at the Lyceum Theatre. 1 (Attributed)]
Miss Geneviève Ward is an actress of very remarkable power, second to none certainly but Miss Ellen Terry on the English Stage.2 In the very clever little melodrama called ForgetmeNot, by Messrs. Grove and Merivale, in which Miss Ward is now acting at the Lyceum,—and a cleverer bit of dialogue we have not had for some years back,3 —Miss Geneviève Ward shows ample variety of power, though as yet she fails distinctly, we think, in the purely tragic speeches, and in expressing the agony of fear with which the melodrama closes. In the first place, she has a fine figure and voice, the true physique of an actress. In the next place, Miss Ward has quiet power in every line of her face and in every gesture, and that itself is one of the highest requisites of an actress, for it makes everything she does interesting. Again, she is perfectly simple and refined in her manner, and her playfulness has an air of real distinction,—it is that of a woman in whom playfulness is the unbending of strength, not the dissipation of all the little energy of character there is. And what is more perhaps than any of these characteristics, Miss Ward is not absorbed in her own part. She is as anxious to give full effect to the parts of the other actors as she is to her own. Indeed, like all true actors, who forget themselves in their art, it is nearly impossible in listening to her to concentrate your attention wholly upon her, because she herself carries it back to those with whom she is acting, by her careful attention to every shade of meaning in what they say. In the part given Miss Ward to play at the Lyceum—and as admirably fitted for her as a melodramatic part can be—she has to represent a still handsome and unscrupulous gambler, who, having retired from the gambling life, has determined to gain a position in society by the help of her highborn English daughterinlaw, by whose family she is to be rehabilitated for the fashionable world. The presence of mind, the ease, the coolness, the unscrupulous purpose, and the impenetrable mask of the gambler, are seen in every situation she appears in, till the mask is torn off at last, and then we think her acting decidedly less effective. So long as she is acting a part within the piece itself, she is perfect. Directly she is supposed to be herself, and to be acting a part no longer, she fails to please us. But it is rare, indeed, to hear a woman threaten so well, and with so thoroughly businesslike an air, as Miss Ward threatens with,
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when she tells Sir Horace Welby that unless her daughterinlaw and the latter's sister receive her and treat her affectionately for the six weeks which remain of the year since her son's marriage, she will invalidate the marriage, which, by the law of the Code Napoleon, it is in her power to do, as having been celebrated under the required age, and against the protest of the parents of one of the parties:—"If I take proceedings," she says, "the marriage will be pronounced null and void, and your dear Alice's sister will find herself not Viscountess de Brissac, but Miss Rose Verney, neither wife, maid, nor widow, but a lady who lived six months with a gentleman who was not her husband, and who knew he wasn't, and by him has been made the mother of an illegitimate child." Most actresses would have either ranted that, or at least given it a sort of rhetorical air, as if they were playing a trumpcard. Miss Ward, on the contrary, gave it with almost inexpressible, practical force, as if plainness of speech were necessary to put her adversary in full possession of the strength of her position, but entirely without any theatric manner at all. No more businesslike manner, eager in its way, but eager with the sense of the strength of her own threat, not with any, even the slightest, appearance of reference to the passions with which she was playing, could be imagined than the air with which this was delivered. For the time we forgot the stage, and thought only of the immense force of the weapon she was wielding,—which was precisely what she meant Sir Horace Welby to feel. And this reality of manner,—the reality, of course, of a fashionable and beautiful woman,—was maintained throughout, till she came to the scenes of fear and entreaty at the close; then she was, we think, more conventional. The tones of her voice were not true to life. The spasm of fear—as it was intended to be understood—with which she fled from her husband's murderer, was not that of swift genuine terror. She stayed twice as long as she needed to stay within eyeshot of him; she wavered up and down; she intended her motions to be those of one paralysed by fear, whereas they were only those of one who wished to produce an effect. In short, in the tragic bits, Miss Ward was stagey, and in them only. But in all the rest of the play her power was so singular and so remarkable, and it was the power of so much mental culture, that we may fairly congratulate the English Stage on the presence of a new actress of the first class amongst us.
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Tennyson as Dramatist [Originally published in the Spectator, November 18,1882, pp. 147475, as a subleader on Alfred Tennyson's prose play, The Promise of May, at the Globe Theatre, Newcastle Street, under the direction of Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Beere, opening on November 11th and running for five weeks though it was almost universally disliked. 1 (Identified)]
The failure of Mr. Tennyson's piece at the Globe Theatre is certainly not due to any want of power on Mr. Tennyson's part to conceive character, and even homely character, vividly. Unfortunately, that is only one of the requisites for dramatic success, and perhaps not even the principal requisite:2 —for many an author,—the late Lord Lytton, for instance,—who never had a tenth part of the power of this kind which Mr. Tennyson showed in "The Northern Farmer," in "The Grandmother," and in "Rizpah," to say nothing of other poems, could and did write extremely effective dramas for the Stage3 and this, with certain exceptions that appear rather to confirm our impression of the PoetLaureate's deficiency, Tennyson has never done. We are aware that Queen Mary was by no means a failure on the stage, if it was not a decided success, and that The Cup was greatly enjoyed, even as a drama, by some of the best critics of the day.4 But in both cases, Tennyson had this great advantage,—that the framework of the plot was given him from the first, and that in that plot action on a grand scale which could hardly fail to interest any audience, was so inwoven, that the poet had nothing to do but find a voice appropriate to this action, instead of, as in the present instance, having to find an action appropriate to his own thought. The two tasks are wholly distinct. No one can give a finer expression to the emotion of a strong situation than Tennyson; but when the problem is reversed, and the question is how to find effective dramatic actions which shall embody vigorously, and fit exactly, a particular class of thoughts, there is nothing at all to show that the genius of Tennyson is adequate to the task, and the result in the case of The Promise of May clearly tends to show the contrary. Where the object is to give forcible dramatic expression to a view of life, however homely, no one can do it more vigorously:— "Me an' thy muther, Sammy, 'as beän a talkin' o' thee. Thou's beän talkin' to muther, and she been a tellin' it me: Thou'll not marry for munny,—thou's sweet upo' parson's lass; Noä, thou'll marry for luvv,—an' we boäth on us thinks tha an ass. Seeä'd her todaäy goä by—Saäint's daäy—they was ringing the bells. She's a beauty, thou thinks,—an' soä is scoors o' gells, Them as 'as munny an' all. Wat's beauty? The flower as blaws. But proputty, proputty sticks, an' proputty, proputty graws."5
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It would be hard to beat that for dramatic force and vividness, but then a drama on the stage is not rendered successful by dramatic force and vividness in dialogue, in the absence of interesting actions to which that forcible and vivid dialogue leads. A successful playwriter must know how to keep the audience on the stretch, and how to gratify their expectations in the moment of releasing them from that strain, and need hardly know anything more. The late Lord Lytton understood this fully, and perhaps understood very little more. The PoetLaureate understands a great deal more, but he does not understand this. The amazing blunder of making his villain try to make up for his seduction of one sister by his subsequent offer to marry the other, and the equally great blunder of letting the villain off unpunished after his detection, simply because there would be no satisfaction to refined instincts in any sudden retribution, seem to show that Mr. Tennyson has little gift for creating interesting situations out of the strength or defect of the characters he has conceived. A very acute critic of great experience, who was present at the Globe on one of the nights of its performance, said to the present writer that the defect of the play was just this,—that everything in it which ought to have been said out straight, was left to be implied, while everything which ought to have been left to be implied, was said out straight. That is just the kind of error which a man of Mr. Tennyson's type of genius would be likely to make, in his anxiety rather to fix attention on the roots of evil action, than on the fruits of evil thought. On the stage every thought should have an immediate drift, for the audience are interested chiefly in watching that drift, and anticipating its probable results. But in life, of course, many of the most potent germs of evil are remote from any immediate drift; and Mr. Tennyson has evidently wrecked himself in the endeavour to exhibit them elaborately, even when the living interest as to what fruit they may bear,—for they have in reality borne some of their worse fruit, as regards the dramatic interest of the play, before they are fully displayed to the eyes of the audience,—has been exhausted. Thus Tennyson fails because he does not permeate his thoughts with the promise of immediate action, but rather gives us the action, and then tries to lead us back to their origin in thought. Again, he fails even in making actions produce their natural result on character. His villain, after coldly abandoning the girl he has seduced, should not come back again only to meditate a sickly and unmeaning reparation by marrying her sister. He should have come back either visibly degenerated in every way, if the moral lesson of the play were to be worked out, or else consumed with remorse; but a reappearance which seems intended only to prove that he has got neither actively worse nor actively better, only more thoroughly pulpy, is not one which, even though it may be consistent with some of the experience of life, could by any possibility produce a dramatic situation.
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Mr. Tennyson has a great quality, which has often helped him materially, though it did not help him much in Harold, 6 to interpret a fine situation so as to give it considerable dramatic interest. He can bring a great analytic and magnifying power to bear on the sources of given actions, on the feelings which seem to be appropriate to a particular situation,—such as Mary Tudor's contending feelings for her faith, her husband, and her realm,—till these feelings loom much larger than they ever would on our unassisted imaginations,—and so he helps all those who will carefully follow him to enter into the heart of that situation. But his dramatic imagination is essentially explicative,—it imagines and paints the causes from the effects, but not with anything like equal force the effects from the causes. Given a great dramatic crisis, he will help us to understand how men felt about it; and in that sense he is a dramatist. But let him start from the opposite point of the compass,— that is, from the thoughts and feelings,—and let it be his task to crystallise those thoughts and feelings into dramatic crises, and he seems to fail. Look at all his stories in verse,—''The Idylls of the King," "Enoch Arden," "The Golden Supper," "Aylmer's Field," "SeaDreams,"—and those will be found by far the best in which a fine external situation was made for him by some large tradition, so that his imagination only had to interpret and fillin the outlines. So far as it was necessary to introduce subsidiary action (as Shakespeare, for instance, would have introduced it, to quicken the interest of the plot), he failed; and this, indeed, was the defect of Queen Mary, namely, that admirably as the grand historical outlines were traced, there was a great want of subordinate movement in the plot. Where, on the contrary, the plot is left to him to create for himself, he can hardly be said to have created any, but rather to have left the thoughts and feelings out of which action ought to arise, where they were, and to have failed to spin them into anything like a true web of fitting action. Tennyson habitually unravels action into thought and feeling, rather than weaves thought and feeling into action. This is why he is so little fitted for the production of Stage drama, unless the dramatic situation is already given and already effective. His genius is not one adapted to depict rapid movement, or to divine the result in which thought and feeling will end, but rather to explain whence any given attitude of character has taken its origin. He imagines upwards, not downwards. And this, perhaps, is why he has made a play which ought to have been one on the blighted "Promise of May," a careful explanation of that blight, rather than even a vivid delineation of it.
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Mephistopheles at the Lyceum [Originally published in the Spectator, December 26, 1885, pp. 173334, as a subleader on Henry Irving, Ellen Terry and others in W. G. Wills's version of Goethe's great verse drama, Faust. Of course, this review, which is known to be Hutton's, should be compared with "Mephistopheles on the Stage" of October 27,1866, which the present collection attributes to him. (Identified)]
The saying quoted from some famous German Mephistopheles in the Times' review of Mr. Irving's play at the Lyceum, that Mephistopheles would never be properly understood until coupled with a Faust who could play him down, is so profoundly true a criticism on Goethe's great drama, that it brings out into full relief the reason of the miscarriage of this splendidly equipped play. 1 Mr. Conway's Faust not only cannot play Mephistopheles down, but is so weak, tawdry, and unreal, that it cannot even play him up.2 Instead of making you feel, what Goethe meant you to feel, that the great deceiver is the source of all the deepest illusions of life, and that even the most sinful mortal who has genuine life in him is in some sense able to refute those illusions, and to make the mocker conscious that he is a puppet in hands more potent than his own, the Lyceum play does not even enable the spectator to feel at all adequately the thrill which the spirit of mockery was meant to inspire. Without a large human nature visibly present to be mocked, the mockery itself falls rather dead. Mr. Irving's Mephistopheles is, so far as figure and expression go, quite perfect; but where it fails is in playing effectively on the natures to which in Goethe's drama it is meant to act the tempter. A tempter without temptation is, we need hardly say, impossible, and Mr. Conway's Faust is quite too much of a stick to be tempted; while Miss Terry's3 Margaret is,—as, indeed, is Goethe's,—tempted only by her lover, and not by the fiend. Perhaps the nearest effect to that of real temptation is the scene in which,—not following Goethe,—Mephistopheles himself suggests to the praying girl the thought that having killed her mother and caused her brother's death, she may as well follow it up by destroying her baby also. But admirably as that scene is managed, one does not feel that the tempter tempts,—that there could be anything of real attraction to the ruined girl at that time in the thought of adding another and worse crime to the sins she had already committed. Mr. Wills,4 indeed, made a very serious mistake in interpolating this suggestion in Goethe's play. The fault of the whole piece is the failure of Mephistopheles to get at the hearts of the human beings with whom he consorts. Even with Martha the situation is made too comic;—well as Mrs. Stirling5 acts, there is too little of the effect of any serious temptation presented to a bad woman's
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bad heart. Throughout, Mephistopheles stands virtually alone as an evil being whose attitudes, sneers, spites, deceptions, and triumphs are worth studying for themselves and in themselves, but who stands apart from the human figures at whose hearts he ought to be at work, and who, indeed, mocks at them the more spitefully because he feels that he cannot tempt them, though he can make them tempt each other. Goethe's great drama has always seemed to us about as radically false in its fundamental philosophy as it is grand in its imaginative conceptions. His primary notion that even a spirit of pure evil is an exceedingly useful being because he stirs into activity even those whom he leads into sin, and so prevents them rusting away in mere indolence is a false idea. There are other and better means of stimulating the positive affections of men, than by tempting them to sin. Nevertheless, it was certainly Goethe's notion that evil is a potent instrument in the hands of good, and the leading idea of his play is to treat Mephistopheles as an agent in higher hands to develop the nature of Faust. But it is far otherwise on the Lyceum stage. There Mephistopheles is made so incomparably more important a part than any other, that one misses its meaning, and comes to fancy that it is a play written mainly to exhibit fiendish malignity of the ironic kind, instead of being written for the purpose for which it certainly was written,—to exhibit the stimulating effect of a sneering tempter on the active energies of a strong and large nature. "Of all negative spirits," says the Almighty in the prologue in Heaven, "the least burdensome to me is the rogue. The activity of man may only too easily relax; he soon comes to desire for himself absolute rest; therefore I willingly give him as a companion, one who incites and works upon him, and who must, as devil, create." 6 That is the key to the idea of Faust, so far as any one idea runs through it. The negative influence of Mephistopheles is intended to excite the positive nature of Faust into the fullest activity. Of course, Faust is led into sin, into the gravest sin; but Goethe means to impress on his readers that even the gravest sin may develop the energies of man's nature to the highest point, and that the innumerable fantastic illusions with which the ironic nature of Mephistopheles deceives and blinds those who come under his influence, only whet the craving of a true man for reality and homely truth. The great and serious shortcoming of the new play at the Lyceum is that neither Mr. Wills's version nor the actors chosen to represent it, give any real effect at all to the rich positive side of human nature, which the presence of Mephistopheles is intended to stimulate into greater vigour. Miss Terry's acting is, in the earlier scenes, very lively and charming. Especially her delight in the ornaments which Mephistopheles has obtained for her as Faust's gift, is given with great playfulness and grace. But she is never, even from the first, homely
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enough; and a sweet homeliness is the keynote of Margaret's nature. In the tragic scenes she becomes quite artificial, and as unlike a peasantgirl mourning for her lost peace as it is possible to imagine. Now, the whole drift of the play requires that Faust should take refuge in Margaret's perfect simplicity and artlessness from the biting irony and cynicism of his diabolic companion,—should find in the village girl a reality and depth all the more refreshing because his satanic companion has, so to say, knocked the bottom out of all virtue and all genuineness by his constant aspersions on human nature. Mr. Conway's Faust, however, is so utterly destitute of warmth and naturalness, that it would be hard to imagine such a Faust as he gives us in need of anything homely and genuine to love; and when Miss Terry appears, there is too much elegance and grace, and too little of the fascinating purity of perfect innocence, for the sort of charm which Goethe had intended to present to us. One of the great puzzles in Faust is the immense amount of magic illusion which Goethe makes his ironic spirit summon up for us. He spent, as we know, a great wealth of imaginative energy, not only on the natural magic with which Faust opens,—a portion of the drama wholly omitted at the Lyceum,—but on the witches' revels on the Brocken, a scene admirably represented so far as mere spectacle goes, but almost deprived, in Mr. Wills's version, of that wealth of sarcasm and moral malignity which the dialogue of Goethe's elaborate interlude brings out. It is a mistake, we think, to make of the witches' revels on the Brocken a mere spectacle, and not to let the moral and intellectual diablerie of the scene impress itself fully on the mind. Difficult as it certainly is to catch Goethe's intention in making so much as he has done of the magic elements in the Faust legend, it is safe, we think, to insist on the very close connection between the liability to illusion and the unhealthy, cynical, and sinful side of human nature. Mephistopheles himself, of course, has no illusions, but his victims become creatures of superstition so soon as they become his victims. The curse which Faust pronounces, in one of the earlier scenes, on the illusions of faith and hope, is meant to lead up directly to his strange liability, in the later part of the drama, to the meaner and grosser illusions of distrust and despair. Just as the drinking louts in Auerbach's cellar are made the dupes of their own bedevilled senses, so the selfish and treacherous lover who has become the instrument of murder and the author of a seduction, is represented in his wanderings with the tempter as the victim of all sorts of fantastic dreams, both foul and vivid, which express the utter anarchy to which the imagination and fancy may be subjected when a man will not hold fast by the great realities of life. The Walpurgisnacht is, we suppose, a kind of representation enlarged from mediaeval hints, but adapted to modern ideas, of
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various forms of selfenclosed wickedness haunted for ever by its own evil thoughts and deeds. It immediately precedes the death of Margaret, which brings Faust back to his senses, and is, we suppose, intended to indicate the hightide mark of evil imagination in his disordered, selfish, and superstitious nature. To have kept the witches' revels, and to have left out so much of the cynicism of the dialogue, was, we think, a mistake. Mephistopheles is painted as taking the intensest delight in the emptiness of the thoughts and the impotence of the acts of evil which there run riot, as if they were the hideous and shattered fragments of an evil whole, rather than selfsubsisting entities of any kind. Faust is brought to his senses there by his own stinging conscience, when he sees the living image of Margaret, with a bloody circle on her throat, pass amongst the hosts of evil beings,—the one for whose sin he has a special responsibility of his own. But as the revels of the witches are put on the stage at the Lyceum, they seem to give us little more than a brilliant orgy of preternatural beings, with little or no reference to the disordered state of Faust's own mind. Of course, Margaret appears and greatly startles him; but the ghostly and ghastly fragments of cynical shallowness and egotism which seem the natural reflection of a mind of great power subjected for a time to the dominion of evil, are hardly represented at all in this form of the witch festival on the Brocken. It is a mere break in the drama,—a witch ballet and no more. Goethe's great imagination perceived that to make the Faust legend at all real, you must have a very real human nature embarked in the speculative magic and the voluntary invocation of the evil one, attributed to Faust,—that the cynical malignity of Mephistopheles would not make the centre of the legend, but only the background to it. In Faust, as it is given at the Lyceum, this is forgotten. We have the spirit of evil almost alone, without any living relation to the person tempted, and consequently the drama flags, and the total effect is failure.
