A monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera) Part II - The tribe Melinaeini

A Monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera). Part II. The Tribe Melinaeini Clark Author(s): Richard M. Fox Source: Trans...

Author: Richard M Fox

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A Monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera). Part II. The Tribe Melinaeini Clark Author(s): Richard M. Fox Source: Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-), Vol. 86, No. 2 (Jun., 1960), pp. 109-171 Published by: American Entomological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25077800 Accessed: 21/11/2009 01:11 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aes. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

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A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

ITHOMIIDAE

(LEPIDOPTERA) II

PART

THE TRIBE MELINAEINI BY Associate

Museum,

Tribe Clark,

Section

Curator,

Carnegie

Melinaeini

RICHARD

1948,

p. 80.

FOX

M.

of Insects

Melinaeini 1956,

and

Spiders,

Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh,

Fox,

CLARK

Clark p.

22.

The tribe Melinaeini, the single genus Melinaea, containing was defined in part I (1956) of this monograph as having the male foreleg with the femur and tibia both shorter than the coxa, the tarsus inarticulate and fused on the tibia, five fore tarsal joints in the female and in the male genitalia large ovoid armed The genus is easily recognized, appendices angulares. however, For practical it is not necessary to by the venation. purposes The hind wing cell has a character features. 2d forming nearly a right angle, both arms of the same length; a rather long Mr arises from this angle and reaches back well into the discal cell ;Sc always is free from the base on out and never is fused with R in either sex.

study microscopic istic shape with which are about

The

hair patch of the males is divided so that the proximal patch is small and pencil-like, the distal patch much the larger. Attention should be drawn to the very close similarity between some of the species in Melinaea and species belonging in other the venation Unless it is easy to confuse is verified genera. or with Heliconius. with Mechanitis Melinaea As a rule, similar are and Oleria species inHypothyris, Hyposcada, enough smaller than Melinaea that less difficulty is encountered. This mimetic has been discussed at length in a number of studies, phenomenon Haase among which should be mentioned (1893), Kaye (1907), Moulton and Punnett to Melinaea. (1909) (1915) as pertinent The last word has not been written on mimicry, I am sure. The theories

of Batesian

were and Miillerian enunciated mimicry and be well reconsidered in the light of many years ago might the more recent and very considerable advances made in such fields as genetics, insect physiology and pathology. ecology, (109) TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

110

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

Genus MELINAEA Melinaea

H?bner

1816

Melinaea p. 11. Type: (1816-1826), egina Cramer, 1875. of Scudder, 1847 p. 56. by designation (1846-1852), Doubleday, Bates, 1862, p. 549. Kirby, 1871, p. 33. 1875, p. 215. Weymer, Scudder, and Salvin, 1879 (1879 1875, p. 377. Burmeister, 1878, p. 123. Godman 1885 1886 p. 12. pp. 61, 71. 1901), (1884-1888), Staudinger, Schatz, H?bner,

325,

327,

Stichel, 178,

p.

1901,

d'Almeida,

1923, 192,

182,

10.

pp. 87, 88, pi. 552. Thieme,

(1885-1892), pp.

1937, pp.

(17). p. 233.

193-194, 470-482.

Haase, 1899,

Haensch, Kremky, 198-199.

pp.

1893,

p.

(12). 122.

p.

1909,

pp.

1925,

144,

147,

1896,

Reuter, 1899,

p.

135.

154,

158,

p.

(4).

1915,

149,

pp. 23-36; 311. Fox,

153,

(16).

p.

1937,

1940, pp. 165, 170, 174, 178, pi. 7, fig. 34. Forbes, 1941, pp. 1-4; 1942, pp. 26-28. Fox, 1942, pp. 1-3. 1942, p. 189. d'Almeida, 1943, p. 397. Fox, d'Almeida, 1945, pp. 1-2. 1945, pp. 12-13. Fox, Forbes, 1948, pp. 1-24. d'Almeida, 1951, pp. 18-27. 1953, pp. 26-28. Fox, 1956, pp. 9, 22. Bryk, Czakia 194. Type: Kremky, 1925, pp. 147, 149, 153, 158, 176-177, 192-193, Bryk,

mediatix

Czakia d'Almeida, p. 181. Mechanitis

1940, (part),

Doubleday, 1816

Heliconia

(part), Latreille, 221. Doubleday, (part),

H?bner,

Cramer,

309,

by monotypy. (Weymer), 758-759. 1940, Fox,

(part)

Papilio

1940,

pp.

Eueides

216,

Forbes,

pp.

53.

Punnett,

1927,

Forbes,

51,

Haensch,

1847

1779

(1846-1852), (1775-1791),

Bryk, 178.

p.

(1846-1852),

p. (1816-1826), 1819 (In Latreille

1847

p.

1937,

pp.

482-483.

d'Almeida,

1942,

130.

11. and

Godart,

1819-1823),

pp.

p. 104. p. 144.

to the head. The palpus (fig. 1) is carried closely appressed The first joint is long and lightly curved, the second joint a fifth re the third joint is strongly longer and also lightly curved; a as minute knob the end the at middle of joint. duced, present The male foreleg (figs. 2, 3, 4, 5) has the femur plus trochanter shorter than the coxa; the tibia always is shorter than always in the femur. Within the genus there is a great deal of variation is individual rather than the degree of reduction, much of which a a of the species. while Once in characteristic specimen will In M. menophilus be found having the forelegs asymmetric. or estes (fig. 2) the tibia and tarsus are as fully developed as may be found in the genus, with the tarsus articulate although reduced to a short joint. In M. egina (fig. 5) reduction is carried to an com extreme with the articulation between tibia and tarsus lost, the two joints being fused into a single unit only pletely two-thirds the length of the femur. Most fall between these extremes as illustrated by M. or M. I. messatis (fig. 3) (fig. 4).

about

specimens will m. menophilus

RICHARD

M.

111

FOX

The female foreleg (fig. 6) has the tibia a little shorter than the length of the tibia. The the femur, the tarsus three-fifths and claws. fifth tarsal joint is evident and bears a tiny pulvillus Paired spines are present on the first three tarsal joints; the first the second, is twice the length of the other four together; are the second fourth and discoid, longer than either joints third, and lightly tapering. of the others; the fifth joint is cylindrical On the forewing just (fig. 7), R2 branches at, or more usually or wanting so that Mx the the end of cell ; Id is minute beyond, seems to branch directly from R ; 2d is deeply angled at its mid a strong Mr or with from the angle; 3d is below just it, point joint

with The cubitus is apparently three-branched, lightly sinuate. from sinuate and Cu2. Cui strongly spaced widely On the hind wing the cubitus is apparently four-branched. The humeral vein is strong, erect, and lightly forked. In males (fig. 8) Sc and R separate at the base with the humeral placed at or just at the apex and Sc runs to the margin beyond their separation, curve. of the wing in a long, sweeping In females (fig. 9) Sc and R run close together, though not coalesced, for a very short distance beyond the humeral, then Sc sweeps up and runs out to the costal margin to the apex. Id is always less than halfway but the shorter than other is present two; 2d is the generally a is and bears Re. Males have the longest, strong deeply angled hair patch divided with the basal patch small and pencil-like, the distal patch long and placed in the outer half of the cell. Male genitalia (fig. 10).?The tegumen and uncus are fused; the uncus is very slender with a terminal down-curved hook ; the The anterior side of the annulus is kneed. tegumen is hood-like. The saccus is about the same length as the tegumen plus uncus. A remarkable from the base of paired structure points posterior the tegumen-uncus, its basal two thirds wide and flat, articu lating closely with the inner face of the valve below its costal in a long, sharp tooth. This paired struc margin, terminating ture articulates with the valve so closely that it often seems to be a part of it, but dissection shows that it supports the end of the enteron from a preserved, somewhat (the drawing was made an unusual hardened and is, therefore, de specimen) possibly of the gnathos and thus would be homologous with velopment the gnathos

found

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

in Tellervo, SOC., LXXXVI.

Patricia,

and the Dircennini.

The

112

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

of male; 1?Melinaea of 1-10. Fig. egina, palpus figs. 2-5?forelegs some of reduction (2. Melinaea stages orestes, menophilus showing 4. Melinaea lilis messatis, 5. Melinaea 3. Melinaea menophilus menophilus, fore tarsus of female of ; figs. 7-9?venation ; fig. 6?Melinaea egina, egina)

Figs. males

Melinaea fig.

egina 10?Melinaea

8. hind (7. forewing, male lilis imitata,

wing

9. hind wing of male, of left valve removed.

genitalia,

female)

;

RICHARD

M.

FOX

113

with a pair of short, sharp valve itself is suboblong?usually teeth on the inner face of the costa placed toward, but not at, curved. The rather narrow the apex; the sacculus is evenly The penis is twice the length of the tegumen juxta is V-shaped. near its midpoint, and is more or is strongly up-curved uncus, to one-fifth the foramen is about one-fourth the less S-shaped; sometimes are asymmetric. A certain length of the penis. Valves is noted within almost any of the amount of individual variation the in length of the saccus or of the penis species, particularly to the tegumen-uncus. treatment of the genus in Seitz was com (1909) re a cohesive Forbes (1927) presented pletely unsatisfactory. thirteen species ; his emendation vision recognizing ( 1948) added recorded during the intervening the new names twenty years. followed Forbes' list d'Almeida (1937) arrangement. Bryk's a The of the reviewed revision in genus. part present (1951) for the genus to the date of writ cludes all the names proposed ing and divides them into eighteen species. the legs nor the male genitalia Neither appears to offer much in relation

Haensch's

In both structures help in sorting out the species in Melinaea. rather than qualitative variation is largely quantitative and the a of individual variation found within is often range species In the few where the instances in M. ethra?or great. legs?as the male genitalia?as inM. comma?are the species distinctive, involved is easily recognized without reference to these struc tures. It has been necessary, to depend on pattern therefore, an to at arrive the of this morphology analysis species; while use rather is less than the of the procedure probably objective or the legs, and is much more difficult to apply, male genitalia seem to be much more the results obtained in Melinaea satis factory than those produced Forbes (1927) first called tance of the marginal spots

in Elzunia. by the same procedure to the taxonomic attention impor in Melinaea. These are present in

eight of the species as small white dots paired between the veins, or ringed with black either set in a solid background (figs. 11, are on found both in only a few sides of the wings 12). They forms. wings, vidual

The

trend is to lose them first on the upper side of both on the under side of the forewing. In some indi of maelus the last vestiges of the purusana specimens

then

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

114

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

dots may be seen on the under side of the paired submarginal hind wing as tiny black dots connected by lines to the marginal of those species lacking the marginal dots black (fig. 13). Many toothed at the band very narrow, have the marginal frequently is found in maelus veins (fig. 14). A quite different development elements on the fore wing only have and phasiana: the marginal become enlarged tawny spots, tending to fuse into single spots between the veins (as in fig. 15). series on the fore The most posterior member of the marginal to be lack in the below anal situated Cu2 appears angle, wing, or The in Melinaea. separate tawny spot fre ing yellow, white, a of the that member is position occupying probably quently same morphologic series to which the subapical spots belong, dis placed distad. M. thera has

a complete series of pale spots in the marginal those in the apex of the forewing are the position. Certainly one the below Cu2 is the anal spot. The two subapical spots, on between and the Cu2 M3 spots forewing and the series on the hind wing might be homologized either they in one of two ways: are distally same as do to the series spots belonging displaced the subapical spots, or they are the true marginal and fused, carrying further the developmental

maelus

and

M.

phasiana.

in thera only

veloped

these

preserves

lucifer

on the forewing,

spots enlarged trend found in

lacking

as

spots

those

de

on the hind

wing.

Another element useful pattern bar is the black longitudinal at the hind In the of form its placed margin forewing. complete this bar runs from the base of the wing out to the anal angle and covers the margin below the anal vein and half of the longi cell between

tudinal

the anal

vein

and

species only the outer part of this bar proximal half or more of the anal margin Figs.

11-14.

Detail

elements marginal fig. 12?Melinaea Melinaea

pattern

elements

menophilus. hind wings and

the

of

hind

wings showing 11?Melinaea Fig. maelus fig. 13?Melinaea

variations

in

mneme

mneme; fig. 14?

and M3.

Cui

lilis messatis;

menophilus 15. Fore and

Fig. the pattern

of

between

In some cubitus-Cu2. is retained, leaving the as in In tawny, egina.

of

a non-existent

descriptive

terminology

purusana; to

Melinaea used

for

the

illustrate

them.

RICHARD

M.

115

FOX

SUBAPICAL SPOTS

MARGINALSPOTS

ANTEAPICAL FASCIA. POSTMEDIAL FASCIA DISCOCELLULAR SPOTS MEDIAL FASCIA CELL SPOTS

ANAL SPOT CUBITAL SPOT HINDMARGINALBAR

COMMA SPOT MARGINAL SPOTS

POSTMEDIAN BAND

SUBMARGINAL \j| BAND MARGINAL BAND

0$ .???m

4b.' 14 "'i

ii TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

116

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

other species only the proximal part of the bar is retained leaving the distal half or more of the hind margin tawny, as in meno the bar is character in lilis is this inconsistent; Only philus. inM. I. in others, while in some subspecies, incomplete complete are present in the series in the British Mu erica both conditions seum

(Natural History). 15 presents a generalized for the terminology explain

in order pattern for Melinaea the pattern morphology used and in description is for convenience herein. This terminology of the ele derivations to show morphologic does not attempt a subject to be explored at another or their homologies, ments, Figure

to

time.

study of this sort should try to arrange the species of the the most primitive sequence, presenting genus in an evolutional in an orderly fashion to the most ad first and thence proceeding unit or series Since the wing pattern is a morphologic vanced. in to postulate that it behaves of related units, it is reasonable A

as do other morphologic the wing Thus units. evolving much to within the be the would of genus expected pattern species evolve by the loss of elements rather than by the addition of new The most primitive elements. species must be, therefore, the one the ele most greatest number of pattern preserving completely ments.

A review of the above discussion of pattern elements suggests the description it should of the hypothetical primitive species: as small have the marginal spots on both sides of both wings white dots ; the pale anal spot of the forewing should be present ; the anteapical fascia of the forewing should be represented by a the black series of spots and not suppressed the by coloring; bar of the forewing should be complete from base to hindmarginal anal angle; the hind wing should have three distinct bands?the the submarginal, and the marginal. The two black postmedian, and dis spots of the forewing should be separated than when they tinct, this condition surely being more primitive are fused into a continuous black band. Both the comma mark and the cubital spot should be present and distinct. No one species inMelinaea the above requirements meets per

discocellular

fectly, which

is not surprising.

The

ancestral

species

surely

can

RICHARD

M.

FOX

117

not be flying today. One species comes fairly close to the speci mneme. No other species fits quite so well. Melinaea the evolutional of the spe Figure 16 summarizes relationships It is not really a chart of descent: cies. is not the phasiana " " mneme. of it is intended illustrate Rather to gen grandchild as exemplified eral structural and relationships by the pattern, the the best be inter lines species might perhaps connecting rather than lines of preted as showing relationships cousinly fications:

descent.

16 it is seen that lilis, ethra, and scylax form a and satevis are rather close and idae, egina, and were derived from the same stock. M. mnemopsis probably mar maelus that the in white differs from mneme only paired From

figure group; mneme

ginal dots have been lost or are vestigial (fig. 11). M. maeonis stands alone but must have derived from something like maelus. M. phasiana, in losing the anal spot, represents the kind of modi fication and leading to maenius, marsaeus, menophilus, methone, " " comma. M. thera and M. copy-cat lucifer are highly modified with

the

as single round elements apparent marginal present ancestor. they might have had a maelus-like the species and subspecies of following key differentiates on the basis of the criteria discussed Melinaea above. spots; The

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

EGINA

MENOPHILUS METH

5) M.NEMOPSIS

?(23

MAEQNIS MAENIU

16

MNEME

the

to

Key

and

Species

119

FOX

M.

RICHARD

of

Subspecies

a complete series of round, pale with wings the veins .(M. singly between in pairs between White spots marginal placed and least on the under side of the hind wing . 3 side and on the upper forewing

1. Both

White

3. No

linear, on yellow

spots side of

on

the

spots white the upper

on

present sometimes

frequently

2. Marginal under

Marginal weak

not

spots

marginal

border

either

white

separate

spot mark hind

present;

the

veins,

frequently side

of

placed ... 2 the

wing,

the

hind

white

on

both

side

of

sides

both

of

but

wings,

to be

tending

t. thera

hind

the

wing.M. in the anal often

angle

present

of

the

in the

forewing, anal angle

and yellow

bright

cubital club-shaped; on the disc above

spot small, triangular; the black median band. M.

Hind

margin

elongated Hind margin distal half,

of . of or

forewing 11 forewing less.(M.

entirely above egina)

...

black;

mostly 5

cubital

tawny,

spot

with

large,

black

the end of the of forewing tawny, including a small black of Cui-Cu2, spot there.M. except the end of the discal third of forewing Basal tawny, with 6 base of Cui-Cu2 ; no black spot in Cui-Cu2. yellow

5. Basal

at

present also on

or yellow the in the anal angle of the forewing, spot . 7 never there present a single yellow the forewing subapical black; entirely comma black fascia wide, ovoid; yellow postmedial

elongated wing

thera)

and on the side of both upper wings on the under side of the hind wing. t. eratosthenes M.

the

forewing,

or yellow white separate spot the white spots paired marginal . 4 on the under side

spots marginal 4. Hind of margin

spots

marginal

. 22

absent

but A

Melinaea

half

only cell

chart of the genus 16. Phylogenetic from previous evolution in structural is lost. of the hind wing band submarginal Fig.

Numerals

Melinaea.

on

and

the the

e. agricola cell and the

base

steps

ethra greatly

indicate

as follows: 1. The conditions, bar of the 2. The hindmarginal

4. The is lost. dots series of paired marginal of the The anal 5. is spot suppressed. forewing anteapical is lost. 7. A of the hind wing band is lost. 6. The postmedian forewing in the marginal is present series of single, round position, probably spots 8. The series. of the submarginal from the distad migration derived post 9. The to its apical elements. is reduced band median of the hind wing fascia

series reduced

3. The

is shortened.

forewing

of

of

the

in the marginal round spots on the forewing. in number

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

position

is lost

on

the

hind

wing

and

120

THE

a

6. Hind

with wing median spots,

series

six

of

second

the

MELINAEINI

TRIBE

(sometimes being

five) much

(sometimes

six)

(M2-M3)

black separate the largest.

e. paraiya

M. a

Hind

with wing median spots, Hind with wing fused

with

two

margin

or

8. Black or

above

the

in the

spot

the

in the

on or if tawny the entirely black, . 8 is white anal angle the distal above mostly tawny, with only

forewing 17

base

of the of Ciii-Cu2 a continuous band with

forms

as a part is incorporated is small cubital spot inner

the

side

Black

corner and

of

of

spots

9.

nor

cell never

spots

or

Postmedial

spots

or fascia

is

or

rounded

never

of Cui-Cu2,

triangular, with the

connected

areas beyond the black with incorporated on the upper to be tend side and .. M. mneme not always complete

of

the

of

the

of

band

postmedian

it

present the series

side, fascia

Postmedial

10. Black

or half of the wing; is placed well from away on the white spots strong ... 9 lilis) distal

black

round

marginal

corner

inner

spots it; marginal small on the under

above is elongated forewing in the discal the spots cell,

above.(M. present above the forewing

of

spot the filling in the discal

the

and

Cui-Cu2;

often

cubital

always

post e. manuelito

in M3-Cui and Cui-Cu2 spots postmedian to form a patch black preceded by one or e. egina spots.M.

if the under

the

being

black

separate .. M. largest

black

the

less black.

spot often

and

(M3-Cui)

separate of forewing

part, proximal Hind of margin third

third

the

five

of

the marginal

small

7. Hind

series

forewing hind wing

the

.

white

forewing

10

yellow.

