A flora of northeastern Minnesota

A Flora of Northeastern Minnesota

OLGA LAKELA

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESS • MINNEAPOLIS

© Copyright 1965 by the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved

Lithographed in the United States of America at the North Central Publishing Company, St. Paul 3

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-15424

PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN, INDIA, AND PAKISTAN BY THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON, BOMBAY, AND KARACHI, AND IN CANADA BY THE COPP CLARK PUBLISHING CO. LIMITED, TORONTO

Figures 54-67 previously appeared in Flicker, Vol. 27, pp. 46-77.

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The author wishes to thank the many persons, organizations, and institutions who made this book possible: The late Professor M. L. Fernald, who encouraged study of local flora; and especially the late Professors C. 0. Rosendahl and F. K. Butters, whose teaching and broad knowledge of Minnesota plant life stimulated research and field studies, and who, through years of association, shared with her their interpretations of many a taxonomic problem. The Graduate School of the University of Minnesota whose grants in aid facilitated botanizing in the roadless area. The Quetico-Superior Wilderness Research Center, for unlimited generosity in making easier the collection and study of the plants of the wilderness area, and particularly Mr. Clifford Ahlgren, director of the Center, for expediting field trips and for allowing the use of his collections from the headwaters of the St. Louis River, and his wife, Isabel, for technical aid, including a critical reading of the manuscript. Miss Mary I. Elwell, a colleague and companion on many a wilderness trail, for her great help in collecting and pressing specimens, usually in dimly lighted, stove-warmed cabins in the north woods. The late Mrs. Agnes Chase for checking certain species of grasses; Dr. F. J. Hermann for checking species of Carex; Dr. T. G. Yuncker for determination of Cuscuta; and Dr. N. H. Russel for annotating the collections of violets. Dr. H. H. Iltis for reading the manuscript and offering numerous suggestions, some of which were adopted; Dr. John W. Moore for checking and aiding in determinations of species and for a final reading of the manuscript, including major assistance with the glossary; Dr. Henry Lepp for his contribution ("Location and Geography " and "Bedrock Geology and Soils " ) to the introduction; Mrs. Evelyn Hansen for painstakingly typing the final pages; Miss Marcia Strout and all the other members of the staff of the University of Minnesota Press for their careful handling of manuscript through all its stages. The artists who executed the illustrations, each identified by initials: Elizabeth Northrup (Mrs. Richard), EN; Katherine Roberts (Mrs. Arthur), KR; Robert Iverson, RI; Elizabeth Jerabec, EJ; Gayle Kennedy, GK; Richard Kishel, RK; Allen Landgren, AL; Anneli Tervonen, AT; also Miss Elaine Rosnow for inking the maps and Miss Wilma Monserud for touch-ups and for arranging the illustrations. The late Dr. E. W. Bohannon, President Emeritus of the Duluth State Teachers College, for recognition and approval of the study, and for interest in the growth of the herbarium at that institution from its very inception. Provost R. W. Darland of the University of Minnesota, Duluth, for his very great interest in the progress of this book and for his unsparing effort in securing means for its publication. The following people and organizations who contributed money to the cost of publishing this book: Mr. William K. Alford, Miss Frances Andrews, Mr. Harry C. Applequist, Dr. Elizabeth C. Bagley, Mr. Earle Brown, Mr. Fred W. Buck, Mr. John M. Budd, Mr. Harold Cant, Mrs.

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Rollo N. Chaffee, Mrs. Lewis W. Child, Miss Elisabeth M. Congdon, Dr. Donald W. Davidson, Mrs. Marjorie C. Dudley, Mrs. Ellen A. Etter, Mr. Wallace Ferris, Mr. John K. Fesler, Mrs. J. Frank Fraser, Mrs. Alice W. Gaarden, Mrs. Carlisle Heimbach, Mr. Arne Heino, Miss Helen Heino, Dr. A. S. Kellam, Mrs. R. D. Longyear, Mr. Howard W. Lyon, Mr. W. M. MacConnachie, Jr., Mr. C. R. Magney, Miss Caroline Marshall, Miss Newell Marshall, Mrs. Florence K. Melander, Mr. Richard W. Northrup, Mr. Arthur Roberts, Miss Florence J. Roberts, Mrs. Katherine M. Roberts, Mr. Charles Silverson, Miss Marion Smith, Dr. Martin 0. Wallace; A L Chapter, P.E.G. Sisterhood, Duluth; Duluth Bird Club; Faculty and Civil Service Staff, University of Minnesota, Duluth; Faculty Wives' Club, University of Minnesota, Duluth; Lakeside Garden Club, Duluth; Lakeview Garden Club, Duluth; Observation Garden Club, Duluth; Quetico-Superior Wilderness Research Center; University of Minnesota Memorial Fund; Woodland Garden Club, Duluth.

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Introduction

This study of the vegetation of the Mid-Arrowhead region of northeastern Minnesota was begun in 1935 when I joined the faculty of the State Teachers College at Duluth. The pleasure of learning inspired my quest for plants, and that pleasure was enhanced by the great natural beauty of the region and challenged by unfamiliar elements in the various floristic patterns of the vegetation. During the ensuing quarter of a century, my botanical explorations extended from the environs of Duluth to the Canadian border, covering St. Louis and Lake counties-an area of 9,229.71 square miles, which is greater than that of Vermont.

Location and Physiography The region covered in this monograph is roughly triangular, as is suggested by the name "Arrowhead." The west boundary forms the base of the triangle and this boundary is shared with those of Aitkin, Itasca, and Koochiching counties. Lake Superior and the international boundary, which follows the Rainy River water system, make up the second side of the triangle. A corner of the arrowhead is cut off on the south where the boundary of the region follows the St. Louis River to Jay Cooke State Park and then continues first north and then west along the border of Carlton County. The region extends from 46° 43' N to 48° 30* N latitude and from 91° 45' W to 93° 51' W longitude. H. E. Wright, Jr.,* divides the area into six physiographic regions. These include two converging highland areas, the North Shore Highland and the Giant' s Range, which control the major drainage divides and dominate the relief. The bedrock lakes to the north belong in the Border Lakes Physiographic Region. In the western part of the area the bedrock lakes are separated from the Giant's Range by an area of thicker drift called the Cook-Embarrass Region. The plain, swamp-covered terrain south of the Giant's Range belongs in the Glacial Lake St. Louis Region, while the drumlinoid hills along the west boundary of the Lake Superior Highland are referred to as the Toimi Drumlin Field Region. The highest and the lowest points in the state of Minnesota lie within this area. Lake Superior is the lowest point, 602 feet above sea level, whereas the Misquah Hills, in western Cook County only a few miles inland from the lake, contain the highest point, 2,230 feet. The relief is not so acute in the central part of the region as it is along the lakeshore. The Giant's Range rises from 50 to 500 feet above the surrounding country, and on the western boundary of the Lake Superior Highland Region the relief is even less pronounced. Three important drainage systems meet in the Arrowhead region, so it may well be called one of the backbones of the continent. Streams flowing north into the Rainy River ultimately ""Sequence of Glaciation in Eastern Minnesota," Glacial Geology, Eastern Minnesota, field trip No. 3, Guidebook for Field Trips, Minneapolis meeting, Geological Society of America, 1956, Part 1, pp. 10-19.

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deposit their waters in Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. Those flowing into Lake Superior drain into the Atlantic, while the Prairie River, a small stream in southwestern St. Louis County, joins the Mississippi on its way to the Gulf of Mexico.

Bedrock Geology and Soils The consolidated rocks of the region are almost all Precambrian, the only exceptions being a few small patches of Cretaceous sediments in the area of the Mesabi Range. Glacial drift and glaciofluvial deposits frequently overlie the consolidated rocks, particularly in the western and southern parts. The oldest rocks--among the oldest in North America and the world—are found in the northwestern corner of the region. Generally, the rocks become progressively younger southward and, to a lesser extent, eastward. The northern part of the area is underlain mainly by Keewatin greenstones, metasediments, and Knife Lake slates and conglomerates. These volcanics and altered sediments are folded and intruded by gneisses and granites. The Giant's Range, formed principally of granites and gneisses, marks the southern extremity of this geologic province; the province is terminated on the east by Keweenawan lava flows and intrusives. These old rocks are overlain by relatively unfolded quartzite, iron formations, and argillite of the Huronian system. The great Mesabi iron range, more or less paralleling the Giant's Range, belongs to this system. Farther south the Huronian rocks become intensely folded and intruded by granite; the rocks here are mainly slates and their higher metamorphic equivalents, schists and gneisses. The North Shore Highland is the site of a still younger group of rocks assigned to the Keweenawan system. Great thicknesses of basaltic lava flows dipping east-southeast toward the shore of Lake Superior form the earliest rocks of this system. These lava flows and intercalated sediments are intruded by diabase, gabbro, and related rocks. The largest intrusive, the Duluth Gabbro, extends from Duluth northward to where it intersects the Mesabi Range and then north-northeast to the Canadian border. Red sandstones overlie the volcanics in the Fond du Lac area; these are youngest of the Keweenawan rocks and also the youngest rocks of the region.

Vegetation The Arrowhead region is embraced by the boreal coniferous forest which originally covered the northeastern third of the state. The remaining wild, forested lands, with rugged cliffs, threading streams, and placid lakes, make up the preserves in the northeastern part of the Superior National Forest. Of the regional pines, the jack pine predominates; the red and white pine are encountered mostly in successional growth with white spruce and balsam fir. The low juniper is widely distributed on exposed bluffs and in rocky forests, whereas by contrast the creeping juniper is,rare and local, known only in the vicinity of Split Rock on Lake Superior and on the Fox Islands in Rainy Lake. In moist lowlands and often on rocky points and islands, white cedar and yew appear. The upland bogs are dominated by black spruce and tamarack, and the cliffs and ledges favor a crevice vegetation in which the pioneering lichens, mosses, and ferns maintain a luxuriant hold. viii

Interspersed throughout the conifers are deciduous trees and shrubs--paper birch, red and mountain maple, American and northern mountain ash. On the banks of rivers and lakes occur yellow birch, American elm, silver maple, and red and green ash. In swampy terrain and on shorelands, balsam poplar, black ash, many species of willow, and hoary alder are the principal types. Stands of trembling aspen and large-toothed aspen--trees that follow fire or destruction of the original forest by other agencies--are more or less permanent parts of the landscape. The sphagnaceous bogs, often including open lakes with mats of sedge and heath, and the mixed sediments of shallow shores of lakes and rivers occasionally contain some of the less known herbaceous species in the state: Sparganium glomeratum, Carex katahdinensis, Rhynchospora fusca, Cladium mariscoides, Juncus stygius, Salix pellita, Geocaulon lividum, Polygonum Douglasii, Nymphaea tetragona, Arenaria macrophylla, Ranunculus lapponicus, Caltha natans, Subularia aqaatica, Rubus acaulis, R, Chamaemorus, Pyrola minor, Littorella americana. The coast of Lake Superior, with grayish loam overlying the red clayey subsoil, is covered by a mixed evergreen and deciduous forest. There the heart-leaved birch, not restricted to the Lake Superior Highland, is conspicuous. Among the predominant shrubs are ninebark, thimbleberry, and several species of juneberry. In the crevices of the shorerocks and terraces and on the walls of the river gorges the following species grow: Trisetum spicatum var. pilosiglume, Eleocharis nitida, Scirpus caespitosus var. callosus, Carex Buxbaumii, Carex pallescens var. neogaea, Luzula parviflora, Tofieldia pusilla, Polygonum viviparum, Draba arabisans, Crataegus Douglasii, Potentilla fruticosa, Angelica atropurpurea var. occidentalis, Primula mistassinica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Euphrasia hudsoniana, Arnica chionopappa. And lastly, on Hunter's Hill in Duluth, grows Poa Chaixii. Among many species of European origin, the following are known only on Lake Superior near Duluth: Luzula luzuloides, Filipendula Uhiaria, Campanula glomerata, Hieracium Pilosella, H. vulgatum. Minnesota Point, a crescent-shaped sandspit extending from the Duluth ship canal to the Superior entry (the original outlet of the Nemadji River into the lake), divides the waters of Lake Superior from those of Superior Bay. Washed by these waters, the Point is open to continuous plant migration. From among the four hundred or so species growing there, a few distinctive ones will be mentioned here. Ammophila breviligulata, beachgrass, is predominant on the seven-mile beach facing the lake; its occurrence on Lake Superior's only sandy beach in Minnesota marks the limit of its westward extension from the shores of the lower Great Lakes. Scirpus Purshianus, rare and local, and Iris Pseudacorus and Bidens discoidea are established in marshy sand flats facing Superior Bay; here the original shoreline of the Point has been modified by sandfills of sediment dredged from the navigation channel. The ridge of sand extending the entire length of the Point was originally covered with coniferous forest, and a considerable stand of pines, red and white, with juniper, still remains south of the settled area. Tufts of locally rare hair grass, Deschampsia flexuosa, are scattered under the canopy of trees in moist depressions along trails. In bare expanses of the beach on the bay side, between the ridge and the shore, there appears a notable assemblage of sun- and sand-loving plants: Polygonella articulata, Corispermum hyssopifolium, C. nitidum, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Hudsonia tamentosa var. intermedia. In this population Artemisia Stelleriana has a precarious hold. Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pseudopodum and Lythrum alatum invaded the pioneer plant community of a nearby island made of dredged sediments from the bay. Soils in the central part of the region are largely gray-brown loam, with an admixture of peat and sand overlying fine sand. About the extensive marshes, swales, and scattered lakes with sedge and heath mats, many interesting species grow; Lycopodium inundatum, Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pseudopodum, Muhlenbergia uniflora, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Drosera intermedia, and Utricularia cornuta are worthy of note. In the Wilderness Valley farm area ix

near Highway 7 Rubus acauZis--low, in scattered colonies--extends for miles along the border of the meadows. In the same region, Caltha natans struggles to survive in the fluctuating waters of the drainage ditches. The southwestern and the western parts of St. Louis County are covered with gray loam over limy subsoil. In the Prairie Lake district are substantial inclusions of the deciduous forest formation; there, with basswood and sugar maple, grow large American and red elm trees, ironwood and soft maple, black and peachleaf willow; Ribes Cynosbati, Crataegus roanensis, and Phryma Leptostachya are in the undergrowth of shrubs and herbs. In a similar hardwood inclusion north of Floodwood one finds Adiantum pedatum, Erythronium americanwn, Carpinus caroliniana, and, farther north to the valleys of Sand Creek and the Little Swan River, Mitella diphylla, Geum. laciniatum, and Adoxa Moschatellina. In marly sphagnum bog associations, Orchis rotundifolia and Malaxis brachypoda may be encountered. Traces of western floristic elements exist on denuded bluffs and the sandy terraces of lakes and streams. Among such species are Koeleria cristata, Carex Torreyi, Erysimum asperum, Potentilla gracilis, Psoralea argophylla, Asclepias ovalifolia, Orthocarpus luteus, Liatris punctata, Madia glomerata, Crepis runcinata. Polemoniwn occidentale var. lacustre is localized in a sphagnaceous white cedar forest, and Phacelia Franklinii in stands of jack pine.

The Scope of This Flora Though plant distribution is subject to natural environmental influences and does not follow political boundaries, local floras limited by these artificial boundaries are nevertheless convenient teaching aids and indispensable in recording continental floras. This manual is a descriptive floristic record of a region that has had no such study--a region subject to drastic changes with the pressures of modern civilization. In pursuit of plants for study, representative habitats in most parts of the counties were explored. Some 23,000 specimens, representing 111 families of vascular plants, have been prepared as herbarium material. In addition, collections of previous workers deposited in the herbarium of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, and those of Professor G. N. Jones and associates in the herbarium of the University of Illinois, have been checked and studied. Descriptions of species are based on living or on dry specimens; for lack of fresh flowers and fruits, herbarium specimens were sometimes used. Nomenclature, with a few exceptions, follows Gray's Manual of Botany, eighth edition. Common names are usually also given, where necessary without previous authority.

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Abbreviations

Abbreviations of Authors' Names A. A. E a t . , Alvah Augustus Eaton Abbe, Ernst Cleveland Abbe A. Br., Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun A d a n s . , Michel Adanson A. DC., Alphonse De Candolle A e l l e n , Paul Aellen A. Gray, Asa Gray A. H. Moore, Alfred Hanford Moore Ait. , William Aiton All., Carlo Allioni Anderss., Nils Johan Andersson Andrz., Antoni Lucianowicz Andrzej owski Angstr. , Johan Angstrom Aschers., Paul Friedrich August Ascherson Ashe, William Willard Ashe Babel, William K. Babel Bailey, Liberty Hyde Bailey Baker, John Gilbert Baker Banks, Sir Joseph Banks Barbas, Vincenz von Barbds Barnh., John Hendley Barnhart Bart., Benjamin Smith Barton Baumg. , Johann Christian Gottl'ob Baumgarten Beauv. , Ambroise Marie Joseph Palisot de Beauvois Beckh., K. Beckhaus Benke, Herman C. Benke Benn., Arthur Bennett Benson, Lyman David Benson Benth., George Bentham Bernh., Johann Jacob Bernhardi Berth., Sabin Berthelot Bess., WiIibald Swibert Besser Bickn., Eugene Pintard Bicknell Biehler, Johann Friedrich Theodor Biehler B i g e l . , Jacob Bigelow Blake, Sidney Fay Blake Blume, Carl Ludwig von Blume Boenn., Clemens Maria Friedrich von Boenninghausen Bogenh. , Karl Bogenhard Bolton, James Bo I ton Boott, Francis Boott Bourgeau, Eugene Bourgeau Brainerd, Ezra Brainerd A. B r . , Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun

R. Br., Robert Brown Brewer, William Henry Brewer Britt., Nathaniel Lord Britton BSP., Nathaniel Lord Britton, Emerson Ellick Sterne, and Justus Ferdinand Poggenberg Buchen., Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau Bunge, Alexander Andrejewicz von Bunge Burgess, Edward Sandford Burgess Bush, Benjamin Franklin Bush Butt., Frederick King Butters C. A. Mey. , Carl Anton von Meyer C. B. Clarke, Charles Baron Clarke C.&S. , Ludolph Adalbert von Chamisso and Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendahl Carey, John Carey C a r r . , Elie Abel Carriere Cass., Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini Cassidy, James Cassidy Chaix, Dominique Chaix Cham., Adalbert von Chamisso (formerly Louis Charles Adelaide Chamisso de Boncourt) Chase, Mary Agnes Chase Chat., Jean Jacques Chatelain Chodat, Robert Chodat Christens., Carl Frederick Albert Chris tens en C. B. Clarke, Charles Baron Clarke Clayt., John Clayton Clute, Willard Nelson Clute Cockerell, Theodore Dru Alison Cockerel I Coleman, Nathan Coleman Correll, Donovan Stewart Correll Cosson, Ernest Saint Charles Cosson Coult., John Merle Coulter Coville, Frederick Vernon Covi lie C r o n q . , Arthur John Cronquist C. V. Morton, Conrad Vernon Morton C y r i l l . , Domenico Cirillo Dandy, James Edgar Dandy DC., August in Pyramus de Candolie XI

A. DC., Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle D. C. E a t . , Daniel Cady Eaton Dene., Joseph Decaisne D. Don, David Don Deam, Charles demon Deam Desc., Michel Etienne Descourtilz Desf., Rene Louiche Desfontaines Desr., Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux Desv., Augustin Nicaise Desvaux Dew., Chester Dewey Dill., Johann Jacob Dillen Dole, Eleazer Johnson Dole D. Don, David Don G. Don, George Don Dougl., David Douglas Druce, George Claridge Druce Du Roi, Johann Philipp Du Roi Duchesne, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne Duham., Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau Dum., Barthelemy Charles Joseph Dumortier Dunal, Michel Felix Dunal Dur., Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve Durand, Elias Magloire Durand Dusen, Per Karl Hjalmar Dusen Eames & Wieg. , Arthur Johnson Eames and Karl McKay Wiegand A. A. Eat., Alvah Augustus Eaton D. C. Eat., Daniel Cady Eaton Egglest., Willard Webster Eggles ton Ehrh., Friedrich Ehrhart E. J. Hill, Ellsworth Jerome Hill Ell. , Stephen El liott Endl., Stephen Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher Engelm., George Engelmann Engler, Heinrich Gustaf Adolf Eng Ier Epling, Carl Clawson Epling Farw. , Oliver Atkins Farwell Fassett, Norman Carter Fassett Fern., Merritt Lyndon Fernald Fern. & Wieg., Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Karl McKay Wiegand Fieber, Franz Xavier Fieber

Fisch., Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer Fluegge, Johann Fluegge Forbes, James Forbes Fourn., Eugene Pierre Nicolas Fournier Franch., Adrien Rene Franchet Fraser, John Fraser Fries, Elias Magnus Fries Fritsch, Karl F. Fritsch G. Don, George Don Gaertn., Philipp Gottfried Gaertner Gaudin, Jean Francois Gottlieb Phi Iippe Gaudin J. Gay, Jacques Etienne Gay Georgi, Johann Gottlieb Georgi Gilbert, Benjamin Davis Gilbert Gilib., Jean Emmanuel Gilibert Gillm., Henry Gillman Gleditsch, Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch Gmel., Johann Friedrich Gmelin G. N. Jones, George Neville Jones Godr., Dominique Alexandre Godron Goldie, John Goldie Grab., Heinrich Emanuel Grabowski Graebn., Karl Otto Peter Paul Graebner Grauer, Sebastian Grauer A. Gray, Asa Gray S. F. Gray, Samuel Frederick Gray Green, Mary Letitia Green Greene, Edward Lee Greene Grev., Robert Kaye Greville G r i s e b . , August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach Gronov., Johann Friedrich Gronovius Guenth., Karl Christian Guenther Hack., Eduard HackeI Hamilt., Arthur Hamilton Hara, Hiroshi Hara Hartm., Carl Johan Hartman Haussk., Heinrich Karl Haussknecht Haw. , Adrian Hardy Haworth Hayek, August von Hayek Hayne, Friedrich Gottlob Hayne HEK. , Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, Aime Bonpland, Carl Sigismund Kunth Heist, Lorenz Heister Hermann, Frederick Joseph Hermann Hiitonen, Ilmari Hiitonen Hill, John Hill E. J. Hill, Ellsworth Jerome Hill Hitchc., Albert Spear Hitchcock Hitchc. & Chase, Albert Spear Hitchcock and Mary Agnes Chase Hoffm., Georg Franz Hoffmann

Holzinger, John Michael Holzinger Honck., Gerhard August Honckeny Hook., William Jackson Hooker M. Hopkins, Milton Hopkins Hornem., Jens Wilken Hornemann Host, Nicolaus Thomas Host House, Homer Doliver House Houtt., Martin Houttuyn Howe, Elliott Calvin Howe Huds., William Hudson Hyland., Nils Hylander Jacks., Albert Bruce Jackson Jacq., Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin James, Edwin James J. E. Smith, James Edward Smith J. Gay, Jacques Etienne Gay G. N. Jones, George Neville Jones Jord., Alexis Jordan Juss., Antoine Laurent de Jussieu J. W. Moore, John William Moore Ker, John Bellenden Ker Kit. , Paul Kitaibel K. Koch, Karl Heinrich EmiI Koch Klinge, Johannes Christoph Klinge K n a f , Joseph Knaf K. Koch, Karl Heinrich Emil Koch W. D. J. Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch K o e l . , Georg Ludwig Koeler Komarov, Vladimir Leontievich Komarov Kronf. , Moriz Kronfeld Ktze., Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze Kuckenth., Georg Kuckenthal Kuhn, Friedrich Adalbert Maximi lian Kuhn Kunth, Carl Sigismund Kunth L. , Car I Linnaeus L. f. , CarZ von Linne (the son) La Harpe, Jean Jacques Charles de La Harpe La Pylaie, Auguste Jean Marie Bachelot de La Pylaie Laestad., Lars Levi Laestadius Lag. , Mariano Lagasca y Segura Lak. , Olga Lake la Lall., Julius Leopold Eduard AveLallemant Lam., Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet de Lamarck Lamb., Aylmer Bourke Lambert Lamotte, Martial Lamotte 0. F. Lang, Otto Friedrich Lang Lange, Johan Martin Christian Lange Lawson, George Lawson L. C. R i c h . , Louis Claude Marie Richard Lecoq, Henri Lecoq Ledeb., Carl Friedrich von Ledebour Legget., William Henry Leggett Xll

Lehm., Johann Georg Christian Lehmann Lejeune, Alexandre Louis Simon Lej eune L e m . , Charles Lemaire Lepage, Ernest Lepage Less., Christian Friedrich Lessing Leyss., Friedrich Wilhelm von Leysser L . £ . , CarZ von Linne (the son) L ' H e r . , Charles Louis L'Heritier de Brute I l e Lightf., John Lightfoot Lindl., John Lindley Lindm., Carl Axel Magnus Lindman Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link Lloyd, Francis Ernest Lloyd Lodd., Conrad Loddiges Lunell, Joe I Lunell McBride, James Francis McBride McClintock, Elizabeth May McClintock Mackenz., Kenneth Kent Mackenzie MacM. , Conway MacMillan Malte, Malte Oscar Malte Marsh., Humphrey Marshall Mart., Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius Martens, Martin Martens Maxim., Karl Johan Maximowicz Medic., Friedrich Casimir Medicus Meerb., Nicolaas Meerburgh Meisn., Carl Friedrich Meisner Mert., Franz Carl Mertens Mey., Bernhard Meyer C. A. Mey., Carl Anton von Meyer M. Hopkkns, Milton Hopkins Mich., Pier Antonio Micheli Michx., Andre Michaux Mill., Philip Miller Millsp., Charles Frederick Millspaugh Mitchell, John Mitchell Miyabe, Kingo Miyabe Moench, Conrad Moench Molina, Juan Ignacio Molina A. H. Moore, Albert Hanford Mo ore J. W. Moore, John William Moore M o q . , Christian Horace Benedict Alfred Moquin-Tandon Moretti, Giuseppe Moretti Morong, Thomas Morong C. V. Morton, Conrad Vernon Morton 0. F. Miiller, Otto Frederik Miiller M u h l . , GotthiIf Henry Ernest Muhlenberg Murr., Johann Andreas Murray Mutis, Jose Celestino Mutis Nakai, Takenoshi Nakai Nash, George Valentine Nash

Nees, Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck Nels., Aven Nelson Niels., Etlar Lester Nielsen Nutt., Thomas Nut tall Nyland., Fredrik Nylander Oakes, William Oakes Oakes & Tuckerm. , William Oakes and Edward Tuckerman Oeder, George Christian von Oeder 0. E. Schulz, Otto Eugen Schulz 0. F. Lang, Otto Friedrich Lang 0. F. Muller, Otto Frederik Muller Ogden, Eugene CeciI Ogden Olney, Stephen Thayer Olney Opiz, Philipp Maximilian Opiz P., John Alsop Paine Pall., Peter Simon Pallas Pease, Arthur Stanley Pease Peck, Charles Horton Peck Penn., Francis Whittier Pennell Pers., Christian Hendrik Persoon Phil., Rudolph Amandus Philippi Piper, Charles Vancouver Piper Planch., Jules Emile Planchon Poir., Jean Louis Marie Poiret Porter, Thomas Conrad Porter Prager, Ernst Prager Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen Prantl Presl, Karel Boriwog Presl Prince, William Robert Prince Pursh, Frederick Traugott Pursh R.&P., Hipolito Ruiz Lopez and Josef Pavon R.&S. , Johann Jacob Roemer and Joseph August Schultes Raf., Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Rand, Edward Lothrop Rand R. Br. , Robert Brown Redf., John Howard Redfield Regel, Eduard August von Regel Rehd. , Alfred Rehder Reichenb., Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach Rendel, Alfred Barton Rendel Retz., Anders Johan Retzius L- C. Rich., Louis Claude Marie Richard Richard, Achille Richard Richards, John Richardson Richter, Karl Sobol Richter Riddell, John Leonard Riddell Robbins, James Watson Robbins Robins., Benjamin Lincoln Robinson Rodr. , Jose Demetrio Rodriguez Roemer, Johann Jacob Roemer Rolland, Frere Roll and-Germain Rollins, Reed Clark Rollins Rosend. , Car I Otto Rosendahl Rostk., Fredrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm Roth

Rouleau, Joseph Albert Ernest Rouleau Rouss., Joseph Jules Jean Jacques Rousseau Rowlee, Willard WinfieId Rowlee Rudge, Edward Rudge Rupr. , Franz Joseph Ruprecht Rydb., Per Axel Rydberg St. John, Harold St. John Salisb., Richard Anthony Salisbury Sarg. , Charles Sprague Sargent Sav., Paul Amedee Ludovic Savatier Savi, Gaetano Savi Schkuhr, Christian Schkuhr Schleich., Johann Christoph Schleicher Schleid., Matthias Jacob Schleiden Schneid., Camilla Karl Schneider Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm Schott Schrad, Heinrich Adolph Schrad Schrank, Franz von Paula von Schrank Schreb., Johann Daniel Christian von Schreber Schub., Bernice Giduz Schubert Schultes, Josef August Schultes 0. E. Schulz, Otto Eugen Schulz Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Friederich Schumacher Schweig. , August Friedrich Schweigger Schwein. , Lewis David Schweinitz Scop., Johann Anton Scopoli Scribn., Frank Lamson Scribner Ser. , Nicolas Charles Seringe S. F. Gray, Samuel Frederick Gray Sheldon, Edmund Perry Sheldon Sherff, Earl Edward Sherff Sibth., John Sibthorp Sieb., Philipp Franz von Siebold Sims, John Sims Small, John Kunkel Small J. E. Smith, James Edward Smith Sobol., Gregory Fedorovitch Sobolevski Sender, O t t o Wilhelm Sonder Spach, Edouard Spach Spreng., Kurt Polykarp Joachim SprengeI Spring, Frederic Antoine Spring Stand!., Paul Carpenter Standley Stanf. , Ernest Elwood Stanford Stebbins, George Ledyard Stebbins Steud., Ernst Gottlieb Steudel S. R. Stewart, Sara R. Stewart Stokes, Jonathan Stokes Sulliv., William Starling Sullivant Suter, Johann Rudolf Suter Svenson, Henry Knute Svenson

XI11

Sw., Olof Peter Swartz Swallen, Jason Richard Swallen S. W a t s . , Serena Watson Sweet, Robert Sweet Syme, J. T. I. Boswell-Syme T.&G., John Torrey and Asa Gray T a t e w a k i , Misao Tatewaki Tausch, Ignaz Friedrich Tausch Tenore, Michele Tenore Torr. , John Torrey T r a t t . , Leopold Trattinnick T r e l . , William Trel ease T r i n . , Karl Bernhard von Trinius Trin. & R u p r . , Karl Bernhard von Trinius and Franz Joseph Ruprecht T r u d e l l , Harry William Trudell Tryon, Roll a Milton Tryon T u c k e r m . , Edward Tuckerman T u r c z . , Nikolai Stepanovich Turczaninow T w i n . , Alfred Twining U n d e r w . , Lucien Marcus Underwood V a h l , Martin Vahl Vasey, George Vasey V e n t . , Etienne Pierre Ventenat V i e t . , Frere Marie-Victorin (Conrad Kirouac) V i l l . , Dominique Villars V i t m . , Fulgenzio Vitman Voss, Andreas Voss W a h l e n b . , Georg Wahlenberg W a l l r . , Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth W a l t . , Thomas Walter Wang. , Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim W a r n s t . , Carl Warnstorf S. W a t s . , Sereno Watson W. D. J. Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch W e a t h . , Charles Alfred Weatherby Webb, Philip Barker Webb Weber, Georg Heinrich Weber Wedd. , Hugh Algernon Weddell W e n d l . , Heinrich Ludolph Wendland W h e e l . , Louis Cutter Wheeler Wherry, Edgar Theodore Wherry W i b e l , A u g u s t Wilhelm Eberhard Christoph Wibel W i e g . , Karl McKay Wiegand W i l l d . , Carl Ludwig Willdenow W i l m o t t , Alfred James Wilmott W i m m . , Christian Friedrich Heinrich Wimmer W i t a s e k , Johanna Witasek W i t h . , William Withering Wood, Alphonso Wood Woot. , Elmer Otis Wooton Wormsk. , Morten Wormskjold W u l f . , Franz Xavier Wulfen Zinn, Johann Gottfried Zinn Z u c c . , Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini

Abbreviations of Names of Local Collectors A, Clifford and Isabel Ahlgren Ad, Hulda and Mabel Adams B, Liberty Hyde Bailey Ba, Vera Barrows Bo, C. E. Booker Br, Briton Bradley

D, Donald Davidson E, Mary I. Elwell F, N. C. Fassett

G, Claude Carton Gi, Doris Gibson H, R. A. Hall Hu, N. L. Huff J, Margaret Jackson Jo, G. N. Jones L, Otto Lugger Ly, H. L. Lyon M, J. W. Moore

Moy, J. B. Moyle Nb, Gene Norberg Nh, £Zsie Worha

Nm, Robert Norman 0, O t t o Oltman P, £. V. PaZm R, Thomas S. Roberts S, J. //. Sandberg Sc, fl. A/, and 0. M. Schuster

Miscellaneous Abbreviations adv, adventive Ala, Alabama Alas, Alaska A l t a , Alberta Am, America, American Apr, April a r c t , arctic Ari z, Arizona Ark, Arkansas Aug, A u g u s t ave, avenue BC, British Columbia blvd, boulevard C a l i f , California Can, Canada, Canadian CB, Cape Breton centr, central cm, centimeter co, county coll, col lection Colo, Colorado cosmop, cosmopolitan cr, creek

Ct, Connecticut c u l t , cultivated, cultivation Dec, December Del, Delaware distr, district dm, decimeter e, east, e a s t e r n eastw, eastward estab, established Eu, Europe F. , f. , forma Fla, Florida Ga, Georgia Gr., Greek Greenl, Greenland hwy, highway la, Io?i>a Ida, Idaho 111, I Z l i n o i s Ind, Indiana introd, introduced Jan, January j e t , junction

Je, June Jy, JuZy Kans, Kansas Ky, Kentucky L, 1, Lake, lake L . , Latin La, Louisiana Lab, Labrador m, meter Mackenz, Mackenzie District, Canada Man, Manitoba Mass, Massachusetts Md, Maryland Me, Maine Mex, Mexico mi, mi Z e Minn, Minnesota Miss, Mississippi mm, millimeter , Mo, Missouri Mont, Montana mt, mountain My, A/ay n, north, northern NA, North America n a t z d , naturalized NB, /Veu; Brunswick NC, Worth Carolina ND, Worth Dakota ne, northeast, northeastern NE, Wew England Neb, Nebraska Nev, Nevada Nfld, Newfoundland NJ, Wew Jersey NM, New Mexico no, number northw, northward NS, JVoua Scotia nw, northwest, northwestern NY, JVeu; Korfe 0, Ohio Oct, October Okla, Oklahoma Ont, Ontario XIV

Oreg, Oregon Pa, Pennsylvania PEI, Prince Edward Island pen, peninsula pk, parfc pkwy, parkway pt, point Que, Quebec QSWA, Quetico-Superior Wilderness Area QSWRC, Quetico-Superior Wilderness Research Center B, r, River, river rd, road rdside, roadside RI, fihode Island rr, raiIroad s, south, southern Sask, Saskatchewan SC, South Carolina SD, South Dakota sec, section Sept, September southw, southward st, street St. , Saint sta, station subarct, subarctic sw, southwest T, t, Township, township Tenn, Tennessee Tex, Texas

transcont, transcontinental U, t/toh UMD, University of Minnesota, Duluth US, United States Va, Virginia Var., var., Variety, variety Vt, Vermont w, west, western Wash, Washington westw, westward Wis, Wisconsin

WVa, West V i r g i n i a Wyo, Wyoming Yuk, yufeon

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

v

Introduction

vii

Abbreviations of Authors' Names

xi

Abbreviations of Names of Local Collectors

xiv

Miscellaneous Abbreviations

xiv

Key to the Families

3

Ferns and Fern Allies

15

Seed-Bearing or Flowering Plants

27

Maps Showing Location of Species

407

Bibliography

517

Glossary

518

Index

523

xv

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A FLORA OF NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA

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Key to the Families

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA (FERNS AND FERN ALLIES) Vascular plants reproducing by spores. Spores give rise to minute sexual plants (gametophytes) with eggs and sperms. Fertilized eggs develop into vascular plants (sporophytes) producing roots, stems and leaves. (Ferns, lycopods, and horsetails--the plants one sees--are sporophytes, in contrast to the small infrequently seen gametophytes.) Stem constituting the conspicuous part of the plant; leaves small or reduced to functionless scales. Leaves vestigial, non-green scales in nodal sheaths; internodes disjointing readily; branches whorled, green, or wanting Equisetaceae, p. 15 Leaves linear, spirally imbricate, or 4-ranked, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stems not disjointing at nodes, with forking and often with trailing branches. Spores of 1 kind; sporangia in axils of uppermost foliage leaves or on sporophylls in terete strobili Lycopodiaceae, p. 16 Spores of 2 kinds, megaspores and microspores; sporangia and sporophylls in 4-sided strobili Selaginellaceae, p. 19 Stems inconspicuous, tuberous or rhizomatous at or below the ground level; leaves constituting the conspicuous part of the plant. Plants submersed aquatics with rosettes of spongy, linear attenuate leaves; sporangia in dilated leaf-bases; spores of 2 kinds on distinct sporophylls Isoetaceae, p. 19 Plants terrestrial. Sporangia visible to the naked eye, borne on distinct sporophylls or on differentiated pinnae of foliage leaves; indusium wanting; annulus rudimentary or none. Leaves solitary, from small rhizome, simple or compound, divided into vegetative and stalked fertile blades on a common stipe; sporangium without annulus, exposed or embedded in marginal cavities Ophioglossaceae, p. 19 Leaves several from rhizome-crowns, compound, wholly sterile or wholly fertile, or differentiated into sterile and fertile segments; sporangium with rudimentary annulus Osmundaceae, p. 21 Sporangia barely visible to the naked eye, clustered in sori on underside of vegetative leaves or on distinct sporophylls; indusium commonly present; sporangium with vertical annulus Polypodiaceae, p. 21

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED-BEARING PLANTS) Vascular Plants Reproducing by Seeds SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE (GYMNOSPERMS) Flowers monoecious; ovules borne on surfaces of megasporophylls or rarely at apices, pollen sacs on microsporophylls; seeds naked, the female gametophyte becoming the " endosperm." 3

Leaves linear, pointed, appearing 2-ranked; ovulate flower terminal, solitary; staminate in clusters; seed with scarlet fleshy aril Taxaceae, p. 28 Leaves linear or scale-like, scattered on in alternating pairs (decussate); ovulate and staminate flowers in woody or fleshy strobili (cones); seed winged or wingless, without aril Pinaceae, p. 28

SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMAE (ANGIOSPERMS) Flowers with stamens and pistils variously disposed; seeds borne within closed cavity of the ovary (megasporophyll); endosperm resulting from a primary endosperm nucleus.

CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONAE (MONOCOTYLEDONS) Stems with scattered vascular bundles; leaf-venation usually parallel; floral symmetry usually in 3's; embryo with 1 cotyledon. Plants small free-floating aquatics, the leafless thalloid body bearing naked unisexual microscopic flowers; stamen 1, pistil 1 Lemnaceae, p. 109 Plants not thalloid, the body consisting of roots, stems, and leaves (except saprophytic orchids). Pistil simple, 1-many, rarely united in anthesis, separating when mature. Perianth sepaloid or wholly lacking. Flowers unisexual, monoecious; fruits achenes. Flowers numerous in dense heads or spikes; marsh plants or floating aquatics. Staminate and pistillate spikes cylindric, usually contiguous at stem apex; perianth wanting; achene base hairy Typhaceae, p. 31 Staminate and pistillate heads globular at upper axils of the usually branching stem apex; perianth present; achene-base smooth Sparganiaceae, p. 32 Flowers solitary in axils of sheathing leaf-bases; perianth wanting; achenes glabrous Najadaceae, p. 38 Flowers bisexual, 4-parted; perianth wanting; submersed or floating-leaf aquatics; fruit drupe-like Zosteraceae, p. 33 Perianth of distinct sepals and petals, alike or unlike in color. Petals and sepals greenish, similar in color; flowers in racemes; fruits follicular, 1-2-seeded; carpels becoming distinct on ripening Juncaginaceae, p. 38 Petals white, sepals green; flowers in whorled clusters; fruits achenes Alismataceae, p. 39 Pistil compound, rarely simple in Araceae. Ovary superior, 1-3-locular, 1-many-seeded. Inflorescence various, not a spadix (i.e., not a fleshy, massive spike). Typical perianth wanting or represented by bristles; florets (flowers) borne in axils of bracts; ovary 1-locular, 1-seeded. Leaves 2-ranked; stems with hollow internodes; florets invested with 2 bracts; perianth wanting; fruit a grain (caryopsis) Gramineae, p. 43 Leaves 3-ranked; stems solid, rarely otherwise; florets subtended by a single bract, the pistillate sometimes within a bag-like perigynium; perianth present, as bristly, or scales or wanting Cyperaceae, p. 73 Typical perianth present, differentiated into sepals or petals, or sepals sometimes petaloid. 4

Inflorescence capitate on a leafless scape; flowers unisexual, 2-merous; sepals and petals unlike in color Eriocaulaceae, p. 110 Inflorescence not capitate; flowers perfect, 3-merous; sepals and petals alike in color. Flowers subtended by spathes; corolla irregular; if regular, plants submersed aquatics; stamens 3-6, usually dimorphic Pontederiaceae, p. Ill Flowers without subtending spathes; stamens 3-6, all fertile. Perianth not petaloid; sepals and petals greenish brown . . Juncaceae, p. Ill Perianth petaloid, colorful; sepals sometimes green . . . . Liliaceae, p. 117 Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, green or colored spathe Araceae, p. 107 Ovary inferior, 1-3-locular, many-seeded. Plants aquatic, dioecious; ovary 1-locular; leaves cauline or basal Hydrocharitaceae, p. 42 Plants terrestrial. Corolla radially symmetrical; stamens 3, not united with styles and stigmas; pollen free; leaves sword-like, distichous Iridaceae, p. 125 Corolla bilaterally symmetrical; stamens 2 or 1, united with the pistil to form a column; pollen cohering in masses Orchidaceae, p. 127

CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONAE (DICOTYLEDONS) Seeds with 2 cotyledons; leaves usually net-veined; vascular bundles concentric; flowers 2-5merous; trees, shrubs, and herbs. Corolla absent, calyx present or wanting. Flowers in catkins, monoecious or dioecious; pistillate flowers, if only a few, subtended by involucral bracts. Calyx wanting; staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins; ovary superior; dioecious trees and shrubs. Subtending bracts of pistils or stamens with glands or discs; fruit a capsule; seeds many, hair-tufted Salicaceae, p. 140 Subtending bracts of pistils and stamens without glands or discs; fruit a 1-seeded nutlet Myricaceae, p. 145 Calyx minute, present either in pistillate or staminate flowers; ovary inferior; monoecious trees or shrubs. Staminate flowers in catkins, pistillate in small clusters. Leaves pinnately compound; styles 2; fruit with a dry pericarp; nut 2-valved, 1-seeded Juglandaceae, p. 146 Leaves simple. Styles 3; flowers expanding with leaves; nut subtended by cup-like involucre . . Fagaceae, p. 150 Styles 2; flowers precede the leaves; nut completely covered by subtending involucre Betulaceae, p. 147 Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins; fruit a samara, or a nutlet within accrescent bracts Betulaceae, p. 147 Flowers not in catkins. Plants woody. Trees; fruit 1-2-seeded, samara. Leaves simple, alternate; flowers perfect; fruit 1-seeded, encircled by marginal wing Ulmaceae, p. 152

5

Leaves pinnately compound, opposite; flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens commonly 8; styles distinct; fruit 2-seeded, 2-winged, splitting at maturity; wings lateral Aceraceae, p. 255 Stamens 2; styles united below stigmas; fruit 1-seeded; wing terminal Oleaceae, p. 299 Shrubs or climbing vines, rarely otherwise; fruit an achene, a drupe, or a berry. Plants small, non-green with scale leaves; parasitic on spruce . Loranthaceae, p. 155 Plants green with typical leaves; calyx petaloid. Vines with leaf tendrils; sepals distinct; stamens numerous; fruits plumose achenes Ranunculaceae, p. 180 Upright shrubs with simple entire leaves; sepals united below into a tube; stamens 8. Flowers perfect; leaves alternate; fruit a drupe free from the calyx Thymelaceae, p. 271 Flowers dioecious; leaves opposite; fruit a berry; calyx adnate with ovary . . Elaeagnaceae, p. 272 Plants herbaceous. Aquatics; flowers monoecious, perianth wanting. Leaves whorled, the blades dissected into capillary segments; fruit 1-seeded . . . Ceratophyllaceae, p. 177 Leaves opposite, the blades entire, linear, dimorphic if floating; fruit 4-seeded . Callitrichaceae, p. 253 Terrestrials. Ovary superior, 1-3-locular. Stigma 1; pistils 1-many; sepals green or petaloid. Sepals distinct; stamens many; flowers perfect, or dioecious Ranunculaceae, p. 180 Sepals united, at least their bases. Stigma brush-like; calyx herbaceous, clasping the achene; nodes not tumid . . Urticaceae, p. 153 Stigma capitate; calyx petaloid; achene free included within the tube; nodes tumid Nyctaginaceae, p. 168 Stigmas 2-5; pistil 1; stamens 1 or more; sepals various or wanting. Plants aromatic; flowers dioecious; calyx investing the achene Cannabinaceae, p. 153 Plants not aromatic. Stipules ensheathing the nodes; nutlets trigonous or lenticular Polygonaceae, p. 156 Stipules, if present, not ensheathing the nodes. Sap watery; flowers commonly perfect; inflorescence not cup-'like. Fruit a utricle; plants erect; leaves mostly alternate. Plants scurfy; calyx green, bractless Chenopodiaceae, p. 164 Plants not scurfy; calyx with subtending bracts, scarious Amaranthaceae, p. 167 Fruit a 3-locular capsule; plants creeping; leaves whorled Aizoaceae, p. 169 Sap milky; flowers unisexual; inflorescence cup-like; calyx wanting; stamen 1 Euphorbiaceae, p. 251 Ovary inferior, 1-6-locular, 1-many-seeded; calyx campanulate, 3-5 cleft or lobed.

6

Leaves numerous on erect stem; flowers in corymbs; fruit dry, drupe-like . . . . Santalaceae, p. 155 Leaves 2, basal from fleshy rhizome; flower solitary; peduncle short; fruit fleshy, berry-like Aristolochiaceae, p. 156 Corolla and calyx present, or corolla rarely wanting through reduction. Corolla of separate petals, rarely slightly united at base. Corolla regular. Ovary superior. Carpel solitary or many and distinct. Plants aquatic. Leaves entire, peltate; flowers purple Nymphaeaceae, p. 178 Leaves cleft, or dissected into filiform segments; flowers white or yellow . . Ranunculaceae, p. 180 Plants terrestrial. Stamens inserted to receptacle, free from calyx (hypogynous). Stamens many, anthers opening lengthwise Ranunculaceae, p. 180 Stamens 5, anthers opening by hinged lids Berberidaceae, p. 191 Stamens borne on the calyx or on the rim of hypanthium (perigynous). Plants succulent; leaves without stipules Crassulaceae, p. 210 Plants not succulent; leaves with stipules Rosaceae, p. 217 Carpels united; ovary 1-many-locular. Leaves specialized for trapping insects. Blades pitcher-like; styles united canopy-like over the numerous stamens . . . Sarraceniaceae, p. 208 Blades flat, clothed with gland-tipped hairs; styles free, linear; stamens 5 Droseraceae, p. 209 Leaves typical, not specialized. Plants aquatic; blades ovate, orbicular cordate, floating; ovary many-locular; flowers hypogynous or perigynous. Sepals 5 or more, yellow; petals small, gold Nymphaeaceae, p. 178 Sepals 4, greenish; petals large, white, showy . . . . Nymphaeaceae, p. 178 Plants terrestrial; ovary 1-5-locular. Stamens in clusters; filaments free or united. Trees; sepals deciduous; stamen clusters opposite the petals; peduncle united to a ligulate bract Tiliaceae, p. 260 Herbs; sepals persistent. Leaves alternate, palmately veined; stamens monadelphous; fruit a capsule, separating into indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels

Malvaceae, p. 260 Leaves opposite, pinnately veined; stamen clusters on petals; fruit a many-seeded capsule Guttiferae, p. 261 Stamens with free filaments. Stamens indefinite in number; ovary 1-locular, placentae parietal; fruit a capsule. Flower and leaf solitary from succulent rhizome; sap reddish Papaveraceae, p. 193 Flowers several in racemes or panicles; stems leafy. Sepals 4; petals 4, whitish, leaves 3-foliolate Capparidaceae, p. 196 Sepals 5; petals 3-5, red or yellow; leaves linear . Cistaceae, p. 263 7

Stamens relatively definite in number. Stamens commonly twice as many as the petals. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary 1-locular; placenta free, central; leaves entire, opposite . . Caryophyllaceae, p. 170 Ovary 2-5-locular; placenta axile. Herbs; leaves cauline or basal, simple or 3-foliolate. Petals 4; stamens 6; fruit a silique or silicle; leaves simple, scattered Cruciferae, p. 196 Petals 5-0, by reduction; stamens 10. Leaves simple. Blades pinnately veined, entire or serrate; styles 2-5, distinct; capsules many-seeded . . . . Saxifragaceae, p. 210 Blades palmately veined, cleft; styles united to a column; capsule 5-seeded Geraniaceae, p. 249 Leaves 3-foliolate; capsule many-seeded . . Oxalidaceae, p. 249 Trees or shrubs with simple opposite leaves; flowers perigynous, functionally unisexual; ovary 2-locular Aceraceae, p. 255 Anthers opening by terminal pores; flowers 4-5-merous; stamens 5-10. Herbs; capsule loculicidal. Nongreen fleshy saprophytes with scale leaves; rhizomes coralloid, flowers 1-several Pyrolaceae, p. 288 Scapose green plants with overwintering leaves; flowers several in racemes Pyrolaceae, p. 288 Shrubs with alternate leaves; capsule septicidal Ericaceae, p. 291 Stamens commonly of the same number as the petals. Stamens opposite the petals. Herbs; sepals 2; ovary 1-locular; placenta free central Portulacaceae, p. 169 Shrubs and vines; sepals 4-5 or nearly obsolete; placenta axil; stamens perigynous. Stems erect; petals rarely wanting; ovary 2-4-locular; fruit a drupe or a capsule Rhamnaceae, p. 258 Vines climbing with stem tendrils; ovary 2-locular; fruit a berry Vitaceae, p. 259 Stamens alternate with petals. Hypanthium tubular enclosing the 2-locular ovary; stamens sometimes twice the number of petals Lythraceae, p. 272 Hypanthium wanting. Herbs. Plant scapose; flower solitary; ovary 4-valved, 1-locular . . . . Saxifragaceae, p. 210 Plants with leafy stems. Flowers 2-4-merous, axillary; leaves opposite; capsule 2-4locular, many-seeded (creeping aquatics) Elatinaceae, p. 263 Flowers 5-merous in terminal clusters; leaves alternate; capsule becoming 10-locular, 10-seeded . . . Linaceae, p. 248 Shrubs; leaves alternate; flowers mostly polygamo-dioecious.

8

Leaves pinnately compound, exstipulate; ovary 1-locular; fruits drupes in compact clusters Anacardiaceae, p. 253 Leaves simple; stipules minute, early deciduous. Stems upright; fruit a scarlet drupe . . Aquifoliaceae, p. 254 Stems twining; fruit a capsule, seed scarlet, ariled Celastraceae, p. 255 Ovary inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx lobes conspicuous, often with hypanthium; flower clusters variable. Fruit dehiscent; scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs. Capsule opening transversely; placenta basal; leaves succulent Portulacaceae, p. 169 Capsule opening between carpel beaks; placenta parietal; scapose herbs with gibbous irregular hypanthium Saxifragaceae, p. 210 Fruit indehiscent; trees and shrubs; leaves simple alternate. Ovary 1-locular; fruit a berry; stems often prickly . . Saxifragaceae, p. 210 Ovary mostly 5-locular (3-10); fruit a berry or a pome; stems sometimes thorny Rosaceae, p. 217 Calyx lobes minute or obsolete; flowers in umbellate clusters. Carpels 2-5; f r u i t a drupe or 2-5-seeded berry Araliaceae, p. 278 Carpels 2; f r u i t separating into 1-seeded mericarps . . . UmbeIliferae, p. 279 Flowers 1-4-merous; perianth present or wanting. Fruit nut-like; submersed aquatic with whorled or alternate leaves. Stigmas 4, ovary 4-locular, 4-seeded, leaves dissected into capillary segments; perianth present Haloragaceae, p. 277 Stigma 1, ovary 1-locular, 1-seeded, stamen 1, leaves linear, entire, perianth obsolete Hippuridaceae, p. 278 Fruit a capsule or a drupe; terrestrial plants with opposite or alternate leaves. Fruit dehiscent; capsule 4-locular, many-seeded Onagraceae, p. 273 Fruit indehiscent, drupaceous. Herbs; flowers 2-merous; fruit 1-seeded, bristly . . . . Onagraceae, p. 273 Shrubs; flowers 4-merous; f r u i t a 2-seeded drupe, glabrous Cornaceae, p. 286 Corolla irregular (bilaterally symmetrical). Anthers opening by apical clefts; filaments adnate with corolla; capsule 2-locular, 2-seeded Polygalaceae, p. 251 Anthers opening laterally. Filaments of stamens more or less united, diadelphous. Petals 4, at least 1 spurred; stamens 6 in 2 groups; fruit a capsule Fumariaceae, p. 194 Petals 5, 2 united into a keel; stamens 10, 1 free; fruit a legume Leguminosae, p. 240 Filaments free; anthers somewhat connivent. Plants not juicy; calyx green without spur; placentae parietal, capsule 3-valved Violaceae, p. 264 Plants juicy; calyx petaloid with spur; placenta axile, capsule 5-valved . . . . Balsaminaceae, p. 257 Corolla tubular, the petals united. Ovary superior.

9

Corolla regular (radially symmetrical), 4-5-lobed. Stamens 10, free from corolla; anthers opening by terminal pores, if laterally, plant a creeping vine; shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves Ericaceae, p. 291 Stamens 5, or fewer than the corolla lobes, arising from the tube; anthers opening laterally. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes; ovary 1-locular Primulaceae, p. 297 Stamens alternate with corolla lobes. Pistils 2, with free ovaries, united styles; leaves opposite; sap milky. Corolla throat appendaged; anthers free from the stigma Apocynaceae, p. 302 Corolla crowned with erect hoods; anthers united with the stigmatic disc . . Asclepiadaceae, p. 303 Pistil 1; carpels 2-3; sap not milky. Ovary 1-locular; placentae parietal. Leaves entire, opposite, if 3-foliolate, plant scapose; capsule manyseeded Gentianaceae, p. 300 Leaves pinnatifid, alternate, with cut-toothed margins; inflorescence cymose; capsule 4-many-seeded Hydrophyllaceae, p. 308 Ovary 2-3-locular; corolla 4-5-lobed. Plants vines with alternate, simple leaves or destitute of leaves. Flower solitary; leaves green; capsule 4-locular, 4-seeded Convolvulaceae, p. 304 Flowers in clusters; leafless nongreen parasitic plants; capsule mostly 4-seeded Convolvulaceae, p. 304 Plants erect, not vines. Stigmas 3; ovary 3-locular; leaves simple or pinnate; capsule manyseeded Polemoniaceae, p. 306 Stigmas 2; ovary 2-locular (1-locular sometimes in 104). Plants scapose; fruit a 2-seeded capsule or an achene (Littorella) . , Plantaginaceae, p. 337 Plants caulescent. Capsule 4-locular, 4-seeded. Style terminal; ovary not strongly 4-lobed; stamens 4; leaves opposite, internodes 4-angled Verbenaceae, p. 312 Style basal; ovary deeply 4-lobed. Stamens 5; leaves alternate; internodes terete Boraginaceae, p. 309 Stamens 2-4; leaves opposite; internodes 4-angled Labiatae, p. 314 Capsule many-seeded; leaves alternate; stamens 5. Anthers connivent around the style; fruit a berry Solanaceae, p. 323 Anthers not connivent around the style; fruit a capsule; woolly herb (Verbascum) Scrophulariaceae, p. 325 Corolla irregular (bilaterally symmetrical), often strongly bilabiate. Ovary 1-locular. Stamens 4, achenes reflexed; leaves opposite Phrymaceae, p. 336 Stamens 2, capsule many-seeded (mostly aquatics with bladder-traps or terrestrials with glutinous leaves for trapping insects). . . Lentibulariaceae, p. 334 10

Ovary 2-4-locular, 4-many-seeded; stamens 2-4. Capsule 2-locular, many-seeded; leaves opposite or alternate Scrophulariaceae, p. 325 Capsule 4-locular, 4-seeded; leaves opposite. Corolla salverform; somewhat irregular, fruit obscurely 4-lobed Verbenaceae, p. 312 Corolla usually strongly bilabiate; fruit prominently 4-lobed Labiatae, p. 314 Ovary inferior, 1-5-locular. Flowers not borne in involucrate heads. Plants tendril-bearing vines; fruit 2-locular, 4-seeded; leaves palmately lobed . . Cucurbitaceae, p. 348 Plants erect, if vines, without tendrils. Anthers opening by terminal pores; fruit a berry Ericaceae, p. 291 Anthers opening laterally. Anthers distinct. Corolla regular, rotate or campanulate. Corolla (3-) 4-lobed; ovary 2-locular, locules 1-many-seeded; leaves simple, opposite or whorled Rubiaceae, p. 338 Corolla 4-5-lobed. Leaves ternately divided, the basal and cauline similar; anthers 1locular; ovary 4-5-locular; drupe 4-5-seeded Adoxaceae, p. 346 Leaves simple, those in basal tufts deltoid-ovate; cauline leaves linear; anthers bilocular connivent around the style; capsule 3-locular, many-seeded Camp analaceae, p. 349 Corolla irregular, 5-lobed; ovary 3-locular; leaves opposite. Herbs with upright stems; fruit achene-like, overtopped by plumose calyx lobes Valerianaceae, p. 348 Shrubs or creeping and climbing woody vines; calyx lobes not plumose; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe Caprifoliaceae, p. 341 Anthers united around the style; sap milky; fruit a capsule Camp ana Iaceae (Lobelia), p. 349 Flowers in involucrate heads on a common receptacle; anthers united around the style; fruit an achene Compositae, p. 352

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FERNS AND FERN ALLIES SEED-BEARING OR FLOWERING PLANTS

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DIVISION I.

PTERIDOPHYTA (FERNS AND FERN ALLIES)

(Vascular plants reproducing by spores) EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) Simple or branching perennials with creeping, often tuber-bearing rhizomes rooting at nodes; stems evergreen or deciduous, hollow (solid at nodes) disarticulating at nodes, minutely grooved, and roughened with silex; leaves nonfunctional, tooth-like in whorls, united into nodal sheaths; stems with terminal cones; scales peltate with 5-7 sporangia; spores green with ribbon-like elaters. Equisetum L. Horsetail, Scouring Rush (equus, horse, seta, bristle) Stems deciduous or annual, withering in the fall. Stems of two kinds, the cone-bearing appearing earlier than the sterile; spores maturing in early summer. Cone-bearing stems simple, nongreen (rarely greenish with branches), early withering . . E. arvense Cone-bearing stems becoming green, with branches. Lateral branches simple; sheaths with three teeth, blackish with white margins . . . . E. pratense Lateral branches compound; sheaths with 4 or 5 teeth, bright cinnamon-brown E. sylvaticam Stems of one kind, spores maturing in late summer. Stems deeply grooved; lateral branches long; sheaths loose E. palustre Stems with shallow grooves; lateral branches if present short; sheaths tight E. fluviatile Stems mostly perennial, evergreen, persisting through winter. Plants small; teeth of sheaths persistent. Stems flexuous, capillary; sheaths with 3 teeth E. scirpoides Stems strict; sheaths with bristle-tipped teeth E. variegatum Plants tall; teeth of sheaths deciduous. Stems dark green, harsh, rigid or firm; sheaths tight E. hyemale var. affine Stems light green, smooth, soft; sheaths loose var. intermedium E. arvense L. Field Horsetail. Plants with creeping tuberous rhizomes; cone-bearing stems with pinkish brown internodes without green branches, or with green internodes and branches, in f. campestre (C. F. Schultz) Klinge, withering after shedding of spores; sterile stems with numerous 3-4-angled branches with 3-4 dark teeth; sheaths of primary stems loose, broadly banded with white. Var. arvense. Branches of sterile stems 4-angled, sheath 4-toothed. 10327 Kabetogama L; 1398 beach sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; f. campestre 5985 low terrace, cr bank, Duluth.

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Var. boreale (Bong.) Ledeb. Branches of sterile stems 3-angled, sheaths 3-toothed, well developed at spore-shedding time; the apex long-exserted above the uppermost whorl. 19683 high clay bank of Sand Cr, Toivola High School grounds. E. pratense L. Meadow Horsetail. Cone-bearing stems later developing green branches like the later sterile stems; branches simple, 3-sided, sheaths 3-toothed; the sheaths of primary stems greenish-white with delicate brown teeth.--Frequent in low damp woods and on river banks. 12338 Whiteface R; 12355 Duluth. NS to Alas. E. sylvaticum L. Forest Horsetail. The fleshy cone-bearing stems developing green branches like the later-appearing densely branched sterile stems; sheaths loose, bright, cinnamon brown, the teeth joined into 3 or more flaring lobes. Swamps and shady forest throughout area. 2430 Minn Pt; 13117 Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Greenl to Alas. E. palustre L. Marsh Horsetail. Cone-bearing stems like the sterile ones, deeply grooved, with simple branches in sparse whorls, appearing at the same time; sheaths loose; teeth black with white edging.--Local shores and marshes. 1228 Janet L s of Hibbing, Kabetogama L. NS to Alas. E. fluviatile L. Water Horsetail. Cone-bearing stems like the sterile ones, 5-15 dm high; sheaths green, tight, with fine, dark brown teeth; lateral branches, if present, hollow, spreading. Shallow water, common. 3588 Minn Pt, Duluth. 10364 Ash R Trail near Kabetogama L. 11601 Curtain Falls, Crooked L. NS to Alas. E. scirpoides Michx. Dwarf Scouring Rush. Stems evergreen, perennial, capillary, simple, curled, in small tufts; sheaths with three persistent teeth; cones small-pointed.--Rocky woods and cedar forest. Infrequent. 5241 French R, North Shore, 12904 Kabetogama L. Lab to Alas. E. variegatum Schleich. Variegated Scouring Rush. Stems perennial, evergreen, simple, each terminating with an apiculate cone, the white-rimmed black sheaths with persistent teeth. 12343 marshy meadows, sw part of area, n of Floodwood. Lab to Alas. E. hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eat. Tall Scouring Rush. Stems stiff, to 10 dm high, evergreen, unbranched, or rarely branched in f. polystachy urn, in fruit terminating in a point-tipped cone; sheaths with two black bands separated by a broad white band; teeth usually early deciduous.--Shores and embankments, common. 1382 Minn Pt, Duluth; 11842 Lac La Croix. f. polystachyum Prager. 11162 St. Louis-Aitkin Co line, Hwy 2. Var. intermedium A. A. Eat. Differs from the preceding var. by softer stems and sheath markings, a single dark band at the rim below the teeth. Infrequent. 1738 Superior Bay front, Minn Pt, Duluth. Can to Mex.

LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUBMOSS FAMILY) Low evergreen perennials, tufted or with creeping stems above or below the ground, giving rise to erect fruiting stems; leaves linear-lanceolate, imbricated in 4-16 ranks. Sporophylls compacted into strobili, or, like the leaves, scattered at the tips of the upright stems; spores of 1 kind.

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Lycopodium L. Clubmoss (Gr. lycos, wolf, pous, foot) Stems not terminating in strobili; sporangia borne in axils of apical sterile leaves; proliferating leaf buds common late in the season. Leaves widest at the base, entire, ascending or somewhat spreading. Leaves closely appressed, ascending or erect, the margins entire L. Selago var. Selago Leaves ascending to spreading, especially on drying, the margins sometimes denticulate var. patens Leaves widest above the base, spreading and reflexed, denticulate L. lucidulum Stems terminating in strobili, mature sporophylls yellowish to yellow and unlike in form, in contrast to the sterile green leaves; proliferating leaf buds wanting. Sporangia-bearing leaves similar to sterile leaves in form, becoming yellowish when mature L. inundatum Sporangia-bearing leaves unlike the sterile leaves. Leaves uniform in size up to the base of the sessile strobilus. Stems with tiers of forking branches in fan-like arrangement; prostrate stem below ground L. obscurum var. dendroideum Stems strict or sparingly forking; prostrate stems above ground L. annotinum Leaves reduced in size on stalks of strobili. Branches terete; leaves bristle-tipped; horizontal stems trailing above the ground . . L. clavatum, Branches flattened; leaves scale-like; bristles wanting; horizontal stems underground. Lateral branches spreading fan-fashion; leaves on the lower side shorter than those on the upper L. complanatwn Lateral branches ascending, compacted, appressed; leaves on lower and upper sides nearly equal, the stem appearing 4-sided L. tristachyum L. Selago L. var. Selago. Fir Clubmoss. Plants stiff, 4-12 cm tall, tufted from short rhizomatous base with apical forking branches, commonly with numerous leaf buds (gemmae); leaves 8-ranked, entire, appearing widest at the hollow bases, gradually tapering to lance-acuminate tips, remaining appressed on drying; sporangia reniform, yellow in maturity, produced in axils of sporophylls, alternating in zones with sterile leaves.--Rare. 6063 lichen-covered cliff, Beaver Island, L Superior, East Beaver Bay (Silver Bay) Lake Co; 20649 crevice of vertical cliff, Gun L, near portage to Bullet L, n of Ely. Also in Cook Co. Var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Frequent. Differs from the preceding variety by softer appearance, spreading leaves, sometimes not observable before drying, and longer rhizomatous base. 5776 mossy rock ledge, Beaver Island, L Superior, Lake Co, in association with var. Selago; 13882 moist sand under shrubs, Sandbar Island, Duluth Harbor. 11655 high granite cliffs above Iron L, Can boundary, St. Louis Go. Encountered mostly in rocky gorges of North Shore streams, and high cliffs on L Superior, ne Minn, also on Wis side of Superior Bay. Nfld to Ont, to Mo, SC. L. lucidulun Michx. Shiny Clubmoss. Plants to 4 dm tall, ascending from elongate rooting base; the base clothed with marcescent leaves, in old plants often longer than those of the upper green parts of the stems; stems forking 3-4 times; leaves predominantly in 6-ranks, widest above the middle, denticulate; the sterile leaves and the shorter sporophylls in

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alternate zones become reflexed, giving the stems a shaggy appearance.--Common throughout area in mixed evergreen and hardwood forests and swampy spots. 13906 swampy border of sugar maple forest, Midway Rd, near Nopeming. 18179 in deep moss, rocky pine forest, Friday Bay, Crooked L, Lake Co. Can boundary. Nfld to Ont, s to SC to Mo. L. inundatum L. Marsh Clubmoss. Stems repent, tip-rooting, becoming 3-14 cm long or more, simple or forking; leaves numerous, narrow, lance-subulate, mostly entire, upward curving or secund, yellowish green; fruiting stems upright, with stalked strobili; sporophylls similar to foliage leaves, becoming yellowish in late fall.--Occasional on sandy shores and borders of sphagnum bogs. 5103 floating bog of small lake, s of Gilbert. 1871 Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Alas, widely distributed in n and mt states. L. obscurum L. var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eat. Ground Pine. Plants 1-3.5 dm tall from deep-seated subterranean rhizomes; erect stems single or tufted, commonly simple below, branching above into fan-like tiers of short spreading branches; leaves linear-acute, concave below, in 4-6 ranks, 1 mm or less wide, 3-5 mm long; strobili fertile to apex, or in f. proliferum Viet., tipped with a sterile leaf tuft, 3-5 mm long by continuing growth of the axis; sporophylls yellow at maturity, cordate ovate, with scarious repand margins.--Var. dendroideum, common throughout area. 7943 Swan River Rd, in mixed forest, Duluth; 15813 rocky coniferous forest, Sand Pt L, w of Harrison's Narrows. Nfld to Alas. f. proliferum. 9501 granite ledges near Park Pt Resort, Kabetogama L; 19567 QSWRC, Basswood L, Lake Co.--Rare, growing with var. dendroideum, occasionally in n St. Louis and Lake Co. Boreal, and in mt states. L. annotinum L. var. annotinum. Stiff Clubmoss. Stems barely underground, creeping, the upright branches forking, clothed with linear to linear-lanceolate serrate spreading to reflexed leaves; or entire or nearly so in var. acrifolium Fern.; or ascending, stiff, prolonged to attenuate tips in var. pungens (La Pylaie) Desv. ; cones sessile with broadly lanceolate sporophylls. Var. annotinum 11788 Lac La Croix; 5354 Denbigh, n of Duluth; var. acrifolium 13711 Crane L; var. pungens 10319 Ash R trail, Kabetogama L.--Common throughout. Nfld to Alas, n, mt states. L. clavatum L. var. clavatum. Running Clubmoss. Plants with trailing and upright forking stems; cones stalked, in clusters of 2 or more or single in var. monostachyon Grev.; leaves linear, bristle-tipped, spreading or appressed. Var. clavaturn. --Common. Rocky coniferous forest, 3829 Virginia; 9259 Echo Trail, n of Ely; var. monostachyon Grev. & Hook. 11555 Curtain Falls, Crooked Falls, Crooked L. Nfld to Alas, n, mt states. L. complanatum L. Flat-stem Groundpine. The prostrate creeping stems usually below the ground, the upright stems with tiers of fan-shaped branches; leaves in 4 rows, the lateral pair with wing margin alternating with a well formed leaf on upper surface and a much reduced one on lower surface; cones peduncled, in clusters of two or more; sporophylls broadly lanceolate with crisped margins.--Coniferous woods, throughout area. 11641 Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 11107 Whiteface R, Markham, Nfld to Alas, n, mt states. L. tristachyum Pursh, var. tristachyum. Cedar Clubmoss. Similar to the preceding species; the horizontal creeping stems deep below the ground; upright branches narrower, crowded, 4-sided due to better developed leaves on the lower surface; or looser leaves with less uniform growth habit in var. Habereri (House) Viet.--Rare; var. tristachyum, rocky coniferous woods. 11068 Eagles Nest L; var. Habereri. 11140 spruce bog, Fairbanks Rd, Bassett L. Nfld to Alta and se. 18

SELAGINELLACEAE

(SPIKEMOSS FAMILY)

Perennials with forking stems; leaves imbricate; cones 4-sided; spores of 2 kinds: megaspores and microspores; ligule minute. Selaginella Beauv. Spikemoss (Diminutive of selago) S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Common Spikemoss. Stems branching, creeping, forming shallowly rooted mats 3-6 cm high; leaves numerous, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, sparsely bristly ciliate, spirally arranged; sporophylls ovate lanceolate in 4-ranks; strobili 1-2 cm long, 4-angled; megasporophylls basal, or in vertical tiers alternating with microsporophylls; megasporangium yellow, visible to the naked eye when mature; megaspores .6 mm thick, reticulate or rigid; microspores small, numerous.--Frequent on exposed rocks throughout the n parts of area. 6566 Burntside L, Ely. 13209 Finger Bay of Rainy L. NS to Man and s.

ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY) Submersed aquatics; plants tufted, fibrous-rooted, with simple erect leaves arising from corms; spores of 2 kinds; sporangia borne within dilated leaf bases, ligule minute on adaxial side just above the sporangium. Isoetes L. Quillwort (Ancient Gr. name) Roots and corm somewhat fleshy; leaves soft or firm, linear, spongy, spirally arranged in rosettes, mostly with sporophylls, the outermost usually bearing megasporangia, the inner microsporangia; megaspores variously sculptured; microspores numerous. Leaves firm with straight to recurving tips, megaspores reticulate J. macrospora Leaves soft, spreading to arching at tips, megaspores muricate I. muricata I. macrospora Dar. Quillwort. Leaves short, firm, recurved; macrospores large, .7 mm thick, prominently ridged-reticulate. In mucky or sandy bottom 3-5 dm deep.--Infrequent. 13173 Bald Rock L off Rainy L. 17917 Gun L, n of Ely. Nfld to Minn. I, muricata Dur. Spiny-spored Quillwort. Leaves long and soft:, with dilated, turgid white bases in fruit; macrospores .5 mm thick, sharply muricate. In mucky or sandy bottom 3-7 dm deep.--Common. 11510 Iron L, Curtain Falls. 3889 Myrtle L, n of Orr. Greenl, Lab to Alas.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (GRAPE FERN FAMILY) Perennial plants with erect fleshy rhizomes; roots fleshy, cord-like; leaves (fronds) of sterile and fertile blades on a common stipe, with sheathing base; veins free, forking or reticulate; sporangia globular, distinct or embedded in blade margin. Sterile and fertile blades compound, veins free, sporangia distinct Botrychiwn Sterile and fertile blades simple, venation reticulate, sporangia appearing as marginal cavities Ophioglossum 19

Botrychium Sw. Grape Fern (Gr. botrys, cluster of grapes, referring to appearance of sporangia) Leaves solitary, sessile or stalked, pinnate to tripinnate; fertile blade stalked, pinnate to decompound; sporangia globose about 1 mm thick, appearing in two rows. Sterile blade long-stalked, below the middle of the plant. Blade ternately divided, usually overwintering, spores pitted B. multifidum Blade pinnate, not overwintering, spores reticulate B. simplex Sterile blade sessile or nearly so, near, or above the middle of the plants. The base of stalk concealing the winter bud. Blade above the middle of the plant, its divisions not flabellate; spores bluntly muricate B. matricariaefolium Blade about the middle of the plant, its divisions flabellate; spores tuberculate . . . B. Lunaria

The base of stalk exposing the winter bud; blades large sessile, ternate near the middle of the plant; spores smooth B. virginianam B. multifidum (Grnel.) Rupr. var. multifidum. Leathery Grape Fern. Plants .7-2 dm tall; rhizome short with fleshy transversely wrinkled roots; leaf stalks peach-colored near the base; sterile blades ternate or tripinnate, reflexed; pinnules ovate obtuse, subentire, or denticulate in f. dentatum Tryon; leaf stalks 1-5 cm long, or 3-7 cm in var. intermedium (D. C. Eat.) Farw. ; fertile blades tripinnate, 3-10 cm long.--Var. multifidum 15569 Sandbar Island in Duluth Harbor; 18956 shore outcrops of granite, Vermilion R at Gold Mine Camp; f. dentatum 13327, lichen and moss mats, flat outcrops of granite below observation tower, Ash R bluff; var. intermedium 23038 sandy rdside ditch, Hwy 20 s of Gilbert; 5560 wooded island in Island L. Infrequent. Nfld to BC, Lab to Minn. B. simplex Hitchc. Small Grape Fern. Small ferns with simple or pinnate sterile blades, with entire ultimate segments; fertile blades usually bipinnate, long-stalked; sporangia .8-1.2 mm thick.--Rare. 1476 shore of pond, alder thicket, Minn Pt, Duluth; 16551 sandy wet border of meadow about 7 mi se of Ribbing. Nfld to BC, Calif. 8. matricariaefolium A. Br. Matricary Grape Fern. Plants up to 20 cm long with elongate basal stalk up to the blades; sterile blade simple or pinnate; fertile branch simple to paniculate; spores bluntly muricate. Paim & Gibson, Hoist Bay, Basswood L; G4890 rocky island off Canadian Pt in Basswood L, on the boundary. Lab to Alta, Ida, Eurasia. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Plants 5-15 cm long from spreading thread-like roots; stipe 2-5 cm long, enclosing the bud within the base; sterile leaf subsessile or short-stalked, with few to many fan-shaped pinnae; fertile blade long-stalked, bipinnate, about as long as the leaf. Rare. Ad, North Shore woods near Little Marais, Lake Co; Tryon 4898, Manitou Falls about 1 mi from L Superior, Lake Co, has been referred to var. onondagense. Greenl to Alas, NY to Minn, Calif. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. var. virginianum. Common Grape Fern. Plants 1-4 dm high; sterile blades ternately compound, ultimate segments toothed, veinlets ending laterally; fertile blade long-peduncled, decompound, rising directly at the base of the sterile blade, fleshy; valves of sporangia wide spreading, or in var. europaeum Angstr. sterile blades firm, less sharply toothed, with less spreading sporangia valves; spores tuberculate.--Common through-

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out region. Var. virginianum, 12902 mixed forest, Kabetogama L; 5959 French R woods, North Shore; var. europaeum, 6936 Sucker R woods, Palmers, North Shore. Fla to Calif, Lab to Alas. Ophioglossum L. Adder' s Tongue (Gr. ophis, serpent, glossa, tongue) 0. vulgatum L. var. pseadopodum (Blake) Fern. Adder' s Tongue Fern. Leaves fleshy usually 1-2 rising from a tuberous rhizome with slender elongated roots; leaf stalk dividing into an elliptic to ovate sterile blade with reticulate venation and long-stalked, linear, apiculate, fertile blade; sporangia appearing like partitioned cavities along the blade margin.--Rare and local in the area. 7289 Sandbar Island, Duluth Harbor; 16550 sandy wet meadow, among alders and willows, 7 mi se of Hibbing, the McCracken farm. NS to Neb, Ariz, Mex. OSMUNDACEAE (ROYAL FERN FAMILY) Large ferns from stout rootstocks without scales; leaves pinnate or bipinnate; sporangia borne in distinct pinnae of sterile leaves or in wholly separate sporophylls; spores green. Osmunda L. Royal Fern (Osmunder Saxon equivalent of Thor) Spore-producing pinnae borne on sterile leaves. Leaves bipinnate, pinnules not divided; sporangia-bearing pinnae terminal 0. regalis var. spectabilis Leaves pinnate, pinnules with cleft margins; sporangia-bearing pinnae alternating with sterile pinnae 0. Claytoniana Spore-producing leaf wholly distinct from sterile leaf, leaf stalks coated with cinnamoncolored woolly hairs 0. cinnamomea 0. regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. Royal Fern. Leaves bipinnate, numerous, and continuous with rhizomes, coated with old bases of petioles; the forking veins from the midrib of the pinnules prominent, ending in the barely serrate margins; fertile pinnae conspicuous.-Shores and swamps, e and n part of area. 3112 13 mi n of Duluth; 12556 shore of Crooked L, Can border. Nfld, Sask, Fla to Mex. 0. Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Leaves pinnate from stout rhizomes; pinnae deeply pinnatifid, with forking veins; leaf bases flat, winged; the sporangia-bearing pinnules 2-4 prs of pinnae near the middle.--Common. 11989 Fond du Lac, Duluth. 11753 Crooked L, Can boundary. Nfld, Man to Tex. 0. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Both sterile and spore-bearing leaves coated with cinnamonbrown wool when young, mostly disappearing later; fertile leaves earlywilting; sterile leaves once pinnate and deeply cleft into rounded lobes.--Local in s and ne part of area. 4969 border of bog, Duluth Heights, Duluth. 8596 shorewoods. White Iron L s of Ely. Nfld to Minn. POLYPODIACEAE (POLYPODY FAMILY) Rhizomes erect or creeping, branching, scaly or hairy, with fibrous roots; leaves large,

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pinnatifid to more than once compound; circinate or appearing to uncurl by growth from buds; leaf stalk not sheathing at base, but sometimes articulate; leaf trace leaving a gap in the vascular cylinder; sporangia slender-stalked, grouped in sori on underside of the pinnae, or marginal, usually covered by indusia, each opening by vertical annulus; spores minutely spiny or variously ridged. Spore-bearing leaves not distinct from foliage leaves. Sori borne along the pinnule veins, not under marginal folds. Indusium basal or surrounding the sorus or nearly so. Indusium divided into narrow radiating segments Woodsia Indusium hood-like, attached at one end beneath the sorus Cystopteris Indusium, if present, covering the sorus from above. Indusium present, blades sometimes dimorphic. Sori oblong to U-shaped, indusia flap-like, laterally attached, arching over the sori . Athyrium Sori circular or nearly so, indusia appearing centrally attached . . . Dryopteris Indusium wanting. Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, deciduous, rarely overwintering . Dryopteris Leaves simple, evergreen, deeply pinnatifid Polypodium Sori borne under marginal fold of leaves. Small delicate, rock ferns with dimorphic leaves Cryptograrma Large wood ferns, leaves not dimorphic. Leaves fan-shaped, delicate; pinnae 2-ranked; stipes shiny black . . . . . Adiantum Leaves ternate, coarse and large; stipes green Pteridiwn Spore-bearing leaves distinct from foliage leaves. Leaves pinnately compound; sporophyll plume-like; sori in box-like segments . . Pteretis Leaves simple, pinnatifid; sporophyll strict; sori in globular segments Onoclea Woodsia R. Br. Rock Fern (Commemorating Joseph Woods, English botanist) Small tufted or matted rock ferns; leaves pinnately divided, sometimes jointed above the base; sori surrounded by scales or hair-like indusial segments. Leaf stalks (stipes) articulated or jointed above the base; indusia of long hairs. Stipes brown, more or less chaffy or scaly, stiff and rigid. Plants appearing stiff, rusty brown from abundant scales; indusial hairs numerous, surpassing the sporangia ff. ilvensis Plants delicate, becoming glabrous, indusial hairs few, barely concealing the sporangia W. alpina Stipes greenish, delicate, with few scales or none W. glabella Leaf stalks not articulated or jointed, rachis glandular, sometimes scaly; indusial segments linear, cleft, hair-tipped. Stipe and rachis glandular, rarely with few scales; sporangia normal . . W. Cathcartiana Stipe and rachis glandular, moderately scaly; sporangia abortive W. X Abbeae H;. ilvensis (L. ) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. Densely matted crevice fern; rhizomes clothed with abundant cleft or fimbriate scales; stipes rigid, copiously scaly, stubble-forming by disarticulation above the base; leaves 1.5-3 cm wide, 1.5 dm long, pinnate to pinnatifid, lanceolate; rachis hairs or scales becoming brown in age; indusial hairs elongate, curving over sori.--Frequent on outcrops throughout area. 2809 Skyline Pkwy, 40th Ave W, Duluth; 11569 Curtain Falls, Crooked L on granite outcrops; also in Lake Co. Arct Am and s to Nfld, ne to Pa, to BC. 22

W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Alpine Woodsia. Tufted crevice fern with linear oblong leaves up to 1 dm long and less than 2 cm wide; stipes sparsely scaly becoming glabrous; pinnae 2-3-lobed; indusial hairs curving over sori.--Occasional on exposed outcrops in gorges of North Shore streams and shore cliffs in Lake and Cook Co. 4854 crevices of diabase, gorge of Gooseberry R; 6235 talus slope of Mt Mary. Illgen City, Lake Co. Arct reg, s to Nfld, NE, w to Thunder Bay distr, Ont, Minn. W. glabella R. Br. Smooth Woodsia. Delicate tufted glabrous crevice fern, with linear oblong leaves, up to 1 dm long and 1-5 cm wide; pinnae commonly 2-lobed, indusial hairs 2-5 mostly concealed, within sori.--6076 R. M. and 0. M. Schuster from outcrops of Gooseberry R gorge, Lake Co, the only record. Arct reg, Nfld, Que to Thunder Bay distr. Ont, Minn. W. Cathcartiana Robins. Cathcart's Woodsia. Tufted rock ferns with glabrate stipes; leaves lanceolate, 7-27 cm long and 2-3 cm wide; pinnae remote; pinnules denticulate; rachis glandular-puberulent; indusial scales cleft, arching over sori.--L Superior to Can border lakes ne Minn, H. L. Lyon 903 Tower; 14576 rock clefts Fox Island, Rainy L; 4269 crevices of porphyritic rocks, Palisade Head, Hwy 61, Lake Co; 18730 high outcrops of diabase, Illgen City, Lake Co. Ont, Mich. W. X Abbeae Butt. Hybrid Woodsia. According to F. K. Butters, the parent species are W. Cathcartiana X ilvensis. Plants similar to W. Cathcartiana from which they differ microscopically in greater amount of scaliness on stipes and rachis, and in aborted sporangia.-Rare. 3076 crevices of high cliffs on Moose L, Canadian Border Lodge; 16525 same site. Pigeon Pt, Cook Co. Ont. Cystopteris Bernh. Bladder Fern (Gr. cystis, bladder, pteris, fern) Leaves once or twice pinnate-pinnatifid from creeping rhizomes; stipes commonly translucent at least when young; sori circular with delicate basally attached indusia arching over the sporangia; spores with sharp spines or merely rugose. Spores spiny. The lowermost pair of pinnae on blades commonly remote and shorter than the succeeding one; rachis not bulbil-bearing; rhizome short or long repent C. fragilis The lowest pair of pinnae longest; leaves elongate attenuate; rachis bulbil-bearing . . . C. bulbifera Spores rugose or sculptured; stipes commonly with a few scattered scales at bases or on rachises C. Dickieana C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. fragilis. Common Bladder Fern. Stipes brittle, glabrous, rarely with persistent scales at bases; blades bipinnate; pinnules winged, deeply cut, the lowermost pinnate commonly separated by a longer internode from the upper; indusia lance-attenuate, pointed; veins of ultimate pinnule lobes terminating the teeth.--Common on damp rocks as a crevice plant throughout area. 11787 Lester R gorge; 11804 crevices of granite near Lac La Croix Resort; 13577 fissures of high rocks, East Beaver Bay, Lake Co. Transcont. Var. protrusa Weath. With long-creeping rhizome. 19948 overhanging bank of Little Swan R n of Toivola. Var. laurentiana Weath. with glandular indusia 23187, Crow Cr Canyon, Lake Co, infrequent. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet Fern. Rhizome thick; leaves long attenuate, bipinnate, broadest near base; stipes pale green, fragile; rachis bulbil-bearing toward late summer; 23

veins of ultimate pinnules pale green, ending in sinuses between the teeth; indusia lanceolate, basally attached.--Local in s and w parts of St. Louis Co. 9532 Kabetogama L; 1995 Prairie L, Lake Co. 4853 in crevices of diabase, Gooseberry R. Nfld to Man, to Minn. C. Dickieana Sims. Northern Bladder Fern. Plants similar to C. fragilis, stipes appearing shiny at maturity, commonly with scattered hairs or glabrous; spores definitely lacking sharp spines.--Rare. Lake Co. 5436 rock crevices above L Superior at East Beaver Bay; 13585 mossy ledges of the Great Palisade Head, n-facing cliff above Hwy 61. Alas, Minn, Eu. Pteretis Raf. Ostrich Fern (Gr. pteris, fern) P. pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern. f. pensylvanica. Ostrich Fern. Large ferns up to 1 m tall with stout forking rhizomes; sporophylls on crown of caudex encircled by sterile leaves vasefashion; rachis and stalks grooved; the sori enclosed within cavities of the nodulous pinnae; the rachis of sterile leaves glabrous and shiny, or pubescent in f. pubescens (Terry) Fern.-Common throughout area. f. pensylvanica, 13318 Ash R e of Kabetogama L; 13580 ravine East Beaver Bay, Lake Co. f. pubescens 2030 Minn Pt, Duluth. 7700 ash swamp, Whiteface R, w of Cotton. Onoclea L. Sensitive Fern 0. sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. (Sensitive to early frosts.) Plants up to 5 dm tall from creeping, scaly rhizomes; leaves simple, deeply pinnatifid, deltoid in outline; the divisions reticulate-veined, coarsely undulate, becoming confluent with widening rachis at apices; the stalks of sporophylls terete; the sori-containing pinnules orbicular or berry-like, usually in 2 rows, one on each side of midrib.--Frequent throughout area, in alluvial thickets. Prairie L; 14323 sphagnum bog, Gull Island in Namekan L, 5 mi w of Narrows. Nfld to Minn, s to Fla. Dryopteris Adans. Shield Fern (Gr. drys, oak, pteris, fern) Woodland ferns from erect or creeping scaly rhizomes; leaves pinnate-pinnatifid to ternate, commonly with scaly stipes; sori circular, centrally attached to veins; indusium wanting, or orbicular-reniform, attached at the marginal sinus. Rhizomes slender, produced with scattered leaves. Indusia crescent-shaped; sori confluent, under revolute margins of pinnatifid pinnae D. Thelypteris var. pubescens Indusia lacking. Leaves pinnate-pinnatifid or ternate; rachis glabrous or glandular. Blade ternate, each division pinnately divided. Rachis glabrous, lustrous D. disjuncta Rachis sparsely glandular f. glandulosa Blade pinnately divided, obscurely ternate, elongate-deltoid; rachis glandular; pinnae more or less curving toward apex D. Robertiana Leaves pinnate-pinnatifid; stipe and rachis scaly; the lowermost pair of pinnae commonly declinate D. Phegopteris Rhizomes short, stout, covered with leaf bases.

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Sori wholly covered by overlapping indusia; leaves densely glandular, chaffy, fragrant D. fragrans var. remotiuscula Sori not wholly covered by indusia. Leaves narrow; the lower pinnae somewhat shorter than the upper; pinnules sharply toothed D. cristata Leaves broad, 2-3 pinnate-pinnatifid, elongate triangular, glabrous or glandular puberulent; pinnae ascending or at right angles to the rachis; scales of stipes uniform brown or dark-centered . D. spinulosa Leaves and indusia glabrous; pinnae ascending on rachis. Hie basal pinnules of the lowest pinnae subopposite; the inferior about twice the length of the superior pinnule; scales uniform brown var. spinulosa The basal pinnules of the lowest pinnae remote; the inferior more than twice the length of the superior pinnae; scales dark-centered var. americana Leaves and indusia glandular; pinnae at right angles to the rachis. Pinnae oblong with gradually tapering tips var. fructuosa Pinnae lance-linear with abruptly tapering tips var. intermedia D. Thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens (Lawson) Nakai. Marsh Shield Fern. The black firm forking rhizomes widely creeping; leaves pinnate-pinnatifid with entire margins; the narrow pinnae of fertile leaves with marginal folds over the confluent sori; indusia glandular, deeply crescent-shaped; stipes smooth; the pinnae and rachis more or less hairy.--Swamps, bogs, and shores throughout area. 2751 Palo; 11742 Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Nfld to Man and s. D. disjuncta (Ledeb.) C. V. Morton f. disjuncta. Oak Fern. The slender forking rhizome elongate, close to the soil surface; leaves ternate, each division pinnate-pinnatifid stalked, lateral divisions differing from the central one in outline of the lowermost pinnae; stipes brittle and naked in maturity, smooth, or rarely glandular in f. glandulosa Tryon.--Rocky woods throughout area. 9541 Kabetogama L; 2177 Duluth; 18183 rocky pine forest, Friday Bay of Crooked L, Lake Co; f. glandulosa 9237 Echo Trail, nw of Ely; 9713 Ash R, Kabetogama L. Greenl to Alas. D. Robertiana (Hoffm.) Christens. Scented Oak Fern. Differing from the preceding by obscurely ternate leaves; the central segment much larger than the lateral ones; stipes and rachis puberulent.--Rare and local. 6041 rock cleft at Lester R, Duluth; 16511 fissures of high rocks, Moose L, Can border, Lake Co. Nfld to Alas. D. Phegopteris (L.) Christens. Beach Fern. Leaves triangular, prolonged at apices, pinnatepinnatifid, more or less hairy on both surfaces; stipes slender chaffy at base, from a forking rhizome close to soil surface.--Common rocky woods throughout area. 2807 Duluth; 13338 Ash R, Kabetogama L; 5757 Beaver Island, L Superior, Lake Co. Greenl to Alas. D. fragrans (L. ) Schott. var. remotiuscula Komarov. Fragrant Fern. Tufted crevice ferns with invert rhizomes heavily clothed with marcescent stipes and rachis copiously chaffy, the latter glandular-puberulent; leaves pinnate-pinnatifid with large reniform indusia completely covering the sori.--Throughout area in exposed crevices of high rocks. 2808 Duluth; 3927 Burntside L; 18050 high outcrops of granite, Hoist Bay of Basswood L. Lab to Minn. D. cristata (L. ) Gray. Crested Shield Fern. Thick rhizomes giving rise to large pinnatepinnatifid leaves; lowermost pinnae triangular; ultimate segments sharply dentate, each tooth prolonged to a curved hair-like tip; stipes thick and copiously chaffy with brown scales.--

25

Common bogs and springy shores throughout area. 13820 Crane L; 15724 outcrops of granite on Basswood L, QSWA; 5845 sphagnum border of Baptism R, near Cramer. Nfld to Alta, and s. D. spinulosa (0. F. Miiller) Watt. var. spinulosa. Common Shield Fern. Large woodland ferns with erect, short rhizomes; scales of stipes uniformly brown; blades overwintering, the lowermost pinnae triangular; pinnule segments spinulose or mucronate, dentate.--Mossy coniferous and mixed woods throughout area. 14814 sphagnum, small upland bog off Cranberry Bay of Rainy L; 7264 coniferous association, Beaver Island in L Superior, Lake Co. Nfld to Man, Minn. Var. americana (Fisch.) Fern. American Shield Fern. Luxuriant ferns with leaves 7-8 dm long; the ascending arching median pinnae with abruptly tapering tips 1-5 dm long; the pinnules of successive pinnae overlapping; the ultimate pinnule segments prominently mucronate; bases of stipes golden brown clothed with conspicuous spreading golden brown scales with darker centers; mature sori golden-brown-centered with paler indusia.-L Superior to Basswood L. 11873 shady talus rocks, base of high cliff at East Beaver Bay (Silver Bay), Lake Co; 9820 deep shade under conifers, White Iron L, sw of Ely. Nfld to Minn, Ida, Wash, NE to Tenn. Var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell. Fruity Shield Fern. Leaves 4-6 dm long, scattered with stalked glands; stipes greenish brown clothed with dark brown scales; pinnae parallel to the rachis, 9 cm long, commonly not overlapping; proximal inferior pinnules of the lowest pinnae shorter than to equaling the succeeding ones; pinnule lobes uniformly mucronate.-Occasional in mixed coniferous mossy woods. 18530 mossy wooded slope of Hartley Cr, Duluth; 4873 spruce-balsam forest near Stony Pt, L Superior. Nfld to Ont, Minn. Var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. Intermediate Shield Fern. Leaves bluish green in mature plants, 5-7 dm long; stipes pale brown, with copious brown, dark-centered scales; pinnae ascending from the rachis, glandular, 9-10 cm long, abruptly narrowing to apices; the proximal inferior pinnules of the lower pinnae commonly longer than or equaling the succeeding ones; the ultimate lobes of pinnule sharply spinulose.--Occasional; 13700 swampy cr bed, shorewoods of Pike L, 10 mi nw of Duluth. Nfld to Ont, Minn, s to Ala. Athyrium Roth. Lady Fern (Gr. a, not, thyreous, an oblong shield, referring to delayed elevation of indusial margin) A. Filix-femina (L.) Roth. var. Michauxii (Spreng.) Farw. Lady Fern. Large ferns with spreading repent rhizomes; stipes sulcate, fragile, translucent, green or reddish, clothed with brownish black scales; blades bipinnate, dimorphic, pinnules dentate, those of the fertile narrower and constricted; sori elongate, U-shaped to reniform; indusia flap-like attached along 1 margin, finally elevated by the ripening sporangia. Blades dimorphic, stipes greenish, pinnules shallowly or sharply dentate. Longest fertile pinnae 6-12 cm long, teeth blunt, sori oblong var. Michauxii Longest fertile pinnae 16 cm long, teeth sharp, sori curved to U-shaped . . . f. elatius Blades mostly of one kind, fertile, stipes reddish f. rubellum Var. Michauxii. Common in damp woods, swamps, and meadows. 13759 ash swamp, Crane L; 13612 QSWA along trail, Basswood L; f. elatius (Link) Clute. 1874 bayside bog, Minn Pt, Duluth; f. rubellum (Gilbert) Farw. 12306 hardwood forest, Floodwood. Nfld to Alas and s.

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Cryptogramma R. Br. Rock Brake (Gr. cryptos, concealed, gramma, line, referring to the continuous sori under the leaf margin) C. Stelleri (Gnel.) Prantl. Cliff Brake. Delicate ferns of shady c l i f f s with crisp creeping rootstocks; leaves dimorphic, 7-15 cm long, 3-5 cm wide; pinnae of sterile leaves lobed into 3-7 oblong-ovate dissimilar segments, with repand denticulate margins; fertile leaves commonly with elliptic linear pinnules, simple or lobed; indusium a marginal fold, scarious on edges; sori circular or becoming confluent.--Known in ne Minn only on L Superior and in Cook and Lake Cos. 5022 crevice of basalt, at lower falls of Gooseberry R, Hwy 61, Lake Co. Transcont on damp limestone rocks. Lab to Alas, NE to Wash. Adiantum L. Maidenhair Fern (Ancient name meaning unwetted) A. pedatum L. Maidenhair. The creeping rhizome scaly; leaves 5 dm high, fan-shaped with pedately arranged pinnae; the lower margin of the pinnules entire, the forking veins running obliquely end in the margin reflexed over the sori; stipes shiny, wiry, usually black.--Local in rich forest. 8185 Prairie L; 11944 abundant in hardwood association 2 mi n of Floodwood. Nfld to Alas and s. Pteridiwn Gleditsch. Bracken Fern (Diminutive of pteris, fern) P. aquiIinum (L.) Kuhn. var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. Common Bracken. Large ferns up to 1 m tall with stout spreading rhizomes; leaves leathery, ternately compound; the sori and indusia forming a marginal fold along the entire pinnae and pinnules.--Throughout area. 2350 Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 11477 Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 4643 Blueberry Hill near Little Marais. Nfld to Minn, s to NE, Tenn. Polypodium. L. Polypody Fern (Gr. polys, many, pous, foot, from the forked rhizome) P. virginianum, L. Polypody Fern. Rhizomes scaly, creeping, with many branches, becoming wedged in crevices of rocks or interlaced in mosses; leaves simple, deeply pinnatifid, evergreen, leathery; sori large, circular, without indusia; spores minutely tuberculate.--Common on high rocks and ledges, in stream gorges throughout area. 14555 mossy rocks, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary; 2175 in crevices of basalt, Hunter's Hill, Duluth. 6240 Mt Mary, Illgen City, on L Superior. 16449 high cliffs, Pipestone Bay, Basswood L. Nfld to BC.

DIVISION II.

SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED-BEARING OR FLOWERING PLANTS)

SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE: GYMNOSPERMS (PLANTS WITH NAKED SEEDS) Trees or shrubs with unisexual flowers without closed carpels; wood without vessels; stems with excurrent habit, growth dominated by terminal buds. 27

Ovulate flower solitary, terminating a scaly pedicel, without subtending scales (megasporophyll) Taxaceae Ovulate flowers more than 1, in strobili, subtended by scales (megasporophyll) . Pinaceae TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY) Taxus L. Yew or Ground Hemlock (Gr. taxos, yew tree) T. canadensis L. Northern Yew. A nonresinous shrub with decumbent stems up to 2 m tall; leaves linear, 10-22 mm long, yellowish green, pointed, scattered, appearing 2-ranked from the lateral twisting of the petioles; sprays flat with decurrent lines through the internodes; flowers dioecious; staminate flowers solitary, subtended by basal scales; stamens 4 or more, anthers with peltate connectives; mature seeds bony, 5-6 mm long, compressed, finely pebbled, tipped with a micropylar beak; aril cup-like, crimson, translucent, pulpy; seed ripening the second autumn; embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Frequent on n slopes, and rocky islands of n lakes. 9673 wooded island, Kabetogama L, 10196 wall of ravine, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Nfld to Man and se. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) Trees and shrubs with resinous sap; leaves needle-, awl-, or scale-shaped; flowers in strobili, monoecious or dioecious, scales distinct or coalescent; seeds winged or wingless, maturing in 1-3 years. Leaves linear, needle-like, solitary or in clusters, spirally arranged; ovules inverted. Leaves in clusters of 2-many on short (spur) branches. Leaves in clusters of 2-5, persistent several years Pinus Leaves in large clusters, deciduous Larix Leaves solitary from more or less projecting bases. Leaves elliptic in cross section; appearing 2-ranked with laterally twisting bases. Leaves sessile, tips rounded; cone scales deciduous Abies Leaves petioled, tips pointed; cone scales persistent Tsuga Leaves angular, 4-sided in cross section, with straight bases; not appearing 2-ranked Picea Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped whorled or opposite in alternating pairs; ovules erect. Monoecious trees with flattened sprays; cones woody, the wing of the seed from the seed coat Thuja Dioecious trees or shrubs, with more or less terete sprays; cones berry-like, seeds wingless Juniperus Pinus L. (L. pinus, pine) Trees with fissured scaly bark; branches whorled; primary leaves scattered, scale-like, early deciduous (obvious on growing shoots), bearing in axils fascicles of secondary or foliage leaves on short spur branches; flowers monoecious in strobili (cones) with imbricate scales; the staminate cones simple in clusters; each scale (microsporophyll) bearing 2 pollen sacs on the lower surface; the ovulate strobili usually solitary, compound; each scale (megasporophyll) subtended by a small bract, bearing 2 inverted ovules at the base of the upper

28

surface. Ovulate strobili reddish with parted scales during anthesis, becoming appressed after pollination in late spring; the wings of the seeds splitting off from the surface of the ovulate scale; seeds shed on maturing the second autumn, or the cones remaining closed longer. Leaves in clusters of 5's; the exposed tip of cone scales thin, 1 vascular bundle P. Strobas Leaves in clusters of 2' s; the exposed tips of cone scale thickened; 2 vascular bundles. Leaves 8-15 cm long, the body of cone spreading at an angle from the subtending branch; bark reddish brown P. resinosa Leaves 2-5 cm long, the body of cone parallel to the subtending branch toward the tips of the branches, bark dark brown P. Banksiana P. Strobus L. White Pine. Trees up to 40 m tall; bark on trunk gray, scaly, smooth on branches; leaves 6-10 cm long, soft and slender; the scale sheaths on short branches, earlydeciduous; mature cones 7-15 cm long with thin scales, pendant.--Only a few remaining throughout area. 10005 Minn Pt, Duluth; 11515 Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Nfld to Man and se. P. resinosa Ait. Red Pine, the state tree of Minnesota. Trees up to 30 m tall, with scaly reddish bark; leaves stiff with scaly sheaths persisting on short branches; cones sessile symmetrical, with thickened scales 4-5 cm long.--Common throughout area. 10007 Minn Pt, Duluth; 9526 Kabetogama L. Nfld to Man and se. P. Banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine. Snail or medium-si zed trees up to 12 m tall with scaly brownish bark; leaves short and stiff, scale sheaths persistent; cones flattened on side next to branch, elongate-pointed, 3-4 cm long, somewhat curved; cone scales thick, remaining closed for a few years.--Common in sandy and rocky soil. 12874 Sand Pt L; 8126 Aurora. NS to Alta, s to Ind. Larix Mill. Tamarack. Larch (Classical name of the genus) L. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. American Larch. Trees up to 20 m tall with gray-brown scaly bark; crown pyramidal; thin foliage clearly revealing the shaft-like trunk; leaves soft, slender, 1.5-3 cm long, scattered on new growth or fascicled on spurs on older branches, bright green, turning yellow before falling in the autumn; staminate cones solitary from leafless buds; pollen wingless; ovulate cones reddish on spur branches; scales orbicular-ovate, in maturity longer than the 3-cleft subtending bract; ripe cones 2.5-3 cm long; scales glabrous, purplish brown, internodes of axis with small scales tufted with villous hairs; mature seeds with wing 8-9.5 mm long, the body short-stalked or pointed, wedge-shaped with upwardly widened wing, decurrent on outer margin.--Throughout area in peaty soil. 13244 sphagnum bog Kettle Falls; 11012 sphagnum bog near Floodwood. Lab to Alas and s. Abies Mill. Balsam Fir (L. name of an Old World species) A. balsamea (L. ) Mill. Balsam Fir. Trees up to 20 m tall with smooth gray bark containing resin vesicles; sprays flat; leaves 1-3 cm long, aromatic, obtuse-rounded at tips, flattened, glaucous below; staminate cones axillary; pollen winged; ovulate cones reddish in flower, the flabellate scales puberulent above the stalked base on outer surface; mature cones 4-8 cm 29

long; scales concealing the pointed bracts; mature seeds 12-14 mm long with wide purplish wings, somewhat decurrent on outer margin; scales deciduous with ripe seed, the denuded cone axis upright, smooth.--Common throughout area. 11713 Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 8272 Prairie L. Lab to Nfld to Alta and se. Tsuga (Endl.) Carr Hemlock (Japanese name of one of the species) T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Northern Hemlock. Medium-si zed trees up to 15 m tall with graybrown scaly bark; leaves petioled, mucronate, thin, with prominent midrib, scattered but appearing 2-ranked from twisting of the petiole, which falls off on drying; twigs slender, roughened with sterigmata; ovulate cones terminal; scales thin; seeds winged, maturing the first year; staminate cones in leaf axils of young twigs; pollen not winged. Known without cultivation from a single locality, 2833 on high rocks below Skyline Pkwy opposite Morgan Park, Duluth. NB and NS to Minn and se. Picea Dietr. Spruce (L. name of some pine, from pis, pitch) Bark gray-brown, scaly; leaves scattered, angular, sharp-pointed or blunt, on prominent woody bases, pegs falling off on drying; staminate cones lateral on branches of the previous year; pollen grains winged; ovulate cones pendulous; scales thin, persistent, subreniform; subtending bracts small; seeds winged, maturing the first year. Branches smooth, cones 4-5 cm long, scales thin, entire P- glauca Branches minutely pubescent, cones 2-3 cm long, scales serrulate P. mariana P. glauca (Moench) Voss. White Spruce. Large handsome trees up to 30 m tall with brown scaly bark; leaves 1-2.5 cm long, bluish green; cones deciduous after seed dispersal.--Common especially in the wilderness area, 13243 Kettle Falls, Namekan L; 4945 Sucker R, North Shore. Lab to Alas and s. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black Spruce. Small trees up to 10 m tall; bark gray, scaly; young branches pubescent; leaves 6-14 mm long, bluish, often with a greenish cast; cones persistent more than 1 year.--Common on rocky slopes and in peat bogs. 12444 Curtain Falls, Iron R portage; 12311 Island L n of Duluth. Nfld to Man and s. Thuja L. Arbor Vitae (thyia or thya, ancient name of some conifer) T. occidentalis L. White Cedar. Medium-sized trees up to 20 m tall; bark gray, shreddy, with shallow fissures, often appearing twisted; sprays aromatic, flabellate, strongly flattened; scale leaves acute to acuminate-oblong, imbricated in alternating pairs; the lateral pair folding over the margins of the appressed scales on the broad sides of the branch; the blade of scales with a median resin dot; flowers in terminal clusters; anthers few, decussate; pollen wingless; ovulate scales imbricate, 4-6 pairs, each bearing 2 ovules; cones becoming dry on ripening; seeds winged all around. --Common in swamps and rocky shores. 10000 French R North Shore; 9572 Kabetogama L. NS to Hudson Bay, s to NC, Tenn. 30

Juniperus L. Juniper Small trees and shrubs with scale or awl-shaped leaves in alternating pairs, or in whorls of 3's; flowers dioecious in small strobili; stamens few in whorls, pollen sacs 2 or more with peltate connectives; scales of ovulate cones concrescent, maturing into a blue berry-like fruit the first or the third year. Leaves opposite, not jointed at base; awl-shaped or scale-like; fruit maturing the first year. Trees with dense crown, fruit on straight pedicels J. virginiana Shrubs prostrate, mat-forming; fruit on recurved pedicels J. horizontalis Leaves in whorls of 3's, subulate, jointed at base; fruit maturing the third year J. com.rn.anis var. depressa J. virginio.no L. Red Cedar. Trees up to 20 m tall with brownish scaly bark; leaves resiniferous, often dimorphic, scale-like or subulate, appressed or spreading. The following not determined as to variety: 5425 young tree without fruit at edge of swamp near Jackson's School, Duluth suburbs; probably escaping from cult; planted along area hwys. NS to ND, se states. J. horizontalis Moench. Creeping Juniper. Stems prostrate, mat-forming; branches slender, closely imbricate with acute scale leaves, often interrupted with subulate, spreading ones; berry blue, 5-6 mm thick, nodding.--Granite ledges on 2 of Fox Island group in Rainy L, Can boundary, 14623; 6380 c l i f f on L Superior ne of Split Rock Lighthouse, Lake Co. Nfld to DC, s Neb, 111. J. communis L. var. depressa Pursh. Low Juniper. Clump-forming shrubs stems spreading out from the center; leaves sharp-pointed in whorls of blue, mature the third year. Common on sandy shores and granite ledges Minn Pt, Duluth. 11469 Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Nfld to Alas, s Conn,

SUBDIVISION II.

with decumbent arching 3's; fruit becoming throughout area. 5921 Colo.

ANGIOSPERMAE: ANGIOSPERMS (PLANTS WITH COVERED SEEDS)

CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONAE: MONOCOTS (SEEDS WITH ONE COTYLEDON) Herbs with scattered vascular bundles; alternate, usually parallel-veined leaves with entire margin; parts of flower in 3' s, rarely in 2' s; seed with a single cotyledon.

TYPHACEAE (CAT TAIL FAMILY) Rhizomatous perennial marsh plants with 2-ranked linear leaves with sheathing bases; flowers monoecious in dense spikes, the pistillate below, the staminate above; perianth wanting; pistillate flower consisting of a simple stipitate pistil with 1 locular ovary, filiform style, linear or spatulate stigma, surrounded by capillary bristles from the base of stipe; staminate flower commonly of 3 stamens; the 4-celled anthers on united filaments, surrounded by capillary bristles from the base; pollen grains single or in 4's; fruit an achene, subtended by numerous bristles. 31

Typha L. Cat Tail (Gr. typhe) Stigma dilated or spatulate; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike usually confluent . . . . . T. latifolia Stigma linear; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike separated . . . T. angustifolia T. latifolia L. Common Cat Tail. Stout plants, to 2 m tall; leaves flat, 7-20 mm wide, yellowish green, surpassing the stems; mature spike 6-18 cm long, dark brown, tipped by the denuded axis of the staminate inflorescence; achenes slender, 1-2 mm long, tapering at each end, the stigma persistent; subtending bristles numerous.--Wet habitats throughout area. 6793 Harbor Island, Superior Bay, Duluth; 9559 Kabetogama L; passing into f. ambigua (Sender) Kronf., with interrupted spike, the pistillate and staminate parts separated; 1536 Superior Bay shore, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12038 rdside marsh, Hwy 216, se of Hibbing. NA, Eurasia. T. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat Tail. Plants with slender stems 1-1.5 m tall; leaves rounded or convex on the back, about 8 mm wide; mature fruiting spikes 10-23 cm long; deep brown with pile-like linear elongate styles; achene body slender, 1-2 mm long, subtended by copious hairs; sterile pistillate flowers conspicuous by their wedge-like tips.--Infrequent. 6141 Superior Bay shore, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth; 7858 rdside swamp on Hwy 2, nw of Floodwood. NS to Ont, se, WVa, Mo. SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY) Perennial rhizomatous plants; emergents, with erect stems and leaves, or floating-leaf aquatics; flowers unisexual in globose heads; the pistillate heads sessile or peduncled, with or without subtending bracts, the staminate heads superior; perianth of 3-6 undifferentiated segments; stamens mostly 5; pistil 1, simple, rarely compound, stigma 1, rarely 2; ovary 1-locular, 1-seeded, maturing to an achene, plump and buoyant, adapted for floating. Sparganium L. Bur-Reed (Ancient name, probably from Gr. sparganion, swaddling band, in allusion to ribbon-like leaves) Styles 2, nutlets top-shaped, sessile; stout erect plants with strongly keeled leaves . . . . S. eurycarpum Style 1, nutlets more or less ellipsoid, stalked; plants relatively slender, aquatic or terrestrial; leaves variable. Floating-leaf aquatics, sometimes emersed. Styles in mature fruits more than 1 mm long; staminate heads more than one. Mature fruits with recurved styles, nutlet brown; heads 1.5-2.4 cm thick . -S. fluctuans Mature fruits with slightly curved styles, bright brown base; heads 1-2 cm thick . . . -S. angustifolium. Styles about 1 mm long or less; staminate head usually 1 5. minimum Terrestrial marsh plants or emersed aquatics. Pistillate heads sessile or stalked, subtended by foliar bracts. Leaves strongly flattened at least above. Staminate heads 1, plants delicate, 1-3 dm long -S. minimum Staminate heads more than 1, plants stout, up to 9 dm high . . . . . . -S. americanum

32

Leaves strongly keeled, angled S. androcladum Pistillate heads, at least some, supra-axillary. Heads usually contiguous or the lowest sometimes remote; beak conical . . . 5. glomeratum Heads not clustered; fruit green, beak long, recurved S. chlorocarpum S. eurycarpum Engelm. Large-fruited Bur-reed. Plants 1 m tall; leaves keeled, stiff, angled; inflorescence branched, fruiting heads 2-3 cm thick; readily identified by coarse aspect and cleft style.--Common on shores, marshes throughout area. 7795 St. Louis R at Duluth; 9637 Kabetogama L, Que to Man and s centr states. 5. fluctuans (Morong) Robins. Wide-leaved Water Bur-reed. Stems up to 1.5 m long, leaves ribbon-like, 5-10 mm wide, floating; inflorescence branched; nutlets tapering to a curved beak shorter than the constricted body.--Common in lakes and rivers. 11699 Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 9171 Kumpula L, Palo. Lab to Alas and centr states. 5. angustifolium Michx. Narrow-leaved Floating Bur-reed. Habit similar to preceding, leaves narrower, 3-5 mm wide; inflorescence simple; nutlets with slightly curved beaks, the body angled, plump, constricted above the middle, longer than the beak. --Common in lakes and rivers. 9244 Everett L, Echo Trail n of Ely; 9215 Prairie L. Lab to Alas. -S. minimum (Hartm.) Fries. Least Bur-reed. Slender, delicate plants, emersed or floating; leaves thin; pistillate heads axillary, usually 1-4, in fruit 8-10 mm thick; staminate head 1 (A1330 Seven Beaver L, has 3 confluent staminate heads). In cool springy ponds and cr beds, infrequent. 7153 Skibo; 6556 north arm of Burntside L. Greenl to Alas. 5. americanum Nutt. American Bur-reed. Plants from 4-7 dm high; leaves usually flat, rarely keeled; pistillate heads sessile, axillary or on axillary stalks; in fruit 1.5-2 cm thick; staminate heads 2-8; nutlets with straight beaks.--Shores of lakes and streams, n parts of area; 9762 Fenske L on Echo Trail nw of Ely; 12236 Janet L, Hwy 73, s of Hibbing. Nfld to ND and se. 5. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Jointed Bur-reed. Plants 3-10 dm high; leaves keeled; peduncles branched (often unbranched ones may be seen in large colonies); mature pistillate heads 2.5-3.5 mm thick; the beaks of nutlets curved at tips; the body fusiform, constricted near the middle. 11280 Pequaywan L; 22444 swampy shore of bay, Snowbank L; Que to Minn and se. S. glomeratum Laestad. Northern Bur-reed. Plants 4-5 dm high; leaves with somewhat dilated sheaths; pistillate heads 2-4, contiguous, in fruit 10-15 mm thick; nutlets slender, ellipsoid, conical.--Rare. 1627 and 1703 sphagnum bog, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth. 18989 exsiccated shoremarsh of Basswood L, at QSWA. Que to Minn and Eurasia. 5. chlorocarpum Rydb. var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. Common Bur-reed. Stem 5-7 dm high, leaves with enlarged sheathing bases; some of the pistillate heads supra-axillary, in fruit up to 2 cm thick; nutlet beaks long-curving. Shores of brooks and lakes, and in swamps. 6581 Burntside L; 7383 Canyon. Nfld to Ont and s. ZOSTERACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) Submersed or floating-leaf aquatics; stems jointed, rooting at nodes; leaves alternate with sheathing stipular bases; sepals 4, stamens 4, carpels 4; flowers perfect, regular, apetal-

33

2

1

Figure 1. Sparganium glomeratum. Figure 2. Scheuchzeria palustris

ous, apocarpous, hypogynous; fruit a drupe, beaked or beakless, laterally compressed, embryo annular or spiral. For treatment of variations see Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th ed, 1950. Potamogeton L. Pondweed (Gr. potamos, river, geiton, neighbor) Floating leaves commonly wanting. Leaves strongly clasping. Stems white, leaf tips hooded; fruit keeled Stems green, leaf tips flat; fruit without keel 34

P. praelongus P. Richardsonii

Leaves not clasping. Plants reddish; submersed leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 15-20 mm wide; floating leaves sometimes present P. alpinus Plants green or rufescent; submersed leaves 1-5 mm wide. Stipules free from leaf sheaths. Stems strongly winged, flattened; nodes constricted P. zosteriformis Stems not strongly flattened, not wing-edged. Leaves with basal glands. Peduncles flattened; leaves clear green, 1.7-3 mm wide; fruit with 3 weak dorsal keels P. friesii Peduncles not flattened. Leaves rounded at apex, 2-4 mm wide; fruit 3-4 mm long, keeled P. obtusifolius Leaves pointed at tips. Peduncle compressed below the spike; fruit ovoid, dorsal edge thick, convex P. strictifolius Peduncles filiform. Peduncles longer than spikes; beak capitate P. pasillus Peduncles shorter or as long as spikes; beak truncate . . . . P. Berchtoldi Leaves without basal glands; fruit keeled, peduncles about 9 mm long P. foliosus Stipules joined to the sheathing leaf base. Leaves 4-5 mm wide; leaf base auricled; plant with fern-like aspect . . P. Robbinsii Leaves filiform to setaceous, 2 mm wide or less. Leaf tips short-pointed to rounded; sheaths loose P. vaginatas Leaf tips tapering; sheaths tight. Branches spreading, fan-like; beak of fruit bent P. pectinatus Branches ascending, forking; fruit beakless P. filiformis Floating leaves commonly present. Stems usually simple, reddish throughout P. alpinus Stems simple or forking above, green throughout or slightly rufescent. Floating leaves more than 2 cm long. Floating leaves cordate, submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate; fruit not keeled . . . . P. natans Floating leaves rounded or tapering at bases; fruit keeled. Floating leaves elliptic-ovate. Submersed leaves broadly lanceolate, arcuate or flat. Margin of submersed leaves shirred, petiole much shorter than blade P. amplifolius Margin of submersed leaves not shirred, petiole about as long or longer than blade P. nodosus Submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate, plants with many axillary branches P. gramineus Floating leaves obovate; submersed ones ribbon-like P. epihydrus Floating leaves 2 cm long or less, or sometimes wanting. Beak of fruit bent; body obovoid, seed curved P. Vaseyi Beak of fruit obsolescent, body ear-shaped, seed spiral P. Spirillus P. praelongus Wulf. White-stemmed Pondweed. Stems simple to branching with rhizomes; leaves hooded at tips, oblong-lanceolate, cordate and clasping; peduncles somewhat clavate; fruits

35

green, beaked and keeled. Occasional in area. 11437 Caribou L, 14 mi nw of Duluth; 16211 in deep water L Vermilion, Treasure Island area. Lab to Alas and s, Colo. P. Richardsonii (Benn. ) Rydb. Clasping-leaf Pondweed. Stems profusely branching; rhizome slender; leaves linear-lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flat at tips, stipules ovate becoming shreddy; fruit wingless, gibbous, the rounded back terminating in a curved beak.--Common in sandy-bottomed lakes. 11845 Crooked L at Curtain Falls; 7606 St. Louis R at New Duluth. Lab to Alas and sw. P. alpinas Balbis. Alpine Pondweed. Plants 2-4.5 dm long from slender rhizomes, reddish throughout in age; stems simple, erect in quiet waters, rarely forking above; leaves spreading nearly at right angles to the stem, mostly opposite, the blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 5-13 cm long, pointed or obtuse at tips; peduncles and spikes bright red; spikes relatively loose-flowered; fruit obovoid, 3-3.5 mm long, keeled, becoming greenish buff when ripe. Var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden. Submersed leaves linear-lanceolate, 7-12 cm long near the midstem. 16213 deep water L Vermilion, Treasure Island area; Moy3580 Nine Mile Cr. Greenl, Lab to Alas, s, NE to Minn, to Calif. Var. subellipticus (Raf.) Ogden. Submersed leaves linear-elliptic, 4-9 cm long, about the midstem. 9202 in shallow clear water of Prairie L; 16362 shore pool of Prairie R below falls, Prairie Portage, Can boundary. Nfld to BC, NE to Ida. P. zosteriformis Fern. Flat-stemmed Pondweed. Plants branching; stems flattened, wing-edged, from rhizomes; leaves linear from somewhat constricted nodes, midribs prominent; stipules about half the length of internodes, usually colorless with prominent veins; fruit margined, with a small erect beak.--Common in area. 11704 Crooked L; 7608 St. Louis R, Duluth. Que to Alta BC, s to Va and w. P. Friesii Rupr. Frie's Pondweed. Plants from slender rhizomes, up to 1 m long; stems slender, branching; leaves bright green, obtuse or cuspidate at tips, 2-3 mm wide, commonly 5nerved; peduncles flattened, spikes interrupted; fruit 2-3 mm long, obovoid, with 3 keels scarcely discernible.--Occasional. 11038 in shallow water of small 1 s of Gilbert; 12263 in deep water, St. Louis R at Fond du Lac. Nfld to BC, NY, Minn. P. obtusifolius Mert. and Koch. Blunt-leaved Pondweed. Plants from slender rhizomes, 2-10 dm long; stems with short internodes, profusely branching; leaves linear, bright green, thin, 2-4 mm wide, appearing striped from the lacunae bordering the midvein, with rounded, rarely apiculate tips; peduncles axillary; spikes dense; cylindric; fruit obovoid, 3-4 mm long, keeled, beak curved.--Occasional. 9188 Fryingpan L, Palo; 18237 mucky bottom, Turtle R s of Friday Bay of Crooked L. NS, NJ to Ont, Minn. P. strictifolius Ar. Benn. var. rutiloides Fern. Straight-leaf Pondweed. Stems slender, somewhat branched; leaves tapering to attenuate tips, firm; fruit with marginal beaks. B394 Vermilion L. Vt to Sask, sc states. P. pusillus L. Dwarf Pondweed. Stems capillary, branched; leaves linear, 3-nerved; stipules tubular with free margin down to the middle; peduncles slender, axillary; fruits prominently beaked.--Frequent in sandy-bottomed lakes.--13552 Caribou L, nw of Duluth; 9190 Fryingpan L, Palo. Que to Alta and s. 36

P. Berchtoldi Fieber. Berchtold's Pondweed. Stem slender, simple or branching; leaves linear, with basal glands; stipules with free margins; peduncles mostly axillary; fruit with short erect beak.--Local. 5127 Deep L near Gilbert. Greenl and Nfld to Alas s and w. P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. Leafy Pondweed. Rhizome and stems slender, branched; leaves linear with prominent midribs; basal glands lacking; peduncles axillary, slightly clavate; fruit beaked, the keeled edge undulate.--Common. 13311 Ash R, near Kabetogama L; 2661 Superior Bay, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. Transcont. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Fern Pondweed. Plants with conspicuously 2-ranked leaves; stipules colorless, early shreddy; fruits wing-edged, beak curved and prominent.--Common. 12142 Sturgeon L n of Hibbing; 11439 Caribou L, nw of Duluth. NB, Ont and s. P. vaginatus Turcz. Sheath Pondweed. Stems and rhizomes usually white; leaves linear with blunt tips and enlarged sheaths; fruits dorsally gibbous, somewhat rounded ventrally, with a short straight beak.--Infrequent. 11435 Caribou L, nw of Duluth. Lab to Alas and s. P. pectinatus L. Sago Pondweed. Rhizomes slender, tuberiferous; stems forking, 8 dm long; leaves 1 mm wide linear, tapering, numerous; spikes interrupted; fruit with a small curving beak.--Common in area. 9201 Prairie L sw St. Louis Co; 13314 Ash R near Kabetogama L. Nfld to BC and s. P. filiformis Pers. Slender Pondweed. Rhizomes capillary, tuber-bearing; leaves narrowly linear; spikes moniliform; fruit plump, nearly beakless.--Infrequent. 13491 Sturgeon L n of Hibbing; 7366 Deep L, Sparta, 60 mi n of Duluth. P. natans L. Floating Pondweed. Stems from rhizomes up to 1 m long; floating leaves 2-4 cm wide, cordate, membranous, lustrous; stipules prominent; submersed leaves linear with blunt tips; fruit oblique, nearly beakless, with longitudinal wrinkles.--Common in area. Ahlgren 1640 Seven Beaver L, headwaters of St. Louis R; 7790 St. Louis R, New Duluth. Nfld to Alas s and w. P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaf Pondweed. Stems thick rhizomes; submersed leaves 3-6 cm wide, with elliptic, cuneate; fruits with hooked beaks, warty Crooked L at Curtain Falls; 11440 Caribou L, nw of

2 mm long, sparingly branching from undulate margins; floating leaves mostly or wrinkled.--Common in area. 11593 Duluth. Nfld to ND, sw.