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Professor Jowett on the Drama [Originally published in the Spectator, July 3,1886, pp. 87374, as a subleader on a remark made by Benjamin Jowett after an Oxford lecture by Henry Irving on Saturday, June 26th. (Identified)]
Professor Jowett's remark, made after Mr. Irving's Oxford lecture last Saturday, that the drama is "the only form of literature which is not dead, but alive, and is always being brought to life again and again by the genius of the actor," is hardly, we think, one which will be borne out by reflection. We should say that there are many forms of literature which are much more alive than the drama, even if we restrict what we mean by drama to the drama of those great dramatists whose works are most frequently revived and reproduced upon the stage. 1 There is hardly any great poem of Shelley's which is so little "alive" in the present day as his Cenci, in spite of the recent unfortunate attempt to put it on the stage.2 Which of Byron's great poems are so little alive as his plays? Which of Tennyson's ever came so near being stillborn as his plays, even though Mr. Irving himself did exert himself with no little success to give Queen Mary a resurrection? Oliver Goldsmith lives twice as vividly in his "Vicar of Wakefield,"—even with those who have never seen it dramatised,—and perhaps in his "Deserted Village," and the lines on the "Venison Pasty,'' as he does in that most amusing play, She Stoops to Conquer. And going back even to the far past, we doubt extremely whether any, except the greatest of Shakespeare's dramas, are half as much alive in the imagination of the present day as some of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." A few of Sheridan's plays, The Rivals certainly, and The School for Scandal, are rendered popular by their lively wit; but would it be true to say that even they are half as much alive in the mind of the present day as two or three of Fielding's, and at least one of Richardson's3 novels? Swift by his "Gulliver's Travels," Addison by his sketch of Sir Roger de Coverley, and even Johnson by his "Vanity of Human Wishes" and his "London," have left a far more vivid mark on the present day than all the dramas of Dryden and Ben Jonson. And Miss Austen's portraitures live for us far more genuinely than even the leading characters of Goethe's and Schiller's plays. If we come to the most recent times, who would dream of comparing the literary livingness of even the best and most popular of Mr. Robertson's comedies, Caste, School, and the rest, with the best of Tennyson's, Browning's, or Matthew Arnold's poems? It seems to us a very grave and curious blunder to say, as the Vice Chancellor of Oxford appears to have said, that the drama is living because great actors are
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continually creating for it a resurrection in the imagination of the public, while other forms of literature which have (because they need) no such special class of interpreters, are, comparatively speaking, dead. Indeed, we question whether such a remark would have appeared even plausible, had it not been that the greatest genius the world ever knew happened to concentrate almost all his power on dramatic works. Were it not for Shakespeare, it would not even seem like the truth to say that dramatic forms of literature are living, while all other forms are dead. If we could exclude that wonderful genius wholly from our view, it would, we suspect, be much nearer the truth to say, at least at the present day, that the drama is the least living of all the forms of literature, and that all the efforts of the most accomplished actors hardly succeed in giving it a hold on the popular imagination. Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner" will live when his Remorse and Fall of Robespierre are quite obsolete, and even when his fine translation of Schiller's Wallenstein is half forgotten. No one, we suppose, would venture to deny that considerable actors do from time to time greatly revive the interest, both general and special, taken in the dramas of the past, do draw public attention to them and their noblest passages, and do therefore immensely stimulate the popular imagination in relation to them. That is undeniable. But we should certainly be disposed rather to treat this histrionic revival of interest in the grander dramas of the past, as a makeweight against the unmerited neglect into which all dramatic literature is, in our undramatic age, too apt to fall, than as an influence which keeps the drama alive while all other forms of literature can be treated as comparatively dead. Mr. Irving recalled to his audience Coleridge's saying of Edmund Kean, that to see him in the Shakespearian drama "was like reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning." 4 No doubt flashes of lightning might be thrown on Shakespeare by actors of really great genius,—but they are so rare, that the present writer can remember only one English actor capable of such a feat, and he did not meddle with Shakespeare; we mean the late Mr. Robson.5 In general, even good actors who do not spoil Shakespeare, but interpret him fairly well, do not succeed in heightening the moral and intellectual magic of Shakespeare, even when they are sufficiently masters of their art not to diminish it. The present writer has seen Macready, Fechter, and Irving in Shakespeare's most considerable plays, and has never but once, and then only for a moment, been conscious of reading Shakespeare by a flash of lightning; that was in Mr. Irving's rendering of the passage in which Macbeth says that "Macbeth has murdered sleep,"6 which certainly gave new depth to Shakespeare's wonderful expression of despair; though for the rest, we did not think Macbeth even Mr. Irving's best part. On the whole, we should prefer
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Fechter of the three actors, place Irving next, and Macready, except in such slightly artificial characters as Cardinal Wolsey 7 lowest of the three. But of none of them should we say that they enabled us to read Shakespeare by flashes of lightning. Indeed, Macready's efforts in that direction were very stagey indeed. And of all three actors, we should say that, even at their best, they only succeeded in not lowering the ideal magic of Shakespeare, and hardly ever in giving us a new glimpse of his highest flights. What good actors can and do effect, is not to increase the charm and open the higher meanings of Shakespeare, but to restore to the drama that realism of common life which the mere reader of Shakespeare is too apt to forget,—in other words, to give greater vividness and significance to the circumstance and detail in which the imagination of Shakespeare was framed and embodied, and to prevent the fancy from running away into an ideal region from the control and contact of common life. This is what the stage does for us when it deals with the higher forms of drama. It does not, in our belief, as a rule stimulate the imagination half so much as the study of a great drama in one's own room; but it makes one realise the common surroundings and petty accidents of the higher passions and emotions as one never realises them without the help of one's eyes and ears. Far from giving life to literature, the stage does more, we think, to give life to that which is the necessary accompaniment of literature, the framework of literature, often the earthly clog on literature, than it does to give life to literature itself. The poetry of A Midsummer Night's Dream, for instance, or the poetry of Antony and Cleopatra, or of Romeo and Juliet, is far more delightful and fascinating in a quiet room than it is as it is given on the stage. We should be even disposed to say that A Midsummer Night's Dream is spoiled by the stage, since it belongs to a region altogether too fanciful to borrow anything but injury from the physical embodiment of the actors' art. What we want from the actor, and what in nine hundred and ninetynine cases out of a thousand we get from him, is not a "flash of lightning" on Shakespeare's meaning, but a lesson in the human feasibility of the situation, the play of petty motives, the pity of the earthly conditions, the embarrassments of the passions, the littleness which limits great minds;—for instance, a lesson in the effect of rank and station on manners, in the punctiliousness produced by official life, in the incommensurability of formal ceremony with the thrill of preternatural or supernatural awe. All such effects as these we realise twice as well with real actors before us. But the higher flights of imagination we realise, we will say, twice as well in solitude as we do on the stage. The utmost a good actor usually does for us in this respect is to make us feel that the imaginative passion is really there, in spite of the inertia or ponderousness of earthly circumstance;
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but he does not, and cannot, in the ordinary course of things, make us feel the depth and intensity of that imaginative passion anything like as deeply as we should feel it in perfect solitude. The wings of poetry move more freely in solitude than in the world of business and pleasure. What the actor makes us see is not the vibrations of the wings, but the weight of the earthly body which these vibrations are capable of lifting into the air. For example, no man who has not seen Hamlet well acted remembers that Hamlet was a Prince with a strong sense of caste in him, as Fechter made us recognise him to be; 8 no man who has not seen Macbeth well acted remembers how his wife's malignant influence over him had alienated him from her, so that he took the news of her death with something like indifference, as Mr. Irving has shown us;9 no man who has not seen Iago well acted, realises how externally frank and gruff and soldierlike was the ordinary bearing of the man who could plot so deeply, and pierce the heart he wished to wound with so great a thrill of delight. But all these touches of reality, though they add greatly to the vividness with which the circumstances of the drama are realised, do not add anything appreciable to the higher imaginative flights of the poet. We realise what Hamlet meant when he was puzzling over the result of his own irresolution, and trying to persuade himself that it was not irresolution at all, but justifiable doubt which held his hand, far better as we read than as we hear. We realise better when looking at the play how Lady Macbeth's scorn stung Macbeth into the execution of his murderous intent; but the soliloquy in which he presents to himself how "Pity, like a naked newborn babe, Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, That tears shall drown the wind,"10
impresses us far more deeply in the reading than when heard upon the stage. We understand all the excruciating detail of Iago's slanders against Desdemona far better with the actors in view; but Othello's passion of eloquence in denouncing the wickedness of such slanders, if slanders they were, comes home far more powerfully in reading than in hearing the play:— "If thou dost slander her, and torture me, Never pray more: abandon all remorse; On horror's head, horrors accumulate: Do deeds to make heaven weep, all earth amazed, For nothing canst thou to damnation add Greater than that.11
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We defy an actor, however great, to give that by any feat of declamation the power that it will have for the reader in silence and solitude. The drama, in short, as produced in a theatre, is realist, not idealist. It adds immensely to the realism of the situation, but rather detracts from, than adds to, the depth of any true poetic fire. The actor succeeds in clothing the idealism of the poet in actual flesh and blood, in making us think that the drama depicted really took place. But he does not often, even at his best, give life to the truest poetry of the play; he only inspires us with the belief that such poetry is not wholly irreconcileable with the conditions of "such beings as we are, in such a world as the present." 12
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"A Doll's House" 1 [Originally published in the Spectator, June 22,1889, pp. 85354, as a subleader essay on Henrik Ibsen's play which was currently being performed in London. But Hutton's article is not on a performance but on an edition of the play. Did he feel that he could better keep his critical balance that way, for certainly the review indicates a deeply conservative outlook in the reviewer? (Identified)]
Ibsen's play, about which every one is talking, is a rather highflown attempt to make men realise how grave a wrong it is to women to treat them as if they were mere toys made for men's pleasure, rather than for companionship in study, duty, and responsibility. That is no doubt a very wholesome and necessary lesson; but the Norwegian dramatist, whose play is by no means remarkable for either intellectual or dramatic force, has urged it in a spirit and applied it in a form which is more likely to bring it into discredit than to make sober converts to his teaching. It is hard to conceive a less ideal character than that of a wife and mother who suddenly finds all her love for her husband extinguished after eight years of tender affection, because she discovers his nature to be less generous and unselfish than she had supposed it, and who severs all the ties by which she is bound to him and her children,—pending a complete revolution in his character,—on the ground that he has treated her in the same unreal and fanciful manner in which a child makesbelieve very much2 about her doll. Whatever the shortcoming of the husband's shallow and almost ogreish passion for his wife may be in Ibsen's play,—and no doubt it is the ordinary shortcoming of a selfish and somewhat ignoble nature,—it is impossible to make it out more serious than the shortcoming in the devotion of a wife who is disenchanted in a moment of an eight years' love by the discovery that her husband's love for her is of a poorer and vulgarer type than she had imagined it. If his love for her was little more than the passion for a beautiful toy, what was hers for him? At best, the love for an illusion of her own, and anything but a deep desire to give up herself in order to make him more and more nearly what she imagined him to be. Whatever she might properly have felt, or rather failed to feel, if the disillusion had come during the first days of betrothal, no one who has lived happily as a wife for many years together, is worth much if her love does not survive the evidence that its object is less noble than she thought, and if she is not capable of a great selfsacrifice to make her own overflowing affection do double duty and make up for the deficiencies in that of which she is the object. In Ibsen's play, if the husband's love is the love
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for a toy or a source of sensuous pleasure, the wife's is the love for a dream which vanishes with the dream. Neither one nor the other has much in it of the disinterested devotion which is eager to give more than it receives. That delight in an ideal phantom which disappears when the phantom vanishes, may be and is less ignoble than the delight in a beautiful toy which pleases the senses and gratifies the instinct of ownership; but it has quite as little in it of the divine quality of love, of which it is the very essence to bestow gladly more than has been earned, and to transmute and transfigure in the very lavishness of its bestowing. Nora's complete success in getting rid of her love in the very act of getting rid of her fanciful dream, is almost more disenchanting in the reader's 3 eyes, than Helmer's success in convincing the reader how selfish and poor his passion had been. We suppose that neither tragedy nor comedy ever before ended in a more complete clearing of the stage of everything heroic. The close is a douche of double disenchantment. The hero comes out a rather selfish man of the world who has found himself out; the heroine a heroworshipper without either a hero or the magnanimity to make a hero where she had failed to find one. That slam of the door behind the heroine with which the last scene ends, leaves as complete a moral vacuum in the reader's mind as if an anticlimax were the approved literary ideal of dramatic fiction. If Ibsen's play of A Doll's House means anything, it means that any marriage which springs out of a poor and superficial sort of love is without significance and without sacredness, and is incapable of bearing any fruit better than the vanity or vulgar passion in which it had its origin. Indeed, his teaching is that the marriage must be wholly cancelled, and all the relations it has brought with it must be broken through, if ever the ground is to be cleared for anything better in the future. Indeed, on Ibsen's principle, every imperfect relation should be eradicated in order to make way for a better. But as every relation of life is more or less inadequate, as fathers and mothers seldom reach perfection, as brotherly and sisterly love is very seldom of the highest possible kind, as religious devotion itself is always short of what it might be, analogy would suggest that we must always be uprooting the only plants from which anything could grow, in order to put in their place some higher specimen of the same species, which, again, in its turn, must be displaced by something else. In fact, we should have to shut up our churches until we could open them for perfect worship. More thoroughgoing pessimism than Ibsen's conception of the only conceivable remedy for a marriage not founded on the highest kind of love, it would be impossible to imagine. If a man makes a toy of his wife, and the wife indulges in fanciful illusions about her husband, the only chance of reforming these false relations is, according
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to Ibsen's teaching, to sweep the board of them altogether, and let hearts and lives lie fallow till some nobler feeling springs up,—or fails to spring up, which would be much the more probable event. The mistake made in the attempt to teach the useful lesson intended in Ibsen's play, is that instead of so painting the attitude of the man who makes a toy of his wife as to represent powerfully but not unfairly the distorted character of this relation between man and wife in the great majority of cases in which such distorted relations exist, Ibsen has so exaggerated both the selfishness of the feeling on the husband's side, and the mischief which it causes in dwarfing and disillusioning the wife, that it is impossible to accept the drama as suggesting any general lesson at all. That there is often a tendency, to which men and women perhaps equally contribute, to minimise the deeper sphere of cooperation and sympathy between them, and to magnify the less real and lighter aspects of the relation of husband and wife, no one who knows life will deny. But then, no one who knows life will deny that amongst Englishmen and Germans at least, and probably amongst Norwegians and Danes, to say nothing of the French, this tendency is seen very seldom indeed in such a repulsive form as that in which Ibsen paints it. In the first place, in a very unpleasant scene, Ibsen gives a relative importance to the grosser side of Helmer's nature, which is thoroughly untrue if it is to be taken as representative of the type of man who is most disposed to exaggerate the lighter and more protective, as well as the more playful aspect of the relation between husbands and wives. We venture to say that it is quite false to represent this disposition as resting chiefly on passion of that vulgar kind. It rests chiefly, we believe, on the poetical and imaginative nature, on the feeling for the delicacy, the grace, the ethereal element in women, and though often drifting into unreal sentiment of which the moral significance is very slight indeed, it is not a disposition of ignoble origin, and admits at least of very high and noble forms. The women who are so infuriated at the notion of being treated as mere toys, are, of course, perfectly in the right; but they should beware of confounding the feelings of men who look to them for nothing better than pleasant sensations and mental distraction, with the feelings of men who look to them to raise their ideal of mental and moral grace and beauty. Women who despise the sort of reverence and tenderness which this side of the feminine character inspires, are very much in the wrong indeed. The realism which would expunge this feeling from the highest relation between the sexes, would exclude a vast deal of what is best in human nature, and still more of that which leads to what is best, by refining and spiritualising what needs refining and spiritualising. Ibsen is right, of course, in resenting on behalf of women the treatment which
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makes playthings of them; but he is quite wrong in supposing that that treatment springs chiefly from what is coarse and frivolous in man. It is almost impossible for the ideal imagination to work at all without a certain freedom and playfulness in its movements, and if you severely frown down this freedom and playfulness of movement, the chances are that you will reduce the relation between man and woman to one of dreary and almost weary cooperation. Men are intended to find rest and refreshment in women, and women to find rest and refreshment in men; and though the rest and refreshment to be found should spring from the deepest kind of sympathy and the highest common faith, yet it should be rest and refreshment after all, and not mere laborious esteem and solid trust. The tendency of A Doll's House is to ignore this, and therefore we regard it as a play that is, on the whole, misleading and mischievous in drift, especially as it teaches, if it teaches anything, that the way to improve life is to root up the good wheat that has begun to grow, because there are tares intertwined with it.
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The "Pale Cast of Thought" [Originally published in the Spectator, November 30,1889, pp. 75152, as a subleader prompted by a correspondent's reaction to an article in the previous week's issue. (Identified)]
A correspondent, writing in reference to what we said last week of "Scepticism about Oneself," 1 asserts that, so far as it referred to the reverie which Shakespeare puts into Hamlet's mouth as to the "native hue of resolution" being "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,"2 it was founded on a misapprehension of the meaning of the word "thought'' in that passage, which is not, he says, what we mean by thinking, but "anxiety" or "melancholy." His contention is, we suppose, that Shakespeare, like the Authorised Version of the Bible, uses "thought" as equivalent to "care" or "anxiety," as in the wellknown passage, "Take no thought for your life,"3 a translation of words really meaning, "Be not overanxious about your life." But we do not doubt that, at least as regards this passage in Hamlet, and many other Shakespearian passages, our correspondent is mistaken. It is perfectly true that Shakespeare does use the word "thought" in the sense of "care" or "anxiety," and uses it so, we believe, even in Hamlet. When Ophelia says, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts," we imagine that it means, lovesick thoughts, thoughts that sadden. And, again, it probably means the same in the remark of Laertes on his sister's madness,—"Thought and affliction, passion, hell itself she turns to favour and to prettiness." And so in Antony and Cleopatra: "This blows my heart. If swift thought break it not" (i.e., the heart), "a swifter mean shall outstrike thought, but thought will do 't, I feel."4 But it is quite a mistake to suppose that either in Shakespeare or in our Authorised Version of the Bible, "thought" is used exclusively in this sense. Indeed, it is not used as often in this sense as in the sense of imaginative or speculative thought, which is certainly the significance to be attached to it in Hamlet's celebrated reverie on suicide. The matter is of some interest, not only because the interpretation of the whole drift of the play of Hamlet may turn upon the meaning of this reverie on suicide, but also because we really care to know how soon after the revival of learning the feeling grew up that a speculative and introspective turn of mind weakened the power for action. That a consistent probing of the principles or axioms of conduct does undermine the power of action, there can be no kind of doubt, as another able correspondent points out this week. But how soon did the conviction that this is so, and that it is a great evil that it should be so, steal into the heart of our English literature?
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We are prepared to maintain that Shakespeare, at all events, had grasped this conviction, and that it is to be found woven into the two great plays of Macbeth and Hamlet. As to the verbal question, it seems to us perfectly obvious that Shakespeare, like the translators of the Bible, did not use the word "thought" uniformly, or with anything like uniformity, in the sense of "anxiety," "care," or even "melancholy." What, for example, can be more obvious than that when, in the Prologue to the fifth act of Henry V., the Chorus says,— "But now behold In the quick forge and workinghouse of thought, How London doth pour out her citizens,"
"thought" means not "care" or "anxiety," but rather "imaginative vision?" Or, again, in the opening scene of Hamlet, where Horatio is giving his opinion on the apparition, and says,— "In what particular thought to work I know not, But in the gross and scope of my opinion This bodes some strange eruption to our State,"
whatever the exact shade of meaning may be, it is quite certain that "thought" does not mean "anxiety" or "care." It probably means that the speaker does not know in what particular direction to turn his thought in order to anticipate the evil which he nevertheless forebodes. Or, in As You Like It, when Rosalind says that "a woman's thought runs before her action," it is quite certain that "thought'' means "imagination," not "anxiety." 5 It is the same in the Bible. Where Jeremiah is translated as saying (xxix., 11), "For I know the thoughts that I think towards you, saith the Lord, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you an expected end," it is obvious enough that "thoughts" means "intentions" or "dispositions," and assuredly not "anxieties" or "cares." So also with the translation of Isaiah (lv.8), "My thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the Lord;" and with Amos (iv.,13), "For, lo, he that formeth the mountains, and createth the wind, and declareth unto man what is his thought, that maketh the morning darkness, and treadeth upon the high places of the earth, The Lord, The God of hosts, is his name," or again with the Psalmist who cries out to God, "Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising: thou understandest my thought afar off."6 In none of these cases can "thought" be understood in any sense but that of broad intellectual or imaginative processes. It is, then, quite clear that neither the Shakespearian use of the word "thought," nor that of King James's translators of the Bible, is at all limited to the meaning of "anxiety." "Taking thought" no doubt usually is used in that sense; but without the word "take," "thought" is almost as general
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a word for any intellectual process as can be found in Shakespeare or the Bible. The next question is, whether in the time of Shakespeare the notion that introspective thought weakens action had really grown up, and whether or not it appears clearly represented in his plays. It seems to us that it is so represented both in Macbeth and Hamlet. In Macbeth we have the picture of a high introspective imagination which toys with sin and crime and their awful consequences. We see how it first unnerves the man, makes him betray himself, turns him into a superstitious bungler even in the height of his daring and his wickedness, and eventually so hardens him against even the companion of his guilt, that he takes her death with apathy, and becomes himself the victim of the security which he had reposed in the predictions of the witches. Macbeth's introspective imagination paralyses him throughout, and inspires him with such a sense of the inevitableness of the evil destiny which he half dreads and halfcovets, as renders him a tool in the hands of his wife—a creature who is greatly his inferior in intellect, and yet stronger for the execution of crime than her dreaming and vacillating and musing husband. In the figure of Macbeth we have the picture of an imagination possessed with murderous ambition from the beginning, and yet dreading murder far more painfully than she who keeps him to his purpose. This introspective power is just great enough to defeat his plans, to spoil his triumph, to blast his intelligence, to make him the dupe of his own hope, and the victim of his own fears. No one lays down Macbeth without feeling that Macbeth's greater intellect brings him below the moral level of his wife, makes him wickeder, weaker, more superstitious, more easily gulled, and yet in the end less sensitive to the stings of remorse than even the temptress by his side. But in Macbeth no doubt the problem of the relation of the intellect to the will is only just touched. It is in Hamlet that Shakespeare has worked it out. Hamlet is a study in the morbid relations of intellect to will. Oppressed from the first by his mother's faithlessness to his father even before he suspects the nature of his uncle's crime, he no sooner learns what he believes to be the truth, than he is plunged into bewilderment as to what he ought to do, and still more into irresolution as to what he shall do. He resolves to take revenge, he hesitates, he invents excuses, he doubts the ghost, he delays, he sets traps for his uncle, he upbraids his mother, he will not execute vengeance, for fear that, by killing his victim in the moment of his repentance, he should do the murderer a service. In short, he is paralysed by his own wealth of doubts and fears and dreads and passions, and repeats his craving for suicide, and his belief that vast numbers of miserable beings would find refuge in suicide, if they were not haunted by the fear of the spiritual
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consequences that suicide would bring. He asks, who would not seek rest from the unquiet of life in an eternal sleep,— "But that the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear the ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought; And enterprises of great pith and moment, With this regard their currents turn away, And lose the name of action." 7
In that passage, it is nearly impossible that "thought" should bear the narrower meaning of "anxiety." Hamlet is talking to himself out of his own experience. It is not "anxiety" that has really turned aside his vengeance. It is that the enigma of life is altogether too much of an enigma for him. He is not a scrupulous man. He does not reproach himself seriously for killing Polonius. He makes no scruple at all for getting Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern put to death. Yet he would sooner have killed the King, for any scruple he had in the matter, than poor creatures who were less guilty. But in contemplating anything so impressive to his own imagination as an act of vengeance, he loses himself in all sorts of bewilderments, develops an almost artificially active conscience, and, to use his own phrase, his will is "puzzled" by the multitude of dilatory suggestions with which his mind teems. The ghost might have been a devil. The whole vision might have been an illusion. Suicide might be better than regicide, and yet suicide might be punished hereafter even more severely than regicide. These reveries are the reveries of an introspective agnostic,8 full of the associations of an old faith not fully uprooted. There is so much that is noble in man, that Hamlet hardly dares to plunge into evil. There is so much that is evil in man, that he hardly dares to believe in the good. The whole world is a riddle, and he has not even strength to cut the knot till accident gives him the stimulus he needs. Whatever is uncertain in criticism, surely this is certain, that Shakespeare had conceived a vivid conception of an introspective imagination, and the irresolution it breeds, and that in Hamlet he determined to give the world the picture which he had conceived.