11

complete

to

the

base. I. parallelis above

M. Black

band of the hind wing incomplete postmedian never side.M. Cui on the under reaching

and 11.

a with Forewing with the streak tawny nearly)

cubital

mark

and

fascia 12. Yellow

.

rarely

continuous, .

comma

completely

mark; separated

well shorter, separated cell the the touching streak; not broken 15 into spots. forewing

fascia

postmedial

the

with

always

hind

fascia

of

forewing

broken

entirely

from

comma

the

yellow

postmedial a

into

of

series

of

forewing

not

broken

into

spots

above

. margin

of

broadly to complete

forewing

strong, wing of forewing margin not band of hind wing

Hind

postmedial the rest of

yellow from

13

M2 13. Hind

I. messatis

12

of

spot

separate spots Yellow postmedial

end

almost

the light band Black

or obsolete

in the base of Cui-Cu2 continuous spot long black cell or separated from in the discal it only by the a straight band also which is fused (or forming

cubitus, at its distal in Mjr-Ms

spot

post

either reaching

black

to

the

14 base;

median

of

I. dodona

the base.M. or complete the base.M.

band

tawny;

basally I.

median erica

RICHARD

14. Upper

of hind

side

of hind

side

Upper

wing

with

121

FOX

strong

all

wing

M.

yellow

scaling band

above

tawny

above

the median

.M.

I. flavicans

the median

band. M.

15. Postmedian

fascia

yellow

of

it from

band

separating calis Hall, the

the the

much

forewing

wider

the

in aberration subapical spots; fascia is fused with the subapical

postmedian all the apex yellow.M. I. sola no wider of forewing fascia yellow it from the subapical 16 spots.

leaving Postmedian

I. imitata

than

black lateapi spots,

nearly

separating 16. Yellow markings the scaling, side nearly

black

in apical element

third

of

above

forewing

over Ms

than

the

black with

edged

on

by tawny; replaced the apical third of

the

band

tawny under

re all black markings in the wing I. ezra tawny.M. placed by coppery Yellow and black markings in the apical third of the forewing cleanly nor replaced above and below, not margined scaling. edged by tawny

M. 17. Postmedial near

fascia

of

the margin, fascia

of

so that

Postmedial

.

Ms-Cui 18. Base

of Cui-Cu2

19. Hind base

the

light

shortened,

forewing

of

forewing

almost

spot.M. scylax of forewing with

fill

not

the

from

forewing complete there is no separate

leaving

1. lilis

costa

to Ms-Cui .. 18 in M8-Cui

spot a separate

in

spot

20

black angular Base of Cui-Cu2 does

the

the

filled

completely only

a small

round

area.(M.

with

a

black

spot

satevis)

all black, small nearly leaving only near the apex; color of these ground a tawny s. ochre.M.

tawny

wing and

spots

tri

large

which ... 19

at the patches and of the fore

crameri wing Hind all tawny, with the broad borders black ; ground wing nearly only s. color a tawny mahogany.M. satevis as separate Hind and marginal with series present wing postmedial s. aurantia color a pale ochre.M. tawny bands; ground 20.

Black

discocellular

and

median A

of the forewing fused with each other, spots large, to cut off the costal black of the post Cui-Cu2 part fascia as a separated spot.M. mnemopsis in the middle of the forewing of the yellow patch comprised cell and the end of the discal part of the postmedian fascia,

with

large costal

the

half proximal lar spots standing Black of hind wing the

21.

22.

of Cui-Cu2, separated

with

the

small

round

in it.(M.

black

discocellu ...

idae)

21

the distal two thirds of Ms, including .. M.i. color idae its inner edge fading gradually into the tawny discal one third of Ms, Black of hind wing the distal narrower, only including its inner edge sharp and cleanly defined.M.i. vespertina A black-ringed No

ringed

quite

yellow

yellow

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

spot

broad,

spot in the anal angle of in the anal angle

SOC, LXXXVI.

of the the

above forewing above.30

forewing

.. 23

122

THE

23.

Anteapical

elemente

of

elements

of

24.

Anteapical Pale bar

in the

above Pale

bar

color Pale

above

bar

25.

in the

hind

the Light

26.

a series

with

dark usually of the distal

Black scales

dark

in the

forewing . 26 costa

of

reddish

color

than

distance

the

the

the

m.

postmedian

tawny; between

nal

bands

area

Ground

color

ginal

bands

orange wide,

in Cui-Cu2

separate. M. m. mayi

a band forming m. madeira

yellow,

Single

hind

and margi wing with postmedian color band between of ground them .M. m. purusana

hind

mahogany; little

in Cui-Cu2

with

wing

ground on

round

color

with

tawny

and mar postmedian between them.

ground shape

the

the black

of

which

border,

is scalloped

in over

separate the border

31. Marginal anterior widely under

light marginal black widely

spots one fused side;

the margin

spots on the forewing or scalloped in between

in M3-Cui fully with

the

Cui-Cu? on the

of upper

the

side, but both

tawny from the ...

lucifer)

between

forewing

color, tawny ground to a triangular reduced mark I. eryx a very thin line.M.

comma by

separate

and

and

the

the veins.

(M. No

m. maelus

in Cui-Cu2

forewing

spots light marginal with be partially these incorporated spots may are recognizable case their positions in which color,

Ma-Cui;

some

area

M. 30.

the

in the

light

a wide

leaving

leaving

and

spots

fascia.M.

cell and the . 29 scaling dark mahogany;

narrow,

around over

narrower fascia much tawny black discocellular spots Cu2; m. brunnea

postmedial and Cui

forewing yellow color

limited

with

margin m.

discocellular

black

Cu2;

into

of

outer

zamora

cydon for a few light solid except forewing 27 costad band of M3. as wide as the fascia tawny postmedian

of

slight Ground

the

above

color

light

light

tawny. borealis

yellowish M. m.

yellow_M. sometimes tawny,

postmedian third of the

a band.M. cell and an forewing to the postmedian connected fused

End

muddy and

m. maeonis

yellow;

clear

spots along band.M.

tawny

orange tawny; between Cui and

Ground

End

cell

discal both

of

the

color

Ground distance

29.

near

forewing band

clear

25

color

light

tawny. M.

cell

stripe

the

tawny,

yellowish

postmedian

the

postmedian fascia

scaling

veins, more

28.

of

wing

cell

discal

forewing

...

maelus)

28 clear yellow. fascia of forewing postmedian to outlines reduced third of the forewing in the apical and fascia the postmedian spots, along subapical yellow

Light Black the

27.

end

wing

postmedian

yellow

hind

the

24

maeonis)_

present_(M.

band

postmedian of

end

the

not

forewing

wing

in the

MELINAEINI

forewing present.(M. of the forewing discal

end

hind

the

TRIBE

M3

and

31

Cui,

veins.33

tawny, only the posterior on separate connected

spot

the one the to

M.

RICHARD

color from ground above, separated . 32 scales containing yellow on forewing to the and to the Yellow restricted large apical patch no yellow in the end of outer part of the postmedian present fascia; 1. cell or in Cui-Cu2.M. the discal lucifer

Marginal on both 32.

band

34.

forewing in the end

of

yellow entirely yellow; the discal cell.M.

of forewing entirely 34 the under side.

margin on present

on

least .

spot

spots

of

forewing

separated,

Discocellular

spots 40

of

forewing

fused

large

black

Hind

a

with

wing

with

only

a

little

tawny

no

fourth;

spot

vestige

no anal spot pres ... 35 .(M. maenius) a vestigial a band; or with

unfused; ent

into

color

anal

yellow

its distal

between

patch

ground

prominent I. lutzi

44

Discocellular

spot.

scaling

or a vestigial

black,

at tawny forewing on the underside

of

margin the anal

anal 35.

distinct

often

of

and

Hind

of

and

sides,

in Cui-Cu2

Hind

in M3-Cui

spots

Postmedian

33.

123

FOX

M2

and

inner margin, ... 36 at all

the

it, or none

within

the sub from band well with the postmedian separated wing or the latter wanting. 37 marginal band, some Black of hind wing tawny along only slight nearly solid, patch there of hind wing the anteriormost ; in cell Mi-M2 parts of the veins

Hind 36.

one third of the distance out about is a small spot placed triangular m. cocana line very thin.M. to the margin; black marginal veins and the postmedian Black crossed of hind wing by tawny patch series by a very narrow series separated from the submarginal tawny is a small about in Mi-Ma of hind wing spot placed triangular band; black marginal out to the margin; line two thirds of the distance m. maenius wide several millimeters .M. 37.

Forewing

with with

38.

Forewing Postmedian cellular vestigial Postmedian cellular on

ent 39.

Hind

wing

Mi-Ma

(sometimes

tawny

yellowish)

spots. M. m.

subapical

38 apex all black. no wider fascia of forewing yellow spots postmedian preceding it; black on the under side.M. fascia

yellow

spots preceding the underside. with always

Hind

wing with side, element

the

band

41.

band

submarginal band

the

postmedian in Mi-M2 and

the

submarginal

of forewing elements present anteapical not present_(M. of forewing elements Anteapical fascia of forewing Postmedian yellow.M. fascia of forewing Postmedian tawny.M. SOC, LXXXVI.

wing

tarapotensis disco the black

the small strong, band often present. M. weak

disco

hind

m.

wider much than forewing band of hind it; black postmedian 39

Tawny

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

black of

of

postmedian

present;

the

than

in

element m. the

m.

.. (M. phasiana) marsaeus) p.

pres

wing

on or vestigial series wanting. M.

40.

hicetas

the

pothete upper

juruaensis ... 41 ... manga

p. phasiana

42

124 42.

THE

wing

all

forewing

tawny, subapical with postmedian

Hind of

TRIBE

Hind

wing

tawny,

narrow

the

only

MELINAEINI

43.

44.

fascia

postmedian

black;

m. bands

clara pres 42A

separately

.

ent Hind 42A.

border

spots wanting.M. and submarginal

a

with

wing

spots Subapical Both subapical

tawny, spots

postmedian into a single

Forewing from

postmedian one another.M.

Comma

mark

mark

Comma line

wing

tawny, yellow m. rileyi

patch.M. fascia

Cui

spots

subapical m.

to

its marginal

and

running

connected near

m.

of

forewing

well

away

to

connected from

and

Cui

more

spots

subapical

yellow

yellow;

the wing_43 m. marsaeus egesta or less

separated macaria

triangle from the

.(M.

placed comma mark. 45. Hind

postmedian and postmedian

forewing or very

on placed comma mark line

most of covering fascia yellow_M. fascia yellow.M.

patch

fascia

Forewing fused

of

black

large

a black

by top

comma)

of the ... 45 a black

its marginal by triangle from the middle running

the

of

47 a separate

with

series

and

of postmedial

spots most of

black submarginal c. comma .M.

a large black covering wing with patch near a small 46 the apex. tawny patch fascia yellow.M. the postmedial with Forewing the postmedial fascia red.M. with tawny Forewing

Hind

the wing,

leaving

only

46. 47.

48.

at least a streak of with wing cell is tawny.(M. the entire usually black and below.(M. Cell above of hind wing of hind

Cell

Postmedian

fascia

of

forewing

Postmedian

fascia

of

forewing

49. Hind nal

wing black

Hind

with

wing

the

and

or wanting;

No

on

present

yellow

the

the

forewing,

menophilus red. tawny m. mothone

fascia M.

fascia

Postmedial mneme

Melinaea

and

apparently Papilio

the

forewing

messenina

II, figs.

29,

30.

the Guiana

is found

(fig. 17) along species as far west as Teff?; the Amazon valley throughout of Guiana. it is missing from the interior highlands

mneme 1767,

m.

yellow.M. Plate

(Johansson)

low altitude

This coast

of

com

series

.M. m.

postmedian

estes

submargi

submarginal plete

50.

it, but ... 48 ... 50

mothone) or

m.

postmedian

in

menophilus)

. 49 yellow series vestigial m. zaneka

postmedian

wanting.M. with the tawny

c. simulator or yellow

tawny

tawny.M.

series

c. isocomma

Johansson,

p. 756.

Sulzer, 1793, p. 160.

p. 160; Heliconius mneme, Mechanitis mneme,

p.

1763, 1776,

Latreille, Doubleday,

403;

16, figs.

pi. 1820

"China". 3, 4.

1764,

Linn?,

Fabricius,

pp. 200-201, (1819-1823), 1847 (1846-1852), p. 130.

1781, 221.

p.

p. 27;

235; 1787,

RICHARD

Melinaea

mneme,

154.

51,

1869, pp.

1903,

124.

p.

lv.

liv,

125

FOX

p. 34.

1871,

Kirby,

pp.

1907,

Kaye,

Butler,

p.

1873,

419,

413-417,

425,

430,

1925b, 23, fig. 6, pi. 24, fig. 6, pi. 25, fig. 6, pi. 26, figs. 1-7; 1937 (part), p. 480. Herbst (not Johansson), 1790, p. 116, pi. 70, figs. 1, 2. harmonio, mediatrix Cayenne. Haase, 1893, pp. Weymer, 1890, pp. 282-283; 53. Haensch, Forbes, 1927, pp. 25, 26, 28, 30. 1909, p. 123, pi. 33b. pi.

432-433, p. xxii. Papilio Melinaea

Butler,

Poulton,

M.

Bryk,

Fox, 1940, p. Czakia mediatrix, fig. Melinaea Kaye,

5.

Bryk, mauensis

mauensis, anina

1940, p. 179. Fox, mauensis mediatrix Czakia

The

type

1890,

Weymer,

p. 413; p. 179.

mediatrix

pp.

1925, p. 482.

1937,

of mneme

1925b,

pp.

181. 193,

xxiii.

Bryk,

stated

271,

figs.

Haensch,

Forbes,

42,

43,

1909,

21,

pi. p.

123.

1927, p. 24, 31, pi.

3.

p. 482.

1909,

anina,

194,

282-283.

pp. xxii,

1937,

Bryk, Haensch,

was

p. 192,

1942,

d'Almeida,

Kremky,

1925a,

1940, Fox, mediatrix Czakia Melinaea

170.

p.

123.

Forbes,

1927,

pp.

24,

31.

1937, p. 483.

(1925) to be in the by Kaye mauensis types of mediatrix,

The collection. Linnean Society and anina are in the Berlin Museum. for has been widely misidentified (Johansson) Papilio mneme and Salvin Godman (1898) were first to notice years. many an entirely that Cramer (1779 (1775-1791)) figured as mneme and they named this second insect different species from Guiana, had accepted Cramer's (1890) previously Weymer a name that true mneme was without identification and believing Haensch called it mediatrix. (1909) preserved the error although the correct of that time understood the English entomologists it of the original name and Kaye (1907) illustrated application a formal in ten figures, some in color. Kaye (1925) presented crameri.

based on reexamination of the Linnean collection. synonymy M. mauensis mediatrix is an absolute synonym. Weymer's in which the postmedian is a normal variation of mneme band of the hind wing is separated from the submarginal band so that a band appears between in typical mneme these tawny them; M. anina Haensch bands are fused into a large patch. is a further

aberration

in which

the yellow postmedian fascia of the into while the two hind wing separate spots forewing is like that of mauensis. Both of these names fall as synonyms because they indicate aberrations. is divided

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

126

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

The

black pigmentation in this subspecies varia is exceedingly one Haensch the scale are individuals At one of like the end# with the hind wing covered by figured (1909, 33b, as mediatrix) a large black patch and no anteapical tawny on the forewing; ble.

the other extreme are individuals with the postmedian and bands of the hind wing well separated by a band of submarginal tawny ground color and a prominent anteapical tawny fascia on the forewing. In almost every part of the range of mneme (fig. are to be found and all degrees of variation 17) both variations between the extremes. The proportional of the geo composition as the follow indicates a clinal distribution, graphic populations at

ing table

indicates. Specimens examined

. French Guiana Northern

39

. Para

6

Coastal British Guiana Venezuelan

Guiana

...

Amazon basin.

76

Hind bands

wing

black

separate

Forewing elements

anteapical present

16% 11% 17% 0%

72% 49%

11

91%86%

53

92% 61%

in French Guiana Thus and nothern Para low (the coastal lands of Brazil north of the Amazon) most of the mneme popula tions are heavily black with the anteapical In fascia unusual. about half the specimens British Guiana have the anteapical fascia and about a quarter have the hind wing black bands In Venezuelan and the Amazon Guiana basin the separated. black patch occurs in less than one tenth of the specimens and about two thirds have the anteapical This is a tawny elements. fine example of geographic variation which should not be named. The British Museum has an aberrational (Natural History) specimen subapical Specimens 1The

from Rio Madeira in which the postmedian fascia and spots of the forewing are tawny rather than yellow. examined:1

are used abbreviations to indicate the collections from following which have data been in this recorded the American study: A.M.N.H., Museum of Natural New New of History, York, York; A.N.S.P., Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the British Museum Pennsylvania; B.M., (Natural History), London, England; CM., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, of Entomology, of Agriculture, Pennsylvania; Department C.U., College Cornell Instituto Oswaldo Ithaca, New University, I.O.C., York; Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Museum of Comparative Harvard Brazil; M.C.Z., Zoology,

RICHARD

Guiana:

British Demarara stone,

Azuma

(B.M., CM.), Venezuelan

9.

127

FOX

(A.M.N.H., estate Hice 4

$.

(A.M.N.H.),

Kuruhung

(A.M.N.H.), 3 ?, 2 $.

(B.M.),

Quonga Boschland

woods

1 $. (A.M.N.H.), River (A.M.N.H.),

River Essequibo 1 3 $,

CM.), 1 $.

Kartabo

M.

$. Wismar, CM.),.36 2 $. Rock (A.M.N.H.), Bartica B.M., (A.M.N.H., 1 $. Tumutumari (CM.),

2 $. 1 ?. River (A.M.N.H.), Kuyuwini 2 9. 2 $. Mabaruma Omai (B.M.), (B.M.), 2 $. River Without locality Carmang (B.M.),

1 $. (B.M.), 6 ?, 3 $. Paruima Guiana:

6

(CM.),

$.

Adoro

River

1 $.

(CM.),

Rio

Suapure (M.C.Z.), 3?,1?. Dutch Guiana: Saramacca French

Guiana:

(A.M.N.H., Mana River M.C.Z., North

6

B.M.),

Z.S.B.), Para:

(CM.), 15 $,2

River

Pied

$. 5

$,

(B.M.), Saut,

2

1 S,3 2 S,

(B.M.),

Laurent

St.

9.

Oyapok Without

9 59.

River locality

Maroni

(CM.),

2

(A.M.N.H.,

River $,2

9. B.M.,

9.

3 #,3 River [Rio Arocaua] 9 (CM.), 1 $, 1 9. Santarem (A.M.N.H., (B.M., Z.S.B.), 8 ?, 3 9. Manaos 5 $. Obidos (A.M.N.H, B.M., Z.S.B.), B.M., CM.), 1 $. 18 $, Te?e Solimoes] (B.M., M.C.Z., Z.S.B.), (Z.S.B.), [Ega; Rio 4 9. 1 $. Rio Pebas Rio Madeira 19. (B.M.), (B.M.), Manicore, Brazil:

Madeira

1 9. Rio Madeira 3 ?. San Antonio, Allianca, (B.M.), 2 9. 1 9Rio Pur?s Labrea, (B.M.), (B.M.), Sebastopol, 1 $. Pur?s Rio Pur?s Rio (CM.), (CM.), Manacapuru, 1 $. Villa Nova 1 ?, 1 9. Rio Pur?s (CM.), (B.M.), Olinda,

(Z.S.B.),

Pur?s

Rio

Rocana

Upper Paramaribo

Hyatanahan, 3 $. Nova

1 $. Rio Caiary-Uaupes (B.M.), 27 ?, 17 9. Without locality Z.S.B.), 3 $. No Data: CM.), (A.M.N.H.,

Maues

Melinaea

lilis

Doubleday

(CM.), (CM.),

3 $.

Amazons

(M.C.Z.,

1 $.

and Hewitson

species is distributed (fig. 18) from southern polytypic to Bolivia and along the northern coast east to Trinidad. from the Amazon it is missing basin and appears Apparently are nine sub the in the of Andean foothills. There only valleys now Forbes known, distinguished (1948) in an excel species by lent key. The most northerly is of the Vera flavicans subspecies Its range lies adjacent to that of imitata; Cruz coast of Mexico. to the east of Tehuantepec the two evidently The intergrade.