P. nodosus Poir. Knotty Pondweed. Plants rhizomatous, stems branching, up to 2 m long; submersed leaves elongate, elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, 10-15-nerved, tapering to petioles 10-15 mm long; floating leaves ovate-elliptic, cuneate with elongate petioles; peduncle thicker than internodes; spike 3-5 cm long; fruit obovoid, 3-4 mm long, muricate or pebbled on sides of keel.--Infrequent. 9243 deep water, Everett L, nw of Ely; 7790 deep water, St. Louis R, New Duluth. BC to Mont, s Ala, Tex, Mex. P. gramineus L. Common Pondweed. Stems profusely branching from spreading rhizomes; floating leaves elliptic; submersed leaves elliptic-lanceolate, reticulate-veined, translucent; short leafy branches usually numerous; fruit plump, beaked, somewhat triple keeled. --Throughout area. 11594 Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 9024 Prairie L, sw St. Louis Co. Var. myriophyllus Robbins, leaves narrowly linear, on short axillary branches, shallow 1 sw of Gilbert; 13506 Nfld to Alas and s.

37

P. epihydrus Raf. Ribbonleaf Pondweed. Stems forking from branched rhizome; submersed leaves 10 mm wide, linear, ribbon-like from the stripe effect of the midrib and associated nerves; floating leaves usually opposite, oblanceolate to elliptic; petioles flattened; fruit dorsally keeled, the beak erect.--Throughout area. 11572 Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 13554 Caribou L nw of Duluth. Var. Nuttallii (C. & S.) Fern. Submersed leaves less than 10 mm wide; floating leaves rounded at tips; 11374 St. Louis R, at New Duluth; 6578 North Arm, Burntside L. Nfld to Alas, w and s. P. Vaseyi Robbins. Vasey's Pondweed. Plants dimorphic, with or without floating leaves, with winter buds; stems capillary; submersed leaves linear, filiform, attenuate at tips; floating leaves elliptic to obovate; fruiting peduncles recurved; fruits dorsally keel-edged, the beak marginal.--Common in northern waters. 11574 Crooked L, near Curtain Falls. Que to Ont and s. P. Spirillus Tuckerm. Nymph-ear Pondweed. Stems slender, branched, ascending, appearing tufted; submersed leaves linear, with blunt tips; floating leaves oblong-obovate, rounded, with sheathing bases longer than the free tips; peduncles clavate; fruits with barely toothed keels; embryo spiral.--Throughout area. 12262 St. Louis R at Fond du Lac; 12148 Side L n of Hibbing. Nfld to Man and s.

NAJADACEAE (NAIAD FAMILY) Submersed annual aquatics with slender stems, opposite leaves with axillary, unisexual, solitary flowers without perianth.

Najas L. Naiad (Gr. Naias, water nymph) N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Plants densely tufted; stems branched, rooting at the lower nodes; leaves linear, opposite, sometimes appearing whorled toward stem tips, with short internodes; blades recurved at tips, their dilated bases beset with marginal spinules, shorter toward the tip; staminate flower with a single stamen within a sac-like bract; pistillate flower naked; ovary unilocular with 1 ovule; style 1 with 2-3 stigmas; fruit an achene, 2-3 mm long, finely reticulate, brownish at maturity.--Common, streams and sandybottomed lakes throughout. 11153 Bassett L; 13297 Ash R, Frontier Lodge. Nfld to Que, Alta to BC and s.

JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROWGRASS FAMILY) Perennial emersed aquatics or bog plants, tufted or with creeping rhizomes; leaves alternate; inflorescence racemose; flowers perfect, hypogynous, regular; perianth 3-6-parted; stamens 3-6; carpels 3-6, coalescent in anthesis; fruits 1-2-seeded follicles separating at maturity. Stems leafy from a jointed rhizome; carpels 3; fruit 2-seeded on spreading pedicels . . . . Scheuchzeria Stems leafless from tufted rhizomes, carpels 3-6; fruit 1-seeded on ascending pedicels . . Triglochin 38

Scheuchzeria L. Scheuchzeria (Named for the Scheuchzers, eminent Swiss botanists) S. palustris L. var. americana Fern. A smooth bog herb with loosely sheathing leaf bases and convolute blades; flowers greenish white; stamens 6; the carpels separate above the base on ripening.--Occasional throughout area. 9048 Skibo; 13471 Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Nfld to Man, s and w. Triglochin L. Arrowgrass (Gr. treis, three, glochis, point, alluding to 3-pointed fruit) Smooth, odorous, rush-like herbs with fleshy terete leaves and leafless flowering stems from tufted short rhizomes, sometimes bulb-bearing; sepals and petals concave, deciduous; fruit capsule-like, the carpels separating from the axis in maturity. Fruit 3-carpellate, tapering at base; plants stoloniferous T. palustris Fruit usually 6-carpellate, rounded at base; plants nonstoloniferous T. maritime. T. palustris L. Lesser Arrowgrass. Plants slender with terete basal leaves; sheaths closed; rootstocks short; the clavate 3-carpellate fruits attenuate below, splitting into awl-shaped valves. 13501; 8420; 11048. Collected in area only from a sedge mat, Hwy 35 s of Tower, near Wahlsten Station. Lab to Alas, Calif. T- maritima L. Greater Arrowgrass. Tall marsh plant with a firm, arching, leafless flowering stem ensheathed by old leaf bases; leaves of the year terete, fleshy; inflorescence a compact raceme; fruit usually 6-carpellate, urn-shaped, beaked, with recurving stigmas.--Occasional. 5823 St. Louis R estuary, New Duluth; 7360 swampy rdside n of Cotton, Hwy 53. Lab to Alas, to Mex.

ALISMATACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) Emersed perennial aquatics or marsh plants; flowering stems scape-like, leaves basal, longpetioled with sheathing bases; flowers perfect or imperfect, hypogynous, regular; sepals 3; petals 3; stamens many; pistils simple, numerous; fruit an achene. Flowers perfect; carpels in a single cycle; stamens 6 Alisma Flowers imperfect; carpels in heads; stamens more than 6 Sagittaria Alisma L. Water-plantain (Gr., of uncertain derivation) Stems short corm-like with fibrous roots; leaves long-petioled; receptacle somewhat flattened; achenes wedge-shaped, dorsally ridged on angles and flattened to thin edges ventrally; style below the rounded summit; inflorescence a whorled panicle overtopping the scape. Flowers up to 4 mm broad, stamens barely longer than the ovaries A. subcordatum Flowers up to 12 mm broad, stamens nearly twice as long as the ovaries . . . . A. triviale A. subcordatum Raf. Leaves elliptic to ovate, subcordate, acuminate at apex; sepals narrowly scarious margined, style much shorter than the ovary.--Shallow water of shores and swamps, 39

common throughout area. 15337 Isle of Pines, Vermilion L; 1624 Minn Pt, Duluth. NE to s Ont and se to Fla and Tex. A. triviale Pursh. Similar to the preceding species from which it differs by a larger flower, longer style, and broader scarious margin on sepal edges. Similar habitats, throughout area. --7320 Grand L n of Duluth; 12925 Namekan L, Kettle Falls; Que to BC and NS to Ariz, Mex. Sagittaria L. Arrowhead (L. sagitta, arrow, in allusion to shape of leaf) Plants from a corm-like base with fibrous roots and tuber-bearing stolons; leaves longpetioled with sagittate to elliptic blades; flowers imperfect in whorls; the pistillate heads at the base of the floral axis, the staminate above; achenes flattened, winged, and usually beaked. Blades usually elliptic to ovate, or leaves phyllodial; filaments clothed with colorless hairs. Pistillate flowers sessile; beak of achene hook-like; ventral edge of achene convex . . . S. rigida Pistillate flowers pedicelled; beak of achene arching; ventral edge of achene straight 5. cristata Blades sagittate, rarely without basal lobes; filaments smooth. Beak of achene horizontal 5. latifolia Beak of achene erect 5. cuneata S. rigida Pursh. Leaves linear to elliptic rarely with basal lobes; blades long-petioled exceeding the soft and more or less flexuous flowering scape; the lowermost whorl of flowers pistillate, sessile; the upper 2-5 whorls staminate on slender pedicels; filaments pubescent; mature achenes 3-4 mm long, wing-edged. Common in deep water, especially in streams, throughout area.--9401 St. Louis R, Duluth; 10966 Savanna R, Floodwood; Me to Minn, s and w. S. cristata Engelm. Resembling the preceding species, but more slender; the flowering scapes soft, with pedicelled pistillate and staminate flowers; petals white; achenes 2.5-3 mm long, the dorsal wing prominently crenate.--Most frequent in deep water of lakes throughout area. 7792 St. Louis R, Duluth; 11701 Crooked L, Can border. Ont, Minn to la. 5. latifolia Willd. f. latifolia. Coarse emersed aquatics with flowering stems up to 8 dm tall; leaves variable, usually sagittate with basal lobes as long or longer than the body of the blade; flowers whorled; pedicels ascending, the lowest 1-3 whorls pistillate; achenes 2.3-3.5 mm long, wing-edged; beak horizontal. F. latifolia, blade 3.5-8 cm wide, acute.-Common throughout area. 1664 muddy shore, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17974 shore marsh of Gun L, wilderness area n of Ely. NS, BC, s Calif, Fla. F. gracilis (Pursh) Robins, blade 1.5-2 cm wide, lobes linear-lanceolate. Growing with the typical form, differing from it in respect to leaf spread. 9245 shore marsh of Everett L, Echo Trail, n of Ely; 12257 in shallow water of Janet L, Hwy 73, s of Hibbing. Que, BC, Minn, Ky, Neb. Var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg. Differs from the typical form by rounded leaf apex. 18064 cr bank, ash-elm forest, Rice Bay area, Basswood L.--Infrequent. NS to Minn, s Tenn, SC. S. cuneata Sheldon, Wedgeleaf Arrowhead. Emersed or floating-leaf aquatics with flowering stems up to 8 dm long; petioles arching and firm below the blades or lax and thin in floating 40

Figure 3. Sagittaria latifolia. A. Plant. B. Flower. C. Fruit

41

leaves; blades lanceolate, commonly sagittate, 3-15 cm long or sometimes phyllodial in deep water; flowers monoecious in whorls of 2-5 on pedicels 1-3 cm long; the lowest peduncles commonly branched; fruiting heads 1-1.2 cm thick; achenes obovate, 2.5 mm long, wing-edged all around; with short, erect beak.--Frequent in shallow waters throughout. 20805 Floodwood L; Ahlgren 2734 Basswood L at Norway Island. Que to BC, NE to Calif. Je-Jy. HYDROCHARITACEAE

(FROG'S-BIT FAMILY)

Submersed aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous, with subtending spathes; sepals 3; petals present or wanting; stamens 3-9; pistil compound of 3 carpels with 1-locular, inferior ovary; fruit fleshy, indehiscent with many seeds. Leaves cauline, usually in whorls of 3's; peduncles straight Elodea Leaves basal, linear-elongate; peduncles spiral Vallisneria Elodea Michx. Waterweed (Gr. elodes, marshy) Plants profusely branching, tufted; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate to linear, with a thin delicate midrib; spathes 2-cleft; sepals and petals 3; the staminate spathe with 9 stamens, sessile; the pistillate spathe stalked, subtending a solitary flower; fruit indehiscent, few seeded. Leaves 2-4 mm wide, ovate lanceolate; staminate flower peduncled E. canadensis Leaves 1 mm wide, linear; staminate flower sessile E. Nuttallii E. canadensis Michx. Common Waterweed. Plants with forking branches with capillary rhizomes; leaves mostly in whorls of 3's or the lower opposite, appearing distally imbricate, often purplish late in summer; hypanthium filiform; in pistillate flowers elongating up to 10 cm long; staminate flowers in the upper axils with a shorter hypanthium; the 3 central stamens elevated above the surrounding 6 stamens; fruit and staminate flowers infrequently seen.-Common throughout area. 9352 Prairie L; 12148 Side L, n of Ribbing. Gaspe Pen to Wash, s and w. E. Nuttallii (Planch.) St. John. Narrow-leaf Waterweed. Similar to the preceding species, excepting the narrower, less imbricated and more divergent leaves; the sessile staminate flowers float free to the surface.--Infrequent. 7786 and 3815 St. Louis R, New Duluth. Me to NC, Colo, Ore, Minn. Vallisneria L. Tapegrass (Named for Vallisneri, Italian botanist) V- americana Michx. Water Celery . Scapose aquatics with creeping rhizomes and tufted, ribbon-like, thin, translucent, submersed leaves, up to 2 m long and 8-14 mm wide; flowers dioecious; the staminate, in short-peduncled spathes, float free to the surface; the elongate stalk of the pistillate spathe with a solitary flower rises to the surface; the 3 massive stigmas surrounded by 3 sepals and 3 petals topping the inferior ovary, are pollinated above water; the spiraling peduncle lowers the maturing fruit toward the bottom waters; the slightly curving, cylindric fruit is 9-12 cm long, with leathery pericarp; the walls of the mucilage-filled seed cavity are studded with hundreds of seeds, 3 mm long;

42

Figure 4. Vallisneria americana. Pistillate plant in flower and f r u i t

the fusiform body, pointed at apex, is softly muricate all around.--Frequent on sandy bottoms of rivers and lakes throughout. 9330 Prairie L s of Floodwood; 19356 shorewaters of Fox Island in Rainy L, with nearly mature fruit. NB to ND, s to Fla.

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Grasses are mostly perennial tufted or rhizomatous herbs with terete stems or culms, hollow internodes with 2-ranked alternate leaves; the elongate blade is confluent with the sheath that envelopes the internode; the ligule is a papery or hairy protruding outgrowth from the inner surface of the sheath at its junction with the blade. The unit of the grass inflorescences is the spikelet, bearing one or more florets. From its axis, the rachilla, arises a succession of 2-ranked bracts. The lowest 2, the inner and outer glumes, are empty. The suc43

ceeding bract, the lemma, and an opposing bract, the palea, enclose the flower, which usually has 3 stamens and 1 pistil with a 3-carpellate 1-locular ovary. Facing the lemma within, below the stamens, are 2 colorless bracts, the lodicels. Most grass flowers are perfect. The capillary filaments with delicate sagittate anthers and the feathery styles become exserted between the parted lemma and palea during flowering; pollination is effected by wind. After fertilization, the ovary matures into a 1-seeded grain, the caryopsis, with a large starchy endosperm. Economically, grasses are one of the most important plant families in the world. Spikelets laterally compressed (except in Miliam); articulation above the glumes (except Spartina, Beckmannia, Alopecurus, and Cinna); glumes sometimes reduced or wholly lacking Subfamily I. POACOIDEAE Spikelets dorsiventrally compressed; articulation below the glumes , Subfamily II. PANICOIDEAE

SUBFAMILY I. POACOIDEAE Spikelets with more than one floret (in our area, 1 perfect floret in Chlorideae). Spikelets pedicelled in open to contracted panicles. Glumes shorter than the lowest floret Festuceae Glumes usually equaling to exceeding the lowest floret. Glumes as long as the lowest floret; perfect floret above staminate florets or their rudiments Phalarideae Glumes commonly longer than the lowest floret; florets perfect, or the upper staminate . Aveneae Spikelets sessile. Rachis zig-zag; spikelets on opposite sides in symmetrical spikes Hordeae Rachis continuous; spikelets in 2 rows in 1-sided spikes Chlorideae Spikelets each with only one floret. Glumes wanting. Spikelets terete; the pistillate above staminate; stamens 6 Zizanieae Spikelets flattened; florets perfect; stamens 3 Oryzeae Glumes present, pedicel jointed above the glumes; inflorescences spicate racemes or diffuse panicles Agrostideae

SUBFAMILY II. PANICOIDEAE Spikelets alike, solitary on a continuous rachis; glumes membranous, unequal . . . Paniceae Spikelets of 2 kinds, one sessile and fertile, one pedicellate and staminate or neuter, paired on an articulate rachis; glumes indurated, equal Andropogoneae SUBFAMILY I. POACOIDEAE Tribe I. Festuceae. Junegrass Tribe Spikelets many-flowered; glumes shorter than the succeeding lemmas; lemmas sometimes awned from the summit or slightly below it, or awnless; flowers in panicles. Plants reed-like, stiff from strong rhizomes; panicles plumose from bearded rachilla . . . Phragmites Plants grass-like, panicles variable. 44

Panicle branches remote; spikelets at end of branches in dense one-sided fascicles . . . Dactylis Panicle branches symmetrically arranged. Glumes and lemmas keeled, spikelets laterally compressed. Lemmas 3-nerved, deciduous, smooth; rachis flexuous Eragrostis Lemmas 5-nerved, persistent, usually cobwebby or ciliated on keel; rachis not flexuous Poa Glumes and lemmas convex on the back. Lemmas awned or awn-pointed. Nerves of lemma converging to awned or awn-pointed apex Festuca Nerves of lemma not converging. Lemmas nerved, commonly pubescent; callus not hair-tufted Bromus Lemmas finely striate, glabrous; callus hair-tufted Schizachne Lemmas awnless. Lemma erose, not toothed, prominently parallel-veined, grain free from palea . . . Glyceria Lemma 2-toothed, grain grooved, adnate to palea Bromus Phragmites Trin. Reedgrass (Gr. phragmites, growing in hedges, apparently from its habit) P. communis Trin. var. Berlandieri (Fourn. ) Fern. Stout tall perennials from strong scaly extensively creeping rhizomes; stems polished, stiff, and hard; leaf blades 1-4 dm long, 8-15 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, smooth; ligule 1 mm long; panicle terminal 2-3 dm long; branches ascending; rachilla densely bearded, hairs equalling to overtopping the spikelets; spikelets commonly sterile, often vivid red; lower peduncles with 2-3 subtending sheaths with silky fringe around the orifice.--Common in wet places. 15464 Crooked L, Can boundary. 4124 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. Cosmopolitan species. Dactylis L. Orchardgrass (Gr. dactylos, finger) D. glomerata L. Perennial tufted grasses, with coarse stems up to 12 dm high; leaves scabrous on margins; panicle branches few, distant, spikelet-bearing toward tips; lemmas 6 mm long, ciliate on keels, often awn-pointed.--Occasional among cult grasses. 2014 Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 10565 Congdon R terrace, Duluth. Transcont. Eragrostis Beauv. Lovegrass (Gr. Eros, god of love, agrostis, a grass) Spikelets strongly compressed, many-flowered; lemmas keeled, deciduous with grain; palea persistent; plants creeping or decumbent with slender stems; sheaths smooth or ciliated, panicles spreading or diffuse. Plants creeping, forming mats, stems and sheaths glabrous E. hypnoides Plants not mat-forming, stems from decumbent bases, sheaths pilose at the orifice. Panicle diffuse; pedicel of spikelet more than 2 mm long, foliage and spikelets nonglandular E. pectinacea

45

Panicle spreading, congested, pedicel 2 mm long or less, foliage and spikelets glandular E. megastachya E. hypnoides (Lam.) ESP. Creeping Lovegrass, the creeping stems rooting at the nodes; flowering stems low, 5-10 cm high, glabrous; panicle compact or spreading; spikelets 10-20flowered; lemmas thin, 2 mm long.--Sandy shores. 9919a St. Louis R, Brookston; 7863 near Floodwood. Me to Wash. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Comb Lovegrass. The tufted stems 8-40 cm high, geniculate at bases; sheaths shorter than internodes with ciliolate auricles; panicle branches spreading; spikelets 10-18-flowered, lead gray; glumes with scabrous keels.--4874 sandy rdside Hwy 4, Duluth. 15671 side of gravel pit, Midway, s of Duluth. Across the continent. E. megastachya (Koel.) Link. Stinkgrass. Malodorous weedy annual with spreading decumbent stems up to 5 dm tall; leaves and spikelets more or less glandular, pitted; sheaths pilosetufted above; spikelets up to 20-flowered, congested in spreading branches, purplish; caryopsis brown, .8 mm long.--Rare; the single collection is 4842 abandoned CCC campsite, Gooseberry R above lower falls. Cult fields and wastelands across the continent. Introd from Eu.

Poa L. Bluegrass (Ancient Gr. name for grass or fodder) Mostly perennial grasses, tufted or with creeping rhizomes; stems simple; leaves soft, blades flat, keeled, boat-shaped at tips; panicles spreading or contracted; spikelets 2-manyflowered; glumes shorter than lemmas; lemmas keeled, with or without pubescence on nerves, usually tufted with long, villous, cobwebby hairs at base; palea delicate, 2-toothed. Plants annual, panicle pyramidal, lemmas not webby P. annua Plants perennial. Underground parts with creeping rhizomes. Stems strongly flattened; lemmas not copiously webbed at base P . compressa Stems terete; lemmas copiously webbed at base; sheaths keeled. Leaves 3 mm wide P. pratensis Leaves less than 2 mm wide P. angustifolia Underground parts without creeping rhizomes. Lemmas not webbed at the base. Leaves ribbon-like, 4-8 mm wide, tufts strongly flattened at base; nerves of lemma minutely scabrous P. Chaixii Leaves less than 4 mm wide, tufts not strongly flattened at base; nerves of lemma pubescent, at least below the middle. Culms leafy below the middle P. glauca Culms uniformly leafy P. glaucantha Lemmas webbed at the base. Lemmas 5-nerved. Nerves of lemma smooth; panicle branches in 2's or 3's. Lemma acute, ligules 2-3 mm long P. saltuensis Lemma obtuse, ligules less than 2 mm long P. languida Nerves of lemma pubescent, at least on keel and margin; panicle branches in 3' s or 5' s.

46

Keel and marginal nerves pubescent; panicle nodding; leaves crowded below the middle P. Wolfii Keel of lemma silky below the middle, marginal nerves glabrous; panicle ascending; leaves uniformly arranged P. trivialis Lemmas 3-nerved. Keel of lemma pubescent, at least below the middle; marginal nerves glabrous; panicle branches 3-5 whorled P. alsodes Keel and marginal nerves of lemma pubescent. Panicle branches in whorls of 5's, ligules 3-5 mm long P. palustris Panicle branches in 2' s and 3's. Branches ascending; glumes broad, ligule less than 1 mm long . . . P. interior Branches spreading, spikelet-bearing at tips; glumes narrow, ligule more than 1 mm long P. nemoralis P. annua L. Annual Bluegrass. Smooth, soft, bright green grasses with stems 4-20 cm high, usually spreading or decumbent at flattened bases; blades lax, up to 3 mm wide; panicle 3-6 cm long; spikelets clustered, 3-5-flowered; lemmas 5-nerved, pubescent on the nerves but not cobwebby at the base.--1943 damp soil, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11527 rocky shores of Crooked L, Curtain Falls, Can boundary. In cult grounds across the continent. Adv from Eurasia. P. compressa L. Canada Bluegrass. Stems wiry, bluish green, strongly flattened from decumbent rhizomatous bases; blades short; ligules 1 mm long; panicle narrow, erect, stiff, its branches spikelet-bearing close to the base; spikelets crowded, 4-7 mm long, 3-7-flowered; lemmas pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, often bronzed at tips; intermediate nerves faint.--1487 sandfill, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth; 15349 shore of Vermilion L, Isle of Pines. Dry rocky exposures and banks, across the continent. Natzd from Eurasia. P. pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass. Stems up to 8 dm high from rhizome-bearing tufts, compressed below; sheaths keeled; ligules 2 mm long; blades 2-4 mm wide, the basal much elongated; panicle pyramidal, with spreading branches in whorls of 5's; spikelets 3-5flowered; keels and marginal nerves of lemma pubescent, with copious webbing at base.--16080 shorewoods of Bassett L; 14130 high cliff, in seams of rock, Namekan Narrows. Lab to Alas. P. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Bluegrass. Differs from ceding species by terete stem bases and narrower leaves, wide.--5531 edge of bog, 8 mi s of Aurora at Palo; 12536 bank of Crooked L at Curtain Falls. Rocky woods, Nfld to s to Tenn and Calif.

the pre1-2 mm rocky BC and

5

Figure 5. Poa pratensis P. Chaixii Vill. Chaix's Bluegrass. Stems up to 10 dm high, soft, compressed, from strongly flattened basal leaf tufts; blades 4-8 mm wide, prominently keel-tipped; scabrous on margins; panicle open, 20-30 cm long; branches 4-5 in remote, spreading whorls, spikelet-bearing toward the tips; spikelets 4-5-flowered; lemmas 5-nerved, scabrous, webless at base.--2012 rocky wooded slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth. N and Centr Eu.

P. glauca Vahl. Glaucous Speargrass. Stems 3-5 dm high, cespitose, blue-green; blades narrow, stiff, ligule 1-1.5 mm long; panicle 1-2 dm long, narrow and dense to open; branches

47

scabrous in 3's or 5's; spikelets white-green to bronze-purple, 3-6 mm long; lemmas acute; marginal nerves and the keel pilose, base webless.--15256 in fissures of shorerocks of Pine Island, Kabetogama L; 14590 shorerocks of Fox Island, Rainy L. Dry rocky woods, Greenl to Alas. P. glaucantha Gaudin. Plants blue-green, stems tufted, flattened above the base, 30-40 dm high; cauline leaves several, blades 8-10 cm long; spikelets commonly 6-flowered or fewer; lemmas obtuse, pubescent on keels and lateral nerves; basal web obscure.--14128 rocky slope, Namekan Narrows. Dry woods and cliffs. Nfld to Wyo. P. saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. Soft tufted grasses with stems 4-7 dm high; blades of basal leaves long, those of cauline leaves shorter than the sheaths; ligules 2-3 mm long; panicle nodding, somewhat secund, 1 dm long, its slender branches usually in 3's or less, spikeletbearing toward the tips; spikelets 3-5 mm long, usually 3-5-flowered; lemmas acute, 5-nerved, glabrous, except the webbed base.--12432 mixed coniferous woods, portage to Iron L from Curtain Falls; 8494 spruce forest, Palo. Open woods, Que to Qnt, NE to Minn. P. languida Hitchc. Stems soft, slender, loosely tufted, 5-7 dm high; ligule 1 mm long; blades 2-4 mm wide, lax; panicle nodding, 4-8 cm long, its branches in 2's and 3's; spikeletbearing toward the tips; spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemmas obtuse 5-nerved, glabrous except the webbed base, 2-3 mm long.--12401 hardwood forest, Prairie L, Hwy 73; 2497 hardwood association, on Hwy 4, Duluth. Rocky woods, Vt to Minn, s to Ken, 111. P. Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Junegrass. Plants tufted, 2.5-8 dm tall; stems erect, slender, overtopping the leaves, crowded below; sheaths smooth or nearly so; blades soft, 1-3 mm wide, tapering to minutely scabrous tips; ligule 1-2 mm long, obtuse; panicle nodding, up to 9 cm long, open with ascending branches; 3-4 mm long, 2-4-flowered spikelets above the middle of the panicle branches; mature lemmas acute, with broad scarious margins, silky villous along the keel and marginal nerves; intermediate nerves prominent in mature florets, base of lemma with copious web.--Rare. 6360 Beaver Island, L Superior, Silver Bay. 7287 same habitat. Plants are small, in vigorously growing colony around rock pool, ne end of the island. In midsummer, leaf tufts were yellowing below. Moist woods, 0, Mo, Minn. P. trivialis L. Rough Bluegrass. Stems soft, erect from decumbent base, scabrous below the panicle; sheaths and blades scabrous, the latter 2-4 mm wide; panicle open, 5-12 cm long, its branches whorled; spikelets crowded, 2-3-flowered; glumes narrow, keeled; lemmas 2-3 mm long, glabrous except the pubescent keel and webbed base, acute and 5-nerved.--6007 Tischer Cr bank, Hunter's Pk, Duluth. Nfld to Ont,*s to Ga, Ala. P. alsodes A. Gray. Forest Bluegrass. Stems soft, loosely tufted, 3-5 dm high; blades 2-5 mm wide, thin; panicle open, 1-2 dm long, its ascending branches in remote whorls of 5's, spikelet-bearing toward the tips; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3-5 mm long; lemmas acute, glabrous except the pubescent keel and webbed base.--3600 hardwood forest, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 14102 maple forest, Midway T. Rich woods and thickets, NS to Ont, s to NC and Tenn. P. palustris L. Fowl Bluegrass. Stems tufted, decumbent, smooth, 3-10 dm high, somewhat flattened at base; ligule 3-4 mm long; sheaths keeled, scabrous; panicle nodding, its branches in whorls of 5; spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemmas obtuse, pubescent on keel and marginal nerves, webbed.--13854 black ash swamp, Crane L; 15033 shore of Pine Island, Kabetogama L. Transcont.

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P. interior Rydb. Inland Bluegrass. Plants stiff; stems densely tufted, scabrous toward the summit; blades firm, 2-3 mm wide; ligule less than 1 mm long; panicle 6-15 cm long, the erect branches in 2's and 3's; spikelets 3-4 mm long, 2-3-flowered; lemmas 3-4 mm long, pubescent on keel, and marginal nerves, webbed at base.--14317 in lichen mats, Gull Island, Namekan L; 13218 granite ledges, Finger Bay, Rainy L. Vt, Minn, and far w. P. nemoralis L. Grove Bluegrass. Stems strongly tufted, 3-5 dm high, leafy; the blades spreading nearly at horizontal angle; ligules about .5 mm long; panicle 5-10 cm, open with spreading whorls of branches, spikelet-bearing toward the tips; glumes narrow acuminate; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 3-5 mm long; lemmas somewhat acuminate, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, webbed at base.--6005 se-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 6042 Duluth, mixed forest at Lester Pk. Introd from Eu. Nfld to Minn, s, 0.

Festuca L. Fescue (Ancient L. name of some grass) Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves; lemmas convex, awned or awnless; glumes narrow, the first glume shorter, 1-nerved, the second, longer, 3-nerved, keeled, acuminate. Leaf blades 3 mm or more wide; lemmas awnless. Spikelets 10 mm long; panicle branches ascending F. elatior Spikelets less than 10 mm long; panicle branches few, spreading F. obtusa Leaf blades narrow, less than 3 mm wide; often involute; lemmas awned. Sheaths brownish or mostly red, early becoming fibrous or marcescent; panicle open . . . F. rubra Sheaths green, long-persisting. Panicle open below; anthers 2.5-3 mm long F. ovina Panicle contracted, secund; anthers 1-1.7 mm long F. saximontana F. elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Stems up to 10 dm tall; blades flat, 4-8 mm wide; panicle nodding or erect, contracted in fruit; spikelets usually 5-7-flowered, on ascending branches uniformly spaced along its length; glumes oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the acute lemmas, 6-7 mm long.--4421 grassy meadow, Jean Du Luth Rd, Duluth; 12662 wooded bluff above Shagawa L, Ely. Cult fields and rdsides throughout area. Nfld to BC and s to Ala. Introd from Eu. F. obtusa Biehler. Nodding Fescue. Stems up to 9 dm tall, lax; leaves 4-7 mm wide; panicle nodding with spreading branches, spikelet-bearing toward the tips; spikelets 3-5-flowered; glumes nearly equaling the obtuse lemmas, 3-4 mm long.--4182 elm association, Mission Cr Woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 6898 elm forest, Whiteface R w of Cotton. Moist woods, NS to Man and s to Fla. F. rubra L. Red Fescue. Stems tufted, decumbent, to 7 dm tall, reddish at base; leaves narrow, filiform, soft, mostly involute; panicle narrow with erect branches of several spikelets; florets 4-7, lemma usually reddish, scabrous toward apex, its body 4-5 mm long, terminating in an awn of equal length.--5340 lawn adjoining UMD campus; 12710 lichen mats, Echo Trail n of Ely. Wide distribution in n hemisphere, and w states. F. ovina L. Sheep Fescue. Stems in dense tussocks, 2-4 dm tall, leaves scabrous, involute, basal shoots clustered and numerous; panicle narrow, branches appressed; spikelets 3-549

flowered; lemmas awned, 4-5 mm long.--8289 sandy forest border, Hwy 20, se of Gilbert; 16222 clearing at Vermilion L, Treasure Island area. Dry soil, Nfld to ND, Que, Pa. F. saximontana Rydb. Rocky Mountain Fescue. Stems tufted, 3-5 dm high, slender, wiry; leaves capillary, involute, narrow, .5 mm wide; panicle linear, cylindric, interrupted; spikelets 3-5-flowered; lemmas involute, awned, nerves not prominent.--12933 in lichen mats, Kettle Falls, Rainy L; 1440 pine forest, Minn Pt, Duluth. Dry slopes and ridges. Nfld to Alas, Ont, U, Colo. Bromus L. Bromegrass (Ancient Gr. for oat, from broma, food) Coarse grasses with flat leaves; sheaths shorter than internodes; panicles open; spikelets many-flowered, lemmas convex, 2-toothed at apex, usually awned; palea adhering to the grain. Plants annual, leaves densely pubescent, panicle flexuous B. tectorum Plants perennial, leaves glabrous to pilose. Plants rhizome-bearing, lemmas awnless; panicle ascending B. inermis Plants without rhizomes, lemmas awned; panicle spreading to nodding. Lemmas pubescent below the middle, first glume 1-nerved, second glume 3-nerved . . . . B. ciliatus Lemmas pubescent throughout, first glume 3-nerved, second 5-nerved B. Kalmii B. tectorum L. Common Bromegrass. Stems up to 7 dm high; leaves pubescent; panicle narrow, drooping; spikelets 2-3 cm long; lemmas pubescent, notched at apices, 1ong-awned.--10436 moist sand, Minn Pt, Duluth. Weed of rdsides and waste ground Que to BC and s. B. inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome. Stems 5-10 dm high from stoloniferous base; leaves smooth, blades flat, 4-10 mm wide; panicle 8-10 cm long, erect, with whorled branches, somewhat contracted spikelets 1-2.5 cm long, 4-10-flowered; lemmas glabrous, awnless or sometimes awnpointed. --10719 grassy slope, Skyline Pkwy, 6th Ave W, Duluth; 8658 rdside at Babbitt. Introd from Eu. Transcont. B. ciliatus L. Forest Bromegrass. Stems up to 1 m high; clustered sheaths pilose, usually shorter than internodes; blades pilose, scabrous; panicle nodding; spikelets 1-2.5 cm long, 3-7-flowered; lemmas pubescent along marginal nerves and at base; palea invested within the lemma.--9270 mixed forest Big L, Echo Trail n of Ely; 2099 alder thickets, Minn Pt, Duluth. Transcont s to Tex. B. Kalmii Gray. Velvet Brome. Tufted perennials up to 10 dm tall; stems slender, glabrous, except the pubescent circle at the node adjacent to sheath-base; sheaths pubescent, orifice more or less V-shaped; ligule truncate, erose; blades of cauline leaves hirtellous above and below, 6-10 mm wide; spikelets 15-20 mm long in drooping panicles, 8-10-flowered, purplish brown when mature; pedicels scabrous, clavate; glumes pubescent; lemmas uniformly appressed, pilose, 7-nerved, margins scarious, awns 3-4 mm long^ palea villous.--Rare. 20893 abundant with Agropyron trachycaulum in sandy soil of rr right of way in Payne, Hwy 7. Me-Minn, SD, la. Glyceria R. Br. Mannagrass (Gr. glyceros, sweet, in allusion to the taste of grain)

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Marsh-growing perennial grasses, with flat leaves, soft stems, diffuse panicles; spikelets many-flowered, lemmas strongly nerved, convex on the back, apex usually erose or sometimes pointed. Pedicels erect; spikelets appressed G. borealis Pedicels spreading, mostly nodding at tips. Stems decumbent, growth matted; lemmas 5-nerved G. Fernaldii Stems upright; if decumbent, growth not matting. Glumes white; florets red; spikelets 5-6 mm long G. grandis Glumes greenish; florets green, or somewhat reddish when mature. Spikelets 3-4 mm long, not tumid G. striata Spikelets 5-6 mm long, tumid G- canadensis G. borealis (Nash) Batchelder. Northern Mannagrass. Stems up to 1 mm high, rooting from decumbent bases; leaves smooth, sheaths overlapping, blades 3-5 mm wide, floating if in deep water; panicles 3 dm long with remote spreading branches; spikelets pedicelled, appressed, parallel to peduncles, 5-12-flowered; lemmas 7-nerved, erose at the summit, smooth or somewhat scabrous between the nerves.--1580 margin of bog, bayside of Minn Pt, Duluth; 12141 sandy shore of Sturgeon L n of Hibbing. In shallow waters across the continent. G. Fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John. Creeping Mannagrass. Stems slender, matted, from decumbent creeping bases, up to 5 dm high; leaves ascending, sheaths appressed; ligule 2-3 mm long; panicle 3-7 cm long, the few ascending branches becoming reflexed in age; spikelets usually 3-4-flowered; lemmas 2-2.5 mm long.--4594 rdside ditch, Meadowlands, w of Hwy 53; 15626 shore of Bear Trap R, near gorge to Iron L. In wet places and shallow shores. Nfld to Minn, and e states. G. grandis S. Wats. Reed Mannagrass. Stems clustered, over 10 dm high; sheaths loose nodulose, overlapping; blades 7-12 mm wide; panicle 2-4 dm long, nodding; spikelets numerous, 3-7-flowered, purplish; lemmas 7-nerved, 2-2.5 mm long.--Common in wet meadows, bog and stream borders throughout. 1470 shore of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 16948 shore of Trout L n of Vermilion L. Nfld to Alas. G. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl Mannagrass. Stems slender, tufted, up to 7 dm high, with scabrous sheaths; blades flat, long, divergent; panicle lax, diffuse, green to purple; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 2-3 mm long; lemmas finely nerved, somewhat erose at summits.--In moist ground throughout. 11009 shore of Savanna R, Floodwood; 10691 swampy forest border near Nopeming on Hwy 61, Nfld to Alta, s to Fla, Tex. G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake-grass. Stems solitary or loosely tufted, up to 9 dm high; leaves several; the sheaths of the uppermost leaves shorter than the internodes; blades scabrous; panicle open, up to 2 dm long, drooping; spikelets numerous, 3-10-flowered, becoming inflated; lemmas acute, 7-nerved.--11345 shore vegetation, Rose L, 30 mi n of Duluth; 2662 drainage ditch, Hwy 4 at Palo. Meadows, bogs from Nfld to Minn. Schizachne Hack. False Melic (Gr. schizein, to split, and achne, chaff) S. purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen. False Melic. Stems mostly glabrous up to 8 dm tall, tufted, from hard decumbent bases with purplish scales overtopping the leaves; blades flat attenuate

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at tips, slightly tapering basally; ligule truncate, scarious, less than 1 mm long; sheath closed, fragile, purplish, early-splitting; panicle nodding, commonly more than 8 cm long; spikelets 1-2.5 cm long, 2-5-flowered, striate, purplish in age; lemma glabrous, 7-nerved, with a bifid awned apex; palea pubescent on the nerves; callus bearded; grain free.--One of the most common grasses throughout area, flowering in early summer. 1772 pine forest, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12516 coniferous forest, Iron L, Curtain Falls. Nfld to Alas, s to MM and WVa.

Tribe II. Phalarideae. Canarygrass Tribe Inflorescence in spicate or in open racemes, spikelets with 1 perfect floret; pedicels jointed above glumes; sterile lemmas sometimes reduced to scales. Stems 1.5 dm high, panicle contracted, spikelets straw-colored to reddish, summerflowering Phalaris Stems 3 dm high, panicle open; spikelets brownish; spring-flowering fragrant grass . . . . Hierochloe Phalaris L. Canarygrass (Gr. name, alluding to crested panicle) P. arundinacea L. Tall perennial grass from creeping rhizomes; leaves flat, panicle interrupted, racemose-spicate contracted in fruit; spikelets with one perfect terminal floret, with plumose vestiges of sterile lemmas; lemma shiny and indurated in fruit.--Common in wet soil of shores, rdsides, and meadows. 14775 shore of Rainy L, Cranberry Bay area; 4420 rock clefts, Lester R, Duluth. Nfld to Alas, Md to Calif. Hierochloe R. Br. Sweet Vernalgrass (Gr. hieros, sacred, chloe, grass, used in religious rituals) H. odorata (L.) Beauv. Perennial, fragrant grasses from creeping rhizomes with stems flowering before the growth of new leaves; the cauline leaves short, lanceolate; panicle loose, spreading; spikelets 3-6 mm long, satiny, bronzed with 1 perfect and 2 staminate florets; lemmas awnless.--Common, moist meadows, rocky terraces, often in extensive colonies; flowering in May or later farther n. 14092 terrace, North Shore, L Superior at Palmers; 14588a rocky shore of Fox Island, Rainy L. Transcont in the n and s to la, 111, Ind.

Tribe III. Aveneae. Oat Tribe Flowers in panicles; glumes enlarged, longer than the first florets; lemmas awned near the middle or awnless. Spikelets less than 1 cm long. Lemmas commonly awnless; glumes unlike. Rachilla articulating below the glumes; glumes unlike in shape Sphenopholis Rachilla articulating above the glumes; glumes similar but subequal Koeleria Lemmas awned. Panicle contracted; lemmas keeled; awn inserted above the middle Trisetum Panicle open; lemmas convex; awn inserted below the middle Deschampsia 52

B

A

6 Figure 6. Hierochloe odorata. A. Panicle. B. Spikelet

Spikelets more than 1 cm long. Spikelets nodding; awn of lenma inserted near middle, or absent . . . Spikelets erect, awn of lemma inserted below the notch of bifid apex

. . . Avena . Danthonia

Sphenopholis Scribn. (Gr. sphen, wedge, pholis, scale, referring to the shape of the second glume) Perennial tufted grasses with glabrous stems, flat leaves, and spike-like panicles; spikelets 2-flowered, falling off entire; nerves of hyaline palea scabrous; tips of lemmas keeled and scabrous; the first glume narrow, the second obovate and enlarged, wider than the lemma. Spikelets densely clustered, second glume hooded S. obtusata Spikelets in loose clusters, second glume, acutish S. intermedia S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Stems 3-6 dm high; leaves flat, scabrous on margins; panicle spicate, its branches ascending,--sandy shores. 1541 Minn Pt, Duluth. Me to Minn, Fla to Tex. S. intermedia Rydb. Stems 3-6 dm high, smooth and lustrous; leaves flat with scabrous margins; panicle lax, nodding; glumes keeled, scabrous; lemmas acute.--6553 bayshore sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 1446 Hammer Cr bank at Namekan L. Nfld to Alas, s to Fla, La. Koeleria Pers. Prairie Junegrass (Named for Georg Ludwig Koeler) K. cristata (L.) Pers. Crested-Junegrass. Tufted perennials up to 5 dm tall; stems slender, 53

firm, erect; leaves basal; sheaths pubescent to puberulent; ligule truncate, 1 mm long; blades 1-3 mm wide, scaberulous or short pubescent above and below; panicle spicate, lobulate, up to 12 cm long; spikelets compressed, 2-4-flowered; rachilla tip commonly bristlelike; florets disarticulating above the glumes; glumes scabrous on keels, margins scarious, slightly surpassed by the florets; lemmas scaberulous, lustrous, 5-nerved, acute, or rarely short-awned.--Rare. 20887 growing in sandy soil within rr right-of-way at Payne, Hwy 7. Prairies and plains, Ont to BC, s to Mex. Trisetwn L. False Oat (L. tres, three, seta, bristle, from the awned and 2-toothed lemma) T. spicatum (L.) Richter. var. pilosiglume Fern. Tufted perennials with stems 1-2 dm tall; sheaths and blades densely soft-pilose; spikes contracted, narrow, 2-5 cm long; glumes subequal, awn pointed, with scarious margins and apices, pilose on the back; lemmas 2-toothed with translucent tips, the twisted divergent geniculate awn arising below the cleft.--Shore ledges of L Superior. 2566 fissures of diabase, L Superior shore 16 mi ne of Duluth. Exposed situations from Greenl to Alas; L Superior and alpine regions.

Deschampsia Beauv. Hairgrass Perennial tufted grasses with narrow involute leaves and diffuse panicles; spikelets 2-flowered, lustrous; pedicels slender; glumes subequal; florets translucent; lemmas awned near the base; rachilla prolonged as a hairy tip. Leaves capillary, involute; awn twisted, somewhat divergent D. flexuosa Leaves flat, awn straight, mostly included D. caespitosa D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Slender Hairgrass. Stems slender, slightly geniculate at base; basal leaves numerous, less than 1 mm wide; ligule 3-5 mm long, becoming cleft into 2 rounded lobes; panicle spikelet bearing near the tips of its slender branches; lemmas conspicuously awned.--Known only from Minn Pt, Duluth. 2069 in sandy soil under pines. Greenl to Alas, s to Minn, Wis, Ga, Mex. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. f. Tufted Hairgrass. Plants strongly caespitose; stems slender, up to 8 dm high; basal leaves less than 4 mm wide; ligule of basal leaves long acuminate, up to 7 mm long, becoming cleft; panicle up to 3 dm long, its slender branches usually whorled and spikelet-bearing near tips; lemma awns straight, included.-Common on L Superior and on shores of Can border lakes. 10828 L Superior shore rocks; 14659 Fox Island in Rainy L. Greenl to Alas, s to MM, Calif.

Avena L. Oat (Classical L. name) Includes the cultivated oat. Annual grasses with open panicles; spikelets with 2-3 florets; glumes striate; lemmas awned; grain smooth. Lemmas glabrous; spikelets erect A. sativa Lemmas brown hairy; spikelets nodding A. fatua

54

A. sativa L. The cultivated oat; lemmas with straight awns, or awnless. Occurring as ballast. 1814 Minn Pt, Duluth. A. fatua L. Annual grass with awns of lemmas twisted, geniculate.--Infrequent. R. Norman, Aug. 24, 1939. East Boulevard, Duluth. Adv, Minn to Pacific coast.

Danthonia DC. Wild Oat (Named for E. Danthoine, a French botanist) D. spicata (L.) Beauv. var. spicata. Tufted perennial grasses with stems up to 6 dm tall; leaves stiff, pilose, crowded at base, commonly recurved; ligules brush-like; panicle stiff with ascending branches; glumes subequal, longer than lemmas; lemmas 2-toothed, twisted flat awns arising below the apical notch. The typical var. spicata, leaves curled and twisted. 14583 shore of Fox Island in Rainy L; 10745 Nortondale meadow, UMD campus. Var. pinetorum Piper, leaves straight; 15600 shore of Iron L, Can boundary; 13841 lichen mats, Vermilion R gorge, Crane L. Que to Minn, s to Fla and Ala.

7 Figure 7. Danthonia spicata

Tribe IV. Hordeae. Barley Tribe Spikelets sessile on zig-zag rachis, forming a spike; glumes often setaceous or obsolete. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis Lolium. Spikelets placed sidewise to the rachis. Spikelets solitary Agropyron Spikelets in groups. Spikelets unlike, usually in 3's, the central one only fertile Hordewn Spikelets alike, all fertile, usually in 2's. Spikes thick, dense; glumes awned or awn-pointed Elymus Spikes interrupted, loose; glumes minute or obsolete Hystrix Lolium L. Darnel (Ancient L. name) Perennial or annual soft-leaved grasses; stems geniculate at base; spikes appearing zig-zag with divergent spikelets articulated at nodes edgewise, the glume fitting into the concave internode. Spikelets 5-10-flowered; lemmas awnless; rachis smooth L, perenne Spikelets more than 10-flowered; lemmas usually awned; rachis scabrous . . L. multiflorum L. perenne L. Common Darnel. Perennial with stems 2-5 dm high, smooth; spikelets with several

55

flowers, usually surpassing the glumes in length.--9451 resort grounds, Park Pt, Kabetogama L; 9323 sandy beach, Prairie L. Common, fields and rdsides. Introd from Eu. L. multiflorum L. Many-flowered Darnel. Annuals, with stems up to 7 dm tall, purplish at nodes, geniculate at the base; spikelets up to 20-flowered; lemmas awned.--13839 muddy bank, Crane L; 2340a grassed blvd, bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth. Frequent, waste grounds. Introd.

Agropyron Gaertn. Quackgrass (Gr. agrios, wild, pyros, wheat) Perennial creeping or tufted grasses with simple stems; leaves flat; spikes slender; spikelets on a continuous rachis arising sideways from nodes; spikelets several-flowered; glumes shorter than the lemmas, awnless or awned; lemmas awnless or awned from the apex; palea short, ciliate on keels; grain adherent. Plants with creeping stolons A. repens Plants tufted. Glumes and lemmas uniformly awned; lateral veins of glume obscure A. cristatum Glumes and lemmas awnless or with variable awns; lateral veins of glumes prominent . . . A. trachycaulum A. repens (L.) Beauv. f. repens. Quackgrass. Extensively creeping stoloniferous grass, with internodes longer than sheaths; blades flat, smooth below, scabrous above; spike strict; rachilla glabrous; glumes 5-7-n, rved; lemmas smooth awnless or awn-pointed, in f. aristatum (Schum. ) Holmb.--f. repens. Common throughout. 1456 sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; f. aristatum 17026 Vermilion L, Trout L portage. Introd. A. cristatum, (L.) Beauv. Crested Quackgrass. Stems firm, coarse, blades narrow, becoming involute; spike strict, 2-ranked, 2-3-flowered; awns of glume and lemmas about equal.-Rdsides, shores. 15321a upper beach, L Superior, Minn Pt, Duluth. Introd. A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte. Upland Wheatgrass. Perennial nonstoloniferous grasses with stems up to 9 dm tall, green to glaucous, with flat blades; spikes . 5 to 2 dm long, cylindric or 1-sided; spikelets 3-5-flowered; glumes obscurely keeled, 3-9-ribbed, tapering to awns or pointed tips; lemmas convex, 5-nerved, usually smooth to scabrous, awnless or long-awned. Lemmas awnless, or awn-pointed. Spikelets barely overlapping; rachilla scabrous on margin var. trachycaulum Spikelets overlapping; rachilla villous var. novae-angliae Lemmas awned. Spike symmetrical, body of lemma 8 mm long var. glaucum Spike 1-sided, body of lemma 13 mm long var. unilaterale Var. trachycaulum. Stems from cespitose base, smooth and firm, greenish; spike slender; spikelets appressed; lemmas merely awn-pointed or awnless, nerves prominent only at tips.-Occasional in exposed situations. 5082 open hillside, Enger's Tower, Duluth; 16840 in lichen mats, Boulder Bay of Lac La Croix. Que to Alas, 111 to Calif.

56

Var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern. Spikes dense, slender, .3-1 dm long; spikelets imbricated, spreading; glumes and lemmas short-awned or awn-pointed.--Common, exposed ledges, granite outcrops. 12471 mossy ledges, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Nfld to BC and s, across the continent. Var. glaucum. (Pease & Moore) Malte. Plants glaucous; stems stiff and strict; spikes cylindric, awns equaling or exceeding the body of the lemma.--Common, lichen and moss mats on exposed ledges. 8647 rdside at Babbitt; 8538 in lichen mats on outcrops above White Iron L. Var. unilaterale (Cassidy) Malte. Differs from the preceding by thicker 1-sided spikes, longer glumes and awns. 5081 open hillside, Enger's Tower, Duluth; 2584 exposed hilltop in Chester Pk area, Duluth. Que to BC, s to 111 to Nev, Colo.

Hordeum L. Barley (The ancient L. name) H. jubatum L. Squirrel Tail. Annual tufted grass; stems geniculate at base; leaves up to 5 mm wide, scabrous; spike nodding, dense, disarticulating readily at maturity; spikelets 3-flowered, the central one perfect, the lateral pedicelled and reduced to long slender awns; glumes of the perfect flower long awned. --Common on shores and in waste ground. 13265 Kettle Falls, shore of Rainy L; 1491 Bayside sand, Minn Pt, Duluth. Lab to Alas.

Elymus L. Wild Ryegrass (The ancient L. name) Tufted perennial grasses with flat leaves, or involute at tips; panicle nodding to erect, spikes 2-several-flowered; glumes linear, awned from the apex. Spikes erect; awns straight; glumes arching at base. Glumes and lemmas awned E. virginicus Glumes and lemmas awnless or short awn-tipped var. submuticus Spikes nodding; awns more or less divergent; glumes not arching. Plants green; lemmas scabrous E. canadensis Plants glaucous; lemmas villous var. glaucifolius E. virginicus L. var. virginicus. Stems pale green to glaucous up to 10 dm tall; sheaths usually hairy, blades scabrous; spikes stiff, dense erect; spikelets 2-4-flowered, appressed with stiff, long-awned glumes with yellowish, indurated arching base.--Var. virginicus: rich woods and shores. 11244 hardwood forest at Floodwood; 9610 shore of an island in Kabetogama L. Var. submuticus Fern; differs from the typical in shorter and blunt awns. 11265 Lieuna L forest on Pequaywan L rd. Nfld to Alas, s to Tex. E. canadensis L. var. canadensis. Stems stout up to 1.5 m tall with stiff leaves, involute at tips; spikes dense, nodding; spikelets 2-5-flowered; lemmas nearly smooth to scabrous or hirsute; awns long, divergent.--Var. canadensis. Common in forested areas. 1615 sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth. Var. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Fern. Differs from the typical by bluish green color. 1614 sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth. NB to Alas, s to Tex, Ariz, Calif.

57

Hystrix Moench. Bottlebrush (Gr. hystrix, hedgehog, for the bristly spikes) Perennial grasses from a short creeping rootstock; stems usually solitary, leaves flat; spike nodding, spikelets remote; 2-4-flowered in clusters of 2 or 3 on the somewhat zig-zag flat rachis; glumes almost obsolete; lemmas long-awned, florets sessile, dropping off readily at maturity. Lemmas glabrous Lemmas pubescent

H. patula var. Bigeloviana H. patula Moench. var. patula. Occasional in maple-basswood forest, southern and western parts of area. 4183 Fond du Lac, Duluth; 9146 Prairie L, sw corner of St. Louis Co. Me to ND, s to Ga, Ark. Var. Bigeloviana (Fern.) Deam. More common than the smooth variety.--15271 wooded terrace at Kabetogama L; 11998 mixed hardwood forest at Fond du Lac, Duluth. NS to Wis, s to 0, Ind.

Tribe V. Chlorideae. Grama Tribe

A

B

Spikelets in 1-sided spikes, rachis continuous, articulation below the glumes in area species. Glumes equal, awnless, inflated Beckmannia Glumes unequal, awned, not inflated Spartina

Beckmannia Host. Boatgrass. (Named for Johann Beckmann) B. syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Plants annual, pale green, with usually tufted stems, up to 5 dm high; leaves soft with loose sheaths; blades flat, up to 13 mm wide; ligules oblong, 5-7 mm long; panicle branches secund, of sessile spikelets in 2 rows; glumes inflated, boat-shaped, widened toward apex, pinnately veined; lemma and palea apiculate, surpassing the glume apex.-Occasional, shores and damp soil. 1464 sandfill, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth; 8926 shore of Shagawa R at Winton. Que to Alas, s and w to la, Calif.

8 Spartina Schreb. Cordgrass Figure 8. Elymus canadensis. A. Spikelet with 1

(Gr. spartine, cord, in allusion to strong rhizomes)

floret. B. Ventral view of floret

5. pectinata Link. Stout perennial grass from strong scaly 58

rhizomes; leaves stiff with long blades, averaging 7 dm in length and 13 mm in width, tapering to involute tips; ligules short scarious, fringed or lacerate; panicle branches secund, with sessile, flattened, 1-flowered spikelets, imbricated in 2 rows along the angular continuous rachis; glumes unequal, the keel terminating in an awn or bristle; lemma scabrous toward summit, surpassed by the palea.--Handsome grass of sandy beaches, wet shores, meadows. 16599 white sandy beach, Coleman Island, Lac La Croix; 15656 sandy beach, Crooked L, Curtain Falls. Nfld to Alas.

Tribe VI. Zizanieae Monoecious aquatic grasses, spikelets in panicles, glumes wanting, lemmas awned.

B

A

Zizania L. Wild Rice (Gr. zizanion, weed of wheat fields) Z. aquatica L. Tall, annual aquatic grasses with unisexual florets, the pistillate terminating the panicle, the staminate below; glumes wanting, pistillate long-awned; stamens 6. Varieties differentiated chiefly by leaf spread and the number of pistillate spikelets on panicle branFigure 9. Spartina pectinata. A. Spikelet. ches. Var. angustifolia Hitchc. B. Rhi zome Leaves 5-15 mm wide, pistillate spikelets fewer than 10. 15633 Dead R between Crooked L and Iron L; 9214 Prairie L in shallow water. Var. interior Fasset. Leaves 1-2.5 cm wide, pistillate spikelets more than 10. 4253 St. Louis R Bay, Fond du Lac. NB to the interior, Ind, Mo, ND.

9

Tribe VII. Oryzeae Spikelets 1-flowered, glumes minute or wanting; flowers in panicles.

Leersia Sw. Cutgrass (Named for Johann Daniel Leers, German botanist) L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. A perennial grass of ascending habit; sheaths enlarged; leaves with sharply scabrous margins; panicle pyramidal with remote racemes; spikelets flat; florets perfect; glumes wanting; lemmas bristly ciliate on keels, boat-shaped. Shores and swampy habitats. 7348 cr bed, Ely L, near Eveleth. 1853 Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth. Que to Wash, sw to Fla, to Calif.

59

A

C

B

E D

10 Figure 10. Zizania aquatica var. angustifolia. A. Panicle. B. Base. C. , D. Staminate spikelet. E. Pistillate spikelet

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Tribe VIII. Agrostideae. Timothy Tribe Florets in spike-like or loose panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; lemmas awned or awnless; palea sometimes wanting; glumes rarely enlarged. Panicle dense, spike-like, cylindrical. Glumes distinct, awned; spikelets disarticulating above the glumes Phleum Glumes united at base, awnless; spikelets disarticulating with glumes Alopecurus Panicle diffuse or loosely spicate-racemose. Articulation below the glumes, florets stiped; lemmas bifid, awned Cinna Articulation above the glumes. II Lemmas indurated, lustrous. Lemmas awnless Mi Hum Figure 11. Leersia Lemmas awned. oryzoides. Part Awn persistent; callus sharp Stipa Awn deciduous; callus blunt Oryzopsis of panicle Lemmas soft, not indurated. Callus hairy. Leaves involute; glumes awnless; panicle dense Anmophila Leaves flat. Rhizomes scaly, rarely wanting; glumes narrow, awn-pointed or awned Muhlenbergia Rhizomes not scaly; glumes awnless. Callus hairs conspicuous Calamagrostis Callus hairs minute . Agrostis Callus smooth. Lemma awnless; sheaths with hairy tufts; grain separating from pericarp (pellicle) Sporobolus Lemma long-awned; sheaths smooth; grain not separating from pericarp Brachyelytrum

Phleum L. Timothy (Gr. phleos, a kind of reed) P. pratense L. Timothy. Stems solitary, bulbous at base, up to 10 dm tall; leaves flat; panicle dense, spicate racemose, cylindric; spikelets with enlarged equal awn-pointed ciliated glumes.--14111 high rocks at Namekan Narrows; 1493 sandy bayside beach, Minn Pt, Duluth. Common throughout area. Escape from cult.

Alopecurus L. Foxtail (Gr. alopex, fox, oura, tail) Perennial or annual grasses with spike-like panicles and flat leaves; glumes equal, connate at base, awnless, and ciliated on keel; lemmas awned; palea lacking. 61

Stems up to 8 dm tall, from spreading rhizomes; the awn of lemma exserted, attached below the middle A. pratense Stems low up to 6 dm tall, tufted; awn of lemma included; attached near the middle . v . . . A. aequalis A. pratense L. Meadow Foxtail. Stems erect with somewhat decumbent bases; sheaths loose, inflated; spikelet 3.5-5 mm long; lemma scabrous on keel above.--5600 recreation grounds, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10380 bank of Pelican L, Orr. Escaping to rdsides from cult. Introd from Eu. A. aequalis Sobol. Tufted Foxtail. Stems decumbent, tufted, leaves flat; sheaths somewhat inflated; spikelet 2 mm long; lemma nearly smooth.--In open soil of shores and wet places. 1488 sandy shore of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13630 shore of pond, Crane L, near seaplane base. Nfld to Alas, and s to Mo, Ariz, Calif.

Cinna L. Woodreedgrass (Classical name for a kind of grass) C. latifolia Griseb. Wide-leaved woodreed. Perennial grass with stiff stems up to 1 m tall; leaves flat; ligules conspicuous; panicle up to 3 dm long, drooping; spikelets lustrous, jointed below the subequal scabrous glumes; lemmas keeled, scabrous, awned just below the bifid apex.--Common in damp woods. 16927 mixed coniferous forest, Trout L portage n of Vermilion L; 11443 mossy coniferous woods, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Nfld to Alas and across the continent in n states.

Milium L. Milletgrass (Ancient L. name of millet) M. effusum, L. var. cisatlanticum Fern. Perennial grass, up to 1.5 m tall, with flat leaves and loose panicles; spikelets dorsally flattened, disarticulating above the glumes; lemmas smooth and shiny, indurated and inrolled, as in panicum.--Throughout s half of Arrowhead region. 2018 Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 11997 mixed hardwood forest, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Nfld to Ont, NS to WVa, and w to Minn.

Stipa L. Porcupinegrass (Gr. stype, tow) Perennial tufted grasses with stiff stems; leaves involute, spikelets 1.5-2.5 cm long; floret breaking obliquely, leaving a needle-pointed bearded callus on the grain; awns longtailed, twisted. Blades 1-2 mm wide; tails of awns curly twisted 5. comata Blades 3-5 mm wide; tails of awns straight above twisted coils 5. spartea S. comata Trin. & Rupr. Hairy Porcupinegrass. Stems tufted, up to 9 dm tall; sheaths mostly basal, smooth, the upper somewhat inflated; blades involute filiform; panicle loose, with 62

ascending branches; glumes soft, thin, 5-nerved, awned; lemmas pubescent long-awned; callus 3-3% mm long.--Rare in area. 3791 St. Louis R bayshore at Duluth-Superior dredging dock. Plains and prairies. Yuk to L Calif, se to Ont, Mich, Ind, Tex. S. spartea Trin. Tall Porcupinegrass. Culms up to 1 mm high, stiff, smooth; sheaths smooth, overlapping ligules conspicuous, membranous; blades involute, long tapering; panicle narrow, tardily exserted; branches erect, few-flowered; glumes with awns as long or longer than the body; lemmas lanate, very long-awned with tight spirals; callus 6.5-7 mm long.--Rare. Ba52 ore dump, Virginia. Plains and prairie states, Ont to BC and s to 111, Kan, NM.

Oryzopsis Michx. Mountain-Rice (Gr. oryza, rice, opsis, appearance; grains of some species resemble unpolished rice) Tufted perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves; panicles narrow; glumes enlarged; lemmas indurated, enclosing the grain. Leaves flat, mostly basal; awns longer than lemmas . . . 0. asperifolia Leaves involute; awns shorter than lemmas 0. pungens 0. asperifolia Michx. Rough Mountain-Rice. Stems strongly tufted, up to 7 dm tall, usually geniculate at base; cauline leaves with closed sheaths and short blades; the basal leaves, persisting through the winter, bright green with scabrous margins, and involute tips; panicle more or less contracted; spikelets 6-8 mm long, excepting awns; glumes glabrous, subequal, short-pointed; lemmas pubescent; awn longer than the body; grains silky pubescent at the base.-Common in forested area. 1439 pine forest, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10234 lichen mat, on granite ledge, Kabetogama State Forest. Nfld to BC, NS to SD and NM.

b

12 A

0. pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Slender Mountain-Rice. Stems densely tufted, up to 5 dm tall, slender; sheaths mostly basal, usually smooth; blades filiform, involute, with Figure 12. A. Oryzopsis asperifolia. pointed tips; panicle loose or contracted, with ascending B. Spikelet branches; spikelets 3-4 mm long, excepting awns; glumes obtuse; lemmas pubescent, with awns half as long as the body.--Rocky banks and sands in forested areas. 14113 among lichen on granite ledges, at Namekan Narrows; 1438 sandy pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth. Que to BC, NS, SD, and Colo. 63

Atmophila Host. Beachgrass (Gr. ammos, sand, philein, love) A. breviligulata Fern. Inland Beachgrass. Coarse stiff perennial grass up to 1 m tall, from spreading rhizomes; stem and leaves glaucous, glabrous, scabrous, and channeled above; blades involute with long attenuate tips; panicle spicate cylindric, 1-3 dm long; spikelets 8-12 mm long, strongly compressed; glumes equal, scabrous on keels, surpassing the floret; lemma and palea equal, callus hairs short, tip of prolonged rachilla hairy.--Known in state only from Minn Pt. 1613 in sand, L Superior beach, Duluth. Atlantic coast from Nfld to NC; in the interior, the Great Lakes.

Muhlenbergia Schreb. (Dedicated to Muhlenberg, American botanist) Perennial, generally puberulent, grasses from scaly rhizomes, rarely from axillary buds; leaves flat, usually involute at tips; panicles contracted, frequently in glomerules; glumes awned or awn-pointed; lemmas awned or awnless; callus hairy. Scaly rhizomes present. Glumes long-awned, panicle interrupted, lobulate-spiciform. Ligules less than 1 mm long, sheaths convex, internodes puberulent . . . M. glomerata Ligules up to 1.5 mm, sheaths keeled; internodes shiny M. racemosa Glumes awn-pointed, panicle loose, slender. Lemma long-awned. Nodes puberulent below, leaves overtopped by panicles M. sylvatica Nodes glabrous below, panicle about equaling the leaves M. frondosa f. cormutata Lemma awn-pointed, spikelets in slender glomerules M. mexicana Scaly rhizomes wanting M. uniflora M. glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Stems mostly solitary, stiff, erect; blades flat, tapering to involute tips, finely scabrous on the upper side; ligule 1 mm long, truncate; sheaths rounded on the back, crowded and overlapping above the base; panicle branches ascending, dense, with distant glomerules; spikelets 4-9 mm long; glumes narrowly lanceolate, awned, hispid puberulent; lemmas shorter than glumes, ciliated on margin, pilose below.--Occasional on high rocks in n part of area. 14805 shore outcrops of Rainy L, Cranberry Bay area; 15582 granite outcrops of Crooked L at Curtain Falls. Nfld to Alta, NS, NY, w to Ore. M. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Stems tufted, stiff, up to 6 dm tall with usually lustrous internodes, mostly puberulent toward summit; sheaths keeled, loose, overlapping, and crowded about the middle of the stem; blades flat, narrowed to involute tips, puberulent beneath; ligules 1-2 mm long; panicle narrow, contracted, lobulate, with crowding spikelets; glumes awned, nearly twice the length of the villous lemmas.--Shores and meadows throughout area. 16922 high granite outcrop overlooking Vermilion L on Trout R portage; 11094 sedge meadow at Wahlsten, Hwy 35, s of Tower. Mich to Sask to Kans and NM. M. sylvatica Torr. Stems slender, leafy, up to 10 dm tall, branching from the usually purplish nodes; internodes nearly smooth; sheaths smooth; ligules 2 mm long, lacerate; blades 64

flat with involute tips; panicle contracted, spikelets crowded into bristly lobules; glumes unequal, awn-pointed; the awn of lenma 2-3 times as long as the body.--Common in moist rocky woods. 15483 border of a forest clearing, w side of Vermilion L; 12248 clearing on Janet L bank s of Hibbing, Hwy 73, Que to Ont, INK to Ark, and Tex. M. frondosa (Poir. ) Fern. f. comutata (Scribn. ) Fern. Perennials up to 9 dm tall, rhizomes scaly; stems decumbent, geniculate, leafy, with glabrous shining internodes; leaves mostly 5 mm wide with 3-5 prominent veins on each side of the midrib, minutely scabrous above and below; ligules lacerate, 1-2 mm long; panicle slender, loose, with scabrous axes; glumes and lemmas white-scarious excepting the green veins; lemma awns 5-12 mm long.--Rare. 20954 silty bank, St. Louis R w of Zim. NB to Minn, s to Ga, Tex. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Stems stiff, branching, up to 7 dm tall, with enlarged nodes; sheaths crowded and overlapping; blades flat, minutely scabrous below or smooth; ligules 2-3 mm long, lacerate; panicle narrow, drooping, with many branches of smooth-appearing lobules of spikelets; glumes and lemmas, awn-pointed, subequal. --Common on outcrops of shores and in mixed forest. 16850 dry moss mats, high rocks above Lac La Croix; 16881 elm-ash forest, Whiteface R bank, Hwy 7. Que to BC, s to MM, Ariz, Calif. M. uniflora (Muhl.) Fern. Tufted plants with slender stems, up to 4 dm tall from decumbent bases, perennating by axillary buds from the lower sheaths; basal internodes short, blades crowded, flat, 1 mm wide, attenuate at tips; ligules erose, 1 mm long; sheaths more or less keeled, closely veined, margins scarious; panicle diffuse, the capillary pedicels much longer than spikelets; glumes ovate-obtuse, half as long as the pointed or subacute lemmas; spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm long, caryopsis obovoid, .8-.9 mm long.--Rare. 21138 upper sandy beach of small lake se of Gilbert, Hwy 20. 21535 sandy shore of cr above beaver dam, end of Tomahawk Trail, ne Lake Co, the second known station in area. Nfld to Mich, Wis, Minn.

CalaMagrostis Adans. Bluejointgrass (Gr. calamos, reed, agrostis, grass) Coarse perennial simple or branching grasses, tufted, or with creeping rhizomes; leaves flat or involute; panicle diffuse or contracted; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes subequal, long as or slightly longer than the erose 5-nerved lemma; palea short; callus hairy; rachilla prolonged to a hairy tip; awn of lemma arising below the middle, commonly straight, about as long as the lemma in the area plants. Panicle diffuse, callus hairs uniform equaling the lemma, blades flat . . . . C- canadensis Panicle contracted, callus hairs of varying lengths, blades involute . . . . C- inexpansa C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Northern Bluejoint. Stems stiff, tufted from creeping rhizomes, up to 12 dm tall, bluish purple; blades flat, smooth, 4-7 mm wide; sheaths smooth; ligules 3-5 mm long, scarious; panicle slightly drooping; spikelets 3-5 mm long; glumes lanceolate, keeled, smooth or minutely scabrous; lemmas thin, delicate above. Glumes acute, rounded on the back below; spikelets 2.8-4 mm long. Glumes longer than lemmas, spikelets 3-4 mm long var. canadensis Glumes and lemmas subequal, spikelets up to 2.8 mm long var. Macouniana Glumes narrowed to keeled attenuate tips; spikelets up to 5 mm long var. robusta 65

C. canadensis var. canadensis 12763 shore of Crane L. near Vermilion R gorge; 11010 shore of Savanna R, at Floodwood. Meadows, swampy woods, and bogs across the continent. Var. Macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins. Infrequent. 14610 Fox Island, Rainy L. Transcont. Var. robusta Vasey. Occasional. 6058 in rock seams, Beaver Island, L Superior, East Beaver Bay. 14589 sphagnum bog, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary. Transcont. C. inexpansa Gray. var. brevior (Vasey) Stebbins. Plants glaucous, up to 1 m tall; stems stiff, scabrous below the panicle; blades involute, minutely scabrous above and below; sheaths smooth; ligules scarious, 3-5 mm long, lacerate; panicle dense, spicate, lobulate, 1-1.5 dm long; glumes acute, scabrous, 3-4.8 mm long, lemmas firm, minutely scabrous; awn straight or slightly bent on drying, about as long as the lemma; callus hairs of variable length, about two thirds as long as the lemma. --Borders of bogs, shores, crevices of high rocks. Barrows 100, Sand L, Virginia, 5718 high rocks, Beaver Island, Lake Co. Nfld to BC, s la, w Col.

Agrostis L. Redtop (Gr. agros, field, the habitat of some grasses) Tufted or sometimes stoloniferous perennial grasses; cauline leaves flat, the basal commonly filiform; panicles diffuse; spikelets numerous, 1-flowered; glumes equal or nearly so, keeled; lemma commonly shorter than glumes, awnless or awned; palea small or wanting. Plants with stolons; palea about half the length of lemma; panicle branches of varying lengths. Stems mostly erect, firm, blades 3-8 mm wide; panicle ovate to pyramidal, ample, red at maturity A. alba Stems decumbent, blades 1-3 mm wide; panicle ovoid, contracted . . var. palustris Plants tufted; palea wanting; panicle branches scabrous or nearly smooth. Principal blades 3 mm or more wide; panicle branches forking near middle, glabrous or nearly so A. perennans Principal blades less than 3 mm wide; panicle branches forking above middle, scabrous . . A. scabra A. alba L. var. alba. Redtop. Stoloniferous turf-forming grasses up to 1 m tall; stems erect or sometimes geniculate at lower nodes, smooth; blades up to 8 mm wide, minutely scabrous on upper surface; ligules ovate, up to 5 mm long; panicle often pyramidal or ovoid, appearing dense from the short and long spikelet-bearing branches, spreading or open in anthesis, becoming contracted in fruit; pedicels mostly short; glumes scabrous on keel, subequal, somewhat surpassing the lemma; palea about one third the length of lemma.--Thickets, shores, and meadows throughout. 1527 edge of bog, Minn Pt, Duluth; 28954 Fassett, on mossy rocks, outlet of Little Mesabe L, Aurora. (Indigenous northw. Introd for cult) Nfld to Yuk, s Ga, w Calif. Var. palustris (Huds.) Pers. Creeping Bent. Differs from var. alba in decumbent habit, narrower leaves, and denser, more compact panicles. Repent, mat-forming grass of moist habitats. 6498 wet sand, Sandbar Island, Duluth Harbor. Greenl, Lab to BC, Va to Minn, s NM, Calif.

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A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Slender Hairgrass. Tufted grasses with erect, geniculate stems, up to 8 dm tall; leaves numerous from basal shoots with flat blades, 3-6 mm wide; ligules prominent, oblong-obtuse, 5 mm long; panicle green, prolonged, delicate, divaricately branched; pedicels and branches filiform, glabrous or minutely scabrous; spikelets glabrous, 2-3 mm long; glumes subequal, somewhat longer than the lemma; palea wanting.--Occasional in moist shorewoods of lakes and streams. 13840 base of wooded cliff, Crane L; 6118 se-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Tischer Cr bank, Duluth. Que to Minn, s to Fla, Tex. A. scabra Willd. var. scabra. Brittlegrass. Tufted perennials, up to 8 dm tall; stems slender, erect or geniculate, fragile; basal leaves numerous, involute, minutely scabrous; cauline leaves flat, scabrous at least above; ligules lacerate oblong, 3-5 mm long; panicle purple, often longer than the stem on full exsertion, becoming lax, broadly diffuse with reflexed branches; branches hispidulous or minutely scabrous, forking above the middle, spikelet-bearing toward the tips; spikelets commonly 2.5-3.2 mm long, glumes scabrous on keels, unequal, surpassing the truncate lemma; palea wanting.--Abundant throughout area, on shores, lichen mats of high rocks. Var. scabra. 1683 moist sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14778 fissures of shore rocks, Rainy L, Cranberry Bay area. Nfld to Alas, s to Fla. Var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen. Differs from var. scabra by a shorter, narrower panicle, seemingly forking, mostly near the middle or sometimes above, lemmas awned or awnless in f. exaristata Fern.--Infrequent. Var. geminata Ahlgren 929; f. exaristata Ahlgren 298. L Superior and Can border lakes, Lake Co.

Sporobolus R. Br. Dropseed (Gr. sporos, seed, ballein, for the free grain) S. cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand dropseed. Annual grass of tufted habit; stems up to 6 dm tall, stiff and glabrous; leaves crowded toward the base; sheaths longer than internodes, ciliate on margins and bearded at summit; blades tapering to stiff involute apices; ligule a brush-like circle of short hairs; panicle tardily exserted, contained within the inflated uppermost sheath; spikelets congested on lateral branches, lead-colored, 1-flowered, jointed above the glumes; glumes equaled or exceeded by the lemma and the palea; the grain dropping readily; seed freed from the pericarp when moist.--Occasional in sandy situations. 1584 bayshore sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13032 jack pine forest, sandy soil se of Hibbing, Hwy 216. Coastal sands, NH to Que, Wash, s to NC and w to Mex.

Brachyelytram Beauv. Short Huskgrass (Gr. brachys, short, elytron, husk, from minute glumes) B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. var. septentrionale Babel. Northern Shorthusk. Perennial grass from short knotty rhizomes; stems 6-10 dm tall, slender, arching; sheath softly pubescent; leaves 7-15 cm long, 10-16 mm wide, thin, scabrous on the veins below; panicle slender, nodding, the appressed branches few-flowered; glumes minute, lemmas awned.--Frequent, in mixed forest. 13803 shorewoods, Crane L; 14477 hardwood forest, Nopeming area near Duluth. Nfld to Minn, ND to WVa, and 0.

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SUBFAMILY II. PANICOIDEAE Tribe IX. Paniceae. Milletgrasses Flowers in panicles or racemes; spikelets with 1 terminal perfect floret, and with a sterile lemma below; fertile lemma and palea indurate. Inflorescence a panicle. Branches of a panicle usually symmetrical; inner glume and sterile lemma awnless . . . . Panicam Branches of the panicle 1-sided; inner glume and sterile lemma usually awned or awnpointed Echinochloa Inflorescence a spiciform raceme. Spikelets with involucres. Involucre of many setiform bristles Setaria Involucre capsule-like, beset with sharp barbs Cenchrus Spikelets without involucres, in digitate 1-sided racemes Digitaria

Panicum L. Panicgrass (L. panus, ear of millet) Annual or perennial grasses growing in loose tufts or dense mats; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets functionally 1-flowered, the outer glume only a fraction of the length of the inner, which is opposed by the sterile lemma. The lemma and palea of the perfect floret shiny, indurated, enclosing the grain. Plants annual. Coarse grasses with dense large panicles; spikelets up to 5 mm long . . . . P. miliaceum Slender grasses with diffuse panicles; spikelets 1.5-3 mm long. Panicle about half as long as the stem; inner glume and sterile lemma acuminate, forming a beak; spikelets commonly solitary P. capillare Panicle one third or less as long as the stem; inner glume and sterile lemma shortapiculate; spikelets commonly in 2's P. philadelphicum Plants perennial. Bhizomes thick, scaly; glumes and sterile lemma pointed, outer glume about three fourths the length of spikelet P. virgatwn Bhizomes wanting, plants tufted. Vernal culms with middle leaves 20 times as long as broad. Spikelets glabrous, distinctly beaked, grain loosely invested within glume and lemma P. de pauper a turn Spikelets pubescent, not beaked, grain closely invested within glume and lemma. Plants in loose tufts, spikelets obovoid, rounded, 2.6-2.8 mm long . P. perlongum Plants in dense tufts, spikelets ellipsoid, 1.7-2.4 mm long . . . P. linearifolium Vernal culms with middle leaves less than 20 times as long as broad. Ligule hairs conspicuous, 2-5 mm long. First glume a third to half the length of spikelet, pubescence ascending to spreading. Stems appearing leafy below; internodes and sheaths with ascending hairs . . . . P. subvillosum 68

Stems appearing uniformly leafy; internodes and sheaths with spreading villous hairs P. praecocius First glume a fourth or less the length of spikelet; pubescence variable; stems often with axillary leaf tufts P. lanuginosum Ligule hairs less than 2 mm long; blades up to 18 mm wide, rounded at base. Stems and leaves glabrous except for scattered hairs at nodes; spikelets 2.3 mm long, blades 5-8 mm wide P. boreale Stems and leaves puberulent or nearly glabrous, or densely short, pubescent. Blades 12-18 mm wide, widest above the base, spikelet 3.4 mm long . P. xanthophysum Blades 3-8 mm wide, widest at the base, spikelet 1.5-2 mm long . . . . . . . . . P. columbianum P. miliacewn L. Millet. Annual grass up to 1 m tall; sheaths copiously pilose-papillose; blades with scattered hairs above and below; panicle dense, commonly nodding; spikelets 4-5 mm long, short-beaked, mature grain yellow-brown.--Infrequent. 7377 gravelly clearing, Hwy 53, about 30 mi n of Duluth. Adv from Eu. P. capillare L. Witchgrass. Plants hispid-papillose; stems up to 6 dm tall, geniculate, with numerous spreading to ascending branches from the base; pubescence of sheaths mostly of ascending hairs; panicle becoming diffuse, fragile, purple, overtopping the stem by a half or a third of its length; branches capillary, forking, with hispid pulvini at bases; spikelets 2-3 mm long, ellipsoid or ovoid, beaked.--Common in waste lands and rdsides throughout area. 1671 Superior Bay beach near canal. 18502 shore of Swan R n of Toivola, Hwy 5. Que to Man, s to Fla, Tex. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Twin Witchgrass. Plants hispid-papillose; stems 1-5 dm tall, profusely branching from the base; pubescence of sheaths of even, straight hairs; panicle about a third or less as long as stem, with spreading branches; spikelets ovoid, 1.6-2 mm long, short acuminate, commonly short pedicelled, appearing in 2's.--Occasional on shores of n lakes. 2732 sandy beach, Comstock L, 37 mi n of Duluth. 10012 sandy shore of Kabetogama L. NH to Minn, s Ga, Tex. P. virgatum L. Switchgrass. Plants glabrous, up to 1 m tall, from stout scaly rhizomes; stems stiff, purplish at nodes; sheaths shorter than internodes, at least above; blades firm, linear, prolonged to long tapering tips; ligule a circle of hairs; sheath orifice sometimes with pilose hairs; panicle 1-3 dm long; branches ascending or spreading; spikelet-bearing toward tip; spikelets 3-5 mm long, pointed; lower floret staminate; outer glume about two thirds as long as the spikelet; glumes and sterile lemma prominently nerved.--Occasional on hills and shores. 4674 grassy slope, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 16645 sandy beach, Lac La Croix, near resort. Prairie and plain states to Mex. P. depauper a turn Muhl. var. psilophyllum Fern. Povertygrass. Plant forming dense tussocks, 1-3 dm tall; stems slender with short basal internodes, concealed or exserted among the numerous basal leaf tufts; sheaths smooth, blades up to 1.5 dm long, linear-elongate, long-tapering at tips, glabrous, or rarely with few pilose hairs, involute on drying; ligule a fringe of hairs less than 1 mm long; panicle few-flowered, in vernal phase equaling to surpassing the leafy tufts, much shorter than the leaves in autumnal phase; spikelets 3.2-3.5 mm long, beaked. -Common in sandy dry soil, and exposed rocky ledges. 14649 Fox Island, Rainy L; 16456 in lichen mats of high granite cliff, e shore of Pipestone Bay. NS to Minn, s Ga, Tex. 69

P. perlongum Nash. Similar to the preceding species. Plants in loose small tufts; blades up to 2.5 dm long; vernal panicles spreading, overtopping the blades; spikelet obovoid, blunt at apex, 1-2.4 mm long, finely pubescent.--Occasional on exposed rocks. 14649 lichen mats, coniferous tree cover. Fox Island, Rainy L; 17784 crevices of shorerocks, Iron L, s of Curtain Falls. Mich to Man, s to 111, Tex. P. linearifolium Scribn. var. Werneri (Scribn.) Fern. Narrow-leaved Povertygrass. Plants loosely tufted, glabrous or nearly so, up to 3.2 dm tall; blades 1-2 dm long, linear-attenuate, concealing the later panicles; vernal panicles well exserted, spikelets narrowly ovoid to ellipsoid, acute at tips, 2.3-6 mm long, finely pubescent.--Common in dry, coniferous woods. 14228 high ledges, Namekan Narrows; Ahlgren, 2534 Bass L portage to Basswood L. Que to Minn, s to Ark, Tex. P. subvillosum Ashe. Plants densely tufted, up to 3.5 dm tall; stems with 3-4 short internodes toward the basal third; sheaths pilose, often surpassing the internodes; blades 4-7 mm wide, progressively shorter at upper nodes, long-villous on upper surface, short pilose or glabrate below; panicle long-exserted, ellipsoid or pyramidal with pubescent axis and mostly spreading branches; spikelets villous, 2 mm long; outer glume conspicuously prolonged.--Frequent in dry, sandy jack pine forest. 2962 cleared rdside, dry sand, s of Gilbert; 8680 in lichen mats, granite outcrops, Birch L. NS to Minn, se Mass, Ind. P. praecocius Hitchc. & Chase. Early Panicgrass. Plants up to 3 dm tall, copiously softvillous throughout; stems tufted, firm and slender, geniculate, early branching, internodes commonly longer than sheaths; sheaths and blades grayish white with delicate spreading hairs; ligule hairs straight, about 4 mm long; panicle pyramidal, pilose, at least at the lower internodes; spikelets finely pubescent, about 1.8 mm long.--Infrequent, cleared hillsides and rd borders. 10727 dry open slope, Skyline Pkwy, 39th Ave W, Duluth; 20425 sandy soil of Silica w of Hwy 73, Mich to ND, s to Ark, Tex. P. lanuginosum L. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. Common Panicgrass. Plants grayish green, visibly hairy, cespitose in dense tufts; stems erect or ascending, lax, up to 6 dm tall, papillose-pilose; sheaths pilose, shorter than internodes; blades pilose or glabrous above; ligule hairs up to 5 mm long; nodes glabrous below the pubescent ring; fascicled branches conspicuous in axils of upper leaves in autumnal phase; panicle ovoid, axis pilose; spikelets 1.5-2 mm long, obovoid, finely pubescent.--Common throughout area. 15000 sandy beach of Kabetogama L, n shore, opposite Pine Island; 12735 gravelly area on Echo Trail, w of Fenske L. Nfld to BC, Fla, Calif. Var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. Similar to var. fasciculatum. Sheaths pilose, shorter than internodes, blades pubescent below, pilose above; panicle ovoid; spikelets 1.2-1.5 mm long. --Occasional. Vegetation mats, shore ledges of Little Vermilion R, Can boundary; 11816 lichen mats, granite ledges, Lac La Croix, at the resort. NS, NE to Minn, s Fla to Calif. Var. septentrionale Fern. Sheaths pilose, blades long pilose above or glabrous, minutely puberulent or glabrous beneath; spikelets 1.6-2 mm long.--Occasional. 13212 vegetation mats, high granite ledges of an island in Rainy L, near Finger Bay; 15676 wooded island in Kabetogama L, next to Pine Island. NS to Man, s Va to Kans. P. boreale Nash. Northern Panicgrass. Plants solitary or in loose, small tufts, up to 4 dm tall; stems glabrous; sheaths pilose at least below, longer to shorter than internodes;

70

blades ascending, glabrous except for the ciliate base; spikelets ellipsoid, 1.8-2 mm long, pubescent.--Occasional. Ahlgren 1065 dry soil; shore ledges of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. 8459 terrace of White Iron L, Burley's resort near Ely. Nfld, Que to Minn, s NJ to Ind. P. xanthophysum Gray. Bladder Panicgrass. Plants loosely tufted, up to 5 dm tall; stems wiry, simple or branching, commonly puberulent; sheaths sparingly pilose, blades erect to ascending, mostly glabrous except the ciliate bases, up to 20 mm wide; panicle branches spreading in anthesis, becoming appressed; spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm long, pubescent; grain yellow, appearing inflated at maturity.--Common in rocky woods, on slopes. 13213 island in Rainy L; 15818 high cliff, moss mats, Sand Pt L. Que to Man, Pa to Minn. P. columbianum Scribn. Columbian Panicgrass. Plants tufted, up to 4 dm tall; stems erect or ascending, short-pubescent with ascending hairs; sheaths crisp-pubescent; blades 3-8 mm wide, often red, commonly puberulent below, glabrous or nearly so above; ligule hairs about 1 mm long; panicle axis puberulent; spikelets 1.8-2 mm long, ellipsoid-ovoid, pubescent.--Occasional. 10898 white sandy beach, Indian L, Rollins; G. N. Jones, 18344 Armstrong L. Me to Minn, s Ga, Tenn.

1.3

Echinochloa Beauv. Barnyardgrass

(Gr. echinos, sea urchin, chloa, grass, for bristly awns)

Fi

^re

13

'

Panic

™ xanthophys-

urn. Plant and spikelets

More or less succulent annual grasses with compressed sheaths; ligule wanting; blades flat; panicle branches racemose, 1-sided, densely flowered; spikelets awned or nearly awnless; lower lemma sometimes subtending a staminate flower; fertile lemma and palea coriaceous. Tips of fertile lemma soft, glumes without pustular hairs E. crusgalli Tips of fertile lemma firm, glumes usually with pustular hairs E. pungens E. crusgalli (L.) Beauv. f. crusgalli. Cock's Spurgrass. Annual grasses with relatively thick stems, up to 10 dm tall, branching at base; sheaths and blades smooth, commonly purplish; panicle 1-2 dm long, nodes with setiform hairs; spikelets 2-4 mm long, awnless or awns 3-7 mm long or, in f. longiseta (Trin.) Farw., up to 30 mm long; tip of fertile lemma withered.-Common throughout area. 9461 shore of Kabetogama L, Park Pt Resort; 11744 resort grounds, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; f. longiseta 19478 wet sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth. Cosmopolitan. E. pungens (Poir.) Rydb. Barnyardgrass. Similar to preceding species; plants branching from the base; blades somewhat scabrous above; panicle nodes without setiform hairs; spikelets commonly awned, awns 3-5 mm long; tip of fertile coriaceous lemma firm.--Occasional. 1662 sandfill, Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9383 beach sand of Fredenberg L. Me to Minn, s Tenn, Ark, Okla.

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Setaria Beauv. Bristly Foxtail (L. seta, bristle) Tufted annual grasses with flat blades and cylindric spike-like panicles; rachis of spikelet below articulation with bristle-like persistent awns forming an involucre. Involucre bristles 5 or more, fertile lemma becoming strongly rugose 5. glauca

Involucre bristles 1-3, fertile lemma minutely rugose

S. viridis

S. glauca (L. ) Beauv. Yellow Foxtail. Plants tufted, geniculate, up to 6 dm or more tall; stems glabrous, internodes usually longer than sheaths; sheaths loose, glabrous, sometimes purple; ligule hairs conspicuous; blades flat, elongate-linear, thin; raceme spicate, cylindric, dense, yellow in age; spikelets 3 mm long, subtended by 5-15 upwardly scabrous bristles; fertile lemma yellow, plano-convex, transversely rugose.--Frequent along shores and rds. 9894 sandy rdside, s of Ely; 9945 shore of Twin Lakes, s of Brookston. NH to ND, s Ala to Tex. Natzd from Eurasia. 5- viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail. Similar to the preceding species. Stems scabrous below the spiciform panicle; sheaths commonly pilose along margins; spikelets 2.5 mm long, green, with 1-3 subtending bristles, upwardly scabrous; fertile lemma green, minutely rugose when mature.--Frequent on shores and in clearings. 1540 in gravel, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13837 cleared area, Crane L near the seaplane landing. Weed of wide distrib. Natzd from Eurasia.

Cenchrus L. Sandbur (Gr. cenchros, kind of millet) C- longispinas (Hack.) Fern. Common Sandbur. Plants tufted, decumbent, up to 4 dm tall; stems branching from the base; internodes short at least below, geniculate, compressed; sheaths overlapping in young stems, inflated and narrowed at level of ligules; blade linear, rounded at base, involute at tapering tip; spikes becoming exserted; spikelets in clusters of 2-3, surrounded by involucre of fused spines; the bur 10 mm thick; spines subulate, acerose, the body pubescent; lemmas longer than glumes, the fertile lemma and palea slightly indurate.--Rare. 1631 border of sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth, at 42nd Ave. NH to Oreg, s NC to NM.

Digitaria Heist. Fingergrass (L. digitus, finger) D. Ischaemum (Schreb. ) Muhl. Styptic Fingergrass. Annual branching grass with decumbent stems; sheaths loose; ligule a circle of hairs; blades thin, soft; panicle of digitate racemes; axis flattened, wing-margined; spikelets solitary alternating on one side of the axis; glumes pubescent.--Occasional. G. N. Jones, 18711 waste ground, Armstrong L; 15672 campus lawn, Duluth. Que to ND, s to Ark, Calif. Natzd from Eu.

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Tribe X. Andropogoneae. Sorghumgrasses Andropogon L. Beardgrass (Gr. aner, man, pogon, beard) Perennial bunch grasses with solid stiff stems; leaves with elongate blades; panicle of spikelets in racemes; spikelets in pairs, one sessile, perfect, the other pedicelled, staminate or rudimentary; rachis jointed; glumes of fertile spikelets somewhat indurate, equal, surpassing the commonly awned lemma. Raceme solitary, on each peduncle, partly exserted . A. scoparius Racemes subdigitate on each peduncle, long exserted A. Gerardi A. scoparius Michx. var. frequens F. T. Hubbard. Lesser Bluestem. Plants nearly glabrous, commonly in dense bunches up to 1 m or more tall; stems branched above, glaucous, becoming purplish blue, nodes bluish; sheaths mostly glabrous to sparingly pilose; blades linear, tapering to scabrous tips with prominent midnerve, ligule truncate, 1 mm long, fringed with stiff long hairs of varying length; sheaths subtending the panicles loose or enlarged; axis articulate; joint socket-like at the clavate end; spikelets 5-8 mm long; glumes scabrous on nerves; awns twisted, up to 13 mm long; sterile pedicels paired, densely bearded, usually with rudimentary spikelets.--Rare in area. 4875 gravelly rdside, Hwy 4, about 18 mi n of Duluth. Prairies and plains, NB to Alta, s to Tex, Ariz. A. Gerardi Vitm. Greater Bluestem. Plants up to 1.5 dm or more tall, in large bunches with hard leafy rhizomatous base, stems rigid, with enlarged blue nodes, becoming purple; the prolonged blades of basal leaf tufts commonly recurving, purplish in age; basal sheaths sparsely pilose; upper glabrous, blades linear-attenuate, 5-10 mm wide; ligule 2-3 mm long, scarious erose; racemes of panicle densely flowered; joints subterete, bearded at summit, scabrous; spikelets 8-10 mm long, glumes scabrous, awns 15 mm long, twisted and geniculate.--The most abundant grass coloring the beaches of many a wilderness lake. 15585 rocky shore, Iron L, s of Curtain Falls; 2710 among grasses, s-facing slope, Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Que to Sask, s Fla, Tex, Ariz.

14 Figure 14. Andropogon Gerardi. Part of raceme

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Tufted or rhizomatous grass-like herbs with fibrous roots; stems solid rarely with hollow internodes, 3-angled or sometimes terete; leaves 3-ranked, with closed sheaths; blades flat or angled, sometimes wanting; flowers 1-2 or several to many in spikelets, with or without perianth, unisexual or perfect, subtended by scales; inflorescences umbellate, paniculate, or spicate; stamens 2-3; pistil 1, 2-3 carpellate, 1-seeded; achene lenticular to plano-convex or 3-angled. Flowers perfect (perfect and imperfect in Cladium). Inflorescence a single spike, achene terminating with a persistent bulbous base of style Eleocharis 73

Inflorescence of more than one spike (if one, perianth bristles from few to many). Scales of spikelets 2-ranked. Inflorescence terminal; achene short-mucronate, perianth bristles lacking Cyperus Inflorescence axillary; achene long-beaked, perianth bristles present Dulichium Scales of spikes spirally arranged. Spikes many-flowered. Perianth bristles lacking, base of thickened style deciduous; plants small, tufted Fimbristylis Perianth bristles present; plants tall and coarse, style base persistent, not bulbous. Perianth bristles 1-several, barbed, or woolly if much exceeding the achene . . . Sc i rpus Perianth bristles numerous, usually much elongate, showy and silky Eriophorum Spikes few-flowered, some of the lower scales empty. Achenes long-beaked, perianth present, plants relatively small . . . Rhynchospora Achenes beakless, perianth none; plants tall and stout Cladiwn Flowers unisexual; staminate flowers in separate spikes or mixed with pistillate flowers; achene enclosed within a sack-like perigynium Carex

Eleocharis R. Br. Spikerush (Gr. elos, marsh, charis, grace) Plants perennial from creeping rhizomes in spreading colonies, or tufted annuals; stems leafless; spikes solitary without involucral bracts; scales imbricated; flowers many; perianth bristles usually 6; stamens 2-3; styles 2-3, cleft, their bases persisting as bulbous tubercles or rarely as beak-like structures. Base of style a short beak E. pauciflora Base of style a tubercle. Achenes with longitudinal and transverse ridges; stems capillary E. acicularis Achenes smooth or roughened, not ridged. Plants tufted. Heads few-flowered; achene trigonous; surface reticulate; tubercle of achene subulate E. intermedia Heads many-flowered; achene 2-edged; surface shiny; tubercle of achene deltoid. Tubercle of achene wider than high, nearly as wide as the summit of the achene . . E. obtusa Tubercle of achene higher than wide, narrower than the summit of the achene . . . . E. ovata Plants growing from strong spreading rhizomes. Stems flattened, wiry; achene golden brown E. compressa Stems not flattened; terete. Achenes trigonous, bright yellow-orange; sheaths greenish or yellowish. Stems capillary; achene minutely roughened, but not warty E. nitida Stems not capillary but slender, 1-1.5 mm thick; achene verrucose E. elliptica

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Achene biconvex, brownish; sheaths reddish. Steins slender; basal scale of spikelet spathe-like Stems coarse; basal scale of spikelet not spathe-like . Tubercle prolonged, longer than wide . . Tubercle depressed, wider than long. Spikelets long tapering, stems soft Spikelets obtuse, stems firm

E. calva E. palustris E. macrostachy a . E. Smallii

E. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link, var. Fernaldii Svenson. Plants loosely tufted from slender rhizomes; stems capillary, 2-4 dm high; Spikelets few-flowered, flattened; scales acuminate, the 2 lowest sheathing, their margins hyaline; achenes trigonous, 2-3 mm long; beak blunt, prominent, with a dark tip, confluent with the summit of the achene.--Rare. 11044 quaking sedge meadow, Hwy 35, near Wahlsten rr station. Nfld to Ont, s, Ohio, 111. E. acicularis (L. ) R. & S. Plants tufted forming dense mats; rhizomes filiform, creeping; stems capillary 3-25 cm high; spikelet flattened, delicate, the scales hyaline with green midrib; achenes 8 mm long, ellipsoid, ridged; tubercle conical, flaring out to a rim, sharply differentiated from the summit of the achene.--Common in moist sandy beaches of n lakes. 9420 Kabetogama L; 1783 Minn Pt, Duluth. Lab to BC, s to Fla, to Calif. E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Plants annual, tufted; stems soft, reclining 4-20 mm long, slender, numerous; spikes few-flowered; scales greenish brown, obtuse; achene 1 mm long, trigonous with a subulate beak-like tubercle about a third of its length.--Infrequent. 5228 swampy cr bed s of Island L, n of Duluth; 7369 Hellwig Cr bank, Hwy 53. Que to Minn, s to Tenn. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Plants annual, tufted; stems slender, soft, up to 4 dm high; sheaths reddish brown below; spikes ovoid-cylindric with many scales, nearly orbicular to oblong-ovate with scarious margins; achenes 1-1.2 mm long, lustrous-brown, globose ovate, tubercle deltoid, nearly covering the summit, overtopped by perianth bristles.--Common, wet soil of shores and rdsides. 5350 low ground, Chester Pk School, Duluth; 5140 shore of Deep L,Sparta, ND to BC, s to Fla, Tex. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. Tufted annual; stems firm, up to 5 dm tall, ascending or divergent; spikes with obtuse-ovate, closely imbricated, scarious-margined scales; achenes 1.2 mm long, pear-shaped, shiny, crowned by a tubercle longer than wide, and narrower than the summit; perianth bristles overtopping the tubercle.--Frequent, shores and rdsides. 12623 near Ely; 9368 Hellwig Cr bank, Hwy 53, Nfld to Minn, s to Ind. E. compressa Sulliv. Perennial, up to 5 dm high, from strong dark red rhizomes; stems flattened, dark green, firm or wiry; heads ovoid, scales ovate to acuminate; achene trigonous, minutely rugulose, yellow, 1.2 mm long; tubercle conical; perianth bristles wanting, or few.--Occasional, sedge mats and wet meadows. 6263 meadow off Woodland Ave, Duluth; 7087 partly cleared hwy border, n of Cotton. Que to Sask, s to Ga, Tex. E. nitida Fern. Plants perennial from strong reddish rhizomes; stems capillary 5-10 cm high; heads small, few-flowered; scales purplish brown subtending golden yellow, trigonous, minutely rugulose achenes, .7-.8 mm long; tubercle depressed; perianth bristles wanting.--6524 Stony Pt, L Superior; 7090 Hwy 53, n of Cotton, swampy area, 50 mi from L Superior. Nfld to Alas, NS, NH, Wis, Minn.

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E. elliptica Kunth. Stems slender from a strong reddish rhizome, up to 6 dm long; spikelets slender, ovoid, scales purplish brown, achenes transversely roughened, bright yellow with depressed tubercles.--Occasional, sandy beaches and shores. 12498 shore of Iron L near Curtain Falls, Can boundary. Nfld to Man. E. calva Small. Stems up to 6 dm high with bright reddish basal sheaths, from strong, slender rhizomes; spikelets slender, cylindric, pointed; scales purplish brown, the lowermost ensheathing base of spike; achenes 1.6 nm long, brownish yellow, somewhat reticulate; tubercle pointed, conical; perianth bristles commonly wanting.--Common, shores and sedge mats throughout area. 6223 beach addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11225 Savanna Rd, Floodwood. Cape Breton Island to Man, s to la. E. palustris L., including var. major Sender. Plants up to 9 dm tall from strong, often reddish rhizomes; stem bases invested within bladeless red sheaths with slanting dark-rimmed orifices; spikes ovoid, 5-15 mm long; scales ovate-acuminate with broad scarious margins, with reddish brown midrib; achenes pyriform, 1.8 mm long, yellow-brown; tubercle prolonged, pointed; bristles 4, equaling the body, or wanting.--Common nward as emergents in shallow waters. 16589 Lac La Croix, in shallow bays, s shore; Ahlgren 1650 Seven Beaver L, headwaters of St. Louis R. Lab to BC, s NS, NE to Calif. E. macrostachya Britt. Plants 4-8 dm tall with reddish basal sheaths; spikes up to 3 cm long, slender, tapering toward apex; achene 1.5 mm long, obovoid, compressed; tubercle umbonate; bristles somewhat shorter than the body.--Occasional. 13303 shore of Ash R, Frontier Lodge; 11255 springy meadow, Smith Rd, French R district, L Superior. BC to Minn, s to Tex, Calif. E. Smallii Britt. Similar to E. palustris', plants up to 9 dm tall; stems rigid, dark green, basal sheaths reddish; spikes 6-12 mm long, narrowly obovoid; tapering toward summit; scales narrowly ovate, loose or often recurving at tips; achene 1.5-1.8 mm long; tubercle ovoid conical, not pointed; perianth bristles overtopping the achene or wanting.--Common throughout in marshlands and shores. 14351 shore of Sand Pt L; Ahlgren 1328 Seven Beaver L, headwaters of St. Louis R. BC to Minn, s 111, La, Tex.

Cyperus L. Umbrella-sedge (cypeiros, ancient Gr. name) Annual or perennial plants with angled stems, flat basal leaves and terminal, umbellate inflorescences of peduncled spikes, with 2 or more involucral leaves; spikelets flat; subtending scales, 2-ranked, conduplicate; perianth wanting; achenes lenticular or trigonous, sometimes apiculate. Plants annual. Stems usually less than 1 dm tall, scales recurved C- inflexus Stems up to 7 dm tall, scales appressed, rachilla clothed with deciduous chaff-like wings C- odoratus Plants perennial. Plants with slender, tuber-bearing stolons, scales convex C- esculentus Plants with corm-like stem bases. Stems scabrous, scales mucronate C- Schweinitzii Stems smooth, scales obtuse C- strigosus

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C- inflexus Muhl. Tufted annuals; stems slender, .5-1 dm high; involucral bracts overtopping the umbellate, aggregate spikes; spikelets greenish brown with strongly striate, aristate, recurved scales; achenes .8-1.2 mm long.--Occasional on shores in s and w part of St. Louis Co. 7900 shore of Prairie L; 10014 sandy beach of Kabetogama L. Ont to BC, s, to Fla and Tex. C. odoratus L. Fragrant Sedge. Stems numerous with soft bases, 4-5 dm high; leaves lax, conspicuously elongate, with flat blades 2-8 mm wide; involucral bracts much longer than the umbellate inflorescence; spikelets brown, scales overlapping; achenes trigonous, 1.2-2 nm long, the reticular outer layer peeling off at maturity.--Rare. 1865 Superior Bay shore, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth. Mass to Minn, SD, s to Fla, Tex. C- esculentus L. Yellow Nutgrass. Plants up to 3-5 dm tall; stem bases soft, bearing stolons; leaves soft, pale green below, 4-8 mm wide; involucre leaf-like, much surpassing the umbel rays of various lengths; fachis flattish; scales mostly obtuse with scarious tips, golden yellow to brown; achenes lustrous, trigonous, mucronate.--Rare. 7362 shore of St. Louis R, near Floodwood. Que to Man, s, to Fla, Tex. C- Schweinitzii Torr. Stems firm, 3-5 dm tall, sharply angled, scabrous, clustered, with hard corm-like bases; leaves 3-5 mm wide, with revolute margins; involucre leaf-like, surpassing the umbel; spikes greenish, sometimes yellowish, with ascending, slightly spreading scales; scales firm, somewhat apiculate, striate; achene beakless, trigonous.--Occasional, sandy areas. 1694 sandfill of Minn Pt near Superior entry; 13481 Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Que to Sask, s, to Tex, NM. C- strigosus foliar, much golden brown the Woods in

L. Plants perennial from corm-like stem bases, 3-7 dm tall; involucral leaves longer than the umbel; stems sharply angled; rachilla winged; scales striate, at maturity.--Rare. 10011 sandy beach of Kabetogama L. Fla and e states to L of the interior.

Dulichium Pers. Three-way sedge D. arundinaceum (L. ) Britt. Plants perennial with horizontal rhizomes; stems terete, strict, with hollow internodes, leafy up to the apex; leaves 3-ranked with short blades passing into sheaths toward the basal third of the stem; ligule about 1 mm long, brown or scarious; spikelets linear, axillary, appearing from the sheaths of the uppermost leaves; scales 2-ranked, striate, keeled; stamens 3; styles 2; achene plano-convex with beak, 7-8 mm long; perianth bristles retrorsely barbed, about twice as long as the body. --Common throughout in shallow water, along streams and lakes. 9803 shore of Fenske L, Echo Trail; 7098 shore of St. Louis R, on Mooseline Rd, near Skibo. Nfld to BC, s to Fla, Tex.

Fimbristylis Vahl (L. fimbria, fringe, stylus, style) F. autumnalis (L. ) R. & S. Tufted annual plants .5-2.5 dm tall, with slender, flattened stems; leaves equaling to surpassing the stems; blades flat, prominently cellular-reticulate on the upper epidermis; ligule a circle of delicate fimbriae less than 1 mm long; involucral bracts with sheathing bases; spikelets in umbels with winged rachis and imbricated scales;

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stigmas 3; base of style deciduous; achene whitish, strongly trigonous.--Rare. 3364 mucky shore of 1 about 6 mi se of Gilbert. From Ga, La, to Me, Minn.

Scirpus L. Bulrush (L. name of the bulrush) Plants annual or perennial, tufted or rhizomatous; stems terete to triangular; leaves flat, blades often wanting; involucral bracts foliar or appearing as a prolongation of the stem; spikes solitary, or several in umbellate clusters; scales imbricated; perianth of bristles; achene plano-convex or trigonous. Spike 1, terminal. Scales awn-tipped; stems wiry; perianth bristles 4-6 mm long, brown and smooth

5. caespitosus Scales awnless; stems soft; perianth bristles becoming 15-25 mm long, white and crinkly 5. hudsonianus Spikes more than 1 (if solitary, lateral). Involucral bract solitary, obviously a continuation of the stem. Stems with basal leaves. Plants annual, tufted; spikelets sessile; achene plano-convex, mucronate

5. Purshianus Plants perennial. Plants usually emergents; rhizome slender, creeping; achene trigonous. Leaves filiform, spikelet commonly solitary about 10 mm below the tip of the subtending bract S. subterminalis Leaves flat; spikelets more than 1 in close clusters about 3-7 cm below tip of bract S. Torreyi Plants terrestrial or in shallow water from stout rhizomes; achene plano-convex . . 5. americanus Stems leafless, terete from strong rhizomes; basal leaves wanting, involucral bract terete; spikelets clustered, sessile or pedicelled. Styles 2; achenes, plano-convex. Scales smooth; stems pale green, soft 5. validus var. creber Scales viscid pubescent, dotted with red; stems firm S. acutus Styles 3; achenes 3-angled, the ventral face broadest; spikelets mostly long pedicelled, divergent S. heterochaetus Involucral bracts several, foliose; stems leafy at least below. Plants large with stout sharply 3-angled stems; spikelets more than 10 mm long; scales short-awned 5. fluviatilis Plants smaller, stems obtusely angled; spikelets less than 10 mm long; scales not awned. Perianth bristles retrorsely barbed. Leaves and stems red below; blades spotted with red 5. rubrotinctus Leaves and stems green without red spots 5. atrovirens Perianth bristles smooth and crimped. Spikelets sessile in clusters of 2-4, dark brown at maturity . . . . 5. cyperinus Spikelets pedicelled. Involucels blackish S. atrocinctus Involucels reddish 5. pedicellatus 78

S. caespitosus L. var. callosus Bigel. Stems wiry filiform, 1-4 dm high, growing in dense tussocks; sheaths basal, closed, with or without short filiform callus-tipped blade; spike 5 mm long ovoid, subtended by 2 sheathing callus-tipped bracts; scales excurrent; achenes 1.5-2 mm long, trigonous, mucronate, exceeded by perianth bristles.--Occurring on L Superior coast. 3152 shore ledges of L Superior, 14 mi from Duluth. Arct regions, s to Ga, Term, on higher mts. S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern. Plants tufted, forming dense colonies; stems soft, angular with scabrous margins rising from creeping horizontal rhizomes with short internodes; sheaths basal, the callus-tipped blades appearing jointed; spikes 4-6 mm long; subtending bracts callustipped; upper scales excurrent, golden brown; achenes mucronate with 6 long white crimped perianth bristles.--Occasional. 8422 floating bog, s of Tower; 12907 sedge meadow, Sand L. Arct Am, s NW to Mont. 5. Purshianus Fern. Plants annual, tufted; stems soft, angled, up to 4 dm high; basal sheaths with or without blade, callus-tipped; involucral bract prolonged as a continuation of the stem; spikelets sessile, 1-7 in a cluster; scales imbricated, hyaline to brown on margins, with green midribs; achenes mucronate, lustrous brown, transversely wrinkled; bristles retrorsely barbed.--Single coll. 2290 from a flooded sandfill, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth. Ala, n to Me, to Minn. S- subterminalis Torr. Plants perennial from slender creeping rhizomes, submersed; stems and leaves capillary, up to 1 m long, distinctly nodulose on drying; sheaths white, fragile; the single spike subtended by a filiform bract; scales exceeding the beaked achenes; perianth bristles retrorsely barbed, equaling the length of the achene body. --Frequent in n lakes; fruit uncommon. 5382 se shore of Halfmoon L, s of Eveleth; 9285 shore of Fenske L, Echo Trail, n of Ely. Nfld to Alas, to SC, Ga. S. Torreyi Olney. Plants perennial from creeping rhizomes, emersed; stems angled, up to 1.2 m high, nodulose; leaves basal, flat; subtending floral bract triangular; spikelets 1-3, 1-1.5 cm long, scales brown, perianth bristles exceeding the pointed achene body.--5383 Halfmoon L, in 2 ft of water, s of Eveleth; 16577 rocky shore of Lac La Croix, Can boundary. NB to Man, s, to 111, Mo, SD. S. americanus Pers. Plants up to 9 dm high from strong, wiry, creeping rhizomes; stems sharply triangular; leaves firm, angular, basal; spikelets 1-5, sessile, subtended by a triangular involucral bract; scales mucronate, cleft; achenes pointed, plano-convex; perianth bristles shorter than the achene body.--Occasional on shores and sandbars. 4672 bayside sand, Minn Pt; 13488 sandy beach, Big Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Nfld to Que, s to Fla, Tex. 5. validus Vahl var. creber Fern. Stems soft, up to 2 m high, 18 and 20 mm thick, rising from strong creeping rhizomes; inflorescence a loose nodding panicle with spikelets in glomerules of 2-3 or more; achenes plano-convex, blunt, mucronate, 2.5 mm long; perianth bristles equaling or slightly exceeding the body.--Common. 7279 bayside marsh, Minn Pt, Duluth; 15053 deep water, Daly Bay, Kabetogama L. Nfld to Alas, s to Ga, Mex, Calif. S. acutus Muhl. Stems firm, up to 2 m high, from strong creeping rhizomes; spikelets ascending to spreading, acuminate, often solitary; scales viscid, pubescent, excurrent, cleft, spotted with red; achenes plano-convex, 2.5 mm long; bristles longer to shorter than the body, retrorsely barbed.--Common in area. 12592 shore of White Iron L, near Ely; 17076 shore of Trout L, n of Vermilion L. Nfld to BC, s to Okla, Tex and w.

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5. heterochaetus Chase. Stems up to 1.5 m high, firm from creeping rhizomes; rays of the panicle few and divergent; spikelets acuminate, pedicelled; scales smooth, cleft excurrent; achenes mucronate, trigonous, 2.5 mm long; bristles downwardly barbed, equaling or shorter than the achene.--Mostly shores of Can border lakes. 13639 shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 16563 shore of Lac La Croix, in resort area. Mass to ND, Wash and Oreg. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Stems leafy, stout, from tuberous creeping rhizomes, up to 2 m high, sharply triangular; leaves flat, 1-2 cm wide; sheaths exceeding the internodes; involucre of several long foliaceous bracts; spikelets clustered on peduncles of varying length; scales cleft, awned; achenes trigonous, 3-4 mm long, surpassed by perianth bristles.--Occasional, shores of rivers and lakes. 3964 shore of Vermilion L, Glenwood Lodge; 11702 shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. NB to Wash, s to Va, w to MM, Calif. 5. rubrotinctus Fern. Plants tufted; stems angular up to 7 dm high; leaves flat, spreading, with prominent midribs, 1.5-2 cm wide, sometimes spotted with red; sheaths loose, tinged with red, strongly nodulose on drying; the lower involucral bracts longer than the inflorescence; panicle umbel-like, with clustered spikelets; scales blackish, pointed; achenes whitish, mucronate, with 4 slender bristles, longer than the body.--Common in alluvial ground. 1695 sedge meadow, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13101 swamp on Rainy L, near Kettle Falls. Lab to Sask to centr states, Minn, Neb. S. atrovirens Willd. Plants growing in clumps; stems much exceeding the basal leaves; leaves 20 mm wide or more, firm and flat; involucral bracts ample, overtopping the umbel of numerous glomerules of spikelets; scales dark brown, achenes whitish, mucronate, scarcely exceeded by the slender perianth bristles.--Common in alluvial grounds. 1741 marshy pond on n breakwater, Minn Pt; 7328 shore of Stony Brook, Brookston. Me to Minn, s to Ga, Ark. 5. cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. pelius Fern. Plants growing in dense tussocks; stems obscurely angular, up to 1 m tall, much exceeding the numerous recurving basal leaves; blades firm, 310 mm wide; involucral bracts 3-5, leaf-like, surpassing the branches of numerous elongate rays of glomerulate spikelets, or much reduced rays of spikelets in compact heads, in f. condensatus (Fern.) Blake; achenes trigonous, whitish, mucronate, surpassed by dark brown crimped perianth bristles.--Most common leafy bulrush in area. 9895 edge of swamp, s of Ely on Hwy 1; 2332 brookside meadow at Palo, f. condensatas; 9354 shore of Prairie L; 17004 shore of Trout R, Trout L portage from Vermilion L. Nfld to Minn, s to 0, Ind, 111. S. atrocinctus Fern. Stems stout, growing in tussocks, much exceeding the basal leaves; blades soft, 3-5 mm wide, the sheath orifices and bases of blades brownish; inflorescence subtended by elongate drooping bracts; condensed in f. brachypodus (Fern.) Blake; spikelets mostly pedicelled, small, numerous with greenish black scales; perianth bristles light brown, overtopping the mucronulate whitish achenes.--Common on beaches and rocky shores. 9386 Fredenburg L; 13767 ash swamp, Crane L near Vermilion R gorge f. brachypodus; 15429 Vermilion L shore, Moccasin Pt; 5117 partly cleared swamp, White t, Palo. Nfld to Alas, NE to Minn. 5. pedicellatus Fern. Similar to preceding species; heads strongly nodding; spikelets pedicelled, scales brownish; perianth bristles woolly, brownish.--Occasional in alluvial grounds. 11652 Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 6632 Harbor Island, Superior Bay, Duluth. NS to Minn, 0 to la.