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Appendix I Hutton's Spectator Reviews of Editions of Plays, Including Poetic Dramas The first fifteen reviews here, and the six of 187780, I have attributed to Hutton on internal evidence. The other twentysix reviews are identified as his in the surviving "Records of Articles" in the Spectator office.
"The New Translation of Goethe's Tasso," August 3, 1861, pp. 84142. [Anon.] "An Original Historical Tragedy," September 18, 1861, p. 1067. [Anon.] "Mr. Henry Taylor's New Drama," May 10, 1862, pp. 52526. "Atalanta in Calydon," April 15, 1865, pp. 41214. [By Swinburne] "Miss Swanwick's Translations from Aeschylus," October 7, 1865, pp. 111920. "Mr. Plumptre's Sophocles," November 25, 1865, pp. 131214. "Mr. Swinburne's Chastelard," December 2, 1865, pp. 134244. "Philoctetes," June 30, 1866, pp. 72021. [Anon. (By J. B. L. Warren)] "Orestes," July 13, 1867, pp. 78182. [Anon. (By J. B. L. Warren)] "A New Prometheus Unbound," July 20, 1867, pp. 807809. [By G. A. Simcox] "The New England Tragedies," October 31, 1868, pp. 128485. [By Longfellow] "The Alcestis of Euripedes Browning," September 30, 1871, pp. 117981. "The Days of Jezebel," July 20, 1872, pp. 91719. [By Peter Bayne] "Bothwell," June 6, 1874, pp. 72426. [By Swinburne] "Alexander the Great," June 20,1874, pp. 78789. [By Aubrey De Vere] "Mr. Butler's Charles I," January 30, 1875, pp. 14951. "Mr. Tennyson's Drama," June 26, 1875, pp. 82022. [Queen Mary] "Mr. Swinburne's 'Erechtheus'," January 1, 1876, pp. 1517. "King Erik," March 4, 1876, pp. 31012. [By Edmund Gosse] "Mary Tudor," March 18, 1876, pp. 37173. [By Aubrey De Vere] "Mr. De Vere's Drama of 'St. Thomas'," July 1, 1876, pp. 83032. "Mr. Tennyson's 'Harold'," December 23, 1876, pp. 161012. "The House of Ravensburg," December 22, 1877, pp. 161820. [By Roden Noel] "Mr. Bowen's 'Faust'," March 23, 1878, pp. 37779.
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"Mr. Colquhoun's Translation of 'Faust'," July 13, 1878, pp. 89597. "Miss Swanwick's Faust," December 21, 1878, pp. 15981600. "Lord Carnarvon's 'Agamemnon'," April 12, 1879, pp. 46769. "Little Comedies," April 24, 1880, pp. 53233. [By Julian Sturgis] "The Cup and the Falcon," March 8, 1884, pp. 31617. [By Tennyson] "A New Poet," May 24, 1884, pp. 68082. [i.e. Michael Field] "Florien," December 13, 1884, pp. 166365. [By Herman Merivale] "Becket," December 20, 1884, pp. 16991700. [By Tennyson] "Michael Field," June 20, 1885, pp. 81011. "Michael Field's New Plays," July 11, 1885, pp. 91012. "Brutus Ultor," April 24, 1886, pp. 54950. [By Michael Field] "Prince Lucifer," November 5, 1887, pp. 149091. [By Alfred Austin] "Michael Field's New Plays," November 12, 1887, pp. 153638. "Mr. Swinburne's 'Locrine'," January 7, 1888, pp. 1617. "Dr. Buchheim's Edition of 'Nathan the Wise'," March 9, 1889, pp. 33637. [By Lessing] "A Doll's House," June 22, 1889, pp. 85354. "Stanley: A Drama," June 14, 1890, pp. 83738. [By J. L. Thornely] "Mr. Pinero's New Play," November 7, 1891, pp. 64445. "Mr. Butler's 'Harold and other Poems'," February 27, 1892, pp. 303305. "Mr. Pinero's 'HobbyHorse'," April 9, 1892, pp. 49798. "Two Translations of Ibsen's 'Brand'," June 2, 1894, pp. 75355. "Joan the Maid," November 23, 1895, pp. 72627. [By J. H. Skrine] "England's Darling," February 8, 1896, pp. 207208. [By Alfred Austin]
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Appendix II Identified Spectator Reviewers of Theatre Other than Hutton, 186197 Frederick Wedmore, "Miss Terry's Retirement," August 3, 1867, pp. 86263 [signed "W."]. Identified as Wedmore's in his Memories (London, 1912), p. 113. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Signor Salvini's 'Othello'," April 17, 1875, pp. 49799. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Il Gladiatore," May 22, 1875, pp. 65759. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'Rip Van Winkle'," December 20, 1875, pp. 145052. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Mr. Irving in Comedy," June 17, 1876, pp. 76566. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'King Richard III' at Drury Lane," November 4, 1876, pp. 137071. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Miss Bateman in 'Fazio'," February 3, 1877, pp. 14445. Harry Quilter, "Mr. Irving in Tragedy [Richard III] February 10, 1877, pp. 18081. Frederick Myers, "The Performance of the 'Agamemnon' by Oxford Undergraduates," December 18, 1880, pp. 162021. Meredith Townsend, "Mr. Tennyson's Play [The Cup] at the Lyceum," January 15, 1881, pp. 8182. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "The Gymnase Company at the Gaiety Theatre," June 11, 1881, pp. 76465. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'The Cynic' at the Globe Theatre," February 4, 1882, pp. 15354. Harry Quilter, "'Romeo and Juliet' at the Lyceum," March 11, 1882, pp. 32526. Maurice Hutton, "The 'Antigone' at Toronto," May 13, 1882, pp. 62425. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'Les Rantzau' at the Gaiety Theatre," July 1, 1882, pp. 86061. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'Drink' at the Adelphi Theatre," August 19, 1882, pp. 107980. Harry Quilter, "'Much Ado About Nothing' at the Lyceum," October 14, 1882, pp. 131213. Henry Norman, "The Cambridge Greek Play [Ajax] December 2, 1882, pp. 153940. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "M. Jules Clarétie's Play at the Gaiety Theatre," June 23, 1883, pp. 800802. A. J. Church, "'The Birds' at Cambridge," December 1, 1883, pp. 154344. Meredith Townsend, "The Possibilities of Melodrama [Claudian] December 29, 1883, pp. 169192. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Signor Salvini in Two Plays [Othello and La Morte Civile] March 22, 1884, pp. 37677. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Madame Jane Hading at the Royalty Theatre [in Le Maitre de Forges] January 24, 1885, pp. 11516.
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Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'Le Prince Zilah' at the Gaiety Theatre," June 20, 1885, pp. 81213. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "'Theodora' at the Gaiety Theatre," July 18, 1885, pp. 93940. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "French Plays at Her Majesty's Theatre," June 19, 1886, pp. 81112. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "Sheridan at the Strand Theatre [The Rivals] September 18, 1886, pp. 123940. Mrs. Cashel Hoey, "M. Coquelin at the Royalty Theatre," November 5, 1887, pp. 148485. Charles L. Graves, "'Macbeth' at the Lyceum Theatre," January 5, 1889, pp. 910. Charles L. Graves, "'London Day By Day'," September 28, 1889, pp. 39798. Oliver Elton, "Recent Shakespearian Revivals [Hamlet and As You Like It] April 26, 1890, pp. 58788. Charles L. Graves, "'Beau Austin' at the Haymarket," November 8, 1890, p. 643. Wilfrane Hubbard, "'Hedda Gabler' at the Vaudeville," April 25, 1891, pp. 58990. Julia Wedgwood, "Shakespeare as a Historian [Henry VIII] February 20, 1892, pp. 26566. Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Ward, "Mr. BeerbohmTree's Hamlet," March 19, 1892, p. 898. Herman Merivale, "Oscar Wilde's Comedy [Lady Windermere's Fan] November 26, 1892, pp. 76768. Wilfrid Ward, "'Becket' at the Lyceum," February 25, 1893, pp. 25354. Wilfrane Hubbard, "Ibsen's Last Play [The MasterBuilder] March 4, 1893, pp. 28586. H. M. Poynter, "The Hofer Play at Meran, 1893," September 30, 1893, pp. 43132.
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Notes Where possible, these notes provide information on plays, playwrights, theatres, dates of performances, managers, actors, and actresses, most of it gleaned from such standard sources as Allardyce Nicoll's Late Nineteenth Century Drama 18501900 (Cambridge, 1946, repr. 1959), which is Vol. V of his History of English Drama 16601900; Boase's Modern British Biography; Bryan's Stage Deaths 18501900; the Dictionary of National Biography; and Pascoe's Dramatic List. For two of the most frequently cited works I use the following abbreviations: Blanchard—Leman Blanchard, The Life and Reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard, ed. Clement Scott and Cecil Howard (London, 1891), 2 vols. Hartnoll—The Oxford Companion to the Theatre, Fourth Edition, ed. Phyllis Hartnoll (Oxford, 1983).
In most cases I follow the careers of theatre people only to the 1880s because it was then that Hutton stopped writing theatre reviews. Unless otherwise indicated, passages from Shakespeare cited here are keyed to the Oxford Standard Authors edition of the complete works (derived from W. J. Craig's edition of 1894), the edition Hutton used being unknown. Finally, wherever possible the notes provide clues that help to support Hutton's authorship of attributed articles. "Intellectual Acting," pp. 15 1. The run began on March 20 and closed at the end of August, a total of 115 performances, a number without a precedent. Fechter's version of Hamlet was innovative, and not simply in being the first Prince of Denmark with flaxen hair. It was, as Shirley Allen claimed, "the greatest single event in . . . [the] evolution from the traditional to the modern school of acting" (Samuel Phelps and the Sadler's Wells Theatre [Middleton, Ct., 1971], p.192). "Fechter eschewed the declamatory style and ignored established conventions; [moreover,] he was very conversational in speech . . . " (Richard Foulkes, ed., Shakespeare and the Victorian Stage [Cambridge, 1986], p.6). One of his most enthusiastic supporters was Charles Dickens. Another was Herman Merivale who was swept off his feet by Fechter's Hamlet with "its stirring sense of action, with his vivid stagemanagement, and with his romantic, volcanic, lawless personality" (Bar, Stage, and Platform: Autobiographic Memories [London, 1902], p. 147). These skills he demonstrated in three different countries. Beginning his stage career in 1840 at the Comédie Française, Fechter came to London in 1860 where for a decade he experienced both success and failure, largely at the Lyceum Theatre, in Shakespeare and in melodrama. In 1870 he went to the United States where he
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performed for a number of years before retiring to a farm near Philadelphia where he died three years later. 2. William Charles Macready (17931873); Helen Faucit, Lady Martin (181798). In the identified article "Professor Jowett on the Drama," Spectator, July 3, 1886, p. 874, reprinted in this collection, Hutton stated that he had seen Macready in Shakespeare's "most considerable plays" but preferred Fechter's Hamlet. For his view of Helen Faucit as Imogen see the October 29, 1864, article in this collection. 3. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, Bk.IV, Ch.xiii (Thomas Carlyle's translation). Hutton, who had a thorough knowledge of German, published his major essay on the poet, "Characteristics of Goethe," in the National Review, 2 (April, 1856), 24196, in response to George Henry Lewes's biography, slightly revising it in "Goethe and his Influence," for his Essays Theological and Literary (London, 1871), II, 3100. 4. III.ii.87. 5. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, Ch.LXIV. As the "Introduction" points out, above, Hutton quotes this four times in identified writings from "Miss Hitchcock's Wedding Dress," Spectator, December 25,1875, p. 1632, to "A Doll's House," Spectator, June 22, 1889, p. 854, and thirteen times in articles I attribute to him, the earliest being "A Hierarchy Eager to Stand Still," Inquirer, February 10, 1855, p. 82. 6. It seems that Hutton himself did something like this if we can accept the strong internal evidence for his authorship of "The Worship of Children," Spectator, November 6, 1869, pp. 12981300 (reprinted in Robert H. Tener and Malcolm Woodfield's A Victorian Spectator: Uncollected Writings of R. H. Hutton (Bristol, 1989), pp. 16973). 7. III.ii.11, 2028. 8. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, Bk.V, Ch.xi. "Mr. Fechter's Othello," pp. 610 1. Other critics disagreed. George Henry Lewes declared that though his Hamlet was "one of the very best," Fechter's Othello was "one of the very worst I have ever seen" for "he vulgarizes the part in the attempt to make it natural. Instead of the heroic, grave, impassioned Moor, he represents an excitable creole of our own day" ("Fechter in Hamlet and Othello," Blackwood's Magazine, 149 (December, 1861), 744, 745); but Kate Field in Charles Albert Fechter (Boston, 1882), pp. 51, 53, stated that the play ran for forty nights and "attracted large audiences.'' 2. This is a clear indication that Hutton read Fechter's acting edition of the play: Othello: Charles Fechter's Acting Edition (London, 1861). After "forward" add "to the bed"; for "Retiring" read "returning"; after "face" add "once"; after "sea" omit "then." There are also punctuation differences in the Spectator's transcript. Fechter's edition is cited here in n.3 and n.7, as in "M. Fechter's Iago." 3. V.i.(p.99). 4. Hutton liked to use the image of a false bottom in the 1850s and 1860s; see the "Introduction," above, and his identified articles, "Unspiritual Religion: Professor Rogers," National Review, 5 (October, 1857), 37980; "The Incarnation and Principles of Evidence," Tracts for Priests and People, Series 2, No.14 (London, 1862), p. 2; "Lord Cranborne," Pall Mall Gazette, Friday, June 30, 1865, p. 1. In the 1860s he used it eight more times in attributed articles in the Spectator, as here.
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5. V.i.3134. 6. John Ryder (181485) began his career under Macready at Drury Lane in As You Like It, and acted later with Kean and Fechter, finally becoming a distinguished dramatic teacher. Most of his rôles were in Shakespeare, but almost the sole occasion on which he assumed a leading position was in 1867 when he took over Hamlet for the last three acts because Fechter was ill. He is said to have died penniless. 7. II.ii.(p. 31). 8. Shore (James Gregory McLoughlin, 182785), a "very excellent comprehensive actor," said Blanchard, p. 571, who was for forty years connected with the theatre and still on stage just four days before his death. But perhaps a lover of theatre today would say the two high points in his career came when he played Roderigo in Charles Dillon's Othello in 1856, and Laertes in Fechter's Hamlet in 1861, and not his rôles in farces, comediettas, and minor dramas. 9. Carlotta Leclercq (183893) was chosen by Charles Kean for his company because of her extraordinary beauty. "She couldn't act," said Herman Merivale, "but one can't have everything . . . " (Bar, Stage, and Platform, p. 122). She must have learned the art, however, because she was on stage until just a year before her death, acting quite steadily in London from her debut at the Olympic in 1848 till she toured with Fechter in the United States, 187076. After two years in the provinces, she returned to the London stage in leading parts, but also taught acting from 1883 until she died. Among other rôles, she had played Ariel, Rosalind, Ophelia, the Duchess of York in Richard III, and was the original Lillah in The Duke's Motto in 1863. Twice Blanchard singled out her acting for praise, p. 319 and p. 344. "Iago," pp. 1115 1. For Ryder see the previous annotations, n.6. 2. Fechter no doubt recognized Ryder's limitations, as the next article suggests. 3. I.i.2833. 4. I.iii.286. 5. II.i.160, 165167. 6. III.iii.227238. For "fall" read "fail." 7. I.iii.323337. 8. I.i.6165. 9. III.iii.466468. 10. II.i.118119. 11. III.iii.146147. 12. III.i.327330. 13. I.iii.377378. 14. I.i.8889.
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"M. Fechter's Iago," pp. 1620 1. Like the reviewer of November 2,1861, Fechter must have been disappointed with Ryder's performance as Iago the previous autumn. Herman Merivale was decidedly not disappointed with Fechter in this new rôle: "It was Shakespeare, and for the first time; the everybody's friend, the honest Iago of the poet's words. . . . There never was such a portraiture of the sheer triumph of mocking intellectual power" (Bar, Stage, and Platform, p. 148). Note 1 to "Intellectual Acting" contains information on Fechter. 2. We should not forget that Iago always wanted to be Othello's lieutenant, a rank Othello eventually grants him (I.i.832; III.iii.478). He does have gain in mind when he commits evil, not merely revenge. 3. II.iii.(p. 45), Fechter's acting edition. 4. III.i.(pp. 53, 54, 56). 5. II.ii.(p. 31). 6. I.iii.(p. 22). 7. II.iii.(p. 44). 8. Fechter's stage direction at I.i.(p. 1). 9. Faust, "Prologue in Heaven," 11.275280 (Hutton's translation). For Hutton's knowledge of Goethe see the notes to "Intellectual Acting," n.2. 10. I.i.(p. 27). 11. II.i.(p.26). 12. III.i.(p. 52). 13. II.ii.(p. 29). 14. V.i.(p. 112). 15. IV.iii.(p. 98). "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," pp. 2124 1. Fechter's opposite was Kate Terry, Hutton's favourite actress. In the life of James Wilson, the founder of the Economist, a journal that Hutton edited for four years, Emilie Barrington, Wilson's daughter, wrote of "the charming, muchadmired Kate Terry, who fascinated—among many others—the philosophical and religiousminded Richard Holt Hutton. . . . He had her photograph always before him when he was writing at his bureau" (The Servant of All [London, 1927], I, 185). Kate Terry's theatrical career is outlined in n.4 below. For information on Fechter see n.1 to "Intellectual Acting." 2. Anicet Bourgeois and Paul Henri Feval's Le Bossu was translated as The Duke's Motto by John Brougham and published in London in 1863. Brougham (1810 80), an American actor and playwright, had his London debut in 1830 but spent most of his career in the United States. 3. An "Irish bull" is "an expression containing a manifest contradiction in terms, or involving a ludicrous inconsistency unperceived by the speaker" (Oxford English Dictionary) Hutton's father was born in Ireland and his grandfather was a lifelong clergyman in Dublin.