This Mexico

latter duras occupied

is from Chiapas, into Nicaragua. by the

and Hon Mexico, through Guatemala are and western Costa Rica Panama related species M. which de scylax, probably

College, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Art Gallery, Reading, Pennsylvania; D. C; Museum, Washington, Z.S.B., West Staates, Germany. Munich, TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

Public Museum and R.P.M., Reading United States National U.S.N.M., des Bayerischen Zoologische Sammlung

128

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

lilis sub from lilis stock, and which partially overlaps a white In the Panamanian isthmus parallelis, species in range. comes lilis from northern Vene spotted form, is found. Typical from near the junction of the zuela and I have seen specimens and Magdalena Rivers in Colombia; I do not know Cauca between whether distribution these two areas. M. is continuous veloped

I. ezra is found in the Santa Marta mountains in northern Co lombia. Trinidad and the adjacent Venezuelan coast is occu is found pied by sola. The second white-spotted form, messatis, in central and Amazonian Colombia and I have seen specimens It is probably from the Rio Putumayo and from central Peru. hills, but it continuously along the eastern Andean not eastern that in Ecuador where so of is present part certainly much collecting has been done, nor in the vicinity of Iquitos on the Amazon. M. I. erica comes from southwestern Colombia; distributed

dodana

is found in Bolivia. to remove the two white-spotted is a temptation sub on a from them lilis and make the basis species separate species of the loss of the proximal bar part of the black hindmarginal of the forewing and the greatly black the in developed apical half of the forewing, along with the fragmentation of the post median fascia Both dodana into individual and erica spots. combine features of the yellowand the white-spotted forms and are geographically in such a position that there is no suspicion of There

hybridization. Melinaea

lilis

Melinaea

imitata

Tabasco

flavicans

flavicans

and

1937, p. 473.

Hoffmann Hoffmann, Vera Cruz.

Misantla, Forbes,

pp.

1948,

1924,

p.

Forbes,

70,

fig. 1927,

3;

Villa

pp.

24,

Hermosa, 29. Bryk,

4, 5.

The type is in the American Museum of Natural History. The pattern and coloring is just like imitata, but the hind wing cell above the black medial band is yellow rather than tawny. Specimens Mexico: Cordoba, Tezenana,

examined:

Guerrero Rinc?n, Vera Cruz (B.M.), Vera

Cruz

(B.M.), 1 $.

(A.M.N.H.),

1 S. Agua 1 ?\

Vera Atoyac, del Obispo

Cruz

1 S.

(B.M.),

(A.M.N.H.),

1

2.

M.

RICHARD

Bates

imitata

Melinaea

lilis

Melinaea

imitata

129

FOX

Plate

II,

31.

figure

Guatemala. 1864, pp. 55-56; Bates, Kirby, 1871, p. 34. 1879 (1879-1901), p. 13, plate 2, fig. 11. Godman, Salvin, 1901 and Salvin, (in Godman p. 641. 1879-1901), Haensch, 1909, p. 123, pi. 33c. Moulton, 1909, p. 587, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2. Kaye, 1925a, p. 413. and Gabriel, 1925, p. 25. Riley Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 28-29. Bryk,

Godman

and

473.

p.

1937, 4,5. Melinaea

Fox,

pp.

1939,

lilis, Butler

and

Druce

179.

p.

1940,

73-74;

and Hewitson),

(not Doubleday

pp.

1948,

Forbes,

p.

1874,

334. Felder

and

Melinaea

tachypetis

Kaye, Melinaea

1904, pp. 163-164. telchinia Boisduval,

1865

Felder,

Bryk,

p.

1870,

p.

(1864-1867), p. 473.

1937, 31;

Honduras,

Mexico.

353;

Mexico.

Guatemala,

are in the British Museum (Natural types of imitata a a male female from Polochic and History), valley, Guatemala, numbered 6976 and 6977. The distinctive feature of the pattern is the long black bar in The

the proximal two-thirds of Cui-Cu2 connected with the bar across the middle of the discal cell.

Vera

(A.M.N.H., Guatemala:

Paz

Mirandilla

Isidro

(B.M.),

1 S.

(B.M.),

Belize

1

(A.M.N.H.), 1 $, 1 2. coast

Sarstoon

1 $. Without La Libertad, 3 3, 3 M.C.Z.),

3 ?, CM.), Honduras:

1 $.

Oaxaco

Without

locality

$.

(B.M.), 1 2 . Pacific 3 3,1$.

B.M., M.C.Z.), British Honduras:

(A.M.N.H.),

1 $.

(B.M.),

2 M.C.Z.), Puatalon

1 8.

(B.M.,

continuous

examined:

Specimens Mexico:

and

Puerto

$.

valley 1 2 . Without

(B.M.), River

3

(B.M.),

locality

Barrios

Polochic

2

(CM.),

(B.M.), locality Punta

$.

(A.M.N.H.), 1 $. San (A.M.N.H.,

Gorda

(B.M.,

$. 1

Comayagua (M.C.Z.), Tela 2. (A.M.N.H.), 1 $. Without (B.M.),

1

$.

San

$.

Truxillo

locality

Pedro

Sula district

(CM.,

M.C.Z.),

3 $, 1 2. San

Salvador:

Augustin Chonteles

Nicaragua: Costa River

Rica: (CM.),

ana

(B.M.), 1 2. (B.M.), No

Data

Peralta 1 &. 1 $.

Turrialba or Wrong

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

(A.M.N.H.), Zent (CM.),

Cache

2 $.

(B.M.), (B.M.),

(B.M.),

4

Without

$. 2 3

$. $.

1 $.

2 2. locality (B.M.), 2 $. Sixole Guapiles (CM.), Carillo 1 $. Colombi (CM.), Irazu 1 $. Rio Sucio (B.M.),

1 S. Without (B.M.), Data: (A.M.N.H., B.M., SOC, LXXXVI.

locality CM.,

(B.M.), M.C.Z.),

1 ?, 5

?,

7 $. 2

$.

130

THE

Melinaea

lilis

Melinaea

Kremky,

Plate

Butler,

1873, 155; 1879 (1879-1901),

pp.

194-198,

271,

1925, p. 38. Forbes, Gabriel, 474. 1939, p. 73; 1940, p. Fox,

figs.

Kirby,

13.

p. 44,

figure

32.

1877,

p.

697.

1909,

p.

II,

Panama.

p.

Salvin,

1925,

MELINAEINI

Butler

parallelis

parallelis and

Godman

TRIBE

45,

Haensch,

pi. 29.

22,

fig.

Bryk, 1927, pp. 24, 179. Forbes, 1948, p. 4.

2.

124. and

Riley

473

pp.

1937,

The type is a female from Panama numbered 6975 in the British Museum (Natural History). The outer half of the forewing is black, containing spots that are white the isolated rather than yellow, and ^these represent It and the fragmented fascia. elements subapical postmedian on a band differs from messatis complete postmedian by having the hind wing. The hindmarginal bar of the forewing is reduced to its distal half, which that this pattern element is suggests as serves in lost lilis it (broad sense), although being apparently a valid separating character between other species in the genus. examined:

Specimens Panama: Matachin rado

Lion

Hill

(B.M.),

6

Island

Colon

M.C.Z.),

(A.M.N.H., 1 $.

(M.C.Z.),

3 ?, CM., M.C.Z.), Colombia: Valdevia Erroneous

3

Record:

Chiriqui

1 $, 2 9. Calobre $, (B.M.), 2 ?, 1 9. Barro (B.M., A.N.S.P.), 2 $. Rio Trinidad (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. Without locality (B.M.),

9. 1 $. (B.M.), Sixola Costa Rica,

ezra Fox

lilis

Melinaea

lilis variation

Melinaea

lilis

ezra

Colombia;

Godman

Fox, 1940,

1939, p.

and

Salvin,

pp. 74-76; 179. Forbes,

II, 1880,

Minea, 1948,

1

9.

Colo 1

$.

(B.M.,

1 9

(CM.), Plate

Melinaea

lena,

3

(B.M.), Gatun

$.

p.

33.

figure

127.

Department pp. 2-5.

of Magda

series of this subspe has an excellent Carnegie Museum of Colombia. it is confined to the Santa Marta mountains lack the comma mark entirely, more but not all specimens on the upper side. In the outer third of the forewing generally are diluted with or replaced by tawny, which the black markings The

cies; Most

appearance. gives the wing a peculiar washed-out The types, a male and female, are in the Academy Sciences of Philadelphia. Specimens Colombia:

of Natural

examined: Department

of Magdalena:

Minea

(A.N.S.P.,

CM.),

3

S,

RICHARD

2

Hacienda

9.

(CM.),

Sierra

Victoria, 1 ?. Bonda

1 ?, 7 $.

(CM.),

San

M.

Lorenzo

1 $. Cincinnati (A.N.S.P.), Amo 3 $. Onaca (CM.), 1 $. Manaure (B.M.), (B.M.),

1 $. (CM.), San Mateo

Vista

Nieva,

lilis

Doubleday

131

FOX

Don

1 $. Melinaea

lilis

Melinaea

lilis Doubleday C 4; Venezuela. 1871, p. 34. Godman

and Hewitson

Plate

and

1885

(1884-1888),

p.

1847 Hewitson, (1846-1852), and R. Felder, 1865 (1864-1867), and Salvin, 1879 (1879-1901), p. 1885 (1885-1892), 71. Schatz, pl.

1886

(1885-1892), and Gabriel,

p.

88.

fig.

II, p.

34.

figure

130, pl. 17, 355. Kirby,

p. 13.

Staudinger,

a, b, c; 1909, p. 123. Kaye, Haensch, 1925a, p. 413. 1925, p. 30. Riley 1927, pp. 24, 27, 28-29. Forbes, Bryk, and Fox, 1939, p. 74; 1940, p. 179. Fox 1937, p. 472. Fox, 1947, p. 174. 1948, pp. 3-5. Forbes, 10, figs,

The types, a male and female from Venezuela numbered 6978 and 6979, are in the British Museum (Natural History). The triangular black cubital is always spot of the forewing present but does not connect with either the black double spot in the discal cell or the comma mark which always is present. The fascia and the subapical postmedian spots, which are tend to form a band, are clear yellow and of about width. examined:

Specimens Venezuela: 10

2

S,

Las

Quiguas Caracas [?]

2.

2 ?, CM.), Colombia: No

9 <$, 3 $. San CM.), 1 ?\ 1 2. Without

Cauca Department (A.M.N.H.), 1 ?,2 ?. M.C.Z.), Lion Hill, 1 $. Panama (B.M.),

(CM., Data:

Melinaea

lilis

Melinaea

mneme

sola Kaye sola

1948,

pp.

Kaye 3, 4.

1925a, (not

C.

p. and

413; R.

Trinidad.

Felder),

locality

(B.M.), (B.M.,

3

Bryk, 1904,

p.

$.

II, figure

35.

1937,

p.

481.

163;

1921,

Venezuela. 1935, p. 227; Merida, Hall, 1940, p. 179. Forbes, Fox, 1948, pp. 2, 3, 4. imitata limitata Hall, 1935, p. 227; Venezuela. Bryk, Fox, 1940, p. 179. Forbes, 1948, pp. 3, 5.

p.

Bryk,

p. 473.

The type of sola is in the British Museum as are the types of lateapicalis and limitata. trans,

Estevan

Plate

tachypetis, Kaye 16, pl. 1, fig. 5. Melinaea lilis lateapicalis

473.

(B.M.),

Sachamates,

Erroneous

1937, Melinaea

(B.M.,

1 $.

Data:

Forbes, Melinaea

large and the same

amer.

ent.

soc,

lxxxvi.

(Natural

1937,

History),

p.

132

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

as in of the forewing is elongated, third of the cell and is imitata, but occupies only the proximal is connected with the bar in the discal cell. The comma mark is present, as in lilis, but the black bar in the base of M3-Cui absent and the bar formed from the discocellular spots is much narrower and reduced, the subapical spots are small and sepa The

black

cubital

spot

them and the postmedian fascia rated, and the black between so that the fascia itself is prominently is narrower, wider, late the apicalis appears to be the extreme light form, with virtually entire apex of the forewing yellow, while sola proper preserves some of the black bar beyond the postmedian fascia; limitata is an

absolute

synonym.

and on the Sucre plateau is found on Trinidad subspecies to the east of the range of M. of Venezuela 1. lilis. The records from Merida, the Venezuela must be of (for types lateapicalis) considered as probably wrong unless further collecting can verify The

them.

examined:

Specimens Trinidad:

Without

Venezuela: 2 (B.M.), No Data:

$.

3 ?, 2 9. Sucre (CM.), 2 $, 1 9. (B.M.),

(B.M.),

1

Department locality

1 $. Guatemala

(B.M.), Data:

Erroneous Melinaea

locality

Cumanacoa, Without

lilis messatis

(CM.),

(Hewitson)

9.

Plate

II,

messatis 1855 vol. Hewitson, (1852-1876), 1, p. Grenada. Mechanitis, I, fig. 4; New Melinaea 1871, p. 34. Hoppfer, 1874, p. 344. messatis, Kirby, p. 52. Haensch, 1909, p. 124, pi. 33d. Fassl, 1912, p. Bryk, 1937, p. 473. 1927, pp. 24, 29. 1939, p. 73; Fox, 1948,

(?)

1 $.

Mechanitis

Forbes,

Merida

[18],

figure

36.

pi.

[9]

Haase, 1893, 157. Forbes, 1940, p. 179.

p. 4.

(Natural type, a female, should be in the British Museum the subspecies but cannot be located; is quite recog History) nizable from Hewitson's figure. The

It differs

from parallelis in that the black post principally band of the hind wing median is reduced proximad, especially on the upper side, and in some cases is almost entirely missing. Specimens Colombia:

examined: Rio

Minero

near

Muzo

(A.M.N.H.),

2

$.

Santa

Cecilia,

M.

RICHARD

Pueblo ment

Rico, Boyaca

(A.M.N.H.), 8

CM.),

Cananche,

25 #,4 2. (A.M.N.H.), 7 $ ,2 9. Pico de Armas, 2 Muzo ?\ 4 2. (B.M.), Cundinamarca Department Tolima

Department Bogota Carmen

1 2.

(B.M.),

M.C.Z.), (B.M., CM., 1 2. de Yacopi (CM.), (?): Without

locality

Northeastern

Santa 11

$, Without

Rio

Opon,

Department Santandar Rio

4 $, (B.M.), Fe de Bogota 8 $. Bolivar locality

Chili 4

$.

Depart Santandar

(A.M.N.H., 2 $. (B.M.), El Santerio, 2

(B.M.),

1 $.

?, 2

(A.M.N.H.), B.M.,

(A.M.N.H..,

5

3 2. (B.M.), F 6186, station

Without

$.

(A.M.N.H., M.C.Z.), Data: Brazil (CM.),

Erroneous Melinaea

lilis

Melinaea

imitata

Bryk,

[Bassler

1 ?,

(A.M.N.H.), No Data:

Department ?\ 3 9.

$.

?\

CM.,

$.

?,8

M.CZ.),7 Ecuador Peru:

2 (A.M.N.H.), Rio Suarez,

Caldas

Department

133

FOX

erica

locality 2 $,2.

probably 1 $.

Rio

Putumayo]

(M.C.Z.), 2

1 2.

Bolivia

(B.M.),

1 2.

Bargmann erica

lilis

1937, p. 473.

Bargmann,

Fox,

1940,

p.

1929, p. 33; Rio Dagua, 179. Forbes, 1948, pp. 2-5.

Colombia.

This is a yellow-spotted that has lost the proximal subspecies the of black bar the forewing but has re of part hindmarginal tained the white paired marginal some of dots, thus combining the features of the white-spotted subspecies. examined:

Specimens Colombia:

Rio

Melinaea Melinaea

lilis

[Pacific

Dagua

Cauca Department erica and messat?.)

1 #,1

(B.M.),

dodona

drainage] 2.

(This

(B.M.), pair

type

Juntas, between

Hopffer

dodona

1874, p. 344; Bolivia; Hopffer, 1927, pp. 24, 29. Bryk, 1937, p. 472. Fox, Forbes, 1948, pp. 3, 4.

The The

1 $, 1 $. is intermediate

1879, 1939,

pp. p.

420-421. 74;

Forbes?

1940,

p.

179^

is in the Berlin Museum.

fascia is broken into separate spots, forewing postmedian as in the white-spotted bar is com forms, but the hind marginal The paired white marginal dots are prominent. plete. This seems to represent another structural link between the white and yellow-spotted subspecies. Melinaea

ethra

Heliconia

ethra

Latreille,

Melinaea

ethra,

Doubleday,

Burmeister,

Plate

(Latreille)

1878,

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

1820

p.

II,

figure

37.

Brazil. pp. 201, 221-222; (1819-1823), 1847 (1846-1852), p. 104. Kirby, 1871, p. 642. 123; 1879, p. 16. Haase, 1893, p. 51. Sanders,

SOC, LXXXVI.

134

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

17 and 18. Fig. 17?Distribution Figs. s. aurantia; satevis. Symbols: A, M. i. idae; (cf. symbol X); D, M. S, M.

M.

M.

mneme

only.

Fig.

18?Distribution

M. mneme, idae, and s. crameri and M. mneme

of Melinaea C, M. s. satevis; of Melinaea

V, M.

I. messatis; I. erica; Symbols: C, M. scylax. A, M. I. ezra; F, M. M. 1. lilis; 0, M. I. flavicans; L, M. I. sola; T, M. I. imitata; lelis; S, M. scylax. X, M.

i. vespertina; X, ethra, and M.

lilis, M. D, M. ethra;

I. dodana; E, I. paral P, M.

RICHARD

M.

135

FOX

Moulton, 1909, p. 591. Haensch, 1909, p. 123, pi. 33d. 167. Kohler, 1923, p. (18). Kremky, 1925, pp. 195, 196, 199, 271, figs. 46, 48, 52, pi. 22, fig. 3. Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 27, 29, pi. 3. 1940, p. 179. Fox, 1937, pp. 471-472. Bryk, 323.

p.

1904,

Seitz,

1910,

p.

Brazil This easily recognized species comes from southeastern spots are present on the under (fig. 18). The paired marginal the bar of the forewing is complete, side, the hindmarginal comma mark is elongated and club-like. The subapical elements of the forewing are fused into a large yellow spot, the yellow fascia is wide and the disc of the hind wing is bright postmedian the ethra is related to the lilis stock in much Probably yellow. same way that scylax is. The genitalia stand between those of lilis and scylax. examined:

Specimens

2 ?, 1 9. 1 ?, 1 9. Gallo Gavea (M.C.Z.), (A.M.N.H.), 1 $. Rio de Janeiro 3 ?, 3 9. Bahia (A.M.N.H.), (B.M.), 3 ?, 3 9. Santo 3 $. Nova (B.M.), (B.M.), Espirito (B.M.), Friburga 1 $, 1 9. 1 9. Bahia Santos (B.M.), Guaruja, Espirito Cachimbo, 1 $. 2 $. de Janeiro Rio (B.M.), (B.M.), Petropolis Itabapoana, (B.M.), Brazil:

Canta

Corcovado

1

Minas

9.

Catharina Data:

No

Erroneous Melinaea Melinaea

3 $. (B.M.), 1 9. Without

Geraes (A.M.N.H.), (B.M.), Data:

scylax

S?o

Paulo

locality:

(B.M.), (B.M.,

1

Santa

$. 2

M.C.Z.),

$.

1 9. Amazon

River

(M.C.Z.),

Salvin

Plate

1 $. II,

figure

38.

Costa Rica. Veraguas, 1877, Kirby, and Salvin, Godman 1879 p. Druce, 1874, p. 335. 1885 p. 13, pi. 2, fig. 12. p. 71. (1879-1901), Staudinger, (1884-1888), 1901 (in Godman and Haase, 1893, p. 53. Berg, Godman, 1897, p. 235. p. 641. Weymer, Salvin, 1879^-1901), 1909, p. 123, 1907, p. 4. Haensch, and Gabriel, 1925, p. 44. pi. 33c. Riley Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 27, 29. scylax Salvin, 697. and Butler

Bryk, Melinaea pp.

