A James Joyce chronology

A James Joyce Chronology

Roger Norburn

Author Chronologies General Editor: Norman Page, Emeritus Professor of Modern English Literature, University of Nottingham

J.L Bradley A RUSKIN CHRONOLOGY Michael G. Brennan and Noel J. Kinnamon A SIDNEY CHRONOLOGY 1554–1654 Gordon Campbell A MILTON CHRONOLOGY Martin Garrett A BROWNING CHRONOLOGY: ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING AND ROBERT BROWNING A MARY SHELLEY CHRONOLOGY A. M. Gibbs A BERNARD SHAW CHRONOLOGY J. R. Hammond A ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON CHRONOLOGY AN EDGAR ALLAN POE CHRONOLOGY AN H.G. WELLS CHRONOLOGY A GEORGE ORWELL CHRONOLOGY Edgar F. Harden A WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY CHRONOLOGY John McDermott A HOPKINS CHRONOLOGY Roger Norburn A JAMES JOYCE CHRONOLOGY Norman Page AN EVELYN WAUGH CHRONOLOGY AN OSCAR WILDE CHRONOLOGY Peter Preston A D.H. LAWRENCE CHRONOLOGY

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Author Chronologies Series Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71484–9 (outside North America only)

Roger Norburn

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A James Joyce Chronology

© Roger Norburn 2004

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–1282–3 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Norburn, Roger, 1938– A James Joyce chronology/Roger Norburn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–1282–3 (cloth) 1. Joyce, James, 1882–1941–Chronology. 2. Novelists, Irish–20th century–Chronology. I. Title. PR6019.09Z7625 2004 823’.912–dc22 [B] 2003070730

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To my wife Mary

v

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General Editor’s Preface

viii

Introduction and Acknowledgements

x

List of Abbreviations

xiv

Chronology

1

Monetary Equivalents

199

The Structure of ‘Dubliners’ and Order of the Stories

200

‘Ulysses’: the Homeric Names and Order of the Episodes

201

A Who’s Who in the Joyce Chronology

202

Bibliography

211

Index of Works by James Joyce

219

General Index

222

vii

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Contents

Most biographies are ill adapted to serve as works of reference – not surprisingly so, since the biographer is likely to regard his function as the devising of a continuous and readable narrative, with excursions into interpretation and speculation, rather than a bald recital of facts. There are times, however, when anyone reading for business or pleasure needs to check a point quickly or to obtain a rapid overview of part of an author’s life or career; and at such moments turning over the pages of a biography can be time-consuming and frustrating occupation. The present series of volumes aims at providing a means whereby the chronological facts of an author’s life and career, rather than needing to be prised out of the narrative in which they are (if they appear at all) securely embedded, can be seen at a glance. Moreover whereas biographies are often, and quite understandably, vague over matters of fact (since it makes for tediousness to be forever enumerating details of dates and places), a chronology can be precise whenever it is possible to be precise. Thanks to the survival, sometimes in very large quantities, of letters, diaries, notebooks and other documents, as well as to thoroughly researched biographies and bibliographies, this material now exists in abundance for many major authors. In the case of, for example, Dickens, we can often ascertain what he was doing in each month and week, and almost on each day, of his prodigiously active working life; and the student of, say, David Copperfield is likely to find it fascinating as well as useful to know just when Dickens was at work in each part of that novel, what other literary enterprises he was engaged in at the same time, whom he was meeting, what places he was visiting, and what were the relevant circumstances of his personal and professional life. Such a chronology is not, of course, a substitute for a biography; but its arrangement, in combination with its index, makes it a much more convenient tool for this kind of purpose; and it may be acceptable as a form of ‘alternative’ biography, with its own distinctive advantages as well as its obvious limitations. Since information relating to an author’s early years is usually scanty and chronologically imprecise, the opening section of some volumes in this series groups together the years of childhood and adolescence. Thereafter each year, and usually each month, is dealt with separately. Information not readily assignable to a specific month or day is given as a general note under the relevant year or month. Each volume also contains a bibliography or the principal sources of information. In the viii

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General Editor’s Preface

General Editor’s Preface ix

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chronology itself, the sources of many of the more specific items, including quotations, are identified, in order that the reader who wishes to do so may consult the original contexts. NORMAN PAGE

10.1057/9780230595446 - A James Joyce Chronology, Roger Norburn

In a letter to Frank Budgen written early in 1932 James Joyce proudly points out that seven books have either been written on him or are in the offing. Seventy years later the total must be between 2000 and 3000. Then there are all the articles in learned journals, some of them devoted virtually exclusively to Joyce: the James Joyce Quarterly, the James Joyce Broadsheet, the James Joyce Literary Supplement and so on. There are now scores upon scores of internet websites devoted exclusively to Joyce although the value of some of them may be doubted, producing as they do such gems of misinformation as Joyce marrying Nora Barnacle in 1931 in Paris and dying 10 years later during an eye operation. The first duty of the serious student of Joyce is to read James Joyce. The second is surely to try and come to terms with this enormous mass of material. So far as the biography of this author is concerned that is what I have attempted to do in this book, presenting a chronological record of Joyce’s life from birth to death taking into account as much as possible the latest research as expressed in books and articles that deal with his life. Fortunately for the chronologist the material to be considered is nothing like as formidable as it is for the student of Joyce’s works. First and foremost there are the five volumes of his letters which are treasure troves of information, although all readers of them must devoutly wish that there were only one chronological sequence to deal with instead of four. There are the bibliographies, the catalogues of Joyce holdings in various libraries and the stupendous achievement of The James Joyce Archive. And then there are the biographies. Pre-eminent amongst the biographies is Richard Ellmann’s James Joyce. This was first published, to great acclaim, in 1959. A revised edition was published in 1982 but, as some commentators have noted, it was basically the same work with a greatly improved and expanded index. ‘Monumental’ and ‘magisterial’ are the sort of adjectives used in describing Ellmann’s book and in the two and a half years that I have taken to compile this chronology my respect for Ellmann’s achievement has increased, not decreased. He does, however, make mistakes; he does make inferences when perhaps none should be made. What proof is there, for example, that Joyce and Nora actually went out together on 16 June 1904? Others have argued cogently and ingeniously that Joyce set the action of Ulysses on this day for entirely different reasons. Certainly it was convenient for Joyce (and how he made use of conveniences!) that the outsider Throwaway won the Ascot Gold Cup that day, beating the royal favourite Sceptre, although I am not of course suggesting that this was the reason for the date of the x

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Introduction and Acknowledgements

action of Ulysses. Another example is Ellmann’s insistence that Joyce was in hospital as well as Nora when she gave birth to Lucia on 26 July 1907. Recent research, however, based on Stanislaus Joyce’s unpublished Triestine Book of Days, has clearly shown that Joyce himself took Nora to the hospital the day before, then went out to dinner, home to bed and returned the following morning to discover that Nora had already given birth. There are more trivial examples which are nevertheless important for the chronologist. Ellmann has William Bulfin, rambling in Eirinn, reaching the Martello Tower, Sandycove on Sunday, 12 September 1904. Unfortunately 12 September was a Monday. So was it Sunday, 11 September or Monday, 12 September that saw the visit so memorably described by him? Actually, as he clearly refers to the lovely weather that Sunday morning, it was the former. (To clinch this, Robert Nicholson, the Curator of the Joyce Tower – who better? – has pointed out that Joyce bemoaned the dreadful weather when he wrote to Nora on the morning of 12 September.) To take one final example of mistakes in Ellmann: I well remember my excitement when, working several years ago in the Lincolnshire Archives, I realized that Evelyn Gilford of Market Rasen, who sent Joyce on his European Odyssey in 1904, was a man and not, as Ellmann has it, a woman. This is the sort of mistake that gets perpetuated in later biographies but is not a mistake that Joyce himself made as a reading of the letter of 23 September 1904 from the Berlitz School of Languages (Letters II, 55) makes clear. Since Ellmann there have been highly readable biographies of members of Joyce’s family – although a biography of that fascinating and enigmatic figure Stanislaus is long overdue – and portions of Joyce’s life: his school days, his early years, Joyce in Trieste, in Rome, in Zurich. All these I have tried to take on board (see Section B of the Bibliography) but to write a chronology, not another biography. Biographers can and do speculate. I have tried to keep speculation to a minimum. For example, on 10 June 1927, while staying in Amsterdam, Joyce visited the Tsar Peter House at Zaandam. In the visitors’ book for place of residence he put ‘Dublin’. Why? The chronologist does not speculate but simply records the fact of the visit. Again, controversy has raged about the causes of various illnesses Joyce suffered from for much of his life. I merely record the illnesses and their symptoms. This, then, is not a biography of Joyce. Nor is it a chronology of other members of his family (although it should be noted that, from October 1904 onwards, unless the context makes clear otherwise, where Joyce was, so was Nora), but I readily concede that the chronologist, like the biographer, is faced with decisions about selection, what to include, what to emphasize by repetition, what to omit. To take but one example: biographers generally, it seems to me, do not make enough of his valiant efforts,

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Introduction and Acknowledgements xi

Introduction and Acknowledgements

at a time when he was desperately worried about Lucia and had his own health problems, to save his Jewish friends and acquaintances from the clutches of the Nazis. I have here tried to redress the balance a little. In the pages that follow I have also tried to avoid assigning events, the writing of a work, its publication, or whatever, to something as indefinite as a year. Whenever possible I have tried to be more exact, stating the time of year, or month, if not the actual day. Sometimes, however, a given event cannot be pinned down even to a year. When did Joyce write the poem ‘Dooleysprudence’? Some critics say 1916, some 1918, others, perhaps more canny, c. 1916–18. It seems impossible to be more definite now, so that effective piece of anti-war satire will have to make do with a mention here. When something must have taken place within a period of, say, 10 days I have normally selected a c. date in the middle of such a period. Finnegans Wake I have referred to as such throughout, although Joyce kept the title of his last work a secret from everyone except Nora until August 1938. He refers to it as, and parts of it were published as, ‘Work in Progress’. ‘Italo Svevo’ is the well-known author of several novels, but I have referred to him by his real name, which Joyce would have used in his dealings with him, of Ettore Schmitz. A few comments are called for on some other sections of this book. I have thought it useful to include a table of monetary equivalents in which selected sums of money (those marked in the text with an asterisk) – whether UK pounds, US dollars, Austrian crowns, Italian lire or French francs – are given their value today (2002) in both pounds and dollars. This can be a revelation. For example, the £7 John Stanislaus Joyce gave his eldest son before he embarked for the continent in October 1904 sounds like small change. In fact in today’s terms it is the equivalent of £440 or $670, a staggeringly generous gift from a man down on his luck. On the other hand, the royalties Joyce received from Dubliners, three years after publication, of 2s 6d (see 13 June 1917) still seem absolutely derisory at today’s values of £4 or $8. As Joyce did not write the stories of Dubliners in the order in which they appear in the book I have given that order and also the order, by means of their Homeric names, of the episodes of Ulysses. The phrase ‘cloacal obsession’, which H.G. Wells used in his review of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the Nation on 24 February 1917, is quoted by kind permission of A.P. Watt Ltd, on behalf of the Literary Executors of the Estate of H.G. Wells. I regret that it was not possible to include a reproduction of Joyce’s signature on the front cover of this book. James Joyce famously paid off old scores, even those of his father, in his writing. What is sometimes forgotten is that he also remembered acts of kindness and responded accordingly. Books such as these are collaborative efforts and it is a pleasure for me to record my thanks to all the many institutions and individuals who have made the writing of the book so much easier than it otherwise would have been. First of all I would like to

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xii

record my thanks to the staffs of the following institutions: the British Library including the Newspaper Library, Colindale; the Special Collections Library of University College, London; the Hallward Library of the University of Nottingham; the National Library of Ireland; the Archive Department, University College, Dublin; the James Joyce Centre, Dublin; Lincolnshire Archives and last but not least Lincolnshire Libraries whose staff have responded to hundreds of requests of mine with patience and expertise. I must thank the students who repeatedly returned to my weekend schools on Joyce which I held for the WEA and University of Nottingham at Horncastle College every year from 1982 to 1999. They kept my interest in Joyce alive and open to new challenges when it might have been crowded out by an overfull career in adult education. Andrew Gillott expertly surfed the net for me and greatly assisted in the compilation of the ‘monetary equivalents’ table. Frank O’Reilly similarly looked up internet sites for me and was a mine of information on all things Irish. For years Marjorie Calow has been sending me newspaper cuttings on Joyce whenever and wherever she could lay her hands on them. Norman Page, the general editor of this series, was the soul of forbearance and sound advice whenever I approached him. The following responded helpfully and politely to my letters, or more usually e-mails, on specific points: Morris Beja, Zack Bowen, Bill Brockman, Ronald Ewart, Clive Hart, Cheryl Hindrichs, Jean Kimball, Nigel Nicolson, Thomas Rice, Robert Scholes, Bonnie Kime Scott, Carol Shloss, Alistair Stead, Jack van der Weide, Rick Watson and David Wright. Others had the misfortune to be the object of more persistent nagging but invariably responded kindly and effectively: Nicholas Fargnoli, Michael Gillespie, Michael Groden, John McCourt, Ken Monaghan, Robert Nicholson, Myra Russel and Fritz Senn. Finally, the following all read parts of my typescript and came up with good suggestions or detailed criticism: my fellow chronologists John Hammond and Peter Preston and the Joyceans Bruce Arnold and John Wyse Jackson. All these people are responsible for whatever merits the book may have. I alone take responsibility for its faults. If I have omitted to thank anyone who should have been thanked I sincerely apologize. I owe a great debt of gratitude to Claire Cook for her excellent typing and, even more, her interest in the project from the very start. Finally, I must thank my immediate family, Mary, Jonathan and Kate, without whose commitment and encouragement (and humour) this book would never have been written. Harriet Shaw Weaver regretted that she could find no trace of Irish blood within her. I have similar regrets. However, my Irish mother-in-law did have the grace to be born, in Kilkenny, on 10 September 1904, the very day that ‘Eveline’ was published in the Irish Homestead and James Joyce’s first full day at the most famous of his many addresses, the Martello Tower in Sandycove.

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Introduction and Acknowledgements xiii

The abbreviation JJ refers throughout to James Joyce. The following abbreviations are used for his family: GJ HKJ JSJ LJ MJ NBJ SJ SJJ

Giorgio (George) Joyce, son Helen Kastor Joyce, daughter-in-law John Stanislaus Joyce, father Lucia Joyce, daughter Mary (May) Joyce, mother Nora Joyce (née Barnacle), wife Stanislaus Joyce, brother Stephen James Joyce, grandson

The following abbreviations are used for his works: ALP CM D E FW HCE P PP SH U

Anna Livia Plurabelle (Crosby Gaige, New York, 1928) Chamber Music (Elkin Mathews, London, 1907) Dubliners (Grant Richards, London, 1914) Exiles (Grant Richards, London; B.W. Huebsch, New York, 1918) Finnegans Wake (Faber and Faber, London; The Viking Press, New York, 1939) Haveth Childers Everywhere (Babou & Kahane, Paris and the Fountain Press, New York, 1930) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (B.W. Huebsch, New York, 1916) Pomes Penyeach (Shakespeare and Company, Paris, 1927) Stephen Hero (Jonathan Cape, London; New Directions, Norfolk, Connecticut, 1944) Ulysses (Shakespeare and Company, Paris, 1922)

xiv

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List of Abbreviations

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Chronology

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1882 (2 February) James Augustine Joyce (JJ) is born, the eldest surviving child of John Stanislaus Joyce (JSJ), a Collector of Rates for Dublin, and Mary (May) Jane Joyce (MJ) (née Murray) at 41 Brighton Square, West Rathgar, Dublin. The other children are Margaret (1884–1964), Stanislaus (SJ) (1884–1955), Charles (1886–1941), George (1887–1902), Eileen (1889–1963), Mary (May) (1890–1966), Eva (1891–1957), Florence (1892–1973) and Mabel (1893–1911). (5 February) Baptized at the Chapel of Ease, St Joseph’s, Roundtown. His godparents are Philip and Helen McCann. (20 March) JJ’s birth is registered, the clerk incorrectly recording his second name as ‘Augusta’. (6 May) Murder of the Chief Secretary of Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish and his Under-Secretary, Thomas Burke, in Phoenix Park, Dublin. 1884 (Spring) The family moves to 23 Castlewood Avenue, Rathmines. During these years JSJ’s uncle, William O’Connell (on whom Uncle Charles is based in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (P)) and Mrs Elizabeth Conway, ‘Dante’ (‘Dante’, Mrs Riordan in P) stay with the family. 1886 (Spring) The Irish Home Rule Bill of the British Prime Minister, William Gladstone, is defeated. 1887 (Spring) The family moves to 1 Martello Terrace, Bray. John Kelly (John Casey in P) frequently stays with the Joyces in these years. JJ attends a local infants’ school with Eileen Vance (who appears under her own name in P) which is run by a Miss Raynor. 1888 (26 June) Sings with his parents at a concert given by Bray Boat Club. (1 September) Goes as a boarder to the Jesuit school, Clongowes Wood College, Sallins, County Kildare. The rector is Father John Conmee who appears under his own name in both P and Ulysses (U). 1889 (14 March) Receives four strokes for ‘vulgar language’. (December) Charles Stewart Parnell, for long the head of the Irish Home Rule Movement, is accused of adultery. 1890 (Autumn) Begins to take piano lessons at Clongowes. (December) Parnell falls; his party is split. 1891 (Spring) Plays an imp in the school play ‘Aladdin’. (?June) Is confirmed at Clongowes. He takes ‘Aloysius’ as his saint’s name. (6 October) Parnell dies in England. His body is returned to Ireland for burial in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin on 11. 3

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Early years (1882–99)

(Late in the year) JJ is withdrawn from Clongowes and the family soon moves to ‘Leoville’, 23 Carysfort Avenue, Blackrock. Writes ‘Et Tu, Healy’ (or ‘Parnell’) denouncing Parnell’s erstwhile lieutenant and betrayer, Tim Healy. JSJ, delighted with the poem, has it printed and copies distributed to friends, but only a few fragmentary lines are extant. (Christmas) After a religious and political row at dinner (which is made use of in Chapter I of P) Mrs Conway leaves the house for good a few days later. 1892 William O’Connell leaves the family home and returns to Cork, dying there at the end of August. JSJ begins to run into financial difficulties culminating in the abolition of his job in the Collector-General’s Office at the end of the year. (He never has another permanent job.) The family’s descent into poverty begins and they probably have to move for some weeks into lodgings at 29 Hardwicke Street. (Late in the year) The family moves to 14 Fitzgibbon Street. 1893 (early in the year) Attends the Christian Brothers’ school in North Richmond Street, but never refers to this episode in later life. (17 February) Gladstone introduces a second Irish Home Rule Bill which is passed in the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. (6 April) Begins to attend Belvedere College, a Jesuit day-school in Great Denmark Street, free of charge thanks to a fortuitous meeting between JSJ and Conmee. During the next few years reads about Daedalus in Ovid, Lamb’s Adventures of Ulysses and T.W. Lyster’s Select Poetry for Young Students. (Summer) Visits Cork with JSJ who begins the process of selling off what is left of his mortgaged properties there. 1894 (14–19 May) The ‘Araby’ bazaar in Ballsbridge, Dublin. JJ attends on the last night and makes use of this visit in his story ‘Araby’ in Dubliners (D). (June) Takes an Intermediate examination, winning an exhibition worth £20. Soon accompanies JSJ to Glasgow. (Autumn) The family moves to 2 Millbourne Avenue, Drumcondra, a much poorer address than ever before. 1895 (June) After more examinations wins another exhibition for £20, this one paid annually for three years. (7 December) Admitted to the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Belvedere College. 1896 Around this time, the mid-1890s, probably begins a number of prose sketches called Silhouettes and poems called Moods, none of which is extant. (Spring) The family moves to 13 North Richmond Street. (25 September) Is appointed Prefect (Head) of the Sodality.

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4 A James Joyce Chronology

Early years 1882–99 5

1897 After the summer examinations wins an exhibition of £30 for two years and a prize of £3 for the best essay in the Middle Grade. Reads around this time George Meredith’s The Ordeal of Richard Feverel and The Tragic Comedians, Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Bernard Shaw’s The Quintessence of Ibsenism. From this time too the date of his first extant piece of prose ‘Trust Not Appearances’ and his translation of Horace’s ode ‘O fons Bandusiae’. (26 October) Signs his copy of Thomas à Kempis’s The Imitation of Christ. (17 December) Is re-elected Prefect of the Sodality. 1898 (March) Accompanies JSJ and MJ to see Magda (an adaptation of H. Sudermann’s Heimat). (28 May) As Dr Grimstone, parodies the Rector of Belvedere, Father William Henry, in the school play, a dramatization of F. Anstey’s Vice Versa. (June) Does not do particularly well in his final Intermediate examinations except in English in which he wins a prize for £4 for composition. (September) Enters the matriculation (preparatory) course of University College, Dublin studying Latin, French, English, Mathematics and Philosophy during his first year. (9 September) Signs his copy of John Ruskin’s Mornings in Florence. (27 September) Writes an essay on ‘Force’ (later entitled ‘Subjugation’) as part of the matriculation course. Not all of it is extant. 1899 Probably writes ‘The Study of Languages’ in the first half of the year for his matriculation course. Only a part of it is extant. (14 January) With Thomas Kettle opposes and defeats the motion ‘That in the last decade of the nineteenth century English literature reached a very low ebb’ at the university’s Literary and Historical Society. (18 February) Is elected to the executive committee of the Literary and Historical Society. (21 March) Is nominated as treasurer of the Literary and Historical Society but is defeated by L.J. Walsh. (8 May) Attends the première of W.B. Yeats’s The Countess Cathleen at the Antient Concert Rooms, Dublin, but refuses to sign a letter of protest about the play subsequently published in the Freeman’s Journal on 10. (May) The family moves to Convent Avenue, off Richmond Road, Fairview. (June) Passes his matriculation examination, obtaining second-class honours in Latin. (The Royal University of Ireland awards the certificate on 30 September.)

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(Late in the year) The family moves yet again, this time to 29 Windsor Avenue, Fairview. (30 November) A four-day retreat, which JJ attends, starts at Belvedere College. JJ makes use of this, and perhaps other retreats, in Chapter III of P.

6 A James Joyce Chronology

1900 January At 13 Richmond Avenue, Fairview, Dublin. 10 (Wed) Fair copies his paper ‘Drama and Life’. 19 W.L. Courtney, the editor of the Fortnightly Review, informs JJ that he cannot take the general essay on Ibsen that he has recently offered. 20 Reads his paper ‘Drama and Life’ to the Literary and Historical Society of his university for which a vote of thanks is carried unanimously. Death of Ruskin, shortly after which JJ writes ‘A Crown of Wild Olive’ in tribute to him (not extant). February At 13 Richmond Avenue, Fairview. Signs and dates this month his copy of Gerhart Hauptmann’s The Coming of Peace translated by Janet Achurch and C.E. Wheeler. 2 (Fri) JJ’s 18th birthday. 3 Courtney accepts JJ’s article on Ibsen’s new play When We Dead Awaken. 11 Michael Bodkin, who courted Nora Barnacle in Galway, dies at the age of 20. 13 Courtney sends JJ the first proof sheets of his Ibsen article. 20 The Irish Literary Theatre produces George Moore’s The Bending of the Bough (an adaptation of The Tale of a Town by Edward Martyn) at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin. JJ attends a performance. March At 13 Richmond Avenue, Fairview. 21 (Wed) Margaret Sheehy’s Cupid’s Confidante is first staged at the rear of the X.L. Café, Grafton Street. JJ, however, is not in the cast for this performance. April 1-c. mid-month at 13 Richmond Avenue, Fairview; c. mid-month in London for about a week before returning to 13 Richmond Avenue. 1 (Sun) ‘Ibsen’s New Drama’ appears in the Fortnightly Review, London, n.s. v.67. JJ’s first published article.

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(September) Writes an essay on Munkácsy’s ‘Ecce Homo’ recently on display at the Royal Hibernian Academy, Dublin. (Autumn) The family moves to 13 Richmond Avenue, Fairview. (9 October) Offers to read a paper in January 1900 on ‘Drama and Life’ to the Literary and Historical Society.

4 7

16 22

23 28

Queen Victoria begins a visit to Dublin. A cheque for 12 guineas (£12 12s)* is sent to JJ for his article on Ibsen’s When We Dead Awaken. After receiving this, visits London with JSJ for about a week. Ibsen writes to William Archer expressing his pleasure over JJ’s review of his play. Clongowes Wood College makes the first of two attempts, both of which fail, to reach the Joyce family with the bill for JJ’s last (interrupted) term there. It is for £27 10s 6d*. Archer passes on Ibsen’s thanks to JJ. Responds to Archer, declaring he will always treasure Ibsen’s words.

May During the month the Joyce family moves from 13 Richmond Avenue, Fairview to 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. Near the end of the month, and into June, visits London again. Signs and dates this month his copy of D’Annunzio’s La Gioconda. 17 (Thurs) Attends with J.F. Byrne a meeting at the Antient Concert Rooms on ‘School and the Nation’. 26 Archer writes asking why JJ wants to see him – he is presumably travelling to London around this time – but apologizes two days later for not remembering him. (The two do meet and dine together in London.) June At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview; from late in the month (or early July) in Mullingar, Westmeath. 2 (Sat) An Claidheamh Soluis, the Gaelic League paper edited by Patrick Pearse, mentions the presence of JJ and Byrne at the 17 May meeting. Late this month (or early July), accompanies his father and SJ to Mullingar, Westmeath, where JSJ is employed to revise the voting lists. 29 Gives this date to what is now just three lines of verse. (This is perhaps from JJ’s collection Shine and Dark on which he is working around this time and which now exists only in fragmentary form.) July In Mullingar for much, perhaps all, of the month. Writes his play A Brilliant Career which he will destroy in 1902. (Only the title page and a four-line gypsy’s song survive.) 5 (Thurs) JJ’s copy of D’Annunzio’s The Child of Pleasure, translated by Georgina Harding, bears this date.

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1900 7

8 A James Joyce Chronology

The body of a suicide, Matilda Pender, is discovered floating in the canal at Mullingar. This incident will find its way into JJ’s novel Stephen Hero (SH).

August Returns to 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview, during the month. Signs and dates this month his copy of Hauptmann’s Hannele, A Dream Poem translated by Archer. 30 (Thurs) Sends A Brilliant Career to Archer, asking for his opinion. September At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. Signs and dates this month his copies of D’Annunzio’s La Gloria and Sogno d’un tramonto d’autumno. 15 (Sat) Long, kindly letter from Archer about A Brilliant Career: he finds talent, and possibly more, in JJ but the play will not do for the stage. Autumn, takes his First University Examination. JJ’s verse play Dream Stuff, of which only a very few lines survive, may date from the autumn of this year (or the summer). November At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. An Italian translation of Hermann Sudermann’s La Fine di Sodoma is signed by JJ this month. 30 (Fri) Death of Oscar Wilde. December At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. 26 (Wed) Participates in a rehearsal for another performance of Cupid’s Confidante.

1901 January At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. Italian translations of Björnstjerne Björnson’s Oltre il potere (Over Aevne) and Sudermann’s, Battaglia di Farfalle are signed and dated this month by JJ. 8 (Tues) Plays the role of Geoffrey Fortescue in Cupid’s Confidante at the Antient Concert Rooms. His acting is praised in the press the following day. 22 Death of Queen Victoria and accession of King Edward VII. February At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. 2 (Sat) JJ’s 19th birthday.

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March At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. Signs and dates this month his copy of Moore’s Vain Fortune. 8 (Fri) Writes to Ibsen, greeting him on his 73rd birthday (which falls on 20 March), reminding him of his (JJ’s) article in the Fortnightly Review and the subsequent correspondence and praising his work, many of the claims of which he himself has advanced. 9 Participates in a Literary and Historical Society debate on the influence of Irish women in the anglicization of Ireland. April At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. Signs and dates this month his copies of Ibsen’s Bygmester Solness and Tolstoy’s The Fruits of Enlightenment, the latter translated by E.J. Dillon. May At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. 7 (Tues) Signs and dates his copy of Henry S. Olcott’s A Buddhist Catechism according to the Sinhalese Canon. June At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview. Sits his Second University Examination. 1 (Sat) First issue of St Stephen’s, a new University College journal. 16 Attends and contributes to a meeting of the Library Conference, an offshoot in part of the university sodality. The subject under discussion is Canon P. Sheehan’s novel My New Curate (1899). July At 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview, but before 23 accompanies his father to Mullingar (where the latter is again employed revising the election lists). 23 (Tues) Completes his translation of Hauptmann’s Vor Sonnenaufgang (Before Sunrise) in Mullingar. August At Mullingar, perhaps for the whole of the month. This month, after translating Vor Sonnenaufgang, goes on to translate Hauptmann’s latest play Michael Kramer. (This translation, unlike the former, is not extant.) Late summer, sends a collection of his poems – perhaps forming part of Shine and Dark – to Archer for criticism. (Many of these poems are not extant, but one, here entitled ‘Commonplace’, has been identified as the second poem in JJ’s 1907 collection Chamber Music (CM).)

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1901 9

September Returns to 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview (or in August). c.15 (Sun) Archer criticizes the poems JJ has just sent him for being suggestive only of a mood rather than embodying a thought or picture. He also finds technical deficiencies in them. He likes some poems, however, including ‘Commonplace’. 26 Archer develops some of the points made in his earlier letter and advises JJ against trying to publish the poems. Autumn, hears he has passed his Second University Examination, albeit with mediocre marks. October Late in 1901 the Joyce family moves from 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview to 32 Glengariff Parade. Begins his last year at university. 15 (Tues) On hearing of the provincial nature of the Irish Literary Theatre’s new programme, writes ‘The Day of the Rabblement’, subsequently submitting it to the editor of St Stephen’s, Hugh Kennedy, who refuses to publish it. 21 Publishes with Francis Skeffington (later Sheehy Skeffington) Two Essays, comprising ‘The Day of the Rabblement’ and Skeffington’s ‘A Forgotten Aspect of the University Question’ which has also been rejected by St Stephen’s. 24 J.F. Taylor, a barrister, defends the study of the Irish language. JJ (who probably attends the lecture) makes use of the speech in the ‘Aeolus’ section of U and makes a recording of the words in November 1924. November At 32 Glengariff Parade (or 8 Royal Terrace, Fairview). 27 (Wed) Attends the inaugural meeting of the Academy of St Thomas Aquinas opened by the Rector of the University, the Very Reverend William Delany, S.J. December At 32 Glengariff Parade. In the December issue of St Stephen’s JJ’s essay ‘The Day of the Rabblement’ is attacked and satirized.

1902 February At 32 Glengariff Parade. In the February issue of St Stephen’s JJ and Byrne are parodied as the Mad Hatter and the White Bishop.

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10 A James Joyce Chronology

1 (Sat) 2

3

Reads a paper on ‘James Clarence Mangan’ to the Literary and Historical Society. JJ’s 20th birthday. Attends Byrne’s lecture to the Library Conference on Thomas à Kempis, contributing to the subsequent discussion. Both the Freeman’s Journal and the Irish Daily Independent and Nation give extremely high praise to JJ for his paper on Mangan.

March At 32 Glengariff Parade. Makes enquiries about studying medicine at the University Medical School in Cecilia Street. The March issue of St Stephen’s continues to discuss JJ and his recent papers. Mid-month, George Joyce falls ill with enteric fever. Late this month, gives Byrne a poem in rough which he copies out. (This is ‘She is at peace where she is sleeping’ although the opening lines which Byrne copies are different as are other parts of the poem, particularly the last four lines.) April At 32 Glengariff Parade. Early this month, applies for registration at the University Medical School. 28 (Mon) By now George Joyce’s condition has deteriorated. May At 32 Glengariff Parade. St Stephen’s publishes JJ’s paper on ‘James Clarence Mangan’. 3 (Sat) Death of George Joyce, aged 14, of peritonitis. He is buried in the family grave at Glasnevin, Dublin, two days later. June At 32 Glengariff Parade. Leaves university. August At 32 Glengariff Parade. 18 (Mon) Meets George Russell (whose pen name is AE) who had invited him to his home a few days earlier. Russell then writes to Yeats saying he would like the two to meet and revealing that he has also written to Lady Gregory about JJ. 30 Completes the form for sitting his finals which he takes in the next few weeks. September At 32 Glengariff Parade. 29 (Mon) Death of Émile Zola.

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1902 11

12 A James Joyce Chronology

The Royal University of Ireland issues JJ with his matriculation certificate.

October 1-24 at 32 Glengariff Parade; from 24 at 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. Early this month, through Russell meets Yeats for the first time. 2 (Thurs) Is officially entered on the Register of the Medical School, Cecilia Street, but breaks off his studies after a short while. 22 (and 23) Goes to Marsh’s Library to read about the prophecies attributed to Joachim Abbas. 24 Having managed to borrow a lump sum from an insurance company, JSJ moves his family to 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 31 Receives the degree of Bachelor of Arts (a Pass in modern languages) from the Royal University of Ireland. November At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 3 (Mon) Having received an invitation through Yeats, dines with Gregory at the Nassau Hotel. Yeats and his father are also present. Following this dinner writes to Gregory requesting her aid in his declared intention to go to Paris and study for a medical degree there. She responds by saying she is writing to friends, including J.M. Synge, about him and wonders why he has not considered studying at Trinity College. 14 Goes to see Gregory. 18 Writes to the Faculté de Médecine, Paris, requesting admission. 20 The Faculté de Médecine informs JJ that each case is decided on its merits by the Ministre de l’Instruction Publique . 25 Archer tells JJ he cannot see him in London as he will be away and urges him not to attempt both to teach English and undertake medical studies while in Paris. 29 T.C. Harrington, Lord Mayor of Dublin, writes a testimonial on behalf of JJ. 30 Farewell supper organized by JSJ and MJ at St Peter’s Terrace. December 1 Leaves Dublin for London; 2 leaves London for Paris; 3–22 at Hôtel Corneille, Paris; 22–23 travelling to Dublin via London; from 23 at 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 1 (Mon) Thanks Gregory for all her help and leaves for London in the evening. 2 In London meets Yeats who feeds him and introduces him to Arthur Symons. Leaves for Paris in the evening.

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1902 13

Arrives at the Gare St Lazaire, Paris, and takes a room at the Hôtel Corneille, 5 rue Corneille. Dines well with Dr Joseph Rivière (to whom he has a letter of introduction from a Dr MacLagan thanks to Gregory). 4 Writes ‘An Irish Poet’, a review of Poems and Ballads by William Rooney and ‘George Meredith’, a review of George Meredith: An Essay towards Appreciation by Walter Jerrold. Yeats tells Gregory what he has just done for JJ, including attempting to get work for him with the Academy and the Speaker. 5 Discovers more about his course at the École de Médecine: not having a French baccalauréat he must get a dispensation from the Ministre de l’Instruction Publique. 6 Writes home telling his family his news about what Yeats is trying to do for him, the course he is about to embark upon and his plans for meals and accommodation. 9 Yeats tells him he has not yet been able to see the editor of the Speaker. 11 The two reviews written by JJ on 4 appear in the Daily Express (Dublin). 15 Tells MJ how he is coping with the funds he has or will have including money from Joseph Douce to whom he is giving English lessons. Sends a photo-postcard of himself, but with a radically different message on each, to his family, Byrne and Vincent Cosgrave. Byrne’s includes the final version (except for changes in punctuation) of what will be No. XXXV of CM. Cosgrave’s is scabrous. 18 JSJ takes out a second mortgage on his house partly to enable JJ to return home for Christmas. Yeats introduces some caveats about the magazines he has previously suggested JJ writes for and criticizes a poem he (JJ) has recently sent him (probably what is now CM XVIII according to SJ). 20 Arthur Griffith of the United Irishman, which published Rooney’s Poems and Ballads just reviewed by JJ, derisively uses a sentence from the review to advertise the book. 21 Tells Gregory that he is returning home for Christmas; he has reviewed two books for the Daily Express but as yet has received no payment; his prospects for studying medicine in Paris are not good and he can appreciate why, in French literature, there is no poetry. 22 Leaves Paris for London. 23 Sees Yeats in London, telling him he is abandoning medicine for literature, before travelling on to Dublin. Late this month, meets Oliver St J. Gogarty for the first time. (He will be the model for ‘Buck’ Mulligan in U.)

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14 A James Joyce Chronology

January 1–17 at 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra; 17–18 travelling to London; 18–23 in London; from 23 at Hôtel Corneille, Paris. 17 (Sat) Leaves Dublin for Paris, spending about five days in London on the way. While in London fails to persuade C. Lewis Hind, editor of the Academy, to let him review books for the publication. Also meets Archer and Gregory. 23 Arrives back in Paris, staying at the Hôtel Corneille. 24 Obtains a card of admission to the Bibliothèque Nationale. 27 Sends a letter to MJ about his journalistic intentions, what he wants SJ to do for him and his meetings in London. 29 ‘Today and Tomorrow in Ireland’, JJ’s review of Stephen Gwynn’s Today and Tomorrow in Ireland: Essays on Irish Subjects appears in the Daily Express (Dublin). 31 JSJ sends his best wishes to JJ for his forthcoming birthday. February At Hôtel Corneille. 2 (Mon) JJ’s 21st birthday. Receives cards from his family and a cigarette case from his Aunt Josephine (Josephine Giltrap Murray). Travels by train to St Cloud, then takes a river steamer back to Paris, going to the theatre in the evening. 6 ‘A Suave Philosophy’, JJ’s review of Harold Fielding-Hall’s The Soul of a People; ‘An Effort at Precision in Thinking’, JJ’s review of James Anstie’s Colloquies of Common People and ‘Colonial Verses’, JJ’s review of Sir Clive Phillipps Wolley’s Songs of an English Esau all appear in the Daily Express (Dublin). 8 Attends the première of a revival of Racine’s Andromaque in which Sarah Bernhardt plays Hermione. (JJ sends a review of it to the Daily Express which, however, does not publish it.) Tells SJ he is deep into Aristotle’s psychology and refers to his review of Ibsen’s Catalina, written but not yet published. Also encloses two poems which, with some changes, become CM XXXVI and IV. 13 Begins his first set of aesthetic notes. 20 A month of detailed account keeping concludes with this date. 21 Reveals to MJ how short of money he is – he has heard nothing from either the Speaker or the Express – and consequently how hungry he is. 26 Describes to JSJ how he has managed to cope during the last few days following the receipt of money from his family. He has

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1903

1903 15

March At Hôtel Corneille. Buys this month (?), while in Tours, a copy of Édouard Dujardin’s Les Lauriers sont coupés. 2 (Mon) MJ sends money and gives JJ family news. She is troubled about Charles Joyce. 4 Tells JSJ that he is keeping a record of his expenses and, in the same letter, asks SJ to do some jobs for him. 5 E.V. Longworth, the editor of a group of Dublin journals including the Daily Express, informs JJ he is about to send him some books to review. 6 Makes another entry on aesthetics in his Paris notebook. Synge arrives in Paris and JJ meets him several times during the week he is there. 9 Asks SJ to do some jobs for him and tells him he has written 15 epiphanies. Synge has given him the MS of Riders to the Sea to read but he dislikes it. (It will be first performed by the Irish National Theatre Society early in 1904.) 15 Takes a trip to Clamart and then Sèvres. 17 Spends St Patrick’s Day with the Fenian Joe Casey (who will appear under the name of Kevin Egan in U). 19 MJ gives family news to JJ and asks many questions, particularly about his health; her own, she says, is better except for her eyesight. 20 Describes his impecunious living conditions to MJ despite managing to reduce his expenditure (another month of detailed account keeping concludes with this date). Admits the severity of his forthcoming review of Gregory’s book and says he plans to publish a book of songs in four years’ time, a comedy about five years after that and his aesthetic a further five years later. 21 ‘Catalina’, JJ’s review of Ibsen’s Catalina: drame en 3 actes et en vers translated into French by de Coleville and de Zepelin, appears in the Speaker (London: n.s., 7). 25 Another entry on aesthetics. 26 ‘The Soul of Ireland’, JJ’s review of Gregory’s Poets and Dreamers: Studies and Translations from the Irish appears in the Daily Express (Dublin). Synge reports his sharp but generally favourable impression of JJ to Gregory. 27 Another entry on aesthetics. 28 A one-sentence entry on aesthetics. Late this month, interviews M. Henri Fournier, a leading contender in the forthcoming Gordon Bennett car race.

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suffered, however, from vomiting and neuralgia. Gives him what little news he has about his journalism.

April 1–11 at Hôtel Corneille; 11–12 travelling to Dublin; from 12 at 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra, Dublin. 4 (Sat) Sends a postcard to MJ containing many requests and questions. 7 ‘The Motor Derby’, JJ’s interview with Fournier, appears in the Irish Times. 8 The Irish Times sends 13s 9d for the article. 10 (Good After attending ‘Tenebrae’ at Notre-Dame cathedral returns to Friday) his hotel to discover a telegram from JSJ telling him to return home as his mother is dying. 11 Leaves Paris and crosses from Dieppe to Newhaven (writing an epiphany while doing so), having borrowed money for the fare from Douce. 12 Arrives home. 19 Is reconciled with Byrne who has wanted to break off his friendship with JJ, probably because of the postcard sent by the latter to Cosgrave on 15 December. 24 JSJ takes out a further mortgage on his house to help meet the medical expenses of MJ’s illness; with part of the money he also repays Douce. May At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 14 (Thurs) The tenor John McCormack wins the Gold Medal at the Feis Ceoil (that is Festival of Music) in Dublin. June At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. An article in St Stephen’s suggests JJ’s paper on Mangan is worth another look. Skeffington marries Hanna Sheehy and takes the name Sheehy Skeffington. July At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 2 (Thurs) Fourth of a series of international motor races takes place in Ireland forming the basis for JJ’s story ‘After the Race’. 21 Arrival of Edward VII on a visit to Ireland (until the beginning of August). August At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 4 (Tues) Giuseppe Sarto is elected Pope Pius X following the death of Leo XIII on 20 July.

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16 A James Joyce Chronology

1903 17

MJ dies. The death certificate records cirrhosis of the liver as the cause of death. Later this month, approaches Longworth for more books to review. September At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra (? JJ may take a series of rooms now until the end of 1903.) 3 (Thurs) ‘Aristotle on Education’, JJ’s review of Aristotle on Education, being Extracts from the Ethics and Politics translated and edited by John Burnet, appears in the Daily Express (Dublin) as does his review with no title of Valentine Caryl’s A Ne’er do Weel. 17 ‘New Fiction’, JJ’s reviews of James Aquila Kempster’s The Adventures of Prince Aga Mirza and James Lane Allen’s The Mettle of the Pasture, appears in the Daily Express (Dublin) as does ‘A Peep into History’, JJ’s review of John Pollock’s The Popish Plot: A Study in the Reign of Charles II. 29 Sheehy Skeffington (by now Registrar of University College) asks JJ to take some classes in French for a few days. (He declines the offer.) Autumn, writes the poem ‘Cabra’ which will be revised in 1919 as ‘Ruminants’ and then further revised and again retitled as ‘Tilly’ in which form it will be published in Pomes Penyeach (PP) in 1927. October At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra (?). 1 (Thurs) ‘A French Religious Novel’, JJ’s review of Marcelle Tinayre’s La Maison du péché translated by A. Smyth, appears in the Daily Express (Dublin) as do ‘Unequal Verse’, JJ’s review of Frederick Langbridge’s Ballads and Legends, and ‘Mr Arnold Graves’s New Work’, JJ’s review of Arnold F. Graves’s Clytæmnestra: A Tragedy. 15 Visits George Dempsey (who will become Mr Tate in P) at the latter’s request at his home in Rathmines. ‘A Neglected Poet’, JJ’s review of Alfred Ainger’s George Crabbe appears in the Daily Express (Dublin) as does ‘Mr Mason’s Novels’, JJ’s review of A.E.W. Mason’s The Courtship of Morrice Buckler, The Philanderers and Miranda of the Balcony. 30 ‘The Bruno Philosophy’, JJ’s review of J. Lewis MacIntyre’s Giordano Bruno, appears in the Daily Express (Dublin). November At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra (?). Writes what is now called ‘Empire-Building’ (the original had no title) about the mistreatment of sailors by Jacques Lebaudy. It will be first

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13

published in The Critical Writings of James Joyce, edited by Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann, in 1959. Early this month, JSJ takes out a final mortgage on his house. 12 (Thurs) ‘Humanism’, JJ’s review of F.C.S. Schiller’s Philosophical Essays, appears in the Daily Express (Dublin) as does ‘Shakespeare Explained’, JJ’s review of Albert Stratford Canning’s Shakespeare Studied in Eight Plays. 14 Writes to Symons about his poems. (Symons, however, is abroad and does not receive the letter until April 1904.) 19 JJ’s review (which has no title) of T. Baron Russell’s Borlase and Son appears in the Daily Express (Dublin). After this Longworth and JJ quarrel and the latter does no more reviewing. Suggests to Sheehy Skeffington that they found a daily newspaper of the continental variety. December At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra (?). 5 (Sat) Approaches Thomas Kelly, an American millionaire, about an advance of £2 000* so that Sheehy Skeffington and he can start their newspaper. 8 Walks the 14 miles to Kelly’s home in Celbridge but fails to see him as Kelly is still in Dublin. (Nothing comes of the newspaper idea.)

1904 January At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 7 (Thurs) Writes the sketch ‘A Portrait of the Artist’ which he later in the month offers to John Eglinton (pseudonym of W.K. Magee) and Fred Ryan, the editors of a new periodical Dana. They reject it, however, and it will be first published in the Yale Review, XLIX, Spring 1960. February At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 2 (Tues) JJ’s 22nd birthday. Indoors all day with a bad cold, begins to turn ‘A Portrait of the Artist’ into the novel Stephen Hero, a title suggested by SJ. 10 Has finished by now the first chapter of SH. 13 Gogarty writes from Worcester College, Oxford, where he is spending two terms. 29 SJ notes in his diary that JJ is certainly a poet, but is an even better writer of prose.

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18 A James Joyce Chronology

1904 19

April During the month moves from 7 St Peter’s Terrace to 60 Shelbourne Road, Ballsbridge. 8 (Fri) Finishes a poem, probably what is now CM XXIV. 20 SJ writes in his diary that JJ is now living in Shelbourne Road. (He has the first floor of a house where a family called McKernan live.) 21 On his return to England Symons discovers JJ’s letter of 14 November and responds by saying he would still like to see his poems. JJ sends them immediately. May At 60 Shelbourne Road. 4 (Wed) Symons tells JJ that he thinks his poems are very good and should be published and on the following day that he has persuaded the editor of the Saturday Review to accept one. 14 Having taken some singing lessons during the past few weeks, sings in a concert. The Saturday Review publishes ‘Song’ (now CM XXIV). 16 Participates in the Feis Ceoil tenor competition but, refusing to sing a piece of music at sight, wins only the bronze medal. (Both the Irish Times and the Freeman’s Journal report the Feis Ceoil competition the next day.) After this date, begins to teach at Clifton School, Summerfield Lodge, Dalkey. (This experience forms the basis of ‘Nestor’, the second episode of U, in which the headmaster, Garrett Deasy, is modelled on Francis Irwin, the headmaster of Clifton School.) June 1–mid-month at 60 Shelbourne Road; mid-month at 35 Strand Road, Sandymount, then later returns to 60 Shelbourne Road. 3 (Fri) Asks Gogarty for some clothes he can wear at a garden fête at which he is singing and reveals to him his plan to sing old English songs at resorts on the south coast of England. Signs the letter Stephen Daedalus. 8 Sings some ballads at the home of the poet James Cousins in Sandymount.

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March At 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. Spends evenings with John McCormack and Richard Best. 24 (Thurs) Gogarty returns to Dublin. 29 Has now written 11 chapters of SH.

20 A James Joyce Chronology

Meets Nora Barnacle (NBJ), who works at Finn’s Hotel, and arranges to see her again on 14. Visits the Camden Street theatre where Synge’s In the Shadow of the Glen and Riders to the Sea are in rehearsal. 13 The Saturday Review tells JJ that a cheque will shortly be sent him. 14 NBJ fails to put in an appearance. The following day JJ writes to her asking to see her again. Mid-month, as he is unable to pay his rent, leaves 60 Shelbourne Road and stays briefly with Cousins and his wife at 35 Strand Road, Sandymount. 15 The ‘General Slocum’ steamboat disaster, in which over 1000 people are killed, occurs in New York. 16 Asks the London Academy of Music for the address of Arnold Dolmetsch. (He subsequently writes to Dolmetsch.) The action of U is set on this date. JJ and NBJ may go out together. Throwaway wins the Ascot Gold Cup. 20 Collapses drunk at a National Theatre Society rehearsal in Camden Street and is evicted by the company’s directors, Frank and William Fay. As a result of this, writes the poem ‘Satire on the Brothers Fay’. 22 After a fracas which leaves him with a black eye and several other injuries, JJ may be assisted by one Alfred H. Hunter. 23 Mentions his injuries to Constantine Curran in sending him SH [all that he has written so far] to read. 24 Official agreement between the Secretary of State for the War Department and Gogarty for renting No. 11 Martello Tower, Sandycove. End of this month, leaves Clifton School, Dalkey. Probably returns to 60 Shelbourne Road around now. July At 60 Shelbourne Road. Prompted by Russell, begins a series of stories which he will call Dubliners (D). 2 (Sat) Symons informs JJ that Duckworth cannot take his book of poems but he will offer it to Grant Richards (which he does on 13). 10 Matthew Kane drowns in Dublin Bay. (He is a model for Martin Cunningham who appears in both D and U.) 12 Thanks to Symons’s efforts John Baillie, editor of The Venture, writes to JJ about the possibility of publishing his verse. 13 Attends Kane’s funeral. Among the many others attending, as reported in the Freeman’s Journal the following day, are JSJ, Charles Joyce and Hunter. Asks George Roberts for the loan of £1.

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10

1904 21

The Freeman’s Journal contains a report of a fatality at Sydney Parade station of which JJ will make use in his story ‘A Painful Case’. 17 In answering JJ’s letter, Dolmetsch refuses to consider making a lute for JJ’s proposed tour of southern England. 21 Sends NBJ a new pair of gloves, having taken one of her gloves. 23 Accepting ‘The Sisters’, which will be the first story of D, H.F. Norman, the editor of the Irish Homestead, remits JJ £1. 28 Symons emphasizes to Richards JJ’s poetic gifts. 29 Gogarty signs the tenancy document for the lease of the Martello Tower, Sandycove. 30 The Speaker publishes what is now CM XVIII. By the end of this month, writes what will be CM XV and XXVII (subsequently altering the latter). August 1–31 at 60 Shelbourne Road; 31 goes to 35 Strand Road, Sandymount. Dana publishes what is now CM VII. ‘The Holy Office’, JJ’s poetic satire on Dublin’s literary men and women, is written by early this month. 2 (Tues) Copies out and sends to NBJ Yeats’s ‘Down by the Salley Gardens’. 8 Curran returns ‘The Holy Office’ to JJ, not in any way able to publish it in St Stephen’s which he now edits. 13 The Irish Homestead X, 33 publishes ‘The Sisters’ over the pseudonym Stephen Daedalus on the first anniversary of MJ’s death. At once sends a copy to NBJ. (It will be extensively revised before appearing in D.) 14 The Dublin Printing Company sends JJ the proofs of ‘The Holy Office’ for correction. (Later the company refuses to deliver copies of the poem as they have not been paid for.) 15 Describes to NBJ an incident out of which, it seems, what is now CM XVII grew. Telling her he does not know how to sign his letter, asks her to write to him. 16 In response NBJ writes JJ a formal love letter. 17 In connection with Gogarty’s occupancy, this is the date of the official Inventory and Deed of Covenant of the Martello Tower. 20 Copies of the Agreement, Sketch Plan and List of Fixtures relating to the Martello Tower are sent to Gogarty (who is by now living there) from the Royal Engineers’ Office, Portobello Barracks, Dublin. 22 Sings two songs at an afternoon concert. 27 Sings in a concert at the Antient Concert Rooms in which McCormack and J.C. Doyle also participate. NBJ attends. (Some of the incidents of the evening will be used by JJ in his story ‘A Mother’.)

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30 31

Spells out to NBJ his character, values and what he has rejected. The Freeman’s Journal praises JJ’s singing. Asks Curran to meet him in Bewley’s, Westmoreland Street the following day as he is in much trouble. Leaves 60 Shelbourne Road and goes to 35 Strand Road.

September 1–2 at 35 Strand Road, Sandymount; 2–8 at 103 North Strand Road, Sandymount; 8–9 at a house off the North Circular Road; 9–15 at the Martello Tower, Sandycove; 15–19 at 103 North Strand Road; from 19 (or soon after) at 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. The Speaker publishes what is now CM VI, here entitled ‘A Wish’. The MS fair copy of what is now CM XXI, dedicated to NBJ, dates from this month. 1 (Thurs) Stays with James and Gretta Cousins at 35 Strand Road for a couple of nights (from 31 August) before staying a few nights with his uncle and aunt, William and Josephine Murray, at 103 North Strand Road. After that, stays one night at a house off the North Circular Road with a medical student, Maurice O’Callaghan. 9 Arrives to stay at the Martello Tower, Sandycove, with Gogarty. Samuel (or Dermot) Chenevix Trench arrives the same day or the next. (The Martello Tower will become the setting for the first episode of U, ‘Telemachus’, in which Haines is modelled on Trench.) Writes at least part of what is now CM XXI during his stay at the Tower. 10 The Irish Homestead X, 37 publishes ‘Eveline’ over the pseudonym Stephen Daedalus. (It will be revised before being published in D as the fourth story.) 11 William Bulfin visits the Tower collecting material for his subsequent book Rambles in Eirinn (1907). 13 NBJ perhaps sees JJ at the Tower. 15 After an incident during the night, leaves the Tower and returns to 103 North Strand Road. By now has decided with NBJ that they must go away together. 16 Condemns contemporary Irish Society in a letter to NBJ. 17 (Mr) Evelyn Gilford of the Midland Scholastic Agency, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, informs JJ that there is a Berlitz School teaching post awaiting him on the continent but withholding further information until he has remitted a fee of £2 2s. 18 The MS of what is now CM XI is given this date (although it may be a copy of a poem written earlier). Particularly fond of the poem, JJ will set it to music. 19 (or Returns to 7 St Peter’s Terrace. soon after)

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23

26 30

Symons tells JJ that Richards is sceptical about making a profit from his poems. The Berlitz School of Languages in London informs JJ that it does not know of Gilford and warns him against dealing with anyone unless bona fides can be proved. The Market Rasen police, however, assert Gilford’s good character. Exchanges letters with NBJ. Tries to get Richards to commit himself about publishing CM. The MS fair copy of what is now CM XXVII is given this date.

October 1–8 at St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra; 8–11 travelling to Zurich via London and Paris; 11–19 at Gasthaus Hoffnung, Reitergasse 16, Zurich; 19–20 travelling to Trieste via Laibach (Ljubljana); 20–29 at Hotel ‘Central’, Via San Nicolò 15 and at least three other addresses, Trieste; from 29 at Via Giulia 2, Pola (Pula). 2 (Sun) Yeats rejects JJ’s translations of Hauptmann’s Vor Sonnenaufgang and Michael Kramer which he has submitted for production by the Irish Literary Theatre. 4 A telegram arrives from Gilford informing him that the teaching post is available in Switzerland and, a day later, that he should go to Zurich on Saturday (8). JJ immediately sets about trying to raise funds from his family and friends for the journey. (JSJ donates £7*, not realizing JJ will be accompanied on his journey; Gregory telegraphs £5.) Gives Norman another story for the Irish Homestead (‘After the Race’). 6 Sheehy Skeffington sends his best wishes to JJ and NBJ – he is unable to help financially – but is sceptical about the enterprise, particularly as regards NBJ. 8 Leaves Ireland with NBJ for the continent. The Speaker publishes what is now CM VI. 9 Passes through London but fails to see Symons. 10 In Paris manages to borrow funds for the rest of the journey from Rivière and meets Curran. 11 Arrives in Zurich finding accommodation at the Gasthaus Hoffnung, Reitergasse 16. Discovers, however, that there is no teaching post awaiting him. The director of the Berlitz School advises him to stay on for a short while as there should be a position available in either Switzerland or Italy. 19 On the way to Trieste JJ and NBJ mistakenly leave the train at Laibach (now Ljubljana, Slovenia) and have to spend the night in a park. 20 On arrival in Trieste is arrested with some English sailors owing to a misunderstanding, but is released a few hours later. Is

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21–29

30

informed that there is no teaching position for him in Trieste. Spends the night at the Hotel ‘Central’, Via San Nicolò 15. At a variety of addresses in Trieste writes the twelfth chapter of SH and begins a story ‘Christmas Eve’, which is never completed. Meets the director of the Berlitz Schools in Trieste and Pola (now Pula in Croatia), Almidano Artifoni, who promises him a post in the latter town. Arrives in Pola after travelling down the Istrian coast and takes rooms at Via Giulia 2. During these days Berlitz School advertisements appear in the Giornaletto di Pola offering English instruction by JJ although not always spelling his surname correctly.

November At Via Giulia 2, Pola. The Venture, An Annual of Art and Literature includes what are now CM XII and XXVI. (This is the first appearance of JJ’s work in a book.) 7 (Mon) Makes a note on aesthetics in his Pola notebook. 10 Describes for JSJ Pola, its inhabitants and his students. Broaches the idea of SJ teaching in a Berlitz School on the continent. 14 Symons suggests that JJ write to Richards asking for the return of his MS of poems as the latter is now bankrupt. 15 Makes another note on aesthetics in his Pola notebook. 16 Makes a third entry on aesthetics in his Pola notebook. 19 Asks SJ to do various jobs for him and gives him news of his progress, or lack of it, on SH, ‘Christmas Eve’ and his aesthetics. Attacks the stupidity of Moore’s The Untilled Field. December At Via Giulia 2. Begins to translate some of Moore’s ‘Mildred Lawson’ from Celibates as an exercise in improving his Italian. 3 (Sat) Describes his writing and reading to SJ, also NBJ’s background and their life together. 12 By now has finished Chapter XIII of SH. 17 The Irish Homestead X, 51 publishes ‘After the Race’ over the pseudonym of Stephen Daedalus. (It will be revised before being published in D as the fifth story.) 27 The Abbey Theatre, the permanent home of the Irish National Theatre Society, opens in Dublin. The programme includes Yeats’s On Baile’s Strand and Gregory’s Spreading the News. 28 Asks SJ to send him the Irish Homestead which contains his latest story. He has been progressing with his writing but has suffered from stomach cramp and his sight is very poor. Describes a visit he and NBJ made to a bioscope. He believes her to be pregnant.

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24 A James Joyce Chronology

1905 25

In sending his best wishes for the New Year to his aunt and uncle (Josephine and William Murray) and apologizing for not writing sooner, expresses his dislike of Pola and continuing love for NBJ despite what was maliciously forecast.

1905 January 1–c.12 at Via Giulia 2; from c.12 at Via Medolino 7. c.12 Moves into part of the house occupied by the deputy director of (Thurs) the Pola Berlitz School, Alessandro Francini Bruni, at Via Medolino 7. 13 Sends Chapters XII–XIV of SH to SJ, asking for detailed criticism of them. Has written Chapter XV and is now working on Chapter XVI. (Except for fragments, the extant portion of SH begins in the middle of Chapter XV.) 16 Having written to Richards last October and received no reply, asks the firm to let him know immediately whether it intends to publish CM or not and, if the latter, to return the book as he wants to place it elsewhere. 19 Asks SJ to offer a fourth story ‘Hallow Eve’ which he encloses [a reshaped version of ‘Christmas Eve’] to the Irish Homestead, criticizes contemporary Irish poets and makes it clear that neither he nor NBJ like Pola. February At Via Medolino 7. 2 (Thurs) JJ’s 23rd birthday. With NBJ, Eyers and Fräulein Globocnik (both of whom are on the Berlitz School staff) goes by steamer up the coast to the island of Brioni (now Brijuni). 7 Responds to SJ’s criticism of SH, asks about friends in Dublin, mentions D and reveals something of his life in Pola; he is now wearing glasses for reading. 20 Having concluded Chapters XVI and XVII, is now working on Chapter XVIII of SH. 28 Describes his reading to SJ including Tolstoy’s Resurrection and informs him that he is about to leave Pola as he has been transferred to Trieste. Gives him detailed advice if he too wants to enter the Berlitz School system. March 1–5 at Via Medolino 7; from 5 in Trieste, soon after staying at Piazza Ponterosso 3. 5 (Sun) Returns to Trieste, very soon taking a furnished room at Piazza Ponterosso 3.

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Mentions his latest reading to SJ, has finished the first 18 chapters of SH and is prepared to send him Chapters XV to XVIII. NBJ is in excellent health.

April At Piazza Ponterosso, Trieste. 4 (Tues) Has finished further chapters of SH. Despite poor health is now working on Chapter XXI and wants those he has sent to SJ returned. Also wants SJ to send him a copy of NBJ’s grandmother’s will. (In fact Catherine Healy died intestate.) May 1 moves from Piazza Ponterossa 3 to Via S. Nicolò 30. 1 (Mon) Moves to Via S. Nicolò 30 (next door to the Berlitz School) as the landlady at Piazza Ponterosso has discovered NBJ’s pregnancy. 2 (or 3) Tells SJ he has now reached Chapter XXII of SH. He would write another story if he knew what had happened to ‘Hallow Eve’, but does not think he has any more verse in him. Has written to Richards. (This is for the return of the MS of CM as he wants it published in the autumn.) 23 By now has deposited a fair copy of ‘The Holy Office’ with a Trieste printer. 26 In Dublin JSJ and his family leave 7 St Peter’s Terrace, Cabra. 27 Warns SJ – whom he would much like to see – to expect 50 copies of ‘The Holy Office’ and 11 chapters of SH, dealing with life at University College. He intends to rewrite some of the start of the novel, however. June At Via S. Nicolò 30. John Lane rejects CM. 3 (Sat) Sends 50 copies of ‘The Holy Office’ to SJ for local distribution. 7 By now has finished Chapter XXIV of SH. (After another chapter and part of XXVI, JJ stops writing SH at the end of this month or early July.) 11 Gives SJ instructions about the distribution of ‘The Holy Office’; tells him he is taking singing lessons from Giuseppe Sinico and that he has omitted the dedication to NBJ from CM XXI. July At Via S. Nicolò 30. 1 (Sat) Finishes ‘The Boarding House’. 8 Asks SJ to come to Trieste for a little while for a serious talk.