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Eriophorum L. Cottongrass (Gr. erion, wool, pkoros, bearing) Tufted or stoloniferous perennials, with solitary or clustered spikelets and much elongated woolly or cottony perianth bristles at maturity. Heads solitary. Plants tufted in tussocks; heads bright white at maturity E. spissum Plants stoloniferous in diffuse colonies; heads dull white to brownish E. Chamissonis Heads clustered. Spikelets nodding on slender peduncles. Leaves channeled; plants delicate, slender; involucral bract solitary. Blade of the uppermost leaf shorter than its sheath; involucral bracts and scales blackish brown at the bases E. gracile Blade of the uppermost leaf usually longer than its sheath, bracts and scales brownish at the bases E. tenellum Leaves flat, plants coarse, involucral bracts more than 1. Sheaths of leaves with a dark band at the orifice; involucral bracts reddish brown at the bases E- angustifolium Sheaths green throughout; involucral bracts green at the bases E. viridi-carinatum Spikelets commonly erect, aggregated into heads, bristles cinnamon-brown, rarely white E. virginicum E. spissum Fern. Plants in dense tussocks; stems firm, angular, 3-6 dm high, with many persistent basal sheaths; uppermost sheaths inflated, bladeless; lower leaves 3-angled, narrow; scales of the single spikelet imbricate, black with hyaline or white margins; achene minutely beaked, with bright white bristles.--Most common cottongrass in sphagnum bogs. 10308 sprucetamarack bog, Ash R e of Kabetogama L; 15948 spruce bog n of Cook, to Vermilion L. Arct Am, Nfld to Alas, s to Ind, Pa, Minn. E. Chamissonis C. A. Mey. var. albidum (Nyland.) Fern. Plants mostly solitary or in small colonies from creeping rhizomes; stems firm, up to 7 dm high; sheaths reddish at base; upper sheaths bladeless, inflated; leaves narrow, slender; the solitary spikelet subtended by a spathe-like bract; scales blackish; achenes beaked, the long perianth bristles whitish.-Occasional in peaty soil or in sphagnum bogs. 13456 spruce-tamarack bog, Ash R e of Kabetogama L; 3843 sedge meadow near Sand L, Hwy 53. Arct Am, Nfld to Alas. E. gracile W. D. J. Koch. Plants slender, up to 5 dm high, stems obscurely angular, smooth, without basal leaves at the time of flowering; blades shorter than sheaths, triangular with blunt tips; spikelets 2-5, nodding; scales brownish to black; achenes beakless; perianth bristles white.--Occasional, quaking bogs. Flowering Je. 6504 floating sedge mat, St. Louis R, Duluth; 17690 floating bog 20 mi nw of Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to Neb, w to Calif. E. tenellum Nutt. Similar to preceding species, but coarser; basal leaves elongate, pointed; blades of cauline leaves commonly longer than their sheaths; head of 2-5 peduncled spikelets terminating the stem, or, rarely, a second spikelet originating from the axil of the uppermost leaf, f. axillare Lak.; scales green, becoming brown; bristles white.--Occasional, n bogs. Flowering Jy. 18093 floating bog, Hwy 2 near St. Louis R, 20 mi w of Duluth; 13533 81

floating bog near Fish L, nw of Duluth, f. axillare; 9370 Chamaedaphne-sphagnum bog, Fredenberg L. E. angustifolium Honck. Plants tufted or solitary; stems soft, angular, 3-7 dm high; leaves flat, involute above the middle; sheaths banded with dark brown at the orifice; involucral leaves conspicuous, 2-3, reddish green; spikelets 2-10; mature spikelets 2-4 cm long, nodding; achenes beakless; bristles long, bright white.--Common, swampy borders of bogs and in meadows. 2949 sandfill adjoining Minn Pt, Duluth; 10672 swampy rdside, Fairbanks Rd, Makinen. Arct regions s to 111, Neb, Calif. E. viridi-carinatum. (Engelm.) Fern. Plants tufted, green throughout, except for the brownish basal sheaths; stems up to 7 dm high; leaves flat, with involute tips; heads subtended by 2-3 green involucral bracts; spikelets 2-5, spreading to nodding in age; achenes beakless; bristles lustrous white.--Occasional, marshy borders of bogs; late Je and Jy. 16124 sprucetamarack bog, Prairie L; 8451 spruce-tamarack bog near Jasper Peak, Soudan. Lab to Alas, s to 0, la. E. virginicum L. Plants growing scattered in colonies, stems slender, up to 9 dm high, firm or wiry; leaves narrow, flat, with involute tips; involucral bracts divergent, 2-3; spikelets 2-5, erect on short pedicels; bristles cinnamon brown at maturity; achenes beakless.--Common, s part of area, in spruce-tamarack bogs; flowering Aug through Sept; 17170 floating bog, n of Sturgeon L, Hwy 5; 6702 black spruce bog, 16 mi n of Duluth, Hwy 4. Lab to Ont, s to Ga, Tenn.

Rhynchospora Vahl. Beak-rush (Gr. rhynchos, snout, spora, seed, because of the beaked achene) Plants perennial, loosely stoloniferous or tufted in diffuse to dense, spreading colonies; stems capillary, leafy; spikelets clustered; scales white or brown; achenes lenticular, longbeaked; bristles equaling or exceeding the beak. Perianth bristles villous at bases; spikelets white, becoming brownish R. alba Perianth bristles smooth at bases; spikelets deep brown R. fusca R. alba (L.) Vahl. Plants tufted, growing in dense colonies; stems 1-4 dm high; basal leaves filiform; heads subtended by an involucral bract; overtopping the spikelets, white in early anthesis, becoming orange-brown at maturity; achene 2-edged, stipitate, 2 mm long, narrowing to a broad-based beak; bristles about equaling the beak.--Frequent in sedge mats and quaking borders of bogs. 17168 floating bog, n of Sturgeon L; Hwy 5; 9369 floating bog, Fredenberg L, n of Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to Ind, 111, w to Ida, Calif. R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. Plants stoloniferous, up to 4 dm tall; stems capillary; basal leaves filiform; involucral bracts overtopping the heads; achenes 1.6 mm long, 2-edged, the body biconvex, shiny brown; bristles upward-barbed, exceeding or equaling the green, serrulate beak.--Rare. 11043 floating sedge meadow near Wahlsten rr station, s of Tower. Nfld, Ont, to Minn. 82

Cladium R. Br. Twig-rush (Gr. cladion, branchlet, because of the branching cyme) C- mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Strongly stoloniferous perennial, up to 1 m high; stems obtusely angled; leaves narrow, channeled; spikes pedicelled or congested into crowded clusters; spikelets oblong, of imbricated scales, the two lowermost usually empty, the succeeding ones staminate, the terminal with a perfect flower; perianth lacking; achene ovoid, short-rimmed at base, mucronulate, not tubercled.--Rare. 18200 shore of island in Chippewa L, s of Friday Ray, Lake Co. Nfld to Sask, s to Fla, Ala. Carex L. Sedge (Classical L. name) Perennial grass-like plants with triangular stems; leaves in 3 ranks, with linear elongate blades, the uppermost bract-like, subtending heads, or sometimes lacking; spikes staminate, pistillate, or mixed; flowers in axils of scales, the staminate with 3, rarely 2, stamens; the pistillate enclosed within a sac-like scale or perigynium; pistil 2-3-carpellate with 1-locular, 1-ovuled ovary, and 2-3 stigmas projecting from the perigynium; fruit an achene, trigonous or lenticular, often plano-convex, with mealy endosperm.

Subgen I. Vignea Spikes sessile, staminate at the base or apex (rarely mixed); stigmas 2, achene lenticular, perigynium compressed, variable as to shape and size. Spike solitary; bractless, either staminate or pistillate or staminate above and pistillate below Dioicae Spikes 2 or more.

Rhizomes elongate; spikes usually mixed, pistillate below. Perigynia wingless; stems rising from axils of leaves of the previous year Chordorrhizeae Perigynia winged; stems rising from axils of leaves of the current year' s growth . . . Arenariae

Rhizomes not elongate. Staminate flowers apical. Heads interrupted; perigynia radiate, in rosette-like clusters

Bracteosae

Heads paniculate. Spikes compact, bracts setaceous, numerous, and conspicuous Multiflorae Spikes relatively loose, setaceous bracts few or wanting. Perigynium weakly nerved dorsally; beak shorter than body Paniculatae Perigynium strongly nerved dorsally, beak longer than body Vulpinae Staminate flowers basal. Perigynia plump, not thin on margins. Achene not spongy at base; perigynia beakless or nearly so Heleonastes Achenes spongy at base. Perigynia ascending, 4-5 mm long, dorsally nerveless Deweyanae Perigynia spreading to reflexed, 3-4.5 mm long, dorsally nerved . . . Stellulatae Perigynia flat, with thin margins Ovales 83

Subgen II. Eucarex Spikes wholly pistillate or staminate or, rarely, mixed; stigmas 3, achenes trigonous (rarely 2, with lenticular achenes). Style deciduous at the base; spikes variously arranged. Spikes solitary; staminate scale tubular or somewhat connate at the base. Scales not leaf-like; perigynia beakless; stems surpassing the leaves Polytrichoideae Scales leaf-like; perigynia beaked; leaves surpassing the stems . . . . Phyllostachyae Spikes 2 or more, basal or terminal, the lowermost pistillate. Achenes obscurely trigonous, short-apiculate Montanae Achenes definitely trigonous if with 3 styles; otherwise lenticular. Perigynia distended around the plump achenes Digitatae Perigynia not distended; achenes slender. Styles 2; achenes lenticular; spikes stalked. Plants slender; perigynia orange at maturity Bicolores Plants stout. Scales of the pendant spikes aristate Cryptocarpae Scales of the mostly erect spikes ovate not aristate Acutae Styles 3; achenes trigonous. Perigynia ascending. Plants in dense tussocks; perigynia beakless, exceeded by acute scales . . . . Atratae Plants loosely cespitose or stoloniferous. Roots closely velutinous; perigynia smooth Limosae Roots not velutinous. Perigynia closely pubescent Hirtae Perigynia glabrous (rarely hispid). Sheaths shirred at base, beak of perigynium short; orifice entire . . . . Virescentes Sheaths not shirred. Terminal spike pistillate at apex; perigynium beakless Gracillimae Terminal spike wholly staminate.

Bracts prominent, never spathiform. Beak of perigynia bidentate (if entire, strongly hispid and subulate). Body of perigynium narrowly ovate, tapering to a subulate beak Sylvaticae Body of perigynium globose, abruptly narrowed to a beak Longirostres Beak of perigynium entire. Perigynium strongly nerved. Nerves rib-like, elevated; beak bent, short . . . . Granulares Nerves impressed; beak straight, small Oligocarpae Perigynium lightly nerved, beak prominently bent Laxiflorae Bracts spathiform; blade much shorter than peduncle of staminate spike Paniceae Perigynia reflexed at maturity, yellow or yellowish. 84

Body of perigynium inflated, beak bidentate Extensae Body of perigynium firm, not inflated, beak subulate Orthocerates Style confluent with achene; spikes several, leafy bracted. Perigynia scarcely inflated. Perigynia smooth or pubescent, firm, tapering to a beak with erect or diverging teeth; scales ovate-lanceolate Paludosae Perigynia thin, strongly fine-nerved; teeth divergent; scales aristate

Pseudo-Cypereae Perigynia strongly inflated. Spikes globose-oblong; perigynia strongly nerved; staminate spike solitary Spikes cylindric; staminate spikes more than one

Lupulinae Vesicariae

Dioicae Tuckerm. C- gynocrates Wormsk. Plants up to 2.5 dm tall, from slender rhizomes; stems capillary; leaves setaceous, glaucous; spikes staminate above and pistillate below, or wholly pistillate or staminate; perigynia 3-4 mm long, dorsally convex, nerved, beaked, becoming yellow, horizontal or reflexed. --Infrequent. 4356 in sphagnum, black spruce bog, 13 mi n of Duluth; 10640 spruce-tamarack bog, Prairie L. Greenl to Alas, s to Pa, Minn.

Chordorrhizeae Fries C- chordorrhiza L. Plants up to 4.5 dm tall, from spreading rhizomes; stems firm, striate, rising from axils of marcescent sheaths; blades few on new growth of rhizomes, involute spikes 2-3, aggregate, usually pistillate at the base; perigynium 2-3 mm long, beaked, finely nerved on each surface.--Frequent. Marshes and sphagnum pools, in spruce-tamarack forest. 4336 sedge meadow, s of Eveleth; 17056 in muskeg, n of Chisholm, Hwy 73, Baffin Island to Alas, Nfld, s to Ind, 111, la.

Arenariae Kunth C- foenea Willd. Plants up to 5 dm tall; rhizome wiry, creeping, covered with fibrous scales; stems firm, scaly at the base; leaves mostly basal, flat, with involute tips; spikes 3-5, mixed or wholly staminate or pistillate; perigynium 4-5 mm long, golden brown, lacerate, wing-edged; beak as long as the body.--Rare. 3584 sandy terrace of Embarrass R, s of Biwabik. Me to nw, s to 0, Neb, Ariz.

Bracteosae Kunth C- rosea Schkuhr. Plants tufted, up to 4 dm tall; stems and leaves lax; spikes 3-5, distant, the lowermost commonly bracted; perigynia radiate in rosettes, becoming reflexed; scales hyaline, obtuse, with green midrib; perigynia 3-3.5 mm long, smooth; short beak minutely serrulate and cleft.--Occasional. Mixed hardwood forest. 17509 Sturgeon R bank, n of Chisholm; 6896 terrace of Whiteface R, w of Cotton. Gaspe Pen, ND, s to Ga, Ala. 85

15

16

17

8

Figure 15. Carex gynocrates. Figure 16. C. chordorrhiza. Figure 17. C. foenea. Figure 18. C. rosea

Multiflorae Kunth C. vulpinoidea Michx. Plants up to 9 dm tall; blades flat, 3-5 mm wide, usually overtopping the stiff stems growing in dense tufts; heads crowded with spikes; bracts conspicuous, numerous, setaceous; scales awned; perigynium 2-3 mm long, ovate, flat, narrowed to short beak,

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yellow-brown. --Common, sandy shores throughout area. 1607 sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth; 8924 shore of Shagawa R, Ely. Nfld to BC, and s.

Paniculatae Kunth Perigynia flat on lower side, dark brown; sheaths prominently red-dotted; orifice sometimes with coppery luster C. diandra Perigynia convex on lower side, at least above the base; sheaths sparingly red-dotted and with strong coppery luster above C. prairea C. diandra Schrank. Plants forming dense tussocks up to 9 dm tall; stems firm, scabrous above, sharply 3-angled; leaves with long sheaths overtopping the stems; blades 3-7 mm wide, plicate, commonly glaucous; sheath delicate, ventrally white, prominently dotted with red; panicle open, lobulate; spikelets numerous; perigynia deltoid-ovate, narrowed to short serrulate beak, dark brown, 2.5 mm long; stipe .2 mm long; scales golden brown.--Frequent, shores and peaty meadows. 5598 sandy soil, Oatka Beach addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10868 swale, rr right of way, near Rollins. Lab to Alas, s, NJ, to Mo, Eurasia. C- prairea Dew. Plants similar to preceding species; perigynia 3.5 mm long, golden brown, biconvex; beak as long as the body; stipe 5 mm long.--Rare. 53 V. Barrows, upland meadow, Franklin, Virginia; 20322 sedge meadow along Floodwood R, n of Floodwood L. Que to Alta, Me to Neb.

Vulpinae Kunth C. stipata Muhl. Plants coarse and cespitose, stems prominently angled, soft, leaves flat, lax; head bracted, paniculate-spicate, yellow-brown; perigynia 4-5 mm long, subulate, with prominent beaks, spongy at the base, becoming divergent.--Common throughout area, wet meadows and low shores. 3592 Mission Cr bank at Fond du Lac, Duluth; 8256 Prairie L, swampy shore. Lab to Alas, s to NS, to Calif.

Heleonastes Kunth Spikes 7 or fewer, the lowest often remote. Staminate flowers terminal; subtending bracts setiform; perigynia convex on each face, stipitate, 2.8 mm long, finely nerved; beak short C. disperma Staminate flowers basal or intermixed; perigynia plano-convex. Spikes 2-3, aggregate; perigynia concealed by the silvery white scales C- tenuiflora Spikes remote, perigynia longer than the subtending scales. Spikes 1-3, the lowest remote, commonly with a setiform subtending bract, longer than the head C- trisperma Spikes 4 or more per head; beak of perigynia serrulate. Plants green, perigynia fewer than 10 in a spike, spreading; the lowest spike remote (8-12 mm from the second) C- brunnescens Plants glaucous, perigynia commonly more than 10 in a spike, appressed; spikes about equally spaced C- canescens 87

Spikes 10 or more, closely aggregate, perigynia broadest above the stipitate base; nerves prominent C- arcta C. disperma Dew. Plants tufted, 1-3 dm high; stems capillary; leaves flat, soft; spikes remote with 2-3 perigynia, 2.5-2.8 mm long, finely nerved, lustrous brown in age; beak minute, nearly entire.--Common throughout area in peaty soil. 14586 sphagnum bog, Fox Island, Rainy L; 10660 spruce forest at Prairie L. Lab to Alas, s to NS, to Calif. C- tenuiflora Wahlenb. Plants tufted, rhizomatous, up to 4 dm high; stems slender, terminating in a head of 3 or more white-appearing spikes; leaves soft, flat; scales hyaline-white except for the narrow green midrib; perigynia 3-3.2 mm long, ellipsoid, beakless or with a beak .2 mm long.--Local in bog forests. 8447 spruce forest near Jasper Peak, Soudan; 16120 deep sphagnum, spruce-tamarack forest, Prairie L. Nfld to Alas, Mass to Minn. C- trisperma Dew. Plants tufted, 2-3.5 dm high; stems slender, leaves flat, soft; spikes 1-3, remote, the lowermost long-bracted; perigynia 2-5, ovoid, finely nerved, 2.5-3.5 mm long, beak short.--Common, bogs throughout area. 10572 open muskeg, Hwy 2, St. Louis R bridge; 13107 sphagnum bog, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Lab to Sask, s to Tenn. C- brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Plants greenish, leaves soft, flat, much exceeded by the slender stems; spikes 3-4, fewer than 10-flowered, lowermost usually setaceous-bracted; perigynia 1.5-2.5 mm long, beaked, brownish, 2-3-nerved on each face.--Common throughout area. 6960 North Shore, near Palmers; 1442 on trail through pines, Minn Pt, Duluth, Greenl to Alas, s to Tenn, w to Colo. C- canescens L. Plants cespitose, glaucous, stems up to 7 dm tall, surpassing the soft leaves; blades flat; spikes 3-7, ellipsoid ovoid; scales whitish, midrib green, narrow; perigynia 2.8-3 mm long, nerved; beak short, somewhat serrulate. Var. canescens. Spikes usually 5-7 mm long, overlapping or nearly so, lowest subtended by setaceous bract. 1613 in muskeg on Vermilion L, Treasure Island Rd; 8254 springy terrace, Prairie L. Var. subloliacea Laestad. Spikes 3-5 mm long, perigynia 2 mm long or less; the lowermost spike remote, usually bracted; 1539 Typha bog, Minn Pt, Duluth, near Superior entry; 12452 Alnus bog, Crooked L, at Curtain Falls. Grennl to Alas, s to Minn, Ariz, Calif. C- arcta Boott. Plants tufted, up to 5.5 dm high; stems soft, usually exceeded by numerous flat leaves; spikes crowded into a dense head; perigynia ovate, widest below the middle, strongly nerved, 2.8-3 mm long, beak minutely serrulate, about a fourth as long as the body. --Common on shores throughout. 12895 shore of Floodwood R; 16842 shore of Boulder Bay, Lac La Croix. NB to BC, s to NY to Mont.

Deweyanae Tuckerm. C- Deweyana Schwein. Plants tufted, up to 7 dm high; stems lax, surpassing the soft, flaccid leaves; spikes 2-5, ovoid, lowermost remote and usually long bracted; perigynium 4-5 mm long, stipitate cushioned and nerveless, tapering to serrulate beak about a third as long as the

88

body; scales ovate, cuspidate.--Common throughout area. 2036 under pines, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12367 alder swamp near Floodwood. Lab to BC, Pa to Colo, Ida.

Stellulatae Kunth Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, divergent or spreading; spikes appearing echinate C- angustior Perigynia ovate to deltoid. Beak of perigynium shallowly bidentate, nerves on inner face obscure; ligule wider than long, sheath hyaline at orifice C. interior Beak of perigynium sharply bidentate, body finely nerved on each face; ligule as wide as long; sheath ventrally dotted with brown near its orifice C- laricina C. angustior Mackenz. Plants in dense colonies; stems slender, glaucous scabrous below; leaves 2 mm wide; heads bractless; spikes 3-5, approximate or sometimes interrupted; perigynia 4-6 mm long, divergent, narrow with protruding beak as long as the body, nerveless on the inner face.--Common, wet, peaty soil. 6519 springy rdside, Stony Pt, North Shore; 12640 edge of spruce bog, Bear Island L, se of Ely. Lab, Nfld to BC, s to Minn. C- interior Bailey. Stems slender, firm, up to 4 dm tall; leaves up to 3 mm wide, usually flat with involute tips; heads bractless, of 3-6 distant spikes or sometimes subapproximate; perigynia 2.5-3.2 mm long, divergent, ovate, rounding to a short serrulate bidentate beak, many-nerved. --Common, meadows and forest borders. 7016 marshy meadow ne of Palmers; 1084 shore of 1, Palo. Lab to BC, s to 0, Neb, w to MM, Calif. C- laricina Mackenz. Plants tufted, up to 6 dm tall; stems slender, rigid, reddish below; leaves 2-3 mm wide, sometimes surpassing the stems; heads usually bractless; spikes 2-5 distant; perigynia 3-4.5 mm long, divergent, ovate-deltoid, with distinct serrulate bidentate beak, nerved on each surface.--Common, meadows and forest borders. 1488 wet sedge meadow, bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth; 3002 border of sphagnum bog, Hwy 53, 18 mi n of Duluth. Nfld to BC, s to Pa, Ind, Minn.

Ovales Kunth Head subtended by leaf-like bracts; spikes crowded into a cluster C- sychnocephala Heads not subtended by leaf-like bracts; bracts if present setaceous. Scales as long as the perigynia or nearly so. Head flexuous, loosely moniliform, the lowermost spike remote; perigynia 3.4-4.2 mm long, thin, flat, wing-edged C- aenea Head stiff, spikes approximate; perigynia 4-5 mm long, plump with a narrow wing-margin C- adusta Scales shorter than the perigynia. Spikes distant, rarely aggregate. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 1.4 mm wide, tapering to bidentate tip C. projecta Perigynia lanceolate, 2 mm wide or less.

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19

20

21

22

23 24

Figure 19. Carex vulpinoidea. Figure 20. C. diandra. Figure 21. C. stipata.

Figure 22. C. tenuiflora. Figure 23. C. Deweyana. Figure 24. C. angustior

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Sheaths loose, perigynia 3-4 mm long; head erect; spikes somewhat overlapping . . . . C. normalis Sheaths tight, perigynia 2.5-3.8 mm long; head curving or arching tenera Spikes crowded, commonly overlapping. Perigynia up to 3.5 mm wide, broadly winged, broadly ovate to nearly orbicular. Inner face of perigynium nerveless, or faintly nerved. Scales acuminate £. brevior Scales obtuse C. molesta Inner face of perigynium prominently nerved; wing margins translucent, 1-2-nerved . .

C- Merritt-Fernaldii Perigynia less than 3.5 mm wide, the body of perigynium ovate to lanceolate. Spikes ellipsoid, perigynia up to 7 mm long C. scoparia Spikes ovoid, perigynia less than 7 mm long, the lowest spike usually subtended by a setaceous bract. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate. Beak of perigynium subulate, ascending; leaves 2-4 mm wide; wing margin at base obsolete, leaves up to 4 mm wide C. Crawfordii Beak of perigynium tapering, wing miargin at base conspicuous; leaves up to 8 mm

wide Perigynia ovate. Beaks of perigynia spreading Beaks of perigynia appressed

C- tribaloides C- cristate Ha C. Bebbii

C. sychnocephala Carey. Plants tufted, up to 4.5 dm tall; leaves flat, exceeding the smooth stems; spikes aggregated into conspicuously leafy heads; perigynium narrow, 4-5 mm long, tapering to subulate beak.—Occasional, sandy shores. 6549 bayshore sand of Minn Pt, Duluth; 15249 sandy beach of Kabetogama L, at Pine Island. Que to Alta, NY, to SD. C. aenea Fern. Plants with firm stems up to 8 dm high; leaves flat, 2-5 mm wide; heads nodding, interrupted; lowermost spike at least remote, and scaly peduncled; scales as broad as the ovate perigynia; perigynia tapering to a beak about one third as long as the body, bronze brown.--Common in the north on rocky shores and lichen-covered ledges. 8396 jack pine forest, Armstrong L; 13217 lichen mats, high rocks, Rainy L near Finger Bay. Lab to Alas, s to Pa, Wyo to Mont. C. adusta Boott. Plants coarse with stiff erect stems, 7-8 dm high, exceeding the firm leaves; blades 3-5 mm wide; heads rigid, usually bracted; spikes 6-9, straw-colored; scales equaling perigynia; perigynium 4-5 mm long, convex on the back, tapering to short beak.-Common, dry ledges and rocky pine woods. 11091 gravelly rdside near Jasper Peak, Soudan; 11814 granite ledges, Lac La Croix, near the resort. Nfld to Mackenz, Me, to Minn. C. projecta Mackenz. Stems up to 8 dm high; leaves 2-5 mm wide; heads arching, interrupted, usually setaceous-bracted, brownish in age; spikes 5-9, the tips of perigynia spreading; perigynium 3.5-5 mm long.--Common, shores and forest borders. 14438 Hammer Cr bank, Namekan L; 6212 Sucker R valley near Palmers. Nfld to Man, s to Va, 0, 111, Mo. C. normalis Mackenz. Stems rigid, up to 8 dm high; leaves 4-5.5 mm wide, head usually bractless; spikes 5-7, loosely aggregated, greenish brown; scale shorter than the lanceolate finely nerved perigynium; perigynium 3-4 mm long.--Occasional, meadows and forest borders. 10840 91

jack pine forest at Bass L, se of Gilbert; 11719a rock fissures, Crooked L, Curtain Falls. Me to Man, s to NC, Tenn, w to Okla. C- tenera Dew. Plants tufted, stems slender, up to 7 dm high overtopping the leaves; blades 2-3 mm wide; heads arching, with remote spikes, often bracted; perigynia 3-4 mm long, straw colored or brownish, ovate, faintly nerved, narrowed to a beak; tips prolonged and spreading in var. echinodes Wieg.--Common, shores, meadows, and stream banks; 14585 rock clefts at Fox Island, in Rainy L; 10883 beach of Indian L, near Rollins; Var. echinodes 13559 hardwood forest, Nopeming. Que to Alta, s to NC, w to SD, Mont. C. brevior (Dew. ) Mackenz. Plants cespitose, with stiff stems up to 8 dm high; leaves firm 2-4 mm wide; heads erect on 3-5 approximate spikes usually bractless; perigynia nearly orbicular, 4-5 mm long, with wide wing margin; beak short serrulate.--Occasional. On dry, exposed hillsides. 5080 Enger golf course, Duluth; 2554 Skyline Pkwy, Duluth, 32nd Ave W. Me to BC, s to Tenn, Tex. C- molesta Mackenz. Similar to the preceding, with which it grows, except for the more crowded heads and the blunt tipped scales of the spikes; perigynium broadly ovate, 2-3 mm wide.-Occasional, exposed hillsides. 10767 dry slope, Duluth Heights near Hwy 53. Mass to Sask, s to Tenn, Ark. C. Merritt-Fernaldii Mackenz. Plants coarse, with rigid stems, up to 9 dm high; leaves firm, flat, 3-5.5 mm wide; heads straw-colored, stiff, usually bractless, of 5-8 loosely aggregate overlapping spikes; perigynia 3-4 mm wide, broadly wing-margined, orbicular or nearly so.-Occasional, clearings and hillsides. 5118 White T, Palo; 5079 Enger golf course, Duluth. Que to BC, s to Mich, Kans, w to Ida, Calif. C- scoparia Schkuhr. Plants cespitose, with slender arching stems up to 8 dm high; leaves firm, flat, 2-3.5 mm wide; heads aggregate of 5-8 spikes, ellipsoid, golden brown in age; perigynia 4-6 mm long, broadly lanceolate, up to 7 nm long.--Common, shores of lakes and streams. 11718 springy cr bed, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 1589b border of Alnus bog, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to BC, s to Tenn, Ark, NM. C. Crawfordii Fern. Plants densely cespitose; stems slender, up to 6 dm high, scarcely exceeding the flat numerous leaves; heads erect, 5-7 spikes, usually bracted; perigynia 3-4 mm long, narrowly lanceolate; body wingless at base. Common, shores and wet meadows. 6622 shore of Burntside L, north arm; 9407 sandy cr bed, beach of Kabetogama L. Nfld to BC, s to Tenn. C- tribuloides Wahlenb. Plants loosely tufted, up to 8 dm high; leaves 6-8 mm wide, flat; heads 5-9, of ovoid spikes, the lowest distant, bracted; perigynia ascending, 3-4.5 mm long, tapering to short beak, wing-edged around base.--Common, meadows and clearings. 12718 Echo Trail, about 20 mi nw of Ely. Fla to Neb, Mich to Minn. C. cristatella Britt. Plants cespitose, with stems up to 7 dm high; leaves flat, 3-6 mm wide; heads bracted, of 5-9 crowded, rounded spikes, the lowermost remote; perigynium 3-4 mm long, ovate; body tapering to broad flat beak, greenish brown, finely nerved.--Occasional, shores and wet meadows. 10914 swale on Brimson Rd near Rollins; 14911 shore of Pine Island, Kabetogama L. NB to Que, Ont to Neb, s to Fla, La. C- Bebbii Olney. Plants cespitose, stems up to 7 dm high; leaves firm, 2-3 mm wide; heads

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bracted; spikes ovate, greenish brown at maturity, the crowded, ascending perigynia ovate, 2-4 mm long, with flat, appressed beaks.--Common, shores and wet meadows. 3782 shore of St. Louis R, 40th Ave W, Duluth; 1611 silty bay shore, Minn Pt. Nfld to Alas, s to Ind to Neb, w to Ida, Colo.

Polytrichoideae Tuckerm. C. leptalea Wahlenb. Plants delicate, lax, in dense clusters; stems capillary, up to 4.5 dm high; leaves linear, 1 mm wide; spikes solitary; staminate scales united on margins; perigynium beakless, 2.5-3.5 mm long, sharply angled, longer than the scales.--Common, peaty soil. 8450 spruce-tamarack bog, near Jasper Peak, Soudan; 13108 on trail through sphagnum bog, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Lab to Alas, Nfld to NE, s to Tenn, w to ND.

Phyllostachyae Tuckerm. C. Backii Boott. Densely tufted plants, 1-2.5 dm high, with numerous leaves surpassing the slender, sharply angular stems; blades 3-5 mm wide; sheaths becoming brownish; spike-bearing stems several, frequently concealed in basal leaf tufts; the lowermost pistillate scales prolonged to leaf-like bracts; axis of spike zig-zag; perigynium 5-6 mm long, ovoid, tapering to stout conical beak.--In dry coniferous forests on rocky slopes. 16091 terrace, Bassett L, e border of St. Louis Co; 17848 pine forest, Gregory Island, Burntside L. Gaspe Pen to Sask, NJ to Neb.

Montanae Fries Plants with spreading rhizomes forming extensive colonies; scales brown, becoming fibrillose with age C. pensylvanica Plants cespitose, tufted, forming dense clumps. None of the fruiting stems basal. Spikes of head distant; perigynia longer than the scales C- communis Spikes of head aggregate; scales longer than perigynia C- Peckii Fruiting stems basal. Leaves thin and soft; perigynia pubescent. Perigynia stalked C. deflexa Perigynia not stalked. Scales acuminate, beak of perigynium shorter than body C- abdita Scales lanceolate, beak of perigynium longer than body C- umbellata Leaves thick and harsh; perigynia smooth or nearly so C. tonsa C- pensylvanica Lam. Plants up to 4 dm tall, in spreading colonies with creeping stolons covered by scaly fibrillose sheaths; stems reddish at the base; leaves flat, firm; spikes approximate, the terminal staminate spike pistillate at base; perigynium 3-4 mm long, plump, pubescent, broadest above the base with a sharply notched short beak.--Occasional, sandy soil, open forest borders. 7581 sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 8260 mixed forest, Prairie L. Que to ND, s to SC, Tenn, la. C. communis Bailey. Plants tufted, up to 6 dm tall; stems sharply angled, overtopping the 93

leaves; mature spikes often declining radiately from leaf tufts; blades linear, 3-5 mm wide; basal sheaths reddish, acuminate at tips; pistillate spikes 2-3, the lowest subtended by linear-setaceous bract; staminate spike terminal; perigynia pubescent, plump, 3-3.5 mm long, beak short, notched, more or less 2-edged.--Common, mixed woods. 2464 crevices of basalt, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth, Haines Rd; 18737 shallow soil of trail, top of Palisade Head, L Superior, 60 mi from Duluth. Gaspe Pen to Ont, s Ga, WVa, Ky. C. Peckii Howe. Plants loosely tufted, up to 4 dm tall; blades thin, acuminate, 2-3.5 mm wide; leaf tufts with numerous brownish sheaths, reddish at least near the base; the head of aggregate spikes pistillate, 2-3, subtending bract short or none; staminate spike terminal, inconspicuous, sessile; mature perigynia yellow, pubescent, 3-4 mm long, beak slender, abrupt, notched, base broad, stalk-like.--Common, mixed woods throughout area. 6924 elm forest, terrace of Whiteface R, w of Cotton; 18641 birch-poplar grove, Ash L, on Hwy 53. Gaspe Pen to Yuk, BC, s, Ont to Minn. C. deflexa Hornem. Plants .2-2.8 dm tall, loosely tufted from a spreading rhizomatous base; sheaths reddish; leaves 2-3 mm wide; blades thin, soft; stems capillary among the leaf tufts or becoming exserted; pistillate spikes 2-3, the lowest sometimes remote, bracted; staminate spike terminal, often concealed among pistillate spikes; perigynia 2.5-3 mm long, pubescent, long-stalked; beak short, deflexed.--Frequent. 3484 brookside meadow, Palo; 10437 sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Yuk, s to Me and westw. C. abdita Bickn. Plants loosely tufted, up to 2.5 dm high; basal sheaths reddish; blades 12.5 mm wide, firm, linear, acuminate; fruiting peduncles mostly short, in leaf tufts; staminate spike terminal, pistillate spikes 1-3; scales reddish, ovate, covering the stalk; perigynium pubescent, 2.5-3 mm long; beak flat, 2-edged.--Frequent. 3563 crevices of high rocks, above Beck's Rd, Duluth; 10257 lichen mat, granite ledge, Kabetogama L. Nfld to Alta, se to Va, Tenn. C- wnbellata Schkuhr. Plants in dense tufts, 1-2.5 dm tall; sheaths reddish at bases; blades stiff, 1.2-3 mm wide, linear acuminate, more or less scabrous throughout; fruiting peduncles numerous, among leaf bases or commonly elongated but overtopped by leaves; pistillate spike sessile or stalked; staminate spike commonly stalked; scales ovate, covering the perigynia; mature perigynia yellowish, finely pubescent, 3.5-4.8 mm long.--Common, dry, shady woods and banks. 2959 jack pine forest s of Biwabik; 8321 Armstrong L, s of Ely. NS to Ont, s to Va, Ind, Mo. C. tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. Plants in low, dense tufts or tussocks .5-1 dm high; leaves stiff, scabrous throughout, tapering to acuminate tip, commonly 3-5 mm wide; peduncles numerous among leaf tufts, overtopped by blades; pistillate spikes 1-3; staminate spike terminal; pistillate scales acute, commonly longer than the perigynia; perigynia 3-3.5 mm long, nearly glabrous; beak shorter than the plump body.--Common in barren soil. 1430 Minn Pt, Duluth; 12633 edge of gravel pit, s of Ely. Gaspe Pen to Alta, n US s and w.

Digitatae Fries Stems with basal peduncles of pistillate spikes, terminal staminate spike commonly with a few pistillate flowers at base C. pedunculata 94

Stems without basal peduncles of pistillate spikes, terminal spike staminate C- Richardsonii C. pedunculata Muhl. Plants in loose tufts up to 2.5 dm high; leaves 2.5-4 mm wide, uniform, linear, acute, persisting through winter; stems slender, lax, spikelet-bearing below, the lower 2-3 commonly pistillate; perigynia clavate, stalked, 3.5-4 mm long, beak minute or wanting.--Frequent. A57 QSWA, Basswood L, Lake Go; 13908 sugar maple forest near Nopeming. Nfld to Sask, NS to Minn, s to Ga. C- Richardsonii R. Br. Plants stoloniferous, up to 2 dm tall; leaves linear, acute, 2-3 mm wide, overwintering, tips brownish, marcescent, at flowering time; stems capillary, with 2-3 basal sheaths with short blades; pistillate spikes 2-3, remote, terminal; staminate stalked; pistillate scales bronzy brown; perigynia obovoid, 2-3.2 mm long, short-stalked, minutely pubescent toward the short abrupt beak.--Rare, known in area from a single site se of Gilbert. 3580 cleared border of jack pine forest, Eveleth golf course, Embarrass R. Vt to Alta, s, 0 to SD.

Bicolores Tuckerm. C- aurea Nutt. Plants stoloniferous and loosely tufted, up to 3 dm tall; leaves soft, blades 2.5-3.5 mm wide, overtopping the sharply angled stems; pistillate spikes 3-4, subtended by long bracts, staminate spike terminal; perigynia compressed, ovoid, beakless, becoming bright orange and plump in maturity, 2-3 mm long.--Mostly on L Superior, occasional westw. 4378 L Superior terrace at Stony Pt; 3953 cedar bog, Glenwood Lodge, Vermilion L. Nfld to Alas, NE to Minn, s Pa to 111.

Cryptocarpae Tuckerm. C- crinita Lam. var. minor Boott. Plants growing in dense tussocks; stems sharply angled, up to 8 dm high, surpassing the leaves; blades 5-12 mm wide, prominently veined, scabrous on nerves and margins; head nodding, of 2-4 cylindrical pistillate spikes; staminate spikes 2, often pistillate at apex or interrupted variously with pistillate flowers; scales long-aristate, rough; perigynia beaked, 3-4 mm long, inflated, nerveless or nearly so.--Common throughout area. 16996 shore of Trout R at falls; 11216 Savanna R bank, Floodwood. NS to NE, to Minn.

Acutae Fries Stems numerous, up to 9 dm high, in loose colonies; perigynia nerveless, obovate C. aquatilis Stems in dense tussocks. Leaves overtopping the stems, perigynia nerved, minutely beaked C. lenticular is Leaves overtopped by stems. Scales usually longer than perigynium, becoming divergent; perigynia broadly elliptic to suborbicular with minute, deciduous short hair at apex C- Haydenii Scales ascending, shorter or as long as perigynium; perigynia without hairs. Perigynia broadly elliptic with ascending tips; scales obtuse C. stricta 95

26

25

27

28

30

29

Figure 25. Carex aenea. Figure 26. C. leptalea. Figure 27. C. re 28. C. deflexa. Figure 29. C. Richardsonii. Figure 30. C. aurea

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Perigynia narrowly elliptic with appressed tips; scales acute, prolonged C- strictior C. aquatilis Wahlenb. var. altior (Rydb.) Fern. Stems 9 dm high, glaucous, scabrous on the angles; leaves 2-5 mm wide, flat; head bracted; pistillate spikes 2-3, staminate 1-2; perigynia 3 mm long, obovate, nerveless or nearly so.--Occasional, swamps and shores. 10765 edge of swamp, Hwy 53, Duluth Heights; 13500 quaking sedge mats, shallow 1 s of Tower. Nfld to BC, s to NJ, to Colo. C- lenticularis Michx. Plants glaucous, in dense clumps, up to 5 dm high; leaves numerous, surpassing the stems; heads aggregate with 3-7 pistillate spikes, the terminal one staminate, frequently mixed with pistillate flowers; perigynia 3 mm long, elliptic-ovate, short-beaked, nerved.--Common, shores throughout area. 5575 Minn Pt, shore of sandfill; 14258 shore of Gull Island in Namekan L. Lab to Mackenz, Nfld to DC, s, to Mich, Minn, Ida. C- Haydenii Dew. Plants tufted, often in spreading clumps; stems 8 dm high; leaves 2-4 mm wide, firm, flat; heads bracted; pistillate spikes 2-3; staminate spikes 1-2, terminal; perigynia 2-3 mm long, nearly orbicular with short, sharply dentate beak, hispidulous on margins. --Occasional, shores of border lakes. 13196 bank of cr, Finger Bay, Rainy L. NB, Minn s to 111. C. stricter Lam. Stems 4-7 dm high; leaves firm, flat; heads bracted; pistillate spikes 2-3, staminate spikes 1-2; scales obtuse, shorter to equaling the length of the broadly elliptic perigynium, 2-2.5 mm long, slightly nerved.--Frequent on shores; 14287 sandy beach of Namekan L; 14096 shore of lily pond, Fond du Lac Pk. NB to Ont, NS to Minn. C. strictior Dew. Similar to the preceding, from which it differs in having a narrower, usually nerveless perigynium and longer acute scales.--Similar habitats. 15212 shore of Daly Bay, Kabetogama L; 2923 border of bog, 13 mi n of Duluth. Que to Minn, NS to la.

Atratae Kunth Perigynia beaked, longer than the awnless scales Perigynia beakless, surpassed by awned scales

C- media C. Buxbaumii

C. media R. Br. Plants loosely cespitose, clothed with persistent leaves of previous year; stems erect, slender, somewhat rough on angles, 2.5-6 dm tall; leaves commonly 2-3 mm wide, thin, scabrous on margins, 2-3 dm long; leaf in sheaths, tufts reddish brown below; spikes approximate, subsessile, usually 3, with or without subtending bract; terminal spikelet staminate at base; mature perigynia beaked, ellipsoid, 2.5-3 mm long, bronzy brown, prominently nerved on edges, with 2-3 faint nerves on the dorsal side; beak short, .5 mm long with 2 distinct parallel teeth.--Rare. 6430 and 12477 sphagnum-filled spring basin on Tofte-Isabella Rd, Lake Co; 6430 and 12417 same site. Also in Cook Co. Lab to Alas, Que to Wis, Minn, Man, Alta. C- Buxbaumii Wahlenb. Plants tufted, up to 8 dm tall; stems and leaves glaucous arising from stolons; blades keeled, firm; pistillate aggregate, spikes 3-4, the lowermost sometimes distant, the terminal one wholly staminate or mixed; perigynia 3-4 mm long, light green, beak-

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less and nerveless; scales prolonged, attenuate, awn-pointed.--Common, L Superior shore swamps and rocks. 4652 Stony Pt, L Superior, 16 mi ne of Duluth; 6099 wet sedge meadow, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to Ky, w to Calif.

Limosae Tuckerm. Plants diffuse from spreading stolons, scales appressed above the perigynia Plants cespitose, scales divergent, exposing perigynia Stems smooth on angles Stems scabrous on angles

C. limosa C- paupercula var. irrigua var. pallens

C. limosa L. Stems up to 4 dm tall, arising from spreading stolons; heads usually nodding; pistillate spikes 1-2; staminate spike long-peduncled; scales bronzy, perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, light green, nerveless or nearly so, with minute, entire beak.--Occasional in muskeg. 12102 quaking bog, Sturgeon L n of Hibbing; 13534 Fish L, 12 mi nw of Duluth. Lab to Alas, s to la, 111. C- paupercula Michx. Plants densely cespitose, up to 6 dm tall; fruiting stems numerous; head pendulous; pistillate spikes 1-3, staminate one terminal; scales divergent, acuminate; perigynia 3-4 mm long, nearly beakless; orifice entire.--Common on peaty soil. Var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fern. 12632 mature spruce-tamarack forest se of Ely on Bear Island R Rd; 13106 sphagnum bog near Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Var. pallens Fern. 2001 spruce bog, Vermilion Trail, 13 mi n of Duluth; 16158 in deep sphagnum, spruce forest, Prairie L. Lab to Alas, s to Nfld, w and s to Minn, 0, Ind.

Hirtae Tuckerm. Leaves involute, tips filiform; plants wiry Leaves flat, plants harsh to touch. Plants coarse, spreading by elongate rhizomes; perigynia 4-6 mm long Plants slender; perigynia 2-3 mm long

C- lasiocarpa . . . . C. Houghtonii C. lanuginosa

C- lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern. Plants blue-green, up to 9 dm tall, forming colonies by creeping stolons, stems firm and smooth; leaves long, tapering, involute; head subtended by a prolonged bract nearly overtopping the uppermost spike; pistillate spikes 2-3, remote; staminate spikes 2 or more, approximate; scales somewhat cuspidate; perigynia 3-4 mm long, lanceolate, densely woolly; beak short, sharply bidentate.--Common in muskeg, sedge mats. 14720 edge of Cranberry Bay, Rainy L; 1507 small sphagnum bog, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to BC, s to 0, Ind, la. C- Houghtonii Torr. Coarse yellow-green plants, up to 9 dm tall, spreading by thick rhizomes; stems obtusely angular, scabrous; leaves flat, stiff, scabrous; the lowermost bract foliar, overtopping the head; scales acute; perigynia plump, woolly; beak half the length of the body; teeth sharp, divergent.--Common, sandy soil, rdsides. 16086 gravelly bank at Bassett L; 7636 gravelly rdside at Island L, n of Duluth. Nfld to Sask, s to Wis, Mich, Minn. C- lanuginosa Michx. Plants up to 8 dm tall; rhizomes prominently scaly; leaves scabrous on

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margins, 3-5 mm wide, shorter than the stems; the lowermost bract foliar, overtopping the head; perigynia 2.5-3 mm long, densely pubescent; beak short, sharply ace rose.--Gammon, shores and wet depressions in meadows throughout area. 5317 meadow near Chester Pk School; 13428 shore of Ash R, 2 mi downstream from Frontier Lodge. Que to BC, s to Tenn, Okla, w to Ariz, Calif.

Virescentes Kunth Pistillate spikes except the uppermost nodding; perigynia ellipsoid Pistillate spikes sessile; perigynia obovoid to obconic

C- pallescens C. Torreyi

C. pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern. Plants cespitose, somewhat pubescent; leaves tapering to scabrous tips; stems slender, sharply angled, scabrous above, with 3-4 brown bladeless sheaths below; foliar bracts shirred at the bases, equaling to exceeding the terminal spikes; pistillate spikes 2-3 on capillary peduncles, nodding; staminate spike terminal, shortpeduncled; perigynia 3 mm long, nerved; orifice entire; beak minute.--Rare. 16260 moist spots on L Superior terrace, Duluth waterworks, Hwy 61, Nfld to Minn. C- Torreyi Tuckerm. Torrey's Sedge. Plants cespitose, lax, up to 4 dm tall; stems glabrous below, becoming more sharply angled and scabrous toward summit; leaves linear attenuate, softly hirsute, up to 1.5 dm long, leaf sheaths in tufts, reddish below; spikes aggregate, about equaled by subtending bracts; terminal spike staminate, rarely with a few perigynia at base, mostly sessile; pistillate spikes 2-3, sessile, terete; perigynia 2.9-3 mm long, including the collar-like beak; nutlet obconic with thickened angles, bright brown with a mucro and stipe, 2.1-2.5 mm long; in fresh nutlets the delicate outermost layer of cells sloughs off on handling; subtending scales suborbicular to ovate mostly pointless.--Rare. 21446 in association with Koeleria cristata rr right of way near Payne sta along Hwy 7. Alta, Man, to Minn, Colo.

Gracillimae Carey C- gracillima Schwein. Plants loosely tufted; stems slender, declining; leaves 3-7 mm wide, firm, overtopped by the stems; spike pendulous, 3-5, the terminal staminate, usually bearing pistillate flowers at apex; scales with broad hyaline margin, short-pointed; perigynia beakless, 3.5 mm long.--Common throughout area, shores and meadows. 5319 meadow near Chester Pk School, Duluth; 8245 rich woods at Prairie L. Nfld to Man, to NC, Tenn, Mo.

Sylvaticae Boott Leaves hirtellous, beak of perigynium about half as long as the body C- castanea Leaves smooth. Leaves 4-12 mm wide; perigynia glabrous, beak a fourth as long as the body . . C- arctata Leaves 2-3 mm wide; perigynia subulate, orifice oblique, strongly hispid C- assiniboinensis

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31

32

33 34

35

36

Figure 31. Carex crinita. Figure 32. C. lenticularis. Figure 33. C. Buxbaumii, Figure 34. C. limosa. Figure 35. C. lasiocarpa. Figure 36. C. pallescens

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C- castanea Wahlenb. Plants cespitose, reddish brown at base; stems slender, rising from numerous leaf tufts; blades 3-5 mm wide; heads usually pendulous from 3-5 peduncled spikes; scales becoming chestnut brown and remaining ciliate toward the summits; perigynia 3.5 mm long, lustrous, smooth, sharply bidentate; beak half the length of body.--Common, wet meadows and borders of forest throughout area. 10321 ash forest, Kabetogama L; 8556 terrace of Iron L, e of Ely. Nfld to Ont, Mich, Wise. C. arctata Boott. Plants densely cespitose; overwintering leaves 4-9 mm wide, reddish at the base; stems up to 8 dm high, arching or reclining in age; heads pendulous from 3-5 pistillate spikes, the terminal staminate one usually partly pistillate at the apex; scales short-awned; perigynia 3-4.5 mm long, nerved toward the base, narrowed abruptly to a beak a fourth the length of the body.--Common, rich woods throughout area. 10602 Twin L, se of Brookston; 17582 portage to Angleworm L, Echo Trail, ne of Ely. Nfld to Ont, NS to 0, Mich, Minn. C. assiniboinensis Boott. Plants slender, in loose tufts, 5-6 dm high; leaves narrow, about 3 mm wide, overtopped by the slender stems; spikes thin, few-flowered; scales narrowly lanceolate; perigynia 7-8 mm long, attenuate-subulate, with beak about half as long as the body, strongly hispid in age.--Rare, rich woods sw border of St. Louis Co. 12366 mixed coniferous hardwood forest n of Floodwood. Man to n la.

Longirostres Kuckenth. C- Sprengelii Dew. Strongly cespitose from scaly rhizomes, stems 7 dm high, leaves flat, 2-4 mm wide; heads 4-5-peduncled, spikes usually nodding, the terminal staminate; perigynia 3.5 mm long, orbiculate body, smooth, nerveless, terminating in narrow beak half as long.--Distinctive sedge on river terraces. Occasional in s and w part of area. 2927 St. Louis R bank at Fond du Lac; 12390 riverbank, Floodwood. NB to Alta, se 0, la, Neb, Colo.

Granulares 0. F. Lang Uppermost spikes aggregate, including the sessile staminate spikes C. granularis None of the spikes aggregate, terminal staminate one distant on long peduncle . . . C. Crawei

C- granularis Muhl. var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. The slender stems rising from axils of the old leaves, 4-12 mm wide; plants strongly cespitose; bracts foliar, overtopping the heads; the lower pistillate spikes scattered; perigynia 2.5-3 mm long, minutely beaked, finely nerved, strongly inflated.--Rare, 7094 partly cleared rdside, 1% mi n of Cotton, Hwy 53. Que, Me, to Sask, s to Fla. C. Crawei Dew. Plants stoloniferous by slender wiry rhizomes forming spreading colonies; stems 2-3 dm high, clothed with brown sheaths at the base, becoming fibrillose; pistillate spikes 1-3, from lower nodes, subtended by foliar bracts; the staminate spike overtopping the bract, its blunt yellow scales banded with golden brown; perigynia greenish brown, beakless or with minute beak, faintly nerved or nerveless, 3-3.2 mm thick.--North Shore and wet mead101

ows and springy terraces. 5322 meadow e of Chester Pk School, Duluth; 14091 North Shore w of Palmer sta. Que, Alta, s to Ala, w to Wash.

Oligocarpae Carey Spikes aggregate, including the subsessile staminate spike Spikes not aggregate, staminate spike long-pedicelled

C. katahdinensis C. conoidea

C- katahdinensis Fern. Plants commonly less than 1 dm tall, cespitose; stem slender, angular; leaves 3-4 mm wide; spikes long-bracted, 3-7.5 cm long; pistillate spikes 2-3, aggregate, or sometimes 1 remote in a lower leaf axil; staminate spike subsessile or with a peduncle 3-5 mm long; bracts foliose, minutely scabrous on margin or mostly glabrous, 2-8 cm long; pistillate spikes 8-12 mm long; scales acute, shorter than perigynium, awn-pointed at least at base of spike, margin broadly scarious; perigynium 2.7-3 mm long, finely impressed-nerved, orifice entire, nearly obsolete; achenes 2.8-3 mm long, somewhat stipitate, short apiculate, plump and bluntly angled, yellowish brown.--Rare. 11670 sandy beach of Iron L near Curtain Falls. 17762 rock fissures, shore of an island in Iron L; 17793 shorerocks of Iron L near Rebecca Falls, Ontario side. Nfld to Que, Mt Katahdin, Me, for which the plant is named. C. conoidea Schkuhr. Plants cespitose up to 4 dm tall; cauline leaves 3-4, linear attenuate, minutely scabrous on margin, blades shorter than sheaths, at least above; pistillate spikes commonly 2, remote, leafy bracted; bracts 2-3 times as long as the spikes, terminal staminate spike long-peduncled; pistillate spikes 10-14 mm long; scales acuminate, awns scabrous; perigynia 3-3.4 mm long, finely impressed-veined, nearly beakless; orifice entire; achene 2 mm long, bluntly angled, stipitate, apiculate, the style base more or less persistent.--Rare. 5339 damp blvd, Hwy 61, North Shore, about 1 mi from Lester Pk; 10715 springy slope, Skyline Pkwy, below 39th Ave W, Duluth. Nfld to Qnt, s 0, Ind, 111.

Paniceae Tuckerm. C- vaginata Tausch. Plants in diffuse colonies formed by spreading, slender rhizomes; stems flexuous, 3-5 dm high; leaves flat, 2-4 mm wide, shorter than the stems; spikes thin, loosely flowered, the terminal staminate spike long-peduncled; bracts spathe-like; perigynia 3-5 mm long, nerveless, narrowed abruptly to a bidentate beak.--In peaty meadows and bogs. 4344 bog on Normanna Rd, 10 mi n of Duluth. 10910 swale along rr track near Rollins. Baffin Island to Alas, Nfld, BC, s to Ont, Mich, Wise.

Laxiflorae Kunth Staminate spike subsessile, elevated above pistillate spikes about half its length; perigynia faintly nerved C- leptonervia Staminate spike peduncled, overtopping pistillate spikes; perigynia prominently nerved . . . C. ormostachya C. leptonervia Fern. Plants loosely tufted; basal leaves 3-8 mm wide; stems 3-5 dm high; 102

37 38

39 40

42

41

Figure 37. Carex gracillima. Figure 38. C. arctata. Figure 39. C. Sprengelii. Figure 40. C. granularit Figure 41. C. katahdinensis. Figure 42. C. vaginata

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heads aggregate, the staminate spike usually overtopped by foliar bract; pistillate spikes dense, uniform; perigynia overlapping, 2.5-3.0 mm long, stalked, ventrally nearly nerveless, beak prominently oblique.--12363 edge of clearing n of Floodwood; 14174 ash-cedar swamp, Namekan Narrows. Nfld, Lab, to NC, Tenn, 0, w to Minn. C. ormostachya Wieg. Plants tufted, smooth with lax, reclining stems 2-3.5 dm tall, clothed with purplish brown basal sheaths; blades 3-5 mm wide; inflorescence foliose-bracted with 2-3 pistillate spikes, the lowermost usually remote; pistillate spikelets loose, moniliform or interrupted, surpassed by the long pedicelled staminate spikelet; perigynia 2-3.5 mm long, strongly nerved, stipitate; beak abruptly bent, orifice entire.--Mixed coniferous woods. 17631 Gregory Island, Burntside L. Que to Ont, to Mich, Minn.

Extensae Fries Mature perigynia inflated, becoming strongly reflexed; beak half as long as the body. Leaves 3-5 mm wide; sheath concave at the mouth . . . . . C- flava Leaves 2-3 mm wide; sheath convex at the mouth C. cryptolepis Mature perigynia somewhat inflated; beak half the length of the body, spreading, but not strongly reflexed C- viridula C. flava L. Plants loosely tufted, 1-6 dm high; leaves flat, firm, up to 6 mm wide; the head subtended by foliar bracts, diverging from the stems horizontally or nearly so; pistillate spikes usually 3, somewhat aggregate; perigynia 3-5 mm long, oblique, yellow, strongly nerved, narrowed abruptly to an upwardly serrulate bidentate beak 1.6-2.7 mm long.--Infrequent. 11293 beach of Indian L, near Rollins; 4202 shore of Pequaywan L. Nfld to Alas, NS to Mont. C- cryptolepis Mackenz. Plant is similar to the preceding species, except for the narrower leaves with convex sheath orifices, colonial growth, smooth beaks, and shorter perigynia.-Infrequent, sandy shores and terraces. 3365 sandy lakeshore 6 mi s of Gilbert; 11046 sedge mat near Wahlsten rr sta s of Tower. Nfld to Minn, s to Pa, 0, Ind. C- viridula Michx. Plants tufted; stems slender, 2-4 dm high, sometimes overtopped by the numerous basal leaves; blades 2-3 mm wide, long, tapering, firm; heads aggregate; pistillate spikes 3-7, compact, concealing the sessile staminate spike; perigynia 2-3 mm long, slightly inflated, spreading, abruptly narrowed to a sharply bidentate beak half as long as the nerved yellow-green body.--Infrequent, shores of lakes and moist depressions of marshy ground. 10976 clayey marsh, opposite Island Farm, nw of Floodwood on Hwy 2; 15891 sandfill, Minn Pt, at Sky Harbor, Duluth. Nfld to Alas, NS to ND, NM, Calif.

Orthocerates Koch C- pauciflora Lightf. Plants spreading by capillary stolons; stems capillary, firm, 1-4 dm high; basal sheaths bladeless; spike single, terminal, bearing 1-5 subulate perigynia 4-5 mm long; the beak entire; mature perigynia yellowish, reflexed.--Frequent, spruce-tamarack bogs in the n centr parts of the area. 4991 Picea-Larix bog, Gnesen T, 16 mi n of Duluth; 12886 spruce forest n of Vermilion R on Crane L Rd. Lab to Alas, s to Ind, w to Wash, Eu. 104

Paludosae Fries Teeth of perigynia scarcely divergent, 1 ram long; sheaths not pilose-pubescent . . . . C- lacustris Teeth of perigynia 1-2 mm long, divergent; sheaths pilose-pubescent to glabrous . . . C- atherodes C. lacustris Willd. Plants stoloniferous from stout scaly rhizomes; stems sharply angled, up to 9 dm high; leaves stiff, glaucous, nodulose, 14 mm wide; sheaths reddish at base, smooth, becoming fibrillose; heads erect, 1-4 pistillate and staminate spikes; scales awned; perigynia 5-7 mm long, lanceolate, membranous, strongly nerved, dull greenish brown at maturity; beak half as long as the body, sharply bidentate.--Common, borders of swamps. 1532 bayside bog on Minn Pt, Duluth; 11612 Alnus swamp on portage to Iron L from Curtain Falls. Que to Man, s to 111, la, w to Ida. C- atherodes Spreng. Plants stoloniferous, up to 9 dm tall; spreading in colonies; stems sharply triangular; leaves 12 mm wide; sheaths pubescent, nodulose, purplish below; pistillate and staminate spikes 1-4, usually ascending, bracted; scales aristate to acuminate; perigynia 5-10 mm long, lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering to smooth beak a third the length of the body.--Shores and upper beaches of n lakes. With it grows a form lacking pubescence on sheaths. 14764 shore swamp, Rainy L, Cranberry Bay area; 13300 shore of Ash R, 2 mi downstream from Frontier Lodge. Ont to Yuk, s to NY, 0, Ind, w to Oreg.

Pseudo-Cypereae Tuckerm. Perigynia inflated, spreading but not reflexed Perigynia not inflated, strongly reflexed at maturity. Teeth of perigynia parallel, 1 mm long Teeth of perigynia divergent, 2 mm long

C- hystricina C. Pseado-Cyperus C. comosa

C- hystricina Muhl. Plants growing in dense clumps, 8 dm high; leaves flat, stiff, and scabrous, up to 8 mm wide; heads erect; pistillate spikes 3-4, the upper usually sessile, longbracted; staminate spike terminal, scales awned; perigynia strongly nerved, spreading at maturity, 4-5 mm long; slender beak as long as the suborbicular body.--Common, shores in s part of area. 3798 swampy shore, St. Louis R, w of Duluth; 7347 shore of Ely L, s of Eveleth. Que to Alta, s to Tenn, w to Tex, Calif. C. Pseado-Cyperus L. Plants coarse, growing in clumps, stems 6-9 dm high; leaves up to 10 mm wide, stiff, rough on margins, nodulose on drying; spikes pendulous, 3-5 on slender peduncles, surmounted by a bract; staminate spikes terminal, scales rough-awned; perigynia reflexed, lanceolate, 2-edged, many-nerved, 3-4 mm long, tapering to a beak shorter than the body; teeth parallel.--Common, shores and swales. 1564 bayshore swamp, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9120 shore of Prairie L. Nfld to Sask, Me to ND. C- comosa Boott. Tall coarse plants in large tussocks; stems up to 8 dm high; leaves 15 mm wide, nodulose; pistillate spikes 3-5, densely flowered; scales rough-awned; perigynia 6-7 mm long, reflexed, lanceolate, many-nerved, the tapering beak as long as the body; teeth divergent. --Occasional, shores and sedge mats. 7861 rdside marsh, nw of Floodwood; 13566 shore of Caribou L, n of Duluth. NS to Ida, Calif, s to Fla.

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Lupulinae Tuckerm. Pistillate spikes subglobose; perigynia few, up to 15, spreading to loosely ascending . . . . C- intumescens Pistillate spikes cylindric, perigynia numerous, ascending C- lupulina C- intumescens Rudge. Plants cespitose, reddish at the base; stems slender, sharply triangular, up to 6 dm high; leaves flat; heads long-bracted; spikes 2-3-pistillate, usually approximate, the staminate stalked; perigynia inflated, not equilateral, conic-ovoid, lustrous, 1015 mm long; beak short, slender, bidentate.--Common in forested area. 2501 in Tilia-Acer association, Hwy 4, Duluth hills; 8561 shore of White Iron L, e of Ely. NS to Me, Que, Minn, s, Fla, Tex. C- lupulina Muhl. Plants spreading by rhizomes, up to 8 dm high; stems obtusely triangular; leaves flat, lax; heads long-bracted; pistillate spikes 2-3, loosely aggregated; staminate spike nearly stalkless; perigynia inflated, up to 18 mm long, ascending with beak as long as or longer than the body.--Rare. 11937 terrace of Floodwood R, w part of St. Louis Co. Fla to Tex, n to NS, w to Minn.

Vesicariae Tuckerm. Perigynia reflexed at maturity Perigynia ascending to somewhat spreading, not reflexed. Leaves involute, firm or wiry Leaves flat. Stems spongy at the base, leaves nodulose Stems not spongy at the base, leaves not nodulose. Pistillate spikes on slender peduncles, pendulous Pistillate spikes erect, sessile

C. retrorsa C- oligosperma C- rostrata C. Tuckermani C. vesicaria

C- retrorsa Schwein. Plants loosely cespitose; stems up to 7 dm high, coarse, obtusely angled; leaves flat, soft; sheaths loose, nodulose; heads foliose-bracted; pistillate spikes 35, somewhat aggregate, staminate spike overtopping the head; perigynia reflexed, 6-10 mm long, inflated; beak sharply bidentate, as long as or longer than the body. --Common, wet situations, meadows, and shores. 1605 sandfill, bayside of Minn Pt, Duluth; 14214 sandy beach of Namekan L. Que to BC, s to Ind, w to Wash. C- oligosperma Michx. Plants glaucous, stems up to 1 m high, wiry; leaves narrow, involute; head subtended by a filiform bract; pistillate spikes usually 2, distant, the upper close to the stalked staminate spike; perigynium 3-5 mm long, yellow, inflated, ovate, tapering to a short beak, subtended by an ovate bract, shorter than the body.--Common. 9701 Ash R bog, near Kabetogama L; 2999 edge of floating bog, Hwy 53, 18 mi n of Duluth. Nfld, Sask, s to NE, w to Minn, Lab to Mackenz. C. rostrata Stokes. Plants stout, leafy, spreading in colonies; stems up to 8 dm high, spongy below; leaves flat, septate-nodulose, 12 mm wide, equaling the stems in height; heads erect, leafy-bracted, of 2-4-pistillate spikes, the staminate spike long-stalked; perigynia inflated, 5-9 mm long, golden brown in age.--Frequent. Var. rostrata. Pistillate scales usually

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shorter than perigynia; perigynia moderately inflated. 1514 sandfill bog, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10908 shore of Indian L near Rollins. Greenl, Lab to Alas, Nfld to Sask, to Colo, Calif. Var. utriculata (Boott. ) Bailey. Pistillate scales equaling the perigynia in length; the perigynia strongly inflated. 7062 swampy rdside near Skibo; 13263 shore of Rainy L, Kettle Falls. Distribution similar to preceding species. C- Tuckermani Boott. Plants loosely cespitose, tufted; stems up to 8 dm high, slender, reclining; leaves flat, soft, dark green; head long-bracted, of 2-4 slender, peduncled, pistillate spikes, usually pendulous or spreading; staminate spikes long-peduncled; perigynia bladdery, 6-9.5 mm long, whitish when young, becoming yellowish in age.--Occasional, shores, moist woods. 16923 moist depressions, Trout L portage, n of Vermilion L; 11234 Savanna R woods, Floodwood. Que to Ont, s to 0, Ind, la. C- vesicaria L. Cespitose, stems up to 8 dm high, roughened above, sharply angled; leaves flat, firm, spreading; heads erect, of 2-4-pistillate spikes; staminate spike terminal, longpeduncled; perigynia short stiped, 5-9 mm long, inflated, tapering to slender, sharply bidentate beaks. --Common. 7038 shore of St. Louis R, Mooseline Rd, near Skibo; 10974 Savanna R bank, Floodwood. Nfld, BC, s to Wise, Minn to Colo, Calif.

ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) Herbs with tuberous stem bases, or rhizomes; sap acrid; leaves simple or compound; flowers in spikes (spadix) subtended by a spathe; sepals 4-6 or none; stamens 4-7; ovary 1-3-locular; flower syncarpous, apetalous. Spathe hooded, mostly concealing the spadix. Leaves trifoliolate appearing with spadix; flowers dioecious Arisaema Leaves simple, large, preceded by spadix; flowers perfect Symplocarpus Spathe expanded or leaf-like, exposing spadix. Flowers without perianth; spadix subtended by white spathe Calla Flowers with perianth; spadix naked, marginal, spathe green, leaf-like Acorus

Arisaema Mart. Indian Turnip (Gr. aris, kind of arum, haima, blood, alluding to leaf spots) A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume, f. atrorubens. Jack-in-the-pulpit. Corm subspherical 2-4 cm thick, with fibrous roots; pistillate plants up to 5 dm tall, usually with 2 leaves; basal sheaths mottled with purple; leaflets, acuminate to rhombic-ovate, the lateral slightly inequilateral, often variegated with green and purple along the veins; spathe striped with purple or wholly yellow green, in f. viride (Engler) Fern.; male spadix club-shaped, bearing at its base a cluster of naked staminate flowers; stamens 2-5; anthers opening by apical clefts; female spadix with a cluster of naked pistils, each with an expanded stigma and 1-locular ovary, each ripening into a 2-3-seeded scarlet berry; fruit clusters 2-4 cm thick.--Springy spots in moist forest throughout, f. atrorubens, 5271 Tilia-Acer association, Arlington Ave, Duluth; 10302 swampy hardwood forest, Kabetogama L; f. viride, 12399 with the typical form in mixed hardwood and coniferous forest n of Floodwood. NB to Man, NS to Pa, Minn, se. My-Je. 107

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44

43

46

47

48 49

Figure 43. Carex leptonervia. Figure 44. C. cryptolepis. Figure 45. C. pauciflora. Figure 46. C. lacustris. Figure 47. C. Pseudo-Cyperus. Figure 48. C. intumescens. Figure 49. C. vesicaria

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Symplocarpus Salisb. Skunk Cabbage (Gr. symplos, Connection, carpos, fruit, for multiple fruit) S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk Cabbage. Ill-scented herbs with thick, erect rhizomes and 2 basal leaves; with short petioles and ovate cordate, net-veined blades 1-4 dm long; spathe large, incurved on margins, mottled with green and purple, appearing in early spring; spadix globose, covered all around with flowers; sepals 4; stamens 4, with 1-locular, 1-seeded ovary; the ripening ovaries become embedded in tissues of the spadix, forming a mass of coalesced, fleshy fruits.--Rare in area. Briton Bradley, 5-15-49 bank of French R, Pioneer Rd. NA, w to Minn. Apr-My.

Calla L. Water Arum (L. calla, name of a plant) C- palustris L. Wild Calla. Plants from creeping rhizomes; leaves ovate, deeply cordate, with petioles up to 2 dm long; blades 5-10 cm long with numerous parallel veins curving out from the thick midvein, converging and anastomosing along the margins and at the acuminate apex; spadix short-globose, covered with naked perfect flowers; stamens 6, ovary 1-locular with 2-3 ovules; fruit an orange-red berry in large showy clusters.--Common throughout area. 13268 shady marsh, Namekan L, Kettle Falls; 22191 drying pond, Kawishiwi R, Lake Co. Nfld to Alas, NS, Pa to Minn. Je-Jy.

Acorus L. Sweet Flag (L. name for an aromatic plant) .4. Calamus L. Sweet Flag. Aromatic plants with close-set, creeping, fleshy rhizomes; leaves shiny, dark green, sword-shaped; up to 9 dm long; flowering scape similar, bearing below the middle a naked, cone-like, marginal spadix; crowded with greenish flowers of 6 sepals and 6 stamens, 1 pistil with 2-3-celled ovary; fruits dry, gelatinous, mostly more than 1-seeded. Swamps, shores of lakes and rivers throughout. 6534 St. Louis R marsh, Duluth; 14718 edge of sedge mat, Cranberry Bay, Rainy L. e NA to Mont. Je-Jy.

LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED FAMILY) Perennial floating aquatics in which the plant body has been reduced to a very small lenticular or star-shaped thallus, usually with roots on the lower surface; flowers unisexual, microscopic, borne in cavities of the thallus, consisting of 1 stamen or 1 pistil; fruit a 1-several-seeded utricle; propagation by budding. Thallus with more than 1 root per lobe Spirodela Thallus with 1 root per lobe Lemna 109

Spirodela Schleid. Duckweed (Gr. speira, cord, delos, obvious) 3. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Purple Duckweed. Plant 3-8 mm wide, purple beneath, green above, with more than 5 veins; roots with a single vascular trace; fruit a 2-seeded utricle.--Common, calm shallow waters throughout. 2662 shore of Superior Bay, Minn Pt; 14722 edge of sedge mat, Cranberry Bay, Rainy L. Lab to BC, s to Gulf states.

Lerma L. Green Duckweed Plants green, lobed; lobes of thallus sessile or stalked, each with 1 root, without vascular trace; flowers in clusters of 3' s, 2 staminate, 1 pistillate, in marginal clefts of thallus; ovary 1-locular, ovules several. Plants in chains; lobes peduncled, serrate at tips L. trisulca Plants usually in groups of 3, lobes smooth, rounded. Thallus narrowly obovate, about 1.5 mm wide, 2-3 mm long L. perpusilla Thallus elliptic-oval, 2-3 mm wide, 3-5 mm long L. minor L. trisulca L. Star Duckweed. Thalli in star-like chains; lobes more or less pointed, serrate, conspicuously 3-nerved.--Occasional in area. 7783 St. Louis R, Duluth; 13307 Ash R, Frontier Lodge, Kabetogama L. Alta to 0, e, s states. L. perpusilla Torr. Least Duckweed. Thalli slightly oblique, faintly 3-veined.--Seemingly infrequent. Moyle 3560, fish hatchery pond, Duluth; Moyle 3792 rdside pond, T 50, Range 17 St. Louis Co. Mass to Minn, Neb. L. minor L. Lesser Duckweed. Thalli elliptic-ovate, oval to suborbicular, 2-4 mm in diameter, obscurely 3-nerved.--Common in area. 1517 shore of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14721 edge of sedge mat, Cranberry Bay of Rainy L. Lab to BC and s.

ERIOCAULACEAE (PIPEWORT FAMILY) Scapose plants of wet bogs and shores with rosulate leaves; flowers in capitate clusters, unisexual, monoecious; staminate flowers 2-3-parted, commonly with 4 stamens; pistillate flowers syncarpous, hypogynous, regular, ovary superior, 2-3-locular.

Eriocaulon L. Pipewort (Gr. erion, wool, cauZos, stalk) E. septangulare With. Northern Pipewort. Plants .5-5 dm high or more, depending on depth of water; leaves in rosettes, pellucid, cross-reticulate; roots fibrous, scapes 7-angled; heads subtended by bracts; flowers in axils of scale-like bractlets; sepals 2, petals 2, the latter distinct in pistillate flowers; subtending bracts and perianth segments white with copious scale-like hairs; fruit a 2-3-locular capsule, each with 1 seed.--Frequent, shallow water,

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shores, and marshes. 3027 shore sand of 1 s of Gilbert; 17073 shallow water of bay, Trout L, n of Vermilion L. Nfld to w Ont, NS to Minn.

PONTEDERIACEAE (PICKERELWEED FAMILY) Perennial aquatics from creeping rhizomes; sepals 3, like the petals in color and united with them into a tubular perianth; stamens 3-6; ovary 1-3-locular; flowers hypogynous, syncarpous, radially or bilaterally symmetrical. Plants emersed; leaves cordate; flowers blue Pontederia Plants submersed; leaves linear; flowers yellow Heteranthera

Pontederia L. Pickerelweed (Named for Guilio Pontedera, Italian botanist) P. cor data L. Pickerelweed. Emergent s with spreading rhizomes up to 10 dm high; basal leaves long-petioled; blades broadly cordate, coriaceous, up to 15 cm long, similar to stem leaves; flowers from terminal spathes in spicate clusters; perianth bilabiate, the upper lip of 3 segments, bluish purple with 2 yellow spots; the lower 3 clawed, more or less distinct at their bases; stamens 6, 3 long-exserted, 3 included, sometimes sterile; ovary 3-locular, maturing into 1-seeded utricle within the perianth tube, topped with coiled remnants of the perianth limb; ribs of fruit crested.--Occasional in area. 9309 Bear Island Cr s of Ely; 18876 wild rice beds, Vermilion R, Gold Mine Camp. PEI to Ont, Minn, Fla. Jy-Aug.

Heteranthera R. & P. Mud Plantain (Gr. heteros, different, alluding to heteromorphic anthers) H. dubia (Jacq.) Mac M. Mud Plantain. Submersed aquatics with slender creeping rhizomes; leaves linear, translucent, sessile, similar to those of Potamogeton; flower 1, from a terminal spathe, appearing axillary by elongation of the stem; perianth yellow, of 3 sepals and 3 petals united into a funnel-form tube, radially symmetrical; stamens 3; anthers linear, sagittate, alike; ovary 1-locular; capsule 3-valved, many-seeded.--Occasional. 12188, shallow water of Island L, Hwy 73, s of Ribbing; 16587 bay of Lac La Croix, s of resort area. Qie to Minn, Ore, s to Gulf states. Jy-Sept.

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) Rush-like herbs with brown or greenish flowers; sepals 3, petals 3; stamens 3-6, ovary 1-3locular; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous, syncarpous, regular. Leaves smooth; capsule many-seeded Juncus Leaves hairy; capsule 3-seeded Luzula 111

Juncus L. Rush Smooth perennial herbs; leaves flat to terete, the latter often with cross partitions; sheaths open; flowers in compound cymes, sometimes in dense capitate clusters; stamens 3-6; ovary 1-3-locular; fruit a many-seeded capsule; seeds often tailed. Stems leafless; inflorescence appearing lateral. Involucral bract almost as long as the stem; inflorescence near the middle J. filiformis Involucral bract much shorter than the stem; inflorescence close to stem apex. Stems firm from strong creeping rhizomes; sepals appressed J. balticus Stems soft in tussocks; sepals spreading J. effusus var. Pylaei Stems leafy; inflorescence appearing terminal. Leaves non-septate, flat to terete. Annual; sheaths tapering to blades without auricles J. bufonius Perennials; sheaths auricled. Perianth segments spreading; leaves flat. Lobes of auricles pointed, scarious J. tenuis Lobes of auricles rounded, indurate J. Dudleyi Perianth segments appressed; leaves terete. Capsule up to 6 mm long; inflorescence a compound cyme. Seeds short-pointed; branches of the cymes spreading J. Greenei Seeds long-tailed; branches of the cymes ascending J. Vaseyi Capsule more than 6 mm long; inflorescence a few-flowered head-like cluster; seeds long-tailed J. stygius Leaves septate or nodulose, terete. Plants slender, small, from filiform rhizomes; cymes compound, ample, loosely branching J. pelocarpus Plants stouter, tufted or rhizomatous. Flowers in dense clusters. Heads spherical; capsule tapering to beak. Perianth segments subulate, recurved; leaves spreading J. Torreyi Perianth segments acute; leaves ascending J. nodosus Heads hemispherical; capsule contracted to a short point. Some of the flowers conspicuously pedicelled; seeds pointed; sepals obtuse . . . J. alpinus Flowers uniformly sessile; seeds prominently tailed; sepals subulate J. canadensis Flowers few, in clusters. Capsules longer than the perianth segments; seeds tailed . . . . J. brevicaudatus Capsules shorter than the perianth segments; seeds not tailed X7. gracilescens J. filiformis L. Slender Rush. Stems leafless, firm, spaced close together on a slender cordlike branching rhizome; sheaths 2-3, obtuse at tips, pale to dark brown, shiny; inflorescence cymose, near the middle of the stem, few flowered; pedicels filiform; flowers green; the sepals and petals lanceolate, spreading; stamens 6; capsule rounded, mucronate, slightly exceeding the perianth in length; seeds short-pointed, less than 1 mm long.--Common, sandy beaches and clefts of shorerocks throughout. 15039 shoreledges of Kabetogama L; 16633 sandy beach of Coleman Island, Lac La Croix; 10844 shorerocks of L Superior, Stony Pt. Greenl to Alas, se Pa, and WVa. 112,

J. balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. Baltic Rush. Stems leafless, wiry, arising from strong, creeping rhizomes; basal sheaths 4-5, reddish brown, spatulate, striate; involucral bract about three fourths of stem length; flowers loosely cymose, or diffuse with anthelate branches in f. dissitiflorus Engelm; perianth segments lanceolate acuminate, brown with green midrib; stamens 6; capsule conical mucronate, barely exceeding the perianth segments; seeds 1 mm long, finely reticulate.--Common, shores and wet meadows. 2292 Minn Pt, Duluth; 13227 swampy ground, Kettle Falls, Rainy L; f. dissitiflorus 2293 Minn Pt, Duluth; 10977 clayey rdside marsh nw of Floodwood. Lab to BC and s to 111, Mo. J. effusus L. var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. Soft Rush. Stems soft, declinate, striate, growing in dense tussocks; sheaths 2-3, reddish brown, with spatulate to mucronate tips; involucre 1-2 dm long; cymes many-flowered on dichotomous branches, loose or dense but lobulate on pedicels of varying lengths in var. compactus Lej. & Court.; sepals and petals lance-subulate, brownish; stamens 3; capsule emarginate, barely mucronate, somewhat shorter than the perianth segments; seeds .5 mm long, reticulate.--Shores and borders of swamps. Var. Pylaei 12724 shore of pond, Echo Trail, nw of Ely; 6651 sandbar island, Duluth Harbor; var. compactus 7385 shore of cr, Hwy 53 near Canyon, 28 mi n of Duluth. Nfld to Ont, sw to WVa, Ind, Wis, Minn. J. bufonius L. Toad Rush. Tufted annual rushes with branching stems; leaves few, linear; sheaths without auricles tapering to blades; inflorescence surpassing the stem; cyme diffuse, forking; flowers remote; sepals and petals lance-subulate, with green midribs and scarious white margins; stamens 3; capsules reddish, mucronulate, surpassed by perianth segments; seed ovoid, finely striate, pointed at each end.--Moist shores, open ground on rdsides. 9879 puddles along Hwy 1, s of Ely; 1600 sandbar, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13014 Kettle Falls, shore of Namekan L. Semicosmop. J. tennis Willd. Slender Rush. Plants perennial, tufted; stems wiry, leaves flat, with auriculate sheaths; sepals and petals acuminate lanceolate; stamens 3; capsules stramineous, mucronate, shorter than the spreading perianth segments; seeds .7 mm long, ovoid-elliptic, pointed; inflorescence congested subtended by 1-2 setaceous bracts; cymules usually 3-flowered, or, in var, Williamsii Fern., the cymule branches arching, secund with crowded flowers. --Common, shores and damp soil. Var. tennis 2295 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13037 Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Across the continent; var. Williamsii 9754 White Iron L, near Ely. Local in Que, Wis, and e states. J. Dudleyi Wieg. Dudley's Rush. Tufted perennials; stems wiry up to 5 dm high; leaves less than half the stem length; sheaths with firm, smooth, thick, whitish auricles; inflorescence cymose, overtopped by a setaceous bract; cymes forking; flowers nearly sessile in clusters of 4-5; sepals and petals lanceolate-acuminate with green midribs and broad scarious margins; stamens 6; capsules lustrous, stramineous, truncate, surpassed by the perianth segments; seeds .7 mm long, gibbous, white-tipped at each end.--Shores and damp meadows. 15926 Kabetogama L; 10993 swampy rdside n of Floodwood. Nfld to BC, s, w, Tenn, Ariz. J. Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Greene's Rush. Tufted perennials up to 5 dm high; stems firm, striate, purplish at base; blades narrow, becoming firm and dark in age; inflorescence surpassed by its long bract; cymes dense, their branches secund and recurving, studded with nearly contiguous flowers; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, green with narrow scarious margins; stamens 6; capsule truncate, lustrous, equaling to surpassing the perianth segments by half its length; seeds .9 mm long, gibbous, striate, white-pointed at each end.-113

Clearings, meadows, shores. 4653 Fox Island, in Rainy L. (fruiting plants of previous year); 5105 sedge mats, small 1, s of Gilbert. NS to Ont, in the interior to 111, Minn. J. Vaseyi Engelm. Vasey's Rush. Tufted perennials; stems slender, wiry, up to 4 dm high; bracts equaling or slightly surpassing the cymes; sepals and petals lanceolate, with green midribs, becoming brown and scarious on margins; stamens 6; capsule valves slightly narrowing to a truncate apex, lustrous pale brown and tinged with green; seeds long-tailed with bright brown ellipsoid body.--4650 L Superior shore, Stony Pt; 8893 the 4-mi portage to Basswood L. NS to BC, NY to Minn, w, Colo. J. stygius L. var. americanus Buchen. Marsh Rush. Tufted perennials with finely striate slender stems; leaves 2-3, filiform, involute; auricles scarious; inflorescence contracted, of a few sessile flowers equaling the ensheathing, scarious, pointed bracts; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, white with mostly red midribs; stamens 6; capsules conical, surpassing the perianth segments; seeds 2 mm long, tailed at each end.--Known only from the e part of St. Louis Co. A 1913 Devil's Island, Long L, headwaters of St. Louis R (plants in fruit). One previous collection for the state was made by L. H. Bailey more than 50 years ago, possibly from the same area, according to the label 'St. Louis R.' Lab to Sask, to Nfld, NB, NY to Mich and Minn. J. pelocarpus Mey. Mud Rush. Slender, creeping perennials in shallow water, from white filiform rhizomes, up to 3 dm high; leaves 1-2, short, nodulose; inflorescence ample, compound with divaricate branches; cymes remotely flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, green with scarious margins often reddish at tips; stamens 6; capsule terminating in a beak; seeds .5 mm long, roundish, without tails. Flowers sometimes become viviparous, bearing buds; rooting profusely in inundated habitats.--Common, sandy-bottomed lakes and shores. 17148 shallow water of Trout L, n of Vermilion L; 11722 Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Lab to Ont, Nfld, NS, Pa, Ind, Minn. J. nodosus L. Knot Rush. Perennials from spreading tuberous rhizomes; stems up to 5 dm high, with 2-3 cauline leaves; the uppermost overtopping the inflorescence; sheath auricles scarious, pointed, the blades septate; flowers reddish brown in small capitate clusters; heads few to many; sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 6, sometimes 3 by abortion; capsule conical, taper-pointed, surpassing the perianth; seeds .5 mm long, plump, ovoid, round-apiculate at each end.--Wet sedge meadows and shores. 1709 mud flats, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13712 Eshquaguma L, s of Biwabik. Nfld to Alas and s to 111, Neb, NM. J. Torreyi Coville. Torrey's Rush. Perennial from tuberous rhizomes; stems stout, up to 8 dm high with 3-4 prominently septate cauline leaves, the uppermost rarely surpassing the inflorescence, sheaths broadly scarious-margined, prolonged to oblong auricles, sometimes lacerate at tips; flowering heads in congested or diffuse cymes; sepals and petals lanceolate with subulate recurved tips about equaling the tapering beak of the capsule; stamens 3; seeds ellipsoid, striate, .5 mm long, apiculate at each end.--Shores and marshy meadows. 3379 Minn Pt, Duluth; 11165 swampy rdside n of Floodwood. NY to Sask, s to Minn, Tex, NM. J. alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus Hartm. Scatter Rush. Perennials from creeping rhizomes, forming dense colonies; stems firm, up to 4 dm high, with 1-2 short cauline leaves; sheath scarious-margined; auricles rounded, whitish, firm; septa of blades not prominent; inflorescence a compound cyme, its branches divergent, surpassing the bract; heads rounded, usually with elevated flowers on slightly longer pedicels; sepals and petals lanceolate, prominently 114

50

A

51

Figure 50. Arisaema atrorubens. A. Female plant. B. Pistillate spadix. C. Staminate spadix from male plant. Figure 51. Li Hum

B

C

michiganense

115

nerved; stamens 6; capsule mucronate, somewhat exceeding the perianth; seeds spindle-shaped, pointed at each end.--Shores and mucky low areas; 2293 Minn Pt, Duluth; 10013 Kabetogama L. Greenl to Alas, in the interior to Neb, Ind. J. canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. Tufted perennials up to 7 dm high; cauline leaves 2-4, not overtopping the inflorescence; sheaths scarious-margined, auricles rounded; blades septate; inflorescence a compound cyme; heads of 4-several flowers, subglobose when mature; sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate; stamens 3; capsule lustrous brown, pointed, surpassing the perianth; seeds 1.6 mm long, the white tails somewhat shorter than the fusiform body.--Shores and mucky sedge mats. 6229 St. Louis R estuary, Duluth; 11334 marshy shore of Rose L, 30 mi n of Duluth. Que to Ont, Me to Minn, s to Ga. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Short-tail Rush. Tufted perennials with stems up to 6 dm high with 3-4 cauline leaves; auricles short, rounded; blades septate; inflorescence contracted; heads 3-5-flowered; sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, with greenish red midribs and narrowly scarious margins; stamens 3, capsule lustrous brown, pointed, exceeding the perianth; seeds 1 mm long with white tails at each end, about half the length of the body.-Shores and bogs throughout area. 3361 shore of small 1 s of Gilbert; 17172 floating bog, Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Lab to Alta, to Nfld, NS, to Ont, Mich, 111. XJ. gracilescens Hermann. Thin Rush. This rush combines the characters of its putative parents, J. alpinus var. rariflorus and J. brevicaudatus (Rhodora, 49:120. 1947).--Rare. 1797 and 7277 Sedge meadow at the barrens, Minn Pt, Duluth; 7093 partly cleared ravine, Hwy 53, n of Cotton.

Luzula DC. Woodrush (luxulae, diminutive of lux, light) Rush-like herbs with flat, hairy leaf blades; sheaths closed; flowers mostly in compound inflorescences, diffuse or congested; subtending floral bracts scarious, toothed, or fimbriate; perianth of 6 similar sepals and petals; stamens 6; pistil 3-carpellate; capsule 1-locular, 3-seeded. Inflorescence umbelliform, flowers 3.5-4.5 mm long, solitary, seed with a massive caruncle L. acuminata Inflorescence cymose, paniculate or spicate, flowers 2-3.5 mm long. Inflorescence cymose with long, slender ascending rays; seeds pointed at both ends . . . L. parviflora Inflorescence corymbiform or spicate; seeds rounded at one end. Flowers white, sepals shorter than petals; seed with a short blunt caruncle L. luzuloides Flowers greenish brown, in congested clusters, sepals and petals equal, seeds with bulbiform caruncle L. multiflora L. acuminata Raf. Common Woodrush. Stoloniferous perennials with linear hairy leaves up to 15 mm wide; cauline leaves 2-3, short; inflorescence umbellate, bracted; sepals and petals lanceolate, brownish green with broad hyaline margins and apices, appearing white; capsule 116

conical surpassing the perianth; seeds subglobose, 1.5 mm thick; caruncle blunt, half as long as the body.--Common in area. 14052 hardwood forest, Nopeming; 15044 jack pine forest s of Eveleth. Nfld to Sask, s to Ga, Ala. L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Small-flowered Woodrush. Plants stoloniferous up to 5 dm tall; glabrous except tufts of pilose hairs at sheath orifices; stems slender, terete, with 3-5 cauline leaves; upper internodes prolonged in declining stems; leaves 5-12 mm wide; blades acuminate; sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, pointed; capsule brown, becoming 3-angled, exserted; seeds 1.2 mm long, ellipsoid, lustrous brown, bluntly pointed at each end.--Rare. 4622 rocky, wooded stream bank, North Shore, about 3 mi s of Little Marais, Lake Co. Arct Am, Eurasia. L. luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott. Grove Woodrush. Plants cespitose, up to 7 dm high; leaves linear mostly toward the base of the stem; the sheath orifice tufted with white hair; inflorescence a compound corymb; flowers in glomerules of a few to several; sepals and petals whitish with purple or brownish green markings toward tips or along midribs; capsule conical, shorter than the perianth segments; seeds 1.3 mm long, obovoid margined from the caruncle on one side.--Known only from a single site. 2492 mixed forest, w exposure, Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Local, NS to Ont, NE, Pa. L. multiflora (Retz.) Lejeune. Many-flowered Woodrush. Plants cespitose; stems up to 7 dm high, slender with several basal leaves; umbels compound with glomerulate cymes; sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate with acute tips, whitish, hyaline, becoming blotched with purplebrown; capsules fuscous, apiculate, surpassed by the perianth segments; seed 1 mm long with a bulbous caruncle.--Common, mixed forest and meadows; 6386 L Superior terrace; 3480 hay meadow, Palo. Nfld to BC, s to Ky, 111.

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Herbs growing from bulbs, tuberous or elongate rhizomes; stems scapose or leafy; leaves opposite, whorled or alternate, rarely reduced to scales; flowers 3-merous (rarely 2-merous); sepals 3, frequently petaloid; petals 3; stamens 6; ovary usually 3-locular; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous (rarely tubular by fusion of the perianth segments), syncarpous, regular; fruit a many-seeded capsule or berry. Flowers terminal. Stems scapose, or appearing -so, flowers in umbels or spikes. Style 1. Umbels subtended by spathes; leaves terete or flat, onion-scented Allium Umbels not subtended by spathes; leaves flat, broadly elliptical, not onion-scented . Clintonia Styles 3, leaves linear, in flabellate clusters Tofieldia Stems leafy. Leaves opposite or at least the uppermost in whorls. Sepals petaloid. Leaves 2, opposite from a solid bulb, spotted with maroon red; flower solitary, nodding Erythronium 117

Leaves in whorls of 4-5, or scattered, not spotted; bulbs scaly, flowers nodding or erect Lilium Sepals green; petals white; leaves 3, whorled Trillium Leaves alternate. Plants arising from bulbs; leaves linear Zigadenus Plants arising from rhizomes; leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, few to many. Flowers bright yellow or ivory, nodding; stems branched; capsules coriaceous . . . Uvularia Flowers white; stems simple; fruit berry-like. Perianth segments 6; stems 4-8 dm or more high Smilacina Perianth segments 4; stems 1-2 dm high Maianthemum Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves reduced to minute scales; ultimate branches filiform Asparagus Leaves foliose; branches not leaf-like. Peduncle arising just below a leaf, twisted Streptopus Peduncle arising just above a leaf, not twisted. Flowers in umbels; staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants Smilax Flowers not in umbels; perfect Polygonatum

Allium L. Onion (L. name of garlic) Strong-scented perennial herbs with scape-like stems from tunicate bulbs, leaves crowded near the base; flowers in umbel-like clusters subtended by hyaline spathes; sepals and petals 3, alike, 1-nerved; stamens 6, distinct, or united to perianth segments by dilated bases; fruit a capsule with 1-2 seeds in each locule, dehiscent by 3 valves. Plant leafless during flowering; flowers white A. tricoccum Plant leafy during flowering; leaves terete or keeled, flowers pinkish. Leaves terete, hollow; barely overtopped by stem; stamens included . . A. Schoenoprasum Leaves flat, solid, shorter than stem; stamens exserted A. stellatum A. tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. Bulbs ovoid, coated with hyaline scales becoming reticulate and fibrillose in age; leaves 2, vernal, broadly elliptic, flat, appearing and usually disappearing wholly, before flowering; scape 2-4 dm long with erect terminal umbel; perianth white; capsule deeply 3-lobed, each bulging lobe with 1 black shiny seed.--Rich soil, transition and hardwood forest stand in s part of area. 7286 Sucker R bank, North Shore; 7968 Whiteface R terrace, 37 mi n of Duluth w of Cotton. NB to Minn, se states. Je-Jy. A. Schoenoprasum L. var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. Wild Chives. Plants with elongate slender bulbs with membranous coating, from rhizomatous base; scapes numerous, often surpassed by the leaves; flowers roseate lilac in erect umbels; perianth segments acuminate with deeper rose midvein; capsule greenish, included within perianth, 6-seeded.--Infrequent. 16084 Bassett L e border of St. Louis Co; 16265 L Superior terrace, Duluth water works. Also in Jay Cooke State Pk, and Cook Co. NS, NE, Minn. Colo & Wash. Je-Aug. 118

A. stellatum Eraser. Wild Onion. Plants from membranous coated, globose bulbs up to 4 dm high; leaves linear, flat-keeled; flowers in showy umbels; sepals and petals broadly lanceolate, bright pink; capsule valves double crested at summit. Occasional, North Shore and Can border lakes; 2764 Chester Pk Hill, Duluth; 14705 Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Prairies and plains, 0 to Minn, s to Tex. Jy-Aug.

Clintonia Raf. (Named for DeWitt Clinton) C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Clinton's Lily. Perennial herbs, 1-3 dm high, with slender rhizomes; leaves 2-3, basal, ascending, with elliptic to oblanceolate, lustrous green, acuminate, ciliate blades; scape leafless, terminated by a naked umbel of 2-several flowers; perianth segments oblong lanceolate, greenish yellow, villous at base without, about equaling the stamens; anthers oblong; style clavate with 3-parted stigma; capsules upright, subspherical, glabrous, becoming blue, berry-like with several seeds.--Frequent throughout area. 1393 pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13136 Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Lab to Man, s to Ga, w to Minn. My-Aug.

Tofieldia Huds. False Asphodel (Named for Thomas Tofield, English botanist) T. pusilla (Michx.) Pers. Least Asphodel. Plants scapose 3-18 cm high; leaves linear, 2-5 cm long, in basal fascicles; flowers yellowish white, in terminal spicate clusters; perianth 2-3 mm long; stamens included; anthers basifixed; capsule 2-3 mm long.--Rare in area; only known collection is J. H. Sandberg's, Jy 1891, wet rocks, Two Harbors, Lake Co. Boreal, s to Que, Minn, w to BC. Je-Aug.

Erythronium L. Trout Lily (Gr. erythros, red) Perennials with solid bulbs and spotted leaves; flower solitary; sepals and petals 3; stamens 6; stigmas 3; fruit a clavate, bluntly 3-angled capsule with many seeds. Flowers yellow within, purplish without, stigmas erect E. americanum Flowers white, suffused with pink, stigmas spreading E. albidum E. americanum Ker. Yellow Trout Lily. Plants up to 2 dm tall, from a deep-seated bulb with a stem, bearing, just above the soil level, a pair of leaves and a solitary peduncle with a bell-like nodding flower; blades elliptic, mottled with maroon, tapering to long petioles similar to the petioled solitary leaves of bulbs not producing flowers; sepals and petals reflexed at tips, spotted with maroon within; pollen reddish, rarely yellow; stigma clavate; subterranean offshoots with terminal bulblets, numerous.--Maple forest in s St. Louis Co. 119

5270 Tilia-Acer association, Arlington Ave, Duluth; 12323 mixed hardwood forest, n of Floodwood. NB to Minn, se states. My-Je. E. albidum Nutt. White Trout Lily. Similar to the preceding species; stem leaves often less mottled, lustrous green, flowers silvery white often with pinkish cast.--15920 elm forest, Whiteface R, Hwy 29, sw of Kelsey; 17213 Swan R terrace, elm-ash forest, n of Toivola. MyJe. Distribution similar to preceding species.

Li Hum L. Lily (L. name for lily) Perennials with scaly bulbs; stems strict, leaves whorled or alternate; flowers funnel-like; sepals and petals alike in color, clawed; stigma 3-lobed; fruit a 3-locular capsule with numerous flat seeds. Flower erect, usually solitary; leaves alternate, the uppermost whorled . L. philadelphicum Flowers several, nodding, leaves whorled L. michiganense L. philadelphicum L. var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. Plains Lily. Stems up to 8 dm high; leaves linear lanceolate, sessile, subtending long-peduncled erect flower; perianth 2-3 cm long, segments acuminate, scarlet orange, densely spotted with maroon toward the basal half of the limb; stamens with filiform filaments and linear-oblong anthers; capsule 2-3 cm long.--Can border lakes to L Superior. 10845 Stony Pt, L Superior, about 2 mi w of Knife R. Que to BC, s to MM, e to Ky. Je-Jy. L. michiganense Farw. Meadow Lily. Stems 6-10 dm high; leaves whorled, lanceolate, with rounded spicules beneath, along veins or on margins; flowers 1-several, nodding; perianth segments orange-red, recurved, densely spotted almost their whole length; style and stamens exserted; capsule 2-3 cm long.--Common, wet meadows, rocky stream banks. 7009 bank of St. Louis R near Skibo; 3846 bank of Little Fork R, Hwy 53. Ont, Man, through the interior to Tenn and Ariz. Jy-Aug.

Trillium L. Wake-robin, Trillium (L. tres, three) Plants perennial from short thick tuber-like rhizomes with strong roots; stem, sometimes 2, from the same rhizome, erect, with 3 apical leaves each subtending a large terminal flower; sepals green; petals white; anthers usually longer than the filaments; fruit a berry-like capsule with many seeds. Peduncle erect, petals 3-5 crn long T. grandiflorum Peduncle recurving, flower nodding, petals 1.5-2.6 cm long T. cernuum T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Stems, occasionally 2, from a single rhizome, 3-4 dm high; leaves 3, netted-veined, rhombic with short petioles or sessile; peduncle 5-7 cm long; petals 120

white, turning rose with age; anthers and filaments subequal; fruit a red berry-like capsule. --Common in rich soil of hardwood forest, se part of St. Louis Co. 7450 Bardon' s Peak, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 14014 Nopeming area, Hwy 61, Que to Me, Minn s to Ga. My-Je. T. cernuum L. var. macranthum Eames & Wieg. Stems 2-3 dm high, occasionally 2 on a single rhizome; leaves rhombic with short petioles; peduncle 2-4 cm long, declined below the leaf blades; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm long; petals lanceolate, white, or rose-colored in f. Tangerae Wherry; filaments shorter than anthers; capsule red.--Mixed hardwood and coniferous forest throughout area. Var. macranthum, 10193 Mission Cr woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 14160 Namekan Narrows; f. Tangerae, infrequent among white-petaled flowers, 2059 white cedar swamp, Hwy 53, s of Ash R Jet; 19642 ash-elm forest, West Swan R, n of Toivola. Vt to Sask, s to Ga. My-Je.

Zigadenus Michx. White Camass (Gr. zygos, yoke, aden, gland) Z. glaucus Nutt. Prairie Camass. Bulbous perennials 4-5 dm high, with linear alternate leaves on the lower third of the stem; inflorescence a prolonged panicle, the lowermost floral bracts herbaceous, narrowed to attenuate tips; flowers in paniculate to racemose clusters; perianth segments greenish white, purplish outside, adnate to the base of the ovary; each bearing an obcordate brownish gland; stamens with dilated bases; capsule ovoid, oblong, 12 mm long, with angular seeds.--Collected only from a single locality. 6943 edge of meadow along rr, Palmers, North Shore. Prairies, Minn to Mo, Kan, and Tex. Jy-Aug.

Uvularia L. Bellwort (L. uva, soft palate, alluding to the nodding flowers) Rhizomatous perennials with erect stems; leaves alternate, sessile, or perfoliate along the forking branches; flower terminal, nodding, subtended by the topmost leaf, but appearing lateral owing to the elongation of the branches; perianth segments 6; stamens 6; filaments are shorter than the anthers; ovary is 3-lobed; styles distinct to about the midpoint; capsule loculicidal. Flowers yellow, leaves perfoliate U. grandiflora Flowers ivory-yellow to nearly white, leaves sessile U. sessilifolia U. grandiflora Sm. Yellow Bellwort. Stems up to 4 dm high with 3-4 basal sheaths; leaves perfoliate, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on the veins beneath, borne on forking branches; flowers bell-shaped, 3-4 cm long; filaments shorter than anthers, included; ovary shallowly 3-lobed; stigmas distinct above the middle of style; capsule many-seeded. --Common, usually in mixed forest. 5264 rich woods at Fond du Lac, Duluth; 14148 birch-poplar forest, Namekan Narrows. Conn to Que and s to Fla, Tenn. My-Je. U. sessilifolia L. Creambells. Stems up to 4 dm high with 3-4 basal sheaths; leaves elliptic, sessile; flowers bell-shaped, 2-3 cm long; stigmas 3, distinct to below the middle (in some specimens stigmas appear to be connivent, separable almost the entire length); capsule stipi121

tate, winged.--Common in mixed forest. 5263 rich woods at Fond du Lac; 8677 moist cr bed, Birch L. Que to Minn; s, SC to Ark. My-Je.

Maianthemum Weber. False Lily-of-the-Valley (L. Maius, May, Gr. anthemon, flower) M. canadense Desf., var. canadense. Slender perennial herbs growing in mats from creeping rhizomes; stems 1-2 dm high with a petioled basal leaf and 2-3 sessile cauline leaves; blades cordate, smooth or pubescent below; inflorescence racemose; flowers white, fragrant; perianth 2-parted; stamens 4; ovary 2-locular; capsules berry-like, reddish in maturity.--Common throughout area. Var. canadense, leaves smooth below. 2512 pine woods, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11496 lichen mats, Crooked L, Can boundary. Nfld to ND, s to NC. Var. interius Fern. Leaves pubescent below, margins ciliate. This variety appears to be more robust than the typical one, with bluegreen coloration of leaves. Occurs with var. canadense throughout. 3435 under evergreens, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 12525 rocky pine woods, Crooked L, Curtain Falls, n US and Can. My-Je.

Smilacina Desf. False Solomon's Seal (Diminutive of Smilax) Perennial herbs with erect strict stems arising from creeping rhizomes; leaves simple, alternate; flowers white, perianth 6-parted, stamens 6, ovary 3-locular; fruit berry-like, fewseeded. Inflorescence paniculate; stems up to 8 dm high 5. racemosa Inflorescence racemose; stems 4 dm high or less. Raceme sessile, stems usually with more than 7 leaves S. stellata Raceme stalked, stems usually 3-leaved S. trifolia S. racemosa (L.) Desf. Forest Seal. Stems arching from knotty rhizomes; leaves pubescent, ovate-lanceolate, prominently nerved, attenuate at tips, with short petioles ensheathing peduncle at base; flowers fragrant, small, and numerous; peduncle and pedicels finely hirtellous; perianth 2-3 mm long, surpassed by the stamens and the style; berries ruby red.--Rich woods, stream banks. 8182 Tilia-Acer association, Prairie L; 14515 Fredenberg L, n of Duluth. Que to BC, Calif, Ariz, and e centr states. Je-Jy. S. stellata (L.) Desf. Star Seal. Plants colonial from elongate, branching rhizomes; leaves sessile, clasping stem at base, minutely pubescent; racemes loose; peduncle minutely hirtellous; perianth 4-6 mm long, surpassing the stamens and styles; berry dark red.--Common, alluvial soils and sand. 1399 Minn Pt, Duluth; 9602 shore of an island, Kabetogama L. Nfld to BC and s, Va, 0, to Calif. My-Je. S. trifolia (L.) Desf. Stems up to 2 dm high from slender branching rhizomes with sterile leaf tufts; leaves usually 3, glabrous, sessile; raceme 5-12-flowered; flowers fragrant, on long pedicels; perianth 3-5 mm long, surpassing the stamens and style; berries red.--Common in sphagnum bogs. 14818 bog off Cranberry Bay, Rainy L; 8239 sphagnum bog on Duluth hills, n US and Can. Je-Jy.

122

53

52

Figure 52. Uvularia sessilifolia. Figure 53. Ma.ianthem.um canadense.

Asparagus L. Asparagus (Classical L. name) A. officinalis L. Garden Asparagus. Perennial plants from matted rhizomes; stem bushy and many fine branches, the ultimate ones being the cladophylls; leaves reduced to brownish scales, flowers greenish yellow, dioecious; fruit a red berry.--1425 sand dune, Minn Pt, Duluth. Fields and rdsides. Que to Minn. Escaping from cult. Je. 123

Streptopus Michx. Twistedstalk (Gr. streptos, twisted, pous, foot) Perennials with creeping rhizomes; stem branched; leaves ovate, acute, simple, alternate, sessile, or clasping at the bases; flowers campanulate, pedicel filiform; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, recurved; stamens 6, included; anthers sagittate on short filaments; ovary 3-locular, widened toward the base; berry red, several-seeded; seeds grooved longitudinally, ridges finely cross-striate. Leaves whitened beneath; flowers greenish white . . . . . . . 5- amplexifolius Leaves green beneath; flowers roseate . . . 5. roseus S. amplexifolius (L. ) D.C. var. americanus Schultes. Tall Twistedstalk. Stem up to 8 dm high, glabrous, branching from a thick short rhizome; leaves numerous, lanceolate with tapering apices, glaucous beneath, smooth, or denticulate margins in var. denticulatus Fassett; flowering peduncles, jointed with pedicel, twisted and declined; flowers greenish white; perianth segments attenuate recurved; anther apex attenuate, longer than the filament; stigma obscurely lobed; ovary 3-locular, maturing into a many-seeded berry.--Occasional. Var. americanus. 2905 Haines Rd, Duluth; 5453 wooded cr bank North Shore, E Beaver Bay. Var. denticulatus 14027 Midway Rd, Nopeming. n states to NC, Calif, Can. Je-Jy. 5. roseus Michx. var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett. Common Twistedstalk. Stems from slender rhizomes up to 6 dm high, sparingly pubescent; leaves sessile with ciliate margins; flowers roseate; perianth 6-10 mm long, the attenuate tips recurved; anthers sagittate, each locule prolonged to a horn, shorter than the filaments; pedicels declined; fruit a globose red berry, many-seeded.--Common. 8236 Tilia-Acer association, Duluth; 14069 pine forest, Floodwood L. Ont, Man to Nev, Pa to Minn. Je-Jy.

Smilax L. Greenbrier (Gr. name applied to various plants) Herbaceous perennial plants in area; leaves simple, alternate, prominently ribbed, nettedveined; stipular tendrils usually a pair, at least on the uppermost leaves; flowers dioecious, in peduncled umbels from leaf or scale axils; staminate flowers greenish yellow; perianth segments 3-nerved, 3-6 mm long, reflexed in anthesis; stamens 6; filaments widened toward the base; anthers introrse, oblong; stamens reduced to staminodes in pistillate flowers; stigmas 3, recurved, sessile; ovary 3-locular, maturing into a few-seeded blue berry. Flowering peduncles arising from axils of bracts, tendrils usually lacking . 5. ecirrhata Flowering peduncles arising in leaf axils, tendrils well developed. Leaves smooth beneath . 5. herbacea Leaves finely puberulent beneath . 5. lasioneura S. ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Carrion Flower. Stems erect up to 8 dm high, without tendrils, at least below; blades ovate-cordate or truncate at base, cuspidate at apex, minutely pubescent beneath; flowering peduncles arising from axils of bracts; perianth 4-6 mm long, yellowish green; berries blue.--Infrequent, sw border, St. Louis Co. 11237 Savanna R woods at Floodwood. Ont, Minn to SD, to Tenn. Je-Jy. 124

S. herbacea L» Smooth Carrion Flower. High-climbing stems with broadly ovate to orbiculate cordate leaves; blades apiculate, smooth, prominently ribbed; umbels long pedunculate; flowers carrion-scented; perianth segments 3-4 mm long; berries blue, 10-14 mm thick.--Common in alluvial woods. 6907 elm-ash forest, Whiteface R w of Cotton, Hwy 53; 12749 ash forest, Vermilion R outlet, Crane L. NB to Man, s to Ga, Ala. Je-Jy. S. lasioneura Hook. Downy Carrion Flower. Similar to preceding species. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath; mature berries bluish black, glaucous, 10 mm thick.--Frequent on r banks. 11959 Floodwood R woods; 11390 St. Louis R woods, Duluth. Ont to Mont, s to Ga, w to Colo. Je-Jy.

Polygonatum Mill. Solomon's Seal (Gr. polys, many, gonu, knee, alluding to knotty rhizome) P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. Hairy Solomon's Seal. Plants perennial from thick knotty rhizomes; stems up to 6 dm high; leaves simple, alternate, sessile or very short-petioled, bluegreen, pubescent beneath; flowers greenish white, in leaf axils, usually 2 on drooping pedicels; perianth segments connate, the 6 stamens inserted to the tube, above the middle; anthers introrse, included; ovary 3-locular; stigma obscurely lobed; berry dark blue, globular. --Common in mixed deciduous forest. 5417 Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 9605 island in Kabetogama L; 14466 maple forest, Nopeming. Que to Man, NS, NE, to Wis, la, Minn. Je-Jy.

IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) Perennial rhizomatous herbs with equitant leaves; flowers syncarpous, epigynous, radially symmetrical, perfect, subtended by spathes; perianth segments 6, consisting of 3 petaloid sepals, and 3 petals united below into a common tube; stamens 3, pistil with 3-locular inferior ovary. Small, tufted plants; sepals and petals similar; filaments united around the style . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . Sisyrinchium Large, rhizomatous plants; sepals and petals dissimilar; stamens distinct Iris

Sisyrinchium L. Blue-eyed Grass (Gr. sisyrinchion, bulbous iris) Perennial grass-like herbs with flattened stems, and equitant linear leaves; flowers blue, rarely white; perianth segments equal, mucronate; tube short; filaments forming a tube around the style; stigmas 3, linear; capsule globular; seeds black, Spathe solitary, terminal. Flowering scapes narrowly wing-edged, spathe purple S. mucronatum Flowering scapes broadly winged, spathe green . . . . . . S. montanum Spathes 2, axillary, long-peduncled S. angustifolium 125

5. mucronatum Michx. Slender Blue-eyed Grass. Plants tufted; scape barely wing-margined, 1-3 dm high; leaves 2-3 mm wide, surpassed by the flowering stems; spathe 2-3 cm long; flowers pale blue-violet to white.--Occasional, wet meadows and hillsides. 5330 springy meadow near Chester Pk School, Duluth; 4956 grassy hillside, Bayview Rd, Duluth. Me to Wis, Minn, s NC. Je-Jy. 5. montanum Greene, var. crebrum Fern. Common Blue-eyed Grass. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm high; scapes 3-4 mm wide, conspicuously winged; leaves 2-3 mm wide, sheaths brownish; spathes 2-3 cm long, greenish with scarious margins; flowers in umbellate clusters, bright violet to purple; capsules globular, greenish brown, 4-5 mm long.--Shores, banks, and meadows throughout area. 10937 sandy beach, Indian L; 5083 open hillside, Trinity Rd. Nfld to BC, Ont to NY, 111, Neb, Colo. Je-Jy. S. angustifolium Mill. Eastern Blue-eyed Grass. Plants up to 3 dm high; stems flat, 3-5 mm wide, prominently winged; leaves shorter than stems, 2-6 mm wide, becoming shreddy in age; spathes 2-or-more-peduncled, in axil of a leaf-like bract; inner bracts 1-2 cm long; flowers on slender pedicels, violet-blue, 1.5 cm wide; capsule subglobose, 5 mm long; seeds black.-Rare. 5396 wet grassy terrace of L Superior, ne of Lester R bridge; 8749 rocky jack pine forest, 4-mi portage to Basswood L. QSWA, Lake Co. Nfld to Fla, Ont to Minn, Kan. Jy-Aug.

Iris L. Blueflag (Gr. iris, rainbow) Leaves sword-like from stout rhizomes; sepals reflexed, larger than the erect petals; stamens opposite the sepals, inserted in the perianth tube; style branches petaloid, notched, arching over the stamens; stigma flap-like below the tip of style branch; capsule 3-locular, beaked, seeds many. Flowers blue; perianth tube constricted above the ovary I. versicolor Flowers yellow; perianth tube not constricted above the ovary I. pseudacorus I. versicolor L. Wild Iris. Plants growing from branching rhizomes in large clumps; leaves dark green, firm, with clasping bases; flowering stems branching, up to 8 dm high; spathes somewhat scarious; flowers 4-6 cm in diameter, showy purple, blue-violet, or white in f. Murrayana Fern; sepals variegated with black, purple, or white and spotted with greenish yellow; petals violet-blue, somewhat spreading or erect; anthers narrowly linear, purplish; style branches bilobed, slightly denticulate; capsules loculicidal; seeds plump, angular, wedgeshaped. --Wet meadows, marshes, and shores throughout area. 3591 St. Louis R swamp, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 14631 shore of Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary; f. Murrayana 19868 growing with the typical form in separate clumps, drainage ditch, Hwy 7 s of Zim, Wilderness Valley farm area. Nfld to Man, Minn, s to Va. Je-Jy. I. pseudacorus L. Yellow Iris. Plants in large clumps up to 9 dm tall, from thick fleshcolored rhizomes; leaves firm about as long as, to longer than, the stems; flowers yellow; sepals broad, recurving, finely marked with blackish lines, beardless; petals oblong, unmarked; style branches deeply cleft, denticulate; perianth tube cylindric; capsules 3-7 cm long, 3-sided, beaked, grooved, appearing 6-angled; seeds numerous, shiny brown, angular, mostly wedge-shaped.--Shores of Superior Bay and St. Louis R. 1466 shore sand, bay side, 126

Minn Pt, Duluth; 6149 bayshore marsh, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth, also on Wis side. Introd. Local in Nfld and e states. Je-Aug.

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHID FAMILY) Perennial herbs, usually with alternate leaves, growing from rootstocks, bulbs, corms, or tuberous fleshy roots; flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, perfect, apopetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, irregular; sepals 3, petaloid, petals 3, the lowest forming the lip; stamens 2 or 1; pistil 1-, 3-carpellate 1-locular; inferior ovary with 3 parietal placentae; pollen grains adherent in granulose or waxy masses, pollinia; ripe capsules dehiscing along 3 sutures with numerous minute seeds lacking differentiation into embryo parts. A special feature of the flower is the column formed by fusion of the stamens with the styles, 3 united stigmas, sticky or papillate, usually situated on the lower side of the column apex. In more highly evolved orchids the anterior carpel is sometimes modified into a beak-like process, rostellum, between the anther and the stigma. The ovary becomes twisted 180 degrees in resupinate flowers, the lip thus appearing as the lowest petal. In some orchids, without twisting, the lip is uppermost; the flower is nonresupinate as in Calopogon. The two lateral stamens in lady's-slippers, with short filaments, are situated near the angle of the declined column; the third, anterior, stamen is modified into a petaloid organ, staminode, on the dorsal side of the column. In higher orchids only the anterior stamen is functional. The Orchid family, with more than 10,000 species, is one of the largest plant families. Orchids are chiefly tropical, but many grow in northern climates. More than 40 species occur in Minnesota. Of these, 32 different kinds have been collected and recorded for St. Louis and Lake Cos. Anthers 2; lip slipper-like, strongly inflated Cypripedium Anther 1; lip variable. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-3. Plants growing from corms or bulb-like tubers. Leaf basal, ovate; lip saccate with a double spur; column entirely wing-margined . . Calypso Leaf cauline, linear; lip not saccate; column winged at apex. Flowers usually 2-3; leaf present during flowering; lip uppermost . . . . Calopogon

Flowers solitary, leaves absent during flowering; lip lowermost Plants growing from fibrous rootstocks; leaf elliptic; lip dentate Flowers in racemes or in spicate clusters. Flowers with a nectar spur. Lip 3-lobed, spotted with magenta; roots cord-like Lip variable, unspotted; roots often thickened Flowers without nectar spur. Plants leafless, chlorophyll lacking; rhizome coralloid Plants with green leaves. Stems growing from corms; pollen waxy. Leaves basal; lateral petals 10 mm long Leaves cauline; lateral petals 1-2 mm long

127

Arethusa Pogonia

Orchis Habenaria Corallorhiza

Liparis Malaxis

Stems growing from a rhizome or fleshy or fibrous roots; pollen granulose. Leaves 2, opposite; flowers yellowish green; roots fibrous; anther terminal . . . Listera Leaves several, mostly basal, alternate; flowers white; anthers dorsal. Lip not saccate; leaves not white-reticulate; roots fleshy; inflorescence strongly spiraled Spiranthes Lip saccate; leaves prominently white-reticulate, from rhizomes; inflorescence secund or somewhat spiraled Goody era

Cypripedium L. Lady's Slipper (Gr. Cypris, Venus, pedilon, shoe) Pubescent scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs with short rhizomes and strong cord-like roots; leaves many-nerved; flowers terminal, 1-3; lateral sepals united below the lip; lateral petals spreading, the lower forming a lip with inrolled margins; column declined over the orifice with a functional anther on each side; pollen waxy; anterior anther a petaloid staminodium, over the column; stigmas 3 coalesced below. Lateral sepals wholly united behind the lip. Lip rose-purple, cleft from the orifice; leaves 2, basal C. acaule Lip pink, variegated or spotted with madder purple, not cleft; leaves more than 2, cauline C. reginae Lateral sepals not wholly united, tips distinct; lip yellow. Stems up to 7 dm tall; sepals greenish yellow C. Calceolus var. pubescens Stems up to 5 dm tall; sepals purplish brown var. parviflorum C. acaule Ait. Moccasin Flower. Plants up to 4 dm tall, more or less pubescent throughout; flowering stem naked with 2-3 sheathing bracts below the 2 basal leaves; blades oblong-ovate to elliptic, yellowish green, reticulate between the principal veins; flower solitary (rarely 2) from axil of foliar sheathing bract, terminating the stem; sepals acuminate, greenish brown, striated with purple; lateral petals narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the lip; lip pendent, 3-6 cm long, conspicuously veined with dark rose, or white in f. albiflorwn Rand & Redf. ; column apex truncate, concealed under the petaloid staminodium; anthers prominent; capsule ellipsoid, strongly ribbed.--Frequent in bogs and rocky coniferous forests. 4971 small bog, Duluth Heights; 12531 mossy coniferous forest, portage to Iron L from Curtain Falls, Crooked L, Can boundary. F. albiflorum, E6-11-50 Kabetogama State Forest. Widely distributed from Nfld to Alta, NS to Minn, s to Ala. My-Je. C. reginae Walt. Pink and white or showy Lady's-Slipper. The state flower of Minnesota. Plants hirsute, up to 9 dm tall, stem base with 2-4 bladeless sheaths; leaves 3-7, ovateelliptic, acute, villous on margin and along the numerous veins above and below; inflorescence with 1-2 flowers usually subtended by foliaceous floral bracts; sepals ovate to suborbicular, white; lateral petals white, spreading, oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate; lip 3-5 cm long, inflated, strongly suffused with crimson, striped and spotted with madderpurple; staminode ovate, crimson-spotted; column semicircular, fan-shaped; anthers prominent on short diverging filaments; capsule ellipsoid, clavate, strongly ribbed.--In sphagnum bogs, s and w parts of St. Louis Co. 3113 Picea-mariana bog, about 13 mi n of Duluth, Hwy 4; 17184 white cedar forest n of Sturgeon L, Nfld to Man, NE to Ga and w to ND. Je-Jy.

128

54 Figure 54. Cypripedium, acaule C. Calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll. Large Yellow Lady's-Slipper. Plants pubescent up to 5.5 dm tall; stem base with 1-2 bladeless sheaths; leaves 3-5, ovate-elliptic, acute, finely pubescent above and below; flowers fragrant; sepals greenish brown, more or less striated and checkered with paler shades; lip 3-5 cm long, bright golden yellow, striped and spotted with madder-purple, pubescent within; column wedge-shaped, supporting on each side a divergent filament with anther; staminode cordate at base prominently purple spotted; capsule ellipsoid, somewhat angled, strongly ribbed. White cedar forest, mixed hardwood and coniferous forests, sphagnum bogs with spruce-tamarack cover, and borders of alder swamps. 4357 cedar forest on Hwy 4, about 13 mi n of Duluth; 16130 in deep sphagnum bog, Prairie L. NS to ND and s to Ga, to Mo. Je-Jy. Var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. Lesser Yellow Lady's-Slipper. Plants similar to preceding var., but smaller throughout; stems up to 3.5 dm high; leaves 3-4, narrowly elliptic, acute; flowers fragrant, the subtending foliaceous bract long-acuminate; sepals purplish brown, more or less twisted, longer than the lip; lateral petals narrowly linear, pendent, twisted;

129

B A

C

D

E

5 Figure 55. Cypripedium

55

reginae. A. Upper p a r t of plant in flower. B. Lip cut open to show folded-in

margins. C. Staminodium (petaloid third stamen) l i f t e d up to show the column and anthers, fan-shaped column apex, upper side. D. Under side of column with Staminodium to show the three united stigmas. E. Capsule

lip 1.5-3.5 cm long, bright golden yellow, spotted and striped with madder-purple. The small variety is known only in the s and w border of St. Louis Co to Sea Gull L, Cook Co. 10292 rich mixed forest, Kabetogama L near Pk Pt Resort; 16131 in deep sphagnum, sprucetamarack bog, Prairie L. Nfld to BC, s Ga, MM. Je-Jy. 130

Calypso Salisb. Fairy Slipper (Named for goddess Calypso) C. balbosa (L.) Oakes. Fairy Slipper. Stem glabrous, .5-1.5 dm tall, growing from a globose corm with few slender rootlets with clusters of coralloid nodules; leaf solitary, from a separate bud of the corm, developing in late summer, overwintering, and wilting soon after flowering; petiole usually as long as the blade, folded or channeled; blade ovate-elliptic, 3.5 cm long, bluish green, reticulate between primary veins, commonly flat on the forest floor, at least during anthesis; stem slender, scapose clothed below, with 2-3 bladeless sheaths; flower solitary, subtended by a delicate floral bract; sepals and lateral petals linear, acuminate, madderpurple, reflexed or pointing upward in anthesis; lip declinate, oblong, 1.5-2 cm long, saccate, varying in color from pale to deep madder-purple or nearly white; apex 2spurred, with an everted marginal fold, tufted with 3 rows of yellow hairs intermixed with studs of madderpurple; column convex, suborbicular, arching over the lip orifice, with an operculate anther below the upper margin; ovary on maturing becoming erect, beaked with marcescent column. In arborvitae forests s and w part of the area. 2885 white cedar forest, about 11 mi nw of Duluth; 10343 white cedar forest, Kabetogama L. A monotypic circumpolar genus, ranging in NA from Lab to Alas, Nfld, NS to NY, w to Ariz, Calif. My-Je.