1871,

p.

412;

1939, p. 73; 1940, p. 179. 1937, pp. 481-482. Fox, ribbei Weymer, 1875, pp. 37&-380; pi. 2, fig. 4. Staudinger, 97-98. 1909, p. 123. Bryk, 1937, p. 482. Haensch,

1875,

The type is a male ber 6973 in the British The

num from Veraguas mountains, Panama, Museum (Natural History). on the hind wing, black postmedian band is wanting is suggested on the under side. The forewing sometimes

though bar reduced proximad. has the hindmarginal Otherwise scylax like a Ulis form. Forbes look much noted that it almost (1927) Its distribution from the same stock. is derived certainly (fig. TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

136

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

to 18) overlaps that of I. imitata to the north and of I.messatis are propor the south. This, plus the fact that the forewings broader and the fact that the penis is proportionately tionately shorter than in any Ulis form, establishes scylax as a 10%-25% species.

separate

examined:

Specimens

(?) Without

Guatemala: Rica:

Costa 3

Pozo

2.

locality

San Mateo Azul

(B.M.),

(CM.), 1 2.

1 $.

(A.M.N.H.), 1 2. Hacienda

Without

El

Rodeo

locality (B.M.), Armuelles $.

5

?\

1 $,

(CM.), 2 $.

11 1 ?. Panama: (A.M.N.H.), Chiriqui (B.M., M.C.Z.), 1 $. David 2 ?\ 4 $. Island Toboga (B.M.), (B.M.), (B.M.), Bugaba 1 2. Without 3 $,l 1 $. 2. locality (B.M.), (B.M.), Veraguas 4 $ . Without Colombia: (B.M.), locality (A.M,N.H.), Juntas, Rio Cauca 1 S. No

Data:

satevis

Melinaea

2

M.C.Z.),

(CM.,

$. and Hewitson)

(Doubleday

crameri There are three subspecies (fig. 17), satevis of Bolivia, of the lower Orinoco River. Some and aurantia of the Guianas of mneme confusion was created by Cramer's misidentification (1890), Johansson, an error in which he was followed by Weymer and Haensch (1927) among others. Godman (1909), and Forbes have and should Salvin's note (1925) (1898) exposition Kaye's cleared up the matter. satevis differs from true mneme absent is virtually of the forewing discal the spots of the forewing in mneme while they are confluent In satevis the triangle. elongated it than the saccus, but in mneme have

not been

proper Melinaea

confused

application satevis

biologically of names.

satevis

(Doubleday

in that

the hindmarginal bar of being strong, and and round, separate one is an the anterior

instead cell are and foramen

of the penis is longer two species These is shorter. a has matter it been of im ;

and Hewitson)

Plate

and Hewitson, 1847 satevis p. Doubleday (1846-1852), and Gabriel, Riley 1925, p. 44. 17, fig. 31; Bolivia. Melinaea 1871, p. 34. Hopffer, 1879, p. 421. Haensch, satevis, Kirby, p. 123, pl. 33b. Fox, 1927, p. 30. Bryk, 1937, p. 481. Forbes, 179.

Mechanitis

The type is a female (Natural History).

numbered

6974

in the British

39.

II, figure 130,

pl.

1909, 1940,

Museum

p.

M.

RICHARD

137

FOX

faded mahogany It ground color is distinctive. crameri in that the postmedian band of the hind The excellent series in the Carnegie missing. Bolivia. from the lowlands of northeastern

The peculiar also differs from is entirely wing comes Museum

examined:

Specimens

11 9. 6 $, Rio Surutu (CM.), Yapacani 9 del Sara 3 $,l Provinca 9. (CM.), (CM.), 2 ?, 1 9. 2 $. Rio Mapiri Mateo (B.M.), Yoyo (B.M.), 1 9. 1 9. Farinas Corico Cervico (B.M.), (B.M.), (B.M.), out 5 ?, 4 9. locality (B.M., M.C.Z.), Bolivia:

Rio

Buenavista

Melinaea

crameri

Melinaea lv. fig.

crameri

satevis

Kaye,

pp.

25, fig. 5. Cramer mneme, 5, pi.

Papilio Herbst

and

Godman 1907,

Salvin,

413^419,

Salvin 1898,

422,

(not

115, pi. 69, 1816 H?bner,

p.

107.

40.

pp.

liv,

pi. 23, fig. 14-15.

1925, pp. 1779 (1775-1791),

Johansson), fig. 7.

II, figure 1903,

Poulton, 434,

pi.

mneme,

mneme,

6, pi.

24,

190, fig. C

p. 11. (1816-1827), 1885 (1884-1888), 1862, p. 550. Staudinger, Haase, 1893, pp. 51, 53. Haensch, 1890, pp. 282-283. Weymer, p. 123, pi. 33a. Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 26, 30. 1937, pp. Bryk, 1942, pp. 27-28. 1940, p. 179. Forbes, (part). Fox, Melinaea crameri incisa Kaye, 1925b, p. xxiii. Eueides

Melinaea

9. San

1 9. (B.M.), 1 9. With

Plate

432-433,

430,

and Gabriel,

Riley

p.

1790,

and

Godman

1

(CM.), 3,19.

Bates,

p.

71.

1909, 480-481

The types of crameri are in the Birtish Museum (Natural His incisa. tory), as are the types of aberration The hind wing in is covered by a large black patch which cludes the discal cell and leaves only the extreme base of the and a double and M3 patch between Mi wing submarginal tawny.

examined:

Specimens British

Kartabo

Guiana:

Wismar, 11 $.

(A.M.N.H.), 1 $. Roraima 7

1

Rockstone, Mabaruma S. (B.M.),

2

Maripa

Kuruhung

1 9.

(A.M.N.H.),

4 (CM.), Demerara

Woods

4 9. CM., M.C.Z.), Kartabo (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. 3 $, (A.M.N.H.),

(B.M., 1 9.

?,

Essequibo 2

9. #,1 River (A.M.N.H.),

Doubtful

Guiana:

Without

Data:

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

Colombia

(B.M.), 9. Without

locality (B.M.,

SOC, LXXXVI.

River Bartica

2 (A.M.N.H.), River (A.M.N.H.), 1 $. Creeklands locality

9. Dutch

Demerara (A.M.N.H.), 1 $.

(B.M.), "cotype"),

1 $. 1 $.

$.

(B.M.,

4

$,

Kamakusa 1 $.

Azemu

(A.M.N.H.), 9 CM.),

$,

138

THE

Melinaea

satevis

Melinaea

mneme

aurantia 1948,

MELINAEINI

Forbes

aurantia

Venezuela;

TRIBE

pp.

Forbes,

pp.

1942,

2, 24, pl.

1, fig.

The type is in the Cornell University tive subspecies was a most interesting

Caripito, Without

Colombia:

idae

Melinaea

28;

Monagas,

Caripito,

collection. find.

attrac

This

examined:

Specimens Venezuela:

27,

3.

(Felder

Monagas locality and

(CU., (probably

7 specimens. A.M.N.H.), not Colombia) (U.S.N.M.),

2

$.

Felder)

from the species has a pattern highly modified, deviating a it from but derivation usual Melinaea is appearance, evidently : is the satevis idae i. line. There are two subspecies (fig. 17) to Peru east of the Andean uplift, i. vesper found from Panama tina is from western Ecuador. This

Melinaea

idae

idae

and

(Felder

Plate

Felder)

III,

figure

41.

and Felder, 1865 idae Felder Colombia; 1862, p. 414; Bogota, p. 355, pl. 2, fig. 45. (1864-1867), 1885 Melinaea Staudinger, idae, Kirby, 1871, p. 34. Hopffer, 1879, p. 420. p. 71. Weymer, 1890, p. 12. Haensch, (1884-1888), 1903, p. 163; 1909, p. 124, pl. 33c. 1912, p. 157. Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 28, 30. Bryk, Fassl, 1937, p. 472. Fox, 1940, p. 179; 1945, p. 1. Mechanitis

at the British Museum The types are in the Tring collection (Natural History). from vespertina This is distinguished by having the wide mar of the hind into the discal black fading gradually ginal wing tawny.

examined:

Specimens Panama: Corozol

Barro

9 ?,11 $. (A.M.N.H., CM., M.C.Z.), Trini 2 2. Rio Sherman (A.M.N.H.), 1 8. Mina Matachin (A.M.N.H.), (B.M.),

Island

Colorado

(A.M.N.H.),

1 $.

Fort

2 8. Juan (A.M.N.H.), Zone Canal (A.M.N.H., M.C.Z.), Colombia: Canarche, Department

dad 2

8.

Sanapani, Santander

Department

(A.M.N.H., 11 8,2 2. ment

Choco

Tolima

(B.M.), Rio 8.

6 (A.M.N.H.), 5 8. Rio CM.), Opon, near Muzo Rio Minero at

sea.

level

(A.M.N.H.,

2

8.

Cundinamarca 1 8.

(B.M.), de Armas,

Pico

Suarez,

Department

Department

Boyac? 4

(A.M.N.H.), CM.),

3

8.

8. Muzo

1

2-

El

Department Santander (A.M.N.H.),

Pizzaro, (B.M.),

Depart 8 8,

M.

RICHARD

1

9.

(B.M., CM.), Peru:

Cauca

valley

CM., 7 ?,

M.C.Z.), 2

(A.M.N.H.), 9 S, 2

7

idae

Melinaea

idae

Melinaea

Bogot? B.M.,

F

station

[Bassler

6186,

Rio

probably

Putumayo]

$.

2 $. (M.C.Z.), Data: Bolivia

Erroneous

1 9. Tomeque (CM.), Without locality (A.M.N.H.,

1 S. 9.

9.

Northeastern

(A.M.N.H.), No Data:

139

FOX

1 $.

(B.M.),

Plate

Fox

vespertina

1945,

Fox,

vespertina

pp.

1-2,

fig.

42.

figure

III, 21; western

Ecuador.

of 103 specimens from the Depart type series consisted all in and Chimborazo, of Los Rios, Pinchincha, ments Manabi, to various collections and was distributed Western ; the Ecuador, of Natural History. is in the American Museum holotype than in idae is narrower The black border of the hind wing The

and

is sharp and clean.

its inner edge

examined:

Specimens

Los

Rios

U.S.N.M.), R.P.M., M.C.Z., I.O.C, C.U., 1 $. Santa Los Rios Domingo, (B.M.), Manabi ? ?,l 9. (A.M.N.H., Palmar,

56

Ecuador:

de Montivalo,

Playas

1 $. (CM.), jimes, Manabi La Chima, Bol?var (B.M.), 2 S. Chimborazo Chimbo, 1

(A.N.S.P.), meraldas

$.

Ventura, 3 S.

(B.M.),

9.

A.N.S.P., Santa Ana

(A.M.N.H., 12 $, CM., R.P.M.), Bolivar (A.M.N.H.),

Balzabamba, 1 9. 1 $,

Guayas

(A.M.N.H.,

16 3, Pichincha

Chimborazo

3

Huigra, Hacienda $.

(M.C.Z.),

1

$.

6 2

CM-, Maria, R.P.M.), Co 9. ?,

2

9.

(A.N.S.P.),

Guayas Cutugany, Es Rio Salinas,

3 Esmeraldas Rio $. (CM.), Clara, Agua (CM.), 2 $. La Guayacana, Narino Esmeraldas (A.M.N.H.), (B.M.), Cachabe, 2 9- Without 1 $. El Oro 9 9. Sarama, (B.M.), (B.M.), Guayaquil 3 S. (B.M., M.C.Z.), locality 1 S. Ecuador Oriente Erroneous Data: Colombia (B.M.), Bogota,

(M.C.Z.), Panama Melinaea

Four Guianas

1 9. (B.M.), egina

Panama

H.M.S.

[Voyage

Harold]

(B.M.),

3 $.

Matach?n,

1 9. (Cramer)

now are known (fig. 19) : egina from the subspecies south to Para and up the Amazon river, including tribu as far as the Rio Purus; paraiya found through tropical

taries, southeastern

from central Peru. manuelito known The fourth subspecies, agr?cola, is only from the holotype a If this locality is correct label from Ega, Brazil. which bears an aberration of e. egina. Hall's name agr?cola would seem to be the pattern because is so is treated here as a valid subspecies and

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

southern

Brazil;

SOC, LXXXVI.

140

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

and the insect does not have the usual features of an " " and further because is a traditional aberration, gener Ega alized Future the locality. collecting will no doubt establish true range of agricola, but in any event it belongs with egina.

distinctive

Melinaea

egina

egina

Plate

(Cramer)

III,

43.

figure

1777

Surinam. p. 114, fig. 191 D; (1775-1791), Herbst, 4. Fabricius, 1820 1793, p. 162. Latreille, p. 216, pl. 20, fig. 2. (1819-1823), Mechanitis 1847 (1846-1852), egina, Doubleday, p. 130. Melinaea egina, Bates, 1862, p. 550. Butler, 1869, p. 124. Kirby, 1871, pp. egina

Papilio

Cramer,

pp.

1790,

33-34.

Butler, p.

1903,

liv.

69, fig.

110.

p.

1877, p.

(1884-1888), pp.

pl.

111-112,

Burmeister,

d.

10, fig.

Sanders,

Poulton,

413-416,

419, 430, 432-433, pl. 23, fig. 1927, p. 28. Bryk, Forbes, 1937, pp. 470-471. 1948, p. 5. Bryk, 1953, p. 28. ludivica 1779 (1775-1791), vol. Papilio Cramer, 297,

Surinam.

fig. E;

The western

1885 Schatz, 16. Poulton, fig. 1907, p. lxi. Kaye, 1907, 5. Haensch, 1909, p. 124. 37-38,

Fox, 3, p.

1940, p.

179.

Forbes,

1780

(op.

cit.),

17;

pl.

p. 471.

1937,

Bryk,

123.

p.

1878, pp.

1896,

Reuter, 1904, p. 323.

of the distribution is suggested by lo from Rio cality Corona, Venezuela, Bolivar, from Rio Caqueta in the Amazons of Colombia, from Rio Hual All these specimens laga, Peru and Rio Pur?s, Brazil. agree with those from Guiana and Para. boundary at hand

records

examined:

Specimens British

Guiana: 1

(B.M.), Kangaruma

Guiana:

French en-daal

(B.M.), River

(A.M.N.H., Brazil:

(B.M.,

8.

Without

Guiana:

Oyapok

Oucatopi

7

(A.M.N.H.),

2

River

8. Annai, Essequibo Savaritik (A.M.N.H.), 1 8. Without (CM.),

(B.M.), and

Puruima

1

8.

locality

2 8.

(B.M.), Dutch

M.C.Z.,

River Carimang Between Chenapowu

8.

St. 1

8.

(CM.), 8 B.M.),

Obidos Z.S.B),

6

CM., M.C.Z.), Island (CM.),

River

Mana

8.

B.M., (B.M.),

M.C.Z.), 2 8,2 2

(A.M.N.H.),

River

2

(CM.),

8.

8.

4

?,

2. Pied

Without

2

$.

Berg Saut, locality

2.

8,1

(B.M., 7 8,3

locality (A.M.N.H., Maroni River

Laurent, Maroni

CM., 2. 7

Z.S.B.),

Manicore, 8,2 1 8.

2. Para

4 8. Rio

Rio Itiatuba, Madeira (B.M.),

Benevides, (A.M.N.H.,

Para

(B.M., Tapajoz 3 8. Santarem

(CM.),

B.M., M.C.Z.), Rio Pur?s

11

8,1 13 8,

2. 6 ?.

Rio Pur?s 1 8. 1 8. Sebastopol, (B.M.), Hyatunahan, (CM.), 6 ?, 4 ?. Nova Rio Pur?s 9 8. Manacapuru (CM.), Olinda, (CM.), Manaos 1 8,1 Teff? ?. (M.C.Z., Z.S.B.), (B.M., CM., Z.S.B.), M.C.Z., 15 8, 2 2 . Solimoens, 1 8,2 San Juan de Oliven?ia 2 . Sao Paulo (B.M.),

RICHARD

M.

141

FOX

1 9. Rio Rio Caiary-Uaupes (A.M.N.H.), 3?,2$. Uaupes 2 S. Mt. Maranham 1 ?. Maranham (B.M.), (B.M.), Aureos, (B.M.), 1 9. Without 2 $. 2 $. East Amazons (A.M.N.H.), locality (CM.), 2 $. Venezuela: Rio (M.C.Z.), Suapure (CM.),

Amazonas Constant, Benjamin 9 ?, Amazonas (A.M.N.H., CM.),

1 (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. Rio Tacana

Colombia: Ronda, 23 ?,

4

9.

(A.M.N.H.), Amazonas Ecuador: Peru:

4 ?. Putumayo Cauacaya (A.M.N.H.), Amazonas 7 S. Tarapaca, (A.M.N.H.), 1 ?,2 9. Without locality (A.M.N.H.),

Aguano Yahuas

territory

5

9.

(A.M.N.H.), No Data: Melinaea

egina

Melinaea

pp.

1925, Bryk,

1866, p. 242; 322. Haensch, 47. Forbes, 1927,

195,

198, fig. p. 471. Fox,

1937,

Catuhe,

1 S. Rio

Plate

p.

1940,

179.

Huallaga

III,

Janeiro,

p.

1904,

Putumayo

Rio

(B.M.),

Achinamiza, 4 $.

Rio

Reakirt,

Sanders,

$.

(A.M.N.H.), $, 1 9.

Reakirt

paraiya

paraiya

p. 34.

1

(B.M.),

Iquitos 2 M.C.Z.),

(B.M.,

Rio

1 $.

da

(A.M.N.H.),

1 S.

(B.M.),

?,2

Lower

Isla

$.

Brazil.

1909, p. 124, pi. p. 28. Tessmann, 1948,

Forbes,

44.

figure

Kirby, 1871, 33c. Kremky, 1928, p. 119.

p. 5.

and the is not to be found in the Guianas subspecies as Haensch comes the eastern but from (1909) stated, " " are there and southern of Brazil. If speci bulge intergrading mens between this and e. egina, I have never seen them. This

Amazon

examined:

Specimens Brazil: 3

1 9.

S,

bapaona Geraes 1 9.

Rio

Tijuco 1 $,l

(B.M.), 2

(B.M.),

$.

Santos Guaruja, 1 $, Without

tion), No

Data:

(B.M., Data:

Erroneous Cavallo, Melinaea Melinaea and

The

5 ?, 4 9. Corcovado (M.C.Z.), (B.M., M.C.Z.), 1 $. 1 $. Nova Ita Friburgo (B.M.), (B.M.), 1 ?, 2 9. Minas Canto Gallo 9. (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. Pernambuco Santo (M.C.Z.), Espirito (B.M.),

de Janeiro

Rio

(B.M.),

manuelito

2

collec

Hewitson

Bogot?

(CM.),

1 $.

Peru:

Tessmann 1928, Bryk,

is in the Berlin Museum. are from central description

type

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

(B.M.,

S.

1 $.

(M.C.Z.), 1 $.

egina manuelito Tessmann, Santa Nicolas, Puchalini.

original seen specimens.

Para

9.

#,1

(M.C.Z.), 2 ?, 1 9

M.C.Z.), Guiana

Cochobamba egina

2

(B.M.), locality

Tessmann's SOC, LXXXVI.

figure

p. 1937,

119, pi. 5, fig. 22; p. 478. Forbes,

The Peru, is quite

Pozuzotal 1948,

localities cited but I have not adequate.

p.

5.

in the so far

142

THE

Melinaea

egina

Melinaea 1937,

The

Hall

agr?cola Hall,

agricola p. 470.

p.

1935,

Fox,

1940,

227, pl. 6, 179. Forbes,

p.

is a male

holotype

MELINAEINI

TRIBE

6;

fig. 1942,

in the British

Amazons.

Ega,

p.

28;

Museum

Bryk,

p. 2.