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12

15 19 20

27 29 31

In a very long letter to SJ reveals that he intends to follow D with a book entitled Provincials and that he has offered his verse to Elkin Mathews. JJ then reviews all that he has managed to achieve in the nine months since leaving Ireland. Nora is unhappy in Trieste and he himself finds the rule of the director [Artifoni] harsh and dictatorial; finally suggests that he and SJ pool their resources and live in a cottage in the suburbs of Dublin. By now has finished ‘Counterparts’ and offered CM to the publisher William Heinemann (who quickly rejects it). Tells SJ he feels depressed about his writing and NBJ seems poorly. Richards responds to JJ’s request, made in May, for the return of CM: he has lost the MS but if it could be reconstructed and resubmitted Richards’s new firm would favourably look at it again. Giorgio Joyce (GJ) is born. JJ cables Dublin with the news. Describes to SJ the events of 27. Neither he nor NBJ were expecting the birth for some weeks. SJ gives JJ an account of his family’s reactions to the news of GJ’s birth and Cosgrave’s to those chapters of SH which he has read (and in which he appears as Lynch).

August At Via S. Nicolò 30. Prepares to send D to Heinemann. 15 (Tues) The MS of ‘A Painful Case’, originally called ‘A Painful Incident’ and written in July, bears this date. (However, this MS may actually be written in 1906.) 17 Sends another copy of CM to Richards. 25 Death of JJ’s great-aunt, Julia Lyons (Julia Morkan in ‘The Dead’). 29 An early draft of ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’ is given this date. September At Via S. Nicolò 30. 1 (Fri) Sends SJ ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’, telling him he hopes D will be published in the spring. 18 Sends SJ ‘An Encounter’, mentioning Russian literature and particularly praising Tolstoy. 21 Richards says he admires CM but can take only part of the risk in publishing it. 23 Unable to put up any money for the publication of CM, asks Richards to return it. Asks Heinemann if he would like to see his

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1905 27

collection of short stories. (Heinemann does see D but rejects it.) c.24 After asking SJ to check certain documentary details in D, informs him of the order of the stories and their development from childhood through adolescence and maturity to stories of public life. [JJ has not yet thought of ‘Two Gallants’, ‘A Little Cloud’ or ‘The Dead’.] Compares SH with Lermontov’s A Hero of Our Time and urges SJ to write to him. Late this month, completes ‘A Mother’ which he sends to SJ around now, also giving him details of a Berlitz School post available to him in Trieste and the living arrangements he could make. October At Via S. Nicolò 30. 1 (Sun) Symons tells JJ he is going to approach a publisher about CM and D and on 5 suggests he send both MSS to Constable and Co. whose address he gives. (He does so but Constable rejects both books.) 7 Urges SJ to let him know whether he is coming to Trieste or not. 10 SJ sends answers to JJ’s specific questions (of c.24 September) and comments on several stories of D, also discussing artists, Renan’s Life of Jesus, Turgenev and Tolstoy. He is uncertain, however, about travelling to Trieste, particularly in terms of raising the money for the journey. c.10 Writes to SJ discussing the different routes to Trieste and their cost and what the future may hold for them. Is fair-copying ‘Araby’. c.12 Gives SJ more exact instructions regarding the journey and its likely cost. 15 Tells Richards that he has sent CM to Constable and Co., but he has a book of 12 stories (D) which he would prefer Richards to publish. However, he does need either or both books to be published soon. Briefly sets out the rationale of D including its title. 18 Richards says that he does not complain that JJ has sent CM elsewhere and he would like to see D. c.20 Gives SJ his final instructions for the journey. Is beginning ‘Grace’. (This is the twelfth and last story of D as JJ originally conceived the book.) 24 SJ leaves Dublin for Trieste, never to return. November At Via S. Nicolò 30. 14 (Tues) Constable and Co. reject CM. 27 Tells Richards D is finished and he is about to send him it.

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28 A James Joyce Chronology

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1906 January At Via S. Nicolò 30. 27 (Sat) Asks Richards to let him know about D, to which he has added another story, ‘Two Gallants’. February 1–24 at Via S. Nicolò 30; from 24 at Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1. 2 (Fri) JJ’s 24th birthday. 12 Again asks Richards for a decision about D. 17 Despite reservations Richards accepts D and sets out his terms. 20 Accepts Richards’s terms and asks for more details about the book’s publication. His writing future is, however, uncertain. 22 Sends Richards ‘Two Gallants’ which should go between ‘After the Race’ and ‘The Boarding House’. 23 Richards asks JJ to write a description of D for publicity purposes and enquires about his prospects. 24 Begins with his family, including SJ, to share a flat with the Francini Brunis at Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1. 26 Richards sends JJ a contract for the publication of D and on 27 acknowledges receipt of ‘Two Gallants’. 28 Responding to Richards’s request of 23, sends him SJ’s account of D and says something about his life in Trieste, complaining about his salary; returns the contract, signed and proposes one more story which he has already begun and will soon finish. (This is ‘A Little Cloud’.) March At Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1. 13 (Tues) Tells Richards he will soon be sending him the last story, which must be inserted between ‘The Boarding House’ and ‘Counterparts’. Also mentions his autobiographical novel which is 914 pages long and half finished. He cannot, however, in his present circumstances contemplate continuing with the book. April At Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1. 12 (Thurs) Richards asks for the final story of D.

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December At Via S. Nicolò 30. 3 (Sun) Sends D to Richards who acknowledges receipt on 7. 4 Hints to Josephine Murray at a coming change in the relationship between himself and NBJ.

17 22 23

26

On a proof of part of ‘Two Gallants’ Richards’s printer notes that it cannot be printed. Promises Richards the final story, which is now finished, in a few days. Richards states that his printers refuse to print ‘Two Gallants’. (At that time printers in England, as well as publishers, would be liable for prosecution if material published was considered obscene.) He also finds fault with ‘Counterparts’ and ‘Grace’. Refuses to alter ‘Two Gallants’ or the other stories to which objection has been made. In the circumstances he is retaining ‘A Little Cloud’ for the time being.

May At Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1. 1 (Tues) Richards’s response to JJ’s letter of 26 April is that the printer’s views are probably representative of a large section of the public. 5 Lengthily discusses D in a letter to Richards, answering specific criticisms that the latter’s printer has made and giving his reasons for writing the book, its framework and its style. 10 Richards states that as it stands no publisher would publish D and his reader, Filson Young, agrees with his views. 11 La Tribuna (Rome) carries an advertisement inviting applications from young men qualified in French and English to work in banking. JJ responds at once. 13 Gives a detailed defence, in another letter to Richards, of the words and expressions he has used in D, answering specific criticisms and anticipating others. 16 Richards asks that ‘An Encounter’ and ‘Two Gallants’ be entirely omitted. JSJ, now living at 7 Whitworth Place, Drumcondra, says he is delighted with the photographs of GJ but his health is deteriorating rapidly, he has nothing to live on and is immensely worried about the rest of the family. 20 Again defends D in both specific and general terms, pointing out to Richards that it is he (JJ) who is making concessions, not the other way about. 23 Death of Ibsen. June At Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1. 10 (Sun) Believes that his correspondence with Richards has achieved nothing, repeats that it is he who has made concessions and informs him that he is taking employment in a bank in Rome at the end of July.

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12

14

16 19 23

The Rome bank, Nast-Kolb and Schumacher, finalizes the agreement with JJ: he is to be employed for a two-month trial, starting at the beginning of August. Gogarty, writing from New York, suggests the two could meet in August in Italy. (They do not.) Richards reminds JJ of concessions he has offered. Summarizes for Richards the position as he sees it regarding the publication of D and attacks the interference of Richards’s printer. Richards asks for the return of the MS of D (which he has sent back to JJ) so that he can reconsider it. Makes it clear to Richards that, in altering parts of D, which he intends to soon, he is doing so only so that ‘Two Gallants’ can be included.

July 1–30 at Via Giovanni Boccaccio 1; 30–31 travelling from Trieste to Rome; from 31 at Via Frattina 52, Rome. 9 (Mon) Returns to Richards the whole of the MS of D including ‘The Sisters’ which he has rewritten, and the last story to be written, ‘A Little Cloud’ (JJ has not yet thought of ‘The Dead’), making it clear that he resents having had to make deletions. 28 Registers GJ’s birth, the day after his first birthday. 30 Catches a train for Fiume (now Rijeka in Croatia), then the night boat to Ancona. 31 After another train journey, arrives in Rome, taking rooms at Via Frattina 52. August At Via Frattina 52, Rome. 1 (Wed) After an interview, starts work at the Nast-Kolb and Schumacher bank. Gogarty marries in Ireland. 7 Describes to SJ the family’s journey and his first impressions of Rome including St Peter’s, the Pincio, the Forum and the Colosseum. 12 Reveals to SJ his surprise about Gogarty’s marriage and asks him if he can send any money, detailing his expenses. 15 Visits the new Protestant Cemetery (where the ashes of Shelley are to be found) and begins to read Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray in Italian which he finishes c.18. 16 Writes an urgent letter to SJ again requesting money. 19 Describes Wilde’s novel in a letter to SJ; tells him he has added to ‘A Painful Case’, but if he had the proofs from Richards he would not alter D in any way. 24 Asks Richards for a decision about the amended D sent him on 9 July.

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Describes his desperate financial situation to SJ and disparages Moore’s The Lake which he has just read.

September At Via Frattina 52. 1 (Sat) Starts Danish lessons with a man called Pedersen. 3 Asks SJ to get an advance from Artifoni of 30 crowns and send two-thirds of it to him; repeats his request for money even more urgently 24 hours later. 5 Begins giving private English lessons in the evenings. 14 Again appeals to SJ for funds. Richards sends a non-committal postcard. 18 In a letter to SJ begun on this date and concluded on 20 details his desperate financial plight, itemizing his income and expenditure. Is pessimistic about Richards and D. 23 Requests a definite response from Richards about D. Visits the Forum and attends vespers in a Dominican church. 24 Disparages Rome but tells SJ he may have been too hard on Ireland, not reproducing its hospitality or doing its beauty justice. Richards tells JJ he cannot publish D now but may do so after publishing his novel, the MS of which he urges him to send him. 29 Dines with his pupil Terzini. 30 Informs SJ he has thought of a new story for D, dealing with Hunter. October At Via Frattina 52. 2 (Tues) Symons advises JJ to hold Richards to his contract; regarding his verses, he (Symons) believes he can persuade Mathews to publish them after which he will give the book an excellent review. Symons writes to Richards the same day about D. 4 Tells SJ he has approached an international lawyer, St Lo Malet, about Richards and D but the lawyer has tended to advise against legal proceedings for breach of contract. 7 Finishes reading Hauptmann’s Rosa Bernd. 9 Symons strongly recommends to Mathews that he publish CM which he calls A Book of Thirty Songs for Lovers. c.9 In a long letter to SJ quotes Symon’s letter of 2 in full; asks him to decide on the order of the poems of CM as he has lost interest in them (although he still wants them published); mentions the very healthy appetite the family has; encloses a letter from NBJ, noting its lack of punctuation and capital letters; discusses Hauptmann and then socialism in Italy and finally reaches his finances, requesting a further loan.

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13

17 18

22 25 30

Asks Richards to return the MS of CM, states clearly how far he is prepared to go in altering D and says that in the circumstances (two books completed but not published) he cannot continue with a third, his novel. Tells Mathews he is putting his poems in a new order and will soon send him them. In another long letter to SJ quotes in full Mathew’s letter to Symons, which is positive about CM, asks him to clarify his order of the poems and whether ‘Cabra’ should be included (it is not), but says he dislikes their complacency; tells him he will begin proceedings against Richards if he will still not agree to publish D and finally, although initially unsympathetic to SJ given his circumstances in Trieste, offers him money if he needs it. Richards writes to JJ rejecting D, a position he reaffirms on 26. Malet approaches the Society of Authors about helping JJ (whom he does not name). Having completed the transcription of CM (the title page of the MS of which is dated 24), sends the poems to Mathews. Mathews promises to consider CM once he can put aside more urgent work.

November At Via Frattina 52. Works on ‘The Clay’ (which JJ has previously called ‘Hallow Eve’), subsequently dropping the definite article from the title. 6 (Tues) Tells SJ that Mathews cannot publish CM before Christmas; Malet has advised him not to proceed against Richards but to get CM published and then approach someone else about D; discusses George Gissing (stating he has not much to learn from English novelists), socialism and GJ who is in good health. But his own health is poor at the moment. 11 Attends a church service at an Evangelical hall. Receives notice from Signora Dufour, his landlady, for the end of the month. 12 Asks Richards for news of his D MS. 13 Visits the Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele to check details of the 1870 Vatican Council for his story ‘Grace’, part of which, he tells SJ in a letter begun on 12, he will now rewrite. Also mentions his further reading of Gissing, whom he again disparages, and Guglielmo Ferrero. He would like to begin his story about Hunter, which he calls ‘Ulysses’, but is too worried to contemplate it at the moment. He is again desperately short of money. 14 A bomb explodes at the Caffè Aragno near where JJ is working in the bank. 18 A bomb explodes at St Peter’s which JJ visits later in the day.

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Tells SJ, in a letter which he completes on 20, that he has started work at an École de Langues, in addition to his bank work; has offered to send D to John Long. A third bomb explodes in the Piazza di Spagna near to JJ’s flat.

December 1–5 (or 6) in an hotel in Rome; from 5 (or 6) at Via Monte Brianzo 51. 3 (Mon) In a letter begun at the end of November but postmarked 3 December describes to SJ what has happened to them over the last few days in terms of their accommodation; has begun to dislike Rome and Italy intensely; ridicules Hardy’s Life’s Little Ironies and asks for information about Hunter. 5 (or 6) Moves to Via Monte Brianzo 51. 7 Mails a letter to SJ begun on 4 in which he tells him about his family’s latest movements and continues his attack on Italy and Italians; finds his spectacles tiresome. Sends D to Long. 24 Tells SJ a bleak Christmas lies ahead for his family as he has very little money.

1907 January At Via Monte Brianzo 51. c.10 Praises Kipling’s Plain Tales from the Hills to SJ; has not heard (Thurs) from either Long or Mathews; NBJ is pregnant again. 11 Mathews sends a draft agreement for the publication of CM, describing the format of the proposed book. 14 Long rejects D. 17 Signs the contract for CM. 26 Symons asks JJ if he has heard from Mathews yet and repeats that he will do all he can for CM once it has appeared. Première of Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. The production provokes riots. February At Via Monte Brianzo 51. Early this month, mentions to SJ the riot which took place after a performance of The Playboy of the Western World (this relates to the performance of 29 January and its aftermath). 2 (Sat) JJ’s 25th birthday. 3 Takes NBJ and GJ to see Henri Serpette’s Le Carnet du Diable at the Teatro Nazionale. 6 Tells SJ that ‘Ulysses’ did not get beyond the title. The family is going to move on 15 as NBJ as found alternative accommodation (this move does not take place but JJ has to pay a fortnight’s rent for breach of contract).

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19

1907 35

Resigns from his ‘École de Langues’. Returns to the Abbey Theatre riots in a further letter to SJ: the whole matter has distracted him from starting his new story ‘The Dead’; discusses the genesis of this and other stories in D and asks for an immediate loan of 10 crowns. 12 Attends Wagner’s Götterdämmerung at the Teatro Costanzi. 14 Cables SJ that he is going to return to Trieste and would like his old job back. He has given his notice to the bank. Develops these points in a letter to SJ on 16. 17 Watches a procession in honour of Giordano Bruno, burnt at the stake in Rome on 17 February 1600. 18 Asks SJ for funds, of which he is in desperate need, having had to pay two landladies. Is thinking of trying for a position in France if Trieste is no good and specifies Marseilles in another postcard to SJ written a day or two later. 21 Long definitively rejects D. 24 Borrows the poems of the Italian poet Giosuè Carducci, who has just died, from a fellow bank clerk, Paul Bompard, but dislikes them. Late this month, receives the first set of CM proofs from Mathews which he quickly corrects and returns. March 1–7 at Via Monte Brianzo 51, Rome; 7–9 at Via San Nicolò 32, Trieste; from 9 at Via Nuova 45. 3 (Sun) SJ receives a set of CM proofs from JJ, privately depreciating them as much as JJ himself. 5 (or 6) Appears to have been robbed of his last monthly salary and severance pay. 7 Returns to Trieste travelling overland via Florence. Stays at Via San Nicolò 32, the former address of the Berlitz School (which has moved). Soon after his return to Trieste begins to write ‘The Dead’ which has been taking shape in his mind while he has been in Rome. 9 Reaches agreement with Artifoni by which he is allowed to teach part-time at the Berlitz School for 15 crowns a week and, in return, will attempt to get former pupils of his to attend the school. Moves to Via Nuova 45. 16 (The eve of St Patrick’s Day) Death of the Fenian John O’Leary. JJ will write about him in a newspaper article later this month. 21 Gives Mathews his address as c/o SJ, Via San Nicolò 32. 22 ‘Il Fenianismo: L’ultimo Feniano’ (‘Fenianism: The Last Fenian’), the first of nine articles by JJ writing in Italian, appears in the newspaper Il Piccolo della Sera. 28 Receives the second set of proofs (forwarded from Rome) from Mathews and immediately corrects and returns them.

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c.9 11

April At Via Nuova 45. 5 (Fri) SJ notes that JJ is suffering from tonsillitis. 6 Threatens to unlearn English and write in Italian or French. 24 JSJ writes about the unhappiness JJ’s elopement has caused him, about financial matters and his own despairing plans for the future. 27 Lectures in Italian on ‘L’Irlanda: Isola dei Santi e dei Savi’ (‘Ireland: Island of Saints and Sages’) in the sala della Borsa. This is the first of a projected series of three public lectures JJ has been invited to give for the Università Popolare on the Irish revival. Writes his second lecture ‘Gioacomo Clarenzio Mangan’ (‘James Clarence Mangan’) around now but does not deliver it. Only part of the holograph is extant. The third lecture, on the Irish literary renaissance, is similarly not delivered. Only a fragment of this survives. May At Via Nuova 45. 6 (Mon) CM is published by Mathews in an edition of 509 copies. 10 Sends a copy of CM to Curran. 13 JJ’s health suddenly deteriorates with inflammation of the eyes, back pains and stomach problems. 18 Is obliged to retire to his bed, practically blind. 19 ‘Home Rule maggiorenne (‘Home Rule Comes of Age’), the second of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccola della Sera. Late this month, comes to be completely bedridden for some three weeks during which time his right arm becomes disabled. June At Via Nuova 45. The Bookman xxxii, 113 praises CM in a short review. 1 (Sat) Kettle favourably reviews CM in the Freeman’s Journal. 13 Goes out for the first time for some three weeks, but is convalescent for at least a further month. By now is receiving treatment for his arm. 22 Symons, as promised, gives an excellent review of CM in the Nation I, no. 17: 639, entitled ‘A Book of Songs’. Arthur Clery reviews CM in the Leader under the pseudonym of ‘Chanel’. Summer, The Belvederian publishes CM I identifying the author only as a past Belvederian.

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36 A James Joyce Chronology

July At Via Nuova 45. Attends a performance of Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia. 12 (Fri) Dr Sinigaglia recommends that NBJ enters hospital for her pregnancy. 13 G. Molyneux Palmer asks JJ for permission to set the poems of CM to music. 16 The South African Colonisation Society, responding to an enquiry of JJ’s, informs him that it has no vacancy. 19 SJ writes to Mathews on behalf of JJ who, he points out, has been laid up with rheumatic fever for some time, mentioning Palmer’s letter (which came via Mathews) and asking to be kept informed of the reception accorded CM. 20 SJ, writing to Palmer on JJ’s behalf, tells him that if the publisher agrees to his proposal (as stipulated in the contract) then JJ readily does himself. 25 Takes NBJ to the Ospedale Maggiore. 26 Lucia Anna Joyce (LJ) is born. August 1–16 at Via Nuova 45; from 16 at Via Santa Caterina 1. 1 (Thurs) Applies to be a secretary of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Rome. 5 NBJ leaves hospital with the charitable gift of 20 crowns. The Ospitale Civico asks JJ to pay her hospital fees at once or produce a certificate of poverty. 15 SJ reads and greatly admires ‘The Dead’ which JJ is still writing. September At Via Santa Caterina 1. 8 (Sun) Remarks to SJ that he will rewrite SH once he has finished ‘The Dead’ (which he does by late this month). 9 Tells Mathews he is pleased the CM reviews are so positive. 15 Attends a service at a Jewish synagogue. 16 ‘L’Irlanda alla sbarra’ (‘Ireland at the Bar’), the third of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera. 24 Offers the now 15 stories of D to Mathews, telling him he wants the book to be published next spring. Autumn, leaves the Berlitz School and concentrates on private teaching. One of his pupils is Ettore Schmitz who, under the pseudonym of Italo Svevo, published two novels in the 1890s. JJ gives him CM and D to read.

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1907 37

October At Via Santa Caterina 1. 23 (Wed) Mathews say he will look at the MS of D, although very busy, and receives it from JJ on 29. November At Via Santo Caterina 1. Attends, and enthusiastically approves of, a production of Turgenev’s Il Pane Altrui at the Teatro Verdi. 10 (Sun) SJ notes in his diary that JJ has been discussing ‘Ulysses’ with him, thinking of turning his story into a short book. Gogarty writes from Vienna regretting that JJ has had little time in bed in which to recover from rheumatic fever. 29 By now has finished revising the first chapter of SH (this will eventually become P.) December At Via Santo Caterina 1. 10 (Tues) Gogarty invites JJ to stay a week with him in Vienna during January to assess whether he should move there permanently to teach English. He repeats the invitation on 16 after which this correspondence soon ends. 15 Complains to SJ that he is still dissatisfied with his revision of SH.

1908 January At Via Santa Caterina 1. 19 (Sun) SJ notes his and JJ’s attendance today at a lecture on Anatole France organized by the Università del Popolo. 28 Row between JJ and NBJ, which also involves SJ, over the payment of a bill. February At Via Santa Caterina 1. Early this month, attends a performance of Hamlet at the Teatro Fenice but leaves before the end. 2 (Sun) JJ’s 26th birthday. 6 Mathews rejects D but offers to send on the MS to Joseph Hone of Maunsel and Co., Dublin. 9 Asks Mathews to send D back to him straightaway and not to send it to Maunsel and Co. 12 Renounces drinking, a renunciation he only partially keeps. Alston Rivers Ltd., a London publisher, turns down the offer to

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38 A James Joyce Chronology

1908 39

March At Via Santa Caterina 1. 2 (Mon) Remarks that Ibsen tends to write the same play again and again. 3 Gives SJ the second chapter of what will be P to read. 6 Re-reads Synge’s Riders to the Sea. (Later he will translate it with his lawyer friend Nicolò Vidacovich.) April At Via Santa Caterina 1. 3 (Fri) A.P. Watt, a literary agent, declines to handle D for JJ. 7 Has by this date finished the first three chapters of P but now lays it aside. May At Via Santa Caterina 1. 18 (Mon) Suffers an attack of iritis which lasts until about the middle of June. This causes JJ to stop drinking for several months. 29 Three leeches are applied to JJ’s right eye. June At Via Santa Caterina 1. Attempts to move to Via Vincenzo Scussa but cannot find enough money for both the back rent of his present accommodation and the guarantee on the new flat. 16 (Tues) May attend a performance of Mascagni’s opera Amica at the Teatro Politeama Rossetti conducted by the composer. 25 Edward Arnold, publisher, acknowledges receipt of D. 28 Announces a plan to sell Irish tweeds in Trieste. (Something does eventually come of this.) July At Via Santa Caterina 1. 5 (Sun) Considers training his voice again. 10 Asks Mathews for an account of how CM has been selling. 14 Considers applying for a civil service appointment. 16 Arnold rejects D for publication. JJ then sends the MS to Everetts who also rejects it.

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27 28

examine D, as do Hutchinson and Co., London publishers, on 18. Buys and reads Ibsen’s Rosmersholm. Attends a performance of Rosmersholm at the Teatro Verdi in which Eleonora Duse stars.

40 A James Joyce Chronology

Mathews informs JJ that sales of CM have been poor with only 127 copies actually sold and 295 remaining in stock.

August At Via Santa Caterina 1. 4 (Tues) NBJ miscarries. 25 Announces that he will try for a teaching job in Florence next April. September At Via Santa Caterina 1. Leeches are again applied to JJ’s eyes. Autumn, thinking of becoming a professional opera singer, begins to take lessons from Romeo Bartoli at the Trieste Conservatorio. October At Via Santa Caterina 1. Attends many performances, in the first half of the month, of Puccini’s La Bohème at the Teatro Politeama Rossetti. 1 (Thurs) SJ leaves the Via Santa Caterina flat. 8 Attends a performance of Catalani’s opera La Wally. Goes again on 11. 16 Attends a performance of Verdi’s La Forza del Destino at the Teatro Politeama Rossetti. 27 Probably attends a performance of Antonio Smareglia’s Nozze istriane. December At Via Santa Caterina 1. 8 (Tues) Suggests to his sister Margaret Joyce that GJ and SJ travel to Dublin and stay some weeks with the family to reconcile their father to the relationship between JJ and NBJ. Mentions the improvement in his own health. 14 JSJ writes to say the family has again moved and they are now living at 44 Fontenoy Street, Dublin.

1909 February At Via Santa Caterina 1. 2 (Tues) JJ’s 27th birthday. Palmer sends his setting of five songs from CM.

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24

8

13

27

Schmitz sends JJ a careful but enthusiastic critique of the first three chapters of P (and perhaps the first part of Ch. IV). This encourages JJ to start working on the novel again. Thanks Palmer for the settings, with which he is pleased, but regrets that he did not do CM XI, ‘Bid Adieu’, which he himself has attempted to set to music. Mathews reports that sales of CM have been static.

March 1–late this month at Via Santa Caterina 1; from late this month at Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. 5 (Fri) A series of bills for the rental of a piano from Luigi Zannoni begins (until 1 February 1910). 24 ‘Oscar Wilde: il poeta di “Salomé” ‘ (‘Oscar Wilde: The Poet of “Salomé”’), the fourth of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera. Richard Strauss’s Salome opens in Trieste. Death of Synge. 25 Palmer sends JJ a cantata. Late this month, moves from Via Santa Caterina I to Via Vincenzo Scussa 8.

April At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. Sends the revised D to Maunsel and Co. for their consideration. 21 (Wed) The Fratelli Treves, editors in Milan, reject JJ’s proposal to translate Wilde. 26 In thanking Palmer for the canata expresses his pleasure that he is setting some more of the poems of CM to music and encloses his article on Wilde. 30 Maunsel and Co. acknowledge receipt of D.

June At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. 1 (Tues) Trench commits suicide. 3 His sister May Joyce assures JJ that GJ and SJ will be extremely welcome at the family home in Dublin. 10 Robert Ross, Wilde’s literary executor, grants JJ permission to translate ‘The Soul of Man under Socialism’ into Italian, but the latter forgets the idea. 16 Palmer sends JJ three more settings of songs in CM.

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1909 41

July 1–c.25 at Via Vincenzo Scussa 8; c.25–29 en route to Dublin; from 29 at 44 Fontenoy Street, Dublin. Maunsel and Co. sign a contract with JJ to publish D on or before 1 September 1910. 3 (Sat) Sings in the quintet from Wagner’s Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg directed by Bartoli at the Filarmonica-Drammatica Hall, Trieste. 4 JSJ’s 60th birthday. 9 Mathews tells JJ that CM has been selling very poorly recently. 19 Thanks Palmer for his latest settings of CM poems, which please him greatly, and expresses the hope that he will eventually set all of CM, the structure of which he explains. c.25 Begins his journey to Dublin with GJ. In London calls at Mathews’s shop, but the latter is out. Also fails to see Richards. 29 Arrives in Ireland and stays at 44 Fontenoy Street. Immediately tells NBJ of their safe arrival, also mentioning that he avoided Gogarty at Kingstown (now Dun Laoghaire). 31 Having heard that JJ is in Dublin, Gogarty invites him to lunch on 2 August at the Dolphin Hotel. End of this month (or early August), goes on a country walk with JSJ and is quickly reconciled with him. August 1–26 at 44 Fontenoy Street; 26–28 at 18 Lower Dominick Street, Galway; from 28 at 44 Fontenoy Street, Dublin. 2 (Mon) Meets Roberts of Maunsel and Co. Gogarty postpones their luncheon appointment. The two do meet very soon, however, although their accounts differ as to what takes place. (This is the last meeting between them.) 3 Attends the funeral of Dr Robert Kenny, his mother’s doctor. 4 Summarizes for SJ the differing views his relations and friends in Dublin take of his appearance now. 6 Cosgrave tells JJ that he too had been walking out with NBJ during the summer of 1904. Writes at once to NBJ accusing her of this infidelity. 7 Again writes to NBJ asking her about her relationships with other men and speculating about GJ’s paternity. 8 Asks SJ to send him money as soon as possible so that he can return to Trieste as his business in Ireland is finished, but then is reassured by Byrne at his home in 7 Eccles Street (Leopold Bloom’s home in U) that Cosgrave has been lying. 9 Again calls at Maunsel’s office, this time meeting both Roberts and Hone. Thanks Clery for his review of CM. 10 After meeting Kettle who promises his help in securing an appointment at the new National University of Ireland, asks SJ

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42 A James Joyce Chronology

16

19

20

21

22 24

25

26

28 31

to get testimonials confirming his proficiency in Italian from influential people at Il Piccolo della Sera and the Università del Popolo. Tells SJ he has a draft contract with Maunsel which offers better terms than those offered by Richards; the book will be published in March 1910. His sister Eva Joyce will be accompanying him back to Trieste. Signs a contract with Maunsel and Co. for the publication of D. Sends NBJ a stone of shell cocoa and then humbly apologizes to her for his false accusations. Nast-Kolb and Schumacher send the testimonial from Rome for which he has asked in connection with securing a job at the National University of Ireland. Margaret Joyce leaves for the Mercy Convent, Callan, County Kilkenny. Writes another loving letter to NBJ expressing his pleasure that she is reading CM. Gives SJ news about D, the family and friends and his own plans while he is in Ireland, but the job that is on offer at the National University is not worth taking. Alludes to Byrne’s view that Gogarty and Cosgrave have been plotting against him. Writes passionately to NBJ. Chats to Joseph Holloway, an enthusiastic Dublin theatre-goer, at the Abbey Theatre which is showing The Playboy of the Western World and Gregory’s The Rising of the Moon. Attends the first night of Bernard Shaw’s The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet at the Abbey Theatre. There meets Piaras Béaslai, the drama critic of the Evening Telegraph, the offices of which JJ subsequently visits on several occasions during his days in Dublin. Having secured a press pass for travel, leaves 44 Fontenoy Street and journeys to Galway, visiting NBJ’s mother at 4 Bowling Green, Galway. Once there sends NBJ a letter-card telling her her mother has sung ‘The Lass of Aughrim’ for him. NBJ’s uncle, Michael Healy, puts JJ and GJ up at 18 Lower Dominick Street. Back at 44 Fontenoy Street, Dublin, desperately asks SJ for immediate funds so that they can travel back to Trieste. Writes an article on Shaw and the play he has just seen (this will appear on 5 September). Writes a love letter to NBJ.

September 1–9 at 44 Fontenoy Street, Dublin; 9–13 en route to Trieste; from 13 at Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. 2 (Thurs) Writes both tenderly and passionately to NBJ and expresses his detestation of Dublin and its inhabitants. Tells SJ he needs more

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1909 43

3

4

5

6 7

8

9

13 24

money so that he can bring Eva Joyce with him and specifies sleeping arrangements for her and GJ. Describes in some detail to NBJ the present he has for her: a necklace he has had designed on the tablet of which are the seven words which form the last line of CM IX. Tells Richards that Maunsel and Co. have accepted D for publication in the spring. Tells SJ that the final arrangements for the journey to Trieste are nearly all in place but he still needs money from him for Eva. ‘La battaglia fra Bernard Shaw e la censura: “Blanco Posnet smascherato”’ (‘The Battle between Bernard Shaw and the Censor: “The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet” ’), the fifth of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera. Attends a prewedding celebration of Kettle and Mary Sheehy at the Gresham Hotel and asks NBJ to prepare a friendly welcome for them when they visit Trieste on their honeymoon. (The couples do not meet up). Eva has a tonsillectomy. Writes two letters to NBJ expressing his deep love for her and longing to see her and Trieste again. Asks SJ to help him in publicizing his latest article in Il Piccolo della Sera and affirms his confidence that D will make a lot of money. Spends the evening with Kettle. Kettle and Mary Sheehy marry. JJ does not attend the wedding but sends them a copy of CM. The Evening Telegraph contains an article on JJ’s review of the Shaw play. Leaves Dublin for Trieste with GJ and Eva. Travels via London, Boulogne, Basle and Milan from which he cables SJ on 12 that he is penniless. Arrives in Trieste. Date of a testimonial for JJ from the Università del Popolo.

October 1–18 at Via Vincenzo Scussa 8; 18–21 en route to Dublin; from 21 at 44 Fontenoy Street, Dublin. 4 (Mon) Sends ‘The Holy Office’ to David J. O’Donoghue who has asked for a copy. JJ has no regrets about it. 16 Signs a contract with some Triestine businessmen to establish cinemas in Ireland, an idea suggested to him by Eva. (The businessmen are Antonio Machnich, Giovanni Rebez, Giuseppe Caris and Francesco Novak, the latter joining the company later.) Attends a performance of Puccini’s Madame Butterfly at the Teatro Politeama Rossetti.

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44 A James Joyce Chronology

17 18

21

23 27 28

Declares on an official document that he has received 500 crowns from Caris and the others. Leaves Trieste for Dublin travelling via Paris, Dieppe and London. Both sea crossings (France–England; Wales–Ireland) affect JJ badly. Arrives back in Dublin, staying at 44 Fontenoy Street, on his business venture to open the first cinema in the city. Also while in Dublin will pursue his idea of becoming the Trieste agent for Irish tweeds. Interviews the theatre inspector of Dublin Corporation about a licence. Expresses to NBJ his longing to be with her in Trieste and his loathing of Ireland and the Irish. Reports to SJ that he is suffering from sciatica in the leg but has located suitable premises for the cinema in Mary Street.

November 1–27 at 44 Fontenoy Street; 27–28 in Belfast; from 28 at 44 Fontenoy Street. The Dublin Book of Irish Verse, 1728-1909 edited by John Cooke includes CM 1, XI and XII. 2 (Tues) Having just received a pair of gloves from JJ, NBJ jokingly reminds him of the pair of gloves he gave her five years before by writing as she would have then and as if from Finn’s Hotel. 9 Urges Palmer to make efforts to get his settings of the CM poems published and tells him of his own efforts to that end. 10 In firing off a lot of questions to SJ about their family, friends and colleagues and giving him miscellaneous instructions and information, notes that some of his CM songs have been set to music by a Belfast man called Hughes. 11 Completes his own copying out of the verses of CM on parchment (and then has them bound in leather with the initials N.J. and the family crest engraved on the cover) as a Christmas present to NBJ. Mid-month, departure of Margaret Joyce, now Sister Mary Gertrude, for New Zealand. JJ sees her off. She never returns to Ireland. 17 Receives notification from SJ that his landlord is suing unless the rent is immediately forthcoming for October and November. JJ at once wires money but informs SJ of his own money problems both in his business venture and in keeping up 44 Fontenoy Street. (JSJ is currently in hospital with eye trouble.) In fact both families face eviction. 19 Machnich and Rebez arrive; JJ installs them in Finn’s Hotel then writes NBJ a humble, contrite letter, addressing her in the third

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1909 45

46 A James Joyce Chronology

28

December At 44 Fontenoy Street. During the month writes a series of explicitly erotic letters to NBJ. 2 (Thurs) Novak and Guido Lenardon (a cinema projectionist) arrive from Trieste. By now JJ has decided to take his sister, Eileen, back with him to the continent. 9 Tells SJ there is a delay in opening the cinema as the Recorder, whose licence they must have, is not sitting. 12 Travels to Cork with his business partners to investigate cinematic possibilities there, arriving back in Dublin late in the evening. (Nothing comes of this visit.) 15 Complains to SJ about how hard he is having to work on the cinema project, all the disappointments and problems he has experienced over it and all the people borrowing money from him. 20 The Volta Cinema at 45 Mary Street opens to an invited audience which includes JSJ and his daughters. 21 The cinema opens to the general public. Among the first films shown are: ‘The Bewitched Castle’; ‘The First Paris Orphanage’; ‘Beatrice Cenci’ and ‘Devilled Crab’. 22 Sends NBJ as a Christmas present the parchment MS of CM which he has designed and prepared. 23 Informs SJ of his immediate plans and his intention to return to Trieste at the beginning of January, this time with Eileen. His rheumatism is better but he is exhausted. Asks NBJ to prepare for his return with Eileen and expresses his longing to be back in Trieste with her. 24 Tells NBJ he has met a young man from Galway who remembers her: he feels inferior to such men but insists that one day he will be somebody in this country. (Also around this time meets and is kind to the young Charles Duff whose James Joyce and the Plain Reader will be published in the spring of 1932.) Austin Clarke (1896–1974), the future poet and verse dramatist, visits the cinema. (He will meet JJ in Paris in the early 1920s.) 25 Machnich and Rebez leave Ireland. 29 Appears before the Recorder and secures a permanent licence for the Volta Cinema.

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27

person throughout, about his strange feelings while in the hotel where she worked and his overwhelming love for her. Travels to Belfast with Machnich and Rebez with a view to establishing a cinema there. The visit is not a success. Returns to Dublin, 44 Fontenoy Street.

1910 47

January 1–2 at 44 Fontenoy Street; 2–6 travelling back to Trieste via Paris and Milan; from 6 at Via Vincenzo Scussa 8, Trieste. 2 (Sun) Leaves Dublin to begin his journey back to Trieste, this time with his sister Eileen. 6 Arrives back in Trieste but can do little for a month or more because of a bad attack of iritis. 12 Probably attends a futurist evening at the Teatro Politeama Rossetti which features Filippo Tommaso Marinetti giving a recital of poetry, Aldo Palazzeschi and Armando Mazza. 19 ‘Out by Donnycarney’ (CM XXXI) with music by Adolph Mann is published by John Church in Cincinnati. (This is the first publication of JJ’s work in the US.) He receives a copy of the publication on 8 June. The licence for the Volta Cinema is officially issued to JJ. February At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8, Trieste. 2 (Wed) JJ’s 28th birthday. 12 Tells SJ that he must help him as he will have no money until he gets his new pupils next week and creditors are calling. March At Via Vincenzo, Scussa 8. 5 (Sat) Buys a piano from the firm of Zannoni. 12 Asks for SJ’s help in paying for the piano. 23 Roberts tells JJ he hopes to send him the proofs of D in early April and publish soon after. (The firm is, however, worried about some of the stories, for example references to Edward VII in ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’.) April At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. 4 (Mon) Asks Mathews for a statement about the sales of CM and wonders why he has refused W. Reynolds (the music critic of the Belfast Evening Telegraph) permission to set some of the poems. (In reply Mathews points out that the sole musical rights which Reynolds has sought – those of setting CM XXXI – have already been granted to Mann.) 18 Vidacovich writes to say that the Triestine partners in the Volta Cinema project believe it should be wound up as soon as possible.

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1910

48 A James Joyce Chronology

Death of Mark Twain. The Irish composer O’Brien Butler inscribes his Seven Original Irish Melodies for JJ and thanks him for CM, some of which he may set to music.

May At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. 6 (Fri) Death of Edward VII and accession of George V. 13 Death of Conmee. 15 Expresses his surprise to Mathews at the lack of sales of CM and, noting that 11 of the songs have been set by Reynolds and Palmer, reminds him that under the agreement 50% of the proceeds of such rights should come to him. 18 Mathews, saying that he cannot understand JJ’s surprise about the sales of CM, vigorously defends his advertising of the book. 21 Reiterates to Mathews his disappointment about the poor sales of CM, declaring that the book was not pushed in Ireland. Asks for his 50% of the music fees. (JJ does indeed receive this from Mathews.) 24 Mathews tells JJ that he did approach Dublin booksellers about CM but received no response. 30 Death of John Murray, JJ’s uncle. June At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. 3 (Fri) On receiving news of Murray’s death immediately writes a letter expressing his shock and sadness to his Aunt Lillie, Murray’s wife. 8 Apologizes to Theodore Spicer-Simson about not getting in touch with him over his (Spicer-Simson’s) Laurence Sterne night, blaming the eye trouble he has had. 11 Informs Palmer what the legal position is, much as he regrets it, over publishing settings of ‘Out by Donnycarney’ (CM XXXI). 13 Describes to SJ what the final arrangements are for selling the Volta Cinema; he feels he has lost money on the sale as have his partners, but believes he will get something from them. (In fact he receives nothing.) 14 Novak sells the cinema to The Provincial Cinematograph Theatres, Ltd for £1000*. 24 Tells Mann how much he likes his setting of ‘Out by Donnycarney’. He is now busy correcting the proofs of D, a very different sort of book. (Actual publication of this is, however, postponed from month to month by Maunsel and Co.)

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21 29

July At Via Vincenzo Scussa 8. D is printed in an edition of 1000 copies by John Falconer, Maunsel’s printer, but not published. 8 (Fri) The Provincial Cinematograph Theatres Ltd confirms that the sale of the Volta has been concluded. 15 With NBJ buys a Singer sewing machine at a total cost of 282 crowns, initially putting down a deposit of 30 crowns. 23 JSJ thanks JJ for the invitation to Trieste. (He does not go.) August 1–24 at Via Vincenzo Scussa 8; from 24 at Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 24 (Wed) Leaves Via Vincenzo Scussa 8 and, helped financially by SJ, moves to Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. September At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32 17 (Sat) ‘Song’ (CM I) is published in the Irish Homestead XVII, 38. Autumn, learns that he has been appointed to teach English at the evening school of the Società degli impiegati civili, La Scuola Commerciale di perfezionaménto. October At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 19 (Wed) Il Diritto, the newspaper of the Società degli impiegati civili, notes JJ’s appointment to the English course. November At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 7 (Mon) Date of the first of a series of invoices from Dublin Woollen Company, 15 Bachelor’s Walk, Dublin, to JJ which indicate charges for shipments made from Dublin to Trieste for different individuals. 20 Death of Tolstoy. December At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 2 (Fri) GJ, probably helped by JJ, writes a letter of thanks and Christmas greetings to Roberts. (The latter has written saying he expects to publish D in January.) 6 Date of the first of a series of letters from Dublin Woollen Company to JJ about his agency for the company, orders for customers and so forth.

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1910 49

50 A James Joyce Chronology

22

‘La Cometa dell’ “Home Rule” ‘ (‘The Home Rule Comet’), the sixth of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera.

January At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 3 (Tues) Asks Roberts if D is definitely to be published on 20 and, if so, reminding him of further details connected with the publication such as arranging the sale of 50 copies to Schimpff, a Trieste bookseller. Wonders why Roberts has sent him proofs of ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’ a second time – although he has not received them. 12 Announces to SJ that he is on the point of leaving Trieste following some conflict with him, the cause of which is unclear. 22 Expresses his bitterness to SJ that the publication of D has once again been postponed – without explanation. February At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 2 (Thurs) JJ’s 29th birthday. 9 Roberts says he is still concerned about ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’ as JJ has not made the alterations agreed upon. On receipt of this letter JJ considers suing Maunsel and Co. A particularly barren time follows, not helped by Roberts’s silence. It may be during this time, certainly in 1911, that after a quarrel JJ throws the MS of P into the fire. It is rescued by members of his family, chiefly Eileen to whom JJ later gives presents in gratitude. (Probably by now the first four chapters of P have been completed although JJ does not finish the whole work, with its final revisions, until 1913–14.) July At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. Early this month, Eva returns to Dublin. Shortly after her return his sister Mabel Joyce (‘Baby’) dies of typhoid, aged 17. When he hears the news JJ writes to JSJ and sends money and a wreath. 10 (Mon) Makes another attempt to communicate with Maunsel and Co. threatening, if he gets no reply, not only legal action but also a circular letter to the press in Ireland about the whole matter. 20 JSJ describes to JJ Mabel’s illness and death and says he wants to leave Dublin and the three remaining daughters who still live with him. Urges JJ, in the circumstances, to have the family portraits.

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1911

1911 51

31

V.J. Roche of Dublin Woollen Co. writes to JJ about how he is to be paid in future for his sale of their goods in Trieste. (This is the last extant letter from the company to JJ.) Date of the last extant invoice from Dublin Woollen Co. to JJ.

August At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 1 (Tues) Writes to George V enclosing a proof of ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’ pointing out the passage over which he is in dispute with Maunsel and Co. (a reference to Edward VII) and asking for his judgement on the matter. 11 Buckingham Palace returns the enclosures, refraining from comment. 17 Writes what becomes known as ‘A Curious History’ about his struggles over nearly six years to get D published and sends it to several newspapers. 25 Henry Blackwood Price, an Ulsterman and assistant manager of the Eastern Telegraph Co. in Trieste (whose opinion JJ has sought about the disputed passage in ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’) is complimentary about D. 26 Under the heading ‘Author and Publisher in Ireland’ the Northern Whig (Belfast) publishes JJ’s statement of 17, omitting the controversial passage. 28 Richards thanks JJ for sending him a copy of his statement of 17, but says he does not understand a publisher’s difficulties. 30 Tells Maria Kirn (who has been the Joyces’ maid since the previous autumn) to bring GJ back with her tomorrow from her family’s farm outside Trieste where they have been staying. September At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 2 (Sat) Under the heading ‘Dubliners, To The Editor of Sinn Fein’ Sinn Fein publishes JJ’s statement of 17 August in full. October At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 20 (Fri) Ada Hirsch, the wife of Filippo Meissel, commits suicide. JJ attends her funeral and later visits her grave. (References to these events are to be found in his Giacomo Joyce, first published in 1968.) November At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 15 (Wed) Following JJ’s enquiries about teaching in an Italian school, the Secretary of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at the

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28

30

University of Padua informs JJ that he may aspire to a secondary school diploma, but first must gain approval of his academic credentials from the Higher Education Council. Once JJ has this approval he can take the examinations during the next session of the university. Signor Ebiani, the Secretary of the Higher Education Council in Rome, confirms to JJ receipt of his documents which he has forwarded to the Minister of Education.

December At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 23 (Sat) Thanks Palmer for sending him a copy of Charles Lever’s song ‘The Man for Galway’ which Palmer has set to music.

1912 February At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 2 (Fri) JJ’s 30th birthday. 7 Centenary of the birth of Charles Dickens. 9 Gives the first of two lectures this month in Italian for the Università Popolare in the Civica scuola popolare e cittadina under the title ‘Verismo ed idealismo nella letteratura ingelese (Daniele De Foe–William Blake’) (‘Realism and idealism in English literature from Defoe to Blake’). 24 Faces eviction from his landlord, Picciola; manages to acquire enough money to remain at his present address but his landlord drives a hard bargain. April 1–23 (or 24) at Via della Barriera Vecchia 32; 23 (or 24)–26 at Albergo Toretta, Padua; from 26 at Via della Barriera Vecchia 32, Trieste. 19 (Fri) The Minister of Education in Rome authorizes the University of Padua to admit JJ to the examinations for an Italian teaching diploma. 20 Receives notification from the rector of the University of Padua that he is eligible to sit the examinations. 21 Confirms his attendance to the University of Padua. 23 (or early 24) Travels to Padua, staying at the Albergo Toretta. 24 Writes his examination essay ‘L’influenza letteraria universale del rinascimento’ (‘The Universal Literary Influence of the Renaissance’). 25 Writes in English his examination essay ‘The Centenary of Charles Dickens’.

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52 A James Joyce Chronology

26

30

Takes the dictation in English (a passage from Bulwer-Lytton’s The Last Days of Pompeii) and the translation into English (a passage from Pietro Colletta’s Ricordi di mia vita) and then returns to Trieste. Returns to Padua for the day to take the oral examinations and present his trial lesson. (His marks for the examinations total 421 out of a possible 450.)

May At Via della Barriera Vecchia 32. 3 (Fri) In Dublin the family portraits are left with Daniel Egan, a carver and gilder, 25 and 26 Lower Ormond Quay, for cleaning and restoration. 16 ‘L’ombra di Parnell’ (‘The Shade of Parnell’), the seventh of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera. 30 Asks Mathews if any royalties are now due to him from sales of CM. July 1–12 at Via della Barriera Vecchia 32; 12–15 en route Trieste to Dublin via London; 15–16 probably at 17 Richmond Place, Dublin; from 16 at 4 Bowling Green, Galway. 8 (Mon) NBJ and LJ arrive in Dublin to be met by JSJ and other members of the family; they dine at Finn’s Hotel into which NBJ books for two nights. 9 NBJ, with Charles and JSJ, sees Roberts at Maunsel’s offices but makes little progress. 10 NBJ and Charles fail to see Roberts. She then travels to Galway with LJ. 12 After chiding NBJ for not writing except for a postcard confirming her arrival, leaves Trieste for Dublin with GJ. (In fact she has written from Galway on 11, but JJ has not received this letter.) 14 Sees Yeats in London; also visits Hone at Maunsel’s London office. 15 Arrives in Dublin and probably stays with Charles and his family at 17 Richmond Place. 16 After a futile meeting with Roberts leaves for Galway, staying there at 4 Bowling Green. 17 Describes to SJ his meetings with Yeats and Roberts: the latter proposes either to publish D with cuts or to sell the book, bound and printed, to JJ for him in effect to publish the book himself. 26 Sends a card from Galway to ‘Hector Schmitz’ signing it ‘Stephen Dedalus’. End of this month, visits the Aran Islands.

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1912 53

August 1–16 at 4 Bowling Green, Galway; 16–22 at 17 Richmond Place, Dublin; from 22 at 21 Richmond Place. 4 (Sun) Cycles to Oughterard, visiting the cemetery there. (This visit gives rise to the poem ‘She Weeps over Rahoon’, begun this month.) 5 Cycles to Clifden hoping to interview Guglielmo Marconi and see his radio station, but fails to do either. 7 As his landlord and the house agent are causing trouble, gives SJ his version of events surrounding his tenancy of the flat which he is not prepared to vacate for at least three months. Asks him to do several jobs for him, some in connection with his journalism. 10 Having heard from SJ that the Italian Ministry of Education will not recognize the validity of his degree, reciprocates with bad news of his own: Roberts has suggested that the printed sheets of D be turned over to Richards. 11 ‘La città delle tribù; Ricordi italiani in un porto irlandese’ (‘The City of the Tribes; Italian Memories in an Irish Port’), the eighth of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera. (JJ has sent this article from Galway.) 14 Gives SJ the latest news on his various problems: he has written to the Board of Education in London asking why his degree is invalid for examination purposes in Italy; a solicitor, John G. Lidwell, is now acting for him over the D affair and he has told Roberts this. 15 The Board of Education in London says in effect that it cannot directly help JJ who quickly passes this information on to SJ. 16 Arrives back in Dublin in the evening, leaving his family in Galway and stays at 17 Richmond Place. 19 Thanks Curran for his assistance in trying to secure publication of D. 20 Discusses D for two hours with Roberts after which he obtains a written statement from Lidwell about the book which is cautious and expresses reservations about ‘An Encounter’. Describes to SJ his efforts to secure a job for Charles and, in the crisis over the Trieste flat, gives him specific instructions about protecting his precious possessions such as his table, desk and MSS. 21 Writes to Roberts agreeing reluctantly to omit ‘An Encounter’ provided he meets other conditions laid down in the letter; despairingly tells NBJ about his endless negotiations with Lidwell and Roberts and his intense anxiety about the situation in Trieste.

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54 A James Joyce Chronology

1912 55

Moves to 21 Richmond Place and quickly tells NBJ this, expressing his longing to see her (she does soon return to Dublin) and feeling more optimistic about D. 23 Receives a letter from Roberts stating that Maunsel would be risking libel if actual public houses, restaurants and so forth were mentioned in D and that therefore publication is out of the question. Furthermore the firm threatens legal action of its own against JJ for all the money and time wasted on the book. Still arguing with Roberts, sends his (Roberts’s) letter to SJ. 24 The day originally set for the eviction of the Trieste Joyces. 25 SJ cables JJ to return as soon as possible. (JJ’s response is that he has already given him instructions about what to do; he is awaiting money from him and must resolve the issue of D.) Late this month, continues to negotiate with Roberts who simply makes further demands whenever JJ concedes a point.

September 1–11 at 21 Richmond Place; 11–15 en route Dublin to Trieste via London, Flushing, Munich and Salzburg; from 15 at Via Donato Bramante 4, Trieste. 5 (Thurs) Agrees to Roberts’s latest proposal: to buy 1000 printed copies of D for £30 and publish the book himself under the imprint of the ‘Liffey Press’. ‘Il miraggio del pescatore di Aran: La valvola dell’Inghilterra in caso di guerra’ (‘The Mirage of the Fisherman of Aran – England’s Safety Valve in Case of War’), the ninth and last of JJ’s Italian articles, appears in Il Piccolo della Sera. (JJ has sent this article from Galway.) 6 Writes a sub-editorial for the Freeman’s Journal about foot and mouth disease. Charles Joyce reports to SJ that Maunsel’s printer is now making difficulties over D although there is a plan to circumvent them. 10 Is informed by Roberts that John Falconer refuses to surrender the sheets of D. JJ’s article ‘Politics and Cattle Disease’ appears in the Freeman’s Journal. 11 Falconer destroys virtually the entire print run of D by guillotining the sheets (rather than burning them, as JJ supposes). JJ, however, manages to secure at least one set of page proofs which will be used when the book is finally published in 1914. Following this act of destruction, leaves Ireland with his family. He will never return. 13 In London visits Charles Boon of the publishing firm Mills and Boon about D, but is not optimistic. (This firm does indeed reject it a few days later.)

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22

14 15

19

In Flushing begins his satirical poem ‘Gas from a Burner’ which is completed on the train between there and Salzburg. Arrives back in Trieste, taking a flat at Via Donato Bramante 4. Quickly proceeds to get ‘Gas from a Burner’ printed locally. (He will then send copies to Dublin for Charles Joyce to distribute.) Informs Yeats about Vidacovich’s work on his (Yeats’s) behalf in Italy, mentioning the Italian translation of the first version of The Countess Cathleen. Also tells him about the fate of D.

October At Via Donato Bramante 4. 7 (Mon) Thanks Mathews for copies of CM which he hopes to dispose of in Trieste. 11 Egan points out that he has now had the five family portraits for some time and, having restored them, would like to be paid and to know where to forward them. 18 J. Browning Spence, a member of the British Consular Service, thanks JJ for a copy of CM. November At Via Donato Bramante 4. 11 (Mon) Presents the first of a series of 12 Monday evening lectures in English on Hamlet at the Minerva Society in Via Carducci (originally ten were proposed, to start on 4). These lectures are not extant. 12 Il Piccolo della Sera enthusiastically applauds JJ’s lectures and gives notice of the second on 18. December At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Sun) Charles Joyce informs Eileen of the death of William Murray, an uncle of theirs and the model for Richie Goulding in U. However, she does not receive the news until the evening of 5. 2 Gives another lecture on Hamlet probably the third of the series. 9 Writes a warm letter of condolence to his Aunt Josephine about the death of whose husband, William Murray, he has only very recently heard. 16 Asks Yeats if he knows of any London publisher who would take D. 20 In response to a letter from JJ, the publisher Martin Secker asks to see the proofs of D. 25 Having sent D to Secker, tells Yeats this and asks for his intervention to get it published.

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56 A James Joyce Chronology

1913 57

January At Via Donato Bramante 4. 10 (Fri) Having received a cheque for £1 from JJ, Egan requests the balance of £1 15s 4d* on receipt of which he will ship the portraits to him. (JJ acquires them in the spring.) February At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Sat) Bial and Freund, Vienna, send JJ a bill for eyeglasses. 2 JJ’s 31st birthday. 10 Gives the twelfth and last of his Hamlet lectures. 11 JJ’s final Hamlet lecture is very positively received by Il Piccolo della Sera in a review quite possibly written by Roberto Prezioso. 21 Matthews sends a statement regarding CM: for royalty purposes only 177 copies have been sold. Also informs JJ about Katharine Tynan’s The Wild Harp, A Selection of Irish Poetry (London, 1913) in which CM I, III and XXXVI appear. 26 In thanking Mathews for the statement, again asks him to publish D, offering various incentives. March At Via Donato Bramante 4. 20 (Thurs) Mathews again rejects D, declaring it is not the sort of fiction he normally publishes. (JJ quickly makes one more attempt to persuade him, only to have D rejected yet again.) April At Via Donato Bramante 4. 15 (Tues) John Long, the publisher, who rejected D early in 1907, tells JJ he has received it from Mathews. (He again rejects it on 22.) May At Via Donato Bramante 4. 2 (Fri) Buys music costing 62 crowns from Stabilimento Musicale ‘Giuseppe Verdi’, a Trieste music shop, but by October has still not paid the account. June At Via Donato Bramante 4. 27 (Fri) Padric Gregory tells JJ he would like to include his work in an anthology he is compiling. (CM XXIX will be included in his Modern Anglo-Irish Verse, London, 1914.)

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1913

58 A James Joyce Chronology

Submits ‘Daniele De Foe, Part I’ to Adolfo Orvieto, editor of Il Marzocco, for publication. (Il Marzocco declines to publish the essay.)

July At Via Donato Bramante 4. 2 (Wed) Appointed to teach the English language and English commercial correspondence at the Scuola Superiore di Commercio ‘Revoltella’. 13 Asks the publishing firm Macmillan if it would consider D, briefly describing some of his efforts to get the book published. (Macmillan rejects the request.) August At Via Donato Bramante 4. 20 (Wed) Palmer writes to say he intends to publish a few of his CM settings at his own expense, asking JJ for his preferences. September At Via Donato Bramante 4. 7 (Sun) Writes ‘Watching the Needleboats at San Sabba’. 9 Sends the poem to SJ (whose participation in a sculling race has prompted it). 13 Prezioso, who is out of Trieste, sends a friendly postcard to JJ and NBJ. 20 The Saturday Review cxvi. 3021 (London) publishes ‘Watching the Needleboats at San Sabba’. Autumn, probably writes the poem ‘A Flower given to my Daughter’. October At Via Donato Bramante 4. 6 (Mon) Begins to give lessons at the Scuola Revoltella. In response to Palmer’s recent letter states his preferences among the CM poems. They are XXXI, III and XXVIII. November At Via Donato Bramante 4. 12 (Wed) Makes some preliminary notes for his play Exiles (E) which appear to link Prezioso and Bodkin. 13 Further notes on E, this time linking Bodkin with his poem ‘She Weeps over Rahoon’. (JJ probably writes a draft of the first act of E this autumn.) 23 Writes to Richards mentioning his letter to the press concerning D [‘A Curious History’], what has happened to the book since then and suggesting that now is the time for it to be published.

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30

24

25 30

Informs the director of the Scuola Revoltella that he believes the academic weight of the English course is insufficient for its students. Richards’s firm – Richards himself is in the US – asks to see D again. Updates ‘A Curious History’ to include what has happened to D since 17 August 1911.

December At Via Donato Bramante 4. 13 (Sat) Buys Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Ghosts from Schimpff. 15 Ezra Pound, writing from London, says that Yeats has been telling him about his (JJ’s) writing; he (Pound) is connected with two English periodicals, the Egoist (currently called the New Freewoman) and the Cerebralist and collects for a couple of American magazines. He is prepared to read whatever JJ sends him. 23 Official decision to rename the New Freewoman the Egoist. 26 Pound asks JJ for permission to include ‘I Hear an Army’ [the last poem of CM], by which both he and Yeats are impressed, in his anthology of Imagist poetry.

1914 January At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Thurs) First number of the Egoist. 4 Pound thanks JJ for the use of his poem ‘I Hear an Army’ in his anthology Des Imagistes (which appears as the February number of the Glebe) and describes the magazines he has links with. Gioacchino Veneziani (Schmitz’s father-in-law) confirms JJ’s part-time job with his paint factory to write commercial correspondence. His salary is 100 crowns per month. 8 Urges Richards to decide immediately about publishing D. 9 Buys Ibsen’s Peer Gynt from Schimpff. 15 Publishes in the Egoist his updated version of ‘A Curious History’. Mid-month, begins to send revised chapters of P to Pound for inclusion in the Egoist. 19 Not receiving a reply from Richards, again asks him for an immediate decision regarding D. Pound, in a letter begun on 17 January, praises his novel, comparing it with Mérimée, and likes his stories. 20 Attends the opening of Wagner’s Parsifal. Goes several times to see it after that. Tells Palmer that his ‘preface’ to D [that is, ‘A Curious History’] is available in the current issue of the Egoist

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1914 59

60 A James Joyce Chronology

February At Via Donato Bramante 4. 2 (Mon) JJ’s 32nd birthday. The Egoist begins the serial publication of P. By mid-June it has published the first third of the book. There are 25 instalments in all, concluding 1 September 1915. 3 Agrees with Richards the terms of the previous contract’ regarding the publication of D, attempts to clarify a few points and asks him to bring the book out in May. 27 Richards sends a copy of the modified contract. March At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Sun) Begins to write U, but puts it aside to continue working on E. 2 Des Imagistes containing ‘I Hear an Army’ is published in New York and in London the following month. 4 Signs a contract for D. It stipulates that no royalties will be paid on the first 500 copies and that the author agrees to purchase 120 copies. Richards also has first refusal on all of JJ’s work for the next five years. Reassures Richards about the unlikelihood of libel actions and repeats his wish that the book be published in May. 7 Buys Dostoyevsky’s The Idiot from Schimpff. 9 Buys Henri Bergson’s L’évolution créatrice from Schimpff. Richards explains that the setting and printing of the book will take seven weeks but hopes to publish D before the end of May. (In reality it takes more than seven weeks.) 20 Richards signs the contract for D and sends a copy to JJ on 23 March. 25 Suggests to the Genoese publisher Angelo Fortunato Formiggini that he publish the nine articles he wrote for the Il Piccolo della Sera between 1907 and 1912 in a book on Ireland for Italian readers. Nothing comes of the idea. April At Via Donato Bramante 4. c.1 (Wed) Pound acknowledges receipt of the second chapter of P and describes his further efforts on JJ’s behalf. 8 Buys the first two volumes of Flaubert’s Premières oeuvres from Schimpff.