Calopogon R. Br. Grass-pink (Gr. calos, beautiful, pogon, beard) C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. Grass-pink. Plant up to 5 dm tall arising from a corm with slender roots; leaf commonly 56 solitary, basal, with linear blade; stem base clothed with 2-3 bladeless sheaths below the leaf; flowers 2-5 in terminal raceme; subtending bracts ovate acute, shorter than pedicels; sepals and petals rose purple, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes tapering to apiculate tips; lip uppermost, arching, 3-lobed; median lobe flabellate with a stalked base and small lateral lobe on each side; upper surface velvety, embellished with 3 parallel crests or fringes of clavate hairs of varying lengths, and shades from crimson to purFigure 56. Calypso bulbosa ple; column arcuate, appearing confluent with the lip base; apex winged, rose mauve in color, with an operculate mobile anther; pollen masses granular; stigma below the anther; capsule ellipsoid, strongly nerved.-Quaking borders of lakes, in s part of area. 8691 in deep sphagnum border of 1, Fredenberg T n of Duluth; 13474 in quaking sphagnum, n of Sturgeon L on Hwy 5, Nfld to Que, s to Fla, Tex, Ont, Minn. Je-Jy.

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Are thus a L. Arethusa (Named for nymph, Arethusa)

B

A. bulbosa L. Swamp-pink. Plants .5-2 dm tall from fleshy, compressed, often greenish corm with slender roots; stem clothed at base with 1-2 bladeless sheaths below the solitary leaf; blade linear-oblong, present or lacking during anthesis; flower 3-4 cm long, rosepurple, solitary, erect, subtended by small bract; sepals and lateral petals similar, united below to form a hood; lateral sepals falcate, incurving toward the column; lip obscurely 3-lobed, recurved about h a l f of its length, irregularly crenate dentate around the undulating margin, variegated with crimson-magenta spots and stripes; median area with 2-3 crests or fringes of yellow, purple-tipped fimbriae; base of the column united with lip, apex flabellate, denticulate on margin; anther operculate, mobile, with granular pollen masses; stigma below, protruding downward; capsule long-beaked.--Sphagnum bogs s and w part of area. 4364 black spruce bog. Hwy 4, about 14 mi n of Duluth; 8284 deep sphagnum border of small 1, Hwy 20, s of Biwabik; 16132 wet sphagnum, spruce-tamarack bog, Prairie L. Rare. N f l d to Ont to Minn, NS, SC, Ind. Je-Jy.

A

Pogonia Juss. Rose Pogonia (Gr. pogon, beard)

57

58

Figure 57. Calopogon pulchellus. A. P l a n t . B. Flower enlarged. Figure 58. Arethusa bulbosa

P. ophioglossoides ( L . ) Ker. Rose Pogonia. Plants glabrous, 1-4 dm tall, from slender roots; stems slender with a solitary ovate-elliptic leaf near the middle; basal leaf long-petioled, blade obovate; floral bract f o l i a ceous, subtending the solitary terminal flower (rarely another, in the leaf axil of a cauline leaf); flower bright pink; sepals linear, oblong, longer than the obovate petals; lip somewhat spatulate, 1.5-2 cm long, about equaling the sepals; lip margin lacerate, the upper surface densely bearded or brush-like witli thick truncate h a i r s , passing into shorter ones with f i m b r i l l a t e tips, varying in color from orange-brown to pi;rple; column clavate, with a terminal cavity containing anther with granular pollinia; capsule peduncled, ellipsoid, prominently nerved.--Infrequent. Wet sphagnum, bog f o r e s t s , and borders of quaking sedge mats. 8692 sphagnum bog, 18 mi n of Duluth; 13475 quaking border of a bog n of Sturgeon L, Ilwy 5. N f l d , Ont to Minn, s to Fla. Je-Jy.

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Orchis L. Orchis (Gr. orchis, testicle, in allusion to tuberoid underground parts of some species) 0. rotundifolia Banks. Round-leaved Orchis. Plants 1-2.5 dm tall, glabrous, from slender spreading rootstocks; stem slender, clothed with 1-2 scarious sheaths below the solitary basal leaf; blades suborbicular, obovate or elliptic, 3-9 cm long, tapering to a sheathing base, reticulate-veined between the nerves; racemes 3-9-flowered; floral bracts green, linear-lanceolate, shorter to equaling the ovary in anthesis; sepals and lateral petals similar, oblong-ovate, suffused with rose-mauve; the uppermost sepal with lateral petals incurved, cucullate; lateral sepals with spreading tips; lip flat, white, 3-lobed; the notched median lobe flanked on each side by a smaller lobe, all conspicuously spotted with madder-purple; the spur as long as the lip; column short; anther locules parallel; pollinia granular, stalked, each terminating in a disc contained within the pouch just above the sticky stigma; capsule ellipsoid, 3-nerved.--Rare. 16135 deep wet bog, Prairie L area; 20575 deep sphagnum, white cedar forest s of Ash to Yuk. Que to Minn, BC. Je-Jy.

59

Figure 59. Pogonia ophioglossoides.

Flower with

subtending bract

sphagnum, spruce-tamarack R jet on Hwy 53. Greenl

Habenaria Willd. Rein-orchid (habena, thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of spur or lip of some species) Plant glabrous, arising from thickened or slender roots; stem leafy or scapose; flowers spurred, in racemes or spikes; sepals and petals similar, the dorsal sepal usually incurved hood-fashion with the lateral petals; lip spatulate entire, cleft or fringed; column short with exposed discs of the pollinia stalks. Lip lobed or fringed. Lip fringed. Flowers bright pink H. psycodes Flowers yellowish green H. lacera Lip lobed. Stem leafy throughout; bracts larger than the flower H. viridis Stems usually with 1 well-developed leaf; bracts shorter than the flower H. clavellata Lip entire, flowers white to greenish yellow. Flowers white in loose racemes; lip strongly dilated at base H. dilatata Flowers greenish yellow or whitish; lip not or only slightly dilated at the base. Stems leafy throughout; lip spatulate; floral bracts not conspicuous. Lip more or less dilated at base; flowers greenish white X H. media Lip not dilated at base; flowers greenish yellow H. hyperborea Leaves basal; lip mostly shorter than the spur. Leaves 2, usually flat on the ground.

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Flowering stem with 1-3 foliaceous bracts near midstem; flowers spreading; leaves orbicular to ovate H. orbiculata Flowering stem bractless, flowers ascending; leaves elliptic-ovate . . H. Hookeri Leaf 1, ascending, lip about as long as the spur H. obtusata H. psycodes (L. ) Spreng. Fringed Pink Orchid. Plants 2-7 dm tall, rising from thickened roots; leaves 4-5, oblong-elliptic, sheathing the stem, and passing into 2-4 linear bracts below the inflorescence; racemes cylindric, usually less than 2 dm long; flowers long-bracted fragrant, rose-purple to violet-pink; sepals ovate-elliptic; lateral petals denticulate, longer than the sepals; lip 3-cleft; lobes flabellate, fringed or lacerate on the margins; spur slender, arching, longer than ovary; stigma papillate, above the spur orifice; column apex with stalked pollinia; discs exposed; capsules ascending, ellipsoid, strongly nerved.-Shores and wooded banks throughout area. 11298 sandy beach, Indian L near Rollins; 16553 rocky stream bank at Crane L. Nfld to Que, s to Ga, Tenn, to la. Jy. H. lacera (Michx. ) Lodd. Ragged Fringed Orchid. Plants 1-4 dm tall, from fleshy, thickened roots; stem bluntly angled at upper internodes, ensheathed at base with 1-3 bladeless bracts; leaves 4-6, lanceolate, keeled, blunt at apices, 5-12 cm long, bluish green; blades successively shorter and narrower up to the inflorescence; racemes 5-9 cm long, cylindrical, manyflowered; flowers yellowish green, whitish in age, 15-18 mm wide in full expansion from tips of upper petals and the lip; lip petal 3-lobed, fringed or commonly irregularly fimbriate; upper petals oblanceolate erect flanking the broader, incurved, more or less hood-like sepal; spur slender, arching, longer or as long as the ovary in anthesis; caudicles yellowish; pollinia stalks greenish yellow.--Rare. 20531 plants growing among native grasses, edge of peaty meadow within rr right-of-way n of Zim, along Hwy 7. NS, Ont, Minn, sw to Fla, Tex. Jy. H. viridis (L.) R. Br. , var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray. Bracted Green Orchid. Stems up to 4.5 dm high, from thickened roots. Stems usually slender, leafy; blades obovate, upper lanceolate with sheathing bases, 1-6 cm wide; raceme loose with conspicuous floral bracts, the lowermost more than twice the length of the flower passing to shorter ones toward apex; flowers greenish yellow; sepals broadly ovate; dorsal sepal concave; lateral sepal oblique; petals narrow, lanceolate; lip cuneate, bilobed, the broad sinus rarely bearing a middle lobe; spur short and broad, saccate; capsules ellipsoid. In rich, mostly deciduous, woods, s St. Louis Co. 2438 maple-basswood association, Arrowhead Rd, Duluth. 2933 rich maple forest, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Nfld, Alta, s to NS, Pa w to 111, la. Je. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Small Wood Orchid. Plants slender, up to 3.5 dm high, rising from thickened roots; stems angular, clothed with 2-3 scarious sheaths at the base; leaf 1, elliptic to obovate, near the middle of the stem; bracts passing into foliaceous lanceolate bracts of diminishing size toward inflorescence; floral bracts acute, subtending several sessile flowers; flowers yellowish green, divergent; sepals broadly ovate; lateral sepals oblique; lip oblong truncate, shallowly 3-lobed; the spur clavate, longer than the ovary, with a lateral twist, conspicuous in a living plant; capsules sessile, prominently 3-nerved, their broad bases, gradually narrowing to definite beaks topped with marcescent floral parts.--Rare. 4502 edge of Picea-Larix bog, Normanna T. n of Duluth; 9391 sphagnum spruce swamp, Fredenberg L n of Duluth. Nfld to Ont, Minn to Fla. Je-Jy. H. dilatata (Pursh) Hook. White Bog Orchid. Plants usually 2-8 dm tall, from thickened roots; leaves 3-5, oblong elliptic, sheathing the stem; flowers white, fragrant, in spicate clusters; dorsal sepal lanceolate, cucullate; lateral sepals oblique reflexed; petals scythe-shaped;

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lip with spatulate apex abruptly dilated toward the base, and gradually narrowed about the spur orifice; spur clavate usually as long as the lip. --Marly sphagnum bogs. 16154 Prairie L area. Lab to Alas, Nfld to NS, w to Wis. Je-Jy. X H. media (Rydb.) Niles. Plants similar to H. hyperborea and H. dilatata. A probable hybrid between them. Flowers whitish to greenish yellow with lip somewhat dilated.--Marly sphagnum bogs, s St. Louis Co. 6030 white cedar swamp, Lakewood Rd at Duluth. 14435 mossy banks of Hammer Cr, near Namekan Narrows. Range same as H. dilatata and H. hyperborea. H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. var. huronensis (Nutt.) Farw. Northern Rein-Orchid. Plant glabrous, slender to robust, from elongate fleshy, fusiform roots; stems up to 8 dm tall, usually leafy throughout; leaves 3-5, narrowly oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic, reduced to bracts below the inflorescence; flowers nearly sessile in spicate clusters few to many; floral bracts spreading, lanceolate, about as long as the flower; sepals and petals similar; the dorsal sepal incurved, hooded, the lateral oblique; petals narrower, sickle-shaped; lip lanceolate, not conspicuously widened toward the base; spur curved, shorter than the lip; capsules ascending, ellipsoid.-Commonest orchid, wet meadows, sandbars, thickets. 6885 sandy rdside area among rushes, n of Cotton, Hwy 53. 6013 Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor. Lab to Alas, Nfld to Ore, southw. Jy-Aug.

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61

H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Round-leaved ReinOrchid. Plants scapose from thickened roots; the stem 3-5 dm tall, with 2 suborbicular leaves, green above, silvery beneath, and one or more bracts near the midstem; raceme open, cylindrical, with many spreading flowers; flowers bluish white; sepals suborbicular, slightly incurved at margins; lateral sepals lanceolate, reflexed; petals lanceolate-spatulate, oblique; lip spatulate, narrowed Figure 60. Orchis rotandifolia. at base; spur clavate longer than the lip and latFigure 61. Habenaria psycodes erally twisted; sepals and petals including the lip conspicuously pubescent with white flat hairs, especially dense on lateral sepals. Column apex rounded, laterally wing-edged, capsules ascending, ellipsoid.--Mixed coniferous-hardwood forests and borders of bogs. 4507 Ihuja-Larix forest, Normanna T n of Duluth. 16230 shorewoods of Vermilion L, Treasure Island area. Nfld to Ont, NS to NJ, to SC, Tenn to 111. Jy-Aug.

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H. Hookeri Torr. Hooker's Orchid. Plants scapose, from thickened roots; stem 2-4 dm tall with 2 subbasal elliptic-obovate leaves, naked below the inflorescence; raceme loose with ascending greenish yellow flowers subtended by shorter bracts; dorsal sepal broadly lanceolate, forming a hood with erect narrow falcate petals; lateral sepals acuminate, lanceolate, almost as long as the narrowly triangular lip with recurved apex; spur tapering, longer than the lip; column concave with a protruding stigmatic area above the spur orifice; capsules erect, ellipsoid.--Common n part of area in mossy coniferous forests and vegetation mats of granite outcrops. 12580 rocky pine forest s of Ely, Hwy 1..10226 high granite outcrops, Kabetogama State Forest. Que to Ont, NS to NE and w to la. Jy-Aug. H. obtusata (Banks) Richards. Small Rein Orchid. Plant scapose from slender slightly thickened roots; stem 1-3 dm tall with a solitary oblanceolate basal leaf and, rarely, a small bract below the inflorescence; raceme slender, few-flowered; dorsal sepal suborbicular; lateral sepals lanceolate; petals obovate-lanceolate, scythe-shaped, erect; lip spatulate, crested at the dilated base as long as the slender spur; capsules ellipsoid, ascending.--Sprucetamarack and cedar forests throughout area. 2743 Cloquet Valley ranger station about 30 mi n of Duluth. 3948 cedar forest. 14373 ash-cedar swamp, Namekan Narrows. Lab to Alas, NS and w to Colo. Je-Jy.

Corallorhiza ChSt. Coral-root (Gr. corallion, coral, rhiza, root) Plants without normal leaves and chlorophyll, from coralloid rhizomes; flowers in racemes; sepals and petals similar, the lateral sepals adhering to the base of the column usually forming a protrusive swelling; lip entire or lobed; column incurved, short, with a terminal anther and 4 waxy pollen masses; capsules ellipsoid, reflexed. Plants yellow, flowers spreading, sepals 1-nerved C. trifida Plants reddish purple (rarely yellow). Lip 3-lobed, spotted (rarely unspotted) with madder-purple perianth shorter than the ovary C. maculata Lip entire, striped or wholly suffused with purple; perianth in anthesis longer than the ovary C. striata C. trifida Chat. var. verna (Nutt.) Fern. Early Coral-root. Stems yellow, up to 3 dm tall, slender, clothed with 3-4 cauline sheaths; raceme few- to many-flowered; flowers greenish yellow; sepals narrow, oblong, similar to lateral petals, rarely minutely red-dotted; lip rounded, notched at apex with 2 small lateral lobes at the base and 2 parallel median ridges or folds; capsules 9-11 mm long reflexed, greenish, becoming drab in age.--Moist rich woods and spruce-tamarack bogs throughout area. 15306 balsam forest, Old North Shore Rd; 14156 ashcedar swamp Namekan Narrows. Nfld to BC, s to Ga, Tenn, w to Pacific coast. My-Jy. C. maculata Raf. var. maculata. Spotted Coral-root. Plants up to 4 dm high, from dense coralloid rhizomes; stems reddish purple, with 3-4 bladeless sheaths of similar color or, rarely, wholly yellow; racemes 6-12 cm long, commonly many-flowered; flowers ascending in early anthesis; dorsal sepal with erect lateral petals; lateral sepals recurved, spreading; lip with 2 parallel crests at the base, 2-lobed, prominently spotted with madder-purple, or immaculate in var. flavida (Peck) Farw. ; base of column ventrally concave; capsules strongly reflexed, 136

10-13 mm long, ellipsoid, prominently nerved.--Common, rich mixed coniferous and hardwood forests throughout area. Var. maculata 1996 Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 12532 shorewoods of Iron L, portage to Curtain Falls; var. flavida 3586 growing with var. maculata, Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Nfld to BC, NE to Tenn and w to ND. Je-Jy. C. striata Lindl. Striped Coral-root. Stems up to 4 dm tall from dense coralloid rhizomes, clothed with 3-5 loose sheaths with apiculate tip. Raceme many-flowered; sepals and petals similar, drooping, oblong-acuminate, incurved, prominently striate with purple lines; lip entire with inrolled margins, concave, pendent, crested at base, purple-striated or wholly madder-purple; capsules strongly reflexed, ribbed, 2 - 2 . 3 cm long.--Rich mixed coniferous-hardwood forest in w and s St. Louis Co and n Lake Co. 3504 elm-ash association, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 10334 birchpoplar forest, Kabetogama L. Gaspe Pen to BC, NY to Wis, Minn. Je-Jy.

62

63

Liparis Richard, Twayblade (Gr.

liparos, shining, referring to leaves)

L. Loeselii (L.) Richard. Shiny Twayblade. Stem scapose, 1-3 dm tall, rising from a corm within a sheathing leaf base; 1-2 scarious sheaths beneath the 2 oblong-lanceolate basal leaves; leaves lustrous yellowish green, prominently reticulate-veined; raceme with few to several yellowish green flowers; sepals lanceolate; petals filiform, reflexed; lip entire, the crenulate Figure 62. Cora I lorhiza crisped margins narrowing toward the base; column winged, curved, trifida. Figure 63. thick at base; pollinia 4, sessile; capsules erect, clavate, Liparis Loeselii longer than the pedicels.--Sandy shores and rdsides, sw part of area. 6456 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor; 16910 sandy embankment, Hwy 5, Swan R area. Gaspe' Pen, Que to Sask, ND, s, to Ala. Je-Sept.

Malaxis Sw. Maiaxis (Gr. malaxis, delicate, referring to texture of plants) Low slender-stemmed plants with corms; leaves cauline, commonly 1; racemes terminal; flowers greenish or white on filiform pedicels; lip auricled at base; pollinia 4, waxy; cohering in pairs. Pedicel 1-2 mm long, ascending; lip acuminate at apex M. brachypoda Pedicel 3.5-8 mm long, spreading; lip 3-lobed M. unifolia M. brachypoda (Gray) Fern. Stems 1-2 dm high, from a corm covered with sheathing leaf base; leaf solitary, elliptic, with a sheathing petiole, commonly from below the middle of the stem; usually 1-3 bladeless sheaths below the expanded blade; raceme narrow with subulate 137

floral bracts; flowers pale green to whitish 3-4 mm long in anthesis; sepals lanceolate; lateral petals linear-filiform, the lip 2 - 2 . 5 mm long; capsule 4-5 mm long.--Rare. Known only from two localities on w part of St. Louis Co. 20540 white cedar swamp, Ash R Rd; 20635 white cedar swamp w of Prairie L. Que to Ont, Minn, s Pa to Tenn, Tex. Eurasia. Je-Jy.

B

A

64

65

M. unifolia Michx. Green Malaxis. Stem 1-3 dm high, from a corm within sheathing leaf base; leaf solitary near the middle of the stem, blade ovate-elliptic, sessile; sheaths below the blade, 1-2, scarious; flowers small, green, in racemes; pedicels filiform, horizontal during anthesis; sepals ovate-lanceolate; upper sepals elliptic, erect, 1-2 mm long; lateral petals 2-3 mm long, filiform, curled, with minute middle lobe; column short, notched; anther terminal with 4 pollinia; capsule subglobose, spreading to reflexed, 5-6 mm long.--Wet sandy area, bogs, moss, and lichen mats throughout area. 6964 Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor; 13165 moist moss, island in Rainy L near Finger Bay. Nfld to Sask, NS to Fla w to Minn. Je-Aug.

Listera R. Br. Lister's Twayblade Figure 64. A. Malaxis unifolia. B. Horizontal flower at tip of pedicel. Figure 65. Listera cordata

(Dedicated to Martin Lister, English naturalist) Plant delicate from fibrous roots; leaves cauline, opposite; racemes several-flowered; anther

dorsal, pollen in granular masses. Lip distally sagittate; lobes long, attenuate Lip distally obcordate; lobes short, rounded

L. cordata L. auriculata

L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Heart-leaf Twayblade. Stems delicate, up to 3 dm high, minutely pubescent above; leaves 2, usually near the middle of the stem with cordate-ovate to rhombic, sessile blades; flowers 2-3 mm long, on short slender pedicel, subtended by delicate bracts; racemes several-flowered; sepals and petals similar, 1-nerved; lateral sepals somewhat oblique; lip more than twice the length of the other perianth segments, deeply cleft into attenuate diverging lobes, bearing a median excrescence, with lateral wing-like glandular-serrate recurving appendages; column short, about 1 mm long; capsules obovoid, spreading at maturity.-Sphagnum bogs throughout area. 8440 spruce-tamarack forest e of Jasper Peak, Soudan; 12880 spruce-tamarack forest, Crane L Rd, n of Vermilion R; 16134 wet sphagnum bog, Prairie L area, Green 1 and Lab to Alas, and s to Wis, Minn. Je-Aug.

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L. auricalata Wieg. Auricled Twayblade. Stems 1-2 dm high, rising from fibrous roots, clothed below with 1-2 scarious sheaths; leaves 2, sessile, ovate near the midstem, minutely puberulent above; raceme short-peduncled with several flowers, each subtended by a bract; flowers up to 10 mm long, greenish; lateral sepals and petals oblique, falcate; lip about 4 times the length of the other perianth segments, oblong, distally dilated and cleft with a rounded sinus; the base deeply auriculate, margin softly ciliate; the median ridge and the center suffused with bronze purple; column 3 mm long, arching; stigma sticky, just beneath the anther locule; capsule ovoid, up to 8 mm long.--Mossy, wooded stream bank, Duluth. 6010 Tischer Cr bank below Hunter's Hill. Nfld, Gaspe Pen to Ont, Que. Je-Jy.

Spiranthes L. C. Rich. Ladies' Tresses (Gr. speira, spiral, anthos, flower, alluding to the coiled racemes) Plants mostly with basal leaves; stems scarious-bracted toward inflorescence; roots fleshy in clusters; leaves ovate to linear; racemes spiraled; anther dorsal; pollinia granular, the connivent discs of their stalks borne at the cleft column apex. Flowers in a single rank, leaves ovate 5. lacera Flowers in more than 1 rank, leaves linear. Lip oblong-ovate, not constricted below apex, only the upper sepal with lateral petals forms a hood 5. cernua Lip constricted below apex, fiddle-shaped, sepals and petals all connivent to form a hood S. Romanzoffiana S. lacera Raf. Slender Ladies' Tresses. Plant 3-4 dm tall, smooth, from fleshy clustered roots; leaves basal ovate; stem with 5-6 cauline bracts toward inflorescence; racemes loosely spiraled, each flower subtended by an ensheathing floral bract; flowers white; sepals and petals similar; lip about 10 mm long, oblong with crenulate shirred margins, notched apex, irregularly lacerate; base of lip greenish with 2 mamillate protuberances; capsule 4-5 mm long, oblique, ellipsoid.--Pioneer vegetation of sandbars, moss mats of high granite cliffs, and dry pine forest, throughout area. 1684 moist sand, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth; 13080 moss mats of high rocks, Kettle Falls, Rainy L; Que to Man, NS to NC, w to Minn. Jy-Aug. 5. cernua (L.) Rich. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Plant pubescent above, up to 4 dm tall, from thickened roots; leaves narrowly linear lanceolate, mostly basal, passing into bracts toward summit; raceme congested; flowers 3-ranked, white, fragrant, minutely pubescent; sepals attenuate, petals similar, slightly connivent to form a hood; lip oblong-lanceolate with crisped, flaring margin, auriculate at base with two prominent mamillate knobs, recurved at apex; capsules 6-7 mm long, oblique, ellipsoid.--Moist sand of shores, wet meadows, and dry pine forest throughout area. 15568 Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor. 16917 moss mat of high granite cliffs, Trout L portage to Vermilion L. NS to NE, s to Fla, w to SD, Minn. Jy-Aug. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Northern Ladies' Tresses. Plant similar to the preceding; sepals and petals connivent hood-fashion; lip panduriform, with cupped apex.--Infrequent. Shores, peaty meadows, and sandbars. 16547 brushy meadow, McCracken farm, w of Hibbing airport. 18256 shore vegetation of Friday Bay, Crooked L, Lake Co. Lab to Alas, s to NS, centr states to lake states. Aug-Sept. 139

Goodyera R. Br. Lattice-leaf (Named for John Goodyer) Plants viscid pubescent with basal leaves; flowers in racemose-spicate clusters; sepals and petals connivent hood-fashion exceeding the saccate lip with apiculate reflexed or straight apex; anther dorsal; column cleft. Lip apex reflexed; leaves white-reticulate G. repens var. ophioides Lip apex horizontal; leaves greenish-reticulate G. tesselata

67

66

G. repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern., Creeping Lattice-leaf. Plant up to 2 dm high, from creeping rhizomes, with thickened roots; leaves ovate to lanceolate, white-reticulate; raceme 1-sided of several ascending flowers, somewhat spiraled; flowers up to 7 mm long; sepals pubescent on outer surface; dorsal sepal 1, forming a hood with lateral petals; petals glabrous; lip saccate, prolonged to a sulcate recurved tip; anther obtuse; capsule 4-5 mm long, oblique, ellipsoid.--Common, mossy coniferous forest and lichen mats of high cliffs throughout area. 13391 deep moss mats on granite ledges, Namekan L; 11764 mossy cliffs, Iron L, Curtain Falls; 3949 cedar bog, Vermilion L at Glenwood resort. Lab to Alas, Nfld, NS to NC and SD. Jy-Sept. G. tesselata Lodd. Greater Lattice-leaf. Glandularpubescent scapose plants up to 3 dm high from nonrepent rhizomes; leaves usually greenish-reticulate; racemes loosely spiral, often 1-sided; flowers white; the hooded sepal convex, saccate; the lip tapering to a sulcate straight beak; anther acute; capsule slightly oblique, obovoid, 5-6.5 mm long.--Coniferous woods throughout. 15588 mossy forest floor, Curtain Falls; 11838 rocky balsam forest, Lac La Croix. Nfld to Man, NS, ND to Minn. Jy-Sept.

CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONAE. DICOTYLEDONS SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

Figure 66. Spiranthes cernua. Figure 67. Epipactis tesselata

Dioecious catkin-bearing trees and shrubs with alternate simple leaves; flowers subtended by scales; perianth wanting; stamens 2-many; pistil 2-4-carpellate, 1-locular, with parietal placentae; seeds hairtufted. 140

Catkin bracts entire; flowers with nectaries; bud scale 1 Catkin bracts lacerate; flowers without nectaries; bud scales more than 1

Salix Populus

Salix L. Willow (Classical L. name) Insect-pollinated trees or shrubs with serrate or entire leaves; catkins appearing before, with, or after leaf expansion, being precocious, coaetaneous, or serotinous, respectively; staminate flowers with 2-5 stamens borne on hairy bracts with a nectar gland; pistillate flowers with 1 pistil, sessile or stipitate, with 2 stigmas and a nectar gland; capsule 2valved, with numerous small comose seeds. The species included are native, and grow without cultivation, except for 5. alba and 5. fragilis. Catkin bracts early-deciduous, flowers with 2 nectar glands. Stamens 3 or more. Native trees. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, green beneath; branches brittle . . S. nigra Leaves broadly lanceolate, with long attenuate tips, whitish beneath; branches not brittle S. amygdala ides Native shrubs. Leaves lustrous green above and below; capsule conic-ovoid; bracts sparingly tomentose 5. lucida Leaves paler green below; capsule conic-subulate; bracts white tomentose 5. serissima Stamens 2. Leaves lanceolate; introduced trees. Branches yellow; petioles without glands, leaves silky white when young; capsules ovoid S. alba Branches greenish; petioles glandular; leaves glabrous, somewhat glaucous below; capsules conic-subulate 5. fragilis Leaves linear, sessile or nearly so, margin remotely dentate; capsules glabrescent or thinly pubescent; serotinous native shrub 5. interior Catkin bracts persistent, falling with the axis, flowers with 1 gland. Catkins flowering at the time of unfolding of leaves, rarely before; mostly coaetaneous shrubs. Leaves strongly reticulate-veined, remotely dentate, drying rugulose, balsamiferous; bud scales golden yellow; petioles and young twigs glabrous 5. pyrifolia Leaves not strongly reticulate-veined, somewhat aromatic; petioles and young twigs pubescent to glabrate. Fruiting catkins sessile; leaves finely serrate; petioles 8-15 mm long; bracts pale brown S. rigida Fruiting catkins stalked; leaves entire or nearly so. Mature leaves glabrous, and glaucous beneath, margin revolute . . . 5. pedicellaris Mature leaves pubescent beneath, margin not revolute 5. Bebbiana Catkins flowering before unfolding of leaves, precocious shrubs; capsules pubescent. Leaves glabrous or glabrate, obscurely repand-dentate. Bracts dark brown to black; leaves green above, glaucous to white below. Bracts black; capsule with style .5 mm long, leaves becoming firm . . . 5. discolor 141

Bracts deep brown; capsule with style 2 mm long, leaves becoming coriaceous . . . . 5. planifolia Bracts yellowish brown; leaves narrowly lanceolate, silvery white below, usually glabrous S. gracilis Leaves permanently pubescent at least below, impressed-veined above, young twigs pubescent. Internodes and buds pruinose, leaves silky-pubescent below S. pellita Internodes and buds not pruinose. Leaves appearing gray with hoary tomentum, style .5 mm long 5. humilis Leaves appearing white with floccose tomentum, style 1.5 mm long . . . S. Candida S. nigra L. Black Willow. Tree up to 20 m tall; bark dusky brown to blackish; branches yellowish brown, brittle at base; leaves narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate, green above and below, with petioles 5-8 mm long; stipules semicordate, glandular-serrate, usually on vigorously growing shoots; catkins 3-5 cm long with crisply pubescent bracts; stamens 3-7, filaments hairy; capsules glabrous, 3-5 mm long, the globose base abruptly narrowing to a conical beak.--Species appears to have invaded the area from s. 8214a Prairie L terrace, sw St. Louis Co. NB to Que, Ont, s and sw to Fla, Tex. My-Je. 5. amygdaloides Anderss. Peach-leaf Willow. Tree up to 30 m tall; bark brownish with scaly ridges; branches tenacious, yellow-green; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, green above, glaucous beneath; petioles 6-12 mm long; stipules minute, caducous; stamens 4-7; capsule glabrous 4-6 mm long, globose at base; beak conical with a short style.--Distribution similar to S. nigra, reaching area from s and w. 8077, 8078 shore of Prairie L sw St. Louis Co. My-Je. 5. lucida Muhl. Shiny Willow. Shrub up to 5 m tall; bark smooth except on old stems, which become scaly or shallowly fissured; leaves glabrous, broadly ovate-lanceolate, cordate, long attenuate, glandular-serrate, lustrous green above and beneath; petioles and the reniform stipules glandular; staminate catkins thick, 2-3 cm long; stamens 5; filaments pubescent; capsules conic-ovoid, 4-6 mm long; stigmas prominent.--Common, sandbars and riverbanks throughout area. 12409 Floodwood R bank, 7 mi n of Floodwood; 17485 shore of Ash L, on Hwy 53. Nfld to ND, s, sw to Va, Neb. My-Je. 5. serissima (Bailey) Fern. Autumn Willow. Shrub up to 4 m tall; bark smooth shiny, reddish brown; leaves elliptic, becoming coriaceous and glabrous, finely glandular-serrate, dark green above, whitish beneath; petiole 8-10 rim long, with glands at summit; stipules caducous; stamens usually 5; filaments pilose; capsules 7-9 mm long, glabrous; valves indurated, shiny, opening late in the autumn.--Occasional, swamps and shores throughout. 11128 floating 2-acre cattail island, banked against the Whiteface R dam, 6 mi s of Markham; 18528 swampy rdside thicket, near Floodwood L, Hwy 73. Nfld to Alta, s to NJ, w to Colo. Je-Jy. S. alba L. var. vitellina (L.) Stokes. Golden Willow. Large tree up to 25 m tall; trunk diameter up to 1 m; bark grayish brown, with scaly ridges and sinuous fissures; branches reddish to golden yellow; leaves pale green above, white beneath, linear to oblong-lanceolate, broadest near the middle; capsules nearly sessile, ovoid with sessile stigmas, glabrous, 3-4 mm long. 11402 large trees on St. Louis R, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 18567 Chester Pk School grounds, Duluth. Introd from Eu. Apr-Je. S- fragilis L. Crack-Willow. Similar to the preceding species in height and character of

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bark. Branches dark green, brittle at base; leaves glabrous, lanceolate with long acuminate apex, green above, somewhat paler beneath; petioles glandular, stipules lanceolate caducous; capsules short-pedicelled, ovoid-conic; stigmas nearly sessile. --Introd from Eu; commonly planted. 10568 Congdon R gorge, below Superior St, Duluth; 10423 large trees, Sucker R woods at Pioneer Rd. NS, ME, Minn, s and w. Apr-Je. S. interior Rowlee. Sandbar-Willow. Stoloniferous shrubs up to 4 m tall; bark reddish brown or gray; branches stiff and numerous; leaves linear nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with projecting teeth; stipules deciduous, subulate; young twigs and leaves silky white pubescent, becoming glabrous in age; catkins clustered toward tips of branches; stamens 2, filaments hirtellous near the base; capsules glabrous, 4-5 mm long; pedicel white-villous, stigmas sessile. Sandy banks of lakes and rivers mostly in s and w part of area. 9568 shore of Kabetogama L near Gappa's Landing; 10188 Mission Cr terrace at Fond du Lac, Duluth. Que to Alas, s and w. My-Je. 5. pyrifolia Anderss. Balsam-Willow. Shrub up to 3 m tall; branches olive to reddish brown, glabrous and lustrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply cordate, 3-7 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, thin, reticulate-veined, slightly paler beneath on drying, stipules subulate, early deciduous; capsules on slender pedicels, long-beaked, up to 10 mm long, glabrous.--Common throughout area, shores and tamarack bogs. 14769 poplar forest, rocky pt on Rainy L, Cranberry Bay; 10675 edge of spruce forest, Hwy 4, Cloquet Valley lookout tower. NY, Mich to Minn, and n. My-Je. S. rigida Muhl. var. rigida. Stiff Willow. Shrub up to 3 m tall; branches glabrous, greenish brown; leaves 1.8-2.5 cm wide, or in var. angustata, less than 10 mm wide, oblong-lanceolate, cordate, closely serrate, claret red at the expanding tips, glabrous or glabrate; petioles slender, up to 15 mm long; stipules reniform, somewhat glandular; capsules 5-7 mm long, the valves sometimes yellow to claret red. Var. rigida 2930 St. Louis R terrace on the road to Fond du Lac. Nfld to Ont, s and w. Apr-Je. Var. angustata (Pursh) Fern. Known from the extreme s part of St. Louis Co. 10187 Mission R bank, Fond du Lac. Que to Minn, s to Ga. S. pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fern. Bog Willow. Shrub less than 1 m tall; bark grayish brown; leaves 2-6 cm long, 6-15 mm broad, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate with entire revolute margin, green above and glaucous beneath; pistillate and staminate catkins 1-2.5 cm long; capsules loosely flowered, oblong-conic, reddish with nearly sessile stigmas.--Common, borders of bogs and sedge meadows throughout area. 7449 swampy rd border, Hwy 4, 16 mi n of Duluth. Nfld, NE, n and w. My-Jy. 5. Bebbiana Sarg. Beaked Willow. Shrub or tree up to 9 m tall; bark on old stems ridged, scaly, dark gray; branches brownish; new growth usually pubescent; leaves grayish green, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate, cuneate at base, acuminate, margin entire, crenate-serrate, somewhat revolute, permanently pubescent beneath; capsules long-beaked with globose base, pedicel conspicuously elongate up to 4 mm long.--Frequent throughout area. 12233 shore of Janet L, Hwy 73 s of Hibbing; 15975 large trees, cr bank at Vermilion L, Treasure Island resort. Nfld to Alta, s and w. Apr-My. 5. discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow. Large shrubs up to 8 m tall; bark on old stems ridged and scaly; twigs brownish, glabrous to glabrate; buds with glossy scales; leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, unevenly crenate-dentate, green above, becoming glabrous and glaucous beneath; stipules semicordate; capsule conic, densely tomentose; pedicels less than 2 mm long, pubes-

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cent.--Common throughout area. 14626 Fox Island, Rainy L, Can border; 10096 L Superior terrace at Stony Pt. Lab to Alta, Nfld s and w. Apr. 5. planifolia Pursh. Flat-leaf Willow. Shrub up to 3 m tall, twigs dark purple, glabrous; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed at base, acuminate to rounded at apex, glossy green above, glaucous beneath, becoming glabrate; stipules minute, caducous; scales grayish with white hairs; capsule ovate, pubescent; style 2 mm long; stigmas bilobed. --Infrequent and local. 6527 St. Louis R marsh, New Duluth; 15604 sandy beach of Iron L about 3 mi from Curtain Falls, Can boundary. Lab to Alta, Nfld, Gaspe Pen, Que to Minn. Je. 5. pellita Anderss. Bloom Willow. Shrub up to 3 m tall; bark on branches dark reddish brown; internodes silvery pruinose; buds compressed, often pruinose with thin appressed pubescence; leaves up to 10 cm long, 10-12 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, entire, dark green above, white silky-lanate below with a prominent yellow midrib, impressed-veined and puberulent above; petiole 3-6 mm long. Flowers and fruits not seen.--19470 shore of Indian L near Rollins, n US and Can. Je. 5. gracilis Anderss. Slender Willow. Shrub up to 3 m tall, branches reddish brown, glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, finely serrate, silky pubescent when young, becoming glabrous green above, silvery white below; stipules subulate, fugacious; capsule conic-ovoid, pubescent, stigmas sessile.--Common throughout area. 14637 Fox Island, Rainy L; 7455 swampy rd border on Howard Gnesen Rd, 6 mi n of Duluth. Que to Alta, Mass to ND. My-Je. 5. humilis Marsh, var. humilis. Prairie-Willow. Shrub up to 3 m tall; branches grayish brown, the young growth with hairy tomentum; leaves 4-10 cm long, 6-20 mm wide, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, broadest near the middle, bright green above, permanently tomentose beneath; petiole thick 3-7 mm long; stipules lanceolate; catkin bracts black, long hairy; capsule 8-9 mm long, pubescent, short-pedicelled.--12350 Hunter's Hill woods, Duluth; 14759 poplar forest, Rainy L, Cranberry Bay area. Que to Minn, se and centr states. My-Je. Var. keweenawensis Farw. Differs from the typical in having oblanceolate leaves with dense velvety pubescence beneath.--16007 rocky shore of Vermilion L near Treasure Island resort; 7848 Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Lab, Nfld, Ont, to Minn. My-Je. 5. Candida Fluegge. Sage-Willow. Shrub up to 2 m tall; twigs brownish yellow, hoary white when young; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate with entire revolute margins, or remotely denticulate, densely white tomentose beneath, glabrescent above; petioles 3-5 mm long, tomentose; stipules linear-subulate, tomentose; staminate catkins 2 cm long; anthers red; pistillate catkins up to 3 cm long; capsules white tomentose; style glabrous 1 mm long; stigmas prominent.--Infrequent. Var. Candida 8417 sedge meadow s of Tower on Hwy 35. Var. denudata Anderss. , growing with var. Candida, leaves narrower, glabrate above, with thinner tomentum beneath. 4339 border of sphagnum bog, s Central L, Hwy 53. Lab to BC, Nfld to NE to la, Colo. Apr-My.

Populus L. Poplar, Aspen Trees with deltoid to ovate-orbicular leaves; petioles terete to laterally compressed; flowers borne in cup-like discs on fringed to lacerate bracts; nectaries wanting; bud scales more than 1; wind-pollinated. 144

Leaves angular, 3-5-lobed, permanently white tomentose beneath P. alba Leaves deltoid to ovate, serrate, glabrous or glabrescent. Petioles laterally compressed as long as or longer than the blades. Buds resinous, glabrous. Leaves thin, broadly ovate-deltoid, finely crenate-serrate, dentate . P. tremuloides Leaves deltoid, membraneous, undulate-serrate P. deltoides Buds pubescent, leaves ovate-orbicular, coarsely undulate-dentate . . P. grandidentata Petioles terete, channeled, often shorter than the blades P. balsamifera P. alba L. Silver-leaf Poplar. Tree up to 25 m tall; bark grayish white, becoming furrowed in age; branchlets white tomentose; leaves shaped like maple leaves. Planted in pks. 7610 IM) campus. Introd from Eu. P. tremuloides Michx. Trembling Aspen. A round-topped tree up to 20 m tall, 6 dm in diameter; bark smooth, greenish white, becoming furrowed in old trees; branches greenish to reddish brown, slender, glabrous; leaves abruptly acute finely crenate-dentate, glabrous; margin villous when young; catkin bracts deeply cleft into 3-5-pointed lobes, long-ciliate; stamens 512; stigmas linear, spreading; capsule ovoid 4-5 mm long. An important successional tree on cut-over lands.--Throughout area; northw in Superior National Forest, a few old trees may still be seen with crown surpassing the second growth of spruce and balsam. 14398 high rocks, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary; 1385 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth. Throughout the range. AprMy. P. deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Trees up to 20 m tall; bark greenish brown, ridged and flaky on old trunks; branches smooth, greenish; buds glutinous; leaves deltoid, truncate, crenatedentate, becoming glabrous; petiole glandular, at its summit longer than the blade; catkin bracts fimbriate; stamens up to 60; capsules 3-4-valved, conic-globose; stigmas flat, spreading. Planted along blvds. 1349 Minn Pt, Duluth, near the aerial bridge; 7922 wooded glen, IM3 campus. Across the continent. Apr-My. P. grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Trees up to 18 m tall, with greenish bark and reddish green branches; buds pubescent; leaves white-tomentose when young, becoming glabrous; blades coriaceous, abruptly acuminate, coarsely undulate-dentate; catkin bracts cleft above the middle; stigmas linear; capsule globose-conic up to 5 mm long.--Throughout area, but local. 7923 rocky slopes of Duluth hills at Morgan Pk area; 9674 high ridges above Ash R, Frontier Lodge near e end of Kabetogama L. Apr-My. P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar. Trees up to 30 m tall, 1 m in diameter; bark with flaky ridges on old trunks; branches greenish brown; buds resinose, balsam-scented; leaves ovatelanceolate, rounded at base, or cordate in var. subcordata Hylander; stamens 20 or more; catkin bracts fimbriate; disc entire, oblique; stigmas 2; capsules 5-8 mm long, ovoid.--Throughout area; the principal forest tree of this genus in the north woods. 1386 border of sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth; 8462 White Iron L, near Ely. My-Je. Var. subcordata 8354 shorewoods of Kabetogama L, Gappa's Landing. Lab to Alas and across the continent in the n.

MYRICACEAE (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY) Shrubs with simple, alternate, aromatic, resin-dotted leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious

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in axillary catkins, hypogynous, syncarpous without perianth; stamens 2-16; pistil 1, ovary 2-carpellate, 1-locular; styles linear with 2 stigmas; fruit a nutlet. Leaves oblanceolate, remotely dentate or entire; stipules lacking; fruiting catkins not bur-like, moderately aromatic foliage Myrica Leaves deeply pinnatifid; stipules present; fruiting catkins bur-like, strongly sweetscented foliage Comptonia

Myrica L. Sweet Gale, Bayberry (Gr. myrike, tamarisk) M. Gale L. Sweet Gale. Shrubs up to 3 m tall, with dark brownish bark dotted with numerous pale lenticels; leaves oblanceolate, cuneate, with rounded or acute apex; flowers appearing before the leaves; bracts of the staminate catkin lustrous, imbricate, broadly rhombic, subtending a floral axis with 4-8 stamens borne in a spiral; bracts of the pistillate catkins reniform-deltoid, subtending a pair of bractlets with the pistil; fruit a beaked nutlet with wing-like floats of aerenchyma.--Common on shores throughout area. 6283 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14563 shorerocks at Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary, n states and Can. MyJe.

Comptonia L'Her. Sweet Fern (Named for Bishop Compton) C. peregrina (L.) Coulter. A sweet-scented much-branched shrub, 4-8 dm tall; bark smooth, dark brownish gray; leaves pubescent linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, lobes ovaterounded, unilateral; stipules obliquely ovate-cordate, deciduous; flowers monoecious or dioecious; catkins preceding the leaves; staminate catkins, terete and compact, clustered toward the ends of the branches; scales rhombic with prolonged attenuate apex, fimbriate along margins of the upper half, subtending 4-8 stamens; (stamens when fewer than 8 usually have 2-4 aborted anthers); bracts of the globular pistillate catkins small, reniform, apiculate or rounded, subtending a pair of bractlets with an apical cluster of linear-glandular, basally united segments becoming bur-like in fruit; nutlets beakless.--Common throughout area in dry sandy or rocky pine woods. 12492 rocky ledges, Iron L s of Curtain Falls; 3035 jack pine forest, Hwy 20, s of Biwabik. NS to Man, s to Ga. My.

JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves; flowers monoecious, the staminate in catkins; pistillate flower solitary with a minute perianth adherent to the ovary, apetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular. 146

Juglans L. Walnut (L. juglan, walnut) J. cinerea L. Butternut. A straggly tree, too young to flower, probably growing without cult, at Minn Pt. 2064 in sandy upper beach of Superior Bay, Sec 19, Duluth. J. nigra occasionally planted; not known to escape from cult. NB to s Minn, w to ND, s to Ga.

BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) Monoecious wind-pollinated trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves; stipules deciduous; staminate catkins elongate; pistillate catkins bud-like, short-ovoid or cylindric; stamens 2-10; filaments sometimes forked; pistil 2-carpellate, 1-locular; ovary inferior; flowers apetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular; fruit a 1-seeded nut with or without involucre. Primary bracts of pistillate flowers deciduous, bracteoles accrescent. Pistillate flowers clustered in bud-like catkins Corylus Pistillate flowers not in bud-like catkins. Bracteoles flat; shrubs with smooth bark Carpinus Bracteoles saccate, inflated; trees with scaly bark Ostrya Primary bracts of pistillate flowers persistent, bracteoles not accrescent. Pistillate bracts 3-lobed, falling with the fruit Betula Pistillate bract 5-lobed, persistent Alnus

Corylus L. Hazel (Gr. korys, helmet) Shrubs with slender stems; bark brownish, mottled or striate; catkins preceding leaf-expansion; staminate scales with 8 half-stamens, with sessile anthers; pistillate flowers 2 to a bract, with 4 minute sepals at the summit of the inferior ovary; fruit a 1-seeded nut with involucre. Petioles and young twigs glandular strigose; involucre laciniate; lobes spreading, less than twice the length of the nut C. americana Petioles and young twigs glabrate to smooth without gland-tipped hairs; involucre beaked, more than twice as long as the nut C. cornuta C. americana Walt. American Hazel. Shrubs up to 3 m tall; buds rounded at apex; leaves up to 11 cm long, 10 cm wide; staminate catkins peduncled; bracts long-pointed; mature involucre with foliaceous spreading lobes, cleft down to the nut.--Frequent in s, w, and centr parts of area. 7876 St. Louis R bank near Floodwood; 13864 bank of Little Fork R, Hwy 1, sw of Orr. Me to Sask, se. Apr-My. C. cornuta Marsh. Beaked Hazel. Shrubs up to 3 m tall, or more; twigs and petioles nonglandular, pilose or smooth; buds pointed; leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate; staminate catkins sessile; bracts hair-tufted at apex; involucre bristly, prolonged to a long beak.--Com-

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mon throughout area. 7748 Mission Cr woods at Fond du Lac; 11534 portage from Curtain Falls, to Iron L, Can boundary. Nfld, s and w, s to Ga, w to Colo. Apr-My.

Carpinus Hornbeam (Gr. karpinos, fruitful) C. caroliniana L. Blue-beech. Shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall; bark silvery blue, smooth; leaves elliptic, double-serrate, straight-veined, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath on veins and petioles; stipules linear-oblong, 5-8 mm long, deciduous; staminate flower with 3several stamens in loose-flowered catkins; pistillate flowers 2 on each bract; bractlets maturing to a flat 3-lobed involucre investing base of the nut.--Rare in area. 11967 hardwood association, Hwy 73, about 2 mi n of Floodwood. Fla to Tex, to Minn, NS to ne states. Apr-My.

Os try a Scop. Ironwood (Gr. ostry a, tree with very hard wood) 0. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. American Hop-Hornbeam. Trees up to 18 m tall with finely furrowed scaly bark; branches slender; leaves elliptic to ovate, up to 8 cm long, 5 cm wide; stipules oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 mm long; catkins appearing with the leaves; staminate flowers with 2 or more stamens with forked filaments; pistillate flowers 2 on each primary bract; nutlet invested within a saccate-bract.--Common in rich hardwood forest throughout area. 2091 maple-basswood association, Duluth; 14977 mixed conifer and hardwood forest, Kabetogama Pen. Opposite Pine Island. NS to Man, s to Ga. Apr-My.

Be tula L. Birch (L. betula, birch tree) Trees or shrubs with papery outer bark; branches slender, with shorter spur branchlets; leaves and young twigs more or less resinous; flowers in catkins, unisexual, monoecious; staminate flowers usually in cluster of 3's on a primary bract, perianth 2-parted, minute; stamens forked with distinct anthers; pistillate flowers 2-3, without perianth, subtended by bracteoles on a primary scale; stigmas 2, persistent in fruit; fruit a winged compressed nutlet, 1-seeded. Pistillate catkins peduncled. Large trees, bark white to pale peach color in mature trunks. Leaves cuneate-truncate or somewhat rounded at bases; style bases not obscured by puberulence; hairs mostly uniform B. papyri/era Leaves cordate, style bases obscured by puberulence B. cordifolia Shrubs or small trees, with dark bark. Leaves orbicular to obovate; wing of nutlets narrower than the body B. pumila Leaves elliptic to rhombic; wing of nut wider than the body B- Sandbergi

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Pistillate catkins sessile; nutlets pubescent; wing narrower than the body; large trees with dark bark B. lutea B. papyrifera Marsh. Canoe or Paper Birch. Trees up to 20 m tall; bark with prominent brown lenticels in horizontal stripes; branches slender, purplish brown; leaves mostly ellipticlanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, pubescent beneath when young, becoming glabrous or remaining pilose on petioles and veins below, moderately glandular-dotted on both surfaces; staminate catkins usually in fascicles; fruiting catkins 2-5 cm long; fruiting bracts flabellate, 3-lobed, ciliate on lobes; middle lobe narrowly ovate; fruit scars V-shaped; nutlets 3-4 mm long. Fruit shed through late fall.--Common throughout. 13597 L Superior shore, Lester Pk, Duluth; 14319 Gull Island, Namekan L, Can boundary. Transcont. My-Je. B. cordifolia Regel. Heart-leaf Birch. Large tree up to 20 m tall, differing from the preceding species by pinkish glow of the white bark, more resinous twigs and cordate leaves; fruiting bracts with broad oblong base below the 3 long ciliated lobes; fruit scars U-shaped; wings broader than the nutlet, the body of nutlet 2-3 mm long.--Occasional inland, common on L Superior in Lake and Cook Co. 10858 L Superior terrace, Duluth waterworks; 15451 Vermilion L woods at w end. Nfld, NS, e states to Minn, la. My. B. lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Large trees up to 20 m tall with grayish yellow outer bark; branches dark purplish brown; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, usually cordate at base, acute, doubly serrate, pale green beneath, glabrate; mature fruiting bracts ciliate on lobes, the body below the lobes slightly narrowing to the base, with dorsal wedge-shaped callus; fruit scars usually 3, distinct; the body of nutlet puberulent toward summit 3.5-4 mm long.-Common on streams, lakes, and rocky slopes throughout area. 2068 Minn Pt, Duluth; 13343 Ash R bank, Frontier Lodge, Kabetogama L area, e states to Minn, Can. My-Je. B. pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel. Dwarf Birch. Shrubs up to 4 m tall, with numerous ascending branches; bark gray to reddish brown with pale lenticels; young twigs minutely puberulent and copiously glandular; leaves usually crenate-dentate, reticulate-veined, pale green beneath with glandular petioles; catkins numerous on short peduncles; fruiting bract narrowing below the lobes to thickened base with a blunt callus; fruit scars crescent-shaped; body of the nutlet 2 nm long. Mature catkins often with aborted pistillate flowers. --Common in sphagnaceous bogs and marshes throughout area. 10120 spruce swamp, Prairie L; 10326 edge of sphagnum bog, Ash R Rd, Kabetogama L. n states to Ind, la, Can. Apr-My. X B. Sandbergi Britt. Sandberg's Birch. A hybrid between B. papyrifera and B. pumila var. glandulifera. Tree up. to 10 m tall with reddish brown bark and pale lenticels; young twigs brownish, puberulent, glandular; leaves glandular, rhombic to elliptic, becoming glabrous, or somewhat pilose below; catkins short peduncled; fruiting bracts similar to those of B. papyrifera; the body of nutlets 2.4 mm long.--Rare in area. 1357 small tree about 15 ft tall in a beach marsh of Minn Pt, Duluth. Wis, Minn, Sask, Mont. Apr-My.

Alnus B. Ehrh. Alder (L. alnus, alder) Tall shrubs or trees with stringent bark; staminate bracts peltate, stalked, with 3-5 bract149

lets and usually 3 flowers, each flower with 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens with 2-locular anthers; pistillate bract truncate, 5-lobed, subtending 2 flowers without perianth; stigmas 2, persistent in fruit; nutlets winged or wingless; pistillate catkin becoming woody and cone-like in age. Catkins flowering with leaf expansion; winter buds sessile; leaves finely serrate; nutlets winged A- crispa Catkins flowering before leaf expansion; winter buds stalked; leaves with undulate serrate margin; nutlets wingless A. rugosa A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh. Green Alder. Shrubs up to 3 m tall with purplish brown ascending branches; new growth finely pubescent, with scattered glands, becoming glabrous; buds sessile with imbricated scales; leaves lanceolate to elliptic, lustrous, brownish green beneath, resinous, sparingly pubescent especially on the veins below; catkins expanding with leaves; fruiting catkins ovoid, cone-like, with numerous thin evenly imbricated bracts; nutlets with broad wings, wholly smooth surmounted by the 2 erect style-branches.--Common n part of area on sterile cliffs and shores (roots are associated with mycorhizal nodules). 11462 granite ledges at Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 8132 high ridge n of Aurora. Transcontinental. My-Je. A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Hoary Alder. Shrub or tree up to 6 m tall; bark smooth, dark, with prominent lenticels; branches ascending, purplish brown; young twigs pubescent, becoming glabrous; buds prominently stalked; leaves ovate to oblanceolate, broadest near the middle, cordate to rounded at bases, glabrous or pubescent, green or glaucous beneath; fruiting catkins short-peduncled, bracts thick, appearing rough and irregular at the time of fruit dispersal; nutlets wingless, overtopped by 2 straight styles.--Throughout area. Leaves green beneath, smooth or pilose on veins beneath var. rugosa Leaves whitish beneath. Leaf blades smooth var. americana Leaf blades velvety to touch beneath f. hypomalaca Var. rugosa 14666 Dryweed Island in Rainy L, Can boundary; 15803 cr mouth, Grassy Bay, portage to Namekan L. NS to NE, w to Minn, s to Pa. Var. americana (Regel) Fern. Most abundant form in area. 15189 Kabetogama Pen, w of Pine Island; 28937 F., Little Mesabe L, Aurora; var. americana f. hypomalaca Fern. 15206 shore of Daly Bay, Kabetogama L; F. 28943, edge of Little Mesabe L, Aurora. Lab to Hudson Bay, s to Wa, w to la.

FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) Trees with simple alternate deeply lobed leaves; staminate catkins elongate; sepals 4-7, united; stamens 4-12; pistillate flowers in axillary cluster or solitary, subtended by an involucre of united bracts forming the acorn cup; pistil 3-carpellate, with 3-locular inferior ovary; stigmas 3; fruit an acorn with 1 seed; flowers apetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular.

Quercus L. Oak (L. quercus, oak tree) Represented in the area by large to medium-sized trees; branches stout, usually more or less

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A B

68

A

B C

69

C

D

A

B

70 Figure 68. Salix gracilis. A. Staminate flower. B. Pistillate flower. Figure 69. Cory Jus cornuta. A. Staminate catkin. B. Staminate flower. C. Pistillate flowers. Figure 70. Alnus rugosa. A. Staminate catkin. B. Staminate flower. C. Pistillate catkin. D. Pistillate flowers

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horizontal; leaves of red oaks persisting through winter; embryo large, without endosperm; germination hypogeal; pollinated by wind. Leaves acutely lobed, the lobes bristly pointed. Leaves shiny above; involucre half as long as the nut, goblet-shaped, straight or slightly constricted at the rim; nut ellipsoid Q. ellipsoidalis Leaves dull above; involucre less than a fourth as long as the nut; shallow, incurved, and constricted at the rim; nut ovoid Q. rubra Leaves with rounded lobes, broadest above the middle; involucre fringed . . . Q. macrocarpa Q. ellipsoidalis E. J- Hill. Pin Oak. Small trees with smooth to furrowed gray bark; leaves usually deeply lobed, nearly to the midrib, lustrous above, smooth at maturity, except tufts of brownish stellate hairs at angles of the veins below; calyx segments hairy at tips; involucral bracts minutely puberulent, closely appressed, forming a deep acorn cup; style knobby, persistent in fruit; acorns maturing the second year.--Common on granite outcrops in n part of area. 11561 high granite ledges, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 14395 high rocks, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary, n states and Can. s to Ind. My-Je. Q. rubra L. var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. Northern Red Oak. Large trees up to 25 m tall with rough and fissured bark on old trunks, smooth and grayish to reddish brown on younger branches; buds clustered toward tips of branches; scales appressed, pubescent; leaves dull green above, with 3-5 bristle-tipped acute lobes separating the rounded sinuses about half the leaf spread to the midrib, glabrous at maturity except for a few tufts of stellate hairs at angles of the veins beneath; staminate catkins slender, moniliform, with hairy axis and a minute lanceolate fugaceous bract; acorn cup shallow; nut about 2 cm long, beaked with the style base; fruit maturing the second year.--One of the principal local trees in hardwood associations. 2897 n-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 15453 shorewoods of Vermilion L. n and e states, s to la, NC. Q. macrocarpa Michx. var. olivaeformis (Michx. f.) Gray. Bur Oak. Tree up to 25 m tall with deeply furrowed grayish bark; young twigs and bud scales generally densely pubescent with stellate hairs; internodes frequently have corky ridges; staminate catkins moniliform, with minute fugaceous bracts; calyx segments spreading, fimbriate at tips; acorn cup bowl-shaped; tips of the uppermost series of bracts prolonged fringe-fashion.--Frequent throughout area. 13869 Floodwood R bank, n of Floodwood; 16779 along cr at Beatty Portage, Lac La Croix. NB to Me, Man, s to NC.

ULMACEAE (ELM FAMILY) Trees; leaves simple, alternate; flowers apetalous, perfect, syncarpous, hypogynous. Ulmus L. (L. ulmus, elm) Branches and leaves 2-ranked; sprays appearing flat; calyx 4-9-parted, campanulate, sometimes slightly oblique; stamens 4-9; ovary 2-carpellate; samara 1-seeded. Flowers before leaf expansion; pollination by wind. Flowers in loose clusters on elongated pedicels; margin of samara ciliate . . . U. americana Flowers in dense clusters; margin of samara smooth U. rubra U. americana L. American Elm. Large tree, up to 25 m tall, with arching crown; bark on old trunk deeply fissured, pale gray; twigs slender, brownish gray, becoming glabrous; leaves

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short-petioled, blades elliptic, coarsely double serrate on margins, pinnately veined, oblique at the base; flowers in umbel-like clusters; mature samaras falling off with the marcescent calyx.--Common on banks of lakes and rivers; planted in pks and on blvds. 17474 Ash R bank n of Orr on Hwy 53; 11008 Savanna R bank at Floodwood. Nfld to Sask, s to Fla, Tex. Apr. U. rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm. Trees becoming 25 m tall; bark on old trunks fissured and scaly; inner bark mucilaginous; branches ascending; twigs pubescent; bud scales densely puberulent; leaves elliptic with acuminate apex, oblique at base, with persisting rough pubescence above and beneath; wings of samaras smooth on margins, the body puberulent.--Infrequent. 8261 maple-basswood association, Prairie L; B237 Vermilion L. ME to ND, s to Fla, Tex. (U. pumila L., frequently planted in Duluth, is not known to grow without cult.)

CANNABINACEAE (HEMP FAMILY) Harsh aromatic herbs with divided or lobed leaves; stipules persistent; flowers dioecious; staminate flowers in cymose clusters, 5-parted; pistillate in bracted spikes or in axillary clusters; ovary 2-carpellate, 1-locular, 1-seeded; styles 2, linear; flowers apetalous, syncarpous, hypogynous, regular.

Humulus L. Hop (L. humus, earth) H. Lupulus L. Common Hop. Rough-stemmed climbing vines clothed with harsh reflexed T-shaped hairs; leaves opposite, palmately 3-5-lobed, with prickly petioles as long as or longer than the blade; blades harsh above, resinous with yellow glands beneath; staminate flowers with 5 sepals and stamens; anthers opening extrorsely by slanting apical slits; pistillate flowers in bracted spikes, 2 to a bract; perianth cup-like, investing the achene; bracts and fruits abundantly resinous.--Local in s and e part of area. 1702 cottage grounds, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11171 Savanna R woods n of Floodwood. 1*6 to Man, s to Ga, w to Ariz. Introd. Jy-Aug.

URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) Monoecious or dioecious herbs with watery juice; leaves simple, stipulate; flowers cymose; calyx 2-5-lobed; petals wanting; filaments inflexed in bud; pistil 1; fruit an achene; flowers apetalous, hypogynous, regular. Plants with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite; stigma capitate; achene erect, included Urtica Leaves alternate; stigma filiform; achene deflexed, exserted Laportea Plants without stinging hairs, leaves opposite; stigma stellate or tufted; achene erect, not enclosed within sepals Pilea 153

Urtica L. Nettle (L. uro, to burn) Coarse annual or perennial herbs with axillary flower clusters; flowers 4-parted; stamens opposite the calyx lobes; rudimentary stamens and pistils often present. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, coarsely toothed U. gracilis Leaves puberulent to pilose on both surfaces, finely serrate U. procera U. gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. Stems up to 1 m tall, glabrous or moderately rough above; leaves ovate-lanceolate with rounded or cordate bases, glabrous or somewhat pilose beneath; stipules lanceolate; petioles slender, 2-5 cm long; flowers greenish in forking clusters; staminate flowers with 4 sepals and stamens and rudimentary pistil; pistillate flowers with 4 sepals and a simple pistil; achene 1.5-2 mm long between 2 upper sepals. --Common, shores and peaty soils. 9087 Prairie L; 9656 Calm Bay Resort, Kabetogama L. Nfld to Alas, s to NM, Ore. Jy-Sept. U. procera Muhl. Differs from the preceding species chiefly in having puberulence of leaves and stems, narrower blades, and smaller, more numerous teeth.--Infrequent, swampy rd borders and shores. 9664 island in Kabetogama L; 1646 bayside beach near Duluth canal, Minn Pt. PEI toOnt, ND, s NC, La. Jy-Oct.

Laportea Gaud. Wood Nettle (Named for Count de Laport) L. canadensis (L.) Weed. Plants up to 7 dm tall with broadly ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, coarsely serrate leaves clothed with stinging hairs; inflorescence cymose of staminate and pistillate flowers; staminate flowers with 5 petals, each opposed by a stamen with a rudiment of ovary; pistillate flower with 4 sepals, 1 simple pistil with a filiform style, developing into a deflexed exserted achene on winged pedicel.--Common, mixed hardwood forest. 10246 Kabetogama L; 9086 Prairie L. Jy-Sept.

Pilea Lindl. Clearweed (From the resemblance of the helmet-like upper sepal to the pileus, felt cap of the Romans) P. pumila (L.) Gray. Dwarf Clearweed. Plants translucent succulents; glabrous, without stinging hairs, 1-3 dm tall; stems simple or branching from decumbent rhizomatous rooting base; leaves opposite, 6-8 cm long; petiole slender, equaling to surpassing the ovate to broadly deltoid blade; blades lustrous, prominently crenate dentate, triple-veined; numerous cystoliths visible on drying; flowers greenish, congested in axillary cymes, imperfect, monoecious or dioecious; calyx of staminate flowers deeply 4-cleft; stamens 4, surpassing the calyx lobes; calyx of pistillate flowers 3-cleft; segments hooded, staminodium minute; pistil simple; ovary conical; stigma tufted; achenes exserted, black.--Rare. 19409 shore of Floodwood R, plants growing under shrubs, above the dam, Hwy 73. Que to Minn, se to Fla. Jy-Aug. 154

SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) Herbs with alternate entire leaves; calyx tubular, 4-5-lobed; stamens opposite the lobes; ovary 1-locular with free central placenta; fruit a spurious 1-seeded drupe; flowers apetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular.

Comandra Muhl. Bastard Toadflax (Gr. coma, hair tuft, oner, man, referring to hairy anther connectives) C. Richardsiana Fern. Bastard Toadflax. Smooth perennials (root parasites) with elongate subligneous rhizomes with shreddy pale bark; stems 2-3 dm tall; leaves numerous, lanceolate to oblanceolate or elliptic, entire, pale to bluish green; inflorescence corymbiform with ascending peduncles; calyx tube deeply campanulate, lined with a 5-lobed disc, with a sinus opposite each sepal from which arises a stamen; calyx lobes tufted with long hair back of the dorsifixed anthers; tapered bundles of hair attached to each locule above the connective affix the anthers to calyx lobes; ovule 1, basal, embryo without integuments; globose ovary matures into a nut-like fruit.--Frequent. 3504 jack .pine clearing, Hwy 20, s of Gilbert; 2033 sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Man, s to Ky, Kans. My-Jy.

Geocaulon Fern. Northern Comandra (Gr. ge, earth and caalos, stem) G. lividum (Richards) Fern. Plants 2-3 dm tall, from slender deep-seated rhizomes; rootlets with coralloid nodules; stems with slender stalked caudex rising from a horizontal rhizome; leaves bluish green, short-petioled; blades elliptic-ovate, entire, margin revolute below the middle, midrib broad, lateral veins ramifying into fine submarginal network; two lateral flowers staminate; fruiting plants with 1-2 cardinal red false drupes on axillary pedicels; fruit ovoid-globose, 7-8 mm long, developing from the central perfect flower of the cyme.--Infrequent. D21736 fruiting plants in deep sphagnum of mature black spruce forest, Tomahawk Trail w of Isabella L, Lake Co. Subarctic, NE to Minn. My-Jy.

LORANTHACEAE (MISTLETOE FAMILY) Small parasitic green or colorless shrubs; flowers monoecious or dioecious; sepals 2-3; petals 0; stamens 2-6; ovary 1-locular; flowers apetalous, epigynous, regular.

Arceuthobium, Bieb. Mistletoe (Gr. arceuthos, juniper, bios, life) A. pusiHumPeck. Stems .5-2 cm long, yellowish brown; leaves opposite, connate, scale-like; flowers minute; staminate flowers with 3 sepals and 3 stamens; pistillate flowers with 2 se155

pals; ovary inferior; fruit a 1-seeded berry.--Parasitic on the branches of conifers. 18527 on black spruce, bog n of Floodwood L; 4503 spruce bog, Normana T n of Duluth. Nfld to Ont, s, NS to Minn. Apr-Je.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) Perennial herbs with creeping rhizome; calyx tube 3-cleft; sepals 3; petals 0; stamens 12; ovary inferior 6-locular, many-ovuled; fruit a fleshy capsule; flowers apetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular.

As arum L. Wild Ginger (Gr. asaron, wild ginger) A. canadense L. Wild Ginger. Softly pubescent perennials with fleshy, branching rhizome; leaves 2, terminal; petioles succulent; blade broadly reniform-cordate, with a broad sinus and apiculate apex, yellow-green, satiny, lustrous above; flower solitary, urn-shaped, on short recurved pedicel below the leaves; calyx tube maroon within; lobes deltoid-attenuate, 1-2 cm long, or, in var. acuminatum Ashe, up to 3 cm long; stamens 12, in 2 cycles, united with style; anthers cordate-apiculate, extrorse; stigmas 6, radiate; style short; capsule fleshy; seed 3-3.5 mm long, similar to a split cone, grooved on the flat face, with a protruding outgrowth from the hilum; embryo small; endosperm copious; testa brown, reticulate.-Rich woods throughout area. Var. canadense, 10182 hardwood forest, high bluff on Pioneer Rd, e of Sucker R; 20023 white cedar forest, s of Pelican L, Hwy 23; var. acuminatum, 17361 terrace of Little Fork R, Hwy 73; 12738 black ash swamp, near Vermilion R gorge, Crane L. Gaspe Pen, Que to Minn, s, NC, Tenn. My-Je.

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) Herbs with simple, alternate leaves with sheath-like stipules (ocreae); flowers perfect, rarely imperfect; 5-8 calyx segments, somewhat united at base; petals none; stamens 2-8; filaments dilated; pistil 2-3-carpellate; stigmas 2-3; ovary 1-locular; fruit a trigonous or a biconvex achene; flowers hypogynous, syncarpous, apetalous, regular. Sepals 6, the inner 3 prominently enlarged in fruit; achene trigonous Rumex Sepals 4-5, only slightly larger in fruit; achenes biconvex or trigonous. Pedicels articulate below or near the calyx base. Sheaths lacerate or often bristly-ciliate; leaf blades not hastate Polygonum Sheaths entire, oblique; leaf blades hastate Fagopyrum Pedicels articulate below the middle; sheaths vase-like, entire Polygonella

Rumex L. Dock (L. ru.rn.ex, sorrel) Herbs with simple, alternate leaves with sheathing petioles and sheath-like stipules; flowers 156

small, numerous in whorls, forming large panicles; calyx greenish, white, or reddish; sepals becoming reticulate; valves often with a thick tubercle of aerenchyma, stigmas peltate. Flowers dioecious; leaves sagittate to hastate; foliage acidulous to taste. Outer sepals not reflexed in fruit; achenes closely invested within valves R. Acetosella Outer sepals reflexed in fruit; achene loosely invested within valves . . . . R. Acetosa Flowers perfect, leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate. Fruiting valves fringed or cut into teeth; whorls leafy-bracted, usually separated. Plants up to 1 m tall, perennial, leaves cordate-ovate; pedicels recurved; teeth of valves shorter or somewhat longer than the spread of valves jR. obtusifolius Plants up to 6 dm tall, annual, bushy, leaves narrowly lanceolate, pedicels not recurved, whorls appearing congested; fringe of valves bristle-like, much longer than the spread of valves R. maritimus Fruiting valves entire or merely denticulate; whorls usually contiguous in fruit. Leaves conspicuously crimped on margins . R. crispus Leaves somewhat sinuous crenulate on margins. Midrib of each valve tuberculate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tubercle contiguous with outer sepals; valves triangular R. mexicanus Leaves broadly lanceolate; tubercle not contiguous with the outer sepals; valves orbicular or nearly so R. orbiculatus Midrib of one of the valves, or none, with a tuberculate float; basal leaves longpetioled, cordate R. Patientia R. Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Perennial plants with slender erect stems from leaf-tufted crowns, spreading with rhizomes; leaves hastate, variously 3-lobed; inflorescence paniculate; flowers whorled; calyx reddish orange; achenes lustrous, somewhat striate.--Common throughout area. 1397 sand, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth; 12951 dry soil, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Transcontinental. Introd from Eu. Je-Aug. R. Acetosa L. Garden Sorrel. Coarse, tall plants with taproots and long-petioled sagittate basal leaves; cauline leaves few and remote above; flowers in dense panicles, numerous, bright red; valves orbicular, veiny, 3-4 mm wide.--Rare and local. 10752 rock crevices, Skyline Pkwy near jet with Hwy 53. Greenl to Alas, NE, Pa. Introd from Eu. Je-Jy. .R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Plants sometimes more than 1 m tall, with thick striate stems; basal leaves oblong, ovate-cordate; veins reddish; inflorescence of many prolonged racemes, usually with remote whorls of reflexed fruits; valves pectinate to fringed, minutely scabrous; tubercle 1.--Local. 13670 Chester Pk Bowl, Duluth; 2046 ne slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Transcontinental. Introd. Je-Aug. R. maritimus L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen. Golden Dock. A bushy annual, mostly with oblonglanceolate petioled leaves; blades truncate, subcordate; fruiting whorls remote or congested; valves long-bristly, each with a wedge-shaped tubercle convex on the back.--Occasional in silty soil. 12260 St. Louis R terrace, Fond du Lac; 11445 springy bed, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Que to Pacific states, s to Ark, NM. Je-Jy. R. crispus L. Curled Dock. Plants up to 1 m tall; stem stout, strict; leaves with oblonglanceolate blades with crisped and ruffled margins, rough to the touch beneath; petioles often longer than the blades; fruiting panicle congested; pedicels jointed near the base; 157

valves ovate, subcordate, sometimes crenulate on margins; tubercles usually 3.--Common, wastelands throughout area. 11385 St. Louis R bank at Fond du Lac, Duluth; 8337 shore trail of Armstrong L, s of Ely. Throughout NA, introd from Eu. Je-Aug. R. mexicanus Meisn. Willow-leaved Dock. Plants up to 1 m tall with branching stem; leaves smooth, lanceolate, more or less tapering at each end, glaucous; mature inflorescence congested; pedicels jointed above the base; mature fruiting valves deltoid, each with a broad tubercle arising at the base of the midrib, decurrent with a nodule-like swelling of the receptacle. --Common in area. 15014 beach, Kabetogama L; 7857 rdside area near Floodwood. Que to BC, s to Ky, Mo. Je-Jy. R. orbiculatus Gray. Great Water Dock. Plants stout with striate stems up to 2 m tall; leaves elongate, lanceolate, glabrous; panicles up to 5 dm long in dense whorls; pedicels recurved, clavate-jointed near the base; the tubercle elevated about 1 mm from the base of the midrib; the entire fruiting panicle usually red.--Common, shores and swamps. 2324 brookside meadow at Palo; 17140 shore of Trout L, n of Vermilion. Nfld to Que, ND, s to Neb. Je-Aug. R. Patientia L. Patience Dock. Plants stout, up to 1.5 m tall, basal leaves long-petioled, elongate, lanceolate, smooth above, harsh to the touch beneath; inflorescence up to 3 dm long; whorls congested; mature fruiting valves cordate, with slightly crenulate margins; tubercles rarely 1, usually none; pedicels clavate; outer sepals sometimes reflexed.--Local. 8604 Fall L, Winton; 14465a Skyline Pkwy, 60th Ave W, Duluth. Introd from Eu. Je-Jy.

Polygonum L. Knotweed (Gr. poly, many, gonu, joint, for enlarged nodes) Herbs or rarely woody plants; leaves simple, alternate, with nodal, stipular sheaths (ocreae); calyx frequently petaloid; flowers solitary in axils or in terminal spikes or panicles; achene lenticular or trigonous, mostly included. Herbs. Plants upright or aquatic. Flowers axillary (terminal in P. Douglasii); leaves jointed. Stems erect without decumbent bases; pedicels reflexed P. Douglasii Stems erect to ascending with decumbent bases; pedicels ascending. Achene usually exserted beyond sepal tips. Achenes dark brown, included in early flowers, calyx lobes margined with yellow or red, blades commonly oblanceolate P. ramosissimum Achenes pale brown, exserted, calyx lobes whitish or reddish; blades in young leaves ovate to lanceolate P. exsertum Achenes included within sepals. Outer sepals exceeding the inner. Leaves elliptic to narrowly oblong, veiny P. prolificum Leaves broadly ovate to obovate. Leaves obtuse-rounded at tips; calyx cleft to the middle; achenes granulose P. achoreum Leaves obtuse-acute at tips, calyx cleft to below the middle; achenes sublustrous P. erectum 158

Outer sepals surpassed by the inner P. aviculare Flowers in terminal or axillary and terminal spikes or racemes; leaves not jointed. Racemes slender, erect or arching, usually interrupted; sheaths fringed-ciliate; achenes mostly trigonous. Calyx gland-dotted; leaves smooth. Achenes dull; cleistogamous flowers present P. Hydropiper Achenes lustrous; cleistogamous flowers lacking P. punctatum Calyx not gland-dotted, leaves strigose, at least on margins P. dubium Racemes dense, 1-2 cm thick. Spikes numerous, terminal and axillary; plants annual; achenes lenticular. Leaves gland-dotted beneath, sometimes tomentose. Spikes erect; sepals greenish white; leaves glabrate; peduncles copiously glandular P. scabrum Spikes nodding; sepals pink to rose, rarely white; peduncles glabrous or sparingly glandular; leaves sometimes tomentose beneath P. lapathifolium Leaves not gland-dotted beneath. Flowers conspicuously pale pink; peduncles copiously glandular; ocrea entire, rarely ciliate P. pensylvanicwn Flowers rose pink, rarely white; peduncles not glandular; ocrea ciliate; leaves with central dark blotch P. Persicaria Spike terminal, solitary or in 2's, plants perennial. Stems simple; racemes bulbil-bearing; achene trigonous P. viviparum. Stems branching; racemes not bulbil-bearing; achene lenticular. Racemes 3 cm long, flowers bright pink, peduncles smooth except in terrestrial forms P. amphibium Racemes 4 cm long, flowers scarlet, peduncles pubescent rarely smooth in floating forms P. coccineam, Plants with climbing or reclining stems. Leaves sagittate; plants rough with recurved prickles; stems reclining P. sagittaturn Leaves triangular, ovate or hastate; if sagittate, basal auricles rounded; plants not prickly; stems climbing. Calyx segments keeled in fruit. Sheaths smooth; styles united; achene dull; annual P. Convolvulus Sheaths with recurved cilia at base; styles separate; achenes lustrous; perennial P. cilinode Calyx segments winged, in fruit. Leaves shallowly cordate to truncate; fruiting calyx up to 6 mm long, wings cut or incised P. cristatun Leaves ovate, deeply cordate; fruiting calyx up to 10 mm long P. scandens Shrub-like plants with broadly ovate to cordate blades and axillary panicles of white flowers , P. cuspidatum P. Douglasii Greene. Nodding Knotweed. Stems slender, 1-5 dm tall, branching, often puberulent above; lowermost leaves narrowly elliptic, passing into linear blades with revolute margins; sheaths fimbriate; flowers 2-3 from each sheath, in terminal clusters, white or purplish; sepals somewhat unequal; pedicels sharply recurved; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm long, lightly investing the lustrous black achenes.--n of the Laurentian Divide. 3856 Idington, n of Virginia; 14702 lichen mats, Dryweed Island, Rainy L; Que to BC, sw to Okla, PM, Calif. JyAug.

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P. ramosissimum Michx. Bushy Knotweed. Stems up to 8 dm tall, erect, with striate forking branches; ocreae scarious, conspicuously lacerate; leaves elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, yellowish green; flowers 2-3, in upper sheaths, 2.5-3.5 mm long, usually with exserted pedicels and sometimes with exserted achenes in maturity; sepals green with yellowish white margins, or pinkish in f. atlanticum Robins.; achenes becoming dark brown and lustrous on ripening. --Occasional in area. 5838 Fond du Lac; 5504 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor; f. atlanticum 1755 Minn Pt, Duluth; 1833 near canal, Duluth harbor. Minn Pt. NE to Wash, s to Tex, NM. JeAug. P. exsertum L. Plants branching, up to 5 dm tall; leaves oblong-lanceolate, yellowish green, narrowing into petioles, 1-2 cm long; pedicels exserted; achenes exserted, pale brown.--Occasional. 18467 young plants in lawn grass, QSWRC, Lake Co. NB to Alta, s 111, Neb. P. prolificum (Small) Robins. Prolific Knotweed. Plants with many ascending branches, internodes whitish striate; sheaths scarious; blades rugulose or veiny on drying; pedicels mostly included; achenes sublustrous, included; sepal narrowly margined with white or red.--Infrequent, shores and sandbars. 6096 Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor. Me, Sask to Wash, s to Ark, Okla, Tex. Jy-Aug. P. achoreum Blake. Wandering Knotweed. Plants with ascending branches; internodes conmonly short; leaves overlapping; ocreae white at tips, brownish at bases; leaves obovate with rounded apices, glabrous but sometimes with pustule-like dots beneath; fruiting calyx exserted greenish, distended over the achene, cellular reticulations obvious; sepals appear twisted at tips, tightly investing the brownish achene.--Occasional in wastelands, yards. 12219 side of rd, Janet L, Hwy 73, s of Ribbing. Transcontinental in the n, s to Mo. JySept. P. erectum L. Upright Knotweed. Stems stiff, erect, branching in age; leaves yellowish green, elliptic, obtuse at apex; pedicels becoming exserted; achene lustrous brown, included. --Occasional. 1654 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt. Que to Minn, s to Ga. Jy-Sept. P. aviculare L. Common Knotweed. Plants with prostrate or ascending stems; leaves bluish green, oblanceolate to elliptic-oblong, sometimes slightly crenulate on margin; internodes short; pedicels included; outer sepals with white to reddish margins; achene usually included, striate.--Generally common. 5503 Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor. Throughout NA. Introd from Eu. Je-Sept. P. Hydropiper L. Water-peppe,r. Annual plants up to 5 dm tall, with assurgent branching irom the base, leaves broadest below the middle, obtuse, gland-dotted beneath; spikes slender, interrupted; axillary flowers cleistogamous within distended ocreae; calyx gland-dotted; sepal tips reddish; achenes dull brown at maturity, striate or punctate.--Common, shores of streams and lakes throughout area. 13728 shore of Myrtle L, n of Orr; 1781 mud flats, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth. NS to Neb, s to Fla, Tex. Je-Aug. P. punctatum. Ell. Water Smartweed. Plants up to 8 dm tall, annual or perennial from creeping rootstocks; stems smooth with assurgent branching; leaves lanceolate or elliptic, glandpunctate beneath; ocreae fringed, cleistogamous flowers wanting; spike slender, interrupted, calyx gland-dotted, sepals white to reddish, achenes lustrous, beaked.--Common in area. 17053 Trout R Portage from Vermilion L; 12025 swampy area, Hwy 216 se of Hibbing. Que to Fla, w to the Pacific. Jy-Aug.

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P. dubium Stein. Plants annual, up to 5 dm tall, branching from the base, leaves lanceolate, attenuate, sparingly strigose on the veins beneath and above; ocreae funnel-like, ciliate; cleistogamous flowers lacking; spikes cylindric, slender, interrupted; flower subtending ocreae oblique; calyx eglandular, becoming reddish; achenes smooth and lustrous, dark brown, pointed. --Infrequent. 1636 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt. N3 to Minn, s to Fla, Tex. Jy-Aug. P. scabrum Moench. Rough Smartweed. Bushy annual plants with stems up to 7 dm tall; sheaths flaring, collar-like, with ciliate margins; leaves lanceolate, glandular, often tomentose beneath; spikes numerous, axillary and terminal on glandular peduncles; calyx gland-punctate, usually greenish white; styles about 2 mm long, reflexed; achenes lenticular, lustrous, and apiculate.--Occasional. 7145 St. Louis R near Skibo; 15886 sandy beach of Myrtle L, n of Orr. Introd. Transcontinental. Je-Sept. P. lapathifolium L. Common Smartweed. Plants annual with ascending or depressed branching stems up to 1 m tall; internodes striate; leaves glabrous, or tomentose beneath in var. salicifolium Sibth.; sheaths smooth on margins; spikes numerous, densely flowered, nodding; sepals 4, rose pink to dark red, rarely white; the 2 outer sepals becoming hooded, prominently 3-veined with recurved forking prongs; achenes lenticular, lustrous apiculate.--Common throughout area. 3387 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13793 forest pool, on trail to Vermilion R gorge, Crane L; var. salicifolium, 1875 in gravel, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10998 pools in sphagnum bog, Floodwood. With typical form, Nfld to BC s, w. Je-Jy. P. pensylvanicum L. var. laevigatum Fern. Pinkweed. Plants up to 8 dm tall, annual with ascending branches, wide spreading; internodes terete, smooth; sheaths eciliate; leaves lanceolate with cuneate bases, glabrous; spikes numerous, pale to bright pink; peduncles puberulent with stalked glands; achene dark, lustrous, orbicular, included.--Occasional, shores and disturbed rdsides. 6211 Superior Bay beach, Minn Pt; 11448 resort grounds, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. NS to Ont, s to Okla. Je-Sept. P. Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. Plants up to 8 dm tall, annual, strict; stems simple or branching from the base, smooth; sheaths scabrous, ciliate; leaves lanceolate usually with a black blotch near the middle of the blade; spikes numerous, compact, densely flowered; calyx deep rose, rarely white, in f. albiflora Millsp.; achenes lenticular, 1 face convex, the other concave, lustrous, dark, apiculate.--Throughout area. 9789 border of swamp, Hwy 1, s of Ely; 1711 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; f. albiflora 17030 sandy beach of Vermilion L, at Trout L portage. Ubiquitous. Introd from Eu. Je-Sept. P. viviparum L., f. bulbigerum Beck. Alpine Knotweed. Essentially glabrous perennials from knotty, elongate rhizome; stems up to 3.5 dm high, simple, terminating in a spike-like raceme; basal leaves with long slender petioles and oblong blades; stem leaves linear lanceolate, acute to attenuate, pale green beneath, with prominent midvein, lineolate white reticulum and revolute margin; the scarious buff ocreae and the ensheathing petiole sparsely, minutely puberulent; racemes bulbiliferous except for the 1-3 staminate flowers expanding toward the summit; bulbils maroon, pointed, rounded at base, 3-5 mm long; pedicels of staminate flowers jointed below the perianth; sepals pinkish, stamens 8 with reddish anthers; perfect flowers and fruits not seen. Young plants bear leaves with very slender petioles and elliptic to ovate-deltoid blades.--Rare. This alpine species has recently invaded the shore swamp of L Superior at Stony Point, St. Louis Co. 22971 wedges of grasses and mosses, among boulders; also in Cook Co. Nfld to Minn, Eurasia. Je-Jy. 161

P. amphibium L. var. stipulaceum (Coleman) Fern. Showy Smartweed. Variable aquatic or terrestrial plants with elongate rhizomes rooting at nodes; stems erect or horizontal, sparingly branched, leafy to the apex, smooth or hirsute; leaves generally oblong ovate to lanceolate with rounded or cuneate bases; sheaths tubular, smooth or strigose with or without flange; spikes up to 3 cm long, 1-3, on glabrous peduncles; flowers bright pink to deep rose, on different plants, usually dimorphic, with long-exserted styles and included stamens, or exserted stamens and included styles, or frequently, exserted stamens with large anthers and exserted styles in the same flower; styles filamentous with capitate stigmas; anthers versatile; achenes orbicular, dark brown in age. Sheaths with horizontal everted flange, usually bristly-ciliate and sparingly strigose to densely hirsute, in terrestrial habitats; stems erect to declining. Stems and leaves glabrous or sparingly strigose above; internodes generally glabrous . . P. amphibium var. stipulaceum Stems and leaves generally bristly hirsute . f. hirtuosum Sheaths without flange, leaves long-petioled, floating; plants generally smooth, in aquatic habitats f. fluitans Var. stipulaceum. A1899 Long L, headwaters of St. Louis R; 15486 plants floating, swampy shore of Vermilion L; f. hirtuosum (Farw.) Fern. 2124 shore of small 1 s of Markham. 15779 Grassy Bay of Sand Pt L; f. fluitans (Eat.) Fern. 16715 shore of Lac La Croix e of the resort; 13505 shallow water of 1 se of Gilbert, Hwy 20. Aug-Sept. P. coccineum Muhl. Scarlet Smartweed. Plants up to 8 dm tall, erect or decumbent, aquatic habits, arising from strong creeping rhizomes; internodes glabrous or hirsute; ocreae usually hairy; leaves ovate-lanceolate with rounded or cordate bases, sometimes lance-acuminate; sheaths scabrous or strigose; petioles attached near or below the middle; peduncles glandular, becoming glabrate; spikes 1-3, usually 2, about 1 cm thick in anthesis; flowers crimson, probably dimorphic but most flowers examined in full anthesis have mature anthers with elongate, long-exserted filaments, exserted styles, with stigmas capitate; achenes dark, nearly orbicular in age. Plants in n lakes often float by means of inflated stems. Plants aquatic, floating leaves and branches glabrous; peduncle usually glandular var. coccineum f. natans Plants terrestrial, scabrous pubescent or glabrous. Petioles attached below the midpoint of sheaths var. coccineum Petioles attached near the midpoint of sheaths var. pratincola

Var. coccineum. On shores of most n lakes. 4822 rocky shore of Vermilion L, Soudan; 12143 shore of Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Que to Wash, sw to Tex, Calif. Aug-Sept. f. natans (Wieg.) Stanf. Associated with typical form, 15648 shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 15757 shore of Grassy Bay, Sand Pt L. Var. pratincola (Greene) Stanf. Most common form of the species in area. 15755 erect plants in shallow water of Grassy Bay, Sand Pt L; 9636 shore of Kabetogama L. Plains states, s to Mex. P. sagittatum L. Tear-thumb. Stems prostrate or reclining upon other vegetation, usually with geniculate nodes; striate internodes clothed with recurved sharp prickles; leaves sagittate with ciliate margin, prickly on midribs beneath; flowers several in spikes on elongate clavate peduncles; calyx white to roseate; achenes dark brown, trigonous with concave sides.-Common, moist depressions of shores and forest throughout area. 3976 swampy area, Rice Pt near Interstate Bridge, Duluth; 12911 Chamaedaphne bog, Rainy L, Kettle Falls. Nfld to Sask, s to Fla, Tex. Je-Aug.

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P. Convolvulus L. Common Bindweed. Annual twining plants with branching stems and ovate or deltoid cordate leaves, glabrous or generally minutely puberulent; sheaths smooth and scarious; flowers greenish white in terminal interrupted racemes, the outer sepals keeled or sometimes with narrowly crested wing; achene trigonous, dull brown punctate.--Common throughout area. 15097 high rocks above Lost L, Kabetogama Pen; 1585 in sand, Minn Pt, Duluth. Ihroughout range. Introd from Eu. Je-Aug. P. cilinode Michx. Fringed Bindweed. Perennial plants with prostrate, sprawling, or twining stems, sometimes erect, in f. erectum (Peck) Fern; internodes hard, minutely puberulent, dark brown; sheaths oblique, retrorsely bristly ciliate at base; leaves ovate to deltoid and deeply cordate, minutely pubescent above and beneath; flowers white, in paniculate clusters, showy and numerous; achenes smooth, lustrous black.--Common throughout. 1566 Minn Pt, Duluth; 15748 lichen mats, high rocks, Sand Pt L. Je-Aug. f. erectum (Peck) Fern. 7623 rdside gravel, Island L, n of Duluth; 15618 rocky ridge at gorge inlet of Bear Trap R, to Iron L. Nfld to Que, s to Pa, NC. Je-Aug. P. cristatum Engelm. Crested-Bindweed. Stems twining, glabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves ovate deltoid with broad shallow sinus; fruiting achenes with crimped, incised wings; achenes lustrous, dark brown to black.--Infrequent. 3885 crevices in granite n of Orr, Crane L Rd; 13290 Ash R terrace, Frontier Lodge. NY to Minn, s to Fla, Tex. Jy-Oct. P. scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. Plants twining; stems wide spreading; leaves ovatecordate or hastate acuminate at apex, glabrous or minutely puberulent; fruiting racemes up to 3 cm thick; wings of fruit decurrent on pedicel, l%-3 mm broad at summit, greenish white to roseate, shirred or crimped; achenes dark, lustrous.--Occasional, shores and rdsides. 6818 St. Louis R bank, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 15749 sloping rocks, Sand Pt L. INS to Man, s to Fla, Tex. Aug-Oct. P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Mexican Bamboo. Japanese Jointbush. Stems up to 3 m tall, in clumps, strict or somewhat branched from stout spreading rhizomes; sheaths deciduous; flowers white in spreading axillary panicles; fruit winged, white.--A regrettable introduction. 5508 Tischer Cr slope, ne side of Hunter's Hill, Duluth, flowers; 11407 thicket, Caribou L bank not far from a cabin, 14 mi nw of Duluth. Native of Japan.

Fagopyrum Mill. Buckwheat (L. fagus, beech, Gr. pyros, wheat) F. sagittatum Gilib. Buckwheat. Plants annual, 3-4 dm tall, minutely puberulent; stems branching below; nodes becoming somewhat enlarged; sheaths white, cylindric; leaves long-petioled; blades deltoid, hastate-cordate; flowers white or pinkish in corymbose clusters; anthers 8, pink, distinct, with transverse connective; achene acute, trigonous with concave sides, exserted.--Barely escaping from cult. 16534 in rdside gravel, Greenwood L area, Lake Co. Je-Aug. Polygonella Michx. Jointweed (Diminutive of Polygonwa) P. articulata (L.) Meisn. Northern Jointweed. Heath-like annual with slender wiry stems; 163

leaves linear with revolute blades, jointed at bases; flowers solitary, nodding, each from the axil of an entire funnel-form overlapping sheath; pedicel clavate, jointed below the midpoint; sepals white or pink; stamens 8; bases of filaments dilated; achene 3-angled with concave sides, exserted.--Infrequent. 1760 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth, Me to Minn, s la, NC. Jy-Sept.

CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) Annual herbs with simple, alternate leaves without stipules; calyx 1-5-lobed, rarely wanting in pistillate flowers; petals none; stamens as many as the sepals; pistils 2-3-carpellate with as many styles, ovary 1-locular with a single basal ovule; fruit a utricle, rarely an achene, within persistent calyx or bracteoles; embryo variously coiled with or without endosperm. Flowers apetalous, hypogynous, regular, syncarpous. Several of these plants are garden weeds, but some are pot herbs. Their cult relatives include beets and spinach. Calyx persistent in fruit; flowers usually perfect. Fruiting calyx appendaged with scarious wings. Flowers subtended by a single bract; leaf tips soft. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate Cycloloma Leaves lance-linear, entire Kochia Flowers subtended by 2 foliar bracts; leaves becoming spine-tipped Salsola Fruiting calyx not appendaged with wings. Flowers in small clusters; sepals 4-5; utricle without wing margin . . . . Chenopodium Flowers solitary in prolonged spikes; sepal 1; utricle wing-margined . . . Corispermum. Calyx wanting, the fruit invested within persistent bracts; leaves deltoid-hastate . . . . Atriplex

Cycloloma Moq. Winged-pigweed (Gr. kuklos, circle, loma, border) C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged-tumbleweed. Diffusely branched tumbleweeds with globose-compressed crowns up to 6 dm tall, often 9 dm wide, purple at maturity; stems and leaves tomentose or glabrate; flowering branches slender, moniliform, with numerous solitary flowers in axils; flowering calyx 2-3 mm long; sepals keeled and hooded, declining toward the center, in age becoming encircled by a scarious scalloped wing just below the level of the sinuses; stamens 5; styles 3, capillary; pericarp semitransparent, surrounding the discshaped horizontal seed with a marginal notch; embryo annular around the rim of the endosperm. --Occurs in area only in sands of filled-in beaches about the harbor. 1632 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 1632 small artificial island in Duluth Harbor. Man to Ariz, ne to NE, NJ. Je-Sept.

Kochia Roth. Summer Cypress (Dedicated to W. D. J. Koch, German botanist) K. Scoparia (L.) Roth. Broom Cypress. Pyramidal annuals, up to 1 m tall, with intricate

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branches; stems striate, angled, reddish in age; leaves 3-veined, linear attenuate, narrowed below the middle into broad hirtellous bases, often pubescent on margins; flowers commonly perfect, in terminal or axillary spikes with woolly subtending bracts; calyx 5-lobed; stamens 5, exserted; pistil 2-carpellate; styles subulate, minutely puberulent; fruiting calyx pentagonal, 2-3 mm wide; sepals with transverse wing appendage; pericarp free from seed; embryo annular.--19584 large plants, blvd at First St and 7th Ave e, Duluth. Escaping from cult. Introd from Eu. Sept-Oct!

Chenopodium L. Goosefoot (Gr. chen, goose, pous, foot) Annual herbs with ovate to deltoid-hastate leaves; blades coarsely sinuous-dentate; flowers bractless on more or less fleshy receptacles, in axillary glomerules or spicate panicles; peduncles suppressed or elongate, subtended by bracts; calyx 4-5, greenish to crimson, with persisting sepals; stamens 4-5; styles 2; utricle vertical or horizontal, with loose or close pericarp; embryo almost completely circular; plants usually clothed with farinose granules. Leaves ovate to triangular, hastate, palmately 3-5-veined. Calyx green, if reddish never becoming fleshy; flowers in terminal panicles C. hybridum Calyx crimson, flowers coalesced into capitate axillary clusters C. capitatum Leaves rhombic-ovate to linear-lanceolate, pinnately veined. Plants erect. Sepals flat to convex, flowers in leafy spikes, fruit vertical C. rubrum Sepals strongly keeled or crested along midrib. Leaves rhombic-ovate C. album Leaves linear-lanceolate C. leptophyllum Plants prostrate, leaves undulate on margins, whitened beneath by farinose granules . . . . . . . . C. glaucum C. hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Plants up to 1 m tall; stems smooth, angled, green to reddish; leaves thin with blades usually longer than petioles, lobing and venation suggestive of a maple leaf; panicle terminal, with ascending branches and small clusters of flowers; pericarp thin, readily rubbing off the lustrous seed; seed sometimes 2 mm in diameter.--Common, shores and rocky woods, 2182 sand under pines, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9406 Park Pt resort grounds, Kabetogama L. NS to BC, s to Ky, Mo, w to Calif. JyOct. C. capitatum (L.) Aschers. Strawberry Blite. Leaves triangular-hastate, coarsely sinuous dentate or entire, with petiole often longer than the blades, becoming red-veined, especially in post-anthesis; flowers at length become fleshy and coalesce into a head-like mass, striking because of its crimson color and juicy texture. Plants frequently occur in disturbed soils, on burns, in crevices, and on shores. 2549 clefts of basalt, Haine's Cliff, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 7625 gravelly rdbed, Island L, 20 mi n of Duluth. Gaspe Pen to Alas, s to centr states. Je-Oct. C. album L. Lamb's-quarters. Plants up to 1 m tall; stems stout, usually green, striate, often branched from the base, larger leaves rhombic, sinuously lobed, white mealy beneath; flowers in farinose glomerules forming paniculate spikes; sepals broadly scarious-margined, 165

with a narrow green convex or slightly keeled center horizontal utricle closely invested by the calyx; pericarp readily removable by rubbing; seeds black, lustrous, 1.5 mm in diameter, radially striate. 20404 sandy clearing, Island L Resort, Hwy 73, s of Hibbing; 21186 shore vegetation of L Superior, Knife R, Lake Co.--Common throughout area. Natzd from Eu. Je-Oct. C. rubrum L. Coast Elite. Plants up to 8 dm tall glabrous; stems terete to angular, reddish or red, striate; leaves rhombic to ovate, sinuously dentate; glomerules leafy-bracted almost up to the apex; calyx becoming red in age; utricle usually vertical; pericarp firmly adhering but removable by rubbing from the lustrous black seed.--Infrequent. Disturbed soils and shores. 1854 Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Wash, through interior to NM, w to Calif. Aug-Oct. C. leptophyllum Nutt. Narrow-leaved Goosefoot. Plants up to 8 dm tall; stems with smooth ascending branches; leaves abundantly farinose, becoming green in age; flowers in dense glomerules in spicate interrupted panicles; sepals prominently crested; calyx investing the utricle; pericarp free from the horizontal seed, about 1 mm in diameter.--Occasional on shores. 1757 in sand among grasses, Minn Pt, Duluth; 15020 shore of Kabetogama L, opposite Pine Island. Coastal sands to Me, Va, in the interior from Ont, to Alta, to Mex. Je-Aug. C. glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Plants stems low, farinose, with inflated white hairs; leaves lanceolate, deeply lobed, sinuses rounded, white farinose beneath, suggestive of oak leaves; flowers in axillary and terminal glomerules; sepals flattish, somewhat spreading in fruit; pericarp loose, fruits not consistently horizontal.--Occasional in the interior, cult soils and shores. 1716 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. 4591 barnyard, Palo, White T. n and centr states. Jy-Oct.

Atriplex L. Orach (Ancient L. name) A. patula L. var. hastata (L.) Gray. Garden Orach. Plants sparingly scurfy with striate branching stems; leaves succulent, sinuate-toothed on margins; pistillate flowers naked, invested within bracteoles, enlarging and becoming tuberculate in fruit; utricle erect with 2 styles; staminate flower with 5-lobed calyx and 5 stamens. The plants have superficial resemblance to species of Chenopodium. Infrequent except in Duluth area. 1791 Superior Bay shore, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld, BC, southw across continent.

Corispermum L. Bugseed (Gr. coris, bedbug, sperma, seed, from fancied resemblance to bedbug) Annuals with pal, stamens Subtending 1 mm thick Subtending

bushy, ascending branches; flowers in apical, spicate clusters; calyx of 1 se1-2; ovary 2-carpellate, 1-locular, with 2 styles persisting in fruit. floral bracts ovate-acuminate, 7-10 mm long; fruit 4-4.5 mm long; axis of spike C. hyssopifolium. floral bracts acute; fruit 3-3.5 mm long; axis of spike less than 1 mm thick . . C. nitidum 166

C. hyssopifolium L. Common Bugseed. Plants bushy, diffusely branching, up to 6 dm tall; internodes stellate pubescent, becoming glabrous; leaves linear, hirtellous, commonly 1-nerved and suffused with red along the veins; flowers in axils of imbricated bracts with broadly scarious dilated bases; sepal delicate, transparent; style bases included in the marginal wing of the achene, their free tips with delicate persistent stigmas; body of the achenes 4-5 mm long, oval, convex on the back, concave ventrally; pericarp shiny; embryo curved.--Pioneer plant in the vegetation of sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth. 1770 bare gravel, near Superior entry, s end of Minn Pt. Que to Pacific coast; in the interior Mo, Okla, Mex. Aug-Oct. C. nitidum. Kit. Shiny Bugseed. Differs from the preceding species in having slender stems and more loosely imbricate spikes. Subtending bracts and fruits are also shorter; fruit sometimes is suborbicular with broadly rounded apex; marginal wing predominantly yellowish in color; fruit slightly concave below, flattened above. Occurs in colonies with the preceding species. 19573 sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; also in L of the Woods Co, Can border, on Curry's Island, about 3 mi from mouth of Rainy R. Mich to 111, Minn, ND, Ida, s Tex. Sept-Oct.

Salsola L. Saltwort (L. salsus, salty) S. Kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch. Russian Thistle. Coarse diffusely branched tumbleweed, with dome-like crown, breaking off from the root at soil level; stems terete, scabrous, pubescent; leaves subulate and dilate-based, more or less succulent when young; flowers solitary in leaf axils, subtended by 2 bracts with greenish center and broadly scarious margins; calyx deeply cleft; lobes veiny, translucent, crested, converging toward the center around the style; fruit a semitransparent utricle allowing one to see the coiled embryo with green cotyledons; radicle colorless; endosperm lacking.--Infrequent. Known in area, from sands of Minn Pt, Duluth; J221 bayside beach. Transcontinental weed, especially common in plains states, where they blow wheel-fashion in winter winds, piling high against fences.

AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) Annual herbs with alternate leaves; leaves simple without stipules; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious, interspersed with bracts; sepals 3-5; petals wanting; stamens 2-5; pistil 1, 3carpellate, 1-locular; fruit a 1-seeded utricle or pyxis opening transversely with a lid.

Amaranthus L. Amaranth (Gr. amarantos, unfading, applying to flowers) Flowers in clusters, each usually subtended by 3, more or less scarious bracts; sepals inconspicuous, glabrous, persistent; stamens mostly 5 with 2-loculed anthers; stigmas linear, 2-3, persistent in fruit; pericarp rugulose above the line of dehiscence; seed with annular embryo rimming the endosperm. 167

Flowers terminal in dense panicles; bracts keeled, acuminate, awned or spine-tipped; sepals oblong, minutely aristate A. retroflexus Flowers axillary in small clusters. Stems erect with loosely spreading branches; bracts subulate-aristate; sepals lanceolate, bristle-tipped A. albus Stems prostrate with decumbent branches; bracts and sepals ovate, weakly aristate . . . . A. graecizans A. retroflexus L. Rough Pigweed. Plants coarse, up to 1 m tall, upright, with stout ascending branches; stems angled, striate, viscid-pubescent; leaves up to 10 cm long, with petiole equaling to exceeding the blade; blades ovate-rhombic, puberulent on the veins below, and crenulate margin; panicle compact, lobulate, up to 1.5 dm long; subtending bracts 4-9 mm long, surpassing the 5 scarious sepals; fruit rugulose, exserted; seeds lustrous blackish brown, about 1 mm broad.--Frequent, gardens, waste ground. 1712 Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13836 cleared area, seaplane base at Crane L. Throughout NA. Aug-Oct. A. albus L. White Amaranth. Plants .2-1 m tall, bushy, branched; stems light green, appearing white at a distance, glabrous to minutely puberulent on younger branches; leaves up to 8 cm long, petioled, with obovate to ovate aristate blades, somewhat rugulose on drying; principal veins white; margins white, appearing crisped on drying; bracts 5-6 mm long; sepals 3, scarious, 1.5-2.5 mm long; stamens 3; fruit exserted; seeds shiny black, 1 mm broad.--Local and infrequent. 1714 sand, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 22594 bare soil, Allen Ave near Woodland, Duluth. Throughout US, Can. Sept-Oct. A. graecizans L. Prostrate Amaranth. Stems procumbent, much-branched, up to 5 dm long, often forming radiate mats in open fields; internodes glabrous or somewhat puberulent on younger growth; leaves 1-4 cm long; blades obovate, mostly rounded, aristate, attenuate to slender petioles, margin entire with a whitish border; flowers in congested clusters; bracts somewhat longer than the sepals, both reddish in maturity; fruit exserted; seeds 1-2 mm broad, lustrous blackish brown.--Occasional. 9896 rdside, s of Ely; 22602 damp sand, Sky Harbor, Minn Pt, Duluth. w US, local in e states. Jy-Oct.

NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY) Perennial herbs with simple, mostly opposite, leaves without stipules; flowers subtended by involucral bracts; calyx 5-parted, tubular, petaloid; corolla wanting; stamens 5; pistil 1carpellate with a single stigma; ovary 1-locular, 1-seeded, maturing within the closely invested calyx tube; fruit an achene (anthocarp); flowers synsepalous, apetalous, hypogynous, apocarpous, regular.

Mirabilis L. Four-o'clock (L. mirabilis, wonderful) Involucre of 5 united bracts, bell-shaped, becoming pentagonal and veiny in fruit; calyx tube in anthesis shorter than the colored limb; stamens 3-5, rarely with forked filaments; stigma 168

capitate; anthocarp 5-ribbed. In each species fascicles of calcium oxalate crystals appear as white spindle-shaped bodies, conspicuous and abundant in the involucral bracts, readily seen under a binocular microscope. Plants glabrous, or nearly so, below the inflorescence; leaves ovate, petioled

M. nyctaginea Plants generally hirsute throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile or with short petioles M. hirsuta M. nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Plants with smooth forking stems up to 1 m tall, arising from strong spreading roots; nodes enlarged; leaves broadly ovate-cordate or rounded at bases; cymes spreading; involucre with 3-5 flowers; limb of anthocarp viscid-pubescent.--Occasional in disturbed soils. 2042 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 7329 gravelly terrace, St. Louis R near Brookston. Wis to Man, s to Tex. Jy-Oct. M. hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. Hairy Four-o'clock. Plants up to 8 dm tall, glandular-hirsute, arising from strong, extensively branching roots; flowers 3-5 to a bract in cymose clusters; anthocarp obovoid, strongly 5-ribbed, pebbled between the ribs.--Occasional in area. 1630 sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11272 Indian L Terrace, Rollins. Sask to Okla to Ariz, Mex. Jy-Oct.

AIZOACEAE (CARPETWEED FAMILY) Annual herbs with whorled leaves; flowers perfect; sepals 5, petaloid; petals lacking; stamens 5; pistil 3-carpellate; styles 3; stigmas capitate; capsule loculicidal.

Mollugo L. Indian Chickweed (Name from galium mollugo, alluding to whorled leaves) M. verticillata L. Plants prostrate annuals, with radially spreading branches, from rosette leaves crowning the taproot; cauline leaves in whorls of 3-10, oblanceolate-attenuate to short petiolate bases; sepals 5, 3-nerved, broadly margined and striped with white; stamens alternate with sepals; capsule 4-5 mm long; styles persistent; stigmas .5 mm wide; seeds many, reniform, separating from the axis of the capsule; testa reddish brown, minutely striate.-Frequent, sandy soil throughout area. 4262 bayside sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13346 Ash R terrace at Frontier Lodge. Ont, Que, Fla, Tex. Je-Nov.

PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY) Fleshy annual or perennial herbs with simple leaves; sepals 2; petals usually 5; stamens 5many; pistil 3-5-carpellate; ovary 1-locular with basal placenta; capsule opening by valves or a lid; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous or partly epigynous, syncarpous, regular. 169

Flowers yellow, ovary half-inferior; leaves alternate Flowers pink; ovary superior; leaves opposite

Portulaca Claytonia

Portulaca L. Purslane (L. alludes to purgative properties of some species) P. oleraceae L. Common Purslane. Plants smooth, prostrate, mat-forming succulents; stems terete; leaves flat, wedge-shaped; flowers solitary or in compact clusters of a few at the ends of branches; calyx 2-parted, the tube short, adherent to the basal half of the ovary; stamens usually 8; style branches 6-8; capsule many-seeded.--Occasional on shores or in cult ground. 1650 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13826 shore of pond, Crane L seaplane base. US, s Can. Jy-Sept.

Claytonia L. Spring Beauty (Named for John Clayton, early American botanist) Plants smooth fleshy perennials from compressed corms; stems with 2 opposite leaves; flowers in terminal racemes; sepals 2, accrescent in age; petals 5, pink with deeper colored veins; stamens 5, opposite the petals; styles 1; stigmas 3; capsule valves inrolling on opening. Leaf blades lanceolate to broadly ovate, sharply narrowing to petioles . . C. caroliniana Leaf blades linear, attenuate, without distinct petiole C. virginica C. caroliniana Michx. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty. Stems usually several, from a corm, with 2 opposite leaves near the summit (rarely another one below); basal leaves long-petioled from the corm caudex; leaves 3-8 cm long; blades 7-18 (30) mm wide; flowers up to 10 on slender arching pedicels; sepals ovate, obtuse, concave, the margins inrolling below; petals 8-10 mm long; bases of filaments dilated, adnate with the petal claw; anthers pink; seeds 1.5 mm wide, shiny black, lenticular; testa minutely stippled.--Common, rich soil of mixed hardwood forest in s half of St. Louis Co. 3462 oak-maple forest, Garden St at Arlington Ave, Duluth; Nb5-937, Laurentian Divide, 2 mi n of Virginia. Nfld to Sask, s to NC, Tenn. My-Je. C. virginica L. Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty. Differs from the preceding species in having linear, obscurely petioled leaves, 4-6 mm wide, with tapering ends; racemes often larger, up to 15-flowered; sepals broadly rounded in anthesis.--Rich alluvial soil, river terrace in s part of St. Louis Co. 4283 Mission Cr woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 6838 elm forest, Whiteface R w of Cotton. NE to Que, s to Ga, Ala, La, Tex. My-Je.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) Herbs with opposite entire leaves, rarely whorled; flowers solitary or cymose, 4-5-parted, mostly'perfect; stamens 4-10; pistil 2-5 carpellate, 1-locular (rarely more), with free central placenta; seeds usually many; flowers apopetalous, syncarpous, hypogynous, regular. 170

Sepals separate. Leaves whorled, stipulate; capsules 5-valved, seeds winged Leaves opposite without stipules. Petals cleft. Capsules cylindric, curved at apex, dehiscent by 10 apical teeth; styles 5

Spergula

Cerastium Capsules ovoid, dehiscent by 3 valves; styles 3 Stellaria Petals entire, rarely emarginate or lacking. Leaves filiform; flower solitary, 4-parted; petals sometimes wanting . . . . Sagina Leaves lanceolate to ovate, up to 5 mm broad; flowers showy in cymes, 5-parted . . . Arenaria Sepals united. Base of calyx with bracts; styles 2. Bracts papery or scarious, flowers solitary Tunica Bracts foliose; flowers in congested cymes Dianthus Base of calyx without bracts; styles 2-5. Styles 2-3, capsules dehiscent by apical teeth, ovary sometimes 2-locular; flowers perfect. Styles 3, capsules dehiscent by 6 teeth; calyx usually inflated in fruit . . Silene Styles 2, capsule dehiscent by 4 teeth; calyx not inflated Saponaria Styles 5, rarely fewer, capsule opening by 10 teeth, sometimes septate; flowers dioecious Lychnis

Spergula L. Spurrey (L. spargo, scatter) S. arvensis L. Corn Spurrey. Sparingly glandular pubescent annual herbs with ascending muchbranched stems up to 3 dm tall; leaves clustered, appearing whorled, narrowly linear or filiform; stipules small; cymes diffuse; petals slightly shorter than the sepals; stamens usually 10, styles 5, capsule 1-locular, 5-valved; seeds nearly orbicular, 1.5 mm in diameter, with a narrow annular wing.--Occasional, cult lands. 5808 garden of W Lakela, Palo; 11364 fields, University of Minn, Northeast Experiment Station, Duluth. Introd from Eu, cosmop. NS to Alas, s to Va, Mo, Calif. Je-Aug.

Cerastium L. Mouse-Ear Chickweed (Gr. cerastes, horned, for shape of capsule) Annual or perennial pubescent herbs with 5-parted flowers; petals cleft; stamens 10; capsule cylindric, curving at apex, opening by 10 teeth; seeds minutely roughened. Plants annual C. nutans Plants perennial with basal offshoots. Upper internodes conspicuously elongate; cauline leaves elliptic C. vulgatum Upper internodes not elongate; cauline leaves linear-subulate C. arvense C. nutans Raf. Nodding Mouse-Ear Chickweed. Plants annual, up to 5 dm tall, viscid hairy, with simple stems or branching from the base; leaves spatulate to lanceolate, 4-12 mm wide; 171

cymes terminal or axillary, mostly dichotomous, spreading and diffuse, many-flowered; petals conspicuous white; fruiting pedicels up to 3.5 cm long, sharply curved at apex, usually bringing the horn-like capsule to a horizontal position; capsule thin-walled, lustrous, straw-colored, usually 3 times as long as the calyx; seeds reddish brown, papillose.--Common in strips of vegetation especially on high rocks northw. 15230 mossy cliff on island, Kabetogama L; 2407 in moist moss, flat basaltic outcrops, Duluth hills. NE to DC, s to Fla and Tex. My-Jy. C. vulgatum L. Common Mouse-Ear Chickweed. Plants perennial by leafy offshoots from the base; stems up to 4 dm tall, densely hirsute, or glandular-pubescent in f. glandulosum. (Boenn. ) Druce; uppermost internodes usually longest; leaves ovate-lanceolate sessile, hirsute above and beneath, the longest hairs often with pustular bases; flowers in forking cymes; bracts green with broad scarious margins; sepals 5-7 mm long, hirsute, broadly scarious or white on margins; petals 6-8 nm long, surpassing the sepals; fruiting pedicels recurved; capsule about twice as long as the calyx; seeds reddish brown, minutely papillose.--Common throughout area. 8377 shore of Armstrong L, e of Soudan; 15496 Vermilion L, w end; f. glandalosum 11783 resort grounds at Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 10709 rocky slope below Skyline Pkwy, 39th Ave W, Duluth. Transcontinental. Introd from Eu. My-Jy. C. arvense L. Field Chickweed. Plants perennial by basal offshoots, stems up to 3 dm tall, hirsute with reflexed hairs; leaves narrowly ovate to linear subulate, with conspicuous axillary leafy branches; cymes long-peduncled, usually forking; sepals ovate, 5-8 mm long; petals conspicuous, bright white, about twice as long as the sepals; capsules usually horizontal, more than twice as long as the calyx; seeds reddish brown, papillose.--Infrequent. 2406 grassy bank, Chester Pk, Duluth; 13151 lichen mats, Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Lab to Alas, Del to NM, Calif. My-Je.

Stellaria L. Chickweed (L. stella, star, for star-shaped flowers) Diffuse, reclining, sometimes matted annual or perennial herbs; flowers 5-parted; petals cleft; stamens 10; capsule dehiscing to the base by 3 valves; seeds minutely rugose, numerous. Styles 5, leaves broadly ovate with cordate sessile base at least above; leaves often variegated with white S. aqaatica Styles 3 (sometimes 4). Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled S. media Leaves linear to elliptic, not distinctly petioled. Flowers usually solitary; petals often wanting; sepals broadly margined with white . . 5. calycantha Flowers in diffuse cymes; leaves linear, lanceolate or elliptic; petals conspicuous. Sepals distinctly 3-veined; inflorescence terminal 5. graminea Sepals not distinctly veined; inflorescence lateral /S. longifolia S. aquatica (L.) Scop. Water Chickweed. Plants perennial; stems up to 7 dm long, viscidpubescent, decumbent; leaves 2-6 cm long, up to 2 cm wide, ovate or broadly lanceolate, usually sessile, glabrate, or pubescent beneath, sparingly ciliate; sepals ovate, 4-5 mm long,

172

glandular-pubescent, margins broadly white, scarious; petals white, conspicuous, 3-4 times as long as the sepals; capsule ovoid, about twice as long as the sepals; seed reddish brown, tuberculate. --Occasional throughout area. 4132 Oatka Beach Addition, Duluth; 18190 Curtain Falls, Crooked L, on resort grounds. Que to BC, s to La. Adv from Eu. Je-Aug. 5. media (L. ) Cyrill. Common Chickweed. Plants annual, matted; stems up to 5 dm tall, soft, pubescent in lines more or less reclining; leaves ovate, petioled, usually with rounded bases; petioles, pedicels, and leaves softly pubescent; cymules simple, leaf-bracted; petals sometimes lacking; seeds minutely pebbled.--Common in moist disturbed soils. 1651 under willows, bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9758 Fenske L, Echo Trail n of Ely. Cosmop weed, adv from Eu. My-Oct. 5. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. isophylla Fern. Northern Chickweed. Plants perennial from slender stolons; stems decumbent, glabrous; leaves elliptic to narrowly linear-lanceolate, with a prominent midrib; flowers axillary; sepals 4 mm long, acute with broad white or scarious margins; petals, if present, shorter and narrower than sepals; capsules blackish, ovoidconical surpassing the calyx.--Common in sphagnaceous bogs, usually matted in mossy depressions; 8250 springy terrace, Prairie L; 7042 boggy lakeshore near Skibo. Var. floribunda Fern. , cymes becoming diffuse, terminal; 17882 deep moist sphagnum, spruce forest, near Wahlsten Sta, Hwy 35. Nfld to Alas, NS to Pa, w to Minn, U. Je-Aug. 5. graminea L. Common Stitchwort. Plants perennial; stems more or less reclining, up to 4 dm long, glabrous; internodes 4-angled; leaves lanceolate, linear-elliptic; inflorescence diffuse dichasial cymes; pedicels clavate; bracts scarious, finely ciliate; sepals up to 4 mm long, lanceolate acute, with recurved tips, prominently 3-nerved, ciliate, scarious or white on margins; petals surpassing the sepals, bright white; capsules terete; seeds rugose, reddish brown.--Occasional in waste ground. 6925 Oatka Beach marsh, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10653 logging trail through bog, Prairie L. Nfld to Que, Ont to Minn, NC to Wash. Adv. Je-Aug. 5. longifolia Muhl. var. longifolia. Long-leaved Chickweed. Plants erect to decumbent, growing in dense colonies; stems up to 4 dm long, smooth to scabrous; leaves linear, 3-4 cm long, with strong midrib; cymes lateral, dichasial, soon surpassed by leafy branches; sepals 2-3 mm long, acute, scarious-margined, indistinctly veined; petals 3-4 mm long, deeply cleft; capsules 4-6 mm long, exserted, usually pale; seeds smooth, pale brown.--Var. longifolia the most common chickweed throughout area; 6463 sandbar island, Duluth Harbor; 8351 springy terrace on Prairie L. Nfld to Alas, s to Ky, La. Je-Jy. Var. atrata J. W. Moore. Differs from var. longifolia in having purplish black capsules.--Frequent in wooded areas. 10261 lichen mats on shore ledges of Kabetogama L, near Gappa's Landing; 13357 ash forest, Moose Bay Trail from Frontier Lodge, Ash R. Lab to Alas, Rocky Mts, and Calif. Je-Jy.