1948,

His

(Natural

tory). Forbes this with (1948) associated crameri, but it lacks the the anal the in of of the type Inspection spot forewing. angle If the type locality convinced me that this is a form of egina. is an aberration of e. egina, as Ega is correct agricola probably its known distribution. is well within However, Ega was often cited as the locality by travellers who purchased specimens there, hundreds the insects themselves having been captured perhaps it and is that of miles is away. My guess, agri frankly that, cola does not come from Ega at all and that it is a good sub species.

examined:

Specimens Brazil: Melinaea

mnemopsis

Melinaea

mnemopsis

33d.

1 8

(B.M.),

Ega

doubtful).

(locality

Plate

Berg

1927,

p.

1897,

Berg,

Forbes,

pp.

24,

27,

III,

235; Peru. 29. Bryk,

Haensch, 1937,

p.

1909, 481.

p.

45.

figure

Fox,

123,

pl.

1940,

p.

179. boliviana

Melinaea 1909,

1907, pp. 481.

Weymer,

123.

p.

2-4,

1, fig.

pl.

2; Bolivia.

Haensch,

p.

1937,

Bryk,

of Buenos Aires. Science Musuem type is in the Natural else from stands This distinctive apart quite anything species with shows a relationship in the genus, but in a general way Bolivia of northeastern It is found in the lower valleys satevis. (fig. 20). The

examined:

Specimens Bolivia:

Rio

3?,1$. 1 2.

Portachuelo Sara

del Mapiti No

Province

(B.M.,

del

Sara

Yapacani

(CM.), 1 8,2 CM.), 1 8. Without

(B.M.), Data: (B.M.),

1 8.

maelus

(Hewitson)

Melinaea

This paired

species marginal

22

(CM.), 1

(CM.), 1 8.

Las 2.

locality

6\

$.

?,13 2

Rio

$.

Juntas Torochito (B.M.,

(CM.),

2

$.

2 (B.M.), Z 8,1 CM.),

a close relationship spots are never present,

shows

Buenavista Surutu

to M. however,

(CM.), Santa 2

?\

(CM.),. 1 8,

9.

Cruz Rio

2.

mneme. except

The in a

RICHARD

M.

143

FOX

few individuals where the erstwhile black rings around the white spots are retained as tiny black dots (fig. 13). The six subspe comes from cies are distributed (fig. 20) as follows: m. madeira the valley of the Rio Madeira; is found in the middle purusana reaches of the Rio Pur?s; brunnea is from the upper Rio Pur?s and probably species from

could be collected in Bolivia; is the sub mayi the Rio Jurua. On the Amazon is itself, maelus found above Teff? and up the Rio Putumayo into southeastern above Iquitos, Colombia, while cydon comes from the Mara?on the valleys

including Melinaea

madeira

maelus

Melinaea

of the Huallaga Moulton

Butler

pardalis,

madeira pardalis Rio Madeira. Manicore, 182.

p.

Forbes, 1948,

p.

Plate

(not Bates),

Melinaea

Forbes,

and the Ucayali.

p. pp.

597,

1877, 1909,

Moulton,

III, 110.

604-606, pi. 32, 33b. Riley,

Haensch, 1909, p. 123, pi. 1927, pp. 24, 32. Bryk, 1937, p. 475. 2. dAlmeida, 1951, pp. 18, 26.

Fox,

46.

figure

2;

fig.

1919, p. 179.

1940,

" " are in the Hope the types, two females from Amazons a Oxford and male and female from Department, University, are Rio in the British Museum (Natural Manicore, Madeira, Of

History). d'Almeida

stated

(1951)

that

same

is the

this

form named

After in the purusana (1919). by Riley comparing material British Museum I can state that (Natural History) recently, the two are definitely different The pattern differ subspecies. ences used in the key are consistent for the good series of both that I have seen. examined:

Specimens Brazil:

(B.M.), Maria

6

locality

(B.M.,

Rio Madeira Manicore, Madeira 1 $. Santa (B.M.),

Rio deira

(B.M.),

Melinaea

maelus

Melinaea

hicetas

and fig. Melinaea Pur?s.

Without

4?,59.

Gabriel, 1. Forbes,

purusana

p.

1919, Riley, p. 42. Bryk, 1937, 1948, p. 2. dAlmeida,

p.

purusana

1929,

1925,

Bryk, 1937, p. p. 2. d'Almeida,

1948, Melinaea maelus

romani

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

Aurivillius, 475. Fox, 1951, pp.

Bryk,

5 9.

Lower Capana Lake, 1 $. Lower Rio Ma 4 ?, 2 9 . M.C.Z., Z.S.B.),

Plate

Riley

purusana

madeira

S,

(B.M.),

1937,

SOC, LXXXVI.

III,

181; Allianca, 478. Fox, 1951,

1940, 18, 26. p. 641.

p.

pp. p.

Rio

Riley

p.

pi.

1943, 18, 26.

155;

179;

dAlmeida,

47.

figure

Pur?s. 397,

Hyatanahan, p. 397.

1943,

1951,

Rio Forbes,

p. 26.

1,

144

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

The with the series in the Carnegie Museum is topotypic Aurivillius type series and exactly agrees with the Riley types, a male and a female from Alliance, 81 and Rio Pur?s, numbered 82 in the British Museum The Aurivillius (Natural History). name and an ab is both a homonym (published posthumously) as pointed out previously The solute synonym, (Fox, 1943). for purusana Aurivillius Bryk name was proposed as a substitute to avoid homonymy, but was not necessary. examined:

Specimens Brazil: (B.M.), Pur?s capuru Melinaea

maelus hicetas

Melinaea

and

Riley p. 26.

Pur?s

brunnea

Riley

brunnea Gabriel,

Rio

Olinda,

8,1

Rio

Hyatanahan, 12 8. (CM.),

Plate p.

1919, 10. Bryk,

p.

Manaos

2.

1 8.

(B.M.), Pur?s

Mana

1 8.

(Z.S.B.),

Riley, 1925,

2

(B.M.),

Pur?s

Rio

Rio

18.

(CM.),

Pur?s

Rio

Labrea, Sebastopol, 1 8,1 2. Allianca, Nova 10 8. (CM.),

III, Bocea

181;

1937,

p.

figure

de Acre, Rio 477. dAlmeida,

48.

Pur?s. 1951,

a fe (Natural History), type is in the British Museum from Bocea de Rio Pur?s. This sub numbered 80, Acre, or some three four hundred further found is kilometers species from purusana, up the Rio Pur?s and is quite different having in purusana the postmedian fascia of the forewing tawny, while The

male

the fascia

is clear yellow.

Specimen Brazil:

examined:

Bocea

de Acre,

Melinaea

maelus

mayi

Melinaea

mayi Brazil.

dAlmeida,

Acre,

The bered

holotype 13,768.

Specimens Brazil: Melinaea Melinaea

Upper

Pur?s

pp.

20-22,

(B.M.),

1 2.

d'Almeida 1951,

pl.

4, fig.

Rio is in the Museu Nacional, the Rio Jurua is This subspecies

1; Upper

Rio

de Janeiro, of maelus.

Jurua,

num

examined:

Porto

Walter,

maelus

cydon

pardalis,

Druce

Godman (not and

Jurua

Rio

Upper

Godman cydon Peru. Haensch, Iquitos,

Melinaea

Rio

and

1876,

Salvin, p.

III,

figure

49.

p. 211. p.

1879, 123,

2 8. Plate

Salvin

Bates),

1909,

(A.M.N.H.),

pl.

151; Tabatinga, and 33b. Riley

Pebas, Gabriel,

M.

RICHARD

1925, p. 15. Forbes, 179. dAlmeida,

pp..

1927,

p.

24,

32.

Bryk,

474.

p.

1937,

Fox,

1940,

26.

p.

1951,

145

FOX

num The types are in the British Museum (Natural History), from Peru. The and two females five males bered 7013-1719, as far Peru along the Mara?on includes northeastern distribution and Ucayali and up into the Huallaga down river as Iquitos, valleys.

examined:

Specimens

Rio

Colombia: stant,

(A.M.N.H., Rio Cotuhe,

Amazonas

Salinaes,

Amazonas

2

(A.M.N.H.), 11 ?, 6

CM.), Amazonas

9.

#,3

2 $, l 9. Loretoyacu, (A.M.N.H.), Amazonas Rio (A.M.N.H.), Putumayo, Peru: Z.S.B.), (A.M.N.H, Pucallpa 2 9.

2 $,

Rio

Pacaya, 2 $,

(A.M.N.H.), 1 S. (A.M.N.H.), laga

6

(B.M.), Loreto

4

?,

(B.M.),

3

$.

Bolivia:

Cavallo,

Brazil:

Tabatinga

9.

Ega

1 2,2

Melinaea

maelus

9.

Ucayali Rio

Ronda,

1 9. (A.M.N.H.), Amazonas

Rio

Huallaga

(B.M.), 3 $,

Tacana,

1 $. Lower (A.M.N.H.), 1 S, 1 9. 2 $. Rio Ucayali B.M.), (A.M.N.H, 1 9. Rio Hual Achinamiza, (B.M.), 1 2

B.M.), 1 9. (A.M.N.H.), Santiago 5 ?, 6 9. Cochabamba (B.M.), 1 $,l de Sao Paulo 9. (B.M.),

$.

Rio

Tapiche

9.

Chambireyacu 1 ?, 2 9. Pebas,

Rio

1 $.

(Z.S.B.),

M.C.Z.),

1

9.

(A.M.N.H, B.M.), Iquitos Rio Mara?on (A.M.N.H,

9. 4

Rio

6 CM.), Amazonas

Con Benjamin Amazonas

9.

de

Amazonas

Tarapaca,

(A.M.N.H.,

1

(A.M.N.H.), Isla 9.

Manaos

(Z.S.B.),

1 $.

Without

Oliven?ia locality

(B.M.), (CM,

9. maelus

(Hewitson)

Plate

III,

figure

50.

vol. (1852-1876) 2, p [27], pl. (part), fig. 6) ; Amazons. Melinaea 1903, p. 165; 1871, p 34. Haensch, 1909, p. 123. maelus, Kirby, 1927, pp. Kremky, 1925, pp. 196, 197, 271, fig. 49, pl. 22, fig. 1. Forbes, 1940, p. 179. 1937, p. 474. 23, 26, pl. 33. Bryk, Fox, Melinaea 9). (for Hewitson, 1862, p. 552; Bates, Ega I.e., fig. pardalis maelus

Hewitson,

[14] Mechanitis

II, fig.

Mechanitis

Bryk,

1937,

1860

9

(not

p. 474.

should be in the British Museum (Natural type of maelus be found. The types of pardalis are in the but cannot History) five males same collection, numbered and a female 7020-7025, The

from Ega. Hewitson

and cited figure 9 as illus (1860) described maelus not the typical form, then went on to discuss a variation as 6. that illustrated Bates named but realized figure separately the two figures were of different species, but created an absolute instead of the variety. synonym by naming the type of maelus trating

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

146

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

is found on the upper Amazon This subspecies and along the Rio Putumayo and Rio Caqueta examined:

Specimens Brazil:

Obidos 4

(B.M.), Without

1 8.

(B.M.), 2 8,

(B.M.), San 8.

Oliven?ia

river above Teff? in Colombia.

4

Teff? Rio

?.

Solimoes

Joas,

12

1 2. 8, 1 (B.M.), San Felipe

(B.M.), Tonatins 1 $.

(B.M.), 1 # ,2 9 .

Paulo

S?o 8-

de

Tabatinga 3 $.

(B.M.),

locality (B.M., CM.), Lower Amazonas Rio 9 8, Putumayo, (A.M.N.H., CM.), 1 2. Isla de Ronda, Amazonas 1 8. Rio Tacana, Amazonas (A.M.N.H.), 4 8. CM.), (A.M.N.H., Colombia:

Data:

No

Melinaea

2

(CM.), maeonis

1 $.

?,

Hewitson

This species is the only one lacking the submarginal spots on both wings while retaining the spot in the anal angle of the fore The hindmarginal bar of the forewing The is complete. wing. are distributed as three subspecies borealis is follows: (fig. 21) from western Venezuela, is found in southeastern maeonis Co zamora is from the Rio Ucayali lombia and eastern Ecuador, in northeastern

Peru. borealis

Melinaea

maeonis

Melinaea

maelus

Melinaea

maeonis

zamora, borealis

1937, p. 474.

Bryk,

Hall Forbes

Fox,

1927

(not Haensch), p. 226; 1935, p. 179. Forbes,

Hall, 1940,

(part),

1948,

pp.

31.

p.

Venezuela.

Mucuchachi,

2, 3.

con The type series in the British Museum (Natural History) sists of fourteen males and a female, all from the same locality. Mucuchachi is a small town on the southeastern slopes of the Merida the Lake Maracaibo range which separates drainage from the valley of the Rio Apure. examined:

Specimens Venezuela:

Muchuchachi

Melinaea

maeonis

maeonis

Melinaea

maeonis

Hewitson,

1871, 1925, Melinaea 476. Melinaea

p. 642. p. 31. strigilis Forbes, madeira

Ecuador.

1903, 1927,

Weymer, 1948,

1869 p.

p. 31.

1890,

pp.

2.

#,1

Hewitson

Haensch, Forbes,

14

(B.M.),

Plate

165;

1909,

Bryk, 280-282;

III, 11; Ecuador. 123. Riley and

p.

(1869-1877), p.

figure

51.

Kirby,

Gabriel, 1940, p. 179.

1937, p. 475. Fox, no locality. Bryk,

1937,

p.

p. 3.

aequatoriensis

dAlmeida,

1951,

pp.

23-24,

pl.

5, fig.

1;

M.

RICHARD

147

FOX

The type is a male from Ecuador in the British Museum (Nat ural History), number 7011. Weymer's strigilis is placed as an for maeonis absolute since I have not synonym only tentatively, seen the type nor any authentically named the de specimens; d'Almeida's scription seems to match very closely. aequatorien sis is an absolute the type of which is in the Museu synonym, Rio de Janeiro, a male numbered 16,620. Nacional, examined:

Specimens Colombia:

Rio

Ortegasa,

1 8. queta (B.M.), Ecuador: Canelos 1 2.

(B.M.), 3 2. No

Data:

Amazonas 1

(A.M.N.H.),

Sarayacu

(B.M.),

maeonis

zamora

Haensch,

1910, p. 171. Forbes, p. 179. Forbes, 1948,

1927, pp. p. 2.

The

type in American Melinaea Three

Aguano Without

2.

CM.),

3

8.

Rio

(B.M.),

2

8.

Frontera

locality

(B.M.),

Ca

2

8,

1 2.

(B.M.),

zamora

Melinaea

2.

1 8,2

maeonis

Melinaea

(A.M.N.H.,

Haensch

23,

1909, 31.

p.

123;

Bryk,

Ucayali, 1937,

Peru.

p. 475.

Fox,

Seitz, 1940,

I have found no specimens is in the Berlin Museum. or in the British Museum. collections

marsaeus closely

(Hewitson) related

species,

M.

marsaeus,

M.

phasiana,

and

form a compact complex within which it has been maenius, difficult to group the many geographic into their cor subspecies rect relationships. The hindmarginal bar of the forewing is al most always complete, and they lack the anal spot on the upper In many side. forms fly together, localities three different sug

M.

the existence of three species since local intergradation gesting has not been observed. Of these, the forms subsumed as M. mar saeus retain on the under side of the forewing a tiny vestigial anal spot which in some individuals but is vestigial in is distinct are deed in others; the discocellular a the fused into spots band; elements are covered over with the black fascia. The anteapical five subspecies are distributed (fig. 24) as follows: egesta is from marsaeus the Magdalena in Colombia, itself is from the valley central Amazon basin from Obidos up to Teff? ;macaria is found TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

148

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

a

j

1'9 \\X^^J

22^
I23xk.

v-f

ry

M.

RICHARD

in eastern

from the Rio Meta comes

from

to the Putumayo;

Colombia

Peru

northeastern

149

FOX

eastern

and

Ecuador;

rileyi is

clara

re

in

from southern Peru and from the upper Rio Madeira that it may also be found in Bolivia. suggesting

corded Brazil, Melinaea

marsaeus

Melinaea

egesta p. 17.

1925,

and

Godman

egesta

and

Godman Haensch,

Plate

Salvin 1898,

Salvin, 1909, p. 122.

p.

Bryk,

107. 1937,

Riley p. 477.

IV,

figure

and

62.

Gabriel,

same

this resembles territory, inhabiting indeed and may be sepa very closely menophilus menophilus on the forewing of a vestigial, rated from it only by the presence a found in most element anal spot, pattern unringed yellow the

not

Although

and The holotype in menophilus. but never present " " are and numbered 6993 Interior from of Colombia allotype 6994 in the British Museum ; the two para (Natural History) of m. flavosignata (6995, 6996) are aberration types from Peru

marsaeus

menophilus.

examined:

Specimens

"Interior"

Colombia:

marsaeus

marsaeus

Melinaea Mechanitis

Magdalena

river

valley

(Hewitson)

vol. 1860 (1852-1876), [14] 2, p. [28], pl. Hewitson, and Gabriel, 1925, p. 32. Riley 10; Amazon. 1909, p. 122. Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 26, 32. Haensch, 1948, pp. 2, 9. Fox, 1940, p. 179. Forbes, 1937, p. 475. Bates (not Hewitson), 1871, p. 34. 1862, p. 551. Kirby, maelus, II, marsaeus,

Bryk, Melinaea

2.

#,1

marsaeus

Mechanitis Melinaea

1

(B.M.),

1 8.

(Munich),

fig.

" Amazon 7008 in the from The type is a male ", number Bates' misidentification British Museum ap (Natural History). name the until Haensch (1909) recognized suppressed parently its true status. of Melinaea 19?Distribution Fig. e. e. M. M. paraiya; egina; P, O, and M. of Melinaea mnemopsis

19-23.

Figs. manuelito; Distribution

e. egina. Symbols: L, M. e. agricola. 20? ?, M. Fig. maelus. Symbols: B, M. maelus L, M. maelus mayi;

maelus cydon; J, M. brunnea; C, M. maelus purusana; S, M. mnemop madeira; M, M. maelus P, M. maelus maelus; m. maeonis. of Melinaea sis. 21?Distribution B, M. Symbols: Fig m. zamora. m. maeonis; 22?Distribution of Z, M. Fig. borealis; O, M. Melinaea p. phasiana. p. manga; Fig. P, M. Symbols: M, M. phasiana. 23?Distribution M.

m.

T, M.

of Melinaea

hicetas; J, M. m. taropotensis.

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

m.

maenius.

juruaensis;

SOC, LXXXVI.

O, M.

m. Symbols: C, M. m. maenius; P, M.

cocana; H, m. pothete;

150

THE

Brazil:

Obidos

MELINAEINI

:

examined

Specimens

TRIBE

1

(B.M.),

Teff?

9.

(B.M.),

11

Salvin

Plate

1

$,

Amazons

9.

1 9.

(B.M.), Melinaea

marsaeus

Melinaea

macaria

lombia. 1937,

macar?a

Haensch, p. 477. Fox,

and

Godman and

Godman 1909,

p.

1940,

p.

IV,

53, 54.

figures

St. Martin, Salvin, 1898, pp. 107-108; 123. Riley and Gabriel, 1925, p. 31. 179; 1942, p. 1. Forbes, 1948, p. 3.

Co Bryk,

The types are in the British Museum three (Natural History), males and two females numbered 6988-6992, all from St. Martin, a small town Colombia. This station probably is San Martino, on a tributary of the upper Rio Guaviare in Meta Province. On the Rio Putumayo, this and rileyi meet and there is some slight between in color deviations of the intergradation them, mainly An

fascia. postmedial Museum of Natural

Rio

San

mayo M.C.Z.),

Haensch, p. 476.

The

Fox, marsaeus 1948,

$,

Caqueta 3 ?, 3

9.

43

CM.), (A.M.N.H, Rio Caqueta

$,

(B.M.),

1 $. Caucay Putumayo (M.C.Z.), 1 9. Without locality (A.M.N.H,

I

9.

5

$.

Putu B.M,

rileyi

1940,

p.

rileyi pp. 2, 9.

Fox

Plate (not

pl. 179; Fox,

Bates),

33a.

Forbes,

1942, 1942,

III,

1885

p.

(1884-1888),

1927,

pp.