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29

and asks him if he has set ‘I Hear an Army’ to music. Richards asks general and specific questions about D to which JJ responds on 24 also offering to take for sale 120 copies at trade price. Richards agrees to this and confirms he will publish the book. JJ buys Shaw’s Major Barbara from Schimpff.

1914 61

Buys Shaw’s The Devil’s Disciple from Schimpff. Thanks Tynan for including ‘I Hear an Army’ in her anthology The Wild Harp but points out two mistakes in the printing which he would like rectified in any second edition. Late this month, reads and corrects the first proofs of D. However, Richards fails to send him the revised proofs and many of these corrections are not incorporated into the text. May At Via Donato Bramante 4. Continues his correspondence with Richards over the publication of D. Sends him press notices (of CM) for insertion in copies of D to be sent to the press and repeats his request for publication in May as it is fortunate for him. 5 (Tues) JSJ, writing from a convalescent home in Drumcondra, Dublin, urgently asks JJ for further information about Eileen and her fiancé Frantisek Schaurek. (She has written to her father and told him of her intention to marry.) 23 Schimpff sends JJ a bill for 172.90 kronen representing the outstanding balance on 20 books bought between 1 October 1913 and 9 May. June At Via Donato Bramante 4. Third chapter of P typed and sent to the Egoist. 15 (Mon) D published in an edition of 1250 copies (second Richards edition 1918). Initial reviews in the Times Literary Supplement and the Athenaeum are not very favourable. Harriet Shaw Weaver becomes principal editor of the Egoist. 26 Schmitz thanks JJ for a copy of D and asks him when he will write about Trieste. 27 Gerald Gould reviews D extremely positively in the New Statesman. 28 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo. 29 Symons, in a letter to JJ, says he finds much to like in D. 30 Richards tells JJ that reviews of D have commented on its dismal atmosphere but have virtually all praised the book. He asks JJ what he is going to write next. July At Via Donato Bramante 4. July–August: Giacomo Joyce is written down. 3 (Fri) Mentions P to Richards, confirms he has the option on publishing it and suggests he sees the instalments already published in the Egoist.

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14 15

13

15 16 28

Gives this date to his poem ‘Tutto è Sciolto’ (‘All is Lost’) which later appears in PP in 1927. However, the poem may have been written later, in the autumn. Pound reviews D in the Egoist praising the clarity of its prose. Pound begins a letter to JJ (completed 21) thanking him for Chapter III of P, praising his handling of the hell fire sermons. Diplomacy having collapsed between Austria and Serbia a few days before, war breaks out between the two countries. JJ hurries to the British Consulate, but is assured that British citizens have no cause for alarm.

August At Via Donato Bramante 4. In a letter to John Quinn, 10 July 1917, JJ says he began to draft E this month. He therefore in these months is writing down Giacomo Joyce, composing E (probably from Act II onwards) and revising P. 1 (Sat) An instalment of Chapter III of P appears in the Egoist with the omission of a paragraph by the printers despite Weaver’s protests. 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany and, 10 August, on Austria. 19 In a letter to Cousins Richards admits that JJ may be right to hold a grudge against him. September At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Tues) Serialization of P in the Egoist reaches the end of Chapter III but in the next issue (15 September) Weaver announces the temporary suspension of the publication of the concluding chapters owing to the difficulty of getting manuscripts from Trieste. 17 Receives word from the Scuola Revoltella that he is suspended without pay until further notice. October At Via Donato Bramante 4. 21 (Wed) For the first time Weaver writes directly to JJ. He receives the letter 7 November. November At Via Donato Bramante 4. 11 (Wed) Responds to Weaver’s letter of 21 October informing her that he has sent the fourth and fifth chapters of P (the final parts of the book) via an intermediary in Switzerland. He hopes to remain at liberty and so far the Austrian authorities have not bothered him in any way.

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December At Via Donato Bramante 4. 10 (Tues) Asks the superior imperial royal Lieutenancy of Trieste to return the documents which were sent at their request to the Ministry of Public Instruction in Vienna so that his position at the Scuola Revoltella can be confirmed or otherwise. (The documents are his degree certificate, press reviews of his work and testimonials.) 16 The Ministry writes to the Trieste Lieutenancy asking for more information about JJ.

1915 January At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Fri) Another instalment of P (the end of Chapter IV) appears in the Egoist with cuts imposed by the printer. 8 The chief education inspector, Eugenio Gelcich, examines the request of the Ministry regarding JJ and recommends the renewal of his contract. The Lieutenant Hohenlohe endorses this view describing him as quiet and only wanting to make a living. 9 SJ is arrested by the Austrian authorities and interned, initially at Schloss Kirchberg, Lower Austria, for the rest of the war. JJ takes on his remaining pupils to one of whom, Oscar Schwarz, he shows his poem ‘Simples’ (which appears in PP) probably written early 1915. Late this month, begins to use the address of Veneziani, who continues to employ him part-time, as the address for his correspondence (c/o Gioacchino Veneziani, Murano, Venice (Italy)) and urges those to whom he writes to respond to that address. End of the month, is obliged to take out a loan for 600 crowns* from Il Consorzio Industriale di Mutui Prestiti. It is underwritten by Vidacovich, endorsed by Artifoni, and set to expire on 30 April. February At Via Donato Bramante 4. 2 (Tues) JJ’s 33rd birthday. 10 At the suggestion of H.G. Wells, the London literary agent J.B. Pinker writes to JJ offering to act for him. 17 Hohenlohe’s office learns from the Ministry that JJ can begin teaching for the academic year 1914–15. (He does not hear the news for some weeks.) However, the employment must be temporary as JJ is not an Austrian citizen.

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25

The American Consul General in Trieste, Ralph C. Busser, having helped JJ escape internment, receives an inscribed copy of D from him. Pound praises the work of JJ, among contemporary writers, for its hard, gaunt qualities in the New Age XVI.

March At Via Donato Bramante 4. 4 (Thurs) Much to his surprise, 18 of JJ’s students at the Scuola Revoltella protest on his behalf. 13 Receives a letter from the school director, Professor Morpurgo, informing him that the Ministry has decided he can resume his teaching. 17 Thanks Pinker for his letter of 10 February and asks if he will be interviewed on his behalf by Pound. Informs Pound that he has completed E. 23 Thanks H.L. Mencken, co-editor of the American magazine the Smart Set, for publishing two of his stories (in fact they do not appear until May) and asks him for more information about the American edition of D of which he has hitherto been unaware. (In this too he is mistaken: D does not appear in the US until December 1916.) c.29 Pound tells him he has just taken the final chapter of P to Richards and urges him to accept Pinker as his agent, enclosing the latter’s draft of agreement. April At Via Donato Bramante 4. 1 (Thurs) Accepts Pinker as his literary agent but wants some changes in his memorandum of agreement. Is prepared to hand over dramatic rights to Pinker immediately but prefers P to be published in book form before E. Informs him that Richards has the right of refusal for all books written by him for the next four years (including P) but that he is still waiting to hear from him (Richards) about whether or not he wants to publish P. 5 Pinker signs the memorandum of agreement which makes him agent for JJ’s dramatic work. In Trieste JJ does likewise but instructs his agent to prepare another agreement regarding book and journal publications, subject to specified conditions. Writes to Richards in much the same terms as to Pinker on 1, and says he has received a letter from Wells expressing his unbounded admiration for his work. 12 Acts as best man at the wedding of Eileen and Frantisek Schaurek in the Basilica of San Giusto, Trieste.

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18

16 19

20

30

Asks Pinker to get another publisher for P if Richards is unwilling to publish it. In a letter to Richards attempts to clear up misconceptions between them about publishing D, P and E. Writes to Pound praising his Cathay. Pinker acknowledges receipt of JJ’s letter of 5 enclosing the signed agreement. Mencken tells him that two of his stories ‘The Boarding House’ and ‘A Little Cloud’ will be in the May Smart Set but he cannot take more from D because B.W. Huebsch, whose intelligence as a publisher he praises, plans to bring the book out around the same time. He feels P is too long for his magazine. Informs Weaver that he has appointed Pinker as his literary agent and asks her to send him (Pinker) a copy of the Egoist containing the article ‘A Curious History’. The expiry date for the loan taken out at the end of January is postponed for three months.

May At Via Donato Bramante 4. Pound begins to help find a producer for E (a task he continues intermittently for more than two years). ‘The Boarding House’ and ‘A Little Cloud’ appear in the Smart Set. 5 (Wed) Proposes to Pinker an American edition of CM. 7 Admits to Richards that neither of them has gained anything out of the publication of D. (Only 379 copies are sold in Great Britain up to the end of 1914.) Informs him that he has appointed Pinker as his literary agent to deal with him (Richards) directly. 9 Sends a copy of Richards’s account sales for D to Pinker and seeks clarification about problems relating to publishing D and P. Writes to Huebsch about the US edition of D which he has heard is coming out in the spring. Mid-month, Richards decides not to publish P. Pinker tells JJ of this decision on 27 and sends the book to Martin Secker in July. 23 Italy declares war on Austria further jeopardizing the position of JJ and his family. The Scuola Revoltella is temporarily closed. June 1–28 at Via Donato Bramante 4; 28 (or 27)–30 travelling to Switzerland; from 30 at Gasthof Hoffnung, Reitergasse 16, Zurich. 3 (Thurs) Huebsch clarifies the position concerning the American edition of D: contrary to JJ’s impression and his own inclination he is not going to publish it as there is little appetite for short stories

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in book form in the US. Inquires about JJ’s other work including what is currently being published in the Egoist. 16 Informs SJ, on the date that is to become known as ‘Bloomsday’, that the first episode of U is written. The first part will comprise four episodes, the second 15 and the third three. They are respectively the Telemachia, Ulysses’ wanderings and his homecoming. (In the event there are three–12–three episodes.) 28 (or 27) Having secured (through the mediation of two of his students, Baron Ambrogio Ralli and Count Francesco Sordina) an exit permit from the Austrian authorities, in return for a pledge of neutrality, leaves Trieste with his family for Switzerland. His books and furniture are left behind. 29 Michael Healy writes from Galway and two days later sends JJ a cheque for £15. 30 Arrives in Zurich and lodges at the Gasthof Hoffnung, Reitergasse 16 (where he and NBJ had stayed in October 1904). Tells Weaver that he has stopped in Zurich because it is the first big city he has come to in Switzerland. Begs Pinker for news about his writings, giving him his new address. Informs Pound that he has finished the first two episodes of U which is a kind of continuation of both P and D. July 1–7 at Gasthof Hoffnung, Reitergasse 16, Zurich; from 7 at Reinhardstrasse 7. 3 (Sat) Pound attempts to encourage JJ about E and mentions the existence of the Royal Literary Fund. In this regard Pound contacts Wells and Yeats. 6 Yeats writes to the author Edmund Gosse, an official of the Royal Literary Fund, telling him of JJ’s poverty and asking if he (JJ) could have a grant from it. 7 Brings Mencken up-to-date with his news including his writing, describing U in similar terms to those he used to Pound. Moves to Reinhardstrasse 7. 8 Thanks Wells for the interest he takes in his writings. Tells Mathews that Huebsch has been in touch with him and in reply he has mentioned P and CM. Suggests Mathews send him (Huebsch) a copy of CM. 9 Confirms to Pinker that he has brought with him from Trieste the manuscript of E which he will now have typed and sent on. Mentions his verse but says it is not as important as his novel and play. 15 Asks Mathews to send a copy of CM to Gosse.

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Describes his financial difficulties to Pound and says he hopes to do teaching of some sort in Switzerland in the autumn. 17 After mentioning the efforts of his friends in London on his behalf, tells Pinker he will send him the typescript of E one act at a time (this he does on 20, 21 and 22) to lessen his difficulty, should there be loss in the post. 21 (or 22) Makes clear to Pinker that he wants E to be staged before the literary rights are disposed of. c.22 Pound mentions to Yeats the eye attacks which may incapacitate JJ for several weeks at a time. 24 Yeats urges Gosse to help JJ, who has had a hard life, and calls him a genius. 26 In connection with the grant from the Royal Literary Fund, A. Llewelyn Roberts, the Secretary of the Fund, sends JJ a form to complete. 28 Thanks Pinker for his telegrams, acknowledging receipt of each act of E. Weaver apologizes to JJ for the manner in which her printers censor P as it appears in the Egoist. 29 Yeats describes JJ’s work to Llewelyn Roberts for which he says he has the highest regard. 30 Returning the form duly completed, details his recent financial difficulties to Llewelyn Roberts and says his writings have brought him nothing. The loan taken out at the end of January is still not repaid. August At Reinhardstrasse 7. 3 (Tues) Pound writes to Llewelyn Roberts on JJ’s behalf, praising him as a writer of prose and comparing his style to that of Stendhal or Flaubert. 10 Thanks Weaver for her defence of his text and asks her to send a copy of ‘A Curious History’ to Llewelyn Roberts. 11 Asks Pinker if he has received a decision from Secker about P and an accounts statement from Richards about D. Asks also if E has been sent either to Pound or a theatre manager. 21 Michael Healy sympathizes with JJ over his neuralgia. Yeats repeats his praise of JJ to Gosse but says he can do nothing regarding a production of E for the time being. 25 Llewelyn Roberts informs him that the Royal Literary Fund has voted him a grant of £75*. (The money is paid to him in three instalments in August and November 1915 and February 1916.) 28 Warmly thanks Weaver for her protection of the text of P now that the whole novel is in her hands.

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Expresses his gratitude to Llewelyn Roberts and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund, the first instalment of whose grant he has just received.

September At Reinhardstrasse 7. 1 (Wed) Serial publication of P in the Egoist concludes. Thanks Yeats for his help in securing the Royal Literary Fund grant. 7 Yeats responds but is not optimistic about the Abbey Theatre producing E during wartime. Between 7 and 12 Pound writes to JJ praising the end of P and liking the novel’s hardness. He expresses reservations, however, about putting E on the stage. October 1–15 at Reinhardstrasse 7; from 15 at Kreuzstrasse 19. 15 (Fri) Moves from Reinhardstrasse 7 to a nearby flat at Kreuzstrasse 19. 20 Requests Pinker to send him information about sales of D up to 30 June. 24 Michael Healy sends JJ £9 for the move to a new flat. 28 Asks Weaver to send copies of the Egoist to his new address including the one containing ‘A Curious History’. Has nothing to report about his novel (P) or his play. 30 Expresses his discouragement to Mencken about the difficulties his writings (specifically now P and E) seem to provoke. 31 Again asks Pinker to get the accounts for D up to 30 June. Also asks for a copy of E so that he himself can approach theatres and suggests a French publisher for P. November At Kreuzstrasse 19. 2 (Tues) Thanks Michael Healy for the money order just received, gives him news about his family and mentions his play. 10 Yet again asks Pinker to make progress with matters relating to D, P and E. 22 Tells Weaver of his intention to get P published in France, given the lack of interest in England in the work. 27 Pound strongly argues for an English rather than French publication of P in book form. 30 Weaver proposes that the Egoist publish P in book form if no orthodox book publisher is found for it in London. Late autumn, works as a translator for Siegmund Feilbogen’s paper International Review. It fails early in 1916.

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December At Kreuzstrasse 19. 6 (Mon) Accepts Weaver’s offer, disparaging orthodox publishers as only 26 copies of D have been sold in the UK in the last six months and he has never received any money from either of his publishers. Wants his other work published and out of the way so that he can concentrate on U. Tells Pinker of Weaver’s proposal and his acceptance if Pinker himself approves but, in a separate mailing, asks him to press Duckworth for an answer and suggests other possible publishers. 7 Thanks Emma Cuzzi, one of his pupils in Trieste, for two prints of a bas-relief representing Daedalus and Icarus and admits to being superstitious. 13 Pinker informs JJ that Duckworth have declined P. However, Jonathan Cape urges Duckworth to reconsider it.

1916 January At Kreuzstrasse 19. 3 (Mon) Pound urges Weaver to send JJ £5 immediately with whatever excuse. She at once responds by sending him £25 as a royalty advance for serializing P in the Egoist and promises a further £25. 9 Informs Pinker that he has sent two poems to Pound for publication and asking for and giving information about his other work. 12 Pound tells JJ that if Pinker hasn’t disposed of P the Egoist will definitely publish the work. Discusses getting the two poems by JJ published in America. (Ultimately a group of five JJ poems are published by Poetry, Chicago, in May 1917.) 22 Warmly thanks Weaver for sending him the £25. 26 Cape informs Pinker of Duckworth’s second rejection of P, enclosing the report of their reader, Edward Garnett. 27 The Stage Society receives E from Pinker. 31 After heatedly criticizing Garnett’s report the previous day (in a letter to Pinker), Pound describes to JJ his current difficulties in getting his (JJ’s) work published and paid for. February At Kreuzstrasse 19. Pound publishes an essay entitled ‘Mr James Joyce and the Modern Stage’ in the American journal Drama (written September 1915). In it he reiterates that E is unstageable but praises its seriousness.

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2 (Wed) 5

10

JJ’s 34th birthday. Thanks Weaver for another remittance of £25 and issues her a formal receipt for £50 representing payment for serializing P in the Egoist. Instructs Pinker to get the typescript of E to Allan Wade, the secretary of The Stage Society, having heard from Pound that he wants to read it. Asks Allan Wade to get the typescript of E from Pinker.

March At Kreuzstrasse 19 until 31. 8 (Wed) Michael Healy sympathizes with JJ over his rheumatism, advising him to carry a potato in his pocket for it. 10 Instructs Pinker to draw up an agreement with Weaver for the publication of P; informs Weaver of this and asks her to expedite matters as much as possible so that the book can be published in the spring. Harriet Monroe confirms receipt of some poems. 16 Pound suggests to JJ (and to Weaver the following day) that if no printer is prepared to do P it should be printed with blank spaces and the omissions typed and pasted in. 25 Weaver reports to JJ the refusal of the seventh printer to print P. Such letters continue into May. 31 Moves from Kreuzstrasse 19 to Seefeldstrasse 54 and immediately informs both Weaver and Pinker about his assent to Pound’s proposal for overcoming printers’ objections to P. Sends his signed agreement for the publication of P to Pinker. April At Seefeldstrasse 54. Around this time JJ notes some dreams of NBJ’s and his interpretation of them. Pound in ‘Status Rerum – the Second’ (Poetry VIII, I) says JJ is easily the most significant contemporary writer. 2 (Sun) Hopes Pinker will be able to make progress with E or his verses, otherwise his circumstances are going to be very difficult. 9 Stresses to Pinker that the American publication rights of the poems sent him belong to Poetry (Chicago). 20 Instructs Pinker to send E to the editor of Drama (which refuses to publish it). 22 Thanks Weaver for her article on P which had appeared in the Egoist in March. 24 The Easter Rising breaks out in Dublin. Sheehy Skeffington, attempting to stop the looting which follows the uprising, is arrested and shot without trial.

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May At Seefeldstrasse 54. 17 (Wed) Informs Pinker that John Marshall of New York has agreed to publish the full text of P and instructs the former to agree to his terms. (A contract is later sent but the deal falls through.) 25 Following John Marshall’s offer, suggests arrangements for the proof-reading to Weaver. 28 Sends the signed contract (for the publication of P) to Pinker asking him to forward a copy of D to Marshall and giving the latter right of refusal to publish that book in the US. June At Seefeldstrasse 54. 1 (Thurs) Pound sends some money and suggests more will be coming from America. Wonders if JJ and his family could live more cheaply than at present. 14 The secretary of the Incorporated Society of Authors, Playwrights and Composers informs Pound that the Administrative Committee has decided to grant JJ £26 (£2 for 13 weeks) to be sent out in three instalments. Pound conveys this news to JJ a week later. 16 Huebsch makes an offer (to Weaver) to publish P without any omissions in the US and to supply the printed sheets to the English publisher. July At Seefeldstrasse 54. 1 (Sat) Reviews the (little) progress that is being made in getting P published and E produced in a letter to Weaver. Also tells her that only seven copies of D have been sold in the previous six months. 11 The Stage Society, having had the play since January, rejects E. 22 Receives £20 from an anonymous donor via Pound who tells JJ that Marshall has stopped publishing but that the offer from Huebsch to publish P is just as good. 24 Weaver tells Huebsch that the Egoist will probably publish P in England and will therefore need unbound copies from him. (She confirms this, asking for 750 copies in sheets, 19 August.) 29 Writes, via Weaver, to the anonymous donor of the £20 which he sees not only as helpful in his present circumstances but also as an encouragement.

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August At Seefeldstrasse 54. Receives a Civil List grant of £100 from the British Prime Minister Asquith. 11 (Fri) John Quinn who is to champion JJ’s interests in the US writes to him for the first time, enclosing some money. 16 Pound informs JJ that he should be receiving some kind of grant which Moore has backed in a letter to Edward Marsh, Asquith’s secretary in charge of Civil List pensions. 20 Yeats writes to Marsh supporting the application on behalf of JJ, not realizing that the decision has already been taken. 21 Pound thanks Marsh for the grant to JJ. 26 Expresses his pleasure to Weaver that P is finally about to be published. September At Seefeldstrasse 54. 1 (Fri) JJ’s sister May writes from Dublin giving family and local news. 2 Pound tells JJ that the people he should thank for his Civil List grant are Lady Cunard, Marsh and Yeats. He asks for another copy of E to aid his efforts to get it produced. 13 Thanks Marsh who responds on 23. 14 Thanks Yeats, telling him he is writing U but it will be years before it is published. 16 Tells Weaver that he has had no communication, direct or indirect, from Huebsch regarding the publication of P but will leave matters in her hands and his agent’s. Thanks her for all the trouble she is taking over P. 25 Expresses his condolences to Mary Kettle (née Sheehy) whose husband, Thomas, he has just learnt has been killed in action. October At Seefeldstrasse 54. 10 (Tues) Responds to an inquiry from Weaver about what he is currently writing. He has nearly finished the first part of U and plans to complete the book in 1918. 11 Asks Pinker about negotiations with Huebsch for the American edition of P and progress with D, E and some of his verses. c.14 Thanks Pound for his book Lustra which he has enjoyed. 24 Expresses to Huebsch the hope that P will be published before the end of the year but that in any case the date given in the book should be 1916; directs Pinker to return his poems to him, to see that press notices about D are inserted in the review copies of the American edition of P and to contact Huebsch himself.

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Mentions to Weaver that he has collapsed three or four times recently but feels better now. Repeats to her his wish that the date on the title page of the American edition of P be 1916 as he wants to publish E in 1917.

November At Seefeldstrasse 54. 8 (Wed) Sends Weaver some notes about his writing, past and present, the Irish Literary Theatre and Pound for Huebsch and asks her to refer the latter to Who’s Who (1916) for biographical details. Tells Pound he is better and resting. 10 Weaver writes to express her concern about JJ’s illness. 18 Weaver thanks him for his letter (of 8 November) with its enclosures for Huebsch. 19 Informs Weaver that he has sent some photographs of himself (for use in the US and UK editions of P) and thanks her for her inquiry about his health and for all the trouble she has taken over his annoying books. 30 Weaver confirms receipt of some of the photographs. December At Seefeldstrasse 54. 11 (Mon) JJ, now ill, reports to Pinker that E and his poems have arrived and asks about D and CM in terms of their being published in America. Does not know if P has been published there or not. 14 JSJ, in Dublin, says he has been in hospital again and asks JJ for the loan of £1. After 15, Huebsch publishes D in US using imported English sheets. 17 Reports to Weaver that his health is now better and expresses the hope that P has been published in the US 29 Huebsch publishes P in New York and cables Weaver to that effect the following day (although distribution to bookshops and reviewers does not take place until January).

1917 January 1–30 at Seefeldstrasse 54; from 30 at Seefeldstrasse 73. 1 (Mon) Receives a telegram from Weaver confirming US publication of P. 14 Makes arrangements with Weaver about the English edition of P (which he hopes will be out early the following month), asks its price and wants to know if Huebsch has arranged to send copies of American press notices to her.

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30

15

22 30

Repeats his request about American press notices to Pinker, thanks him for the cheque just received and instructs him about future remittances. The American sheets of P arrive in England for Weaver. She at once telegraphs the news to JJ and confirms this by letter on 26 January. Informs Weaver that he has moved from Seefeldstrasse 54, which he has disliked, for Seefeldstrasse 73 where he soon becomes friends with another tenant living at the same address, the composer Philipp Jarnach. Asks Pinker to send him a recent copy of the Little Review, an American literary monthly.

February At Seefeldstrasse 73. 2 (Fri) 4 11 12 17

22

23 24

26

JJ’s 35th birthday. Suffers a painful attack of rheumatic iritis complicated with synechia which renders him inactive for the rest of the month. Yeats calls P a great book in a letter to Pound and says the Abbey [Theatre] ought to produce E whatever the consequences. The Egoist Press publishes P using US printed sheets. Antonio Battara, writing from Zurich, informs Weaver of JJ’s illness. He still, however, wants to see quickly the reviews of the English edition of P. Pound’s laudatory article ‘James Joyce: At Last the Novel Appears’ is published in the Egoist. Around this time Pound becomes associated with the Little Review to one of whose editors, Margaret Anderson, he has already declared that he wants a periodical in which JJ’s work can appear whenever he (JJ) wants it to. The London solicitors Slack Monro Saw and Co. write to inform JJ that an admirer who wishes to remain anonymous (in fact Weaver) has instructed them to forward a cheque to him of £50 on 1 May, August, November and February, £200* in all. Unfavourable review of P in Everyman entitled ‘A Study in Garbage’. Wells, although noting JJ’s Swiftian ‘cloacal obsession’, reviews P appreciatively in the Nation. 28 Weaver tells JJ about this and he thanks Wells 3 March. Curran thanks JJ for a copy of P (via his publisher): he is critical of some elements, but lavishes praise on much of it.

March At Seefeldstrasse 73. 1 (Thurs) Favourable review of P in the Times Literary Supplement (by Arthur Clutton-Brock). JJ writes to thank him.

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6

7

13

15 22 28 30

Writes to his admirer (that is to say Weaver) thanking him (her) for the gift of £200 which has affected him deeply and greatly encouraged him. Describes his eye troubles, saying that as soon as he is cured he will continue to work on U. Asks Mathews if he has given the American rights of CM to his publisher in New York and requests two copies of the book. Reports to Pinker that he is feeling better and thanks him for a cheque for £22 10s. Sends inscribed copies of P to both Pound and Weaver. Tells Weaver his sight is still in danger. Pound informs him of further good reviews of P. Quinn cables an offer of £20 for the corrected proof sheets of P. JJ accepts on 19 and says he is pleased to hear that P is doing well in the US. Writes to Curran saying that he is working on U which he says he began in Rome and hopes to finish in 1918. Reports to Weaver that he is better but still under the doctor. U is progressing only with the customary slowness. Pound mentions the Little Review and asks JJ if he has anything at all for it. Asks Pinker to retrieve the typescript of E from either Pound or Yeats and offer it to Richards.

April At Seefeldstrasse 73. P is reprinted in US. First edition of D in US using American sheets. 1 (Sun) The Stage Society asks to see E again. 7 Unfavourable review of P in the Freeman’s Journal. 9 Replies to Pound’s letter of 28 March saying he has nothing ready for the Little Review but does wish the magazine well in a note which appears in the June number. Some of his sketches in prose are still in Trieste and, as regards U, he could send only what he calls the Hamlet chapter, or part of it – but it would suffer from cuts. By mid-month, Weaver has assembled 23 English reviews of P (not all favourable) and nine American. 22 Tells Weaver he is depressed that the current eye attack has gone on so long but he hopes to avoid an operation. Instructs Pinker to submit E to Richards for publication once he (Pinker) has received the full text from him. Discusses various possibilities for its production. 30 Via Pound receives £20 from Quinn for the corrected proofs of P and, as he is now suffering from glaucoma, gets NBJ to thank him for the money and his review of the book in Vanity Fair.

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May At Seefeldstrasse 73. Five poems by JJ, ‘Simples’, ‘Tutto è Sciolto’, ‘Flood’, ‘A Flower given to my Daughter’, and ‘Nightpiece’ appear in Poetry X, 2 (Chicago) edited by Monroe who writes to JJ on 2 May praising his poems. (All will later appear in PP, although ‘Tutto è Sciolto’ will be substantially revised.) 4 (Fri) Marionne L. Bloom, a literary agent, asks JJ if she can handle his work in the US. 5 Huebsch publishes ‘A Curious History’ in New York as a free promotional broadside. 11 Posts fair copy manuscript of E to Pound for Quinn to buy and informs the latter of this on 13 May. 14 Huebsch tells him that D and P are making him many American friends. 25 Responding to NBJ’s letter of 30 April Quinn urges JJ to get the best eye specialist he can in Switzerland. 29 Thanks Quinn for his helpful concern about his health, P and E. June At Seefeldstrasse 73. The Egoist publishes a collection, compiled by Pound, of extracts from reviews of P under the title ‘James Joyce and His Critics’. 5 (Tues) Tells Pound he has finished the ‘Lotus Eaters’ and ‘Hades’ episodes of U and is working on ‘Aeolus’. 9 Depressed about the lack of interest in his play, asks Pinker to withdraw E from Richards and offer to any publisher who is willing to come to a quick decision about it. 13 Gives Weaver the latest news about his eyesight. Is dejected that, whereas reviews of P have been good, the sales have been poor – the same has happened to D his royalties for which after three years have come to 2s 6d*. Wonders about continental reviews of P, specifically in Italy. 14 Suggests a French review of P to Weaver. 28 Spence, now British Consul General in Tripoli, thanks JJ for his gift of P, praises the book and asks for news of acquaintances in Trieste. 29 Quinn inscribes a copy of Pound’s and Ernest Fenollosa’s Noh or Accomplishment for JJ. July At Seefeldstrasse 73. During this month JJ is laid up with tonsillitis. His doctor advises the family to pass the winter in the warmer climate of Italian-speaking Switzerland. JJ sends NBJ and their children to Locarno, intending to join them later.

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76 A James Joyce Chronology

2 (Mon)

8

9 10

16 17 18

19

24 28

Again instructs Pinker to withdraw E from Richards and also from The Stage Society. Meanwhile Pinker writes to say that Richards will publish the play. Writes to Pinker amplifying the points he made on a card to him the previous day. He wants Richards to publish E not later than 15 November so that he can concentrate on writing U and asks for 12 free copies of the play. Also asks him if Richards is to bring out a second edition of D and firmly justifies the contract he signed with Richards in 1914. Tells Pound he is looking forward to reading his Cantos, the first three of which are about to be published in Poetry. Gives details to Quinn about his difficulties in getting his books published and E produced. Tells him, however, that Richards will publish E in the autumn. Richards informs JJ that E will probably be published in January 1918. Pound tells JJ that he does not believe E to be of the standard of the rest of his work but supports him in trying to get it published. Thanks Weaver for royalties on P (sent by Pinker) of £15s 4s. Is still under the impression that Richards will publish E in the autumn. Asks Weaver to send a copy of P to the editor of the Journal de Genève for review and, on 22, tells her about his own local efforts to promote the novel. Instructs Pinker to contact Yeats to discover if the Abbey Theatre has definitely rejected E. Persists with Weaver in his attempts to get P noticed. Reports better health.

August At Seefeldstrasse 73. 1 (Wed) Tells Georges Borach, one of his language students, that he believes the theme of the Odyssey to be the greatest in literature. NBJ writes from Locarno. She writes several times in the next fortnight, describing her health, what the three of them are doing and the weather (including a thunderstorm). 8 Presses Richards to agree to 15 November as the publication date of E. Tells Pinker this and admits that all his time seems to be taken up with futile correspondence. 10 Thanks Anderson for her attempts to promote his work in the US, telling her he hopes soon to send some chapters of U via Pound for her to consider. 12 Writes to Monroe informing her he has not received any copy of her review (Poetry) containing his poems. Complains about

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18

20

21 23

26 28 31

his health and the climate. Diego Angeli appreciatively reviews P for ‘Il Marzocco’ (Florence). JJ translates this article for the Egoist (V, 2, February 1918). Is incapacitated for about 20 minutes while walking in the street by a violent attack of ‘Hexenschuss’ (lumbago). Glaucoma follows the next day. (The poem ‘Bahnhofstrasse’ 1918, published in PP, is associated with this). NBJ returns from Locarno to be with him. Describes his recent health problems to Pound and complains about the climate saying he wants to winter in Italian Switzerland but that in part depends on his getting the promised money from Quinn for the manuscript of E. (In fact Quinn has already sent JJ £25 on 18 August.) Takes further Pound’s suggestion that U be published serially in the Egoist and the Little Review. This too would bring in some money to compensate for the income from teaching which he would lose by leaving Zurich. Before entering the Augenklinik, Rämistrasse, Zurich, informs Quinn that his doctors want him to go to Locarno. Iridectomy (excision of a portion of the iris) performed on JJ’s right eye by Professor Ernst Sidler-Huguenin. JJ collapses but improves towards the end of the month. Yeats informs JJ he has not recommended E for the Abbey Theatre. NBJ writes to Pound with news of JJ’s health. She also thanks Weaver for all she is doing on his behalf. Richards signs a contract to publish E in May 1918.

September At Seefeldstrasse 73. 5 (Wed) Sends limericks to Claud Sykes, whom he has recently met; sends another on 10 September. 10 Pound, responding to NBJ’s letter of 28 August, says that the Little Review will synchronize with the Egoist in the serial publication of U (in the event this does not happen) which should bring JJ £100 altogether. 11 Weaver writes to Marsh describing JJ’s current circumstances and inquiring if a permanent pension could be provided for him. (In fact Marsh has paid for JJ’s eye operation out of his own pocket.) 25 Pound says he is pleased to hear JJ has at last received Quinn’s cheque, is pessimistic about JJ’s chances of receiving quickly another government grant and discusses current publishing plans of JJ, Wyndham Lewis, Yeats and himself.

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78 A James Joyce Chronology

October 1–12 at Seefeldstrasse 73, Zurich; from 12 at Pension Villa Rossa, Locarno. During the first weeks in Locarno completes the first three episodes of U (the ‘Telemachia’). 12 (Fri) Leaves Seefeldstrasse 73, Zurich, for Pension Villa Rossa, Locarno. 22 Thanks Weaver for her kindness during his illness and discusses her new edition of P; thanks Pound who, together with Weaver, helped to persuade Marsh to pay for JJ’s eye operation and tells him he is currently correcting proofs of E about which he is going to write to a number of people. 26 Asks Thomas Sturge Moore, a member of The Stage Society, if he can help in getting E produced. 27 Inquires of Pinker what he is doing with E. November Early this month, leaves Pension Villa Rossa for Pension Daheim, Locarno (where his family has stayed July–August). There meets Gertrude Kaempffer, lending her CM and P. Three poems by JJ, ‘On the Beach at Fontana’, ‘Alone’ and ‘She Weeps over Rahoon’, appear in Poetry XI, 2. All later appear in PP. 2 (Fri) The editors of the Little Review learn that the October number has been suppressed by the US Post Office because of Lewis’s story ‘Cantleman’s Spring Mate’. 5 Gives Sykes his new address, reporting he is at work on U. 8 Yeats tells JJ the Abbey Theatre cannot attempt E. 10 Writes to Dujardin asking him how he might obtain another copy of Les Lauriers sont coupés as he has had to leave his in what he terms Austria. 16 Tells Weaver his health is better and that E will soon be published. Wants her to accept a copy from him. Instructs Pinker to give the corrected proofs and his manuscript corrections of E to Messrs Slack Monro Saw and Co., Solicitors, so that they can hand them to their client, his anonymous benefactor. c.20 Sykes receives the first episode of U, ‘Telemachus’, from JJ, having agreed to type the episodes for him as he gets them. 24 Instructs Pinker to send a typescript of E to The Stage Society as the committee wishes to produce the play. Thanks Sturge Moore for his news about E and tells him what he has asked Pinker to do. 30 Requests Richards, on the publication of his play, to send copies to seven named people, including JSJ, his aunt Josephine Murray and Michael Healy.

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December At Pension Daheim. 12 (Wed) Tells Sykes he will receive the second episode of U (‘Nestor’) on 20 December. Duly sends it c.16 December with instructions about how it is to be typed. Sends him the third, ‘Proteus’, soon after. Also declares his intention to return to Zurich in the New Year. 16 Thanks Pinker for the draft for £54 (an advance on royalties from Huebsch), gives various instructions regarding E and wonders about a second edition of D in the UK. 19 Pound praises the first episode of U which he has received, making only very minor criticisms but anticipating suppression. 20 Sends a friendly postcard to George Dempsey, his English master at Belvedere. c.23 Complains to Sykes that the stay in Locarno is making NBJ’s health much worse, not better. 26 Sends Weaver his translation of Angeli’s review of P, tells her more about the reviewer and describes what is happening with the first three episodes of U.

1918 January At Pension Daheim, Locarno; between 1 and 6 moves to Universitätsstrasse 38, Zurich. In its January number the Little Review, edited by Anderson and Jane Heap, announces that it will serialize U, citing Pound to support its claim that it is a prose masterpiece. The second edition of CM published by Mathews. January–February JJ is drafting ‘Calypso’ (the first episode of the ‘Odyssey’ part of U). 19 (Sat) Writes to Pinker agreeing Huebsch’s terms for the publication of E and asks that Richards be informed of this. 26 Appreciatively thanks Fanny Guillermet for her review of P in the Journal de Genève. 29 Pinker, responding to JJ’s letter of 19, confirms that a contract between Huebsch and Richards regarding the publication of E has been agreed. February At Universitätsstrasse 38. Pound sends the ‘Telemachia’ to the editors of the Little Review. 2 (Sat) JJ’s 36th birthday. 9 Thanks Weaver for remembering his birthday and details local subscriptions he has secured for the Egoist.

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80 A James Joyce Chronology

10 11 26

27

Sends ‘Proteus’ to Pound. Tells Guillermet that he hopes she will be interested in his play E, which will soon be published. Suggests to Weaver that it is no use trying to sell P in Italian bookshops because of the current rate of exchange. Gives her Josephine Murray’s address as he wants her to start receiving the Egoist (paying the subscription himself). Receives notification from the Eidgenössische Bank, Zurich that a client of the bank is giving him 12 000 francs in monthly instalments of 1000 francs starting 1 March. He soon discovers the donor to be Mrs Edith McCormick, the daughter of John D. Rockefeller.

March At Universitätsstrasse 38. Sends ‘Calypso’ to Pound. The second Egoist Press edition of P is published using English sheets and incorporating hundreds of corrections made by JJ. Mathews publishes a second edition of CM. The Little Review begins to serialize U with ‘Telemachus’. Sykes proposes to JJ that they form a theatrical troupe to perform plays in English. 8 (Fri) Weaver sends £25 as part payment from the Egoist for serial rights of U. 20 Informs Weaver that he agrees with his agent to cede book rights of U to the Egoist Press. The magazine, however, is already meeting great difficulties with its printers in its attempt to serialize U. JJ suggests a Paris printer. 29 Pound criticizes ‘Calypso’ for its excessive explicitness, telling JJ it will lead to problems. 31 The loan taken out by JJ at the end of January 1915 is paid back (probably by Vidacovich). April At Universitätsstrasse 38. ‘Nestor’ appears in the Little Review. JJ and Sykes prepare for the first production of The English Players. 3 (Wed) Pound defends the language of the opening episode of U to Quinn but mentions he has deleted some 20 lines from ‘Calypso’ before sending it to the Little Review. 14 Informs Weaver that he has sent the fifth episode of U (‘Lotus Eaters’) to Pound and asks if the first instalment of the novel has appeared in the Egoist. Weaver visits Virginia and Leonard Woolf with a view to the Hogarth Press publishing U. Virginia Woolf, having been bored by P, is not impressed by the episodes she sees. She tells Weaver (17 May) that it is beyond the capacity of the Hogarth Press to publish U.

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15 29

30

Asks Sturge Moore what the Stage Society’s decision is regarding E. Wants to know from Pinker if E is soon to be published. First production of The English Players: Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest at the Theater zu den Kaufleuten, Zurich. The theatre is full and the performance a success. A. Percy Bennett, the British consul-general in Zurich, congratulates JJ. Henry Carr, who has played Algernon Moncrieff, complains to Sykes about his low payment and the way JJ made it. JJ is furious when he hears of this.

May At Universitätsstrasse 38. ‘Proteus’ appears in the Little Review. Pound’s enthusiastic article on JJ appears in the Future II, 6. Padraic Colum writes about JJ for an American audience in Pearson’s Magazine. 1 (Wed) Quarrels violently with Carr at the British Consulate (where Carr works) over the sale of tickets and cost of Carr’s costume. Subsequently asks Bennett to dismiss Carr and requests protection by the Zurich police. 3 Initiates proceedings against Carr for money for the sale of tickets and for libel. Carr counterclaims for his share in the company’s profits or (if this is disallowed) his fee for acting and the cost of his clothing. Is pleased to hear from Richards that he is ready to publish E. 13 Asks, by means of his lawyer, for a settlement conference in the Carr case. This is held but comes to nothing. 18 Tells Weaver he envisages U will have 17 episodes in all, three in the ‘Telemachia’, 11 in the ‘Odyssey’ and three in ‘Nostos’ (this is adhered to except that the ‘Odyssey’ will have 12 episodes). Envisages finishing the novel by the summer of 1919 if things go well. Will send the sixth part, ‘Hades’, to Pound very soon. Hopes his sight will remain good. 19 Reports some eye trouble to Weaver. 25 E is published simultaneously by Richards in the UK and Huebsch in the US. This means all of JJ’s work is now available in print. June At Universitätsstrasse 38. Early summer, gets to know Frank Budgen and spends a lot of time with him over the following months. At their first meeting mentions Felix Béran’s war poem ‘Des Weibes Klage’ which he translates under the title ‘Lament for the Yeoman’. ‘Calypso’ appears in the Little Review (as censored by Pound).

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82 A James Joyce Chronology

1918 83

Having received some copies of E from Richards, sends some corrections. Percy Bennett invites JJ to volunteer for military duty. Returns the letter to him. 7 Pound writes praising ‘Proteus’. Huebsch sends a copy of E. 8 Preliminary hearing of the JJ/Carr case in the Zurich District Court. Here JJ refuses any compromise. 9 Complains to Pinker about his recent poor health (his eyesight) and the carelessness of the printing of E. Requests that he ask Huebsch to send him (JJ) a copy of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow (1915). 15 Critical review of E in the Freeman’s Journal under the title ‘Ibsen in Ireland’. 17 The English Players present a triple bill at the Pfauen-Theater, Zurich for which JJ writes the programme notes: J.M. Barrie’s The Twelve Pound Look; Synge’s Riders to the Sea (in which NBJ plays Cathleen) and Shaw’s The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. The evening is another success. Before 22, first US edition of CM is published by the Cornhill Company, Boston (unauthorized). July At Universitätsstrasse 38. ‘Lotus Eaters’ appears in the Little Review. JJ is inactive because of ill health. 6 (Sat) Silvio Benco, a friend of JJ’s from his Trieste days, favourably reviews E in Umana (Trieste). 8 JJ’s attack of iritis causes the trial for the first suit (the money Carr owed for tickets) to be postponed. 23 After reading an episode of U, Yeats tells Quinn that JJ has surpassed his contemporary novelists in intensity. 25 Clutton-Brock enthusiastically reviews E in the Times Literary Supplement. 29 Asks Pinker to correct some biographical details in the second edition of the Reverend Stephen Browne’s Ireland in Fiction. Reports to Weaver that his health is better after an illness of some two months. Agrees to an authorized American edition of CM. Has recently sent the sixth episode of U (‘Hades’) to Pound and will soon send him the seventh (‘Aeolus’). His full text for the fourth episode (‘Calypso’) must be restored in any proof Huebsch sets up. (Weaver passes on this message on 11 August.) August At Universitätsstrasse 38. 1 (Thurs) Tells Forrest Reid he is suffering from the fourth attack of eye trouble in two years and that he has been bedridden for several

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6 (Thurs)

84 A James Joyce Chronology

September At Universitätsstrasse 38. ‘Hades’ appears in the Little Review. JJ is now working on the eighth episode of U (‘Lestrygonians’). 5 (Thurs) Writes to Guillermet about her novel, works of French literature and his own writing. 8 Tells Richards that as his health is better he can work again; asks for six copies of E which he will try to sell himself. 12 Stefan Zweig praises E as a revelation in a letter to JJ and says he would like to meet him. 21 Desmond MacCarthy, reviewing E in the New Statesman, finds it noteworthy. 30 Huebsch publishes an authorized American edition of CM. The English Players present Shaw’s Mrs Warren’s Profession (still banned in England). October 1–26 at Universitätsstrasse 38, from 26 at Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Aeolus’ appears in the Little Review. JJ is now working on the ninth episode of U (‘Scylla and Charybdis’). 15 (Tues) The Zurich District Court finds in JJ’s favour against Carr in his claim for 25 francs due on tickets, and rejects Carr’s counterclaim for salary and expenses. 21 Following the court case, discusses the relationship between the artist and the state with Borach, stressing the former’s independence. 25 Sends the eighth episode of U (‘Lestrygonians’) to Pound. 26 Leaves Universitätsstrasse 38 for Universitätsstrasse 29 and immediately gives Weaver his new address, criticizing the English edition of E, bringing her up-to-date about various episodes of U and admitting he seems to write only about problems and delays. 30 Asks Pinker to get any royalties due to him from Huebsch. 31 Writes to Carlo Linati: having seen Linati’s Italian translations of The Playboy of the Western World (Synge) and The Countess Cathleen (Yeats), thinks he may be interested in P of which he has asked his publishers to send him (Linati) a

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21 25

weeks; appreciates his interest in E and describes the activities of The English Players, enclosing a photograph of NBJ as Cathleen in Riders to the Sea. Is still attempting, via Pinker, to get E produced. Confirms to Weaver that he has recently sent the ‘Aeolus’ episode of U to Pound.

1918 85

November At Universitätsstrasse 29. Pound’s article on E ‘A Serious Play’ appears in The Future (II, 11). Conducts a correspondence with Carl Bleibtreu about the latter’s theory concerning the authorship of Shakespeare’s plays. 3 (Sun) Italian soldiers enter Trieste. 11 The Armistice is signed ending the First World War. 16 The Record of the Zurich District Court’s session of 15 October is published. 22 Pound tells JJ how much he appreciates his portrayal of Bloom. 23 Instructs Pinker to cable Huebsch for news about royalties due to him and mentions the possibility of the Abbey Theatre producing E. 30 Formally writes to Sir Horace Rumbold, British Minister in Bern, complaining about the behaviour of Carr and Percy Bennett and the British Consulate’s boycott of The English Players since 1 May. He receives no reply. Late autumn: JJ’s fascination with Marthe Fleischmann (who lives nearby at 6 Culmannstrasse) begins. December At Universitätsstrasse 29. This month, writes three letters to Marthe Fleischmann and gives her a copy of CM dated 9. 1 (Sun) Thanks Weaver for what she has said about U. Admits his sight is very poor at times. 3 The English Players present Stanley Houghton’s Hindle Wakes. It loses money. 6 JJ’s second suit against Carr begins to go badly but he refuses to drop it. 11 On JJ’s proposal, The English Players present three one-act plays in Italian (Felice Cavallotti’s Il Cantico dei Cantici), French (Théodore de Banville’s Le Baiser) and English (Robert Browning’s In a Balcony). In the last sings ‘Amante Tradito’ behind the scenes when the curtain rises. (This experience leads to his poem ‘A Memory of the Players in a Mirror at Midnight’, later published in PP.) After these performances withdraws from The English Players. 31 Finishes ‘Scylla and Charybdis’.

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copy. Huebsch informs Weaver that he is sending copies of his edition of CM to her and JJ, telling her that Anderson believes the excisions in U were the work of Pound: she (Anderson) was not responsible.

86 A James Joyce Chronology

January At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Lestrygonians’ is begun in the Little Review which is confiscated by the US Post Office because of the alleged obscenity of the excerpt. ‘Nestor’ in the January–February number of the Egoist. JJ is ill during January and February, suffering from an eye attack. Dictates from notes the last part of ‘Wandering Rocks’ to Budgen. 10 (Fri) Baroness Antonietta St Leger, who owns two islands on Lake Maggiore, writes asking if JJ is still in Zurich. February At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Lestrygonians’ is concluded in the February–March number of the Little Review. 2 (Sun) JJ’s 37th birthday. Having made careful preparations for the event, meets Marthe Fleischmann and Budgen in the latter’s studio to celebrate Candlemas. 11 Is ordered, at the trial of his second suit against Carr (for libel), to pay 59 francs court costs and 120 francs damages. 25 Tells Weaver he appreciates her liking ‘Scylla and Charybdis’, has recently sent Pound ‘Wandering Rocks’, hopes to finish ‘Sirens’ when his eyes allow and U itself in 1919 or early 1920. 28 Apologizes to Guillermet for not having written earlier but he has been ill with his eyes for the sixth time. March At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Proteus’ appears in the March–April number of the Egoist with cuts insisted on by the printer. E is published by Rascher of Zurich under the title of Verbannte: Schauspiel in drei Akten translated by Hannah von Mettal. 28 (Fri) Marthe Fleischmann receives a copy of Verbannte from JJ. April At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Scylla and Charybdis’ is begun in the Little Review. The English Players produce The Mollusc by Hubert Henry Davies which JJ finds vulgar. Learns that, as he refuses to pay costs and damages in the Carr case, the court will proceed against him by distraint. 11 (Fri) Pound asks Rumbold to stop the Zurich officials under his control from persecuting JJ. There is no reply. 28 Gives, in a statement sent to anyone who can publicize it, his side of the Carr affair, and his and The English Players’ subsequent treatment by the British Consulate.

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1919

May 1–8 at Universitätsstrasse 29; 8–14 in Locarno; from 14 at Universitätsstrasse 29, Zurich. ‘Scylla and Charybdis’ is concluded in the Little Review which is confiscated by the US Post Office because of that excerpt. 8 (Thurs) Goes to Locarno with Budgen and while there visits Baroness St Leger on the Isola da Brissago on Lake Maggiore. 14 Abruptly returns from Locarno having received a telegram from NBJ that a Monro Saw and Co. client (Weaver) wishes to settle a £5000* war bond on him, yielding £250 a year. Asks Pinker to circulate his statement of 28 April to names and addresses he lists. 17 Reassures Pinker, who has raised the question of libel proceedings if the statement is circulated, that he has no wish to implicate him but wants the public to know what has happened. Despairs of any future for U in London. 20 Profusely thanks the anonymous donor for the gift he heard about on 14. Feels his health will get better if he leaves Zurich. After 20, is visited by a court official (in connection with the distraint proceedings) who removes 40 francs from his wallet. 25 SJ, now back in Trieste after four years of internment (mainly at Schloss Grossau, Raabs-an-der-Thaya and Katzenau, Linz), complains about the problems he has had over JJ’s flat in via Bramante and asks him to give him a rest. 30 Padraic and Mary Colum write to JJ that their friend Scofield Thayer has cabled him $700* as a result of his 28 April statement. June At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Wandering Rocks’ is begun in the Little Review. 5 (Thurs) Richards writes asking if he may be allowed to publish U. c.10 Begins to draft ‘Cyclops’. 12 J.S. Watson, a friend of Thayer, sends JJ $300. 14 Writing to his anonymous benefactor, speculates about his/her identity. He/she seems to know more about him than could be obtained merely from his writing. Asks if the anonymity could possibly be lifted. 18 Receives a letter from Pound expressing his misgivings about ‘Sirens’, the musical structure of which JJ describes to Borach during a walk. 19 Writes to Budgen (who is away) about his meeting Marthe Fleischmann’s ‘guardian’, Rudolf Hiltpold, earlier that day and managing to bring about an armistice between them. Says he has not seen her since the Candlemas celebration.

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26

Monro Saw and Co. write regarding JJ’s anonymous benefactress, giving reasons for her admiration for his work. Quinn informs him that the US Post Office Department has held up the May issue of the Little Review because of ‘Scylla and Charybdis’, asks after his health and wonders if he would be prepared to sell the MS of U.

July At Universitätsstrasse 29. Early this month, organizes a concert for the Irishman Augustus Milner, a baritone in Zurich’s Municipal Theatre. However, JJ leaves Zurich before it takes place. ‘Wandering Rocks’ is concluded in the Little Review. ‘Hades’ is begun in the Egoist. 2 (Wed) Informs Weaver that U will not be finished for about a year and moreover no one will print and publish it in the UK; wonders if Pound has received ‘Wandering Rocks’, sent to him but not acknowledged. 6 Weaver tells JJ that in her opinion ‘Sirens’ is not quite up to his usual standard. Then reveals that she has been his benefactress. 9 Not yet having received Weaver’s letter of 6, writes to her solicitors saying that he thinks his anonymous benefactress is Lady Cunard and asking them to confirm this. 11 In another letter to Budgen tells him that people are on the move in Zurich and that The English Players have finally agreed to accept some money from him. 20 After apologizing to Weaver for his stupidity in mistaking the identity of his benefactress, tries to justify ‘Sirens’ which took him five months to write. Offers her the MS of P as she published the book. c.31 Asks SJ for details of life in Trieste now. Wants his dinner jacket as he has been invited to attend the first night of E in Munich. August At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Sirens’ is begun in the Little Review . 3 (Sun) Tells Quinn he hopes he will be able to persuade a theatre company to produce E in New York. 6 Makes a further attempt to justify the style of ‘Sirens’ – and the other styles of U – to Weaver, sending her, on the eve of its première, a copy of the German translation of E. 7 E is presented (as Verbannte) on stage in Munich. JJ cannot attend but a telegram informs him that the production has not been successful. Signs a copy of Verbannte for SJ. 12 Josephine Murray asks JJ if he is going to stay permanently in Zurich.

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24

1919 89

26

‘Bahnhofstrasse’ is published in Anglo-French Review II, I (London). The first two lines are subsequently altered. Tells Weaver he has heard that Verbannte was immediately withdrawn because of the illness of the chief actor and that it will be included in the autumn programme. (It is not.)

September At Universitätsstrasse 29. ‘Sirens’ is concluded in the Little Review. ‘Hades’ is concluded in the Egoist. 8 (Mon) Informs SJ of his latest plans for returning to Trieste. Is still writing ‘Cyclops’. 14 In Trieste the ‘Revoltella’ becomes the ‘Regio Istituto Superiore di Commercio’ (and, later, the ‘Istituto Superiore di Studi Commerciali’). 21 Tries to mollify G. Herbert Thring, secretary of the Incorporated Society of Authors, Playwrights and Composers, who has protested indirectly to The English Players about its production of a play (Shaw’s Mrs Warren’s Profession) without the author’s consent and without payment of royalties. October 1–16 at Universitätsstrasse 29; 16–17 travelling to Trieste; from 17 at Via della Sanità 2, Trieste. Early this month, concludes ‘Cyclops’ and sends the typescript to Pound. 1 (Wed) learns that Mrs McCormick has rescinded his monthly stipend. 10 Mrs McCormick tells JJ she cannot see him and is therefore saying goodbye by letter. 13 Mrs McCormick thanks JJ for that part of the MS of U which he has sent her, promising to return it if he wants it for any reason (later she does so before JJ leaves Trieste in July 1920). 15 Thring demands prompt and full payment for The English Players’ infringement of copyright. 16 Travelling via Milan, takes his family back to Trieste where on 17 they join SJ, Frantisek and Eileen Schaurek and their two children at Via della Sanità 2. 22 Asks Pinker to send royalties or statements of accounts to his new address in Trieste. 25 Pound tells Quinn that JJ’s ‘Cyclops’ may be the best thing he has written. 28 Gives Weaver his new address and asks for two copies of P which he wants to present to Ralli and Sordina who helped him get a safe conduct from the Austrian authorities four years ago.

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15

November At Via della Sanità 2. ‘Cyclops’ is begun in the Little Review. 1 (Sat) Reports to Weaver that he has found his desk untouched and the MS of P safe. She receives ‘Cyclops’ from Pound and immediately reacts positively, as she tells JJ the following day. 7 Asks Pinker to cable Huebsch for royalties due or an advance on royalties on U (the US rights of which he can have on any terms as long as the text is unaltered) as his circumstances are very difficult now and he is desperately short of funds. 9 Has fixed on the new style of ‘Nausicaa’ by now. 19 Sylvia Beach opens her bookshop ‘Shakespeare and Company’ at 8 rue Dupuytren, Paris. 22 Quinn informs JJ that he is willing to advance £25 on account for the complete MS of U, but does want only the complete MS. December At Via della Sanità 2. ‘Cyclops’ is continued in the Little Review. The beginning of ‘Wandering Rocks’ appears in the Egoist after which Weaver immediately suspends the magazine. (The suspension becomes permanent.) 7 (Sun) Thanks Pinker for sending on the money from Huebsch who can publish U in the US as long as he publishes what JJ has written and realizes that the text in the Little Review is not JJ’s text as sent on in typescript. Would the Abbey Theatre produce E? 18 Weaver tells JJ she will highly value the MS of P which he is giving her. 19 Sends Linati a résumé of his life and career.

1920 January At Via della Sanità 2. ‘Cyclops’ is continued in the Little Review which is confiscated by the US Post Office because of that excerpt. 3 (Sat) Describes the style of ‘Nausicaa’ to Budgen and gives him other news about the book and his (unpleasant) living circumstances. Has been reappointed to the school, now a commercial university. Wants Budgen to visit him in Trieste. 5 Asks Josephine Murray to send him material and information for the chapter of U he is now writing. 6 Tells Weaver that he is working on ‘Nausicaa’ and hopes to finish U in 1920. Thanks her for her encouragement, describing how he threw the original MS of P into a stove some eight years before and how it was rescued by members of his family.

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Budgen encourages JJ to continue with U. Weaver reports that the whole of the MS of P has now arrived.

February At Via della Sanità 2. Early this month, sends ‘Nausicaa’ to Budgen and, a few days later, asks him if he likes it, gives him some errands to run and tells him about the Little Review’s problems over U. 2 (Mon) JJ’s 38th birthday which ends badly because of unpleasantness with his brother-in-law, Schaurek. 5 Quinn sends 3000 lire as an advance on his purchase of the MS of U. 25 Mentions the difficulties of ‘Oxen of the Sun’ to Weaver and is bitterly amused at what is happening to U in the US. March At Via della Sanità 2. ‘Cyclops’ is concluded in the Little Review. 8 (Mon) Trusts Heap has received ‘Nausicaa’. Is now working on ‘Oxen of the Sun’. Part of the close of the book, ‘Nostos’, has already been written. 11 Confirms receipt of the 3000 lire from Quinn. U could be ready for publication in the late autumn. 13 After pointing out that his address is Sanità, not Vanità, asks Pinker to draw up a contract for U immediately. 15 Attempts to persuade Budgen to come to Trieste. 16 Weaver congratulates JJ on ‘Nausicaa’. 20 Makes a further attempt to get Budgen to Trieste and describes in detail the technique of ‘Oxen of the Sun’. April At Via della Sanità 2. ‘Nausicaa’ is begun in the Little Review. Linati’s translation of E into Italian begins in Convegno (Milan). It continues in May and concludes in June. 15 (Thurs) ‘A Memory of the Players in a Mirror at Midnight’ is published by Poesia I, i (Milan). (It will also appear in the Dial in July.) 17 Suggests to Pinker that the contract for U should have the same provisions as that for P. Authorizes him to sign it on his behalf. May At Via della Sanità 2. ‘Nausicaa’ is continued in the May–June number of the Little Review. 12 (Wed) Informs Weaver that ‘Oxen of the Sun’ is now being typed and will be sent to Pound once it is finished.

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13 28

13 18

19 24

31

Pound, writing from Sirmione, Lake Garda, invites JJ to stay a week with him. Tells Budgen that ‘Oxen of the Sun’ has cost him 1000 hours of work and suggests that he (Budgen) does some sketches for U. Does not want to stay in Trieste during the summer. Pound sends practical information about getting to Sirmione. Tells Sykes that the article he wrote at JJ’s suggestion on The English Players has been noticed. Having received the contract for U, returns it signed to Pinker. Wants him to send all the money due to him as he is anxious to leave for a holiday. Is prevented by a train accident (in which he is not directly involved) from setting off for Sirmione so, instead, describes his financial and other problems to Pound in a letter probably written during the next couple of days. Hopes Pound has received ‘Oxen of the Sun’.

June 1–3 at Via della Sanità 2; 3–4 Portogruaro; 4–8 at Via della Sanità 2; 8–9 (or 10) Sirmione; from 9 (or 10) Via della Sanità 2, Trieste. 2 (Wed) Pound writes two letters to JJ trying to get him to Sirmione, offering financial help and suggesting accommodation and further travel after that. 3 Goes to Portogruaro, between Trieste and Venice, on the first stage of his journey to Sirmione, but returns to Trieste the following day. 8 With GJ travels to Sirmione, meeting Pound for the first time. They agree that JJ should go to Paris for a few days. 9 (or 10) Returns to Trieste. 17 Asks Josephine Murray to obtain some journals for him and tells her that he expects to leave in a fortnight for Paris and then London. 22 Informs Huebsch he is writing ‘Circe’ and has drafted the book’s close. Hopes the American and English editions of U will both be published the following January. 24 Tells Quinn he is soon going to send him all of the MS of U so far written (that is to say the first 14 episodes). July 1–3 at Via della Sanità 2; 3–8 travelling to Paris via Venice, Milan and Dijon; 8–15 at 9 rue de l’Université, Paris; from 15 at rue de l’Assomption. ‘Nausicaa’ is concluded in the July–August number of the Little Review. 1 (Thurs) Informs Linati of his plans to travel to Paris via Venice and Milan. 3 Leaves Trieste with his family.