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4. A "Free Lance," as the name suggests, is a soldier who offers his services for pay to anyone; a mercenary. 5. Kate Terry (18441924), the older sister of Ellen Terry and the grandmother of Sir John Gielgud, began her career in pantomime under Charles Kean in 1852, soon played Prince Arthur in his King John, and later Ariel and Cordelia before he retired from the Princess's Theatre in 1859. To gain experience she then joined the Bristol stock company for three years. Back in London she acquired overnight fame when on short notice she took over from the ailing leading lady in a translation of Sardou's Nos Intimes. She joined Fechter at the Lyceum, playing in The Duke's Motto and acting Ophelia in his 1864 Hamlet. At the Olympic she performed in The Hidden Hand and Settling Day, and doubled the rôles of Viola and Sebastian in Twelfth Night. In Manchester she played the heroine in Boucicault's Hunted Down when Henry Irving played Rawdon Scudamore with success so great that he was able to return to London permanently. At the Adelphi Kate performed in A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing, then Dora in Charles Reade's dramatization of Tennyson's poem. In 1867 she dismayed everyone when she retired from the stage because of marriage. 6. (a) George J. Vining (182475), son of the actor James Vining, began as Florizel in The Winter's Tale in 1847, was Charles Surface in A School for Scandal, in 1863 Mercutio to the Juliet of Stella Colas, calmed the nearriotous audience in Charles Reade's Never Too Late to Mend, was Count Fosco in Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White, and acted once or twice with Robson and Kate Terry, but spent most of his career in minor rôles. (b) Joseph Joachim (18311907), the greatest violinist of his age, was also the most popular. (c) Maria Elsworthy (182579) is described by Clement Scott as "a handsome actress, the grandedame at the Lyceum in the Fechter days"(Blanchard, p. 105). She played, for instance, Queen Gertrude in Fechter's first London performance of Hamlet. (d) Carlotta Leclercq is described in the notes to "Mr. Fechter's Othello," n.9. 7. Samuel Johnson, "Otway," in The Works of Samuel Johnson (Oxford, 1825), VII, 17374 (originally in The Lives of the English Poets, 177981). "The Devil on the Stage," pp. 2527 1. The Surrey Theatre, built in 1806 and demolished in 1934, was located in Blackfriars Road, Lambeth. 2. Charles Dickens, "Perfect Felicity: In a Bird'sEye View," Household Words, April 6, 1850, p. 36. (For "Where is the satisfaction" read "what would be the comfort".) Hutton recalled the details of this quotation in his identified leading article, ''The Scene of Thursday," Spectator, July 29, 1893, p. 132. 3. Until 1968 new plays in Britain had to be submitted to the Examiner of Plays in the Lord Chamberlain's office to ensure that they were free of blasphemy, etc. The "theology of the day," being orthodox, perhaps should have demanded a more traditional Prince of Evil. 4. "the volunteer organization"—the formation of a kind of militia began in 1859 under seeming threats from France's Napoleon III. "Inferno"—Hutton is being humorous, of course; he did not believe in any kind of physical Hell. 5. The British monk Pelagius (c.418) denied Original Sin, asserted that man's unaided will is capable of spiritual good, and promulgated other heresies, such as the view that Adam's fall involved only himself. John Colenso, the Bishop of Natal, shocked
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the orthodox when in 1862 in his Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined he declared that he could not accept the false and impossible arithmetic of the Old Testament. Hutton, I believe, was the reviewer of Colenso's book in the Spectator of November 8, 1862. 6. As early as 1672 it was illegal to defray a debt with halfpennies for any sum exceeding sixpence. 7. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, Ch.XLIII. 8. Robert Burns, "Address to the Deil," 11.121,122; "The Deil's Awa Wi' Th' Exciseman," 11.5,6. 9. [Daniel Defoe,] The Political History of the Devil (London, 1726), Part II, Ch.X, pp. 354, 358. "Prince of the Power of the Air," quoted by Defoe three times, is from Ephesians 2.2. 10. Hutton found little to praise in Bishop Colenso's book and even less in the quality of intelligence in most other bishops. "The Princess Mary's Amateur Theatricals," pp. 2831 1. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge is better known by her later married title, the Duchess of Teck. 2. It was not Vincent Crummles in Nicholas Nickleby who mispronounced this "lordly ironical" speech—Crummles was too literate a tragedian for such utterance. Rather (Charles Dickens tells us) it was the young imbeciles willing to pay to go on stage at a private theatre to show off their illiterate rendering of a famous addition to a Shakespeare play, Colley Cibber's rewriting of Richard III, IV, iii, which resulted, for one thing, in the immensely popular apocryphal line, "Off with his head—so much for Buckingham" (see Dickens's "Private Theatres," Sketches by Boz, Ch.XIII). 3. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), and Princess Alexandra of Denmark, Princess of Wales. They were married the previous March. Located in the Haymarket, the Bijou Theatre was actually a concert hall attached to what was then the Royal Opera House. 4. Herman Charles Merivale (18391906), barrister, actor, playwright, and novelist, was the author of or a collaborator in twentyone comedies, melodramas, and burlesques. He called Hutton "wisest and kindest both of all men I have known," "the greatest journalist and most allround brain of my time. . . ." Merivale wrote for the Spectator for nearly twenty years (Bar, Stage, and Platform, pp. 13, 32). 5. Samuel Brandram (182492), founder with Frank Talfourd of the first Oxford dramatic society, barrister from 1850 to 1876, professional reciter 187692 of about a dozen of Shakespeare's plays. In "News of the Week," Spectator, May 20, 1876, p. 643, February 24, 1877, p. 235, and April 21, 1877, p. 491, it was no doubt Hutton who praised, in a paragraph for each, Brandram's remarkable feat of reciting the whole of Macbeth, the whole of Hamlet, and later the whole of The Merchant of Venice in Willis's Rooms, King Street. 6. In Blackfriars Road, Lambeth; as the Oxford Companion to the Theatre points out, it had a reputation for roughandtumble melodrama. 7. Better known even then as the Old Vic, it was notorious for low standards and its rough audience.
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"Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals," pp. 3235 1. This clarifies and puts more succinctly the choice of the cultivated performers who figure in "The Princess Mary's Amateur Theatricals." 2. (a) Frederick Robson (182164) was most famous, in Hutton's eyes at least, in the title rôle of J. R. Planché's The Yellow Dwarf of 1854. Hutton not only declared in the identified article, "Insolence and Insult" in the Spectator of June 26,1886, that "those who are old enough to remember the late Mr. Robson's wonderful delineation of that bad fairy's sensational malignity will be disposed to term Lord Randolph [Churchill]" the "Yellow Dwarf of political life" (p. 844), but he also declared the following week in "Professor Jowett on the Drama" (an article included in this collection) that only Robson could make acting seem like "reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning,'' to use Coleridge's phrase. Therefore I believe that it is Hutton who alludes to Robson in earlier articles, such as "The Tenderness for Actors" of January 8, 1870, also in the present collection. (b) Charles Fechter is prominent in four of the first five articles in this collection. 3. Taylor's play was originally performed on October 17, 1853, his first Scribean play. Tom Taylor (181780), a prolific English dramatist, editor of Punch, Professor of English, and longserving Health Department civil servant, was also an enthusiastic amateur actor. (See Winton Tolles, Tom Taylor and The Victorian Drama (New York, 1940 [1966]). For the Bijou see n.3 for the previous article. 4. (a) Joseph Fouché (17591820), a priest turned zealous antiChristian, first became minister of police in 1799. (b) Mrs. Edward, i.e., Mary Anne ('Fanny') Stirling (181395), is described by Winton Tolles as "one of the most versatile actresses ever produced by the English stage" (Tom Taylor and the Victorian Drama, p. 17). She made her debut at the Adelphi in 1836, and soon became a great favourite. Hartnoll states that "she was recognized as the last great exponent of the grand style in comedy, particularly in such parts as the nurse in Romeo and Juliet and Mrs. Malaprop . . . in Sheridan's The Rivals" (p. 793). In 1869 she gave her first dramatic reading, later becoming Professor of Elocution at the London Academy of Music. In 1879 she returned to the stage to perform in She Stoops to Conquer, The Beaux Stratagem, and other plays, including Irving's 1885 Faust. 5. Sam Emery (181781), a "clever comedian," said Blanchard (p. 520), on stage at eighteen, became a favourite in the provinces, returned to London in 1843, acted in dramatizations of Martin Chuzzlewit, The Chimes, and The Cricket on the Hearth, in Tom Taylor's Plot and Passion and Still Waters Run Deep, performed with Robson, Fechter (was Claudius in his 1864 Hamlet) Kate Terry, acted in plays by Boucicault, Palgrave Simpson, and H. J. Byron, and twice (1874, 1875) played Sir Oliver Surface in The Schoolfor Scandal with some of the greatest actors and actresses of the age: Isabel Bateman, J. B. Buckstone, Helen Faucit, Henry Irving, Charles Mathews, Samuel Phelps, Mrs. Stirling, and Ellen Terry,—with John Parry providing musical and vocal accompaniment. 6. John Palgrave Simpson (180787), a prolific but minor playwright and adapter, flourishing in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, adapted, for instance, in 1866 for the Lyceum The Bride of Lammermoor as The Master of Ravenswood. 7. For "resisting medium" as a means to identifying Hutton's writings see the "Introduction," above, and Robert H. Tener, "'Resisting Medium' in R. H. Hutton's Articles: A Clue for Attribution," Victorian Periodicals Review, 27 (Spring, 1994), 2531, with corrections of the editor's blunders in V.P.R., 27 (Fall, 1994), 283.
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8. The quotation, "lyrical cry" is used twentysix times in Hutton's identified writings and therefore becomes a useful sign of his hand in unidentified articles. See the "Introduction," above, and Robert H. Tener, "An Arnold Quotation as a Clue to R. H. Hutton's 'Spectator' Articles," Notes and Queries, New Series, 18 (March, 1971), 100101. "Mademoiselle Colas as Juliet," pp. 3639 1. George Henry Lewes found Stella Colas pretty and energetic, but, he said, "with all her vehemence she is destitute of passion" ("Foreign Actors and the English Drama," Cornhill Magazine, 8 [August, 1863], 179). Not so Clement Scott. He was truly moved by the Frenchwoman's performance, excellent not only because she understood the fire of love, but also because she could realize the agony of fear (The Drama of Yesterday and Today [London, 1899], II, 302). Mlle. Colas (18481913) came to London via the Comédie Française and St. Petersburg. She had her debut at the former in 1856, performing in such plays as (Ediperoi and Iphigénie en Aulide until she went to Russia in 1861, where she married Corvin Krakowsky. In England she studied under John Ryder. Blanchard thought her a "decided success" as Juliet (p. 281). In 1875 she left St. Petersburg for Paris where she still lived in 1903. 2. I.i.229230. 3. II.ii.133135. 4. III.ii.2025. 5. III.ii.105111. 6. Not traced in Lewes. 7. IViii.5455. It was Colas's superb delivery of this whole passage which Clement Scott could not forget: "It rings in my ears yet," he declared in 1899, "and I heard it first in 1863—thirtyseven years ago" (The Drama of Yesterday and Today, II, 303). Arithmetic was not his forte. 8. (a) 'Walter Montgomery' (Richard Tomlinson, 182771), acted in Bath, Bristol and Nottingham, then London, played Othello, Hamlet, Hotspur, Orlando (to Helen Faucit's Rosalind) and Shylock, also a number of nonShakespearian rôles, successfully toured Australia and America, shot himself to death three days after his wedding. (b) For George Vining see the notes to "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," January 17, 1863, n.5. (c) Mrs. Henry Marston (181087), debut 1826, joined Samuel Phelps in 1844 in his Shakespeare revivals, specializing in playing old women; "an admirable actress," said Blanchard, p. 603. "Dr. Conolly on Hamlet's Sanity," pp. 4046 1. Conolly's book was perhaps the bestknown study of this subject in Victorian times, as Ernest Jones's Hamlet and Oedipus of 1949 is perhaps the bestknown today. Conolly (17941866) received his M.D. from Edinburgh in 1821, was appointed professor of medicine in University College, London, in 1828, was a founding member of what became the British Medical Association, and acquired fame by advocating and practicing in the Hanwell asylum nonrestraint in the treatment of the insane. 2. V.i.273276.
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3. I.i.181182. 4. Conolly, pp. 7678. 5. II.ii.9294, 97104. 6. Conolly, p. 48. 7. Among the thousands of identified articles in the Spectator only Hutton's make use of the image of an exhausted receiver of an airpump. Presumably, then, anonymous writings in the Spectator containing this image were written by Hutton. See the "Introduction," above, and Robert H. Tener, "Breaking the Code of Anonymity: The Case of the Spectator, 18611897," The Yearbook of English Studies, 16 (1986), 7273, where eight identified articles are listed and eleven anonymous ones. 8. Conolly, p. 209. 9. Conolly, pp. 15051; III.iv.139144. 10. "Yarrow Unvisited," 11.4952. This was one of Hutton's favourite Wordsworth poems; he quoted from it as early as "William Wordsworth," National Review, 4 (January, 1857), 11, and as late as "Professor Courthope on Poetry," Spectator, August 8, 1896, p. 170, both identified articles. 11. Hutton served as VicePrincipal of University Hall under Clough as Principal, succeeded him in that office, and from three Spectator articles constructed one of the finest Victorian essays on the poet for his Essays Theological and Literary (London, 1871), II, 36891, "Amours de Voyage" being discussed on pp. 37880. 12. Hutton's major study of the German poet is "Characteristics of Goethe," National Review, 2 (April, 1856), 24196, reprinted as "Goethe and his Influence" in his Essays Theological and Literary, II, 3100. 13. I.v.109. The passage is usually worded: " . . . one may smile, and smile, and be a villain;/At least I'm sure it may be so in Denmark. . . ." 14. Conolly, pp. 116, 13839, 142 ff. 15. III.i.126131. 16. V.ii.5762. For "defect" read "defeat." 17. III.i.8485. "Mr. Sothern as a Caricaturist," pp. 4750 1. Hartnoll (p. 778) states that Sothem was "essentially an eccentric comedian." Surely eccentricity is an ingredient in what the Spectator means by caricature. The best recent account of Sothern's performance is in Ch.6 of George Taylor's Players and Performances in the Victorian Theatre (Manchester, 1989), pp. 8091. Hutton recognized Sothern's importance by writing a brief but fine obituary paragraph on him in "News of the Week," Spectator, January 29,1881, p. 139, and testified to his memorableness by quoting years later an amusing paradox of Lord Dundreary's in his identified political leader, "The Evil Plight of the Radicals," Spectator, October 31, 1896, p. 579. 2. Bunkum Muller, a monologue sketch, was written by Henry Thornton Craven. 3. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop: "damp weddingcake" (for "damp" read "greasy")—Ch.LI; "gazelle . . . marketgardener''—Ch.LVI; "Strand . . . pair of
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gloves"—Ch.VIII; "sloppy . . . marble floor"—Ch.LVIII. The same novel is quoted from in "Intellectual Acting" and "A Doll's House,'' both in this collection. 4. Accomplished, yes, but Dickens was primarily an amateur. 5. John Baldwin Buckstone (180279), encouraged in his early days by Kean, was not only a highly successful comic actor but also the author of many now forgotten melodramas, comedies, and farces, most of them performed at the Haymarket where he was actormanager for twenty years. Hartnoll (p. 115) states, "He was a popular comedian of great breadth and humour; the mere sound of his voice, a mixture of chuckle and drawl, heard offstage was enough to set an audience laughing." His best parts were said to be Sir Andrew Aguecheek, Bob Acres, and Tony Lumpkin. He retired in 1876. 6. James Thomson (170048) published his poem, "The Castle of Indolence," in the year of his death. "Shakespeare and the Bible," pp. 5155 1. IV.v.159. 2. The banquet took place in the Pavilion at 2PM on Saturday, April 23rd. 3. Sidney Beisly, Shakespeare's Garden; or the plants andflowers named in his works (London, 1864). 4. Not traced. 5. Charles Wordsworth was the author of On Shakespeare's Knowledge and Use of the Bible (London, 1864); his Shakespeare sermon took as its text Psalm 145, verse 10: "All thy works shall praise thee, O Lord." Alfred Pownall wrote Shakspere Weighed in an Even Balance (London, 1864). 6. The text of Archbishop Trench's sermon scheduled to be preached at 11 a.m., Sunday, April 24, in Stratford's Holy Trinity Church, was the Epistle of St. James, Ch. 1, v.17: "Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above" (Shakespeare being such a gift); Charles Wordsworth, p. 2. 7. Henry Longueville Mansel, The Limits of Religious Thought, The Bampton Lectures (London, 1858), especially Lectures IV and V. 8. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, Bk.VI. 9. Hamlet, II,ii.317321. 10. Psalm 8.45. 11. Psalm 139.56; Hamlet, V.ii.811. 12. Charles Wordsworth, p. 275; Romeo and Juliet, II.ii.2632. 13. II Peter 3.10; Charles Wordsworth, p. 257; The Tempest, IV.i.151156. 14. II Peter 3.12.
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"Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," pp. 5659 1. Neither John Parry nor Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party appears in the Oxford Companion to the Theatre, probably because he was so closely identified with music. Hutton, however, found his dramatic performance sufficiently memorable to mention it twentyfive and again thirty years later: see the identified articles, "The Sphere of Imitativeness," Spectator, May 11, 1889, p. 639, where he writes of Parry as "a great mimic" who gave ''a picture of Mrs. Roseleaf's demeanour at her evening party"; and where in "The Irish Storm in a Teacup," Spectator, September 8, 1894, p. 293, he states, "We remember seeing that wonderful actor, the late Mr. John Parry, provide for the public a most laughable and brilliant entertainment, of which the whole point was that having noticed a tintack sticking up from the carpet of his room, he could not for a moment divert his imagination from the haunting vision of that tintack, and after every effort to think of something else, always reverted to the existence of that unhappy tintack, and could not concentrate his attention elsewhere." Parry (181079) was perhaps closer to being what was later known as a music hall entertainer than to being an actor. A prolific writer of songs, he often played the piano as he demonstrated his fine baritone voice. Blanchard tells us (p. 484) that he was "great in imitations of celebrated singers, whom he mimicked to their very faces." On February 7,1877, the Prince and Princess of Wales attended the crowded Gaiety Theatre when The Critic was performed for Parry's farewell. 2. "Negus,"—a beverage of wine, hot water, sugar, lemon juice, and spices. The phrase, "the drama loses half its evil by losing all its interest," is adapted from Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France: "vice itself lost half its evil, by losing all its grossness," a phrase Hutton quotes three times in identified articles in the 1870s. See C. C. O'Brien's Penguin Classics edition, 1968, p. 170. 3. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, Ch. LXIV. See the "Introduction," above, and in this collection the attributed "Intellectual Acting," n.4, and the identified "A Doll's House," n.2. It was simulated wine, not beer, the Marchioness was speaking of. 4. This passage shows that Hutton was attending theatre even while he was a student at University College, London. 5. Troilus and Cressida, II.iii.115116. 6. For Hutton's use of the image of a false bottom in three identified articles see the "Introduction," above. The image also appears in the 1860s in nine Spectator articles I attribute to him, including "Mr. Fechter's Othello" in this collection. 7. For the many occasions when Hutton uses ripple imagery see the "Introduction," above, and Robert H. Tener's "A Clue for Some R. H. Hutton Attributions," Notes and Queries, New Series, 14 (October, 1967), 38283, which lists eighteen identified articles and nineteen attributed. "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen," pp. 6065 1. Shortly after her London debut in 1836, Faucit had become Macready's leading lady, acting as Imogen in his brilliant Cymbeline of 1843, a production that was largely repeated in 1864 when even Macready's scenery was used. Although by 1864 her portrayal of Imogen had become more ethereal, at all times "she rejected the conception of a passively sweet Imogen" (Carol J. Carlisle, "Macready's Pro
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duction of Cymbeline," in Shakespeare and the Victorian Stage, ed. Richard Foulkes [Cambridge, 1986], pp. 143,151). Her final stage appearance was as Rosalind in As You Like It in Manchester in 1879. On April 23, 1877, she had laid the foundation stone of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratfordon Avon. Hartnoll does not comment on Faucit's performance as Imogen, instead remarking that her finest Shakespearian rôles "were considered to be Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Portia in The Merchant of Venice, and Desdemona in Othello" (p. 274). But The Times, the Saturday Review, and other periodicals were enthusiastic about her Imogen. 2. The first part of this is incorrect: the AntiCorn Law League agitated from 1839 to 1846, the laws then being for all intents abolished. The Crimean War took place from 1854 to 1856; Macready retired in 1851. 3. Hamlet, II.ii.327329. 4. For Fechter and Sothern see earlier articles in this collection. Tom Taylor's The Ticket ofLeave Man was first performed in 1863. 5. Tennyson's poem, "A Dream of Fair Women," was published in 1832. 6. I.iii.3337. For "between" read "Betwixt." 7. In his essay on Bishop Joseph Butler (as is pointed out in the "Introduction," above), Walter Bagehot, Hutton's greatest friend, composed this saying based on a passage in the Preface to Butler's Fifteen Sermons of 1729; Hutton adopted the saying, using it eighteen times in identified writings between 1867 and 1895, and twenty times in attributed articles. For an example of it in an identified article in this collection see "Professor Jowett on the Drama," July 3, 1886, last sentence. Hutton is the sole contributor to the Spectator known to quote it in its pages. 8. II.iii.110. 9. III.ii.6062, 6869. For "from" read "'Twixt." 10. I.vi.145148, 149150. 11. III.iv.51101. 12. III.iv.101103. 13. (a) Walter Lacy's career lasted for more than thirty years, during which he appeared in at least five Shakespearian plays, and in The Critic, The School for Scandal, as Comus in Milton's masque, as the Marquis St. Evremond in A Tale of Two Cities, and performed with Samuel Phelps, Henry Irving, and Ellen Terry, but though a "much esteemed actor in light comedy" (Austin Brereton, The Life of Henry Irving [London, 1908], p. 82) never really became a leading stage figure. (b) Samuel Phelps (180478), the noteworthy actor and manager of whom Hartnoll states, "With his fine and imaginative productions he did much to redeem the English stage from the triviality into which it had fallen . . . " (p. 634). Under his long and successful management of the Sadler's Wells Theatre, he made a permanent home for Shakespeare's plays, producing all but four of them, staging Pericles, for instance, in its original form for the first time since the seventeenth century. As an actor, his best rôles were as Lear, Othello, Justice Shallow, and Bottom. (c) Charles Creswick is mentioned only once in the hugely populated volumes of Blanchard's Life and Reminiscences—Demetrius in Phelps's 1875 Midsummer Night's Dream—and apparently only once (11,15) in Clement Scott's The Drama of Yesterday and Today—Joseph Surface in The School for Scandal, Scott criticizing him as one of "the actors of old."