24,

32.

52.

figure 71,

Bryk,

30.

pl.

1937,

1, 3.

pp. p.

3;

upper

Rio

Mara?on,

Peru.

are in the American Museum of allotype are Natural in the of and paratypes Academy History the Reading and the Public Museum, of Philadelphia,

holotype

Natural

Rio 46

CM.),

Staudinger lucifer, 1909, p. 122,

Forbes,

spots.

9.

marsaeus

Melinaea

Melinaea

1 9.

(B.M.),

(A.M.N.H, 2 3,4

Melinaea

lacks the subapical

History

Rio Orteguaza, Meta (B.M.),

Rio

Martin, Villavicencio

in the American

specimen

examined:

Specimens Colombia:

aberrational

and

Sciences this collections. Cornell University (1885) mistook Staudinger error rare uncommon the not form for the very lucifer Bates and was repeated until the type of lucifer was studied. Specimens

examined:

1 9Amazonas da Ronda, (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. Amazonas Benjamin Constant, (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. 4 S, Rio Tacana, Amazonas Caucaya (A.M.N.H.), CM.), 2 S. CM.), (A.M.N.H, Colombia:

Amazonas

Isla

Loretayacu, (A.M.N.H, Putumayo

M.

RICHARD

Ecuador:

Sarayacu

Peru:

Iquitos

Mara?on 1 #,1

(A.M.N.H, 9.

B.M.),

5

Pebas ?,

2

9.

Rio Huallaga 19. (B.M.), Territory Amazonas of Peru (B.M.), Without locality (CM.),

Chambireyacu, 1 9. Yahuas

(A.M.N.H.),

1 9. 1 ?,19. Paulo

Ucayali

(B.M.)? Z.S.B.), (CM, Brazil: Sao

de

marsaeus

Melinaea

orestes

clara clara

p. 24;

Huacomayo,

$.

Quincemil 4 (A.M.N.H.),

Melinaea

Yurimaguas locality

Talbot, p. 6.

1948,

1914,

Falls

p.

IV,

figure

55.

southeastern

672,

Peru, number 6984 is in from the and a paratype

examined:

Specimens Rio

Plate

and

Rosenberg

1927,

Forbes,

from Yahuarmayo, type, a male the British Museum (Natural History), same station is in the main collection.

Brazil:

9. Without

$.

and Talbot

Rosenberg

The

1

Santiago Rio Lower

Pacaya,

$,2 1 $.

B.M.),

2 ?.

(M.C.Z.),

Melinaea

Peru:

4 1

(B.M.),

Oliven?ia

Rio

Rio

9.

1 $.

(A.M.N.H.), No Data:

Peru.

$.

1 $. (B.M.), 5 5 $, Z.S.B.), (B.M, Rio Huallaga (A.M.N.H, Rio 9 <$, 4 9. (B.M.),

Nauta

1 9-

(B.M.), 1

(B.M.),

151

FOX

(A.M.NJL), S. above

phasiana

San

(B.M.), Inca

Carabaya 1 $.

Antonio,

Rio

4 trail,

Madeira

$. Yahuarmaya Fort Union 1 $,

(B.M.),

(B.M.), to Astillera 1 9

Butler

is found in (fig. 22) : phasiana Only two subspecies are known and Mara?on Peru on the Ucyali, Huallaga, northeastern rivers, comes on the Jurua, and in eastern Ecuador; in Brazil manga of Tef?? on the Amazon. from the vicinity differs from the two closely related species, M. M. phasiana in that the forewing has the ante and M. marsaeus, maenius the marginal elements present. In of the and apical apical part M. p. phasiana these are fused into a large apical patch, while in both, the black stripe separating in manga they are separate; the postmedian fascia from the nearest pale coloring in the apex the apex is and marsaeus is quite narrow. In both maenius or only the subapical is present, series either wholly black a wide band. black the from fascia separated postmedian by Melinaea Mechanitis

phasiana

manga

maelus

(part)

[14] Mechanitis TRANS. AMER. ENT.

II, fig.

Haensch Hewitson, 6; Amazon.

SOC, LXXXVI.

1869

vol.

(1852-1876),

Butler,

1877,

p.

110.

2, p.

[27],

pl.

152

THE

Melinaea pp.

manga 24,

Haensch,

32.

1937,

Bryk,

TRIBE

1909, p. p. 475.

MELINAEINI

123 Fox,

(for Hewitson, 1940, p. 149.

I.e.).

Forbes,

1927,

not noted by Riley and Gabriel Although (1925), the type in the British Museum where I found (Natural History) pinned with two females from Teff? in the main collection. examined:

Specimens Teff?

Brazil: Melinaea

146.

Butler,

Druce,

1876,

p.

Amazon

1 9.

(B.M.), Plate

Butler

phasiana

phasiana

642.

2 9.

(B.M.),

phasiana

Melinaea

is it

1870, p. 489; 211. Hopffer,

upper 1879,

IV, Amazon.

p.

56.

figure

Kirby,

421.

Haencsh, 123, pl. 33a.

1871,

p.

1905,

p. and

1909, p. Riley 1909, p. 598. Haensch, 1937, p. 476. 1925, p. 38. Forbes, Fox, 1927, pp. 24, 32. Bryk, 1940, p. 179. Bryk, 1953, p. 27. Melinaea 1885 (1884-1888), p. 71. Haensch, 1909, lucifer divisa Staudinger, p. 122. Forbes, 1940, p. 179. Fox, 1937, p. 476. 1927, pp. 24, 32. Bryk, acraena Melinaea 1951, pp. 22, 23; pl. 4, fig. 2. dAlmeida, Moulton,

Gabriel,

The type of phasiana is a female in the British Museum " Peruvian Amazons ural History) numbered 7012, from the Berlin Museum. The types of of in divisa is type are two males in the Museu and a female Nacional, in the collection dAlmeida, all from Janeiro, and a male

Rio

Achinamiza, 1 9. (A.M.N.H.), 8.

(B.M.),7 3

1 8.

Upper

Rio (B.M.),

3 $.

Rio

(A.M.N.H., B.M.), Rio Urubamba $. 1 9. Chambireyacu (A.M.N.H.), Tapiche 2 8. Yurimaguas 1 9. Tarapoto (B.M.),

(A.M.N.H., CM.), Rio Huallaga

Hillipani

(A.M.N.H.),

Ucayali 2

8. Porto

Walter,

2. 8,2 (B.M.),7 No Data: (CM.), Melinaea

(B.M.),

?apo

Pucallpa

8.

(B.M.), Brazil:

de

the up

examined:

Specimens Ecuador: 7

Rio

Jurua.

per Rio

Peru:

(Nat ". The acraena

maenius

Upper

Rio

Jurua

(A.M.N.H.),

1

8.

Rio

Jurua

18. (Hewitson)

related species having is the third of the three closely This the complete hindmarginal bar of the forewing but lacking the three species cannot series and the anal spot. These marginal be lumped together, forms of the complex since three different are found flying together M. maenius localities. differs in many

M.

RICHARD

153

FOX

from the other two species in that the discocellular spots of the or a streak. are into not fused spot large separate, forewing is found There are six geographic subspecies (fig. 23) :maenius as is from hicetas as far the Amazon Teff?; upstream along comes from the northern Peru and eastern Ecuador; taropotensis cocana is found as far north as the Rio middle Rio Huallaga; in Colombia and as far south as the lower Rio Ucayali Caqueta is in Peru; juruaensis is from the Rio Jurua in Brazil; pothete from the Matto Grosso. Melinaea

maenius

maenius

Mechanitis

II,

260.

Kirby,

p.

Haensch,

p.

1905,

164;

pp.

24,

26, p. 6.

1948,

1909, 34.

1862,

Bates,

34.

p.

1871,

vol.

(1852-1876),

Hewitson, 7; Amazons.

fig.

Forbes, 1927, 179. Forbes,

Plate

(Hewitson) 1860

maenius

Mechanitis

Staudinger, p. 122. Riley 1937,

Bryk,

p. 1885

IV,

(1884-1888),

and pp.

1925,

Gabriel, 478-479.

57.

figure

[14]

[27], pl. 2, p. 551. Prittwitz, p.

1867, 72.

p.

31.

1940,

Fox,

p.

num The type is in the British Museum (Natural History), " ". I have seen this from sev Amazons ber 6987, a male from from near the mouth river stations eral well separated Amazon little variation. up to Teff? and there is surprisingly examined:

Specimens Brazil: (B.M.), Without

locality

Melinaea

maenius

Melinaea

hicetas

The

p.

hicetas

Godman

and

Plate

Salvin

and

Godman

IV,

figure

58.

Peru.

are six males numbered Ecuador,

from Iquitos, Peru and from the Rio in the British Museum 6997-7002 of this subspecies Distribution is in north

History). and lower eastern

Rio

?apo

(B.M.),

Chambireyacu

(B.M.), Rio

2.

18,2

(A.M.N.H.), No Data:

Ecuador.

examined:

Specimens Ecuador:

(B.M.),

1 8.

(B.M.),

1 8.

(Z.S.B.),

types

Napo, (Natural ern Peru

Peru:

Tonantins

?

(B.M.),

145;

Gabriel, 1940,

14 ?\ 3 (B.M.), 1 8. Obidos

Teff?

?".

Solimoes

Joas,

Haensch, 1879, p. 150; Iquitos, Salvin, and 1919, p. 182. Riley 1909, p. 122, .pl. 32e. Riley, 1937, p. 477. Fox, 1927, pp. 24, 33. Bryk, 1925, p. 24. Forbes, 179. dAlmeida, 1951, pp. 24, 27.

p.

1905,

11

(B.M.), Rio

Tabatinga 2 8. San

18.

Rio

(CM.),

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

1

1 8,1 3 8.

Ucayali Mara?on .8.

SOC, LXXXVI.

2. Juramaguas

(A.M.N.H., (A.M.N.H.),

B.M.), 1 8.

(B.M.), 1 ?,

1 8. 3

$.

Iquitos Pucalipa

154

THE

Melinaea

maenius

cocana

Melinaea

menophilus 122. Forbes,

1927,

p.

TRIBE

cocana

Rio

Ecuador:

Without

(B.M.),

Bryk,

59.

figure

Ecuador; Coca, p. 477. 1940, Fox,

164;

1937,

p.

1909, 179.

is found subspecies and northern Peru.

This Museum. eastern Ecuador,

locality

19. (B.M.), 1 $. Without

Melinaea

maenius

Melinaea

menophilus

(B.M.),

$. Without 1 ?, 1 9. 3 ?, 3 9.

(B.M, Z.S.B.), Rio Ucayali (M.C.Z.), locality

locality Rio

1 ?,

1 9.

1 $.

(B.M.),

Pacaya, Yahuas

Lower

Rio

Territory

19.

(M.C.Z.),

Plate

Haensch

tarapotensis

IV,

60.

figure

Amazons. 1909, p. 122; Upper tarapotensis Haensch, 1937, p. 478. Fox, 1940, p. 179. 24, 33. Bryk,

pp.

1927,

2

(B.M.),

Caqueta Loreto

Pebas,

Forbes,

p.

1903,

Haensch, 24, 33.

pp.

IV,

examined:

Specimens Colombia: Peru:

Plate

Haensch

The type is in the Berlin in eastern Colombia, upper

Ucayali

MELINAEINI

As Forbes The type is in the Berlin Museum. (1927) noted, are most of the original description is quite unrecognizable?as " new in Seitz ". I place this from ithomines the descriptions of identified in the British to be authentically material believed bar of the hindmarginal Museum Since (Natural History). al it cannot belong with menophilus, the forewing is complete, It is closest though it is indeed quite similar in a general way. fascia on the to juruaensis but has a much narrower postmedian on the under side of the hind wing the postmedian forewing and The few records at hand are series of black spots is vestigial. from the middle Specimens Peru:

examined:

Tarapoto

Melinaea

maenius

Melinaea

clara

Rio

Rio Huallaga.

Jurua.

1 ?,

(B.M.),

Forbes,

d'Almeida, 1948,

pp.

1943,

p.

in the collection is a male holotype of Brazil. State S?o Paulo, Zoology, Melinaea

maenius marsaeus

Verde,

Matto

pothete

165,

upper

figure

of

plate;

of the Department

of

dAlmeida

pothete d'Almeida, Brazil.

Grosso,

1 $.

2, 6.

The

Melinaea

(B.M.),

Huayabamba

d'Almeida

juruaensis juruaensis

2 9.

1945,

pp.

12-13,

pl.

2, figs.

1-3;

Rio

M.

RICHARD

155

FOX

The types series consists of two males and five females in the As d'Al collection of the National Rio de Janeiro. Museum, and figures show, there is a range of variation meida's discussion in the black markings of the hind wing. examined:

Specimen Brazil: Melinaea

Rio

Labrea,

Sebastopol, menophilus

Pur?s

(B.M.),

1 9.

(Hewitson)

species is distinguished by the absence of the from both the of the hind wing series margin submarginal wings, or the in at either linear the absence of being scalloped veins; the pale spot in the anal angle of the forewing; the incomplete the distal part of the bar of the forewing, with hindmarginal the that the comma mark on and fact margin being tawny; by In general

this

the forewing is connected to its marginal triangle by a black line from well and of Cui away placed running out from the middle the comma mark rather than from its top. is found (fig. 25) in southeastern Ecuador Typical menophilus the the Rio and and south Mara?on, along Santiago through Peru. M. m. zaneka is confined to a relatively restricted area in the upper Pastaza district of eastern Ecuador, almost entirely surrounded by menophilus but not overlapping it. M. m. orestes is found in east-central Peru and on the Rio Jurua, Rio Pur?s, and Rio Madeira of Brazil. Where the ranges of these subspe cies meet intermediate forms are not uncommon, while within each population there is a great deal of variation, some of it striking. Melinaea

menophilus

Mechanitis

menophilus

menophilus

Mechanitis

I, fig.

and Gabriel,

Riley Melinaea

menophilus,

72.

Haensch,

26,

32-33,

3

Plate

(Hewitson)

1855 (1852-1876), Hewitson, Grenada. (not fig. 2) ; New 1925,

figures

1, p.

Hopffer,

61, 62.

[17],

pl.

[9]

1879,

p.

119.

p. 33. 1871,

Kirby, 1903, p. 3. Bryk,

vol.

IV,

p.

1909,

163;

24.

Staudinger, 122, pl. 32e. 476-477. Fox,

p.

1885

(1884-1888),

Forbes,

p.

1927, pp. 24, 179. Forbes,

pl. 1937, pp. 1940, p. 6, 10. Bryk, 1952, p. 26. ishka Butler, 1870, p. 489; Bogota. 1871, p. 641. Kirby, Butler, and Gabriel, 1873, p. 154. Riley 1925, p. 27. Melinaea hicetas 1885 (1884-1888), p. 71. Haensch, flavosignata Staudinger, 1909, p. 122. Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 33. Ribeiro, 1931, p. 43. Bryk, 1937, p. 477. Fox, 1940, p. 179. 1948, Melinaea

pp.

Melinaea

hicetas, Staudinger 1884 (op. cit.), pl.

p. 71;

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

(not 30.

SOC, LXXXVI.

Godman

and

Salvin),

1885

(1884-1888),

156

THE

[Melinaea

TRIBE

membrosa

menophilus

MELINAEINI

Forbes,

p. 33.

1927,

Bryk,

478.]

p.

1937,

the population There is a good bit of normal variation within some The types of of this subspecies and of it has been named. a are in the British Museum (Natural History), menophilus a male and female from New Grenada numbered 6985 and 7049. The type of ishka, an absolute is in the same collec synonym, A fairly common numbered 6986. tion, a female from Bogota the yellow subapical spots happen to be pres the types of which are in the Berlin Museum. was mentioned Forbes7 membrosa in his key (1927) but not de it was intended as a reference to a previous description scribed; but neither of us (Forbes in lit.) can find it. Apparently it is an aberration where ent is flavosignata,

aberration

with Note

vestigial. Mechanitis

deceptus. examined:

Specimens Colombia: Guayabetal,

the black markings of the hind wing reduced or that figure 2 of Hewitson's (I.e.) is menophilus

Meta Guaryuriba, [Miranda] (A.M.N.H.), 6 ?, 3 CM.), (A.M.N.H., Rio

Caqueta 54 8,1 2. M.C.Z., Z.S.B.), 3 9. Villavicencio (B.M.), 6 8,7 Muzo 2. M.C.Z.),

San Rio

Peru: Ayachucho Rio Ucayali Pacaya, 1 2. ?on (B.M.), (A.M.N.H.), 1 ?,3 B.M.), maguas Brazil:

2.

(CM.,

(CM.), (B.M.), La Merced Japalecio (A.M.N.H.), 8 .

Caqueta 1 2.

zaneka 641.

1 2. 1 8,2 (B.M., (B.M.), 2 2.

(CM.),

1

8,1

M.C.Z.),

2

8.

zaneka

menophilus

Melinaea p.

8.

4 (B.M.), Amazons

1 8. (B.M.), No Data: Melinaea

5

Butler,

Staudinger, 122, pl. 32e.

2.

3 ?, Z.S.B.), Rio Orteguaza,

Putumayo Rio Meta

(B.M.),

3

CM.,

#,

(B.M.), (R.P.M.),

3

$.

Rio

CM., (A.M.N.H., 1 ?, 3 $. (B.M.), 8. Bogota (B.M.,

1

(B.M.), Without

3

(A.M.N.H.,

locality

2. Jatanyacu 1 8. Sarayacu 1 8 Coca

(A.M.N.H.), 1 8. 1 8. (Z.S.B.), (B.M.),

1 8.

(B.M.),

locality

Rio

$.

Martin,

2. B.M.),3 ?,5 Ecuador: Rio (A.M.N.H.), Santiago 1 8. 1 8. Curarai (B.M.), Aguano 1 8. Arabella Fortaleza (R.P.M.), Without

(A.M.N.H., 1 ?, 3

Butler

Tarapoto Rentema Z.S.B.),

Falls, 2

2.

18,2

2 2. Rio 8, upper Rio Mar? Rio Mara?on Upper

2. Rio

Chambireyacu 2.

Rio

3

(B.M.),

2.

Ucayali (B.M.),

Madeira

(?)

Plate

1870, p. 490; Archidona, 1885 p. 71. (1884-1888), Forbes, 1927, pp. 24, 33.

3

ishkal

[Type

IV, Ecuador.

(A.M.N.H, Jurua 2.

Kirby,

Haensch, 1903, p. and Gabriel, Riley Forbes, 1948, p. 6.

1909, p. p. 52. Bryk, Fox, 1940, p. 179. 1937, p. 478. dora Melinaea 1876 p. 120; (1872-1900), Streker, 1937, p. 478. 1909, p. 122. Bryk, Haensch,

Esmeraldas,

63.

figure

1871, 163; 1925,

Ecuador.

RICHARD

Melinaea

maculosa

zaneka

122.

1909, p. p. 478.

dor; 1937, Melinaea

zaneka pp.

1927,

157

FOX

pp. 24, 33.

1903,

Haensch,

1927, pp.

Forbes,

discurrens

24, 31.

M.

163-164;

Santa

Ribeiro,

1931,

Haensch,

122;

east

1937,

1940,

p.

Bryk,

1909, p. p. 474. Fox,

Ecua

Inez, p. 43.

Ecuador.

Bryk, Forbes,

179.

in the Ecuador type of zaneka is a male from Archidona, numbered 7060. Streker's Museum (Natural History) dora is an absolute synonym ; the type is in the Chicago Museum hav of Natural History. is the aberration maculosa Haensch's on is an the hind wing; discurrens black markings ing vestigial as a series of aberration with the hind wing borders developed The

British

teeth placed at the veins and has the distal part of the median The band present; the types of both are in the Berlin Museum. excellent series studied comes from a limited region of the upper and includes these described Pastaza district of eastern Ecuador M. m. and others as usual parts of the population. aberrations was not collected at stations where zaneka was menophilus found.

examined:

Specimens

6

1 9. 1 $, (A.M.N.H., M.C.Z.), Pastaza Rio (A.M.N.H., B.M., 3 Rio Mapota (A.M.N.H.), Francisco,

Colombia:

Without

Ecuador:

Hacienda

locality Santa

Haciendo

San

9.