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6 8

9 11

12

15

22 25 26 27

29 31

Meets Linati in Milan. Arrives in Paris and stays at a private hotel (Hôtel Lenox) arranged for his family by Pound at 9 rue de l’Université. Immediately asks Pinker to send any money due to him c/o Pound. Mme Bloch-Savitsky and her husband offer JJ a flat rent-free at 5 rue de l’Assomption, Passy, near the Bois de Boulogne. At André Spire’s, in Neuilly, meets Beach and Adrienne Monnier who owns the bookshop La Maison des Amis des Livres on the rue de l’Odéon. Visits Beach’s ‘Shakespeare and Company’ and informs Weaver of his new address. Hopes to stay for three months in which he can write ‘Circe’ and the first episode of ‘Nostos’. Pound is energetically helping him. Plans to finish the whole book by the end of the year. Moves to 5 rue de l’Assomption from which he informs Pinker that, as he has found no advance on contract or royalties awaiting him in Paris, he is now disastrously without funds. Sends Jenny Serruys ‘A Curious History’ and extracts from reviews of P and E (which she offers to translate). Conveys to SJ something of his excitement at living in Paris. Gets to know the Belgium art critic Fritz Vanderpyl. Mockingly again attempts to get Budgen to visit him. (He does go for a week.) Is invited, with his family, to have dinner with John Rodker, a poet and publisher and his wife, Mary Butts, an author. Tells Sykes he has given himself two or three months in Paris in which to write ‘Circe’. Gives Pound his latest (tough) financial news. Thanks Pinker for the £10 just received and instructs him about sending money in future.

August At 5 rue de l’Assomption. 5 (Thurs) Thanks Serruys for the loan of a portable bed. 11 Receives a letter from T.S. Eliot who says he has a parcel from Pound for him which he will hand over on 15. 15 With GJ meets Eliot and Lewis at the Hôtel de l’Elysée. The parcel contains a pair of old brown shoes. Quinn cables a further advance on the MS of U of 3400 francs ($250). 16 While giving Weaver his latest literary news – he has already written the greater part of ‘Circe’ four or five times – says that he has not created a good impression on the people Pound has introduced him to.

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25 28 29

Weaver abandons her attempts to get an English printer to take on U. Hears from Weaver that she is giving him a further £2000. Relates family and literary news to SJ. Gratefully thanks Weaver for all her encouragement during the writing of a book which has so exhausted him and sends her his best wishes for her birthday (on 1 September).

September At 5 rue de l’Assomption. ‘Oxen of the Sun’ is begun in the September–December number of the Little Review. 3 (Fri) In thanking Quinn for the 3400 francs, outlines the structure of U: it is divided into three parts, or divisions, and 18 episodes, all of which he names. Is currently writing ‘Circe’ for, he believes, the sixth time. c.8 Asks Francini Bruni’s help in retrieving a case of books, sent from Trieste, which has been lost. Believes ‘Circe’ is the strongest thing he has written. 14 Has still not received the case of books from Trieste. Quinn will give him 20 000 lire* for the complete MS of U. Asks SJ to deny various rumours circulating about him. 20 Official complaint lodged by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (Secretary John S. Sumner) about the July–August number of the Little Review because of its ‘Nausicaa’ excerpt. 21 Sends Linati his schema for U. 29 Gives Budgen the latest news about U and mentions to Rodker that he has been given notice to leave his flat soon. October At 5 rue de l’Assomption. Very busy searching for a flat throughout the month. 20 (Wed) Asks the French essayist André Suarès if he can help him find a flat. 21 Sumner’s complaint about the Little Review of July–August 1920 is sworn before the New York City Magistrate, J.E. Corrigan. Despite Quinn’s efforts in defence, the following day Anderson and Heap are bound over for trial in the Court of Special Sessions. 24 Tells Budgen that flat hunting is preoccupying him whereas he needs the time to solve all the problems posed by ‘Circe’. Cannot see any particular ability in the work of Proust but he (JJ) is no critic.

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The case of books at last arrives from Trieste. Gives SJ his latest financial and literary news. Weaver has sent him a further £200.

November 1–2 at 5 rue de l’Assomption ; from 2 at 9 rue de l’Université. 2 (Tues) Has to return with his family to 9 rue de l’Université. 5 Tells Pound he is tired out after the fruitless flat hunting and move. Asks for news about the Little Review, the last number of which he has seen is that of July–August. 10 Informs Weaver he is now writing out the final draft of ‘Circe’, the sixth or seventh. It is approximately twice as long as the previously longest episode, ‘Cyclops’. Asks Rodker if any part of ‘Oxen of the Sun’ has been published in the Little Review. Has heard from New York about a prosecution. 17 Gives details to Quinn of the accommodation and living problems which have confronted him and his family not only recently but over the years. Realizes now the difficulties of publishing U in the US as a book, given what has happened to the Little Review. 24 Tells Quinn he believes that not only is this the twentieth address at which he has written U but it is also the coldest. Hopes to finish ‘Circe’ by Christmas. The remaining three episodes should present fewer problems. Late this month, suffers an eye attack which persists into December. December At 9 rue de l’Université but moves to 5 Boulevard Raspail at the start of the month. 1 (Wed) Moves to a furnished flat at 5 Boulevard Raspail. 8 Congratulates John McCormack on his singing at a recital he has just attended. 9 Now suffering from neuralgia, jokingly suggests to Weaver that his poor health represents Circe’s revenge for what he has written about her. Is still hoping to finish the episode by Christmas and has already drafted the next (that is to say ‘Eumaeus’). 10 Tells Budgen he has taken his present flat to move out of the damp and cold of his previous address. Having entered Paris in poverty he is now living in luxury but does not know how he will pay for it. Asks him to do a favour for him in connection with ‘Circe’. Molly Bloom will have the final word (that is to say ‘Penelope’). 12 Bewails to Pound his lack of hard news from the US (or Trieste). He has heard, however, that the rest of ‘Oxen of the Sun’ was

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27 28

13 20

24

published by the Little Review on 25 November (in this he is mistaken). Gives Pinker his new address and asks why he has received a royalty cheque from Huebsch for CM. Finishes ‘Circe’ after drafting it eight times. Asks Palmer to send John McCormack (whose Paris address he gives) his settings of CM XXXI, III, XXVIII. Through Beach meets Valery Larbaud, the French novelist and man of letters.

1921 January At 5 Boulevard Raspail. 5 (Wed) Tells Schmitz ‘Eumaeus’ is almost finished and that he (JJ) will receive £1000 for a privately printed, limited edition of U to be published in the US in June. Asks his help in recovering a briefcase full of notes from his last flat in Trieste. 7 Tells Quinn to ask Huebsch to pay him $3.00 or $3.50 royalties per copy for the American edition of U, giving his reasons for that request. 18 Cables Quinn for $200 in advance of the completion of the contract for U because of his difficult financial position. 24 Following a further telegram from JJ, Quinn sends the money requested, saying he will write fairly soon but does not want to be bothered in the meantime. February At 5 Boulevard Raspail. 2 (Wed) JJ’s 39th birthday. 4 Informs Weaver that the American edition of U should be published in June. Meanwhile, although the typing of ‘Circe’ is proceeding only slowly, he is getting on with ‘Eumaeus’. 12 Samuel Roth, in London, writes an admiring letter to JJ, inquiring why U is not in book form. 14 The trial of the Little Review editors, Anderson and Heap, with Quinn acting as their attorney, begins and is adjourned for a week. Mid-month, sends the last part of ‘Eumaeus’ to the typist. 18 Admits to Linati that he is finding the writing of ‘Ithaca’ and ‘Penelope’ (the last two episodes of U) hard going. Thanks Roth for his letter and suggests they meet in Paris, should opportunity arise.

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21

22 23 c.28

The Little Review trial resumes: the two editors are convicted of publishing obscene material and each sentenced to pay a fine of $50*. The assumption is that they will not publish any more of U. Larbaud tells Beach he is extremely impressed by U, comparing it with Rabelais. Writes to Palmer about the latter’s settings of poems from CM. In wishing Budgen many happy returns (for 1 March), gives him his latest news regarding U. He is writing ‘Ithaca’ as a catechism.

March At 5 Boulevard Raspail. Schmitz brings JJ the notes for ‘Ithaca’ and ‘Penelope’ he left behind in Trieste. 1 (Tues) Tells Weaver about Larbaud’s enthusiastic reaction to U. 7 George Clancy (Madden in SH, Davin in P) is murdered by the Black and Tans in Limerick. 24 In a letter to Quinn Huebsch says that in the light of the Little Review verdict he cannot now publish U without changes to the text. On 25 Quinn replies that he is certain JJ would reject any alteration. Late this month, hears about the verdict in the Little Review trial from Beach who, at JJ’s prompting, agrees to publish U. April At 5 Boulevard Raspail. In Dijon, Maurice Darantiere begins to set type for the proofs of U. 1 (Fri) In a letter to her mother Beach confirms she is going to publish U in the autumn. 3 Details some of the current difficulties of U to Weaver. 1921 may well cause him problems as its digits add up to 13. 5 In a further letter to Quinn Huebsch formally declines to publish U unless changes are made to the text. 8 The husband of a Mrs Harrison, who is currently typing the last pages of ‘Circe’, reads some of the MS and then burns it. 10 Tells Weaver that the destruction of the MS of ‘Circe’ was not as bad as he first feared. While withdrawing U from Huebsch, he is making progress with plans for the Shakespeare and Co. publication of U: 1000 copies of the complete book will be published in October. Feels that the English edition should be amalgamated with the Paris one. c.10 Meets the young Irish writer Arthur Power.

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13

16 17 19

Weaver tells JJ she has promised Beach the names of all the persons and shops that have enquired about U. Quinn describes to JJ something of what took place in the Little Review trial. Meets Pound again and gives him ‘Circe’ and ‘Eumaeus’ to read. Pound reacts enthusiastically to the chapters. Tells Weaver that the prospect of an immediate advance of royalties on U comes as a great relief. Asks Quinn for the temporary return of some MS pages of ‘Circe’ owing to the action of his typist’s husband.

May At 5 Boulevard Raspail. 2 (Mon) Thanks Weaver for the very generous advance on royalties for the projected Egoist Press edition of U. (It will be published in October 1922.) 5 Sends the typescript of ‘Oxen of the Sun’ to Weaver. The prospectus for U will be ready on 10. 17 Quinn mails JJ photographic copies of the missing pages of ‘Circe’. 21 In a letter to JJ, Eliot expresses his admiration for ‘Oxen of the Sun’, ‘Circe’ and ‘Eumaeus’. Late this month, suffers a mild attack of iritis. June 1–3 at Boulevard Raspail; from 3 at 71 rue du Cardinal Lemoine. 2 (Thurs) GJ goes to Zurich for a month’s holiday. 3 Moves to 71 rue du Cardinal Lemoine which Larbaud has offered rent-free and expresses his and his family’s gratitude to Larbaud on 5. ‘Ithaca’ is going well. 6 Gives Weaver his new address. The move took a long time but now he is working hard on ‘Ithaca’. 7 Describes Larbaud’s flat, which he is so enjoying, to Francini Bruni while mentioning that it is his fifth move in 11 months. U should be published in October or November. Meanwhile subscriptions are coming in every day including one from the British War Minister, Winston Churchill. 10 Receives the first galley proofs of U from Darantiere. 11 Shaw, in responding to the prospectus from Beach about U, refuses to become a subscriber. 21 Busy, he tells Larbaud, correcting proofs and working on ‘Ithaca’. 24 In detailing some of the legends that have collected around his name, tries in a circumlocutory way, to reassure Weaver that he is not drinking excessively.

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July At 71 rue du Cardinal Lemoine. During a trip out of Paris gets the idea for the first and last word of ‘Penelope’, the final episode of U. 6 (Wed) Cables Weaver with news of a severe eye attack (iritis). Has to spend five weeks recuperating. 11 The truce, signed between the forces of the British Crown and the IRA two days before, comes into effect. 12 Because of his health, declines to have a meal with Quinn, who is visiting Paris, but invites him to his flat. 14 Quinn visits JJ. By 27, Beach opens ‘Shakespeare and Company’ at her new premises, 12 rue de l’Odéon. August At 71 rue du Cardinal Lemoine. 7 (Sun) Tells Weaver of his holiday because of his eyes but is now working on ‘Ithaca’ and has written the first of several two-anda-half-thousand-word sentences of ‘Penelope’. 11 Signs a contract with Editions de la Sirène for Ludmila BlochSavitsky’s translation of P. (It will be published in March 1924.) 14 Asks Linati for news and tells him about his eye trouble. 16 Briefly describes the organization of ‘Penelope’ to Budgen. Mid-month, asks the American author Robert McAlmon to type out the first five sentences of ‘Penelope’. (He completes this task by 25.) 26 After feeling light in the head collapses at the Alhambra music hall. Is given ether at a pharmacy then driven home. During the hour of the attack is breathless and pale. 27 Describes to McAlmon how his collapse – which he does not think was cardiac – has forced him to alter his work patterns and says much the same to Weaver on 30, admitting that in checking the proofs of U (so far up to the end of ‘Scylla and Charybdis’) he has added a lot of material. September At 71 rue du Cardinal Lemoine. 3 (Sat) Tells McAlmon he is very busy revising and correcting U. He will write another 2000 words of ‘Penelope’, then start to put ‘Ithaca’ into shape. 6 Sends Budgen a draft of the first part of ‘Penelope’. 9 In authorising Weaver to make what arrangements she will regarding the Egoist Press taking over books of his from their previous publishers, informs her of a threatened new eye attack. 22 Sends Darantiere 31 typescript pages of ‘Penelope’.

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25

Tells Larbaud that he has revised parts of U so much that he (Larbaud) will hardly recognize them. Sends Darantiere the rest of ‘Penelope’.

October 1 at 71 rue du Cardinal Lemoine but moves to 9 rue de l’Université at the start of the month. 1 (Sat) Moves to 9 rue de l’Université for the third time. 6 Gives McAlmon his new address, saying he is now putting ‘Ithaca’ in order. He has finished ‘Penelope’ and the printer has it. 7 In telling Weaver that ‘Ithaca’ should be finished in three weeks and U published in November admits to being almost snowed under by proofs and almost driven insane by the work. 10 Sends a copy of Shaw’s letter (to Beach) of 11 June to McAlmon and on 13 to Weaver. 14 Names certain Dublin individuals, some of whom are to appear in U, he wants further information about from Josephine Murray. By mid-month, Weaver has acquired the English copyrights on all of JJ’s books. 20 Sends the typescript of ‘Penelope’ although neither corrected nor complete to Larbaud for the latter’s lecture on JJ. 29 Completes ‘Ithaca’ and therefore the writing of U. Tells McAlmon this and Larbaud the following day. November At 9 rue de l’Université. 1 (Tues) Still needing a few weeks in which to finish the revision of the proofs, speculates to Weaver as to whose birthday U will be published on. (It will be published on his own birthday.) 2 In connection with his revision of U asks Josephine Murray specific questions about Dublin and its characters including gaining access to 7 Eccles Street. 6 Expresses to Weaver his pleasure to be rid of Mathews and Richards and annoyance at all the printer’s errors in U, hoping they will not be carried into future editions. Thanks her for her sustained fidelity to him and his book. Tells Budgen U is finished. He is looking forward to seeing him. 10 Death of Mathews. 11 Asks Larbaud if 23 can be set as the date of his (Larbaud’s) lecture. 25 Tells Weaver that ‘Ithaca’ may be his favourite episode in U. Needs £75 to pay the printer. Has prepared a scheme of U for Larbaud.

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24

1922 101

29

Informs Weaver that a room has been set aside for him at the American Chamber of Commerce if he wants to work there on account of the cold. Darantiere confirms that he is now ready to set ‘Ithaca’ in type.

December At 9 rue de l’Université. Southern Ireland gains dominion status in the Anglo-Irish treaty. 2 (Fri) Having received a draft for £100, tells Weaver he is overwhelmed by her kindness and confirms that he once rivalled John McCormack in singing. 5 The translation of parts of U into French for Larbaud’s lecture, begun in October, is completed. 6 Gives Weaver the latest news about the lecture set for the following day. 7 Attends, most of the time behind a screen, Larbaud’s lecture on U, extracts from which are read in both French and English. 250 people crowd into Monnier’s bookshop. 10 Describes Larbaud’s lecture, with which he was pleased, to Weaver. Is working hard on proofs of different episodes of U. 30 Responding to Francini Bruni’s request for information for the lecture he is giving on JJ in Trieste, tells him something about his life and work and wishes him well.

1922 January At 9 rue de l’Université. Huebsch reprints D in the US. 4 (Wed) The American publishing firm Boni and Liveright offers JJ $1000 advance and 25% royalties for the US rights for U, but JJ would rather that Liveright waits and reads the complete book first. 5 Informs Weaver of the American offer and his reaction. Says he needs £50 to cover his expenses and offers to help her with ‘Oxen of the Sun’ which has been causing her problems. Still has work to do on U. 20 Anticipating the publication of U, entertains Beach and Monnier at a celebratory dinner. 29 Completes revising and checking U, then removes all the work from his table. 30 The last page proofs are returned to Darantiere who receives them the following day.

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26

February At 9 rue de l’Université. 1 (Wed) Is informed by Darantiere that he has sent three copies of U to Beach by express post. Regarding this arrangement as too uncertain, gets Beach to telephone the printer who then offers to send further copies on the overnight Dijon–Paris express. 2 JJ’s 40th birthday. U is published, Beach meeting the train and receiving the parcel containing two copies; one goes to JJ and the other is displayed at Shakespeare and Company. Cables the news to Weaver, thanking her for all her generosity and writes to Beach thanking her for all her trouble and worry. 8 Describes the shortage of actual copies of U to Weaver. She will receive No. 1 of the deluxe edition as soon as it is available. J.B. Pinker dies in New York. 11 Wittily describes to McAlmon helping Beach respond to orders for U including ones from the British Museum and The Times. 12 Weaver receives her copy of U inscribed by JJ. 13 Gives No. 2 of the 100 de luxe copies, signed, to Beach. 16 Signs for Djuna Barnes an unnumbered press copy of U. 17 Asks Weaver to send reviews of U to Francini Bruni for his Trieste lecture. 22 Francini Bruni gives his lecture in Trieste: ‘Joyce intimo spogliato in piazza’ (‘Joyce Stripped Naked in the Piazza’). 26 SJ, writing from Trieste, declares he dislikes much of U and wishes JJ would take up writing verse again. He asks for the return of the loan of £10 and attacks Francini Bruni’s lecture for its vulgarity and silliness. March At 9 rue de l’Université. ‘Un Incident regrettable’, Yva Fernandez’s translation of ‘A Painful Case’, is published in the Revue de Genève I, 21. 1 (Wed) Gives McAlmon his latest news about U and flat-hunting. 5 Sisley Huddleston lengthily reviews U in the Observer. He criticizes the book but also acknowledges the author’s genius. JJ is pleased with the review and tells McAlmon later in March that 136 orders came in one day because of it. 11 Acknowledges receipt from Weaver of the second English edition of E (published by the Egoist Press in 1921) and complains about all the misprints in U, especially those in ‘Ithaca’. 14 Continues to send out copies of U, but those costing 150 francs (the cheapest, printed on linen paper) have been sold out. 15 Asks Weaver to send him anything about U which appears in the following day’s Times Literary Supplement.

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29

Promises SJ £10 on 25 March, but wonders why he is hard up. Detailing his own living costs, says his case is different, but adds that Weaver has now given him £8500* all told. Meets Middleton Murry (whose appreciative review of U will appear in the Nation and Athenaeum on 22 April) and his wife, Katherine Mansfield.

April At 9 rue de l’Université. ‘James Joyce’, Barnes’s interview with JJ, appears in Vanity Fair xviii. 1 (Sat) ‘James Joyce’, Larbaud’s lecture of 7 December 1921, is published in Nouvelle Revue Française xviii. ‘Aramis’ castigates JJ and U in ‘The Scandal of Ulysses’ in the Sporting Times (or the Pink ‘Un). Weaver acquires a placard of this headline and later JJ and Beach have themselves photographed at Shakespeare and Company sitting in front of it. After a quarrel NBJ departs for Ireland with the children. 2 NBJ and her family arrive in London and by mid-April reach Ireland staying a few days in Dublin before proceeding to Galway. Coincidentally, serious unrest, following the AngloIrish Treaty and leading to civil war, is breaking out in Ireland. (On their return journey to Dublin their train is shot at.) 10 Expresses to Weaver his frustration about the lack of reviews of U, although Larbaud’s article has evoked much interest. 25 Moore, in Paris, disparages JJ and U. 29 Arnold Bennett reviews U in Outlook, giving particular praise to ‘Circe’ and ‘Penelope’. May At 9 rue de l’Université. NBJ, GJ and LJ return to Paris. 1 (Mon) Shakespeare and Company succeeds in sending several copies of U through the post to the US. 10 Eric Pinker, the son of J.B. Pinker, writes to ask if JJ would allow an English publisher to issue an abridged version of U. 16 Tells Weaver he is annoyed about the printer’s attitude to corrections of the text of U. Has decided he must have a holiday after all his hard work and his anxiety while his family was in Ireland. 17 Sends his condolences to Eric Pinker for his father’s death, but refuses to sanction any alteration to U. 18 Is invited by Sydney Schiff (‘Stephen Hudson’) to a party given for Diaghilev and Stravinsky. There meets Proust. 23 Following a severe eye attack, consults the French ophthalmologist Dr Victor Morax. Iritis has now spread to his left eye.

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GJ informs Quinn of his father’s eye attack just as he was preparing to go on holiday (to London). James Douglas violently attacks U in the Sunday Express for its alleged obscenity. This attack troubles Weaver because of her own plans for publishing U.

June At 9 rue de l’Université. 1 (Thurs) Pound’s article ‘James Joyce et Pécuchet’ appears in Mercure de France CLVI, an expanded version of ‘Paris Letter’ which appeared in the Dial LXXII around the same time. 9 Is advised by his doctors to undergo an operation on his left eye but is reluctant because of its implications for his writing. Beach immediately cables the news to Weaver. 24 Weaver asks Beach to allow plates to be made from her type for the English edition of U. Beach agrees. July At 9 rue de l’Université. Louis Berman, a well-known New York doctor, examines JJ at Pound’s instigation and advises complete extraction of his teeth. JJ postpones this and consults Dr Louis Borsch, Beach’s ophthalmologist, who tells him he can travel before having his eyes and teeth seen to. 1 (Sat) Acknowledges receipt of a cheque for £11 in a letter to Eric Pinker which JJ dictates. 5 Edmund Wilson reviews U in New Republic xxxi. (It is one of the reviews which pleases JJ most.) 17 Cables Weaver to say his health is progressing and to thank her for her concern. 19 Mary Colum reviews U in the Freeman V, No. 123. This review also pleases JJ a great deal. August 1–17 at 9 rue de l’Université; 17–18 crossing to England; from 18 at Euston Hotel, London. 4 (Fri) Cecil Maitland reviews U in the New Witness. (Herbert Gorman will quote part of this review in his biography of JJ.) 8 Dictates a letter asking Gregory to omit any reference to him in her forthcoming book on the history of the Irish literary movement. 9 Cables Weaver to tell her his sight is still improving. 17 After cabling Weaver to say that, despite a threatened relapse, he is still going to travel to London, sets out with NBJ for England. (GJ has gone to the Tyrol and LJ to summer camp in Deauville.)

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18 22 24

26 29

30

31

Arrives at the Euston Hotel, London and meets Weaver for the first time. Cables Weaver that his eye condition is severe and he must see a doctor again. Writes to Dr Borsch that conjunctivitis set in during his journey to London; an eye doctor thought his condition critical and declared an operation urgent. Asks Borsch whether he should return to Paris or continue to the south of England as planned. Sends a copy of this letter to Weaver. Has to go temporarily to hospital. Tells Beach his holiday is an utter disaster. Has had no reply from Borsch. Has to return to hospital for the application of leeches. Gilbert Seldes reviews U extremely positively in the Nation cxv, No. 2982. JJ is particularly pleased with his comments on the ‘Oxen of the Sun’ episode. Informs Weaver that another eye specialist has strongly advised him against an operation in present circumstances.

September 1–15 at Euston Hotel; 15-17 at Queens Hotel, Folkestone; 17–18 Boulogne; from 18 at 9 rue de l’Université, Paris. Savage attack on U by ‘Domini Canis’ (Shane Leslie) in the Dublin Review. 1 (Fri) Sends best wishes to Weaver on her birthday. 2 McAlmon calls but fails to see JJ as it takes him so long to dress his eye. 5 Tells Beach that GJ should be returning to Paris around 8 or 9, but his own return is much more uncertain. 15 Travels to Folkestone prior to crossing the channel and cables his address to Weaver. 17 Crosses the channel, just ahead of a storm, to Boulogne, where he has to spend the night. 18 For the fourth time stays at 9 rue de l’Université, no other accommodation being immediately available. 20 NBJ and GJ flat-hunt. 21 Tells Weaver that it appears a decision was made to proceed with the printing of U nearly a fortnight before without any reference to text revision. 28 Discusses his eyesight, the problems of getting a furnished flat in Paris and the second impression of U in a letter to Weaver. 29 Sends Weaver a list of errors in ‘Ithaca’, asking her to add them to her proof copy.

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October 1–11 (or 12) at 9 rue de l’Université; 11 (or 12)–13 en route for Nice via Dijon and Marseilles; from 13 in Nice (Hôtel de France, then Hôtel Suisse). Shane Leslie reviews U in the Quarterly Review ccxxxviii. 1 (Sun) Sends further mistakes he has found in ‘Ithaca’ to Weaver. 3 Consults Borsch who tells him that the iritis and persistence of the nebula (film over the eye) probably result from root abscesses in his teeth. 5 Feels better about his sight following a more optimistic report from Borsch who will not operate until JJ returns from his holiday. 11 (or 12) Leaves for Nice with NBJ and LJ, informing Weaver on 12 that they have reached Dijon where he sees Darantiere. 12 Second impression of U bearing the imprint ‘Published for the Egoist Press, London, by John Rodker, Paris’. 2000 numbered copies (plus 100 unnumbered) with a list of errata laid in. 13 Marseilles. Informs Weaver and Beach that they are about to leave for Nice where they stay initially at the Hôtel de France before moving quickly to the Hôtel Suisse. (Later he is to say that he begins Finnegans Wake (FW) during these days in Nice.) 15 Visits Monaco. 16 Second impression of U sells out in four days. 17 Tells Weaver he plans to winter in Nice for his health and because of its cheapness. Has already begun to prepare a list of corrections for any third impression of U. 22 In the light of reviews of U discusses tactics in publicizing it in a letter to Weaver. 23 Describes to Josephine Murray the dangers NBJ and their children faced while in Ireland and implies that she (Josephine Murray) is undervaluing U, a copy of which he has already sent her. 27 Thanks Weaver for the advance on royalties of the new impression of U but has had trouble with his eye again and had to consult a local doctor recommended by Borsch. 30 Gives Beach the latest news about his sight. Has managed to continue correcting U and read the first two volumes of Proust’s A la recherche du temps perdu. c.31 Breaks off correcting U. November 1–12 at Hôtel Suisse, Nice; 12–14 en route for Paris via Marseilles and Lyons; from 14 at 26 Avenue Charles Floquet, Paris. 2 (Thurs) His eye suddenly begins to improve. 3 Asks Weaver to make use of reviews of U to publicize the book.

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12 13

14

15 17

18 25

Reports rapid improvement of his eye. Thanks Weaver for a £250 royalties cheque and continues to suggest ways of advertising U. Writes more kindly to Josephine Murray (than in his letter of 23 October) suggesting ways of approaching U. They could meet in London next year. (They do not.) Leaves Nice and reaches Marseilles, staying at Le Grand Hôtel. Informs Weaver that he has been upset by a lengthy letter from Beach concerning the second impression of U. He will attempt to calm her. Meanwhile thinks highly of his Nice doctor who believes he ought to be operated on in six weeks’ time. Travels on to Lyons where he stays overnight. Meets Darantiere on the platform at Dijon on his way back to Paris where he moves to a furnished flat at 26 Avenue Charles Floquet (the tenancy of which has begun at the start of the month). Has a hard talk with Beach. Details some of Beach’s complaints to Weaver: she has not been fully informed about the second ‘edition’, is worried about its implications for her edition and is not interested in a third. Admits the fault may be partly his and has arranged to see her again in an attempt to pacify her. Proust dies. JJ attends his funeral. Expresses his tiredness to Weaver but continues to discuss how articles on U can be made to further its interests

December At 26 Avenue Charles Floquet. 3 (Sun) Invites Power to visit him. 8 Thanks Weaver for the cheque for royalties and suggests copies of U should go to Symons and Archer. Borsch does not want to operate on his eye in the near future. 21 Asks Josephine Murray whether she would supply him with miscellaneous details about people who were of an older generation when he was young. (Sends her the list of people 3 April 1923.) 22 Having heard from Weaver that 400 copies of U have been confiscated by US Customs, asks her if such a confiscation is legal. Wants to co-operate with Larbaud in issuing some sort of guide to U. A copy of U is seized by Customs at Croydon Aerodrome, England. 30 Thanks Weaver for her Christmas gift of the poems by John Donne (his to her was Sir Edward Sullivan’s The Book of Kells) and gives her the time-table for his next eye operations.

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January At 26 Avenue Charles Floquet. 2 (Tues) Apologizes to Eric Pinker for the delay, because of health problems, in acknowledging a cheque for £19 10s. 13 Sends condolences to Weaver over the death of her aunt, telling her not to tire herself with letters about U. 17 Invites Larbaud, Beach, Monnier and the poet Léon-Paul Fargue to a dinner party before his series of operations. (Larbaud cannot attend.) Late this month, Rodker publishes 500 copies of U. This is the third impression to replace those destroyed in transit to the US. Nearly all of these, however, are seized by the English Customs at Folkestone. February At 26 Avenue Charles Floquet. 2 (Fri) JJ’s 41st birthday. 5 Informs Larbaud that he has to face three operations. 6 Tells Weaver that he has had to remove LJ from a school outside Paris after only one week. She is now attending a lycée. GJ is working at the ‘Banque Nationale de Crédit’. Has sorted out some notes left over from U. 26 Details to Weaver the current state of his vision which has responded well to dionine. March At 26 Avenue Charles Floquet. 10 (Sat) Writes two pages of what is ultimately incorporated into FW which will be known to everyone except JJ himself and NBJ as ‘Work in Progress’ until August 1938. 11 Describes in detail his financial, personal and domestic circumstances to his father. Informs Weaver about his latest writing and his recent discussions with Borsch about his sight. Mid-month, suffers an attack of conjunctivitis. 28 Tells Weaver that the conjunctivitis has cleared up. Is stoically prepared for the operations but meanwhile is getting on with his writing. 30 Declares to Weaver that his name would be unknown in Ireland but for articles in English reviews, which in turn would not have been published but for articles in French reviews.

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1923

April 1–3 at 26 Avenue Charles Floquet; 3-c.12 at Maison de Santé Ambroise Paré, Neuilly; c.12–25 at 26 Avenue Charles Floquet; from 25 at 39 rue du Cherche-Midi. 3 (Tues) Goes to the Maison de Santé Ambroise Paré, Neuilly, for dental treatment. 5 Has ten teeth extracted and seven abscesses and a cyst removed from his mouth. c.12 Returns to 26 Avenue Charles Floquet to recuperate and prepare for the next operation. 14 Attends the France–Ireland rugby union match at Stade Colombes. 25 Goes to 39 rue du Cherche-Midi (Borsch’s clinic). 28 Sphincterectomy on JJ’s left eye. Weaver sends £100 royalties just before the operation and £100 just after it. May 1 at 39 rue du Cherche-Midi; from early in the month, returns to 26 Avenue Charles Floquet. End of the Irish Civil War. JJ is largely inactive owing to his health. 15 (Tues) Gives notice to leave his flat. 22 Tells Weaver he must be out of his flat by mid-June, but would like to go sooner. Is impatient with the slow progress of his sight and repeats this to her on 28. 28 Tries to arrange to meet Anderson and Heap, currently in Paris. June 1–18 at 26 Avenue Charles Floquet; 18–21 at Terminus-Hôtel, Calais; 21–29 London; from 29 at Alexandra House, Clarence Road, Bognor. 4 (Mon) Again tries to arrange a meeting with Anderson and Heap. 10 Is supplied by the dentist with his permanent set of teeth; by now he can read and feels much better. 11 Asks Weaver to get hold of Morgante the Lesser by ‘Sirius’ (Edward Martyn). 16 Thanks Weaver for the draft for money. They will arrive in London on 18. 18 Leaves for England with NBJ and LJ. Because of rough weather, they are held up at Calais for three days, staying at the Terminus-Hôtel. GJ, now studying music, stays behind to flat-hunt for the family. 21 Arrives in London, staying at the Belgrave Hotel, 6 Montague Street. 25 Asks Beach if she has news about a flat for them.

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Is invited by Yeats to stay with him in Dublin. JJ is pleased but declines. Moves to Bognor, staying at Alexandra House, Clarence Road.

July At Alexandra House, Bognor. This month and August, drafts ‘Tristram and Isolde’ (now 384–6 of FW), ‘St Kevin’ (now 604–5) and ‘Berkeley and St Patrick’ (now 611–2). 5 (Thurs) Tells Weaver he is enjoying his stay in Bognor. 11 Hopes Weaver missed the worst of the London storm which the newspapers made much of. Thanks her for the money orders for £100. Has catalogued about 40 pages of notes. 12 Contract with Plon-Nourrit et Cie for Gens de Dublin (the French translation of D) signed. Tells Beach he expects to go to Cornwall at the end of the month when LJ goes to Deauville and that Weaver has just given him the enormous present of £12 000 (the bequest of a recently deceased aunt) so that, in all, she has given him £21 000*. 19 Takes up Weaver’s offer of typing by sending her a draft of his ‘King Roderick O’Conor’ sketch (now 380–2 of FW). 28 Tells Beach he is not completely satisfied with the progress on his eyes and teeth. August 1–3 at Alexandra House, Bognor; 3–c.17 at Belgrave Hotel, 6 Montague Street, London; c.17–27 at Victoria Palace Ho ˆtel, Paris; from 27 at Hôtel de l’Univers, Tours. The Egoist Press publishes a new edition of CM. 2 (Thurs) Sends to Weaver for typing the passage about ‘Berkeley and St Patrick’ (now 611 of FW). 3 Moves to Belgrave Hotel, 6 Montague Street, London. Informs Weaver of this and asks her to send him whatever she has typed and also press cuttings. 12 Sends Weaver a further piece for typing. 13 Thanks Weaver for the typed sheets and arranges to see her again. c.17 Returns to France, staying at the Victoria Palace Hôtel, 6 rue Blaise Desgoffe, Paris. 19 Having fruitlessly been flat-hunting for two days, informs Weaver of his current address, telling her that a Miss Lewisohn, the proprietress of a theatre in New York, wants to produce E. 23 Tells Weaver that negotiations with Lewisohn are proceeding and, despite all the noise, hot weather and confusion, he has begun to draft parts of his new book. Would like to leave Paris again.

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1923 111

Travels to Tours, staying at the Hôtel de l’Univers. Gives Beach his address, saying he may go on to Blois or Orléans. Sends Weaver birthday greetings and indicates he will probably return to Paris in a few days and send her another section of his book from there.

September 1–c.3 at Hôtel de l’Univers, Tours; from c.3 at Victoria Palace Hôtel, Paris. c.3 (Mon) Returns to Victoria Palace Hôtel. 10 Explains to Weaver that he has had to come back from Tours as his brother-in-law (that is Schaurek) had come from Trieste. He has gone but now LJ has returned from camp. They are tired out in their search for a flat. Hopes the pieces he is currently sending her are giving her some amusement. 13 Learns that E has been accepted by the Théâtre Champs Elysées for the coming season. October At Victoria Palace Hôtel. Meets Quinn, in Europe again, for the second time. 4 (Thurs) Attends the Paris début of the American composer, George Antheil. 8 Byrne gets in touch. JJ sends ‘Mamalujo’ (now 383–99 of FW) off for typing. 9 Tells Weaver that Hueffer (Ford Madox Ford) has been made the editor of a new Paris review (the transatlantic review). GJ has been having lessons in music, both practical and theoretical. 12 Warmly thanks Lily Bollach for all the typing she is doing for him so quickly and promptly, particularly as it must be uninteresting work for her. 17 Describes to Weaver the terrible conditions in which he has to write as he continues to hunt for a flat. Asks for further response from her to his new work. 21 Offers sympathy to Mrs Richard Sheehy on the death of his school companion, Dick Sheehy. 23 Thanks Weaver for her reaction to the ‘Mamalujo’ draft and for the final royalties on her impression of U. Ford wants the Earwicker episode for his review. November At Victoria Palace Hôtel. Eliot’s article ‘Ulysses, Order and Myth’ appears in the Dial lxxv. 2 (Fri) Sends the fair copy of ‘Mamalujo’ to Weaver. Quinn is proposing to sell the MS of U. Encloses Ford’s prospectus for the

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19

transatlantic review. Beach would like to publish the next edition of U. Thanks Weaver for Arabia Deserta (by Doughty) and the Querschnitt (in which CM XII, XV, XXVI, XXIX, XXXVI have recently been re-published) but is too busy to enjoy them. Likes Eliot’s Dial article. Hopes to leave his present address by Christmas and asks for an advance of some of the money she has spoken of.

December At Victoria Palace Hôtel. 15 (Sat) Confirms to Quinn that he has indeed the whole MS of U (Quinn had been under a misapprehension about this) and thanks him for offering to share the profits from its sale. 17 Expresses to Weaver his depression about his current work and lack of news about his previous work. The fourth impression of U is, however, due very soon. 24 Beach receives the first four copies of her new impression of U, immediately giving two to JJ who confirms the publication to Weaver after Christmas.

1924 January At Victoria Palace Hôtel. This month to March, working on what becomes I.v (104–25), I.vii (169–95) and I.viii (196–216) of FW. 1 (Tues) Fourth, unlimited impression of U, with a new list of errata. c.5 Asks NBJ to read this new impression of U. 14 The sale of Quinn’s complete MS of U takes place at an auction at the Anderson Galleries, New York to Dr A.S.W. Rosenbach for $1975*. 16 Sends more of his work on FW to Weaver, telling her how tired he feels. 19 Cables Quinn asking him for the result of the sale. Quinn replies on 21, trying to console JJ for the relatively poor price U has received ($25 less than the reserve price). 30 Writes to Schmitz, praising his novel Confessions of Zeno (published 1923), which he must not be discouraged about as it is easily his best, and suggesting people to whom review copies can be sent. February At Victoria Palace Hôtel. 2 (Sat) JJ’s 42nd birthday.

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8 17

c.18 20

29

Tells Beach about the sale of the MS of U, but plainly feels aggrieved about the price. Asks Quinn for what sum Rosenbach will sell back the MS of U. Is indignant about the price the sale fetched and will not accept any of the net proceeds (as detailed by Quinn in his letter of 21 January). In sending Weaver some more MS (of I.vii of FW) expresses his anger at Quinn’s sale and the paltry sum it secured. Sends more of I.vii of FW to Weaver, explaining some of the names of the book to her. Cannot find any sort of flat and the situation will worsen once the Olympic Games begin. Has not seen Borsch since before Christmas. Reveals to McAlmon his concern over Weaver’s reaction to his new book. Continues to encourage Schmitz about his novel and suggest ways of publicizing it. Is making use of Schmitz’s wife’s name (Livia) for the heroine of his new book (Anna Livia Plurabelle). In thanking McAlmon for the loan of some money, expresses his dismay at the proofs of the passage from FW that is to appear in the transatlantic review. Tells Richard Wallace he is finishing ‘Anna Livia Plurabelle’ (now FW I.viii 196–216).

March At Victoria Palace Hôtel. Begins the ‘Shaun the Post’ section of FW (now III, 403–590) and for the rest of the year works on it and those sections of I already drafted. 7 (Fri) Sends a draft of ‘Anna Livia Plurabelle’ to Weaver, adding some explanation. 14 Wonders if Weaver likes what he is sending her; when he read some to Larbaud, the latter, he says, showed his enthusiasm. 17 Herbert Gorman’s James Joyce: His First Forty Years is published by Huebsch in New York. 18 Mentions Gorman’s book to Weaver. Quinn has said that he (JJ) might be able to retrieve the MS of U from Rosenbach but probably only at a very high cost. Will not even respond to Quinn’s letter. 19 Dedalus; Portrait de l’artiste jeune par lui-même, Ludmila BlochSavitsky’s translation of P, is published. 24 Lists for Weaver the signs he is using for the chief characters in his book, the title of which he does not want to reveal yet. Busy revising proofs of ‘Mamalujo’ which is shortly to be published. Promises Bollach a copy of the transatlantic review in which ‘Mamalujo’ (typed by her) is to appear.

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1924 113

April At Victoria Palace Hôtel. ‘From Work in Progress’ (now FW 383–99) appears in the transatlantic review, 4. 1 (Tues) Tells Schmitz that Larbaud likes his (Schmitz’s) novel. 6 Reveals to Weaver that Borsch has told him to reduce his work to a half or even a third of what it has been. Tells her he cautiously welcomes Gorman’s book on him. Weaver has turned over the publishing rights of CM, D, P and E to Cape. JJ is pleased for her but does not trust her successor. 8 Asks Ford’s opinion of the contract offered by Cape. Regards the royalty of 15% as low compared with the Egoist Press’s 25% and Shakespeare and Company’s 66% of net profits. 12 Thanks Weaver for a cheque, telling her that Ford trusts Cape. Regrets that she did not particularly like ‘Mamalujo’ but has followed her and Borsch’s orders and completely stopped working. 18 Tells Weaver that the problems of the ‘Shaun’ section are immense but there will be a breakthrough in the book if he overcomes them. 19 Presents a signed copy of Dedalus to Beach and asks her for an advance of 500 francs as he is altogether without funds. 21 Suggests to Weaver that Cape should obtain the English rights of Gorman’s book from Huebsch. 24 Presents Bollach with a copy of Dedalus. 25 Has finished another draft of the first part of ‘Shaun the Post’, but is intimidated by the thought of the second part. Spring, Pound suggests in an article, ‘Le Prix Nobel’ in the Querschnitt IV–I, that JJ should receive the Nobel Prize for literature. May At Victoria Palace Hôtel. Refuses to sell the corrected proofs of U to Rosenbach. 7 (Wed) Sends Weaver a photograph of Patrick Tuohy’s portrait of JSJ which is currently causing a great stir in Dublin. In discussing money matters thanks her for the £130 sent on from Cape. Borsch wants to operate near the end of May. Meanwhile he is half-way through an exceedingly hard ‘Shaun’ passage and has turned down an offer to lecture at the Sorbonne. 13 Details his creditors to Weaver. Nearly half the latest printing of U is sold, but he is now more interested in what he is currently writing. Tells her Beach took umbrage when, for a variety of reasons, he would not take a flat she had found for him. Despite his extreme fatigue he will try to pacify her. c.18 Writes ‘A Prayer’, his first poem for some six years. (It will be the 13th poem of PP.) Reluctantly agrees to pose for a portrait by Tuohy.

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22

24

27

Sends ‘A Prayer’ to Larbaud, telling him that he can work no more at Victoria Palace Hôtel. Thanks Weaver for all her help. Does not know whether Antheil has finished his opera based on ‘Cyclops’. (It is never finished.) Reports that Beach seems amicably disposed towards him again. Deplores his working conditions to Weaver – in fact he has stopped working. Tells her about Tuohy’s portrait of him which will soon be finished (it is not finished until January 1927) and about his concern over the forthcoming eye operation. Reveals to Leon Fleischman that his income from US sales has been extremely small.

June 1–c.10 at Victoria Palace Hôtel; c.10–c.22 at Clinique des Yeux; from c.22 at Victoria Palace Hôtel. 2 (Mon) Tells Weaver that although he has already sat 26 times for Tuohy the latter wants a further week. Yet Borsch is anxious to operate again. 4 Gives details to Weaver of money received, owing and owed. Feels she may be annoyed by his current querulousness and wonders if he made a mistake in attempting such a demanding work after U. 6 Urges Larbaud to give publicity to Schmitz’s book. 7 Gosse violently attacks JJ in a letter to Louis Gillet. 8 Confirms to Weaver the receipt of a draft for 8600 francs. The operation, delayed because of Whitsuntide, is now fixed for 11. Has taken a flat in Nice for seven months from October but can sub-let. Is delighted with these arrangements, as they all need a holiday. c.10 Enters Borsch’s Clinique des Yeux at 39 rue du Cherche-Midi. 11 Iridectomy performed on his left eye. 14 Praising Dedalus, Dujardin invites JJ to spend a day with him at his house in Avon, Seine-et-Marne. 16 Receives a bouquet of white and dyed blue hortensias in honour of ‘Bloom’s day’ but privately wonders if anyone will remember the date in future. c.22 Leaves the clinic to return to Victoria Palace Hôtel. 27 Reveals to Weaver his depression about the latest eye operation and its aftermath. July 1–c.7 at Victoria Palace Hôtel; from c.7 at Hôtel de France at Chateaubriand, Saint-Malo. 1 (Tues) Yeats again invites JJ to stay with him in Dublin.

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c.7 11

12 17 25 28

Leaves Paris with his family for Hôtel de France at Chateaubriand, Saint-Malo, Brittany. Gives Weaver details about his eyesight and writing: some fragments of U, translated into French, are to appear in the review Commerce this month; has received a contract from the Neighbourhood Playhouse, New York, for the production of E. Asks Beach to get some books for him and discusses money matters. Declines Yeats’s invitation. Tells Beach that he wants to get in touch with Gorman. Sends a further list of books for Beach to order for him. Quinn dies. On 30 JJ reports to Weaver that he has heard that Quinn is very ill.

August 1–18 at Hôtel de France et Chateaubriand, Saint-Malo. 18–28 (or 29) at Hôtel de l’Épée, Quimper; from 28 (or 29) at Grand Hôtel du Commerce et de l’Épée, Vannes. 5 (Tues) Cables his condolences to Quinn’s relatives over his death. Refers to him in a letter to Beach, noting that Conrad, the composer Busoni and his old English teacher Dempsey have also recently died. No improvement to his sight. 7 SJ writes attacking the extract of FW in the transatlantic review as perhaps the last gasp of literature before it dies. Is also critical of U although he likes much of it. He does, however, point out that it was he, SJ, who first attempted to write down the thoughts of someone falling asleep (in a diary entry dated 18 July 1904). 11 Weaver tells Beach that the Egoist Press is closing this week. 16 Speaks highly of Quinn in a letter to Weaver. 17 Asks Beach for a loan of 1000 francs. 18 Leaves Saint-Malo for Hôtel de l’Épée, Quimper. 21 Arranges with Beach how to settle up with her. 28 (or 29) Leaves Quimper for Grand Hôtel du Commerce et de l’Épée, Vannes. 30 In sending Weaver birthday wishes tells her he is gathering a lot of local material; hopes the New York production of E will be better than the one in Munich. September 1–5 at Grand Hôtel du Commerce et de l’Épée, Vannes; 5–16 at Victoria Palace Hôtel, Paris; 16–18 (or 19) Hôtel Terminus, Calais; from 18 (or 19) at Euston Hotel, London. Fifth printing of U. 1 (Mon) Visits Carnac.

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Returns to Victoria Palace Hôtel and is visited by his brother Charles (whom he has not seen for 12 years). Charles leaves on 6. 7 Complains to Weaver about his poor sight; plans to leave for London once he has another flat. 13 Tells Weaver his sight is worse than before despite Borsch’s reassurances; has acquired a furnished flat; orders are coming in for the new printing of U, including some from Peking. 16 Leaves for London but is delayed in Calais (Hôtel Terminus) for two or three days owing to the weather. 18 (or 19) At Euston Hotel, London. 23 Meets Cape. October 1–-c.12 at Euston Hotel, London; from c.12 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet, Paris. 6 (Mon) Asks Cape that royalties from P be sent via his agent, Eric Pinker. 9 Gives details of Cape’s edition of P to Beach. 11 Acknowledges a cheque for £6 1s 4d from Eric Pinker. c.12 Returns to Paris, staying at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. 14 Tries to arrange to see Weaver, currently in Paris. Meanwhile is busy settling down in his new flat. 16 Cape publishes P. JJ presents Beach with a copy. 27 Sends Eric Pinker a statement of accounts from Cape which was awaiting him on his return to Paris. 31 Tells Weaver he has heard that the manager of Euston Hotel will always have rooms at his disposal there; is still working hard on ‘Shaun’. November 1–28 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet; from 28 at Clinique des Yeux. 1 (Sat) Hearing from Charles that his aunt, Josephine Murray, is dying, cables his best wishes to her and on 2 sends her a kind, affectionate letter. 9 Informs Weaver that his eyesight is still poor and he faces the prospect of yet another operation. He believes, however, he has solved one of the problems presented by his new work. 15 Death of Josephine Murray. 16 Describes to Weaver the tunnelling process involved in writing FW. Borsch will operate on 27 for cataract. 27 Makes a gramophone recording, arranged by Beach, of John F. Taylor’s speech in the ‘Aeolus’ episode of U. 28 Tells Weaver that the operation was delayed so that he could make the recording; would like further postponement because

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December 1–c.10 at Clinique des Yeux; from c.10 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. Louis Cazamian’s ‘L’Oeuvre de James Joyce’ appears in the Revue AngloAméricaine 2. Recuperates from his eye operation for much of this month. 10 (Wed) Edwin Muir’s ‘A Note on Ulysses’ appears in the New Republic xli, No. 523. 20 Asks Beach for Meredith’s Richard Feverel. 23 In sending Weaver best wishes for Christmas, reports on his recent eye operation, about the outcome of which Borsch is optimistic. His eye is still bandaged, however, and he is extremely tired. 27 Death of Archer. 30 Reports to Weaver on the quarrels of some of those translating U into French; some eye improvement, but he is still very tired.

1925 January At 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. 13 (Tues) Reports dialogues he has had with Borsch to Weaver. 21 Pound writes to JJ about a French translation of D. 27 Tells Weaver he is going to send her the first two chapters of ‘Shaun’ (now FW 403–73), explaining a few points to help her. Relates another dialogue he has just had with Borsch. 31 In sending some typescript of ‘Shaun’ to Weaver, tells her that the result of his most recent consultation with Borsch may be yet another eye operation. February 1–c.15 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet; c.15–25 at Clinique des Yeux; from 25 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. 2 (Mon) JJ’s 43rd birthday on which Borsch has wanted to perform a minor operation on his left eye (but JJ has postponed it). c.15 Has to return to the Clinique des Yeux as conjunctivitis has developed on the right eye. This turns to episcleritis (inflammation of the connective tissue covering the eye’s sclerotic coat). Leeches are applied.

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of his work on ‘Shaun’; Beach and Larbaud, who had fallen out some weeks previously, have been reconciled. Goes to the Clinique des Yeux. Borsch performs an operation on JJ’s left eye to remove a secondary cataract.

19

25 26

E has its English-language première at the Neighbourhood Playhouse, New York, arranged by the sculptor, Jo Davidson. It runs for 41 performances. ‘From Work in Progress’ (now FW 30–4) is published in Contact Collection of Contemporary Writers (Paris). Leaves the Clinique des Yeux and returns to 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. Describes to Weaver the terrible pain which the episcleritis caused. It seems that E has not been particularly well received.

March At 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. 7 (Sat) Reports to Weaver that he is unable to read print. 13 Writes his ‘Letter on Pound’, warmly acknowledging Pound’s help and encouragement. This appears in Ernest Walsh’s This Quarter, Paris. 15 The lease on 8 Avenue Charles Floquet is prolonged for a further two months. 22 E closes in New York. 25 Tells Weaver, in a letter dictated to LJ, that his eye troubles continue and he is quite unable in present conditions to take the sort of exercise he has been recommended, that is to say walking several kilometres a day. 31 Expresses his pleasure to Weaver about Muir’s New Republic article. Would like to go to London during the summer, staying at the Euston Hotel. His voice does not come over strongly on the gramophone record. April 1–15 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet; 15–c.25 at Clinique des Yeux; from c.25 at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet. Early this month, with great difficulty, revises what is now FW I.v (104–25) for the Criterion. 1 (Wed) Informs Bollach of his eye troubles which make it impossible for him to decipher print or pen, only pencil with the aid of a magnifying glass. 2 Details his planned movements during the summer to Heap. Realizes from what he has heard that the production in New York of E failed. GJ is progressing with his voice. 8 Has an operation to remove a fragment of tooth. 11 Tells Weaver he has somehow managed to finish the piece for the Criterion. 15 Goes to the Clinique des Yeux where Borsch at once performs a capsulotomy on his left eye (removal of the front wall of the eye’s capsule and lens). Stays about ten days, returning on or before 25.

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Reports on his sight to Weaver; is tired of drugs and wonders what warm sunlight is like. Late this month, checks proofs of his contribution to the Contact Collection of Contemporary Writers. May 1–second half of month at 8 Avenue Charles Floquet; second half of month to 31 (or 1 June) at Victoria Palace Hôtel; from 31 (or 1 June) at 2 Square Robiac. ‘From Work in Progress’ (now FW 30–4) appears in the Contact Collection of Contemporary Writers. Attends annual PEN Club meeting in Paris. Weaver is in Paris for three weeks. Symons is also in Paris, dining with JJ and seeing Tristan and Isolde at the Opéra with him. 1 (Fri) Tells Weaver he may feel slightly better, but can do very little. 29 Informs Weaver that he is in the process of moving (to 2 Square Robiac). NBJ will arrange an outing to Versailles with her. June At 2 Square Robiac. c.1 (Mon) Completes the move to 2 Square Robiac, off the rue de Grenelle. 2 Detailing some of his expenses and income, informs Weaver that he needs more money for the flat (which is unfurnished). Would like to concentrate on fragments of FW due to appear in periodicals. 13 Tells Weaver he is settling down in his new flat but there is much to do. Parodies for her the literary styles of Gertrude Stein, Pound and McAlmon. 17 Goes into details of his expenses for Weaver, although he has some 60 000 words to sell. Feels Borsch should be paid soon although he will not push for payment. 18 Apologizes to Weaver for worrying her with yet more details of the bills he is receiving. Meanwhile he is working hard on his notes and his eyesight has slightly improved. July 1–21 at 2 Square Robiac; 21–28 Grand Hôtel des Bains et de Londres, Fécamp; from 28 at Grand Hôtel de la Poste, Rouen. ‘Fragment of an Unpublished Work’ (now FW 104–25) appears in the Criterion III, 12. 1 (Wed) Tells Weaver he is working all the time in noisy conditions. His sight is not good at the moment. Tuohy is pestering him about sitting for him. 8 Briefly describes to Weaver his latest revisions for periodical publication. Borsch is surprised at the slowness of JJ’s recovery.

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21

27

28 29 31

After being reassured by Borsch that the next operation will not be necessary until September, leaves with his family for Normandy, staying at the Grand Hôtel des Bains et de Londres, Fécamp. Sends a long list of alterations for ‘Anna Livia Plurabelle’, or ‘ALP’, (now FW 196–216) to Beach who has the MS. The bad weather is driving them inland. Moves to Grand Hôtel de la Poste, Rouen. Asks Beach if the sixth printing of U is coming out on Saturday (that is 1 August). SJ has become engaged (to Nelly Lichtensteiger). Writes to Gorman thanking him for his book. Sends more ‘ALP’ changes to Beach.

August 1–9 at Grand Hôtel de la Poste, Rouen; 9–11 travelling to Arcachon via Niort and Bordeaux; from 11 at Regina Palace Hôtel et d’Angleterre, Arcachon. Sixth printing of U. 1 (Sat) Gillet’s article ‘Du coté de chez Joyce’ appears in the Revue des Deux Mondes xxviii. The tone is unsympathetic, but JJ is not unduly worried. 6 Visits les Andelys. 8 Thanks W.S. Kennedy, Chairman of the Incorporated Stage Society, London, for his committee’s proposal to stage E and gives his permission. 9 Leaves Rouen and travels to Niort, staying at the Grand Hôtel du Raisin de Bourgogne. 10 Travels on to Bordeaux, Hôtel Bayonne. 11 Arrives at Arcachon, staying at the Regina Palace Hôtel et d’Angleterre. 15 Tells Weaver that E will be produced in London early in 1926. Gorman wants to meet JJ. Parodies The Waste Land for her. 22 Makes money arrangements with Beach. Is very worried about his sight. Sends her further changes to ‘ALP’. 29 Mentions Gillet’s article to Weaver and his difficulties with the fourth chapter of ‘Shaun’ (now FW 555–90). September 1–c.3 at Regina Palace Hôtel et d’Angleterre, Arcachon; c.3–5 at Hôtel Bayonne, Bordeaux; from 5 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. In the US Roth begins to publish extracts from ‘Work in Progress’ in Two Worlds pirated from British and European publications. Roth pays JJ $200* and promises more money but none is forthcoming. The fifth and last pirated extract from ‘Work in Progress’ appears in September 1926.

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c.3 (Thurs) Leaves Arcachon for Bordeaux, staying at the Hôtel Bayonne. 5 Returns to 2 Square Robiac to learn that the printers of the Calendar, in which JJ was planning to publish ‘ALP’ refuse to set it. 26 Reveals to Weaver that he had an attack of conjunctivitis soon after his return from holiday and so failed to meet Gorman. 27 Gives Weaver the state of play about his work appearing (or not) in various periodicals and tells her he has postponed a further operation until ‘Shem’ and his talkative mother (FW I, vii and viii, 169–216) are published. None of his eye operations has been a complete success. 28 Congratulates SJ on his engagement and invites him to stay. October At 2 Square Robiac. 1 (Thurs) Monnier publishes ‘From Work in Progress’ (now FW 196–216) in Navire d’argent I.5. 10 Describes his work on the last chapter of ‘Shaun’ (now FW 555–90) to Weaver. 22 Lists for Weaver some opinions, mainly uncomprehending, about the ‘ALP’ chapter just published. 24 Enclosing two stories by Power, asks Eric Pinker to try and find a publisher for them. 31 Helps the Spanish critic and poet Dámaso Alonso with his translation of P. (It will appear as El Artista adolescente (retrato) in 1926.) November At 2 Square Robiac. 5 (Thurs) Tells Weaver he has almost finished a first draft of the last chapter of ‘Shaun’. Is getting worried by Roth’s pirating of his work in the US. Asks Gorman if he can give him any information about Roth’s Two Worlds and sends him some corrections for the English edition of his book on JJ. 21 Tells Schmitz he hopes to go to the London première of E. 23 Informs Weaver that Borsch has postponed his next operation because of the present condition of his eyes. Meanwhile he is determined to finish the last chapter of ‘Shaun’. December 1–5 at 2 Square Robiac; 5–15 at Clinique des Yeux; from 15 at 2 Square Robiac. Seventh printing of U. 5 (Sat) Enters the Clinique des Yeux for another eye operation.

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23 31

Borsch performs the first part of an operation on JJ’s left eye. Second part of the operation. Returns to 2 Square Robiac in pain and with no sight in his left eye. Has no permission to do any work. Manages to send Christmas greetings to Weaver. Gives Weaver a pessimistic bulletin on his sight.

Autumn–Winter 1925–26, ‘Extract from Work in Progress’ (now FW 169–95) appears in This Quarter, I.

1926 January At 2 Square Robiac. 20 (Wed) Complains to Weaver about the state of his eyes disabling him from working and his complete depression. 24 Reports to Weaver that he cannot find anything in the Sunday newspapers about the production of E in London. 29 Asks Beach if she can help him as, although he has plenty of money due in March, he has very little coming in January and February. He does not want Weaver to know this. February At 2 Square Robiac. 2 (Tues) JJ’s 44th birthday. Weaver, in Paris for a short while, attends the celebrations. 14 (and 15) E, directed by W.G. Fay, is presented by the Stage Society at the Regent Theatre, London. 15 Schmitz sends JJ a positive report on the London production. 18 Sykes sends JJ a long critique of the production of E which he attended on the second night. By and large he liked Fay’s production. Shaw was in the audience. Late this month, reads part of the last chapter of ‘Shaun’ (now FW 555–90) to Beach and a few friends. They are stupefied. March At 2 Square Robiac. 5 (Fri) Reports to Weaver that his sight has only marginally improved. Sends her Sykes’s critique of the London E. 18 Tells Weaver he is still working on the first three chapters of ‘Shaun’, although he is getting wary of Roth and the plan to give him all four chapters of ‘Shaun’ (now FW 403–590) for a lump sum. 23 Mentions to Weaver Lewis’s attack on him in his new book, The Art of Being Ruled.

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30

Makes arrangements for SJ’s visit. (He will stay in April, over Easter.) Sends Borsch’s bill to Weaver as he wants her solicitors to see to it. Feels that it is quite reasonable and points out that since paying him in September 1922 he has asked for an account three times.