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"Miss Kate Terry," pp. 6669 1. For evidence of Hutton's high regard for Kate Terry as an actress see n.1 to "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," January 17,1863. For her career see n.5 to the same article. 2. "In the very close adaptation of this play from 'L'Aieule', by Adolphe Dennery and Charles Edmond, Taylor probably had the assistance of Horace Wigan . . . " (Tolles, Tom Taylor and the Victorian Drama, p. 203). 3. Horace Wigan (c.181885), an actormanager, in 1864 succeeded William Farren and his comanager, Frederick Robson (who had also been Farren's star). From 1853 to 1860 Wigan, along with Tom Taylor and John Oxenford, had been a leading playwright as well as actor at the Olympic, but now further opportunities for acting and directing opened up, including the staging of several new wellmade plays by Taylor and the repeating of his highly successful The TicketofLeave Man. Through his acting the rôle, Wigan made famous the character of Hawkshaw the detective. 4. That the "piece" was The Hidden Hand is established in "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage" of June, 1866, which is published in this collection, but especially by the present article's account of the plot. 5. Élisa Rachel Félix (182058), the great French classical tragedienne. 6. For The Duke's Motto see "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," the first of the 1863 items in this collection. Fechter appears not only in that review but also in the four preceding ones. 7. (a) Henry Neville (18371910) was for nearly fifty years a much admired actor on the London stage where his debut occurred in 1860 in Boucicault's Irish Heiress; in it he made a hit. He performed in many Tom Taylor plays, being the original and best Bob Brierly in the The TicketofLeave Man, a rôle that he had played a thousand times by 1875 (Blanchard, pp. 248, 280, 450). But he was Romeo to Kate Terry's Juliet in 1867, Hamlet in his own benefit the following year, Charles Surface twice in The School for Scandal (in 1877 with Ellen Terry), and acted with Robson, Charles Mathews, Mrs. Stirling, and many others. (b) Charles F. Coghlan (184299), like Neville began his stage career in 1860, but unlike him took several years to become established. By the 1870s critics like Blanchard were noticing him favourably, in Bulwer Lytton's Money, for instance, and Wilkie Collins's Man and Wife, but they deplored his disastrous Shylock when Ellen Terry played Portia in The Merchant of Venice in 1875. Coghlan had two of his own plays performed with some success, however, one with Ellen Terry, the other with Lillie Langtry. (c) A. Bowering seems to have flourished only in the mid1860s; her appearance in Twelfth Night in 1865 was her other performance noted by Blanchard. "Mr. Fechter in Melodrama," pp. 7073 1. A great many melodramas in Victorian London were translations or adaptations from the French. Robert Macaire was a character in L'Auberge des Adrets, a rôle in which Frédérick (AntoineLouisProsper Lemaitre) made himself famous. "He was equally successful in a sequel, 'Robert Macaire' (1834), much of which he wrote himself and which he took to London in 1835" (Hartnoll, p. 305). Blanchard says, p. 305, that when he saw the play a week before the Spectator's review it was called The Roadside Inn.
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2. For Fechter, see the headnote to the first review in this collection, "Intellectual Acting." H. W. Widdicomb (d. 1868) was a minor actor who, according to Blanchard's reminiscences, seldom acted in important works. 3. Hamlet, III.i.133; V.i.203204. 4. Othello, II.iii.384385 (slightly misquoted). "Shakespeare in Germany," pp. 7479 1. Hutton frequently quoted Luther, this particular saying appearing in three identified articles: "The Official Pressure in the Arnim Case," Spectator, December 5,1874, p. 1521; "Martin Luther," Spectator, November 17, 1883, p. 1473; and "Bookishness and Literature," Spectator, March 19, 1887, p. 382. In Spectator articles I attribute to him it appears as early as "Spiritual Phraseology," September 28, 1861, p. 1060. 2. This is, of course, wildly wrong. Shakespeare was only sixteen in 1580 and by then had written no plays. He may have been "in the prime of his youth," but certainly not of his "power." And the two actors mentioned later in the review, George Bryan and Thomas Pope, were not at that time connected with the Globe Theatre because it was not erected until 1599. 3. Thomas Heywood, An Apology for Actors (London: Nicholas Okes, 1612), sig.E1; Cohn, p. xxiii. 4. P. xxiii. Cohn is correct, but he might have pointed out that the names of both men appear in the list of "Principall Actors" in the 1623 Folio. 5. Johann Jakob Bodmer (16981783), Swiss historian, professor, and critical writer, like the later Herder, performed a significant rôle in national education and in setting German literature into a European context. 6. Jacob Ayrer (c.15431605), German dramatist, author of more than sixty plays, whose works were published as Opus Theatricum in 1618. Similarities between the plots of some of his plays and Shakespeare's are now thought to be due to common sources. For a recent consideration of the German version of Hamlet discussed in this review see "Appendix C: Der Bestrafte Brudermord" in Hamlet, ed. G. R. Hibbard, The Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford, 1987), pp. 37378. 7. III.i.103155; IV.iii.5154. 8. Cohn, pp. 24243. "Settling Day'," pp. 8084 1. The phrase "settling day" refers, as the name suggests, to a day appointed for settling accounts. Blanchard's view of the play was not altogether complimentary: " . . . a long fourhours' piece, smartly written, but an ineffective drama" (p. 306). 2. A timebargain in Stock Exchange language is "a transaction in which one accepts the liability to profit or lose by the amount of the difference between the prices of the stock involved on the day of dealing and on the settlingday" (Oxford English Dictionary) Both rougeetnoir and loo are card games. 3. Hartnoll (p. 812) declares that not just Taylor's excellent stagecraft but also his "skilful handling of contemporary themes make him interesting as a forerunner of T. W. Robertson." For Horace Wigan see "Miss Kate Terry," above, n.2.
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4. Fechter, Sothern, and Kate Terry figure in earlier articles in this collection of July 27, 1861, February 27, 1864, and November 5, 1864, respectively. 5. Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III of France, was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. 6. Paul, a banker for twentyseven years, and reputed to be a man of the highest moral principles, was sentenced on October 27, 1855, to transportation for fourteen years for converting to his and his partners' use bonds and other securities worth threequarters of a million pounds. 7. The actors and actresses mentioned up to this point in order are: (a) George Vincent (d. 1876) acted in The TicketofLeave Man when first performed in 1863, in The Hidden Hand in 1864, in Twelfth Night in 1865, in Taylor's The Serf at Kate Terry's benefit in 1865, and in various minor productions in the 1860s and 1870s. When he reviewed Twelfth Night three and half months after the Spectator review of Settling Day Henry Morley spoke of Vincent's Malvolio as being "admirable", "a thoroughly successful impersonation" which would add much "to the high credit attained by this young actor" (The Journal of a London Playgoer from 1851 to 1866 [London, 18911, p. 309). Was Vincent, therefore, never really given the opportunity after the mid1860s to show his talent? (b) Mrs. Henry Leigh Murray (d.1892) performed in many London theatres—in the Strand as early as 1849. In 1867 she was the Marquise de Maur in Robertson's Caste at the Prince of Wales's Theatre. In 1879 Geneviève Ward employed her as Mrs. Foley in ForgetMeNot at the Lyceum. For the most part she performed in minor productions, many of them with her husband before his death in 1870. (c) Lydia A. Foote (c.184292) had her adult debut at the Surrey Theatre in 1862, played in Tom Taylor's The TicketofLeave Man in 1863, appeared in 1864 in his The Hidden Hand, and played Miss Hargrave there the next year in Settling Day. Later, she appeared in Wilkie Collins's The Frozen Deep, in 1867 in Caste, thereafter in plays by H. J. Byron, Boucicault, and Robertson. In 1875 she acted Smike in a dramatization of Nicholas Nickleby. She played her last rôles in 1885, soon handicapped by the cancer which eventually killed her. (d) John Maclean (1835?90), a Londoner, began his acting career in Plymouth in 1859, made his first appearance in London in 1861, was Gibson in Taylor's The TicketofLeave Man at the Olympic in 1863, and performed in many of the plays at the Gaiety from 1868 onwards. "A sound and trustworthy actor, Maclean never rose to eminence," said the Dictionary of National Biography. (e) Robert Soutar (18271908), stage manager from 1864 at the Gaiety and a comedian, wrote nearly two dozen pantomimes and farces, and acted in Twelfth Night, The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Critic, The Clandestine Marriage, The TicketofLeave Man, The Courier of Lyons, but chiefly in forgotten comedies, numerous burlesques, and even twice in minor opera. (f) For Charles Coghlan and Henry Neville see "Miss Kate Terry,'' November 5, 1864, n.6. 8. Pecksniff, from Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit, was one of R. H. Hutton's favourite fictional characters. Wilfrid Ward who knew Hutton well assures us that he "had a specially close verbal knowledge of Dickens, and he appeared to take a kind of physical pleasure in his long quotations from the sayings of Mr. Pecksniff" ("Richard Holt Hutton (A Reminiscence)," Dublin Review, 154 [January, 1914], 13.) 9. Hutton liked to use scientific and technological imagery, as in the identified article, "The Wish to Believe," Spectator, September 1, 1883, p. 1118: " . . . a wish to believe . . . makes the mind sensitive to all evidence,—just as some chemical preparations make a glass plate sensitive to light. . . ."
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"Twelfth Night' at the Olympic," pp. 8588 1. For information on Vincent and Soutar see n.7 to the previous article, "Settling Day." Nellie Farren (18481904), niece of William Farren, had her London debut in 1864, in the same year joining the Olympic Theatre under Horace Wigan where she appeared in Tom Taylor's The Hidden Hand, but also in more than one burlesque, including Prince Camaralzaman, or the Fairies' Revenge by William Best and Henry Bellingham. When she joined the Gaiety Theatre in 1868 (where she met and married Robert Soutar) she acted in many burlesques but also in plays by Boucicault, W. S. Gilbert, Anthony Trollope and Charles Reade, and in The Battle of Life, Charles Dickens, Jr.'s version of his father's Christmas story. Hartnoll (p. 273) points out that being short and slight "she specialized for many years in boys' parts—Smike in Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby, Sam Willoughby in Tom Taylor's 'The TicketofLeave Man,' and the cheeky cockney lads in H. J. Byron's burlesques and extravaganzas." John Hollingshead declared that "she ought to go down to theatrical posterity as the best 'principal boy' ever seen upon the stage since Sir William Davenant introduced ladies in the drama in the reign of Charles II" (Gaiety Chronicles [London, 1898], p. 450.) If she ever appeared in classic comedy, however,—as she did in The School for Scandal and The Critic—it was in minor rôles. She retired in 1891. 2. See the next article in this collection, "Lord Dundreary's Brother." 3. Horace Wigan, as was pointed out in "Miss Kate Terry," Nov. 5, 1864, n.2, took over the Olympic in 1864. 4. The only younger sister who could have played the rôle was Ellen, who was eighteen in 1865; Marion ("Polly") was thirteen, and Florence only ten. For Kate Terry see "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," January 17, 1863, n.4. 5. I.v.89104, 165171; II.iii.102; III.iv.1661; V.i.386; II.iii.160. 6. II.iii.124125. 7. See "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," May 21, 1864, above. "Lord Dundreary's Brother," pp. 8992 1. Oxenford (181277), the theatre critic for the Times, was author, collaborator, or translator of nearly sixty dramas, comedies, or farces. 2. For the aristocratic brother see "Mr. Sothern as a Caricaturist," February 27, 1864, in this collection. 3. This, of course, refers to The Tempest. "Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle," pp. 9396 1. Boucicault (182090), Irish actor, playwright, and theatre manager, was "one of the outstanding personalities of the 19th century theatre" (Hartnoll, p. 96). Among his approximately 250 plays were London Assurance, produced in London in 1841, The Corsican Brothers (adapted from the French), The Relief of Lucknow, The Octaroon, The Colleen Bawn, and The Shaughraun. Boucicault made two long stays in the United States, living there for the last eighteen years of his life. He helped to establish there the law of copyright for playwrights. Boucicault was better known by his British
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contemporaries as an actor than as a playwright; the first three sentences of the last paragraph of "The Long Strike" suggest why. 2. Hartnoll (p. 437) states that Jefferson made this "his greatest success, altering the text so much as he continued to appear in it that in the end it was virtually his own creation, and lived only so long as he did." 3. As was pointed out in the "Introduction" and in "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," May 21, 1864, n.7, Hutton uses ripple imagery frequently, "Mr. John Parry's Wedding Breakfast," March 3, 1866, being another article in this collection exhibiting it. 4. The "impartial spectator" originally appeared in Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759). In the RaphaelMacfie edition (1976) it first occurs in Part I, Section I, Chapter V, paragraph eight, p. 26, and frequently thereafter. Hutton mentions the "impartial spectator" at some length in his identified article, "Sympathy In Excelsis," Spectator, March 1, 1890, p. 301. 5. Imagery based on bubbles is another one recurrent in Hutton's writings, appearing more than twenty times in identified and attributed articles, as in "William Wordsworth," National Review, 4 (January, 1857), 2: most men "take no delight in watching the fresh bubbles of thought rise to the surface from the depth of that clear and crystal well [the musing mind] . . . ," largely reprinted as "Wordsworth and his Genius," in Hutton's Essays Theological and Literary (London, 1871), II, 10146. "Theatrical Taste and Management—The Lyceum and Olympic," pp. 97101 1. For Fechter see the first four articles in this collection and their notes, especially n.1 to "Intellectual Acting," July 27,1861; for Wigan see n.2 for "Miss Kate Terry," November 5,1864. 2. The Watch Cry, Palgrave Simpson's adaptation of Lazare le Pâtre which Blanchard described in his Reminiscences (p. 315) as "a dull piece" when he saw it on the 6th; A Sheep in Wolfs Clothing, Tom Taylor's 1857 adaptation of Une Femme qui Déteste son Mari by Mme Delphine de Girardin; Prince Camaralzaman, or The Fairies' Revenge, by W. Best and H. Bellingham ("very bad indeed," Blanchard judged it, p. 313). The fifth play (counting Hamlet) mentioned in the article, A Cleft Stick, was translated by John Oxenford from the French (Le Supplice d'un Homme) as were many of his plays. Whereas the Spectator found it stale, trashy, and vulgar, Blanchard described it as "very farcical, but very funny" (p. 316). 3. For Horace Wigan see "Miss Kate Terry," November 5, 1864, n.2. Joe Miller (16841738), an English comedian, had nothing to do with Joe Miller's Jests, 240 old, stale jokes compiled by John Mottley in 1739. 4. John Parry's skill is described in "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," May 21, 1864, in this collection. 5. Defoe speaks of the other cannibals, not Friday, "Dancing in I know not how many barbarous Gestures and Figures" (World Classics, 1972, p. 201). 6. For this actress see "Miss Kate Terry," November 5, 1864, in the present collection. 7. (a) Florence Terry (185596), the youngest of Kate Terry's three sisters, a child actress, began to show her mature talent when she played Nerissa in 1879 to her sister Ellen's Portia in The Merchant of Venice. Her adult career was brief, ending
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with her marriage in 1882. (b) For Henry Neville see "Miss Kate Terry," November 5, 1864, n.6. (c) For John Maclean and Robert Soutar see "Settling Day," March 11, 1865, n.7. "Mr. John Parry's Wedding Breakfast," pp. 102105 1. Parry imagines that two of the guests who sang at Mrs. Roseleaf's dinner party have just been married: Miss Flora Gushington, "a young lady of conscious attractions," and Mr. Jené, "a vain and selfabsorbed young man of muddy sentiment, awkwardly conscious of literary pretensions, and with a stooping gait," who sings one of his own compositions, "Would You Love Me, If You Knew Me." For Parry see n.1 to "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party," May 21, 1864. 2. For ripple imagery as a sign of R H. Hutton's hand see the "Introduction," above, and "Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle" (September 16, 1865, above) n.2. 3. The Indus is the greatest river in northwestern India. 4. An "operative" was a mill worker or factory hand. 5. Wordsworth, "Yes, it was the mountain Echo," 11.78; "her" is altered to "his" and "cry" to "self.'' Hutton quoted these lines in his identified review, "Theological Essays," Prospective Review, 9 (November, 1853), 564. 6. See n.1, above. 7. For "rippling" see n.2, above. The phrase, "writers of delicate drawing room fictions, like Miss Austen or Mr. Trollope," echoes Hutton's 1860 remark concerning Jane Austen and Trollope: "Much of the art of the drawingroom novelists consists in the indirectness, the allusiveness, the educated reticence of the artist . . . [and in] a few delicate touches of shade or colour on an individual character" ("The Novels of George Eliot," National Review, 11 (July, 1860), 193, revised in Hutton's Essays Theological and Literary (London, 1871), II, 299). "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage," pp. 106109 1. The 1864 marriage of Ellen Terry (18471928) and the painter, George Frederic Watts (18171904), was shortlived: 186465. The Hunchback, the most popular play of James Sheridan Knowles (17841862), was first performed in 1832. For Kate Terry, Ellen's older sister, see "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," January 17, 1863, headnote, and n.5, in this collection. Herman Merivale declared that though Kate Terry was not as beautiful as Carlotta Leclercq, she was "first of all for brains and for dramatic gift, and for a quite undefinable Anglogirlish charm. . . . Kate Terry's acting was all light, expression, and intelligence, the movements free and graceful . . . and the voice appealed to you at once through the tears that lay hidden in its tones." Of her sister Ellen's talent early in her career Merivale wrote, "Both Kate and she commingled tears and laughter charmingly. But Nelly's gift was laughter. Kate's was tears." (Bar, Stage, and Platform, pp. 123, 124, 125.) Partly because her stage career was so much longer than Kate's—1856 to 1907—Ellen Terry became a greater name, in fact the greatest female name connected with the English stage in the latter quarter of the nineteenth century and for nearly as many years of the twentieth, though by 1907 she had virtually ceased acting.
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2. In spite of the fact that Money (1840) has held the stage for many years, R H. Hutton always had contempt for the 'talent' of Edward George BulwerLytton, later Baron Lytton (180373), playwright and novelist, referring to it in his identified "Mr. Butler's 'Harold and Other Poems"' in the Spectator on February 27, 1892, as "Lord Lytton's ingenious, vain, showy, and generally meretricious imagination" (p. 303). If he were alive today Hutton would be surprised to learn that Money ''still belongs in the national repertoire" (Anthony Jenkins, The Making of Victorian Drama [Cambridge, 1994], p. 55). 3. For this play by Tom Taylor see "Theatrical Taste and Management—The Lyceum and Olympic," November 11, 1865, in the present collection, including n.2. 4. This is the first appearance of Ellen Terry in these Spectator articles, but not her first appearance on the stage. At the age of nine in 1856 she had played Mamillius for Charles Kean in The Winter's Tale, then Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream, followed by Prince Arthur in King John (both for Kean). When Kean's management ended in 1859 she went on tour with her family, principally in Bristol and Bath, playing, for instance, Titania. In 1863 she returned to London, appearing as Hero in Much Ado About Nothing, then acting in The Belle's Stratagem, The Rivals, Our American Cousin, and Still Waters Run Deep. After experiencing at the end of 1867 the failure of Katharine and Petruchio, in which she acted with Henry Irving for the first time, she retired from the stage for six years to live with Edward Godwin by whom she had two children, Gordon Craig being the famous one. (She had had none by her illfated marriage to G. F. Watts.) In 1874 the novelist, Charles Reade persuaded her to return to the stage to act in his play, The Wandering Heir. In 1875 her Portia in the Bancrofts' Merchant of Venice was widely acclaimed though the play as a whole failed. She later was applauded as Clara Douglas in Money and was a great hit as Pauline in The Lady of Lyons. After performing in two failures by Bulwer Lytton she made one of the great triumphs of her life in W. G. Wills's dramatisation of The Vicar of Wakefield which he called "Olivia." It was her spectacular success in the title rôle of that 1878 production which convinced Henry Irving that she would make a wonderful Ophelia; he brought her into his company. There at the Lyceum for nearly twentyfive years she acted with Irving, nearly always with great acclaim, in Hamlet, The Lady of Lyons, The Merchant of Venice, The Cup, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, Olivia, Macbeth, Henry VIII, King Lear, Becket, and others, finally leaving his company in 1902 to manage one of her own. She often spoke with admiration of Irving though he gave her talent for comedy little scope. 5. This ridiculous couple's remark reappears in "Actresses and Their Critics," June 22,1867. 6. Carlotta Leclerq played Ophelia in Fechter's Hamlet and Desdemona in his Othello (see the present collection's notes on the latter, November 2, 1861, n.9). 7. The Hidden Hand was described in "Miss Kate Terry," November 5, 1864. "The Long Strike," pp. 110113 1. Blanchard thought "very highly" of the performance (p. 326). As a Unitarian (until 1859) who took his theological training at Manchester New College where the Rev. William Gaskell was a Professor of Literature, R. H. Hutton was personally known to Elizabeth Gaskell and took a perceptive interest in her writings.