Sagina L. Pearlwort (Ancient name, sagina,

fattening)

S. procumbens L. Creeping Pearlwort. Small annual or perennial, glabrous, mat-forming herbs with creeping stems; leaves linear subulate, mucronate, stipulate, connate at bases; flowers solitary on elongate filiform pedicels; sepals ovate; petals white, entire or wanting; stamens 4, included; capsule 2-3 mm long, commonly nodding; seeds .4 mm long, pebbled, obliquely

173

reniform, dark brown.--Rare. 2561 moist mossy border of pond, under spruce and pine, Forest Hill Cemetery, Duluth, growing with native violets. Nfld to Minn, s to WVa. Eu. Je-Jy.

Arenaria L. Sandwort (L. arena, sand) Tufted perennials with sessile leaves; stipules wanting; flowers 5-merous; stamens 10; pistil 3-carpellate; capsule splitting into 6 valves; seeds commonly many, with strophiole at the hilum. Sepals obtuse; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, puberulent, thin A. lateriflora Sepals acuminate; leaves lance-acuminate, glabrous, thick A. macrophylla A. lateriflora L. Grove Sandwort. Perennials up to 3 dm tall, with slender, creeping rhizomes; stems sparingly forking, minutely pubescent with white retrorse soft hairs; leaves 3 cm long, commonly with rounded obtuse apices, puberulent above and below and minutely ciliate; midribs pubescent below; inflorescence becoming lateral to a leafy branch near stem apex; flowers bright white; petals entire, obovate; anthers red or yellow; capsule conicovoid, each of the 3 valves bifid, in age; seeds obliquely reniform, 1-1.2 mm wide.--Frequent, hardwood forests and riverbanks. 3597 Mission Cr woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 9538 in rock seams, shore of Kabetogama L. Lab to Alas, s 111, w to ND. Je-Jy. A. macrophylla Hook. Large-leaved Sandwort. Resembles the preceding species in habit; differs from it in respect to lance-acuminate, glabrous, somewhat succulent leaves and scabrouspuberulent internodes; sepals 3-5 mm long, acuminate, scarious on margins; capsule globular, its expanded valves longer than the sepals; seeds lustrous brown, 1.7 mm wide.--Rare. 22190 base of crumbling slate bluff, Endless Waters Trail, Kawishiwi R, Lake Co. Also in Cook Co. Lab to Minn, NE, Ont, sw to Calif. Je-Jy.

Tunica Scop. Tunic (L. tunica, tunic, alluding to closely fitting bracts about the calyx) T. Saxifraga (L. ) Scop. Tunic Flower. Plants perennial, glabrous or minutely scabrous; stems decumbent, up to 4 dm long; leaves linear-subulate; inflorescence a cymose panicle; calyx 5, united, subtended by 2 pairs of scarious bracts; petals pinkish, shallowly notched or emarginate; capsules ovoid; seeds black, transversely finely striate.--Garden escape. 3992 wooded slope, Vermilion Dam, outlet of Vermilion L; locally estab in e states. Ont, Eu. Jy-Aug.

Dianthus L. Carnation (Gr. Dios, genitive of Zeus, anthos, flower) D. Armeria L. Deptford Pink. Plants biennial; stems stiff, up to 6 dm tall, pubescent at least above; leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous above and beneath, dark green; floral bracts

174

scabrous, strongly ribbed; cymes forking, few-flowered, in congested cymes; calyx 15 mm long, many-ribbed, reddish, finely pubescent; sepals acute; petals red-mottled with white dentate tips with limb longer than the calyx tube; styles 2; capsule dehiscing by 4 teeth.--Introd in lawn grasses. 18515 UMD grounds, among grasses. Widely estab. Que to DC, s to Mo, Ga. Adv from Eu. Aug-Sept.

Silene L. Catchfly (Gr. sialon, saliva, alluding to the glutinous internodes) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs; flowers in simple or compound cymes; calyx 5-toothed, becoming 10-20-nerved; stamens 10, styles 3 or rarely 4; ovary stalked; capsule 1- or sometimes 3-locular, or partly septate, dehiscent by apical teeth; petals bifid with a scale-like erect appendage at the base of limb. (S. Armeria L. appeared on a recent sandfill, Superior Bay shore, Minn Pt in 1954, but disappeared before it could be collected); abundant in gardens in area. Upper internodes glutinous 5. antirrhina Upper internodes nonglutinous. Plants viscid-hairy. Inflorescence dichotomous; flowers subsessile; calyx lobes deltoid; plants biennial . . -S. dichotoma Inflorescence not dichotomous; flowers pedicelled; calyx lobes subulate; plants annual S. noctiflora Plants glabrous. Calyx campanulate, reticulate-veined, and variegated with gray-lavender; plants perennial S. Cucubalus Calyx turbinate, faintly reticulate, and variegated; plants biennial . . . . 5. Cserei S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Plants annual or biennial, up to 7 dm tall; upper internodes glutinous, except in f. Deaneana Fern.; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; cymes dichotomous; flowers on erect stiff or slightly divergent pedicels; calyx globose, with 10 green ribs; sepals tipped with red; petals evanescent, clear white, or, in f. bicolor Farw., dark red beneath (best seen in early morning); capsules about equaling the sepals; seeds minutely pebbled.--Common, granite ledges in n part of area. f. antirrhina 15065 in dry lichen mats on high rocks above Lost Bay, Kabetogama Pen; f. Deaneana, 12769 lichen mats, shore of Little Vermilion R between Crane L and Loon L; f. bicolor, 14440 high rocks, Hammer L portage about 3 mi from Namekan Narrows; 14204 granite ledges, Namekan Narrows, Transcontinental. Je-Jy. •S. dichotoma Ehrh. Forking Catchfly. Plants up to 9 dm tall, pilose, hirsute; leaves lanceolate, the lowermost narrowing into petioles; lower nodes enlarged; inflorescence a dichasium, its branches becoming prolonged into secund racemes or spikes; flowers short-pedicelled; calyx narrow, cylindric, strongly 10-ribbed; each rib pectinate-ciliate; petals white; stamens and styles long exserted; capsules commonly 3-locular; seeds finely pebbled.--Rare in area. 10770 wooded slope, Duluth Heights, near Skyline Pkwy. Widely estab on rdsides, across continent. Adv from Eu. Je-Jy. 5. noctiflora L. Night-flowering Campion. Plants up to 8 dm tall; stems and foliage viscidvillous throughout, commonly intermixed with gland-tipped hairs; leaves up to 8 cm long, 175

ovate-lanceolate; blades sessile, the upper reduced progressively; peduncles commonly flowerbearing above the middle; flowers pedicelled in loose cymes; calyx ellipsoid, in fruit 1-2 cm long, green ribbed, terminating in subulate teeth; petals deeply cleft, white or pinkish; mature capsule 1-locular, exserted, yellowish; seeds 1-1.3 mm wide, numerous, grayish, pebbled, reniform.--Infrequent. P8-1-56, in a flowerbed, QSWRC grounds, Basswood L, Lake Co. Jy-Sept. Eu. 5. Cucubalus Wibel. Bladder Campion. Perennial, up to 6 dm tall, with glaucous, glabrous, or pubescent branched stems; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, with slightly crinkled, sometimes ciliate, margin; glabrous or pubescent above and beneath; cymes dichotomous, congested, many-flowered; pedicels slender; calyx 10-16 mm long, much inflated, campanulate, reticulateveined; petals showy white, stamens and styles long-exserted; capsules included, becoming partly septate in age; seeds 1.3 mm long, dark brown, semicircular, finely pebbled.--Occasional, cult soils and rdsides. 11033 gravel, Frying Pan L, Palo.; 14466 cleared forest border, Midway Rd near Nopeming. Transcontinental. Adv from Eu. Je-Aug. 5. Cserei Baumg. Lesser Bladder Campion. Plants biennial, otherwise similar to the preceding species; stems glaucous, smooth; inflorescence a forking cyme, often prolonged, few-flowered; calyx becoming turbinate or constricted at throat, somewhat inflated, reticulate-veined and variegated, often wholly suffused with pinkish lavender; petals, stamens and styles long exserted; capsules included or the apical teeth protruding between the sepals; ovary 3-locular; seeds brown, reniform, pebbled.--Occasional, shores and rdsides. 1767 bayshore of Minn Pt, Duluth; 10575 rd embankment, St. Louis R bridge, Hwy 2, near Brookston. Widely estab throughout continent. Adv from Eu. Je-Aug.

Saponaria L. Soapwort (L. sapo, soap, in allusion to lathering sap) Annual or perennial glabrous herbs; calyx cylindric to ovoid, sometimes winged; petals showy; styles 2, stamens 10; capsule opening by 4 valves, 1-locular. Plants perennial; calyx terete; petals crested 5. officinalis Plants annual; calyx wing-angled; petals not crested S. Vaccaria S. officinalis L. Bouncing-Bet. Coarse perennials up to 6 dm tall, from creeping rhizomes; stems glabrous, commonly branched; leaves elliptic ovate, 3-veined; flowers fragrant, roseate or white, borne in congested cymes often double; calyx 1.5-2.5 cm long, about 20-nerved; lobes short, deltoid; petals surpassing the calyx, conspicuously appendaged, stamens exserted; capsules oblong, seeds 1.4 mm wide, black, reticulate, reniform to suborbicular.--Occasional in area. 2376 pine woods, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9306 gravelly rdside, Hwy 1, s of Ely. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Aug. 5. Vaccaria L. Cow-cockle. Annual up to 5 dm tall, from slender taproot; stems branched above; leaves lanceolate, clasping at bases and commonly connate below; calyx 12-14 mm long, urnshaped, winged on ribs, lobes deltoid, roseate; petals 16-20 mm long, roseate; stamens and styles exserted; capsules opening by 4 valves; mature seeds not seen.--20510. rr right-of-way, New Duluth. Estab throughout n states. Adv from Eu. Je-Aug.

176

Lychnis L. Campion (Gr.

lychnos, flame, alluding to color)

Similar to Silene; plants generally viscid-hairy; styles 5, capsules opening by 10 apical teeth; flowers sometimes dioecious. Flowers dioecious, opening in the evening, petals showy white L. alba Flowers perfect. Inflorescence a terminal congested cyme; flowers scarlet L. Chalcedonica Inflorescence 1-many-flowered, loosely virgate cymes; flowers white . . . . L. Drummondii L. alba Mill. White Cockle. Plants up to 7 dm tall, biennial, widely branched) hirsute or scabrous; basal nodes often enlarged; leaves lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces, the lowermost narrowing to petioles; cymes dichasial; lateral peduncles prolonged; pedicel of the first flowers in pistillate inflorescences usually twice as long as the calyx; calyx glandular pubescent, in pistillate flowers somewhat inflated, 2-2.4 cm long, cylindric, strongly 10-ribbed, reticulate-veined between the ribs; petals 2.5-3 cm long; limb with 2-4-dentate appendages 1-2 mm long; styles exserted, their bases glandular; capsule short-stalked, included within the inflated calyx.--Common in area. 8397 shore, Armstrong L, ne of Soudan; 9050 cleared bank of Prairie L. Widely estab throughout continent. Je-Aug. L. Chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis. Perennial villous plants; leaves broadly lanceolate, clasping at base; inflorescence congested, the first flower of the cyme pedicelled, the lateral peduncles about 3 cm long, supporting glomerules of flowers; petal limbs spreading, scarlet, deeply notched; claws narrow, appendaged, subulate, 2-3 mm long; stamens and styles exserted; calyx becoming clavate at maturity; capsule 10 mm long, stalked, seeds red.--Escape from cult persisting in abandoned gardens. 10959 large colony, edge of alder swamp, near Duluth airport; 16250 clearing, Vermilion L bank, Treasure Island Resort. Introd. Jy-Aug. L. Drummondii (Hook.) S. Wats. Wand-Campion. Perennial viscid-pubescent plants up to 7 dm tall, strict or often branched; leaves oblanceolate to linear, the basal in simple rosettes; inflorescence a dichasium with stiff ascending peduncles or simple cymes or sometimes a solitary flower; calyx cylindric, 10-ribbed, with short triangular sepals; petals white, usually as long as the calyx, emarginate; claws auriculate; capsules oblong, as long as the inflated calyx; seeds tuberculate.--Rare. 2558 crevices of basaltic rocks, Skyline Pkwy, 40th Ave W, Duluth. Man, Neb, and westw. Je-Jy.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORNWORT FAMILY) Rootless perennial submersed aquatics with brittle stems and palmately dissected leaves in whorls; flowers monoecious, naked, axillary, subtended by whorled involucral bracts; staminate flowers with 12 or more stamens, 3 with short filaments and long anthers; anther connective terminating in points; pistil simple with 1 pendulous ovule; fruit an achene armed with prickles or spines. Ceratophyllum L. Hornwort (Gr. keras, horn, phyllon, leaf) 177

Leaf segments ascending, stiff, remotely serrate; achene with two basal prickles Leaf segments spreading, obscurely serrate; achene with several prickles

C. demersum . . C. echinatwn

C. demersum. L. Coontail. Submersed aquatic with prolonged branching stems; leaves dark green, remotely whorled toward base of stem, contiguous toward the apex; whole plant appearing taillike; winter buds closely imbricated; achene with persistent style more than twice as long as the body.--Common and abundant in shallow lakes and bays of deeper lakes throughout area. 9651 shore of island in Kabetogama L, opposite Calm Bay, plant in fruit; 11039 small 1, s of Gilbert, Sparta Rd. Throughout temperate zone in the New and Old Worlds. Jy. C. echinatum Gray. Prickly-fruited Coontail. Plants similar to the preceding species; leaf segments more slender; minute teeth obscure; style persistent; fruit ovate, flattened, encircled by a narrow wing with several long prickles; flat sides of the achene roughened with tubercles. --Probably common in the area, but difficult to recognize without flowers or fruit. 9199 Prairie L, shallow water with sandy bottom; 11898 shallow water, Caribou L, 14 mi nw of Duluth. Me to Mich to Fla. Jy.

NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER-LILY FAMILY) Floating aquatics with horizontal or erect rhizomes; leaves long-petioled; blades peltate or cordate; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; sepals 3-5(-13); petals 5-many; stamens 5-many; pistils 4-8, simple, or 1 with compound superior ovary of many carpels, ovules few to many, arising from the placentae on inner lateral and dorsal walls of the ovary; fruits leathery, berry-like, indehiscent, or capsules; seeds with or without endosperm; flowers apocarpous, or syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, or perigynous, regular. Flowers purple; leaves peltate; pistils 4-8, simple Brasenia Flowers white or yellow; leaves cordate; pistil compound. Sepals petaloid, yellow; petals reduced, shorter than stamens Nuphar Seeds without arils. Sepals not petaloid; petals white, showy, longer than stamens. Seeds ariled Nymphaea

Brasenia Schreb. Water-Shield B. Schreberi Gmel. Purple Water-Shield. Aquatics with creeping rootstocks and long-petioled floating leaves, encased in clear, copious mucilage; blades peltate, elliptical, green above, purple beneath; sepals 3; petals 3, purple; stamens 12; pistils 4-8, simple, with 2-3 pendant ovules on the dorsal suture; fruit leathery, indehiscent.--Abundant in acidulous, quiet waters throughout. 11571 shorewaters, Crooked L, Can boundary; 13472 edge of floating bog, Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Nearly cosmop. Jy-Aug.

Nuphar Sm. Yellow Pond-Lily (Name of Arabic origin) Rhizome fleshy, anchored in muck by strong roots; submersed leaves short-petioled, with 178

thin, broad, cordate blades; floating leaves thick, often elevated above the water, with oval, cordate, shiny blades on long, flattened petioles; sepals usually 5-6, petaloid, concave at base; petals many, spatulate, nectariferous, tipped with orange; stamens many, dorsally sulcate; pistil a 1-16-locular ovary with short style and discoid, radiate stigma; placentation parietal with many ovules; mature capsule a leathery berry, irregularly dehiscent by swelling of the mucilage within; seeds numerous. Stigmatic disc bright red; filaments longer than anthers; sepal bases yellow. Flowers usually less than 2 cm in diameter; petals and stamens early deciduous; fruit naked at base; style constricted N. microphyllum Flowers 2-3.5 cm in diameter; petals and stamens persistent at base of ripening fruit . . JV. rubrodiscum Stigmatic disc yellow-green; filaments shorter than anthers; sepal bases maroon red . . . . N. variegatum N. microphyllum, (Pers.) Fern. Least Yellow Water-Lily. Rhizome branching, 1-2 cm thick; submersed leaves delicate, fan-shaped or reniform, with thin purplish blades; floating leaves oval with relatively slender or filiform petioles; blades deeply cordate, averaging 7 cm in length; peduncles slender, from axils of scale leaves, clavate; flowers golden yellow, usually less than 2 cm in diameter; sepals 5, or, in f. multisepalum Lak., 713; Stigmatic rays 10, usually fewer; ovary globular; style constricted.--f. microphyllum common in n lakes. 16597 clear deep water of bay, Lac La Croix, s of resort; 15619 Iron L, near the mouth of Dead R. Nfld to Man and n states. Je-Sept. f. multisepalum 18945 wild rice fields, Vermilion R, Yz mi upstream from Gold Mine Camp, Sec. 6, T. 17, R. 66. N. rubrodiscum Morong. Lesser Yellow Water-Lily. Perhaps a hybrid between N. microphyllum and JV. variegatum with 71 which it grows; in size, it is intermediate between the parent plants; leaf blades 5-20 cm long; flowers 2-4 cm Figure 71. Nuphar microphyllum in diameter; Stigmatic rays 9-12; fruit 2.5 cm long, f. multisepalum dark green to purple with slightly constricted style. Generally it has the red disc and yellow sepals of N. microphyllum, the thicker and larger leaf blades and the larger flowers and fruits of N. variegatum.--11589 bay of Crooked L at Curtain Falls; 16596 bay of Lac La Croix, s of the resort; Nfld to Ont and n states. Je-Sept. N. variegatum Engelm. Greater Yellow Water-Lily. Rhizome 3-7 cm thick, with conspicuous large leaf scars and short internodes; leaf blades up to 3.5 dm long, thick and leathery, with more or less overlapping lobes and narrow sinuses; petioles flattened, margined, crisp and succulent, nearly semicircular in cross section; flowers 4-6 cm in diameter; sepals deeply concave and maroon red within below the middle; petals thick, bright orange; stamens many; anthers longer than the spatulate filaments; fruit 3-3.5 cm long, plump, dark green, with slightly constricted style; Stigmatic rays usually 13-16; seeds numerous, as seen afloat at the time of dispersal.--Most common water-lily in area. 17872 shallow shore, Clear L, s of Ely; 16214 deep water, Vermilion L at Treasure Island Resort. Lab to Alas, centr states. Je-Aug.

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Nymphaea L. White Water-Lily (Gr. water nymph) Aquatic plants with thick rhizomes; lacunae 4 in roots, rhizomes, petioles, and peduncles; petioles terete, their length depending on depth of water; blades suborbicular, with shallow sinuses; basal lobes slightly apiculate; flowers floating; sepals commonly 4, slightly adnate at bases, somewhat cucullate at tips; petals many, in spirals, the large outermost passing gradually into narrower inner ones and into staminodes with short imperfectly formed anthers and broad filaments; fertile stamens many; perigynous; ovary many-locular; stigmatic disc radiate; fruit globose, scarred with floral remnants, maturing under water. Sepals 3-5 cm long; stigmatic rays 12 or more; receptacle terete. Petals elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, acute; blades commonly purple below, innermost filaments somewhat narrower than the anthers; flowers fragrant; sepals purple N. odorata Petals oblanceolate obtuse; leaves commonly green above and below, innermost filaments broader than anthers, flowers without fragrance; sepals green N. tuberosa Sepals 3 cm long or less; stigmatic rays 6-8; receptacle 4-angled N. tetragona N. odorata Ait. var. odorata. Fragrant White Water-Lily. Rhizome without tubers; leaf blades up to 2 dm wide; flowers 7-10 cm wide, or 5-7 cm in var. minor Sims, with fewer petals, stamens, and stigmas; seeds 2-2.5 mm long, pyriform, with rows of light dots, ariled and coated with mucilage.--Frequent throughout area. Var. odorata 4548 narrows of Elbow L n of Vermilion L; 9196 Prairie L; var. minor, A8-9-54, Yum Yum, QSWA, n of Basswood L, Ont; D & Lak. 21652 clear water of Polly L, Lake Co. NS to Man, s to Fla. JV. tuberosa P. Tuberous White Water-Lily. Rhizomes knotty or tuber-bearing; leaf blades 2-3 dm across, frequently elevated above water; petioles more or less purple striate; flowers mostly 15 cm across; petals rounded at apices, faintly fragrant or scentless; seeds 3-3.4 mm long.--20671 Bullet L, n of Ely, Superior National Forest; 21019 bay of Crooked L, Can border, near lower Basswood R Falls. Que to Ont, s to Neb, Ark. Jy-Aug. N. tetragona Georgi. Least White Water-Lily. Plants with erect to ascending rhizomes and slender petioles and peduncles; floating leaves 4-6 cm wide, blades thin and delicate with deep sinuses, purplish beneath; flowers 3-8 cm across; receptacle 4-angled; sepals 1.5-3 cm long; petals 8-16; stamens up to 20; stigmas 6-9.--Rare. Hu4205 Bald Eagle L, Lake Co. Que, Me, Minn to Ida, Wash, and northw. Je-Sept.

RANUNCULACEAE (BUTTERCUP FAMILY) Annual, biennial, or perennial upright herbs or climbing vines; leaves simple or compound, alternate or opposite; sepals 3-15; petals 5-many or wanting; stamens 5-many; pistils 1many, arranged spirally or cyclically on conical receptacle; flowers hypogynous, apetalous or apopetalous, apocarpous, regular. Upright, creeping, or floating herbs; sepals imbricate. Flowers perfect. Petals and sepals present.

180

Sepals usually green; petals yellow or white in aquatics; pistils many; fruit an achene Ranunculus Sepals unlike or like the petals in shape and color; pistils 1-9. Fruit a follicle. Petals tubular, reddish, prolonged to nectar spurs; follicles sessile Aquilegia Petals scale-like; nectariferous, yellow, follicles stalked Coptis Fruit a berry, pistil 1; petals white Actaea Petals wanting; sepals present, petaloid. Fruit a follicle; leaves undivided, sepals yellow if white, plants floating; stems leafy; involucre lacking Caltha Fruit an achene; leaves lobed or dissected; involucre present. Leaves 3-lobed, not cleft; involucral bracts entire; sepals white or purple . . . . Hepatica Leaves and involucral bracts variously cleft; sepals white or greenish . . Anemone Flowers imperfect; staminate or pistillate on different plants Thalictrum. Woody vines climbing by means of leaf tendrils; sepals petaloid, valvate; achenes tailed Clematis

Ranunculus L. Buttercup (L. ranunculus, little frog) Herbs from short rhizomes or often stoloniferous; roots fibrous; leaves simple or ternately compound with sheathing petiole bases; sepals 3-5; petals mostly 5, with nectar scales; achene compressed, style has lateral or terminal stigma persistent in fruit; embryo small; endosperm present. Plants terrestrial. Plants devoid of coarse hirsute pubescence; leaves entire or cleft. Plants creeping by stolons or rhizomes; petals 3-5-nerved. Sepals 3; rhizomes colorless, subterranean, filiform, slightly fleshy; basal leaves flabellate R. lapponicus Sepals 5; stolons slender or filiform, green above ground. Leaves entire, filiform to spatulate or elliptic-ovate; receptacle globular . . . . R. reptans Leaves ovate to reniform-cordate, crenately dentate; receptacle elongate-cylindric R. cymbalaria Plants erect without stolons; petals clawed, 5-or-more-nerved. Annuals; basal leaves pedately lobed; receptacle cylindric R. sceleratus Biennials; basal leaves ovate to reniform cordate, rarely cleft, into 2-3 segments; receptacle globular R. abortivus Plants bristly-hirsute throughout; leaves ternately divided or deeply cleft. Plants stoloniferous, stolons leafy, rooting at nodes. Stolons appearing with early spring growth; stigma lateral R. repens Stolons appearing with later summer growth; stigma terminal . . . R. septentrionalis Plants without stolons, achene beaks hooked or recurved. Petals smaller than sepals. 181

Receptacle elongate, becoming cylindric; leaves incised, achene beak hooked . . . . R. pensylvanicus Receptacle globular; leaves 3-lobed, achene beak recurved R. recurvatus Petals larger than sepals R. acris Plants aquatic or semi terrestrial. Petals white with yellow blotch at base; achenes transversely rugose. Leaves with short petioles, flaccid on emergence; style short . . . . R. trichophyllus Leaves not petioled, crisp on emergence; style long R. longirostris Petals yellow; achenes not transversely rugose. Achenes with corky margins R. flabellaris Achenes not margined R. Gmelini R. lapponicus L. Lapland Buttercup. Plants growing in moist sphagnum moss, smooth, up to 2 dm high, creeping by filiform, colorless, fleshy rhizomes and fibrous roots; basal leaves solitary or in clusters of 3-4 with petioles up to 12 cm long; blades thin, pale green, deeply divided into 3-5 flabelliform lobes; lobes with shallow marginal clefts; flowering scape filiform, naked or with a solitary leaf below the middle; sepals 3; outermost sepals cucullate, 6-8-nerved, reflexed in anthesis; petals 6-10, rarely tridentate, bright yellow; nectary scale pocket-like across the base of the obovate limb at the claw apex; filaments flattened; anther connectives clavate; pistils with arching styles and recurved stigmas; achene fusiform, with thin pericarp, the basal half containing the embryo, the thinner upper half of aerenchymatous tissue.--Rare. 8448 spruce-tamarack bog, in deep sphagnum, near Jasper Peak, Hwy 1, e of Soudan; 12884 mature spruce-tamarack bog, Crane L rd n of Vermilion R. Elsewhere in Minn, the species has been collected in Aitkin, Itasca, and Koochiching Cos. Subarct regions, Me, Qnt, Alta, DC. Je-Jy. R. reptans L. Spearwort. Plants in spreading colonies, up to 15 cm long, with filiform creeping stems rooting at nodes; basal leaves tufted, petioled, with linear, elliptic blades 1-2 mm wide, or broadly ovate and 3-6 mm wide in var. ovalis (Bigel.) T.&G. ; flowers solitary; sepals concave, 2-3 mm long; petals 4-6 mm long, golden yellow, with a short claw and a pocket-like nectary scale across the limb base; achenes 1-1.8 mm long; suborbicular; beak short. In sizable colonies a large number of flowers with petals up to 9 may be found.-Grows luxuriantly in dense mats on rocky or sandy shores of n lakes throughout area. 14366 sandy beach of Sand Pt L, s of Namekan Narrows; 13493 sandy beach, Big Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing; var. ovalis, 14929 plants ascending, sandy beach, Kabetogama L at Pine Island; 13246 moss of drying alder swamp, hotel grounds, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Greenl to Alas, Nfld to Ore. Je-Jy. R. cymbalaria Pursh. Seaside Buttercup. Plants with tufted leaves and slender green stolons rooting at nodes; leaves long-petioled, ovate to reniform-cordate, coarsely crenate-dentate; flowering scapes mostly glabrous up to 18 cm tall, naked; flowers solitary or paniculate; sepals 5, concave, about equaling the petals; petals with a 1-nerved, spatulate claw widening into an ovate limb with 3 parallel main nerves; nectary scale funnel-like with a crescent-shaped gland at the claw apex; filaments flattened, slightly widened upward; fruiting heads up to 13 mm long; achenes obovoid with a blunt beak; pericarp glabrous or somewhat hispidulous, strongly nerved; seed brown, fusiform, lustrous, with endosperm and minute embryo only partly filling the inflated pericarp.--Rare. 1660 mud flats, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17400 gray clay, Floodwood R bank, n of Floodwood. Greenl to Alas, s to Tex, Mex. Je-Aug. 182

R. sceleratus L. var. multifidus Nutt. Celery-leaved Buttercup. Annual glabrous somewhat succulent plants with fistulose stems, up to 5 dm tall; leaves long-petioled, pedately divided into narrow, often incised, variable divisions; flowering branches numerous; flowers on long smooth or pilose peduncles; receptacle cylindrical; sepals 4-5 mm long, concave or cucullate, delicately nerved; petals 4 mm long, with a spatulate 3-nerved claw; veins of the oblong limb forking into many nerves; nectary scale crescent-shaped; pistils many; achenes 1.5 mm in diameter, nearly orbicular with an annular margin.--Infrequent. 1506b dredged sediment, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. NB to Alas, s to NVI, Ariz. Je-Aug. R. abortivus L. var. abortivas. Small-flowered Buttercup. Plants biennial with fibrous roots and erect branching stems, up to 5 dm tall, glabrous or pubescent in var. acrolasius Fern.; basal leaves with long petioles; blades ovate to reniform-cordate, crenately dentate or sometimes cleft into 3 or more divisions; the lowermost cauline leaves cleft or entire, petioled; flowers small, up to 5 mm broad, on long pedicels; sepals 3-5 mm long, concave, becoming reflexed; petals 4 mm long, clawed, the small lanceolate blade 3-5-nerved; claw short, nectary scale pocket-like with a truncate margin; receptacle globular or somewhat elongate in age; achene 1.5 mm long; beak subulate, marginal, just below the rounded summit.--Both varieties occur in moist habitats throughout area. Var. abortivas, 17357 ash-elm forest, Sturgeon R, n of Chisholm; 14033 maple forest Midway Rd near Nopeming; var. acrolasius, 4928 high rocks, above Northland Golf Course, Duluth; 2411 hardwood forest along Stony Brook, Brookston. Lab to BC, sw to Colo, Fla. My-Je. R. repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Perennials with leafy stolons rooting at nodes; stems and foliage coarsely appressed, hirsute; leaves ternately divided, each segment incised; stipules ovate-oblong, hairy; peduncles coarsely appressed pubescent; flowers 2-2.5 cm broad; receptacle hairy; sepals yellowish green, hirsute, at length reflexed; petals golden yellow, each with a flabellate nectary scale; filaments clavate; styles curved; achenes 2-3 mm long; beak flat, deltoid, slightly oblique.--Adv. 3168 edge of lawn, 21st Ave e, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Throughout the continent. Je-Sept. R. septentrionalis Poir. var. caricetorun (Greene) Fern. Northern Swamp-Buttercup. Stoloniferous perennial from thick stolons rooting at the nodes; stems and foliage hirsute, usually with retrorse hairs; leaves ternately divided, the segments incised; cauline leaves few; stipules ovate, membranous, usually brownish and hairy; flowers bright yellow, 3-4 cm broad; sepals less than half as long as the petals, boat-shaped, becoming reflexed; petals obcordate, up to 13 mm long, many-nerved; nectary under a flabellate, deltoid scale, as broad as the petal base; stigmas terminal or slightly lateral; mature achenes with indurated pericarp and a broad margin along the sides of the straight beak; endosperm with embryo filling the seed cavity.--Frequent, wet ground throughout area. 16065 Lester R bank, Duluth; 7470 swampy area, old North Shore Rd near Palmers, n and e-centr states. Je-Jy. R. pensylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup. Annual or perennial hirsute plants; stems fistulose, up to 9 dm tall, with ascending branches; leaves ternately compound, sharply incised, hirsute above and beneath; flowers long-peduncled; sepals concave, 4-5 mm long, becoming reflexed; petals yellow, 3-4 mm long; claw short; nectary narrower than the base of the ovate limb; stamens with clavate filaments; receptacle cylindrical at maturity with numerous achenes; achenes oblique-ovate with flat deltoid style base; pericarp thick, indurated, narrowly margined.--Most common buttercup on shores and in rock clefts. 9295 springy cr bed, Echo Trail n of Ely; 9447 sandy beach, Kabetogama L, at Arrowhead Resort. Lab to Alas, sw to Colo, Ariz. Je-Sept. 183

R. recurvatus Poir. Beaked-Buttercup. Hirsute perennials with corm-like stem bases; stems up to 5 dm tall, leafy to the inflorescence, leaves cleft into 3 wedge-shaped or flabellate divisions, hairy above and beneath; flowers on long peduncles; sepals 6-7 mm long, hirsute on the back; petals greenish yellow, narrower than but as long as the sepals, with a broad 3nerved claw and ovate limb; nectary scale truncate, entire; stamens with clavate filaments; achenes suborbicular.--Frequent in springy habitats, swamps, and moist rocky woods in s part of the area. 3011 s-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 8280 springy terrace, Prairie L. Nfld, Man, s Fla. My-Jy. B. acris L. Meadow Buttercup. Perennial hairy plants, up to 8 dm tall; stems leafy, several from a single rhizome; leaves ternately divided and sharply incised into cleft segments on long petioles; blades sometimes mottled or variegated with lighter green; flowers numerous on slender pedicels; sepals 5-7 mm long, concave, hairy on the back; petals bright yellow, twice as long as the sepals or more, obcordate or ovate with cuneate bases; nectary pocketlike, narrower than the petal base; stamens numerous with slightly clavate filaments, pistils numerous on a globular receptacle; curved style persistent on the margined oblique-ovate achene.--Most common buttercup in area, coloring the landscape from midsummer to late fall. 15366 Isle of Pines, Vermilion L; 13266 Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Ubiquitous, introd. My-Oct. R. trichophyllus Chaix. White Water-Buttercup. Submersed plants with elongate stems, from creeping rhizomes; leaves ternately compound, short-petioled; blades dissected into filiform terete segments, collapsing out of water; stipules strigose; flowers white; sepals 2-3 mm long, concave; petals 5-6 mm long, with a yellow spot below the middle; ovate limb narrowed to a spatulate claw; nectary a bracket-like pit; achenes 1.5 mm long, minutely beaked, transversely wrinkled, sometimes with long hairs near the base, and hispid toward apex.--Frequent in bays of n lakes. 14726 deep water, Cranberry Bay, Rainy L; 14352 shallow water, Sand Pt L, s of Namekan Narrows. Lab to Alas, s to centr states, Ariz to Calif. Je-Sept. R. longirostris Godr. Curly Water-Buttercup. Habit similar to the preceding; leaves without petioles, the filiform divisions firm, appearing crisped on drying; petals white, manynerved, ovate, narrowed to short claw; claw .5 mm long; nectary glandular with a circular orifice; achenes 14-16 per receptacle; beak about 1 mm long, persistent.--Frequent in lakes and rivers throughout area. 13306 Ash R bend near its mouth to Kabetogama L; 6781 East Two Rivers, Tower, n states and Can, sw to Ariz. Je-Sept. R. flabellaris Raf. Yellow Water-Buttercup. Plants repent along shores or floating in deeper water; stems fistulose, elongate, glabrous; leaves lustrous, smooth, ternately decompound, in submersed conditions often becoming divided into capillary but flat segments; or, on land, pedate to cuneate with flabellate lobes; lobes variously incised; flowers golden yellow, often orange at center; sepals 4-6 mm long, ovate, petals broadly wedge-shaped or obovate, 10-14 mm long; nectary 1-2 mm long with a petaloid projecting rim, 0- or U-shaped, with a basal gland; stamens with clavate filaments and relatively long anthers; achenes 2 mm long, obovate, with thickened margins; beak f l a t , nearly straight.--Occasional, 1 and r marshes. 16444 shore of Basswood L, QSWRC, Lake Co; 18604 terrace pools, Floodwood R on Hwy 73. Me to BC, s to NC, La, Utah, Calif. My-Aug. R. Gmelini D. C. var. Hookeri (D. Don) Benson. Small Yellow Water-Buttercup. Similar to the preceding but smaller; leaves orbicular, cleft into 3-5 linear or cuneate incised lobes; sepals 3-4 mm long, ovate; petals 4-5 mm long; nectary with a flange often undulate about the orifice; stamens with slender linear filaments; achene ovate, not margined, tipped with a 184

straight beak.--Occasional in peaty swamps and shores. 3946 in sphagnum, Vermilion L, Glenwood Lodge area; 6325 mucky cr bed, Cloquet R woods, 16 mi n of Duluth. Nfld to Alas. Je-Aug.

Aquilegia L. Columbine (L. aqua, water, legera, collect, for nectar-filled spurs) A. canadensis L. Scarlet Columbine. Mostly glabrous perennials up to 8 dm tall, with stems smooth or minutely pubescent above; leaves ternately compound; basal leaves long-petioled, numerous; cauline leaves 1-4; flowering peduncles leafy-bracted; flowers cymose on slender pedicels, nodding, showy scarlet, up to 4.5 cm long, from tips of spurs to anthers; sepals 5, petal72 oid, acute, lanceolate with blades narrowing to claws; petals 5, tubular, produced into nectar spurs below their insertion into the receptacle by the thickened margin of the oblique orifice; stamens appearing 4-ranked, 10 in each cycle; filaments slender, exserted; anthers pale yellow; staminodes 10, back of the carpels; pistils 5; placentae parietal; fruit many-seeded follicles tipped with long styles.--Common, rocky woods throughout area. 16083 shorewoods of Bassett L; 2457 crevices of basalt, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Ml to Minn, s to Mo, Ala. Je-Jy.

B

C

D E F G

A Copt is Salisb. Goldthread

Figure 72. Aquilegia canadensis. A. Flower. B. Sepal. C. Petal. D. Stamen. E. Staminode. F. Pistil.

(Gr. coptein, to cut, referring to the 3-parted leaves)

G. Follicle

C. groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. Goldthread. Scapose glabrous perennial from filiform yellow rhizomes; leaves firm, evergreen, shiny, ternately divided; segments cleft into 2-3 lobes with rounded mucronate teeth; blades reticulate-veined, drying rugose; flowering scape naked, up to 12 cm tall; flower solitary; sepals 5-7, white, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 5-7 mm long, narrowed to a 3-nerved spatulate base; petals yellow, short; claw terminated by a funnel-like nectary with minute round-tipped limb; pistils 3-7; styles filiform, recurved; ovaries becoming stipitate follicles with persistent style remnant; seeds about 1.2 mm long, dark brown, oblong, sulcate.--Common throughout in moist peaty woods and bogs. 5955 cedar forest, Lakewood, Duluth; 17950 spruce forest, Gun L, Superior National Forest, n of Ely. Greenl to Man, s centr states. My-Jy.

Actaea L. Baneberry (Gr. aktea, elder) Perennial herbs with fistulose stems from hard woody caudex; leaves ternately compound, leaf185

lets cleft and incised; sepals 4-5 fugaceous; petals 4-10; stamens numerous; pistil solitary; ovules many, in 2 rows; endosperm copious with minute embryo; fruit indehiscent, berry-like. Stigma accrescent; mature pedicels thick and red; berry white A. pachypoda Stigma not accrescent; pedicels slender. Berries red; seeds bright red to reddish brown; testa rugose A. rubra Berries white; seeds pale buff to reddish brown; testa smoother f. neglecta A. pachypoda Ell. White Baneberry. Plants from a thick, hard, branching caudex up to 8 dm tall, with 2-3 leaves toward the summit; raceme long-peduncled; axis and pedicels pubescent with soft incurved hairs; sepals 4-5, petaloid, early deciduous; petals 5 or more, clawed, with elliptic or narrowly lanceolate limb; stamens many; pistil 1; ovary spindle-shaped; stigma 1.5 mm long, saddle-like, oval, obscurely fissured; pedicels ascending, becoming horizontal and upwardly arcuate, thick, enlarged, or sometimes winged at bases; raceme up to 10 mm long; berry white, globose, tipped with the reddish elevated stigma, 3.2 mm broad; seeds 4.5 mm wide, dark brown, shiny, testa smooth, semicircular in outline, the broad sides beveled slightly toward the straight inner edge, the uppermost and lowermost seeds angular, not affected by pressure.--Occasional in mixed hardwood forest in s part of area. 2468 se-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 13686 Rock Hill, UMD campus. NS, NE, s to Ala, to nw Man. My-Jy. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. f. rubra. Red Baneberry. Habit and foliage similar to the preceding; leaflets frequently sharper lobed, pubescent when young, glabrate; in anthesis, raceme rounded, 2-3 cm long, elongating twice or more its length in age, pedicels remaining slender; stigma nearly as broad as the ovary; berries red, ovoid-oblong; capped with withered style 1 mm long; seeds similar to those of A. pachypoda but slightly narrowed toward micropyle; testa minutely rugose, brown, suffused with red in fresh or wet seeds. No "lenticular " seeds, as described by some authors, have been observed. F. neglecta (Gillm.) Robins. White-fruited form of Red Baneberry. Foliage and general aspect typical; seeds shorter (3-3.5 mm long on inner edge); testa smoother, pale at the center of the broad faces, brownish around the edges.--Both forms common throughout area: f. rubra, 17278 mixed forest, Hwy 5, n of Meadowlands; 15382 pine forest, Isle of Pines, Vermilion L; f. neglecta, 15248 ash-poplar forest, Kabetogama Pen opposite Pine Island; 9007 mixed forest, Everett L, Echo Trail n of Ely. Lab to BC, s to WVa, and w coast. My-Jy.

Caltha L. Marsh Marigold (L. caltha, marigold) Perennial herbs from strong caudex; roots fibrous; flowering stems erect or trailing,, rooting at nodes; sepals 5-7, petaloid; petals 0; stamens fewer than 10 to numerous; pistils few to many; follicles with 2 rows of seeds; embryo with endosperm. Stems erect or, if trailing and creeping, not floating; sepals yellow; follicles beaked . . C. palustris Stems floating, or creeping on soil, rooting at nodes; sepals white, rarely purplish; follicles not beaked C. natans C. palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Stems fistulose, 2-6 dm tall, usually branching above; basal leaves numerous, long-petioled, with sheathing bases up to 17 cm broad and 12 cm long, blades 186

reniform-orbicular with closed or open sinuses, margins crenate-dentate to sharply serrate or nearly entire, lustrous green above, soft; stipules oblong, sometimes tubular, semitransparent, soon withering; flowers several, bright golden yellow; sepals 3-5 cm wide, 2-2.4 mm long; stamens many; anthers ovate; pistil oblong with arching stigma and short style; follicles 1-1.5 cm long with recurved stigmas; seeds reddish brown, ellipsoid or oblong; embryo cylindrical, filling about two thirds of the embryo sac; the upper third of sac is filled with loose parenchyma or air.--Common throughout area. 17329 shore-swamp, Vermilion L, Vermilion R Dam; 14511 spruce-tamarack bog, 14 mi n of Duluth. Throughout hemisphere. My-Jy. C. natans Pall. Floating Marsh Marigold. Plants glabrous from soft caudices with floating or creeping stems rooting at nodes; petioles of basal leaves 10-20 cm long, blades 2-4 cm wide below the sinus, ovate-orbicular, deeply cordate with diverging lobes, entire to remotely crenate-dentate, thin, lustrous green above; flowering stems simple or forking with smaller leaves subtending the peduncles; stipules scarious, often lacerate; flower 8-12 mm wide; sepals 5-6, white or lilac in early summer; stamens up to 16; pistils usually more than 20; mature follicles 3-4 mm long, clavate, with sharply bent short dorsal beak; seed plump, .3 mm long.--In early summer and late autumn the foliage is usually suffused with purple. This arctic species grows well and fruits abundantly in quiet waters of rivers and drainage ditches. It was first collected in the state by E. J. Hill in 1889 at Tower, where it disappeared with the destruction of the habitat. Since its rediscovery in 1942 at Deep L, Sparta, Minn, the species has been found in three other places, all in St. Louis Co. 17000 shore pool of Trout R portage from Vermilion L to Trout L, Superior National Forest; 20782 pool in drainage ditch s of Zim, about 50 mi nw of Duluth.--In arct and n temperate zones w of the Ural Mts through Siberia to Alas, Minn, and Foxboro, Wis, the most southerly site in w hemisphere, only 1 mi e of the state line. Je-Sept.

Hepatica Mill. Hepatica (Gr. hepatikos, liver, referring to the shape of the leaf) H. americana (D.C.) Ker. Perennial herbs from short divided caudex; roots slender; leaves basal, persisting through the winter; blades thick, reniform-cordate, shallowly 3-lobed, sparingly hirsute above and beneath, dark green or purple; petioles 6-10 cm long, softly pubescent, or white silky-villous in young leaves expanding during anthesis; flowering scapes glabrous; flower solitary, on a short pedicel above the 3 ovate involucral bracts; sepals 5-7 or more, petaloid, white or purple; stamens many; anthers white; pistils many; stigma terminal; achene terete, hairy with thick stipe, 1 mm long; body narrowly ovoid tapering to the bent style-remnant.--Frequent, rocky woods. 15095 shorewoods of Vermilion L at Treasure Island Resort; 13909 sugar-maple forest, Midway Rd near Nopeming. NS to Man, s to Ala, Fla. Apr-Je.

Anemone L. Anemone (Gr. anemos, wind) Perennial, hairy herbs with caudex of 1 or more crowns; roots fibrous or rhizomatous with scattered basal leaves; involucral leaves opposite or whorled, subtending the flowering pe187

73

/?FK

Figure 73. Hepatica americana

duncles; leaves palmately divided; sepals 5 to many, petaloid; petals 0; stamens and pistils many; achenes compressed, pointed or tailed, or crisped woolly. Receptacle cylindrical; achenes clothed with woolly crinkled hairs. Involucral leaves more than 3; achenes woolly up to the crimson style . . . A. cylindrica Involucral leaves usually 3, rarely more; achenes woolly below the summit. Leaf divisions usually ovate in outline; beak of mature achene dorsally bent A. virginiana Leaf divisions wedge-shaped or cuneate in outline; beak of mature achene straight . . . A. riparia Receptacle globular; achenes sparingly pubescent with short straight hairs. Basal leaves tufted about the flowering stem; flowers several; involucral leaves sessile; achenes flat, winged; beak longer than the body A. canadensis Basal leaves scattered from creeping rhizomes; flower solitary; involucral leaves petioled; achenes compressed; beak shorter than the body A. quinquefolia 188

A. cylindrica Gray. Thimbleweed. Plants up to 6 dm tall, from a simple caudex, often purplish at base, and villous throughout with grayish white spreading hairs; basal and cauline leaves similar, with palmately parted blades deeply cleft and incised; flower solitary on elongate peduncles; sepals thick, densely white pubescent beneath, greenish white above, sometimes reddish on the veins; stamens relatively few; pistils numerous; mature achene woolly up to the base of the hooked style, with a red tip.--Frequent, borders of dry woods and cleared areas. 5075 open hillside, Trinity Rd at Duluth; 15422 terrace, Moccasin Pt of Vermilion L. Me to Alta, plains and prairies of centr states. Je-Aug. A. virginiana L. Eastern Thimbleweed. Plants similar to the preceding species in general habit; foliage greener with thinner pubescence; leaf divisions broader; sepals white, petaloid; receptacle usually 1.5 cm long; style brown at tip; achene body obovate, oblique, convex on dorsal margin.--Occasional on wooded slopes. 2070a mixed woods near Woodland, Duluth; 2103 pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth. Me to Minn, s to Ga. Je-Aug. A. riparia L. Northern Thimbleweed. Plants similar to the preceding in general habit; leaves thin, green, sparingly pubescent above and beneath; divisions wedge-shaped with straight margins toward-base; mature achenes nearly symmetrical, cuneate with straight styles.--Occasional , lake banks. 17837 shorewoods of Vermilion L on Trout L portage; 4441 rdside vegetation, Normanna Rd, 10 mi n of Duluth. Nfld to BC, NE to Minn. Je-Aug. A. canadensis L. Canada Anemone. Plants hirsute, from spreading rhizomes, with long-petioled, tufted basal leaves; blades deeply cleft, incised; involucral leaves similar, sessile; peduncles slender more than 1; flowers erect 3.4 cm broad; sepals showy -white; stamens and pistils many, with long styles; achene hirtellous, suborbicular or ovate with broad thin margin.-Common throughout area to the shores of Can border lakes. 8249 meadow at Prairie L; 8547 White Iron L terrace, e of Ely. Gaspe Pen to DC, n and centr states to Kans, NM. Je-Jy. A. quinquefolia L. var. quinquefolia Wood Anemone. Flowering stems up to 3 dm tall, solitary, arising from slender horizontal rhizomes; involucral leaves 3-parted, their petioles as long or slightly shorter than the blades; segments

189

74

Figure 74. Anemone quinquefolia

cuneate or wedge-shaped, cleft and incised; basal leaves conmonly 5-lobed; flowering stems and petioles generally glabrous, loosely villous toward summit in var. interior, Fern.; sepals delicate, petaloid, showy white, or dark rose in f. sanguineum J, W. Moore; stamens many, with usually white anthers; pistils many; style slender; ovary pubescent with short hairs; achene subterete with a short beak.--Abundant locally throughout area. Var. quinquefolia, 2866 rocky wooded slope, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 10154 Sucker R woods, Pioneer Rd; var. interior 12572 mossy woods, White Iron L, e of Ely; 3497 jack pine forest, Brimson Rd 18 mi n of Two Harbors; f. sanguineum 12344 hardwood forest, Whiteface R 1 mi w of Cotton; 15935 pine forest, Gateway Lodge, s of Eveleth on Hwy 53. Man to Out, Mich, 111, la, se. Apr-Je.

Thalictrum L. Meadowrue (Gr. thaliktron, meadowrue) Perennial herbs with alternate, 2-3 ternately compound leaves, and petioluled leaflets; flowers dioecious in large panicles or corymbs; sepals 4-5 petaloid; petals 0; staminate flowers with many drooping stamens, relatively long anthers; pistillate flowers usually with showy purple stigmas; achenes ribbed and beaked. Stems from erect caudex. Plants with yellow-green foliage flowering in early spring; cauline leaves petioled, leaflets glabrous beneath; achenes glabrous T. dioicum Plants with dark green foliage and purplish stems, flowering near midsummer; upper cauline leaves sessile, leaflets puberulent or pubescent beneath; achenes pubescent . . . T. dasycarpum Stems from horizontal rootstocks. Cauline leaves 3-4; stigmas 3-4 mm long T. confine Cauline leaves 1-3; stigma 1.5-2 mm long T. venulosum T. dioicum L. Early Meadowrue. Stems up to 8 dm tall from an erect caudex; roots yellow; caudex clothed with 8-9 successive stipules at short internodes persistent in part at least from previous years; leaves about half-grown at anthesis; leaflets reniform cordate, often on drying brownish at center; 3-6 ovate lobes on the margin, glabrous; sepals ovate, purplish, many-nerved; clavate filaments in staminate flowers soon becoming filiform pendulous; anthers about 3 mm long, yellow; ovary glabrous, furrowed, ribbed, beaked in fruit; achenes ripe in early June.--Common in alluvial soils. 6849 terrace of Whiteface R in elm forest, near Cotton; 13943 St. Louis R woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth. ne, centr, and s states. Apr-Je. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Tall Meadowrue. Stems up to 2 m tall with purplish internodes and dark green foliage, from strong caudex; the lowermost cauline leaves petioled, passing into sessile blades at upper nodes; leaflets mostly with 3 ovate terminal lobes, densely hairy or puberulent beneath; flowers in corymbose panicles; floral axes viscid-puberulent; sepals white in staminate flowers; filaments capillary, drooping; anthers 3-4 mm long, mucronate; achenes ribbed, glabrate, beaked with a style 4-6 mm long.--Common throughout area. 8581 shorewoods of White Iron L, e of Ely; 1545 Minn Pt, Duluth. Ont to Alta. Je-Jy. T. confine Fern. Northern Meadowrue. Stems from horizontal elongate rhizome; leaflets 3-5lobed, rounded, reniform-cordate; panicles narrow with ascending branches; floral axes smooth; sepals glabrous, glaucous; ovaries sparingly glandular; stigmas prominent, 3.5-4.5 mm 190

long, purple; stamens with anthers 3-4.5 mm long, mucronate; filaments capillary, drooping; achenes 4 mm long, beaked and ribbed.--Occasional in area. 1408 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 1428 pine woods, Minn Pt, Duluth. Gaspe Pen to the interior, Sask, to Mich, Minn. Je-Jy. T. venulosum Trel. Veiny Meadowrue. Similar; leaflets more strongly reticulate-veined.--Infrequent. 15002 rocky beach, Kabetogama L; 14063 oak-elm terrace, Floodwood R, Floodwood. Que to BC, s to Wyo, Minn, Wis. Je-Jy.

Clematis L. Clematis (Gr. klematis, climbing plant) Woody vines climbing by means of petioles twisting about supporting vegetation, or sometimes sprawling along banks and rocks; leaves opposite, palmately compound; leaflets stalked; petioles and petiolules adapted for clasping; flowers dioecious or hermaphroditic; sepals valvate; staminodes often present; stamens many; pistils maturing into long-tailed plumose achenes. Flowers white, dioecious in panicles; staminodes only in pistillate flowers with sterile stamens C. virginiana Flowers purple, solitary, hermaphroditic; staminodes present in staminate flowers C. verticillaris C. virginiana L. Virgin's Bower. Stems climbing, up to 3 m high; leaves 3-foliolate, with coarsely toothed leaflets or entire on floral branches; petioles and internodes glabrate or minutely pubescent; flowers numerous in axillary panicles; floral axes and bracts silky villous; sepals villous beneath, sparingly pubescent above, white; achenes margined, the feathery tails buff brown.--Common in area. 9958 border of black ash swamp, French R district, North Shore; 13544 bank of Midway R, w of Duluth. NS, Man, Minn, s to Ga. Jy-Aug. C. verticillaris D. C. Purple Clematis. Climbing stems, up to 2 m or more high; leaflets silky villous at least when young, with margins entire to remotely toothed, rounded or subcordate at base; flowers purple; sepals 4 cm long, veiny, softly pubescent beneath; stamens many, passing from staminodes into fertile stamens with slender filaments and narrowly ovate anthers; pistils maturing into achenes with prolonged plumose styles.--Frequent in area. 13996 shorewoods of Burntside L, Ely; 2387 bluffs above St. Louis R at Fond du Lac, Duluth. Que to Man, se to centr states. My-Je.

BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) Shrubs with simple alternate leaves and stipular spines, or herbs with compound leaves; flowers bracted; sepals, petals and stamens in cycles of 3's; pistil 1, simple; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. Shrubs with simple leaves; berries red Berberis Herbs with ternately compound leaves; seeds blue CaulophyIlum 191

Berberis L. Barberry (Arabic name, berberys, for the fruit) Spiny shrubs with yellow wood; leaves in fascicles on suppressed, axillary branches; flowers yellow; anthers opening by lids; fruit a scarlet berry. Tall shrubs; flowers in racemes, stipular spines often multiple B. vulgaris Low shrubs; flowers solitary or 2-3 in axils, spines simple B. Thunbergii

75 Figure 75. Clematis verticillaris

192

B. vulgaris L. var. atropurpurea Hort. Common Barberry. Shrubs with many ascending branches up to 3 m tall; leaves oblanceolate, sharply serrate with spiny teeth, maroon red or purple; flowers yellow, 3-bracted; sepals 6, concave, petals 6, each with nectaries near the base; stamens 6, anthers elongate, opening by flaps or lids; stigma broad with discoid rolled margin; ovary jug-shaped, with several ovules; fruit about 10 mm long.--Occasional in Duluth, growing without cult. 1309 rocky terrace above Congdon Cr, Vermilion Rd, Duluth. Introd from Eu and cult in e states. Primary host to the wheat-rust organism. Je. B. Thunbergii D. C. Japanese Barberry. Low shrubs, planted for hedges and in woodlots; leaves oblanceolate, narrowing into petioles longer than the blade, entire, fascicled on short spurs; spines simple; flowers solitary or in groups of 2-3, but usually only 1 matures into fruit; berries scarlet, ellipsoid.--12273 Chester Pk terrace under trees above 8th St, Duluth. Introd from Orient.

CaulophyHum Michx. Blue Cohosh (Gr. kaulos, stem, phyllon, leaf) C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. Smooth perennials from fleshy branching rhizomes; stems up to 4 dm tall, naked; leaves triternately compound, leaflets petioled, thin, obovate, cleft into 3 lobes; lobes cuneate-based; panicle subtended by a similar smaller leaf; flowers few on long, slender pedicels, greenish yellow, lustrous; floral bracts 4-5; sepals 6, petaloid, concave; petals 6, clawed; limb glandular, thick, and short, 3-nerved, rounded at apex; stamens 6, as long as the petals; sepals, petals, and stamens cyclic in ranks, one opposite the other successively; pistil 1, slightly gibbous, containing 2 ovules with a unilateral stigma. After fertilization the pericarp ruptures and disappears; funicle of each ovule becomes a thick stalk supporting the seed, 1-12 mm long, testa blue, fleshy; embryo enclosed within spherical horny endosperm.--Occasional in hardwood forest in s part of area. 8102 maple forest, Northwest Gun Club grounds, Duluth; 7887 hardwood forest, Prairie L. NB to Man, s to Tenn, Mo. My-Je.

PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) Herbs with milky juice; sepals 2-3; petals 4-12; stamens many; ovary 1-locular, carpels 2; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous, syncarpous, regular.

Sanguinaria L. Bloodroot (L. sanguis, blood, for the juice) S. canadensis L. Bloodroot. Perennial, glabrous herbs with succulent rhizomes and red juice; leaf solitary, petioled; blades orbicular to reniform-cordate, palmately veined, with 5-9 principal lobes separated by rounded sinuses; principal veins passing into conspicuous reticulum terminating in the lobes or sinuate marginal teeth; mature blades up to 2.4 dm wide, bluish green with petiole up to 2.8 dm long; scape appearing within the rolled young leaf in 193

early spring with a solitary white flower 2-4 cm wide; sepals 2, cucullate, fugacious; petals 8, in 2 cycles, the outer larger; stamens in spiral arrangement, with yellow introrse anthers on slender filaments; pistil with parietal placentae; capsule 4.5-5.5 cm long, beaked, fusiform, with persistent stigmas; seeds 3 mm long, crested. The ripening fruiting scapes become overtopped by mature foliage.--Frequent, rich stands of hardwood forest in s part of area. 17207 hardwood forest n of Floodwood; 10353 stream bank, Kabetogama L at Gappa's Landing. Que, Man, NE, to Kans. Apr-Je.

FUMARIACEAE (FUMITORY FAMILY) Herbs with ternately divided or dissected leaves, sap watery; flowers in racemes; sepals 2; petals 4, unlike, 1-2-spurred, the other ones connivent at summit; stamens 6; filaments connivent into 2 groups, each with bilocular central anther flanked by unilocular one on each side; ovary superior, 2-carpellate, 1-locular maturing into many-seeded capsule; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous, syncarpous, irregular. Biennial vines climbing by petioles Adlumia Nonviny plants, not climbing by petioles. Perennial acaulescent plants; flowers with 2 saccate petals Dicentra Biennial caulescent plants; flowers with 1 saccate petal Corydalis

Adlumia Raf. Climbing Fumitory (Named for John Adlum, amateur botanist) A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Adlumia. Leaves alternate, thrice-pinnate, adapted for clasping; leaflets of delicate texture, cleft into 3 divisions; flowers roseate; filaments inserted at the base of corolla; stigma flattened, with 4 minute horn-like crests; capsule many-seeded; seeds without crest.--Introd to Minn Pt more than 80 years ago from Nemadji R bank on Wis side by LaChapelle family. 7362 low moist sand, Superior Bay shore, Minn Pt, Duluth; 7744 colony of plants climbing on exposed tree roots against overhanging bank of Island L, e of bridge 20 mi n of Duluth. Que to Ont, Minn, NE to Tenn. Jy-Aug.

Dicentra Bernh. Bleeding-heart (Gr.

di, two, kentron, spur)

D. Cucullaria ( L . ) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. Perennial herbs with pinkish, pellucid petioles and flowering scapes rising from multiple corms at soil's surface; leaves ternately compound, dissected into linear-lanceolate segments; petioles 10-20 cm long, usually overtopped by the flowering scape; flowers delicate white or suffused with pink; sepals 2, deltoid, roseate; outer petals with diverging spurs constricted below the yellow reflexed tips; inner petals connivent at apices; limb saccate with wing-like expansion along the midvein; claw longer than the limb, with undulate margins; the middle stamen with spur or gland protruded into the saccate petal; ovary compressed; stigma crested, compressed beneath the hooded inner petals; capsule 10-12 mm long; seeds reniform, black, lustrous with delicate crests.--Abun194

dant, stands of hardwood forest in rich moist soil and in ravines and on riverbanks in s half of St. Louis Co. 17212 elm forest Swan R terrace, Hwy 5 n of Toivola; 2376 cr bank in mixed forest, Rose Hill woods, Duluth. Gaspe Pen to Ore, s to Ga, Ala. My-Je.

Corydalis Medic. Corydalis (Gr. korydalis, crested lark) Glabrous biennials with leafy stems, glaucous, 3-ternate, much-dissected leaves; stamens 6, in two sets; fruit elongate with many arilled seeds. Flowers pink, rarely white, tipped with yellow; spurs of outer petals 2-3 mm long C. sempervirens Flowers yellow; spurs of outer petals 4-5 mm long C. aurea C. sempervirens (L.) Pers. f. sempervirens. Pink Corydalis. Plants pale, glaucous, arising from rosettes of basal leaves; leaves ternately divided; upper cauline leaves sessile or reduced to few segments; corolla pink or rarely white, with yellow tips, f. Candida Lak.; spur petal with recurved, crimped apical margin, its edges connivent with filaments; spur short and round containing the glandular protrusion 76 of the filaments, about .5 mm long; limb of inner petals wing-crested; stigma flat with 4 crests; capsules ascending, slightly compressed, up to 5 cm^long, beaked, nodulose; seeds 1 mm wide, black, minutely Figure 76. Dicentra Cucullaria pitted; aril eventually deciduous.--Abundant and common in lichen mats and rock ledges throughout area. f. sempervirens, 2485 sand ridge, Minn Pt; 11636 rocky woods, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; f. Candida, 9022 granite ledge, lichen mats, Rivard Rd to Birch L; Nfld to Alas, NS to BC, s to Ga, Tenn. My-Jy. C. aurea Willd. Golden Corydalis. Plants glaucous, with decumbent stems and lax ascending branches; leaves numerous; racemes narrow, many-flowered; flowers 1-2 cm long, golden yellow; spur petal up to 16 mm long, produced at apex to an acuminate lip with thickened rim and recurved thin margin, remotely crenate dentate; spur up to 5 mm long, rounded and somewhat

195

curved; inner petals 8 mm long, clawed; filaments with glandular appendage protruding into petal spurs; stigma crested, compressed; capsules prominently constricted between seeds; seed 3 mm wide, lustrous, smooth, with delicate strophiole.--Common in disturbed soil or on rocky shores throughout area. 16092 gravelly terrace, Bassett L; 14603 rock clefts, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary. Que to Alas, s to Tex, NM. My-Jy.

CAPPARIDACEAE (CAPER FAMILY) Herbs with palmately compound leaves; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 8-many; ovary 1-locular, 2carpellate; placentae parietal; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous, syncarpous, regular.

Polanisia Raf. Clammyweed (Gr. polys, many, anisos, unequal, alluding to unequal filaments) P. graveolens Raf. Fetid Clammyweed. Annual, glandular herb with rank odor; leaves trifoliolate, alternate; flowers in racemose leafy clusters; receptacle with a vase-shaped gland on the dorsal edge; sepals 4, narrowly lanceolate, glandular; petals 4, white, clawed; limb notched and remotely dentate at apex; stamens 12, perigynous, with unequal purple filaments; anthers oblong, purple; capsule nearly sessile, many-seeded; seeds light brown, suborbicular, 2 mm thick, reticulate, embryo coiled.--Known in area by a single collection: 1864 compacted gravel, Minn Pt, Duluth, Oatka Beach area. Common in centr plains and prairie states. Jy-Sept.

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with alternate, simple or compound leaves and watery sap; flowers in racemose or rarely corymbose clusters; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6, the outer 2 with shorter filaments; pistil 1-2-carpellate; placentae 2, parietal, each divided by a false septum into a 2-locular ovary; fruit a silique, many times longer than wide, or a silicle, a short capsule; dehiscence septifragal, or rarely indehiscent, the valves separating upwardly from the replum; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous or perigynous, syncarpous, regular. Seeds with large embryos, without endosperm; cotyledons incumbent if parallel with the radicle, accumbent if at right angles to the radicle; conduplicate if folded along the midvein. Fruit a silique, 3-many times longer than wide. Flowers yellow. Plants more or less pubescent, at least below. Pubescence of simple hairs. Pedicels bractless; beak of silique variable. Siliques 3-4 mm thick, often ovuliferous above the valve apex, tapering to beak Brassica Siliques 1.5 mm thick, not ovuliferous above the valve apex, not tapering to beak Sisymbrium

196

Pedicels bracted; mature siliques 2 ram thick, tapering to beak 3 mm long Erucastrwn Pubescence of forked or stellate hairs. Leaves simple, entire to remotely sinuate-dentate; hairs forking . . . . Erysimum Leaves bipinnatifid, finely dissected; hairs stellate Descurainea Plants glabrous or essentially so. Seeds in 2 rows; midvein of valves inconspicuous Rorippa Seeds in 1 row; midvein of valves conspicuous, glabrous Barbarea Flowers white, pinkish, or purple. Stems leafy throughout or at least at base. Leaves simple, entire or rosette leaves pinnatifid. Plants glabrous; leaves cordate-clasping; flowers creamy whj.te Conringia Plants pubescent, usually with forked hairs. Seeds in 1 row; valves not twisted. Pods 4-sided; flowers usually purplish; stigmas decurrent; rosette leaves wanting ' Hesperis Pods compressed; flowers mostly white; stigmas not decurrent, rosette leaves rarely pinnatifid Arabis Seeds in 2 rows; pods strongly flattened; valves often twisted; cauline leaves sagittate Draba Leaves pinnate. Plants glabrous; staminal glands wanting; seeds in 2 rows Nasturtium, Plants pubescent, the hairs mostly simple; staminal glands present; seeds in 1 row Cardamine Stems leafless below the middle; leaves palmately divided; flowers mostly purplish . . Dentaria Fruit a silicle, less than twice as long as wide. Valves at right angles to the narrow septum. Pod obcordate, each locule several-seeded Capsella Pod ovate to orbicular. Locules with more than 1 seed; pod broadly winged Thlaspi Locules with 1 seed; flowers red or white. Valves pointed at summit; petals unlike in size, red Iberis Valves rounded at summit; petals white or pinkish, uniform if present . . Lepidium Valves parallel to the septum. Pods ovoid to globose, stiped, glabrous; aquatic with tufted leaves Subularia Pods compressed, not stiped, stellate-pubescent; leafy-stemmed terrestrial plants . . . Berteroa

Brassica L. Mustard (L. Brassica, cabbage) Annual or biennial herbs, with pinnatifid leaves and showy yellow flowers; outer sepals cucullate; petals sometimes clawed; siliques terete or angled; seeds in 1 row; cotyledons conduplicate. None of the leaves sagittate-clasping; pods 2-3.5 cm long. Valves of pods prominently 3-veined; beak strongly angled, with 1 seed . . . . B. Kaber

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Valves of pods prominently 1-veined; beak subulate, commonly without a seed . . B. juncea Leaves sagittate-clasping; pods 3-6 cm long B. Rapa B. Kaber (D. C.) Wheel. Var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheel. Wild Mustard. Plants up to 7 dm tall, branched; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, or incised; upper leaves usually oblong narrowed to sessile base or sub-petioled; flowers showy yellow, the outer sepals minutely appendaged at tips, the inner hooded; petals 10 mm long, with slender claw about half as long as the orbicular retuse limb; staminal glands 4, distinct, reniform, persistent; silique nearly terete; valves obtuse, strongly veined; tapering ovary summit ovule-bearing, with the style forming a long broad beak; seeds brown, globular, 1.6 mm thick.--1502 silty gravel, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10562 Congdon R terrace, Duluth. Transcontinental. Natzd from Eu. My-Oct. B. juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Plants up to 7 dm tall from annual taproot; stem terete, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent below; leaves lyrate pinnatifid, petioled; petioles and blades sparsely bristly pubescent, flowers pale yellow on ascending pedicels 6-8 mm long; sepals yellow, the outer cucullate; staminal glands greenish yellow, the lowermost appearing double; petal limb ovate, reflexed, tapering to a narrow claw; mature siliques few, terete, ascending or spreading, 1.7-3 cm long, with subulate beak; seeds 1.9 mm long.--Infrequent. 20497 disturbed soil, UMD campus. Adv from Eu. Jy-Aug. B. Rapa L. Field Mustard. Plants up to 7 dm tall, smooth and glaucous; basal leaves runcinatepinnatifid; cauline leaves sagittate with clasping bases; racemes with spreading pedicels, 22.5 cm long; flowers pale to golden yellow; staminal glands similar to those of the preceding species; mature siliques up to 5.5 cm long including the beak, 4-angled, somewhat torulose; valves strongly veined, with obtuse round apices; beak 8-18 mm long without seed.--Occasional, grain fields. 11082 oat field, Kilpela farm, Palo. In waste lands and cult fields throughout US and Can. Natzd from Eu. My-Aug.

Sisymbrium L. Hedge Mustard (Sisum.brion, Gr. name of some plant of the Mustard family) 5. altissimum L. Tumblemustard. Annuals, up to 9 dm tall, sparingly strigose below with simple hairs; branches numerous; basal leaves petioled, pinnately divided; segments cleft or incised; upper cauline leaves sessile, similarly divided; segments entire, narrowly linear; flowers on spreading pedicels; inner sepals cornute at tips; petals 6-8 mm long, clawed; limb oblanceolate; glandular base of short stamens circular, persisting in fruit; anthers apiculate; ovary 4-angled, barely thicker than the pedicel; siliques up to 10 cm long, spreading and divaricate; seeds in a single row, light brown, reticulate, coated with mucilage.--Occasional in se part of area. 1455 Blvd, Minn Ave, Minn Pt, Duluth. Native of Eurasia, estab throughout the continent. My-Jy.

Erucastrum Presl. French Rocket (Named for eruca, suffix astrum, for fancied resemblance) E. gallicum (Willd.) 0. E. Schulz. French Rocket. Plants annual; stems ascending, branching

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from the base, retrorsely pubescent with simple hairs; basal and cauline leaves similar, deeply pinnatifid, the terminal lobe sometimes largest, the uppermost leaves becoming progressively smaller and passing into pinnatifid floral bracts; pedicels ascending or somewhat spreading at maturity; flowers pale yellow; sepals dorsally hairy, hooded, the inner slightly saccate; petals narrowly oblanceolate, up to 8 mm long, with claw almost as long as the limb; filaments slightly clavate; staminal glands globose to linguiform; ovary terete; stigma capitate; silique curved or straight, up to 3 cm long, ascending, 4-angled; valves reticulate-veined; seeds in 1 row, minutely striate-reticulate; cotyledons conduplicate.--Occasional on shores. 1765 silty shore of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; sandy rdside area, Prairie L. Nfld to BC, centr and plains states. Natzd from Eu. Je-Oct.

Erysimum L. Treacle-mustard (Gr. erusimon, applied to some plant) Annual or perennial herbs; leaves simple, entire, appressed pubescent with simple, forking, or stellate hairs; sepals narrow, the inner 2 with dilated appendage at apex, the outer connivent at tips, saccate at base; silicles 4-sided, stellate-pubescent, beaked with short style and stigma; seeds in 1 row, radicle incumbent. Leaves lanceolate, petioled; pedicels filiform E. cheiranthoides Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, sessile pedicels stout. Petals up to 2 cm long, fruits spreading E. asperum Petals .6 cm long, fruits nearly erect E. inconspicuum E. cheiranthoides L. Wormseed Mustard. Stems up to 9 dm tall, erect, slender with few branches; leaves numerous up to the inflorescence, grayish green with fine stellate pubescence on both surfaces; sepals 2-3 mm long; petals 3-5 mm long, bright yellow; claw about as long as the ovate limb; siliques slender, 1-3 cm long, greenish, nearly glabrous; seeds 1.5 mm long, chalazal end cone-like, wing-pointed; tip of radicle surpassing the cotyledons.--Occasional in area. 1763 among shrubs, Superior bay side, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13145 clearing at Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Nfld, BC, s to NC, Tenn and w. Je-Aug. E. asperum (Nutt.) D. C. Western Wallflower. Plants appressed pubescent, stems up to 4 dm tall, rigid, branching from a strong caudex; rosette leaves numerous, entire or runcinatepinnatifid; cauline leaves mostly spatulate; raceme short and densely flowered; pedicels spreading; flowers showy; petals orange-yellow, up to 2 cm long, limb about a third as long as the claw; staminal glands completely surrounding the bases of the short stamens.--This w species has reached L Superior at Knife R, area of Lake Co, where it was collected by Moy 3650 less than a mi from St. Louis Co line. Dry plains and bluffs in plains states and on Pacific coast. My-Jy. E. inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. Lesser Wallflower. Plants perennial, with strong caudex, branching from the base; stems up to 6 dm tall, gray-canescent with appressed hairs; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate; racemes many-flowered; sepals 5-7 mm long; petals up to 9 mm long, pale yellow; siliques ascending to erect, up to 6 cm long, beak short; seeds 2 mm long, in 1 row, light brown, coated with mucilage; radicle surpassing the cotyledons; testa at chalazal end conical, often wing-pointed unless filled in by the embryo.--Occasional in area. 6027 among junipers, sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 8331 in lichen mats, rocky bank above Armstrong L sw of Ely. BC to Minn, s to Kans. My-Jy.

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Descurainia Webb & Berth. Tansymustard (Named for Descurain, French apothecary) D. Richardsonii (Sweet) 0. E. Schulz. Common Tansymustard. Annual, grayish, canescent, plants; pubescence stellate; stems strict or sparingly branching above; leaves twice pinnate, dissected, or incised into sinuous segments; flowers in narrow racemes; petals pale yellow, 3-4 mm long, short filaments flanked by a pair of globular glands; fruit a short silique up to 10 nrn long, 4-sided on ascending pedicels; valves delicately veined, the midrib distinct up to the nearly sessile stigma; seeds in 1 row; testa light brown, obscurely papillate and encircled with mucilage; cotyledons incumbent.--Collected in area only from Minn Pt. 1551 sand ridge under pines, Duluth. Throughout US, w Can, s to Mex. Je-Aug.

Rorippa Scop. Yellowcress (Saxon rorippen) Plants biennial, mostly glabrous; flowers small, yellow, borne in narrow racemes; fruit a short silique or silicle, terete, beaked; seeds in 2 rows, large, numerous; cotyledons accumbent. Plants perennial by creeping rootstocks; leaves mostly pinnately divided or compound . . . R. sylvestris Plants annual from taproot; leaves commonly pinnatifid or entire. Siliques 3-9 mm long; plants glabrous. Stems erect R. islandica var. Fernaldiana Stems becoming repent, rooting at nodes f. reptabunda Siliques 2-5 mm long, plants hispid-hairy below var. hispida R. sylvestris (L.) Bess. Creeping Yellowcress. Bushy perennials with profusely creeping, branching rootstocks; stems 2-5 dm tall, spreading and branching, forming numerous leaf tufts, scabrous-puberulent below and in the upper axils; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the sinuate segments variously lobed or toothed, generally glabrous; petiole dilated at base; racemes narrow, branching, elongating in age; pedicels slender, 4-6 mm long, spreading; flowers 4-6 mm wide, golden yellow; (anthers produce imperfect pollen as seen under microscope and ovaries wither without seeds). Plants in this area appear sterile.--Infrequent. 18749 edge of lawn, Alworth place, UMD campus. The plants observed during 3 growing seasons produced no fruit. Adv from Eu. Jy-Nov. R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas. var. Fernaldiana Butt. & Abbe. Smooth Yellowcress. Plants branching, smooth, with erect stems, up to 7 dm tall, or prostrate, creeping in f. reptabunda Fern.; basal and cauline leaves similar, pinnatifid, the lowermost petioled, the upper sessile, scarcely reduced in size below the inflorescence; flowers in short racemes; sepals concave, longer than the oblanceolate short-clawed petals; the staminal glands more or less continuous around the terete base of the ovary; style short cylindric, tipped with capitate stigma; silicles narrowly ellipsoid, beaked; seeds golden brown, lenticular, reticulate, .8.9 mm long and nearly as wide.--Common on shores. 14953 shore of Pine Island, Kabetogama L; 7909 bank of St. Louis R near Floodwood. Lab to BC, Calif to La. f. reptabunda 6738 shore of exsiccating pond at Island L, n of Duluth, growing with var. Fernaldiana; var. hispida (Desv.)

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Butt. & Abbe, differs from the preceding variety in having hispid-pubescent leaves and stems at base; siliques short, often globose, frequently tricarpellate; seeds mostly .9 mm long and nearly as wide.--3170 shore, Superior Bay, Minn Pt (flowers mostly tricarpellate); 13833 shore gravel, seaplane base, Crane L. Nfld to BC, s to Fla. Je-Sept.

Barbarea R. Br. Wintercress (Named for St. Barbara) Glabrous biennial or perennial herbs with erect stems; basal leaves lyrate pinnatifid; cauline leaves with clasping bases; flowers golden yellow, abundant, in narrow elongate racemes; sepals yellow or often with reddish tips, the inner 2 with saccate bases; staminal glands lingulate; seeds minutely reticulate, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. Beak 1.5-3 mm long; basal leaves with 1-4 lateral lobes, the terminal lobe the largest. Pedicels ascending; siliques up to 3 cm long, straight B. vulgaris Pedicels divaricate; siliques up to 3.5 cm long, upward arching var. arcuata Beak 1 mm long; basal leaves entire or with 1-2 lateral lobes; siliques appressed, erect, 2-3 cm long B. orthoceras B. vulgaris R. Br. var. vulgaris. Common Wintercress. Stems 3-8 dm tall, from winter rosettes; racemes narrow, congested; siliques on ascending pedicels, 2.5 cm long, rhombiccompressed; veins of valves anastomosing; in cross section midvein distinct; style up to 3 mm long, flattened, strongly ribbed.--Occasional throughout area. 2059 bank of Lester R, Duluth; 12406 edge of pond off Floodwood R 7 mi n of Floodwood. Native of Eu, widely distributed throughout US and Can. My-Jy. Var. arcuata (Opiz) Fries differs from the typical variety chiefly in having spreading pedicels and upward-curving siliques up to 3 cm long. 12509 resort grounds, Curtain Falls; 7481 meadow at Palmers, North Shore. B. orthoceras Ledeb. Short-beaked Wintercress. Similar to preceding species; stems strict or branching; radical leaves often with only the ovate or suborbicular terminal lobe; cauline leaves pinnatifid up to the inflorescence; pedicels erect, appressed; siliques 1-2 cm long with a thick short beak 1 mm long.--Occasional in area. 7493 brookside meadow near Esko, Hwy 61, Carlton Co, about 1 mi from St. Louis Co line. Lab to Alas, s to Colo, Calif. Je-Jy.

Conringia Link. Hare*s-ear-mustard (Named for Conring, a botanist) C. orientalis (L.) Dum. Hare's-ear (from the shape of the leaves). Smooth annual herbs with entire, auriculate-clasping, oblong to obovate leaves; racemes with spreading and diverging pedicels; flowers cream-colored; inner sepals somewhat saccate; petals clawed, narrowly oblanceolate, 8-12 mm long; outer stamens subtended by U-shaped gland; ovary elongate, 4angled; stigma capitate; siliques 4-sided, up to 10 cm long; valves strongly ribbed; beak short and thick; seeds in 1 row.--Infrequent. 5997 field, Kilpela farm, Palo. Adv from Eurasia. Je-Jy.

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Hesperis L. Rocket (Gr. hes-peris, evening fragrance) H. matronalis L. Dames Rocket. Plants perennial, up to 9 dm tall; leaves lanceolate, the lower petioled, the upper clasping, blades entire or sharply serrate; flowers in elongate racemes, white or purple; sepals colored, the inner strongly saccate; petals up to 20 mm long, clawed; limb ovate, shorter than the claw; staminal glands nearly obsolete; anthers sagittate; stigmas decurrent; silique up to 8 cm long, beaked; seeds in 1 row.--Escaping from gardens. 10556 Congdon R terrace, Duluth. Native of Eurasia. My-Jy.

Arabis L. Rockcress (Name from Arabia) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with petioled rosette leaves and sessile, alternate, cauline leaves; pubescence of forked or simple hairs; inner sepals cupped at base; petals white or pinkish, oblanceolate, narrowed toward the 1-nerved base; outer stamens opposite the nectar-filled sepals; siliques transversely elliptic or rhombic with flat or convex valves; stigma nearly sessile, its lobes in line with the septum; seeds in 1-2 rows, winged or wingless; cotyledons accumbent. Basal leaves pinnately lobed; cauline leaves spatulate; pedicels and siliques spreading in age; petals 5-8 mm long; seeds wingless A. lyrata Basal leaves oblanceolate, dentate or entire; cauline leaves with sagittate-clasping bases; petals 5-10 mm long. Siliques erect, appressed, or somewhat spreading. Midvein of valve distinct up to the stigma; siliques rhombic in transverse view . . . . A. glabra Midvein of valve obscured below stigma; siliques elliptic in transverse view. Siliques suberect, 3 mm wide, seeds in 2 rows; plants glabrous, petals pinkish white A. Drummondi Siliques erect, 1.3 mm wide, seeds in 1 row; white, plants hirsute; petals greenish A. hirsuta Siliques spreading on divergent pedicels often turned edgewise; petals mostly pinkish; seeds in 2 rows, wing-margined A. divaricarpa A. lyrata L. Slender Rockcress. Plants biennial or perennial with stems up to 3 dm tall branching from the crown; taproot slender; basal leaves tufted, lyrate-pinnatifid, densely hirsute; cauline leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, narrowed toward base, glabrous; racemes loose, few-flowered; pedicels slender, spreading; sepals purplish, the inner concave at base; petals 8 mm long, broadly oblanceolate with short claw; staminal glands globular or annular; siliques 2 cm long, delicately veined; beak about 1 mm long; seeds wingless.--Known from area by a single collection. M and Hu 19325 Sturgeon L, sandy beach, Hibbing. Gravel and sandy shores Vt to Alta, s to Ga, Tenn. My-Jy. A. glabra L. Tower-mustard. Plants up to 10 dm tall, glaucous, often purplish, from a stout biennial crown with dense rosettes of oblanceolate basal leaves; leaves hirsute or glabrescent; cauline leaves sagittate, clasping; raceme 3-4 dm long, virgate with erect or appressed

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pedicels and branching peduncles; petals narrowly oblanceolate, white or yellowish; stamens with glandular bases; ovary 4-sided; silique up to 8 cm long with short beak; valves with a prominent midnerve nearly to the apex; seeds in 1 or 2 rows, angular, narrowly wing-edged.-Occasional, high rocks, lake banks. 6891 rocks of L Superior shore Lester R area; 15531 shorewoods of Vermilion L at Fraser Bay. Que to Alas, s to NC, w to Calif. My-Jy. A. Drummondi A. Gray. Northern Rockcress. Plants 5-6 dm tall, glaucous, smooth except at base; rosette leaves pubescent with 2-pointed hairs or glabrescent; cauline leaves with sagitate bases; petals pinkish; siliques 4-6 cm long, compressed, suberect, usually purplish on ripening, seeds in 2 rows, wing-edged.--Common, sandy shores, springy rocky slopes. 2920 high rocks, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth, 44th Ave W; 1552 beach on Minn Pt, Duluth. Lab to BC, s to NM, Ariz. My-Jy. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins. Plants up to 7 dm tall, usually hirsute with simple to stellate hairs; internodes glabrescent; cauline leaves clasping, auriculate, dentate; racemes narrow, crowded; petals greenish white; siliques compressed, at least above the middle; midnerve 1 mm wide, becoming indistinct above; seeds in 1 row, broadly winged.--Occasional, dry soils. 16149 jack pine forest, Embarrass R terrace, s of Gilbert; 16093 gravelly terrace of Bassett L. Anticosti to Yuk, s to centr states, Ga to Calif. My-Jy. A. divaricarpa Nels. Drooping Rockcress. Stems pubescent toward the base, usually branching from a stout perennial crown; basal leaves oblanceolate with stellate pubescence above and beneath; cauline leaves narrowly spatulate with clasping bases; racemes lax, of many branches from the axils of uppermost leaves; flowers pinkish or white; siliques spreading at maturity; seeds in 2 rows, wing-margined or winged.--Common, on granite rocks northw. 15019 terrace of Kabetogama L; 1780a sandy beach, Iron L, Curtain Falls. Gaspe Pen to Yuk, s to Wis, la, w to Calif. My-Jy.

Draba L. Whitlow Grass (Gr. drabe, applied to a plant in mustard family) Tufted annual or flowers white or rows; cotyledons Cauline leaves Cauline leaves

perennial herbs; pubescence of stellate hairs, leaves entire or denticulate; yellow; fruit a silique or silicle, flattened, sometimes twisted; seeds in 2 accumbent. wanting; pod straight, obtuse .D. reptans present; pod tapering to apex, sometimes twisted D. arabisans

D. reptans (Lam.) Fern. Annual with branching leafy base having several leafless filiform flowering scapes; leaves oblanceolate, short-petioled, densely hirsute with forked or stellate hairs, or simple hairs on upper surface; pedicels and upper scape glabrous; flowers in short corymbose raceme; sepals slightly saccate at base; petals notched, usually small, sometimes wanting; staminal glands bilobed; ovary compressed; silicle flat, 1-2 cm long, on ascending pedicel, appressed strigose with simple hairs; seeds light brown, minutely papillate. --Rare. 4961 garden of Ad, Woodland Ave, Duluth. Mass to Ont and s to Ga, Calif. My-Jy. D. arabisans Michx. C l i f f Draba. Plants matting from ascending bases up to 3 dm tall; basal leaves 1-5 cm long, rosulate, oblanceolate; blade narrowed to petioles 1-2 cm long, densely

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stellate-pubescent above and below, with entire margins; cauline leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, remotely denticulate; racemes 1-7 cm long, congested; flowers white, 3-5 mm long; sepals sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 1-2 mm long; petals notched, exceeding the sepals; stamens included; staminal glands prominent; pistil barely exserted; style clavate; stigma capitate, 1 mm long; silicle 5-7 mm long, twisted; seeds with smooth testa 1.2 mm long, light brown.--Shore of L Superior. 2402 crevices of basalt, Split Rock lighthouse, Lake Co; 5479 moss mats on overhanging cliff, Palisade Head, Lake Co. Nfld to Ont, Minn. My-Je.

Nasturtium R. Br. Watercress (L. nasturtium, ancient name for species of mustard) N. officinale R. Br. True Watercress. Perennial, glabrous herbs with creeping or floating stems and somewhat fleshy pinnately compound leaves; leaflets 3-11, the terminal rounded, oblong, and larger than the others; white to purplish flowers in corymbose racemes; sepals narrow, 4-5 mm long, the inner pair saccate; petals twice as long as sepals, obovate, clawed; outer stamens subtended by a pair of globose glands; ovary slightly compressed; stigma capitate, yellow, about 1 mm long; siliques 1-2.7 cm long, turgid, sickle-shaped, on short, slender, divaricate pedicels; valves smooth, finely veined; beak 1.8 mm long; seeds in 2 rows, light brown. --Occasional in springs and ditches. 4959 drainage ditch s of Eveleth on Hwy 53; 11249 springy cr bed, Smith Rd, French R district. Introd and cult, Eu.

Cardamine L. Bittercress (Gr. name of cress with heart-healing virtues) Erect annual, biennial herbs, with pinnately divided leaves (none with entire leaves from the area); stems leafy; basal leaves marcescent; racemes loose; glands annular at the bases of short stamens; siliques 4-angled; midvein of valve delicate up to the rounded apex; stigma sessile or subsessile; seeds in a single row, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. Flowers 9-12 mm long; leaflets and rachises of basal leaves mostly white hirsute when young; petals white or purplish C. pratensis var. palustris Flowers 3-4.5 mm long; basal leaves glabrous; petals white. Terminal leaflets larger than laterals, cuneate-oblong angular or 2-lobed; lateral leaflets oblique at base, decurrent C. pensylvanica Terminal and lateral leaflets narrowly elliptic or linear, entire, rarely dissimilar . . C. parviflora C. pratensis L. var. palustris Wimmer & Grab. Cuckoo Flower. Perennial from slender fibrous roots; stems up to 4 dm tall, often decumbent at bases and rooting at lower nodes; leaflets of basal leaves orbicular to reniform, the terminal usually angled, and mostly hirsute with whitish simple hairs, becoming glabrous; leaflets of cauline leaves elliptic or linear; raceme loose; fruiting pedicels up to 15 mm long, ascending; petals white or purplish, broadly oblanceolate with a short claw.--Rare in area. 17406 swampy terrace of Floodwood R, n of Floodwood, Hwy 73. Throughout Arct Am, s to Va, centr states. Je-Jy.

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C. pensylvanica Muhl. Salad-Cress. Plants biennial, up to 6 dm tall, usually glabrous, from basal rosettes of numerous deep green pinnately divided leaves; cauline leaves similar, with terminal leaflet cleft into 3 lobes; stems sometimes becoming repent, rooting at nodes; flowers white or in shady habitats pink; pedicels slender, 8-10 mm long; petals up to 4 mm long, oblanceolate with a short claw; siliques glabrous, 2-3 cm long, beaked with the style .5-2 mm long; valves yellowish brown, lustrous, often purplish; seeds 1-1.3 mm long.--Frequent throughout area. 13012 shore of Namekan L, Kettle Falls; 4384 sphagnum bog, Normanna T, n of Duluth. Nfld to DC, s to Fla. My-Sept. C. parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) 0. E. Schulz. Annual or biennial, glabrous herbs with erect, often much-branched stems up to 3 dm tall; basal and cauline leaves pinnate with elliptic to linear segments; pedicels ascending, 8-10 mm long; flowers white, small; petals 2-3 mm long; sepals often margined with white; mature siliques erect, 2. 5 mm long; beak about 1 mm long; valves brownish, lustrous; seeds 1-1.2 mm long.--Frequent, rocky slopes and ledges northw. 13778 lichen mats, Little Vermilion R, Can boundary; 15012 granite ledges, Kabetogama Pen opposite Pine Island. NS to BC, s to Fla. My-Aug.

Dentaria L. Toothwort (L. dentaria, for use as toothache remedy) D. laciniata Muhl. Toothwort. Plants 1.5-3 dm tall, arising from horizontal fragile rhizomes, constricted into elongate somewhat spindle-shaped segments; leaves palmately divided or c l e f t ; segments incised or laciniate dentate; basal leaves scattered, with petioles up to 15 cm long; cauline leaves above the middle, usually 2-3, sparsely hirsute; sepals obtuse, 5-9 mm long, the inner somewhat saccate; petals oblanceolate, white to purplish, more than twice as long as the sepals; limb crenate at apex, narrowed to a claw; glands at base of stamens appear confluent, those of the outer stamens annular, connecting with the truncate lobes of the inner 4 stamens (in young flowers the glandular area is often bright green and clearly distinguished from adjacent structures); pistil flattened; style about a third as long as the ovary; stigma globular; silique lance-shaped and long-beaked; seeds in 1 row.--Occasional in area. 6291 Sucker R bank near Palmers, North Shore; 17211 elm forest, Swan R terrace, on Hwy 5, n of Toivola. Que, Vt to Minn, Neb, s to Fla. My-Je.

Copse Ha Medic. Shepherd's Purse (L. capsella, diminutive of capsa, box) C. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Common Shepherd's Purse. Plants with simple or branching stems; basal and cauline leaves from entire to pinnatifid, sparingly pubescent with simple or stellate hairs; inflorescences narrow, prolonged racemes often branched below; flowers 3-4 mm long; sepals with a few long hairs dorsally, the inner minutely saccate; petals 3 mm long, clawed; stamens 6, the shorter flanked with a bilobed gland, laterally confluent, appearing as 4 lobes on the receptacle, persistent in fruit; fruit a silicic, obcordate-triangular, beaked with the style about 1 mm long; valves pouch-like; seeds in 2 rows; cotyledons incumbent; testa light brown, coated with mucilage.--Common throughout area. 8230 crevices of 205

rock, Skyline Pkwy, 40th Ave. W, Duluth; 17200 arboretum grounds, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Cosmop. Apr-Nov.

Thlaspi L. Penny Cress (Gr. thlaein, to crush, alluding to compressed

silicles)

T. arvense L. Common Penny Cress. Glabrous annual with rank odor; stems up to 4 dm tall, branching from the base; leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely dentate with sessile auricled bases; racemes many, from axils of upper leaves; pedicels spreading, arching upward; flowers white; sepals oblong, often margined with white, the inner ones somewhat saccate; petals clawed; limb 3-4 mm long, oblanceolate; staminal glands bilobed; silique suborbicular with a broad wing, cordate at apex; style about 1 mm long; septum elliptic, narrowed toward base; valves boat-shaped; seeds brown, 1.5-2 mm long, with concentric shallow ridges all converging at the hilum.--Weed in waste ground, common. 10558 Congdon R terrace at Duluth; 11138 barley field, Kilpela farm, Palo. Across the continent. Apr-Aug.

Iberis L. Candytuft (iberis, ancient name of Spain) J. umbellata L. Globe Candytuft. Plants annual, up to 3 dm tall; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire to serrate, short-petioled; flowers in corymbose cluster appearing umbellate; petals roseate or purple, sometimes white; sepals colored, rounded at apex, the inner~^ saccate, and somewhat cucullate at apex; petals obovate, clawed, 2 larger than the others; stamens with thick, clavate, purplish filaments, dilated below; anthers sagittate, yellow; 2 shorter stamens with 2 green lenticular glands; silicic lobed, winged, oblong, with a long style projecting from notch at apex; valves indurated; 1 seed in each locule.--Adv from gardens. 9749 Ely. Native of s Eu.

Lepidium L. Pepperwort (Gr. lepidion, little scale, in allusion to the silicle) Annual puberulent or sparingly pubescent herbs; stems simple or bushy branched; leaves entire to twice pinnatifid; flowers in narrow racemes with appressed or spreading pedicels; silicles suborbicular; 2-seeded locule. Cauline leaves not sagittate-clasping. Petals wanting; stamens 2 L. densiflorum Petals 3-4 mm long, white or purplish; stamens 6 L. sativum Cauline leaves sagittate-clasping L. campestre L. densiflorum Schrad. Common Pepperwort. Stems up to 4 dm tall, with many branches; leaves oblanceolate, dentate to deeply pinnatifid; racemes crowded with minute apetalous flowers

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about 2 mm wide; sepal concave, about 2 mm long; stamens 2, each facing the broad side of the ovary, or I of each of the inner pair; staminal glands reduced to 2 minute papillae; scalelike, rudimentary petals often present; silicle nearly orbicular, 2.6 mm long, wing-edged and cordate at apex; style minute; valves narrowly boat-shaped; seeds brown, 1 mm long, wingmargined and coated with mucilage.--Common in waste lands. 12218 rdside at Janet L, Hwy 73, s of Hibbing; 3016 bay shore sand of Minn Pt, Duluth. Transcont. My-Jy. L. sativum L. Garden Pepperwort. Differs from the preceding species in having petaliferous flowers with 6 stamens and bipinnatifid leaves, hairy beneath; pedicels appressed; silicles wing-margined.--Adv from gardens. 16152 grounds of the Alworth buildings, UMD campus. Introd from Eu. Je-Aug. L, campestre (L.) R. Br. Field Cress. Plants crisp-pubescent with annual or biennial taproot; stems simple or branching, up to 4.5 dm tall; basal leaves long-petioled; blade oblong, commonly shorter than petiole; margin entire to remotely sinuate dentate; cauline leaves oblong, sessile, with sagittate clasping bases, numerous, overlapping the short internodes; racemes 8-15 cm long, densely flowered; pedicels 5-7 mm long, spreading in fruit; petals white; silicles 5-6 mm long, winged, notched at apex; style short, persistent.--Known from 1 coll. A 686 tree plantation, QSWRC, Basswood L, Lake Co. Adv from Eu. My-Je.

Subularia L. Awlwort (L. subula, awl, shape of leaf) 5. aquatica L. Awlwort. Submersed aquatic, or littoral, fibrous-rooted perennial; leaves in basal tufts, 2-4 cm long, gradually tapering to subulate tips; flowering scapes usually 5-6 cm long, raceme 2-several-flowered; sepals concave, 1-1.5 mm long, sometimes purplish at tips; petals white, spatulate to oblanceolate, shorter and narrower than the sepals or sometimes wanting; stamens 4; all floral parts inserted on the rim of the very short hypanthium, suggesting perigyny; ovary ovoid to globular; stigma sessile; silicle stalked, globular or oblong with emarginate apex; valves boat-shaped, 1-nerved; seeds light brown, coated with mucilage; embryo clearly visible through the minutely papillate testa; cotyledons incumbent, parallel to the hypocotyl and about 3 times as long.--Rare. 17069 growing with Elatine minima in about 6 in of water, sandy bottom, n shore of Trout L, in Superior National Forest; 17060 sandy shore of Trout L, near portage from Vermilion L; 18497 shallow water, Basswood L near QSWRC, n of Ely; 21045 bay of Crooked L, Ontario side, Curtain Falls. Nfld to Alas, NS to Wyo, Calif. Jy-Aug.

Berteroa DC. Hoary Alyssum (Named for Bertero, a botanist) B. incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. Plants annual, up to 7 dm tall, branching, hoary canescent with stellate hairs; leaves lanceolate, entire; racemes many-flowered; pedicels erect, appressed; sepals dorsally hairy, the inner somewhat saccate; petals 4-5 mm long, clawed, the limb cleft; short stamens subtended by a prominent 2-lobed gland confluent laterally, appear207

ing as 4 lobes and persisting in fruit; anthers apiculate; ovary terete; stigma capitate; silicles ovoid, 4-5 mm long, compressed, beaked with the long style; seeds in 2 rows, reddish brown; testa leathery; cotyledons accumbent.--Common, rdsides in s half of area. 9065 sandy rdside between Gowan and Prairie L; 8507 gravelly bank at Ely. NS to Mont, through centr states to WVa. Je-Sept.

SARRACENIACEAE (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY)

Perennial, rhizomatous bog plants with pitcher-shaped leaves; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens many, spirally arranged; pistil 1, 5-carpellate; ovary superior, 5-locular; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous, syncarpous, regular.

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Figure 77. Sarracenia purpurea. A. Leaf. B. Cross section of flower through the ovary. C. Ovary with style

Sarracenia L. Pitcher Plant (Named for Sarrazin, Canadian botanist) -S. purpurea L. Pitcher-Plant. Scapose, insectivorous plants with ascending rhizomes and fibrous roots; leaves up to 2 dm long, diffused or variegated with green and maroon red, peti208

oled, erect in radial clusters, cushioned in sphagnum moss; blade curving, pitcher-like, with broad ventral wing up to the rim below the hooded lip or apex; flowering scape 3-5 dm long; flower solitary, nodding, 3-5 cm wide; sepals maroon red without, lined with yellow; petals yellow, panduriform with transversely folded limbs; anthers introrse; stigmas incurved in apical notches beneath the pentagonal dilated styles; capsule globular, opening into the locules; seeds narrowly wedge-shaped, 3-4 mm long, with marginal wing; embryo with endosperm. The water-filled leaf with its cavity tapering to a cone-point in the fleshy petiole and the varying arrangements of hairs and nectar- and enzyme-secreting tissues constitute together an ingenious device for trapping and using insects for nitrogenous nutrients.--Frequent throughout area, but disappearing in drained lands. 16117 spruce-tamarack bog, Prairie L; 16200 muskeg, n of Vermilion L, Superior National Forest. Arct Am and centr states e of Miss R. Je-Jy.

DROSERACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY) Perennial insectivorous bog herbs, with leafless flowering scapes; leaves circinate in rosettes; slender caudex clothed below with marcescent petioles; flowers in scorpioid cymes; sepals 5, slightly adnate at bases; petals 5; stamens 5 with clavate filaments; pistil 3carpellate; ovary 1-locular with 3 parietal placentae; stigmas cleft; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous, syncarpous, regular.

Drosera L. Sundew (Gr. droseros, dewy, alluding to fluid-tipped hairs) Leaf blades orbicular or nearly so; seeds appendaged at each end with air-filled testa . . . D. rotundifolia Leaf blades longer than wide, oblanceolate; seeds not appendaged; testa pulverulent D. intermedia D. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew. Flowering scapes slender, 1-2.5 dm high; upper surface of leaves bristly with long red hairs, each tipped with a droplet of viscid fluid sparkling in sunlight; blades, including the marginal hairs, up to 14 mm wide, abruptly narrowing to a slender petiole; stipules fimbriate; flowers in prolonged cymes, rarely forking, curved and nodding at tip; floral bracts minute, filiform; pedicels and base of calyx often puberulent with sessile glands; flowers 3-5 mm long, opening progressively; corolla and stamens wither soon at ovary summit; capsules 5-7 mm long, usually secund and overlapping, erect and appressed against the axis, reddish purple, often drying dark or black.--Frequent in bog forest, sandy borders of ponds and lakes. 13458 spruce-tamarack bog, Ash R rd near Kabetogama L; 17871 in moss of a partly submersed log at Clear L sw of Ely. Throughout arct Am and Eu, s to Fla, Ala, Calif. Jy-Aug. One collection with red flowers, identified as var. comosa Fern. Spring L bog, Tofte-Isabella Rd, 9-8-51, is abnormal, with galled ovaries. D. intermedia Hayne. Floating Sundew. Plants rooted in moss or muck, with slender erect caudex, 2-3 cm long, or up to 20 cm in floating plants; leaves 3-7 cm long in rosettes; blades 209

oblanceolate, 5-15 mm long, capsules 4-5 mm long; seeds 13866 floating bog, on edges Finberg L, n of Floodwood on

exceeded by the slender petioles; flowering scape 5-10 cm long; grayish with mealy testa.--Occasional, w centr part of area. of mucky hummocks, Sturgeon L n of Hibbing; 18265 floating bog, Hwy 73. Nfld to Ont, s to Fla, Tex. Je-Aug.

CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) Succulent herbs with simple leaves, 4-5-merous flowers; petals slightly united at base; stamens 10; carpels 1-locular; flowers perigynous, apocarpous, radially symmetrical.

Sedum L. Stonecrop (L. sedere, to sit, for mosaic habit) -S. Telephium L. Live-Forever. Stems up to 5 dm tall, from strong caudex; leaves ovate lanceolate; remotely serrate, thick and succulent, drying to thin, transparent membrane with brownish resinous spots; flowers in congested cymes; sepals 2-3 mm long, lanceolate; petals purplish, 5-6 mm long, keeled; carpels 5, radiating from the center, each with a recurving basal nectar gland; follicles dorsally gibbous; seeds numerous, fusiform, minutely reticulate.--Adv from gardens. 2728 Lester R bank, Jean du Luth Rd; 6812 swamp, St. Louis R estuary, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Jy-Aug.

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) Herbs or shrubs with simple leaves; flowers 4-5-merous; petals 5 or, rarely, lacking; stamens 5-10, pistil compound, 1-5-locular with parietal or axile placentae; flowers perigynous or epigynous, mostly radially symmetrical; fruit a capsule or a berry. Herbs; fruit a capsule. Leaves cauline; flowers usually without petals. Flowers in compact 1-sided cymes; fruit 5-locular; leaves alternate Penthorum Flowers in simple axillary cymes; fruit 1-locular; leaves opposite Chrysosplenium Leaves basal; flowers with petals. Ovary superior; hypanthium short, regular. Petals pinnatifid or fimbriate, white or yellowish; scapes with 1-2 leaf-like bracts Mitella Petals entire, white. Flower solitary; ovary 1-locular; scape leafy-bracted Parnassia Flowers in cymose or paniculate clusters; ovary 2-locular; scapes usually bractless Saxifraga Ovary inferior; hypanthium campanulate, obliquely gibbous Heuchera Shrubs; leaves alternate; ovary 1-locular, inferior; fruit a berry Ribes 210

Penthorum L. Ditch-Stonecrop (Gr. penta, five, horos, mark, for the 5-parted flower) P. sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop. Plant rhizomatous; stems up to 5 dm tall, branching above, glandular puberulent toward the summit; leaves elliptic with short petioles, finely serrate, crowded, overlapping; peduncles densely glandular-puberulent; flowers 3-4 mm long; calyx lobes 5, glandular serrate; petals 0, stamens 10, 3-4 mm long; pistil 1 of 5 carpels united below or up to the middle; mature capsules 5-angled, flat below and at summit, the spreading beaks opening transversely; seeds numerous, pale brown, fusiform, finely muricate.--Occasional, wet places. 7867 silty shore, St. Louis R near Floodwood; 13517 shore of Swan R, Hwy 73, s of Hibbing. NB to Ont, Neb, and s to Tex, Fla. Jy-Sept.

Chrysosplenium L. Golden Saxifrage (Gr. chrysos, gold, splen, spleen, for medicinal properties) C. americanum Schwein. Water Carpet. Delicate matting succulents, up to 1 dm tall, with decumbent forking stems rooting at nodes; leaves ovate to orbicular, crenately dentate or entire; petioles 2-3 mm long; flowers in leafy-bracted, forking cymes; flowers 2-3 mm long; sepals 4, small; 8 stamens arising from sinuses of glandular disc; anthers maroon with golden pollen; ovary inferior, 1-locular, opening between carpel beaks, ringent, Mite11 a-fashion; seeds 1 mm thick, globose, reddish brown, minutely muricate.--Abundant, springs and cr beds, se part of area. 1993 springs, se side, Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 7951 swampy shore, Whiteface R, 1 mi w of Cotton. Que to Sask, s to Va, Ind. My-Je.

Mitella L. Miterwort (Gr. diminutive of mitra, cap) Perennial herbs with cordate or reniform basal leaves; inflorescence a raceme. Hypanthium saucer-shaped to turbinate; sepals 5; petals 5, pinnatifid; stamens 10, inserted on the rim of the glandular disc; pistil 2-carpellate, with parietal placentae; seeds smooth, flowers perigynous. Hypanthium turbinate; petals white, ascending M. diphylla Hypanthium flat to saucer-shaped; petals greenish yellow, spreading M. nuda M. diphylla L. Two-leaved Bishop's Cap. Plants glandular pubescent; flowering stem up to 4 dm tall, from strong caudex and thickish rhizome; leaves up to 7 cm long with deeply cordate blades; petioles slender, 3-11 cm long; longest hairs retrorse; cauline leaves similar, usually opposite, sessile or short-petioled; raceme narrow, 14 cm or more long, usually with more than 10 flowers; pedicels short; flowers 5-7 mm wide; hypanthium densely puberulent with sessile glands; sepals oblong, acuminate with a few scattered glands at tips on both sides; petals pectinate-pinnatifid; stamens 10, inserted on the rim of the thin glandular lining of the hypanthium; ovary with short styles glandular to the stigmas; capsule thin-walled, dehiscing to the base between carpel beaks, exposing the rounded placentae with nearly black 211

ovoid lustrous seeds.--In calcareous soils, w St. Louis Co. 17391 elm-ash forest, Sand Cr, Hwy 5, Toivola; 12365 mixed coniferous stand, Hwy 2, nw of Floodwood. Que to Minn, s to SC, Term, Miss. My-Je. M. nuda L. Northern Miterwort. Plants glandular-pubescent; flowering stems usually naked, 1.5 dm tall, from slender caudex and leafy stolons; leaves cordate to reniform, up to 3 cm long; petioles 4 cm long; racemes usually with fewer than 10 flowers; hypanthium saucer-shaped with thick-lobed glandular disc to the sinus level of the sepals; flowers 9-12 mm wide; sepals prominently glandular-puberulent at tips on both sides; petals deeply pinnatifid or fimbriate; stamens 10, included; ovary glandular; styles smooth; capsule short-beaked, dehiscing to the base; seeds black.--Common throughout area. 8058 mixed forest, Prairie L; 14369 swampy forest, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary. Lab, Nfld to Mackenz, s to Mont, 0, Pa. My-Je.

Parnassia L. Grass-of-Parnassus (For Mount Parnassus) P. palustris L. var. neogaea Fern. Grass-of-Parnassus. Plants glabrous, 2-3 dm tall; stem with a single ovate-cordate leaf below the middle; basal leaves ovate-cordate, 2-3 cm long; petioles slender; flower 2-2.5 mm wide, solitary; sepals ovate-spatulate, herbaceous; petals 5, ovate-concave with apical notch;- stamens 5, alternating with petals; anthers 2 mm long, with broad connectives; filaments dilated below; staminodes opposite the petals, flabellate with clustering clavate filaments; pistil ovoid of 4 carpels; 4 stigmas, lance-shaped, appearing sessile on the very short recurving styles; ovary 1-locular with 4 parietal placentae; seeds numerous, brown, ellipsoid, 1 mm long, reticulate-winged their entire length,--Common, shores throughout area. 6536 St. Louis R marsh, New Duluth; 9907 spruce swamp, Prairie L. Lab to Alas, NY to ND. Jy-Aug.

Saxifraga L. Saxifrage (L. saxum, stone, frangere, to break, for habitat in crevices) Perennial scapose plants with rosette leaves; calyx 5-cleft, adnate to ovary base; petals 5; stamens 10; pistil 1, 2-carpellate, 2-locular; ovary half-inferior. Petals narrowly lanceolate, greenish white; calyx lobes reflexed 5. pensylvanica Petals oblanceolate, white; calyx lobes erect 5. virginiensis S. pensylvanica L. Meadow Saxifrage. Plants generally glandular-villous; flowering stems fistulose, up to 10 dm tall, from a strong caudex; basal leaves lanceolate or elliptic, up to 3 dm long and 8-10 cm wide, with prominent midrib, glabrate at least above; margin remote dentate; inflorescence a panicle, becoming interrupted, distantly branched, often leafy-braeted; flowers many, in cymules; pedicels glandular-villous; hypanthium glabrous; petals 3-4 mm long; filaments tapering to subulate apices; anthers orbicular, short; dorsal wall of each carpel above the line of union with the hypanthium developing a transverse fold which on maturity becomes the inflated upper part of the capsule; seeds oblong, 1.2 mm long, short-appendaged at each end, with longitudinal muricate ridges.--Common in swamps. 2911 stream bank, Haine's 212

Cliff, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 19553 swampy rdside, Hwy 73 n of Floodwood. Me to Minn, s to central states, WVa, 111. My-Jy. 8. virginiensis Michx. Early Saxifrage. Plants up to 2.5 dm tall, generally glandular-villous; scapes fistulose, naked, rarely minutely bracted; leaves in basal tufts, often purplish beneath; blades oblanceolate, glabrescent above, narrowing to flattened petioles; inflorescence leafy-bracted, becoming paniculate, sometimes longer than the scape; flowers white, in congested cymules; petals oblanceolate, 5-6 mm long; ovary summit becoming inflated, long-beaked; seed ellipsoid, not appendaged, less than .5 mm long, with minutely muricate ridges.--Occasional in vegetation mats of high rocks throughout area. 2848 basalt crevices, Skyline Pkwy, 44th Ave W, Duluth; 17567 high granitic outcrops above Fenske L on Echo Trail, n of Ely. Que to Ont, Mo, Tenn, WVa. My-Je.

Heuchera L. Alumroot (Named for J. H. von Heucher, German botanist) Flowering stems from stout caudices with petioled palmately veined basal leaves; flowers cymose in paniculate clusters; hypanthium oblique in the area species; sepals somewhat unequal; petals spatulate; ovary essentially inferior; capsule dehiscing between carpel beaks; seeds echinate. Flowering scapes and petioles moderately hispid with hairs 1-1.5 mm long; blades 4-6 cm wide H. Richardsonii Flowering scapes and petioles densely hispid, with gland-tipped hairs, 2-3.5 rim long; blades 4-8 cm wide var. hispidior H. Richardsonii R. Br. var. Richardsonii, Northern Heuchera. Acaulescent from a thick caudex, with flowering stems 2-7 dm high; basal leaves 6-20 cm long, hirsute on petioles with white gland-tipped hairs, or merely glandular puberulent intermixed with a few longer hairs; blades round-cordate, 4-6 cm wide, shallowly 5-9-lobed; teeth broad, mucronate; margin ciliate; upper surface nearly glabrous; lower hispid, especially on the veins; panicle cylindric with ascending peduncles; cymules few-flowered; flowers 5-10 mm long, cylindric campanulate, externally puberulent with gland-tipped hairs; hypanthium strongly gibbous, green with a bright orange-red or purple glandular lining within, below the sinuses; sepals somewhat unequal; petals spatulate, glandular serra-te at tips; stamens and styles somewhat exserted; anthers golden yellow or maroon-red; capsule ellipsoid; seeds numerous, black, and echinate.--Frequent, exposed cliffs northw. Var. Richardsonii 11526 fissures of shore ledges, Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 13092 rocky ledges of Rainy L, Kettle Falls. Alta, Mackenz, to SD, Colo, Ont, Minn. Jy-Aug. Var. hispidior Rosend., Butt., Lak., differs from the preceding in having wider leaves (4-9 cm wide) and greater hispidity of scapes and petioles. 2457 basalt cliffs, 40th Ave W, Duluth; 9024 granite ledges, Burntside L, Ely. Prairie and plains states s. Colo. Je-Aug.

Ribes L. Currant, Gooseberry (Name from Danish colloquial ribs, for the red currant) Shrubs with alternate, simple, exstipulate, palmately veined leaves; flowers in racemes or in 213

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*.L Figure 78. Mitella nuda. Figure 79. Heuchera Richardsonii. A. Part of inflorescence. B. Leaf. C. Section of flower

small clusters of 1-3; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5; hypanthium saucer-shaped or carpels 2; ovary inferior, 1-locular with 2 parietal placentae; styles 2, free or ed; stigmas 2, capitate; fruit a berry. Flowers several in racemes; pedicels articulate; smooth shrubs, rarely prickly, Ovary and pedicels bristly with gland-tipped hairs. Stems prickly; hypanthium funnel-form; styles united below the middle . . . Stems without prickles; hypanthium cupuliform, styles wholly free . . . R. Ovary and pedicels smooth. Hypanthium up to 18 mm long, tubular, golden yellow; style united almost to

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tubular; partly unitcurrants. R. lacustre glandulosum tip . . . . R. odoratum

Hypanthium 5 mm long or less; greenish; styles united below the middle. Leaves dotted beneath with yellow resinous glands; hypanthium cupuliform or campanulate. Hypanthium cupuliform; racemes erect; flowers white R. hudsonianum. Hypanthium deeply campanulate; racemes pendulous; flowers yellow R. americanum. Leaves devoid of yellow resinous glands, hypanthium saucer-shaped. Flowers reddish purple; glandular disc depressed around the styles . . . R. triste Flowers greenish yellow, glandular disc elevated around style bases, sloping toward its thinner rim R, sativum Flowers few on forking peduncles; pedicels not articulate with the hypanthium base; stems spiny or thorny, gooseberries. Ovary and berry prickly R. Cynosbati Ovary and berry glabrous. Stems bristly, armed with numerous spines; pubescence of petioles intermixed with glandular hairs; stamens and styles included R. oxycanthoides Stems mostly unarmed, nodal spines when present 1-3, short and slender; pubescence of petioles nonglandular; stamens and styles exserted R. hirtellum R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Bristly Black Currant. Shrubs 5-6 dm tall with very prickly stems; young growth with yellow bark becoming brownish gray; internodes puberulent, prickly, lustrous; leaves pentagonal, 2-6 cm long, ciliate, cleft into 3-5 cuneate lobes, sparingly hirsutulous on both surfaces; petioles mostly longer than the blades, loosely glandular-villous; racemes several-flowered; rachis and pedicels pubescent with clavate hairs, those on the ovary longer and brush-like in density; flowers greenish white to reddish; sepals 3 mm long, deltoid; petals truncate, spatulate; berry 6-8 mm thick, purplish red, bristly.--Occasional. 7538 white cedar forest, Hwy 94, 8 mi nw of Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to Tenn, Colo. My-Je. R. glandulosum Grauer. Skunk Currant. Ill-scented, smooth shrubs with weak decumbent stems; bark pale gray, becoming darker in age; leaves cordate-reniform, ciliate, 4-7 cm long, thin and smooth, deeply cleft into 5 incised lobes; petioles sparingly glandular, becoming smooth; racemes erect; rachis, pedicels, and ovary moderately hispid with gland-tipped hairs; flowers white or reddish; sepals oblong, rounded at tips, 2-2.5 mm long; petals spatulate; berry red, hispid, 5-6 mm thick, 2-2.7 mm long.--Common throughout area. 7429 border of sphagnum bog, about 10 mi nw of Duluth; 17767 Bottle R woods, between Bottle L and Lac La Croix, Can boundary. Lab and Nfld to Mackenz, Alas, s to 0, NC. My-Jy. R. odoratum Wendl. Golden Currant. Erect shrubs up to 2 m tall; bark gray becoming reddish brown with age; leaves 3-5-lobed, deeply cleft, ciliate, cuneate-obovate, minutely pubescent above and below, with numerous resinous yellow glands when young; racemes spreading to pendulous; floral bracts foliose; flowers 20 mm or more long; hypanthium tubular; lobes golden yellow; petals scarlet; 3.5 mm long; stamens 2 mm long; filaments shorter than anthers; styles united almost up to stigmas; berry black, 6 mm thick.--Shrubs of the Great Plains, cult and escaping. 1421 pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth. My. R. hudsonianum Richards. Northern Black Currant. Shrubs up to 8 dm tall; young stems puberulent with incurved hairs and sparingly resinous dotted; becoming reddish brown in age; leaves 3-5 cm long, 3-5-lobed, suborbicular to reniform-cordate, truncate or cordate at base, softly pubescent beneath and dotted with yellow glands, glabrate above; petioles slender, longer 215

than blades, densely pubescent and gland-dotted; racemes erect; rachis and pedicels pubescent, usually with scattered glands; bracts scarious, mostly linear; flowers white; hypanthium constricted at throat; styles distinct above the base; berry purple-black, 5-8 mm thick, seeds 2 mm long, variously angulate, red, smooth.--Occasional in n swamps. 16050 white cedar forest, Vermilion L; 8083 springy terrace, Prairie L. Que to Alas, s to Wis, la, and westw. My-Je. R. americanum Mill. Wild Black Currant. Stems erect, up to 15 dm tall; bark gray, strongly ridged with decurrent lines; stems glabrate; leaves suborbicular, cordate at base, mostly 3lobed, serrate or dentate margined, dotted beneath with yellow resinous glands, remaining more or less hirsute on the veins; petioles slender, densely pubescent, and glandular, often with plumose hairs; flowers pale yellow, sometimes suffused with purple, in drooping racemes; pedicels 2-4 mm long; floral bracts ciliolate; rachis and pedicels nonglandular, minutely hirtellous; hypanthium campanulate, 3-4 mm long; petals yellowish, spatulate; styles united more than three fourths of their length, included; berry purple-black, 6 mm thick; seeds yellow with firm testa.--Common throughout area. 11383 St. Louis R woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 10224 shorerocks, Kabetogama L, Herseth's vacation camp. ME, Alta, s to Va, 0, Neb, NVI. My-Je. R. triste Pall. Red Swamp Currant. Straggling shrubs up to 8 dm tall decumbent and rooting at base of stems; bark grayish brown, becoming darker and exfoliating in age; leaves mostly pentagonal, 7-10 cm wide, 5-7 cm long, dark red or variegated with green when young, glabrous in age; racemes pendant, overtopped by new growth; flowers 4-5 mm wide; hypanthium f l a t ; petals flabellate, shorter than the oblong sepals; stamens included; berry dark red, 5 mm thick; seeds angular, red, 3 mm long; testa pulpy.--Common throughout area. 2089a large bush, open slope, Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 14159 ash-cedar swamp, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary. Nfld to Alas, NJ to Ore. My-Je. R. sativum Syme. Garden Currant. Stems 1 m or more tall, often arching; bark becoming reddish brown; leaves reniform, velvety gray beneath, intermixed with colored glands; petioles pubescent, ciliate below with long gland-tipped hairs; bracts ciliate and glandular; racemes pendulous; flowers yellow-green; glandular disc sloping from the style bases toward its thinner rim at sinus level of sepals; petals spatulate with dilated, nearly truncate apex; styles united almost to the stigmas; berry red or yellow, 4 mm thick.--Escaping from cult; 5-28-51 hillside above 1st St and 25th Ave E, Duluth. Introd. My-Je. R. Cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry. Suberect shrubs, up to 1 m tall; bark gray, becoming reddish brown; internodes sometimes prickly, usually smooth, spines prominent in 3's; leaves ovate-cordate, suborbicular, rounded or truncate at base, velvety pubescent beneath; petioles densely pubescent, often intermixed with glandular hairs; peduncles 1-3-flowered; flowers greenish white; hypanthium campanulate, 3-5 mm long; sepals obovate, 2.8 mm long; petals white, shorter than sepals; stamens mostly included, exposed by reflexing sepals; styles united almost to the top; berry dark red, prickly, 12 mm thick; seeds 2-3 mm long, dark, angled; testa.thinly fleshy.--Occasional, hardwood stands, s St. Louis Co. 9137 Prairie L terrace; 4973 high c l i f f , Hunter's Hill, Duluth. NB to Man, s to NC, Ala. My-Je. R. oxyacanthoides L. Northern Gooseberry. Low, spreading, intricately branching shrubs, up to 8 dm high; nodal spines 3-5, often yellow; internodes prickly hispid or sometimes nearly smooth; bark gray, exfoliating, becoming reddish brown; leaves 2-4 cm long, obovate, cuneate at base, deeply cleft into 3-5 flabellate lobes, finely pubescent and glandular beneath; petioles and floral bracts glandular-puberulent; flowers greenish yellow; sepals purplish; 216

hypanthium campanulate to cylindric, 5-6 mm long, glabrous; sepals 3-4 mm long, usually reflexed at anthesis; petals obovate, nearly as long as the sepals; stamens included; styles united above middle, stigmas exserted; berry smooth, globose, bluish purple, 8 mm thick, sweet and pulpy; seeds plump, 2.7 mm long, reddish brown; testa ridged longitudinally.--Common along lakes. 12946 high granite ledges, Kettle Falls, Rainy L; 12653 high bluff above Shagawa L, Ely. Hudson Bay to Yuk & BC, s to Minn, Mich. My-Je. R. hirtellum Michx. Swamp Gooseberry. Mostly smooth shrubs up to 1 m tall; nodal spines lacking or sometimes 1-3; bark pale gray, becoming reddish brown, exfoliating in age; leaves 3-5lobed, obovate or reniform-flabellate; blades cuneate at base, smooth above, pubescent beneath, ciliate; lobes incised, crenate, mucronate; petioles densely pubescent, often with plumose hairs; floral bracts mostly scarious, clasping at bases, ciliolate; flowers greenish yellow, 2-4 on peduncles, 7-8 mm long; hypanthium narrowly campanulate, 3-3.5 mm long; sepals oblong, obtuse, 3-4 mm long, yellow, suffused with purple, smooth; petals white, spatulate with dilated denticulate tip; styles distinct above middle, the united portion hirsute, berries purplish, 6-7 thick, globular; seeds red, 2-3 mm long, angular, with thin testa.-Throughout area. 8159 Laurentian Divide n of Aurora; 10169 high bluff, Pioneer Rd, e of Palmers. Nfld to Man, s to WVa. My-Je.