April At 2 Square Robiac. Jugendbildnes, Georg Goyert’s translation of P, is published. 3 (Sat) Wishes Weaver a happy Easter. SJ has just arrived. Reiterates the reasonableness of Borsch’s bill given the fall of the franc in relation to the pound over the last four years. Is puzzled by Lewis’s book which he has finished. 3–10 Boston Stage Society produces E at The Barn. 15 Gens de Dublin, the French translation of D, is published. 16 Finishes revising the four chapters of ‘Shaun’ after several months of intensive work. 27 Presents Beach with copies of Jugendbildnes and Gens de Dublin. May At 2 Square Robiac. Second edition (eighth printing) of U, with the type entirely reset, is published by Shakespeare and Co. 1 (Sat) ‘Italo Svevo’s’ article ‘Triestinità di un grande scrittore irlandese: James Joyce’ appears in Il Popolo di Trieste. 5 Encloses some corrections for the MS Bollach is typing and asks to see her as he has changed his mind about going away. 21 Tells Weaver that the typing of the four chapters of ‘Shaun’ is nearly complete and he would like her reaction to them. He has the whole book quite well planned but at the moment is too tired to proceed. Lewis has asked him for a contribution to his new review. Thanks Bollach for the good work she has done for him. 21–23 Presides over a table at a meeting of the PEN Club in Paris. June At 2 Square Robiac. 7 (Mon) Hopes Weaver has received the ‘Shaun’ chapters and awaits her reaction. Tells her something of what he plans between ‘ALP’ and those chapters (now FW II 219–399). 19 Sends Beach some corrections for the ‘Shaun’ chapters. Attends a performance of Antheil’s Ballet Mécanique at the Théâtre des Champs Élysées.

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July At 2 Square Robiac. Roth begins to publish extracts from U in Two Worlds Monthly and continues until October 1927 (the first 14 episodes of the novel in 12 instalments). This is unauthorized by JJ. 15 (Thurs) Tells Weaver he has drafted part of the studies section (now FW 260–308). Can see a little better. LJ is at a girls’ camp in Deauville, GJ in an accountant’s office. 25 Informs Weaver that he has sent the four chapters of ‘Shaun’ to the Dial. (They are not published.) Has finished the Euclid lesson (now part of FW II.ii). Beach is away and he would like to leave himself. August 1–c.5 at 2 Square Robiac; c.5–9 at Auberge Littoral Palace, Ostend; 9–c.14 Hotel du Phare, Ostend; from c.14 Hotel de l’Océan, Ostend. c. 5 Leaves for Ostend, stopping at the Auberge Littoral Palace (ALP, (Thurs) as he notes). 9 Moves to the less expensive Hotel du Phare and quickly meets Pat Hoey whom he has known in Dublin. 10 Asks Beach to write to him poste restante as they will have to move again. 11 Tells Weaver how much he is enjoying the holiday. c.14 Moves to Hotel de l’Océan, Digue de Mer, Ostend. 18 Gives Weaver the disturbing news that Roth has begun to pirate U. 24 Receives the German translation of U by Goyert who now travels to Ostend himself and works with JJ for four days on the text. September 1–13 at Hotel de l’Océan, Ostend; 13–17 Hotel Poste, Ghent; 17–20 Grand Hotel, Antwerp; 20–29 Hôtel Astoria and Claridge, Brussels; from 29 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. 1 (Wed) Cosgrave’s body is taken from the Thames after his suicide. 2 Tells Beach he feels rushed over the publication of the German translation of U. (Scheduled for autumn 1926, it will appear in 1927.) 13 Ghent, staying at the Hotel Poste. 17 Antwerp, staying at the Grand Hotel. 20 Brussels, staying at the Hôtel Astoria and Claridge. 22 Tells Beach that Lewis can have a piece for his review once he (JJ) has checked the typing. (Probably ‘The Triangle’ or ‘Euclid’, now FW 282–304. Lewis does not publish it.) Visits the battlefield of Waterloo.

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26 29

Suggests to Weaver that she order a piece for inclusion in FW. Has withdrawn the ‘Shaun’ chapters from the Dial as changes were demanded. Asks Weaver to tell him what she thinks of his revision of ‘ALP’. Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. Colum’s The Road Round Ireland, containing selections from JJ, is published.

October At 2 Square Robiac. 1 (Fri) Weaver answers JJ’s suggestion of 24 September and orders a piece on a legend of Penrith (near which she is staying). 16 Sends condolences to Weaver on the death of her brother from peritonitis. In the circumstances will not bother her with gossipy news and articles but is responding to her order of 1. (He does not, however, regard the order as finally executed until the publication of FW in May 1939.) Autumn, works on the opening chapter of FW (now 3–29). November At 2 Square Robiac. 5 (Fri) Sends SJ some money and mentions Roth’s pirating of U. 8 Tells Weaver he is placing her order at the start of the book, the structure of which he briefly describes. Is still trying to stop Roth. 10 Receives the news of Schaurek’s suicide in Trieste. Asks SJ for further news and explains his problems over raising the money asked for by Eileen who is travelling back from Dublin unaware of her husband’s death. 15 Cables SJ for news about Eileen. Sends the first draft of Weaver’s order of 1 October (now FW 3) and provides a key. Having received the whole of Part III of FW, Pound can make nothing of it, but wishes JJ well. 16 Expresses his despair to Ernest Hemingway about the Roth piracy. Beach cables the New York Evening Post making it clear that Roth’s publication of U is neither authorized nor paid for and the text has been mutilated. On 18 makes the same points in an open letter to the US press (which does not respond). 19 Pound suggests ways JJ could combat the menace of Roth. 20 LJ dances at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées in a Lois Hutton Ballet Faunesque. 24 Gives the rationale of FW to Weaver: the language, grammar and plot of sleep are fundamentally different from those of wakefulness.

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1927 127

Congratulates Shaw on winning the Noble Prize for literature. Tells Weaver, in jocular language, that he has now finished the second draft of her order. Weaver replies similarly 3 December.

December At 2 Square Robiac. 6 (Mon) Reluctantly agrees to give Tuohy some more sittings. 12 Reads the opening section of FW to Beach, Monnier, Eugene and Maria Jolas, and Myron and Helen Nutting. 15 Continues with SJ to try to sort out Eileen’s situation but meanwhile is very busy and worried about Roth’s piracy. 21 Tells Weaver he collapsed after the reading on 12 (the pages of which he encloses as her order) but received letters and flowers the following day. 25 Pound explains why he is not signing the international protest JJ is organizing against Roth’s piracy: he considers it inappropriate. 30 In sending Weaver best wishes for the New Year tells her the letter of protest, signed by André Gide and Wells among others, will soon be ready.

1927 January At 2 Square Robiac. 8 (Sat) Bemoans his poverty to SJ which Roth has made worse by his piracy. 16 Gives Weaver the latest news about who has and who has not signed his protest. His lawsuit against Roth is proceeding. Feels he has been working too hard and must ease up. 26 Invites Larbaud to dine at Langer’s, Champs Élysées, with him and others on 2 February, his birthday, the fifth anniversary of the publication of U and the date the international protest will be published. 29 Weaver hesitantly begins to state her objections to FW. She regrets Pound’s failure to sign the protest. Lewis attacks JJ and U in a lengthy essay in the first issue of his review the Enemy. February At 2 Square Robiac. 1 (Tues) Responds to Weaver’s tentative criticisms of 29 January. Pound may be right in his criticism of JJ’s new book but he must continue with it. The editors of transition (Eugene Jolas and the

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2

4 7

18

19 28

associate editor, Elliot Paul) liked the piece he has submitted to them and want more. Feels ‘ALP’ is good or his judgement is that of an imbecile. JJ’s 45th birthday. Publishes the ‘International Protest against the Unauthorised and Mutilated Edition of Ulysses in the USA’ with 162 signatories. This is the so-called ‘third’ edition of U. Weaver continues with her criticism of FW, not caring for all his puns and wondering if JJ is wasting his genius. Sends a copy of the International Protest to Eric Pinker asking him to send it on to his (Pinker’s) brother in New York. Five names have been added to the original list of signatories (John Galsworthy, Philip Gibbs, Frédéric Lefèvre, Marcel Prévost and Laurence Vail) making 167 in all. Mentions to Weaver Pound’s disparagement of the poems he has written since CM, but does not think so badly of them himself. Tells her for the first time about Schaurek’s suicide. LJ appears as a wild vine in a ‘Ballet Faunesque’ at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées. Edward Titus, an American bibliophile living in Paris, buys the final corrected page proofs of U.

March At 2 Square Robiac. Archibald MacLeish praises JJ’s later poems encouraging him to approach Beach about publishing them. 2 (Wed) Thanks Pound for formally declaring that he never authorized Roth to publish U in Two Worlds. Describes to Weaver some of the work and worry by which he is overwhelmed. Has the German proofs of U and is busy working on contributions to transition. 8 In Milan Schmitz gives a lecture on JJ to the literary circle of Il Convegno, an avant-garde periodical. 16 Informs Weaver of his decision to publish his poems under the title of Pomes Penyeach and to travel to England to be guest of honour at a PEN Club dinner as a lot of English writers signed his protest. Is thinking of proceeding from there to Ireland to see JSJ. 17 Tells Beach he is tired of his poverty and always having to bother her about money. 23 Suit is entered against Roth. April 1–4 at 2 Square Robiac; 4–c.8 at Euston Hotel, London; from c.8 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. ‘Opening Pages of a Work in Progress’ (now FW 3–29) appears in transition. (Subsequent titles of the transition excerpts are all such as ‘Continuation of a Work in Progress’ or, simply, ‘Work in Progress’.)

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4 (Mon) 5 c.8 12 16 24 26 27

London, staying at the Euston Hotel. Guest of honour at the English PEN Club dinner. Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. Beach describes her own pressing money problems to JJ. Attempts to give Weaver clues about FW’s structure and its title (which JJ is challenging her to guess). Mary Colum in the New York Herald Tribune finds the transition fragment from FW almost entirely incomprehensible. Weaver guesses wrongly about FW’s title but JJ finds her guesses interesting. Invites Goyert to join him, Larbaud and Auguste Morel for dinner at the Trianon.

May 1–21 at 2 Square Robiac; from 21 at Hotel Victoria, The Hague, Holland. ‘Continuation of a Work in Progress’ (now FW 30–47) appears in transition 2. Ninth printing of U (second impression of the second edition). 5 (Thurs) Gives Beach some of the first draft of P. (Eventually it will be published as SH in 1944.) 9 Stuart Gilbert sends JJ details of some mistakes he has noticed in the French version of a fragment of U and offers to help with the translation. JJ sends Gilbert’s letter on to Morel. 12 Tells Weaver he would give someone else the task of finishing his book if he could find that person. The printer now has his verses. 13 Provides Weaver with a key to a passage of FW which appeared in transition in April (now FW 23). 19 Weaver makes a further guess about the book’s title. 20 Proposes James Stephens to Weaver as someone who could finish his book. 21 Holland, staying at the Grand Hotel–Restaurant Victoria, The Hague. 25 Visits Scheveningen. Is attacked by a dog on the beach and his glasses are broken. 31 Mentions to Weaver some of the misconceptions about his latest work, for example that it is an imitation of Lewis Carroll, and hints further about its title. Recapitulates his last five years. June 1–7 at Hotel Victoria, The Hague; 7–14 at Hotel Krasnopolsky, Amsterdam; 14–20 at Hotel Victoria, The Hague; 20–21 at Hotel Central, Brussels; from 21 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. transition 3 publishes what is now FW 48–74. 4 (Sat) Busy correcting proofs for the next number of transition.

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7 10 14 16 18 20 21 23 28

Amsterdam, staying at the Hotel Krasnopolsky. Visits the Tsar Peter House at Zaandam. Asks Sykes how he is managing with the excerpts in transition. Returns to Hotel Victoria, The Hague. In bed with a cold for Bloomsday. Reports to Beach on the thunderstorms sweeping Holland and wonders which European city has fewest thunderstorms and dogs. Brussels, staying at the Hotel Central. Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. Sends a letter of condolence to Beach after the death of her mother (who died on 22 after an overdose). Yet more guesses from Weaver about the title of JJ’s book.

Summer, composes what is now FW I.vi 126–68 which connects chapters of the book already drafted. July At 2 Square Robiac. transition 4 publishes what is now FW 75–103. 1 (Fri) Describes to Michael Healy the family’s holiday in Holland which they enjoyed until driven out by the weather. 3 Asks Weaver to request her solicitors to sell £100 of stock for him. Feels life is currently full of problems. 5 PP is published by Shakespeare and Company for 1s or 12 francs. Initials a copy for Weaver but tells her on 10 that his difficulties continue. 14 George Slocombe briefly reviews PP in the Daily Herald. 23 Russell reviews PP in the Irish Statesman, writing as Y.O. 26 Sends Weaver seven explanations of nine words in FW (now 104.13–14) but is depressed about the lack of notice of PP and working flat out to meet a deadline (on FW I.vi for September’s transition). August At 2 Square Robiac. transition 5 publishes what is now FW 104–25. 14 (Sun) Reports to Beach that opposition to FW is now general with even Weaver joining in. Complains to Weaver about his overwork, lack of money and success compared with Picasso, and gives her a further clue about the book’s title. September At 2 Square Robiac. transition 6 publishes what is now FW 126–68. Another attack on JJ by Lewis in the Enemy.

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17

Tells Weaver he has made arrangements for the repurchase of £200 of stock recently sold. Calculates he has spent at least 10 000 hours drafting Parts I and III of FW but cannot face even sketching Part II until his mind is completely free of worries. Weaver begs JJ to ignore her criticisms of FW but nearly guesses its title. (JJ gives her no further encouragement in this respect.)

October At 2 Square Robiac. transition 7 publishes what is now FW 169–95. Roth suspends publication of U in Two Worlds Monthly. 8 (Sat) Busy revising ‘ALP’ for transition. Mid-month, the German translation of U is published by Rhein-Verlag. JJ is disappointed with the translation. 19 Tells Goyert he dislikes the proposed title of the German translation of D, So Sind Sie in Dublin, and suggests alternatives. 26 Edmund Wilson reviews PP in the New Republic. 28 Hopes Weaver will like the ‘ALP’ chapter and looks forward to her response to it. 29 Asks Palmer to send six of his settings of CM to a M. Slivinsky (whose Paris address he gives) who, he thinks, will publish them. JJ pursues this idea until February 1928 when the project falls through. Still works on a version of ‘ALP’ which he is soon going to read to some critics. November At 2 Square Robiac. transition 8 publishes what is now FW 196–216 (thus completing the serialization of Part I). W.C. Williams’s defence of Work in Progress appears in the same number. 2 (Wed) Reads ‘ALP’ to a group of about 25 friends. 4 Reports to Weaver that the reading went well but since then he has been doubled up with cramp and tiredness. Mentions Williams’s article which is a response to Pound’s denunciation of the work. 7 Congratulates Daniel Brody, the owner of Rhein-Verlag, on the German edition of U and sends him a copy of PP. c.8 Thanks Pound for suggesting an American publisher for FW which he is already taking steps to have copyrighted in the US. He has spent 1200 hours on ‘ALP’ all told. Byrne comes to stay with JJ for a few days, telling him of Cosgrave’s death in the Thames. 9 Informs Weaver of Byrne’s visit and tells her that since the appearance of transition 8 he has woven a further 152 river names into the text.

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Weaver expresses her fear to Beach that JJ is wasting his genius for a literary oddity.

December At 2 Square Robiac. ‘First Aid to the Enemy’, a defence of JJ by Eugene Jolas, Paul and Robert Sage following Lewis’s attack on him, appears in transition 9. 4 (Sun) Asks Goyert to send him the first volume of the German U so that he can sign it for him. 14 Attempts to renew his friendship with Budgen who is staying in Paris. Sends SJ 600 francs just before his birthday.

1928 January At 2 Square Robiac. At the beginning of 1928 meets Paul Léon. 1 (Sun) Tells Sykes he has collapsed through anxiety and overwork. 9 20 copies of Work in Progress Volume I (now FW I) are published in the US in the name of Donald Friede, a New York publisher, to protect American copyright. 10 Deposition of Samuel Roth in the New York court case JJ has brought against him. 11 Death of Hardy. 12 Welcomes Weaver’s forthcoming visit to Paris so that he can discuss his work with her. 13 Tells Budgen he has had the worst Christmas and New Year he can remember. He is ill and fears a complete breakdown. 19 Weaver visits Paris, staying into February. JJ explains his book to her and she reassures him of her literary and financial support. 20 Gives Beach A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Essay and Sketch. 29 Bemoans his lack of money to SJ; is just recovering from illness – inflammation of the intestines – which has been made worse by all his overwork and worry. February At 2 Square Robiac. transition 11 publishes what is now FW 282–304. 2 (Thurs) JJ’s 46th birthday. Gala birthday party at JJ’s flat which Weaver, Antheil – who plays old English music – and his wife, McAlmon, Monnier and Power, among others, all attend. 10 Declines to contribute to the special Hardy number of the Revue Nouvelle (Paris). Nevertheless praises him and the letter is published in that number (January–February 1928).

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1928 133

17

Tells Weaver he knows where he stands since her visit, but is still worrying about the US copyrighting of FW. Friede assigns copyright of Work in Progress Volume I to JJ.

March 1–c.21 at 2 Square Robiac; c.21 to 27 at Hôtel du Rhin et de Newhaven, Dieppe; 27–31 at Grand Hôtel de la Poste, Rouen; from 31 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. transition 12 publishes what is now FW 403–28. c.2 (Fri) Eileen and her children leave for Dublin after staying a few days with JJ. 8 JJ’s deposition in the court case against Roth. c.15 Attends a dinner at the PEN Club in Paris in honour of Schmitz. c.21 Travels to Dieppe, staying at the Hôtel du Rhin et de Newhaven. 22 Tells SJ that he has at last heard that Eileen and her children have reached Ireland safely. 26 Provides Weaver with a key for some of the fable ‘The Ondt and the Gracehoper’ (now FW 414–19) which appears in transition 12. 27 Leaves Dieppe for Rouen, staying at the Grand Hôtel de la Poste. 28 Is pleased Weaver liked the fable but worked himself to exhaustion over revising the pages for transition 12. NBJ and he both felt poorly in Dieppe; they will be returning to Paris soon but he needs another holiday. Has been reading about Lewis Carroll. 29 Paolo Orano, an Italian writer and journalist, invites JJ to give a lecture at the Third International Book Fair to be held in Florence starting on 21 April. JJ passes the invitation on to Stephens. 31 Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. April 1–c.19 at 2 Square Robiac; c.19–23 in Dijon, Lyons and Avignon; from 23 at Grand Hôtel, Toulon. 8 (Sun) Tells Weaver he is mentally much altered since her visit if still in poor shape physically. Is trying to smooth over differences between all those involved in translating U into French. 9 LJ dances in the Prétesse Primitive at the Théâtre du VieuxColumbier. 13 Acts as godfather at a Roman Catholic baptism to Ford’s daughter, Julie. c.19 Leaves for Dijon. 20 Lyons, staying at the Hôtel Carlton. 21 Avignon. Writes a short poem ‘Crossing to the Coast’ which mentions the places he has just visited or is about to visit. 23 Toulon, staying at the Grand Hôtel.

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May 1–7 at Grand Hôtel, Toulon; 7–12 at Hôtel d’Europe, Avignon; 12–17 at Hôtel Carlton, Lyons; from 17 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. 7 (Mon) Avignon, staying at the Hôtel d’Europe. 12 Lyons, staying at the Hôtel Carlton. 17 Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac, to face the proofreading of ‘ALP’, and the second and third chapters of ‘Shaun’ (which will be published in transition 13 and 15 respectively). 27 Thanks Budgen for his article on FW which will appear in the next number of transition. 28 Presents Beach with a copy of Dublin: Novellen (the title finally decided on for the German translation of D). June At 2 Square Robiac. 3 (Sun) Informs Weaver of his delight with the offers from the US of $11 000* to publish a work that a year ago was regarded as nonsense. 4 Writes in similar terms to Larbaud. 7 Invites Anderson and Heap, currently in Paris, to tea. 27 Meets the American novelist Scott Fitzgerald at a dinner in Monnier and Beach’s flat. July 1–c.13 at 2 Square Robiac; c.14–c.17 en route to Innsbruck; c.17–23 at Hotel Europa, Innsbruck; from 23 at Hotel Mirabell, Salzburg. transition 13 publishes what is now FW 429–73. c.14 (Sat) Leaves for Innsbruck, travelling via Zurich and arriving c.17. 17 Sends a card to Beach from Hotel Europa, Innsbruck at which they have arrived after three days of travelling and heat. 23 Salzburg, staying at the Hotel Mirabell. 24 Five copies of ‘Continuation of a Work in Progress by James Joyce’ (now FW 282–304 and 403–28) are published in the US to protect American copyright. 31 Hopes to meet SJ and his fiancée soon. Tells him LJ is at a school of dance nearby and GJ at Cauterets in the Pyrenees. August 1–29 at Hotel Mirabell, Salzburg; from 29 at Hotel Vier Jahreszejten, Munich. 5 (Sun) Tells SJ they are staying on in Salzburg as LJ is happy with her school of dance. Gilbert is writing a study of U.

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Spring, re-works ‘ALP’ for its publication as a book. Meets Carola GiedionWelcker.

8 13 15

20

29

Tries to explain to Weaver a short section of his excerpt from FW which appeared in transition 13 (now, expanded, FW 470–1). SJ marries Nelly Lichtensteiger. They meet JJ and NBJ in Salzburg. Five copies of ‘Continuation of a Work in Progress by James Joyce’ (now FW 429–73) are published in the US to protect American copyright. Beach informs Edmund Wilson that JJ has been taken ill in Salzburg. (It is a recurrence of his eye trouble. JJ consults a local ophthalmologist, Dr A. Toldt.) Munich, staying at the Hotel Vier Jahreszejten.

September 1–3 at Hotel Vier Jahreszejten, Munich; 3–c.5 at Hôtel Maison Rouge, Strasbourg; c.5–14 at Hôtel Continental, Le Havre; from 14 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. 1 (Sat) Suggests to Benjamin Conner (an American lawyer in Paris) that his associates in the US at least press for nominal damages against Roth and an injunction against further misuse of JJ’s name. 3 Strasbourg, staying at the Hôtel Maison Rouge. On the way there dictates to Gilbert a letter to Beach describing his eye condition: he will be unable to read or write for some weeks. c.5 Le Havre, staying at the Hôtel Continental and spending a few hours in Paris on the way. 13 Schmitz dies after a car accident. 14 Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. 20 In a long letter to Weaver discusses the French translation of U, his case against Roth, Schmitz’s death and the condition of his eyes. 24 Sends condolences to Livia Schmitz following her husband’s fatal accident. Begins a three-day fast hoping it will help his eye and he can continue working on the proofs of transition. 27 Affected badly by giddiness. 29 Has to send for a doctor. 30 In the small hours GJ has to fetch a doctor who gives JJ valerian and prescribes sleep and rest. October At 2 Square Robiac. 2 (Tues) Describes his recent illness to Weaver but says he feels better now and asks her to go on writing to him. 20 Anna Livia Plurabelle, with a preface by Colum, is published in an edition of 850 copies by Crosby Gaige (New York).

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31

Tells Weaver he can currently do no work because of his eyesight but is pleased she likes ALP. Samuel Beckett arrives in Paris and very soon meets JJ.

November 1–c.7 at 2 Square Robiac; c.7–c.18 at Maison de Santé, Neuilly; from c.18 at 2 Square Robiac. Tenth printing of U (third impression of the second edition). c.7 (Wed) Accompanies NBJ to the Maison de Santé, 5 rue ÉdouardDumont, Neuilly, then lunches with Wells. 8 Exploratory operation on NBJ for cancer. It is followed by a week’s radium treatment. JJ stays with her in hospital. 16 Tells Larbaud all is satisfactory with NBJ so far. c.18 Returns to 2 Square Robiac with NBJ. 23 Wells, in a friendly letter outlining their different approaches to literature, declines to help JJ gain public recognition for FW. December 1–3 at 2 Square Robiac; 3–c.16 at Maison de Santé, Neuilly; from c.16 at 2 Square Robiac. 2 (Sun) Describes NBJ’s and his own state of health to Weaver, his meeting with Wells and the lack of reaction to Anna Livia Plurabelle. 3 Again accompanies NBJ to Maison de Santé, Neuilly. 9 Gould finds the style of Anna Livia Plurabelle fundamentally dishonest in the Observer. 15 In sending SJ birthday wishes gives him news of NBJ’s health and his own eyesight. c.16 Returns with NBJ to 2 Square Robiac. 23 Pound asks JJ about the translations he made of Hauptmann many years ago, ignoring his recent work. 27 The New York court issues an injunction against Roth forbidding him to use JJ’s name in any way. 29 Russell in the Irish Statesman is excited by the unique quality of ALP.

1929 During the year Roth’s third edition of U, set from the second impression of the second edition (May 1927), is printed in New York, bearing the false imprint ‘Paris: Shakespeare and Company, 1927’. January At 2 Square Robiac. 3 (Thurs) ‘Petali d’arancio’ (‘Orange Petals’) appears in Il Popolo di Trieste, an Italian version of ‘The Boarding House’ with, however, variants and a sentence added at the very end.

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23

10

14

26

Tells Weaver that the news about NBJ is very good (not realizing the opposite is the truth). His sight, however, has deteriorated rapidly and he may have to have operations on both eyes. He needs another week to complete the third chapter of ‘Shaun’. Weaver, having been informed of the extent of NBJ’s illness, asks Beach to let her know the date of the operation. She travels to Paris later in the month to help out. Tells SJ that he will soon have to return to the clinic with NBJ. He has managed only with the help of assistants to prepare the next instalment of FW for transition, due out very soon.

February 1–c.4 at 2 Square Robiac; c.4–c.18 at Maison de Santé, Neuilly; from c.18 at 2 Square Robiac. transition 15 publishes what is now FW 474–554. Ulysse, the French translation of U, is published by Monnier’s La Maison des Amis des Livres. 2 (Sat) JJ’s 47th birthday. Weaver attends his birthday party. c.4 Accompanies NBJ to the Maison de Santé, Neuilly. 5 NBJ has a hysterectomy. 9 Vladimir Dixon writes to JJ. (This letter will be included at the end of Our Exagmination round His Factification for Incamination of ‘Work in Progress’ by Beckett et al.) 15 Five copies of Work in Progress Part 15 (now FW III 474–554) are printed for copyright purposes only in the US and not for sale. c.18 Returns to 2 Square Robiac with NBJ. March At 2 Square Robiac. 27 (Wed) Discusses with Harry and Caresse Crosby the possibility of their publishing fragments of FW. Late this month, Weaver returns to London. Solaria (Florence, IV 3–4, March–April) publishes JJ’s ‘Letter on Svevo’ in its ‘Omaggio a Svevo’ section. April At 2 Square Robiac. Cyril Connolly’s article ‘The Position of Joyce’ appears in Life and Letters 2. 4 (Thurs) The contract between JJ and the Crosbys’ Black Sun Press to publish fragments from FW gives JJ $2000. 12 Tells Weaver he is busy revising but does not feel well. 14 Reminds Ludwig Lewisohn that they have agreed to sign and exchange each other’s books. 18 Requests information about a Stefan Zweig article from Goyert. 20 Marcel Brion reviews Ulysse in La Revue hebdomadaire, iv.

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26

GJ’s public debut, singing two songs by Handel, at a concert of Professor Georges Cunelli’s Studio Scientifique de la Voix. Reports on GJ’s debut to Weaver and tells her C.K. Ogden is doing the preface for the Black Sun volume.

May At 2 Square Robiac. 27 (Mon) Our Exagmination round His Factification for Incamination of ‘Work in Progress’ is published by Shakespeare and Company. 28 LJ’s last performance as a dancer, at an international competition at the Bal Bullier, Paris, in a silver fish costume she designed herself. Tells Weaver how the audience warmed to her despite her being disqualified for the dancing prize. Describes his immediate plans for further fragmentary publication of FW and publicity for and explanation of the book. June At 2 Square Robiac. 27 (Thurs) Attends, as guest of honour, a ‘Déjeuner Ulysse’ organized by Monnier to commemorate the publication of the French translation of U and the 25th anniversary of Bloomsday, held at Les Vaux-de-Cernay near Versailles. Among those present are Beach, Beckett, Dujardin, Paul Valéry, Philippe Soupault and Jules Romains. July 1–10 at Square Robiac; 10–c.14 at Euston Hotel, London; from c.14 at Imperial Hotel, Torquay, Devon. 4 (Thurs) On JSJ’s 80th birthday signs a copy of Ulysse for Beach. 10 Arrives at Euston Hotel, London, with NBJ. c.14 Arrives at Torquay, staying at the Imperial Hotel and on that date writes from there to Livia Schmitz. While in Torquay buys a number of girls’ and children’s magazines for the Children’s Games Section of FW. 16 Tells Weaver his family, especially NBJ, is delighted with the place. Has secured a reduction in hotel rates for Weaver when she comes to stay with them. John Drinkwater, Stephens and Eliot are all helping and encouraging him in various ways. Tells Beach that Ogden wants to record him reading the last few pages of ALP. 19 Sends SJ greetings from Torquay. 20 Asks Goyert to send him a few pages of his translation of ALP. (This will not appear until 1946.) 22 Dujardin writes praising Ulysse, which he is just finishing, to the skies.

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25

c.22 c.25 30

Asks Beach to send copies of Our Exagmination… to him and Gilbert (who is staying elsewhere in Torquay). Wonders if Eric Pinker can find him a London publisher for the English translation of Dujardin’s Les Lauriers sont coupés. In a long letter to Larbaud brings him up-to-date about the ‘Dejeuner Ulysse’, Our Exagmination… and the forthcoming Black Sun publication Tales Told of Shem and Shaun on which he has worked intensely during the past six months. He has also fallen and hurt his arm.

August 1–14 (or 15) at Imperial Hotel, Torquay; 14 (or 15)–c.17 at Royal Hotel, Bristol; from c.17 at Euston Hotel, London. 7 (Wed) Weaver joins JJ and NBJ in Torquay and stays a week during which time they visit Kent’s Cavern. 8 Arnold Bennett reviews Ulysse in the Evening Standard. 9 Tales Told of Shem and Shaun published by the Black Sun Press, Paris. It comprises three fragments from FW: ‘The Mookse and the Gripes’ (now FW 152–9); ‘The Muddest Thick That Was Ever Heard Dump’ (now FW 282–304); and ‘The Ondt and the Gracehoper’ (now FW 414–9) with an introduction by Ogden and a ‘portrait’ frontispiece by Constantin Brancusi. 12 Frank Crowninshield, the editor of Vanity Fair, thanks Caresse Crosby for sending him a copy of Tales Told of Shem and Shaun and asks questions about JJ and his book which she passes on to him. (In answering one question JJ says he began the book in October 1922 while staying in Nice.) 14 (or 15) Leaves Torquay for Bristol, staying at the Royal Hotel. 15 Sends postcards to SJ and Budgen from Bristol and on 16 one to Beach and Monnier. c.17 Travels from Bristol to London, staying at Euston Hotel. During his stay in London records the last few pages of ALP for Ogden at the Orthological Institute and sees a London ophthalmologist. Also visits Sykes at Letchworth, Hertfordshire. September 1–c.19 at Euston Hotel, London; from c.19 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. Translations into French by Morel of some poems of PP appear in Bifur on the editorial committee of which Nino Frank has persuaded JJ to allow his name to appear. 6 (Fri) Asks Goyert for his ideas about the proposed second edition of the German translation of U. 11 Moore writes to JJ, whom he has just met in London, thanking him for sending him a copy of U which he is looking forward to reading.

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Tells Beach he will be returning to Paris next week tired out and without funds, but having achieved much. 14 Has dinner alone with Moore at the latter’s home, 121 Ebury Street. 19 Arnold Bennett in ‘Books and Persons’ (Evening Standard) criticizes the language of ALP. c.19 Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. 22 Thanks Curran for his present of a painted woodcarving of the City of Dublin Arms. September–October issue of Solaria IV 9–10 contains JJ’s translation into Italian, with assistance from Vidacovich, of Synge’s Riders to the Sea under the title of La Cavalcata al Mare. October At 2 Square Robiac. Completes the last watch of ‘Shaun’ for the November transition. Receives a copy of The Testament of Beauty from the poet laureate, Robert Bridges. Amalia Popper publishes her translation of ‘A Little Cloud’ (‘Una Nuvoletta’) in Il Piccolo della Sera. 8 (Tues) Throws a big party, which Beach helps to organize, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of his and NBJ’s elopement. 11 Moore says that the expression of his reservations about interior monologue will have to wait until the two men meet in the spring in Paris. 15 Dines with the Irish operatic tenor John Sullivan. 19 Tells Weaver that he has finished his current work for transition and this ends his links with the review. (These links will be resumed in 1933.) LJ has been upset for a long time after her decision to abandon a career in dancing. 25 Meets Herbert Hughes. 28 Attends a concert at the Palais Royal with Hughes, Arthur Bliss and Léon Goossens. There and afterwards at Fouquet’s Hughes and Bliss have the idea that is to develop into The Joyce Book. November At 2 Square Robiac. transition 18 publishes what is now FW III, iv 555–90 and three illustrations for the book by Stella Steyn commissioned by JJ and Beach. (During the year ‘A Muster from “Work in Progress”, seven short extracts from FW I and III are published in transition stories edited by Eugene Jolas and Sage.) Begins to exert himself to further Sullivan’s career. 7 (Thurs) Asks Eric Pinker if the Mandrake Press in London will publish the translation of Les Lauriers sont coupés which Gilbert has offered to do.

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13

22

30

Briefly describes to Weaver his prostration during the first three weeks of November and gives her news of the French and German editions of U. Five poems of PP are to be set by five British composers. For the better part of a week has explained FW to Stephens and made him agree to complete the book if he could not. Meets Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein.

December At 2 Square Robiac. 9 (Mon) Harry Crosby commits suicide in New York. JJ cables his condolences to Caresse Crosby on 12. 12 Tells Weaver that he and Paul Morand presided over a PEN dinner in honour of Ford and Aldous Huxley. E.R. Curtius has produced a book on him. (This is James Joyce und sein ‘Ulysses’.) GJ has been engaged as a bass at the American Pro-Cathedral in Paris. 18 Edmund Wilson’s ‘James Joyce’ appears in the New Republic LXI, 785.

1930 January At 2 Square Robiac. Second printing of Ulysse. 1 (Wed) Second, revised German edition of U is published. 7 Five copies of Work in Progress Part 18 are printed solely for copyright purposes in the US and not for sale. (This now is FW 555–90; it appeared in transition 18, November 1929.) 12 Rebecca West’s article ‘James Joyce and His Followers’ appears in the New York Herald Tribune Books. February At 2 Square Robiac. During these months JJ is busy revising ‘Haveth Childers Everywhere’. Linati visits JJ at his flat. 2 (Sun) JJ’s 48th birthday. 6 Frank publishes an article on Joyce in the French newspaper Intransigeant. 11 On hearing that JJ’s eyesight has deteriorated, Borach writes urging him to consult the Zurich surgeon Professor Alfred Vogt. (Dr Borsch died in 1929.) Marthe Fleischmann writes in similar terms on 14.

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March At 2 Square Robiac. 7 (Fri) ‘James Clarence Mangan’ is published by the Ulysses Bookshop, London for private circulation, not for sale. (This is a reprint of the address by JJ first published in St Stephen’s, May 1902.) 9 E is produced at the Deutsches Volkstheater, Berlin. 11 ‘Ibsen’s New Drama’ is published by the Ulysses Bookshop, London for private circulation, not for sale. (This is a reprint of the article by JJ first published in the Fortnightly Review, April 1900.) 18 In a long letter to Weaver (JJ has not written to her for months) asks her to tell Monro Saw to sell £200* of War Stock for him, detailing his current expenses. Describes the reasons for the tension that has arisen between him and Beach, his campaign for Sullivan (whom he praises extravagantly), his eyesight and the state of play over his publications. Complains of recent fainting fits and a feeling of lightness in the head. April c.1–14 at St Gotthard Hotel, Zurich; 14-21 at Hotel Rose, Wiesbaden; from 21 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. c.1 (Tues) Leaves Paris for Zurich (staying at St Gotthard Hotel) where he will have a consultation with Vogt in the next fortnight. 14 Travels to Wiesbaden, Germany (staying at Hotel Rose) where he will have a consultation with Dr Panjenstecher in the next week. 21 Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. 27 Sullivan sings for the first time in Dublin, meeting JSJ during his visit. 30 Corriere della Sera reviews the production of E earlier that month at the Convegno Theatre, Milan. May 1–c.13 at 2 Square Robiac; c.13–c.14 at St Gotthard Hotel, Zurich; from c.14 at Vogt’s Clinic, Zurich. Eleventh printing of U (fourth impression of the second edition). Temporary rift with Beckett over LJ. 1 (Thurs) ALP is published by Faber and Faber. 10 Moore hopes that JJ’s news about his sight is good. He has had second thoughts, however, about writing a preface for the English edition of Dujardin’s Les Lauriers sont coupés. c.13 Leaves Paris for Zurich, checking in at the St Gotthard Hotel before c.14 moving to Vogt’s clinic. 15 Vogt operates on JJ’s left eye for tertiary cataract. Eugene Jolas joins him in Zurich after the operation.

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Suffers an attack of mechanical iritis but it quickly passes.

June 1–5 at Vogt’s clinic, Zurich; 5–17 at St Gotthard Hotel; from 17 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. Haveth Childers Everywhere (HCE) (now FW 532–54) is published by Henry Babou and Jack Kahane, Paris and by The Fountain Press, New York. 1 (Sun) Leeches are applied to JJ’s left eye. 3 Vogt examines the eye microscopically. Gilbert’s James Joyce’s Ulysses is published by Faber and Faber. 5 Leaves Vogt’s clinic for St Gotthard Hotel. 12 Anna Livia Plurabelle (now FW 196–216) is published by Faber and Faber. It will be reprinted twice this month and once in October 1932. 14 Gerald Heard reviews ALP, ‘The Language of James Joyce’, in the Week-end Review. 15 Vogt examines JJ again and is pleased with his progress. 17 Returns from Zurich to Paris, 2 Square Robiac. 30 Attends a performance of Guillaume Tell at the Paris Opéra, in which Sullivan sings Arnold, achieving dramatic publicity for Sullivan. July 1–c.2 at 2 Square Robiac; c.2 leaves Paris for London; between c.2 and 18 travels to Llandudno, staying at the Grand Hotel until the end of the month. Morton Zabel publishes a lengthy critique of JJ’s poetry in Poetry, 36. c.2 (Wed) Leaves Paris with NBJ for London and then Wales. 18 Sends a postcard to Beach from Llandudno which he is pleased to be able to write himself (as he is still recovering from his latest eye operation). August c.1 leaves Llandudno for Oxford; c.1–c.5 in Oxford after which he stays in England for about three more weeks; c.25 crosses to France, returning to 2 Square Robiac, Paris; from c.29 at Étretat, staying at Les Golf Hôtels (Hôtel de la Plage). Tuohy commits suicide in New York. c.1 (Fri) Leaves Llandudno for the Randolph Hotel, Oxford and is in England the next three to four weeks. 3 Manages a short postcard to SJ. 8 In London. c.25 Returns to Paris, 2 Square Robiac, after staying briefly in Dover (Lord Warden Hotel). c.29 Étretat, Les Golf Hôtels (Hôtel de la Plage).

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25

September 1–c.11 at Étretat; from c.11 at 2 Square Robiac. Begins working on what is now FW II; i (219–59). L’Indice (Genoa) publishes ‘Storicamente Joyce (e censura)’, Pound’s historical survey of JJ’s career and struggles with censorship. 6 (Sat) Tells Weaver about progress with what will be published as The Joyce Book, edited by Hughes, and about Tuohy’s suicide. His lumbago is better. 7 Suggests to Antheil that he compose a libretto from Byron’s Cain which Sullivan alone would be capable of singing. c.11 Returns to 2 Square Robiac and some days later is slightly injured in a taxi accident. 17 Padraic Colum reviews HCE in New Republic. 23 In thanking Antheil for his setting of his (JJ’s) verses for Hughes’s book, queries a couple of points. Further discusses the project Cain and tells him that Thomas Beecham has praised Sullivan’s voice to the skies. 26 Mentions his taxi accident to Hughes and his success in getting Beecham and Lady Cunard to hear Sullivan sing in Guillaume Tell at the Paris Opéra. 27 Describes his taxi accident to Weaver and the visit to the Opéra. 30 Informs his landlord that he will be surrendering his lease on 2 Square Robiac the following April. October At 2 Square Robiac. Third printing of Ulysse. 5 (Sun) Slightly exaggerates Beecham’s reaction to Sullivan’s voice in a letter to Mrs Gorman. Says that NBJ’s idea now is to have a home in London during the summer so that costly hotel bills can be avoided. 11 Provides Gorman with a bulletin about what he has done in his campaign to advance Sullivan’s career. 17 Sullivan’s final performance in Guillaume Tell at the Paris Opéra. Describes the occasion to Hughes on 19. 29 Eliot sends his best wishes for JJ’s visit to Vogt in Zurich. Late this month, begins to sit for Augustus John. November 1–23 at 2 Square Robiac; 23–27 at Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich; from 27 at 2 Square Robiac, Paris. 5 (Wed) Tells Hughes that John’s portrait is unfinished, but a chalk drawing was produced. (This becomes the frontispiece of The Joyce Book.)

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23 25

27 29

Asks Ralph Pinker about the offer by the American firm Harcourt Brace to publish ALP. Sends Weaver the last sheet of his first draft of what is now part of FW II, i, explaining the scheme of the section to her. It is light and cheerful despite his enormous difficulty in writing it and his many worries. Zurich with NBJ, staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel. Tells Livia Schmitz that Vogt cannot operate now owing to the condition of his eyes and the weather. He must return in the spring for an operation on his right eye. Returns to 2 Square Robiac, Paris. Geoffrey Grigson reviews ALP, ‘James Joyce Again’, in the Saturday Review.

December At 2 Square Robiac. Works with Léon and others on the French translation of ALP. 7 (Sun) Tries to encourage Antheil to progress with Cain: Byron, Antheil, Sullivan and he himself would make an unbeatable combination. 9 With Beach signs a contract which sets out the conditions for the future publication of U including a clause giving her the right to name her own price for surrendering her interests in the book to another publisher. 10 GJ marries Helen Kastor Fleischman (HKJ). 18 Signs for Steyn a copy of transition 18 in which her illustrations for FW have appeared. 22 Tells Weaver about GJ’s and HKJ’s wedding, Antheil’s apparent withdrawal from the Cain project and Gorman’s biography of him which is just about underway. Asks her to get Monro Saw to realize another £100 for him as his current expenditure is extremely heavy. 31 Dinner with the Colums, the Jolases and the Gilberts, an evening of music and poetry.

1931 January At 2 Square Robiac. 3 (Sat) Makes one further attempt to persuade Antheil to proceed with Cain. However, if he does not want to, JJ will offer Cain, and Sullivan, elsewhere. 7 Is persuaded to attend a poetry reading (by Edith Sitwell) at Shakespeare and Company. Meets Gillet there who writes to him

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the same day saying he regrets his article of August 1925 and will try to make amends, mentioning Curtius and Gilbert’s books on him. He was moved by JJ’s magnanimity when the two met. 10 Suggests to Larbaud that they dine with Arnold Bennett the following week. He is sleeping badly and his sight is very poor. 19 Gillet tells JJ he feels he understands his work better now. 24 Makes clear to Gorman that he alone is authorized to write a biography of him. 26 Gilbert tells Weaver that although JJ is suffering from insomnia he is working again on FW. The Sullivan campaign is at a standstill although he has been doing well in Italy. 31 JSJ writes to JJ for his birthday, recalling the old times in Brighton Square. Pound’s ‘After Election’ (the New Review Paris I, 1, January–February) is partly about JJ’s work. February At 2 Square Robiac. 2 (Mon) JJ’s 49th birthday. Is taken by GJ and HKJ, back from their honeymoon, to the Trianons for dinner. 16 Deplores, in the first part of a long letter to Weaver, his unhappy New Year and birthday. Larbaud appears to be very ill. JJ is pleased with what he has drafted so far of FW II, i although progress is very slow. 18 Continuing his letter to Weaver, describes his recent encounter with Gillet and sends her some early drafts of sections of FW. 19 Dinner with Gillet. March At 2 Square Robiac. The American Catholic World cxxxii publishes an article by Michael J. Lennon attacking JJ and his family. 4 (Wed) Tells Weaver that NBJ and he are not looking forward to living in London. He is very pleased, however, with the French translation of ALP which is finished. Lists some of the authors he is having read to him for his current work and mentions the children’s singing games. 5 Paul Ruggiero, a friend from his Zurich days, asks JJ to correct any mistakes in the biographical material which he is sending Gorman. 8 Writes eight lines of verse, later slightly altered, ‘To Mrs Herbert Gorman Who Complained That Her Visitors Kept Late Hours’. 11 Gives Weaver his latest news, a lot of which is bad: most of his friends and family seem to be ill, he does not relish the thought

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17 24

26

29

of London and is very hard up. At least he is looking forward to the séance of 26 March, to which Weaver has been invited. Goes to a St Patrick’s Day party at the Trianons which Beach organizes for JJ and his circle. Says in a letter to Hughes that he regrets approaching Darius Milhaud over a contribution to The Joyce Book but hopes that work is progressing. (Milhaud has demanded payment whereas none of the contributors is to receive either fee or royalty.) Attends a séance organized by Monnier at her Maison des Amis des Livres for JJ and his friends. The evening concludes with a reading from the French translation of ALP. Tim Healy dies in Chapelizod, Dublin. Describes to Lennon (whose article he has not yet seen) how helpful General Dawes, US ambassador to Britain, has been in his campaign to further Sullivan’s interests.

April 1–11 at 2 Square Robiac; 11–19 at Hotel Powers, 52 rue François Premier; 19–23 at Terminus-Hôtel, Calais; from 23 at Hotel Belgravia, Grosvenor Gardens, London. 2 (Thurs) HCE is published by Faber and Faber. 11 Leaves 2 Square Robiac for Hotel Powers, immediately giving Weaver his new address. 13 Tells Larbaud that he has given up his Square Robiac flat as it has become too noisy. 14 Makes it clear to SJ that he is unwilling to write a preface for the English translation of Schmitz’s Senilità. (In the event SJ will write the preface himself and the book, under the title of As a Man Grows Older, will be published in 1932.) 17 Points out to Weaver that he is about to begin his fifth visit to London. 19 Terminus-Hôtel, Calais with NBJ. Storms delay them for some days. 23 Crosses to England, arrives in London and stays at Hotel Belgravia, Grosvenor Gardens. 24 André Gide tells Monnier that he has just received a letter from JJ, but his esteem for him is so great he hardly dare reply. 25 Asks Beach to send any royalties available to him c/o Weaver. 26 Sends a telegram on the occasion of the presentation to Trieste of a bust of Schmitz. 27 Describes to McAlmon his efforts to help Pound publish his Cantos (and to Pound himself on 7 May). 29 Asks Beach to send him an edition de luxe of HCE so that he can pass it on to Hughes who has been very helpful.

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May 1–7 (or 8) at Hotel Belgravia; from 7 (or 8) at 28b Campden Grove, London. 1 (Fri) Anna Livia Plurabelle, the French translation of what is now FW 196–201, 215–16 is published in La Nouvelle Revue Française. 2 50 copies of PP are printed by Princeton University Press in the US, solely to acquire copyright there, not for sale. 3 Borach’s ‘Gespräche mit James Joyce’ in Die neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich, contains quotations from JJ on his aesthetics. 5 Tells Beach he is pleased she has sold her car and hopes that GJ will do likewise: they are no good in cities, people should use public transport and taxis. 7 (or 8) Moves to 28b Campden Grove. 8 HCE is published by Faber and Faber as Criterion Miscellany No. 26. 10 Tells Beach that he will be at his current address until 25 September. 11 Asks his sister May Monaghan if Gorman has contacted her about his biography. 13 Tells Gilbert that Eliot has telephoned with the news that the sales of HCE reached 4700 on the day of publication. 17 Writes an importunate letter to Monnier which evokes a sharp response from her two days later. 18 Complains to Beach about the poor furnishing of the cheap flat he is in. 23 Goes to Martin O’Connor’s house, Wimbledon, for luncheon. Sings ballads there, accompanied by Hughes. 30 Attends a party at the Irish High Commission. June At 28b Campden Grove. 1 (Mon) Attends Verdi’s La Forza del destino at Covent Garden with Hughes. 7 Attends Verdi’s Falstaff. Afterwards complains that his work is neglected, his health and eyesight poor. 11 As the publisher of U, Beach sets out her terms for Curtis Brown to publish the novel in the US in a letter to Lawrence Pollinger. (Because of her terms Curtis Brown will withdraw the offer by the end of July.) 22 Attends Puccini’s La Bohème at Covent Garden. 25 Informs Beach that Charles Joyce had a serious lung haemorrhage two months ago. The family visited him in hospital but

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Spring, ‘From Work in Progress’, a fragment of three pages of what is now FW I, i published in New Experiment, Cambridge, edited by William Empson.

1931 149

July At 28b Campden Grove. During this month, attends a literary luncheon given by the chairman of the publisher Putnam. 2 (Thurs) Writes to Padraic Colum, but does not reveal his impending wedding arrangements. 4 (JSJ’s birthday) Marries NBJ at Kensington Register Office, 28 Marloes Road. Subsequently, for a few days, feels imprisoned in his own flat because of all the press interest. 13 Mentions to Beach the offers he has had for FW from the US and UK but asks her if she wants to publish the book herself. 15 Attends an evening garden party, at which he sings and plays the piano, at Robert and Sylvia Lynd’s. Many other writers and politicians are there. 18 Turns down the suggestion of the Colums that he should travel on to Dublin. 19 The Frankfurter Zeitung publishes a story ‘Vielleicht ein Traum’ by JJ. (It turns out to be a translation of ‘Perchance to Dream’ by Michael Joyce, no relation.) Gets Weaver to write to Sullivan with a further proposal from him for the advancement of Sullivan’s career. Indicates to Beach that he is probably going to accept the offer from Viking for the publication of FW but wants to hear if she disapproves. Mentions his marriage ceremony. 30 Writes to Ivan Goll about the Frankfurter Zeitung’s publication of a story reputedly by him and in a similar vein to Goyert the following day. At a luncheon given by the Huntingtons meets Harold Nicolson, the British diplomat and writer. August 1–7 at 28b Campden Grove; from 7–c.21 at The Lord Warden Hotel, Dover; c.21–29 at 28b Campden Grove, London; from 29 in Salisbury, Wiltshire. 5 (Wed) Signs his will, leaving the income from his royalties to NBJ, thereafter his children and their descendants and his MSS to Weaver who also becomes his literary executor. 7 Before travelling to Dover (staying at The Lord Warden Hotel), expresses his anger to Beach about the Frankfurter Zeitung affair. He wants it publicized in the Paris papers. 8 SJ sends Gorman some JJ letters which he has had copied and details of his life and writing in Trieste.

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26

do not want to invite him to their flat until she discovers from Dr Fontaine whether it is contagious or not. Thanks Brody for his good wishes for Bloomsday.

9

11 13

14 15 c.21 22

27

28 29

Asks Beach, as she has published U and holds all his unpublished MSS, to write in protest to the Frankfurter Zeitung and Irene Kafka (who translated ‘Perchance to Dream’ for the newspaper). On 12 brings her up-to-date with the latest developments in the case. Asks Eliot if he knows any journalist who can give the Frankfurter Zeitung affair the publicity it ought to have. By now he has sent 36 letters and 11 wires about the Frankfurter Zeitung affair. Asks Weaver to discover if Michael Joyce has published a book in England. Tells Beach he still cannot find out anything about Michael Joyce. Gillet’s ‘M. James Joyce et son Nouveau Roman’ appears in the Revue des Deux Mondes, Paris. Leaves Dover for London, 28b Campden Grove. Displays his anger to SJ about the Frankfurter Zeitung affair: their lack of apology and communication with him and infringement of his German publisher’s rights. He will sue the newspaper. Meanwhile little can be discovered about Michael Joyce. Sends Eliot a copy of the explanatory letter Irene Kafka has written to Monro Saw and Co. He is not satisfied, however, and is initiating legal proceedings. Asks Beach to send him whatever stands in his credit as he is leaving London in two days’ time for a holiday. Meets Constant Huntington, the chairman of G.P. Putnam’s Sons Ltd, for lunch and a talk. To Salisbury for two or three days.

September c.1–24 (or 25) at 28b Campden Grove, London; from 24 (or 25) at La Résidence, 4 avenue Pierre Premier de Serbie, Paris. c.1 (Tues) Returns from Salisbury to 28b Campden Grove, London. 6 In thanking Michael Joyce for his sympathetic letter, says he believes the Frankfurter Zeitung and the translator have treated him (Michael Joyce) almost as badly as they have him. 8 Asks Michael Joyce when, approximately, he sent ‘Perchance to Dream’ to Irene Kafka and whether it was December’s London Mercury he sent to her. Mid-month, tells Beach he is not well and asks her to do some jobs for him. He has lost touch with Gorman. 19 Willi Rothschild, a Frankfurt lawyer, tells Monro Saw (acting for JJ) that there is little point in his pursuing the Frankfurter Zeitung affair. He would appear vindictive and would gain little money from it.

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20 Meets Moore for the third time. 24 (or 25) Leaves London for Paris, staying at La Résidence, 4 avenue Pierre Premier de Serbie. 27 Tells Beach he is busy flat-hunting. Asks her what his credit is in francs as he does not want to change sterling in the current situation. Tells Weaver he will not commit himself to a long lease given the fluctuations in the exchange rate. 29 Discusses with Beach Roth’s renewed pirating of U in the US. October 1–c.10 at La Résidence; from c.10 at 2 avenue St Philibert, Passy, Paris. Psyche (London) publishes a fragment of the ALP chapter of FW (now FW 213–6). 1 (Thurs) Reports to Weaver his discussion with Beach about the Roth piracy: it could ruin the American market, but Beach’s viewpoint is that an American edition could ruin her, which JJ does not want. Mary Colum has said that an authorized US edition of U could bring him the Nobel Prize. 6 Monro Saw and Co. recommend to JJ that he drop the Frankfurter Zeitung affair. 9 Tells Goyert he cannot help him financially as he is in great financial difficulties himself. Points out that he has not seen his translation of ALP. c.10 Moves to a furnished flat, 2 avenue St Philibert, Passy, despite initial reservations from his family. c.15 Tells Eliot that Beach is maintaining her terms for ceding rights to any American publisher of U. He has resumed work but has lost money both over his London flat and the Frankfurter Zeitung affair. 27 Informs Weaver of his relief at discovering that there is less to do on FW than he thought. Soupault has told him that U would easily win a court case and be allowed into the US where it is already on university syllabuses. November At 2 avenue St Philibert. 6 (Fri) Weaver encourages Beach to stand firm in any negotiations with American publishers over U. 20 Expresses to Gillet his sadness over the death of Victor Bérard, whom he never actually got to know, but whose theories on the Odyssey influenced the writing of U. 21 Gives Weaver all the latest news. Has persuaded LJ to do some designs of capital letters for his poems in the forthcoming Joyce

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22 24

27

Book, but Hughes has told him it is too late. However, another idea to make use of LJ’s work has been suggested. Asks Eliot if Faber and Faber want to set up FW I and if anything has been arranged for Our Exagmination…. Monnier gives a dinner in JJ’s honour: the party assembles to hear the talk by Nicolson on JJ on the BBC only to hear Nicolson say, over the radio, that under pressure from the BBC he has had to withdraw it. Tells Weaver about Lennon’s article (March) which the Colums are keeping from him.

December At 2 avenue St Philibert. Gilbert reviews HCE in ‘The Joycean Protagonist’, Échanges, no. 5. 8 (Tues) Nicolson is, after all, allowed to talk on JJ on the BBC. 10 Describes to Weaver Nicolson’s talk, with which he is pleased, and the new idea to make use of LJ’s PP initial letters. Sends Stephens his translation of the latter’s poem ‘The Wind’ (originally ‘Stephen’s Green’), ‘Les Verts de Jacques’. 17 Informs Weaver of a further difficulty with Beach. Mentions that Paul Claudel, the ambassador and poet, returned his presentation copy of U. Ridicules Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover. 18 Lists for Weaver his many current problems. 19 Tells Beach that Weaver has had to go away on the death of her aunt. Advises her not to get a bad headache after her excited telephone conversation with him that morning. 22 JSJ is taken seriously ill and admitted to hospital. 23 Asks Eliot to meet Gillet who is soon going to London. Albert Medcalf, with whose family JSJ has been lodging, writes to JJ about his father’s illness. 27 Telegraphs a Dublin doctor, Kerry Reddin (whose brother he has become acquainted with in Paris) about his father’s illness, asking that he be provided with the best medical attention, chargeable to JJ. 29 JSJ dies. On hearing the news, Weaver sends £100* to pay for the expenses of his last illness and for the funeral.

1932 January At 2 avenue St Philibert. 1 (Fri) Expresses his grief to Eliot about the death of his father (whose funeral is today) and his reasons for not returning to Dublin since 1912. Mentions his father’s death to Pound and answers a query about the Blarney stone.

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2 7 14 16 17

28

Thanks Curran for his kindness to him at this time. Medcalf sends JJ an account of JSJ’s last days. Asks Gorman for Lennon’s article. Gives Gilbert a signed photograph of himself. Tells Weaver his mind has been prostrated since his father’s death and describes what he has derived from him and, in turn, put in his books. Still depressed, tells Weaver that he has heard through Robert Kastor of an offer for U from Bennett Cerf of Random House.

February At 2 avenue St Philibert. Learns that a translated, pirated edition of U has been published in Japan. Beach formally annuls her contract for U without compensation. 2 (Tues) JJ’s 50th birthday. Sends Beach ten white lilac branches. Receives from Weaver a letter cancelling his outstanding debt to her. LJ throws a chair at NBJ and is taken to a maison de santé for a few days. Attends his birthday party at the Jolases’ flat. 4 Explains to Hughes the title of ‘Tutto è Sciolto’ for John Ireland’s benefit. (The latter has set the poem to music for The Joyce Book.) 6 Writes a long letter to Weaver which she subsequently destroys. 7 León tells Weaver of Beach’s surrender of world rights for U in JJ’s favour. 9 Léon tells Eliot much the same and identifies the fourth impression of the second edition (May 1930) as JJ’s preferred text for any future edition. 12 Thanks Goyert for the congratulations and flowers for his 50th birthday. 13 Asks for Pound’s help to get payment for all the work of his published in Italy. (Pound responds quickly in two letters, both of which, however, are unhelpful.) Informs Eliot that he now owns all rights in U and tells him about Cerf’s offer. Has heard that U is on the syllabus of Cambridge University. 15 HKJ gives birth to a son, Stephen James Joyce (SJJ). Informs SJ and Weaver. Writes ‘Ecce Puer’. 20 Cerf arrives in Paris to negotiate terms for U with JJ and Kastor (the latter acting as JJ’s literary agent). 22 Rejects Eliot’s idea that some episodes of U appear in the Criterion. 27 ‘From a Banned Writer to a Banned Singer’, JJ’s tribute to Sullivan, appears in the New Statesman and Nation. (It will also be published in Hound and Horn, 1932.) Suggests to Weaver, via Léon, that the periodical be sent to certain people who have shown an interest in his campaign on Sullivan’s behalf.

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March At 2 avenue St Philibert. ‘Les Verts de Jacques’ (JJ’s translation of Stephens’s poem ‘Stephen’s Green’) and ‘James Joyce Ad-Writer’ (lines written in connection with the publication, in London, of HCE) appear in transition 21 with several tributes to JJ, César Abin’s caricature and the last four pages of FW I, viii. Weaver visits for a short time at the start of the month. 1 (Tues) Tells Budgen that his (Budgen’s) projected book will be the seventh on him including those currently being written. Has had a minor attack of episcleritis but his eyes are better now. 2 Léon tells Weaver, on JJ’s behalf, that Beach wants a payment down of 60 000 francs* for publishing the twelfth printing of U. (She will soon drop the whole idea.) 4 Details Cerf’s offer to Eliot and asks, if Faber and Faber refuse to publish U, whether it may be offered to Chatto and Windus. 13 Asks Weaver to realize some more funds for him, detailing his problems including his eyesight. Says he feels unworthy of her munificence and the devotion of others. 16 First performance of the songs from The Joyce Book at a concert in London. JJ has informed Hughes of his inability to attend because of his acceptance of an invitation to a luncheon in his honour to be given by the American Club in Paris the following day. 17 (St Patrick’s Day) The American Club luncheon. 20 In expressing his pleasure that the concert went well, sends Hughes a copy of transition 21 dedicated to him for his 50th birthday. 29 In returning SJ’s preface to As a Man Grows Older to him makes a few criticisms of it. 31 Signs a contract with Cerf for the publication of U in the US. April 1–17 at 2 avenue St Philibert, from 17 at Hôtel Belmont, 28–30 rue de Bassano. 2 (Sat) Gives Cerf a history of the difficulties he has encountered in publishing his prose, in particular U and its pirating in the US. (This account will appear, in lieu of an author’s preface, in the Random House edition of 1934 and the Bodley Head edition of 1936.) Léon informs Beach of JJ’s signing the contract with Cerf. 9 Rejects the Mayor of Florence’s invitation to give a lecture there and suggests Pound, whose address he includes, in his place. 17 Leaves 2 avenue St Philibert intending to return to Campden Grove, London. However, at the Gare du Nord LJ refuses to accompany her parents and JJ and NBJ are forced to check into the Hotel Belmont, 28-30 rue de Bassano.

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22

Requests Weaver to ask the agent to dispose of the flat in Campden Grove for him. Has arranged medical attention for LJ. Eliot withdraws an offer to publish parts of U in the UK. Hermann Broch lectures on ‘James Joyce und die Gegenwart’ in Vienna. (The lecture will be published in 1936.)