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2. Mrs. Boucicault, Dion Boucicault's commonlaw wife, was Agnes Kelly Robertson (18331916) who made her London debut with Charles Kean in 1851, appeared as Jessie in Boucicault's Relief of Lucknow, in his Octaroon, and in many of his later plays, including The Colleen Bawn when first produced in 1860 and made in it in 1896 her last London appearance. 3. See n.1 for "Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle" in this collection. 4. Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby, Ch.XXII. 5. J. H. Fitzpatrick, after only four mentions in Blanchard's Reminiscences between 1864 and 1870, disappears without a trace. 6. J. C. Cowper (182585), for years a great favourite in Liverpool, played in London in 1865 Romeo to Isabel Bateman's Juliet, in 1867 was in Lord Byron's Marino Faliero, later acted in various J. C. Byron dramas, was the Old Shepherd in The Winter's Tale in 1878, and Belarius in Cymbeline the same year. 7. Emery—see "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals," June 27, 1863, n.5. "Mephistopheles on the Stage," pp. 114117 1. Blanchard recorded: "Faust carefully got up, but a very heavy play in representation" (pp. 32829). This review of the 1866 production invites comparison with the Spectator review identified as Hutton's of another staging of Goethe's classic in which Henry Irving took the rôle of Mephistopheles, a review published on December 26, 1885, which will be found in this collection. 2. "The First Part of the Tragedy," 11.512513. As the "Introduction" points out, Hutton had a thorough knowledge of German. 3. For Samuel Phelps see "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen," October 29, 1864, n.13. 4. For this actor see the notes to "Mr. Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle," September 16,1865, in the present collection. 5. This judgment is repeated in "Actresses and their Critics," June 22, 1867, later in this collection, suggesting, of course, that the same hand wrote both articles. (a) Edmund Phelps, son of Samuel Phelps, had a theatrical career of just under ten years—November 1860 to April 1870, when he died suddenly in Edinburgh while playing the ghost in Hamlet. Clement Scott and Cecil Howard remarked, "Though a careful actor, it is doubtful if he would have ever attained any great fame" (Blanchard, p. 381). (b) Mrs. Hermann Vezin (18271902)—Jane Elizabeth Thomson—arrived in England from Australia at the age of thirty, married Hermann Vezin in 1864 after divorcing her actorhusband, Charles Young, and was by then well established in the theatre for her gracefulness, clear and sweet delivery, and increasingly powerful voice. Hartnoll states that ''from 1858 to 1875 she had few rivals as an exponent of poetic and Shakespearian drama" (p. 866). 6. Hutton was a sufficiently knowledgeable student of logic not only to review John Stuart Mill's System of Logic in the identified article, "Mill and Whewell on the Logic of Induction," Prospective Review, 6 (February, 1850), 77111, but also to draw from Mill in a footnote to his third edition the following year that he was an "intelligent" reviewer (I, 344).
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"The Clothes of the Mind," pp. 118121 1. Ernst Schulz died in 1876 in Cincinnati. 2. Schulz published an album of photographs of his characters. 3. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (180185), though a leader in the reform of the working conditions of the masses, was, theologically, a narrow minded, evangelical Christian. 4. A domino in this sense is a kind of hood or veil or halfmask, as in a Venetian masquerade. 5. Hutton, who wrote more than two dozen identified articles on Thomas Carlyle (and several more attributed ones), was always fascinated by the moral and psychological implications of the clothes philosophy of Sartor Resartus and the questions they raise about personal identity. "Mrs. Scott Siddons in Rosalind and Juliet," pp. 122125 1. A provincial actress and great granddaughter of Sarah Siddons, Mary ScottSiddons (c.184096) had made her metropolitan acting debut in the former play two weeks before on April 8th; "only a promising actress," said Blanchard (p. 337). Though she often gave readings and toured the United States and Australia, her career was not distinguished. 2. Once more the Spectator reveals its great admiration for Kate Terry. Perhaps this constitutes evidence that each time she is mentioned with high praise in these articles it may be the same voice that is speaking. See n.1 to "Mr. Fechter in a Double Character," January 17, 1863. 3. In "Mademoiselle Colas as Juliet" Hutton says that the French actress portrays Juliet as a "liberal giver." 4. lone Bourke appears in Blanchard only from March, 1867, to October, 1869: at the Haymarket with Buckstone and Sothern in such plays as Robertson's Home and George Colman the Younger's Who Wants a Guinea? and in Taylor's Still Waters Run Deep at the Lyceum with Charles Coghlan. 5. As You Like It, I.ii.269. 6. III.v.5960. 7. III.v.4348. 8. IV.iii.4142, 4546. 9. IV.iii.6364, plus last line: Mrs. ScottSiddons's addition to Phoebe's letter. 10. I.iii.3841. As the "Note on the Text" points out, this passage in the Spectator ends with a question mark which I have changed to a comma. "Actresses and their Critics," pp. 126131 1. Irrespective of any other evidence, the twentysix reviews of editions of plays listed in "Appendix I" and identified as Hutton's constitute proof that he did read plays.
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2. In announcing Kate Terry's retirement in "News of the Week," Spectator, May 11, 1867, p. 515, the writer—almost unquestionably Hutton—declared that the theatres of London were about to lose "their greatest attraction." 3. Charles Kean (181168), son of the great Edmund Kean, was married to the actress, Ellen Tree (180680). 4. It was not until the twentieth century that the Spectator engaged the services of someone who could be, and has been, described as a professional theatrical critic: Lytton Strachey was appointed on November 30, 1907. 5. This repeats what the writer of "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage" reported overhearing; see, above, June 23, 1866, n.5. 6. The same criticism of her acting was made in "Miss Helen Faucit's Imogen," Spectator, October 29, 1864, pp. 123738, reprinted in the present collection. 7. Sarah Jane Woolgar, later Mrs. Alfred Mellon (18241909), who had her debut in 1843, acted in dramatisations of Dickens's novels and in plays by Tom Taylor and Dion Boucicault, among others. She retired in 1883. 8. It would not be misleading to say that these two sentences are merely a slight rearrangement of the remarks applied to Mrs. Hermann Vezin's performance as Gretchen in "Mephistopheles on the Stage," October 27, 1866, above. 9. Charlotte Saunders (182599), though born in London, first went on the stage in Wakefield in 1833, remained in the provinces until her London debut in 1847, playing, for example, Mopsa in The Winter's Tale, but soon returned to the provinces, performing, for instance, with Robson in Dublin. Returning to London in 1858, she spent most of her remaining career playing in burlesques, farces, minor dramas, and even pantomimes, retiring in the early 1880s. Clement Scott believed that she was never sufficiently appreciated at her great artistic worth (The Drama of Yesterday and Today, II, 203). 10. This judgement repeats what is said about Ellen Terry in "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage," June 23, 1866, above. 11. Antony and Cleopatra, IV.xv.6068. The last two lines were favourites of Hutton; he quoted them eight times in identified articles, the earliest being "Mr. Browning's Poems," National Review, 17 (October, 1863), 425, and the latest "Professor Courthope on Poetry," Spectator, August 8, 1896, p. 170. 12. Isabella Glyn, Mrs. E.S. Dallas (182589), tragic actress, reader, and lecturer. Nervously playing Lady Macbeth, she made her London debut at the Olympic in 1848, a little later playing Volumnia in Samuel Phelps's Coriolanus at the Sadler's Wells Theatre, rapidly following this with performances in The Winter's Tale, King John, Richard III, The Merchant of Venice, Othello, and Measure for Measure. What some would call her great triumph was acting Cleopatra to Phelps's Antony, a rôle which she repeated on stage or through readings a number of times in the following years. She was successful, too, in comedy, as Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. After 1852 she seldom performed, during 185969 confining herself almost entirely to readings, later supplementing this with training pupils for the stage. 13. The act ensuring secrecy of ballot was finally passed by Westminster on July 18, 1872.
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"Mr. Bandmann in Narcisse," pp. 132135 1. Bandmann (18401905), born in Cassel, Germany, on the stage at eighteen, applauded there and in Vienna for his Shakespearian performances, soon became fluent enough in English to take the rôle of Shylock in New York, played Hamlet in Philadelphia at the Shakespeare tercentenary, and first appeared on the London stage in this play, Narcisse, February 21,1868. The play had secured a considerable reputation in Germany and the United States before being brought to London. Later Bandmann played Othello. After a year in Australia and another tour of America, he returned to England in 1871, performing Hamlet in the provinces and in London, as he did in Berlin in 1877, along with Othello. In 1879 he made yet another journey to the United States. His command of English was everywhere praised as being far superior to Fechter's. 2. The great Encyclopedia in 35 volumes of Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert, published between 1751 and 1780, adopted a controversial philosophical outlook, sceptical and materialistic. 3. Madame d'Étoiles, Marquise de Pompadour (172164), mistress of Louis XV (171074), was an ambitious, relentless, cold, irreligious, and vindictive woman, whose political and financial machinations nearly ruined France. 4. (a) Milly Palmer (18451926), gained her first reputation as an actress in Liverpool, had her London debut in 1864, performed in minor plays at first but was Juliet at the Lyceum in 1867, Doris Guinault in Narcisse, married Bandmann in 1869, played Juliet, Beatrice, and Portia when they toured Australia and the United States, and then Ophelia, Rosalind, Desdemona, and Lady Teazle in England's provinces. (b) Louisa Herbert (c.18321921) had her London debut in 1854 in a farce, played in minor dramas, but later performed very successfully as Lady Audley in George Roberts' stage version of Mary Elizabeth Braddon's novel, Lady Audley's Secret. For several years in the 1860s at St. James's Theatre she gained in reputation playing Lady Teazle, Miss Hardcastle, and Lydia Languish in revivals of eighteenthcentury comedy, but also performing well as Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. She retired after her marriage. (c) Theresa Furtado (184577) first appears in Blanchard's diary on February 25, 1864, when he was delighted with her Ixion in Burnand's burlesque at the Royalty Theatre (p. 287); appeared in W. S. Gilbert's Harlequin Cock Robin in 1867, and played Fantine the following year in an adaptation of Les Misérables; thereafter performed in works by Boucicault and H. J. Byron; married the comedian John Clarke in 1873, died in 1877. (d) George Jordon (182573) appears in Blanchard from 1862 to 1871, but not at all in the Dictionary of National Biography, Boase's Modern British Biography, Pascoe's Dramatic List, or the Oxford Companion to the Theatre even though he acted in five plays with Fechter (including being the Ghost in Fechter's 1864 Hamlet) four times with Samuel Emery, twice with Kate Terry, and once with Henry Irving. (e) William Farren (18251908), a member of the theatrical family extending from the middle of the eighteenth century well into the twentieth, began as a singer, but his success in minor comedy persuaded J. B. Buckstone to take him into his company at the Haymarket in 1853. There, and elsewhere, for many years he acted in the classic eighteenthcentury comedies and in many by Tom Taylor and Stirling Coyne. He flourished in long runs, sustaining, for instance, his rô1e as Sir Geoffrey Champneys in H. J. Byron's comedy, Our Boys from January 1875 to July 1878. Later, he was in The Beaux Stratagem, played Adam in As You Like It (twice), was Polonius to Edwin Booth's Hamlet, acted Lord Ogleby, his father's rôle, in The Clandestine Marriage in which he upheld the family name, and so on. Altogether, Farren was a most successful comic actor.
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"Mrs. Gamp at the Olympic," pp. 136139 1. In his identified writings he quotes from or refers to Mrs. Gamp more than a dozen times. Perhaps, then, it is not surprising that this article is critical of John Clarke's impersonation. Clarke (c.183079) had his London debut at the Strand Theatre in 1852 where, in spite of his harsh voice, he became its leading actor for ten years in burlesques and domestic dramas. Lamed for life in 1863 by a fall from a horse, he nevertheless in the mid1860s performed at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in T. W. Robertson's Society and Ours. After playing Mrs. Gamp, he acted in a number of plays by H. J. Byron at the newly opened Globe, was the Gravedigger in Fechter's revival of his Hamlet in 1872, and Squeers in a number of benefits. Married to Teresa Furtado, he outlived her by only two years. 2. In parliamentary debate over the disestablishment of the Irish Church, Lord Stanley sought a compromise which he called 'modifications.' See "The Debate on the Irish Church," Spectator, April 4, 1868, pp. 39697, a political leading article most probably Hutton's. 3. As was pointed out in the headnote to "'Twelfth Night' at the Olympic" (June 17, 1865), because of her diminutive size Ellen Farren specialized in boys' parts for much of her career. 4. Martin Chuzzlewit, Ch. XXIX (one sentence omitted). 5. Ch. XXV (Hutton's italics; slightly misquoted). 6. Ch. XIX (Hutton's italics; slightly misquoted). 7. Ch. XL (slightly misquoted). 8. Ch. XL (slightly misquoted). 9. As the "Introduction" makes clear, Hutton revealed in an identified article of 1886 (included in the present collection) that he had seen Fechter in major Shakespearian rôles. What is said briefly here about Fechter as Hamlet seems to be a succinct version of what is said about him at greater length in several earlier articles in this collection. 10. A roundabout process or circumlocution. 11. Ch. XLVI (badly misquoted). "The Tenderness for Actors," pp. 140143 1. Mathews was an excellent mimic and "one of the best light comedians of his day" (Hartnoll, p. 534). 2. If there were not several other signs of his hand in this article, the presence in it of what could be called social psychology would alert the student of R. H. Hutton's writings to the possibility of his authorship. He was always interested in the distinguishing characteristics of his fellow Britons' behaviour. 3. Sir Charles Coldstream is a character in Boucicault's Used Up of 1844; Tom Taylor's The Overland Route was first performed in 1860. 4. For Robson see "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals," June 27, 1863, above, n.2. His burlesque of Medea was first performed in 1856. His famous Shakespeare burlesque was of Macbeth, not Lear. His burlesque of Medea is alluded to again in this collection in "Miss Bateman's Medea," July 20, 1872.
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5. For Sothern and his rôle as Lord Dundreary see in the present collection "Mr. Sothern as a Caricaturist," February 27, 1864, and its notes. "A Holiday in the Tyrol: II—The Passion Play [at Ammergau]," pp. 144150 1. This Tyrol series and five others were collected and published in 1877 as Holiday Rambles; conclusive evidence shows that in spite of the book's anonymity, and the feminine signatures on some of the series, every word of them was written by Richard Holt Hutton (see Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 17 [September, 1972], pp. vvi). Hutton often spent his summer holidays on the Continent, as the book shows. The excerpt given in this collection omits the humorous opening paragraph which concerns the predicament of British tourists caught on the Continent by the FrancoPrussian War. 2. Jemima Montgomery, Baroness von Tautphoeus (180793) published her novel, Quits, in London in 1857. 3. As the "Introduction" points out, Greek was one of the four main subjects Hutton studied at University College, London, from 1841 to 1845, Professor Henry Malden being his teacher. Of his teaching of Aeschylus and Sophocles Hutton wrote in his identified obituary memoir in the Spectator, "no man ever entered more keenly than Professor Malden into the grand religious irony of those melancholy musings on human hope and fate" ("The Late Henry Malden," July 8, 1876, p. 860). 4. "A condition of spiritual separation from the world" (Oxford English Dictionary). Hutton uses the term more than two dozen times in identified writings between "Dr. Newman's Apology [Second Notice]," Spectator, June 11, 1864, pp. 681, 682, and "The Land of Suspense," Spectator, January 2, 1897, p. 12. 5. "Religious or serious concentration of thought" (Oxford English Dictionary). Hutton uses the word in identified writings eight times from the 1870 article to "Suspense," Spectator, August 25, 1894, p. 239. 6. John 1.14. 7. Acts 4.13. 8. Daniel Dunglas Home (183386), the American medium and spiritualist, was the leading member of his 'profession' in England in the 1860s. He travelled widely in Europe, demonstrating his powers in high society but was never detected in fraud, even in cases of levitation. 9. Though deeply religious, Hutton was not an opponent of Darwin's theories like so many of his fellow Christians. In fact, in the identified article, "Professor Huxley's Last Dictum," Spectator, December 9, 1876, p. 1538, he declared, "The theological dislike of 'Evolution' always seemed to us in the highest degree puerile, and for our own part, we believe that if the theory of evolution be not true, there is no other theory of the relation of the various species to each other worth a moment's consideration. . . ." 10. This refers, of course, to the FrancoPrussian War which had begun on July 19th. 11. Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton), "A Spanish Anecdote," last two lines, a poem Hutton found not only "exquisite" and "beautiful" but far superior to Wordsworth's version of the story ("Professor Knight's Wordsworth," Spectator, March 13, 1886, p. 355). Sir David Wilkie (17851841) was limner to the king.
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"Miss Bateman's Medea," pp. 151154 1. In the identified review, "Mr. Tennyson's Drama on the Stage" (April 22, 1876), Hutton states that she was "great" as Medea. That review appears in this collection. 2. She first performed the title rôle in London in 1864 after making a tremendous success with it in America the previous year. John Augustin Daly's Leah the Forsaken was written in 1862. 3. Thomas Swinbourne (182395), born in Birmingham, began his career at eighteen, playing in a provincial circuit, then at NewcastleonTyne where in 1850 he was Othello to Macready's Iago. For several years he performed in Shakespearian rôles in Glasgow and then Manchester. In 1862 his London debut saw him in the first production of Boucicault's spectacular Relief of Lucknow; later he acted in other Boucicault productions. In 1864 he was Walter when Kate Bateman was Julia in The Hunchback. In 1865 he was Macduff in Phelps's Macbeth, then Cassius in his Julius Caesar, in 1867 Jaques in As You Like It, in 1870 Edmund Kean, in 1874 Claudius in Henry Irving's Hamlet, the next year Macduff in Irving's Macbeth, then the Ghost in Hamlet when touring with Irving, and later Horatio to Irving's Hamlet. He was Buckingham in Richard III in 1877, Cardinal Wolsey in The Queen and the Cardinal in 1881, and Macduff the following year. From 1880 to 1895 he was honorary treasurer and director of the Royal Theatrical Fund. 4. Note 2 for "A Holiday in the Tyrol," August 20, 1870, is relevant here, as is the identified article, "Mr. Morris's 'Odyssey'," Spectator, December 17,1887, pp. 174244, which shows Hutton retaining a firm knowledge of Greek late in life. The latter article is reprinted in A Victorian Spectator: Uncollected Writings of R. H. Hutton, ed. Robert H. Tener and Malcolm Woodfield (Bristol, 1989), pp. 24852. 5. (a) Virginia Francis (18531940), born in New York the daughter of H. L. Bateman, appeared on stage in London when still a child in 1865, had her official debut in 1868 as Madalena in Leah at the Haymarket when her sister, Kate Bateman, played the title rô1e, was excellent, according to Clement Scott (From "The Bells" to "King Arthur" (London, 1896), p. 54) in Philip, written for Henry Irving in 1874, in 1876 was the Princess Elizabeth in Tennyson's Queen Mary, then in 1879 played Helen in The Hunchback. After her marriage to Edward Compton in 1882 she acted under his direction. She was the mother of the novelist, Compton Mackenzie. (b) John Rydersee in this collection "Mr. Fechter's Othello," November 2, 1861, n.6. 6. Hutton's major essay on Nathaniel Hawthorne originally appeared in the National Review, 11 (October, 1860), 45381, and was augmented for his Essays Theological and Literary (London, 1871), II, 392449. In the former he speaks of Hawthorne's "uncanny fashion of awakening the most mutuallyrepellant feelings," of "those flushings and shiverings of the spirit, which testify to an uncanny or unholy origin" (pp. 469, 464). 7. For Robson's Medea see in this collection "The Tenderness for Actors," January 8, 1870, n.4. The Italian actress, Adelaide Ristori (18221906), performed in comedy and melodrama but made her international reputation in tragedy, being especially brilliant as Medea. Perhaps Hutton refers to Ristori's performance as a parody because her script was "thirdhand Euripides"—Legouvé's French adaptation of Euripedes's Greek translated into Italian by G. Montanelli (Mollie Sands, Robson of the Olympic (London, 1979), p. 77).
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"'Hamlet' at the Crystal Palace," pp. 155159 1. Crystal Palace, the huge glass, steel, and wood showplace of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, had been moved in 1854 about five miles (8km) south of London Bridge and reerected on the highest point of land above Sydenham as a venue for musical performances and other cultural functions. 2. James Morrison Steele Mackaye (184294), American actor, playwright, and theatre designer, in the eyes of some spectators made an ideal melancholy Dane because, as Hartnoll (p. 513) points out, he was "thin, dark, nervous, and dynamic." 3. Hamlet, III.i.135. For Fechter see the notes to "Intellectual Acting," the first article in the present collection. 4. As I have pointed out several times, in "Professor Jowett on the Drama," July 3, 1886, which will be found in this collection, Hutton revealed that he had seen Macready in Shakespeare's most considerable plays but preferred Fechter and Irving to him. 5. This provides additional evidence, of course, that it is not only those articles explicitly devoted to Fechter that provide useful information in the Spectator about his acting style. 6. III.ii.353. 7. III.i.7880. 8. II.ii.625629. 9. II.ii.641642. 10. I.iv.6467. 11. I.v.4041. 12. I.v.80. 13. II.ii.623 (for "raving" read "acursing"). 14. Charles P. Flockton (c.18281904) began his stage career in London in 1868 but performed in minor productions until the Crystal Palace Hamlet. Though English, he played for many years in America where he died. 15. III.iii.56. For "we" read "one." 16. Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, Ch.XX (twice), Ch.XXIX; but Dickens does not write "sake." 17. Mentioned not at all in Pascoe, the DNB, or Boase, or in Bryan's Stage Deaths, 18501900, and referred to only six times in Blanchard, Miss Carlisle is first mentioned by him in 1869 in "a singularly bad piece" with Charles Mathews, is reported as being in a threeact drama in 1873, in Round the World in Eighty Days in 1875, in a fouract version of La Dame aux Camellias three months later, in a version of The Duke's Motto in 1876, and after a "winning" performance in Talbot's Othello at Sadler's Wells in 1880 disappears from his pages. 18. III.i.159. Maria Edgeworth (17681849), novelist, writer on education, and author of popular lessons for children. Hutton once declared in an identified review that Maria Edgeworth had "far more of the essentially didactic impulse in her . . . than all the other didactic ladies put together, excepting only Hannah More . . ." ("Mr. Murch on Literary Women," Spectator, September 22, 1877, p. 1183).