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate, stipulate, simple or compound leaves; hypanthium saucer-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; carpels 1-many; ovary superior or inferior, simple, or compound, 2-5-carpellate; flowers apopetalous, apocarpous or syncarpous, perigynous or epigynous, regular; fruits, achenes, follicles, pomes, or drupes. Ovary superior, simple; flowers perigynous. Carpels 1-many on elongate receptacle in the center of a saucer-shaped hypanthium. Calyx bracted between the sepals; hypanthium shallow. Receptacle enlarging, becoming fleshy in fruit, supporting the achenes at its surface Fragaria Receptacle becoming dry, if enlarging in fruit, not fleshy. Style deciduous; achene without appendage Potentilla Style persistent; achene tailed or hooked Geum Calyx not bracted between the sepals; fruit aggregate, drupelets. Plants with herbaceous stems; flowering stems from subterranean bases Rubus Plants shrubby, mostly biennial; flowers borne on second-year canes Rubus Carpels 1-many within turbinate to urn-shaped receptacle. Hypanthium constricted at throat. Pistils many within a globular receptacle with stigmas closing the orifice; thorny shrubs with pinnate stipulate leaves Rosa Pistils usually 2; hypanthium becoming beaked and prickly, herbs with pinnate stipulate leaves Agrimonia Hypanthium cup-shaped, not constricted at throat. Carpel 1 Prunus Carpels more than 1. Fruit a follicle. Leaves palmately veined; follicle stiped, inflated Physocarpus 217

Leaves pinnately veined; follicle sessile, not inflated . . . Spiraea Fruit an achene. Style straight, deciduous; achenes erect, not inflated or twisted . . Waldsteinia Style deflected dorsally at right angles, achenes inflated and twisted upon one another Filipendula Ovary inferior, compound; flowers epigynous. Shrubs with simple leaves. Branches smooth, not armed with thorns; leaf margin single or sometimes double serrate; flowers racemose. Styles 5, free; ovary becoming 10-locular; fruit a juicy berry Amelanchier Styles 5, united at base, ovary 5-locular, fruit a pome Pyrus Branches thorny or spiny; leaf margins incised; flowers corymbose Crataegus Trees, leaves pinnately compound; fruit reddish orange; endocarp cartilaginous . . Pyrus

Fragaria L. Strawberry (L. fraga, strawberry) Perennial stoloniferous herbs with trifoliolate, stipulate, basal leaves; scapes slender with corymbiform inflorescence; calyx 5-lobed with bracts between the sepals; petals white; stamens many, on the rim of the shallow hypanthium; pistils many, on conical receptacle; fruit an enlarged pulpy receptacle, with projecting or imbedded achenes. Leaves serrate, berry ovoid, achenes imbedded in surface cavities F. virginiana Leaves incised serrate; berry slender, cylindrical or conical, with protruding achenes . . F. vesca var. americana F. virginiana Duchesne. var. illinoiensis (Prince) Gray. Meadow Strawberry. Plants stoloniferous with rhizomatous caudices; stolons stout; petioles up to 2 dm long, densely pubescent; leaflets with short petiolules, broadly cuneate with rounded, serrate margins, impressed veined above; scapes usually shorter than the leaves; flowers 1.5-2 cm wide in loose corymbs on slender-brae ted recurved pedicels; fruit maturing beneath the leaves.--Common, meadows, lakeshores, riverbanks. 8370 shore, Armstrong L ne of Soudan; 10700 springy meadow, UMD campus, Duluth. Common throughout. My-Jy. F. vesca L. var. americana Porter. Upland Strawberry. Similar to the preceding but more slender, stolons slender; petioles overtopped by the scapes, generally loosely and sometimes sparingly pubescent; flowers 1-1.5 cm wide; fruit elongate, cylindrical, slender, with rounded or conical apex; achenes protruding from the surface; berry juicy and sweet but smaller than that of the preceding species.--Common crevice plant, granite bluffs throughout. 8588 crevices of high cliff, Ely; 8640 among lichens in rocky pine forest, Birch L. Gaspe Pen to Alta, s to Va, 111, Neb. My-Aug.

Potentilla L. Cinquefoil (L. potens, powerful, for alleged medicinal virtues) Herbs or shrubs with compound stipulate leaves; flowers in cymes or solitary; hypanthium

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shallow; receptacle pubescent, conical, bearing numerous pistils; style terminal or lateral; fruit an achene. Plants, shrubs or woody at least below; anthers ovate to suborbicular with narrow locules confluent at apices on dehiscence. Carpels and achenes hirsute. Plants woody throughout; leaves 5-foliolate; flowers yellow P. fruticosa Plants woody at base; leaves 3-foliolate, flowers white P. tridentata Carpels and achenes smooth. Flowers reddish purple; plants of swamps not viscid to touch, stems decumbent P. palustris Flowers pale yellow or white; plants terrestrial, viscid to touch, stems erect . . . . P. arguta Plants herbaceous; anthers oblong-ovate with parallel or divergent locules. Plants stoloniferous; peduncles with solitary flowers. Leaves palmately 3-5-foliolate, green above and below; rhizomes nodulose . P. simplex Leaves pinnately compound, silvery pubescent below or on both surfaces; rhizomes not nodulose P. anserina Plants nonstoloniferous; peduncles with several flowers. Leaves palmately lobed. Leaflets densely white-tomentose beneath. Petals obcordate; flowers 1.8-2.4 cm wide; stems stout from caudex; leaflets deeply toothed down to the bases P. gracilis Petals obovate; flowers 8-10 mm wide; stems slender, decumbent; leaflets cuneate, entire below the middle P. argentea Leaflets green on upper and lower surfaces. Plants perennial; leaves digitate, 5-7-foliolate. Flowers 2-2.5 cm wide; style base not enlarged or glandular P. recta Flowers 8-10 mm wide; style base enlarged and glandular P. intermedia Plants annual or biennial; leaves 3-foliolate P. norvegica Leaves pinnately divided P. pensylvanica P. fruticosa L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Intricately branched shrubs, up to 2 m tall; bark reddish, shreddy; leaves many, silky pubescent, pinnately 5-7-foliolate, deciduous; petioles jointed above the persistent stipular base; flowers showy, 1-1.5 cm wide; sepals ovate, acuminate, 4-5 mm long; petals orbicular, bright orange-yellow; anthers ovate with rounded apices; carpels densely villous, styles slightly thickened upward, attached below the midpoint; achenes villous; calyx somewhat accrescent, becoming dry, marcescent.--Frequent, L Superior coast. 2563 crevices of diabase, on shore outcrops, 16 mi ne of Duluth. Lab to, Alas, s to 111, la, m. Je-Jy. P. tridentata Ait. White Cinquefoil. Plants creeping and matting by means of woody underground stems giving rise to slender ascending caudices clothed with old leaf remnants; leaves evergreen, trifoliolate; leaflets narrowly cuneate, 3-toothed at apex, lustrous green; petiole jointed above; cauline leaves 1-3, similar to basal leaves; stipules green, sheathing, 2-4-toothed; cymes flat-topped, several-flowered; flowers 1 cm wide, white; petals obovate, disc and receptacle pubescent; anthers orbicular; carpels hairy; styles lateral, filamentous; stigmas small; achenes hairy, the indurated pericarp obscurely veined, with hairy lines.-Common, crevices of outcrops, dry pine woods throughout area. 10848 rock seams, L Superior shore near Stony Pt; 11676 upper sandy beach, Iron L, Curtain Falls. Lab to Mackenz, exposed situations, s to Ga. Je-Sept.

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P. palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh Cinquefoil. Perennial by creeping ligneous rhizomes; stems ascending, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent toward summit, the older part with marcescent leaf remnants; leaves pinnate with sheathing stipules, 5-foliolate; leaflets sharply serrate, oblong to obovate; flowers purple, 2-3 cm wide, sepals broadly deltoid; hypanthium disc glandular and velvety-pubescent; petals shorter than the calyx lobes, oblanceolate, purple; stamens many; anthers ovate; achenes glabrous, lustrous, dorsally convex with rounded apex, slightly curved; styles lateral; receptacle enlarging in fruit.--Bogs, marshes, and bordering vegetation mats throughout area. 5581 white cedar swamp, Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing; 6018 Sandbar Island, Superior Bay, Duluth harbor. Lab to Alas, s to 0, 111. Je-Aug. P. arguta Pursh. Tall Cinquefoil. Plants up to 8 dm tall, with stout subligneous caudex and roots, viscid pubescent throughout; leaves pinnate; basal leaves 1-5 dm long, with dilated stipular bases and 7-11 ovate, sharply serrate sessile leaflets; cauline leaves similar with shorter petioles and fewer leaflets; stipules lanceolate, green; cymes contracted; flowers 2-3 cm wide; calyx lobes deltoid with subulate tips; petals suborbicular, pale yellow or nearly white, spreading in age; stamens more or less grouped, 4-5 facing each sepal; anthers orbicular; calyx glandular, velvety pubescent within, enlarging in fruit; carpels many on the hairy receptacle; achenes glabrous, obscurely veined; style fusiform, attached near the base of achene.--Common on exposed rocky hills especially along Can border lakes. 14600 high rocks, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary; 10717 rocky slope below Skyline Pkwy, 39th Ave W, Duluth. NB, BC, s to Okla, e centr states. Je-Aug. P. simplex Michx. Prostrate Cinquefoil. Plants in extensive colonies, hirtellous, perennial, with hard nodulous rhizomes; stems ascending, slender, wiry, becoming prostrate and tiprooting; leaves stipulate, palmately divided, usually 5-foliolate; leaflets hirsute beneath, glabrate above, elliptic; margin coarsely dentate; flowers solitary 1-1.5 cm wide; calyx at first spreading erect in fruit, hirtellous; receptacle and disc hairy; petals yellow suborbicular, emarginate; stamens 3-4 mm long; anther-locules about 1 mm long, style upwardly thickened, attached below summit of ovary; achenes glabrous reticulate-ribbed, about 1 mm long. --Common, shores and banks throughout area. 12564 upper beach, Iron L, Can boundary, Curtain Falls; 2360 L Superior terrace, 30th Ave E, Duluth. Nfld to Que, s to Term, Ala. Je-Aug. P. anserina L. Creeping Cinquefoil. Plants acaulescent, producing stolons from leaf tufts; leaves up to 2.5 dm long, pinnately divided, with 6 to many pairs of leaflets and several intervening bractlets; leaflets serrate elliptic-cuneate, oblique at base, sessile, silver white with silky hairs beneath, green and glabrous above or sparingly hirtellous; stipules strigose, cleft into linear segments; flowers solitary on slender peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm wide; sepals reflexed; petals ovate, deep yellow or orange; disc and receptacle villous; carpels smooth; style clavate, subterminal.--A1513 headwaters of St. Louis R, Seven Beaver L; Nh 6-944, E Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to la, 111. Je-Jy. P. gracilis Dougl. Western Cinquefoil. Plants canescent tomentose; caudices up to 7 dm long, stout, hard; leaves 5-7-foliolate, densely white tomentose beneath; leaflets oblanceolate, deeply cut into ovate or obliquely deltoid teeth down to the base; cauline leaves 3-4, similar, but smaller; peduncles of larger cymes stiff upright, with many flowers; flower 1.5-2.3 cm wide; calyx, hypanthium, and receptacle densely white pubescent; petals showy yellow, broadly ovate; carpels glabrous; styles apical, glandular, thickened at base; achenes obscurely ribbed.--Rare. 2088a open nw-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Also collected in Cook Co, Minn, Alas to Colo, Que to NH. Je-Aug. 220

P. argentea L. Silver Cinquefoil. Plants from slender caudices with erect to ascending stems up to 4 dm long; stem bases clothed with marcescent petioles and stipules; basal leaves up to 10 cm long; leaves palmately divided, usually 5-foliolate, white woolly beneath, glabrate and dark green above; leaflets cuneate, deeply dentate above the middle; flowers 10 mm wide, bright yellow, in close cymes; calyx pubescent with white silky hairs; style base thickened, glandular, subterminal; achenes prominently ribbed.--Occasional, cleared banks and shores. 12428 Jasper Peak, Soudan; 13289 terrace of Ash R, Frontier Lodge. Nfld to ND, s to WVa, 0. Je-Aug. P. recta L. Sulphur Cinquefoil. Perennials whose hard stout caudices have spreading hirsute pubescence over fine puberulence; stems up to 5 dm tall, thick at base and clothed with marcescent leaf remnants; leaves palmately divided, 5-7-foliolate, green with grayish pubescence; leaflets up to 14 cm long, obovate, with prominently serrate margins and ovate to deltoid teeth; cauline leaves numerous, overlapping, passing into floral bracts; stipules foliose, cleft and incised into linear lobes; cymes many-flowered; flowers 2-2.5 cm wide; bractlets acuminate, slightly narrower than the sepals; petals sulphur yellow, showy, broadly ovate and emarginate; achenes prominently reticulate-ribbed. --Adv on rdsides. 5401 old stone quarry along rr tracks, 28th Ave E, Duluth; 5630 rdside meadow near Sturgeon L observation tower, n of Hibbing. Nfld to Ont, Va, Tenn, Ark. Je-Augi P. intermedia L. Stiff Cinquefoil. Stems up to 4 dm tall, rigid and grayish pubescent, several, from a thick multicipital crown clothed with marcescent leaves; basal leaves few; cauline leaves numerous, overlapping, palmately divided, with cleft stipular bases; leaflets mostly 5, sessile, elliptic-obovate, incised and dentate below the middle; inflorescence often half as long as the stem, many-branched; cymes numerous; flowers 8-10 mm wide; sepals acuminate; petals pale yellow, ovate, fugaceous; anthers with divergent locules on a wide connective; carpels numerous; achenes veiny-ribbed.--Rare. 8303 sandy terrace of Armstrong L, Hwy 1, about 10 mi ne of Ely. Nfld to Mich, Minn, Va. Adv from Eu. Je-Jy. P. norvegica L. Rough Cinquefoil. Plants up to 7 dm tall, annual or biennial; stems 1-several, pubescent with spreading coarse hairs; leaves 3-foliolate, those in the basal tufts up to 13 cm long; cauline leaves several, with foliose stipules; leaflets cuneate, coarsely dentate to the base with ovate teeth, hirsute above and beneath; cymes leafy-bracted, congested, calyx 10-12 mm wide; petals shorter than the acuminate sepals, bright yellow, caducous; anthers have wide connective with divergent locules; achenes smooth or with curved, longitudinal ridges; styles thickened and glandular at base, subterminal. --Most common cinquefoil throughout area. 1530 abandoned garden, Minn Pt, Duluth; 16206 shorerocks of Vermilion L, Treasure Island area. Greenl to Alas. Transcontinental. Je-Jy. P. pensylvanica L., var. pensylvanica. Plains Cinquefoil. Perennial plants, up to 3.5 dm tall, from thick crowns; stems lanate-pubescent, decumbent, several, with reddish internodes; leaves ovate or obovate, pinnately divided into 7-9 sessile elliptic leaflets 10-12 mm wide; margin cut into linear ascending teeth about three fourths down to the midvein; basal leaves up to 12 cm long, with pinnatifid stipules; cauline leaves similar, progressively reduced in size toward the summit; cymes congested; flowers 14-17 mm wide; sepals ovate; petals obovate, pale yellow, retuse at apices; anthers notched, cordate at bases with diverging locules; style terminal; achenes conspicuously ribbed.--Occasional. 10710 dry grassy slope, Skyline Pkwy, 69th Ave W, Duluth; D& Lak 21683 partly cleared forest border, Tomahawk Trail e of Isabella L, Lake Co. Var. bipinnatifida (Dougl.) T. & G. Differs from the typical in having proportionately shorter and wider leaf, with leaflets 12-19 mm wide, longer teeth, and more 221

pubescence on the lower surfaces W, Duluth; 2573 Chester Pk hill, ceding in leaf shape and thinner Yuk to plains states, e to Mich.

of leaflets. 10707 dry grassy slope, Skyline Pkwy, 69th Ave Duluth; var. glabrata (Hook.) S. Wats. Differs from the prepubescence throughout. 2581 high hill, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Je-Aug.

Geum L. Avens (Ancient L. name for a plant) Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves; hypanthium saucer-shaped to campanulate; bractlets present at sinuses between the sepals; petals ovate to suborbicular or flabellate, clawed; stamens many above the glandular rim of the hypanthium; carpels numerous; style terminal with a jointed appendage below stigma, deciduous or persistent in age. Hypanthium saucer-shaped; flowers erect. Petals white. Receptacle bristly; sepals and petals of about equal length or petals a little longer .

G. canadense Receptacle smooth; sepals longer than petals G. laciniatum Petals yellow. Sepals 2.5-5 mm long; style base glandular; achenes fringed with cilia on dorsal and ventral edges G. macrophyllum Sepals 5-9 mm long; style base glabrous; achenes hirtellous on the ventral edge . . . . G. aleppicum Hypanthium campanulate; flowers purple, nodding. Flowers more than 3; persistent styles jointed G. rivale Flowers 3; persistent styles not jointed, silky plumose G. triflorum G. canadense Jacq. White Avens. Plants up to 8 dm tall; stems sparingly pubescent; blades velvety to touch beneath; leaves trifoliolate, the basal and cauline similar, sometimes pinnately divided, deeply cleft; flowers 6-14 mm broad; sepals deltoid; petals obovate, longer than the sepals; rim of hypanthium glandular; fruiting heads globose on arching peduncles, hypanthium everted; achenes puberulent and hirtellous on ventral angle, the bent, hooked style nearly twice as long as the edged achene body; receptacle densely villous.--Rare. 7752 ash-elm forest, Mission Cr valley, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 20647a hardwood forest, steep slope, Fond du Lac, close to Carlton Co line, NB to Minn, Kans, Mo, Tenn, SC. Jy-Aug. G. laciniatum Murr. var. trichocarpum Fern. Cut-leaf Avens. Plants up to 8 dm tall, from thickened rhizome; stems hirsute, branching above; basal leaves pinnately divided, 8-25 cm long; leaflets incised, hirtellous above and below; petioles retrorsely bristly hairy; cauline leaves mostly 3-foliolate, the segments incised or sometimes pinnately laciniate; stipules ovate, coarsely incised; peduncles bracted, villous hirsute, becoming arching or divergent in fruit; pedicels viscid villous; sepals 4-5 mm long, deltoid, reflexed, puberulent within, hirtellous without; petals 3-5 mm long, white, ovate, pistils many; receptacle nearly smooth; fruiting heads 2.2-2.5 cm thick, subglobose; achene long-beaked, reflexed, ovary bristly at summit.--Infrequent. 7701 mixed deciduous woods, terrace of Whiteface R, 1 mi w of Cotton; 20944 abundant in valley of Little Swan R, Hwy 27, se of Hibbing. NS to Minn, NJ, WVa, to Mo. Je-Jy.

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G. macrophylLum Willd. Large-leaved Avens. Plants up to 1 m tall with bristly pubescence; basal leaves with nearly orbicular-cordate terminal leaflet; lateral leaflets small and bractlike, of varying sizes; cauline leaves cleft; stipules auriculate, incised; upper leaves passing into floral bracts; flowers 1-1.5 cm wide; sepals deltoid, attenuate; bractlets minute, linear; petals golden yellow, ovate; hypanthium 2-3 mm long, glabrous within; fruiting heads ovoid-oblong on stiff arcuate to ascending peduncles; achenes 8-10 mm long, usually minutely glandular, the hooked beaks of styles becoming red.--Occasional in area. 2307 brookside meadow at Kilpela farm, Palo; 13848 shorewoods of Crane L, Congdon's resort. Nfld to Alas, Me to Ida, Calif. Jy-Aug. G. aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. Common Avens. Plants up to 1 m tall, hirsute; basal leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, with incised terminal lobe; rachis densely pubescent; cauline leaves cleft into 3-5 cuneate lobes; stipules laciniate; flowers golden yellow, 1-1.5 cm wide; sepals deltoid, attenuate; bractlets linear, about 2 mm long; petals ovate, usually longer than the sepals; hypanthium 2-3 mm long, glabrous within; fruiting heads obovoid on arching peduncles; floral remnants reflexed; achenes recurved; beak of achenes smooth; body of achenes puberulent and hirtellous at summit.--Common. 10546 peaty meadow se of Hibbing; 14984 terrace n shore, Kabetogama L opposite Pine Island. Que to BC, s to Neb, la, Mex. Je-Aug. G. rivale L. Purple Avens. Plants up to 9 dm long with rounded terminal lobe; basal leaves 1014 cm wide, 10 cm long; leaflets of varying sizes and arrangements, cauline leaves progressively smaller, having mostly cuneate lobes with laciniate stipules, passing into floral bracts; flowers several, on nodding pedicels; hypanthium campanulate, purple, glandular villous outside; bractlets linear; flowers 2-2.3 mm wide; petals clawed, equaling the sepals, pale yellow to rose, with deeper colored veins, limb flabellate emarginate, apiculate; stamens numerous; receptacle stalked, erect in age; achenes hirtellous; summit and base of style plumose.--Common in moist ground. 10661 Prairie L; 1997 Lester R bank. Lab, Nfld to BC, s to 0, 111, NM. Je-Aug. G. triflorum, Pursh. Prairie-Smoke or Avens. Plants up to 4 dm tall, from stout rhizomatous base, pubescent; stem purple at summit with ascending hairs, cauline leaves reduced to a pair of incised connate bracts; basal leaves 1-2.5 dm long, pinnately divided into cuneate, cleft leaflets; leaflets progressively larger, the terminal largest, the lower interrupted by bractlets; petiole dilated below, grooved; peduncle nodding; pedicels subtended by linear subulate bracts; flowers commonly 3, purple; calyx campanulate; hypanthium crested with a scalloped glandular rim surrounding the many simple silky pubescent pistils; calyx bractlets subulate, exceeding the lobes and the narrowly ovate yellow petals; stamens numerous; anthers yellow, small; styles on mature achenes plumose, 5-6 cm long; fruiting peduncle erect.--Rare. 21350 sandy terrace, Stony R, Kiwadinipi Resort, Hwy 2, Lake Co. NY, Alta, to Mont. My-Je.

Rubus L. Raspberry, Blackberry (L. ru-bus or ruber, red) Perennial herbs from subligneous bases, or shrubs with biennial canes; leaves stipulate, simple or pinnately compound; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; carpels many on convex receptacle; fruit an aggregate of drupelets on dry or fleshy receptacle; flowers perigynous.

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Flowers borne on current year's growth; stems herbaceous without prickles; stipules free from petiole base. Flowers solitary. Leaves simple, 3-5-lobed or entire; flowers white, opening with expanding leaves; fruit yellow R. Chamaemorus Leaves 3-foliolate; flowers roseate, opening after expanded leaves; fruit red R. acaulis Flowers in small clusters or solitary from lower leaf axil; leaves 3-5-foliolate; stems with leafy stolons from woody base R. pubescens Flowers borne on second-year canes; canes setose-hispid, prickly, or glabrous; stipules adnate to petiole base. Carpels forming a thimble-like fruiting body of drupelets readily falling off the receptacle. Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stems unarmed; flowers 3-5 cm wide . . R. parviflorus Leaves pinnately compound; stems bristly and hispid with gland-tipped hairs, rarely smooth; flowers 10-12 mm wide R. strigosus Carpels becoming fused with the fleshy receptacle, falling attached to it. Primocanes prostrate, matting, tip-rooting, forming extensive colonies; prickles few to many, retrorsely curving. Leaves 3-foliolate, terminal leaflets elliptic-cuneate, short-acuminate R. nefrens Leaves 3-5-foliolate, terminal leaflet ovate rounded to subcordate, abruptly acute . R. flagellaris Primocanes erect, arching .5-2 m or more high; leaves 3-5-foliolate. Canes 1-2 m long, high-arching, prickles variable. Prickles broad-based, stout, curving or straight; leaves pubescent, at least below; racemes commonly overtopping the bracteal leaves. Pubescence of rachis and pedicels intermixed with stalked glands; racemes 1-2.5 dm long R. allegheniensis Pubescence of pedicels and rachis without stalked glands, often scattered sessile glands concealed in indumentum; racemes up to 8 cm long . R. pensilvanicus Prickles few or mostly wanting; leaves glabrous; tips of leaflets caudate R. canadensis Canes commonly 1 m high or less, recurving, low-arching, or prostrate; prickles prevailingly straight. Terminal leaflet of primocane leaves ovate, rounded to subcordate; canes recurving to low-arching. Leaves thinly pubescent above and below usually glabrate except the veins below; margin sharply and mostly evenly double-serrate R. acridens Leaves velvety pubescent below; margin mostly jagged-serrate R. recurvans Terminal leaflet of primocane leaves consistently cordate, long-tapering; canes prostrate R. minne sot anus Canes low-arching to trailing, prickles retrorse, numerous, intermixed with numerous gland-tipped hairs R. Groutianus Canes erect, becoming depressed or low-arching, prickles setiform or acicular, not intermixed with gland-tipped hairs R. vermontanus R. Chamaemorus L. Cloudberry. Creeping herbs with deep-seated, ligneous rhizomes, .7-3 dm high; flowering stems usually 2-3-leaved with 2 or more brownish sheathing bracts at lower nodes; young growth more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming glabrate in age; mature leaves 224

membraneous, 5-13 cm wide, with petioles 3-5 cm long; blades usually palmately veined, 3-5lobed, orbicular or reniform in outline; margin shallowly mucronate dentate; veins impressed; gland-tipped hairs often persisting on the lower surface and petioles; flower 2-3 cm wide, monoecious or dioecious, solitary on slender peduncle, overtopping the leaves; hypanthium base densely glandular; sepals ovate, surpassed by the white, obovate petals; filaments capillary; anthers cordate; fruiting calyx 12-16 mm long; fruit on ripening turns peach red to deep amber-yellow, with juicy drupelets, before separating from the shallow everted hypanthium; endocarp 4-5 mm long, reticulate-ribbed; mature fruit 1.2-1.8 cm thick.--Arct species, a recent discovery in the state. A 3000 in sphagnum, mature spruce forest, Back Bay, Basswood L, S 17, T 64, R 10, Lake Co, the most southerly location inland. Greenl to Alas, Nfld to BC, coast of Me to Ont, Minn. Je. R. acaulis Michx. Arctic Raspberry. Plants herbaceous, pubescent to glabrate, from ligneous branching caudex; flowering stems 8-15 cm high, with 3-foliolate leaves; leaflets lustrous above, sparingly villous to glabrate, the terminal cuneate-obovate, the lateral somewhat inequilateral in outline; margins mucronate-dentate; flower solitary 1.5-2 cm long, on slender peduncle 2-4 on long, usually overtopping the leaves; hypanthium campanulate, sepals lancelinear, prolonged at tips; petals roseate, 9-11 mm long, with obovate limb narrowing to claw; stamens with pink filaments, abruptly narrowed to a filiform anther connective; style terminal slightly clavate; fruit globose, red, 10-14 mm thick; drupelets juicy; endocarp 2-3 mm long, bean-shaped, nearly smooth.--Occasional in s centr St. Louis Co. 2896 sphagnum, sprucetamarack bog, 13 mi n of Duluth; 21463 fruiting plants from edge of peat meadow, s of Zim, Hwy 7, about 50 mi nw of Duluth. Throughout arct Am, s to Colo on mts. Je-Jy. R. pubescens Raf. Dewberry. Flowering stems pubescent, from slender woody caudices 2-3 dm tall or from profusely spreading leafy stolons often rooting at tips; stem bases bracted; leaves compound, 3-5-foliolate, 3-7 cm long; terminal leaflets rhombic; lateral leaflets obliquely ovate; stipules oblanceolate; flowers in small corymbs, usually 3-5, on slender peduncles about equaling the bracteal leaves, pubescent intermixed with stalked glandular hairs; flowers white, rarely pinkish, up to 10 mm wide; hypanthium campanulate; sepals deltoid, attenuate, ciliate becoming reflexed; petals ovate, clawed, 6-7 mm long; stamens similar to those of the preceding species; carpels many; style terminal, clavate; fruit dark red, globose, 10-12 mm thick; endocarps reticulate-ribbed.--Common throughout area. 10701 thicket, UMD campus; 17584 along portage to Angleworm L, Echo Trail n of Ely. Lab to BC, s to 0, Colo. My-Je. R. parviflorus Nutt. Thimbleberry. Unarmed shrubs up to 2 m tall; young stems densely glandular hispid; bark becoming gray, shredding on older stems and usually maroon red on exfoliation; leaves simple, suborbicular, palmately 3-5-lobed, 5-20 cm or more wide, hirsute and glandular on principal veins beneath, or glabrate; lobes coarsely dentate; petioles hispid with stalked glands; flowers white, 3-5 cm wide, in cymes of 3-15; hypanthium shallow; sepals ovate, abruptly narrowed to linear-caudate tips, densely glandular throughout; petals broadly ovate with a thickened glandular base; stamens many; filaments capillary; anthers versatile; receptacle and ovaries short-hairy; style terminal; carpels adhering together to form a thimble-like fruit separating from the receptacle; berry roseate, 1.5-2 cm wide.--Common on L Superior coast. 5333 L Superior terrace, Duluth water works; 10366 ash swamp near Gappas Landing, Kabetogama L. Qnt to Alas, s to Mich. Je-Jy. R. strigosus Michx. Red Raspberry. Branching, arching shrubs, biennial, up to 2 m tall, primocanes generally strigose with stiff bristles intermixed with gland-tipped hairs, or

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occasionally smooth in f. tonsus Fern. ; bark smooth and lustrous or finely tomentose in var. canadensis (Richards) House; leaflets 3-5 or sometimes 7, mostly 3 in floricanes, ovatelanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, white or gray tomentose beneath; petioles and rachis glandular-hispid; stipules lanceolate to linear; floral axes hispid; sepals glandular-bristly, prolonged to acuminate tips; petals white, ovate, 5-7 mm long; stamens and carpels numerous; stigmas hair-tufted; berry red, 10-12 mm thick.--Abundant throughout area. 1451 vacant lot, sandy beach, Minn Pt; 17917 shore, Gun L, Superior National Forest n of Ely; f. tonsus, 15667 sloping terrace, Crooked L, Curtain Falls; var. canadensis, growing with var. strigosus, 16997 shorewoods of Trout R portage from Vermilion L. Lab to BC, Nfld, 0, w to Wyo. Jy-Sept. R. nefrens Bailey. Creeping Blackberry. Primocanes smooth, usually with recurved prickles, from woody base; leaves 3-foliolate, nearly glabrous above and beneath, coarsely doubleserrate; terminal leaflets rhombic to elliptic; lateral leaflets oblique; petioles often with a few prickles; stipules linear-subulate; floricanes upright, with similar leaves; flowers in small corymbs of 3-8; peduncles and petioles aculeate; berry globose, 8-10 mm thick. Specimens placed in this category are highly variable in armature, some nearly smooth, others moderately prickly; leaf-form is fairly constant; habit of stem growth is affected by habitat; those in crevices and rock clefts tend to be ascending, unlike the prostrate stems rooted in beach sands.--Frequent northw. 16818 shore, Lac La Croix near Boulder Bay; 16684 sandy beach with scattered boulders, Coleman Island, Lac La Croix. ne Minn, southw. Jy-Aug. R. flagellaris Willd. Trailing Brambler. Primocanes tip-rooting, creeping, or trailing, 1-3 m long, from ascendant base; internodes beset with curved prickles 2-4 mm long; leaves 5-foliolate, glabrous at maturity with coarsely dentate margin; terminal leaflet stalked, ovate, abruptly narrowed to acute apex; lateral leaflets oblique, commonly lobulate, subsessile; petiole 5-6 cm long; prickles recurved, on rachis and along the midribs of leaflets; floricane leaves similar, but smaller with weaker prickles; corymbs 3-9-flowered; axes prickly; brae teal leaves commonly 3-foliolate or simple; fruit globose, 1.4 cm thick.--Occasional. 14708 shore ledges of Dryweed Island, Rainy L, nw corner, St. Louis Co; 15836 flat outcrops of granite, high above Sand Pt L. NB to Minn, Okla, to Ga. Je-Jy. R. allegheniensis Porter. Eastern Blackberry. Primocanes erect to high-arching, up to 2.5 m tall, vigorous, with stout broad-based spines; leaves 3-5-foliolate; petiolules and petioles aculeate; leaflets velvety tomentose beneath; floricanes mounding; branches wide-spreading, glandular-pubescent; inflorescence pubescent and hispid with gland-tipped hairs; racemes numerous, 1-2.5 dm long, the lowest rarely corymbiform; flowers white, showy, up to 3 cm wide; berry 1.2-1.8 cm long; endocarps 3 mm long, reticulate-ribbed.--Extreme s part of St. Louis Co. 10619 hardwood forest, bank of Twin Lakes, se of Brookston. NB, Que to Minn, s Tenn, Mo. Je-Jy. R. pensilvanicus Poir. Upland Blackberry. Similar in habit to the preceding species; canes angular, becoming red, prickles straight or recurved, with broad bases; petiole, rachis, and midribs aculeate; leaflets velvety pubescent beneath; primocane leaflets often prolonged to acuminate tips; inflorescences up to 8 cm long; pedicels becoming spreading, villous pubescent, often intermixed with sessile glands; flower 2-3 cm wide, showy white; berry oblong or ellipsoid, 1-2 cm long, juicy, purple-black.--Frequent. 2996 border of sphagnum bog 18 mi nw of Duluth, Hwy 53; 13679 same area. Nfld to Ont, Minn, s to Va, Tenn, Ala. Je-Jy. R. canadensis L. Smooth Blackberry. Primocanes high-arching, smooth or with remote straight prickles; foliage smooth, devoid of fine tomentum; leaflets 5-7, ovate, with long acuminate

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caudate tips; terminal leaflet cordate; floricanes in high-mounding colonies ascending below the primocanes; racemes usually more than 12-flowered; flowers showy white; petals 1.2-1.8 cm long; fruit elongate, purplish black, 12 mm long, sweet and juicy.--Frequent northw. 17173 edge of jack pine clearing n of Sturgeon L on Hwy 5; 17844 extensive mounding colonies, Trout L portage from Vermilion L. Nfld to Ont, Minn s to Ga, Tenn. Jy. R. acridens Bailey. Northern Bramble. Primocanes erect to ascending or low-arching, up to 1.2 dm high, moderately prickly; prickles straight or curving, subulate, 2-3 mm long; leaves 3-5foliolate, thin, nearly glabrous above, sparingly appressed pubescent below or glabrate; margins with sharp double-serrate teeth; terminal leaflet cordate, acuminate; lateral leaflets elliptic, acuminate, sometimes with caudate tips; petioles aculeate; bracteal leaves 1- or 3foliolate, irregularly serrate, mostly overtopping the 3-7 flowered corymbs; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm long; ripe berry purple-black, 9-12 mn long; endocarp reticulate, 2.5-3 mm long.--Frequent, n part of area. A 1810 shore ledges, Basswood L, Frog Bay; floricanes prostrate; 15715 primocanes from same colony, mostly prostrate to low ascending. Nfld to Minn. Jy-Aug. R. recurvans Blanch. Primocanes low-arching .6-10 dm long, with sparse, hard, subulate prickles; leaves 3-5-foliolate, with aculeate petioles; leaflets lacerate-serrate, ovate, acuminate, or acute, truncate or cordate at base, softly pubescent beneath; bracteal leaves similar, often more lacerate and less pubescent below, overtopping the short 5-7-flowered corymbs; petals bright white, flowers 2 - 2 . 5 cm wide; berry globose, 12 mm long, purplish blacks-Occasional, n part of area. 17863 bank, Clear L, s of Ely, Hwy 1. Que to Minn, NS to Va, 111, Mo. Jy-Aug. R. minnesot anus Bailey. Minnesota Brambler. Low mounding shrub, spreading by prostrate tiprooting canes 2 m long; prickles 2-3.5 mm long, sharp, straight, often broad at bases, retrorse on canes; primocane leaves 3-5-foliolate with conspicuously cordate stalked, longtapering terminal leaflets, broadest below the middle or 6-7-foliolate; terminal leaflet ovate and short-stalked with 1 or 2 small incised leaflets from the often lobulate base of the terminal leaflet; lower surfaces nearly glabrous to velvety pubescent; margins serrate; petiole and rachis with short, curved prickles; floricane leaves irregularly toothed, mostly 3-foliolate; bracteal leaves 1- or 3-foliolate, ample, overtopping the flowers; berry blue-black, juicy, 8-10 mm thick. Rocky terraces, n lakes. 15122 portage to Leif L from Kabetogama near Lost Bay; 16767 cleared forest border, Beatty portage to Lac La Croix, Can boundary, se and centr Minn. Jy. R. Groutianus Blanch. Primocanes densely acerose prickly and hispid with gland-tipped hairs; floricanes glandular villous with scattered prickles; leaves 3-5-foliolate, the lowermost often lobulate, glandular-villous at least on veins beneath, glabrate above; petioles and rachis glandular-villous with scattered prickles; flowers in corymbiform clusters, on slender spreading to arching pedicels surpassing the uppermost bracts, often solitary in leaf axils toward stem apex; flowers up to 1.5 cm wide; sepals densely covered with glandular hairs; petals ovate about equaling the sepals; ripe fruit not seen.--Infrequent. 17862 bank of Clear L, Hwy 1, s of Ely. NB to Ont, Minn. Je-Jy. R. vermontanus Blanch. Prickly Blackberry. Canes armed with few to many acerose, slender prickles; leaves 3-5-foliolate, coarsely serrate, those of primocanes glabrous; floricane pubescent on the veins beneath, glabrate above; petioles villous, aculeate; stipules subulate; flowers many, in loose racemes on slender spreading pedicels exceeding the foliage; floral axes villous with gland-tipped hairs; flowers numerous, 1.2-1.7 cm wide; petals white, 227

ovate; berry small, globular, 8-10 mm thick.--Frequent, banks of lakes and rivers. 12080 shore vegetation, Side L n of Ribbing; 13529 bank of Swan R s of Hibbing. Nfld to Ont, to Minn. Je-Jy.

Rosa L. Rose (L. rosa, a rose) Prickly shrubs with pinnately compound stipulate leaves; hypanthium urn-shaped; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens many; carpels many, distinct; fruit an achene; achenes many, within the ripened hypanthium, collectively called a hip; flowers perigynous. Shrubs smooth or armed only with basal prickles R. blanda Shrubs prickly almost up to the summit. Prickles dissimilar, those below the stipules larger with enlarged bases . . R. Macounii Prickles similar. Flowers in large corymbs; leaflets 7-11 R- arkansana Flowers solitary; leaflets 5-7 R. acicularis

80 Figure 80. Rosa blanda. Flowering branch

R. blanda Ait. Smooth Wild Rose. Shrubs 2-15 dm high, spreading by stolons; prickles few and weak, at stem bases, or, occasionally, scattered on stems of young shoots; flowering branches reddish; leaves pubescent on rachis and lower surfaces; stipules entire, tomentose on margins, rarely glandular; leaflets 5-7, elliptic, ovate, or oblanceolate; margin sharply serrate; petiolules 2-5 mm long; sepal tips prolonged, often dilated, and with tomentose inner face and glandular back; becoming erect in fruit; petals bright pink or nearly white; hips elongate or subspherical, red with yellowish pulp; achenes straw-colored, tufted with hair;-Common throughout area, growing in extensive colonies. 4872 shorerocks, L Superior, Stony Pt; 228

16489 among shorerocks of Bottle R, e end of Lac La Croix. Que to Man, sw to plains states. Je-Jy. R. Macounii Greene. Stems 4-10 dm tall, with reddish bark; prickles straight, 2-10 mm long, with pale enlarged bases, those below the nodes commonly larger and sometimes slightly hooked; leaves 5-9-foliolate; stipules, rachis, and the lower surface of the leaflets finely puberulent; leaflets elliptic to wedge-shaped, sharply serrate except for the cuneate bases; flowers solitary; sepals exteriorly glandular-puberulent with short hairs; petals bright pink; hip globose, 8-10 mm thick; achenes 3-4 mm long, yellow, bearded with straight deciduous hairs.-Banks of lakes, streams in forests. 20114 bank of Gooseberry R. Minn, Neb, w to BC. Je-Jy, Aug-Sept. R, arkansana Porter, var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell. Prairie Rose. Low shrubs, up to 5 dm tall, from wide-spreading rhizomes; the season's stems weak, subherbaceous, usually green, with scattered slender prickles; leaflets 9-11, rarely 7, the terminal with petiolule up to 12 mm long, the lowermost smallest, others progressively larger; leaflets ovate, sharply and evenly serrate-dentate, pubescent beneath, or at least tomentulose on the veins, glabrous above; teeth spreading, rachis woolly-pubescent; free tips of stipules deltoid, sometimes cleft, glandular; flowers 4-6 cm wide, several, in loose corymb; sepals subulate, tomentose, with stalked glands on the back, erect in fruit; hip spherical or nearly so, scarlet, smooth; achenes yellowish, becoming glabrous, 4-angled, 4.2 mm long.--Occasional, banks of lakes and rivers, on rocky slopes. 5076 high rocks above Skyline Pkwy, Enger's golf course; 15407 border of ash forest, Vermilion L terrace, Moccasin Pt. Man to Tex, prairie and plains states. Je-Aug. R. acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose. Stems up to 1 m tall, densely prickly; the prickles spinescent, straight, with enlarged bases usually in nodal area; stems greenish yellow or red on older branches; leaves 5-7-foliolate; leaflets ovate to elliptic, sharply dentate below the middle, glabrous and somewhat rugose above, pubescent beneath intermixed with glandular hairs; teeth with spreading tips; stipules sagittate, glandular-serrate; flowers usually solitary, fragrant, 5-7 cm wide, roseate to paler pink, borne singly but numerously on growing shoots; peduncles with stalked glands; sepals much longer than the smooth hypanthium, prolonged to foliose tips, pubescent, and clothed with stalked glands, erect in fruit; hip elongate, scarlet, with thick pulp; achenes ovoid, angled, 4-5 mm long, with caducous hairs.--Common throughout area, highly variable, includes var. Bourgeauiana. 14095 Sucker R bank, N Shore; 15383 Vermilion L shorewoods, End of the Trail Lodge. Je-Jy.

Agrimonia L. Agrimony (Corruption of Argemone) Perennial herbs, from stout rhizomes; leaves pinnate, stipulate; inflorescence racemose or spicate; peduncles and the short pedicels subtended by cleft bracts; hypanthium turbinate, becoming beaked around the styles; rimmed at sinus level of sepals with a series of hooked bristles; sepals 5, deltoid, acuminate, spreading in anthesis; petals 5, obovate; stamens 515; carpels 2 within the hypanthium; stigmas protruding above the orifice; fruit beaked, 6-7 mm long. 229

Hypanthium glandular-puberulent over the whole surface; floral axes glandular, sparsely interspersed with longer hairs A. gryposepala Hypanthium glandular-puberulent with appressed hairs in the grooves; floral axes densely hirsute without glandular hairs A. striata A. gryposepala Wallr. Large-leaved Agrimony. Plants up to 1 m tall; stems hirsute with spreading hairs; leaflets 4-7 cm long, coarsely dentate, on pubescent rachis with smaller bract-like leaves between them; glandular beneath, without hirsute pubescence; teeth ovate, acuminate, mucronate; margins ciliate, glabrate above and glandular beneath; stipules auriculate, lacerate; fruit nodding; lowermost prickles reflexed.--Occasional. 9071 terrace of Prairie L; 15324 Glenwood Lodge rd, n shore of Vermilion L; Que to ND, s to Kans, Tenn. JyAug. A. striata Michx. Common Agrimony. Similar to the preceding species; leaflets rugose above, pubescent beneath intermixed with glandular dots; stipules lanceolate auriculate; floral axis densely hirsute-pubescent, without glands; hypanthium grooves appressed hairy, ridges glandular-puberulent; fruit reflexed; prickles mostly spreading.--Common throughout. 11965 bank of Floodwood R, n of Floodwood; 17964 shore vegetation of Gun L, Superior National Forest, n of Ely. Nfld to BC, s to WVa, 0, Neb. Jy-Aug.

Prunus L. Plum and Cherry (Prunus, ancient L. name of the plum) Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves; hypanthium cup-shaped; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 15-30 on the rim of the hypanthium; pistil 1, simple; fruit a drupe; flowers perigynous, usually white. Flowers appearing before the leaves; branches thorny. Sepals entire, pubescent on inner surface, drupe 1.5-2 cm thick P. americana Sepals glandular serrate, glabrous on inner surface, drupe 2.5 cm thick . . . . P. nigra Flowers appearing with the leaves; branches not thorny. Trees; leaves finely serrate. Flowers in racemes, drupe blackish. Leaves taper-pointed; hypanthium with persistent sepals P. serotina Leaves abruptly acuminate, hypanthium with deciduous sepals P. virginiana Flowers in corymbs, drupe red P. pennsylvanica Shrubs up to 15 dm tall; leaves dentate. Leaves oblong-ovate to obovate, often rounded at tip P. susquehanae Leaves oblanceolate, acuminate at apex P. pwnila P. americana Marsh. Wild Plum. Shrubs or small trees up to 7 m tall, thicket-forming by rootsprouts; branches thorny, bark reddish brown to gray or nearly black on trunk; leaves 5-9 cm long, broadly lanceolate with acuminate apex, rounded to subcordate at the base; margins sharply double-serrate, curved, ascending teeth; blades pubescent beneath when young, becoming glabrous or sometimes sparingly hirsute on veins below, or, in var. lanata Sudw., permanently velvety beneath; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm wide, umbellate, 2 - 5 , on suppressed peduncles from lateral buds, sepals reflexed, pubescent within; petals obovate, narrowed to a short claw; stamens 30, in 3 cycles, about equaling in length the style and spreading petals; fruit sub-

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globose, reddish in maturity.--Occasional throughout area. 1389 among sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17303 Sand R bank n of Toivola, Hwy 5. Var. lanata 12806 granite bluff, Sand Pt L n of Crane L. NE to Wyo, s to Fla. My. P. nigra Ait. Canada Plum. Tall shrub or small tree 5-6 m high with thorny branches; bark exfoliating, dark gray to brownish; young branches often reddish brown; leaves 6-12 cm long, ovate, with abruptly acuminate apex, glabrate in age, with crenate-dentate margins; teeth tipped with sessile glands; petioles pubescent, 10-13 mm long, usually with 2 glands toward the apex; stipules 2-3 linear segments, glandular on margin, fugaceous; flowers showy, fragrant, 2.5-3 cm wide; hypanthium reddish purple, sepals glandular-serrate; petals white, often reddish, 10-14 mm long, broadly ovate; stamens purplish below; fruit yellowish, 2.5 cm thick subglobose.--Occasional throughout area. 10202 St. Louis R woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 13017 Kettle Falls, Rainy L. NE to Mont, s to Fla, Mex. My. P. serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry. Large trees, up to 25 m tall; bark on older trunks scaly, rough or smooth with prominent lenticels on young stems; branches slender, reddish brown; leaves 4-10 cm long, oblong; blades tapering to acuminate apex, cuneate at bases, glabrous and lustrous above, paler green below with tufts of rufescent hairs in axils of veins below; margin finely serrate; incurved, subulate teeth becoming callous-tipped in age; petioles 1015 mm long, usually with 2 glands; racemes cylindrical, many-flowered, 5-8 cm long; hypanthium campanulate with deltoid sepals persistent in fruit; petals orbicular; stamens 20 or less; fruit black, globose, 10 mm thick.--Rare. A, May 12, 1958. Jay Cooke State Pk, Carlton Co, about 5 mi w of St. Louis Co line. NS to ND, Fla to Tex. My. P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Trees up to 7 m tall with grayish brown bark and elongate lenticels; inner bark green with flavor of oil of bitter almonds; leaves oblanceolate, usually wider above the middle, abruptly narrowing to acuminate apex, rarely widest below the middle with more or less tapering apex; margin finely serrate with spreading teeth; leaves glabrous or densely pubescent beneath, in f. Deamii G. N. Jones; petioles 10-15 mm long, slender, often reddish, usually with 2 glands at apex glabrous or pubescent in the form; racemes cylindric, many-flowered, erect or ascending; flowers white, fragrant, 8 mm wide; hypanthium campanulate; sepals glandular-serrate; petals obovate, spreading, longer than the curved-in stamens; drupes 10 mm thick, dark purple, nearly black, astringent. --Common throughout. 8158 thicket, Laurentian Divide, n of Aurora; 11931 Floodwood R woods, 6 mi n of Floodwood. Var. Deamii 16029 Treasure Island, Vermilion L; 12385 hardwood forest, n of Floodwood. Hwy 2. Nfld to Sask, Tenn, Mo, Kans. My-Je. P. pennsyIvanica L.f. Pin-Cherry. Trees up to 10 m tall, with reddish bark; lenticels prominent; leaves lanceolate, 3-7 cm long, tapering to acuminate apex, finely glandular serrate, glabrous and lustrous, rarely tomentose on new growth, and leaf surfaces; stipules glandularserrate, early fugaceous; flowers numerous in corymbiform clusters; sepals entire, spreading; petals white, broadly obovate; filaments slender, equaling the petals; drupes 6-7 mm long, subglobose, pulp firm, red.--Common throughout. 1388 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13195 granite ledges, island in Rainy L near Finger Bay. Lab to BC, s to Tenn, 111, Colo. My-Je. P. susquehanae Willd. Lesser Sand-Cherry. Low, branching shrub, usually less than 7 dm tall; new growth glabrate, reddish; bark grayish in age; leaves 3-5 cm long, obovate, glaucous below, mostly dentate above middle; veins reticulate, prominent beneath; stipules early deciduous, linear-pectinate; flowers 8-12 rrm wide, in clusters of 2-3 or single; sepals spreading, glandular-serrate; petals broadly ovate, clawed; drupe purplish black, 8-10 mm long.--Occa231

sional, rocky shores of n lakes. 12480 granite ledges, Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 8012 shorerocks of Washington Island, Basswood L. Me to Man, s to 0, Ind, 111. My. P. pu.rn.ila L. Sand-Cherry. Spreading shrubs; upright branches thick, reddish or brownish gray; new growth puberulent; lenticels small but conspicuous; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, numerous, remotely dentate almost to the cuneate base; stipules subulate, often fimbriate; flowers showy, up to 15 mm wide, white to purplish red; sepals glandular-serrate; petals ovate, clawed; drupes globose, bluish black, juicy, 10-12 mm thick.--Common, sandy shores and exposed granite hills. 13057 granite ledges, Rainy L, Kettle Falls; 2968 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; Ont to IND. My-Je.

Physocarpus L. Ninebark (Gr. phusa, bladder, carpos, fruit, for inflated follicles) P. opulifolius (L. ) Maxim. Smooth Ninebark. Shrubs up to 3 m tall with exfoliating bark and ascending or arching branches; leaves alternate, 3-7 cm long, ovate to suborbicular, cordate or truncate at base, mostly 3-lobed, palmately-veined; lobes rounded, crenate-dentate, the terminal often prolonged; inflorescence a corymb-like umbel; peduncles, pedicels, and calyx stellate pubescent; flowers white, or pinkish, 6-10 mm wide; stamens many, carpels 1-5; pedicels in fruiting clusters nodding; follicles 10-12 mm long, adherent at the base, 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, beaked, lustrous brown, glabrous, before ripening brilliant red; seeds ivory white, 3 mm long.--Mostly on L Superior coast. 2104 Minn Pt, Duluth; 21210 Split Rock Lighthouse, on precipitous cliff. Que to Hudson Bay s to Tenn. Often planted, Je-Jy.

Spiraea L. Spiraea (Gr. speira, wreath, name of shrub) 5. alba Du Roi. Meadow-Sweet. Upright shrubs up to 10 dm tall; stems terete yellowish brown; leaves 2-6 cm long, numerous, overlapping, mostly lanceolate, glabrous, sharply serrate, at times appearing fascicled or sub-opposite; petiole 3-5 mm long; internodes varying in length; panicles congested, terminal; rachis and pedicels minutely pubescent; flowers 7-8 nm wide; hypanthium turbinate, 2 mm long, rimmed with glandular nectar fold just below stamen bases; sepals triangular, as long as the hypanthium; petals white, or roseate in f. rosea J. W. Moore, suborbicular; claw short; stamens many; filaments slender, exserted; follicles 3-5, slightly adnate at bases, smooth; style base persistent; seed 3 mm long, ellipsoid, brown, slender, testa wing-tipped at each end.--Common throughout area; f. alba. 1560 Minn Pt, Duluth; 14754 poplar forest, Cranberry Bay of Rainy L; f. rosea 11847 rocky point, Crooked L, near Curtain Falls; 16845 on an island, Boulder Bay, Lac La Croix. Que to Alta, Va, NC, Ind, Mo. Jy-Aug. Waldsteinia Willd. Barren-Strawberry (Named for Waldstein, German botanist) W. fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Barren-Strawberry. Perennial, scapose herbs with rhizomatous base; leaves trifoliolate, 10-15 cm long, retrorsely hirsute; leaflets cuneate, rounded, in232

cised, with acuminate teeth, ciliolate on margins, somewhat hirsutulous above; scapes scarcely surpassing the leaves, bracted; flowers 10-12 mm wide, yellow, several, in loose cymes; hypanthium turbinate, minutely puberulent; sepals narrowly deltoid, 3-4 mm long, petals twice as long, oblanceolate; stamens many, rimming the hypanthium disc; filaments slender, persistent in fruit; pistils 2-7; ovaries borne deep within the hypanthium base; styles deciduous; achenes pear-shaped, 3.5 mm long, beaked with an almost marginal style base, closely pubescent; ovule filling the seed cavity; testa almost adherent to endocarp, embryo large, cotyledons obovate.--Embarrass R area in jack pine association s of Biwabik. 3048 Eshquaguma L, 6 mi s of Biwabik, Hwy 4; 5964 Bass L, Hwy 4. Me to Que, Minn to Pa. My-Je.

Filipendula Mill. (Classical name from filam, thread, pendulus, hanging, for roots) F. Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Queen-of-the-Meadow. Perennial plants, to 1 m tall, from strong caudex, stems angled, striate; leaves pinnately compound, the terminal leaflet cleft into 3-5 lobes, the lateral, incised, sharply serrate, often interrupted by bract-like leaflets; lower surface white, canescent, the upper green, or, in var. denudata (Haynes) Maxim., glabrate beneath and green on both surfaces; stipules reniform, auriculate, cleft; flowers 7-9 mm wide, in corymbiform panicles, ivory white, fragrant, numerous; hypanthium short-campanulate; sepal ovate; petals clawed; stamens numerous, with capillary filaments of varying length; pistils fewer than 10; styles dorsally bent at right angles above the convex ovary; stigmas discoid; ovary stalk lateral, the saccate thickened base produced below the point of attachment; ovule pendulous from upper part of locule; mature achene leathery, inequilateral, 3-5 mm long, with truncate slightly curved seed filling the upper half of the seed cavity; mature hypanthium everted.--Rare, centered on L Superior terrace at Lakewood. Var. Ulmaria 5481 creek bottom, Duluth water works, Hwy 61; var. denudata 5480 same site, growing with the former. Nfld to Que, s WVa, 0. Introd from Eu. Jy-Aug.

Amelanchier Medic. Juneberry (The Savoy name) Shrubs, sometimes tree-size, with alternate simple leaves; flowers solitary or racemose, white, rarely pinkish; hypanthium obconic, sepals 5; petals 5; stamens many; carpels 5; ovary inferior, 5-loculed, becoming 10-locular and 10-seeded in fruit; berry juicy; styles united up to middle, rarely free to the base. Flower solitary or 2-3 in umbellate clusters, leaves finely serrate, imbricate in bud . . . A. Bartramiana Flowers in racemes, leaves folded in bud. Blades thin, venation not prominent, margin with fine serration. Shrubs up to 9 m tall, fastigiate. Ovary summit glabrous. Leaves glabrous, expanded in anthesis A. laevis Leaves pubescent, expanding in late anthesis A. arborea Ovary summit pubescent.

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Racemes erect, pubescent; leaves bronzed and pubescent in anthesis A., intermedia Racemes nodding, glabrous; leaves not pubescent in anthesis A. interior Shrubs low, 1.5 m tall, growing in colonies A. stolonifera Blades becoming thick and coriaceous with prominent veins and coarsely serrate margins. Shrubs stoloniferous; racemes densely silky white pubescent . . A. humilis Shrubs not stoloniferous; racemes sparsely pubescent. Leaves ovate, oblong, midrib thickened near the base; points of teeth spreading . . . A. Wiegandii Leaves ovate, rounded or subacute at apex; midribs not thickened near the base. Principal veins straight, the uppermost passing without branching into tips of the teeth A. sanguined Principal veins curving and branching before entering into tips of the teeth . . . A. huronensis A. Bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer. Northern Juneberry. Shrubs up to 2.5 m tall, with slender spreading branches; bark dark reddish brown with prominent light lenticels on young twigs; mature leaves glabrous, elliptic to oblong, mostly cuneate at bases, finely nerved; margins sharply serrate; flowers commonly 1-3, in leaf axils on glabrous pedicels; styles united, rarely distinct, hairy at base; ovary summit pubescent; berry purple-black, oblong, slightly constricted below the calyx, 8 mm thick. --Common throughout area. 1363 under pines, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17420 border of sphagnum bog, s side of Pelican L, Orr. Nfld to Ont, Minn, s to Pa. My. A. laevis Wieg. Smooth Juneberry. Shrubs, often up to 6 m tall, with spreading or ascending branches; leaves elliptic-ovate, glabrous in age, about half grown in anthesis, deeply bronzed purple, finely serrate; flowers in nodding racemes, showy white; pedicels and axes smooth; petals obovate, often emarginate, 9-12 mm long; ovary summit glabrous; berry slightly constricted below the calyx; pedicels elongate in fruit. --Frequent in s part of area. 17241 maple forest Midway T, w of Nopeming; 14009 Lester R bank in the pk area. Nfld to Minn, Kans, Pa, s to Fla. My. A. arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Tall Juneberry. Arborescent shrub or tree up to 10 m tall; young twigs lightly tomentose, becoming glabrous; terminal buds pointed, reddish in late fall, scales thick striate, the lower 2 scales 3-toothed, ciliate; leaf blades 4-7 cm long, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, acuminate, cordate or rounded at base; margin finely serrate; teeth ascending, each with a slender vein from the submarginal net, terminating in a callus; young leaves densely pubescent beneath; mature leaves glabrous, glossy on the upper surface; racemes pendant; floral axes silky pubescent; hypanthium smooth within and without; sepals glabrate; petals showy white, oblong, cuneate, commonly 15 mm long; fruit purplish black.-Infrequent. 11550 rocky ledges of Iron R below Curtain Falls, Crooked L, Can boundary; 20491 slender shrub, rocky slope w of 4 mi portage to Basswood L. Me to Minn, s Okla, Fla. My-Je. A. intermedia Spach. Shrubs up to 5 m tall; stems several together; leaves bronzed, expanding with flowers; blades pubescent beneath, elliptic or ovate, cordate or rounded at bases, acute and mucronate; racemes erect; peduncle silky pubescent, becoming glabrous; ovary summit woolly, often glabrous in age, berry purple and juicy, 8 mm thick. Flowering period corresponds with that of A. laevis. --Frequent. 8121 Laurentian Divide n of Aurora; 17242 high rocks, Midway T w of Nopeming. Nfld to Minn, se to Va, NC. My.

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A. interior Niels. Inland Juneberry. Straggling shrubs up to 7 m tall; leaves broadly ovate, short acuminate, rounded or subcordate at base; finely serrate; sinuses rounded; racemes smooth, pendulous; sepals reflexed from the base, villous within; fruit globose, not constricted. --Occasional in area. 13952 flowering branch; 15315 fruit from the same tree, Northland golf course, Superior St, Duluth; Jo 18361 Armstrong L area. Minn, Wis, to SD. My-Je. A. stolonifera Wieg. Low Juneberry. Shrubs up to 1.5 m tall, with upright stems in close colonies or with low branching stems in clefts of rocky shores; leaves mucronate, ellipticoblong, or obovate with ascending curving veins and fine teeth; racemes erect, densely flowered, axes pubescent; flower 1-1.3 cm wide; ovary summit woolly; sepals tomentose within, becoming reflexed; berry 6-7 mm thick, constricted.--Occasional, shores and rocky ledges. 12833 shoreledges of Sand Point L, n of Can boundary; 16063 shore of Vermilion L, Oak View Narrows; Nfld to Va to the Great Lakes. My-Je. A. hamilis Wieg. Common Juneberry. Shrubs, colonial by underground stolons, often up to 5 m tall; leaves expanding with flowers, densely white pubescent beneath and on petioles and in axils, becoming glabrate; tomentum often persisting in axils throughout the season; blades lanceolate or oblong-ovate, up to 5 cm long, coarsely and often irregularly serrate or entire below middle; apices rounded or acute, rarely mucronate; bases subcordate to truncate rounded; racemes erect, congested; axis silky tomentose; sepals reflexed at middle; ovary summit woolly; berry globose, glaucous, black, juicy when ripe, 5-7 mm thick. Leaves ovate or oblong. Hypanthium 4-5 mm wide; leaves serrate Var. humilis Hypanthium 3-3.5 mm wide; leaves mostly entire Var. exserrata Leaves obovate or elliptic. Veins conspicuous up to the teeth, hypanthium 3-4 mm wide Var. campestris Veins anastomosing below teeth, hypanthium 2-3 mm wide Var. compacta Var. humilis. The most frequently encountered Juneberry in the area. 8053 terrace of Prairie L; 14662 cedar-covered island next to Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Que to Ont, Vt to SD. My-Je. Var. exserrata Niels. Occasional, some leaves often entire, or some normally serrate on the same branch. 8525 rock ledge, Hwy 21, s of Ely; 18094 shrubs about 2 m tall, leaves mostly entire, border of jack pine forest n of Chisholm, Hwy 73. Var. campestris Niels. Occasional throughout. 8413 shore of Armstrong L; 11173 Savanna R woods near Floodwood. Minn to SD. My-Je. Var. compacta Niels. Frequent throughout. 13963 forest border between Ely and Winton; 10325 granite ledges on Kabetogama L. My-Je. A. Wiegandii Niels. Wiegand's Juneberry. Fastigiate, arching shrub, up to 6 m tall; stems and twigs slender with reddish bark, new growth at times pubescent; leaves elliptic to oblong or obovate, rounded to subcordate bases, margin sharply serrate; tips of teeth spreading; racemes numerous, turning the shrubs into masses of white in late May; hypanthium cup-shaped; sepals deltoid-lanceolate, reflexed at base; petals up to 15 mm long, obovate; berries purplish, 5-7 mm thick, somewhat constricted when ripe.--Frequent in s part of area. 13950 Northland golf course, E Superior St, Duluth; 1551 pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Ont, s to Wis, Minn. My-Je. A. sanguinea (Pursh) D. C. Red-twig Juneberry. Slender shrubs up to 3 m tall, with slender stems; twigs brilliant red; leaves oval or oblong, prominently veined; uppermost veins passing into teeth without branching, or sometimes the branching veinlet becomes the supply of adjacent tooth; young leaves expanding with flowers, densely tomentose, whitish or flavescent 235

beneath, glabrate; margins coarsely dentate down to the base, with 4-6 teeth per cm; blades 3-5 cm long; flowers many, in pendulous racemes, showy, up to 2 cm wide; ovary densely woolly at summit; berry 7-9 mm thick, constricted below the calyx, glaucous, purple or nearly black; leaf venation "straight running direct to the teeth" is not accurately shown in illustrations, but it seems reasonably correct to cite the following. 5400 L Superior rocks at 28th Ave E, Duluth, fruiting specimen; 16067 North Shore woods, Stony Pt, L Superior, flowering material. Jo 18043 Armstrong L area s of Ely. Que to L Superior, Minn to NY and s NC. My-Je. A. huronensis Wieg. Late-flowering Juneberry. Shrubs up to 7 m tall with clustering stems; leaves mostly expanded during flowering; blades ovate oblong or obovate, prominently veined, coarsely toothed, mostly with 9-10 lateral veins; veins upcurving toward margin, floccose woolly beneath, becoming glabrous; racemes erect; flowers white, showy, up to 2.3 cm wide; petals narrowly oblong; berry globose, constricted below the calyx; sepals reflexed about middle and elevated on the marcescent hypanthium; berries 7-9 mm thick, juicy and dark purple. --Common throughout area. 14008 Lester R bank, Duluth; 17372 Superior Bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth. Ont to Wis, Minn. Late My-Je.

Pyrus L. Pear, Mountain Ash, Chokeberry (Classical name of the pear tree) Trees or shrubs with pinnately compound or simple alternate leaves; inflorescence corymbose, or cymose and paniculate; petals white; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens up to 20, carpels 2-5 united; styles free almost to the base; fruit a berry-like pome; flowers epigynous. Trees with pinnately compound leaves; flowers in large corymbs; berries red. Petals suborbicular, 3.5-4.5 mm long, not narrowed to a claw; flowers 10 mm wide . . . . P. decora

Petals ovate, 2.5-3 mm long, narrowed to a short claw; flowers 5-6 mm wide P. americana Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers in large paniculate cymes, berries purplish black . . . P. melanocarpa P. decora (Sarg. ) Hyland. Handsome Mountain Ash. Tree, up to 10 m tall; bark grayish green with many lenticels; twigs reddish brown, enlarged at nodes in age; winter buds conical, with 3-4 visible glutinous outer scales; inner scales villous; leaves 1.5-2.5 dm long, 15-17 leaflets, sharply serrate, ascending, oblong, acuminate, oblique at base, bluish green above, midrib impressed; flowers white, numerous, fragrant; sepals deltoid, glandular on margins; petals concave; styles 3-4; carpels woolly at summit; berries 8-12 mm long; seeds orange-red, 4 mm long, oblong, flattened, with large embryo, the tips of cotyledons folded.--Frequent, se part of area. 10694 slope below Skyline Pkwy, Haines Rd; 9564 granite cliff, near Gappa's Landing, Kabetogama L. Lab to Man, s to 0, Ind. Je-Jy. P. americana (Marsh.) DC. American Mountain Ash. Trees up to 9 m tall; bark grayish green or brown; winter buds glutinous; inner scales tomentose; leaves 1.5-2 dm long; leaflets 13-15, sharply serrate, lanceolate, long acuminate, with nearly symmetrical rounded bases, usually smooth above and beneath; flowers 6 mm wide, white, numerous; sepals deltoid, sparingly glandular on margins; petal with ovate limb; filaments slender, somewhat thicker at bases; styles

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3-4, nearly free; carpels villous at sunmit; berry 5 mm thick; seeds orange-red, 3 mm long.-Common, often in swampy mixed coniferous forest. 8534 shorewoods of White Iron L near Ely; 10616 mixed forest Twin L Rd, near Brookston. Lab to Man, s to NC, Tenn, Ga. Je-Jy. P. mela.no carpa (Michx. ) Willd. Chokeberry. Smooth shrubs, up to 2 m tall; branches slender, numerous; young bark reddish, becoming dark gray on stems; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate reticulate-veined, pale green beneath, with abruptly rounded, mucronate apex; margins crenatedentate, with incurved teeth; stipules linear-oblong, early deciduous; cymes numerous, terminal; flowers bright white, 6-10 mm wide; hypanthium woolly within; petals clawed, suborbicular; styles 5, united at base or nearly free; berry purplish black, pyriform, juicy; seeds orange-red, minutely striate, 2.5 mm long.--Common, shores, swamps throughout area. 8210 spruce-tamarack bog, among alders, Prairie L; 12439 shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. Nfld to Ont, s to SC, Tenn. Je-Jy.

Crataegus L. Hawthorn (Gr. kratos, strong) Spiny shrubs with simple, alternate leaves; flowers in corymbs; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens a multiple of 5 up to 20; anthers white, yellow, or pink; carpels 2-5; styles free, summit of ovaries visible in anthesis; fruit a pome with a core of bony nutlets. Leaves commonly lobed below or near middle of the blade, nutlets without cavities. Corymbs more or less pubescent, at least when young; leaves with dentate lobes. Leaves ovate or suborbicular, lateral lobes directed upward. Leaf apex relatively short-pointed, blades not deeply indented . . . C. chrysocarpa Leaf apex prolonged to acute or acuminate tip, more prominent than the lateral lobes, blades deeply indented. Anthers 10-20, white. Pubescence of corymbs and leaves villous, persisting through summer; lateral lobes of blades laciniate, spreading; sepals pubescent within and without . . . . C. irrasa Pubescence of corymbs and young foliage copious, matting, largely disappearing in early summer; lateral lobes of blades triangular, not laciniate, sepals villous . C. Faxoni Anthers 10, pink C. fluviatilis Leaves elliptic or narrowly ovate, lateral lobes with spreading or reflexed tips; sepals glabrous without C. Bruneiiana Corymbs glabrous; leaves laciniate C. roanensis Leaves commonly lobed above the middle of the blade, nutlets with cavities or merely concave grooves. Fruit purple-black, anthers white C. Douglasii Fruit crimson, anthers pink. Nutlets with cavities; twigs not zig-zag; sepals glandular laciniate . . C. succulenta Nutlets grooved or concave; twigs notably zig-zag; sepals glandular serrate C. laurentiana C. chrysocarpa Ashe. Common Hawthorn. Shrubs up to 5 m tall, becoming tree-like with spreading rounded top; branching intricate; twigs thorny; leaves suborbicular, 4-5-lobed, usually

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more deeply indented about the middle; petioles often winged at apex, with scattered marginal glands; corymbs villous or glabrous, many-flowered; floral bracts glandular-margined, early deciduous; flowers 12-16 mm wide; hypanthium villous, becoming glabrate; sepals glandular serrate, deltoid-oblong, at length reflexed; petals orbicular, concave; stamens usually 10, with pale yellow or white anthers; styles 3-4; pome remaining hard till late summer, becoming yellowish and finally red, about 1 cm thick when fully ripe.--Frequent, banks of lakes and rivers throughout area. 13991 high b l u f f above Fall L, Winton; 19664 brookside thicket, Palo, near St. Louis R. Nfld to Que, to ND, Colo. My-Je. C. irrasa Sarg. Northern Hawthorn. Arborescent shrub up to 5 m tall; branches slender, flexuous, with slender curving thorns 3-7 cm long; leaves 4-9 cm long; blades ovate to suborbicular or broadly elliptic, longer than the narrow-margined glandular petioles; blades appressed pubescent above and below, especially along the veins; veins impressed; margin serrate, deeply indented into 3-5 (6) pairs of lateral spreading lobes; stipules lunate, auricled, on rapidly growing shoots, prominently glandular serrate, early deciduous; floral bracts oblong, glandular, serrate, at length deciduous; corymbs villous, 2-11-flowered; hypanthium villous; sepals oblong, attenuate, glandular, reflexed, villous within; petals broadly ovate to suborbicular, white or sometimes pinkish; stamens 20; filaments dilated below, roseate; anthers yellow, or pink in var. Blanchardi (Sarg.) Egglest. ; styles 3-5; ripe fruit sparsely villous, somewhat glaucous, bright red, 10-12 mm long, 8-9 mm thick before drying; pulp succulent; inner faces of nutlets concave or flat, not pitted; outer surface bluntly ridged. --Mostly on shores of lakes and streams along Can border. 12464 shoreledges of Crooked L above Curtain Falls, Can boundary (in late anthesis); 20971 fruiting specimen from the same shrub; var. Blanchardi A 6-12-57 Campsite Island in Basswood L. During a period of 5 years the shrub at Crooked L was seen every summer. It was not possible to collect good fruiting specimens before Aug. 28, 1956. Que to NY, Mich, Minn. Je. Fruit ripe late Aug-Sept. C. Faxoni Sarg. Arborescent shrubs up to 4 m tall; bark pale gray, scaly; branches flexuous; thorns commonly 2.5-5 cm long; the season's twigs and foliage prominently villous-hirsute when young, glabrescent; leaves 5-8 cm long, with glandular petioles commonly one third or less long than the broadly ovate or suborbicular blades; margins sharply dentate and indented, with 4-5 lateral lobes; teeth gland-tipped; stipules oblong-lanceolate, glandularserrate, deciduous about the time of flowering; flowers 13-15 mm wide, in hirsute corymbs of 5-12; hypanthium shaggy with long pale hairs; stamens commonly 10; anthers yellow; styles 3-4; ripe fruit deep red, before drying 10-12 mm long, 9-10 mm thick; hypanthium bowl-shaped with spreading to erect sepals; nutlets 6. 5 mm long, with 3 ridges on outer faces, plane on inner faces; pulp succulent. --Frequent, shores and terraces. 1971 shrubs in sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 16766 Beatty Portage, Lac La Croix, Can boundary, ne to 111, Minn. Je, fruit ripe Sept-Oct. C. fluviatilis Sarg. Shrubs, up to 6 m tall, with arching branches; stems 7-10 cm thick at base; young branches glabrate; thorns sharp and slender; leaves 5-9 cm long; blades ovate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, longer than the narrowly margined glandular petioles, glabrous below, appressed-pubescent above; margin double-serrate, with 4-6 pairs of acute, spreading lobes and as many pairs of principal veins ending in glandular teeth; foliage lustrous, stipules and bracts linear, glandular-serrate, caducous; corymbs loose, villous, 7-10flowered; peduncles villous, glabrescent; flowers 14-16 mm wide; calyx-tube obconic, exteriorly villous, the cavity within glandular; lobes becoming reflexed, villous on upper surface, entire of with few glands; petals orbicular, concave; stamens 10 (18); anthers pinkish; styles 4-5; fruit crimson with whitish dots, 8-10 mm thick.--Occasional, r and 1 banks. 18022 238

portage to Pipestone Bay from Basswood L; 17394 Floodwood R terrace near jet Hwy 73 and Cedar Valley rd. Que to Minn. Je. C. Brunetiana Sarg. Brunet' s Hawthorn. Arborescent shrubs, up to 5 m tall; stems slender; branches flexuous, thorny; spines 3-7 cm long; leaves elliptic to narrowly ovate, 3-7 cm long, including the glandular petiole a third or less as long as the blade; blades appressed pubescent above, sparsely pilose beneath on the veins, sharply glandular-serrate, spreading or reflexed lateral lobes; marginal indentation below the middle often deepest; corymbs villous or glabrate, 3-10-flowered; stamens 10; filaments and hypanthium reddish; anthers yellow; styles 3-4; fruit deep red, somewhat glaucous, oblong or subglobose, 11-12 mm long, 8-9 mm thick, ridged, pulp mellow; nutlets with shallow dorsal ridges and plane inner faces.--Infrequent, banks of rivers and lakes. 12360 low terrace, Floodwood R n of Floodwood; 17893 bank of Little Swan R about 7 mi se of Hibbing. Nfld to Ont, NS to Minn. Je, fruit ripe Sept. C. roanensis Ashe. Cut-leaf Hawthorn. Shrubs up to 5 m tall, with ascending branches; bark of young branches pale gray, appearing twisted on older flexuous branches; spines relatively numerous, 2-5 cm long; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 3-7 cm long, 2-2.5 cm wide, appressed pubescent above, glabrous below, margin with. 3-5 laciniate lobes; teeth gland-tipped; petioles slender, glabrous, with a few sessile glands; corymbs glabrous or with few pilose hairs, commonly 6-10-flowered; hypanthium glabrous; sepals lanceolate, slightly villous within, margin glandular-serrate; flower 12-18 mm wide, petals suborbicular, concave; stamens 10; anthers pink; styles 2-5, commonly 3; ripe fruit crimson, 10-12 mm long, 8-9 mm thick, pulp firm and mellow.--Infrequent. 8176 terrace of Prairie L, shrub in late anthesis; 13890 Pine Pt, QSWRC, Basswood L, shrub in fruit. Nfld to Que, Minn, se to NC, Tenn. My-Je. C. Douglasii Greene. Black-fruited Hawthorn. Shrubs or trees, up to 10 m tall; old bark grayish brown with low sinuous ridges; young twigs reddish brown, glabrous, shiny, with conspicuous oval light-colored lenticels; winter buds glossy, reddish, ovoid to suborbicular; spines sharp-pointed, 2-2.7 cm long, commonly thick and stubby for their length when old, or sometimes lacking; leaves obovate or ovate, up to 10 cm long; blades commonly indented above or near the middle, serrate, with or without 3-4 pairs of ascending short lobes, acute, cuneate, gradually narrowing to margined reddish petioles about a third as long as the blades; upper surface somewhat lustrous, lightly pubescent with appressed hairs; lower glabrous or pilose on the veins; corymbs glabrous; floral axes reddish with scattered pale lenticels; flowers 3-12, white or pinkish, in small corymbs; sepals triangular, narrowed to glandular serrate tips; stamens 10; filaments dilated below; anthers pale pink or white; styles commonly 4; fruit before drying 12.7-13.5 mm long, 9-10.5 mm thick, purple-black; pulp honey-colored, mellow, readily removable from the separable nutlets; nutlets 3.5-5 mm long, with cavities on inner faces.--Known from Gooseberry R gorge, Lake Co; s trail toward upper falls. 17178 sterile leafy branches; 21142 with mature fruit. Also in Cook Co, Ont, Mich, through Rocky Mts to Pacific nw. My-Je. C. sacculenta Link. Mellow-fruited Hawthorn. Shrubs 5-7 m tall with slender, flexuous, thorny, ascending branches commonly pubescent when young; thorns 3-8 cm long; mature leaves obovatecuneate, 4-7 cm long, firm, impressed-veined, glabrescent and lustrous above, pubescent beneath, margin double-serrate; teeth gland-tipped; blades widest above the middle, indented into 2-3 shallow lobes, or, in shade, growing leaves with lobes wanting; petiole glabrate, narrowly margined with 2-3 glands; flowers commonly 1.8 mm wide, in villous corymbs; hypanthium loosely villous, glabrescent; sepals prominently glandular-lacerate; petals suborbicular, concave; stamens 20 or less; anthers pink; fruit subglobose, .8-1 cm thick, crimson,

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succulent.--Frequent throughout area. 12582 Birch L at dam, hwy 1, edge of clearing, Lake Co; 16685 grounds of the state forestry cabin, Boulder Bay, Lac La Croix. My-Je. C. laurentiana Sarg. Shrubs up to 4 m tall, with spreading branches; new growth hirsute; twigs zig-zag; thorns reddish brown, numerous, 7-9 cm long, curved somewhat downward at sharp tips; lenticels prominent; mature leaves 6.5-9.5 cm long, mostly obovate, widest above the middle; blades impressed-veined, finely appressed-pubescent to glabrous above, pubescent along the veins below, gradually narrowing to cuneate bases and winged petioles, becoming reddish in late summer; margins above the middle with 3-5 acute lobes, dentate below the middle; stipules linear, falcate on vigorous shoots, glandular-serrate, caducous; corymbs densely villous; flowers sweet-scented, 12-16 mm wide; calyx tube obconic, villous exteriorly, reddish in age; petals white, orbicular; stamens 10; anthers cream-colored, delicately edged or mottled with pink, drying purplish; styles 3-5; fruit crimson, 14 mm long, 12 mm thick; nutlets grooved, not pitted.--Occasional. 18024 portage to Pipestone Bay from Basswood L, half-grown fruit; 21339 same shrubs in flower. Que to Minn. My-Je.

LEGUMINOSAE (PEA FAMILY) Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate, compound, stipulate leaves; calyx of 4-5, united sepals; corolla usually of 5 petals differentiated into a standard or banner (the largest uppermost petal), 2 wings (the median petals), and a keel formed by 2 coherent, lowest petals; stamens 5-10, monadelphous or usually diadelphous with 9 stamens united into a staminal sheath by their filaments and 1 free, all enclosed within the keel; pistil 1, simple, 1locular, rarely 2-locular with a false septum; fruit a legume indehiscent or dehiscent along 2 sutures; flowers hypogynous or perigynous, essentially apopetalous, zygomorphic. Stamens diadelphous. Leaves pinnately 3-many-foliolate. Leaflets more than 5. Trees; leaves with stipular spines Robinia Herbs; leaves without stipular spines. Stems erect; leaves without tendrils. Fruit 2-locular, smooth; leaves without glandular dots Astragalus Fruit 1-locular, prickly; leaves with glandular dots Glycyrrhiza Stems climbing by leaf tendrils. Wings and keel free or nearly so; flattened style bearded on the inner edge . . . Lathyrus Wings and keel coherent; style hairy at tip Vicia Leaflets 3-5. Leaflets 5; pods 2-3 cm long; stipules gland-like Lotus Leaflets 3; pods 3-4 mm long; stipules foliar. Stems erect or prostrate, not twining. Flowers in racemes; fruit straight Melilotus Flowers in capitate clusters; fruits curved or spiral Medicago Stems viny; leaflets entire; flowers and fruits aerial and subterranean Amphicarpa Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate; flowers all above ground. Leaflets 3, not glandular-dotted; plants not silvery canescent Trifolium 240

Leaflets 3-5, glandular-dotted; plants silvery canescent Stamens monadelphous. Shrubs; flowers violet-purple; petal 1, stamens 10 Herbs; flower white or rose red; petals 5, stamens 5

Psoralea Amorpha Petalosternum

Robinia L. Locust (Named for Jean and Vespasian Robin, herbalists) R. Pseudo-Acacia L. Black Locust. Trees or shrubs, 10-20 m tall, with rounded crown; bark dark, rough on older trunks; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets ovate, sparingly appressedpubescent above and below; petiolules short; racemes loose, axillary; flowers 2-3 cm long, white or rose-colored, fragrant; standard orbicular or broadly flabellate with submarginal radiating veins; claws of wing and keel petals nearly 3 times as long as the limbs; anthers included; ovary becoming a flattened legume; endocarp satiny; valves straight. Planted in pks. Estab, North Shore, within Duluth city limits. 5012 L Superior terrace, Duluth waterworks.

Astragalus L. Milk-Vetch (Ancient name of a kind of legume) A. canadensis L. Canada Milk-Vetch. Plants up to 9 dm tall, coarse perennials from a strong caudex; stems glabrous or strigose throughout; leaves .5-1.5 dm long, odd-pinnate; leaflets ovate or oblong-elliptic; petiolules 1-2 mm long on sulcate rachis; stipules 2-3-cleft, becoming scarious; racemes dense on thick peduncles; flowers white, ascending, spreading or reflexed, subsessile, subtended by lanceolate bracts; calyx tubular, 4-5 mm long; teeth up to 2 mm long, subulate; ovary becoming a 2-locular, glabrous, erect legume; pedicels 2-3 mm long; seeds yellowish, reniform, 1.2 mm long.--Occasional. 2067 in sand, s end of Minn Pt, Uuluth; 13081 exposed granite cliff, Namekan L, 4 mi from Kettle Falls. Que to BC, s to Va, Tex. JeAug.

Glycyrrhiza L. Licorice (Gr. glycys, sweet; rhiza, root) G. lepidota (Nutt.) Pursh. Wild Licorice. Coarse-stemmed, long-rooted perennials up to 9 dm tall; stems minutely viscid-pubescent; leaves odd-pinnate, 10-15 cm long; leaflets lanceolate, mucronate, on thick petiolules 2 mm long, glandular and scaly; rachis angular sulcate; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; inflorescence stout-peduncled, overtopped by the subtending leaf; flowers spreading or reflexed, greenish white; calyx usually 4-toothed, the 2 upper short and fused; standard flabellate, delicately radiate-veined from the base; wing and keel petals clawed, coherent; anthers confluent at apices; legume indehiscent, tipped by the marcescent style and clothed with hooked prickles; seeds 2-3 mm long, reniform.--Occasional in area. 14248 sandy beach, Namekan L w of the Narrows; 15266 sandy beach, Kabetogama L, n shore, opposite Pine Island. Ont to Mo, Tex. Jy-Aug.

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Lathyrus L. Sweet Pea (Gr. lathyros, a kind of pulse) Annual or perennial herbs with pinnately compound, tendril-bearing leaves; stipules inequilateral; calyx tubular, usually with unequal lobes, the 2 uppermost shorter and wider than the others; petals dissimilar: standard the broadest, with a diagonal crest-like fold on each side of the median vein; wings clawed, the limb of each auricled on the upper margin; pocketlike recess coherent with the lobe of the keel petal; filaments free about a third the length of the sheath; style compressed, bearded on inner edge; legume valves becoming more or less chartaceous and twisted on expelling the seeds. Plants pubescent; racemes more than 10-flowered, overtopped by subtending leaves L. venosus Plants glabrous; racemes few-flowered. Flowers purple. Leaflets green above and beneath, obovate, twice as long as wide . . . . L. japonicus Leaflets glaucous beneath, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, 4-9 times as long as wide . . L. palustris Flowers white, rarely tinged with lavender L. ochroleucus L. venosus Muhl. var. intonsus Butt. & St. John. Wild Sweet Pea. Plants high-climbing, up to 1.5 m tall; stems often purple, 3-4-angled, with decurrent lines; stipules scimitar-shaped, the basal appendage below attachment often as long and as narrow as the prolonged apex; leaflets 8-10, ovate-elliptic, 3-4.5 cm long, prominently veined, especially on the paler lower surfaces; flowers on ascending pedicels, 1.5-2 cm long; standard bluish purple, variegated; wings and keel often white; body of legume up to 4 cm long.--Abundant throughout area. 7578 Talmadge R woods, North Shore; 13065 mixed forest, Rainy L, about 4 mi from Kettle Falls. Gaspe Pen to Sask, s to Mo, Tenn. Je-Jy. L. japonicus Willd. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern. Beach Pea. Plants slightly fleshy, rhizomatous perennials, 1.5 m long; internodes 3-4-angled, with decurrent lines, short, often appearing zig-zag; stipules as large as the upper leaflets, ovate-acuminate, with unilateral hastate basal lobing; leaflets 4-8, 1-5 cm long, elliptic to obovate, mucronate, rugulose on drying; racemes on arching peduncles about equaling the subtending leaf; pedicels ascending; flowers showy, bluish purple, up to 3 cm long; standard variegated, crest-like folds prominent; wings and keel paler blue or lavender-whitish; legumes 3-7 cm long; seeds 5-6 mm thick.--Occurring on L Superior shore. 1317 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 6467 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor, Superior Bay. Lab, Nfld to Ont, the Great Lakes in the interior. Je-Sept. L. palustris L. Swamp Sweet Pea. Perennial, rhizomatous herbs, 1 m tall, stems usually winged; leaflets mucronate, prominently veined; stipules falcate, pointed at each end, the base below attachment often prolonged but usually shorter than the apex; leaflets 2-5 pairs; peduncles few-flowered, exceeding to equaling the subtending leaf; flowers up to 2.5 cm long, showy calyx oblique, the upper lobes triangular; standard purple with prominent diagonal folds; legumes up to 4 cm long.--Var. palustris stems relatively thicker and prominently winged. 3756 meadow, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 6505 sedge mat along St. Louis R estuary, New Duluth. NS to Alas to centr states. Var. linearifolius Ser. Leaves linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate; internodes winged. 13361 Moose Bay trail, ash forest, Frontier Lodge, Ash R. 13170 island beach, Rainy L near Finger Bay. Var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray. Leaflets 2, elliptic; internodes barely winged. 5166 shore of Loon L, White T, Palo. NS to Alas, Que to BC, s to Mo, Tenn. Je-Jy.

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L. ochroleucus Hook. Early Sweet Pea. Slender, perennial, glabrous, rhizomatous herbs up to 1 m tall; leaflets 3-4 pairs; stipules large, foliose, semilunar or crescent-shaped, the base and apex pointed or rarely rounded; peduncles surpassed by the subtending leaves; racemes 2 cm long, usually 8-12-flowered; calyx strongly oblique; lowermost lobe more than twice as long as 2 uppermost; standard remotely repand with prominent diagonal folds; body of legumes 3 cm long.--Common throughout area. 10500 under shrubs, UMD campus, 13046 lichen mats on sloping rocks, Rainy L, Kettle Falls. Que to BC, s to 0, SD and Pacific States. My-Jy.

Vicia L. Vetch (L. vicia, vetch) Annual or perennial, climbing or trailing herbs; leaflets few to many; the upper lobes of calyx reduced in size; standard retuse abruptly narrowed at base; staminal sheath with free part of each filament relatively shorter; legume valves flat; seeds subspherical. Flowers 1 or 2, in the upper axils V. sativa Flowers many, in racemes. Plants copiously villous; corolla bluish violet; venation of leaflets obscured by indument; pedicels decurved. Stems with spreading pubescence; calyx dorsally gibbous with linear acute teeth . . . . V. villosa Stems with appressed pubescence; calyx scarcely gibbous, with narrowly deltoid teeth V. Cracca Plants scabrous or minutely puberulent; corolla purplish; venation of leaflets not obscured by indument; pedicels ascending V. americana V. sativa L. Spring Vetch. Pubescent, branching winter annuals; leaflets 2-7, paired, linear to narrowly obovate, truncate, mucronate at tips; flowers 2-3 cm long, rose-purple; legumes 3 cm long; seeds 5 mm thick.--Estab on rdsides and blvds. 5244 French R; 12316 vacant lot, 27th Ave E and Jefferson St, Duluth. Cult. Introd from Eu. Jy-Nov. V. villosa Roth. Hairy Vetch. Plants, annual or biennial; stems spreading-villous; leaflets linear, mucronate; flowers 1.4-1.5 cm long, violet-blue, showy; legumes 2-3 cm long; seeds globular.--Becoming estab on rdsides. J112 Chester Pk, Duluth; 17821 gravelly road cut, s of Eveleth on Hwy 53. Introd from Eu. Je-Aug. V. Cracca L. Tufted Vetch. Perennial branching herbs; stems appressed pubescent; leaflets linear-mucronate, often with involute margins; flowers blue-violet, numerous, 1.2-1,5 cm long, but only a few pods mature per raceme; legumes 2-3 cm long, several-seeded.--Estab along rds and trails nw. 12680 Echo Trail n of Ely; 8590 grounds of U.S. Customs Office, Winton. Introd from Eu. Je-Jy. V. americana Muhl. American Vetch. Branching perennial, up to 1 m tall; stems glabrous or nearly so; leaflets lanceolate on short petiolules 1-2 mm long, thin, bright green above, prominently veined, mucronate-rounded, or truncate-retuse in var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer; racemes loosely flowered; pedicels ascending; flowers purplish blue, 15-20 mm long; legumes 2-3.5 cm long.--Var. americana the only native vetch in the area; 2028 vacant lot, bayside sand of Minn Pt, Duluth; 6950 under shrubs, North Shore woods, Palmers; var. truncata 1985

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cult hayfield, Kilpela farm, Palo; 14118 rocky woods at Namekan Narrows. Que to Alas to Kan, NM, Ariz. My-Je.

Lotus L. Birdsfoot-Trefoil (Gr. name of plant) L. corniculatus L. Horned-Trefoil. Nearly glabrous plants with many stems, up to 5 dm tall from a subligneous caudex; leaves sessile, pinnately 5-foliolate; the terminal leaflet elliptic, the lateral ovate, somewhat unilateral, rounded or pointed at tips, the lower pair remote, simulating stipules; stipule a small gland in a tuft of hair; flowers commonly in umbels of 2-4, terminating the elongate peduncle; calyx teeth as long as the tube, subulate, bristle-tipped, ciliate below; corolla yellow; standard red-lineate, the limb suborbicular, narrowed abruptly to a sulcate claw; wings obovate, unilateral, clawed; keel curved; filaments of the longer 5 stamens clavate below anthers; legume terete, many-seeded, 2 cm long or more.--Rare. Lak&D21648 gravelly partly cleared forest border, Tomahawk Trail near Phoebe R, Lake Co. Adv from Eu. Jy-Aug.

Melilotus Mill. Sweet Clover (Gr. meli; honey, lotos, plant) Biennial herbs with long taproots and fragrant foliage; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; flowers nodding, in narrow racemes, 5-merous; stamens diadelphous; fruit 1-2-seeded, indehiscent or nearly so within the marcescent calyx. Expanded flowers 4.5-5.5 mm long; leaf apex truncate M. alba Expanded flowers 6-7 mm long; leaf apex rounded M. officinalis M. alba Desr. White Sweet Clover. Plants branching, more than 1 m tall; internodes striate, angular; leaflets mucronate, narrowly obovate, tapering to short petiolules; racemes narrow; flowers white, pendulous, on recurving pedicels; floral bracts hairy, thread-like; fruit ovoid, 3-4 mm long, pericarp rugulose.--Throughout area. 1524 sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9057 rdside between Gowan and Prairie L. Natzd from Eu. Transcontinental. My-Sept. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover. Stems several, from a crown with striate and strongly angular internodes; leaflets sharply serrate, broadly obovate, with rounded apices; flowers nodding, yellow, on recurving pedicels subtended by attenuate bracts; fruit 3-4 mm long, strongly rugulose.--Throughout area. 1453 sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10958 gravelly rdside, Duluth airport. Natzd from Eu. Transcontinental. Je-Jy.

Medicago L. Medic (medica, for Median) Perennial herbs; stems erect or prostrate, leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, flowers 5-merous; stamens diadelphous; ovary becoming spiral in fruit.

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Flowers yellow; stems prostrate Flowers white or bluish; stems erect

M. lupulina M. sativa

M. lupulina L. Black Medic. Stems 3-5 drn long, villous, prostrate to ascending, from a slender erect caudex; leaflets serrulate, pinnately 3-foliolate, mucronate; stipules laciniate; inflorescence cylindric, long-peduncled; corolla yellow; standard longer than keel and wings; pods reniform, hispid-villous and reticulate with black veins; seeds nearly black, 2 mm long, bean-shaped.--Occasional in cult and waste ground. 2119 sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11006 hwy border n of Floodwood. Throughout range. Natzd from Eu. My-Oct. M. sativa L. Alfalfa. Perennial with branching, ascending stems, 4-6 dm tall; leaflets oblanceolate, serrate, mucronate; stipules laciniate; inflorescence cylindrical on elongated peduncle; corolla blue or purplish, or white in f. alba Benke; standard exceeding the coherent wing and keel petals; ovary linear-oblong becoming spiral in fruit; seeds yellowish, beanshaped. --Fields and rdsides, escapes from cult. f. sativa 10856 hwy border, Lester Pk, Duluth; 15517 edge of hayfield, Cook, on rd to Vermilion L. f. alba 22670, cleared area, UMD campus. Je-Sept.

Amphicarpa Ell. Hog-Peanut (Gr. amphi, both, carpos, fruit, in allusion to fruits both above ground and underground) Perennial, twining plants with slender branching stems growing in dense colonies; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, stipellate; terminal leaflet obtusely deltoid; lateral leaflets oblique at bases; flowers petaliferous toward the summit, apetalous near the base; stamens 10, diadelphous; calyx 4-toothed; legume stipitate, 3-4-seeded, flat; valves twisting upon opening. Stems and petioles sparingly strigose or retrorsely pubescent; aerial legumes nearly glabrous A. bracteata Stems and petioles densely strigose with sordid hairs; aerial legumes densely strigose . . var. comosa A. bracteata L. Fern var. bracteata. Common Hog-Peanut. Plants often high-twining, sparingly pubescent, racemes nodding; flowers 1-2 cm long; corolla white or bluish; calyx 4-toothed, tubular, somewhat gibbous; claws of wing and keel petals longer than limbs; stamens included; ovary stipitate; legume 2-2.5 cm long, stalked, 2-4-seeded.--Frequent on wooded terraces. 16552 rocky stream bank, Crane L; 6143 Sucker R valley, North Shore. Que to Man, s to La. JySept. Var. comosa (L.) Fern. Similar to the preceding variety; plants more strongly strigosevillous; flowers darker blue or purplish; legumes 2-4 cm long.--Local in s part of area. 5831 St. Louis R bank at New Duluth bridge; 7893 bank of Prairie L. Me to ND, s to Tenn, Tex, Fla. Jy-Sept.

Trifolium L. Clover (L. tri, three, folium, leaf) Annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbs with creeping or upright stems, often decumbent at base; leaves trifoliolate; flowers in spicate to racemose head-like clusters; calyx 245

tubular; sepals narrowly triangular or setiform; petals except the standard adnate to the staminal sheath; fruit indehiscent or dehiscent within the marcescent floral parts. Flowers purplish red to white. Flowers sessile, remaining erect in age. Heads leafy-bracted; calyx teeth hirtellous T. pratense Heads not leafy-bracted; calyx teeth plumose T. arvense Flowers pediceled, becoming reflexed in age. Plants repent, calyx teeth narrowly deltoid, about a fourth as long as the tube . . . . T. repens Plants decumbent, calyx teeth as long as the tube or nearly so T. hybridum Flowers yellow, spreading in age. Terminal leaflet stalked, median vein of standard obscure above the middle; veinlets terminating below margin T. procumbens Terminal leaflet sessile; median vein of standard conspicuous above the middle; veinlets terminating in the margin T. agrarium T. pratense L. Red Clover. Erect or decumbent perennials, stems up to 7 dm tall, pubescent; basal leaves with long petioles; leaflets elliptic-ovate, obscurely serrate, ciliolate, glabrous above, hirtellous beneath; stipules prominently veined with setiform tips; heads leafybracted; calyx 10-ribbed with setiform, sparsely plumose lobes and pilose ribs; corolla red to magenta; standard exceeding the wings; legume 1-seeded, dehiscent by a lid, frequently galled.--Spreading from cult. 2027 grassy plot, bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth; 8660 grassy rdside, Birch L. Planted for forage. Introd from Eu. My-Aug. T. arvense L. Rabbit Foot. Softly hairy branching annuals, up to 3 dm tall; petioles 3-4 mm long, surpassed by stipule tips; leaflets mucronate, obscurely crenulate at tips; heads grayish pink, oblong-cylindric, densely flowered; the short calyx tube constricted around the rim; calyx teeth setiform, densely plumose, twice as long as the tube and longer than the white corolla; fruiting heads iridescent; legume 1-seeded, indehiscent; seed yellowish, ovoid, flattened, 1.9 mm long. Adv along rdsides. 10980 hwy border near Island farm, nw of Floodwood; 12034 sandy area, Hwy 216, se of Hibbing. Natzd from Eu. Que to Ont, and throughout range. My-Jy. T. repens L. White Clover. Perennial, nearly glabrous, creeping plants; leaves long-petioled; leaflets serrulate, retuse or rounded at apices; stipules usually scarious; heads longpeduncled; flowers pedicelled; calyx smooth; teeth unequal; corolla white or pinkish; standard longer than the wings and keel; legume with 3-4 plump reniform seeds.--Planted, lawns and fields. 11713 resort grounds, Curtain Falls, Can boundary; 9957 peaty soil, Pioneer Rd, French R district. Transcontinental. My-Oct. T. hybridum L. Alsike Clover. Perennial with erect to ascending stems up to 6 dm tall, nearly glabrous; petioles of lowermost leaves up to 9 cm long; stipules strongly veined, sagittate; leaflets broadly ovate or obovate; peduncles 5-8 cm long; flowers pedicelled; corolla pinkish or white exceeding the subulate slightly unequal calyx lobes; legume stalked, 2-4-seeded; seeds yellowish, reniform.--Escaping from cult. 13282 resort grounds, Kettle Falls, Rainy L; 1495. Bayside sand, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to BC. Introd from Eu. Je-Oct. T. procumbens L. Hop-Clover. Plants annual, with pubescent branching stems, up to 2 dm tall; leaflets serrulate above the middle, cuneate, the terminal petioled; stipules ovate, acuminate; heads short-peduncled, corolla yellow; standard flabellate, prominently striate; seeds 246

yellow, lustrous, ovoid.--Adv, fields and rdsides. 2578 hillside, Skyline Pkwy, 7th Ave W, Duluth. Que to ND. Natzd from Eu. My-Sept. T. agrarium L. Yellow Clover. Branching pubescent annuals with stems up to 4 dm tall; petioles slender, equaling to barely exceeding the partly coherent stipule tip; leaflets oblanceolate, sharply serrulate, retuse, sessile; heads peduncled; corolla yellow; calyx glabrous, teeth unequal, subulate; standard flabellate, strongly veined, becoming prominently sulcate in age; legume with globose seeds.--2569 meadow on Skyline Pkwy and 32nd Ave W, Duluth; 6974 hayfield, Lakela farm, Palo. Nfld to BC and throughout U.S. and Can. Introd from Eu. Je-Aug.

Psoralea L. Scurf Pea (Gr. psoralios, scabby, in allusion to glandular dots) P. argophylla Pursh. Scurf Pea. Plants rhizomatous, with branching stems, up to 8 dm tall; stems appressed, pubescent, silver gray; leaves palmately 3-5-foliolate, progressively short-petioled toward summit; leaflets short-stalked, elliptic or oblanceolate, mucronate; flowers purple, in small clusters, each subtended by a lanceolate bract; calyx obconic; teeth narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the tube; petals bluish purple, standard clawed, auriculate, wings and keel petals coherent; legume indehiscent, 1-seeded, with persistent style. Rare. A1187 Fool's L, Babbit Rd, Lake Co. Wis to Sask, s to MM, Mo. Je-Aug.

Amorpha L. Leadplant (Gr. amorphos, deformed, probably in allusion to 4 missing petals) A. canescens Pursh. Prairie Leadplant. Shrubby plants, up to 8 dm tall; stems gray-villous; young twigs and leaves gland-dotted; leaves numerous, odd-pinnate, longer than the internodes; leaflets mucronate, often more than 15 pairs on rachis; flowers purple in cylindrical terminal racemes; floral bracts lance-subulate, early deciduous; calyx obconic; teeth narrowly deltoid, subulate, shorter than the tube; petal 1; standard purple, investing the 10 stamens, united by the filaments for about a fourth of their length; stamens and the style surpassing the petal; anthers golden yellow; legume indehiscent, 1-2-seeded, exserted. --Rare. Jol8675 sandy soil, open woods, Armstrong L, s of Ely. Mich to Sask to MM, Tex. My-Aug.

Petalostemum Michx. Prairie Clover (Gr. petalon, petal, stemon, stamen, alluding to fusion of petals with stamens) Perennial plants with odd-pinnate, glandular-dotted leaves and terminal spikes; calyx tube 10-ribbed; petals 5, with filiform claws; standard arising from the base of calyx; wings and keel petals alternating with the 5 stamens at rim of sheath; anthers alike; fruit enclosed within the calyx, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded.

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Petals purple; plants villous, floral bracts without subulate bristles . . . P. purpureum Petals white; plants generally glabrous; floral bracts with subulate bristles P. candidum P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Purple Prairie Clover. Stems up to 7 dm tall, upright from an erect crown, striate and sparingly to densely villous; leaves crowded; leaflets linear, involute; flowers rose purple in cylindrical spikes, numerous, contiguous, each subtended by a boat-shaped bract; calyx teeth equal; standard orbicular, auriculate; limb of wing and keel petals ovate; style longer than the ovary, looped within the bud, becoming exserted; legume 2-seeded within the marcescent calyx tube.--Rare. 2666 s-facing slope of Chester Pk Hill, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; Jol8635 gravelly soil, Ely. Ind to Sask, s to Tex, NM. Je-Sept. P. candidum Michx. White Prairie Clover. Stems up to 6 dm tall, branching from erect caudex, glabrous and striate; leaves pinnately compound with 3-7 linear-lanceolate, mucronate leaflets, the terminal one usually largest; flowers in dense, cylindrical spikes; calyx tube oblique, glabrous; sepal tips glabrous with 2 oval glands at sinus level; corolla showy; standard broadly cordate; stamens long-exserted; style longer than the ovary, persistent; seeds 12.--Rare. 2585 Chester Pk Hill, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Sask to Ind, s to Tex, Miss, La. Je-Jy.

LINACEAE (FLAX FAMILY) Herbs with simple, alternate, exstipulate leaves; flowers 4-5-merous; stamens 5, monadelphous with short staminal sheath, carpels 5, ovary becoming 10-locular by false partitions, each cell with 2 suspended ovules; capsule splitting along the septa into 10 valves; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, perigynous, regular.

Linum L. Flax (Ancient name of flax) Annual or perennial herbs with strong, resilient, pericyclic fibers; peduncles clavate; sepals persistent; seeds mucilaginous. Corolla blue; sepals scarious-margined L. usitatissimum Corolla yellow; sepals glandular-ciliate L. sulcatum L. usitatissimum L. Blue Flax. Glabrous annual with stems up to 5 dm tall; leaves linear, 3nerved; flower long-peduncled in uppermost axils; sepals strongly ribbed, each with a fainter marginal lateral nerve; petals 10-15 mm long; capsules yellowish, 10 mm thick.--Cult. Occasional ballast on shores. 6111 bayshore sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13165 rd border, Hwy 5, n of Toivola. Introd from Eu. Je-Sept. L. sulcatum Riddell. Wild Yellow Flax. Glabrous, branching annuals; stems striate, sulcate, 3-5 dm tall; leaves linear, 3-nerved, with a pair of glands at sessile bases; petals 8-12 mm long; capsule subspherical, 6 mm thick.--Rare. 3792 filled-in area, St. Louis R, near dredging dock; 2768 grassy slope near Enger's golf course, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Mass to Man, s to Ga, Ala. Je-Jy.

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OXALIDACEAE (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY) Herbs with palmately, divided, sour-tasting leaves; flowers 5-merous, syncarpous, hypogynous, apopetalous, regular. Oxalis L. Wood-sorrel (Gr. oxalis, sorrel) Annual or perennial herbs with scaly bulbs or creeping rhizomes; stems leafy or leafless; flowers yellow, violet, or purple; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10; filament bases united; filaments opposite the petals short; capsule loculicidal; seeds transversely rugose, expelled from aril by the capsule. Flower solitary, white or faintly violet, on leafless scape 0. montana Flowers in clusters, yellow, on leafy stems. Annual; foliage gray-green, strigose; pedicels deflexed 0. stricta Perennial; foliage green, moderately pubescent to glabrate; pedicels ascending 0. europaea 0. montana Raf. White Wood-sorrel. Leaves basal; leaflets obcordate on petioles up to 10 cm long, appressed or spreading strigose with white to buff colored hairs; peduncles upwardly spreading-pubescent, purplish, bracted near the middle; flower 1-1.5 cm long; sepals ciliolate; petals oblong-ovate, notched, delicately veined with purple, and more or less suffused with purple below; stamens nearly as long as the puberulent styles; flowers frequently cleistogamous.--Infrequent. 4452 white cedar forest 13 mi n of Duluth on Hwy 4; 5919 moss mats above cr bed, Hartley rd, Duluth. Nfld to Man, s to NC, Tenn. My-Aug. 0. stricta L. Erect Wood-sorrel. Plants upright grayish green pubescent, many-branched; leaflets obcordate, 1-2 cm wide; flower clusters umbellate, petals bright yellow, 5-10 mm long; capsule densely pubescent on deflexed pedicels.--Occasional in area. 10578 moss mats, Skyline Pkwy, 60th Ave W, Duluth; 1824 gravelly shore, Duluth canal. Me to DC, s to Fla. My-Aug. 0. europaea Jord. Common Wood-sorrel. Plants perennial by underground rhizomes, erect, branching, up to 4 dm tall, frequently with decumbent stem bases; stems glabrous or villous; leaflets obcordate, glabrous or pubescent above; stipules wanting; pedicels glabrous or pubescent, ascending to horizontal; capsules glabrous. Several varieties have been segregated by variations in pubescence. Upper leaf surface glabrous; pedicels appressed pubescent var. europaea Upper leaf surface coarsely strigose; pedicels villous var. Bushii Var. europaea. Ihe most frequently encountered northw, 5850 garden bed, 24th Ave E and 5th St, Duluth; 14570 shore of Fox Island, Rainy L. Var. Bushii (Small) Wieg. Rare. 5849 garden bed, Woodland at 21st Ave E, Duluth. Ont to Minn, s to Kan, Ind. Je-Aug.

GERANIACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY) Herbs with stipulate, simple leaves; flowers perfect, 5-merous; stamens 10; pistil compound, 5-carpellate; ovary 5-locular; flowers hypogynous, syncarpous, apopetalous, perigynous, regular,

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Geranium L. Crane's-bill (Gr. geranos, crane) Annual or perennial pubescent herbs, from crowns or taproots; leaves palmately veined and cleft; basal leaves similar to cauline leaves; sepals 5, subulate; petals 5, alternating with nectariferous glands; stamens in 2 cycles; filaments dilated at bases; anther locules parallel; pistil 5-carpellate; stigmas free, with elongate style columnar in fruit; ovary becoming 5-lobed with a single seed in each locule; valves of capsule on dehiscence coil upward in a whorl to the column apex; seeds released from the elevated carpels by ventral slits. Leaves 6-13 cm wide; principal lobes wedge-shaped, shallowly incised; petals 14-20 mm long; indument without gland-tipped hairs G. maculatum Leaves 3-5 cm wide; principal lobes cleft into oblong segments; petals 5-10 mm long; pedicels glandular-villous. Sepals lanceolate, flowers frequently in 2's G. Bicknellii Sepals ovate, flowers several in corymbiform clusters G. carolinianum G. maculatum L. Wild Geranium. Plants pubescent, up to 5 dm tall, from thick rhizomes clothed at apex with brown scales and marcescent stipule bases; flowering scapes sulcate or angled, becoming golden yellow; basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular, deeply cleft into 5 wedgeshaped incised lobes, similar to the short-petioled, cauline or involucral leaves subtending the peduncles; flowers few to many, in corymbose clusters; sepals sparsely pilose; petals rose violet; nectariferous glands prominent, wedge-shaped; ovary lobes densely pilose dorsally; seeds 2.5 mm long, reticulate, globose-oblong, brownish. Rare in area. A1406 headwaters, St. Louis R, Seven Beaver L area; 17412 forest border on Echo Trail, s of Fenske L. Me to Man, s to Tenn, Ga. My-Je. G. Bicknellii Britt. Common Geranium. Annual or biennial pubescent plants from taproots; stems simple or branched from lower nodes; the basal and cauline leaves pentagonal, deeply cleft into oblong lobes; indumentum intermixed with gland-tipped hairs; sepals 5-7 mm long, lanceolate, with subulate tips, barely exceeded by the roseate petals; style column 1.5-2 cm long, topped by the filiform beak, with stigmas 4-5 mm long.--Common throughout area. 12818 lichen mats on granite ledges of Little Vermilion R, Can boundary, Je. 8084 shore of Prairie L. Nfld to Alta, s to Ind, la. My-Sept. G. carolinianum L. Short-beaked Geranium. Plants from taproots; stems up to 6 dm tall, with wide-spreading branches; internodes shorter than petioles, sulcate or angled, retrorsely pubescent; basal and cauline leaves pentagonal, similar to those of the preceding species; flowers in congested corymbs; pedicels glandular villous, shorter than calyx; sepals 6-7 mm long, ovate, with subulate tips; petals pink, 7-10 mm long; style column 16-18 mm long with 2-3 mm beak. Infrequent. 11489 resort grounds, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 17195 border of clearing, Echo Trail near Moose R. Me to ND, s to Mo, Tenn. My-Je.

RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY) Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. The presence of this shrub had been suspected in Prairie L district, Miss drainage basin. Cecil Booker discovered it in Balsam T, bank of Prairie R, Aitkin Co., close to St. Louis Co. line, on May 5, 1958. It is the first one known to ne Minn.

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POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) Annual or perennial herbs with alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves; sepals 5, petaloid, the 2 inner wing-like, as long as the petals; petals 3, united, the median one keeled and fringed; lateral petals united with keel and the united filaments; stamens 8; anthers basifixed, opening by terminal pores; ovary 2-carpellate with 2 locules; capsule 2-seeded; seeds ariled; flowers syncarpous, hypogynous, sympetalous, irregular. Poly gala L. Milkwort (Gr. polys, many, gala, milk) Plant annual; flowers spicate; leaves uniformly scattered Plant perennial; flowers racemose; leaves crowded toward apex

P. polygama P. paucifolia

P. polygama Walt. var. obtusata Chodat. Stems glabrous, several, clustered on perennial or biennial crown; leaves linear or oblanceolate, numerous, overlapping; racemes 2-7 cm long, loosely flowered; flowers roseate, 4-5 mm long, nodding; pedicels 2-4 mm long with small floral bracts; top sepal cucullate, 2 mm long; ovary compressed between free margins of the lateral petals; style curved; lower lobe of stigma yellow, upper white, fimbrillate; racemes of cleistogamous flowers at base of plant at end of season.--Infrequent. 5608 jack pine forest, 2 mi w of Bass L, s of Gilbert. Fla, Tex, to Me, and w to Ont, Minn. Jy-Aug. P. paucifolia Willd. Fringed Milkwort. Perennial plants from slender underground rhizomes; stems 5-10 cm tall, with 4-5 small foliose bracts below the whorled ovate leaves crowded toward summit; petioles 2-4 mm long; midvein prominent; flowers 2-4, roseate or purplish, 1.8-2 cm long; pedicels 5 mm long, glabrous; top sepal spurred at base, lower sepal lanceolate; wings of lateral sepals slightly longer than keel, broadly oblanceolate, narrowed to broad claws; lateral petals bearded below, fused with keel petal and staminal sheath for about two thirds of their length; keel cucullate at apex with fimbriate appendages; stamens and style included within the keel; capsule obcordate, its flat edge beneath the spurred sepal with a conspicuous nectariferous gland.--Infrequent. 8128 birch poplar forest n of Aurora, Hwy 35. Que to Man, Minn to 111, s to Tenn, Ga. My-Je.

EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) Herbs with milky latex; leaves opposite or alternate; flowers monoecious; stamen 1, pistil compound; fruit a 3-locular capsule.

Euphorbia L. Spurge (Gr. euphorbion, spurge) Annual or perennial herbs with deep-seated roots or rhizomes; flowers monoecious, in umbellate clusters or axillary; involucre (cyathium) cup-like with marginal glands; appendages sometimes petaloid; staminate flowers many, with a single stamen jointed with pedicel within the involucre; pistillate flowers 1 per cyathium; styles 3, with bifid stigmas; capsule deeply 3-lobed, exserted by elongating pedicel; testa smooth or transversely rugose. 251

Plants perennial from deep roots or rhizomes. Cyathium gland oval in outline, appendaged with white petaloid bracts . . . E. corollata Cyathium gland reniform with cusp-like tips. Leaves less than 3 mm wide, narrowly linear, crowded and numerous . . . E. Cyparissias Leaves broadly linear to oblanceolate, 3-9 mm wide E. Esula Plants annual, prostrate, mat-forming. Plants more or less villous pubescent throughout, including capsules, leaves mottled with red E. supina Plants smooth. Leaves spotted with red, sharply serrulate around the apex; testa irregularly wrinkled E. serpyllifolia Leaves green, not prominently serrulate around the apex; testa transversely wrinkled E. glyptosperma E. corollata L. Flowering Spurge. Glabrous perennials from deep roots; stems 1-several, up to 1 m tall, branching above; leaves oblong-obtuse, sessile; inflorescence umbellate or paniculate, with several leafy peduncles above the whorl of floral leaves; flowers numerous; cyathia glands showy white, petaloid.--This attractive spurge was discovered by Jol8204 gravelly soil, Armstrong L area, sw of Ely. Prairies, Me to Ont, ND, s to Tex. Je-Aug. E. Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. Plants densely colonial from strong spreading underground rootstocks; stems upright, branching above, 3-5 dm tall, roughened by leaf scars below; leaves many, usually 1-2 mm wide, crowded near the growing tips; floral bracts ovate-cordate, frequently reddish; capsules 2-3 mm long, roughened with short tubercles; seeds oblong, about 1.5 mm long. Adv from garden beds. 11105 Whiteface R at the reservoir dam, s of Markham. Native of Eurasia. Me to ND. Je-Jy. E. Esula L. Leafy Spurge. Glabrous perennial up to 7 dm tall; leaves numerous, somewhat narrowed at bases, narrowly oblanceolate, mucronate; floral leaves whorled below the primary umbellate inflorescence; peduncles forking; bracts semiorbicular, mucronate, sheathing at base; involucral bracts similar; glands U-shaped; capsule 2-3 mm long, granulose; seeds 2 mm long, obovoid, smooth, sublustrous.--Occasional. 3785 embankment, bay of St. Louis R, 40th Ave W, Duluth; 10931 edge of hayfield, Rollins. NS to Alta, s to Neb, Ind. Je-Aug. E. supina Raf. Milk-Purslane. Plants prostrate from a taproot; stems pubescent, branching radiately; leaves usually mottled with red, oblique at base, semicordate; serrations sharpest around the apical half of blade; capsules appressed pubescent; seeds 1 mm long; testa reticulate, transversely wrinkled.--Occasional. 4259 St. Louis R gorge, Carlton Co. Que to ND and w. Je-Sept. E. serpyllifolia Pers. Thyme-leaved Spurge. Plants glabrous, ascending, becoming prostrate; leaves blotched with red, serrulate around the apical half; glands with white filiform appendages; seeds irregularly ribbed and pitted or reticulate. 1-1.2 mm long.--Frequent, rdsides, shores. 2118 crevices of gabbro, Congdon R, Duluth; 13345 Ash R terrace, Kabetogama L area. BC to Mex, e to Mich, s to la, NM. Je-Sept. E. glyptosperma Engelm. Slender Spurge. Plants prostrate, glabrous; stems slender, forking into finer leafy sprays in matting growth; flowers minute; cyathium glands margined with white; seeds sharply cross-ribbed, .9-1.2 mm long.--Frequent throughout. 1563 Minn Pt, Duluth; 5881 along rr tracks, Hwy 2, 19 mi nw of Duluth. NC to BC, s to Mo, Tex, Mex. Je-Sept.

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CALLITRICHACEAE (WATER-STARWORT FAMILY) Delicate, glabrous aquatic or stranded terrestrial herbs with opposite leaves; flowers axillary, monoecious without perianth, each subtended by a pair of bracts; staminate flower a single stamen, anther 4-locular, dehiscent from side to side around the apex; pistillate flower 2-carpellate, 4-locular; ovule 1 per locule; styles distinct; f r u i t splitting into 2-4 mericarps. Callitriche L. Water-Starwort (Gr. callos, beautiful, thrix, hair) Emersed aquatics with terminal rosette of floating leaves; fruits suborbicular or oblong. Fruits suborbicular .8-1 mm long, margin rounded C. heterophylla Fruits oblong, 1.2-1.4 mm long, margin keeled C. palustris Submersed aquatics with uniform leaves; fruits orbicular C. hermaphroditica C. heterophylla Pursh. Fanleaf Water-Starwort. Perennial plants with delicate filiform stems, up to 8 dm long in deep water; floating leaves in rosettes, 2-5 nerved, with conspicuously dilated, flabelliform blades commonly abruptly tapering to petioles; upper submersed leaves spatulate; lower leaves linear, less than 1 mm wide, or about the thickness of the filiform stem; fruits sessile; styles longer than the suborbicular unkeeled mericarp.--Infrequent. Collected only along Can border lakes. 21025 mucky bottom of bay, Bottle L, at portage from Lac La Croix; fruiting plants. 21048 outlet cr of bay off Crooked L, n of Curtain Falls, Ontario side; plants in mucky pools off main current. Transcontinental. Jy-Sept. C. palustris L. Common Water-Starwort. Bottom-rooted plants in marshes or in shallow water of lake and river bays; stems slender and delicate, up to 1 m long, depending on the depth of water; or in bright green matted colonies when stranded on muddy shores; leaves linear, spatulate, 1-nerved in deep water; floating leaves mostly 3-nerved, ovate; flowers sessile; fruit splitting into 2- or 4-keeled mericarps.--Common throughout area. 9206 shallow water, Prairie L; 13174 Bald Rock Cr, Rainy L. Greenl to Alas, s to Ariz, Va. My-Sept. C. hermaphroditica L. Submersed Water-Starwort. Bottom-rooted plants in pools or rivers, forming distinctive colonies; leaves linear, spatulate, 1-nerved; flowers sessile; mature mericarps circular, with rounded edges.--Frequent throughout area. 2729 Comstock L, in small bay, in about 14 cm of water, Hwy 4, about 34 mi n of Duluth; 15890 Chester R pool, Chester Pk, Duluth, abundant. Greenl to Alas, s to Mich, w to Colo, Calif. Aug-Oct.