Dublin Magazine n.s. VII.2 (April–June) publishes Padraic Colum’s article ‘Portrait of James Joyce’. May 1–c.22 at Hôtel Belmont; from c.22 at 2 avenue St Philibert. Early this month, US Customs officials, deliberately prompted by Morris Ernst acting for Cerf, confiscate copies of U. 7 (Sat) Sends Stephens his translations of ‘Stephen’s Green’ into French, German, Latin, Norwegian and Italian. 9 Gets Léon to write a letter to Monro Saw and Co. critical of the Pinker firm which has done little for him, although he gets on personally with Ralph Pinker. 17 LJ becomes engaged to Alex Ponisovsky, Léon’s brother-in-law. She has a breakdown, however, and the engagement is soon forgotten. She goes to stay with the Colums to give her parents a break. c.22 Returns to 2 avenue St Philibert. 22 (or 30) In a letter to Huntington jokingly suggests ways in which Schmitz’s La Conscienza di Zeno could be publicized. This letter will also be given the title ‘Ad-Writer’ (see March) and published first in A James Joyce Yearbook (1949) edited by Maria Jolas. The death of Gregory. 29 LJ is taken to Dr G. Maillard’s clinic at l’Hay-les-Roses where she is diagnosed as having a form of schizophrenia. June At 2 avenue St Philibert. 8 (Wed) Describes the Japanese editions of U to Weaver for which he has received nothing. 17 Tells Budgen about his anxiety over LJ and quotes Gillet’s praise (in a letter to him) for her lettrines. 20 Tells SJ that PP, illuminated by LJ, will be ready 15 August. So far 18 copies have been sold. 25 Expresses to Weaver his desperate anxiety about LJ, what has happened to her and what he intends to do for her – for which he will need funds. Beach has told him there are no royalties from U that month. All his friends seem to have problems too.

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In describing to Dujardin his plans to help LJ, declines the latter’s invitation that he preside at a PEN Club meeting.

July 1–3 at 2 avenue St Philibert; 3 to c.6 at Feldkirch, Austria; from c.6 at the Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich. During July is increasingly concerned about LJ’s health and how he is going to pay for her treatment, her need to have him near her and his own eye treatment. 3 (Sun) With NBJ takes LJ and her nurse from the clinic and accompanies them by train to Feldkirch, Austria, installing them with the Jolases. c.6 Travels to Zurich, staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel. 10 Tells Weaver what he has just done for LJ and his plans for her. It has all cost a great deal of money. 11 Consultation with Vogt. 12 Gives Léon Vogt’s gloomy report on his eyes: his right eye should have been operated on in 1930 but now, at best, he faces two difficult operations. Will write to Vogt giving his reasons for the unpreventable delay in seeing him. 13 Expresses his bewilderment to Eliot over what to do about FW which he wants to finish but cannot possibly work on in present circumstances. Offers to refund the advance if he has to abandon it. 20 Tells Léon that Weaver is thinking of coming to Zurich. 22 Describes to Weaver JSJ’s plans for his tombstone. Has good news from Feldkirch but does not know if it is genuine; dislikes her idea of coming to Zurich. Dismisses recent articles about him and Tuohy’s portrait of him. 31 Concludes a letter to Léon with an absurd jumble of the ridiculous rumours that have been circulating in the press about him. August 1–c.14 Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich; from c.14 at Hotel zum Löwen, Feldkirch. 1 (Mon) Encourages Budgen to continue with the book he is writing on him. Tells Weaver that nothing has come from Monro Saw and Co. and that LJ has decided to remain in Feldkirch. 5 Asks Alfred Bergan to tell him the cost of JSJ’s tombstone which he will pay for. Does not want strangers to acquire the signed copies of his books which were in JSJ’s possession. 6 Tells Weaver that LJ is working on her decorative alphabet, but he is still worried about her.

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c.14

18 20 25 28 29

To Feldkirch, staying at the Hotel zum Löwen. Manages to take up writing FW again, the next instalment of which the Jolases want to publish in transition. Visits Liechtenstein. Visits Rheinfelden, Germany. Reviews for Sullivan possible opera roles and tells him that LJ will still need months of looking after. Tells Léon he is trying to get FW II, i ready for the October transition as a way of thanking the Jolases for their kindness. Criticizes his working conditions to Weaver. Tells Brody he is sorry to hear of Mrs McCormick’s death and discusses LJ’s artistic work which he is still trying to promote.

September 1–8 at Hotel zum Löwen, Feldkirch; from 8–c.19 at Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich; from c.19 at Hôtel Métropole, Nice. Carl Jung’s ‘Ulysses: Ein Monolog’ appears in the Europäische Revue (Berlin) VIII 9. (This is a new version of an article originally written in 1930.) 1 (Thurs) Makes arrangements with Bergan about his father’s gravestone. 2 Yeats invites JJ to be a founding member of the Academy of Irish Letters. 6 Tells Weaver he is returning the derisory sum the Japanese have sent him (for their pirated editions of U). Is still working very hard on FW. 8 Zurich, staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel. 15 Responds to Ford’s request for a few sentences about Pound (to help publicize an American edition of the Cantos) by praising him rather than his work. 17 Consultation with Vogt. c.19 Leaves Zurich for Nice, staying at the Hôtel Métropole. 22 Describes the Vogt consultation to Weaver: it is too dangerous for Vogt to operate at once, but he must see him every three months for at least a year. Tells her about Yeats’s invitation, which he is declining, and the Albatross press which wants to assume Beach’s continental rights for U. The terms would be poorer for him but, as the price would be much cheaper, sales would be correspondingly higher. 25 Suggests to Léon the possibility of a link between Beach and Albatross, as he does not want the former to lose her connection with the continental edition of U. 26 Tells Beach that LJ is better but needs to be looked after carefully. 27 Jung writes to JJ, enclosing his ‘monologue’. 28 Congratulates SJ on the publication of As a Man Grows Older with his preface.

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October 1–19 at Hôtel Métropole; from 19 at Hôtel Lord Byron, Champs-Élysées, Paris. PP, with initial letters designed and illuminated by LJ, is published by The Obelisk Press, Paris and Desmond Harmsworth Ltd, London. Much of JJ’s correspondence this month with Léon and Weaver is taken up with the contract being hammered out over the new continental edition of U (number of copies, percentages, royalties and advances on royalties) and Beach’s reactions to the new publisher. Writes the poem ‘A Portrait of the Artist as an Ancient Mariner’. 1 (Sat) Asks Bergan whether he has received the money for JSJ’s gravestone. Wants to check the wording if possible and is very grateful to him for his help in the matter. 2 Insists on LJ’s mental health to Padraic Colum and thanks him for the cheque from the New Republic (which is going to publish ‘Ecce Puer’). Asks Léon to send Jung’s article on to Weaver once he has read it. 5 Declines Yeats’s invitation to become a founding member of the Academy of Irish Letters and soon tells Weaver his decision. 10 Asks Weaver to discover the Irish equivalent of 15 English words as he is cut off from all his books. Is trying to work despite having to go to the dentist daily. Writing from the US, Gorman explains why he has been silent for so long. 15 Symons, in one of his last letters to JJ, writes for news about The Joyce Book. 16 Goyert thanks JJ for his work on his (Goyert’s) version of ALP. 19 Leaves Nice for Paris, staying at the Hôtel Lord Byron. 22 Tells Goyert that Jung seems to have found no humour in U. 23 Asks Beach to lend him a complete Chaucer: he wants to read his ‘An ABC’ because LJ has completed her 26 letters, A–Z. 26 Through Léon informs Ralph Pinker that he is in principal opposed to any filming of U – he has heard press reports that it is going ahead in the US – as he believes the project to be unrealizable. 27 Asks Bergan’s advice about getting information on his ancestors for Gorman’s biography. November 1–mid-month at Hôtel Lord Byron; mid-month briefly at Hôtel Lenox, then at 42 rue Galilée. Hears that the UK’s Prime Minister and Attorney General have discussed U and decided not to prosecute. 2 (Wed) Writes to Padraic Colum about LJ. In his distraction has managed to leave an MS for transition in a taxi and has not been able to recover it.

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Gives F.V. Morley, a director of Faber and Faber, a résumé of LJ’s artistic work and attempts to get a commission for her: that matters to him more at the moment than his own writing. 11 Gives Weaver details of publication of his works and his attempts to help LJ both in terms of her career and psychologically, giving her 4000 francs* for a new coat. Mid-month, leaves Hôtel Lord Byron and stays briefly at Hôtel Lenox, 9 rue de l’Université before moving to 42 rue Galilée. 25 Tells Weaver he has had to re-do the missing MS. Is temporarily out of funds. Warns her that LJ would like to stay with her. 30 New Republic (New York) LXXIII No. 939 publishes ‘Ecce Puer’. December At 42 rue Galilée. 1 (Thurs) U, with the text corrected by Gilbert, is published by the Albatross Press under the Odyssey Press imprint (Hamburg, Paris, Bologna), the fourth edition of U set from the second. Two Tales of Shem and Shaun (now FW 152–9; 414–19) is published by Faber and Faber, London. 9 US Attorney George Medalie initiates libel proceedings against U, claiming the novel has been imported into the US in violation of the 1930 Tariff Act. This is the first formal move of the trial ‘The United States of America against One Book Entitled Ulysses’. 19 As the ‘claimant’s answer’, Ernst denies U has been imported into the US in violation of the Tariff Act and moves the Court to admit the novel into the US. 27 On JJ’s behalf Léon raises with Ralph Pinker points about PP, already published fragments of FW and an Italian translation of U.

1933 January 1–13 at 42 rue Galilée; 13–14 in Rouen; from 14 at 42 rue Galilée, Paris. The Criterion publishes ‘Ecce Puer’. 4 (Wed) In detailing current calls on JJ’s money to Weaver (the new flat, a companion for LJ, doctor’s visits, his London flat), Léon tells her that JJ is reluctantly asking for another £100 of stock to be sold. Weaver responds immediately. 13 Rouen, to hear Sullivan sing in Reyer’s Sigurd. During the return journey on the train (14) collapses and subsequently suffers from insomnia and hallucinations of the ear and eye. 18 Describes in detail to Weaver his visit to Rouen and its aftermath. Is taking steps to get all his books away from Cape who refused PP and also Gilbert’s book.

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30

Death of Moore. On 23 (via Léon) asks Weaver to send a wreath (for which he is sending the money) on his behalf. The Nazis seize power in Germany.

February At 42 rue Galilée. ‘Continuation of a Work in Progress’ (now FW 219–59) appears in transition 22 which also includes an appreciation of LJ’s lettrines by Vanderpyl. 2 (Thurs) JJ’s 51st birthday. The Joyce Book, edited by Herbert Hughes, is published (The Sylvan Press and Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press). 3 Tells Gillet he was despairing when writing the most merry thing he had ever written. 6 Writes to Magee about his relations with Moore and the funeral wreath he sent but which has not been acknowledged in any way. 10 Weaver visits JJ, staying nearby at the Hôtel Galilée. (The visit is not a success.) 19 Congratulates Hughes on The Joyce Book. Popper, now Signora Risolo, writes to JJ asking permission to translate D into Italian. (She will publish five stories from D under the title of Araby, prefaced by ‘James Joyce (Biografia essenziale)’ in 1935.) March At 42 rue Galilée. Faber and Faber publish an English trade edition of PP. Gente di Dublino, the Italian translation of D by Annie and Adriano Lami, is published by Edizioni Corbaccio, Milan. 3 (Fri) Warmly thanks Bliss for his contribution to The Joyce Book, a setting of ‘Simples’. 14 Gives Beach a silver basket containing 13 Calville apples, the colour of her first edition of PP, and a signed copy of the new English edition for her 46th birthday. Léon tells Weaver that JJ, although very nervous, has begun to revise fragments of FW II. He wants to be rid of his London flat. 17 Léon writes to Weaver about the poor state of JJ’s health. 21 Tells Magee he has had an apologetic letter from Moore’s executor. 23 Léon writes extremely lengthily to Weaver about JJ’s health, eyesight, drinking (which, he reassures her, has had no deleterious effect on his health) and relations with Beach and Monnier. Above all, in the last year, his greatest anxiety has been his daughter’s health. Léon believes JJ must go to Zurich to see Vogt.

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29 30

Thanks Arnold Bax for his contribution to The Joyce Book (a setting of ‘Watching the Needleboats at San Sabba’). Writing on behalf of JJ, Léon asks Weaver to get her solicitor to sell a further £200 of stock for him as he wants to be in a position to leave for Zurich at a moment’s notice. On 31 Léon details his (JJ’s) expenses which make the sale necessary. Weaver complies at once.

April At 42 rue Galilée. Inactive because of the state of his health – he has attacks of colitis – and financial worries. Some estrangement from Léon. Nineteenth Century CXIII. 674 publishes ‘A Sidelight on James Joyce’ by Louis Golding (who also publishes during 1933 a book, James Joyce). 25 (Tues) Léon writes to Weaver about an acute, painful attack of colitis, suffered by JJ which left him listless and apathetic. Léon considers JJ’s journey to Zurich essential but for that he needs funds, so he asks Weaver to approach Monro Saw and Co. about selling the last £100 of stock. 26 On receipt of Léon’s letter Weaver again complies and offers to visit JJ again. May 1–22 at 42 rue Galilée; from 22 at Hotel Habis, Zurich. In the English Journal (College Edition), Chicago, XXII, 5 Pound discusses D, P and U but is critical of the later JJ. Dedalus; Ritratto dell’artista da giovane, an Italian translation of P, is published. 2 (Tues) Weaver arrives in Paris, staying about a fortnight. While she is there, JJ gives her a copy of André Obey’s play Loire, the chief characters of which are the river and her five tributary daughters. 4 Asks Larbaud if he can rent his (Larbaud’s) flat between June and August, as his flat in Kensington, London, has been found to be unsatisfactory. 22 Leaves for Zurich and, on arrival there, stays at the Hotel Habis. In the following ten days has a number of consultations with Vogt. 29 Gives SJ a full report on the state of his eyes: the left is not too bad, but the right may go blind if not operated on; on the other hand, an operation would be dangerous for both eyes. Vogt has left the decision to JJ. (In fact the operation never takes place.) Sul Mare (Trieste) IX, 3, (May–June) publishes ‘Il Vento’, JJ’s translation into Italian of Stephens’s poem ‘Stephen’s Green’.

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July 1–4 at 42 rue Galilée; 4–12 at le Grand Hôtel, Évian-les-Bains; 12–c.15 at Grand Hôtel de Russie, Geneva, Switzerland; c.15–22 at St Gotthard Hotel, Zurich; 22–30 at Hotel Habis Royal; 30–31 Nyon; from 31 at Hôtel Richemond, Geneva. 4 (Tues) Travels with NBJ to Évian-les-Bains, staying at le Grand Hôtel. 6 Asks SJ if they can meet during the summer. Asks Léon to write to Weaver about selling another £100 of stock as he is short of money. (She agrees but tells Léon she is worried at the way JJ is selling stock: soon there will be nothing left.) 9 Wonders, in a letter to Léon, about the efficacy of the water here as he is in pain every night. 12 Moves to Geneva, staying at the Grand Hôtel de Russie. Tells Léon he was forced to abandon the cure after nine days because Weaver disapproved of his staying at Évian. c.15 Moves to Zurich, staying first at St Gotthard Hotel. 22 After a day in pain moves to Hotel Habis Royal. 30 Takes LJ to a sanatorium in Nyon, Les Rives de Prangins, and then moves on the following day to Geneva, staying at Hôtel Richemond. August 1–late in the month at Hôtel Richemond, after which returns to 42 rue Galilée, Paris. 4 (Fri) Withdraws LJ from Les Rives de Prangins, Nyon. 13 Praises the beauty of Geneva to SJ whom he would still like to meet. 21 Wishes Budgen success with his book – which he has been unable to read in proof stage because of his poor health and worries. 30 Suffers a bad collapse but still manages to return to Paris, 42 rue Galilée, around this time. 31 Budgen, meeting her for the first time, presents Weaver with a picture of the Liffey which he has painted for her birthday, commissioned by JJ. September At 42 rue Galilée. During the month suffers from stomach pains which have troubled him before and which persist intermittently until his death.

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June 1–10 at Hotel Habis; from 10 at 42 rue Galilée, Paris. 10 (Sat) Returns from Zurich to 42 rue Galileé, Paris. Byrne soon comes to stay for a week. 14 Brody sends JJ Broch’s treatise on his work.

10 (Sun)

23

Tells Budgen that he has been checking some of the galleys of his book which he likes very much (this is James Joyce and the Making of ‘Ulysses’, 1934). He would like to see him in Paris, however, and offers to put him up. (Budgen does stay later in the month when he, JJ and Gilbert work on the book.) Léon gives a bulletin to Weaver about JJ’s continued poor health. Moreover he is not getting on with his long-neglected work; for that he needs comfort and his books to be around him, which are presently scattered in several places in two countries. The Odyssey Press edition of U is selling well, but so far JJ has seen little money for it. He refuses to place LJ in a sanatorium.

October At 42 rue Galilée. Second impression of the Odyssey Press edition of U. 14 (Sat) The ‘Claimants’s Memorandum in Support of Motion to Dismiss Libel’ – the brief prepared by the law firm representing Random House – is presented to the US District Court Southern District of New York. 18 Thanks SJ for books. Has looked through Gente di Dublino for which he has received nothing. Likes Bliss’s setting best in The Joyce Book. The US trial of U is going ahead. 27 Withdraws from Gorman the authorization to write his biography. (He returns it later.) November At 42 rue Galilée. During the month dines with Hemingway and his wife, Pauline Pfeiffer. 7 (Tues) Gorman expresses his surprise to JJ to have heard from another source that permission to write his biography has been withdrawn. Mid-month, is visited by Eliot and Morley (directors of Faber and Faber) about the problems involved in publishing a British edition of U. 19 Léon urges Morley to consider publication of U in England even independently of the court case in the US. He encloses some notes on the history of U in England. (Eliot on 28 asks for further information on this in a letter to JJ’s legal representatives in the UK, Monro Saw and Co.) 25 Judge John M. Woolsey listens to the US government’s arguments against U, with Ernst acting in its defence. December At 42 rue Galilée. 5 (Tues) In a correspondence which has been proceeding for some time between them, Léon finally makes it clear to Cerf that JJ would

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6

7 11

18

20

be willing for a chart explaining the structure of U to be included in any book on U, but absolutely not in the text. Woolsey delivers his judgment on U, allowing it to be admitted into the US. On hearing the news, Cerf at Random House immediately begins work on the book. Three-quarters of Woolsey’s ruling is published in the New York Herald Tribune. Ernst’s foreword to the first authorized edition of U in the US hails the verdict as a turning point for literature. Eliot tells JJ that the lifting of the ban in the US may help in the UK. Tells Eliot that the US government will not appeal against Woolsey’s decision. England, he supposes, will ultimately follow suit in allowing publication. Sends to both Michael Healy and Curran a case of wine from Avignon mentioning his victory, after 13 years of struggle, in the US.

1934 January At 42 rue Galilée. 4 (Thurs) Monnier sends JJ a cheque for royalties from the sale of 91 copies of Ulysse during 1933. 9 Léon describes to Weaver the terrible strain JJ and his family are under, particularly concerning LJ (who runs away from home during the month but is persuaded to return). Eliot tells JJ that Faber and Faber have not been able to gather much information about the history of U in England and an attempted publication of U at once may be premature. (This leaves the way clear for Léon to negotiate with the Bodley Head over the UK publication of U.) 25 Random House publishes the first authorized US edition of U (100 copies to secure copyright; the main printing is in February). This is the fifth edition of U; there are nine subsequent impressions of this edition to August 1939. 29 JJ’s portrait by Marcel Maurel appears on the cover of Time magazine. End of this month, Weaver travels to Paris. February At 42 rue Galilée. 2 (Fri) JJ’s 52nd birthday. The birthday celebrations are upset, however, when LJ strikes NBJ. She is taken back to the sanatorium at Nyon, Les Rives de Prangins.

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23

Is visited at his flat by Nicolson. Weaver, who was not invited to the birthday party on 2, returns to England. ‘From Work in Progress’, a fragment of FW (now 7–10) is published by Contempo (Chapel Hill) III, 13. The issue also includes Cerf’s ‘Publishing Ulysses’ and Gilbert’s ‘A Footnote to “Work in Progress”’. Celebration in JJ’s honour by ‘Les Amis de 1914’ presided over by the Honourable Mrs Daisy Fellowes at the Coupole. ‘Les Amis de 1914’ publish a fragment of FW (now 258–9), Bulletin Hebdomadaire de l’Académie de la Coupole, Paris.

March 1–c.24 at 42 rue Galilée. From c.24 on a motor tour of approximately three weeks which takes in Lyons, Marseilles, Monte Carlo, Grenoble and Neuchâtel, Switzerland. 7 (Wed) Martin Conboy’s request to appeal against the Woolsey decision in the U case is approved by the US Attorney General. 11 Léon tells Weaver about the desolation of the JJ household without LJ. JJ himself seems isolated and abandoned and would like, according to Léon, her to reassure him of her assistance and support. c.24 Leaves with NBJ, René and Kathleen Bailly and their two nieces on a motor tour to the south of France, Monaco and Switzerland. 30 (Good Friday) Borach is killed in a car accident. April 1–c.10 on a motoring tour now taking in Ventimiglia (Italy), Monte Carlo, Grenoble and Neuchâtel before arriving in Zurich c.10; c.10–c.20 at Carlton Elite Hotel; from c.21 at 42 rue Galilée, Paris. 1 (Sun) Ventimiglia, Italy, staying at the Hôtel Heloer. 9 Grenoble, staying at the Hôtel Moderne et des Trois Dauphins. c.10 Zurich, staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel. Consultations with Vogt follow. While in Zurich writes the poem ‘Epilogue to Ibsen’s Ghosts’ which will be published in Gorman’s biography. c.20 Returns by train to Paris, 42 rue Galilée. 21 Lunches with Cerf, the Jolases and Léon at GJ’s. 24 Praises Borach to Weaver: a sense of his presence has haunted NBJ and him while they were in Zurich; gives her the latest news about his eyes; 33 000 copies of U have already been sold in the US. Writes sympathetically to France Raphael who has just been badly injured in a car accident. (She began as JJ’s amanuensis in 1933 and will continue in this capacity until the end of 1936.)

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May At 42 rue Galilée. 2 (Wed) Tells Budgen that the artist Henri Matisse is going to do some illustrations for a New York Book Club édition de luxe of U. (This will be published in October 1935.) 4 Léon asks Ralph Pinker to send at once to JJ the $7500 advance on U promised by Cerf and on 14 expresses his annoyance to him for not doing so. 16 The appeal against Woolsey’s decision begins in the US. 19 GJ, HKJ and SJJ sail for the US. June At 42 rue Galilée. The Mime of Mick Nick and the Maggies (now FW 219–59) is published by the Servire Press, the Hague, Holland with the cover, initial letter and tailpiece designed by LJ. (The 1000 copies are issued under three other imprints besides that of the Servire Press: Messageries Dawson, Paris; Faber and Faber, London and the Gotham Book Mart, New York.) 1 (Fri) Writes a light-hearted letter to GJ and HKJ in which he is optimistic about LJ. Writes cheerfully to LJ telling her he is attempting to get published her Chaucer’s ABC (the initial letters of which she has illuminated). Writes to her in a similar vein on 15. 9 Rejects the idea of moving to 51 rue Galilée because the flat lacks comfort. July 1–19 at 42 rue Galilée; 19–20 at Hôtel Suède, Liège, Belgium; from 20 at Hôtel Britannique, Spa. The printers for John Lane, The Bodley Head, protest about certain passages of U. 1 (Sun) Describes to GJ and HKJ his flat-hunting difficulties and the scuffles that occasionally break out where they usually dine, Fouquet’s. 9 Excursion to Dieppe. 10 Tells Weaver he has signed a lease for an empty flat at 7 rue Edmond Valentin; has been working several hours a day for some time; cannot retrieve LJ’s lettrines for Chaucer’s ABC from J. Holroyd-Reece, of the Albatross Press, who appears to have lost them. 13 Reveals to GJ and HKJ his enthusiasm for his new flat which workmen will be in until the end of August. 19 Leaves with NBJ for Belgium, staying at Hôtel Suède, Liège. 20 Spa, staying at Grand Hôtel, Britannique.

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29

Gives Gillet news about LJ and the unfurnished flat they will move into in September. He is delighted with Spa. Writes similarly to Weaver. Tells Curran his news and says he is going to send him a copy of a recently published fragment of FW with illustrations by LJ (this is The Mime of Mick Nick and the Maggies).

August 1–c.14 at Hôtel Britannique, Spa; c.14–16 Verviers; 16–22 Grand Hôtel Brasseur, Luxembourg; from 22 travelling via Basle and Montreux to Geneva (c.30) staying initially at Hôtel Richemond there. Karl Radek attacks JJ in ‘Contemporary World Literature and the Tasks of the Proletariat’, a report delivered to the Congress of Soviet Writers. 4 (Sat) Writes to Holroyd-Reece expressing his utter dismay over the possible loss of LJ’s Chaucer lettrines. 7 The US Court of Appeals affirms Woolsey’s decree regarding U by two to one. (Further appeal is refused and the US government drops the case.) 13 Tells Budgen he is suffering from ague: Spa is too humid and he must leave for Luxembourg, which is drier. Urges him to make use of the American court’s decision by issuing a cheaper reprint of James Joyce and the Making of ‘Ulysses’. Matisse telephones in connection with the de luxe edition of U he is illustrating. c.14 Leaves Spa for Verviers. 16 Luxembourg, staying at the Grand Hôtel Brasseur. 17 Tells Léon that he has heard U is banned in Russia because of the government’s concern for its children, but he has only ever heard of one child reading U (Curran’s daughter). 19 Asks Hughes why he has not kept in touch. Suggests to Léon that he point out to Cerf that the American judge (Martin Manton, dissenting) by listing the pages of so-called obscene material has publicized U more than any publisher would dare. 22 Leaves Luxembourg for Basle, Switzerland. c.25 Montreux, staying at the Grand Hôtel Monney. 26 Emotional reunion with LJ. c.30 Geneva, staying at the Hôtel Richemond. September 1–c.4 at Hôtel Richemond, Geneva; c.4–c.20 at Hôtel de la Paix; from c.20 Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich. 2 (Sun) Reveals to Carola Giedion-Welcker his utter distress about the condition in which he found LJ. Says likewise to Budgen, asking him for details of the treatment he (Budgen) has spoken of for

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c.4 5 8

20

22 25

28

the reduction of white blood corpuscles: LJ has an excessive number. Moves to Hôtel de la Paix. Thanks Budgen for his quick response. He has discovered that the condition is called leucocytosis. At last recovers LJ’s lettrines. Is sending them to Budgen to hand to his (JJ’s) Dutch publisher, Carl ver Hulst, who is currently in London, in the hope that the book will make the Christmas market. Moves LJ to a private clinic next to the public mental asylum of Burghölzli, Zurich, where she is seen by Professor Theodor Naegeli, a blood expert. Around the same time moves to Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich. Expresses to Weaver his annoyance over the delays in getting U published in the UK and his sorrow about LJ. On behalf of JJ Léon writes to Ralph Pinker about royalties and other remuneration for the British editions of U and about money owed JJ by Random House. Transfers LJ to Dr Brunner’s private sanatorium at Küsnacht near Zurich on the staff of which is Jung who is soon consulted about LJ.

October At Carlton Elite Hotel. 2 (Tues) Léon writes to Weaver about JJ’s troubles: despite his desperate concern for LJ he must not abandon his work. 5 Weaver tells Léon that her ability to help JJ financially will be diminished unless he writes to the Public Trustee about some stock, as has been requested. 14 Visits Neuhausen. 20 Tells Léon that NBJ does not want to return to Paris. 21 Defends LJ’s intuition and clairvoyance to Weaver, giving an example (about living with her aunt Eileen in Bray) of the latter. 27 Irish Times article ‘James Joyce’s Experiment with Language’. 28 Lucerne. 29 Tells GJ that Jung is treading very carefully with regard to LJ. He is impressed by Jung. November At Carlton Elite Hotel. 4 (Sun) Points out to Léon that the article in the Irish Times is the first on him for 20 years in the Irish press. 19 Notes the great number of different doctors, nurses and companions LJ has had over the past three years. She has also been

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December At Carlton Elite Hotel. 6 (Thurs) Is suffering from tracheitis. 17 Tells Weaver that LJ trusts no one but himself. They will have no friends with them over Christmas. He is now suffering from colitis and attempting to write the most comic part of FW. 18 Writes a depressed letter to Budgen, foreseeing nothing but gloom; finds both letter-writing and composition very difficult. 20 Tells Bergan that GJ has recently given his first radio concert in New York. Gillet, in sending him Christmas greetings, attempts to cheer him up. John Hinsdale Thompson of Michigan asks JJ’s permission to publish his translation of Hauptmann’s Vor Sonnenaufgang which he has obtained. JJ vehemently refuses this request in a letter written on his behalf by Paul Léon on 14 January 1935. 25 LJ is allowed to spend Christmas Day and Boxing Day with her parents. 27 Tries to encourage GJ in his singing career. Says he has received nothing from The Joyce Book although he was supposed to get the net profit. At least 30 or 40 composers have now set his poems to music; the best, according to him, are Palmer followed by E.J. Moeran and Bliss. 28 Gives GJ further advice in his singing; describes his Christmas to GJ and HKJ.

1935 January At Carlton Elite Hotel; 31 (or 1 Feb.) returns to Paris. 12 (Sat) 14

15 16

The New Yorker contains an interview with GJ, mainly about JJ. Installs LJ in the annex of his hotel, the Villa Elite, with a nursecompanion. Hears Othmar Schoeck’s song cycle Lebendig Begraben (based on a poem sequence by Gottfried Keller) sung by Fritz Loeffel. Visits Schoeck, by whom he is very impressed, and gets him to sign the score of Lebendig Begraben which he sends to GJ. Tells Léon he has been unable to work, describing the erratic behaviour of LJ who wants her aunt Eileen Schaurek to look after her.

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in three different institutions and, his solicitors tell him, he has spent £4000* on her care in that time. Matisse informs JJ that he has completed the illustrations for U and would like to meet him soon.

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Cables Léon, asking him to meet Eileen who is arriving in Paris today. Returns with his family to Paris (or 1 February.).

February 1–c.11 at La Résidence, 41 avenue Pierre Premier de Serbie, Paris; from c.11 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 1 (Fri) Weaver thanks Léon for his telegram informing her of the safe arrival of JJ and his family in Paris. 2 JJ’s 53rd birthday. Gilbert lectures on JJ at the Sorbonne, an event organized by Beach. JJ does not attend but NBJ, LJ and Eileen do. Dinner follows at Fouquet’s with the Gilberts, Jolases and Léons. 7 Weaver suggests that LJ and Eileen stay with her in London. (They arrive on 14.) c.11 Leaves La Résidence for 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 19 In a letter to GJ and HKJ mentions Beach’s sale of his MSS and ceding the U rights to him, allegedly leaving her in extreme poverty. c.24 Eileen departs for Dublin, leaving LJ in London. Her condition then deteriorates. She runs away for a day or two much to the distress of Weaver who keeps JJ and Léon informed of developments. March At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 1 (Fri) Eileen returns to London to help look after LJ. 15 Monnier asks JJ for information for a catalogue she is preparing of his MSS which circumstances are forcing Beach to sell. 16 LJ leaves London for Bray, Ireland, with Eileen. 28 Tells LJ he will send her money and do anything else to help her, but will stop paying Eileen her salary as she seems to have returned to work. April At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 7 (Sun) In a bitterly depressed letter to Weaver thanks her for looking after LJ but counsels her against going to Ireland; NBJ is also thinking of going to Ireland but he remembers her experiences the last time she was there during the Irish Civil War. He gets no money from the US. The first MS of P [that is to say SH] is to go on sale, but he believes it to be rubbish. 15 Asks Budgen to confirm that the names of boxers Jimmy Wilde and Jack Sharkey [whom he mentions near the conclusion of an extract from FW which will appear in transition in July] are correct.

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1935 171

Describes to LJ Tolstoy’s ‘How Much Land Does a Man Need?’ as the greatest story in world literature; tells her to keep her spirits up.

May At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 1 (Wed) Writes a sad, embittered letter to Weaver about GJ and, particularly, LJ; wants to know whether she (Weaver) liked her or not. Meanwhile he is owed money by his Dutch and American publishers and the UK printing of U is proceeding extremely slowly. 15 Sends condolences to Curran on the death of his mother. Beach issues a catalogue of JJ MSS, typescripts and so forth which she is offering for sale. June At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Chalk drawing of JJ by Augustus John appears in the London Mercury and the Bookman XXXII, No. 188. c.1 (Sat) Receives a scenario for a film of U done by S.J. Reisman and Louis Zukofsky. 13 Sends a telegram to Yeats on the occasion of his 70th birthday. (It does not reach him.) 22 Describes his financial help to LJ in a letter to Michael Healy and wonders if Bray is now beginning to harm her as did Nyon and Küsnacht; the real danger for her is torpor. 28 Tells Michael Healy that he has had to postpone his intended journey to London; questions him carefully about LJ’s life in Bray. July At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. ‘Continuation of “Work in Progress” ‘ (now FW 260–75 and 304–8) appears in transition 23. 1 (Mon) Having received a long letter from Michael Healy, tells him he is sending Maria Jolas to Ireland to discover what is happening. Asks him to present to the university in Galway a copy of the special edition of PP which reproduced JJ’s MS and was illustrated by LJ. 6 Maria Jolas leaves for Dublin. 7 Attends a concert of old English music at S. Leu-la-Forêt. 10 Tells GJ that much work has gone into Zukofsky’s material but it contains bad mistakes. JJ has, however, been thinking of other things. 11 Return of Maria Jolas. Her report is so bad that on 13 JJ has LJ installed temporarily in a nursing-home in Finglas outside

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17 29

31

Dublin. (From the end of July to December Weaver again looks after LJ in England.) Death of Russell. Makes clear to the Librarian of University College, Galway, that the special edition of PP which he has just presented to the library was done not only because of the Joyce and Barnacle connections with the area but also as an expression of gratitude to Michael Healy for all that he has done for JJ and his family over the years. Is now working four to five hours a day. Warmly thanks the Currans for all the sympathy, forbearance and tact they have shown LJ.

August At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Third impression of the Odyssey Press edition of U. 9 (Fri) Visits Versailles. 10 Writes to Curran about LJ’s mental health and getting the Obelisk Press to publish her Chaucer’s ABC. 12 Attends Michel Strogoff (based on a Jules Verne tale) at the Chatelet Theatre. September 1–2 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin; from 2–c.9 at Savoy Hôtel, Fontainebleau; from c.9–c.17 at Hôtel de France, Versailles; from c.17–29 at Savoy Hôtel, Fontainebleau; from 29 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris. 2 (Mon) Leaves Paris with NBJ for Fontainebleau, staying at the Savoy Hôtel. c.9 Versailles, staying at the Hôtel de France. 15 Writes cheerfully to LJ, telling her he is glad her treatment has finished and she is going to the countryside. (LJ has had a course of injections after which she is going with Weaver to stay near Reigate, Surrey.) c.17 Returns to Fontainebleau, Savoy Hôtel. 18 Tells Curran he has sat for his (Curran’s) friend, Sean O’Sullivan. 25 GJ, HKJ and SJJ begin their return journey to Europe. 29 Returns to Paris, 7 rue Edmond Valentin. October At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 11 (Fri) Tells Weaver he would like to buy a fur coat for LJ. 15 Tells Stephens that LJ is better thanks not to psychiatrists but to the gland treatment [the course of injections] of W.G. MacDonald of London.

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21

22

29

Is visited by Jacques Mercanton, with whom he discusses his work in some detail, for the first time in his rue Edmond Valentin flat. U, with an introduction by Gilbert and illustrations by Matisse, is published by the Limited Editions Club, New York. This is the sixth edition set (probably) from the fourth, the Odyssey Press Edition of December 1932. There are 1500 copies of which 250 are signed by JJ. Yeats sends JJ a signed copy of his Collected Poems.

November At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Asks Maria Jolas to go to England again to give him a report about LJ. 7 (Thurs) Death of Michael Healy. 20 In thanking Yeats for his Collected Poems, sends him a signed copy of The Mime of Mick Nick and the Maggies. December At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 4 (Wed) Magee presents JJ with a signed copy of his Irish Literary Portraits. 9 Sees Dr MacDonald – who has just examined LJ – and immediately writes to tell her what they have decided is best for her. Mid-month, on MacDonald’s recommendation, LJ is taken to St Andrew’s Hospital, Northampton, for blood tests. 21 Points out to Bergan that probably only he and Tom Devin of JSJ’s friends are still alive. Late this month, begins to suffer from attacks of episcleritis which continue for several weeks and therefore incapacitate him well into 1936.

1936 January At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Early in the year, discusses U and Ibsen with the German critic Alfred Kerr who, to JJ’s annoyance, later publishes the interview. 27 (Mon) Léon begins to conduct correspondence, in which JJ occasionally joins, with Monro Saw and Co. over the publication of the English edition of U. This continues virtually up to the date of publication in October. 29 Weaver expresses to Léon her alarm about JJ’s financial position and indeed her own as she has been making good the deficit from the Canadian Pacific Railway’s failure to pay dividends, unbeknown to JJ, for three years.

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February At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 1 (Sat) Attends the reading, by Gide, of The Friends of Shakespeare and Company. 2 JJ’s 54th birthday. 7 Weaver stresses to Léon that JJ must economize but blames herself for what has happened. On the other hand she thinks the Northampton hospital excellent. 29 Attends the reading, by Valéry, of The Friends of Shakespeare and Company. Late this month, LJ is brought back to Paris from Northampton, staying at the Jolases’ home. March At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 10 (Tues) Léon, writing on behalf of JJ, asks Ralph Pinker to persuade Lane to publish U as intended or forfeit the contract. Ralph Pinker himself should act with vigour in this regard, unless he would prefer to abandon acting as JJ’s agent. Mid-month, after three weeks LJ has to be removed from the Jolases’ house and taken to a clinic at Le Vésinet, Maison de Santé de la Villa des Pages. April At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. JJ transfers LJ to the Maison de Santé of Dr Achille Delmas at Ivry, between Paris and the English Channel. 12 (Sun) SJ informs JJ that he has suddenly, without explanation, been ordered to leave Italy. (With difficulty he will later get the order rescinded and his suspension from the staff of the University of Trieste lifted.) 27 Congratulates Budgen and his wife on the birth of their daughter, Joan, on 19. May At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. During this month, and for the next few months, lives in virtual seclusion, writing few letters. 9 (Sat) Attends the reading, by the French critic and essayist Jean Paulhan, of The Friends of Shakespeare and Company. 26 Lucie Léon tells Weaver that JJ wants to raise £100 by selling Canadian Pacific stock. Late this month, GJ undergoes a throat operation.

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June At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 5 (Fri) Describes to Gillet something of what is now FW II, iii (309 et seq.). He has abandoned it owing to his depression, but will start working on it again tomorrow. 9 Details to Weaver the bills he has had to face for his children, some of which he has already paid. He will do everything and anything he can, however, to help LJ. July 1–c.30 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin; from c.30 at Hôtel de l’Abbaye, Beaugency. 11 (Sat) Notes the completion of the MS of FW I for submission to Faber and Faber. 16 Thanks Sean O’Faolain for sending him a copy of his novel Bird Alone but confesses he has not read a novel in any language for many years. 17 The Spanish Civil War breaks out. 26 On LJ’s 29th birthday A Chaucer ABC, with the initial letters illustrated by her and a preface by Gillet, is published by the Obelisk Press, Paris. She receives a copy. c.30 To Beaugency with NBJ, staying at the Hôtel de l’Abbaye. August 1–c.7 at Hôtel de l’Abbaye, Beaugency; c.7–10 at Villa Connemara, Villers sur Mer; 10–c.16 at Deauville; c.16 returns briefly to 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris, before leaving for Copenhagen via Liège (18) and Hamburg (21–23); from 23 at Turist Hotel, Copenhagen. 3 (Wed) Sends a postcard to Carola Giedion-Welcker which shows a photograph of the bridge at Beaugency. c.7 Leaves Beaugency for Villers sur Mer, staying at the Villa Connemara, Avenue Docteur Sicard. 10 Deauville, staying at the Casino de Deauville. In a letter to SJJ writes the story which will become known as The Cat and the Devil (1964; first published, without a title, in Letters of James Joyce, Vol. I, 1957). c.16 Returns briefly to 7 rue Edmond Valentin before setting off with NBJ for Copenhagen. 18 Liège, Belgium. 21 Hamburg, staying at the Hotel Streit. 23 Copenhagen, staying at the Turist Hotel, Vestre Boulevard 8. While there reads proofs of the first British edition of U. Also meets the Danish writers Tom Kristensen and, later, Kai Friis-Møller. 26 Elsinore with the journalist Ole Vinding.

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September 1–6 at Turist Hotel, Copenhagen; 6–c.12 returning to 7 rue Edmond Valentin via Hamburg, Cologne and Liège; from c.12 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris. 6 (Sun) Arrives in Hamburg, staying at the Hotel Streit. c.8 Cologne where on 10 JJ and NBJ spend a day with Wilhelm and Greta Herz; in Bonn meets Curtius; travels on to Liège. c.12 Returns to 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 18 Asks Stephens to read Ibsen’s Little Eyolf, letting him have a copy. 20 Stephens responds, remaining, however, unconvinced about Ibsen. October At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 3 (Sat) John Lane, The Bodley Head, publishes the first British edition of U printed in England, limited to 1000 copies (the seventh edition set from the fourth). It will be followed by the trade edition in September 1937. JJ has arranged for Weaver to receive a copy delivered by hand this morning. 4 Asks Curran’s help in discovering what Michael Healy (who has died intestate) wanted to be done with his money. 15 Informs NBJ’s mother of his letter to Curran of 4. Thanks her and Kathleen for their congratulations on the publication of U in England. No other Irishman or Irishwoman has congratulated him. November At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 3 (Tues) Léon reports to Weaver about JJ’s health: he is in a bad way and hardly goes out or sees anyone. Nevertheless he has started to prepare a new fragment for publication in transition. 18 In urging Weaver to visit JJ in Paris, Léon tells her about his (JJ’s) depression about his children and the lack of recognition for either LJ’s Chaucer book or the British edition of U. Late this month, Weaver travels to Paris. December At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Collected Poems of JJ (CM, PP and ‘Ecce Puer’) are published in an edition of only 800 copies by The Black Sun Press, New York. 1 (Tues) Asks Carola Giedion-Welcker to write to LJ about her Chaucer ABC and tells her he will have something in the next transition. 11 Magee presents JJ with a signed copy of his Pebbles from a Brook. 12 Weaver leaves Paris. (She and JJ do not meet again.)

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13

Horace Gregory favourably reviews JJ’s Collected Poems in the New York Herald Tribune.

January At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. JJ continues to live quietly, working to complete FW. 16 (Sat) Monnier sends JJ a cheque for royalties from the sale of Ulysse in 1936. February At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 2 (Tues) JJ’s 55th birthday. 12 T.G. Keohler (or Keller) sends JJ a book of his verses; he still has a copy of ‘The Holy Office’. March At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Corrects galley proofs for FW I and III (also in April). 9 (Tues) Thanks Keohler for sending him a copy of his book of verses and asks him to sign his Songs of a Devotee. (Keohler responds on 14.) 12 The printer for Faber and Faber puts this date on the sheet for the first page of FW. 16 Sends Hughes a copy of the score of Catalani’s opera La Wally for his birthday. April c. 1–17 at Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich; from 17 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris. c.1 (Thurs) Leaves Paris with NBJ for Zurich (for a consultation with Vogt), staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich. 8 Asks Wilhelm Herz if there are any vacancies in schools in St Gallen. (At the moment SJ is still uncertain about his future.) 11 Tells GJ that he has seen Vogt who declares his sight much better. SJ and his wife arrive in Zurich. 17 Returns to Paris, 7 rue Edmond Valentin. May At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Work in Progress. Opening pages, Part II, Section III’ (now FW 309–31) appears in transition 26. 1 (Sat) Death of Hughes, following which JJ writes to his widow, Suzanne, on several occasions.

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4

9 12 19 20

23

25

Léon strongly advises JJ not to dispense with the services of the Pinkers who have been his agents since 1915. Ralph Pinker, after all, is not party to negotiations with publishers. Via Lord Carlow tries to make arrangements for GJ to be auditioned by the BBC. Attends the final reading, by Hemingway and the British poet Stephen Spender, of The Friends of Shakespeare and Company. Asks Curran to help Gorman, who is leaving for Ireland, in his researches there into JJ’s life for his biography. Keohler writes saying that he assumes it was JJ who arranged to have a copy of transition sent to him from Paris; mentions JJ’s Orthological Institute recording (1929), by which several people have been impressed. Thanks Keohler for returning to him Songs of a Devotee duly signed, confirms that he had made arrangements for transition to be sent to him and discusses the circumstances surrounding his recording for the Orthological Institute. Commiserates with Bergan who has reported to him the death of their friend Devin, pointing out that the latter is in both D and U as Mr Power.

June At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 9 (Wed) Praises Hughes in a letter to his widow. 20 The 15th International PEN Congress opens in Paris: delivers, or has delivered for him because of his sight, a speech ‘Sur Le Droit Moral des Écrivains’ (‘On the Moral Right of Authors’). Has dinner with Huebsch and Franz Werfel. 27 The PEN Congress closes. JJ is annoyed that his remarks on the pirating of U in the US are merely minuted, not taken further, and so angrily refuses to answer Nancy Cunard’s questionnaire on his views about the Spanish Civil War when she contacts him around this time. 30 Tells the Nuttings his family news saying that LJ, after an illness of more than five years, seems finally to be getting better. July At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 14 (Wed) Asks Curran to obtain for him all the songs by Dublin music-hall and pantomime songwriters; also mentions Gorman’s experiences in Ireland [he is now back] and LJ’s improving health. August 1–c.12 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin; c.12–14 at Hôtel des Trois Rois, Basle; 14–c.23 at Hotel Krone am Rhein, Rheinfelden; from c.23 at Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich.

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8 (Sun)

9

c.12 14 c.23 28

Asks David Fleischman (HKJ’s son by her first marriage) to read and mark with different coloured pencils passages in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn for him. Asks Budgen to do the same for him with regard to Sheridan Le Fanu’s The House by the Churchyard; is working extremely hard on the proofs of FW. Travels with NBJ to Basle, staying at the Hôtel des Trois Rois. Experiencing thunderstorms, moves on to Rheinfelden, staying at Hotel Krone am Rhein. Zurich, staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel. Tells Budgen that he is much amused to hear about the pleasure steamer ‘John Joyce’ offering coastal cruises from Dun Laoghaire. Tells Léon that two people have been killed by lightning outside Carola Giedion-Welcker’s house and they have experienced storms since reaching Basle.

September 1–c.2 at Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich; c.2–c.15 at Grand Hôtel, Dieppe; from c.15 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris. Unlimited edition of U published by John Lane, The Bodley Head, in England. Unlimited edition of the Collected Poems published by The Viking Press, New York. c.2 (Thurs) Travels from Zurich to Dieppe, staying at the Grand Hôtel. 3 Ernst tells JJ he is glad to have had the chance to dine with him. 9 Thanks Budgen for his notes on The House by the Churchyard and asks him further questions about the novel; cannot discover anything about the pleasure steamer ‘John Joyce’. 11 Asks Léon to order for him Macpherson’s Ossian, Lennox Robinson’s The Lost Leader and Twain’s Tom Sawyer and to get Eugene Jolas to mark plot and speech highlights of both Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn; has been able to do little work recently. c.15 Returns to Paris, 7 rue Edmond Valentin. October At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Storiella as She is Syung (now FW 260–75; 304–8), with an illuminated capital letter at the start of the book by LJ, is published by Carlow’s Corvinus Press, London. (These extracts have first appeared in transition 23, July 1935.) 7 (Thurs) Léon tells Weaver it is much to JJ’s relief that the publication of the trade edition of The Bodley Head U has not caused any trouble. 13 Tells Budgen he is working very hard on FW and hopes to finish it soon.

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Osservatore Romano, the Vatican newspaper, publishes a long, deferential review of JJ’s writing, which delights him.

November At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 12 (Fri) Answering Pound’s query about the publication of Purcell sonatas, asks for an introduction to Hauptmann (now living near Pound in Rapallo) so that he (Hauptmann) can autograph a copy of Michael Kramer which JJ translated in 1901. 14 Attends the inauguration of the new centre of the French PEN Club on rue Pierre-Charron and is introduced to President Lebrun by Romains, the host and president of PEN. 25 Attends a Thanksgiving party at the Jolases. Because of a mishap with the turkey writes ‘A Come-all-ye, by a Thanksgiving Turkey’. (These are JJ’s last substantial verses.) December At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 8 (Wed) Pound is not particularly helpful regarding JJ’s request to persuade Hauptmann to sign a copy of Michael Kramer for him. 18 Léon reports on JJ’s current working habits to Weaver and tells her he has some autograph pages of FW II for her. Léon explains to Faber and Faber the structure of FW II. 25 Spends all of Christmas afternoon with LJ. 26 Dines with Beckett and Peggy Guggenheim at Fouquet’s. 31 Writes another consolatory letter to Suzanne Hughes about her husband’s death.

1938 January At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. Early this month, GJ and HKJ leave for New York because of the illness of the latter’s father. 4 (Tues) Dines with Beckett. Léon tells Faber and Faber that they already have most of FW II except for the final chapter on which JJ is working at full speed. 7 Beckett is stabbed in a Paris street and taken to the Hôpital Broussais. On hearing the news, JJ has Beckett moved at his expense to a private room in the hospital. 11 Signs the first 25 copies of Storiella as She is Syung for Carlow. 12 Responds to GJ and HKJ’s cable from New York by giving them the latest bulletin on Beckett.

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20 27

Hauptmann presents JJ with an inscribed copy of Michael Kramer. Completes the ‘Butt and Taff’ dialogue of FW II, iii (now 338–54). Suffers an attack of episcleritis. Tells Budgen he has sent FW III to Faber and Faber (now 403–590).

February 1–c.6 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin; c.6–8 (or 9) at Hôtel de la Paix, Lausanne; 8 (or 9)–end of month at Carlton Elite Hotel, Zurich. 2 (Wed) JJ’s 56th birthday. Radio Eireann devotes a programme to JJ to which he, Beckett and others listen in his flat before going on to a celebratory birthday party at the Jolases. Léon reports to Weaver about JJ’s latest collapse brought on partly by overwork, partly by his annoyance with the slowness of English printers who are setting FW. 5 Thanks Guggenheim for her birthday gift of a blackthorn stick. Tells her he is about to leave for Lausanne and then Zurich. c.6 To Lausanne with NBJ, staying at the Hôtel de la Paix where he sees Mercanton. 8 (or 9) Zurich, staying at the Carlton Elite Hotel. 9 Tells Pound about the retinal congestion of his left eye, caused by months of intense work both day and night completing FW, which has forced him to come to Zurich to see Vogt. Can now work a few hours each day. 12 Writes to Hauptmann explaining the circumstances in which he translated two of his plays and expressing his dismay that a collector has acquired the translations. 16 Tells Léon that the money he expected has not arrived and asks him to send a copy of his poems to Schoeck; is now working on FW IV. 17 Asks Léon to send more money as what he has just received from Monro Saw and Co will probably not be enough; has not yet seen Vogt. 28 Still in Zurich, tells Léon his right eye has undergone an attack. March Early this month, returns from Zurich to 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris. Verve I. 2 (March–June 1938), Paris, publishes ‘A Phoenix Park Nocturne’ fragment from FW (now 244–6). 1 (Tues) The death of D’Annunzio. 9 Léon sends a report on JJ’s eyes to Carola Giedion-Welcker. 13 The ‘Anschluss’, Germany’s annexation of Austria. As a consequence of this, the position of Broch, who is Jewish, becomes very difficult.

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Analyses Adolf Hitler’s personality at a St Patrick’s Day celebration. Asks Carola Giedion-Welcker for several copies of the photograph of him, with his back to the camera, at the Platzspitz, Zurich, as he likes the photograph very much. (She photographed JJ while he was in Zurich in February.)

April At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 6 (Wed) Dines with the Gormans (it is Claire Gorman’s birthday), Beckett and Curran’s daughter, Elizabeth. 12 Death in Paris of the Russian bass singer Feodor Chaliapin. JJ witnesses his funeral. 15 Europe 46 publishes Mercanton’s article ‘James Joyce’. 17 Spends Easter Day with LJ. 26 GJ and HKJ return to France from the US. May At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. ‘Fragment from “Work in Progress” ’ (now FW 338–55) appears in transition 27. Gisèle Freund, who has first met JJ in 1936, photographs him, in black and white, over three days. 17 (Tues) Writes extremely sympathetically to Stephens and his wife on the death of their son, James Naoise (accidentally killed 24 December 1937), about which he has only just heard. 29 Writes in Danish to Ferdinand Prior thanking him for the gift of The Danes in Paris. (Prior was Danish Consul-General in Paris, 1919–33.) June At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. c.3 (Fri) Tells Carlow he is exhausted by work on FW but both he and LJ are delighted with the look of Storiella as She is Syung; has met Golding over a luncheon and describes listening to GJ singing on Columbia Broadcasting System by means of a radio specially set up for the occasion. 6 Sends details of GJ’s singing career and broadcasting experiences in the US to Carlow. 16 Thanks Brody for his good wishes for Bloomsday; tells him about the publication plans for FW in the UK and US, that Broch has been given permission to enter France and that he is trying to get two others to the US.

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July At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 4 (Mon) JJ’s hopes to have FW published on JSJ’s birthday are not realized. Sends flowers to HKJ, who is suffering from depression, in an attempt to cheer her up. (Makes a further attempt on 17.) 11 Weaver, having received some MS pages of FW IV, hopes the last section of the book will go well despite JJ’s having to correct proofs of the earlier parts at the same time. 29 Partly through the help of JJ, Broch is able to leave Vienna for London. August 1–21 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin; from 21 at Hôtel de la Paix, Lausanne. 2 (Tues) Eugene Jolas realizes JJ’s new book must be called Finnegans Wake. 3 Pays Eugene Jolas the 1000 francs* he has won as a wager for guessing the title of FW. 5 Dines with Huebsch. 17 Shows Léon a letter from Broch now safely in England. (JJ has also used his influence with the French authorities to get other Austrians to Holland and the US.) Léon tells Weaver that FW I is virtually in page proof, almost all of II and III in galley proof and half of IV typewritten, and that JJ visits LJ in her sanatorium every Sunday afternoon. 21 Leaves with NBJ for Lausanne, staying at the Hôtel de la Paix. 22 Spends time with Mercanton. September 1–12 at Hôtel de la Paix, Lausanne; 12–21 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris; 21–27 at Hôtel du Rhin et de Newhaven, Dieppe; 27–28 at Nante-gare; from 28 at Adelphi Hôtel, La Baule. 6 (Tues) Visits Fribourg with Mercanton. 7 Signs Mercanton’s copy of U, noting it is the eve of Molly Bloom’s birthday. 8 Tells Gillet that the work of a German scholar, Heinrich Zimmer, confirms his writing about Finn MacCool in FW, just as Bérard’s work confirmed what he had done in U. In thanking Carlow for sending him the words of the song ‘Follow Me Up to Carlow’ says he must work a reference to the song into his text. 11 Points out to Léon that Edmund Brauchbar is maintaining in his house (in Zurich) no less than ten refugee relatives. 12 Returns to Paris, 7 rue Edmond Valentin, via Dijon. 20 Thanks Huebsch for his assistance over a Jewish refugee; briefly reviews the other efforts he is making to help refugees.

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30

Travels with NBJ to Dieppe, staying at the Hôtel du Rhin et de Newhaven. Nante-gare. La Baule, staying at the Adelphi Hotel. (Dr Delmas has informed JJ that he plans to evacuate his maison de santé there in the event of war.) The Munich Agreement is signed.

October 1–3 in the Adelphi Hôtel, La Baule; from 3 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin, Paris. Études de Lettres, Lausanne, xiii. I, in ‘L’Esthétique de Joyce’ reprints ‘A Phoenix Park Nocturne’ from Verve (March–June 1938) with a detailed analysis by Mercanton. 3 (Mon) Returns to Paris, 7 rue Edmond Valentin, from La Baule. 5 Explains to Brody why he and NBJ went to La Baule; thanks him for his help in assisting Brauchbar; hopes to get some of his (Brauchbar’s) family to Dublin. 11 Tells Goyert that FW is virtually finished – so is he, having worked flat out on the book for the past year. November At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 14 (Mon) Finishes FW. Cables the news and his thanks to Weaver. 18 Tells Ruggiero that he has finished FW and what his plans are for Thanksgiving Day. 24 (Thanksgiving) At a dinner in JJ’s honour HKJ reads aloud the last pages of FW. December At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 5 (Mon) Tells Dujardin he has just received Gilbert’s translation of Les Lauriers sont coupés (We’ll to the Woods No More) and congratulates him on the book. 10 Expresses his extreme fatigue to Gillet. 14 Léon reports to Weaver that JJ has collapsed suddenly in the Bois de Boulogne because of overwork and little sleep; nevertheless he continues to revise: 355 pages have seen their final revision. 30 Weaver points out to Léon that for the first time in 23 years she has received no Christmas greeting from JJ.

1939 January At 7 rue Edmond Valentin. 1 (Sun) By now the proofreading of FW is virtually complete.

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2 Visits Versailles. Late this month, Léon leaves some of the corrected final proofs of FW in a taxi, but fortunately they are quickly returned. 27 Asks Giuseppe Bertelli (a former pupil, now active in helping European refugees) when he plans to come as he is going to leave soon for a short holiday; agrees that Schiff would probably help them in getting expatriates out of Europe. 28 Death of Yeats. JJ sends a wreath. 30 An unbound copy of FW arrives in Paris in time for his birthday; JJ cables his thanks to Faber and Faber. February At 7 rue Edmund Valentin. 2 (Thurs) JJ’s 57th birthday. At her and GJ’s home in Paris HKJ organizes a celebratory banquet which the Gilberts, the Léons, the Jolases and others also attend. It includes a special cake with JJ’s seven published books in replica on top. 4 Through receiving the proof of the title page, Weaver learns of the title of JJ’s book. She tells Léon she likes it. 10 Richard Ofner, the widower of Charlotte Sauermann, gives JJ biographical details about the members of his family, warmly thanking him for the help he has promised. 23 Mentions to Brauchbar his efforts to get Ofner’s son into the US. March At 7 rue Edmond Valentin 5 (Sun) Tells both Brody and Carola Giedion-Welcker that he believes the price of the ordinary edition of FW to be too high. 8 Freund photographs JJ in colour. On her way to have her photographs developed she is involved in a traffic accident and believes her photographs destroyed. JJ therefore agrees to a second colour photography session which takes place the following day. (In fact the first set of photographs are not damaged in any way.) 10 Theodore Spencer asks permission to publish a comparison of the MS first draft of P with the published book, Harvard College Library having recently bought several hundred pages of the MS. 15 Suffering from flu, JJ asks Bertelli if he can help Ofner’s son get to the US. 18 Again raises the case of the Ofner boy with Bertelli, detailing his own connections with the family. Informs him he is moving to a new address on 15 April.

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Tells Mary Colum that it is a nuisance having to move again; he visits LJ every Sunday. Revokes, in a letter to Faber and Faber, his authorization to the firm of James B. Pinker and Sons to act as his agent and receive payments for him.

April 1–c.15 at 7 rue Edmond Valentin c.15–c.24 at Hôtel d’Iéna; from c.24 at 34 rue des Vignes. Fourth impression of the Odyssey Press edition of U. 4 (Tues) Tells Livia Svevo that he never hears from SJ. Asks Bertelli to let him know, when he arrives in New York, whether he can help Ofner’s son. 6 Is visited by Mercanton who, back from Italy, brings with him a copy of Francini Bruni’s ‘James Joyce spogliato in piazza’. JJ and Mercanton will also see each other tomorrow and the day after. 13 Cables Bertelli wishing him a good journey to the US. c.15 Leaves 7 rue Edmond Valentin, staying first at the Hôtel d’Iéna. NBJ destroys some of JJ’s letters to her. 22 Léon, writing to Spencer, says JJ is unenthusiastic about the publication in different lots of the MS first draft of P which has been sold to various US institutions. c.24 Moves to 34 rue des Vignes and informs SJ of his new address on this date. May At 34 rue des Vignes. Probably during this month, JJ and Budgen meet for the last time. 1 (Mon) Mercanton’s article ‘Finnegans Wake’ appears in the Nouvelle Revue Française, 27. 4 FW is published by Faber and Faber, London, in the UK and The Viking Press, New York, in the US. Presents Léon with an inscribed copy of the book and informs Weaver that her commission [of 1 October 1926] is executed. Sends a copy to Larbaud via Maria Nebbia. 5 Nicolson’s ‘The Indecipherable Mystery of Mr James Joyce’s Allegory’ appears in the Daily Telegraph and L.A.G. Strong’s ‘James Joyce’s Dream World’ in John O’London’s Weekly. 7 Encourages Mercanton, now back in Florence, to let him know what he thinks of the production there of William Tell, if he goes to it. Colum’s review of FW ‘A New Work by James Joyce’ appears in the New York Times Book Review and Gogarty’s in the Observer as ‘Roots in Resentment: James Joyce’s Revenge’. The latter pleases JJ, but most of the reviews depress him.

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8 11 13 26

Time carries a colour photograph of JJ by Freund on its front cover and reviews FW under the title of ‘Night Thoughts’. Muir’s review of FW ‘James Joyce’s New Novel’ appears in the Listener XXI, No. 539. Grigson writes on JJ and FW in Picture Post. Points out to Sean O’Casey that the Irish Times has attributed FW to him; hopes to go and see Juno and the Paycock in Paris with NBJ. O’Casey replies on 30, expressing his pleasure that JJ was not annoyed by the misattribution and praising all of his prose work.