$,Q

Topo

(A.M.N.H.),

U, (A.M.N.H.), tween Mera and 1

(A.M.N.H.), (A.M.N.H.), 4 #,5 9.

1

Inez,

2 $.

Between

Rio

Jondachi

Rio

Napo-Pastaza Zulay, Macas Between

9. 9.

Rio

Abitagua,

Huagrayacu 2 S, I 9.

(A.M.N.H.), Rio Puyo,

and

Blanco

[Type

locality]

Sucua,

Z.S.B.), Rio

$.

Santiago-Zamora Be 1 $.

(A.M.N.H.), 1 $.

Rio Arajuno (A.M.N.H.), and Rio Abonica, Napo-Pastaza Pastaza A.N.S.P., (A.M.N.H., CM.), 2 $. Hacienda Rio Topo Mascota,

2 $, 1 9. Pastaza (A.M.N.H., CM.), 4 ?, 1 9. Rio Margajitas la Palmar, Rio Pastaza (A.M.N.H.), 1 9. 2 9. Zamora (A.M.N.H.), Zumbi, Santiago-Zamora (A.M.N.H.), 2 $. Maysico, Rio Nangarico, (A.M.N.H.), Santiago-Zamora (A.M.N.H.), 1 $. 1 $. Rio 1 $,l Canelos 9. Sarayacu (B.M.), (B.M.), Alpayacu,

(A.N.S.P.), Hacienda

Pastaza (CM.), 6^,1?. Peru:

2 (B.M.), 1 ?, 1 9.

$.

Rentema

Falls,

Vicinity Without

of Ambato locality

upper

1 9. locality (B.M.), Erroneous Data: Balzabamba,

Rio

(B.M.),

(A.M.N.H., Mara?on

Rio

9?,3$. A.N.S.P., (doubtful)

B.M.,

(B.M.),

Without

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

SOC, LXXXVI.

western

Ecuador

(B.M.),

1 9.

Topo

M.C.Z.), 1

S.

158

TRIBE

THE

Melinaea

orestes

menophilus

MELINAEINI

Plate

Salvin

V,

figures

64,

65.

orestes

Peru. 1877, p. 697. Salvin, 1871, p. 412; Pozuzo, Kirby, 1885 p. 71. Weymer, 1876, p. 211. Staudinger, (1884-1888), 1909, p. 598. Haensch, Riley 1909, pp. 122-123. 1892, p. 119. Moulton, and Gabriel, 1925, p. 37. 1927, pp. 24, 32, pl. 3. Fox, 1940, Forbes, p. 179.

Melinaea

Druce,

Melinaea

chincha Druce, 1876, p. 211, pl. 17, fig. 3; Pozuzo, p. 697. Haensch, 1905, p. 143; 1909, p. 122. Riley 1927, pp. 24, 34. Bryk, 1925, p. 12. Forbes, 1937, p. 479. 179. Forbes, 1948, p. 6.

1877,

Melinaea

magnifica pp.

1927,

24,

Haensch, 33.

Bryk,

1905, 1937,

p.

145*

Peru;

1909,

p.

Peru.

Kirby,

and

Gabriel,

Fox,

1940,

122.

Forbes,

p.

p. 478.

from Pozuzo, Peru, is numbered type of orestes, a male The type of in the British Museum (Natural History). is from the same locality and is synonym, chincha^ an absolute an 6983. in the same collection, numbered of magnifica, Types are the in Berlin Museum. aberration, The

6982

examined:

Specimens Peru:

1 8. Rio Urubamba 18. (A.M.N.H.), (A.M.N.H.), 1 #,1 La Union, 3 8. $. Juramaguas (B.M.), (B.M.), near Carabaya 2 8. 1 8. Puerto Maldonado (B.M.), (Z.S.B.), 3 8. (Z.S.B.), locality Rio Pur?s 6 8,2 Jurua Rio 2. B.M.), (A.M.N.H., Senna,

Pucallpa

Hillapani Huacamayo Without Brazil:

1 8. (B.M.), Rio Madeira No

Data:

Erroneous

Falls (B.M.), (CM.), Data:

mothone

Melinaea

above

San Antonio,

Madeira

Rio

(B.M.),

4 8

Abuna,

1 8. 1 8. Rio

?apo

(B.M.),

2

2.

(Hewitson)

used for separating characters species By mothone could well be a part of in to this this up study, point it But because these two are widely sympatric monophilus. are the mothone series seems evident that if they conspecific of the menophilus series. Such a con must consist of aberrations all

the

taxonomic

the penises of to me. clusion appears unreasonable Furthermore, are to mothone and of messenina longer in proportion definitely and allies. than is the case in menophilus the tegumen-uncus the two is that The most useful external character for separating cell entirely have the hind wing both mothone and messenina localities indicates black. A study of a good series from various that while the comma spot in this species in connected by a line

RICHARD

M.

159

FOX

rather than running from its middle the comma mark itself sometimes

from its top (as in comma), crosses Cui and sometimes

not.

does

Two subspecies are known from the tribu (fig. 26) :messenina of Brazil taries of the Rio Negro and Colombia, and mothone from the Rio Putumayo south through Ecuador and ranging comma isocomma Peru into Bolivia. M. is closely similar to and

messenina

like

comma

M.

are

forms

simulator

resembles

mothone.

Many

to be

found in Mechanitis, Hy Hypothyris, and Oleria in the Ithomiinae, and still more butterflies to other families have the same pattern.

poscada, belonging Melinaea

mothone

Melinaea

messenina

messenina

Colombia.

11;

Bogota, 1909, p. 122.

p. 6.

Felder and

Felder

1927, pp. p. 26.

Forbes,

Bryk,

1953,

1865

Felder,

Kirby,

Felder

and

Plate

(1864-1867),

V,

figure

p. 356,

1871, p. 24. Haensch, 24, 33. Bryk, 1937, p. 478.

pl.

66.

45, fig. p.

1903,

164;

Forbes,

1948,

are in the British Museum (Natural types of messenina collection. through the Rothschild for this sub Very few authentic locality records are available seen are old and bear gen all the specimens species. Nearly It may have a wider range in Colombia eralized labels. than is The

History)

indicated

by the map examined:

Specimens Colombia: Rio

Bogot?

Papamene

1 9. Brazil:

(Z.S.B.),

Upper (?)

Goyaz Melinaea

Rio

(B.M.), mothone

Mechanitis

(fig. 26).

(A.M.N.H., 1 $.

Negro (B.M.), 1 $. Without mothone

mothone

B.M., Without

8

M.C.Z.),

1 9.

locality Surumucu

locality

S,

13

(A.M.N.H., (B.M.), 1 9.

(B.M.),

Plate

(Hewitson) 1860

Rio

9.

Tigre, 2 $,

CM.), 1 9.

V,

Jatahy,

figure

vol.

67. [15]

(1852-1876), 2, p. [30], pl. Grenada. 14; New 1871, p. 24. Kirby, Druce, 1885 (1884-1888), pp. 63, 68. 1876, p. 208. Staudinger, Melinaea Butler, 1873, p. 76. Weymer, mothone, 1890, p. 76. Haase, 1893, p. 52. Thieme, 1899, p. (16). 1903, p. 165. Moulton, Haensch, 1909, pp. 599, 600, pl. 33, fig. 2. Haensch, 1909, p. 122, pl. 32e. Kremky, Mechanitis

1925,

p.

1940, Melinaea

p.

1925,

p.

Hewitson,

III,

198. 179.

fig.

Forbes, Bryk,

1927, 1953,

pp.

Salvin, 1871, p. cydippe 15. Bryk, 1937, p. 479.

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

24,

33,

34.

Bryk,

1937,

p.

479.

Fox,

p. 27.

SOC, LXXXVI.

412;

north

Peru.

Riley

and

Gabriel,

160

THE

X

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

RICHARD

M.

161

FOX

should be in the British Museum (Natural History) be found. Hewitson's figure of his type does not differences which would conclusively clearly show the venational of the comma but the arrangement place the name inMelinaea, are much more Melinaea-like spot and other black markings The type cannot

but

an absolute than Mechanitis-l?ke. The type of cydippe, syno 7010 in the British from north Peru, number nym, is a male Museum (Natural History). examined:

Specimens Colombia:

2 8. Rio Putumayo (A.M.N.H.), 1 8,1 2 ?". Cururai 2. (B.M.), (B.M.), 2 8. La Zulay, Pastaza Rio (B.M.), Alpayacu,

Caucaya, Cuenca

Ecuador: (B.M.),

1 8.

(CM.),

18.

Rio

(A.M.N.H.), 1 8 (A.M.N.H.),

Upano 1 2.

1

8.

. Hacienda

1 8. Arajuno (A.M.N.H.), 4 8, 1 2. Rio Margajitas

Rio

(A.N.S.P.), ago-Zamora 3

M.C.Z.), Peru:

(A.M.N.H., CM.), and Rio Rio Macas Abonica, Rio Mopoto San Francisco, (A.M.N.H.),

Napo-Pastaza Between

Puyo,

Huagrayacu

?,

La

Rio

Union,

Moyabamba

2

(A.M.N.H.), 3 $.

2 8. (B.M.), Tarapota 1 8. Tingo Maria (A.M.N.H.), Rio Mara?on 3 (A.M.N.H.),

Upper

(A.M.N.H., Bolivia: 1 8. 1 2. of

2 2. CM.), Rio Yacapani

Coroico

(B.M.),

Cochabamba

Cochabamba

M.

Figs. m.

Fig.

(B.M.),

locality

Jatahy, 24-28.

(CM.), 1 2. San

(M.C.Z.), San Carlos

1 2. Foliart), 1 2. Without Brazil:

Without

2 2

1 8.

(M.C.Z.),

8 days

north

de (Collection Chapare 1 9. Yungas (Z.S.B.),

Mayu,

Sarampiuni 2 2.

Ayachucho

CM.,

(Z.S.B.),

(B.M.),

Goyaz

(doubtful)

24?Distribution Fig. m. marsaeus; M. of Melinaea

m. O, M. mothone.

Jacinto Cristal

la Mar,

3 ?, 2 $. Z.S.B.), Sara $. Buenavista, (CM.), 1 2. Chairo (B.M.), (B.M.),

(B.M.,

locality 4 #,1

2.

B.M.,

2 8,1 $. (B.M.), 1 8. Perene (B.M.), 2 8. Pozuzo (A.M.N.H.), 3 8. Cuzco (A.M.N.H.),

(B.M.),

Cusillumi

Topo Santi

Carabaya Rio

2.

Quincemil, Candarlara 8.

2.

clara; M, 25?Distribution

philus; Melinaea

(A.M.N.H.,

locality

2

8,

Chanchamaya 18.

la Mascota, Rio 1 2. Zumbi,

(A.M.N.H.),

near 3

B.M.),

Hacienda

Without

2.

Huacamayo

(A.M.N.H.,

Sarayacu, Rio Puyo 10 8.

orestes;

Z, M.

(B.M.),

2

8.

marsaeus.

of Melinaea R,

M.

m.

menophilus. m. zaneka.

m. Symbols: A, M. comma. of Melinaea

Symbols: C, m. macaria.

rileyi;

O, M.

Symbols:

N, M. m. 26?Distribution

mothone;

Fig.

O, M. C, M.

m.

meno of

messenina.

c. comma; 27?Distribution Fig. Symbols: M, c. simulator; c. isocomma. M. of Melinaea thera S, M. Fig. 28?Distribution and M. t. eratos I. eryx; L, M. 1. lucifer; lucifer. Symbols: E, M. O, M. t. thera; Z, M. I. lutzi. thenes; T, M. trans,

amer.

ent.

soc,

lxxxvi.

162

THE

comma

Melinaea

MELINAEINI

Forbes

subspecies now are known with distribution (fig. 28) as c. isocomma M. of the Rio is found in the valleys and Rio Waupes in Colombian of the Rio Negro Ama

Three follows: Caqueta

c.

M.

zons;

TRIBE

comma

comes

simulator

from

Peru.

central

the forewing

eastern

from The

structure

and

Eucador of

the

comma

c.

M.

on

mark

is distinctive.

Melinaea

comma

Melinaea

isocomma

isocomma

Forbes 1948,

Forbes,

Plate pp.

6-8,

10;

V, pl.

1, fig.

2;

68.

figure upper

Rio

Colombia.

Negro,

collection. In describing type is in the Cornell University from a single specimen, Forbes it, on morphologic thought to be a different I have since species from comma. grounds, of both, and the range of individual found additional specimens in pattern and in the legs connects the extremes and variation into the same species. admits them comfortably The

this

examined:

Specimens Colombia: (B.M.), (A.M.N.H., Melinaea Melinaea

Rio

Upper

1 $.

Bogota B.M.),

comma mothone,

Negro

(B.M.), 2

1 $. 1 $, Rio (B.M., C.U.), 1 $. Muzo 1 $. Without (Z.S.B.),

Caqueta locality

$.

simulator Moulton,

new 1909,

Plate

subspecies pl.

33, fig.

V,

figure

69.

1.

(1948) noted that the specimen figured by Moulton an comma but not hav additional be of (1909) might subspecies name seen not did it. specimens Meanwhile, twenty-one ing re have come to hand from eastern Ecuador. specimens They in size semble M. mothone in and From very closely coloring. Forbes

as follows: the comma mark simulator is distinguished mothone, on the forewing is formed as a strong hook connected by a thick black line lying very close to Cui and leading always to the top the comma mark of the comma; in mothone is round or at most and the black line connecting it to the only lightly hook-shaped, leads to its center and is placed well away marginal triangle in the middle from Cui, generally about of the cell. On the under side simulator has the black patch of the hind wing com pletely covering the end of the cell, not even the discocellular

M.

RICHARD

163

FOX

veins being tawny, and only a small patch of tawny present at the apex of the wing; the black patch is broken so in mothone that there is some tawny in the end of the cell, sometimes in the but at least the discocellular and M2-M3, veins bases of Mi-M2 even are scaled with in the The darkest individuals. tawny humeral has angle of the hind wing on the under side always some yellow simulator often in this is and bright scaling present it always in mothone is tawny red. yellow; from Puyo, Oriente Ecuador; male Type material.?Holotype 1000 meters; Allo (CM.). 1950; W. C. Maclntyre February 1000 meters; type female from Puyo, Napo-Pastaza, Ecuador; (CM.). 1946; W. C. Maclntyre May Peru $ , upper Rio Mara?on, Paratypes.?2 (probably Napo December Pastaza, (A.M.N.H.). Ecuador); 2, 1929; Bassler 1 S , 1 9 ,Hacienda San Francisco, Rio Mapoto, dis Pastaza 1300 meters; F. M. and H. H. Brown trict, Ecuador; (A.M.N.H.). 1 ?, Puyo, Oriente Ecuador; W. C Maclntyre Abi (CM.). November 2 and June tagua, Ecuador; (A.M.N.H.). $, Rio 1 Ecuador Jatan Ecuador (A.M.N.H.). Pastaza, $, Yacu, near Archidona, Jondachi, Napo-Pas 1 Santa (A.M.N.H.). $, Hacienda Inez, Rio F. M. and H. H. Brown Ecuador; March; (A.M.N.H.).

(A.M.N.H.). taza, Ecuador

1 $, Rio

Pastaza, 2 $ ,Rio Topo, Pastaza, F. M. and H. H. Ecuador; November; Brown 1 Rio $ Mac , (A.M.N.H.). Anzu, Ecuador; December; 1 S , Puyo, Napo-Pastaza, 1000 (A.M.N.H.). lntyre Ecuador; F. M. and H. H. Brown. 2 $, Jatahy, meters; December; Goyaz, Pozul, [Brazil]; 1898; from Oberth?r collection; [lo 1 Rio Napo, (B.M.). cality wrong] S, Archidona, Ecuador; 1857 1 $, Environs de Loja; from (B.M.). March-April, collection 1 Mera to $ , (B.M.). Dognin Zulay, Napo-Pastaza, 1100 meters; F. M. and H. H. Brown Ecuador; December; collection).

1

Melinaea

comma

Forbes

Melinaea

comma

(Brown

Santa

?,

Inez,

Ecuador;

R. Haensch

(Z.S.B.).

lowest 1940,

The

figure; p. 179.

type

comma Forbes,

1927,

Chanchamayo Forbes,

1948,

Plate pp.

district, p. 8.

is in the Cornell

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

24,

SOC, LXXXVI.

25,

V,

34-35, Peru.

University

pl.

2, upper

Bryk,

collection.

1937,

70.

figure

figure, p. 470.

pl.

3,

Fox,

164

THE

TRIBE

MELINAEINI

Peruvian similar to meno is closely subspecies it in collections, is mixed with just as simu philus and usually In lator is mixed with mothone and isocomma with messenina. serves to separate of the comma mark each case the formation the comma series. The most northerly record seen is from the central

This

examined:

Specimens Ecuador

Macas

(doubtful): 1 8,

(B.M.), Peru:

2.

Melinaea

1

(R.P.M.),

La Merced,

2.

Rio

Pastaza

1 2.

Chanchamayo

2 8,2 1 8.

of Ecuador.

district

Santiago-Zamora

(CM.),

Satipo

thera

5 (B.M., CU., U.S.N.M.), 1 2. Hacienda Mosela,

and

Felder

?\

2 Rio

Perene

$.

(B.M.),

Oxabama

(Z.S.B.),

Felder

The two subspecies are easily recognized by the series of large round yellow or white the veins on spots placed singly between both sides of both wings. Above M3 of the forewing these spots are the subapical are the series; the others probably obviously same series displaced M. t. thera is from southeastern distad. t. M. from French Guiana. Both Brazil eratosthenes is (fig. 28) ; are known only from a very few specimens are and apparently rare.

quite Melinaea

thera

thera

Felder

Melinaea

thera

Felder

and

cited.

tory), Forbes

Felder

Plate

1865

Felder,

(1864-1867),

p.

V,

figure no

354;

1871, p. 35. Haase, 1893, p. 51. Haensch, Kirby, and Gabriel, 1927, p. 28. Bryk, 1925, p. 47. Forbes,

Riley

The

and

71.

1909,

locality p. 124.

1937,

p. 480.

in the British Museum (Natural His round The spots led big marginal locality.

type is number a male without

6980

be Hypothyris; (1927) to suppose this might in the the venation British Museum have specimens

the three and tufting

of Melinaea. examined:

Specimens Brazil: No

Data:

(B.M.),

Melinaea

thera

Melinaea

eratosthenes

Bryk, pp.

1937, 2, 3, 9,

de

Rio

Itabapoana,

Janeiro

(B.M.),

2 8.

1 8.

eratosthenes

p. 471. 10.

Hall, Fox,

Hall 1935,

Plate pp.

1940,

p.

V,

figure

72.

Guiana. 226-227, pl. 6, fig. 5; French 179. 1942, pp. 26-27; 1948, Forbes,

RICHARD

M.

165

FOX

The type in the British Museum is a male (Natural History) the only other specimen known from French Guiana. Apparently on the Rio from Akuriman is the male Forbes (1942) mentions in Bolivar, Venezuela. Caroni examined:

Specimen French

Guiana: lucifer

Melinaea

Without

locality

1 S.

(B.M.),

Bates

now

are known (fig. and Peru, Mara?on in Peru and eryx from the Rio The species retains the round single spots in the mar Jurua. above Cu2 but has lost the entire series on the ginal position hind wing. M. from the same stock derives lucifer apparently as M. there thera. On distributional would be little ob grounds a as to the two jection combining single species, but the pattern in lucifer is strongly modified. Three

of this unusual species from the upper Amazon

subspecies lucifer comes from the Rio

28). lutzi

Melinaea

lucifer

lucifer

Melinaea

Bates

lucifer Bates, 1925, p. 32. Gabriel, 1. Forbes, 1948, pp.

The bered name, and

in Brazil

Plate

V,

1862, p. 551 ; Sao

upper Amazons. Paulo, (part). 1937, p. 476 Fox, 1942,

Bryk, 2, 9.

73.

figure

and

Riley pp.