ANACARDIACEAE (SUMAC FAMILY) Shrubs with alternate, compound leaves and acrid resinous sap; flowers 5-merous, syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular; fruit a drupe. Rhus L. Sumac (Ancient classical name) Shrubs with pinnately compound, exstipulate leaves; flowers polygamous, small, in axillary or

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terminal panicles; calyx 5-cleft; stamens 5, in the sinuses of the lobed disc; ovary 1-locular with 3 free styles; fruit a drupe. Leaves trifoliolate; flowers axillary; fruit white, glabrous, lustrous . . . . R. radicans Leaves odd-pinnate with 9-15 leaflets; flowers in dense terminal panicles, fruits clothed with red indument. Leaves and twigs glabrous R. glabra Leaves and twigs velvety pubescent R. typhina R. radicans L. Poison Ivy. Plants upright, up to 6 dm tall, with underground stolons in profusion, or leafy trailing runners upon shore ledges, rooting in crevices; leaflets entire or dentate, 4-7 cm long; terminal leaflet rhomboidal, coarsely sinuate toward apex; lateral leaflets somewhat inequilateral, all hirtellous on the principal veins and on the margins beneath, or glabrous; flowers greenish yellow, in axillary panicles, on pedicels 2-3 mm long, opening when the leaves are about half grown; calyx lobes 1 mm long; petals 2.8-3.3 mm long, inserted on calyx tube below and opposite the points of the pentagonal disc; stamens alternating with petals; filaments barely longer than the sepals; anthers 1-1.2 mm long, cordateoblong, dehiscing laterally; ovary maturing into a lustrous, striate, dry drupe, with fragile white pericarp; fruit persisting on shrubs till flowering the following season.--Frequent throughout area. 1502 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14866 shorerocks of Rainy L, Cranberry Bay. Que to BC, s to ND, Tex, s to NC, WVa. Je-Jy. R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac. Smooth upland shrubs, .5-3 m high with forking branches; bark reddish brown, bases of petioles funnel-like, concealing the developing buds; buds hairy; rachis frequently glaucous-blue-purple; leaflets 9-15 or more, entire or coarsely irregularly serrate; flowers in dense panicles; floral axes minutely puberulent; pedicels 4-5 mm long; sepals 2.5 mm long, deltoid; petals greenish yellow, oblong-ovate, 4-5 mm long; stamens included; pistil 1, sessile; pericarp in fruit beset with clavate crimson hairs.--Common. 11806 high granite cliff above Lac La Croix; 10729 rocks below Skyline Pkwy, 39th Ave W, Duluth. Me to BC, s to Miss, Fla. Jy-Aug. R. typhina L. Staghorn Sumac. Shrubs similar to the preceding but taller, up to 4 m high; branches velvety hairy; flowers whitish, 4-5 mm long; ovary in anthesis densely pubescent, hairs crimson, apparently unicellular, attenuate to acicular tips.--Less frequent than/?. glabra, absent or infrequent farther n. 1307 Congdon Pk near Vermilion Rd, Duluth; 1523 bayshore, Minn Pt, Duluth. Que, Ga, Mo, to Miss. Je-Jy.

AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY) Dioecious shrubs with alternate, stipulate, simple leaves; flowers 4-5-merous, syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular; fruit a drupe.

Ilex L. Holly (L. ilex, holm oak) I. verticillata (L.) Gray. Northern Holly. Shrubs up to 4 m tall; bark grayish brown on young twigs; lenticels prominent; leaves 2-3 cm wide, lanceolate or ovate, crenately dentate;

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teeth incurved or spreading; blades dark green, glabrate, rugose-veined above, veins below with persistent pilose tomentum; petioles slender, puberulent, 4-10 mm long; stipules subulate, early-deciduous; flowers small, greenish; staminate flowers 4-6-merous, shortpedicelled in clusters; pistillate flowers 5-8-merous, clustered, rarely solitary; ovary usually 5-locular; drupe berry-like, with as many seeds as the number of locules, 5 mm thick, bright red, persisting after the leaves fall.--Frequent. 7050 lakeshore woods near Skibo; 12303 mixed forest w of Floodwood, Savanna T. NS to Minn, s to Mo, Ga. Je.

CELASTRACEAE (BITTERSWEET FAMILY) Shrubs or vines with simple, alternate or opposite leaves; seed enclosed within an aril; flowers 4-5-merous, perigynous, syncarpous, apopetalous, regular; disc present.

Celastrus L. Bittersweet (Gr. kelastros, an evergreen) C. scandens L. Woody twiner with orange roots, up to 10 m or more high, trailing or more often twining around tree trunks; bark on old stem becomes dark gray and rough; young growth pale gray to yellow-brown, striate; buds conical, with divergent tips, often multiple; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, crenately dentate; petioles thin, 5-10 mm long; stipules a few fimbriae, disappearing early; flowers dioecious, in terminal panicles; sepals 5, united at base; petals 5, 4-5 mm long, spreading; stamens 5, included, inserted on rim of glandular cup with a rudimentary pistil; pistil of 3 carpels; style thick; ovary 3locular, with 1-2 ovules in each; fruit a capsule with orange yellow dehiscent valves, exposing the scarlet-ariled seeds.--Frequent, mixed hardwood associations. 8186 Prairie L; 15415 Vermilion L, Moccasin Pt. Que to Man, s to Ga, Ala. Je.

ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY) Trees or shrubs with palmately lobed, simple or pinnately compound leaves; ovary 2-carpellate; ovules pendulous, 2 in each locule, only 1 maturing; seeds large without endosperm; cotyledons coming above the ground in germination; fruit a samara, splitting, on ripening, into winged halves; flowers 5-merous, perfect, dioecious or often polygamous, syncarpous, perigynous, apopetalous or apetalous, regular.

Acer L. Maple (L. acer, maple tree) Leaves simple; samaras falling before winter. Blades silver gray to white beneath, flowers appearing before the leaves.

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Petals present; flowers crimson; samaras red A. rubrum Petals wanting; flowers yellowish red; samaras green A. saccharinum Blades green beneath, flowers appearing with or after the leaves. Shrub with minute flowers in cylindrical panicles; leaves half grown at the time of flowering, velvety to touch; petals present A. spicatum Tree with racemes of long-pedicelled flowers appearing with the leaves; leaves usually glabrous, never velvety; petals absent A. saccharum Leaves compound, leaflets 3-5, samaras persisting through winter A. Negundo A. rubrum L. Red Maple. Slender trees up to 20 m tall, with silvery bark, best seen in wilderness area; bark of old trunk and branches becoming dark gray with low ridges; branches glabrous; youngest twigs deep red, often with prominent lenticels; leaf buds opening after flowering; leaves 3-5-lobed, glabrate; calyx 5-parted; petals 5; pistillate flowers crimson, with rudimentary stamens; staminate flowers frequently orange-red, with 7 stamens and rudimentary pistil; samaras scarlet, 2-2.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide across the carpels.--Throughout area. 3017 Minn Pt, Duluth; 8632 Bear Island L. Nfld to Minn, s to Fla. My. A. saccharinum L. Soft Maple. Large trees up to 30 m tall, with silver-gray bark on large limbs and branchlets, bark on old trunks becoming flaky, exfoliating in wide slabs; branches smooth, slender; leaves appearing after flowering; blades deeply cleft into 5 lobes, terminal and lateral lobes with rounded sinuses; blades silver white beneath, green above, frequently red-veined; petiole reddish, slender, often longer than blade; flowers yellowish or reddish; staminate and pistillate flowers on different trees, or in separate clusters on the same tree; fruiting pedicels 2-3 cm long; samaras 4-5 cm long; carpel bases ovate, separating obliquely; wings broadly divergent, widest above the middle.--Banks of lakes and rivers throughout area. 7869 St. Louis R bank near Floodwood; 11580 shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. NB to SD, s to Fla. Apr. A. spicatum Lamb. Mountain Maple. Shrubs up to 4 m tall, with reddish twigs; new growth minutely puberulent with incurved hairs, becoming glabrous; leaves palmately veined, 3-lobed, the blades longer than wide, and usually deltoid; margin coarsely toothed, teeth 2-3 per cm, excurrent vein of each tooth subulate; blades velvety pubescent below; petiole glabrous, often twice as long as blade; flowers yellowish in paniculate clusters, erect or ascending, on slender, pubescent pedicels; sepals 1.2 mm long; petals linear or narrowly oblanceolate, white, 3-4 mm long; stamens 4-5 mm long, filiform, with short papillate antHers; style short and erect; ovary notched, pubescent; samaras red, sparsely hirtellous, 1.8-2.4 cm long, 1.21.5 cm wide across carpels; wings diverging at a broad V-angle.--Throughout area. 14834 Dryweed Island, Rainy L, extreme nw corner of area, 1445 bayside vegetation, Minn Pt. Nfld to Sask, s to Ga, Tenn. Je-Jy. A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. Large trees, up to 30 m tall, with ample crowns; bark on old trunks dark gray with sinuous fissures; young branches smooth, brownish gray; leaves 5-lobed, terminal lobe with parallel sides down to the broad rounded sinuses, margins entire, subdivisions of the lobes acuminate, petioles as long as or longer than blades; leaves turning red and golden yellow in the fall; flowers appearing with leaves, staminate pendulous on long hairy pedicels; calyx 4-5.5 mm long, broadly campanulate; teeth obscurely deltoid, ciliate; petals absent; stamens exserted, about twice as long as the calyx tube; anthers apiculate, with parallel locules; rudimentary pistil in the center of the disc; pistillate flowers with included stamens; styles united below the middle; free stigmatic branches densely papillate on inner surface; carpel locules seemingly at right angles to the much elongate, filiform,

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hairy pedicels; samaras 3-4 cm long, glabrous with wings diverging at right angles.--Common s, and local farther n. 7461 Arlington Ave, Duluth, a pure stand of large trees; 7884 bank of Prairie L. Que to ND, s to Ala, Ga. My-Je. A. Negundo L. Box Elder. Trees up to 20 m tall, with several spreading limbs and rounded crown; bark ripply fissured on older trunks; bark of young branches smooth and gray; young twigs glaucous; leaves pinnately compound; terminal and basal leaflets often cleft or incised into 3 lobes; flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves; staminate flowers pendulous on elongate pedicels; calyx 3-4 mm long; stamens with very short filaments, the anthers exserted just above the sepal tips; petals wanting; pistillate flowers long-pedicelled; style branches separate nearly to the base; samara wings at a V-shaped angle; carpel bases more than a third as long as the wing, prominently reticulate-veined; samaras 3-5 cm long, wings green, or, in f. sanguinewn L. Martin, in young fruits crimson; fruit persistent on trees through the winter.--^ banks of streams and lakes, f. Negundo 7547 Whiteface R terrace, e of Meadowlands; 10969 Floodwood R valley w of Floodwood; f. sanguineum 8106 vacant lot, 21st Ave E, 4th St, Duluth; 10447 Hunter's Hill woods, Duluth. Fla, Tex, n to Ont, ND. Apr-My. Introduced species of maples planted in Duluth are A. tataricum L. , A. ginnala Maxim, and A. platanoides L. The last, a tree with handsome flowers and foliage, grows well in the area's climate.

BALSAMINACEAE (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY) Delicate herbs with watery juice; leaves simple, alternate; flowers 5-merous; stamens 5; anthers connivent over the stigma; pistil compound; ovary 5-locular; seed with large embryos without endosperm; flowers syncarpous, hypogynous, sympetalous in part, irregular.

Impatiens L. Jewelweed (L. impatient, in allusion to bursting capsule) I. capensis Meerb. Spotted Jewelweed. Glabrous annual plants with branched semitranslucent stem, up to 12 dm tall; leaves thin, soft, elliptic-lanceolate, with cuneate bases; leaf margins sparsely and uniformly dentate, with 4-10 serrations, each with minute subulate tip rising from the submarginal reticulum formed by the principal lateral veins; blades deep green above, glaucous below; petioles slender, often exceeding the blades; stipules lacking; flowers on slender pedicels in panicles or small axillary clusters; sepals 3, petaloid and spotted, the upper pair small, inequilateral, the lower saccate and prolonged in a spur; petals 3, the upper rounded and retuse at apex, the lateral lobed, golden yellow, spotted with crimson, or unspotted in f. immaculata (Weath.) Fern. & Schub.; stamens 5, with connivent introrse anthers capping the stigma; ovary ripening into a terete capsule with explosive dehiscence of twisting valves expelling the seeds.--Frequent in damp places throughout; f. capensis 11018 Savanna R terrace, Floodwood; 15641 shore of Crooked L at Curtain Falls; f. immaculata 16554 cr outlet Crane L; 16954 portage bay, Trout L, Superior National Forest. Nfld to Alas, s to Fla, Ala, Ark. Je-Sept.

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RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) Shrubs with alternate or subopposite, simple leaves; glandular disc present; stamens opposite the petals; ovary 2-5-locular; fruit a drupe; flowers 4-5-merous, perigynous, syncarpous, apetalous or apopetalous, regular, polygamous or perfect. Flowers greenish in small axillary clusters; pedicels short Rhamnas Flowers white in showy corymbs; pedicels long, filiform Ceanothus

Rhamnus L. Buckthorn (L. Rhamnos, buckthorn) Hypanthium lined with disc, campanulate or saucer-shaped; petals wanting or present, flowers perfect or imperfect, greenish, in umbellate, axillary clusters or sometimes solitary; fruit 2-4-seeded drupe; base hypanthium often persisting on pedicel after falling of the ripe fruit. Leaf margins crenate-dentate; flowers imperfect; winter buds scaly. Leaves opposite or nearly so; twigs spinescent; flowers 4-parted; petals present . . . . . . R. cathartica Leaves alternate; twigs not spinescent; flowers 5-parted; petals wanting R. alnifolia Leaf margin entire; flowers perfect; buds apparently naked R. Frangula R. cathartica L. Hedge Buckthorn. Tall shrubs or sometimes tree-sized, with dark gray twigs and spiny branches; young leaves prominently serrated, with reddish rounded glands becoming calloused in age; lateral veins 2-3, curving toward apex parallel to the margin, impressedveined above; midvein prominent beneath; flowers greenish; petals reddish, smaller than the sepals; styles 4, united up to the middle; drupes juicy; stones 4, smooth.--Frequently planted for hedges and escaping from cult. 5404 s-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 12295 Leif Ericson Pk, shore of L Superior, Duluth. Introd. Je. R. alnifolia L'Her. Swamp Buckthorn. Low, native shrubs up to 1 m tall; bark reddish brown; leaves elliptic, acuminate, cuneate at base, widest about the middle; principal lateral veins uniform, 6-9, mostly opposite, curving toward the apex, prominent below, scarcely impressed above; young twigs minutely puberulent; flowers solitary or in small clusters in leaf axils; pedicels 1-10 mm long; bracts oblong, villous at apices; flowers polygamous; hypanthium saucer-shaped, with depressed disc; stamens shorter than sepals; styles 3, united; stigmas capitate, distinct; drupes obovoid, black, 5-6 mm thick.--Frequent. 16167 spruce forest, Prairie L area; 12748 black ash swamp, Crane L near Vermilion R gorge. Nfld to BC, s to la, Tenn. My-Je. R. Frangula L. Smooth-leaf Buckthorn. Handsome arching shrubs up to 4 m tall; loosely imbricated leaf rudiments thick, green within, red without, clothed with hairs; new twigs yellowish brown, minutely pubescent; leaves lustrous, thin, obovate, uniformly pinnate-veined; veins prominent below; flowers perfect, 5-parted; petals short-clawed, notched, shorter than sepals; drupe usually with 3 smooth stones, becoming purple-black.--Occurring without cult in Duluth. 16185 nw slope of Hunter's Hill; 4738 se-facing slope of Hunter's Hill. Native of Eurasia. Je-Jy.

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Ceanothus L. Redroot (Gr. keanothos, a kind of thistle) C. ovatus Desf. Prairie Redroot. Low shrubs, 5-10 dm tall, with reddish brown bark; young twigs yellowish green, viscid, pubescent; older twigs puberulent; leaves green above and below, narrowly ovate, 3-nerved, glandular serrate, pubescent on veins below; petioles shorter than blades, viscid-puberulent; flowers white, numerous, in showy panicles or corymbs; pedicels glabrous, filiform; hypanthium with thick pentagonal disc surrounding ovary at base; sepals deltoid; petal has a slender claw; limb dipper-shaped, in the bud, incurved, containing anther; stamens 5; at length the filaments elongate and the petals reflex; styles united almost to the 3 stigmas; fruit dry, 3-locular, splitting into 3 carpels, each opening separately; hypanthium base persistent.--Rare. 16148 jack pine forest, sandy terrace of Embarrass R s of Gilbert. Plains and prairie states, s to Ala, Tex. Je-Jy.

VITACEAE (GRAPE FAMILY) Woody vines climbing by means of stem tendrils; stems with chambered pith; leaves alternate; flowers 4-5-merous; ovary 2-locular; fruit a 1-2-seeded berry; flowers perigynous with disc, syncarpous, apopetalous, regular. Leaves simple Vitis Leaves digitately compound Parthenocissus

Vitis L. Grape (L. vitis, vine) V. riparia Michx. Wild Grape. High-climbing vine with exfoliating bark; tendrils opposite the leaves, borne in axil of minute, caducous scale leaf; leaves attenuate, orbicular, palmately veined; apical lobe deltoid, acute, flanked by smaller lobes on each side; margin coarsely cut or toothed; blades glabrous, lustrous above and usually pubescent on the veins below; flowers polygamo-dioecious in axillary panicles; sepals very small; petals hooded, deciduous in opening flower buds; lobes of nectariferous disc alternating wi_th stamens; ovary globose; style short; berry pulpy; fruit 10-12 mm thick, glaucous, blue; seeds with stony testa.-Rare. 7547 Whiteface R e of Meadowlands, Hwy 133; 11392 St. Louis R woods, Fond du Lac. Que to Man, se to WVa, Tenn, Mo. Je-Jy.

Parthenocissus Planch. Woodbine (Gr. parthenos, virgin; cissos, ivy) P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. High-climbing vines; tendrils tipped with discs for attachment; or sometimes trailing on rocky ledges of shores, rooting at nodal areas; stems enlarged at nodes; bark pale gray; lenticels prominent; leaves long-petioled;

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leaflets 5, coarsely serrate, turning scarlet in the autumn; flowers cymose paniculate; disc small or obsolete; hypanthium base persistent in fruit; calyx unlobed; petals caducous; stamens short; pistil with 2 appressed stigmas; ovary 2-locular; berry blue, glaucous, 9-10 mm thick.--Common throughout area. 13228 rock fissures of Rainy L, Kettle Falls; 11035 St. Louis R woods, White T, near Palo. Me to ND, Fla, Tex. Je-Jy.

TILIACEAE (LINDEN FAMILY) Large trees with simple alternate stipulate leaves; flowers 5-merous; stamens polyadelphous; staminodes present; fruit drupaceous, 1-2-seeded; seeds with endosperm; cotyledons leaf-like, palmately 3-5-lobed; flowers hypogynous, apopetalous, syncarpous, regular.

Tilia L. Basswood (L. tilia, linden or lime tree) T. americana L. Basswood. A climax tree in deciduous forest in the midwest, attaining the height of 25 m; trunks often several together; bark pale gray with fissures and ridges on old trunks; twigs slender; winter buds roseate and shiny, 2-ranked; leaves 2-ranked, broadly ovate, oblique at base, inequilateral, deeply cordate or nearly symmetrical on rapidly growing shoots; margin coarsely toothed; principal veins pinnate, the lowest pair most prominent, the laterals forking, suggestive of palmate venation; flowers white, nectariferous, in cymose clusters on bracted peduncles; pedicels clavate; flowers 7-9 mm long; sepals valvate, thick, finely pubescent within and without, deciduous; petals oblong, denticulate; stamens in 5 clusters, 1 facing each sepal; anther sacs separate; staminodes 5, opposite the petal; pistil 5-carpellate, 5-locular, each with 2 ovules; style 1; stigmas capitate; ovary tomentose; fruit globose, dry, indehiscent, functionally unilocular, 1-2-seeded; fruiting clusters sliding to the ground by means of wing-like bracts.--Frequent in sw, occasional along the border lakes. 13538 Midway T, Nopeming area; 14936 large trees, Pine Island, Kabetogama L. Que to Man, s to Ala, Tex. Jy.

MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) Annual or biennial herbs with simple, alternate leaves; flowers 5-merous; stamens monadelphous, forming a staminal tube united to petals; anthers unilocular; carpels 10 or more united into a ring about the axis; styles free stigmatic along inner side; flowers hypogynous, syncarpous, apopetalous, regular.

Malva L. Mallow (Gr. malakos, soft) Petals 3 mm long, free sepal tips 3-3.5 mm long, carpels reticulate M. rotundifolia Petals 10 mm long, calyx lobes 4-5 mm long, carpels not reticulate M. neglecta

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M. rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Mallow. Annual, stellate-pubescent plants with ascending to trailing stems; leaf blades 2-4 cm long, orbicular, palmately veined, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate dentate, pubescent; petioles elongate, twice or more the length of the blades; stipules lanceolate; flowers inconspicuous in axillary clusters; sepals united at base, tips deltoid; petals bluish white, barely exceeding the sepals, obcordate; claws pubescent; staminal tube 3-4 mm long; stamens many; anthers reniform, dehiscent across the top, pollen grains large; styles purplish, papillose filamentous; carpels separating in age into 1-seeded segments. --Infrequent. 2341 recreation grounds, Minn Pt; 12296 flowerbed, UMD campus, Tweed Hall, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Oct. M. neglecta Wallr. Common Mallow. Biennial herbs vegetatively similar to the preceding species; flowers showy; petals bluish lilac, 10-12 mm long; carpels uniformly pubescent, without reticulations.--Uncommon. 7890 bank of Prairie L. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Sept.

GUTTIFERAE (ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY) Herbs or shrubs with entire, opposite gland-dotted, exstipulate leaves; flowers 5-merous; stamens united into 3 or 5 clusters or distinct; ovary 1-5-locular; fruit a capsule; flowers syncarpous, hypogynous, apopetalous, regular.

Hypericum L. St. Johnswort (Gr. hyperikon, probably applied to St. Johnswort) Petals yellow; hypogynous glands wanting; decurrent lines prominent through internodes. Flowers 4-5 cm wide; capsule 5-locular H. pyramidatum Flowers 3 cm wide or less; capsule 1-3-locular. Styles free to the base; stamens in fascicles. Capsule 3-locular H. perforation Capsule 1-locular. Leaves lanceolate, mostly 5-nerved, clasping; pedicels subtended by floral bracts . . . . H. majus Leaves usually elliptic-oblong, 3-nerved, sessile; pedicels subtended by bracts . . . H. boreale Styles united to the base; stamens forming a fringe around disc H. ellipticum Petals red; hypogynous glands 3, alternating with stamen bundles, decurrent lines not prominent through the internodes H. virginicum H. pyramidatum Ait. Great St. Johnswort. Perennial branching herbs, more than 1 m tall; stems obtusely 4-angled; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, with sessile, clasping bases; cymes relatively few-flowered; sepals lanceolate, 7-9 mm long; petals obovate, up to 2.5 cm long, golden yellow; stamens numerous in 5 sets, anthers versatile; capsules with styles up to 2.5 mm long, dehiscent septicidally; seeds terete pointed at each end, 1.2 mm long; testa lustrous, reticulate.--2107 Amity Cr woods, Snively Blvd and Jean Du Luth Rd; 16258 edge of clearing, Angora Rd, near jet with Hwy 53. Me to Man, s to Kan, Mo, 111. Jy-Sept.

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H. perforatum. L. St. Johnswort. Stems up to 6 dm tall, hard from a subligneous crown; basal offshoots numerous; leaves oblong with sessile clasping bases, glandular-dotted; short leafy axillary branches numerous; flowers numerous, up to 3 cm wide, in large cymes; petals orangeyellow, usually spotted along margins; stamens numerous, in 5 sets; anther apex with a prominent purple or black shiny gland; capsule valves veiny, 8-10 mm long, tipped with slender styles; seeds cylindric, .8 mm long, prominently reticulate, lustrous.--Adv on rdsides. 3372 gravelly cut 9 mi n of Duluth; 21072 Stone R terrace, Kiwadinipi Resort, Lake Co. Nfld to BC. Natzd from Eu. Je-Sept. H. majus (Gray) Britt. Common St. Johnswort. Slender perennials up to 5 dm tall, spreading by basal offshoots; stems often several from the same crown, branching above; largest leaves near midstem, 5-7-nerved, lanceolate with subcordate, clasping base; flowers in contracted cymes; floral bracts subulate, 1-nerved; sepals lance-attenuate, 4-6 mm long; petals narrowly oblong, equaling the sepals; stamens with capillary filaments in 5 clusters; anther apex with a reddish gland; capsule 6-8 mm long; seeds numerous, terete with slightly pointed end, light brown, reticulate and lustrous, .6-.7 mm long.--Frequent in area. 2098 shore swamp of Superior Bay, Minn Pt; 15614 silt flats of Bear Trap R above gorge inlet to Iron L, Can boundary. NB to BC, s to Colo, la. Jy-Sept. H. boreale (Britt.) Bickn. Northern St. Johnswort. Slender perennials .5-3.5 dm tall; stem bases decumbent, spreading, leafy; leaves thin, 5-nerved, obscurely punctate; cymes manyflowered, leafy-bracted; flowers small; sepals 3.5-4 mm long, spatulate, equaling the petals; stamens 7, with very minute anthers on capillary filaments; capsules, including the beaks, 5 mm long, rounded at apex; seeds numerous, slenderly cylindric, .6-.8 mm long, light brown, reticulate.--Infrequent in area. 15613 silt flats on Bear Trap R, above gorge inlet into Iron L, Can boundary; 12254 sandy shore of Janet L, Hwy 73 s of Ribbing. Nfld to Minn, s to la, e to Va. Jy-Sept. H. ellipticum Hook. Creeping St. Johnswort. Slender perennials with creeping rhizomatous base; stems 2-3 cm tall; leaves thin, pellucid, punctate with a prominent midvein; the axillary leaf tufts conspicuous after flowering period; cymes few-flowered, leafy-bracted; flowers 18 mm wide; sepals oblanceolate, 4-5 mm long; petals 8-9 mm long, oblanceolate, golden yellow, in bud often reddish; stamens numerous, showy; anthers with bright orange-red gland at the apex; capsules 9-10 mm long; styles in the clusters often united only at the base; seed .5 mm long, dark brown, reticulate, plump, and lustrous; (most capsules in a given plant were found to be infected with a hymenopterous gall dweller; each of the 10 capsules opened contained a pupa with a few ripe seeds).--Infrequent in area. 11294 sandy beach, Indian L, Rollins; 13704 shore of Eshquaguma L, 6 mi s of Biwabik. Nfld to Man, s to 0, la. Je-Jy. H. virginicum L. var. Fraseri (Spach) Fern. Marsh St. Johnswort. Stoloniferous marsh plants with simple or branched stems up to 4 dm tall; internodes terete without decurrent lines; leaves ovate-cordate, with clasping bases, emarginate, green above, glaucescent beneath, mostly purple in age; cymules congested, leafy-bracted, usually few-flowered; sepals lanceolate, 4-6 mm long; petals 7-9 mm long, mauve or flesh-colored, oblong, concave, prominently veined; stamens 9 in a bundle, joined by the filaments, each cluster alternating with a conspicuous oval orange-colored gland; anthers short with yellow glands at apices; capsule purple, 10 mm long, conoidal, tipped by the 3 free short styles; seeds 1 mm long, dark brown, reticulate, cylindric.--15615 silt flats, Bear Trap R, above gorge inlet to Iron L, Can boundary; F29868 Mesabe L, Aurora. Nfld to Man, Neb. Jy-Aug.

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ELATINACEAE (WATERWORT FAMILY) Small, submersed aquatic herbs with creeping bases, opposite leaves, and small axillary 2-3merous flowers; stamens as many as petals; ovary 2-3-locular; seeds cylindric-oblong, usually curved, areolate; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous, syncarpous, regular.

Elatine L. Waterwort (Gr. elatine, pertaining to fir) Leaves obovate or oblong, 3-4 mm long; flowers mostly 2-parted Leaves linear to obovate, 5-7 mm long; flowers 3-parted

E. minima E. triandra

E. minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. Least Waterwort. Creeping mat-forming plants, 2-5 cm high, in shallow water of sandy shores; leaves with 3-5 glandular pores on margins; leaf base with scarious, ovate stipules; capsule sessile, 2-3-locular; pericarp thin, translucent; seeds 1.8 mm long, vertical, terete, nearly straight, with rounded areolas.--Occasional. 16961 sandy bottom of shore, Trout L near portage from Vermilion L. Nfld to Minn. Jy-Sept. E. triandra Schkuhr. Western Waterwort. Similar to the greater seed curvature, hexagonal aureoles, and longer frequent. 19355 small bay of Fox Island, Rainy L, sand about 20 cm; 20970 mucky bottom of bay, Crane L, depth s to Tex. Jy-Sept.

preceding species; differs from it in leaf; flowers usually 3-parted.--Inwith mucky sediment, depth of water of water about 4 dm. Wis, Alta, Wash,

CISTACEAE (ROCKROSE FAMILY) Herbs or shrubs with simple, opposite or alternate leaves, often heath-like; flowers 5merous, ovary 5-locular; fruit a 3-valved capsule; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. Plants heath-like, without basal offshoots; flowers yellow, axillary Hudsonia Plants not heath-like, with erect stems from caudices, with basal, leafy offshoots; flowers reddish, borne in panicles Lechea

Hudsonia L. Hudsonia (Named for Hudson, English botanist) H. tomentosa Nutt. var. intermedia Peck. Beach-Heather. Colonial, perennial blowout-dwellers in drifting sands; stems intricately branched; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, spiral, overlapping, appressed, and densely clothed with gray tomentum; flowers numerous, bright yellow; sepals tomentose, 3.5-4 mm long, the 2 outermost narrower and shorter than the 3 inner ones; petals 5, oblanceolate, delicately veined, denticulate, 4-5 mm long; stamens indefinite in number, included; pistil 3-4 mm long; stigma capitate; style more than twice as long as ovary; ovules several but only 1-2 mature into seeds; capsules conoidal, included; style

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tip exserted; seeds pyriform, plump, bright brown, 1-1.2 mm long; testa indurated.--Rare. Sand blows, Minn Pt, where it is fairly abundant. 1485 w of the old lighthouse ruins, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth. Lab to Alta, Me to ND. Jy.

Lechea L. Pinweed (Named for Johan Leche, Swedish botanist) L. intermedia Legget. Common Pinweed. Herbaceous grayish pubescent perennials with overwintering offshoots on crowns; stems 3-5 dm long, stiff, purplish at base, few to several in a cluster; leaves elliptic or lanceolate, pilose on midrib and margins; panicle branches ascending; flowers 2.5-3 mm long; sepals 5, unequal, the two outermost narrow, the inner concave, obovate, appressed-pilose with 3 primary nerves forking at apices to T-shaped prongs; petals red, oblong, 1-nerved, deciduous on opening of buds; stamens 5; filaments red, capillary; anthers small, basifixed, oblong, introrse, massed upon the 3 red plumose-fimbriate stigmas beneath the petal apices; ovary 3-locular, ovules in pairs facing the valves; capsule 3-valved; seeds 1-1.2 mm long, filling the seed cavity, wedge-shaped with a convex dorsal side, invested within a pellicle. All collections in the area seem to fall into this category: capsules are 6-seeded; indument is mostly appressed; in mature foliage the leaves are glabrous, except for the margins and the nerves below.--Common especially in n part, on high granite hills. 11677 lichen mats, pine forest, Iron L, below Curtain Falls; 2366 sandy soil, jack pine forest, s of Gilbert. NS to Me, w to SD. Jy-Aug.

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) Herbs with or without leafy stems; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules; flowers 5-merous, perfect; stamens 5, somewhat perigynous; pistil compound; carpels 3; ovary 1-locular with 3 parietal placentae; seeds expelled by compression of valve margins of the opened capsule; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, or apetalous, hypogynous, irregular.

Viola L. Violet (L. viola, violet) Rhizomatous, stoloniferous or non-stoloniferous plants flowering in spring or early summer, later producing self-pollinated, apetalous cleistogamous flowers; spring flowers axillary, nodding, cross-pollinated; sepals 5, nearly equal, extended into auricles in the stemless and the leafy-stemmed blue violets; 2 uppermost petals smooth, the 2 lateral usually bearded, the lowermost petal produced into a spur containing the ventral pair of nectar-secreting stamen appendages; 3 upper stamens sessile; anthers introrse, flattened, with dilated tips of connectives converging about ovary summit; ovary tipped with a clavate style and globular stigma with a ventrally pointing beak; self-pollinated have cleistogenes, petals wanting, commonly with only the ventral stamens with elongate filaments and short anthers adherent to the hooked style.

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Plants apparently stemless; flowering peduncles arising from rhizome. Petals blue, rarely white. Sepals spreading, the lowest curving outward on sides of spur; leaves essentially glabrous, overtopped by peduncles V. cucullata Sepals appressed against the spur; leaves more or less pubescent, at least on upper surface. Spur as long as the petal limb V. Selkirkii Spur shorter than the petal limb. Spurred and lateral petals bearded; leaves narrowly deltoid . . . V. novae-angliae Spurred petal essentially glabrous, lateral, bearded; leaves broadly ovate, reniform, cordate V. sororia Petals white. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves mostly longer than wide; lateral petals beardless or nearly so. Blades ovate-cordate or reniform; petioles green V. pallens Blades lanceolate, truncate; petioles reddish V, lanceolata Leaves wider than long, reniform-ovate; lateral petals bearded . . . . V. incognita Plants not stoloniferous; leaves reniform; petals beardless V. renifolia Plants with leafy stems. Petals blue; sepals prolonged to auricles; stamen appendages longer than anthers. Plants puberulent, rarely glabrous; petals deep violet V. adanca Plants glabrous, petals lavender blue, pale V. conspersa Petals yellow or white; sepals without auricles; stamen appendages shorter than anthers. Petals yellow, stipules oblong-ovate, blades prominently crenate dentate. Plants permanently pubescent, basal leaves 1 or absent V. pubescens Plants glabrous or glabrescent, basal leaves several V. pensylvanica Petals white, purplish outside, limb with yellow spot, stipules lanceolate, blades obscurely dentate V. rugulosa V. cucullata Ait., f. cucullata. Smooth Blue Violet. Plants glabrous; leaves rosulate from crowns of fleshy rhizomes; vernal leaves short-petioled with reniform-ovate blades; later leaves ovate to deltoid-cordate, inrolled on expansion; blades 2-5 cm wide, crenate-dentate; petioles up to 20 cm long, overtopped by the peduncles; flowers 1.5-1.8 cm wide, pale blue or violet, lavender or nearly white in f. Thurstonii (Twin.) House; sepals acuminate, edged with white, spreading in anthesis, auricles long and linear; petal limbs obovate, those of the uppermost widest, reflexed; limb blue shading to a dark band, claw white; spurred petal relatively short, glabrous, with 5-7 purple veins; uppermost petals with 2-3 veins; lateral petals bearded with clavate hairs; stamen appendages nearly as long as anthers, somewhat arching and thick at distal ends; the petaloid filament tips orange; style capitate, truncate, deltoid as seen from above with the ventrally turned beak; capsule ovoid, exserted; seeds 1.2 mm long, dark brown; cleistogenes on nearly erect peduncles; the sepal margins and auricles ciliolate.--Frequent throughout area. 14024 swampy woods near Nopeming; 17341 low shore of Vermilion L above Vermilion R dam. f. Thurstonii 1962 grassy terrace of pond, Forest Hill Cemetery, Duluth; 5986 moist meadow near Niagara St, Duluth. Nfld to Ont, s, Neb, Tenn, Ga. My-Je. V. Selkirkii Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Delicate plants with slender, spreading roots, usually simulating stolons; leaves rosulate; petioles 4-10 cm long, smooth, surpassed by peduncles in early anthesis; stipules conspicuous, becoming scarious, mottled with purple, sparingly toothed; blades reniform or cordate, shallowly crenate-dentate, glabrous beneath conspicuously appressed, pubescent above, with compressed hyaline hairs; sinus deep and rounded

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at each side of the widened petiole apex; lobes sometimes overlapping; peduncles with a pair of conspicuous oblong bracts near the middle; expanded flowers 1.7-2 cm wide, deep violet with a white throat, or wholly white in f. albiflora Hiitonen; sepal auricles short, glabrous; petals glabrous, lower 3 purple-veined; spurred petal 1-1.2 cm long; spur as long as limb; anthers pale yellow, their petaloid tips bright orange; stamen appendages nearly as long as spur, tapering, deflexed; capsule ovate, flecked with purple; mature seeds 1.8-2 mm long, pyriform, light buff with white caruncle; cleistogenes bracted, ascending, with ovoid capsules. --Frequent, rocky slopes and moist forest floor throughout area. f. Selkirkii 17243 springy cr bed, Nopeming bluff, 5 mi sw of Duluth; 13352 ash forest, trail to Moose Bay from Frontier Lodge, Ash R; f. albiflora 22722 white cedar-balsam fir forest, Ely-Finland rd, 1 mi from Hwy 61. Greenl to Alas, Nfld to Minn. Eu. My-Je. V. novae-angliae House. New England Blue Violet. Leaves grayish green, pubescent, from crowns of fleshy rhizomes; petioles 4-6 cm long, often tinged with purple, pubescent, glabrescent; stipules linear, acuminate, becoming scarious; blades narrowly deltoid, cordate, longer than wide, prominently veined; basal lobes conspicuously crenate-serrate, passing into wide shallow teeth toward the apex; peduncles up to 13 cm long, in early anthesis surpassing the leaves, later overtopped by the blades; blades hirsute below, glabrescent above; flowers up to 2.3 cm wide, blue-violet with white throat; sepals ciliate to glabrous, the short recurved auricles somewhat thickened, purplish; spur petal panduriform when flattened, with rounded spur, 2-3 mm long; the lower 3 petals densely bearded with white pointed hairs; anthers nearly sessile, their tips with narrow basal band of white; stamen appendages sickle-shaped; ovary with a clavate style, flabellate in outline from top view; beak slanting upwards; mature capsules 10-13 mm long, ovoid, green, purple-spotted, seeds pyriform, 1.8-2 mm long, pale brown to purplish with conspicuous white caruncle; cleistogenes ascending, anthers spoonshaped, applied against the stigma of the ventrally curved style; capsules short-ovoid.--Frequent throughout area. 3466 shore crevices, L Superior at Stony Pt; 14551 crevices of shorerocks, Fox Island, Rainy L. NB to Minn. My-Je. V. sororia Willd. Downy Blue Violet. Rhizomes fleshy, branched, with short internodes and knobby enlarged nodes; young leaves more or less softly pubescent, especially along the veins, glabrate; blades broadly ovate-cordate, the youngest commonly reniform; mature blades up to 11 cm across the base; sinus commonly broad, rounded; margin uniformly serrate; teeth prominent, ascending, incurved at ends of veinlets; apex obtuse, deltoid, entire, often prolonged; petioles up to 20 cm long, pubescent or glabrous; stipules lanceolate, becoming scarious; peduncles 2-bracted, overtopped by leaves, pubescent or glabrous; flowers 16-18 mm wide, violet-blue; sepals ovate; auricles short-truncate, margined with white, ciliate or nearly glabrous; petals violet-blue, darker blue toward the throat, striated with purple; spur petal smooth or often with scattered hairs; lateral petals bearded, the upper smooth; stamen appendages thick, arching, nearly filling the spur; stigmatic beak horizontal; capsule ovoid, flecked with purple; seeds 2.4-2.7 mm long; cleistogenes fleshy, glabrous or hirtellous, ascending, with short ovoid capsules.--In moist woods and springy areas and on shores throughout. 7045 swampy rdside near Skibo; 11378 mixed forest, St. Louis R terrace, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Que to SD to Okla, Ky. My-Je. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd var. pallens. Early Sweet Violet. Plants usually glabrous, stoloniferous, with slender caudices; blades ovate-cordate or somewhat rotund or reniform when young, glabrous, shallowly crenate-dentate; petioles up to 8 cm long, glabrous or minutely pubescent when young; stipules ovate-lanceolate; peduncles often overtopping the leaves, up to 10 cm long, with 2 jninute bracts near the middle; flowers fragrant, white or sometimes

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tinged with lavender, 7-9 mm wide; sepals linear-lanceolate, nearly equal; auricles oblongretuse, often purplish on the veins; spurred petal up to 10 mm long; limb concave-retuse, striated with 3-5 purple, laterally forking veins, rarely with a scant beard; upper and lateral petals beardless, obovate, veined with purple, the upper usually white, with reflexed limbs; stamen appendages wedge-like, protruding obliquely into the short spur, beak of stigma tilted upward; capsules ovoid, greenish; seeds 1-1.3 mm long, purplish black; caruncle small, white; cleistogenes on filiform recurved peduncles or, in var. subreptans Rouss., on stolons in axils of small leaves.--Moist forest, shores, and springy terraces throughout area. Var. pallens 8200 terrace of Prairie L; 15759 cr bed on portage to Namekan L from Grassy Bay, Sand Pt L; var. subreptans 16938 sandy beach, Trout L, n of Vermilion L. Lab to Alas, Pacific nw, s Ala. My-Je. The species is referred to V. Macloskeyi Lloyd subsp. pallens. N. H. Russell, "Regional Variation Pattern in the Stemless White Violets," American Midland Naturalist, 56 (2) 496-499, 1956. V. lanceolata L. Lance-leaf Violet. Plants glabrous with slender rhizomes and capillary roots; stolons present; blades 3-8 cm long, lanceolate, margin remotely and obscurely dentate, each indentation with an incurved glandular hair; cuneate base tapering to a margined purplish petiole commonly longer than the blade; flowers white on purplish peduncles equaling or surpassing the leaves, bearing above the middle 2 subulate bracts; sepals acute; auricles rounded, shallowly notched; 3 lower petals veined with purple, the upper white, all beardless; stamen appendages wedge-like within the short spur; capsule 5-7 mm long, tawny or greenish; seeds buff, .9 mm long; cleistogene peduncles shorter than the petioles, ascending, with nodding capsules.--Rare. The record for the area is based on the collection of Gi364 water-edge of Tack R, Moose Bay, Crooked L, Quetico Park, Ont. In Minn the species has been collected at Moore L, Anoka Co. Shores, meadows, NS to Minn, s to Fla, Tex. My-Je. V. incognita Brainerd var. incognita. Swamp White Violet. Stoloniferous, colony-forming plants with pubescent, cordate, or reniform-ovate leaves; or glabrous in var. Forbesii Brainerd; blades lustrous, up to 7 cm wide at maturity, overtopping the peduncles; during anthesis the reddish peduncles usually surpass the blades; petioles glabrous or pubescent, up to 18 cm long, reddish at base; stipules lanceolate with a few fimbriae, becoming scarious; peduncles narrowly sulcate, bracted; flowers white, sweet-scented on opening; sepals ovate, narrowly margined with white, nearly equal, with short, somewhat truncate auricles, up to 2 cm wide on flattening; spurred petal 1.5 cm long; spur broad, and short; limb prominently veined with purple, smooth; lateral petals obovate, with 2-3 purple veins, usually bearded, sometimes nearly glabrous; upper petals usually white, spreading to somewhat reflexed; stamen appendages truncate wedges, slightly longer than the anthers, with the lower edge protruding into the spur orifice; beak of the clavate stigma directed slightly downward; capsules ovoid, purple; seeds buff-brown, 1.2 mm long; caruncle small, white; cleistogenes reddish, arching to erect on vigorously growing peduncles; capsules purple; stolons wide-spreading, bearing leafy tufts.--Frequent and abundant in moist woods and bogs, and in moss mats on rocky outcrops throughout area. 13100 swampy shore, Namekan L, Kettle Falls; 15990 mossy coniferous forest, Vermilion L, Treasure Island Resort. Var. Forbesii 11453 in lichen mats, granite ledges on Crooked L, Curtain Falls; 17214 swampy rdside, Swan R area n of Toivola. Lab and Nfld to ND. My-Je. V. renifolia A. Gray var. renifolia. Kidney-leaved White Violet. Rhizome with slender caudex, without stolons; leaves rosulate, ascending to spreading; blades rounded reniform, 4-7 cm

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wide, deeply cordate, conspicuously villous or glabrous in var. Brainerdii (Greene) Fern.; margin shallowly crenate-dentate; petioles slender, up to 7 cm long; stipules short-ovate, ciliolate, scarious; flowers 1.8-2 cm wide, white, on bracted peduncles overtopping the blades; sepals oblong, obtuse, edged with white; petals beardless; spurred petal 12 mm long, with emarginate limb, centrally veined with madder purple; lateral petals veined with purple, obovate like the uppermost reflexed petals; stamen appendages wing-edged, arising from the middle of the anthers; stigma deltoid when viewed from top, with upward-slanting beak; capsules purple; seeds 2-2.2 mm long, purple-dotted, with a prominent white caruncle; cleistogenes numerous, nearly horizontal, ascending in age; capsules purple, plump.--Frequent in cool coniferous woods. 17225 Swan R terrace n of Toivola; 16679 mossy coniferous forest, Coleman Island, Lac La Croix. Var. Brainerdii 5342 rich mixed forest, Skyline Pkwy near Beck's rd, Duluth; 13160 Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Nfld to head of L Superior and s to SC. My-Je. V. adunca J. E. Smith. Hooked Blue Violet. Plants with leafy stems from tufted, slender, multiple crowns; puberulent throughout or smooth in var. minor (Hook.) Fern.; stolons superficial; stipules prominent, 10-12 mm long, remotely toothed; leaf blades deltoid-ovate, subcordate to nearly truncate, shallowly crenate-dentate, often longer than wide; petioles of lowermost leaves 5-7 cm long, channeled or narrowly margined; peduncles up to 6.5 cm long, with lance-shaped bracts above the middle; flowers up to 17 mm wide, deep violet, rarely pale bluish; sepals lance-shaped, margined with white, auricled; petals obovate-oblong, with violet limb and white base; spur petal 2 cm long, glabrous, veined with blue; spur as long as the limb, pale lavender; the lateral petals bearded, the upper smooth; stamen appendages straight, oblong, half as long as the spur; style upwardly slanting, scarcely enlarged, papillate or sparsely short hairy at summit; capsules numerous, 8-10 mm long; seeds 2 mm long, buff or brownish.--Frequent throughout area in crevices of outcrops and sandy woods. 1446 pine forest, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11769 portage to Iron L from Curtain Falls, Crooked L; var. minor (Hook.) Fern. 14588 shorerocks, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary. Que to Alas, s to Wis, SD. My-Je. V. conspersa Reichenb. American Dog-violet. Plants glabrous; stems leafy, with basal leaf tufts from slender, scaly rhizomes; basal leaves cordate, acute with petioles 3-6 cm long; cauline leaves cordate-reniform to ovate on petioles 2-5 cm long; stipules lanceolate or oblong, fimbriate; peduncles axillary, with two subulate bracts; flowers pale blue or lavender, 1.3-1.5 cm wide; sepals narrowly lanceolate, edged with white; auricles prominent, truncate, usually notched; spurred petal 1.5 cm long; limb oblanceolate, passing into a wide rounded spur 5 mm long; lateral petals bearded and, like the spurred petal, veined with blue; upper petals glabrous, inequilateral; petal bases somewhat saccate; stamen appendages horn-like, about as long as the anthers; style capitate, tilted upward, its summit hairy; capsules 5-6 mm long, plump, ovoid; seeds 2 mm long, speckled with purple-brown; cleistogenes maturing in the uppermost axils till late summer.--Frequent, damp forests and moist meadows throughout area. 4537 Vermilion R Gorge near Crane L; 5265 rich hardwood forest, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Que to Minn, s to Ala. My-Je. V. pubescens Ait., var. pubescens. Downy-Yellow Violet. Softly pubescent plants, 2-3 dm high, with leafy stems, and one or no basal leaves arising from fleshy rhizomes; stipules ovate, somewhat inequilateral, 1-1.3 cm long; flowering stems subtended by scarious, oblong bracts and usually 1-2 cauline bracts below the middle; petioles of basal leaves 10-15 cm long, those of the 2-4 cauline leaves 1-5 cm long; blade cordate, acute, 4-7 cm wide, crenately dentate; peduncles axillary, slender, 4-6 cm long; flowers yellow; 3 lower petals veined with 268

purple; sepals narrowly edged with white, lanceolate, nearly equal, without auricles; flowers 4-16 mm wide; spurred petal 10-13 mm long with truncate or rounded limb apex, and short spur; lateral petals bearded; upper petals broadly obovate, yellow; stamen appendage as long as the sessile anthers, the distal edge thickened; style capitate, tufted with hair, beakless; capsules ovoid, 10 mm long, white woolly on valves, glabrous and green in var. Peckii House; seeds pyriform, yellowish buff, 2.5-2.8 mm long; cleistogenes numerous till late fall.--In s part of area on forested lands. 14037 maple forest near Nopeming on Hwy 61; 12003 mixed hardwood forest, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Var. Peckii House, 11305 in deciduous forest, Lieuna L; 13563 hardwood association near Nopeming on Midway Rd. Me to SD, s to Tenn, Neb. My-Je. V. pensylvanica Michx. var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Northern Yellow Violet. Plants glabrescent, from fleshy, forking rhizomes with 1-4 basal leaves; flowering stems nearly smooth, often purplish below, subtended by scarious bract; cauline bract ovate; petioles of basal leaves becoming 18 cm long, those of cauline 5-6 cm long; blades 7-9 cm wide, broadly ovate cordate, acuminate, with prominent crenate, ascending teeth; pedicels slender, 5-7 cm long, axillary; sepals lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate; petals bright yellow; spur short; 3 lowest petals veined with purple, bearded; the upper petals spreading or somewhat reflexed; anther connectives ovate, as wide and nearly as long as the anthers; stamen appendages distally thickened; style globose, capitate, beakless tufted with hairs; capsules glabrous, purplish; seeds 2 mm long, purple speckled, with a caruncle; cleistogenes numerous in upper axils till late fall.--Frequent throughout s and w parts of area. 6885 elm forest, Whiteface R terrace w of Cotton; 9827 shore of Calm Bay, Kabetogama L. Que to Man, s to NC, Okla. MyJe. V. rugulosa Greene. Pink and White Violet. Plants leafy-stemmed, 1-2.5 dm tall, from slender caudices of forking rhizomes; stems usually pubescent above, purplish below, with 1-2 basal bracts becoming geniculate and somewhat enlarged at nodes; petioles of basal leaves 1-2 dm long, slightly channeled above; blades of basal leaves 6-12 cm wide, softly pubescent beneath, deeply cordate, reniform, acuminate, prominently reticulate-veined; cauline leaves with shorter petioles and narrower blades, reniform-ovate, cordate at base, acuminate or acute; stipules often 1 cm long, scarious; pedicels 2-4 cm long, filiform, puberulent with 2 subulate bracts near the middle; flowers nodding 1.8-2 cm wide; sepals lanceolate, barely edged with white, spreading; spurred petal retuse, 10 mm long, yellow, at base veined with dark lines; upper petals smooth, lined with purple beneath more vividly than the others; stamen appendage obliquely winged; ovary ribbed; style capitate, with lateral lines of short pubescence on the ventral side; capsules white puberulent, bluntly angled, 7-9 mm long; seeds 2 mm long, speckled with reddish purple.--Rich soil, hardwood forest, mostly in se part of area. 14468 deep shade, of sugar maple forest, Midway Rd near Nopeming; 18591 Chester Pk Bowl, Duluth. Alta to BC, s to la. My-Sept.

CACTACEAE (CACTUS FAMILY) Opuntia fragilis (Nutt. ) Haw. Fragile Pear Cactus. Stems decumbent, up to 2 dm long, forming mounds; stem segments ovate to suborbicular, compressed, 2-5 cm long; spines acerose, divergent, from white, bristly pulvini. Plants without flowers were collected by Ardis Erickson in August, 1956, from a rocky ledge, Sand Pt Island, Rainy L, Ontario, about a mi from Minn border. E Man to BC, w Minn to Ariz and se.

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83 81

82

85

84

86

88

87

Figure 81. Viola cucullata. Figure 82. V. Selkirkii. Figure 83. V. novae-angliae. Figure 84. V. sororia. Figure 85. V. renifolia. Figure 86. V. adunca. Figure 87. V. conspersa. Figure 88. V. rugulosa. Diagrams show d i f f e r e n c e s in the appendaged stamens

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THYMELAEACEAE (LEATHERWOOD FAMILY) Shrubs with simple, alternate, exstipulate leaves; calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-5-merous; stamens 8-10; pistil 1, simple; flowers apetalous, perigynous, regular. Dirca L. Leatherwood (L. Dirce, a fountain near Thebes) D. palustris L. Leatherwood. Glabrous shrubs, up to 3 m tall, with many flexible branches from the central stem; twigs enlarged at nodes, appearing jointed; old bark brownish, yellowish when young, dotted with light gray lenticels; bark fiber tough; leaves alternate, obovate, entire, ciliate, tapering to hollow petioles about 2 mm long, concealing the developing bud; flower buds in 3's, opening before leaf expansion; silky scales oblong, persisting and enlarging in post-anthesis; hypanthium tubular, narrowed toward the base below insertion of filaments, bright yellow in full bloom, obscurely 4-lobed; stamens 8, with exserted capillary filaments and small anthers; pistil with 1-locular ovary closely invested within, but free from base of hypanthium; style filiform, long-exserted; fruit a drupe with indurated en.docarp, bluish, 6-9 mm long.--Frequent in s and w part of area. 10170 hardwood forest, Pioneer Rd e of Sucker R, high bluff overlooking L Superior; 1894 s-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 20603 rich maple forest, Nett L, w of Orr. NB, Ont, s Fla. My.

89

Figure 89. Viola Selkirkii

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ELAEAGNACEAE (OLEASTER FAMILY) Shrubs or trees with opposite scurfy leaves; flowers dioecious, 4-merous; stamens 8, pistil 1, simple; flowers apetalous, perigynous, regular, by development appearing epigynous.

Shepherdia Nutt. Buffalo-Berry (Named for John Shepherd, English botanist) S. canadensis (L. ) Nutt. Northern Buffalo-Berry, Shrubs up to 3 m tall; bark smooth, leadgray on older twigs; young twigs 4-angled, scurfy with silvery scales intermixed with reddish brown scales; winter buds with 2 outer scales, scurfy, orange brown; nodes prominently enlarged; leaves short-petioled, elliptic to lanceolate, entire, veiny and green, glabrous or sparingly scaly above, silvery brown beneath with stellate scales; flowers preceding the leaves; staminate flowers with 4 sepals and a bowl-shaped hypanthium, yellow within; glandular lobes 8, alternating with stamens; pistillate flowers with urn-shaped hypanthium surrounding the ovary; style and stigma exserted; hypanthium containing the 1-seeded ovary; berry fleshy, red, juicy, inedible.--Occurring from Jay Cooke State Pk, Carlton Co, Wis Pt, Superior, Duluth, Basswood L, to Carp L, Ont. 6951 woodhilltop ne of Palmers, North Shore; 12656 wood bluff above Shagawa L, Ely. Nfld to Alas, NY to Ind and w. My.

LYTHRACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY) Herbs with simple, alternate, exstipulate leaves; flowers 6-merous; stamens 6-12; ovary 2-locular, many-seeded; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, perigy nous, regular.

Lythrum L. Loosestrife (Gr. luthron, blood, for the color of flowers)

90 Figure 90. Viola rugulosa

Perennial herbs with entire leaves and virgately branching stems; flowers dimorphic; hypanthium tubular or globose, strongly ribbed; sepals 6, alternating with appendages at the sinuses; stamens inserted near the base, exserted, or included; disc massive; style filamentous; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; capsule many-seeded, dehiscing along the septum. Flowers in axils of upper leaves; hypanthium tubular; leaves alternate L. alatum Flowers in terminal spikes; hypanthium globular; leaves opposite L. Salicaria

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L. alatum Pursh. Winged Loosestrife. Glabrous perennial, 5-10 dm tall, with 4-angled stems; internodes narrowly wing-edged; leaves entire, lanceolate; flowers solitary in the upper axils; hypanthium slender, 6-7 mm long; sepal tips firm, puberulent, appendages subulate, spreading; petals roseate purple, 4-5 mm long; limb oblanceolate, with prominent midvein, narrowed to a short claw; hypanthium in fruit becoming winged.--Infrequent. 13874 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor. NY, BC s to La, Tex. Jy-Aug. L. Salicaria L. Purple Loosestrife. Stout perennials with angled stems and showy purplish flowers in prolonged many-branched spikes; fruiting hypanthium narrowly urn-shaped.--Escaping from gardens to shores of cr and ponds. 15554 cr bed bordering UMD campus, Elizabeth St; 18523 swampy shore, Hartley Pond, Duluth. Introd. Aug-Sept.

ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) Herbs with simple, usually exstipulate, alternate or opposite leaves; flowers 2-4-merous; ovary inferior, often with elongate hypanthium; fruit an indehiscent nutlet or a capsule; flowers apopetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular, or irregular. Leaves opposite; flowers 2-parted Circaea Leaves alternate, or the lowermost opposite; flowers 4-parted. Hypanthium shallow, not elongated; seeds with hair tufts; lower leaves opposite Epilobium Hypanthium elongate; seeds without hair tufts, leaves alternate Oenothera

Circaea L. Enchanter's Nightshade (Circe, the enchantress) Delicate perennials with flaccid to firm stems and foliage; rootstocks thickened or rhizomatous; hypanthium 1 mm long or less; sepals 2; petals 2; stamens 4; ovary 1-2-locular. Rootstocks fleshy, thickened, fruit 1-locular C. alpina Rootstocks rhizomatous, fruit 2-locular. Stem flaccid; fruit 2 mm thick; leaves ovate-cordate; sepals white . . . . C. canadensis Stem firm; fruit 3-5 mm thick; leaves lanceolate; sepals reddish . . . C. quadrisulcata C. alpina L. Northern Enchanter's Nightshade. Plants perennial by fleshy tuberous rootstocks; stems semitranslucent, flaccid, up to 2.5 dm tall; leaves thin, deltoid-ovate, coarsely undulate-dentate up to 3 cm long; petiole slender, wing-edged, often longer than the blade; racemes simple, 12-15 mm wide; floral bracts subulate; pedicels spreading or horizontal, recurved in age; flowers small; hypanthium .8 mm long; sepals and petals white; stamens and the 2-parted capitate stigma exserted; fruit pyriform, clothed with soft, hooked, bristly hairs, indehiscent, containing a wedge-shaped seed.--Common throughout area. 14421 Hammer Cr woods. Namekan L; 15151 ash-cedar forest, Kabetogama Pen opposite Pine Island. Lab to Alas, Utah, Colo, Mich, to NE, s to Tenn. Je-Aug. C. canadensis Hill. Canada Enchanter's Nightshade. Plants up to 3.5 dm tall, from spreading filiform rhizomes; leaves thin, ovate, coarsely undulate-dentate, 4-6 cm long; racemes 10-14

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mm wide, branched; pedicels spreading, reflexed in fruit, sepals and petals white; fruit unequally 2-locular, usually 1-seeded, covered with hooked, soft bristles.--Less frequent than the preceding species. 3821 maple-basswood association, Arlington Rd, Garden St; 14876 wooded shore of Pine Island, Kabetogama L. Que to Minn, s to Pa, WVa. Jy-Aug. C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. var. canadensis (L.) Hara. Plants rhizomatous, up to 5 dm tall; stems firm, 4-angled, sulcate at upper internodes; leaves lanceolate, rounded to subcordate at base; leaf margins shallowly undulate-dentate, often finely ciliolate, with submarginal veinlets passing into low teeth; lower racemes leafy-bracted; peduncle minutely villous; hypanthium with cupped disc 1.8 mm long; sepals reddish; petals white, notched, barely surpassed by the stamens and the style; ovary pyriform, densely clothed with hooked bristles, 3-5-furrowed or sulcate in age; fruit 2-seeded.--Occasional in s and w part to Can boundary; 5509a deep shade, Tischer Cr woods, Hunter's Pk, Duluth; 15055 abundant, Pine Island, Kabetogama L, under elm and basswood. NS to ND, s to Ga, Tenn. Jy-Aug.

Epilobium L. Willow-herb (Gr. epi, upon, and lobon, a capsule) Perennial herbs with sessile subsessile leaves, opposite or the uppermost alternate; flowers 4-merous; hypanthium with deciduous sepals; petals 4; stamens in 2 cycles of 4's; ovary 4locular, becoming a terete slender elongate capsule; dehiscing valves recurving from the apex; seeds, tipped with circle of long hair. Flowers in racemes, stigmas 4, petals 1-2 cm long, entire; hypanthium nearly obsolete . . . E, angustifolium Flowers in corymbs, stigmas undivided, petals less than 1 cm long, notched; hypanthium short-campanulate. Stems 4-angled; internodes with decurrent lines; leaves sharply dentate. Leaves sessile, lanceolate usually rounded or subcordate at base; coma white or dingy . E. glandulosum Leaves petiolate, narrowly lanceolate; coma brownish E. coloratum Stems terete, without decurrent lines at internodes; leaves linear to lanceolate, often with revolute nearly plane margins. Leaves and internodes pubescent, blades revolute on margins; flower buds ascending to erect. Pubescence of spreading hairs; petals roseate 7-9 mm long E. strictum Pubescence of incurved hairs; petals white or roseate, 4-5 mm long E. leptophyllum Leaves and internodes glabrous or nearly so; blades flat, remotely undulate on margins; flower buds nodding E. palustre E. angustifolium L. Fireweed. Plants nearly glabrous, from perennial crowns, often more than 1 m tall; leaves numerous, overlapping, mostly alternate, sessile or short-petioled; blades lanceolate with prominent midrib; leaf margin revolute, repand-dentate, with veinlets ending in rounded glands; racemes elongate, nodding; sepals petaloid; petals somewhat unequal, roseate purplish or magenta, or in f. albiflorum (Dumort) Haussk., wholly white; anthers oblong, dorsifixed, introrse; filaments dilated below, in 2 series of 4's, the shorter opposite the petals; style terete, hairy toward the base, deeply 4-cleft into recurving, thick, papil-

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lated stigmas; ovary canescent; seeds with bright white coma.--Throughout area. 10735 Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 11459 lichen mats, granite ledges, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; f. albiflorum 15435 edge of peaty meadow, rd embankment, Hwy 73, n of Floodwood. Boreal Am and Eu and mt tundras. Jy-Sept. E. glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fern. Common Willow-herb. Plants perennial, up to 7 dm tall, much-branched, glandular-villous above; leaves thin, lanceolate, subentire to serrulate, sessile or nearly so, glabrous or minutely pubescent; inflorescence corymbiform, prominently leafy-bracted, hypanthium 2 mm long, campanulate; petals obovate, deeply notched; stigma capitate; capsule loosely glandular-villous; seeds short-beaked; coma white or dingy.--Common. 1548 sandy depressions, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13019 upland bog, shore of Rainy L, Kettle Falls. Nfld to Alas s to WVa, 0 w to Colo. Jy-Aug. E. coloratura Biehler. Ruddy Willow-herb. Plants 5-6 dm tall; stems bushy branched, glabrate below, pubescent above with incurved hairs; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sharply dentate, reddish on the veins; petiole 3-5 mm long; flowers white or pink; hypanthium 2.2 mm long; petals 4-5 mm long; seeds beakless, brownish, with coma.--Occasional. 4691 St. Louis R marsh, 63rd Ave W, Duluth. Me to Minn, s to NC, Ala. Jy-Aug. E. strictam Muhl. Fascicled Willow-herb. Plants 3-4 dm tall, densely pubescent with spreading hairs; branched above; lowermost leaves in axillary fascicles, early-withering; flowering branches leafy, numerous; petals white or roseate, 7-9 mm long; seeds with short neck; coma dingy white.--Occasional in area. 13878 swampy shore of Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor; 6617 shore of Burntside L, Ely. Que to Minn, s to 0, Va. Jy-Sept. E. leptophyHum Raf. Thin-leaf Willow-herb. Plants 3-5 dm tall, minutely pubescent with incurved hairs in lines; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; petals roseate or white, 4-5 mm long; seeds constricted at apices; coma dingy brown.--Common. 13235 swampy shore, Rainy L, Kettle Falls; 15530 ditch bottom, Angora-Vermilion rd. Que to Alta, s to Kans, Ky w to Utah, Colo. Jy-Sept. E. palustre L. var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fern. Marsh Willow-herb. Plants stoloniferous from rosettes of previous year; stems 3-5 dm tall, 4-angled, glabrate below, usually minutely pubescent with incurved hairs above; leaves linear or oblong, nearly glabrous, with blunt apices, distinctly veined; flowers few; petals roseate, 3.5-4 mm long; capsule valves veiny, pubescent.--Occasional in area. 9170 springy bank of Chester R, Chester Pk, Duluth; R7-311925 6 mi s of Ely. Nfld -to Alta, NE to Minn. Jy-Sept.

Oenothera L. Evening-Primrose Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with alternate, simple leaves; flowers 4-merous; hypanthium elongate tubular or short funnel-form, strongly 4-lobed; sepals in bud united by their margins, at length separating; petals convolute, delicate, often lasting but a day, yellow or white; stamens inserted on a glandular band below the hypanthium rim; anthers linear-oblong, relatively long; stigma deeply 4-cleft or undivided; ovary 4-angled, sulcate, often winged; capsule 4-locular, many-seeded. Flowers yellow; seeds in 2 rows in each locule.

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Hypanthium tubular; stigmas deeply 4-cleft; leaves remotely repand-denticulate. Capsules subterete, thickest below middle; valve margins not winged. Sepal appendages separate to the base in bud; lowermost floral bracts foliaceous overtopping the flowers 0. parviflora Sepal appendages connivent in bud; floral bracts shorter or as long as the flowers 0. biennis Capsules clavate, thickest above the middle, valve margins winged 0. perennis Hypanthium funnel-form, strongly 4-ribbed; stigma entire; leaves sharply serrulate . . . 0. serrulata Flowers white to pinkish; seeds in a single row in each locule 0. Nuttallii 0. parviflora L. Rough Evening-Primrose. Biennial herbs with wide spreading, rosette leaves and elongate taproots; stems up to 6 dm tall, clothed with dense, gray tomentum and strigose hairs with enlarged red bases; leaves linear-lanceolate densely appressed-pubescent, with strigose hairs, especially on the veins below; hypanthium 1.5-3 cm long, with nectariferous glands at the base; sepal appendages 3-5 mm long; petals 1-1.8 cm long, often turning reddish, obovate, anthers 5-6 mm long, about as long as the thick stigmas; capsules subcylindric; seeds angulate, 2 mm long.--Shores and rdsides throughout area. 9194 sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9321 shore of Prairie L. Nfld to Que to Ont, Minn. Jy-Sept. 0. biennis L. Biennial Evening-Primrose. Similar to the preceding species; stems up to 1 m tall, from branching caudex of the taproot; stems and leaves uniformly pubescent with short spreading hairs intermixed with longer hairs, especially on the veins below and on the upper internodes; spikes becoming prolonged in age; calyx tube 2-3 cm long; sepal appendages erect and connivent in bud; petals obovate, 1.5-2 cm long, often reddish; stigmas and anthers 5-8 mm long; capsules 2-3 cm long; seeds 1.8 mm long, many, angled.--Less frequent than the preceding species. 13550 old North Shore rd, Lester Pk, Duluth; 14674 shore of Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Nfld to Alta, ND, Ida, s to Tenn, Fla. Jy-Sept. 0. perennis L. Sun-drops. Slender perennial herbs with basal leaf tufts and leafy stems up to 3.5 dm tall; stems and leaves villous-puberulent, glabrescent; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, entire, becoming progressively smaller upward; inflorescence prolonged, often interrupted, nodding; flowers in axils of foliose bracts, 2 or more opening at a time; hypanthium tube 5-8 mm long, usually as long as the sepals; sepals with short appendages; petals bright yellow, obcordate; anthers and thick stigma lobes 2 mm long; capsule clavate, 6-10 mm long, winged, the median vein of valve prominent; seeds .5 mm long, brown, angled.--Occasional throughout area. 10753 springy slopes on Duluth hills; 13029 shore of Rainy L, at Kettle Falls. Nfld to Man, s to Ga. Je-Aug. 0. serrulata Nutt. Prairie Evening-Primrose. Plants cespitose, with suffrutescent stems, canescent with gray pubescence; leaves linear, sharply denticulate; flowers pale yellow, axillary or terminal; hypanthium funnel-form, 4-angled, 2 cm long.--Known by a single coll. 2557 Chester Pk Hill at Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Man to Mont, s to Tex, MM. Je-Sept. 0. Nuttallii Sweet. White Evening-Primrose. Plants up to 8 dm tall, suffrutescent, rhizomatous; stems glabrous, white, with exfoliating bark; leaves linear, strigose beneath, glabrate above, entire or remotely denticulate; upper internodes glandular villous; hypanthium tubular, 2-3 cm long; sepals 2.5 mm long with short appendages; petals white, reddish in age; capsules 2.5 cm long with ovoid seeds.--Rare. 3889 rr right-of-way, St. Louis R Bay, 38th Ave W, Duluth. Man to BC, Wis, Minn. Jy-Sept.

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HALORAGACEAE (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY) Rhizomatous aquatics with alternate or whorled simple or pinnately divided leaves; stamens 48, fruit dividing into 4 mericarps; flowers with or without petals, sessile; axillary, 4merous, perfect or unisexual, syncarpous, epigynous, regular.

Myriophyllum L. Water-Milfoil (Gr. murios, innumerable; phyllon, leaf) Leaves wanting or bract-like M. tenellum Leaves pinnately dissected. Leaves whorled; mericarps smooth, rounded. Floral bracts entire or minutely serrulate, shorter or equaling the flower. Branches often brownish toward apices; leaves .5-1 cm long; bracts deciduous M. alternifloram Branches green toward apices; leaves 1-2 cm long; bracts persistent . . M. exalbescens Floral bracts pectinate, longer than the flowers M. verticillatum Leaves commonly alternate; mericarps keeled and tuberculate dorsally . . . . M. Farwellii M. tenellum Bigel. Slender Water-Milfoil. Plants with white creeping rhizomes forming dense submersed colonies; emersed floriferous stems up to 5 dm tall (usually 1-2 dm), with alternate, obovate, reduced leaves 2-4 mm long, or leafless; flowers alternate, with 4 reddish sepals and petals; stamens 4; capsule minutely roughened and topped with a stout recurved stigma. --Local and rare in area. Shallow margins of lakes. Jol8523; 17902 sandy bottom, Gun L, n of Ely, in water about 3 dm deep. Nfld, Ont, to Minn. Aug-Sept. M. alterniflorum D. C. var. americanum Pugsley. Ruddy Water-Milfoil. Plants slender with terete, plumose branches; internodes white; leaves pinnately divided into capillary divisions, reddish at growing tips; flowers alternate in loose spikes; floral bracts mostly entire, the lowermost shallowly pectinate; sepals and petals scarious, reddish; stamens 8; mericarps minutely roughened, truncate, terete.--Occasional, shallow lakes. 11155 Bassett L, white sandy bottom; 11899 deep water, Caribou L, 14 mi nw of Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to NE, w to Minn. Aug-Sept. M. exalbescens Fern. White-stemmed Water-Milfoil. Stems usually with many branches toward summit; internodes becoming white on drying; leaves pinnatifid with stiff, capillary segments; flowers opposite or whorled; subtending floral bracts entire, usually shorter than the flowers; sepals and petals of staminate flowers reddish, concave; stamens 8; mericarps tuberculate. --Frequent in area lakes. 14725 deep water, Cranberry Bay, Rainy L; 18129 shallow water, Saturday Bay, Crooked L. Lab to Alas, s to NE, w, Minn to Calif. Jy-Sept. M. verticiI latam L. var. pectinatum Wallr. Bracted Water-Milfoil. Stems sparsely branched, frequently more than 1 m long; internodes shorter than the numerous crowded leaves; leaves pinnately divided into capillary segments; floral bracts pinnatifid or palmately divided, 2-3 times as long as the flowers; sepals and petals in staminate flowers greenish white; stamens 8; mericarps smooth.--Frequent. 9165 St. Louis R swamp, New Duluth; 16569 shallow bay, Lac La Croix, resort area. Nfld to BC, interior to the Great Lakes states and Utah. Je-Sept.

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M. Farwellii Morong. Leafy Water-Milfoil. Stems with numerous branches; leaves divided into capillary segments, crowded, alternate; leaves subtending flowers, not reduced in size; stamens 4, mericarps dorsally tuberculate and tipped with incurved hooks.--Occasional in streams and lakes. 17137 Trout R above falls at Trout L portage to Vermilion L; 16579 deep water, bay of Lac La Croix near the resort. Que to Ont, to NE, NY, to Minn. Jy-Sept.

HIPPURIDACEAE (MARE'S-TAIL FAMILY) Rhizomatous, emersed or submersed aquatics with crowded verticillate leaves; flowers sessile, usually perfect, with a single pistil and stamen; perianth lobes reduced to a rim at the summit of the inferior 1-locular ovary; nutlet 1-seeded, drupaceous.

Hippuris L. Mare's-Tail (Gr. hippos, horse; oura, tail) H. vulgaris L. Common Mare's-Tail. Plants up to 4 dm high or more, depending on depth of water; stems unbranched, hollow, with short internodes and whorled leaves; leaves up to 3 cm long, linear, 1-nerved, thin, reflexed; emersed leaves thicker and usually less than 1.5 cm long, reflexed to upward-arching; flowers whorled in leaf axils; fruit a nutlet-like fusiform body, 2-2.5 mm long; the outer fruit coat soft and thin, the inner indurated; a plug-like outgrowth from the funicle caps the hypocotyl within the soft persistent style bases--it is dislodged by the growing radicle on germination.--Frequent in cool waters. 6554 cr inlet, North Arm of Burntside L, Echo Trail; 16578 shore of bay, Lac La Croix, the resort area. Greenl to Alas, NE to Neb, Minn. Aug-Sept.

ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY) Herbs with alternate or whorled compound leaves; ovary 3-5-locular in fruit, each with a single seed; flowers perfect or polygamous in umbellate or paniculate clusters, 5-merous, apopetalous, syncarpous, epigynous, regular. Styles usually 3; leaves palmately compound Panax Styles 5; leaves pinnately compound . Aralia

Panax L. Ginseng (L. panax, all-healing plant) P. trifolium L. Dwarf-Ginseng. Delicate herbs with a short erect rhizome from the crown of a spherical, tuberous root; stems up to 2.5 dm tall, with an apical whorl of leaves; leaflets 3-5, serrate, petioluled; peduncle 3-7 cm long; flowers often polygamous; calyx lobes small; petals white or suffused with lilac; staminate flowers with deep hypanthium and rudimentary

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pistil; ovary usually 3-locular; drupe reddish.--Frequent, rich maple-basswood forest. 12356 Bayview Heights, Duluth; 14013 swampy depression, hardwood association, Midway T, w of Nopeming. NS, NE to Minn, s to Neb, la, Ga. My-Je.

Aralia L. Sarsaparilla (Origin French-Canadian or Iroquoian) Aromatic, rhizomatous herbs with compound or decompound, alternate, pinnately divided leaves; flowers polygamous in umbels or in umbellate racemes; hypanthium with a glandular disc; anthers dorsifixed; styles rudimentary in staminate flowers; drupe 5-locular, bluish black. Plant scapose; styles separate A. nudicaulis Plants with leafy stems; styles united below middle. Stems hispid below; umbels in corymbs A. hispida Stems smooth; umbels in racemes A. racemosa A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Plants 2-3.5 dm tall from erect, rhizomatous crown; rhizome apex with scale leaves; short internodes, bearing a flowering scape and a solitary leaf; leaflets ovate, abruptly narrowed to acute tips, double-serrate; umbels stalked, corymbiform; flowers white; fruiting scape overtopped by the leaf; fruit 5-7 mm thick; seeds 4 mm long.-Throughout area. 8082 mixed forest, Prairie L; 14808 jack pine forest, Rainy L, Cranberry Bay. Nfld to BC, s to Tenn, Colo. My-Jy. A. hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Plants ligneous below, up to 8 dm tall with bristly stem bases; leaves decompound, smaller upward, generally bristly-hairy on petioles, rachis and the veins below; leaflets ovate, sharply double-serrate; floral bracts linear, attenuate; umbels many, long-peduncled in corymbiform clusters terminating the stem, often nearly globular in outline; pedicels slender, becoming purplish, spreading to ascending; styles united above the middle; drupes bluish black, 5-angled, topped by the marcescent styles and hypanthium. --Frequent, on rock ledges, in peaty soil, throughout area. 14613 high rocks, Fox Island, Rainy L; 10692 basaltic rocks, below Skyline Pkwy, 60th Ave W, Duluth. Nfld to Man s to NC, 0. Je-Jy. A. racemosa L. Spikenard. Plants minutely villous, up to 1 m tall; stems herbaceous with spreading branches; leaves large, decompound; leaflets deeply cordate, often oblique at bases, sharply double-serrate; umbels numerous in racemose clusters; flowers small, 2-3 mm long, on radiating pedicels; drupes bluish black, 3-4 mm long, 5-angled.--Frequent throughout area. 9138 Prairie L; 14977 cr bed, Kabetogama Pen, opposite Pine Island. Que to Man, s to Ala, Miss. Jy-Aug.

UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) Biennial or perennial aromatic and sometimes poisonous herbs, from creeping rootstocks or thickened roots; stems often fistulose; leaves alternate, often radical, usually compound with sheathing petioles; flowers in umbels, 5-merous; calyx reduced, its tube united with the ovary; petals 5, with incurved limb, the keeled midvein prolonged to an apiculate apex,

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91

B

A

A

92

93

B

Figure 91. Myriophyllum tenellum. A. Base of plant. B. Flower. Figure 92. M. exalbescens. A. Flower. B. Fruit. Figure 93. M. Farwellii. Fruit in leaf axil

forming a recess on each side for the 5 alternating anthers; ovary inferior, surmounted by an epigynous disc, 2-locular; ovules suspended, 1 in each locule; styles 2, mostly with thickened bases (stylopodia); fruit separating into mericarps, usually 5-ribbed, with oil tubes between them. Fruit prickly. Leaves palmately compound to deeply lobed; bracts ovate or lanceolate Sanicula Leaves pinnately decompound; bracts filiform, attenuate Daucus Fruits not prickly. Flowers white. 280

Peduncles subtended by ample involucral bracts. Fruit dorsally flattened, wing-edged; petiole sheaths of uppermost leaves inflated Heracleum Fruits dorsally convex, sides flat; petiole sheaths not inflated. Leaves once-pinnate; fruits ovate, tipped with recurved styles Siwn Leaves ternately compound; fruits clavate, tipped with erect styles . . . Osmorhiza Peduncles bractless or with filiform bractlets. Fruits laterally compressed or nearly terete. Leaves 3-foliolate; sheaths of middle leaves 3-5 cm long Cryptotaenia Leaves pinnate; sheaths of middle leaves 1-2 cm long. Leaves divided, without distinct petiolulate leaflets; primary involucre absent Cicuta Leaves divided, with distinct petiolulate leaflets; primary involucre present . . Carum Fruit dorsally compressed, ribs and margins winged Angelica Flowers yellow. Fruits dorsally flattened, wing margined; stylopodium conical. Leaves ternately divided with filiform segments; plants glabrous Anethum Leaves with broad segments; plants pubescent Pastinaca Fruits dorsally convex, not wing-edged; stylopodium wanting Zizia

Sanicula L. Sanicle (L. sanare, to heal) Perennial herbs, from rhizomatous base, with palmately compound or divided leaves; flowers greenish white or yellowish, perfect or imperfect, in small umbels on spreading peduncles of varying lengths; sepals narrowly deltoid to subulate, 1-2 mm long; petals obtuse, lanceolate, twice as long as the sepals; stamens exserted; fruit prickly, not splitting into mericarps. Flowers greenish white; anthers pale yellow; fruit sessile S. marilandica Flowers greenish yellow; anthers bright golden yellow; fruit stalked 5. gregaria

94 Figure 94. Hippuris vulgaris. A. Part of stem with flowers. B. Section of fruit

with embryo. C. Plug, enlarged S. marilandica L. Common Sanicle. Plants up to 1 m tall, rhizomatous; stem striate or sulcate, hollow; basal leaves long-petioled, usually with 5 coarsely serrate, obovate leaflets; petioles of cauline leaves progressively shorter, the upper without blades; involucral bracts foliose; primary peduncles prolonged, often more than 1 dm long; umbels small; staminate flowers pedicelled; pistillate flowers sessile; styles divergent, exceeding the hooked prickles of the fruit.--14386 shorewoods of Namekan Narrows, the resort grounds; 14498 maple forest, Midway Rd near Nopeming. Nfld to BC, s Kans, Va, Fla. Je-Jy.

5. gregaria Bickn. Golden Sanicle. Plants slender-stemmed, up to 6 dm tall; leaves yellowish green, with obovate, sharply serrate leaflets, usually with incised lobes; cauline leaves 281

sessile, mostly 3-lobed or often deeply cleft; umbels globular, small; flowers pedicelled; styles divergent, capillary, much exceeding the hooked prickles.--Rare. 16144 mixed forest, Fond du Lac, Mission Cr Valley, Duluth, the only collection. MB to Minn, s to Kans, Ala, Fla. Jy-Aug.

Daucus L. Carrot (Gr. daukos, a kind of parsnip or carrot) D. Carota L. Wild Carrot. Plants up to 10 dm tall from a biennial taproot; leaves longpetioled, pinnately compound; segments of uppermost leaves linear, attenuate; umbels compound, centrally depressed; flowers white, the central one of each umbellet often purple; petals of outermost flowers enlarged; stylopodium depressed; fruit 3-4 mm long; carpels flattened dorsally; primary ribs 5, bristly; secondary ribs with a row of conspicuous barbed prickles.--Rare. 19095 shrubby rd border near Gold Mine Camp, Vermilion R, s of Crane L. Introd from Eu.

Heraclewn L. Cow Parsnip (Gr. Herakles) H. lanatnm Michx. Cow Parsnip. Plants more than 1.5 m tall, woolly pubescent, with grooved internodes, from strong rhizomatous base; leaves large, ternately compound, the divisions 3-5 dm long and wide; petioles strongly sheathing at base, those of uppermost leaves inflated; umbels large, viscid-villous, compound, with foliaceous bracts; flowers relatively showy with conspicuous white petals; disc yellow; stamens long-exserted; calyx tips minute; styles slender with capitate stigmas; stylopodia conical; fruit obcordate, dorsally flattened, marked with prominent, dark oil glands between the carpel ribs.--Frequent throughout area. 2063 alder thicket, shore of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10921 wet rdside near Rollins. Lab to Alas, s to Ariz, Ga. Je-Aug.

Sium L. Water Parsnip (Gr. sion, a marsh plant) 5. suave Walt. Sweet Water Parsnip. Glabrous plants of shores or shallow water up to 1 m tall from rhizomatous base; stems hollow, stout, angled, ribbed or fluted; submersed leaves of young plants delicate, twice or thrice pinnate; leaves later emersed, long-petioled, once pinnate; leaflets 5-9, sharply serrate, glossy; umbels axillary, 7-10 cm wide; peduncles angled; rays unequal; petals nearly orbicular or obcordate with incurved tips; stamens exserted; anthers frequently roseate; fruit dorsally convex, the sides compressed, with prominent ribs and dark oil tubes between; stylopodia rounded; styles short with capitate stigmas.--Frequent throughout area. In sedge meadows and on shores. 9091 cr bed swamp, Prairie L; 13224 swampy shore, Rainy L, Kettle Falls. Nfld to BC, s to Ala, Fla. Je-Aug.

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Osmorhiza Raf. Sweet Cicely (Gr. osme, odor; rhiza, root; for aromatic roots) Perennials with thickened roots and ternately compound leaves leaflets; flowers white, in bracted umbels; petals obcordate, stamens incurved about as long as the petals; fruits clavate, mounted by erect and parallel stylopodia. Mature leaves pubescent, stylopodia with styles less than 2 Mature leaves glabrous, stylopodia with styles 2-4 mm long

with incised, cleft, or toothed with apiculate, incurved apex; strigose above, 5-sided, surmm long

0. Claytoni 0. longistylis

0. Claytoni (Michx.) C. B. Clarke. Downy Sweet Cicely. Plants up to 7 dm tall, from thickened roots; stems softly villous; leaves 2-3-ternate, hairy; stipules with ciliate margins; umbels 2-5-flowered; involucre with 2 leafy bracts; involucels 6 mm long, linear; flowers with styles 2.5-3.5 mm long; fruit 10-12 mm long, on clavate, spreading pedicels and elongate peduncles; stylopodia becoming firm and sharp.--Frequent throughout area. 14473 maple forest, Midway Rd, near Nopeming; 15009 cr bed, n shore of Kabetogama L opposite Pine Island. Que to Sask, s to NC, Ala, Ark, Kans. Je-Aug. 0. longistylis (Torr.) D.C. Anise-root. Mostly glabrous plants, up to 9 dm tall from fleshy aromatic roots; leaves ternately divided, usually glabrous; leaflets thin, ovate, dentate; peduncles elongate, leafy-bracted; umbels few-flowered, similar to the preceding species; styles long, spreading; fruit often curved, dark brown; pedicels clavate, striate above, 1015 mm long.--Locally in mixed hardwood forests. 9141 maple-basswood association, Prairie L; 17464 high bluff, Pelican L, Orr. Que to Alta, Okla, MM. Je-Aug.

Cryptotaenia D.C. Honewort (Gr. cryptos, hidden; tainia, fillet; for hidden oil tubes) C. canadensis (L.) D.C. Northern Honewort. Plants perennial, glabrous, up to 6 dm tall; leaves usually 3-foliolate; leaflets elliptic-ovate, tapering to a winged petiolule, sharply double serrate and sometimes with cleft or incised margins; umbels compound, fewflowered; involucral bracts wanting; flowers white, on slightly clavate pedicels; sepals obsolete; petals white with incurved apices; stamens exserted; fruit 5-7 mm long, with concealed oil tubes beneath the ribs, frequently curved from unequal development of the mericarps; embryo large, terete, filling the seed cavity.--Rare in area. 4185 Mission Cr Valley, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 7717 in dense undergrowth, St. Louis R bank, near interstate boundary, Wis side. Que, NB to Ga, Ala. Je-Jy.

Cicuta L. Water-Hemlock (L. cicuta, poison extracted from hemlock) Poisonous perennial branching glabrous herbs, from tuberous roots; leaves ternately divided; flowers in compound umbels, usually with narrow involucral bracts; sepals deltoid; petals 283

white, Plants Leaf Leaf

fruit dorsally convex with depressed stylopodium and spreading filamentous styles. poisonous. segments linear; axils of the uppermost leaves bulbil-bearing C. bulbifera segments ovate-lanceolate; bulbils wanting C. maculata

C. bulbifera L. Slender Water-Hemlock. Plants up to 7 dm tall, with thickened roots; leaves mostly ternately divided into linear, coarsely dentate leaflets, the uppermost simple, bearing bulbils singly or in clusters; flowers small; petals incurved about as wide as the anthers; fruits 2-3 mm long, suborbicular, compressed laterally, with 3 oil glands between the ribs.--Frequent on shores throughout area. 7775 shore of Comstock L, 37 mi n of Duluth; 16944 sandy beach of Trout L, n of Vermilion L. Nfld to BC, s to Pa, Ind. Jy-Aug. C. maculata L. Spotted Water-Hemlock. Glabrous, biennial plants, often more than 1 m tall, with spreading branches arising from a cluster of thickened roots; stem hollow at lower internodes, mottled with purple, frequently chambered by crisp white partitions; leaves ternate, the lowest long-petioled with dilated stipular bases; leaflets thin, ovate to lanceolate or deltoid, sharply serrate; umbels numerous, up to 10 cm wide with unequal rays; involucral bracts narrow or wanting; flowers white, numerous; fruits compressed, 3-4 mm long, surmounted by spreading slender styles and sepal tips, prominently ribbed with dark glands between. --Common throughout area. 13047 upland bog, Rainy L at Kettle Falls. Que to Man, NC, Tenn, Mo. Je-Aug.

Carum L. Caraway (Gr. karon, caraway) C. Carvi L. Caraway. Biennial or perennial plants, from deep taproots, with branching stems, up to 6 dm tall; leaves pinnately dissected into filiform segments; petiole bases dilated; flowers in compound umbels devoid of involucral bracts; sepals minute; petals white tinged with purple, incurved, 2-3 mm long, with obcordate, apiculate limbs; fruit 4-5 mm long, flattened laterally.--Common throughout area. 2580 on a high denuded hill, 7th Ave E and Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 16355 edge of clearing, Treasure Island Resort, Vermilion L. Natsd from Eu. Je-Aug.

Angelica L. Herb-angel (L. angelicas, of the angels) Stout perennial herbs with decompound leaves, inflorescence compound; bracts few or none; umbels many-flowered; fruits dorsally compressed, winged on ribs and margins; oil tubes 1 to several. A. atropurpurea L. var. occidentalis Fassett. Western Angelica. Plants robust, up to 2 m tall; stems purplish, glabrous, striate; internodes fistulose; lower leaves long-petioled, up to 3 dm long, decompound or ternately divided; upper leaves progressively smaller, petioles sheathing, inflated; ultimate leaf segments sharply dentate, minutely pubescent beneath; 284

flowers white in globular umbels, 1-1.8 cm wide, the terminal one the largest, lower smaller from leaf axils; umbellets on peduncles 4-7 cm long; mature fruits split into oblong, cordate mericarps 5-6.5 mm long with persistent style.--Known only from a single locality. 11875 a large colony on pebbled upper beach of L Superior, East Beaver Bay. (The colony, coming from a single plant, was first noted and parts collected on August 24, 1943. Since 1950 the entire lakeshore has been transformed into a taconite harbor, renamed Silver Bay. It is hoped that many fruits of the vigorously growing plants have found a new habitat elsewhere.) Lab to Minn, se Del, WVa, Ind. Jy-Aug.

Anethum L. Dill (Gr. anethon, dill) A. graveolens L. Dill. Annual strong-scented branching plants, up to 1 m tall; leaves with filiform divisions, the lowermost being long-petioled; umbels large, 10 or more cm wide; rays numerous; flowers small, yellow; petals 1-2 mm long; stamens exser ted; ovary dorsally compressed, maturing into oval, wing-margined, flattish mericarps with prominent ribs and oil tubes between.--Escape from gardens. 12274 open gravel, UMD campus; 9746 rocky hill top, Ely, in abandoned garden. Introd. Jy-Oct.

Pastinaca L. Parsnip (L. pastinare, to dig up) P. sativa L. Wild Parsnip. Biennial plants, 1 m or more tall, with stout taproots and angled, sulcate stems; leaves pinnate, pubescent, with lanceolate, coarsely serrate and usually incised or cleft divisions; flowers yellow in large, numerous umbels, 10 cm or more wide; fruits dorsally flattened, ribbed with oil tubes, wing-margined, notched at each end, tipped by conical stylopodia.--Adv from gardens. 9169 Chester R terrace, Duluth; 11069 rdside, Eagles Nest L, e of Soudan. Introd. Jy-Aug.

Zizia W. D. J. Koch. Golden Alexanders (For I. B. Ziz, German botanist) Perennial plants, from thickened crowns; leaves simple or ternate; flowers yellow; umbels compound; the central flower of each secondary umbel sessile; involucel bractlets united at base or obsolete; stylopodium wanting. At least the lowermost leaves simple, with ovate cordate blade; bractlets obsolete . . . . Z. aptera

Leaves ternately compound; leaflets ovate lanceolate; bractlets present, united below . . . Z. aurea

Z. aptera (Gray) Fern. Heart-leaved Alexanders. Plants up to 6 dm tall, with shiny, green prominently reticulate-veined leaves; basal leaves long-petioled, simple, the cauline 2-3

285

cleft; leaf base deeply cordate, the margins crenate-dentate; flowers bright yellow; sepal small; petal tip oblong, incurved, almost as long as the limb, each half covering an anther locule of adjacent incurved stamens; ovary summit with a prominent disc surrounding the slender style bases; stigmas sometimes red; fruit 3-4 mm long, laterally compressed, clearly showing the broad oil tubes between the ribs.--Occasional in area. 13235 Rainy L terrace, Kettle Falls. NY to BC, s Ga, Tenn, Mo, Colo. Je-Aug. Z. aurea (L.) W. D. J. Koch. Golden Alexanders. Plants up to 8 dm tall; stems angled, often purplish at bases; leaves 2-3-ternate, the lowermost long-petioled; leaflets sharply serrate, ovate, acuminate, prominently reticulate-veined; flowers bright yellow with fruits similar to the preceding species.--Occasional throughout area. 7469 meadow on North Shore Rd near Palmers; 12821 beach meadow of Little Vermilion R, Can boundary. Que to Sask, s to Tex. Je-Aug.

CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) Shrubs, rarely herbs, with opposite, rarely alternate, exstipulate, simple leaves with entire margin; stamens 4; ovary inferior, with epigynous disc, and 2-locular ovary; style with 1 stigma; flowers 4-merous, syncarpous, apopetalous, epigynous, regular.

Cornus L. Dogwood (L. cornus, horn, from the hardness of its wood) Shrubs with reddish, greenish, or gray bark with cymose inflorescence, or herbs with ligneous stolons and petaloid floral bracts; flowers white or purplish; sepals minute; petals white or purplish; drupes 2-locular, 2-seeded, white or bluish. Herbs from ligneous underground rootstocks; flowers in head-like cymes subtended by 4 white or pink floral bracts C. canadensis Shrubs; floral bracts wanting; flowers in loose cymes. Leaves alternate, style base smooth C. alternifolia Leaves opposite. Branches gray; cymes paniculate C. racemosa Branches green or red; cymes simple, compact. Leaves ovate-elliptic; stems red, not conspicuously warty C. stolonifera Leaves ovate-rotund; stems usually green, conspicuously warty C. rugosa C. canadensis L. f. canadensis. Bunchberry. Plants herbaceous, from creeping subligneous rhizomes; perennating winter buds on caudices; stems 4-angled, 1-3 dm tall, usually with alternating pairs of bracts at each of the 1-3 lowermost nodes; leaves 4-6, opposite, but appearing whorled near stem apex at shortened internodes; blades ovate to elliptic or rhombic, pinnately impressed-veined, sometimes unequal in size; lateral veins parallel to the curving margin, converging at the acuminate apex, glabrous beneath, sparingly appressed pubescent above; petioles 2-3 mm long; peduncles 2-3 (5) cm long, glabrescent; floral bracts white in typical form, 1.5-2 cm long, acute, each subtending a cyme of small white to purplish flowers; flowers 3-4 mm long; pedicels appressed pubescent, 2-3 mm long; sepals 4, minute; petals 4, becoming reflexed, at least one of them prolonged to a filiform point; stamens 4, alterna286

ting with petals; ovary appressed pubescent; mature fruit a red drupe; endocarp 2-locular, each locule containing a seed.--Abundant throughout area. 12302 pine forest, Minn Pt, Duluth; 16642 mossy pine woods, Coleman Island, Lac La Croix. Exceedingly variable in vegetative habit within the range of the typical form. Sometimes, in nonflowering plants, the stems elongate and bear up to 7 alternating pairs of leaves; branches with 2-3 pairs of leaves develop in axils of the lowermost leaves. Some of the forms encountered are described below. f. florulenta Lak., plants with 3 flowering peduncles; 6933 in lichen mats, exposed outcrops 1 mi ne of Palmers; f. infraverticillata Lepage, plants with a whorl of usually 6 leaves, below the terminal whorl, separated by an internode; 11831 mossy pine woods, Lac La Croix resort area; f. ramosa Lepage, plants with leafy branches, usually from the lower nodes; 6933a lichen mats on exposed outcrops along rr, 1 mi ne of Palmers; f. purpurascens (Miyabe & Tatewaki) Hara, floral bracts pink; 15291 sphagnum bog, Portage R, Echo Trail, nw of Ely; 8576 white-cedar swamp, Sturgeon L, about 25 mi n of Hibbing. Greenl to Alas, Mts of WVa, Calif. My-Je. C. alternifolia L. f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. Arborescent shrubs, often over 7 m tall; branches and leaves alternate; crown like a canopy of spreading, leafy sprays with short internodes; blades acuminate, elliptic-ovate, impressed-veined, smooth and glossy above, finely appressed pubescent beneath; petioles 3-5 cm long, usually shorter than the blades; cymes flat; pedicels sparingly pubescent; flowers white; epigynous disc usually red; petals oblongspatulate, spreading; fruit globose, 5-8 mm thick, dark blue with bloom usually on red pedicels. --Frequent throughout area. 4735 Tischer Cr woods, Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 17047 mixed forest, Trout L portage, Superior National Forest. Nfld to Minn, s to Ga, Ala. Je-Jy. C. racemosa Lam. Gray Dogwood. Much-branched shrubs, up to 2 m tall; young twigs yellowish brown, becoming gray in age; lenticels conspicuous; leaves narrowly elliptic-ovate, on short petioles; blades appressed pubescent, cymes convex, paniculate; flowers white with recurving petals; drupes white, pedicels often red.--Infrequent. 4515 high bluff, Idington; 17398 Floodwood R bank, 5 mi n of Floodwood. Me to Minn, s to Ky, Okla. Jy. C. stolonifera Michx. var. stolonifera. Red Osier. Shrubs up to 2 m tall, spreading by stolons; branches vivid red, smooth and glossy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely appressed pubescent; cymes mostly rounded; petals white, 3-4 mm long; fruit 5-7 mm thick, white or bluish gray, ripening concurrently with later flowers.--Common throughout, shores and rocky woods. 1705 bayside sand of Minn Pt, Duluth; 15331 Isle of Pines, Vermilion L, JeSept; var. Baileyi (Coult. & Evans) Drescher, differs from the preceding by spreading pubescence of leaves, and darker, pubescent young twigs; fruit usually white, 5-6 mm thick. 11939 Floodwood R woods, Hwy 73, 6 mi ne of Floodwood; 11801 rocky slopes Lac La Croix, resort area. Nfld to Yuk s to Neb, Ind. Je-Aug. C. rugosa Lam. Round-leaved Dogwood. Slender shrubs, up to 3 m tall, bark greenish, often blotched with red, with warty dark lenticels; leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, acuminate, impressed veiny, densely pubescent beneath with spreading hairs; cymes convex or flat; pedicels stiff with spreading or appressed pubescence; flowers white; petals lanceolate, 34 mm long; drupes globose, 5-6 mm thick, blue-white on red pedicels.--Most frequent northw. 2823 cliff below Skyline Pkwy, Haine's Rd Duluth; 14136 rocky woods, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary. Que to Man, s to 0, la. Je-Jy.

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PYROLACEAE (WINTERGREEN FAMILY) Low, perennial, rhizomatous herb, rarely suffruticose below, with basal or scattered evergreen leaves or saprophytes with scale leaves; stamens 8-10; anthers appearing inverted, dehiscing by terminal pores or transverse clefts; ovary superior, 5-locular, maturing into many-seeded capsule; seed coats thin, reticulate, pellucid; flowers 4-5-merous, syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular. Plants green; leaves usually well developed. Stems leafy with suffruticose base Chimaphila Stems scapose with herbaceous base. Flowers solitary, capsule erect Moneses Flowers in racemes, capsules nodding Pyrola Plants white or buff, fleshy; leaves scale-like Monotropa

Chimaphila Pursh. Wintergreen (Gr. cheima, winter; philein, to love; for its evergreen habit) C. ambellata (L.) Bart. var. cisatlantica Blake. Pipsissewa. Plants up to 3 dm tall, somewhat ligneous below with spreading, creeping rootstocks; leaves thick, lustrous, oblanceolate, pinnately veined, often in 2-5 successive whorls; flowers in corymbs; calyx lobes broadly deltoid, ovate, ciliolate; petals ovate, concave, white around the thinner erose margins, the central and basal areas rose purple; stamens 10, filaments slender, inflexed at tips; anthers 2-horned; stigma depressed, massive, discoid; style short; capsules 4-5 mm long, erect, with apical dehiscence; seeds light brown, .5-.7 mm long, very thin, tailed at each end.--Dry coniferous woods, throughout area. 17912 pine forest, Gun L Resort, n of Ely, Superior National Forest; 14690 spruce-balsam forest, Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Que to w Ont, NE to Minn, s to Ga. Jy-Aug.

Moneses Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola (Gr. monos, single; heisis, delight) M. uniflora (L. ) Gray. One-flowered Pyrola. Glabrous perennial with leaf tufts, from creeping stolons; stems 4-14 cm tall, usually bracted near middle; blades 1-2 cm long, suborbicular or ovate, sharply serrate, abruptly narrowing to the petiole; flower nodding, 12-20 mm wide, white, fragrant; sepals ovate, ciliolate, mostly 2 mm long; petals waxy white, 7-9 mm long, broadly ovate-rhombic, ciliolate; stamens 10, often appearing spaced in groups of 1-32-2-2 or 1-3-2-1-3; filaments subulate, inflexed; anther sacs prominent, each narrowed to a short tube with terminal pore; ovary subglobose, 5-locular, with a hypogynous disc; capsule grooved, 6-7 mm thick, with persistent style; stigma 5-rayed; seeds .5 mm long, light brown, tailed at each end, buoyant.--Swampy or moist coniferous woods throughout area. 8593 moist moss, rocky pine woods, Mitchell L, se of Ely; 4363 white cedar swamp 13 mi n of Duluth. Lab to Alas, Nfld, to WVa, Minn, Colo. Je-Aug. 288

Pyro la L. Wintergreen (L. pirus, pear tree) Plants scapose, from spreading rhizomes; leaves rosulate, thick, evergreen, petioled; blades subentire or remotely crenatedentate; scapes bracted; flowers 5-merous, in racemes, disc fleshy; anthers 10, with terminal pores; stigma 5-rayed; style usually exserted; ovary 5-locular; capsule depressed, globose, grooved; seeds fusiform .5-.7 mm long, tailed at each end. Style less than 1.5 mm long P. minor Style more than 4 mm long. Racemes 1-sided P. secunda Racemes spiral. Leaves elliptic P. elliptica Leaves orbicular or reniform. Petals white or greenish yellow. Sepals 1.6-3 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute . . . . P. rotundifolia Sepals .8-1.7 mm long, ovate-oblong, obtuse P. virens Petals roseate or pale pink P. asarifolia P. minor L. Lesser Pyrola. Plants .5-2.5 dm tall, from spreading rhizomes; leaves tufted, ovate to suborbicular, crenately dentate, firm; blades equaling the petioles; scapes with 1-2 oblong bracts; racemes few to 10 or more; flowers nodding; calyx lobes entire; petals white or faintly pinkish, 2-3 mm long, connivent at apices, at least in early anthesis; filaments slender, incurved; style .5-1.3 mm long; capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 4-5 mm wide.--Rare. 12879 mature sprucetamarack bog, Crane L Rd n of Vermilion R bridge. Arct America s to NE, w Minn, Calif. Je-Jy.

P. secunda L. One-sided Pyrola. Plants 1-2 dm tall, from spread-

95

igure 95- Chinaphila ambellata varclsatLantic

ing rhizomes and slender, bracted caudices; leaves in rosettes, sometimes scattered or in successive clusters; blades elliptic, oblanceolate, or ovate to suborbicular, firm, often drying rugose, occasionally with scattered hairs above, margins crenately dentate with callus-like teeth terminating the veins; petioles often pubescent; scapes with 3-8 lanceolate bracts; raceme 1-sided; flowers 4-6 mm long, few to 18; calyx lobes deltoid, ciliolate erose; petals white, with glandular thickening on each side of the midrib at base; stamens connivent around the slender style; anther pores prominent, apical; filaments flattened, dilated below; disc 10-lobed; ovary depressed, 5-angled; capsule 3-5 mm wide.--Common, dry woods throughout area. 4417 poplar thicket, Lester R, Duluth; 14681 Dryweed Island, Rainy L. Nfld to Alas, s to Va, w 0, la, SD, Calif. Je-Aug. Var. obtusata Turcz. Lesser one-sided Pyrola. Differs from var. secunda in being smaller, and having ovate to suborbicular leaves and racemes with fewer than 10 flowers.--Wet, mossy, coniferous woods throughout area. 6037 white cedar bog near Lakewood, Duluth; 12901 white cedar bog, jet of Hwy 53 and Kabetogama L rd. Greenl to Alas, NY, Minn, Colo, Calif. Je-Aug.

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P. elliptica Nutt. White-flowered Shinleaf. Plants up to 3 dm tall, from rhizomatous base; leaves tufted; blades elliptic, longer than the petioles, obscurely crenately dentate, firm and lustrous; scapes 3-angled, with 2-3 subulate bracts; racemes up to 20-flowered; flowers white, fragrant, nodding; pedicels reddish, longer than the floral bracts; calyx lobes reddish, deltoid-ovate, crenulate; petals 7-10 mm long, obovate, concave, spreading, often edged with pink; filaments white, flattened, dilated below; anthers yellow, produced into prominent orange tubes, .5 mm long; base of anther mucronate; capsules 5-angled, 5-6 mm wide.--Common throughout in moist woods, borders of alder thickets. 12049 ash-poplar forest e of Hibbing; 11230 Savanna R woods at Floodwood. Nfld to BC, s to WVa, w to NM. Je-Aug. P. rotundifolia L. var. americana (Sweet) Fern. American Pyrola. Plants up to 3 dm tall with rhizomatous base; leaves firm, lustrous, tufted, orbicular or obovate with margin narrowly revolute and obscurely crenate; petioles channeled, longer than the blade; scapes with 3-5 conspicuous brownish bracts; floral bracts equaling the pedicels; racemes usually more than 15-flowered; calyx lobes deltoid; petals white; anther tubes short, sharply bent; pores subterminal, oblique; base of anthers pointed; capsule 5-6 mm wide.--Rare. 16831 coniferous forest, Boulder Bay, Lac La Croix; 13365 under conifers, Ash R trail to Moose Bay, Namekan L. Que to Ont, w Minn. Je-Aug. P. virens Schweig. f. virens. Plants up to 3 dm tall, from slender branching caudices; leaves in rosettes, often numerous, or few (2-3), or wanting, in f. paucifolia Fern.; blades thick, membranous, suborbicular to reniform, dull, shallowly dentate to subentire, sometimes appearing mottled along the paler green veins; scapes with 1-3 subulate bracts; flowers 3-9, in open racemes, nodding; pedicels thick, greenish, subtended by lance-shaped bracts; calyx lobes deltoid-ovate, erose; petals greenish yellow, concave, 4-5 mm long; stamens ascending; filaments dilated below, flattened; anthers yellow, with tubes 1 mm long; capsule 6-7.5 mm wide.--Common, dry coniferous woods. 12529 rocky woods, Iron L, portage to Curtain Falls; 2636 jack pine forest about 5 mi s of Biwabik. Lab to Alas, s Me, w SD, Oreg, Ariz. Je-Aug. f. paucifolia, occasional within the range of the typical form, 16223 coniferous woods, Vermilion L, Treasure Island area; 14155 in deep moss poplar forest, Namekan Narrows. P. asarifolia Michx. var. asarifolia. Pink Shinleaf. Plants up to 3 dm tall, from creeping rhizomes; leaves numerous in rosettes; blades orbicular, ovate cordate, or rounded at base, lustrous, obscurely crenately dentate; petioles reddish, longer than the blades; scapes with 1-3 prominent bracts; floral bracts pinkish, shorter than to equaling the reddish pedicels; flowers pink to rose, fragrant, usually more than 10, nodding, in loose racemes; calyx lobes deltoid-ovate, 2-3 mm long; petals concave, ovate, up to 6 mm long, prominently veined, often with darker red; stamens ascending; filaments pink; anthers orange, terminating in short, sharply curving pore tubes; capsules depressed, globose, 5-6.5 mm wide.--Common throughout area. Steep wooded bluff above Shagawa L, Ely; 2554 Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Nfld to Yuk, ME, SD, NM. Je-Aug. Var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern., differs in having orbicular cuneate leaf blades, reddish veins, and brighter crimson flowers.--Common, sphagnum bogs. 4993 spruce-tamarack bog 13 mi n of Duluth; 16173 spruce forest, Prairie L area. Distr similar to preceding var. JeAug. Monotropa L. Indian-Pipe (Gr. monos, one; tropose, turn; for the nodding flower)

290

Saprophytic plants without chlorophyll from coralloid underground parts; leaves scattered, scale-like; calyx usually of 5, bract-like sepals; petals 4-5, somewhat saccate; stamens 810, with saddle-shaped, transversely dehiscing anthers; ovary 5-locular; stigma peltate, funnel-form. Plants white; flowers solitary M. uniflora Plants yellowish red; flowers in racemes M. Hypopithys M. uniflora L. Indian-Pipe. Plants 5-30 cm tall, pure white, black on drying; stem columnar, clothed with lanceolate bracts up to the nodding apex; flower solitary; sepals scale-like; petals oblong with rounded apex, glabrous on outer surface, pubescent within; stamens with pubescent appressed filaments; anthers dehiscing by 2 transverse slits; ovary globular, grooved, subtended by annular disc; style short; capsules 10-12 mm long, with glabrous, indurated valves, dehiscing into locules; seeds 1-1.5 mm long, tailed at each end, testa loose. Throughout area in rich damp woods. 1747 under pines, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11639 mossy rocks bordering alder swamp on portage to Iron L from Curtain Falls. Nfld to Alas. Je-Aug. M. Hypopithys L. False beech-drops. Plants yellowish or somewhat reddish, 8-20 cm tall; stems closely puberulent below, short-hirtellous above; scale leaves imbricated near the base; flowers 9-12 mm long, nodding, few to many in racemes, erect in age; sepals 4, glabrous; petals 4, ovate-oblong, with erose margins; stamens with slender hairy filaments; anthers yellow, dehiscing by a single cleft at the top; ovary globose-ovoid, grooved, glabrous, surmounted by terete hairy style and funnel-like stigma fringed with cilia around the rim; capsule glabrous with persistent style longer than the ovary.--Rare. Lak.&E.20626 white cedar forest n of Sturgeon L; 2736 in sphagnum, white cedar swamp, White T, Palo. Nfld to BC. Je-Aug.

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) Shrubs with evergreen or deciduous, mostly alternate, simple leaves; disc fleshy; stamens 10; anthers opening by terminal pores, rarely laterally; ovary 4-5-locular; fruit a capsule or berry; flowers 4-5-merous, syncarpous, hypogynous or epigynous, sympetalous, rarely apopetalous, regular. Ovary superior. Calyx becoming fleshy, surrounding the ovary; fruit a fleshy capsule or false berry . . . Gaaltheria Calyx not fleshy; fruit a dry capsule or a drupe. Upright shrubs. Flowers in corymbose clusters or in umbels; pedicels naked. Leaves clothed beneath with villous, rusty hairs Ledum Leaves glabrous, or white, canescent beneath. Leaves opposite; corolla roseate, saucer-shaped Kalmia Leaves alternate; corolla white, rimmed with pink, urn-shaped Andromeda Flowers in 1-sided racemes; pedicel subtended by reduced foliar leaves Chamaedaphne Trailing or prostrate shrubs. Leaves oblong cordate; stems creeping, rooting at nodes; flowers salver-form; fruit a dry capsule Epigaea Leaves cuneate spatulate; sprays trailing to ascending; flowers urn-shaped; fruit a red drupe . Arctostaphylos 291

Ovary inferior. Leaves deciduous; flowers 5-parted; berries blue Leaves evergreen; flowers 4-parted; berries red

Vaccinium Vaccinium

Gaultheria L. Aromatic Wintergreen (For Gaulthier, Quebec naturalist) Plants low or prostrate, creeping; leaves evergreen, alternate; flowers 4-5-merous, axillary; stamens 8-10, included; fruit a berry formed by the accrescent fleshy calyx. Flowering stems upright; leaves more than 10 mm long; corolla urn-shaped, 5-parted; berries red G. procumbens Stems prostrate, matting; leaves less than 10 mm long; corolla campanulate, 4-parted; berries white G. hispidula G. procumbens L. Wintergreen. Stems underground, extensively creeping, rooting at nodes; buds alternate in axils of scale leaves, mostly developing into upright leafy stems, up to 1.5 dm tall that bear flowers; leaves 2-5, crowded toward apex; leaf blades coriaceous, 1.3-3.5 cm long, elliptic, obovate, or suborbicular, mucronate, lustrous above, revolute-margined and remotely dentate; petioles 3-4 mm long, reddish, often puberulent or minutely pubescent with brown incurved hairs; flowers nodding, solitary or few in racemes; calyx saucer-shaped; lobes fleshy; corolla 7-8 mm long, white, urn-shaped, pubescent within, with reflexed ovate lobes; stamens 10, adnate to the base of the corolla; filaments hairy, flattened, with glandular bright orange bases; anther locules orange, tapering to bifurcate horns, each dehiscent by a pore; fruit formed by the accrescent calyx and receptacle, surrounding the ovary, becoming red and succulent; the false aromatic berry has a pleasant wintergreen flavor.--Common throughout area in rocky or sandy coniferous woods. 2637 jack pine forest 4 mi s of Biwabik; 9731 lichen mats, high granite outcrops, Ash R. Nfld to Man, s Ga, w Minn. Je-Aug. G. hispidula (L.) Bigel. Creeping Snowberry. Plants with slender prostrate stems, creeping above the ground, rooting at nodes; young branches greenish, becoming yellowish brown in age, densely appressed pubescent with minutely hispid brown hairs; leaves 5-10 mm long, appearing 2-ranked by lateral twisting of the 1. 5-3-mm-long petioles; blades elliptic-ovate or suborbicular, mucronate, dark green above, hispid with scattered brown hairs below and along the revolute, entire margin; midvein impressed above; flowers 2.5-3 mm long, white, usually solitary in leaf axils; pedicel recurved, 2 mm long, subtending a pair of ovate bracts below the calyx; corolla campanulate, short, its tube shorter than the ovate lobes; stamens included; filaments broad, clavate; anthers opening by median slits; style exserted; stigma truncate; ovary 4-locular, its base adnate to accrescent calyx; fruit a white globose or oblong (outsized) false berry, up to 8 mm long, juicy and hispidulous; seeds buff, 1 mm long, wedge-shaped, finely longitudinally striate.--Common throughout area in mossy damp coniferous forests and bogs. 16708 deep moss, dense spruce forest, Lac La Croix, e of the resort. Lab to BC, s to Pa, NC, w to Ida. My-Je. Ledum L. Labrador-tea (Gr. ledon, mastic; in allusion to aroma) L. groenlandicum L. Aromatic shrubs, usually 5-8 dm tall; twigs terete, the older dark gray, glabrous to minutely glandular puberulent, with exfoliating bark, the younger densely 292

brown villous; leaves alternate, crowded toward tips of branches; petioles 2-4 mm long; blades oblong or linear, 2-5 cm long, with revolute margins, felted below with rusty pubescence, glandular-dotted and green above, and sparsely hairy; flowers in corymbs from scaly, resinous winterbuds; pedicels resinous and puberulent; flowers white, 7-9 mm wide; calyx lobes short deltoid; petals distinct; stamens 5-7, exserted; anthers oblong introrse; ovary grooved, 5-locular, subtended by glandular disc; stigma capitate; capsule 5-7 mm long, beaked with the slender style; valves resinous, dehiscing along the septa from the base upward; seeds 2-3 mm long, slender, with loose testa prolonged at each end.--Common, sphagnum bogs, sandy beaches, and rock clefts throughout area. 10316 sphagnum bog, Ash R Rd, Kabetogama L; 10610 Twin Lakes bog, se of Brookston. Greenl to Alas, ME, Mich, Minn, s to 111, 0. My-Jy.

Kalmia L. Laurel (For Pehr Kalm, student of Linnaeus) K. polifolia Wang. Bog Laurel. Shrubs 5-7 dm tall; young twigs yellowish gray with decurrent lines and black lenticels, bark shreddy, sloughing off in age; older twigs reddish brown, terete; leaves opposite, 1-3 cm long; petiole 2-3 mm long, flattened, yellowish, and minutely ciliolate; blades coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, lustrous green above, waxy-puberulent beneath, margin revolute; flowers in corymbiform clusters; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm long; corolla rotate, rose purple, shallowly lobed, the limb with 10 pouches for recessing the anthers before pollination; anthers without appendages, springing up with shower of pollen upon pollinator at contact with filaments; capsules 5-locular, yellowish brown, 5-6 mm long, with septicidal dehiscence, each valve with an apical cleft and a pocket-like base below the placental attachment, usually filled with ripe seeds; seeds slender 2 mm long, with embryo between the tailed ends of the loose testa.--Common. 2418 border of sphagnum bog, Hwy 2, Poupore Rd; 16015 spruce-tamarack bog, Vermilion L near Treasure Island Resort. Lab to Hudson Bay, s to Conn, Pa, Minn.

Andromeda L. Andromeda (Gr. Andromeda) A. glaucophylla Link. Bog Rosemary. Creeping bog shrubs, up to 5 dm tall; leaves alternate, nearly sessile; blades linear, strongly involute, green on upper surface, waxy white beneath, with minute, appressed, pulverulent hairs; midrib prominent, yellowish, terminating in a callus-like mucro; young twigs yellowish gray, bark sloughing off in age, becoming reddish brown; flowers white, in umbel-like clusters; pedicels up to 10 mm long; calyx shallow, saucer-like, with deltoid lobes; corolla urn-shaped, pink around its rim and over the reflexed lobes; filaments white, flattened, hirtellous; anthers orange; locules tipped with divergent subulate awns; ovary depressed, subtended by a thick glandular disc; columella stiped, bearing from its summit massive placentae intruded into each locule; capsule 4-5 mm long; seeds .7 mm long, orange-brown, lustrous, lenticular.--Common throughout area. 2882 black spruce bog, Grand L n of Duluth; 17433 spruce-tamarack bog, Pelican R, Orr. Greenl to Man, NE to WVa to Minn. My-Je.

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Chamaedaphne Moench. Leather-leaf (Gr. chamae, on the ground; daphne, laurel) C. calyculata (L. ) Moench. var. angustifolia (Ait.) Render. Leather-leaf. Ascending shrubs, up to 8 dm tall; young twigs yellowish brown, clothed with short, incurved, gray hairs and peltate scales; old twigs glabrous, somewhat shreddy, dark gray; leaves leathery, alternate, clothed with scales above and below, in age appearing rusty; blades oblong, elliptic lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm long, 5-14 mm wide, with narrowly involute, obscurely denticulate margin; petioles 2-4 mm long; flowers white, in terminal 1-sided racemes; pedicels thick, subtended by progressively smaller foliar leaves; flowers nodding; sepals scaly, ciliolate, distinct, persistent in fruit; corolla 4-6 mm long, urn-shaped, with ovate reflexed lobes; stamens with inflexed filaments dilated and thickened at their bases; anthers yellow, prolonged to tubular appendages; pores introrsely slanted; hypogynous disc 10-lobed; capsule 3-4 mm long, endocarp white, lustrous, separating from exocarp and splitting into 10 valves; style appearing jointed about a third above its base; seeds yellowish brown, wedge-shaped, 1 mm long.--Common throughout area. 10123 spruce-tamarack bog, Prairie L; 14734 shore of Cranberry Bay, Rainy L. Greenl to Alas, NE to BC, s la, Ga. Apr-Je.

Epigaea L. Arbutus (Gr. epi, upon; gaea, earth; for its trailing habit) E. repens L. var. repens. Trailing arbutus. Stems pilose, with capitate hairs, trailing and creeping on the ground; roots shallow, delicate, at nodes; bark of older stems glabrate, becoming shreddy; leaves alternate, up to 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, bract-like; blades oblong to ovate-cordate, prominently reticulate veined and pilose with brownish hairs, or glabrate in var. glabrifolia Fern.; petioles up to 2.5 cm long, bristly with brownish, capitate hairs; flowers in spicate clusters at the ends of ascending branches, white or pinkish, fragrant, perfect or unisexual; floral bracts as long as the sepals, ciliate and often pilose on outer surface; sepals lanceolate, sometimes pilose on the back, distinct to the base; corolla up to 15 mm long, salverform; lobes spreading, ovate, densely villous within; stamens included; filaments slender, villous; anthers linear, dehiscing laterally their entire length; ovary subtended by a thick glandular disc, brush-like at summit with capitate hairs; style included, terete; stigma 5-parted, with an annular enlargement below; capsule depressed, globose, with numerous small rounded seeds.--Occasional in area in dry pine forest or along margins of sphagnum bogs. 10109 under jack pine, sandy terrace of St. Louis R at Palo; 17227 pine forest, Side L near observation tower, 20 mi n of Hibbing. Var. glabrifolia P4-29-45, moist moss, sandy soil, Brittmount, 14 mi n of Virginia. Range of the typical variety. Nfld to Sask, s Fla. Apr-My.