June At 34 rue des Vignes. 3 (Sat) Shaw handsomely praises U in a letter to Picture Post. 6 Gets Léon to tell Gorman – who wants to publish his life of JJ as early as July – that authorization is refused until he (JJ) has seen the entire typescript and all subsequent proofs of the book. 7 Tells Weaver much the same and asks her to send him a copy of his ‘Epilogue to Ibsen’s Ghosts’ [written in Zurich in April 1934]. She does so and JJ thanks her on 19. Mid-month, Gillet tells JJ he is keen to take a holiday with FW. In response JJ expresses his dismay about most of the reviews of the work and tells him that Alfred Péron is soon to give a talk on FW on Radio Paris. 26 Death of Ford. 28 The first part of Edmund Wilson’s ‘H.C. Earwicker and Family: Review of Finnegans Wake’ appears in New Republic, 99. July 1–c.21 at 34 rue des Vignes; c.21 to 25 at Les Golf Hôtels, Étretat; from 25 at 34 rue des Vignes, Paris. ‘AC’ reviews FW in the Dublin Magazine, n.s. 14, July to September; Alex Glendinning’s ‘Commentary: Finnegans Wake’ appears in Nineteenth Century and After, 126. 12 (Wed) The second part of Edmund Wilson’s review of FW appears in the New Republic. (His essay ‘The Dream of H.C. Earwicker’ in The Wound and the Bow, 1947, is based on these reviews.) c.21 Les Golf Hôtels, Étretat, with NBJ. (SJJ is in summer camp at Étretat.) 22 Offers to sign Curran’s copy of FW for him. 25 Returns to 34 rue des Vignes so that he is in Paris for LJ’s birthday tomorrow. End of the month, tells Budgen that the generally accepted easiest part of FW is 104 et seq. [the start of I, v] and the hardest 260 et seq. [II, ii].

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August 1–c.8 at 34 rue des Vignes; c.8 to 14 at Hôtel de la Paix, Lausanne; 14–c.22 at Hotel Schweizerhof, Bern; c.22–c.25 at Grand Hôtel Monney, Montreux; c.25–28 at 34 rue des Vignes, Paris; from 28 at Hôtel Majestic, La Baule. 3 (Thurs) Asks George Rogers, Professor of the Royal Academy of Music, why on earth the BBC failed GJ when it auditioned him. 5 The Daily Herald publishes a 21-word ‘review’ of FW which JJ gets hold of. c.8 Lausanne with NBJ staying at Hôtel de la Paix. While there spends time with Mercanton. 10 Expresses his concern about LJ to Léon and his belief, also mentioned to Huebsch, that FW is overpriced: if public libraries in the UK do not buy books over 18s*, does it follow that no copy of FW will be available for the public to borrow? 14 Bern, staying at Hotel Schweizerhof. 18 Reports to Léon that FW seems to be unavailable in Swiss bookshops. 19 Asks Léon to request Faber and Faber send unbound sheets of FW so that he can make a start on corrections. This the firm does on 30. 20 Returns Budgen’s article on FW – which he received from him a few days before – with a few suggestions for it. Quotes the Daily Herald ‘review’ in full. c.22 Montreux staying at Grand Hôtel, Monney, to spend some time with HKJ, convalescing there after a nervous collapse. Meets Mercanton, by chance, in Montreux. c.25 Returns to 34 rue des Vignes, Paris. 28 Leaves 34 rue des Vignes, with NBJ (to which they will not return to live) for La Baule, staying at Hôtel Majestic. 30 Lewis reviews FW ‘Standing by One Thing and Another’ in the Bystander, 143. September 1–2 at Hôtel Majestic, La Baule; from 2 at Hôtel St Christophe. Revises and checks the proofs of Gorman’s biography of him prior to its publication. One night in La Baule leads a group of soldiers in singing the Marseillaise. 1 (Fri) Germany invades Poland. Georges Pelorson reviews FW in the Revue de Paris 46. 17. 2 Moves to Hôtel St Christophe. Tells Léon that no arrangements appear to have been made to receive Dr Delmas’s maison de santé patients (including, of course, LJ) in an hotel there and asks him to try to discover more information in Paris.

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3

4

6

8 11

24

Cables GJ about the situation regarding LJ who has been left abandoned at Ivry, despite his best efforts. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. Cables Léon that the hotel which was to have accommodated Dr Delmas’s maison de santé has been taken by a third party; meanwhile LJ is alone and in danger. Summarizes the events of the last few days surrounding Dr Delmas for the Gilberts; his carefully laid plans to meet LJ in La Baule have come to nothing, currently he does not even know where she is. Expresses his deep anxiety about LJ to Mercanton. Informs Léon that LJ has arrived and that he believes the whole family should be together. (LJ is settled, with the other patients, at Pornichet to the immediate south of La Baule.) Reports to Léon that LJ is not well and he has not been permitted to see her.

October 1–c.15 at Hôtel St Christophe, La Baule; from c.15 at Hôtel Lutétia, Paris. Mary Colum in ‘The Old and the New’ reviews FW in Forum and Century, 102. 3 (Tues) Sends the last set of corrections of Gorman’s biography to John Farrar (of the publisher Farrar and Rinehart). 6 Expresses to Léon his anxiety about GJ (whose marriage to HKJ has run into difficulties). 8 Dr Daniel P. O’Brien organizes a surprise party for JJ and NBJ on the 35th anniversary of their elopement. 9 Asks Léon to ask Weaver if there have been any reviews of FW in the Sunday Times during the past fortnight. 13 Tells Léon that he and NBJ have applied for a safe conduct to Paris and will leave as soon as it arrives. c.15 Returns to Paris, staying at Hôtel Lutétia, 43 Boulevard Raspail. November At Hôtel Lutétia. Friendship with Léon is temporarily terminated owing to their different attitudes with regard to GJ and HKJ. 4 (Sat) Tells Carlow that he has returned to Paris because of HKJ’s serious illness. 6 Gives Mr and Mrs Victor Sax his sad family news: HKJ is in a maison de santé at Suresnes near Paris and SJJ at a school near Vichy; LJ believes her father still to be at La Baule. 15 Gorman gives this date at the close of his biography of JJ. 30 The Soviet Union invades Finland. The Finns at first successfully resist.

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December 1–23 at Hôtel Lutétia; 23–24 travelling to Saint-Germain-des-Fossés; from 24 at Hôtel de la Paix, Saint-Gérand-le-Puy. 6 (Wed) Writes to Huebsch about sending royalties due to him as quickly as possible to his bank account in Paris as he is experiencing great difficulty in getting any money out of England in wartime conditions. (Huebsch responds on 17 February and JJ receives this response on 11 March.) 20 Carola Giedion-Welcker informs JJ that efforts are being made to get for him the Eliot Norton chair at Cambridge (US). She believes, however, that he would probably not be willing to go to the US. 23 Leaves Paris with NBJ for Saint-Germain-des-Fossés. 24 Arrives at Saint-Germain-des-Fossés, the nearest station to SaintGérand-le-Puy where Maria Jolas has invited the family to spend Christmas with her. Takes rooms at the Hôtel de la Paix but is quickly attacked by violent stomach pains. 26 Writes Eugene Jolas (who is in New York) a lengthy account of the Christmas Day celebrations he (Jolas) has had to miss.

1940 January 1–c.22 at Hôtel de la Paix; from c.22 at Hôtel Lutétia, Paris. 9 (Tues) Writes Mercanton a sad account of the problems affecting his family ; only SJJ is near them, in a school. As for FW, it is totally ignored. c.22 Returns briefly and for the last time to Paris, staying at the Hôtel Lutétia. 31 Sees Léon in Paris, shortly before returning to St-Gérand. February From c.1 at Hôtel de la Paix, St-Gérand. 1 (Thurs) Having just seen JJ, Léon writes to Monro Saw and Co. about his (JJ’s) urgent need for money, giving them his address in St-Gérand. 2 JJ’s 58th birthday. 5 Léon sends JJ copies of letters which he wrote on his behalf after he had seen him. 8 Thanks Budgen for remembering his birthday, points out the aptness of the title of his last book given events in Finland, and wonders about a second edition of Budgen’s book. 11 Tells Curran that he has received several foreign notices about FW, liking best the one by a Russian American Harvard profes-

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12 15

16 21

sor (actually Harry Levin, who wrote an essay on FW in James Laughlin’s New Directions in Prose and Poetry (1939) ‘On First Looking into Finnegans Wake’, and reviewed it in the Kenyon Review I (Autumn 1939) ‘New Irish Stew’). Thanks Beach for her present. Gorman’s James Joyce is published by Farrar and Rinehart, New York. Prospettive (Rome) publishes a fragment of ALP translated into Italian by JJ and Nino Frank (a project first suggested by JJ to Frank in 1937). Visits Larbaud, now almost completely paralyzed, living in Vichy, 20 kilometres from St-Gérand. Asks James Laughlin to pass on his thanks to Levin for his article which everyone agrees is the best so far on FW.

March 1–c.29 at Hôtel de la Paix; from c. 29 at Château de La Chapelle, Périguy. 3 (Sat) Thanks Brody for reading him the article from the Rotterdamscher Courant which has not annoyed him despite its occasional hostility. c.13 Tells Frank about the number of Prospettive which has included their translation of part of ALP and articles on JJ and FW. His (Frank’s) name was excluded for reasons he will understand. (It was because of his anti-fascist activity in Italy.) 17 Thanks James Johnson Sweeney, an art critic and museum director, for his help in ensuring that a payment from Cerf has reached him. 22 Asks Weaver to find a copy of Gorman’s biography of him and send it to his mother-in-law in Galway, and goes on to give family news. 26 Asks Ettore Settani to thank Curzio Malaparte, the editor of Prospettive, for the February number of the review. (Settani’s name has appeared as a co-translator of the ALP fragment, but his contribution is minor.) c.29 Goes with NBJ to stay at the Château de La Chapelle, Périguy. (This is being used as Maria Jolas’s school, but the pupils are away over the Easter Week.) April 1–c.3 at Château de La Chapelle; from c.3 at Hôtel Beaujolais, Vichy. c.3 (Wed) Goes with NBJ to Vichy, staying at the Hôtel Beaujolais. 13 Describes to Mary Colum his difficulties in getting hold of Gorman’s biography, reviews of it and of FW, and of money from either the US or UK to support his family. 14 Pelorson (who has translated PP into French) stops while returning to his regiment and dines with JJ.

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Writes to Weaver about his family. (This letter will subsequently be destroyed by Weaver, as will one of 6.6.40.)

May At Hôtel Beaujolais. 2 (Thurs) HKJ, accompanied by doctors and nurses, returns to the US. 10 The Germans invade Holland and Belgium and within a few days reach France. Holland and Belgium are both overrun by the end of the month. June 1–16 at Hôtel Beaujolais; from 16 takes a flat in St-Gérand. 10 (Mon) Italy enters the war. 11 Maria Jolas urges JJ to return to St-Gérand. 12 Beckett arrives penniless in Vichy. JJ secures funds for him from Larbaud. (He soon moves further south.) 14 Paris falls to the Germans. c.16 (Bloomsday) Returns to St-Gérand, taking a flat. Around this time GJ arrives from Paris. 17 Léon arrives in St-Gérand. JJ and he are reconciled. 18 Gives his address as Château de la Chapelle, Périguy, to Weaver and Mrs Barnacle mentioning to both that LJ is still at Pornichet, La Baule. Makes arrangements for GJ’s safety at Maria Jolas’s school. (The Germans occupy St-Gérand for about a week but then retire to the demarcation line a few miles to the north.) July At St-Gérand, moving from the flat to Hôtel du Commerce during the month. Works on the misprints of FW with Léon. This activity continues in August. 10 (Wed) Watches, as a volunteer, over the bedside of a terminally ill woman whom he unavailingly tries to help (and in whose flat the Joyces have been staying while she was in hospital). She dies, however, during his vigil. In the next fortnight or so moves to Hôtel du Commerce. 28 Asks Carola Giedion-Welcker to discover if the maison de santé at Kilchberg, near Zurich, would accept LJ whose current, dangerous address he gives her. 30 Tells Brauchbar about the sad circumstances of his family, his own isolation and lack of resources and his lack of knowledge about what has happened to his Paris flat, his books and pictures.

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August At Hôtel du Commerce. Completes a 31 page list of misprints in FW, his last work on the book. 4 (Sun) Writes to the Swiss Legation, Vichy, for entry permits for his family, including LJ. Tells Ruggiero, who is employed in a Zurich bank, his plans and asks him what Zurich is like now. The German authorities grant a ‘permis de sortie’ for LJ without any difficulty. 5 Tells Huebsch what arrangements he should make, in the extremely difficult circumstances of war and occupation, about getting royalties to him. 7 Asks Sweeney for his help in getting funds to him from the US and describes the difficulties he is experiencing and anticipates in getting his family, including LJ, to Switzerland. 13 Asks Mercanton for his help over a school in or near Lausanne for SJJ and if he (Mercanton) would help him over getting LJ into a maison de santé he has heard of near Vallorbe. 16 Léon’s wife, Lucie Noël, leaves for Paris, seeing JJ for the last time. 19 Informs Nebbia that his credit is blocked in both England and France. 28 Maria Jolas leaves for travel to the US, having put her and her daughters’ passports in order early in the month. 30 Tells Carola Giedion-Welcker that he can afford the maison de santé at Vallorbe for LJ and has permission from the German authorities to remove her; questions of transporting her and of receiving the money he is expecting, however, remain. September 1–late September (or first half of October) at Hôtel du Commerce; thereafter at Maison Ponthenier. Modern Library Giant edition of U (10 000 copies), using the plates of the January 1934 Random House edition. c.4 (Wed) Léon returns to Paris, not seeing JJ again. 7 Gives Maria Jolas (still in Europe) what news he has and tries to cheer her up; still has not received a copy of Gorman’s biography either from him or the publisher. 11 Asks Mercanton’s help regarding SJJ and LJ (from whom he has not heard for ten weeks); does not know yet whether his family will be officially allowed to leave the Vichy zone or enter Switzerland. 13 The plan for Bern having come to nothing, JJ returns to the idea of going to Zurich and applies to the Swiss consulate, Lyons, for visas and permission to stay in Zurich until the end of the war.

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Describes the current position to Mercanton: he is still trying to arrange for LJ her travelling from Pornichet to the Swiss frontier and still awaiting funds from the US. 16 Asks Gustav Zumsteg (the son of the proprietor of the Kronenhalle restaurant in Zurich) for information pertinent to the arrangements he is trying to make for LJ’s travel to Switzerland and thanks him for the offer of funds: he will be financially secure once in Switzerland. 18 Tells Carola Giedion-Welcker that he and his family are awaiting entry permits to Switzerland and exit permits from the French authorities; in applying for the former gives various references such as her husband and Vogt. 22 Writes a long letter to Sweeney about the critical position of him and his family in St-Gérand and LJ in Pornichet. Although he has no funds he has tried to make arrangements for Dr Delmas to be paid for LJ’s care. At the same time he is trying to secure permission for LJ’s entry into Switzerland – and for the rest of his family also. He feels isolated and without news (for example, he does not know what has happened to his Paris flat containing his books, pictures and manuscripts) and every week things become more difficult. JJ hopes Sweeney will be able to help him in his distress. 23 The Swiss Eidgenössische Fremdenpolizei (Federal Aliens’ Police), having received JJ’s application of 13, in turn send it on to the Zurich Kantonal Fremdenpolizei (Cantonal Aliens’ Police). Late this month (or first half of October), moves to Maison Ponthenier. 28 Tells Carola Giedion-Welcker the latest situation: he is making arrangements for LJ to be taken to a clinic at Corcelles in the canton of Vaud. 30 The Zurich authorities reject JJ’s application. October 1–13 (at the latest) at Hôtel du Commerce; from 13 (and perhaps from late September) at Maison Ponthenier. Gillet arrives to see JJ in St-Gérand, bringing with him his article on FW which has appeared in the English review Babel, I, No. 3 (and, rewritten, will appear in Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 December 1940, Paris) and which JJ greatly likes. 8 (Tues) Thornton Wilder, the American novelist, writes to Padraic Colum about petitioning the Nobel Prize Committee to award the Nobel Prize for literature to JJ thus furnishing him with much-needed funds. 13 Moves to Maison Ponthenier. Learns that it will be difficult to (or earlier) gain permission to live in Zurich – he has been advised to apply

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14

14

15

17 18 25

29

31

to reside in the canton of Vaud instead – and tells Carola Giedion-Welcker that he cannot understand why this should be so. Weaver writes to inform JJ of the arrangements for him to receive a small monthly payment (£30*) from her (he receives the letter). Tells Ruggiero he is not achieving anything in his attempt to go to Zurich; is still trying to help LJ but everything is in the air as he has no visa. Describes to Brauchbar all his current difficulties. Having received further documents, the Federal Aliens’ Police return JJ’s application to Zurich for reconsideration. Informing Ruggiero he has permission from the French authorities to leave the country but is still awaiting a visa to enter Switzerland, JJ asks him to ask the Giedions to contact his Geneva lawyer, Georges Haldenwang, without delay. Tells Mercanton he and his family are still awaiting permission to live in Switzerland – the Zurich Aliens’ Police seem to think he is Jewish – and the exit permits granted by the German and French authorities are valid only for a limited time. Writes similarly to Zumsteg and asks for his help in various matters, mainly over the journey from Saint-Germain-des-Fossés. In thanking Zumsteg for his letter of 30 October, details all the problems he has had over entry into Switzerland, which contrasts with his experience of the French and German authorities.

November At Maison Ponthenier. 1 (Fri) Writes to Carola Giedion-Welcker in terms similar to those of his letter to Zumsteg of 31 October and on 3 similarly to Brauchbar; time is, however, running out and the local authorities are surprised that JJ and his family are still here. Also on 3 to Gillet: all that is lacking is the vital entry permit from the Swiss. 8 Carola Giedion-Welcker tells JJ he must have great patience over the entry permit as so many people are trying to reach Switzerland. She hopes everything will end well and gives him the address of someone who could help him in Geneva. 11 Thanks Carola Giedion-Welcker for her attempts to help him; they could all have travelled at the end of October but for the lack of official permission from Bern. JJ has just heard from LJ for the first time in three months: it strikes him that she is a lot better.

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15 20

22

23

26 28

29 30

Death of Mrs Barnacle. JJ weeps pitifully when he hears the news. Again thanks Carola Giedion-Welcker for all she is attempting to do for him and his family despite all the difficulties and delays; but time is running out as their exit permit is valid only for another eight days. Asks Zumsteg (1) if, when an entry permit does arrive, it will be sent for certain from the Lyons consulate to the Vichy legation and (2) if he, Zumsteg, could possibly and legally pay Dr Delmas against repayment by JJ either at St-Gérand or in Zurich. Tells Gillet that he has met all the financial conditions of the Swiss authorities (who have finally satisfied themselves that he is not Jewish) for entry into Switzerland; but the arrangements for the transfer of LJ, which he had thought made, are now uncertain. Describes to Ruggiero the latest difficulties concerning all his plans, particularly the non-arrival of vital letters. The (Zurich) Cantonal Aliens’ Police recommend to the Federal Aliens’ Police that the application of JJ and his family be granted. Because of this recommendation the Swiss Embassy in Vichy issues visas for the Joyce family which arrive the following day. Gillet writes an encouraging letter, saying his article is printed but not yet published and looking forward to JJ’s next work.

December 1–13 (or 14) at Maison Ponthenier; 14–17 en route from St-German-desFossés via Geneva and Lausanne to Zurich; from 17 at Pension Delphin, Zurich. 1 (Sun) Tells Ruggiero that the visas have arrived; in Switzerland he would like first to stay a night or two in Lausanne. It is exasperating that the whole business has taken so long that LJ’s exit permit, issued 4 August, has been withdrawn; everything must be done again for her. 3 Informs Armand Petitjean that he has managed to get their Swiss entry visas prolonged for a short while but the family must travel together and it will be easier to arrange matters for LJ once in Switzerland. c.5 Raises with Zumsteg problems that remain about having their passports stamped on arrival in Lyons and about financial guarantees – the point here is that he cannot get at his money while in France. 10 Tells Mercanton his expected time of arrival in Lausanne. 13 Asks Gillet for copies of his article, if it has appeared, to be sent to him in Geneva. (It will appear in Revue des Deux Mandes on 15.)

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14

15

17

18 20

25 26

3a.m.: with his family catches a train which takes them from Saint-Germain-des-Fossés to Aix-les-Bains and then, several hours late, to the French-Swiss border. Arrives Geneva 10 p.m., spending the night in the Hôtel Richemond. Lausanne, staying at the Hôtel de la Paix. Cables Weaver’s solicitor, Monro, for funds. Visits the maison de santé at Corcelles where he intends to place LJ. Meets Mercanton who reads him a review of FW in the Osservatore Romano. Leaves Lausanne for Zurich, arriving at the Hauptbahnhof in the evening. Is met by Ruggiero and the Giedions and stays at Pension Delphin, Mühlebachstrasse 69. Acknowledges receipt of £50 from Monro and expresses the hope that he and Weaver are safe and well. Cordially thanks the Mayor of Zurich for his help in obtaining permission for him and his family to reside here; points out that the connection between himself and Zurich now extends to nearly 40 years. Spends Christmas Day with the Giedions, 7 Doldertal. Spends the afternoon with Ruggiero before dining at the Kronenhalle. Cables Weaver urgently for funds, saying he needs £300 for, among other things, debts and the transfer of LJ to Switzerland.

1941 January 1–10 at Pension Delphin; from 10 at Schwesterhaus vom Roten Kreuz where he dies on 13. English edition of Gorman’s James Joyce, a Definitive Biography, is published by John Lane, The Bodley Head. 4 (Sat) Sends a postcard to SJ – who has been forced by the Italian authorities to move from Trieste to Florence – listing people who may be able to help him. The names include Pound and Linati. Charles Joyce dies in Hastings, England. 9 Dines with Ruggiero at the Kronenhalle after visiting an exhibition of French painting. 10 In the night is taken ill with violent stomach pains for which he is given morphine. This does not work and he has to be taken, later in the day, to the Schwesterhaus vom Roten Kreuz, Gloriastrasse 14. 11 X-rays reveal a perforated duodenal ulcer. Dr H. Freysz operates on JJ who seems better afterwards. 12 Weakens and has to have blood transfusions. Falls into a coma. Doctors urge NBJ and GJ to go home.

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13 15

Wakes around 1 a.m. and asks a nurse to fetch NBJ and GJ but dies at 2.15 a.m. before their arrival. Is buried at the Fluntern Cemetery, Zurich.

SJ died in Trieste on 16 June 1955 (Bloomsday). After the divorce of GJ and HKJ (who died in 1963) GJ married Dr Asta Jahnke-Osterwalder (1917–93) on 24 May 1954. He died at Konstanz, Germany, on 12 June 1976. LJ stayed at Pornichet until 1951 when she was moved to St Andrew’s Hospital, Northampton, where she died on 12 December 1982. SJJ married Solange Raytchine on 15 April 1955 and lives in France.

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NBJ stayed on in Zurich and died there on 10 April 1951.

Selected amounts of money (referred to in the text by *) and their value today (2002) to the nearest pound/dollar. Note: in pre-decimal British currency 12d = one shilling (1s) and 20 shillings = £1. On decimalization (15 February 1971) one shilling became 5p. Therefore (for example) £12 12s = £12.60 and 18s = 90p.

UK Sterling Date 7 April, 1900 22 April, 1900 5 December, 1903 4 October, 1904 14 June, 1910 10 January, 1913 end of January 1915 25 August, 1915 22 February, 1917 13 June, 1917 14 May, 1919 30 May, 1919 14 September, 1920 21 February, 1921 20 March, 1922 12 July, 1923 14 January, 1924 September, 1925 3 June, 1928 18 March, 1930 29 December, 1931 2 March, 1932 11 November, 1932 19 November, 1934 3 August, 1938 10 August, 1939 14 October, 1940

US Dollars

Amount

today

today

£12 12s £27 10s 6d £2000 £7 £1000 £1 15s 4d 600 crowns £75 £200 2s 6d £5000 $700 20 000 lire $50 £8500 £21 000 $1975 $200 $11 000 £200 £100 60 000 francs 4 000 francs £4000 1 000 francs 18s £30

£786 £1717 £123 482 £440 £62 394 £107 £913 £3531 £6310 £4 £137 522 £4428 £6391 £393 £313 208 £753 858 £16 184 £1524 £96 427 £9726 £5409 £39 748 £2650 £225 964 £280 £46 £1081

$1270 $2790 $193 000 $670 $89 800 $152 $1640 $6350 $13 300 $8 $225 000 $7270 $8910 $502 $397 000 $1 000 000 $20 800 $2040 $115 000 $10 200 $5370 $31 100 $2070 $268 000 $366 $51 $1470

199

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Monetary Equivalents

The Sisters An Encounter Araby

stories of childhood

Eveline After the Race Two Gallants The Boarding House

stories of adolescence

A Little Cloud Counterparts Clay A Painful Case

stories of maturity

Ivy Day in the Committee Room A Mother Grace

stories of public life

The Dead

200

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The Structure of Dubliners and Order of the Stories

I. Telemachia 1. 2. 3.

Telemachus Nestor Proteus

II. Odyssey (The Wanderings of Ulysses) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Calypso Lotus Eaters Hades Aeolus Lestrygonians Scylla and Charybdis Wandering Rocks Sirens Cyclops Nausicaa Oxen of the Sun Circe

III. Nostos (Homecoming) 16. 17. 18.

Eumaeus Ithaca Penelope

201

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Ulysses: the Homeric Names and Order of the Episodes

These notes are designed to complement what is written in the pages of the chronology. I have tried to avoid as much as possible direct repetition of those pages but instead to amplify the points made there, where necessary, and to deal with the subjects’ lives away from the context of James Joyce. No attempt has been made to include well-known literary figures of the English-speaking world whose lives crossed with Joyce’s such as Yeats, Pound, T.S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis. Their lives, including their involvement with Joyce, are well documented elsewhere. Antheil, George (1900–59) was born in Trenton, New Jersey, of Polish parentage. He came to Europe in 1922. Stravinsky urged him to move from Berlin to Paris where his début, a piano recital at the Théâtre des Champs Elysées in October 1923, provoked a riot. He rented a room from Sylvia Beach above her bookshop and was championed by Ezra Pound who published a short book on him in 1924. Fascinated by jazz rhythms and the mechanical, his Ballet Mécanique (June 1926) was one of the artistic sensations of 1920s Paris. Various collaborations between JJ and Antheil came to nothing: Antheil wrote only a few pages of his planned opera on the ‘Cyclops’ episode of U; the symphony based on Anna Livia Plurabelle sank without trace as did the opera based on Byron’s Cain with which JJ intended to promote John Sullivan’s career. Antheil did, however, set one of the poems of PP, ‘Nightpiece’, to music for Hughes’s The Joyce Book and, after returning to the US in 1933, a setting for voice and piano of ‘I Hear an Army’ (CM XXXVI) which JJ probably never heard about. Bad Boy of Music (1945) is Antheil’s autobiography. Beach, Sylvia (1887–1962) was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the middle of three girls, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. She first came to France with her parents in 1902 when her father temporarily took up a post with the American Church of Paris. She settled permanently in Paris in 1916 and a little later met Adrienne Monnier with whom she lived until 1936 when Gisèle Freund, the photographer of JJ, displaced her in Monnier’s flat. She opened her first shop in rue Dupuytren in November 1919 and moved Shakespeare and Company to rue de l’Odéon in July 1921 by which time she had met JJ and become part of the Joyce story of the 1920s and, to a much lesser extent because of a cooling of relations between them, the 1930s. Shortly after the US entered the war in December 1941 a German officer visited Shakespeare and Company, attempting to buy her last copy of FW. She refused to sell it so he threatened to return and confiscate her stock, whereupon she hid all of it in an upstairs flat. This marked the permanent closure of Shakespeare and Company. In the late summer of 1942 she was interned in Vittel, in eastern France, but was released in 1943. She returned to Paris. Hemingway famously ‘liberated’ the rue de l’Odéon in August 1944, the day after the German surrender of the city. Sylvia Beach published her memoirs Shakespeare and Company in 1959. She officially opened the Martello Tower, Sandycove, as a Joyce Museum on Bloomsday 1962 and died following a heart attack in October of that year. Budgen, Frank (1882–1971), an Englishman born only a month after JJ, became one of his closest friends. He had little formal education but that perhaps only made him all the more receptive to literary experiment. He became a merchant seaman before going to Paris to study painting. During the First World War he moved to Zurich and it was there 202

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A Who’s Who in the Joyce Chronology

that he met JJ in 1918. At first the latter was suspicious of him thinking him a spy for the British Consulate but was reassured, he told Budgen later, because he reminded him of the Nottinghamshire and England cricketer, the batsman Arthur Shrewsbury (died 1903). The two discussed the writing of U, the ultimate result of which was James Joyce and the Making of ‘Ulysses’ (1934) which remains one of the best books on U bringing out the enjoyment JJ had in composing it. Budgen also contributed to Our Exagmination… and his autobiography, Myselves When Young (1970), contains a chapter on JJ. Byrne, J.F. (1879–1960). Perhaps because the age difference mattered more at school than at university, Byrne became a close friend of JJ only at University College, rather than Belvedere College which they had also both attended. Byrne, the Cranly of SH and P, was an excellent listener and it was his calmness and common sense which saw JJ through the gravest emotional crisis of his life, the few days in 1909 when he believed that NBJ had been unfaithful to him with Vincent Cosgrave five years before. Between 1908 and 1910 Byrne lived at 7 Eccles Street (the fictional Leopold Bloom’s home in 1904) and then emigrated to the US. There he worked as a journalist, becoming the Financial Editor of the New York Daily News Record between 1929 and 1933, writing under the pseudonym of J.F. Renby (an anagram of Byrne). In 1953 he published his memoirs, Silent Years, which is sub-titled ‘An Autobiography with Memoirs of James Joyce and Our Ireland’. Colum, Padraic (1881–1972) was born in Co. Longford, the eldest of a large family which soon moved to Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire). In 1904 he gave up his job as a railway clerk to devote himself fully to writing. Colum was a poet (Collected Poems, 1953) and playwright, several of whose plays were produced by the Irish National Theatre Society. At times JJ seems to have regarded him as something of a rival and there are slighting references to him in both ‘The Holy Office’ and ‘Gas from a Burner’. However, this antagonism gradually disappeared. In 1914 he went to the US with his wife Mary (née Maguire, 1887–1957), also a writer, and helped to raise money for JJ there in 1919. Although the Colums settled in the US and became American citizens they saw a lot of the Joyces in Paris in the years between the wars. Colum’s The Road Round Ireland (1926) contains several short chapters on JJ and the book he wrote with his wife, Our Friend James Joyce (1958), is warmly sympathetic towards him. Dujardin, Édouard (1861–1949). In later life Dujardin came to see himself as a Lazarus brought back to life by JJ. Forty years before, in the 1880s, he was associated with the Symbolist movement in France and founded the Revue wagnérienne, evidence of a lifelong enthusiasm for Wagner, in 1885. The following year he took over the Revue indépendante which published a version of Les Lauriers sont coupés, his short first novel, in serial form in 1887. He also published verse, several plays and books on the history of religion. JJ helped Stuart Gilbert to translate Les Lauriers sont coupés as We’ll to the Woods No More (1938). A more recent translation, by Anthony Suter, is The Bays are Sere (Libris, London, 1991). This book also contains a translation of Dujardin’s 1931 essay, Le Monologue intérieur (which, however, manages in its opening sentence to misdate the publication of the first extracts from U). Francini Bruni, Alessandro (1878–1964) was born in Siena but brought up in Florence, having a Catholic education similar to JJ’s. He arrived in Pola a few weeks before JJ to take up the post of assistant director of the Berlitz School there. A close friendship developed between the two families which continued when Francini Bruni and JJ were transferred to Trieste early in 1905 (although not at the same time) and was an important feature of JJ’s Trieste years. Francini Bruni schooled him in Tuscan Italian; joining the staff of the Piccolo della Sera in 1906 he helped secure the

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A Who’s Who in the Joyce Chronology 203

invitation to JJ to write a series of articles for the newspaper. Later he returned to Florence. His lecture ‘Joyce intimo spogliato in piazza’, delivered in Trieste less than three weeks after the publication of U, criticized and to some extent debunked JJ. SJ, who was in the audience, was angered by it and wrote to his brother about it a few days later. JJ himself, as a footnote in Gorman’s biography makes clear, came to regard it as yet another betrayal. The lecture, translated as ‘Joyce Stripped Naked in the Piazza’, can be found in Portraits of the Artist in Exile, edited by Willard Potts, which also includes Francini Bruni’s 1947 ‘Recollections of Joyce’. Gilbert, Stuart (1883–1969). After gaining a first at Oxford, Stuart Gilbert joined the British Civil Service working for nearly 20 years in Burma. While still in his forties he took the opportunity to retire to Paris with his French wife, Moune, and soon became involved with Larbaud, Auguste Morel and JJ himself in translating U into French. (He also translated twentieth-century French authors such as Malraux, Simenon and Camus into English.) James Joyce’s Ulysses (1930) is still an extremely useful book written as it was with JJ’s assistance and encouragement. He was one of the 12 essayists of Our Exagmination… and edited what became known as Volume I of JJ’s Letters in 1957. In 1993 his Paris Journal, running from the beginning of 1929 to 26 March 1934, was published (Reflections on James Joyce edited by Thomas F. Staley and Randolph Lewis). This offers some tart comments on JJ and his family and is most useful as a counterbalance to more hagiographic accounts. Gogarty, Oliver St John (1878–1957) may well go down in history as the ‘Buck’ Mulligan of the opening sentence of U. In fact he was an accomplished memoirist, poet and playwright. He was famous in Dublin for his wit and flair, qualified as a surgeon and was a successful politician. His many volumes of memoirs/autobiography include As I Was Going Down Sackville Street and It Isn’t This Time of Year at All. His Collected Poems was published in 1952 and his plays Blight, A Serious Thing and The Enchanted Trousers were all produced at the Abbey Theatre. After studying at Trinity College, Dublin, and Worcester College, Oxford, he received his medical degree in 1905 and soon began practising in ear, nose and throat surgery. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He was elected to the new Irish Free State Senate in 1922 but the following year, to JJ’s amusement, had to escape the IRA by jumping into the Liffey and swimming to safety. He relocated to London but returned to Dublin in 1924. In 1932 he became a founder member of the Irish Academy of Letters. He settled in the US in 1939 and died of a heart attack in New York in 1957. He and JJ often saw each other as rivals but the latter was pleased with his review of FW and on JJ’s death Gogarty’s I Follow Saint Patrick was one of the two books (the other was a Greek lexicon) found on his desk. Gorman, Herbert (1893–1954), an American journalist and writer, published historical novels and several biographies such as studies of Longfellow, Dumas père and Hawthorne. His book on JJ, James Joyce: His First Forty Years (US 1924; UK 1926), was exposition, not biography. A few years later JJ selected him to write the authorized biography on which Gorman began work at the end of 1930. Progress with the work, over which JJ always exercised tight editorial control, was for one reason or another slow and it was not finished until November 1939. It was published in the US three months later and in the UK in January 1941, the month JJ died. It is still worth reading as the picture JJ wanted to present to the world of himself. Huebsch, Ben W. (1876–1964), the US publisher, first worked as a lithographer, studying art in the evenings. He founded his own publishing firm and quickly realized the extent of JJ’s genius when he read D. He went on to publish all of JJ’s early works up to E in 1918. But in the atmosphere of the early 1920s, after the verdict of the Little Review trial, he withdrew his offer to publish U without alterations. He was,

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204 A James Joyce Chronology

however, the American publisher of Gorman’s first book on JJ in 1924. In 1925 his firm merged with The Viking Press which published FW in the US contemporaneously with the UK edition in May 1939 after JJ overruled Huebsch’s wish to delay publication until the autumn. Unlike many publishers in the UK and Ireland, Huebsch was always candid and generous in his dealings with JJ. The latter recognized his services to him by stipulating in a contract signed as early as 1931, that, if Huebsch ever left The Viking Press and established his own firm again, or joined another firm, he would still have the option to publish FW. Jolas, Eugene (1894–1952), was the founder with his wife Maria and Elliot Paul of the avant-garde magazine transition which published a great deal of FW as ‘Work in Progress’ in the late 1920s and 1930s. Jolas was born in the US, the eldest of eight children. At the age of two his devoutly Catholic parents returned to Europe, living in a town near the Franco-German border. His linguistic evolution was German, then French, then English. (He also learnt Latin and Greek.) He spent two years in a seminary in Metz but left having become convinced that he had no vocation for the priesthood and returned to the US. He met Maria in 1925 and married her the same year. He had already met JJ through Sylvia Beach but it was only after the former’s reading from FW in December 1926 that their friendship developed. In April 1927 with Paul as co-editor he published the opening pages of ‘Work in Progress’ in the first issue of transition, a periodical that was the ideal forum for JJ to introduce his experimental work to a discerning readership. Moreover its regular appearance, even when it became a quarterly in the summer of 1928, acted as a spur to JJ to get work ready for it. Jolas was also a poet and translator. He was one of the contributors to Our Exagmination…. With Maria he was very supportive of the Joyce family in the 1930s and first years of the Second World War. His edited memoir, Man from Babel, was published in 1998. Jolas, Maria (née McDonald) (1893–1987), the founder with Eugene Jolas and Elliot Paul of transition in 1927, was born in Louisville, Kentucky. She met and married Eugene in 1925. They had three children, one of whom died young. During the 1930s she provided much emotional support for the Joyce family, particularly as regards LJ. By December 1939 she was in Saint-Gérand-le-Puy where she invited the Joyce family to join her. Eugene had already left for the US and she herself left in the late summer of 1940. In the decades that followed she was a forceful, if occasionally controversial, apologist for the Joyce family. She was a friend of the avant-garde French writer Nathalie Sarraute whose novel The Planetarium she translated. She also translated Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Maria Jolas died in her Paris flat on 4 March 1987. Joyce, John Stanislaus (JSJ) (1849–1931) was born in Cork, the only child of James and Ellen (née O’Connell). He attended St Colman’s College, Fermoy, for less than a year, 1859–60, and in the autumn of 1867 went to Queen’s College, Cork, to read medicine. He appears to have done little studying, however, concentrating instead on athletics, rowing, acting and singing – Stephen Dedalus’s celebrated list of his father’s activities and achievements, which he recites to Cranly towards the end of P, was already beginning to be embodied in the life of JJ’s father. JSJ left Queen’s College without taking a degree and took up accountancy. He may also have been involved in Fenian activities. By this time he was well-off, financially independent of his mother – his father had died at the young age of 39 in 1866 – and after a few years he moved to Dublin where he became the Secretary to the Dublin and Chapelizod Distilling Company. He lost that job in 1876 and took up accountancy again; he was also increasingly involved in politics. He met May Murray (MJ) probably through their shared passion for singing and, despite opposition from both families (particularly Ellen Joyce who, after failing to break their engagement, returned to Cork, having nothing further to do with her son), they married on 5 May 1880. The

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A Who’s Who in the Joyce Chronology 205

couple honeymooned in London. The death of his mother just over a year later left JSJ a wealthy man, the owner of a number of properties in Cork City. Through his political contacts he also took up, at the beginning of 1882, an extremely well-paid job as a ratecollector in the Collector-General’s office. Never one to stay at one address for any length of time (a characteristic JJ inherited) the move of JSJ and MJ to 41 Brighton Square before Christmas 1881 reflected his growing status and prosperity. His decline and fall, which he always associated with the contemporaneous fall of his revered Parnell, is told in the pages of the chronology. There is a superb biography of him: John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of James Joyce’s Father by John Wyse Jackson and Peter Costello. Joyce, Mary (May) Jane (MJ) (1859–1903). May Murray was born in Dublin on 15 May 1859. This means that when she married JSJ at Rathmines Parish Church she was 10 days short of her majority. Her father, John Murray, from Longford, was an agent for wines and spirits. Her first son, John Augustine, was born prematurely in November 1880 and died after only eight days. Besides this son and the ten children who survived infancy, MJ had two sons who died at birth or very soon after: Frederick William (1895) and an unnamed son in 1897. It has been speculated that she may also have had as many as four miscarriages. If this is true, it is possible that she had 17 pregnancies in as many years. It is no wonder, then, that by her early forties she was worn out by all her child-bearing, trying to bring up her huge family in increasingly straitened circumstances and, perhaps above all, cope with JSJ’s erratic and sometimes drunkenly violent behaviour. Joyce, Nora (NBJ) (1884–1951). Nora Barnacle was born in Galway City Workhouse Hospital (the general hospital for the city) on 21 or 22 March 1884, the second daughter of Thomas Barnacle, a baker and Annie (née Healy), a seamstress and dressmaker. She was educated at the Convent of Mercy between 1889 and 1896 after which she became a porteress at the Presentation Convent. Around this time her mother threw her father out because of his drinking. The family moved several times before settling at 4 Bowling Green (later re-numbered No. 8) where her mother lived until her death in 1939. NBJ herself, however, for much of the time she was still in Galway, lived with her grandmother, Catherine Healy, on Whitehall, an extension of St Augustine Street, a few hundred yards away. In 1904 when her life, for one reason or another, became intolerable in Galway she fled to Dublin. From the time they started going out with each other until he died nearly 37 years later, JJ and NBJ were virtually inseparable. After his death life was hard for NBJ: war raged around neutral Switzerland making communication with the outside world difficult; there were delays in settling JJ’s estate; she suffered from ill-health. By the late 1940s, however, JJ’s estate had been settled, far greater interest was being shown in his work and NBJ’s financial worries were over. But she became increasingly afflicted by arthritis. Finally uraemia set in and she died on 10 April 1951. JJ’s personality and achievements are so overwhelming that it is easy to discount NBJ as his muse, companion and mother of his children. Brenda Maddox’s Nora is a corrective to this tendency. Joyce, Stanislaus (SJ) (1884–1955) had the same forenames as his father whom, so unlike his elder brother, he came to hate and despise, John Stanislaus, but was always known as Stanislaus or, within the family, ‘Stannie’. He did not go to Clongowes Wood College, but did accompany JJ to Belvedere College after which he worked as a clerk. His rebellion against the Catholic Church and narrow Irish nationalism was much more bitter and unequivocal than his brother’s so he probably did not need too much persuading to join him in the autumn of 1905 as a fellow teacher at the Berlitz School in Trieste. The interaction between SJ and JJ and his family over the next 10 years is outlined in the chronology. SJ never made a secret of his support for irredentism (which advocated the return to Italy of Italian-speaking districts subject to other countries) so, whereas JJ managed to get to Switzerland in 1915, he

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was interned by the Austro-Hungarian authorities for the rest of the war. After the war, when both men went back to Trieste, relations were never the same between them and they saw very little of each other after JJ’s move to Paris in 1920. In 1928 SJ married one of his former students, Nelly Lichtensteiger. They had one son, James. SJ and JJ were profoundly important to each other. SJ was greatly influenced by the brother nearly three years his senior and from an early age convinced of his literary genius. Conversely, JJ needed someone to talk to, to discuss literature and his own writing with and to try out his own ideas on. More practically he needed someone, when he was in Trieste, to tell him what was happening in Dublin and to further his literary career there (for example, in distributing copies of ‘The Holy Office’). When SJ moved to Trieste himself, he was still expected to run errands for his elder brother, lend him money and generally look after JJ and his growing family – ‘my brother’s keeper’ indeed. He also tried to curb his brother’s worst drinking excesses. Small wonder therefore that there was also exasperation, quarrelling and real anger in the relationship. SJ was caustically critical of FW as it was being composed and this led to a degree of estrangement between them which SJ bitterly regretted on his brother’s sudden death in 1941. In any study of JJ’s early life and work SJ’s posthumous publications are extremely important. Nevertheless they should be treated with a degree of caution: My Brother’s Keeper (1958) was unfinished and intended as part of a larger work. It deals with JJ up to his twenty-second year. The Complete Dublin Diary of Stanislaus Joyce (1971) (although ‘diary’ is something of a misnomer) takes the story from 1903 (after MJ’s death) to early 1905 by which time JJ had left for the continent. SJ’s ‘Book of Days’, as he calls his Triestine diary, runs from the beginning of January 1907 to 11 February 1909. A photocopy of it can be found in the Richard Ellmann archive at the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, but it has not been published. Kettle, Thomas (1880–1916) was an intellectual friend of JJ’s who could discuss Thomas Aquinas with him. He followed Skeffington as auditor of the Literary and Historical Society and, like him years later, married into the Sheehy family. He became a Nationalist M.P. for an Ulster constituency in 1906. His relations with JJ were uneven once the latter settled on the continent. Kettle gave CM a good review but saw the stories of D as unpatriotic. Something of his attitudes has gone into the depiction of Robert Hand in E. He died fighting in the British Army at the Battle of the Somme. His father, Andrew, an old Parnellite acquaintance of JSJ’s, died less than a fortnight later. Larbaud, Valery (1881–1957) became extremely wealthy at the age of eight when he inherited, on the death of his father, a mineral spring at Vichy. He thereafter, with his mother, travelled around Europe. An Anglophile, he visited England several times between 1907 and 1914 and during this time established himself as a novelist, poet and travel writer. Meeting JJ at the end of 1920, he soon began to champion him, lending the family his flat, lecturing on U and helping with the French translation, Ulysse. (He also translated Sir Thomas Browne, S.T. Coleridge, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, a huge amount of Samuel Butler’s work and a novel by Arnold Bennett.) He published a great deal of literary criticism. In 1935 he suffered a severe stroke which incapacitated him for the rest of his life. JJ visited him one last time in his native Vichy when he himself was living there in the spring of 1940. Léon, Paul (1893–1942). For the last ten years of JJ’s life in Paris Léon acted as his unpaid but utterly devoted secretary, business negotiator and buffer between him and those he did not wish at any one time to have direct dealings with. Léon had fled his native Russia after the Russian revolution and came to Paris in 1921. On his leaving JJ in St-Gérand-lePuy in September 1940 he returned to Paris and continued to look after JJ’s interests at great risk to himself as he was Jewish. He surreptitiously (because rent was owing) removed a large quantity of business papers and correspondence from JJ’s flat at 34 rue des

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A Who’s Who in the Joyce Chronology 207

Vignes, giving them to the head of the Irish legation in Paris, Count Gerald O’Kelly, with the stipulation that if both JJ and Léon died all the papers were to remain under seal until 50 years after the former’s death. (They thus became available to scholars and researchers in 1992. Catherine Fahy has published a catalogue of their contents, see section A(iii) of the Bibliography.) On 7 March 1941 Léon and his wife Lucie Noël attended an auction of Joyce family possessions which the owner of the flat was illegally holding as a means of recovering the unpaid rent. Léon managed to buy back most of the important items. He still did not leave Paris, however, staying on for his son’s baccalauréat examination. This last act of devotion to others led to his arrest by the Gestapo on 21 August 1941. He was sent to internment camps at Drancy and Compiègne before being moved the following spring to Silesia where he was murdered on, it is thought, 4 April. McAlmon, Robert (1896–1956) was an American expatriate writer who was based in Paris between the wars and permanently returned to the US only after the Germans occupied France. He is little read today but during his time in Paris was regarded as a spokesman for the ‘lost generation’, writing short stories, several volumes of free verse and an autobiography, Being Geniuses Together 1920–1930 (first published in 1938). He established the Contact Publishing Company, publishing his own work, Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. He was a good friend to JJ, a drinking companion, someone who advanced him money (to the tune of about $150 a month during 1921), who typed out some of U for him and who was one of the contributors to Our Exagmination… McCormack, John (1884–1945), the Irish tenor born in Athlone, became one of the foremost singers of his day. After his successes in Dublin in the first years of the twentieth century, he studied in Milan and made his débuts in Savona (northwest Italy) in 1906, London in 1907 and New York in 1909. He sang with a number of American opera companies but eventually abandoned opera to devote the last 20 years of his life to concert work. In the autumn of 1934, after cabling JJ offering his assistance, he helped GJ find singing engagements in the US. JJ listened to a recording of McCormack singing ‘O moon of my delight’ when at the Giedions’ house in Zurich on Christmas Day 1940. Monnier, Adrienne (1892–1955). Her bookshop, La Maison des Amis des Livres, was at 7 rue de l’Odéon. Sylvia Beach moved in with her in late 1920 about nine months before she opened her own bookshop and library in the same street. During the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s Adrienne Monnier did everything she could to help Beach in promoting JJ’s current work, first U, including her publication of the French translation Ulysse, and then FW as ‘Work in Progress’. However, she sided with Beach when relations between the latter and JJ cooled in the early 1930s. In January 1937 the French government made her a knight of the Legion of Honour. She was with Beach for Hemingway’s dramatic arrival in the rue de l’Odéon in August 1944. In September 1954 she contracted Ménière’s disease, one of the symptoms of which is a hissing or roaring noise in the ears eventually leading to deafness. Finally unable to cope with these terrible noises, she took her own life in June 1955. Palmer, G. Molyneux (1882–1957) was born in London but his family was Irish and such he considered himself to be, moving to Ireland and settling in Dublin around 1920. He was one of the first of over 140 composers to set poems from CM to music. His first settings appealed to JJ (particularly of CM III, XXVIII and XXXI) who made strenuous but ultimately unavailing efforts to get them published. The two men corresponded for 25 years but never met although Palmer became an acquaintance of JSJ. Despite being struck down at an early age by multiple sclerosis which progressively crippled him (he was looked after by his sisters), Palmer eventually set all of the 36 CM poems to music, except for XII, XIX, XXXII and XXXIII, set the work of other poets, wrote the opera The Sea of Moyle and composed some cantatas.

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Quinn, John (1870–1924), American lawyer, generous patron of the arts and collector of manuscripts, was the son of Irish Catholic immigrants. He studied law in evening courses, then went to Harvard and had his own law firm by his midthirties. In 1902 he visited Ireland, spending time with Yeats, his brother Jack, the painter, Lady Gregory and Edward Martyn, the playwright. The last eight years of his life are closely bound up with the story of JJ: he bought from the latter the MSS of E and U (although at first disconcerted by U’s language) and unsuccessfully defended the editors of the Little Review in the case brought against them for publishing the ‘Nausicaa’ episode. By this time he was JJ’s de facto representative in the US. The two men first met in July 1921, not, as is often stated, October 1923 when some famous photographs were taken of them with Ezra Pound and Ford Madox Ford. JJ was annoyed at what he considered the low price for which Quinn in early 1924 sold the MS of U, having owned it for less than two years, to A.S.W. Rosenbach and relations between the two men ended with a degree of exasperation on both sides. JJ was genuinely shocked and upset, however, by Quinn’s death at a relatively young age at the end of July 1924. B.L. Reid’s The Man from New York (1968) is a biography of Quinn. Richards, Grant (1872–1948), the son of an Oxford don, set up his own publishing firm in the 1890s publishing, among others, Samuel Butler’s The Way of All Flesh and A.E. Housman. On Arthur Symons’s suggestion JJ submitted CM to him, but Richards declined it. JJ seemed to have more luck with D which Richards accepted and sent JJ a contract for in February 1906. Problems then began which culminated in the contract being withdrawn by Richards in September of that year. This was immensely frustrating for JJ but it does mean that literary critics have now at their disposal a superb collection of letters in which JJ set out to Richards the rationale and aims of his book and made illuminating comments on individual stories. After seven more years of frustration (most notably because of George Roberts who, as JJ noted, bore the same initials as Grant Richards) the firm reconsidered D and finally published it in June 1914. After a considerable delay Richards also published E in 1918. Schmitz, Ettore (1861–1928). Schmitz’s father was a Jew with Italian-German origins and something of this mixture is reflected in one of the pen names he himself adopted: Italo Svevo (i.e. the Italian Swabian). Schmitz, although born in Trieste, was educated primarily in Bavaria. After returning to his native city he eventually took a job in a bank but always hoped to become a writer. These hopes saw their fruition in the publication at his own expense of two novels, Una vita in 1892 and Senilità in 1898. In 1896 he married Livia Veneziani, a Catholic, in a civil ceremony and the following year, after being baptized a Catholic, in San Giacomo church in Trieste. His novels were ignored so he attempted to settle down working for his father-in-law’s business (Gioacchino Veneziani had developed in the 1890s an anti-corrosive paint for the hulls of ships). This took him intermittently to Charlton, London, near the Thames estuary, where he supervised work in an Italian-owned factory. This in turn led him to seek to improve his English and thus he met JJ who was enthusiastic about his two novels once Schmitz had tentatively shown them to him. He took up writing again and eventually published his masterpiece, La conscienza di Zeno (Confessions of Zeno), in 1923. JJ vigorously promoted it and in the last years of his life Schmitz became well-known as a writer. He of course had encouraged JJ when he read the first three chapters or so of P and JJ went on to gather much information from him about Jewish lore and customs and to use him as one of the models for Leopold Bloom. Later his wife’s long flowing hair became the flowing Liffey in FW. The 1990 Marlboro edition of her Memoir of Italo Svevo (see section C of the Bibliography) also contains SJ’s translation of a lecture which ‘Italo Svevo’ gave on JJ in Milan in 1927.

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Sheehy Skeffington, Francis (1878–1916), the MacCann of P and Philip McCann of SH and U, was born in Cavan, the son of a school inspector. He and JJ were at University College, Dublin, at the same time but they also met at the home of David Sheehy, one of whose daughters, Hanna, he married in 1903 adding her surname to his to indicate his identification with feminism and women’s rights. During that time (1902–04) he was the first lay registrar of University College. He became increasingly attracted to pacifism and, after the First World War broke out, was arrested and sentenced to six months’ imprisonment for his campaign against recruitment. He went on a hunger strike and was released after six days. During the Easter Rising he attempted to stop the looting, but was arrested and summarily shot at the Portobello Barracks, Rathmines, by a British officer later judged insane. (O’) Sullivan, John (1878–1955), the tenor, like JSJ was born in Cork. He emigrated to Rouen at the age of 12 and made his début in 1911. After engagements in the French provinces he sang at the Paris Opéra during the First World War, in 1922 and 1929 and in the early 1930s. It was at SJ’s prompting that John Sullivan first approached JJ who quickly became his champion when he heard Sullivan sing such roles as Arnold in Rossini’s Guillaume Tell, reaching the top notes with an ease that enraptured him. JJ’s campaigns on behalf of Sullivan (it was he who suggested he drop the ‘O’ from his surname) reached their height in 1930 and the very title of his 1932 document ‘From a Banned Writer to a Banned Singer’ shows how clearly he identified with the Cork man. John Sullivan died in Paris. Sykes, Claud W. (1883–1964) was a British actor who had acted in Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree’s company. He met JJ in Zurich where he was teaching English and the two families became close to each other, NBJ enjoying the company of Sykes’s wife (who used the stage name of Daisy Race). The two men relished limericks and JJ wrote one on ‘Claude Sykes’ (sic), affectionately teasing him. At the end of 1917 and early 1918 Sykes typed out the first three episodes of U, the ‘Telemachia’, for JJ. Together they founded The English Players with Sykes as the artistic director and producer and JJ as the business manager. Their first production was in April 1918. One of JJ’s aims was to use the company as a vehicle for the production of his play E, but this was never realized. The English Players continued to perform for some time after JJ’s departure from Zurich. Sykes, like JJ, was the object of Percy Bennett’s attempts to swell the ranks of the British Army. The Joyces visited him in England in 1929. Weaver, Harriet Shaw (1876–1961) was one of the large, closely-knit family of a doctor. The family moved from Cheshire to Hampstead in 1892 when her mother inherited a considerable fortune. By this time Weaver was already reading extensively. Having at one point been a Sunday School teacher she abandoned her faith and became a confirmed socialist. The death of her mother in 1909 led to her financial independence. She helped discreetly with the Women’s Suffrage movement and met Dora Marsden, the editor of the Freewoman. This periodical went through two name changes to emerge as the Egoist at the beginning of 1914. It is here, as chronicled, that her name and JJ’s became inextricably linked until his death 27 years later. In the 1930s she was active in the British Labour Party and secretly joined the Communist Party, openly declaring herself a Communist after the Munich Pact in 1938. When JJ died in 1941 she immediately sent NBJ £250 for funeral expenses and, with Fred Monro her solicitor, faithfully fulfilled her role as Administrator of the Estate of James Joyce during the remaining 20 years of her life, nurturing his growing reputation and keeping in touch with his family, including LJ. She supported the Soviet invasion of Hungary following the Hungarian uprising of 1956. She is the subject of an excellent biography by Jane Lidderdale and Mary Nicholson, the very title of which evokes her links with JJ: Dear Miss Weaver.

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The first part of this bibliography lists (i) posthumously published books by Joyce; (ii) the five volumes of published letters, all-important for the chronologist and (iii) catalogues of manuscript collections, particularly useful collections of Joyce’s poetry and shorter works, Joyce bibliographies and other books frequently consulted in the compilation of this chronology. The other parts of this bibliography are more self-explanatory.

A. (i) Stephen Hero, Jonathan Cape, London; New Directions, Norfolk, Conn., 1944. The Critical Writings of James Joyce, edited by Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann, Faber and Faber, London, 1959. (Note: this is out of print. An excellent replacement, however, is: James Joyce Occasional, Critical and Political Writing, edited by Kevin Barry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.) Epiphanies, edited by O.A. Silverman, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, 1956. Giacomo Joyce, edited by Richard Ellmann, Faber and Faber, London; The Viking Press, New York, 1968.

(ii) Letters of James Joyce, Volume I edited by Stuart Gilbert, Faber and Faber, London, 1957; Volumes II and III edited by Richard Ellmann, Faber and Faber, London; The Viking Press, New York, 1966. Selected Letters of James Joyce, edited by Richard Ellmann, Faber and Faber, London; The Viking Press, New York, 1975. (This contains ten letters not previously published and parts of others not previously published.) James Joyce’s Letters to Sylvia Beach 1921–1940, edited by Melissa Banta and Oscar A. Silverman, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987.

(iii) Connolly, Thomas E., James Joyce’s Books, Portraits, Manuscripts, Notebooks, Typescripts, Page Proofs, The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 1997. Deming, Robert H., A Bibliography of James Joyce Studies, second edition revised and enlarged, G.K. Hall & Co., Boston, Mass., 1977. Deming, Robert H., James Joyce: The Critical Heritage, two volumes, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1970. Ellmann, Richard, Litz, A. Walton and Whittier-Ferguson, John (eds), James Joyce: Poems and Shorter Writings, Faber and Faber, London, 1991. Fahy, Catherine, The James Joyce – Paul Léon Papers in The National Library of Ireland: A Catalogue, National Library of Ireland, Dublin, 1992. Gillespie, Michael Patrick (with Erick Bradford Stocker), James Joyce’s Trieste Library: A Catalogue of Materials, Humanities Research Center/University of Texas, Austin, 1986. 211

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Bibliography

Groden, Michael (ed.), The James Joyce Archive, Garland Publishing, New York, 1977–80. Groden, Michael, James Joyce’s Manuscripts: An Index, Garland Publishing, New York, 1980. Lund, Steven, James Joyce: Letters, Manuscripts: and Photographs at Southern Illinois University, Whitston Publishing, Troy, New York, 1983. Mays, J.C.C. (ed.), James Joyce: Poems and Exiles, Penguin Books, London, 1992. Scholes, Robert E., The Cornell Joyce: Collection: a Catalogue, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1961. Slocum, John and Cahoon, Herbert, A Bibliography of James Joyce 1882–1941, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, 1953. Spielberg, Peter, James Joyce’s Manuscripts and Letters at the University of Buffalo: A Catalogue, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, 1962. Staley, Thomas (ed.), An Annotated Critical Bibliography of James Joyce, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1989.

B.

Biographies of Joyce and Members of his Family

Anderson, Chester G., James Joyce, Thames and Hudson, London, 1967. Beja, Morris, James Joyce: A Literary Life, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, 1992. Berrone, Louis (ed.), James Joyce in Padua, Random House, New York, 1977. Bradley, Bruce, James Joyce’s Schooldays, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1982. Costello, Peter, James Joyce, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1980. Costello, Peter, James Joyce: The Years of Growth 1882–1915, Kyle Cathie, London, 1992. Crivelli, Renzo S., Itinerari Triestini. James Joyce. Triestine Itineraries, translated by John McCourt, Università degli Studi di Trieste/MGS Press, Trieste, 1996. Daly, Leo, James Joyce and the Mullingar Connection, Dolmen Press, Dublin, 1975. Davies, Stan Gébler, James Joyce : A Portrait of the Artist, Davis-Poynter, London, 1975. Edel, Leon, James Joyce: The Last Journey, Gotham Book Mart, New York, 1947. Ellmann, Richard, Four Dubliners, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1987. Ellmann, Richard, James Joyce, revised edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982. Faerber, Thomas and Luchsinger, Markus, Joyce in Zürich, Unionsverlag, Zürich, 1988. Gorman, Herbert S., James Joyce: A Definitive Biography, John Lane, The Bodley Head, London, 1941. Hartshorn, Peter, James Joyce and Trieste, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1997. Igoe, Vivien, James Joyce’s Dublin Houses and Nora Barnacle’s Galway, Mandarin, London, 1990. Jackson, John Wyse and Costello, Peter, John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of James Joyce’s Father, Fourth Estate, London, 1997. Maddox, Brenda, Nora: A Biography of Nora Joyce, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1988. McCourt, John, James Joyce: A Passionate Exile, Orion Media, London, 2000. McCourt, John, The Years of Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste 1904–1920, The Lilliput Press, Dublin, 2000. Melchiori, Giorgio (ed.), Joyce in Rome: The Genesis of Ulysses, Bulzoni, Rome, 1984. O Laoi, Padraic, Nora Barnacle Joyce : A Portrait, Kenny’s Bookshops and Art Galleries, Galway, 1982. Shloss, Carol Loeb, Lucia Joyce: To Dance in the Wake, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2003. Sullivan, Kevin, Joyce Among the Jesuits, Columbia University Press, New York, 1958.

C.

Memoirs, Diaries and Autobiographies by Joyce’s Contemporaries

Beach, Sylvia, Shakespeare and Company, 1959; new edition University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1991.