1-3, fig.

num (Natural History) type is in the British Museum 7009. the misidentified (1885 (1884-1888)) Staudinger a mistake in which he was followed by Haensch (1909)

others.

examined:

Specimens Brazil: Peru:

Sao

de Oliven?ia 1 $.

Paulo

Pebas

(B.M.),

Melinaea

lucifer

lutzi

Melinaea

lucifer

lutzi

Forbes,

The

type,

1948, pp.

a male,

Fox Fox, 2, 3.

2

(B.M.),

S.

Plate 1942,

pp.

1-3,

is in the American

V, fig.

Museum

tory.

Specimens Peru: Ecuador:

examined: Rio

Upper Without

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

Mara?on locality

(A.M.N.H.), 1 $.

(B.M.),

SOC, LXXXVI.

2;

1 $.

upper

Rio

figure Mara?on.

of Natural

His

74.

166

THE

Melinaea

lucifer

Melinaea

hicetas

Jurua,

TRIBE

eryx

d'Almeida

eryx

d'Almeida,

MELINAEINI

pp.

1951,

24,

Rio

1; upper

3, fig.

25, pl.

Brazil.

Acre,

a male The type is in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, from the upper Rio Jurua, and the only specimen known thus far. Supplemental

Bibliography

Note: citations listed Bibliographic here. See Fox, repeated 1956, Bulletin 111: 71-76, for references in the cited dAlmeida, Mus.

R.

Ferreira.

Nac.

Brasil, 1929.

R. Bargmann, Berg, Carlos. cinco

1956. no.

text

Notas

are

this Monograph Natural

Museum not

but

entered

sinon?micas

not

History,

below.

sobre

1-18, figs. 1-21. exotische falter. Ent.

Communicaciones

Anz.

Lepidopterol?gicas An. Mus. Nac.

Sudamericanos.

R?paloceros

I of

American

Ithomiidae.

Bol.

143:

Neue

1897.

in Part

9: 32-38. Wien, acerca de veinti Buenos

5:

Aires,

233-261. Jean. 1870. Boisduval, a M. Guatemala de

sur des

Considerations TOrza.

L?pidopt?res 1-100. pages the Lepidoptera of

Rennes, 1877. On

Arthur Gardiner. Butler, collected James W. H. by Trail, Esq., Trans. 25: 105-156, Ent. Soc. London, pl. Herbert. 1876. of the butterflies List Druce, of new

Proc. species. William T. M.

Forbes, Guiana. Fox,

Richard

Godman,

London, on Note

1942.

M. Bull.

F.

du Cane

American

Mus.

Nat.

History, 1880. Salvin.

and Osbert

collected in the Sierra doptera the vicinity. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1899.

Richard.

Zeitschr., Arthur. Hall, mologist, Johann Herbst, l?ndischen

1873-1875.

205-253, butterflies

descriptions pis. 17, 18. of Venezuelan

Ent.

I.

Haensch,

Amazons,

with

1876: the

the

years

of Peru,

Soc.

1: 25-36. Venezolana, A monograph 1956. of the

Bol.

Part

Zool.

the

during 3.

du

envoy?es

Nevada London,

(Observations

Ithomiidae 111: A

of Santa

1790.

F. W.

and

aller

Natursystem

Schmetterlinge.

Marta,

Colombia, 28: 119-132, pis. 3-4. in a meeting.) Berliner

1898: (5)-(6). 44, Sitzber. 1935. New forms of Nymphalinae 68: 221-227, pl. 68.

Insecten;

(Lepidoptera). 9 pis.

1-76, figs. 1-75, list of the diurnal

Berlin,

Ithomiinae. in- und

bekannten Pauli,

vol.

4, pages

Lepi and Ent. Ento aus 1-208,

pis. 53-80. neuvos 1924. de Mexico. C. Rev. Mexi Hoffmann, Carlos, Lepid?pteros cana Biol., 4 figs. 4: 69-73, A catalogue William J. of the trinidad 1921. Rho Kaye, Lepidoptera 1 pl. Mem. and Tobago, 2: 1-163, Dept. Agr. Trinidad palocera. -.

1925a.

and Heterocera.

New Trans.

species Ent.

and

subspecies

Soc.

London,

of Trinidad 72:

413-427,

Rhopalocera 45.

pl.

RICHARD

-.

The

1925b.

Linn,

and M.

crameri

Boas.

1763.

type of the Godman.

FOX

M.

butterflies

Ithomiine Proc.

167

Ent.

Soc.

mneme

Melinaea

1925:

London,

xxii

xxiii. Johansson,

Amoenitatas

1749-1785, Carl Linn?,

von.

1764.

-.

.... Naturae,

Linn?,

...

in quo

Ulricae

pages

Stockholm, ed. xii.

von

1-720.

i-vi,

vol.

Stockholm,

1, part

2,

755-756.

pages

Benno.

Heinrich

M?schler, von

volume 6. Academiae, S. R. M. Ludovicae Museum

rariora, Exotica 1767. Systema

Animalia

. . . in Carl

insectorum

Centuria

Prittwitz, 257-277.

von.

0.

1867.

Reginald

Punnett,

pages Tyron.

land, Reakirt,

1876.

zoo.-bot.

Verh.

Surinam.

Wien,

1916. Mimicry 14 pis. 1-188, of 1866. Descriptions

Proc. Ent. Soc. doptera. de Miranda. Victor Ribeiro,

Schmetterlings-Fauna 293-352.

26:

Ent.

Lepidopterlogisches.

C.

i-vi,

zur

Beitr?ge

Gesell.

Zeit.

in Butterflies.

28:

Stettin,

Cambridge,

Eng

some new of diurnal species 18: 238-249, 331-342. Philadelphia, de Matto Grosso. 1931. Lepid?pteros

Lepi Bol.

7: 31-52. Janeiro, new Rhopalocera from Brazil collected 1919. Some D. Rile by 52: 181-186, 200-202. E. H. W. Wickham, Entomologist, Esq. Talbot. 1914. New South Ameri and George William F. H. Rosenberg, can butterflies. 61: 671-682. Trans. Soc. London, Ent. Mus.

Rio

Nac, y, Norman

de

Osbert.

Salvin,

W.

J. Burchell

323, pl. 6. Hans. Stichel, Sitsb.: (17). Herman. Strecker, oceres, tions.

of butterflies of new species Descriptions 412-416. Ann. Mag. Nat. (4)7: Hist., collected On the Lepidoptera 1904. Rhopalocera 1825-1830. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., in Brazil, (7)13:

from

1871.

America. tropical B. Cora Sanders,

1901.

(Comment 1872-1900. and

indigenous

exotic;

on mimicry.)

Berliner

Ent.

46

Zeit.,

and

Rhopaloceres Lepidoptera, with and descriptions

by 305

colored

Heter illustra

143 pages, 15 plates. Pennsylvania, privately printed, 12 pp.; II 11 pp.; Supplement Supple (1898), (1899), ment 38 pp. III (1900), abzekurzte der Dr. Sulzers Geshichte 1776. Heinrich. Johann Sulzer, illustrated. Insecten nach dem Linnaeischen System. Winterth?r, Reading, I Supplement

1899. Otto. Thieme, Sitzber.: (12). Weymer, 36:

Gustav.

(Remarks

1-51, Josef

pis. 1, 2. Franz.

pilionidae, furt, 54:

Pieridae,

20: Zikan,

Exotische

1875.

pis. 1, 2. 368-385, -. Exotische 1907.

19-24,

on mimicry.)

Danaidae,

SOC, LXXXVI.

Deutische

Beschreibungen und Satyridae.

205-208 154-159, 147-151, 107-111 269-278, 81-84, (1941),

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

Ent.

Lepidopteren.

Lepidopteren.

1940-1942.

Berliner

Ent.

Zeitschr. Ent.

neuer Ent.

249-254 (1940), 35 figs. (1942).

44

Zeitschr.,

Stettin,

Zeitschr.

Iris,

Pa neotropischer Frank Zeitschr. (1941);

55:

13-16,

168

tribe

THE

melinaeini

of

Explanation Plate Fig.

mneme

29.?Melinaea Guiana

Fig.

31.?Melinaea 32.?Melinaea

Fig.

33.?Melinaea

typical

Mano

male,

French

River,

ab. mauensis

male,

Weymer,

British

Kurupung,

(CM.). lilis imitata

Bates,

Sixola

male,

lilis

parallelis Butler, from Panama probably Ulis ezra Fox, female,

error,

Colombia Fig.

(Johansson),

mneme,

Guiana Fig.

II

(CM.).

30.?Melinaea

Fig.

Figures

male,

Costa Rica (CM.). River, " " Rica in Costa Sixola,

(CM.). Marta

Santa

Cincinnati,

range,

(CM.).

34.?Melinaea

lilis

lilis Doubleday

lilis

sola

and

Hewitson,

female,

Venezuela

Sucre,

Venezuela

(CM.). Fig.

35.?Melinaea

Cumanacoa,

female,

Kaye,

(CM.). Fig. Fig.

lilis messatis (Hewitson), of Tunja, of Boyaca, Department ethra 37.?Melinaea (Latreille), female,

female, Rio Colombia

36.?Melinaea

Opon de

Rio

Gavea,

north

region,

(CM.). Brazil

Janeiro,

(A.M.N.H.). Fig.

38.?Melinaea

Fig.

39.?Melinaea

Fig.

40.?Melinaea

ince

scylax satevis del

Sara, satevis

ish Guiana

Salvin, satevis Bolivia

(Doubleday (CM.).

crameri

Godman

41.?Melinaea

Fig.

Island, 42;?Melinaea

idae

and

(Felder

Canal

Zone

vespertina Fox, western Los Rios,

43.?Melinaea

Salvin,

male,

Brit

Azemu,

III

idae

egina

Brazil Fig.

idae

Panama

Provincia Fig.

and

(A.M.N.H.). Plate

Fig.

San Mateo, Rica Costa (CM.). and Hewitson), Prov male,

female,

egina

Felder),

female,

Barro

Colorado

(CM.). holotype Ecuador

(Cramer),

male,

Playas

de Montalvo,

(A.M.N.H.).

male,

Rio

Hyatanahan,

Pur?s,

(CM.).

44.?Melinaea

egina

paraiya

Reakirt,

female,

Brazil

Pernambuco,

(M.C.Z.). Fig.

45.?Melinaea

Fig.

46.?Melinaea

Fig.

47.?Melinaea

Province Berg, male, mnemopsis maelus madeira Moulton, male, maelus purusana Riley, male,

Brazil Fig.

Fig.

Hyatanahan,

Bolivia

(CM.).

(M.C.Z.). Rio

Pur?s,

brunnea Bocea de Acre, Riley, holotype female, Brazil (B.M.). Pur?s, and Salvin, middle maelus Rio 49.?Melinaea cydon Godman female, Peru (A.M.N.H.). Mara?on, maelus lower Rio maelus 50.?Melinaea (Hewitson), Putumayo, male,

48.?Melinaea

upper

Fig.

(CM.). maelus

del Sara, Amazonas

Rio

Amazonas,

Colombia

(CM.).

RICHARD

Fig.

51.?Melinaea

Fig.

Io N, 52.?Melinaea

M.

maeonis

Hewitson,

75? W, Colombia marsaeus rileyi

(A.M.N.H.).

maeonis

169

FOX

male,

Fox,

male,

Rio

Orteguaza,

near

upper

Rio

Mara?on,

Peru

(A.M.N.H.). Plate marsaeus

Fig.

53.?Melinaea

Fig.

guaza, 54.?Melinaea Rio

macaria

Colombia

Godman

marsaeus

macaria

Salvin,

male,

Rio

Orte

Salvin,

aberrational

male,

paratype

male,

Walter,

upper

(A.M.N.H.).

clara

Fig.

southeastern Yahuarmayo, 56.?Melinaea phasiana phasiana 57.?Melinaea

and

Godman

Colombia

Orteguaza, marsaeus

55.?Melinaea

Fig.

and

(A.M.N.H.).

Fig.

Rio

IV

and

Rosenberg Peru

Talbot,

(B.M.).

Butler,

Porto

male,

(A.M.N.H.). Jurua, Brazil maenius maenius (Hewitson),

Rio

male,

Peru

Ucayali,

(M.C.Z.). Fig.

58.?Melinaea

maenius Peru

Fig.

Iquitos, 59.?Melinaea

maenius

Fig.

60.?Melinaea

maenius

Fig.

(B.M.). 61.?Melinaea

Fig.

Beni, 62.?Melinaea

and

Haensch,

of Colombia

F. M.

(M.C.Z.). Tarapoto,

Peru

Butler,

female, eastern

district,

Napo-Pastaza

trail

between

Ecuador

Mera

(collection

Brown). Plate

64.?Melinaea

Fig.

Peru female,

(B.M.). zaneka

menophilus Zulay,

holotype

female,

Haensch,

male,

Salvin,

Sani (Hewitson), menophilus typical female, Peru F. M. Brown). (Collection and Godman egesta holotype male, Salvin,

marsaeus

63.?Melinaea

and

Godman

tarapotensis

menophilus northeastern

Interior Fig.

hicetas (B.M.). cocana

V

orestes

menophilus

male

Salvin,

holotype,

Peru

Pozuzo,

(B.M.). orestes menophilus Peru (A.M.N.H.). Pucallpa, mothone messenina 66.?Melinaea

65.?Melinaea

Fig. Fig.

Colombia 67.?Melinaea

Fig.

Mar, 68.?Melinaea

Ayachucho, comma

isocomma

Fig.

69.?Melinaea

comma

simulator

between dor Fig.

70.?Melinaea

Fig.

71.?Melinaea

thera

trans,

amer.

ent.

de soc,

Peru

and

Mera

(collection comma

ana, Rio

Felder

(M.C.Z.). mothone mothone

Fig.

(Hewitson),

Janeiro,

Felder, female,

Haensch,

female,

Bogota, La

Candalara

Colombia Forbes, male, new male subspecies, Napo-Pastaza

district,

(A.M.N.H.). paratype, eastern

trail Ecua

Brown).

comma thera

and

of ab. magnifica

(A.M.N.H.).

Zulay,

F. M.

male

Salvin,

Forbes, and Felder Brazil

LXXXVI.

female, Felder,

(B.M.).

Peru Satipo, male holotype,

(CM.). Itabapo

170

the

thera

72.?Melinaea

Fig.

tribe

melinaeini

eratosthenes

male

Hall,

French

holotype,

Guinea

(B.M.). Fig.

73.?Melinaea

Fig.

ven?ia, 74.?Melinaea

lucifer lucifer Brazil (B.M.). lutzi

lucifer

Peru

Bates,

male

male

Fox,

S?o

holotype,

Rio

upper

holotype,

de

Paulo

Oli

Mara?on,

(A.M.N.H.). Addendum

the kindness

Through Ithomiidae

from

the of the curator, Dr. Walter Forster, des Bayerischen Zoologische Sammlung were sent me for study, but Germany,

the

Staates, Munich, West were received too late to include interesting material represented, collection are presented below.

British Rio col.), M.

1 2 ; no locality, 1 8. Surinam: Paramirabo, Demarra, 3 ?, 2 $ ;Manicore, 18,12; Tara, Rio Tapojos, Teff?, " " 1 8 ; Amazons 1 2 ; Obidos, 2 8,2 2 ;Manaos, (Fassl 1 Colombia 2. $. (doubtful):

Madeira, 26 8,17 lilis

flavicans 1 2.

Mexico: Cordoba,

1

: 1 8 (error) zuela: Maracay,

: 1

messatis.

M.l.

8.

8.

Panama:

I. parallelis. 2

1 2; Jalapa, Honduras

imitata.

M.l. Guatemala

8. ' . M.

1 8; Oaxaca, Colombia 2.

Palamaros, : 3 8,1 18.

Matachin, Colombia:

M.l.

1 8,2

Vene

Ulis.

2.

ethra

M.

Brazil M.

: Santa

2 8,2

Catharina,

2.

scylax Panama:

Chiriqui,

satevis

M.

Bolivia locality, idae

M.

Ecuador Colombia

2

Rio

:Muzo, (error):

1 8 Palmar,

M.

egina

2

8

San

; Sarampiuni,

Carlos,

1 8,1

; no

2

idae

(error): Muzo, 1 8 ; San Mateo,

egina

2

Chipiri,

1 8.

meraldas,

Brazil:

2.

8,1

satevis : upper

Colombia

2

for the Munich

Guiana: Brazil:

8.

of the

Because

mneme

Melinaea

4

in this paper. records

locality

Belem,

;Manaos,

;Magdalena Ecuador W. 1 8.

river

valley,

(Haensch), Ecuador: Santa

Esmeraldas,

1 $; Obidos, 2 Para, 1 2 ; Teff?, 1 8 ; Amazonas

2

$

8;

1 8.

No

1 8-

M.

Domingo 1 8

; Palmar,

Itaituba, (Fassl),

1 8. locality, i. vespertina. Es

Colorados, ; Bucay,

Rio

Tapajoz,

19 ?,10

2.

1 8.

6 Bolivia:

8,

M.

RICHARD

2

Guayamerin, 2 $. M.

Brazil:

2

$.

$,2

Guiana

(error):

mnemopsis : Santa

Bolivia M.

maelus Brazil: m.

M. M.

madeira

maeonis

No M.

Orinoco 1

(Haensch), Pto. Peru:

1 $.

mothone

Bolivia comma

M.

Colombia male, Mosela,

1 valley, m. macaria.

$.

cocana.

Peru:

Pebas,

1 $.

m.

M.

Ecuador:

rileyi. 1 S.

Peru:

Juri

m.

M.

1 S.

menophilus

1 $ ;Mocoa, 1 $ ; Source Rio Putumayo, of Guayabera, 1 $. Ecuador: 1 $ ; La Merced, 1 $. Coca (Haensch), m. 1 $. M. zaneka. Ecuador: Inez Santa S. "Amazonas", 1 $ ; no locality, 2 S M. m. orestes. 1 #,3 $ ; upper Pastaza,

Colombia: 1 $.

$.

1 $.

maenius

menophilus

Peru:

1

Pur?s,

Pucallpa,

", 1 $ .

data,

Colombia: Rio

Rio

Peru:

manga

Amazons

maenius

M.

1 $.

; Ega,

M.

River

Magdalena

phasiana "

Brazil:

purusana.

1 $

1 $.

1 S ; Pebas,

magues,

m.

M.

$.

Manaos,

egesta

Colombia:

M.

2

maeonis :Muzo,

marsaeus

M.

3 $ , 1 $.

Cruz,

Amazons, Brazil: cydon.

Colombia

M.

e. paraiya.

M.

$.

171

FOX

Santa Rio

Rio

(?),

; no

1 $

Maldonado,

5

locality,

$

(one

is ab. magnifica).

messenina Rio

1 $ . M. m. mothone. Papamene, 1 $. ; San Carlos, Sarampiun?,

Rio

Tigre, :Yungas,

1 $

Peru:

1 $,

isocomma :Muzo, Inez,

1 ?. Ecuador

Oxabamba,

TRANS. AMER. ENT.

M.

c. simulator,

(R. Haensch, 1 $.

SOC, LXXXVI.

new

1903).

M.

subspecies. c. comma.

Paratype Peru:

fe Hda.

Trans.

Amer.

Ent.

Soc,

Vol.

LXXXVI

^~

Plate

II.

:

irr

FOX: TRIBE MELINAEINI

Trans.

Amer.

Ent.

Soc,

Vol.

LXXXVI

Plate .

i?^'^ >'IT**?-"-. .~. WTPmBJPffMWWWWWePIIFW^'l'

~~..,....----.

!

FOX: TRIBE MELINAEINI

I

III.

u...i uuii1i:;j.it!!.BW;jipiiii;ii) -' i'-'H

*

Amer.

Trans.

Ent.

mm

Soc,

Vol.

LXXXVI

I

Plate

IV.

\

f?

i

i

i

I _m

I

?O

m .liter ires

^r' ; ^P^P FOX: TRIBE MELINAEINI

,:;

:

Trans.

Amer.

Ent.

Soc,

Vol.

LXXXVI

FOX: TRIBE MELINAEINI

Plate

V.