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"Mr. Irving's Hamlet," pp. 160163 1. Irving's performance on October 31st was the first of two hundred, a run which was without precedent for a Shakespearian production. 2. On November 25, 1871, Irving began his 150 appearances in The Bells, Leopold Lewis's translation of ErckmannChatrian's Le Juif Polonais. Hartnoll (p. 421) points out, "The theatre was almost empty on the first night; but by next morning Irving was famous and he was to dominate the London stage during the last 30 years of Queen Victoria's reign." Irving began his celebrated career at eighteen in Sunderland in 1856, soon moving on to Edinburgh for two years, then to Dublin, Glasgow, and for several years to Manchester, where (after a year in Liverpool), he was so successful as the villain, Rawdon Scudamore, in Boucicault's Hunted Down that he was able to bargain his way to London in 1866. During the ten years of his apprenticeship in the provinces he had performed in an astonishing 588 parts, over 400 of them in the first twoandahalf years, improving noticeably as time went on, and gaining experience from his brief appearances with Helen Faucit, Edwin Booth, and E. A. Sothern, and cementing friendships with J. L. Toole and Charles Mathews. In London, though he failed in 1866 as the male lead in Katharine and Petruchio with Ellen Terry (who then retired from acting for six years), he was a pronounced success in The Belle's Stratagem, in Hunted Down, as the villain in several plays (Bill Sykes being one and Robert Macaire another), and as Digby Grant in James Albery's comedy, "Two Roses." He was perhaps equally successful with his performance as the protagonist in W. G. Wills's Eugene Aram. But it was not until Irving persuaded the American manager, H. L. Bateman, who had recently taken over the almost abandoned Lyceum Theatre, to put on The Bells with Irving as the burgomaster, Mathias, that dozens of London newspapers on Monday, November 27, 1871, following Saturday's first performance, excitedly proclaimed him to be the greatest actor on the British stage. And even before he persuaded Ellen Terry to join his company at the Lyceum at the end of 1878, after taking over the management of the theatre from Mrs. Bateman, he had experienced continuing success in Charles the First, Richelieu, Philip, Hamlet, and Macbeth. But thereafter for nearly a quarter of a century Henry Irving and Ellen Terry became the most famous acting combination ever to grace the stage in Britain. It was there at the Lyceum with Irving as leaseholder that they performed many of Shakespeare's plays, but also dramas by W. G. Wills and others, acclaimed again and again by English audiences, and by American during eight tours of the United States. 3. Hamlet, V.ii.301. 4. I.v.26. 5. I.v.162. 6. III.ii.287290. 7. Cf. "'Hamlet' at the Crystal Palace," May 10, 1873, second paragraph. 8. II.ii.623, 622, 635636. 9. II.ii.641642. For "with which" read "Wherein." 10. III.i.56, 88. 11. V.ii.234235.
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"'The Merchant of Venice'," pp. 164167 1. Oddly enough, though the Bancrofts and Ellen Terry acted there, this Prince of Wales's Theatre is not glossed under that name in the Oxford Companion to the Theatre but under its much later name (after almost total reconstruction), the Scala. Perhaps the explanation is that in the two hundred years that the site was occupied the structure had many names and more than one purpose. 2. Hutton should have qualified this praise at the opening of his review, for he goes on to indicate that there were half a dozen performers who failed in their rôles, not just Coghlan as Shylock. Most critics regarded the entire production as a failure except for Ellen Terry's performance. In Ch. VII of his reminiscences, The Bancrofts: Recollections of Sixty Years (London, 1909) Squire Bancroft explained why he and his wife withdrew the production after thirtysix performances. 3. Charles Coghlan was attacked by Clement Scott for his emotionless performance (The Drama of Yesterday and Today [London, 1899], I, 58586), and by Dutton Cook for his dreary monotone (Nights at the Play [London, 1883], pp. 7172.) In the present collection see "Miss Kate Terry," November 5, 1864, n.6 (b), for information on Coghlan. 4. Merchant of Venice, IV.i.184. 5. Ellen Terry clearly lived up to the prediction of her in this rôle made in a paragraph (obviously Hutton's) in "News of the Week," Spectator, November 2, 1867, p. 1219, which concludes, "Mr. A. Wigan, it is said, makes a very fine Shylock. Why does he not give us [in his new theatre] the Merchant of Venice? Miss Ellen Terry would make a perfect Portia." 6. (a) Bassanio was played by E. H. Brooke, his first appearance on the stage, according to Charles Hiatt in Ellen Terry and Her Impersonations (London, 1899), p. 71. Perhaps his performance was not as bad as Hutton suggested, for sevenandahalf weeks later he was acting with Irving in The Belle's Stratagem. At any rate, the following year Hutton praised his performance as the ambassador in Tennyson's Queen Mary, the review of which appears in the present collection. (b) Squire Bancroft (18411926) and his wife, Marie Effie Wilton, managed and acted in the Prince's Theatre from 1865 to 1880, making it very successful with such plays as T. W. Robertson's Caste, Society, Ours, and School. In short, as Hartnoll (p. 53) says, they "started the vogue for drawingroom comedy and drama in place of melodrama." In 1880 they went to the Haymarket, retiring five years later. In 1897 Squire Bancroft was knighted. 7. Arthur Wood, playwright and actor, was a leading member of Chute's Bristol stock company in the early 1860s, then acted in London from 1864 to 1882, appearing in farces, comedies, and musical extravagances, and once impersonating Crabtree in The School for Scandal. Ellen Terry who knew him in Bristol said he was "an admirable comedian" (The Story of My Life [London, 1908], p. 44). 8. (a) Gratiano was played by Lin Rayne (183987). Born in Calcutta, he had his London debut as Faulkner in Lytton's The Rightful Heir in 1868, performed other rôles at the Princess's, the Gaiety, and appeared in the D'Oyly Carte operetta, Doctor in Spite of Himself, and was specially invited by the Bancrofts in 1874 to play Sir Benjamin Backbite in The School for Scandal. (b) Carlotta Addison (18491914), Mrs. Charles A. La Trobe, made her London debut in 1866 in The Belle's Stratagem, joined the Bancrofts' company at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in 1868, playing in T. W. Robertson's Society and School, acted elsewhere in plays by H. J. Byron and J. Albery
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in the 1870s, but curtailed her stage appearances after her marriage in 1876. (c) Augusta Wilton (d.1926), daughter of Robert P. Wilton, never achieved sufficient success on the stage to be glossed in the standard handbooks on theatre. (d) Frank Archer (F. B. Arnold), 18451917, began his stage career in Nottingham but acted mostly in Manchester in various Shakespearian rôles from 1869 to 1872. His debut in London occurred in the latter year in Money. In 1873 he was Claudius in the Crystal Palace Hamlet, and subsequently appeared in plays by Wilkie Collins, T. W. Robertson (Society and Ours) W. G. Wills, and W. S. Gilbert, in the meantime playing Hamlet in Edinburgh. In 1889 he appeared as the mesmerist in The Bells before the Queen at Sandringham with Irving's Lyceum company. (e) Herbert Standing (18461923) had his adult London debut in 1865 in a production by Boucicault, then appeared as Cassio to Phelps's Othello, supporting him also in other rôles. Under the Batemans' management at the Lyceum he was Christian when Irving was Mathias in The Bells in 1871. Later he played in Albery's The Pink Dominos at the Criterion. In 1885 he was M. Beauseant in The Lady of Lyons, his last mention in Blanchard. ''Shakespeare's Henry VIII," pp. 168173 1. There is no indication here what edition of Shakespeare Hutton is quoting from nor is there in any of his other Shakespeare articles, except for two of Fechter's performances. He never mentions, for instance, the great Cambridge edition of 186366 by William George Clark, John Glover, and W. Aldis Wright. This review of Shakespeare's play is really a defence of Tennyson's, as its conclusion makes clear. Hutton makes no mention of the possibility of collaboration in the writing of Shakespeare's play; however, in a paragraph added to the material from the review of Queen Mary which he interpolated into his essay on Tennyson in 1877 he stated that Henry VIII was not Shakespeare's best historical play, adding—significantly—"nor is it probably wholly his own" (Essays Theological and Literary, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged [London: Daldy, Isbister, 1877], II, 369). 2. Henry VIII, IV.ii.3168. 3. III.ii.242243; 256; 307309; 350. 4. III.ii.351373. 5. III.ii.376386. 6. Tennyson, Queen Mary, IV.i. 7. Henry VIII, I.ii.11; II.ii.143144. "'Macbeth' at the Lyceum," pp. 174179 1. Hutton perhaps did not always think quite as highly of this performance of Macbeth as he indicates here. He seems to be the author of the "News of the Week" paragraph in the Spectator for March 11, 1882, p. 315, which describes a production of the play on Shrove Tuesday by former pupils of the Roman Catholic school at Beaumont, near Old Windsor, close to where Hutton himself lived at Englefield Green. The writer of the paragraph personally attended the play on that occasion, remarking, "We never remember seeing private theatricals anything like so effective, or Macbeth on any stage so well rendered. The old Beaumont pupils, who
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played Macbeth and Lady Macbeth with great power, and without a syllable of rant, surpassed, in our opinion, and surpassed greatly, Mr. Irving's and Miss Bateman's rendering of the same parts." It should be observed, if the praise here seems to be exaggerated, that Hutton was increasingly sympathetic to Roman Catholicism as he grew older. 2. The last time that Hutton could have seen Macready in this rôle was on February 26, 1851. 3. Mrs. H. L. Bateman (182381), American actress and playwright, was the manager at the Lyceum after her husband's death in March, 1875. Her daughter, Kate Josephine Bateman (18421917) more often played at the Lyceum when Irving was on tour, so her performance on this occasion was something of an exception. Hutton had found her "really great in Medea" and in Lady Macbeth "certainly powerful," as he declares in the next review in this collection. 4. Macbeth, I.vii.44. 5. I.vii.2125. 6. I.vii.2526. 7. I.vii.59 (for "But if we fail" read "If we should fail"). 8. I.vii.72. 9. II.ii.3637. 10. V.iii.3739. 11. V.v.1723. 12. III.ii.38. 13. III.ii.4446. 14. V.i.4344; 5657. "Mr. Tennyson's Drama on the Stage," pp. 180183 1. Many of Tennyson's friends attended the first night. By "curtailed" Hutton is pointing to the fact that Irving had cut the published play to less than half of its 1875 length. 2. The omitted "most effective situations" are III.i.(pp. 11718); III.iii.(pp. 13640); IV.i.(p. 183); IV.iii.(pp. 206208). 3. Surely this statement strengthens the case for Hutton's authorship of "Miss Bateman's Medea," July 20, 1872. 4. In his biography of his father, Hallam Tennyson said that "Irving's 'Philip' my father always pronounced to be a consummate performance" (Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir [London, 1897], II.179, n.2). 5. For Virginia Francis see in the present collection the notes to "Miss Bateman's Medea," July 20, 1872, n.4(a). 6. For E. H. Brooke see above, n.5(a) to "The Merchant of Venice," April 24, 1875.
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"Miss Geneviève Ward," pp. 184185 1. For information on Merivale, see the notes to "The Princess Mary's Amateur Theatricals," June 6, 1863, n.4. Grove, mentioned only once in Blanchard, is said by Allardyce Nicoll to have written or collaborated on only four plays. 2. Genevieve Teresa Ward (18381922), American actress, in 1879 under her own management "produced at the Lyceum 'ForgetMeNot' . . . which proved such a success that she toured in it all over the world" (Hartnoll, p. 880). Ward, losing her voice as an opera singer, made in Manchester her debut as an actress in 1873 playing Lady Macbeth, and after nearly half a century ended her career in 1920 by playing Volumnia in Coriolanus and Queen Margaret in Richard III. She was the first Americanborn actress to be created a DBE. 3. This congratulatory parenthesis might seem to be just the literary editor of the Spectator flattering one of his contributors (Merivale wrote for the Spectator for twenty years, as he points out in his reminiscences, Bar, Stage, and Platform) were it not for the great success ForgetMeNot enjoyed even internationally. "Tennyson as Dramatist," pp. 186188 1. At an early performance the Marquis of Queensbury stood up and protested vigorously at what he thought was a grossly unfair representation of a freethinker in Edgar. Tennyson was bitterly disappointed with the play's reception and refused to allow it to be published as a play, though it appeared in his collected poems, Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, in 1886. 2. Nearly all the critics agree that Tennyson, though paramount in his day as a poet, was no dramatist; he lacked a sense of dramatic tension and had virtually no understanding of the theatre. 3. Did Hutton at this point forget what he had said of Lord Lytton's Money in "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage," June 23,1866? Actually, it was Lytton's novels that he deplored, not so much his plays. 4. For Queen Mary see "Mr. Tennyson's Drama on the Stage," April 22, 1876. The Cup was first performed on January 3,1881, and ran for one hundred and thirty nights. Both Irving and Ellen Terry starred in it. 5. Tennyson, "Northern Farmer: New Style," 11.916. 6. Hutton's disappointment with this drama is expressed in his review, "Mr. Tennyson's 'Harold'," Spectator, December 23, 1876, pp. 161012. "Mephistopheles at the Lyceum," pp. 189192 1. The Times review, "Faust at the Lyceum," was published on Monday, December 21, p. 10, cols. 13. 2. Harry B. Conway (H. Blenkinsop Coulson), 18501909, appeared on the London stage at the Olympic in 1872, then at the Lyceum in The Bells, and after playing Osric during the long run of Irving's Hamlet, joined the Haymarket in 1876 where he appeared as Romeo, Orlando (As You Like It) Lucio (Measure for Measure), Sebastian (Twelfth Night), and in lesser rôles. From 1878 at the Prince of Wales's Theatre
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he performed in works by popular though minor playwrights, Buckstone and Palgrave Simpson, for example. Conway, a remarkably handsome man whose looks were to create "a sensation in the 'eighties," failed in his rô1e as Faust the first night and was soon replaced. "It was Coghlan as Shylock all over again," said Ellen Terry in her Story of My Life, pp. 140, 239. 3. Ellen Terry, of course. See "Experience and Inexperience on the Stage," June 23, 1866, n.1 and 4. 4. William Gorman Wills (182891), though now forgotten, was very successful in his day, writing or collaborating in a host of plays from 1865 to shortly before his death, the more noteworthy (apart from Faust) being Medea in Corinth in 1872, Charles the First in the same year which starred Henry Irving and Kate Bateman, and Vanderdrecken in 1878 with the same two performers. He was the official Dramatist to the Lyceum. In the 1860s he had published four novels of which Hutton was, I believe, the Spectator reviewer: Notice to Quit (1861), The Wife's Evidence (1863), The Three Watches (1864), David Chantry (1865). 5. For Mrs. Stirling see in the present collection the notes to "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals," June 27, 1863, n.4. Now in her seventies Mrs. Stirling's eyesight had deteriorated seriously; Martha was to be her last rô1e (Percy Allen, The Stage Life of Mrs. Stirling (London, 1922), p. 216). 6. Faust, "Prologue in Heaven," 11.338343. "Professor Jowett on the Drama," pp. 193197 1. Jowett would have been noncontroversial had he said merely that the drama is the only form of literature which can embody its story in living actors. Jowett (181793), perhaps the most famous Oxford don in the Victorian age, had by this time become ViceChancellor of his university, in spite of having had his career retarded because of his liberal contribution to the controversial theological volume, Essays and Reviews in 1860. 2. The "recent unfortunate attempt" was the performance on Friday, May 7, 1886, at the Grand Theatre in Islington before an enthusiastic audience of invited guests, including Robert Browning, George Meredith, and James Russell Lowell. Alma Murray played Beatrice and Hermann Vezin the Count in the fourhour, sixact production. Only the critics (like William Archer) disapproved, largely on moral grounds. 3. For Hutton's authorship of an 1865 Spectator review of Clarissa, see Robert H. Tener's "The Authorship of a Neglected Appraisal of Clarissa," English Language Notes, 24 (December, 1986), 5866. Malcolm Woodfield and I reprint the 1865 review in A Victorian Spectator: Uncollected Writings of R. H. Hutton (Bristol, 1989), pp. 99105. 4. Coleridge, Table Talk, April 27, 1823. 5. Robson, who died in 1864, is mentioned several times in these articles. Perhaps the most useful note on him appears in connection with "Lord Wicklow's Amateur Theatricals," June 27, 1863, n.2. 6. Macbeth, II.ii.37 (for "has" read "does"). In his 1875 review of Irving's performance Hutton had described the actor's rendering of this passage as ''perfect." 7. This judgement of Macready's acting seems to support Hutton's authorship of the obituary paragraph on Macready in "News of the Week," Spectator, May 3, 1873, p.
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559, where we read, "In tragedy he was stiff and tended to be stilted . . . but he had dignity, and when the part itself had in it a flavour of artificial grandeur, as in Lord Lytton's Richelieu, for example, his acting was often masterly." What further supports Hutton's authorship of this paragraph is the remark (my italics) that Macready "always seemed, to the present editor at least, to succeed better in dignified comedy than in tragedy." The Spectator had only two editors and there is no evidence that Townsend (18311911) ever saw Macready perform; he lived either in the provinces or in India during the last decades of the actor's career. 8. This seems to be what was said in "Intellectual Acting," July 27,1861, about Fechter portraying in Hamlet an "aristocratic scorn," a "princely coldness." 9. In his review of Irving's Macbeth, October 2, 1875, instead of "indifference" Hutton had used the terms "cold and bitter." 10. Macbeth, I.vii.2125. 11. Othello, II.iii.369374. 12. As was pointed out in the "Introduction" and in "Miss Faucit's Imogen," n.7, Hutton borrowed this saying which was based on a passage in the writings of Bishop Joseph Butler by Hutton's closest friend, Walter Bagehot, and quoted it eighteen times in identified writings between 1867 and 1895 and twenty times in attributed ones. Sometimes he uses "beings" and sometimes "creatures." No other contributor to the Spectator quotes it in its pages. "'A Doll's House'," pp. 198201 1. Hutton may have attended the production of A Doll's House by Janet Achurch and Charles Charrington which opened at the Novelty Theatre on June 7,1889, but his article refers to his reading the play, possibly in William Archer's stage version translated for the Charringtons. See n.3, below. 2. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, Ch. LXIV, where the Marchioness describes to Dick Swiveller how she would put orange peel in water and pretend it was wine. As pointed out in the "Introduction," Hutton quotes "make believe very much" four times in identified writings, and thirteen times in attributed ones, starting as far back as "A Hierarchy Eager to Stand Still," Inquirer, February 10, 1855, p. 82. Cf. in this collection "Intellectual Acting," July 27,1861, n.4, and "Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party,'' May 21, 1864, n.3. 3. As early as "Mr. Fechter's Othello," November 21, 1861, we find the reviewer making use of a printed edition of a play. "Actresses and their Critics" (June 22, 1867) rebukes those critics of theatre who never "read a play with the desire to enter imaginatively into the author's conception of the various characters." Hutton was not one of them. "The 'Pale Cast of Thought'," pp. 202205 1. "Scepticism about Oneself" in the Spectator for November 23,1889, pp. 71516, was by Meredith Townsend, Hutton's senior partner on the Spectator. 2. Hamlet, III.i.8485. 3. Matthew 6.25.
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4. Hamlet, IV.v.175176; Antony and Cleopatra, IV.vi.3436. 5. Henry V, "Chorus," V.2224; Hamlet, I.i.6769; As You Like It, IV.i.140. 6. Psalm 139.2. 7. Hamlet, III.i.7888: "away" is the reading in the First Folio. 8. Although Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term, it was Hutton who first got "agnostic" into print (as Huxley himself acknowledged), and popularised it. See Robert H. Tener, "R. H. Hutton and Agnostic," Notes and Queries, New Series, 11 (November, 1964), 42931, and "Agnostic," Times Literary Supplement, August 10, 1967, p. 732.