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Blondel, Nathalie (ed.), The Journals of Mary Butts, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002. Budgen, Frank, James Joyce and the Making of ‘Ulysses’, 1934; with additional material, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1972. Budgen, Frank, Myselves When Young, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970. Byrne, John Francis, Silent Years: An Autobiography, with Memoirs of James Joyce and Our Ireland, Farrar, Strauss and Young, New York, 1953. Colum, Mary, Life and the Dream, Doubleday, New York, 1947. Colum, Mary and Padraic, Our Friend James Joyce, Gollancz, London, 1959. Cousins, James H. and Margaret E., We Two Together, Ganesh, Madras, India, 1950. Crosby, Caresse, The Passionate Years, Alvin Redman, London, 1955. Curran, Constantine, James Joyce Remembered, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1968. Eglinton, John (i.e. W.K. Magee), Irish Literary Portraits, Macmillan, London, 1935. Freund, Gisèle, Trois jours avec Joyce, Denöel, Paris, 1982. Freund, Gisèle and Carleton, V.B., James Joyce in Paris: His Final Years, Cassell, London, 1966. Giedion-Welcker, C., In Memoriam James Joyce, Fretz & Wasmuth Verlag, Zürich, 1941. Gillet, Louis, Claybook for James Joyce, Abelard-Schuman, London and New York, 1958. Gogarty, Oliver St John, As I Was Going Down Sackville Street, Richard Cowan, London, 1937. Gogarty, Oliver St John, Intimations, Abelard Press, New York, 1950. Gogarty, Oliver St John, It Isn’t This Time of Year at All: An Unpremeditated Autobiography, Doubleday, Garden City, 1954. Gogarty, Oliver St John, Many Lines to Thee, The Dolmen Press, Dublin, 1971. Gogarty, Oliver St John, Mourning Becomes Mrs Spendlove, Creative Age, New York, 1948. Guggenheim, Peggy, Out of This Century: Confessions of An Art Addict, André Deutsch, London, 1980. Hemingway, Ernest, A Moveable Feast, Jonathan Cape, London, 1964. Holloway, Joseph, Joseph Holloway’s Abbey Theatre: A Selection from His Unpublished Journal, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1967. Joyce, Stanislaus, The Complete Dublin Diary of Stanislaus Joyce, edited by George H. Healey, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1971. Joyce, Stanislaus, My Brother’s Keeper, edited by Richard Ellmann, Faber and Faber, London, 1958. Joyce, Stanislaus, Recollections of James Joyce by his Brother translated from the Italian by Ellsworth Mason, The James Joyce Society, New York, 1950. Kahane, Jack, Memoirs of a Booklegger, Michael Joseph, London, 1939. Lewis, Wyndham, Blasting and Bombardiering, Calder and Boyars, London, 1967. McAlmon, Robert, Being Geniuses Together 1920–1930, revised edition, Doubleday, New York, 1968. Mikhail, E.H. (ed.), James Joyce: Interviews and Recollections, Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan), Basingstoke, 1990. Noël, Lucie, James Joyce and Paul Léon : The Story of a Friendship, Gotham Book Mart, New York, 1950. O’Connor, Ulick (ed.), The Joyce We Knew: Memories by Eugene Sheehy, Will G. Fallon, Padraic Colum, Arthur Power, The Mercier Press, Cork, 1967. Potts, Willard (ed.), Portraits of the Artist in Exile: Recollections of James Joyce by Europeans, Wolfhound Press, County Dublin, 1979.

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Bibliography 213

Power, Arthur, Conversations with James Joyce, edited by Clive Hart, Millington Books, London, 1974. Sheehy, Eugene, May It Please the Court, Fallon, Dublin, 1951. Staley, Thomas F. and Lewis, Randolph (eds), Reflections on James Joyce: Stuart Gilbert’s Paris Journal, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1993. Svevo, Livia Veneziani, Memoir of Italo Svevo, translated by Isabel Quigly, Marlboro Press, Marlboro, Vermont, 1990.

D.

Other Works Consulted

Alpers, Antony, The Life of Katherine Mansfield, Jonathan Cape, London, 1980. Anderson, Margaret, My Thirty Years War, Covici-Friede, New York, 1930. Antheil, George, Bad Boy of Music, Doubleday, Doran and Company, New York, 1945. Arnold, Bruce, The Scandal of Ulysses, Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1991. Attridge, Derek, The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. Banfield, Stephen, Sensibility and English Song, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985. Barry, Alyce (ed.), Djuna Barnes: Interviews, Sun and Moon Press, Washington, D.C., 1985. Bauerle, Ruth (ed.), The James Joyce Songbook, Garland Publishing, New York, 1982. Beckett, Samuel et al., Our Exagmination round His Factification for Incamination of ‘Work in Progress’, Shakespeare and Co., Paris, 1929. Beckson, Karl, Arthur Symons: A Life, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. Beja, Morris et al. (eds), James Joyce : The Centennial Symposium, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1986. Benstock, Bernard, James Joyce, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., New York, 1985. Benstock, Shari and Bernard, Who’s He When He’s At Home: A James Joyce Directory, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1980. Bidwell, Bruce and Heffer, Linda, The Joycean Way: A Topographic Guide to ‘Dubliners’ and ‘A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man’, Wolfhound Press, Dublin, 1981. Bowen, Zack, Padraic Colum: A Biographical-Critical Introduction, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1970. Bowen, Zack and Carens, James F. (eds), A Companion to Joyce Studies, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1984. Brown, Carole and Knuth, Leo, The Tenor and the Vehicle: A Study of the John McCormack/James Joyce Connection, A Wake Newslitter Press, Colchester, 1982. Brown, Richard, James Joyce: A Post-Culturalist Perspective, Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan), Basingstoke, 1992. Bulfin, William, Rambles in Eirinn, M.H. Gill and Son, Dublin, 1907. Burns, Edward M. with Gaylord, Joshua A. (eds), A Tour of the Darkling Plain: The Finnegans Wake Letters of Thornton Wilder and Adaline Glasheen, University College Dublin Press, Dublin, 2001. Carpenter, Humphrey, A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound, Faber and Faber, London, 1988. Cato, Bob and Vitiello, Greg, Joyce Images, W.W. Norton and Co., New York and London, 1994. Cerf, Bennett, At Random: The Reminiscences of Bennett Cerf, Random House, New York, 1977.

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214 A James Joyce Chronology

Clarke, Austin, Twice Round the Black Church: Early Memories of Ireland and England, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1962. Collins, Joseph, The Doctor Looks at Literature, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1923. Colum, Padraic, The Road Round Ireland, Macmillan, London, 1926. Connolly, Thomas E. (ed.), James Joyce’s Scribbledehobble; The Ur-Workbook for Finnegans Wake, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, 1961. Cope, Jackson I., Joyce’s Cities: Archaeologies of the Soul, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore and London, 1981. Cornwell, Neil, James Joyce and the Russians, Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan), Basingstoke, 1992. Costanzi, Palazzo, Le Donne di Giacomo : The Female World in James Joyce’s Trieste, Hammerle Editori, Trieste, 1999. Delaney, Frank, James Joyce’s Odyssey: A Guide to the Dublin of Ulysses, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1981. Denson, Alan (ed.), Letters from AE, Abelard-Schuman, London, 1961. Driver, Clive (ed.), Ulysses: A Facsimile of the Manuscript, Faber and Faber, London, in association with The Philip H. and A.S.W. Rosenbach Foundation, Philadelphia, 1975. Ellmann, Richard, The Consciousness of Joyce, Faber and Faber, London, 1977. Fabricant, Nohan D., Thirteen Famous Patients, Chilton Books, Philadelphia, 1960. Fargnoli, A. Nicholas (ed.), James Joyce: A Documentary Volume (Dictionary of Literary Biography, 247), Bruccoli Clark Layman-Gale, Detroit, 2001. Fargnoli, A. Nicholas and Gillespie, Michael Patrick, James Joyce A to Z: An Encylopedic Guide to his Life and Work, Bloomsbury, London, 1995. Ferris, Kathleen, James Joyce and the Burden of Disease, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 1995. Fitch, Noel Riley, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1983. Foster, R.F., Modern Ireland 1600–1972, Allen Lane, London, 1988. Foster, R.F., W.B. Yeats: A Life 1. The Apprentice Mage 1865–1914, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. Frazier, Adrian, George Moore, 1852–1933, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000. Gabler, Hans Walter with Steppe, Wolfhard and Melchior, Claus (eds), Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition, Garland Publishing, New York, 1984. Gatt-Rutter, John, Italo Svevo: A Double Life, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988. Gheerbrant, Bernard (compiler), James Joyce: Sa vie, son oeuvre, son rayonnement, La Hune, Paris, 1949. Gilbert, Stuart, James Joyce’s Ulysses: A Study, Faber and Faber, London, 1930. Gillespie, Michael Patrick, James Joyce, Contemporary Authors 126, Gale Press, Detroit, 1989. Gorman, Herbert S., James Joyce: His First Forty Years, Geoffrey Bles, London, 1926. Groden, Michael, ‘Ulysses’ in Progress, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1977. Hamilton, Ian, Keepers of the Flame: Literary Estates and the Rise of Biography, Hutchinson, London, 1992. Hedberg, Johannes (ed.), Nordic Rejoycing 1982, James Joyce Society of Sweden and Finland, Sweden, 1982. Herring, Phillip F., Joyce’s Notes and Early Drafts for Ulysses: Selections from the Buffalo Collection, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1977. Herring, Phillip F., Joyce’s Ulysses Notesheets in the British Museum, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1972.

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Hughes, Herbert (ed.), The Joyce Book, The Sylvan Press and Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, London, 1933. Hutchins, Patricia, James Joyce’s Dublin, The Grey Walls Press, London, 1950. Hutchins, Patricia, James Joyce’s World, Methuen, London, 1957. Jackson, John Wyse and McGinley, Bernard (eds), James Joyce’s Dubliners: an Annotated Edition, Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1993. Jackson, Selwyn, The Poems of James Joyce and the Use of Poems in his Novels, Peter Lang, Frankfurt/Main, 1978. Jolas, Eugene, Man from Babel, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998. Jolas, Maria (ed.), A James Joyce Yearbook, Transition Press, Paris, 1949. Knowles, Sebastian D.G., Bronze by Gold: the Music of Joyce, Garland Publishing, New York, 1999. Knowlson, James, Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett, Bloomsbury, London, 1996. Kohfeldt, Mary Lou, Lady Gregory: The Woman Behind the Irish Renaissance, André Deutsch, London, 1985. Levitt, Morton P., Joyce and the Joyceans, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2002. Lidderdale, Jane and Nicholson, Mary, Dear Miss Weaver: Harriet Shaw Weaver 1876–1961, Faber and Faber, London, 1970. Litz, A. Walton, James Joyce, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1966. Litz, A. Walton, The Art of James Joyce: Method and Design in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961. Londraville, Richard and Janis, Dear Yeats, Dear Pound, Dear Ford: Jeanne Robert Foster and Her Circle of Friends, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2001. Lyons, J.B., James Joyce and Medicine, The Dolmen Press, Dublin, 1973. Lyons, J.B., Oliver St John Gogarty, The Blackwater Press, Dublin, 1980. Lyons, J.B., Thrust Syphilis Down to Hell and other Rejoyceana, The Glendale Press, Ireland, 1988. Lyons, J.B., ‘What Did I Die Of?’, The Lilliput Press, Dublin, 1991. Macardle, Dorothy, The Irish Republic, Corgi Edition, London, 1968. MacCabe, Colin (ed.), James Joyce: New Perspectives, Harvester Press, Brighton, 1982. MacNicholas, John, James Joyce’s ‘Exiles’: a textual companion, Garland, New York, 1979. Magalaner, Marvin (ed.), A James Joyce Miscellany: Third Series, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1962. Magalaner, Marvin and Kain, Richard M., Joyce: The Man, The Work, the Reputation, New York University Press, New York, 1956. Manganiello, Dominic, Joyce’s Politics, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1980. McCabe, Bernard, and Le Garsmear, Alain, James Joyce: Reflections of Ireland, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1993. McDougall, Richard (ed.), The Very Rich Hours of Adrienne Monnier, Millington, London, 1976. McGinley, Bernard, Joyce’s Lives: Uses and Abuses of the Biografiend, University of North London Press, London, 1996. McMillan, Dougald, ‘transition’: The History of a Literary Era 1927–1938, Calder and Boyars, London, 1975. Meyers, Jeffrey (ed.), The Biographer’s Art, Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan), Basingstoke, 1989. Morris, Jan, Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere, Faber and Faber, London, 2001. Moscato, Michael and Le Blanc, Leslie (eds), The United States of America v. One Book Entitled ‘Ulysses’ by James Joyce, University Publications of America, Frederick, Maryland, 1984.

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Negrotti, Rosanna, Joyce’s Dublin: an illustrated commentary, Caxton Editions, Caxton Publishing Group, London, 2000. Nelson, James G., Elkin Mathews: Publisher to Yeats, Joyce, Pound, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1989. Norris, David and Flint, Carl, Joyce for Beginners, Icon Books, Cambridge, 1994. Nowell-Smith, Simon (ed.), Letters to Macmillan, Macmillan, London, 1967. O’Connor, Ulick, Biographers and the Art of Biography, Wolfhound Press, Dublin, 1991. Oliphant, D. and Zigel, Thomas (eds), Joyce at Texas: Essays on the James Joyce Materials at the Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, 1983. O’Shea, Brian and Donlon, Sean, The Paris of Joyce and Beckett: a Tourist Guide, London Irish Literary Travel, London, 1998. Owen, Rodney Wilson, James Joyce and the Beginnings of ‘Ulysses’, UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1983. Pearl, Cyril, Dublin in Bloomtime: the City James Joyce Knew, The Viking Press, New York, 1969. Perkins, Jill (ed.), Joyce and Hauptmann: Before Sunrise. James Joyce’s Translation With an Introduction and Notes, Huntington Library Publications, San Marino, California, 1978. Pierce, David, James Joyce’s Ireland, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1992. Read, Forrest (ed.), Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce, Faber and Faber, London, 1968. Recklinghausen, Daniel von, James Joyce: Chronik von Leben und Werk, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1963. Reid, B.L., The Man from New York: John Quinn and His Friends, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1968. Rice, Thomas Jackson, James Joyce: A Guide to Research, Garland Publishing, New York, 1982. Robinson, Lennox, Ireland’s Abbey Theatre: A History 1899–1951, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1951. Rodgers, W.R., Irish Literary Portraits, British Broadcasting Corporation, London, 1972. Rose, Danis, The Textual Diaries of James Joyce, The Lilliput Press, Dublin, 1995. Rose, Danis and O’Hanlon, John (eds), James Joyce: The Lost Notebook. New Evidence on the Genesis of Ulysses, Split Pea Press, Edinburgh, 1989. Ruggieri, Franca (ed.), Classic Joyce : Joyce Studies in Italy 6, Bulzoni, Rome, 1999. Russel, Myra Teicher (ed.), James Joyce’s Chamber Music: The Lost Song Settings, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1993. Ryan, John (ed.), A Bash in the Tunnel: James Joyce by the Irish, Clifton Books, London and Brighton, 1970. Schlant, Ernestine, Hermann Broch, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1978. Scholes, Robert E., In Search of James Joyce, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1992. Scholes, Robert and Kain, Richard M. (eds), The Workshop of Daedalus: James Joyce and the Raw Materials for A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1965. Scott, Bonnie Kime, Joyce and Feminism, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1984. Senn, Fritz, James Joyce Pub Zürich, Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft Zürich, 1978. Staley, Thomas F. and Benstock, B. (eds), Approaches to Joyce’s Portrait: Ten Essays, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1976. Stock, Noel, The Life of Ezra Pound, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1974.

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Bibliography 217

218 A James Joyce Chronology

Periodicals (i) those devoted to Joyce studies: James Joyce Broadsheet (University of Leeds). James Joyce Literary Supplement (University of Miami). James Joyce Quarterly (University of Tulsa). James Joyce Review (New York), 1957–9. Joyce Studies Annual (University of Texas at Austin). (ii) individual issues of other periodicals containing relevant material: Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, Vol. 81, 1978; Vol. 83, 1980. Georgia Review, October 1962. Journal of Modern Literature, Vol. 1 No. 3, 1971; Vol. 22, No. 2, 1999; Vol. 24, No. 1, 2001. New Hibernia Review 2, Winter 1998. The Sewanee Review 72, Winter 1964.

Miscellaneous Ainsworth, Fr. Godfrey, ‘James Joyce and Sr. Gertrude Joyce’ (Interviews). Copy at James Joyce Cultural Centre, Dublin. Catalogues of Mealy’s (Castlecomer, Ireland) and Sotheby’s (London). Ellmann, Richard James Joyce’s Tower, Eastern Regional Tourism Organisation, Dun Laoghaire, 1969. National Library of Ireland, James Joyce: Facsimile Documents, National Library of Ireland, 1982.

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Vanderham, Paul, James Joyce and Censorship, New York University Press, New York, 1998. Wade, Allan (ed.), The Letters of W.B. Yeats, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, 1954. Welch, Robert (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996. Whitebrook, Peter, William Archer: A Biography, Methuen, London, 1993.

(Note: This index includes works projected by Joyce and works not completed or not extant. Joyce’s Italian lectures and articles are given under their English titles.)

Prose fiction ‘Aeolus’ (U), 10, 76, 83–4, 117 ‘After the Race’, 16, 23–4, 29 Anna Livia Plurabelle (ALP), 113, 121–2, 124, 126, 128, 131, 134–6, 138–40, 142–3, 145–8, 151, 158, 191, 202 ‘Araby’, 4, 28, 160 ‘Boarding House, The’, 26, 29, 65, 136 ‘Calypso’ (U), 80–3 ‘Cat and the Devil, The’, 175 ‘Christmas Eve’, 24–5; see also ‘Hallow Eve’ ‘Circe’ (U), 92–8, 103 ‘Clay’, 33 ‘Counterparts’, 27, 29–30 ‘Cyclops’ (U), 87–91, 95, 115, 202 ‘Dead, The’, 27–8, 31, 35, 37 Dubliners (D), xii, 4, 20, 22, 24, 27–34, 37–9, 41–4, 47–51, 53–62, 64–9, 71–3, 76–7, 80, 101, 114, 118, 131, 134, 160–1, 178, 204, 207, 209 ‘Encounter, An’, 27, 30, 54 ‘Eumaeus’ (U), 95–6, 98 ‘Eveline’, xiii, 22 Finnegans Wake (FW), xii, 106, 108, 110, 112–14, 116–38, 140–1, 143–6, 148–9, 151–2, 154, 156–7, 159–60, 165, 169–71, 175, 177–94, 197, 202, 204–5, 207–9 Giacomo Joyce, 51, 61–2 ‘Grace’, 28, 30, 33 ‘Hades’ (U), 76, 82–4, 88–9 ‘Hallow Eve’, 25–6, 33; see also ‘Clay’

Haveth Childers Everywhere (HCE), 141, 143–4, 147–8, 154 ‘Ithaca’ (U), 96–102, 105–6 ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’, 27, 47, 50–1 ‘Lestrygonians’ (U), 84, 86 ‘Little Cloud, A’, 28–31, 65, 140 ‘Lotus Eaters’ (U), 76, 81, 83 Mime of Mick Nick and the Maggies, The (FW), 166–7, 173 ‘Mookse and the Gripes, The’ (FW), 139 ‘Mother, A’, 21, 28 ‘Muddest Thick That Was Ever Heard Dump, The’ (FW), 139 ‘Nausicaa’ (U), 90–2, 94, 209 ‘Nestor’ (U), 19, 80–1, 86 ‘Nostos’ (U), 66, 82, 91, 93 ‘Odyssey’ (U), 66, 82 ‘Ondt and the Gracehoper, The’ (FW), 133, 139 ‘Oxen of the Sun’ (U), 91–2, 94–5, 98, 101, 105 ‘Painful Case, A’, 21, 27, 31, 102 ‘Penelope’ (U), 95–7, 99–100, 103 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, A (P), xii, 3–5, 17, 38–9, 41, 50, 59–81, 84, 89–91, 93, 99, 113–14, 117, 129, 161, 170, 185–6, 203, 205, 209–10 ‘Proteus’ (U), 80–2, 86 Provincials, 27 ‘Scylla and Charybdis’ (U), 85–8, 99 ‘Sirens’ (U), 86–9 ‘Sisters, The’, 21, 31 219

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Index of Works by James Joyce

Stephen Hero (SH), 8, 18–20, 24–7, 29, 37–8, 129, 170, 185, 203, 210 Storiella as She is Syung (FW), 179–80, 182 Tales Told of Shem and Shaun (FW), 139 ‘Telemachia’ (U), 66, 79–80, 82, 210 ‘Telemachus’ (U), 22, 79, 81 ‘Two Gallants’, 28–31 Two Tales of Shem and Shaun (FW), 159 ‘Ulysses’ (story), 32–4 Ulysses (U), x, 3, 10, 13, 15, 19–20, 22, 38, 42, 56, 60, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78–108, 111–18, 121, 124–9, 131–9, 141–2, 145, 148, 150–5, 157–9, 161, 163–71, 173–4, 176, 178–9, 183, 186, 193, 203–4, 207–10 ‘Wandering Rocks’ (U), 86–8, 90 ‘Work in Progress’, see Finnegans Wake

Other writing Aesthetic notes Paris, 14–15 Pola, 24 ‘Alone’ (PP), 79 ‘Aristotle on Education’, 17 ‘Bahnhofstrasse’ (PP), 78, 89 ‘Battle between Bernard Shaw and the Censor, The: “The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet”’, 43–4 ‘Bid Adieu’ (CM XI), 22, 41, 45 Brilliant Career, A, 7–8 ‘Bruno Philosophy, The’, 17 ‘Cabra’, see ‘ Tilly ’ ‘Catalina’, 14–15 ‘Centenary of Charles Dickens, The’, 52 Chamber Music (CM), 9, 23, 25–8, 32–7, 39–43, 45–8, 53, 56–8, 61, 65–6, 73, 75, 79–81, 83–5, 96–7, 110, 114, 128, 176, 207–9 ‘City of the Tribes, The: Italian Memories in an Irish Port’, 54 ‘Claude Sykes’, 210 Collected Poems, 176–7, 179 ‘Colonial Verses’, 14

‘Come-all-ye, by a Thanksgiving Turkey, A’, 180 ‘Commonplace’ (CM II), 9–10 ‘Crossing to the Coast’, 133 ‘Crown of Wild Olive, A’, 6 ‘Curious History, A’, 51, 58–9, 67–8, 76, 93 ‘Day of the Rabblement, The’, 10 ‘Dooleysprudence’, xii ‘Drama and Life’, 6 Dream Stuff, 8 ‘Ecce Puer’, 153, 158–9, 176 ‘Effort at Precision in Thinking, An’, 14 ‘Empire-Building’, 17 ‘Epilogue to Ibsen’s Ghosts’, 165, 187 Epiphanies, 15–16 ‘Et Tu, Healy’, 4 Exiles (E), 58, 60, 62, 64–86, 88, 90–1, 93, 102, 110–11, 114, 116, 119, 122–4, 142, 204, 207, 209–10 ‘Fenianism: The Last Fenian’, 35 ‘Flood’ (PP), 76 ‘Flower Given to My Daughter, A’ (PP), 58, 76 ‘Force’, 5 ‘French Religious Novel, A’, 17 ‘From a Banned Writer to a Banned Singer’, 153, 210 ‘Gas from a Burner’, 56, 203 ‘George Meredith’, 13 ‘Holy Office, The’, 21, 26, 44, 203, 207 ‘Home Rule Comes of Age’, 36 ‘Home Rule Comet, The’, 50 ‘Humanism’, 18 ‘Ibsen’s New Drama’, 6, 142 ‘I Hear an Army’ (CM XXXVI), 59–61, 112, 202 ‘Ireland at the Bar’, 37 ‘Ireland: Island of Saints and Sages’, 36 ‘Irish Literary Renaissance, The’, 36 ‘Irish Poet, An’, 13 ‘James Clarence Mangan’ (1902), 11, 16, 142

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220 Index of Works by James Joyce

Index of Works by James Joyce 221

Letter on Hardy, 132 Letter on Pound, 119 Letter on Svevo, 137 ‘Memory of the Players in a Mirror at Midnight, A’ (PP), 85, 91 ‘Mirage of the Fisherman of Aran, The: England’s Safety Valve in Case of War’, 55 ‘Mr Arnold Graves’s New Work’, 17 ‘Mr Mason’s Novels’, 17 Moods, 4 ‘Motor Derby, The’, 16 ‘Neglected Poet, A’, 17 ‘New Fiction’, 17 ‘Nightpiece’ (PP), 76, 202 ‘On the Beach at Fontana’ (PP), 79 ‘On the Moral Right of Authors’, 178 ‘Oscar Wilde: The Poet of “Salomé” ’, 41 ‘Out by Donnycarney’ (CM XXXI), 47–8, 58, 96, 208 ‘Parnell’, see ‘Et Tu, Healy’ ‘Peep into History, A’, 17 ‘Politics and Cattle Disease’, 55 Pomes Penyeach (PP), 62–3, 76, 78–9, 85, 114, 128, 130–1, 139, 141, 152, 155, 158–60, 171–2, 176, 191 ‘Portrait of the Artist, A’, 18, 132 ‘Portrait of the Artist as an Ancient Mariner, A’, 158 ‘Prayer, A’, 114–15

‘Realism and idealism in English literature from Defoe to Blake’, 52, 58 ‘Royal Hibernian Academy “Ecce Homo”’, 6 ‘Ruminants’, see ‘Tilly’ ‘Satire on the Brothers Fay’, 20 ‘Shade of Parnell, The’, 53 ‘Shakespeare Explained’, 18 ‘She is at peace where she is sleeping’, 11 ‘She weeps over Rahoon’ (PP), 54, 58, 79 Shine and Dark, 7, 9 Silhouettes, 4 ‘Simples’ (PP), 63, 76, 160 ‘Song’ CM I, 36, 45, 49 CM XXIV, 19 ‘Soul of Ireland, The’, 15 ‘Study of Languages, The’, 5 ‘Suave Philosophy, A’ 14 ‘Subjugation’, see ‘Force’ ‘Tilly’ (PP), 17, 33 ‘Today and Tomorrow in Ireland’, 14 ‘To Mrs Herbert Gorman Who Complained That Her Visitors Kept Late Hours’, 146 ‘Trust Not Appearances’, 5 ‘Tutto è Sciolto’ (PP), 62, 76, 153 ‘Unequal Verse’, 17 ‘Universal Literary Influence of the Renaissance, The’, 52 ‘Watching the Needleboats at San Sabba’ (PP), 58, 161 ‘Wish, A’ (CM VI), 22–3

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‘James Clarence Mangan’ (1907), 36 ‘James Joyce: Ad-Writer’ letter, 155 verse, 154

General Index

Abbas, Joachim, 12 Abbey Theatre, The, 24, 34–5, 43, 68, 74, 77–9, 85, 90, 204 Abin, César, 154 Adventures of Ulysses (Lamb), 4 AE: see Russell, George Aladdin, 3 Amsterdam, xi, 129–30 Anderson, Margaret, 74, 77, 80, 85, 94, 96–7, 109, 134 Angeli, Diego, 78, 80 Antheil, George, 111, 115, 124, 132, 144–5, 202 Antwerp, 125 Arabia Deserta (Doughty), 112 Aran Islands, 53 Arcachon, 121–2 Archer, William, 7–10, 12, 14, 107, 118 Artifoni, Almidano, 24, 27, 32, 63 Asquith, Herbert Henry, 72 Avignon, 133–4 Babou, Henry, 143 Baillie, John, 20 Baiser, Le (Banville), 85 Barnacle, Annie, 43, 176, 191–2, 196, 206 Barnacle, Kathleen, 176 Barnacle, Nora: see Joyce, Nora Barnes, Djuna, 102–3 Bartoli, Romeo, 40, 42 Basle, 167, 178–9 Bax, Arnold, 161 Beach, Sylvia, 90–3, 96–118, 121, 123–30, 132, 134–5, 137–40, 142–3, 145, 147–55, 157–8, 160, 170–1, 191, 202, 205, 208 Béaslai, Piaras, 43 Beaugency, 175 Beckett, Samuel, 136–8, 142, 180–2, 192 Beecham, Thomas, 144

Belfast, 45–6 Belvedere College, 4–5, 80, 203, 206 The Belvederian, 36 Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 4–5 Benco, Silvio, 83 Bennett, A. Percy, 82–3, 85, 210 Bennett, Arnold, 103, 139–40, 146 Béran, Felix, 82 Bérard, Victor, 151, 183 Bergan, Alfred, 156–8, 169, 173, 178 Berlitz School of Languages, xi, 22–6, 28, 35, 37, 203, 206 Berman, Louis, 104 Bern, 85, 188 Bernhardt, Sarah, 14 Bertelli, Giuseppe, 185–6 Best, Richard, 19 Bleibtreu, Carl, 85 Bliss, Arthur, 140, 160, 163, 169 Bloch-Savitsky, Ludmila, 93, 99, 113 Bloom, Marionne L., 76 Bloomsday, 66, 115, 130, 138, 149, 182, 192, 198, 202 Bodkin, Michael, 6, 58 Bognor, 109–10 Bollach, Lily, 111, 113–14, 119, 124 Borach, Georges, 77, 84, 87, 141, 148, 165 Bordeaux, 121–2 Borsch, Louis, 104–9, 113–15, 117–24, 141 Brancusi, Constantin, 139 Brauchbar, Edmund, 183–5, 192, 195 Bray, 3, 168, 170–1 Brion, Marcel, 137 Bristol, 139 Broch, Hermann, 155, 162, 181–3 Brody, Daniel, 131, 149, 157, 162, 182, 184–5, 191 Brunner, Dr, 168 222

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(Note: A number in bold indicates an entry in the ‘Who’s Who’ section.)

Bruno, Giordano, 17, 35 Budgen, Frank, x, 82, 86–8, 90–5, 97, 99–100, 132, 134, 139, 154–6, 162–3, 166–70, 174, 179, 181, 186–8, 190, 202–3 Bulfin, William, xi, 22 Burke, Thomas, 3 Busser, Ralph C., 64 Butts, Mary, 93 Byrne, J.F., 7, 10–11, 13, 16, 42–3, 111, 131, 162, 203 Cain (Byron), 144–5, 202 Cantico dei Cantici, II (Cavallotti), 85 Cape, Jonathan, 69, 114, 117, 159 Caris, Giuseppe, 44–5 Carlow, Lord, 178–80, 182–3, 189 Carr, Henry, 82–6 Carroll, Lewis, 129, 133 Casey, Joe, 15 Catalani, Alfredo, 40, 177 Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 3 Celbridge, 18 Cerf, Bennett, 153–5, 163–7, 191 Chaliapin, Feodor, 182 Chaucer ABC, A, 158, 166–7, 172, 175–6 Christian Brothers, 4 Churchill, Winston, 98 Civil List, 72 Clancy, George, 97 Clarke, Austin, 46 Claudel, Paul, 152 Clery, Arthur, 36 Clifton School, Dalkey, 19–20 Clongowes Wood College, 3–4, 7, 206 Clutton-Brock, Arthur, 74, 83 Colum, Mary, 87, 104, 129, 145, 149, 151–2, 155, 186, 189, 191, 203 Colum, Padraic, 87, 126, 135, 144–5, 149, 152, 155, 158, 186, 194, 203 Conboy, Martin, 165 Conmee, Father John, 3–4, 48 Conner, Benjamin, 135 Conway, Elizabeth, 3–4 Copenhagen, 175–6 Cork, 4, 46 Corrigan, J.E., 94 Cosgrave, Vincent, 13, 16, 27, 42–3, 125, 131, 203 Courtney, W.L., 6

Cousins, Gretta, 20, 22 Cousins, James, 19–20, 22, 62 Crosby, Caresse, 137, 139, 141 Crosby, Harry, 137, 141 Crowninshield, Frank, 139 Cunard, Lady, 72, 88, 144 Cunard, Nancy, 178 Cupid’s Confidante (Margaret Sheehy), 6, 8 Curran, Constantine, 20–3, 36, 74–5, 140, 153, 164, 167, 171–2, 176, 178, 182, 187, 190 Curtius, E.R., 141, 146, 176 Cuzzi, Emma, 69 Daily Express (Dublin), 13–14, 17–18 Dana, 18, 21 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 181 Child of Pleasure, The, 7 Gioconda, La, 7 Gloria, La, 8 Sogno d’un tramonto d’autumno, 8 Darantiere, Maurice, 97–102, 106–7 Davidson, Jo, 119 Dawes, General, 147 Deauville, 110, 175 Dedalus (the French translation of P), 99, 113–15 Delany, Rev. William, 10 Delmas, Dr Achille, 174, 184, 188–9, 194, 196 Dempsey, George, 17, 80, 116 Devin, Tom, 173, 178 Diaghilev, Sergey, 103 Dickens, Charles, 52 Dieppe, 133, 166, 179, 183–4 Dijon, 92, 106–7, 133, 183 Dixon, Vladimir, 137 Dolmetsch, Arnold, 20–1 Douce, Joseph, 13, 16 Dover, 143, 149–50 Doyle, J.C., 21 Drinkwater, John, 138 Dublin, 3–28, 30, 38, 40–51, 53–6, 103, 110, 114–15, 126, 133, 142, 146, 149, 152, 170–2, 178, 184 Dublin Woollen Company: see Irish Tweeds Duff, Charles, 46 Dufour, Signora, 33

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General Index 223

Dujardin, Édouard, 79, 115, 138, 156, 184, 203 Lauriers sont coupés, Les, 15, 79, 139–40, 142, 184, 203 Dun Laoghaire (Kingstown), 42, 179 Duse, Eleonora, 39 Easter Rising, The, 70, 210 Edward VII (King of England), 8, 16, 47–8, 51 Egan, Daniel, 53, 56–7 Eglinton, John: see Magee, W.K. Egoist, 59–63, 65–71, 74, 76, 78, 81, 86, 88–90, 210 Egoist Press, 74, 81, 98–9, 102, 106, 110, 114, 116 Eisenstein, Sergei, 141 Eliot, T.S., 93, 98, 111–12, 138, 144, 148, 150–6, 163–4 Waste Land, The, 121 Ellmann, Richard, x–xi, 18, 207 English Players, The, 81–6, 88–9, 92, 210 Ernst, Morris, 155, 159, 163–4, 179 Étretat, 143–4, 187 Evening Telegraph, 43–4 Évian-les-Bains, 162 Eyers, 25 eyesight (JJ’s), 24, 34, 36, 39–40, 47–8, 57, 67, 74–6, 78–9, 83, 85–6, 95, 98–9, 103–10, 115–20, 122–3, 135–7, 141–3, 146, 148, 154, 156, 160–1, 165, 173, 177, 181 Falconer, John, 49, 55 family portraits (of the Joyces), 50, 53, 56–7 Fargue, Léon-Paul, 108 Fay, Frank, 20 Fay, W.G., 20, 123 Fécamp, 120–1 Feilbogen, Siegmund, 68 Feis Ceoil, 16, 19 Feldkirch, 156–7 Fenollosa, Ernest, 76 Fernandez, Yva, 102 Ferrero, Guglielmo, 33 Finn’s Hotel, Dublin, 20, 45, 53 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 134 Flaubert, Gustave, 67 Premières oeuvres, 60 Fleischman, David, 179

Fleischman, Leon, 115 Fleischmann, Marthe, 85–7, 141 Flushing, 55–6 Fontainebleau, 172 Ford, Ford Madox, 111, 114, 133, 141, 157, 187, 209 Formiggini, Angelo Fortunato, 60 Fortnightly Review, 6, 9, 142 Fournier, Henri, 15 France, Anatole, 38 Francini Bruni, Alessandro, 25, 29, 94, 98, 101–2, 186, 203–4 Frank, Nino, 139, 141, 191 Frankfurter Zeitung, 149–51 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 61 Freeman’s Journal, 5, 11, 19–22, 36, 55, 75, 83 Freund, Gisèle, 182, 185, 202 Freysz, Dr H., 197 Friede, Donald, 132–3 Friis-Møller, Kai, 175 Galsworthy, John, 128 Galway, 42, 46, 53–5, 66, 103, 171–2, 191 Garnett, Edward, 69 Geneva, 162, 167, 196–7 Gens de Dublin (the French translation of D), 110, 118, 124 George V (King of England), 48, 51 Ghent, 125 Gibbs, Philip, 128 Gide, André, 127, 147, 174 Giedion, Sigfried, 194–5, 197, 208 Giedion-Welcker, Carola, 134, 167, 176, 179, 181–2, 185, 190, 192–7, 208 Gilbert, Moune, 145, 170, 185, 189, 204 Gilbert, Stuart, 129, 134–5, 139–40, 143, 145–6, 148, 152–3, 159, 163, 165, 170, 173, 184–5, 189, 203, 204 Gilford, Evelyn, xi, 22–3 Gillet, Louis, 115, 121, 145–6, 150–2, 155, 160, 167, 169, 175, 183–4, 187, 194–6 Gissing, George, 33 Gladstone, William, 3–4 Glasgow, 4 Globocnik, Fräulein, 25 Gogarty, Oliver St J., 13, 18–22, 31, 38, 42–3, 186, 204 Golding, Louis, 161, 182 Goll, Ivan, 149

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224 General Index

Goossens, Léon, 140 Gorman, Claire, 144, 182 Gorman, Herbert, 104, 113–14, 116, 121–2, 144–6, 148–50, 153, 158, 163, 165, 178, 182, 187–9, 191, 193, 197, 204, 205 Gosse, Edmund, 66–7, 115 Gould, Gerald, 61, 136 Goyert, Georg, 124–5, 129, 131–2, 137–9, 149, 151, 153, 158, 184 Gregory, Lady, 11–15, 23, 104, 155, 209 Rising of the Moon, The, 43 Spreading the News, 24 Gregory, Padric, 57 Grigson, Geoffrey, 145, 187 Guggenheim, Peggy, 180–1 Guillaume Tell (Rossini), 143–4, 210 Guillermet, Fanny, 80–1, 84, 86 Haldenwang, Georges, 195 Hamburg, 175–6 Hardy, Thomas, 132 Life’s Little Ironies, 34 Tess of the d’Urbervilles, 5 Harrington, T.C., 12 Harrison, Mrs, 97–8 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 32, 136, 180–1 Coming of Peace, The, 6 Hannele, A Dream Poem, 8 Michael Kramer, 9, 23, 136, 180–1 Rosa Bernd, 32 Vor Sonnenaufgang, 9, 23, 136, 169 Healy, Catherine, 26 Healy, Michael, 43, 66–8, 70, 79, 130, 164, 170–3, 176 Healy, Tim, 4, 147 Heap, Jane, 80, 91, 94, 96–7, 109, 119, 134 Hemingway, Ernest, 126, 163, 178, 202, 208 Hero of Our Time, A (Lermontov), 28 Hiltpold, Rudolf, 87 Hindle Wakes (Houghton), 85 Hirsch, Ada, 51 Hitler, Adolf, 182 Hoey, Pat, 125 Holloway, Joseph, 43 Holroyd-Reece, J., 166–7 Hone, Joseph, 38, 42, 53 House by the Churchyard, The (Le Fanu), 179

Huddleston, Sisley, 102 Hudson, Stephen: see Schiff, Sidney Huebsch, B.W., 65–6, 71–3, 76, 80, 82–5, 90, 92, 96–7, 101, 113, 178, 183, 188, 190, 193, 204–5 Hueffer, Ford Herman: see Ford, Ford Madox Hughes, Herbert, 45, 140, 144, 147–8, 152–4, 160, 167, 177–8, 180, 202 Hughes, Suzanne, 177–8, 180 Hunter, Alfred H., 20, 32–4 Huntington, Constant, 149–50, 155 Huxley, Aldous, 141 Ibsen, Henrik, 6, 7, 9, 30, 39, 173, 176 Bygmester Solness, 9 Catalina, 14, 15 Doll’s House, A, 59 Ghosts, 59 Little Eyolf, 176 Peer Gynt, 59 Rosmersholm, 39 When We Dead Awaken, 6–7 Idiot, The (Dostoyevsky), 60 In a Balcony (Browning), 85 Incorporated Society of Authors, Playwrights and Composers, 71, 89 Innsbruck, 134 International Review, 68 Ireland, John, 153 Irish Daily Independent and Nation, 11 Irish Home Rule, 3, 4 Irish Homestead, xiii, 21–5, 49 Irish Literary Theatre, 6, 10, 23, 73 Irish National Theatre Society, 15, 24, 203 Irish Times, 16, 19 Irish Tweeds, 39, 45, 49, 51 Irwin, Francis, 19 Ivry, 174, 189 Jahnke-Osterwalder, Dr Asta, 198 Jarnach, Philipp, 74 John, Augustus, 144, 171 ‘John Joyce’ (pleasure steamer), 179 Jolas, Eugene, 127, 132, 140, 142, 145, 153, 156–7, 165, 170, 174, 179–81, 183, 185, 190, 205 Jolas, Maria, 127, 145, 153, 155–7, 165, 170–1, 173–4, 180–1, 185, 190, 192–3, 205

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General Index 225

Joyce Book, The, 140, 144, 147, 151–2, 154, 158, 160–1, 163, 169, 202 Joyce, Charles, 3, 15, 20, 53–6, 117, 148, 197 Joyce, Eileen: see Schaurek, Eileen Joyce, Eva, 3, 43–4, 50 Joyce, Florence, 3 Joyce, George, 3, 11 Joyce, Giorgio (GJ), 27, 30–1, 33–4, 40–4, 49, 53, 76, 92–3, 98, 103–6, 108–9, 111, 119, 125, 134–5, 138, 141, 145–6, 148–9, 165–6, 168–72, 174, 176–8, 180, 182, 185, 188–9, 192, 197–8, 208 Joyce, Helen Kastor (HKJ), 145–6, 153, 166, 169–70, 172, 179–80, 182–5, 188–9, 192, 198 Joyce, John Stanislaus (JSJ), xii, 3–5, 7, 12–16, 18, 20, 23–4, 30, 36, 40, 42, 45, 49–50, 53, 61, 73, 79, 114, 128, 138, 142, 146, 149, 152–3, 156–8, 173, 183, 205–6, 207–8, 210 Joyce, Lucia (LJ), x–xi, 37, 53, 76, 103–4, 106, 108–11, 119, 125–6, 128, 133–4, 138, 140, 142, 149, 151–60, 162–76, 178–80, 182–3, 186–9, 192–8, 205, 210 Joyce, Mabel, 3, 50 Joyce, Margaret, 3, 40, 43, 45 Joyce, Mary (May) Jane (MJ), 3, 5, 12–17, 21, 205, 206, 207 Joyce, Mary (May) Kathleen: see Monaghan, May Joyce, Michael, 149–50 Joyce, Nora (NBJ), x–xii, 6, 20–7, 29, 32, 34, 37–8, 40, 42–6, 49, 53–5, 66, 70, 75–8, 80, 83–4, 87, 103–6, 108–9, 112, 120, 133, 135–140, 143–6, 149, 153–6, 162, 164–5, 168, 170, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183–4, 186–91, 197–8, 203, 206, 210 Joyce, Stanislaus (SJ), xi, 3, 14–15, 18–19, 24–6, 28–9, 31–55, 58, 63, 66, 87, 89, 93–5, 102–3, 116, 121–2, 124, 126–7, 132–9, 143, 147, 149–50, 153–5, 157, 161–3, 174, 177, 186, 197, 204, 206–7, 210 Joyce, Stephen James (SJJ), 153, 166, 172, 175, 187, 189–90, 193, 198 Jung, Carl, 157–8, 168

Kaempffer, Gertrude, 79 Kafka, Irene, 150 Kahane, Jack, 143 Kane, Matthew, 20 Kastor, Robert, 153 Keller, Gottfried, 169 Keller, T.G.: see Keohler, T.G. Kelly, John, 3 Kelly, Thomas, 18 Kennedy, Hugh, 10 Kenny, Dr Robert, 42 Keohler, T.G., 177–8 Kettle, Mary, 44, 72 Kettle, Thomas, 5, 36, 42, 44, 72, 207 Kingstown: see Dun Laoghaire Kirn, Maria, 51 Kristensen, Tom, 175 Küsnacht, 168, 171 La Baule, 183–4, 188–9, 192 Lake Maggiore, 86–7 Lane, John, 26, 166, 174, 176, 179, 187 Larbaud, Valery, 96–8, 100–1, 103, 107–8, 113–15, 118, 127, 129, 134, 136, 139, 146–7, 161, 186, 191–2, 204, 207 ‘Lass of Aughrim, The’, 43 Laughlin, James, 191 Lausanne, 181, 183, 188, 196–7 Lawrence, D.H. Lady Chatterley’s Lover, 52 Rainbow, The, 83 Lebaudy, Jacques, 17 Lebrun, President, 180 Lefèvre, Frédéric, 128 Le Havre, 135 Lenardon, Guido, 46 Lennon, Michael J., 146–7, 152–3 Leo XIII (Pope), 16 Léon, Lucie, 170, 174, 185, 193, 208 Léon, Paul, 132, 145, 153–6, 158–70, 173–4, 176, 178–81, 183–9, 192–3, 207–8 Leslie, Shane, 105–6 Levin, Harry, 190–1 Lewis, Percy Wyndham, 78, 93, 124–5, 188 Art of Being Ruled, The, 123–4 ‘Cantleman’s Spring Mate’, 79 Enemy, The, 127, 130, 132 Lichtensteiger, Nelly, 121, 134–5, 177, 207

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226 General Index

Lidwell, John, 54 Liechtenstein, 157 Liège, 166, 175–6 Life of Jesus (Renan), 28 Limerick, 97 Linati, Carlo, 84, 90–4, 96, 99, 141, 197 Little Review, 74–5, 78–84, 86–91, 94–8, 204, 209 Llandudno, 143 Llewelyn Roberts, A., 67–8 Locarno, 76–80, 87 Loeffel, Fritz, 169 Loire (Obey), 161 London, 6–7, 12–14, 23, 42, 53–5, 87, 92, 96, 104–5, 109–10, 116–17, 128–9, 138–40, 143–4, 146–52, 154–5, 160–1, 170 Longworth, E.V., 15, 17–18 Lost Leader, The (Lennox Robinson), 179 Lucerne, 168 Lucrezia Borgia (Donizetti), 37 Luxembourg, 167 Lyons, 133–4, 165, 193, 196 Lyons, Julia, 27 MacDonald, Dr W.G., 172–3 Machnich, Antonio, 44–6 Macleish, Archibald, 128 Magee, W.K., 8, 160, 173, 176 Maillard, Dr G., 155 Maison des Amis des Livres, La, 93, 101, 137, 147, 208 Maitland, Cecil, 104 Malaparte, Curzio, 191 Malet, St Lo, 32–3 ‘Man from Galway, The’ (Lever), 52 Mann, Adolph, 47–8 Mansfield, Katherine, 103 Manton, Martin, 167 Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 47 Market Rasen, xi, 22–3 Marsden, Dora, 210 Marseilles, 35, 106–7, 165 Marsh, Edward, 72, 78–9 Martello Tower, Sandycove, xi, xiii, 20–2, 202 Martyn, Edward, 209 Morgante the Lesser, 109 Tale of a Town, The, 6 Mascagni, Pietro, 39 Mason, Ellsworth, 18

Mathews, Elkin, 27, 32–42, 47–8, 53, 56–7, 66, 75, 80–1, 100 Matisse, Henri, 166–7, 169, 173 Maunsel and Co., 38, 41–4, 48–50, 53, 55 Maurel, Marcel, 164 Mazza, Armando, 47 McAlmon, Robert, 99–100, 102, 105, 113, 120, 132, 147, 208 McCann, Helen, 3 McCann, Philip, 3 McCormack, John, 16, 19, 21, 95–6, 101, 208 McCormick, Edith, 81, 89, 157 McKernan family, 19 Medalie, George, 159 Medcalf, Albert, 152–3 Meissel, Filippo, 51 Mencken, H.L., 64–6, 68 Mercanton, Jacques, 173, 181–4, 186, 188–90, 193–7 Meredith, George, 13 Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The, 5, 118 Tragic Comedians, The, 5 Mettal, Hannah von, 86 Milan, 44, 92–3 Milhaud, Darius, 147 Milner, Augustus, 88 Moeran, E.J., 169 Mollusc, The (Hubert Henry Davies), 86 Monaco, 106, 165 Monaghan, May, 3, 41, 72, 148 Monnier, Adrienne, 93, 101, 108, 122, 127, 132, 134, 137, 139, 147–8, 152, 160, 164, 170, 177, 202, 208 Monro, Fred, 197, 210 Monro Saw and Co., 74, 79, 87–8, 142, 145, 150–1, 155–6, 161, 163, 173, 181, 190 Monroe, Harriet, 70, 76–7 Monte Carlo, 165 Montreux, 167, 188 Moore, George, 72, 103, 139–40, 142, 151, 160 Bending of the Bough, The, 6 Celibates, 24 Lake, The, 32 ‘Mildred Lawson’, 24 Untilled Field, The, 24 Vain Fortune, 9 Moore, Thomas Sturge, 79, 82 Morand, Paul, 141

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General Index 227

Morax, Dr Victor, 103 Morel, Auguste, 129, 139, 204 Morley, F.V., 159, 163 Morpurgo, Professor, 64 Muir, Edwin, 118–19, 187 Mullingar, 7–9 Munich, 88, 134–5 Murray, John, 48 Murray, Josephine Giltrap, 14, 22, 25, 29, 56, 79, 81, 88, 90, 92, 100, 106–7, 117 Murray, Lillie, 48 Murray, William, 22, 25, 56 Murry, John Middleton, 103 My New Curate (Canon Sheehan), 9 Naegeli, Theodor, 168 Nast-Kolb and Schumacher, 31, 43 Nation, The, xii, 74 Nebbia, Maria, 186, 193 New Statesman, 61, 84 New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, 94 Nice, 106–7, 115, 139, 157–8 Nicolson, Harold, 149, 152, 165, 186 Nobel Prize for literature, 114, 127, 151, 194 Noël, Lucie: see Léon, Lucie Norman, H.F., 21, 23 Northampton, 173–4, 198 Northern Whig, 51 Novak, Francesco, 44, 46 Nozze istriane (Smareglia), 40 Nutting, Helen, 127, 178 Nutting, Myron, 127, 178 Nyon, 162, 164, 171 O’Brien, Dr Daniel, 189 O’Callaghan, Maurice, 22 O’Casey, Sean, 187 O’Connell, William, 3, 4 O’Donoghue, David J., 44 Odyssey (Homer), 77, 151 O’Faolain, Sean, 175 Ofner, Richard, 185–6 ‘O fons Bandusiae’ (Horace), 5 Ogden, C.K., 138–9 O’Kelly, Gerald, 208 O’Leary, John, 35 Oltre il potere (Over Aevne), (Björnson), 8

Ossian (Macpherson), 179 Ostend, 125 O’Sullivan, John: see Sullivan, John Oughterard, 54 Our Exagmination round His Factification for Incamination of ‘Work in Progress’, 137–9, 152, 203–5, 208 Oxford, 18, 143 Padua, 52–3 Palazzeschi, Aldo, 47 Palmer, G. Molyneux, 37, 40–2, 45, 48, 52, 58–9, 96–7, 131, 169, 208 Panjenstecher, Dr, 142 Paris, 12–16, 23, 90, 92–147, 149, 150–6, 158–66, 169–90, 192–4 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 3–4 Paul, Elliot, 128, 132, 205 Paulhan, Jean, 174 Pearse, Patrick, 7 Pedersen, 32 Pelorson, Georges, 188, 191 PEN Club, 120, 124, 128–9, 133, 156, 178, 180 Pender, Matilda, 8 Penrith, 126 Périguy, 191–2 Péron, Alfred, 187 Petitjean, Armand, 196 Pfeiffer, Pauline, 163 Picciola, 52 Piccolo della Sera, Il, 35–7, 41, 43–4, 50, 53–7, 60, 140, 203–4 Pinker, Eric, 103–4, 108, 117, 122, 128, 139–40, 186 Pinker, J.B., 63–80, 82–5, 87, 89–93, 96, 102, 186 Pinker, Ralph, 128, 145, 155, 158–9, 166, 168, 174, 178, 186 Pius X (Pope), 16 Plain Tales from the Hills (Kipling), 34 Pola, 23–5 Ponisovsky, Alex, 155 Pornichet, 189, 192, 194, 198 Popper, Amalia, 140, 160 Pound, Ezra, 59–60, 62, 64–93, 95, 98, 104, 114, 118–20, 126–8, 131, 136, 144, 146–7, 152–4, 157, 161, 180–1, 197, 202, 209 Cantos, 77, 147, 157

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228 General Index

General Index 229

Quimper, 116 Quinn, John, 62, 72, 75–8, 81, 83, 88–99, 104, 111–13, 116, 209 Rabelais, François, 97 Radek, Karl, 167 Ralli, Ambrogia, 66, 89 Raphael, France, 165 Raynor, Miss, 3 Raytchine, Solange, 198 Rebez, Giovanni, 44–6 Reddin, Kerry, 152 Reid, Forrest, 83 Reisman, S.J., 171 Reynolds, W., 47–8 Rheinfelden, 157, 178–9 Richards, Grant, 20–1, 23–33, 42–4, 51, 54, 58–62, 64–5, 67, 75–80, 82–4, 100, 209 Risolo, Signora: see Popper, Amalia Rivière, Dr Joseph, 13, 23 Roberts, George, 20, 42, 47, 49–50, 53–5, 209 Rodker, John, 93–5, 106, 108 Romains, Jules, 138, 180 Rome, 30–2, 35, 43, 52 Rosenbach, Dr A.S.W., 112–14, 209 Ross, Robert, 41 Roth, Samuel, 96, 121–3, 125–8, 131–3, 135–6, 151 Rouen, 120–1, 133, 159 Royal Literary Fund, 66–8 Royal University of Ireland, 5, 12 Ruggiero, Paul, 146, 184, 193, 195–7 Rumbold, Horace, 85–6 Ruskin, John, 6 Mornings in Florence, 5

Russell, George, 11–12, 130, 136, 172 Ryan, Fred, 18 Sage, Robert, 132, 140 St-Gérand-le-Puy, 190–7 St Leger, Antonietta, 86–7 Saint-Malo, 115–16 St Stephen’s, 9–11, 16, 21, 142 Salisbury, 149–50 Salome (Strauss), 41 Salzburg, 55–6, 134–5 Sarto, Giuseppe: see Pius X (Pope) Saturday Review, 19–20 Sauermann, Charlotte, 185 Schaurek, Eileen, 3, 46–7, 50, 56, 61, 64, 89, 91, 126–8, 133, 168–70 Schaurek, Frantisek, 61, 64, 89, 111, 126 Schiff, Sydney, 103, 185 Schimpff, F.H., 50, 59–61 Schmitz, Ettore, xii, 37, 41, 59, 61, 96–7, 112–14, 122–4, 128, 133, 135, 137, 147, 209 As a Man Grows Older, 147, 154, 157, 209 Confessions of Zeno, 112–15, 155, 209 Schmitz, Livia, 113, 135, 138, 145, 186, 209 Schoeck, Othmar, 169, 181 Schwarz, Oscar, 63 Secker, Martin, 56, 65, 67 Seldes, Gilbert, 105 Serruys, Jenny, 93 Settani, Ettore, 191 Shakespeare and Company, 90, 93, 97, 99, 102–3, 114, 124, 130, 138, 145, 174, 178, 202 Sharkey, Jack, 170 Shaw, Bernard, 98, 100, 123, 127, 187 Dark Lady of the Sonnets, The, 83 Devil’s Disciple, The, 61 Major Barbara, 60 Mrs Warren’s Profession, 84, 89 Quintessence of Ibsenism, The, 5 Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet, The, 43–4 Sheehy, Hanna, 16, 210 Sheehy, Mary: see Kettle, Mary Sheehy, Richard, 111 Sheehy Skeffington, Francis, 10, 16–18, 23, 70, 207, 209 Sidler-Huguenin, Ernst, 78

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Cathay, 65 Lustra, 72 Power, Arthur, 97, 107, 122, 132 Prévost, Marcel, 128 Prezioso, Roberto, 57–8 Price, Henry Blackwood, 51 Prior, Ferdinand, 182 Proust, Marcel, 94, 103, 107 A la recherche du temps perdu, 106 Puccini, Giacomo Bohème, La, 148 Madame Butterfly, 44 Purcell, Henry, 180

230 General Index Playboy of the Western World, The, 34, 43, 84 Riders to the Sea, 15, 20, 39, 83–4, 140 Taylor, J.F., 10, 117 Testament of Beauty, The (Bridges), 140 Thayer, Scofield, 87 The Hague, 129–30 Thomas à Kempis, 5, 11 Thompson, John Hindle, 169 Thring, G. Herbert, 89 Throwaway, x, 20 Times Literary Supplement, 61, 74, 83, 102 Titus, Edward, 128 Toldt, Dr A., 135 Tolstoy, Leo, 27–8, 49 Fruits of Enlightenment, The, 9 ‘How Much Land Does a Man Need?’, 171 Resurrection, 25 Torquay, 138–9 Toulon, 133–4 Tours, 15, 110–11 transatlantic review, 111–14, 116 transition, 127–35, 137, 140–1, 145, 154, 157, 160, 170–1, 176–9, 182, 205 Trench, Samuel Chenevix, 22, 41 Trieste, 23–31, 33, 35–66, 69, 75–6, 83, 85–92, 94–7, 101–2, 111, 126, 149, 174, 197–8, 203–4, 207, 209 Trinity College, Dublin, 12, 204 Tuohy, Patrick, 114–15, 120, 127, 143–4, 156 Turgenev, Ivan, 28, 38 Twain, Mark, 48 Huckleberry Finn, 179 Tom Sawyer, 179 Twelve Pound Look, The (Barrie), 83 Two Worlds, 121–2, 128 Two Worlds Monthly, 125, 131 Tynan, Katharine, 61 Ulysse (the French translation of U), 116, 118, 129, 133, 135, 137–9, 141, 144, 164, 177, 207–8 University College, Dublin, 5, 10, 26, 203, 210 Literary and Historical Society, 5–6, 9, 11, 207

10.1057/9780230595446 - A James Joyce Chronology, Roger Norburn

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-04-20

Sigurd (Reyer), 159 Sinico, Giuseppe, 26 Sinigaglia, Dr, 37 Sinn Fein, 51 Sirmione, 92 Sitwell, Edith, 145 Skeffington, Francis: see Sheehy Skeffington, Francis Slack Monro Saw and Co: see Monro Saw and Co. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 37 Society of Authors, 33 Sordina, Francesco, 66 Soupault, Philippe, 138, 151 South African Colonisation Society, 37 Spa, 166–7 Speaker, 21–3 Spence, J. Browning, 56, 76 Spencer, Theodore, 185–6 Spender, Stephen, 178 Spicer-Simson, Theodore, 48 Spire, André, 93 Stage Society, The, 69–71, 75, 77, 79, 123 Stein, Gertrude, 120, 208 Stendhal, 67 Stephens, James, 129, 133, 138, 141, 152–3, 155, 161, 172, 176, 182 Sterne, Laurence, 48 Steyn, Stella, 140, 145 Strasbourg, 135 Stravinsky, Igor, 103, 202 Suarès, André, 94 Sudermann, Hermann Battaglia di Farfalle, 8 Fine di Sodoma, La, 8 Heimat, 5 Sullivan, Edward, 107 Sullivan, John, 140, 142–7, 149, 153, 157, 202, 210 Sumner, John S., 94 Svevo, Italo: see Schmitz, Ettore Svevo, Livia: see Schmitz, Livia Sweeney, James Johnson, 191, 193–4 Sykes, Claud, 78–82, 92–3, 123, 130, 132, 139, 210 Symons, Arthur, 12, 18–21, 23–4, 28, 32–4, 36, 61, 107, 120, 158, 209 Synge, J.M., 12, 15, 41 In the Shadow of the Glen, 20

Vail, Laurence, 128 Valéry, Paul, 138, 174 Vance, Eileen, 3 Vanderpyl, Fritz, 93, 160 Vanity Fair, 75, 103, 139 Vannes, 116 Veneziani Gioacchino, 59, 63 Ventimiglia, 165 Venture, The, 20, 24 Verdi, Giuseppe Falstaff, 148 Forza del Destino, La, 40, 148 Versailles, 120, 138, 172, 185 Verviers, 167 Vice Versa (Anstey), 5 Vichy, 191–3, 196 Victoria (Queen of England), 7–8 Vidacovich, Nicolò, 39, 47, 56, 63, 81, 140 Villers sur Mer, 175 Vinding, Ole, 175 Vogt, Alfred, 141–5, 156–7, 160–1, 165, 177, 181, 194 Volta Cinema, 44–9 Wagner, Richard Götterdämmerung, 35 Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Die, 42 Parsifal, 59 Tristan and Isolde, 120 Wallace, Richard, 113 Walsh, Ernest, 119 Walsh, L.J., 5 Waterloo, 125 Watson, J.S., 87

Weaver, Harriet Shaw, 61–2, 65–91, 93–142, 144–7, 149–76, 179–81, 183–9, 191–2, 195, 197, 210 Wells, H.G., xii, 63–4, 66, 74, 127, 136 Werfel, Franz, 178 West, Rebecca, 141 Wiesbaden, 142 Wilde, Jimmy, 170 Wilde, Oscar, 8, 41 Importance of Being Earnest, The, 82 Picture of Dorian Gray, The, 31 Wilder, Thornton, 194 Williams, W.C., 131 Wilson, Edmund, 104, 131, 141, 187 Woolf, Leonard, 81 Woolf, Virginia, 81 Woolsey, John M., 163–7 Yeats, W.B., 11–13, 23, 53, 56, 59, 66–8, 72, 74–5, 77–9, 83, 110, 115–16, 157–8, 171, 173, 185, 209 Collected Poems, 173 Countess Cathleen, The, 5, 56, 84 ‘Down by the Salley Gardens’, 21 On Baile’s Strand, 24 Young, Filson, 30 Zannoni, Luigi, 41, 47 Zimmer, Heinrich, 183 Zola, Émile, 11 Zukofsky, Louis, 171 Zumsteg, Gustav, 194–6 Zurich, 23, 65–89, 98, 134, 142–6, 148, 156–7, 160–2, 165, 167–8, 178–9, 181–3, 192–8 Zweig, Stefan, 84, 137

10.1057/9780230595446 - A James Joyce Chronology, Roger Norburn

Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-04-20

General Index 231