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Selected Bibliography Because full publishing information on Hutton's theatre articles is given in the headnotes, I do not list them here, nor do I list articles from the "Notes" which provide evidence for authorship. They will all be found in my two bibliographies mentioned in n.1 to the "Introduction." Allen, Percy. The Stage Life of Mrs. Stirling. Introd. by Sir Frank Benson. London: T. F. Unwin, 1922. Allen, Shirley. Samuel Phelps and the Sadler's Wells Theatre. Middleton, Ct.: Wesleyan University Press, 1971. Altick, Richard D. The Art of Literary Research. Third Edition. Revised by John J. Fenstermaker. New York: Norton, 1981. Bancroft, Marie and Squire. The Bancrofts: Recollections of Sixty Years. London: Murray, 1909. Repr. New York: Blom, 1969. Barrington, Emilie. The Servant of All: The Life of James Wilson. London: Longmans, Green, 1927. 2 vols. Beisly, Sidney. Shakespeare's Garden. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, Green, 1864. Blanchard, Leman. The Life and Reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard. Ed. Clement Scott and Cecil Howard. London: Hutchinson, 1891. 2 vols. Boase, Frederic. Modern English Biography. London: Cass, 1965. 6 vols. Booth, Michael. English Melodrama. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1965. . Theatre in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Brereton, Austin. The Life of Henry Irving. London: Longmans, Green, 1908. 2 vols. Bryan, George B. Stage Deaths: A Biographical Guide to International Theatrical Obituaries, 1850 to 1990. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1991. 2 vols. Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. Ed. Conor Cruise O'Brien. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968. Cohn, Albert. Shakespeare in Germany in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century. London: Asher, 1865. Conolly, John. A Study of Hamlet. London: Moxon, 1863. Cook, Dutton. Nights at the Play. London: Chatto and Windus, 1883.
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[Defoe, Daniel]. The Political History of the Devil. London: T. Warner, 1726. ———. Robinson Crusoe. Ed. J. Donald Crowley. World Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. Dickens, Charles. David Copperfield. London: Bradbury and Evans, 1850. ———. Martin Chuzzlewit. London: Chapman and Hall, 1844. ———. The Old Curiosity Shop. London: Chapman and Hall, 1841. ———. Sketches by Boz. London: Chapman and Hall, 1836. Dictionary of National Biography. Fechter, Charles, ed. Othello: Charles Fechter's Acting Edition. London: W. R. Sams, 1861. Field, Kate. Charles Albert Fechter. Boston: James Osgood, 1882. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. Trans. Thomas Carlyle. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1824. 3 vols. Heywood, Thomas. An Apology for Actors. London: Nicholas Okes, 1612. Hiatt, Charles. Ellen Terry and her Impersonations. London: George Bell, 1899. Hogben, John. Richard Holt Hutton of 'The Spectator'. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1899. Hollingshead, John. Gaiety Chronicles. London: Constable, 1898. Hutton, Joseph. Personal Duties and Social Relations: A Volume of Discourses, By the Late Joseph Hutton. Ed. with a Prefatory Sketch by Joseph Henry Hutton. London: Whitefield, 1861. Hutton, Richard Holt. Essays Theological and Literary. London: Strahan, 1871.2 vols. [———]. Holiday Rambles in Ordinary Places. London: Daldy, Isbister, 1877. ———. "The Late Henry Malden." Spectator, July 8, 1876, pp. 85960. ———. "The Sphere of Imitativeness." Spectator, May 11, 1889, pp. 63839. ———. Sir Walter Scott. English Men of Letters, ed. J. Morley. London: MacMillan, 1878. ———. "Tragedy and Crime," Spectator, January 1, 1876, p. 10. ———. "Walter Bagehot." Fortnightly Review. New Series. 22 (October, 1877), 45384. Irving, Laurence. Henry Irving: The Actor and His World. London: Faber and Faber, 1951. Jenkins, Anthony. The Making of Victorian Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Johnson, Samuel. "Otway." The Works of Samuel Johnson. 8 vols. Oxford: Talboys and Wheeler, 1825. VII, 17377. Lewes, George Henry "Fechter in Hamlet and Othello." Blackwood's Magazine. 149 (December, 1861), 74454.
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———. "Foreign Actors and the English Drama." Cornhill Magazine. 8 (August, 1863), 74454. Mansel, Henry Longueville. The Limits of Religious Thought. London: John Murray, 1858. Martin, Sir Theodore. Helena Faucit (Lady Martin) London: Blackwood, 1900. Merivale, Herman. Bar, Stage, and Platform: Autobiographic Memories. London: Chatto and Windus, 1902. Morley, Henry. The Journal of a London Playgoer from 1851 to 1866. London: Routledge, 1891. Nicoll, Allardyce. Late Nineteenth Century Drama 18501900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946, 1959. The Oxford Companion to the Theatre. Ed. Phyllis Hartnoll. Fourth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. Pascoe, Charles E. The Dramatic List. Second Edition. London: G. Routledge, 1880. Repr. New York: Blom, 1969. Pemberton, T. Edgar. A Memoir of Edward Askew Sothern. London: Bentley, 1889. Rowell, George. The Victorian Theatre, 17921914: A Survey. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. ———. Victorian Dramatic Criticism. Selected and Introd. by George Rowell. London: Methuen, 1971. Sands, Mollie. Robson of the Olympic. London: The Society for Theatre Research, 1979. Scott, Clement. The Drama of Yesterday and Today. London: Macmillan, 1899. 2 vols. ———. From 'The Bells' to 'King Arthur'. London: John Macqueen, 1896. Shakespeare and the Victorian Stage. Ed. Richard Foulkes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. by G. R. Hibbard. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Smith, Adam. A Theory of Moral Sentiments. Ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976. Taylor, George. Players and Performances in the Victorian Theatre. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989. Tener, Robert H. "Agnostic." Times Literary Supplement. August 10, 1967, p. 732. ———. "An Arnold Quotation as a Clue to R. H. Hutton's 'Spectator' Articles." Notes and Queries. New Series. 18 (March, 1971), 100101. ———. "The Authorship of a Neglected Appraisal of Clarissa." English Language Notes. 24 (December, 1986), 5866.
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———. "Breaking the Code of Anonymity: The Case of the Spectator, 18611897." The Yearbook of English Studies. 16 (1986), 6373. ———. "A Clue for Some R. H. Hutton Attributions." Notes and Queries. New Series. 14 (October, 1967), 38283. ———. "'Resisting Medium' in R. H. Hutton's Articles: A Clue for Attribution." Victorian Periodicals Review. 27 (Spring, 1994), 2531, and V.P.R. 27 (Fall, 1994) 283. ———. "R. H. Hutton and Agnostic." Notes and Queries. New Series. 11 (November, 1964), 42931. ———. "R. H. Hutton: Some Attributions." Victorian Periodicals Newsletter. No. 20 (June, 1973), pp. 1431. ———. "The Writings of Richard Holt Hutton." Victorian Periodicals Newsletter. No. 17 (September, 1972), entire issue. ———. and Malcolm Woodfield, eds. A Victorian Spectator: Uncollected Writings of R. H. Hutton. Bristol: The Bristol Press, 1989. Tennyson, Hallam. Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir. London: Macmillan, 1897. 2 vols. Terry, Ellen. The Story of My Life. London: Hutchinson, 1908. Tolles, Winton. Tom Taylor and the Victorian Drama. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. Repr. New York: AMS, 1966. Ward, Wilfrid. "Richard Holt Hutton (A Reminiscence)." Dublin Review. 154 (January, 1914), 121. Wedmore, Frederick. Memories. London: Methuen, 1912. Woodfield, Malcolm. R. H. Hutton, Critic and Theologian. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. Wordsworth, Charles. On Shakespeare's Knowledge and Use of the Bible. London: Smith, Elder, 1864.
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Index A Actors. Addison, Carlotta, 167, 238n.8 Anderson, Mary, xvii Archer, Frank, 167, 239n.8 Baldock, Mrs., 29 Bancroft, Squire, xv, 167, 238n.6 Bandmann, Daniel Edward, 132, 232n.1 Bateman, Kate Josephine, 151154, 174, 178, 181182, 235n.2, 240n.3 Boucicault, Dion, 112, 225n.1 Boucicault, Mrs. D., 110113, 229n.2 Bourke, lone, 123, 230n.4 Bowering, A., 69, 222n.7 Brandram, Samuel, 30, 215n.5 Brooke, E. H., 183, 238n.6 Bryan, George, 75, 223nn.2, 4 Buckstone, J. B., 50, 219n.5 Campana, Mme, 34 Carlisle, Miss, 159, 236n.17 Clarke, John, 136139, 233n.1 Coghlan, Charles F., 69, 83, 86, 165 167, 222n.7, 238n.3 Colas, Stella, 3639, 217n.1 Conway, Harry B., 189, 191, 241n.2 Cowper, J. C., 112113, 229n.6 Creswick, Charles, 65, 221n.13 Elsworthy, Maria, 23, 214n.6 Emery, Sam, 34, 113, 216n.5 Farren, William, 135, 232n.4 Farren, Ellen ('Nellie'), 88, 136, 225n.1 Faucit, Helen (Lady Martin), xiii, xiv, xx, 6065, 128129, 211n.2, 220n.1 Fechter, Charles, x, xiii, xvi, xixxx, 124, 3233, 39, 6061, 7073, 82, 93, 97101, 132, 134, 155156, 162, 194196, 210211n.1, 211nn.1, 2, 213n.1 Fitzpatrick, J. H., 112, 229n.5 Flockton, Charles P., 158, 236n.14 Flunger, Herr, 144 Francis, Virginia, 152, 183, 235n.5 Furtado, Theresa, 135, 232n.4 Glyn, Isabella, 130131, 231n.12 Herbert, Louisa, 135, 232n.4 Hett, Jakob, 147 Irving, Henry, x, xiii, xiv, xv, xxii, 160163, 174179, 180183, 189192, 193196, 237n.2 Jefferson, Joseph, 9396, 115, 226n.2 Jordan, George, 135, 232n.4 Kean, Charles, 128, 231n.3 Kean, Edmund, 194, 231n.3 Lacy, Walter, 65, 221n.13 Lane, Lincoln, 34 Lang, Herr, 147 Lechner, Gregor, 147 Leclercq, Carlotta, 10, 23, 108, 212n.9 Mackaye, James Morrison Steele, 155159, 162, 236n.2 Macready, William Charles, x, xiii, xiv, 60, 155, 174, 194195, 211n.2, 240n.2, 242n.7. Mair, Joseph, 144 Marston, Mrs. Henry, 39, 217n.8 Mathews, Charles James, 140143, 233n.1 Merivale, Herman, xii, 29, 215n.4 Montgomery, Walter, 39, 127, 217n.8 Murray, Mrs. Henry Leigh, 82, 224n.7 Neville, Henry, 66, 69, 83, 101, 222n.7 Palmer, Milly, 135, 232n.4 Parry, John, x, xivxv, 5659, 88, 98, 102105, 220n.1
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Peel, Captain Cecil, 29 Phelps, Edmund, 114, 115, 229n.5 Phelps, Samuel, 115117, 221n.13 Pope, Thomas, 75, 223nn.2, 4 Rachel (Élisa Rachel Felix), 67, 222n.5 Rayne, Lin, 167, 238n.8 Ristori, Adelaide, 154, 235n.7 Robson, Frederick, 3334, 66, 142, 154, 194, 216n.2, 233n.4 Ryder, John, 910, 11, 17, 152, 212n.6 Saunders, Charlotte, 129, 231n.9 Schulz, Ernst, xv, 118121, 230n.1 Shore, J. G., 10, 212n.8 Siddons, Mary Frances Scott, xiv, 122125, 230n.1 Simpson, Palgrave, 34, 216n.6 Sothern, Edward Askew, 47, 50, 60, 82, 85, 8992, 142, 218n.1 Soutar, Robert, 8283, 8788, 101, 224n.7 Spalding, Augustus, 33 Standing, Herbert, 167, 239n.8 Stirling, Mrs. Edward (Mary Anne [Fanny]), 33, 35, 129, 189190, 216n.4, 242n.5 Swinbourne, Thomas, 151, 235n.3 Terry, Ellen, xv, xx, xxii, 106109, 129130, 166167, 184, 189191, 227n.1, 228n.4, 238n.5 Terry, Kate, xiiixiv, 22, 6669, 8284, 86, 100, 106109, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 213n.1, 214n.5, 227n.1 Terry, Florence, 101, 226n.7 Tree, Ellen, 128, 231n.3 Vezin, Mrs. Hermann, xxi, 114116, 129, 229n.5 Vincent, George, 82, 8687, 224n.7 Vining, George J., 22, 39, 214n.6 Ward, Geneviève Teresa, 184185, 241n.2 Widdicomb, H. W., 71, 73, 223n.2 Wigan, Horace, 80, 83, 88, 9899, 108, 136, 222n.3 Wilton, Augusta, 167, 238n.8 Wood, Arthur, 167, 238n.7 Woolgar, Sarah Jean, 129, 231n.7 Wrottesley, Mrs. George, 29 Zwink, Johann, 147 Altick, R. D., xxiv Ammergau, xvi Analysis of contents, xvixvii AntiCornLaw League, xi Archer, William, xvii Attribution, clues for, xviiixxiv Austen, Jane, x B Bagehot, Walter, ix, xi, xxi Barbados, xi "The Bible and the Stage," xvii Brereton, Austin, xvii Bright, John, xi Browning, Robert, xvii Burke, Edmund, xi Burns, Robert, x Butler, Bishop Joseph, xxiv C Cardinal Newman, ix CharringtonAchurch, xvii Cobden, Richard, xi Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ix Contemporary Thought and Thinkers, ix Cook, Dutton, xvi Critical Heritage series (Routledge), ix, xvii D Darwin, Charles, ix Dickens, Charles, ix, xxiv E Economist, xi Edgeworth, Maria, x F Field, Michael, xvii Fortnightly Review, xii Fox, W. J., xi G Gaskells, ix German, x, xxi Greek, x H Hazlitt, William, ix Hutton, Dr. Joseph, ix
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Hutton, Richard Holt: editorships, xi; education, x; principles of drama, xiiixvi; publications, xi, xvi; range of cultural interests, xiixiii Holiday Rambles, xvi Huxley, T. H., ix I Idealism in acting, xiv Inquirer, xi "Mr. Irving's Claims for the Actors," xvii L Latin, x Leeds, ix Lewes, George Henry, xvi London, ix Life of Henry Irving, xvii "Lord Cranborne," xxiii Luther, Martin, xxiv M Macaulay, T. B., xi "The Magnanimity of Unbelief," xxiii Malden, Henry, x Managers. [Square brackets indicate managers not named in the relevant article.] Bancroft, Squire, xv, [164] Bateman, H. L., [151, 160] Beere, Mr. and Mrs. Bernard, 186 Buckstone, J. B., [47, 89, 122, 219n.5] Chatterton, F. B., [60], 114 Fechter, Charles, 1, 6, 16, 21, 70, 97, 110 Irving, Henry, [160, 180, 184, 189] Reed, Mr. and Mrs. German, 56, [102] Schulz, Ernst, 118 Taylor, Tom, 155156, 216n.3, 223n.3 Webster, Ben, [93] Wigan, Horace, 66, 80, 85, 97, 101, 136, 222n.3 Martineaus, ix "Mary Anderson's 'Memoirs'," xvii Melodrama, xii, xv "'The Merchant of Venice' at the Lyceum," xvii Modern Guides to English Thought, ix Morley, Henry, xvi N National Review, xi, xxiixxiii Natural acting, xiv "The New Play at the Lyceum Theatre," xvii O The Old Curiosity Shop, xxiv P Pall Mall Gazette, xxiii Patronage, x Plays. Alphonse, 29 Antony and Cleopatra, 195, 202 As You Like It, xiv, 122123, 203 The Bells, 160 Brand, xiii Brother Sam, 8991 Bunkum Muller, 47 Caste, 193 The Cenci, 193 Charles the First, xvii A Cleft Stick, 99 The Cup, 186 Cymbeline, 60, 61, 65, 129 Delicate Ground, 29 The Devil in Town, 25 A Doll's House, xiii, xvi, 198199, 201 The Duke's Motto, xvi, 21, 69 Eugene Aram, xvii Fall of Robespierre, 194 Faust (trans. Bayle Bernard) 114115, 129 Faust (trans. W. G. Wills), 189, 192 ForgetmeNot, 184 Good for Nothing, 129 Hamlet, xvi, 1, 17, 23, 71, 75, 76, 97, 106, 132, 155156, 159, [160], 196, 202204 Henry V, 203 The Hidden Hand, 66, 109
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The Hunchback, xxi, 106, 109, 128 Julius Caesar, 75 King Henry VIII, 11, 168 King Lear, 75, 142 Le Bossu, 21 Leah, 154 Little Toddlekins, 30 The Long Strike, 110 Macbeth, 77, 174, 203204 Martin Chuzzlewit, 136 Masks and Faces, 118 Medea in Corinth, 151 Medea, 142 The Merchant of Venice, xv, 75, 164165, 167 The Merry Wives of Windsor, 75, 76 A Midsummer Night's Dream, 75, 195 Money, 107, 109 Mrs. Roseleaf's Evening Party, x, 56, 88, 103 Much Ado About Nothing, 75, 76 Narcisse, 132, 135 Neveu de Rameau, 132 Othello, 9, 11, 16, 17, 23, 33 Our American Cousin, 47, 50 Overland Route, 141 Pauline, 29 Plot and Passion, 32, 33 Prince Camaralzaman, 97 The Promise of May, xv, 186 Pyramus and Thisbe, 75 Queen Mary, xv, 168, 173, 180, 186, 188, 193 Remorse, 194 Rip Van Winkle, 93, 101 The Rivals, 193 Robert Macaire (The Roadside Inn), 71 Romeo and Juliet, 36, 7577, 79, 122, 195 School, 194 The School for Scandal, 193 "Settling Day," xiii, 80 She Stoops to Conquer, 193 A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing, 97, 100, 107 The Taming of the Shrew, 75, 76 The Tempest, 75, 76 The Ticket of Leave Man, 60 Titus Andronicus, 76 Twelfth Night, 8586, 88, 107 The Two Gentlemen of Verona, 75, 76 Wallenstein, 194 The Watch Cry, xvi, 97, 99 Wedding Breakfast, 102103 Playwrights. Aeschylus, x Ayrer, Jacob, 76, 223n.6 Bellingham, H., 226n.2 Best, William, 226n.2 Boucicault, Dion, 93, 110112, 225n.1 Brougham, John, 213n.2 Buckstone, J. B., 89 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 193 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 194 Dryden, John, 193 Feval, M., 21 Field, Michael, xvii Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, xii, 17, 114117, 189192 Goldsmith, Oliver, 193 Grove, F. Crawford, 184, 241n.1 Ibsen, Henrik, xiii, xvii, 198200 Irvine, Henry, 180 Johnstone, J. B., 25 Jones, Henry Arthur, xii Jonson, Ben, 193 Knowles, Sheridan, xxi, 106, 128 Lytton, Edward Bulwer, 107, 187, 228n.2 Merivale, Herman, 184, 215n.4 Oxenford, John, 8990, 99, 225n.1, 226n.2 Parry, John, x, xiv, xv, 5659, 102105 Pinero, Arthur Wing, xii, xvii Robertson, T. W., xii, 193, 238n.6 Schiller, J. C. F. von, 193 Schulz, Ernst, xv, 118121 Shakespeare, William, x, xiv, xvi, xxviii, 14, 6, 9, 1112, 15, 16, 18 19, 23, 3639, 4044, 5155, 57,
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6162, 67, 70, 7479, 85, 8788, 89, 106108, 123, 125, 128, 130, 155, 158, 160, 164165, 168, 171173, 174176, 188, 193195, 202205, 215n.5, 223n.2 Shaw, George Bernard, xiii Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 193, 242n.2 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 193 Simpson, Palgrave, 226n.2 Sophocles, x Sothern, E. A., 89 Taylor, Tom, 3233, 66, 8081, 84, 216n.3, 226n.2 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, xv, 168, 173, 180182, 186188 Vogel, Brach, 132 Wigan, Horace, 136 Wilde, Oscar, xiii Wills, W. G., 151, 189191, 242n.4 Pride and Prejudice, x Priestley, Joseph, ix Prospective Review, xi R Rant in acting, xv Realism in acting and sets, xivxv Renan, Ernest, xviii S Scott, Clement, xvi Sir Walter Scott, ix, xix Spectator, ix, xi, xiii, xv, xviixx, xxiixxiv Studies in Parliament, ix, xxiii T ''The Taste for Privacy and Publicity," xviii Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, x Theatres. Adelphi, 93, 208 Bijou, 2829, 31, 3233 Covent Garden, 140 Crystal Palace, xix, xx, 155, 162 Drury Lane, 60, 114, 208 Egyptian Hall, 118, 121 Gaiety, 208, 209 Globe, 186, 187, 208 Haymarket, 4748, 89, 122, 209 Her Majesty's, 209 Holborn, 129 Lyceum, xvii, xxii, 21, 70, 97, 110, 132, 151, 160, 180, 184, 189192, 208, 209 Olympic, xx, 66, 80, 8586, 88, 97, 99, 136 Prince of Wales, xv, 164, 165, 167 Princess's, 1, 6, 16, 36 Royal Gallery of Illustration, 56, 102 Royalty, 208, 209 Strand, 209 Surrey, 2526, 30 Vaudeville, 209 Victoria (Old Vic), 30 Townsend, Meredith, xi, xviii Tracts for Priests and People, xxiii U Unitarians, ix University College, x, xi University College School, x University Hall, xi University of London, ix "Unspiritual Religion: Professor Rogers," xxiii V Vie de Jésus, xviii W Wedgwoods, ix
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Robert H. Tener, Professor Emeritus of English in the University of Calgary, has been interested in Hutton for more than forty years. He has produced bibliographies of Hutton's identified and attributed writings which list more than 5,000 articles, and in addition has published more than thirty notes and articles on him. In 1989, in conjunction with Malcolm Woodfield, he edited A Victorian Spectator, a collection of fortytwo of Hutton's articles on literature, culture and society.