Arctostaphylos Adans. Bearberry (Gr. arctos, bear; staphyle, grape cluster) Shallow-rooted plants with trailing stems; branches prostrate, spray-like, often more than 10 dm long, with red exfoliating bark on older branches; leaves alternate, lustrous and 294

leathery, obovate, with entire margins and short petioles; flowers in bracted racemes; calyx saucer-shaped, with obtuse, rounded, pinkish lobes; corolla 4-5 mm long, urn-shaped, luminous white, narrowed toward its pink reflexed lobes; stamens adhering to the base of the corolla, included, the flattened filament bases abruptly dilated to a spindle-shaped pubescent swelling, tapering to a subulate glabrous apex; anthers purple, ovate, opening by prominent slanted apical pores, each locule prolonged to a filamentous awn, longer than the anther; pollen purple; ovary base invested within a cuplike 10-lobed glandular disc; style thick, somewhat clavate; stigma subcapitate; fruit a deep red globose drupe, 10 mm thick, mealy, endocarps separable, stony, each cavity filled with a large curved seed, 2-3 mm long, with a terete embryo in a large endosperm. Branches tomentellous, viscid-glabrate, long glandular hairs wanting A. Uva-arsi var. Uva-ursi Branches with persistent pubescence. Tomentum white, loose, not viscid var. coactilis Tomentum intermixed with black, stipitate glands var. adenotricha A. Uva-ursi (L. ) Spreng. var. Uva-ursi. Common Bearberry (name from L. ursi, bear, uva, grape). On granite ledges and in sterile soil throughout area.--14607 exposed rocks, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary; 8034 under pines in sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; Arct regions, w to Minn, SD, NM. My-Je. Var. coactilis Fern. & McBride. Downy Bearberry. Range of the typical form.--1392 under pines in sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11785 high granite cliff, Crooked L, Curtain Falls. Var. adenotricha Fern. & McBride. Viscid Bearberry. Less common than the preceding varieties.--15526 granite ledges, Kabetogama L; 15692 granite bluffs, Basswood L. Je-Jy.

Vaccinium L. Blueberry, Cranberry (L. vaccinium, kind of blueberry) Erect or trailing shrubs with deciduous or evergreen leaves; flowers 4-5-merous; anther locules prolonged to horn-like appendages, sometimes awned, opening by terminal pores; ovary inferior, usually 4-5-locular; fruit a berry. Leaves deciduous; berries blue; stamens 10. Dwarf shrubs, usually less than 3 dm tall; flower solitary in leaf axils V. caespitosum Erect shrubs, more than 3 dm tall; flowers in racemose congested clusters. Leaves and young branches softly pubescent

V. myrtilloides

Leaves and branches glabrous V. angustifolium Leaves evergreen; berries red, stamens 8. Stems upright; leaves obovate; flowers in racemose congested clusters . . V. Vitis-idaea Stems prostrate; leaves elliptic; flowers in loose racemes. Flower-bearing axis usually not prolonged to leafy apex; berries 1 cm thick or less . . V. Oxycoccos Flower-bearing axis usually prolonged to leafy apex; berries 2-3 cm thick V. macrocarpon V. caespitosum Michx. Low-Blueberry. Shrubs ascending, 1-3 dm high, from spreading, stoloniferous base; stems creeping, rooting at nodes; young branches greenish, finely puberulent with incurved hairs in lines along internodes, becoming minutely rugose or nodulose on dry-

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ing, often with lustrous dots; leaves thin, bluish green; petioles 1 mm long; blades 1-3 cm long, elliptic or obovate, finely serrate and veiny, becoming glabrous; flowers nodding, solitary on axillary pedicels, 3-4 mm long; calyx tube short campanulate, obscurely 5-lobed; corolla pink, 4-5 mm long, urn-shaped, its obtuse lobes reflexed; stamens included; filaments subulate above the dilated base, glabrous; anthers orange, with short locules prolonged to horns and terminal pores; awns almost as long as the filaments and flanking each side of the anther; ovary summit glandular; style included; stigma subcapitate; berry blue, glaucous, with bloom, juicy and sweet, up to 8 mm thick.--Occasional, L Superior to Can border lakes. 17883 in a shrub-cover of basaltic outcrop, ne of Palmers, above the rr tracks; 14178 dry open bluff, at Namekan Narrows. Arct Am, s to NY, w Minn, Colo, Calif. My-Je. V. myrtilloides Mich. Velvet-Leaf. Shrubs 4-8 dm tall, erect, with gray brown bark and intricate branches; young growth velvety pubescent or with pilose spreading hairs; leaves crowded at tips of branches, up to 5 cm long, sessile or with petioles 1-2 mm long; blades thin, pilose, especially on the veins, velvety to touch; margin entire, veins prominent beneath; racemes terminal; flowers white or pinkish, 7-8 mm long; pedicels 2-4 mm long, subtended by ovate bract; calyx campanulate, with ovate lobes; corolla campanulate or urceolate, with lustrous resin dots, its lobes broadly deltoid, reflexed; stamens included; filaments flat, white, pubescent along the edges; anthers orange, the prolonged horns longer than the filaments; ovary summit glandular; style short; stigma subcapitate; berry juicy, 7-8 mm thick, covered with bloom, becoming 10-celled.--Common throughout area, from low lands to granite outcrops. 1418 pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14577 rock clefts, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary. Arct Am, s to Minn, w Alta. My-Je. V. angastifolium Ait. var. angustifolium. Late Sweet Blueberry. Upright or ascending shrubs, up to 6 dm tall, with intricate branching from stoloniferous base; older branches brownish, with exfoliating bark; young growth greenish, pustular on drying, sparsely puberulent with incurved hairs in lines along internodes, becoming glabrate; leaves glabrous above, sometimes pubescent below, up to 3 cm long; petioles 1 mm long; blades lanceolate or elliptic, lustrous, serrulate, ciliolate with gland-tipped hairs, terminating the teeth; midvein prominent, prolonged to a mucro; flowers 4-5 mm long, in congested racemes from scaly winter buds; late autumn flowers sometimes present; pedicels subtended by reddish ovate bracts; calyx lobes broadly ovate, deltoid; corolla campanulate, with reflexed lobes, white or pinkish; stamens included; style terete; berry juicy, 6-8 mm thick.--Common throughout area. Var. angustifolium 10222 granite ledges, Herseth's Vacation Camp, Kabetogama L; 16003 rocky woods, Vermilion L, Treasure Island Resort. Lab and e, Que to Minn. My-Je. Leaves green hirtellous below, especially on the veins, berries blue . . . var. hypolasium Leaves bluish green, glabrous or nearly so, glaucous beneath, berries black var. nigrum Var. hypolasium Fern. Occasional within the range of the typical form,--8461 wooded pt, White Iron L e of Ely; 13088 exposed bluff of granite, Namekan L 4 mi s of Kettle Falls. Nfld to Hudson Bay, s Mich, Minn. Var. nigrum (Wood) Dole. Occasional within the range of the typical variety.--3935 granite crevices on Burntside L, Ely; 11041a jack pine forest, Bass L, e of Gilbert. Nfld to Ont, Wis, Minn. V. Vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd. Lingen. Plants up to 1.6 dm tall, stoloniferous, creeping and mat-forming; stems slender, reddish, minutely pubescent with white incurved hairs; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, with pubescent petioles 1-2 mm long; blades obovate to elliptic, lustrous above, impressed veiny; pale green below with scattered brownish appressed hairs, rare296

ly ciliate; midvein pubescent with incurved hairs, forming a callus-like mucro at the rounded or retuse apex; flowers in congested racemes; floral bracts reddish; flowers 4-merous, nodding, 5-6 mm long; calyx white or pinkish, with ovate, glandular, serrulate lobes; corolla mostly roseate, campanulate, with reflexed lobes; stamens and styles included; filaments white, villous along margins; anthers orange, with a short ventrally protruding basal appendage between the papillose locules; anther tubes distally dilated, with a prominent introrsely slanting pore; ovary 4-locular; berry red, globose or ovoid, juicy on freezing.--Occasional from L Superior to Can border lakes. 2478 sphagnum bog forest, White T, Palo; 18500 sphagnaceous spruce forest, Hwy 5, n of Toivola; 21704 spruce-tamarack bog, in deep moss, Tomahawk Trail, e of Isabella L, Lake Co. Subarctic Am, s to NE, w Minn, BC. Je-Jy. V. Oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry. Plants prostrate, creeping, mat-forming, with slender stems, filiform branches, and alternate evergreen leaves; internodes minutely pubescent with white incurved hairs; the bark in age becomes reddish brown and shreddy; blades elliptic or ovatelanceolate, 4-8 mm long, revolute, white below, lustrous green above, glabrous, with a prominent midvein; petioles 1-2 mm long, glabrous; flowers long-peduncled in terminal cluster, overtopped by proliferating leafy branches; floral bracts pinkish; pedicels pubescent with white incurved hairs, bearing 2 linear bracts near the middle; flowers nodding, roseate, 6-7 mm long; calyx lobes semicircular, ciliolate; corolla lobes reflexed; berry about 1 cm long, juicy; fruit red.--Frequent in sphagnum, spruce-tamarack forests or in open muskeg throughout area. 2987 floating bog, 18 mi n of Duluth, Hwy 53; 17729 floating bog, Dark L, s of Iron L, Can boundary. Subarctic Am, s to NJ, w to Pa, to Wash. Je-Jy. V. macrocarpon Ait. Large Cranberry. Plants creeping by elongated stolons; flowering stems leafy, erect; young branches yellowish, glabrous, older stems becoming reddish brown with shreddy bark; leaves oblong-elliptic, 10-15 mm long, coriaceous, involute; petioles 1-2 mm long, glabrous; blades lustrous green above, occasionally with a few white villous hairs toward the apices; midrib prominent; leaf apices rounded or retuse; flowers 7-9 mm long, roseate, nodding, 1-6 in loose clusters, borne in axils of scale leaves toward the base of branches, and terminated by proliferation of the leafy stem; pedicels red, 1-3 cm long, pubescent, bearing 2 ovate bracts near the middle; calyx lobes broadly acuminate, ciliolate; corolla deeply lobed; segments oblong, becoming reflexed; stamens 7-8 mm long, equaling the slender style; filaments compressed, about a fourth as long as the anthers; anthers with prolonged tubes; berry juicy, 1-2 cm long.--Frequent on margins of floating bogs, sandy beaches, and shore ledges of granite. 3370 floating bog, Hwy 53, 18 mi n of Duluth; 11584 granite ledge, Crooked L near Curtain Falls. Nfld to Minn, s to 0, NC. Jy-Aug.

PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) Perennial herbs with scapose or leafy stems and simple leaves; stamens inserted on the corolla tube opposite the lobes; ovary 5-carpellate, 1-locular with free central placentae; capsules circumscissile or opening by valves; flowers 5-7-merous, syncarpous, hypogynous, sympetalous, regular. Stems scapose; corolla salver-form, rose purple Primula Stems leafy; corolla rotate, yellow or white. Leaves opposite; flowers yellow Lysimachia Leaves whorled at stem apex; flowers white Trientalis

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Primula L. Primrose (L. primus, first) P. mistassinica. Michx. Plants slender, up to 15 cm tall, fibrous-rooted; leaves in rosettes; leaf blades spatulate or oblanceolate, remotely dentate, green or sparsely farinose beneath; umbels 2-7-flowered, subtended by narrowly lanceolate, short bracts; calyx turbinate, 5-7 mm long, copiously farinose; corolla salver-form, 10-13 mm wide; lobes deeply cordate, roselilac or purple, white below or, rarely, all white in f. leucantha Fern., corolla tube orifice yellow, capsules cylindric, 9-10 mm long, opening by a terminal lid, becoming 5-valvular, included in the marcescent corolla; seeds crowded on the placenta, dark brown, with low pebbling. --L Superior coast. 4377 shorerocks, Stony Pt; 4469 crevices of gabbro, Knife Island, L Superior; f. leucantha with f. mistassinica 15919 crevices of shorerocks, Stony Pt. Lab to Alas, Me to Mich, Minn, la. My-Je.

Lysimachia L. Loosestrife (For King Lysimachus of Thrace) Bhizomatous perennial herbs with opposite or whorled entire leaves; flowers 5-6-parted; calyx lobes valvate; corolla rotate, often purple-dotted; stamens distinct or united; stigma entire; ovary with a massive central placenta; capsule few-many-seeded. Leaves reduced to scales below; seeds orbicular, buoyant. Flowers in terminal racemes L. terrestris Flowers in congested axillary racemes L. thyrsiflora Leaves not reduced to scales below; seeds angular, not buoyant. Leaves broadly lanceolate, with rounded or cordate bases L. ciliata Leaves narrowly lanceolate, with cuneate bases L. lanceolata L. terrestris (L.) BSP. Swamp Loosestrife. Glabrous plants, up to 5 dm tall, with creeping horizontal rhizomes; stems somewhat striate, bearing near the base 6 or more pairs of reduced bract-like leaves striped with purple; leaves dotted with purple, sessile; axils with conspicuous foliaceous fascicles and often with bulbils in age; flowers yellow, up to 15 mm wide, borne in loose terminal racemes; pedicels clavate, slender, solitary or whorled, subtended by subulate floral bracts; calyx purple-spotted, deeply cleft into linear, elliptic lobes; corolla tube nearly obsolete; lobes ovate, deeply cleft, variegated with red, and lined with sessile yellow glands at base; filaments united into a glandular cup; anthers oblong; ovary globular, stigma subcapitate, capsule 1-4-seeded; seeds orbicular-ovate, 1-3 mm in diameter, buoyant, reticulate, pinkish.--Common, shallow waters throughout area. 9126 shore of Prairie L; 14685 shore of Rainy L, Dryweed Island. Nfld, Minn, s la, Ga. Je-Aug. L. thyrsiflora L. Tufted Loosestrife. Plants rhizomatous, with purple-dotted stems, up to 6 dm tall; lowermost leaves reduced to bracts through 6-12 nodes; blades lanceolate to elliptic, acuminate, finely pinnate veined, subsessile or with petioles 2-3 mm long; flowers 6-7-parted, in congested axillary racemes on minutely villous peduncles 2-3.5 cm long; calyx deeply cleft into narrowly linear segments, yellow, densely dotted with purple; corolla tube nearly obsolete, its lobes linear, purple-dotted; stamens distinct to the base, exserted; filaments 7-8

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mm long; anthers orange, oblong; ovary globular; capsule few-seeded; seeds 1 mm in diameter, similar to those of the preceding species, unsinkable.--Occasional throughout area in shallow waters and swamps. 3593 rdside marsh at Fond du Lac, Duluth; 17713 floating bog, Finberg L, Hwy 73, n of Floodwood L. Que to Alas, s to NE, w WVa, w to Minn, Pacific Coast. Je-Jy. L. ciliata L. Fringed Loosestrife. Plants up to 8 dm tall, rhizomatous, mostly unbranched; stems 4-angled with sulcate internodes; leaves alternating in pairs, with united petiole bases; blades ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 cm long, cordate, acuminate; flowers 2-2.5 cm wide, yellow, axillary in whorls of 4's; pedicels slender, 1-3 cm long; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, nearly distinct to the base; corolla rotate, deeply divided into overlapping lobes, sinuses rounded, lobes individually folded, apiculate; corolla limb pinkish at base, densely puberulent, with sessile glands; stamens distinct; filaments glandular, shorter than the linear anthers; staminodes pinkish, subulate, glandular-dotted; pistil subtended by glandular disc; ovary globose; style base sparsely glandular; stigiria truncate; capsule valvular; seeds several, dark brown, wedge-shaped, angular.--Common, stream banks, lakeshores, and damp meadows throughout area. 7331 mixed woods, Stony Brook, Brookston; 13187 shoreledges of Rainy L, Hilke's Pt. Que to Yuk, Wash s to Fla, Ariz. Je-Jy. L. lanceolata Walt. Prairie Loosestrife. Differs from the preceding species in having narrowly lanceolate leaves and, usually, a panicled inflorescence.--Rare. 5073 border of a temporary pond, Trinity Rd, Duluth. Pa to Minn, s to Fla. Je-Jy.

Trientalis L. Starflower (L. trientalis, a third of a foot) T. borealis Raf. f. borealis. Northern Starflower. Glabrous perennials with white slender rhizomes and fibrous roots; stem up to 2 dm tall, with 3-4 minute, alternate bracts near the base; leaves 4-10, simulating an apical whorl, or whorls 2 in f. pluriverticillata Viet. & Rolland; blades lanceolate or elliptical, short-petioled, thin, acuminate, finely veined, lustrous above, with remotely dentate margins; flowers commonly 1-3, white; peduncles capillary, 3-4 cm long; calyx deeply cleft into 7 linear 3-veined pointed lobes; corolla tube short; limb shallow, star-like, 13-15 mm wide, 7-lobed; stamens 7, with filiform filaments united in a ring to the corolla throat; ovary globose; style narrowly clavate with capitate stigma; capsule opening vertically into 5 valves; seeds few, with white reticulate testa.-Mossy forest throughout area. f. borealis 14374 ash forest, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary; f. pluriverticillata 5478 Palisade Head, among mosses, Lake Co; 8754 rocky woods, QSWRC, Basswood L. Lab to Sask, Va, 0, 111, Minn. My-Je.

OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) Trees or shrubs with opposite, simple or compound leaves; flowers perfect or unisexual, 4merous, hypogynous, sympetalous or apetalous, syncarpous, regular; stamens 2, ovary 2-carpellate; fruit a samara or capsule.

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Fraxinus L. Ash (L. fraxinus, ash) Trees with pinnately compound, opposite leaves; flowers in paniculate clusters; calyx 4-lobed, minute or wanting; corolla wanting, stamens 2; ovary 2-locular, each with 2 ovules; samaras 1-seeded. Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present; axillary buds reniform, brown. Young twigs and leaves pubescent F. pennsylvanica Young twigs and leaves glabrous var. subintegerrima Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx wanting; axillary buds subglobose, black . . . . F. nigra F. pennsylvanica Marsh, var. pennsylvanica. Red Ash. Trees up to 20 m tall, with deeply fissured pale gray bark having a reticulate pattern in age; twigs thick, grayish to rusty pubescent intermixed with sessile yellow glands when young; winter buds dark brown, the terminal conical, the lateral reniform; leaf scars semicircular; lenticels pale gray, conspicuous; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate, acuminate, petiolules 2-3 mm long; terminal leaflet often the largest with petiolule up to 18 mm long; staminate flowers in congested clusters; calyx lobes lacerate; stamens 2-4; anthers apiculate; pistillate flowers in looser panicles with more or less fringed calyx lobes; ovary 2-locular, each locule with 2 ovules; style terete with 2 stigmas; samaras up to 4 cm long, numerous, in large panicles, single-seeded, with a terete body and a terminal wing, decurrent to near the middle.--Frequent, shores of lakes and rivers throughout area. 14550 shore of Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary; 17504 Sturgeon R bank, n of Chisholm, Hwy 73. NE to Ont, Minn, La, Ala. My-Je. Var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. Green Ash. Differs from the preceding variety in having glabrous branches and leaves.--Frequent with preceding variety throughout area. 1574 border of small bog, Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11544 shore, Crooked L near Curtain Falls. NE to Mont, s Ga, Tex. Je. F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Trees up to 25 m tall, with pale gray flaky bark; twigs stiff and thick, terete glabrous, often with enlarged nodes; leaf scars on young twigs deeper than wide; winter buds usually blackish, the terminal pyramidal, the axillary subglobose; bud scales scurfy; leaves 2-3 dm long, leaflets 5-11, sessile, rounded at bases, attenuate at tips, glabrous except for tufts of rusty tomentum in axils of the veins below; margins shallowly dentate with incurved teeth; staminate flowers in congested racemes, anthers apiculate, longer than the filaments; pistillate flowers numerous, in loose panicles; ovary blackish green with reddish stigmas; samaras winged to the base, spatulate, striate-veiny with a basal gland on each broad face; wing apex often emarginate.--Common, swampy areas and shores throughout area. 8241 in maple-basswood association, Duluth Heights; 11314 bank of Kieuna L, Pequaywan L Rd, ne of Duluth. Nfld to Man, s to WVa, la. My-Je.

GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) Perennial or annual herbs with bitter juice; leaves exstipulate, opposite, simple or trifoliolate; stamens on the corolla tube; ovary superior, 2-carpellate, 1-locular, with 2 parietal placentae; capsule many-seeded, flowers 4-5-merous, syncarpous, hypogynous, sympetalous, regular.

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Leaves cauline, simple; flowers terminal or axillary in cymose cluster. Corolla without spurs; capsule symmetrical; seeds winged Gentiana Corolla tube produced into spurs; capsules curved; seeds not winged Halenia Leaves basal trifoliolate; flowers in racemes on leafless scapes; corolla lobes conspicuously fringed Menyanthes

Gentiana L. Gentian (For Gentius, King of Illyria, discoverer of medicinal plants) Plants tufted, from caudices, with entire, opposite, decussate, simple leaves; flowers in upper axils or terminal, 1-several, in congested cymes; calyx turbinate; corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud, plaited, blue; stamens alternating with corolla lobes; anthers connivent; ovary 1-locular, stiped; placentae in the upper half of the seed cavity; stigmas recurved, nearly sessile; capsule septicidal; seeds encircled by wing. Involucre bracts cordate-lanceolate; corolla plaits fimbriate, as long or longer than the truncate lobes G. Andrewsii Involucre bracts cordate-ovate; corolla plaits shorter than the ovate lobes G. rubricaulis G. Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Stems up to 6 dm tall, strict or branching at the caudex, often reddish at bases; roots fibrous, spreading, and numerous; lowermost leaves reduced to connate bracts; upper leaves lance-acuminate, ovate or narrowly oblong; flowers sessile in upper axils or in terminal clusters; corolla 4 cm long, blue, purplish in age, rarely white, narrowly campanulate; stamens included; filaments flat, their free upper half tapering to the auriculate connate anthers, the basal half united to the corolla along a dorsal line, leaving the margins free to the base; anthers sagittate-apiculate, extrorse; ovary stalked, tapering to a short style and 2 flattened stigmas; capsule ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm long, somewhat compressed, filled with many seeds; ovary stipe frequently housing insect larvae.--Occasional throughout area. 9695 sandy terrace, Ash R, Frontier Lodge, Kabetogama L; 15567 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor, Duluth. Mass to Me, s to Ga, westw. Aug-Sept. G. rubricaulis Schwein. Redstem Gentian. Similar to the preceding species; plants 3-6 dm tall; stems becoming reddish; lower leaves reduced to connate bracts, usually through 3-5 internodes; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes linear, the prominent midrib paralleled by submarginal lateral veins; bases of the blades and involucral bracts frequently reddish; flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters, in small plants solitary and terminal; calyx lobes smooth or minutely scabrous, inserted about 1 mm below the rim of the tube; corolla deep blue, becoming purple in age, rarely wholly white.--Occasional throughout area. 5225 sandy upper beach of small 1, Hwy 20 s of Gilbert; 13604 sandy beach of Indian L near Rollins. NB to Me, Minn, Neb. Jy-Aug.

Halenia Borkh. Spurred Gentian (For Halenius, pupil of Linnaeus) H. deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Spurred Gentian. Annual or biennial plants up to 6 dm tall, strict or branching above; internodes wing-edged, 4-angled; leaves sessile to short-petioled; blades

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lanceolate, the lowermost oblanceolate, 3-5-nerved; flowers 4-5-parted, in terminal or axillary cymes; pedicels 5-18 mm long; calyx lobes narrow, linear or oblanceolate; corolla 7-14 mm long, greenish, shading to blue or bronze, with ovate or deltoid lobes; corolla tube produced into spurs; filaments with dilated bases, deflexed near the middle; anthers small, reniform; ovary compressed; stigmas 2, sessile; capsule becoming exserted, often curved, opening between the stigmas; seeds oblong to cylindrical, 1.2 mm long, pale buff, lustrous.--Common throughout area, mixed coniferous and hardwood forests. 6507 edge of floating sedge mat, St. Louis R estuary, New Duluth; 12941 mixed coniferous forest, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Lab to BC, Me to Mont. Jy-Aug.

Menyanthes L. Buckbean (Used by Theophrastus, from menyein, disclosing; anthos, flower) M. trifoliata L. var. minor Raf. Buckbean. Glabrous, paludal plants with thick creeping rhizomes; caudices ascending, with 2-4 leaves; sheathing leaf bases 4-10 cm long, narrowed to petioles up to 15 cm long; leaflets oblanceolate; flowering scape naked, rising from the rhizome, 2-4 dm long; flowers in racemes; pedicels 4-15 mm long, each subtended by ovate, floral bract; calyx deeply cleft, lobes ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved; corolla tubular, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, white, or often suffused with purple, lobes spreading, each densely fringed above with curly white clavate fimbriae; stamens included, inserted below the level of the sinuses; filaments flattened; anthers introrse; pistil 2-3-carpellate, 1-locular; ovary globose; placentae 2-3; style terete, exserted; stigma capitate with 2-3 distinct papillate lobes; capsule globose; seeds lenticular, 2-3 mm long, yellowish brown, with shiny crustaceous testa. --Frequent, swamps and shallow shores throughout area. 1405 shore bog, Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17748 edge of floating bog, Dark L, s of Iron L, Can boundary. Arct Am s to WVa, 0, Neb. JeJy.

APOCYNACEAE

(DOGBANE FAMILY)

Plants with milky latex; leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate; stamens 5, united to the corolla tube; pistils 2; ovary superior; stigmas united, separating on becoming mature; carpels distinct; fruit a follicle; seeds hair-tufted; flowers 5-merous, apocarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.

Apocynum L. Dogbane (Gr. apo, from; cyon, dog) Branching perennials, from rhizomatous base; leaves opposite; flowers in cymose clusters; calyx has a hypogynous disc with 5 glandular lobes contained in recesses below the lancepointed corolla appendages; corolla campanulate, with reflexed lobes; stamens alternating with corolla lobes; filaments white, inflexed, introrsely convex, pubescent; anthers yellow, sagittate; locules lance-pointed, introrse, connivent, forming a cone-like covering over the 302

2-lobed stigma to which they are attached by the filament apices; body of the stigma spindleshaped above the separate carpels; ovary with parietal placentae, fruit a follicle; seeds comose. Corolla pink; cymes terminal and axillary A. androsaemifolium Corolla greenish white; cymes terminal, overtopped by leafy branches . . . . A. sibiricam A. androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Stems up to 5 dm tall, with subligneous terete bases, angled and flattened above; internodes with decurrent lines; leaves elliptic or lanceolate; petioles 3-4 mm long, pubescent; blades 4-7 cm long, apiculate, tomentose below, glabrous above, drooping; flowers nodding, fragrant; follicles up to 10 cm long, deflexed, tapering to slender beaks; seeds reddish, the slender fusiform body 2.3 mm long, tufted at apex with bright white hairs.--Common throughout area. 1460 in sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13082 exposed granite bluff, Namekan L, 4 mi s of Kettle Falls. Nfld to BC, s Ga, Tex, Ariz. Je-Jy. A. sibiricum Jacq. var. cordigerum (Greene) Fern. Indian Hemp. Plants glabrous, up to 6 dm tall, from subligneous bases; stems often purplish, hard, terete below, the upper internodes and branches usually flattened, angled, and striate; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, cordate-clasping, with prominent midvein and inrolled margins; petioles 1-2 mm long; cymes terminal, usually surpassed by leafy branches; flowers dull white, somewhat fragrant; follicles slender, fusiform, 9-15 cm long, tapering to beak; seeds reddish brown, with body 5-6 mm long; coma bright white, silky, 20 mm long.--Occasional on banks of lakes and rivers. 11365 sandy shore, St. Louis R, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 15058 sandy shore, Kabetogama L, Pine Island Resort. INK, Sask, s to 0, Kans. Je-Jy.

ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) Plants usually with milky latex and opposite, rarely alternate leaves; calyx and corolla 5lobed; stamens 5, arising from the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes; pistils 2, with distinct carpels and united stigmas; fruit a follicle with many comose seeds; flowers 5merous, hypogynous, sympetalous, apocarpous, regular.

Asclepias L. Milkweed (Gr. Asklepios, god of medicine) Perennial herbs with thick roots, from deep-seated rootstocks; flowers borne in umbellate clusters; calyx lobes reflexed, canescent, persistent in fruit; corolla lobes deep, valvate, reflexed; lobes crowned with 5 erect nectar-filled hoods, each with an incurved horn; anthers borne on short staminal tube, alternating with corolla lobes and united with stigmas into a massive pentagonal gynostegium; pollen masses waxy, borne in pairs of pollinia from 2 contiguous anther locules and suspended from a dark bilobed corpusculum by filamentous translators; shiny corpusculum attached to the stigma just below the upper margin of a slit between adjacent anthers; large insects in search of nectar put their legs into the slits, freeing pollinia; departing insects transfer the pollen masses to the stigma of another flower. Leaves alternate; juice not milky; flowers orange A. tuberosa Leaves opposite; juice milky; flowers red, purple, or white.

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Stems glabrous; flowers purplish Stems pubescent. Flowers greenish red Flowers white

A. incarnata A. syriaca A. ovalifolia

A. tuberosa L. Butterfly Weed. Plants hirsute, up to 7 dm tall; leaves alternate or opposite on branches, numerous, linear or narrowly oblanceolate; umbels terminal and axillary with hirsute pedicels; calyx lobes lanceolate, hirtellous; corolla 6-10 mm long; lobes reddish orange; hoods yellow, auricled, horn slender, inclined toward the center, shorter or as long as the hood; follicles slender, pubescent, fusiform.--Known in area from a single locality. 18761 partly cleared road border, e of Floodwood, Hwy 2. NY to Ont, Minn, s La, Ga, Fla. JeAug. A. incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Plants erect, up to 1 m tall, from stout caudex with fibrous roots; stems glabrous below, thick, terete; hollow upper internodes; leaves lanceolate; petioles 4-6 mm long, minutely pubescent or loosely hirtellous at base; blades lanceolate, scabrous, ciliate toward the apex; midvein prominent; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels appressed-pubescent with incurved hairs; corolla lobes 6-7 mm long, obtuse, reddish purple; tube 1.3 mm long, constricted; hoods stiped, equaling the gynostegium and overtopped by the subulate horns; follicles slender, fusiform, up to 7 cm long, minutely pubescent; seeds 7-9 mm long, ovate, reddish brown.--Frequent, moist meadows and r banks. 11957 bank of Floodwood R, 2 mi n of Floodwood; 16660 shore of Lac La Croix, Can boundary. NS to Man, Ut, s La. JyAug. ,4. syriaca L. Downy Milkweed. Plants up to 9 dm tall, pubescent; internodes hollow, somewhat angled, at least above; leaves up to 17 cm long; petioles 7-10 mm long, grooved; stipules subulate, minute, pubescent; blades oblong-ovate, apiculate, pubescent below, glabrous above; umbels many-flowered; pedicels densely tomentose, thick; flowers fragrant, greenish purple; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, pubescent, up to 5 mm long; corolla lobes purplish red, ovate, 9-10 mm long, pubescent; hoods saccate, longer than the gynostegium; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, fusiform, densely pubescent and clothed with subulate, tomentose, fimbriate appendages; seeds numerous, ovate, 8 mm long; testa brown, reticulate; wing margin 1.5 mm wide.--Occasional throughout area, shores, rocky slopes. 1521 Superior Bay shore, Minn Pt; 13141 cleared terrace, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. NB to Sask, s to la, Tenn, Ga. Jy-Aug. A. ovalifolia Dene. White Milkweed. Plants up to 6 dm tall, from fleshy, somewhat torose rootstocks; stems and foliage pubescent with incurved hairs; leaf blades ovate, pale green, 3-6 cm long; petioles 4-6 mm long; flowers in 1 or more umbels, white, almond-scented, turning yellowish with suffused lilac in age; corolla lobes obtuse, 4-5 mm long; flowers 10-11 mm wide across the expanded, ovate, somewhat spreading hoods; horns with centrally curving tips barely touching the gynostegium.--Rare in area. 22668 high knoll with maple and basswood, overlooking Amity Creek, Duluth. Prairies and plains. Man to Alta se to 111. Jy.

CONVOLVULACEAE (MORNING-GLORY FAMILY) Erect or vining plants with or without chlorophyll; sepals distinct; corolla rotate, salverform or funnel-form, with shallow lobes, convolute in the bud; stamens on the corolla alter304

A

C

E

96 B

D

Figure 96. Asclepias syriaca. A. Flower. B. Face view. C. Long view. D. Pollinia. E. Follicle

nate with the lobes; pistil 2-carpellate; ovary 2-3-locular; capsule 4-seeded; flowers 4-5merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular. Green leafy vines with showy flowers; stamens inserted near the base of corolla; corolla throat without appendages Convolvulus Nongreen orange-yellow, scaly vines with small flowers; stamens inserted at the sinuses; corolla throat with appendages Cuscuta

Convolvulus L. Bindweed (L. convolvere, to roll around; for twining habit) Perennial vines or upright plants with simple, alternate, hastate leaves; flowers 1-2, in leaf axils; corolla funnel-form; stamens included; anthers linear, introrse; ovary subtended by glandular disc; style 1; stigmas 2, capitate; capsule 2-4-valved. Stems erect C. spithamaeus Stems twining or trailing. Calyx lobes pointed, concealed within accrescent floral bracts; flowers more than 3 cm long C. septum Calyx lobes obtuse, floral bracts small, remote; flower 1-2 cm long C. arvensis C. spithamaeus L. Low Bindweed. Plants grayish green, pubescent; stems with ascending branches, mostly 1-3 dm tall, often declined or nodding; leaves 3-7 cm long, short-petioled; blades oblong-elliptic, with cordate or subtruncate bases and acuminate or rounded apices; flowering peduncles 3-6 cm long, spreading-villous, with 2 apical floral bracts subtending the flower; flowers 4-5 cm long, corolla white or, rarely, bluish around the rim; capsules with persistent style base, 2-valved, 4-seeded; seeds angulate, 4-5 mm long, testa brownish, hard, endo305

sperm cartilaginous, embryo folded; cotyledons emarginate or notched; radicle contiguous with the conspicuous hilum.--Occasional, dry sandy soil, often along borders of jack pine forest; 14209 steep rocky slope, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary; 16101 dry jack pine forest, Embarrass R terrace, se of Gilbert. Me to Ont, Minn, s to Tenn, Fla. Je-Jy. C. sepium L. var. americanus Sims. Hedge-Bindweed. Stems up to 3 m long, branching, twining or sometimes trailing; internodes glabrous to minutely puberulent with decurrent lines; leaves up to 11 cm long; petioles minutely puberulent or glabrous, shorter than the hastate acuminate to apiculate bright green glabrous blades; peduncles 5-7 cm long, glabrous or nearly so; flowers 5-7 cm long; floral bracts broad saccate, overtopping the sepals, accrescent in fruit; corolla white, suffused with pink, plaited, the median area of each shallow lobe merging with the thinner translucent fold between them; fruit and seeds similar to those of preceding species.--Occasional throughout area. Willow thicket, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth; 13485 shorewoods of Big Sturgeon L n of Hibbing. Nfld to BC, Ore, s MM, Fla. Je-Jy. C. arvensis L. Field-Bindweed. Stems glabrate to minutely puberulent, often 2 m long, branching and intertwining in profusion; leaves up to 4 cm long, minutely puberulent; petioles slender, slightly shorter than the oblong somewhat hastate puberulent blades, usually auriculate, mucronate; peduncles 3.5 cm long, with 2 subulate floral bracts near the middle; flowers 2 cm long; sepals ovate, ciliate; corolla white suffused with pink; stamens and style included. --Single coll 7363 Minn Pt, beach sand, Superior Bay, Duluth. NS to Ont, w and s. JySept.

Cuscuta L. Dodder C. Gronovii Willd. Common Dodder. Parasitic herb with thread-like twining stems attached to host plants by haustoria; stems and minute scale leaves orange yellow, fleshy; flowers 4-5merous, pale yellow, in glomerulate cymes on bractless pedicels; calyx and corolla lobes ovate, scales narrow, fimbriate; stamens shorter than the corolla lobes; styles filiform, separate to the base; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed, globose, beaked by the styles, 4seeded; seeds yellow, somewhat angulate, 2 mm thick; embryo spiraled, yellow, about 8 mm long, radicle on the outer rim of the coil next to hilum, epicotyl curved in with 2 minute alternate subapical bracts; endosperm thin.--Known in area only from Can border lakes. 15575 shore of Iron R just below Curtain Falls, Crooked L; host plants, Ilex verticillata, Aster simplex, Lysimachia terrestris; 15846 low shoreledge of Sand Pt L, Harrison's Narrows, Can boundary, host plant, Aster sp. NS to Man, s Fla. Aug-Sept.

POLEMONIACEAE (PHLOX FAMILY) Herbs with simple, entire, or pinnately compound leaves; flowers 5-merous, in cymose clusters, syncarpous, sympetalous, epipetalous, hypogynous, regular; fruit a capsule. Flowers in peduncled cymes surpassing the subtending bracts. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate Polemonium. Leaves simple, opposite Phlox Flowers in sessile cymes, surpassed by subtending bracts Collomia

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Polemonium L. Jacob's Ladder (Gr. Polemon, Athenian philosopher; or Gr. polemos, war) Plants perennial with alternate pinnately compound leaves; flowers 5-merous; cymules in paniculate clusters; calyx campanulate, accrescent; corolla campanulate with short tube; stamens 5, on corolla tube, filaments pubescent, declined toward the lower side of the nodding flowers; stigmas 3; style 1; ovary 3-locular; capsule several-seeded. Flowers clear blue; pubescence of pedicels intermixed with capitate glandular hairs . . . . P. caeruleum Flowers violet; pubescence without capitate glandular hairs P. occidentale var. lacastre P. caeruleum L. Blue Jacob's Ladder. Plants up to 9 dm tall, pale green, from moderately thick caudex; stems glabrescent below, on drying becoming straw-colored; lowermost leaves up to 3 dm long; petioles and rachis wing-edged; leaflets thin lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, often with scattered hairs; flowers in thyrsoid clusters; calyx herbaceous, short-campanulate, with obtuse lobes; corolla cerulean blue; stamens with hair-tufted bases exserted; ovary subtended by a nectar gland; style filiform, exserted; stigmatic lobes 2, ascending; capsule enclosed within the accrescent calyx, several seeded.--Spreading from cult. 2045 e-facing slope of Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Introd Eu. Jy. P. occidentale Greene, var. lacustre (Wherry) Lak. Western Jacob's Ladder. Plants up to 7 dm tall, rhizomatous, from slender caudices, glabrate below, pubescent above; lower leaves 1.5 dm long; petioles and rachis narrowly margined; leaves narrowly elliptic or linear, glabrous; floral bracts pinnate, the uppermost reduced to a few segments; peduncles and pedicels densely viscid pubescent; calyx short-campanulate with obtuse deltoid lobes becoming longer than the tube, glabrate at tips, densely pubescent below; corolla violet blue, with spreading lobes; stamens included; filaments dilated, declined, hair-tufted below; ovary with nectar gland; style filamentous with ascending stigmatic lobes, violet or edged with violet.--Rare; extension of a w species. 5575 white cedar swamp, 3.5 mi n of Sturgeon L observation tower, about 25 mi n of Hibbing. Je-Jy.

Phlox L. Sweet William (Gr. phlox, flame; for brilliant flowers) P. paniculata L. Tall Phlox. Perennial plants, often more than 1 m high, from rhizomatous clump-forming bases; stems glabrous, often minutely pubescent above; leaves opposite, 8-13 cm long, short-petioled or sessile, mostly lanceolate, puberulent or glabrate, scabrousciliate; inflorescence paniculate; flowers pink or white, fragrant, up to 3.5 cm long and 12 mm broad; calyx prismatic, plaited; corolla funnel-form, convolute in bud; anthers nearly sessile, arising at varying levels from the corolla tube; pistil seated in a nectar cup; ovary 3-carpellate, 3-locular; style filiform, included; stigmas 3; capsule 3-valved, usually 3seeded.--Occasional, disturbed grounds. 9787 border of forest, White Iron L, near Ely; 12280 crside meadow, UMD campus. Cult. Jy-Sept. No native species have been found in area.

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Collomia Nutt. Glueseed (Gr. colla, gluten; for mucilage-coated seeds) C. linearis Nutt. Annual, often branching plants, up to 4 dm tall; stems minutely puberulent when young, becoming glabrate below; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate; floral bracts sessile, broadly lanceolate, often densely viscid-pubescent; cymes in glomerules; calyx accrescent, turbinate, becoming 12 mm long in fruit, its narrow teeth about half as long as the tube, with transparent bands from the sinuses down to the base; corolla 10-12 mm long, salver-form, pinkish, with ovate, spreading lobes; tube greenish, viscid-pubescent, dilated around the ovary base; stamens arising at different levels on the corolla tube; anthers bluish; style 1; stigmas 3, reaching up to the corolla throat; capsule 3-lobed, with 1 seed in each cell; seeds oblong, 3 mm long, with a coating of mucilaginous rays when wet.--Infrequent. 1552 Terrace of Superior Bay near the canal, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17889 North Shore, Stony Pt. NB, to BC, s la, Mo, w Ariz, Calif. Je-Jy.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATERLEAF FAMILY) Hairy herbs with pinnate or dissected alternate leaves; stamens 5, united to the corolla tube; pistil 2-carpellate with 1-2 locules; capsule 2-valved, 2-4-many-seeded; flowers 5merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular. Petioles of lowermost leaves much exceeding the blades, the clasping base conspicuously dilated; ovary 1-locular Hydrophyllum Petioles shorter than the blades, not conspicuously dilated; ovary 2-locular . . Phacelia

Hydrophyllum L. Waterleaf (Gr. hydro, water; phyllon, leaf; for light spots on leaves) H. virginianam L. Common Waterleaf. Plants perennial, from spreading rhizomatous base, up to 6 dm tall; stems forking above, usually appressed-pubescent or sparsely hirtellous, glabrescent below; leaves pinnately divided, the lowermost 2-2.5 dm long, usually with petioles longer than the blades; leaf segments 5-7, cleft or sharply toothed on margins, appressedpubescent above, usually "water-spotted"; peduncles up to 16 cm long; flowers in congested scorpioid globular cymes; sepals narrowly linear, hirtellous, dark green; corolla 8-10 mm long, pale lavender, with fragile, oblong, spreading lobes, each lobe with vertical parallel folds forming a nectar tube; filaments hirtellous near the middle, exserted; anthers versatile; ovary subtended by a nectar cup; style filamentous; stigmas 2, linear, capsule globose, 2-valved, 4-seeded; seeds 3.5 mm long; testa light brown, reticulate; endosperm thick and horny.--Infrequent. 3507 shady banks, St. Louis R, Fond du Lac; 7564 Whiteface R terrace, e of Meadowlands, Hwy 133. Que to Man, Minn, s NE to Va, Tenn. Je-Jy.

Phacelia Juss. Scorpion weed P. Franklinii (R. Br.) Gray. Northern Phacelia. Annual plants, up to 6 dm tall, from simple of branching taproot; stems often bushy, branching from the base, spreading hairy; leaves pinna308

tifid; leaf segments narrow, subopposite often more than 5 pairs, terminal leaf segments usually 3-cleft; flowers at first short-pedicelled in congested scorpioid cymes that become forked, branched, erect racemes; calyx 7-8 mm long, deeply cleft; lobes linear ciliate, hirtellous, with 1 prominent nerve; corolla blue, 8-11 mm long, campanulate-rotate; short nectar tubes below the sinus level joined laterally with the glandular orange bases of the stamens; filaments hirtellous, exserted; anthers oblong, versatile, bright orange yellow; style slender, exserted; stigmas linear, prominent; ovary densely appressed hairy, somewhat conoidal, compressed; seeds numerous, dark brown, angular, 1-1.3 mm long, testa reticulate; embryo small; endosperm soft, mealy.--Rare. 12423 edge of clearing, sandy soil, jack pine forest, Hwy 4 n of St. Louis R bridge, Palo; 13509 fruiting plants, same site; also in Cook Co. Minn to Yuk, s to Wyo. Je-Jy.

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY) Plants hairy with alternate entire leaves; stamens 5, united to the corolla tube; ovary 2carpellate, capsule becoming 4-locular, separating into 4 nutlets by developing a false septum; flowers 5-merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, usually regular. Corolla yellow; stigmas 2; nutlets with stony pericarp Lithospermum Corolla blue, often suffused with red, rarely white; stigma 1, pericarp of nutlets not stony. Nutlets smooth. Corolla salver-form; flowers less than 8 mm long, in naked racemes Myosotis Corolla trumpet-shaped; flowers 12-18 mm long, in bracted racemes Mertensia Nutlets armed with prickles, tipped with barbs. Fruiting pedicels reflexed; nutlets attached to gynobase about the middle third. Prickles scattered over the entire surface of the nutlet; gynobase with style usually overtopping the nutlets Cynoglossum Prickles marginal on nutlets; gynobase with style about as long as the nutlets . . . Hackelia Fruiting pedicels spreading to erect; nutlets attached to gynobase nearly the entire length Lappula

Lithospermum L. Puccoon (Gr. lithos, stone; sperma, seed; for stony pericarp) L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. Plants up to 3 dm tall, hirsute, from a thick caudex; roots dark brown, imparting a purplish stain; stems clustered, leafy up to the inflorescence; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, sessile, 4-6 cm long, punctate, usually with 1 prominent vein, appressed pubescent; flowers deep orange, in 1-sided scorpioid cymes; pedicels leafy-bracted; calyx 7-8 mm long, deeply cleft into narrow linear canescent teeth, corolla up to 16 mm long, salver-form, softly hairy outside, lobes rounded, the flaring limb narrowed to a 7-9 mm tube, the tube crested at the throat with 5 glandular-pubescent appendages; anthers 2 mm long, linear-oblong, nearly sessile, included; ovary globular, subtended by a glandular disc; style short-filamentous; stigmas 2, capitate; ovary maturing into 4 nut309

lets surrounding the style base.--Rare. 3576 jack pine forest, sandy soil, Embarrass R area se of Gilbert. A1626 sandy coniferous forest, Seven Beaver L. Ont to Sask, s Minn, Tex, Ga. Je-Jy.

Cynoglossum L. Hound's Tongue (Gr. cynos, of a dog; glossa, tongue; for leaf texture) Coarse hairy plants, from strong caudices and long-petioled basal leaves; corolla funnel-form; stamens and pistils included; nutlets inclined, united to the base of the style. Flowers pinkish lilac; stems leafy up to the inflorescence C. officinale Flowers bright blue; stems with leaves mostly below the midstem C. boreale C. officinale L. Common Hound's Tongue. Plants up to 8 dm tall, softly pubescent, from a stout caudex; stems terete to bluntly angled, with lines of spreading pubescence; leaves oblanceolate or obovate, the lowermost petioled; inflorescence paniculate, cymes several, becoming prolonged to 1-sided racemes; flowers pedicelled, 8-10 mm long, with extended corolla lobes; calyx deeply cleft, lobes oblong-obtuse, densely appressed pubescent without; corolla flesh-pink to lilac, often suffused with blue, crested at the throat with a fleshy incurved appendage opposite each lobe; anthers oblong, filaments short, included; ovary subtended by a thick glandular disc, its 4 divisions smooth, in early anthesis, prickly later, free to the base; nutlet margined, inversely pyriform, compressed, ascending, containing an embryo 3.2 mm long with nearly orbicular cotyledons without endosperm.--Occasional, disturbed grounds. 5232 sumac-aspen growth, hillside, Woodland, 25th Ave E, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je. C. boreale Fern. Northern Hound's Tongue. Plants hispid pubescent, from a thick firm caudex, up to 8 dm tall; stems retrorsely spreading pubescent; leaves crowded toward the base, the lower long-petioled, with oblanceolate or obovate blades, the 3-5 upper cordate-clasping; blades rough hispid with appressed hairs above and below; inflorescence in scorpioid cymes prolonged into 1-sided racemes, naked below; principal axis subtended by the uppermost clasping leaf; flowers blue or violet, 5-6 mm long, pedicelled; calyx deeply cleft; lobes broadly oblong, appressed-pubescent; corolla funnel-form, with spreading lobes, each crested with a fleshy whitish appendage; anthers included; ovary 4-lobed, smooth, subtended by a thick glandular disc; nutlets evenly prickly over the upper surface; embryo 4 mm long, with nearly orbicular cotyledons, endosperm wanting.--Occasional, forested areas. 13198 Finger Bay Cr along a trail, Rainy L; Jol8038 rocky woods near Ely. Que to Ont, Minn, Wis, Ind. Je.

Myosotis L. Forget-me-not (Gr. myos, of a mouse; ous, ear; for leaf texture) Low, ascending, hairy, tufted or stoloniferous herbs; leaves entire; flowers in bractless, scorpioid cymes, becoming prolonged in fruit, naked or subtended by leafy bract at base; flowers blue, rarely white, usually yellow at center; calyx lobes nearly equal; corolla salver-form, with rounded lobes, convolute in bud, crested at throat with 5 fleshy appendages; stamens included; ovary subtended by a 5-lobed glandular disc; mature nutlets compressed, pyriform, dark brown, lustrous; embryo without endosperm. 310

Calyx lobes equal; hairs straight, appressed. Calyx lobes less than half as long as the tube; plants stoloniferous . . M. scorpioides Calyx lobes about half as long as the tube; plants ascending, without stoloniferous base M. laxa Calyx lobes subequal; at least some of the hairs hooked. Plants annual or biennial; leaves firm; calyx copiously pubescent with hooked hairs . . . M. arvensis Plants perennial; leaves thin; calyx with few hooked hairs M. sylvatica M. scorpioides L. Common Forget-me-not. Erect or ascending stoloniferous plants, up to 6 dm tall; internodes appressed-pubescent, shorter than the leaves; leaves numerous, oblanceolate or spatulate, short-petioled to sessile, with clasping bases, copiously appressed-pubescent; inflorescence a scorpioid cyme; flowers showy, sky blue, up to 8 mm wide, yellow eye formed by tumid folds at the corolla throat; fruiting pedicel 4-5 mm long, at right angles to the peduncle or declined; dry nutlets 1.5 mm long, distinctly rimmed, bluntly angled, compressed, conoidal, shiny, dark brown.--Frequent along creeks and in moist woods in Duluth area, escaping from gardens. 6451 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor, Superior Bay. 12420 Tischer Cr bank, Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je-Aug. M. laxa Lehm. Slender Forget-me-not. Plants ascending, nonstoloniferous, up to 6 dm tall; pubescence similar to the preceding species'; leaves sessile or short-petioled; blades oblanceolate-spatulate; hairs appressed, with pustulate bases; the lower raceme foliar-bracted; flowers pale blue with a yellow center; calyx lobes about as long as the tube; styles in some fruiting calyxes short, in others distinctly longer than the nutlets; fruiting pedicels usually ascending.--Infrequent in area. 2000 Lester R bank near Snively Rd, Duluth; J117 growing in water near stream, Lester Pk. Pacific MA, Nfld to Ont, s Ga, Tenn. Je-Aug. M. arvensis (L.) Hill. Field Forget-me-not. Annual or biennial plants, branching from the base, spreading hirsute, up to 3 dm tall; basal leaves petioled, blades oblanceolate, obtuse; upper cauline leaves spatulate, sessile, hirsute; racemes several to a plant, terminating the branches; calyx clothed with hooked hairs, lobes longer than the tube; corolla 3-4 mm wide; nutlets margined. Rare. 6104 blvd, Jefferson St and 26th Ave E, Duluth, in gravelly soil. Nfld to Minn, se Pa, WVa. Natzd from Eu. Je-Jy. M. sylvatica Hoffm. This is a garden escape. Mertensia Roth. Lungwort (For Mertens, German botanist) M. paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. Northern Lungwort. Hairy perennial plants, up to 5 dm tall, from strong rhizomatous caudex; stems angled, with prominent decurrent lines; basal leaves tufted, numerous, up to 2.8 dm long, broadly lanceolate or subcordate, ciliate, sometimes cuneate at the base; petiole winged, longer than the ciliate blades; cauline leaves similar; inflorescence paniculate; cymules nodding; principal peduncles leafy-bracted; pedicels slender, appressed to somewhat spreading pubescent; flower buds pinkish, becoming blue in full expansion; calyx deeply cleft into narrow, hirtellous teeth, corolla 15-17 mm long, trumpetshaped, with shallow rounded lobes, the tube shorter than the limb, hirtellous within, crested at throat with 5 rounded yellow bract-like appendages opposite the lobes; stamens with broad flat filaments 2-3 mm long, united to the corolla tube below the crests; anthers orange311

colored, introrse, 3.5 mm long, included; style exserted; stigma minute; ovary subtended by a glandular disc, its 4 divisions smooth and globular; nutlets 3-4 mm long, rugulose.--Common, extending to Kabetogama L. 17470 elm association, Ash R woods, Hwy 53, n of Ash L; 17250 abundant at base of Nopeming bluff in maple forest. Que to Alas, s Mich, Wis, la, w to Wash. My-Je.

Lappula Moench. Stickseed (L. lappa, bur) L. echinata Gilib. Stickseed. Plants up to 4 dm tall, biennial with taproot; strigose, pubescent; rosette leaves petioled, pubescent, with oblanceolate blades; cauline leaves sessile, spatulate, acute, hirsute, with pustular-based hairs; inflorescence of several leafy-bracted racemes, divergent, arching at maturity; flowers sessile, subtended by floral bracts; calyx deeply cleft into narrow teeth; corolla blue, salver-form, crested with minute appendages at the throat, eye white; anthers nearly sessile below the crests; ovary subtended by a glandular disc; gynobase columnar, tapering, with 4 wing-like partitions between the basal halves of the nutlets; nutlets tuberculate on the back, with 2 marginal rows of barbed prickles, the ventral keel straight, attached to the gynobase along its entire length.--Occasional, shores and rdsides. 1595 sandy soil, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11368 recreation grounds, Fond du Lac Pk, Duluth. Nfld to Alas, s to Kan, Tex. Je-Jy.

Hackelia Opiz. Beggar-tick (For Hackel, Bohemian scientist) H. americana (Gray) Fern. Nodding Beggar-tick. Plants up to 6 dm tall, from biennial taproot; stems coarsely hairy, branching above; internodes hollow, marked with decurrent lines with loose spreading pubescence; basal leaves petioled; upper leaves sessile, blades lanceolate or elliptic, appressed pubescent or glabrescent and scabrous; racemes bracted, several, from upper axils; floral bracts remote; flowers blue, pedicelled, nodding; calyx lobes 3 mm long; corolla 2.5-3 mm long, with ovate lobes, the throat crested with white tumid appendages; anthers short, below the crests; ovary with hypogynous disc, attached above the middle to the pyramidal gynobase, the 4 lobes at first orbicular, nutlets 3-4 mm long, deltoid-conic with a marginal row of prickles, barbed at tips; dorsal face pustular with a few prickles; seed 2 mm long, with radicle at the pointed apex.--Occasional in area. 8746 garden bed, Burntside Lodge, Ely; 13143 cleared terrace, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Que to BC, s Mich to Minn and far west. Je-Jy.

VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY) Herbs with opposite leaves; stems usually 4-angled; calyx and corolla 4-5-lobed; stamens 4, united to the corolla; ovary superior, 2-carpellate, 4-locular; style terminal; fruit a dry drupe; flowers syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, somewhat zygomorphic. 312

Verbena L. Vervain (L. verbenae, sacred herbs) Annual or perennial erect or prostrate herbs with simple serrate to pinnatifid leaves; flowers in spicate to paniculate cymes; calyx teeth subequal; corolla lobes somewhat dissimilar; stamens didynamous; fruit becoming furrowed, splitting into 4 nutlets. Plants upright. Plants not hoary pubescent; spikes panicled. Flowers white, remote, in loose spikes . . . V. urticifolia Flowers violet-purple in compact spikes V. hastata Plants hoary pubescent, spikes 2-3 or solitary V. stricta Plants prostrate; leaves pinnatifid, flowers leafy-bracted V. bracteata V. urticifolia L, White Vervain. Annual or perennial plants, up to 7 dm or more high; stems hirtellous to glabrate below, appressed pubescent above; leaves petioled; blades ovate-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, hairy on the veins; flowers in long, slender, numerous spikes, sessile, subtended by subulate floral bracts; calyx hirsute, its lobes subequal; corolla white with tube as long as the calyx; nutlets reticulate on the outer side, 2 mm long.--Record based on coll of Jol8597 Ely. Que to SD, Ala to Fla. Je-Sept. V. hastata L. Tall Vervain. Plants perennial, 1-10 dm tall; stems purplish, finely pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves 4-10 cm long; petioles flattened, dilated at nodes; blades lanceolate or narrowly ovate, often hastate, crenate-serrate, pubescent on veins, and with fine puberulence on both surfaces; several spikes in large plants; axis puberulent; flowers 5-6 mm long, contiguous, subtended by lance-shaped floral bracts; calyx tubular, with 5 green ribs, each terminating in an acute tooth, the dorsal one a little shorter than the others; corolla salver-form, with slightly inflated tube, puberulent within and without, crested with a fringe of hairs around the throat; median ventral lobe largest, the 2 upper smallest; stamens paired; anterior pair inserted just below throat level, the other somewhat lower in the tube; style terminal with 2 short stigmas, the anterior functional; nutlets 2 mm long, 5nerved on the outer surface.--Common throughout area. 11172 Savanna R bank w of Floodwood, Hwy 29; 15624 tall plants, silt flats of Bear Trap R, above the gorge inlet to Iron L, Can boundary. NB to BC, s to Fla, w to Calif. Jy-Aug. V. stricta Vent. Hoary Vervain. Plants 8 dm tall, from stout base; stems and leaves graycanescent; lower internodes subterete, the upper bluntly 4-angled; leaves ovate, coarsely double-serrate; spikes hoary-gray; flowers blue, 8-10 mm long, subtended by lanceolate bracts, cupped at bases; calyx teeth apiculate, ciliate, hirtellous; corolla softly villous, the throat closed by a fringe of longer hairs; anthers nearly sessile, the anterior pair arising at a higher level just below the fringe of hairs; style relatively short; stigma not reaching the level of the lower pair of anthers; nutlets brown, the upper half rugose-reticulate.-Known in area only on hillsides along Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. 2669 Enger's golf course; 5175 East Blvd, about 45th Ave E. NJ to Mont, s Tex. Je-Aug. V. bracteata Lag. & Rodr. (Verbena bracteosa Michx.) Bracted-Vervain. Annual decumbent or prostrate plants; stems spreading, branches hirsute; leaves numerous, pinnately cleft or incised; petioles short, flattened, or margined; spikes loose, appearing bristly; flowers purple, long-braeted; nutlets brown, reticulate above the middle, nerved below on the outer surface, 313

the inner surface finely pebbled.--Rare. 18529 rd embankment, UMD campus, fruiting specimen. Fla to Ont, interior prairies. My-Aug.

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) Aromatic herbs with 4-angled stems and simple opposite leaves; corolla bilabiate; stamens 2-4, in pairs (didynamous); ovary 2-carpellate, with 2 ovules in each locule, becoming 4-locular in fruit, usually deeply 4-parted, separating into 1-seeded nutlets; flowers 4-5-merous, hypogynous, sympetalous, syncarpous, mostly irregular. Corolla bilabiate, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper, 2-lobed or entire. The upper lip of corolla cleft nearly to the base; style terminal, ovary merely 4-lobed, not separating into nutlets Teucrium The upper lip of corolla entire or 2-lobed. Calyx of 2 entire lobes, the upper centrally spurred Scutellaria Calyx 5-lobed, lobes sometimes unequal. Stamens 4, anthers functional. The upper pair of stamens longer than the lower pair. Floral bracts inconspicuous; flowers in terminal and axillary clusters. Calyx lobes deltoid; stamens and styles long-exserted Agastache Calyx lobes subulate, aristate; stamens and styles not long-exserted. Plants prostrate, creeping; flowers purple Glecoma Plants upright; corolla white, purple-spotted Nepeta Floral bracts conspicuous, spinescent; flowers in dense heads Dracocephalum The upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower pair. Upper lip galeate or hooded, entire or obscurely notched. Calyx bilabiate; floral bracts prominent Prunella Calyx not bilabiate. Plants smooth; flowers in continuous spikes Physostegia Plants more or less hairy; flowers in interrupted spikes or in axillary whorls. Calyx teeth spinescent or aristate; leaves oblong-lanceolate longer than wide. Calyx teeth spinescent, equal Galeopsis Calyx teeth aristate, subequal Stachys Calyx teeth setiform, fringed-ciliate; leaves reniform or suborbicular . . Lamium Upper lip flattened or spreading, lobed or notched. Flowers pink; calyx bilabiate, gibbous Satareja Flowers white; often flushed with blue; calyx regular, lobes equal Pycnanthemwn Stamens 2, anthers functional, rarely with 2 vestigial filaments. Calyx regular, teeth equal; upper lip of corolla concave, entire Monarda Calyx gibbous, bilabiate; upper lip of corolla notched Hedeoma Corolla nearly regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens 2; leaves not fragrant; nutlets corky ridged Lycopus Stamens 4; leaves strongly fragrant; nutlets not ridged Mentha 314

Teucrium L. Germander (Gr. teucrion, used by Dioscorides for some plant of the family) T. occidentale Gray.* Northern Wood Sage. Plants 6-8 dm tall, from a rhizomatous base; stem's pubescent with curved hairs; leaves 3-6 cm long, petioled; blades thin, lanceolate, usually rounded at base, acute at apex, prominently serrate or double serrate, green, thinly appressed pubescent above, gray with spreading pubescence below over stalkless glands; inflorescence spicate, of bracteate whorls of flowers; calyx teeth nearly equal, pubescence like that of bracts, intermixed with a few gland-tipped hairs; corolla purple, minutely villous, the tube with upper lip deeply cleft between the acuminate concave lobes and produced forward in line with the 3-lobed lower lip; middle lobe of the lower lip rhombic with a centrally elevated palate, lateral lobes acuminate, similar to the upper, and separated by an isthmus; stamens 4, the anterior pair longer, with arching filaments; style exserted through the dorsal cleft; nutlets reticulate.--Infrequent. 2979 St. Louis R swamp at Rice Pt, 16th Ave W; 20885 partly cleared peaty meadow at Payne on Hwy 7. Que to Minn and w. Je-Aug.

Scutellaria L. Skullcap (L. scatella, dish; refers to fruiting calyx) Perennial pubescent herbs with serrate leaves; flowers solitary in leaf axils, or in axillary racemes; calyx 2-lobed, the upper centrally spurred; lobes with entire margins; corolla dilated at the throat, upward-curving; filaments closely appressed against the arching upper lip; gynobase with a ventral nectar gland; mature nutlets elevated above the base; the upper lip of the calyx deciduous <})n ripening of the fruit. Flowers in racemes; petioles .7-3 cm long 5. lateriflora Flowers solitary; petioles 2-4 mm long 5. epilobiifolia S. lateriflora L. Bushy Skullcap. Plants up to 6 dm tall, from spreading rhizomes; stems simple or densely branching, the margined angles pubescent with white upwardly curved hairs; leaves up to 5 cm long; blades ovate or deltoid, rounded or subcordate at base, glabrous except on the veins below, serrate more than 3/4 of their length; apex entire, acuminate; petioles margined, upwardly pilose, shorter than the blades; racemes axillary, many-flowered; flowers 4-6 mm long; corolla blue suffused with purple, minutely villous; upper lip notched, concave, the lower 3-lobed, spreading; anthers 4, deflexed, white; pollen white; the lower pair of stamens slightly surpass the hooked stigma, with nearly obsolete upper lobe; nutlets .5 mm long, subreniform, pebbled.--Common throughout area. 9348 shore of Prairie L; 16812 shore of Lac La Croix, Beatty Portage. Que to BC, s to Fla. Je-Aug. 5. epilobiifolia Hamilt. (called 8. galericulata L. by American authors) Marsh Skullcap. Plants 1-6 dm tall, with slender rhizomes; stems profusely branching, purplish below, retrorsely pubescent, especially on the angles above; leaves 2-6 cm long, oblong lanceolate, subcordate, crenate-serrate, acuminate at apex, softly pubescent beneath; flowers solitary *T. canadense L. var. occidentale (Gray) McClintock & Epling. Elizabeth McClintock and Carl Epling, "A Revision of Teucrium in the New World, with Observations on Its Variation, Geographical Distribution, and History, " Brittonia, Vol. 5 (5), 491-510,

315

1946.

in upper axils, ascending to erect in 1-sided racemes; calyx 1.5-2.2 mm long, minutely puberulent without; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm long, blue-lavender with white throat, puberulent and glanddotted without; upper lip narrow, hooded, barely notched; lower 3-lobed, spreading, variegated with darker blue and white; filaments white, villous in lines; anthers blue with locules parallel, ciliate along lines of dehiscence, nodding over the curved stigma; pollen white; nutlets olive brown, 1.5 mm long, prominently pebbled.--Common throughout area. 18786 edge of floating bog 18 mi n of Duluth, Hwy 53; 17949 sphagnum pools, spruce forest, Gun L n of Ely, Superior National Forest. NS to Alas, s Kans, w Calif. Je-Aug.

Agastache Clayt. Giant Hyssop (Gr. agan, much; stachys, ear of grain) A. Foeniculum (Pursh). Ktze. Perennial plants, up to 1 m tall, from firm rhizomatous base; stems sparsely branched above; internodes canescent in lines; leaves petioled, 3-8 cm long; blades ovate, acuminate, rugulose and glabrous, green above, white below, with pubescence of minute incurved hairs; inflorescence terminal; spikes interrupted; flowers 9-11 mm long, subtended by subulate bracts; calyx violet purple, somev/hat oblique, 15-nerved, with 5 subequal deltoid teeth; corolla blue, with upwardly curved tube dilated at the throat; stamens 4, longexserted; style 2-cleft, exserted; nutlets brown, oblong, pubescent at the summit, 1.5 mm long.--Occasional in area. 5332 shrubby border near Chester Pk School, Duluth; 14999 shorewoods, Kabetogama L near Pine Island. Ont to Mackenz, s 111, la, SD, w Wash. Jy-Aug.

Glecoma L. Ground-Ivy (Gr. gleckon, pennyroyal) G. hederacea L. Creeping Charlie. Perennial creeping herbs, rooting at nodes; stems more or less pubescent, up to 7 dm long; flowering branches ascending, purplish below; leaves petioled; blades reniform-cordate, uniformly crenate dentate, dotted or punctate beneath, glabrate above, often purplish; flowers 8-12 mm long, pedicelled, in loose axillary cymes; calyx oblique, 15-ribbed, minutely puberulent, with subequal, ovate, aristate teeth; corolla purple, puberulent; the upper lip notched, the lower 3-lobed, the median lobe tufted with hair, spreading or reflexed in anthesis; stamens 4; anthers included, orange; style 2-cleft; nutlets dark brown, 1.5 mm long, angled.--Occasional, waste ground. 10127 shrubby border, Forest Hill Cemetery, Duluth; 10183 Sucker R bank at the bridge on Pioneer Rd. My-Jy. Natzd from Eu.

Nepeta L. Catmint (L. Nepeta, Etruscan city) N. Cataria L. Catnip. Perennial branching pubescent herbs, up to 8 dm tall, with pale green foliage; internodes uniformly canescent with minute retrorse white hairs; leaves 3-7 cm long, petioled; blades ovate-cordate, white velvety below, with sparse pubescence above and 316

coarsely dentate margin; flowers 6-7 mm long, white, in terminal interrupted spikes; cymes leafy-bracted; calyx oblique, 15-nerved, constricted in the middle; lobes lance-subulate, spreading villous, the 3 upper somewhat longer and narrower than the 2 lower, tufted with hair at tips; corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper notched, concave, the lower with 3 rounded lateral lobes, median lobe flabellate, remote, spotted with purple; stamens 4, about equaling the cleft style; nutlets yellowish brown, minutely puberulent, 1.5 mm long, angled.--Occasional in area. 2086 site of old cabin, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9090 terrace, Prairie L, sw St. Louis Co. Jy-Aug. Natzd from Eu.

Dracocephalwn L. Dragonhead (Gr. dracon, dragon; cephale, head; for the shape of the corolla) D. parviflorum Nutt. Common Dragonhead. Plants up to 6 dm tall, annual or biennial, often branched from the base; stems pubescent with incurved hairs; leaves petioled, 2-6 cm long; blades firm, lanceolate or lance-oblong, impressed veined above, sharply serrate, puberulent on veins below; flowers bright pink or lilac in capitate, leafy-bracted clusters; bracts ovate, with long spinescent teeth, hirtellous and ciliate, tufted with longer hairs below each sinus; calyx 9 mm long, 15-ribbed, accrescent; lobes subequal, the upper widest, ovate, aristate about as long as the tube; corolla 9-10 mm long, mostly included except for the spreading 3-lobed lip; upper lobe notched; stamens 4, with divergent anthers overtopping the cleft stigma; gynobase slightly elevated; lobes of the ovary oblong-truncate with minute persistent pile at the summit; nutlets 2 mm long, dark brown, smooth, transversely 3-angular, the outer face rounded; endocarp stony.--Frequent, sandy soil and dry rocky slopes throughout. 1619 bayshore sand, Minn Pt; 14215 among lichens, rocky slope, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary. Que to Yuk, NE to Ariz. Je-Aug.

Prune I la L. Self-heal (German brdune, quinsy; because some of the plants were supposed to cure the disease) P. vulgaris L. Common Self-heal. Perennial pubescent herbs, up to 6 dm tall, from ascending leafy caudices; stems erect or decumbent; leaves petioled, 3-8 cm long; blades ovate or lanceolate, nearly glabrous to densely pubescent, crenate-margined, usually dentate below the middle; flowers in terminal spikes; floral bracts ovate-cordate, apiculate, subtending a cyme of 3 flowers; calyx bilabiate, green or purple, lobes aristate, loosely hairy outside, the upper 3 ovate, folded over the 2 lower, lance-subulate lobes; corolla erect or ascending, 12-16 mm long, the upper lip entire, hooded, violet or, rarely, white, the lower 3-lobed, white, with lacerate middle lobe; stamens 4, with forked filaments, the lower pair purple, the upper white; anthers divergent; style filiform, arching with the filaments beneath the upper lip; nutlets smooth and shiny; nectary prominent. Leaves ovate. Corolla violet or purple, at least the upper lip P. vulgaris var. vulgaris Corolla white f. albiflora Leaves lanceolate. Calyx green var. lanceolata Calyx purple f. iodocalyx 317

Var. vulgar is L. Meadows and forest throughout area. 8404 Armstrong L, between Ely and Soudan; 13786 black ash swamp, Crane L, near Congdon Resort. Across cont. Natzd from Eurasia. Je-Aug. f. albiflora (Bogenh.) Britt. Differs from var. vulgaris in having an all-white corolla. 16284 growing with typical form, terrace, L Superior, Duluth waterworks. Var. lanceolata (Bart.) Fern. Differs from var. vulgaris in habit and in form of leaf: the stems are erect and the lanceolate cuneate blades taper to petioles. 4438 mixed forest, Normanna T, 16 mi n of Duluth. f. iodocalyx Fern. Differs from the preceding in having purple calyx. 12921 Namekan L terrace, Kettle Falls; 10734 rocky slope, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth, 60th Ave W.

Physostegia Benth. False Dragonhead (Gr. physa, bladder; siege, covering; refers to inflated calyx) P. formosior Lunell. Obedient Plant. Plants up to 9 dm tall, from spreading rhizomes.; stems lustrous, purplish below; leaves 8-12 cm long, lanceolate or oblanceolate, the lowermost petioled; margin sharply serrate almost to the base; teeth curving, each terminating in a callus; spikes up to 18 cm long; flowers 1.8-2 cm long; calyx funnel-form, the lobes deltoid apiculate, minutely puberulent and intermixed with a few sessile, capitate glands; corolla rose purple, strongly 2-lipped, ciliated at the throat; upper lip slightly arching, concave, the margin with shallow notch, the lower 3-lobed, the median spreading, recurved, notched; lateral lobes emarginate, apiculate; upper lip with 5 parallel veins to the lower lip; corolla throat and lower lip spotted with madder purple, lined with darker pink; filaments pubescent; anthers bluish purple, locules parallel, flanking the 2-parted stigma; nutlets brown, smooth, 2.5-3 mm long, sharply margined on angles, the outer face broadest, enclosed within the enlarged reticulate-veined calyx.--Frequent, low woods, shores. 4191 St. Louis R bank at Fond du Lac; 9364 shore of Prairie R, sw St. Louis Co. Also in Jay Cooke State Pk, in Carlton Co. Que to Minn and se. Jy-Aug.

Galeopsis L. Hemp Nettle (Gr. galee, weasel; ops is, likeness; refers to upper lip) G. Tetrahit L. Common Hemp Nettle. Bristly, branching, annual herbs, up to 8 dm tall; stems swollen at internodes, retrorsely hairy; internodes longer than the petioled leaves; blades 3-6 cm long, appressed pubescent, impressed-veined, the principal veins pinnate, running to sinuses between the ovate mucronate teeth; petioles shorter than blades, bristly hairy; inflorescence copiously hispid pubescent, the hairs mixed with stalked glands; flowers in interrupted, leafy-bracted spikes; calyx regular, the lance-subulate teeth hairy, ciliate, spinescent in fruit; corolla lilac pink or white, minutely puberulent, strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip entire, concave, arching over the anthers and the stigma; the median lobe of the lower lip crested by a conoidal spur, the lateral lobes ovate; stamens 4; anthers verti-

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cal; stigmas 2; nutlets 1.8 mm long, light brown, angled, smooth, the open calyx slightly constricted at the throat.--Common, disturbed soil, forest borders throughout area. 11401 St. Louis R woods, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 4884 rdside, Island L n of Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Sept.

Stachys L. Hedge-Nettle (Gr. stachys, spike; refers to inflorescence) Perennial rhizomatous herbs; leaves dentate to nearly entire; flowers in spikes; calyx 5-10ribbed, open in fruit; corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, anthers divergent; stigmas 2, the upper smaller; nutlets subtended by a prominently lobed glandular disc. Lower leaves sessile; internodes and calyx pilose hirsute . . . 5. palustris Lower leaves petioled; internodes and calyx glabrous or nearly so 8. tenuifolia S. palustris L. (inclusive of variations) Woundwort. Plants 2.5-8 dm tall, spreading by rhizomes; stems hispid-hirsute or glabrate along the angles, the sides often puberulent to densely hairy; pubescence often viscid, intermixed with glandular hairs; leaves 2.5-8 cm long, sessile below and above, the median often short-petioled; blades narrowly lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, truncate or subcordate, hairy or glabrate, crenate dentate; spikes interrupted, the whorls of 4-6 flowers leafy-bracted; calyx glandular hirsute, 7-9 mm long; lobes nearly equal, lance-subulate or narrowly deltoid; marginal veins as prominent as the midvein, fused and ending in the teeth; corolla 1-1.5 cm long, puberulent, especially on the lobes, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, lower 3-lobed, dilated at the throat, rose purple to lilac or bluish, variegated and spotted with darker shades; throat sometimes suffused with yellow; tube obliquely campanulate with a distinct ventral swelling above the constricting fringe of cilia within; filaments sparsely pubescent, erect, equaling to shorter than the upper lip; nutlets 2-2.2 mm long, obovoid, smooth, dark brown.--Shores, meadows, and springy slopes throughout. 9446 shore of Kabetogama L near Pk Pt resort; 18863 high slopes of Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Circumpolar. Jy-Aug. 8. tenuifolia Willd. var. hispida (Pursh) Fern. Thin-leaved Woundwort. Plants up to 8 dm tall, with spreading rhizomes; stems glabrous or sparsely hirtellous on angles, usually reddish purple; leaves narrowly lanceolate or ovate-oblong, up to 6 cm long, petioled; blades thin, glabrous or hispid, especially on the veins below; floral bracts ciliate; calyx teeth smooth, the tube sparsely hirtellous on the vein toward the base; corolla rose purple, the upper lip on a level with the upper pair of anthers; nutlets 2 mm long, clavate, stalked.-Infrequent in area. 5611 sandy shore rd, Bass L, s of Gilbert; 18892 swampy shore, Vermilion R, Gold Mine Camp. NH to Minn, s to Ind, 111. Jy-Aug.

Lamium L. Dead-Nettie (L. lamium, nettle-like plant) L. amplexicaule L. Henbit. Annual plants, up to 3 dm tall, from decumbent bases; stems glabrous or puberulent above; petioles pubescent; blades pubescent below, glabrescent above, suborbicular to reniform, palmately veined, with 5-7 rounded to incised lobes; upper leaves sessile, subtending whorls of purple flowers; calyx turbinate 4-7 mm long, the tube with 5 319

primary nerves, the teeth ciliate with white hairs; corolla 12-16 mm long, with slender tube and dilated throat; upper lip erect, subentire, pubescent; lateral lobes of the deeply divided lower lip folded over the pouch-like throat; filaments ascending against the upper lip; anthers pubescent; nutlets olive brown, 2.5 mm long, truncate at the summit, somewhat clavate, sharply keeled on inner angle.--In cult ground. 20277 arboretum, Fond du Lac, Duluth. Je-Sept. Nfld to Lab, Minn and se. Adv from Eu.

Satureja L. Savory (L. sapor, Old French savor, flavor) 5. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch var. neogaea Fern. Wild Basil. Hairy perennial herbs, up to 5.5 dm tall, with creeping rhizomes; stems slender, reddish at base, retrorsely villous; leaves petioled, 3-5 cm long; blades ovate, softly hirsute, impressed veined; flowers in dense cymes; floral bracts linear, hirsute, ciliolate with long white hairs, partly with glandtipped hairs; calyx bilabiate, up to 8 mm long, the tube dorsally curving, 15-ribbed; the lower teeth lance-subulate, the upper ovate, all aristate and ciliate with long hairs; corolla bright rose, up to 13 mm long; upper lip ascending, shallowly notched, the middle lobe of the lower lip emarginate; throat dilated, fringed with hair of equal length; stamens 4, with diverging anthers, appressed against the upper lip, surpassed by the style; the functional ventrally curving stigma expanded at tip, the posterior obsolete; nutlets pale brown, smooth, compressed ovoid with a prominent gynobase.--Occasional in n part of area, on dry banks and rocks. 14833 in lichen and moss mats, high granite rocks, island in Rainy L. 15334 dry rocky bank, Vermilion L, End of the Trail Lodge. Nfld to Man, s to Col, Tenn, NC. Jy-Aug.

Pycnanthemam Michx. Mountain Mint (Gr. pycnos, dense; anthemon, flower) P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jacks. Mountain Mint. Perennial erect plants, up to 9 dm tall, from spreading, hard rhizomatous base; stems glabrous below, minutely pubescent above, at least on angles; leaves linear, 3-5 cm long, sessile, entire; axils with leafy fascicles; flowers in terminal, compact cymes, subtended by ovate-lanceolate, glandular-dotted, villous bracts; flowers 7-8 mm long, white, faintly suffused with lilac and spotted with rose purple; calyx tubular, 3-4 mm long; lobes equal, fringed; teeth tufted with villous hairs; corolla dilated at the throat, minutely villous without and velvety within with longer appressed hairs; upper lip notched, erect, the lower deeply 3-lobed; stamens 4, anther locules parallel, barely exserted; style equaling the upper lip; stigmas 2; nutlets ovoid, pale brown, 1 mm long.--Known in area from a single locality, Gun L n of Ely, Superior National Forest. 18020 in cr bank vegetation on portage between Gull and Gun L. Ga, Ala, to ND, Minn. Jy-Aug.

Monarda L. Bergamot (For Monardes, Spanish botanist, author of Useful Plants of the New World) M. fistulosa L. var. mollis (L.) Benth. Wild Bergamot. Perennials up to 10 dm tall, from rhizomatous base; stems strict or branching above, often purple, glabrate below, minutely canes320

cent with incurved hairs toward the summit; leaves petioled; blades 3-10 cm long, deltoid, acuminate, sharply serrate, teeth ascending, usually longer near the base, finely pubescent and whitish below, at least on the veins, glabrate to pubescent above and copiously resindotted on both surfaces; inflorescence hemispheric, capitate, surrounded by sessile foliar bracts; flowers in dense cymose clusters with pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx tubular, 7-8 mm long, 15-ribbed; teeth firm, subulate, with scattered marginal glands; throat copiously hirsute with straight to spreading hairs; corolla rose purple, up to 3 cm long, viscid villous; tube slender, curving ventrally, and expanding toward the throat with widely arching lips; upper lip erect, in line with the tube, narrow, concave, produced to a rounded apex; lower lip with parallel margins, folded except for the spreading 3-lobed apex; lateral lobes short, rounded, the median prolonged to a glabrous cleft tip; stamens 2; anthers divergent, confluent on dorsally arching filaments, sometimes surpassing the slender style; functional stigma 1; nutlets smooth, pale brown, rounded, 1 mm long, subtended by a prominent glandular disc.-Infrequent, sandy shores, rocky slopes. 6145 under pines, sand ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 15409 Vermilion L bank at Moccasin Pt Lodge. Me to Sask, s to Ga, Ala. Aug.

Hedeoma-PeTS. Pennyroyal (Gr. hedys, sweet; osme, scent) H. hispida Pursh. Hairy Pennyroyal. Hispid annuals with entire, ciliate, linear to narrowly lanceolate leaves; stems 4-angled, retrorsely hoary pubescent; flowers lilac pink, borne in loose cymes in the upper axils of leaf-like bracts; calyx gibbous, 2-lipped, fringed at the throat, unequally cleft, the upper lip longer than the lower, with 3 shorter, wider teeth, those of the lower lip longer, subulate, aristate; corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched, erect, flat, the lower 3-lobed and spreading; functional anthers 2, divergent, orange-yellow; the functional stigma turned ventrally, the posterior, vestigial.--Rare. Known from Duluth. 6197 and 18861. 3121 dry exposed rocks, Skyline Pkwy about 34th Ave W. NY to Sask, s to Tex, La. Je-Jy.

Lycopus L. Water-Horehound (Gr. lycose, wolf; pous, foot) Resin-dotted perennial plants; stolons usually tuber-bearing; leaves serrate or pinnatifid; calyx 4-5-lobed, open at the throat; corolla 4-5-lobed, somewhat irregular; stamens 2, with style usually exserted, sometimes with 2 vestigial filaments; nutlets margined. Lowermost leaves petioled; floral bracts minute. Calyx lobes ovate, in fruit usually shorter to a little longer than the nutlets; leaves sharply serrate, base of stem tuber-bearing L. uniflorus Calyx lobes acute, firm and pointed, in fruit surpassing the nutlets; leaves incised, pinnatifid; base of stem not tuber-bearing L. americanus Leaves sessile; floral bracts conspicuous L. asper L. unifloras Michx. Common Water-Horehound. Plants 1-6 dm tall, with filiform stolons at lower nodes; stems sharply angled, minutely puberulent or glabrate; leaves 2-7 cm long, peti321

oled; blades elliptic, tapering at base and apex, glabrous; flowers 4-5 mm long, in axillary cymose clusters; calyx campanulate, with subequal lobes; corolla white, the upper 2 lobes notched, less spreading than the deeper-cut 3 lower lobes; staminodes 2, upright; functional stamens exserted with the style; mature nutlets pale brown, 1.1 mm long; border corky-lobed; inner sides and summit resin-dotted.--Common throughout area. 11593 black ash swamp, Floodwood R terrace, 6 mi n of Floodwood; 9890 sandy rdside sloping to a swamp, Hwy 1 s of Ely. Nfld to BC and s to la, NC. Je-Aug. L. americanus Muhl. Plants up to 8 dm tall, rhizomatous, without tubers; stems sharply angled, slender, erect, glabrous or minutely puberulent, especially toward the summit; leaves petioled, at least below, 3-7 cm long; lowermost blades deeply pinnatifid, often cleft close to the midrib, the upper shallowly incised, usually glabrous; flowers in axillary clusters, subtended by minute bracts; flowers 3-4.5 mm long, calyx teeth rigid; corolla white suffused with purple, lobes rounded, spreading; the throat, on the ventral side, minutely pubescent, mostly along the nerves; stamens and style exserted about 1.5-3 mm; filaments often deflexed or bent within the corolla; staminodes with delicate clavate-ovoid tips, sometimes showing above the sinuses; the posterior stigmatic branch smaller than the ventral; nutlets in fruit 1.1-1.3 mm long, evenly margined, the upper and the inner sides densely resin-dotted; gynobasic gland orange-yellow.--Common, moist forest and shores throughout area. 1604 sedge meadow, Minn Pt at the barrens, Duluth; 12919 heath bog, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Nfld to BC, se to Fla, Ala, w to Calif. Jy-Aug. L. asper Greene. Western Water-Horehound. Plants rhizomatous, with elongate tubers, rough pubescent; stems simple or branching below, up to 7 dm tall, relatively thick, margined on angles, reddish, especially in age, glabrate below, summit pubescent or puberulent; internodes much shorter than the ovate-oblong, sharply serrate leaves; flowers 4-5 mm long; calyx teeth minutely puberulent; corolla purplish, the rounded lobes spreading; stamens mostly included; staminodes with rounded orange-yellow tips; stigmas subequal; nutlets 2 mm long, margined, rugulose and resin-dotted at the summit.--Known in area only from Duluth. 6645 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor, Superior Bay; 19571 wet sand, Minn Pt, Superior Bay front. Alas to Calif, e to Mo, 111, Mich. Jy-Aug.

Mentha L. Mint (Gr. minthe, mint) Aromatic herbs with spreading rhizomes; leaves serrate, resin-dotted; flowers terminal or in axillary whorls; calyx and corolla 5-lobed, equal or nearly so; stamens 4, exserted style with nearly equal stigmas; nutlets smooth. Calyx lobes and tube pilose; leaves similar in size and form M. arvensis Calyx lobes pilose, the tube glabrous; upper leaves reduced in size M. cardiaca M. arvensis L. var. arvensis (inclusive of variations). Sweet Mint. Plants up to 6 dm tall, branching, spreading by rhizomes and leafy stolons, rooting at nodes; stems retrorsely pubescent on sides and angles, or glabrous on sides, or wholly glabrous below; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic, the blades often tapering at both ends, sharply serrate, densely villous or glabrescent, those at the 3-5 lowermost nodes orbicular or ovate, subentire, seen only in early summer before flowering; flowers short-pedicelled, 4-5 mm long, lilac purple,

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rarely white, in rounded clusters at upper axils; calyx tubular or narrowly campanulate, the lobes equal; corolla glabrous, with spreading lobes, the upper 2 a little narrower, with a notch-like sinus, the lower 3 more deeply cleft; anthers alike, functional; stigmas subequal; nutlets 1 mm long, yellowish brown, oblong ovoid. Var. arvensis, leaves lanceolate, broadest below the middle.--6611 shore Burntside L n of Ely; 7399 cr bed, Hwy 53 s of Canyon. Circumpolar. Jy-Aug. f. lanata (Piper) S. R. Stewart, leaves broadest near the middle; plants copiously pubescent.--6773, 6810 sandy shore, Superior Bay, Duluth. Nfld to Wash, s to Md, Calif. f. glabra (Benth.) S. R. Stewart, nearly smooth. 1725 with var. arvensis, bayshore, Minn Pt; 13789 forest cr bed, Crane L. Nfld to Wash, s to NY, Kans. Var. villosa (Benth.) S. R. Stewart, leaves cuneate, broadest near the middle, pubescence spreading.--15469 shore of Vermilion L; 11251 springy swamp, base of high cliff, Smith rd, French R distr. Nfld to Alas. JyAug. M. cardiaca Baker. Heart Balm. Nearly glabrous plants, up to 4 dm tall, from spreading rhizomes; leaves ovate, 3-6 cm long, sharply serrate; conspicuously smaller in upper nodes; petioles short, blades pubescent on the nerves below; corolla lilac purple, 4-5 mm long; calyx lobes pilose; stamens lacking; styles long-exserted, stigmas nearly equal; fruit not formed.--Referred to the species because of smaller floral leaves; the plants, probably constituting a clone, attracted attention because of their late, attractive flowers. 19587 sandfill, Superior Bay front, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Minn, s to 111. Adv from Eu. Sept-Oct.

SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY) Herbs or shrubs with simple alternate leaves; stamens 5; united to the corolla tube; anthers connivent; ovary 2-carpellate, 2-loculed, developing into a berry or capsule; flowers 5-merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, usually regular. Calyx not enlarging in fruit; berry exposed; anthers connivent around the style, opening by terminal clefts Solanum Calyx enlarging in fruit, becoming more or less inflated and concealing the berry; anthers separate, opening laterally along sides Physalis

Solanum L. Nightshade (L. solanum, nightshade) Herbs or shrubs with entire or remotely dentate or lobed leaves; flowers cymose or in axillary fascicles; corolla rotate, with lobes exceeding the tube; anthers longer than the filaments; fruit a berry. A vine; corolla purple; berries red 5. Dulcamara Erect plant; corolla white or bluish; berries purplish black 5. americanum S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet (name derived from root's property of seeming first bitter, then sweet, when chewed) or Poison Nightshade. A suffruticose, nearly glabrous vine; leaves ovate or lanceolate, petioled; blades auricled, variously lobed at base or entire; flowers in peduncled cymes, appearing lateral by subsequent growth of foliar branches; pedicels jointed, thick, clavate; calyx lobes wider than long, apiculate; corolla purple or white, 8-10 mm 323

long, with deep rounded sinuses between the ovate lobes, slightly puberulent without; lobes at length reflexed; tube short, glandular, with an oval green spot on each side of the midvein, just above and between the flattened filaments; anthers orange-yellow, puberulent, surpassed by the terete style; stigma minutely capitate; berry scarlet, ovoid, 10 mm long, subtended by the calyx and a lid-like glandular disc, persisting on vines through the winter; not eaten by birds. Escaping to blvds and thickets. 10829 among shrubs, North Shore, Lester Pk area. Introd from Eu. Jy-Aug. 5. americanum Mill. American Black Nightshade. Plants annual, .5-8 dm tall, strict or bushybranched; stems green, angled, glabrous to minutely puberulent; leaves up to 18 cm long; blades ovate or lanceolate, thin, entire or remotely dentate, tapering to petioles; flowers mostly in umbellate clusters on peduncles 1.5-3 cm long; calyx lobes oblong, acutish, 1.4 mm long, with short tube and narrow sinuses; lobes reflexed in fruit; corolla 4-5 mm long, the ovate-oblong lobes longer than the tube; filaments arising just below the sinuses, minutely pubescent on inner side; ovary globose, subtended by a glandular disc; style pubescent, enlarged at base; stigma capitate; berries blue-black, shiny, 6-8 mm thick, with 9-11 orange, subspherical concretions; seeds golden yellow, 1.5 mm long; testa firm, reticulate.--Occasional on shores. 1499 sandy trailside, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17162 edge of clearing, n shore, Vermilion L, portage to Trout L. Me to ND, se. Jy-Aug.

Physalis L. Ground-Cherry (Gr. physa, bladder; refers to inflated calyx) Annual or perennial, mostly pubescent, frequently viscid-villous herbs with entire leaves; flowers in axils, usually solitary, nodding; calyx becoming bladdery in fruit, mostly closed by calyx lobes. Plants annual; corolla rotate, white, yellow at base P. grandiflora Plants perennial; corolla funnel-form, greenish yellow, brownish at base. Stems viscid-villous with gland-tipped hairs; leaves velvety to touch, truncate or subcordate; berry yellow P. heterophylla Stems retrorsely appressed pubescent with stiff hairs; leaves harsh to touch, cuneate; berry red P. virginiana P. grandiflora Hook. Great-flowered Ground-Cherry. Plants up to 8 dm tall, viscid-pubescent, usually branching; stems angled, striate with decurrent lines; leaves with petioles up to 16 cm long, the blades ovate or lanceolate, margins entire to undulate; flowers axillary, solitary or in groups of 2-4; pedicels slender; calyx up to 13 mm long, with rounded sinuses, lobes 6-7 mm long, narrowing to oblong acutish tips, tube broadly campanulate; corolla 3-5 cm wide, white, frequently suffused with lilac, shallowly 5-lobed, minutely viscid-villous, throat yellow, bearded with villous hairs; filaments tapering somewhat upward; anthers oblong, 3-5 mm long; style terete; stigma capitate; berry 1.6 cm thick, within the inflated reticulate-veined calyx; orifice more or less open between the narrow lobes.--Occasional, especially in disturbed areas as a pioneer plant. 2540 sand dunes, Superior bay front of Minn Pt, Duluth; 7621 gravelly rd bed, Island L, 20 mi n of Duluth. Que to Sask, s to Mich, Minn. JyAug. . P. heterophylla Nees. var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. Downy Ground-Cherry. Plants rhizomatous, up to 3 dm tall, viscid-villous; stems branching from the base, angled and striate; leaves up 324

to 7 cm long; petioles shorter than the ovate to rhombic blades, margin sinuously dentate at least near the base; flowers on slender, solitary pedicels, up to 18 mm long; calyx becoming umbonate and much inflated; tube and deltoid lobes reticulate-veined; corolla funnel-form, plaited, each petal area of the expanded margin shallowly 3-lobed, the middle lobe shortdeltoid, minutely villous, the lateral, smooth, rounding to a broad shallow sinus on each side; corolla throat between the stamens modified with 5 oval areas fringed with villous hairs; anthers 3.5 mm long; filaments terete, clavate; berry 1.5 cm thick.--Rare. 16197a exposed bluff, Enger's golf course. Que to Minn, s Tex, and se. Jy-Aug. P. virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-Cherry. Plants up to 3 dm tall, perennial, from deepseated rhizomes, pubescent; stems branching above, retrorsely pubescent with hispid incurved hairs; leaf blades lanceolate, up to 7 cm long, petioled, cuneate at bases with undulate or entire margins; flowers solitary, nodding, 14-15 mm long; calyx campanulate, reticulateveined, the lobes narrowly deltoid, hispid ciliate; corolla funnel-form, yellow with brown center, the margin shallowly lobed; lobes apiculate, finely ciliolate; nerves of the corolla tube long villous with branching hairs closing the throat; filaments narrowly clavate;' ovary globose; berry 1.5 cm thick, red; calyx 3-3.5 cm long, umbonate, inflated.--Rare. 2769 gravelly slope close to Enger's golf course, Duluth, Skyline Pkwy. Ont to Minn, s to Fla. Jy-Aug.

SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) Herbs with simple opposite, alternate, or whorled leaves; calyx and corolla 2-5-merous; stamens 2-4, didynamous, rarely 5, the fifth usually a staminode; flowers syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, usually irregular; ovary 2-locular, capsule many-seeded, with septicidal dehiscence. Lower lip of the corolla folded under the upper in bud. Functional stamens 5; corolla rotate; plants velvety pubescent Verbascum Functional stamens 4-2; corolla strongly bilabiate. Corolla with nectar spur. Leaves alternate; flowers in spicate clusters, capsule symmetrical Linaria Leaves opposite; flowers axillary, pedicelled; capsule locules dissimilar Chaenorrhinum Corolla without nectar spur. Staminode conspicuous. Flowers in racemose to paniculate clusters; calyx not bracted. Corolla greenish brown; staminode abruptly dilated at apex, glabrous Scrophularia Corolla lilac to white; staminode bearded Penstemon Flowers in spicate clusters; calyx bracted Chelone Staminode wanting or, if present, not conspicuous. Calyx prismatic, nearly regular; corolla ringent, stamens 4 Mimulus Calyx not prismatic; corolla tubular, white; functional stamens 2. Calyx bracted; plants viscid villous Gratiola Calyx without bracts; plants glabrous Lindernia Lower lip folded over the upper in bud. Corolla not strongly bilabiate. Stamens 2; corolla rotate. 325

Leaves opposite, capsule compressed, emarginate Veronica Leaves whorled; capsules terete Veronicastrum Stamens 4; corolla funnel-form Gerardia Corolla strongly bilabiate. Leaves alternate; upper lip hooded; anther locules dissimilar. Floral bracts showy scarlet, corolla concealed Castilleja Floral bracts green; corolla bright yellow, exposed Orthocarpus Leaves opposite; upper lip helmet-like; anther locules similar. Leaves linear, entire, the bracteal leaves sometimes coarsely toothed; corolla yellowish, capsule 4-seeded Melampyrum Leaves ovate, sharply dentate; corolla lilac, capsules several-seeded . . . Euphrasia

Verbascum L. Mullein (L. verbascum, mullein) V. Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Biennial woolly herbs, up to 1.5 m tall, from deep taproot; stem strict, winged at internodes by decurrent leaf bases; rosette leaves oblanceolate, velvety with stellate branching hairs; blades entire, narrowing to short winged petioles; cauline leaves similar, progressively smaller and shorter-petioled toward the summit, veins pinnate, obscured by tomentum; flowers in terminal spikes; floral bracts lanceolate, subulate, about equaling the sessile flowers; calyx deeply cleft into 5 lanceolate lobes, tomentose without, glabrous within; corolla nearly regular, sparsely tomentose; stamens 5, arising near the base of the corolla tube, exserted; filaments thickened upward, the upper 3 densely fringed with long clavate hairs, the lower 2 sparsely so; anthers reniform, dehiscent across the summit; ovary conoidal, woolly; style woolly below the middle, stigma capitate; capsule 6-8 mm long; seeds numerous, small, peg-shaped.--Frequent in disturbed soils. 8500 gravelly rdside, Hwy 21, s of Ely. 13549 rocky ledges, Old North Shore Rd, Lester Pk area, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Sept.

Linaria Hill. Wild Snapdragon (L. linum, flax; for leaf similarity) L. vulgar is Hill. Butter-and-Eggs. Colony-forming perennial glabrous herbs, profusely spreading by underground rhizomes; stems wiry, terete, up to 7 dm tall; leaves numerous, entire; sessile, linear or oblanceolate, alternate or in clusters of 2-3; midvein prominent, often paralleled by obscure submarginal veins; inflorescence a racemiform spike; bracts linear, subulate; flowers yellow, 10-15 mm long; calyx deeply cleft into lanceolate, unequal lobes; corolla with erect upper lip, the lower with a prominent furrowed orange palate produced into a long attenuate spur; throat bearded with outwardly bending hairs; stamens ascending within the recessed upper lip; anther locules divergent, connate; staminode prominent; ovary pyriform; capsule cylindric, tipped with the style base; seeds numerous, flat, suborbicular, 1.51.8 mm in diameter, encircled by wing.--Ballast along shores and rrs. 9556 shorerocks, Kabetogama L, Gappa's Landing; 14475 cleared slope, Midway Rd near Nopeming. Natzd from Eu. JeSept.

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Chaenorrhinum Reichenb. Dwarf Snapdragon (Gr. chainein, to gape; rhis, snout) C. minus (L.) Lange. Dwarf Snapdragon. Annual glandular-pubescent herbs with simple or branching stems, .5-2 dm tall; leaf blades oblanceolate, tapering to short petioles; flowers 5-8 mm long, solitary; calyx deeply cleft into subequal linear lobes; corolla lilac, throat yellow or white with purple pubescent lines; upper lip erect, the lower produced to a blunt spur, the limb with an everted fold rimming the depressed palate; anthers purple, divergent; staminode small; capsule globose, somewhat oblique, opening by terminal pores; seeds brown, oblong, .5 mm long, with longitudinal ridges.--Uncommon. 6205 ballast along rr right-of-way, growing in gravel, New Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je-Aug.

Scrophularia L. Figwort (Because it was thought to be a remedy for scrofula) •S. lanceolata Pursh. Common Figwort. Perennial herbs, from spreading rhizomes, up to 1 m tall; stems 4-angled, glabrous below, glandular puberulent above; leaves opposite, 5-12 cm long, blades lanceolate, subcordate to truncate, sharply serrate, glabrous; petioles 1-3 cm long, glabrous; inflorescence a terminal panicle; flowers 11-13 mm long; calyx lobes equal, ovate, purplish, longer than the tube; corolla bronzed, purplish, slightly constricted at throat, lobes of the upper lip broadly ovate, erect, with overlapping edges above the sinus, the lower lip with a reflexed median lobe; lateral lobe erect to spreading, corolla tube becoming well filled with nectar; stamens 4, filaments viscid-pubescent, compressed, upwardly dilated, the upper pair shorter; anthers yellow, transverse, opening at summit; staminode flabellate, thickened; ovary subtended by a glandular disc; style ventrally bent; stigma capitate; capsule brown, conoidal, beaked; seeds oblong, 1 mm long, light brown; testa reticulate. --Frequent in sandy soil. 1520 sand ridge under pines, Minn Pt, Duluth. 8506 gravelly bank, Hwy 21 s of Ely. NS to BC, s to SC, 111, w to Calif. Jy-Aug.

Penstemon Mitchell. Beard-tongue (L. pente, five; stemon, stamen) Perennial herbs; stems bluntly 4-angled; leaves opposite; flowers in racemose or paniculate clusters, 5-merous; staminode bearded and clavate or hooked; ovary subtended by a glandular disc; style slender; stigma capitate; capsules conoidal; seeds numerous, angular. Plants more or less pubescent; flowers 2.5 cm long or less. Corolla white exteriorly, abruptly inflated below the throat; leaves villous P. pallidus Corolla lilac, gradually widened toward the throat; leaves glabrous P. gracilis Plants glabrous; flowers 4-5 cm long P. grandifloras P. pallidus Small. White Beard-tongue. Plants up to 6 dm tall, from strong, firm caudex; stems villous; internodes shorter than the leaves, often purplish; rosette leaves up to 8 cm long, the blades 1-2 cm wide, oblanceolate, shorter than the slender petioles; cauline leaves sessile, clasping, lanceolate, entire to denticulate, sparsely villous; corolla purple with-

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in, up to 18 mm long; calyx deeply 5-cleft into ovate equal lobes; corolla tube constricted below, abruptly inflated toward the throat; upper lip erect or spreading, lower somewhat depressed, the throat with a median furrow and sparsely bearded lateral folds; staminode inserted near the middle of the corolla tube, dorsally thickened and bearded with yellow hairs; anterior filaments with yellow glandular bases arising from the corolla tube below the middle; anthers divergent, reddish purple; capsule conoidal; style slender with subcapitate stigma; seeds numerous, small and angular.--Rare. 10650 rdside vegetation at the jet of Prairie L rd and Hwy 2 at Gowan, s of Floodwood; 16194 meadow, Hwy 61 near Tofte, Cook Co. se states. Jy-Aug. P. gracilis Nutt. Slender Beard-tongue. Plants up to 4 dm tall, from ascending rhizomes; stems minutely viscid pubescent above; lower internodes glabrous; basal leaves 7-10 cm long, glabrous, narrowly oblanceolate or elliptic, the blades tapering to margined petioles; cauline leaves sessile, glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or denticulate, progressively shorter upward; calyx deeply 5-cleft into equal ovate-acuminate lobes; corollas 2.2-2.5 cm long, lilac or pale violet, blotched with yellow, veined with darker lines; corolla lobes short-rounded, erect to reflexed; corolla throat inflated, grooved, with hirtellous folds about half as long as the tube; staminode arising near the middle of the corolla tube, uniformly bearded with straight yellow hairs, the yellow filament bases glandular; anthers lilac purple, divergent; capsule conoidal; seeds minutely reticulate, curved, .8 mm long.--Hills above L Superior from Duluth to Knife R and along Can border lakes. 2556 grassy crevices of basaltic rocks, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 14330 vegetation mats on granite ledges, Namekan Narrows. Alta to Ont, Minn, Wis, SD. Je-Jy. P. grandiflorus Nutt. Great-flowered Beard-tongue. Plants glabrous and glaucous, up to 1 m tall; stems bluntly 4-angled, with internodes shorter than to equaling the leaves; leaves entire, fleshy, the basal obovate, narrowed to winged petioles, the cauline successively smaller, ovate, clasping at upper internodes; inflorescence a raceme; floral bracts apiculate; pedicels 4-6 mm long; calyx deeply cleft, lobes lanceolate, finely parallel-veined; corolla 4-5 cm long, lilac blue; tube abruptly expanded to a campanulate inflated limb; lobes rounded, those of the upper lip reflexed, the lower lip somewhat longer with wider lobes; sterile stamen hooked and bearded with short yellow hairs; filament bases of the posterior pair of stamens glandular, bright orange; anthers purple, divaricate; ovary conoidal; style slender, included; stigma subcapitate.--Rare. 10626 colony of a dozen plants, rdside between Poupore and Brookston, Hwy 2. Wyo to Wis, s 111, Mo, Okla. Je-Jy.

Che lone L. Turtlehead (Gr. chelone, turtle, for resemblance to turtle's head) C. glabra L. Turtlehead. Mostly glabrous, branching perennials, up to 1 m tall; internodes bluntly angled; leaves sessile or narrowed to a petiole, 3-4 mm long, puberulent, lanceolate, up to 13 cm long; leaf blades sharply serrate; flowers 2-3 cm long, in terminal spicate racemes; calyx deeply cleft into ovate, minutely ciliolate, nearly equal lobes; corolla white, dorsally inflated, lower lip with an orbicular median lobe, auricled at base; palate of 2 lateral ridges or folds, bearded with white pilose hairs, often suffused with purple within; lower pair of stamens slightly longer than the upper; filaments white, ventrally bearded with long white silky hairs; staminode green, hair-tufted, about as long as the filaments; anthers hairy, connate; style arching against the upper lip back of the stamens; stigma 2-lobed; ova-

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ry subtended by a yellow glandular disc; capsule ovoid; seeds flat, circular, 3.5-4.5 mm in diameter; encircled by a broad wing.--Common, marshy meadows and shores, except in the extreme n. 1643 Superior Bay shore, Minn Pt; 15539 swampy rdside near Fraser Bay, Vermilion L. Nfld to Minn, s to Ga. Jy-Aug.

Mimulus L. Monkey-flower (L. minus, a buffoon; for gaping corolla throat) M. ringens L. Common Monkey-flower. Glabrous perennials, up to 7 dm tall, from ascending rhizome; stem simple or branching, 4-sided, margined on angles; leaves oblong or oblanceolate; auricles at sessile bases remotely serrate; pedicels axillary, 3-5 cm long, clavate; calyx 10-12 mm long, teeth equal, sinuses rounded, minutely ciliolate; corolla deep blue, up to 2.4 cm long, cylindric, minutely glandular, upper lip erect, the two spreading lobes with a narrow, shallow sinus, lower lip with 3 spreading lobes and a pubescent median groove and lateral folds, purplish blue merging to the white velvety palate, often suffused with yellow; anterior stamens longer; anthers in line with the funnel-like stigma; capsule cylindric, 1012 mm long; seeds reticulate, .8 mm long, yellowish brown, curved at each end.--Frequent, shores and marshes throughout area. 1696 shore bog of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13379 top of beaver lodge, Moose L Bay, 1 mi e of Frontier Lodge, Ash R mouth. Que to Sask, s La, Fla. Jy-Sept. Gratiola L. Hedge-hyssop (L. gratia, grace or favor, from fancied medicinal virtues) G. neglecta Torr. Favor-wort. Plants up to 3 dm tall, annual, viscid-pilose; stems weak, diffusely branched or simple; leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, tapering to sessile bases, remotely dentate; flowers axillary; pedicels equaling the subtending leaves; calyx deeply cleft into narrow, linear, subequal lobes, 2-5 mm long; corolla tubular, 7-10 mm long, the tube yellowish, the lobes white or faintly lilac, upper lip notched, bearded within with clavate hairs, the lobes of the lower lip subequal, sparsely pubescent in lines ventral to the base of the tube; posterior pair of stamens functional, inserted near the middle of the tube, the anterior obsolete or nearly so, anthers with orbicular connective appearing saucer-like; style included, slender; ovary conoidal; stigma 2-lipped, with papillate stigmatic surface between; capsule 3-5 mm long, pyramidal; seeds .8 mm long, prismatic, ridged, finely marked with transverse striations.--Occasional, shores and disturbed soils. 5160 silty shore of pond, Sparta, near Gilbert; 16887 muddy depressions, terrace of Whiteface R, Hwy 133. BC to Ont, Me, Minn, s to Ga. Jy-Aug.

Lindernia All. False Pimpernel (For Franz Balthasar von Lindern) L. dubia (L.) Penn. False Pimpernel. Plants annual, up to 2.5 dm tall, glabrous, diffusely branching, spreading, often mat forming, or stems simple; leaves sessile; blades obovate or lanceolate, entire or remotely dentate, 1-2.5 cm long; flowers in axils; pedicels shorter to longer than the subtending leaves; calyx deeply cleft into linear lobes, 3-5 mm long; corolla

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tubular, 7-9 mm long, white, usually suffused with lilac, the upper lip notched, arching, the lower 3-lobed, spreading, the throat lined with darker lilac; posterior pair of stamens functional, inserted near the middle of the corolla tube, the anterior vestigial or wholly absent; anthers divergent, coherent; ovary conoidal; style flattened above; stigmas 2, rhombic, flaplike, coiling vertically toward the plug-like base of the style in age; capsule 4-5 mm long; seeds prismatic, .5 mm long, lustrous, with transverse aureoles; flowers in late summer, cleistogamous.--Plants from the area, including the matted shore forms, seem referable to the typical form.--Occasional, shores of lakes and rivers. 15871 abundant, drying shore of Myrtle L n of Orr; 18511 muddy shore of Swan R, n of Toivola. Que to Ont, Minn, NS, NE, Ga, w to Calif. Jy-Aug.

Veronica L. Speedwell (Probably from St. Veronica) Plants annual or perennial with creeping rhizomes; leaves opposite; flowers 4-merous; corolla rotate, 4-lobed, the upper lobe of 2 united lobes; stamens 2; anther locules parallel; capsule flattened, usually notched. Perennials, flowers commonly in racemiform clusters. Inflorescence terminal. Racemes few-flowered; corolla white; plants low, mat-forming . . . . V. serpyllifolia Racemes spiciform, many-flowered; corolla blue; plants tall, not mat-forming V. longifolia Inflorescence axillary. Leaves sessile; flowers lilac; fruit flattened V. scutellata Leaves petioled; flowers blue, rarely white; fruit turgid, subterete . . V. americana Annuals, flowers solitary in leaf axils. Flowers sessile; corolla white; leaves spatulate V. peregrina Flowers pedicelled; corolla blue; leaves ovate-rounded V. persica V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Plants up to 2 dm tall, from spreading rhizomatous base, minutely puberulent with incurved brownish hairs; stems with elongate upper internodes; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, remotely and obscurely dentate; floral bracts alternate; pedicels 3-5 mm long, ascending, minutely pubescent; calyx 2-3 mm long, deeply cleft into obtuse equal lobes; corolla 2-3 mm long; lobes bright white, the upper widest, retuse, the middle narrowest; stamens 2, filaments slightly clavate, inserted at the posterior sinuses; anthers yellow; ovary subtended by a yellow glandular disc; style somewhat thickened upward; stigmas 2; capsules compressed, notched at apex; seeds numerous, 1 mm long, compressed, smooth.--Frequent, lawns and grassed blvds. 2447 in moist soil on flat outcrops of high rocks, Skyline Pkwy, 30th Ave W, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je-Aug. V. longifolia L. f. glabra (Schrad.) Aschers & Graebn. Plants up to 9 dm tall, from spreading subligneous base; stems upright, 4-angled, glabrous; lowermost leaves commonly verticillate, the upper opposite, with axillary leaf tufts; blades lanceolate acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous; petioles shorter than the blades, margined; raceme prolonged, peduncle puberulent; pedicels 1-2 mm long; calyx 2-3 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate, shorter than the corolla tube; stamens long exserted; styles filiform, exserted, tipped with small capitate stigmas; capsule compressed, notched, 2-3 mm long.--Escaping from gardens. 15431 grassy blvd, 17th Ave E above 8th St, Duluth. Introd from Eu. Jy-Aug.

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V. scutellata L. f. scutellata. Marsh Speedwell. Perennial rhizomatous plants, up to 6 dm long, with filiform stolons, glabrous or villous with viscid pubescence in f. villosa Schumacher; stems lax, ascending, with internodes shorter than the sessile, linear acuminate leaves; racemes several, diffuse and spreading in axils; peduncles zig-zag; pedicels filiform, reflexed and arcuate; floral bracts subulate; flowers pinkish lilac, rarely nearly white; calyx 2-3 mm long, deeply cleft into ovate lobes; corolla 3-4 mm long; lobes spreading, striate with darker lilac on the veins; stamens included, inserted at the posterior sinuses; ovary flat, notched; style filiform; stigma minutely capitate; capsule deeply cordate or reniform, surpassing the calyx lobes and tipped by slender style; seeds yellow, lustrous, oval, compressed, relatively large and few, 4-5 in each locule, the body 1.4 mm long; embryo with endosperm.--Frequent, damp hollows and marshy shores, f. scutellata 9936 shore of Prairie R, sw St. Louis Co; 16819 shore of Boulder Bay, Lac La Croix; f. villosa 2090a in dry silt of an intermittent pond, Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 13253 cr bank, Kettle Falls of Rainy L. V. americana (Raf.) Schwein. American Brooklime. Aquatic, glabrous herbs, up to 5 dm long, with decumbent rhizomatous bases; blades lanceolate or ovate, 2-6 cm long; calyx deeply lobed; corolla lobes spreading, violet, striate with rose toward the short white tube; posterior pair of stamens inserted at the upper sinuses; anther sacs short; ovary compressed; style filiform; stigma capitate, crimson, exserted above calyx lobes; capsule obcordate, suborbicular; seeds numerous, .8 mm long, minutely reticulate, coated with mucilage.--Occasion-, al, cr. 2010 spring-fed cr, Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 7579 mossy border, bog forest, Cloquet Valley forestry station. Nfld to Alas, s to Neb, Mo, w to Calif. Jy-Aug. V. peregrina L. var. xalapensis (HBK.) St. John. Wandering Speedwell. Plants annual, 1-3 dm tall; stems usually branched above the middle or simple, viscid villous with delicate glandtipped hairs; leaves mostly glabrous or with a few scattered hairs on margins and nerves below, sessile; blades oblong, obtuse, remotely dentate; floral axes prolonged; bracts villous, alternate, exceeding the sessile flowers; calyx 3-4 mm long, deeply cleft; corolla white, 2-3 mm long, with uppermost lobe notched; stamens from the posterior sinuses equal the corolla lobes; ovary villous; style slender; stigma capitate; capsule obcordate, equaling to shorter than the sepals; seeds yellowish, lustrous, ovoid-compressed, .7 mm long.--Occasional, muddy depressions, disturbed soils. 5601 bare soil, pk grounds, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14921 sandy beach, Pine Island, Kabetogama L. Que to Alas, s to Mex. Jy-Aug. V. persica Poir. Bird's eye. Prostrate or declining annuals branched from the base; stems and foliage softly villous; leaves ovate or suborbicular, prominently crenate dentate; pedicels filiform, axillary, 1-2.5 cm long; calyx campanulate, the lobes ovate, ciliate, tripleveined, short puberulent; corolla surpassing the calyx, 7-10 mm wide; upper lip clear blue with darker veins, lower pale blue to lilac; anthers orange yellow; capsule 7 mm wide, emarginate, villous, reticulate-veined, tipped by the elongate style.--Adv in gardens. 20125 among cult flowers in the Northups' garden, Duluth. Natzd from Eurasia.

Veronicas tram Fabricius. Culver's Physic (L. Veronica, a Christian saint; astrum, star) V. virginicum (L.) Farw. Culver's Root. Perennial glabrous or pubescent plants, up to 1.5 m tall, from stout rhizomes; stem base terete, with many short internodes and early-deciduous 331

leaves; the upper internodes bluntly 4-angled, usually shorter than the leaves, glabrous or with evanescent brown hairs; leaves in whorls of 3-5; blades lanceolate or elliptic, sharply serrate, firm, prominently veined, glabrous, subsessile, or with petioles 3-5 mm long; flowers in dense spike-like racemes, the elongate terminal one usually with 3-6 axillary clusters below, subtended by bracts; flowers white, often flushed with pink, subtended by subulate bracts; calyx tubular, about 3 mm long, cleft into subequal lobes; stamens 2, exserted; anther locules parallel; ovary pyramidal, subtended by a glandular disc; style filiform, longexserted, slightly thickened at base, with a small stigma; capsule dehiscent apically into 4 valves; seeds .8 mm long, reticulate, often only a few developing.--Infrequent in area. 2032 hardwood association, Big L portage, headwaters of St. Louis R; 3819 border of maple-basswood association, Arlington Ave near Garden St, Duluth. NE to Man, s to Tex, Fla. Jy-Aug.

Gerardia L. Gerardia (For John Gerard, herbalist) Annual or perennial herbs, stems 4-angled, leaves opposite, sessile; flowers rose purple; stamens 4; capsule globose. Pedicels much shorter than flowers; corolla pubescent within G. paupercula Pedicels longer than flowers; corolla glabrous within G. tenuifolia G. paupercula (Gray) Britt. Northern Gerardia. Plants annual, up to 4 dm tall; stem simple or branching, smooth, purplish, turning black on drying; leaves narrowly linear, puberulent, falcate on drying; flowers axillary; pedicels glabrous, 2-4 mm long; calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm long, of 5 equal lobes, the tube glabrous without; corolla campanulate, 1.6-2.3 cm long, inflated at throat, variegated with yellow and purple, the upper 2 lobes reflexed, spreading, the lower 3 directed forward; stamens included; filaments of the posterior pair villous; anthers apiculate, purple; capsule up to 6 mm long, subglobose, surpassing the teeth of the distended calyx; seeds blackish, buoyant, .8 mm long; testa reticulate, inequilateral with the expanded truncate summit.--Infrequent in area. 4128 willow thicket, pioneer community, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth; 5819 border of St. Louis R estuary between Oliver bridge and steel plant, Duluth. NB to Minn, s 111, Neb. Jy-Aug. G. tenuifolia Vahl. var. parviflora Nutt. Common Gerardia. Plants up to 4 dm tall, annual, profusely branching; stems purplish, puberulent in lines above; leaves narrow, linear, scabrous or minutely puberulent, falcate especially on drying; inflorescence usually more than half the length of the stem; pedicel in axils of upper leaves, glabrous, arcuate in fruit; flowers roseate purple; calyx tube turbinate, 3-5 mm long, including the deltoid subulate lobes; corolla 9-10 mm long, lobes minutely ciliolate, rounded, and overlapping the narrow sinuses, the throat ventrally expanded, glabrous within, with 3-6 rows of darker purple spots; stamens included; anthers caudate, sparsely hairy; filaments hirtellous; ovary subglobose; style slender; stigma 2-lobed; capsule oblate, globose, surpassing the distended calyx; seeds as in the preceding species.--Occasional in area from the s limit to the Can border lakes. 6653 abundant, Sandbar Island, Superior Bay, Duluth harbor area; 15610 sandy beach, Iron L about 3 mi from Curtain Falls. A form with white corolla occurs in abundance with var. parviflora, 12202 Superior Bay beach, in sand, s of naval armory, Minn Pt, Duluth. Que to Man, s 0, 111, w to Colo. Aug-Sept.

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Castilleja Mutis. Painted-Cup (For Domingo Castillejo, Spanish botanist) C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. Indian Paint-brush. Pubescent annual herbs, up to 6 dm tall; stems gray villous, spreading, with ascending branches above; internodes becoming reddish, often angled; rosette leaves obovate, with sinuate to shallowly cleft margins; cauline leaves incised, with linear to oblong lobes; flowers in terminal spikes; floral bracts usually 3-5cleft, becoming scarlet, bright yellow in f. lutescens Farw. , concealing the flower; calyx 2lobed, yellowish pubescent outside, lobes truncate to slightly emarginate, a half to a third as long as the tube; corolla pale yellow, 25-28 mm long, a little longer than the calyx; the lower lip glandular, saccate at base, the upper narrowed to a truncate tip, flanked on each side by transparent infolded margins, more or less covering the stamens; anthers hairy, connivent, dissimilar, 1 locule appearing pensile; style exserted through the rolled in apex of the upper lip; stigma capitate; capsule compressed pyriform, beaked; seeds 1.9 mm long, truncate, many, buoyant; testa reticulate, saccate, inflated, clearly showing the funicle attachment of the terete seed body with endosperm and straight embryo.--Frequent throughout area. 6996 border of jack pine forest, Mooseline Rd s of Skibo; 9198 meadow, Prairie L. F. lutescens Farw. mixed ash forest nw of Toimi on rd to Seven Beaver L. ME to Me, s to Okla, Ala, Fla. Je-Aug.

Orthocarpus Nutt. Yellow-lip (Gr. orthos, straight; karpos, fruit) 0. luteus Nutt. Yellow-lip. Annual herbs, up to 3 dm tall; stem strict or with ascending branches above, densely glandular-puberulent and hirtellous with longer spreading hairs; leaves alternate, numerous, 1-3 cm long, linear, with attenuate tips, overlapping the internodes, the upper rarely cleft, densely puberulent; inflorescence terminal, spicate, 1-severalbranched; flowers yellow, subtended by conspicuous trifid green bracts; calyx 4-lobed, tubular, slightly 2-lipped, densely appressed hairy, the tips of lobes often bristly; corolla 911 mm long, lip with 3 saccate folds, the upper lip narrowed to a hooded apex with infolded margins containing the stamens; anthers bristly hairy, dissimilar; lower lobe appearing pendulous; style included; stigma ventrally declined, somewhat enlarged; ovary pyriform; capsule compressed, truncate at apex; seeds about 2 mm long, numerous, thin-edged, ribbed, and finely cross-striate.--Rare. 2767 grassy slope near Enger's golf course at Skyline Pkwy; high open slope, Duluth Heights. Man to BC, s Minn, w to Ariz, Calif. Jy-Aug.

Melampyrwn L. Cow-wheat (Gr. melas, black; pyros, wheat) M. lineare Desr. Cow-wheat. Annual minutely puberulent herbs, up to 4 dm tall; stems slender, becoming purplish, simple to branching above; leaves opposite, cotyledons obovate to spatulate, often long-persistent; cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, cuneate-based, short-petioled, minutely scabrous above, usually glabrous below, except for the scabrous mid333

vein; flowering branches spreading, subtended by cauline leaves; floral bracts conspicuous, linear, entire or narrowly deltoid, sinuate fimbriate at bases; flowers in racemes, shortpedicelled; calyx cleft into 4 lobes with subulate teeth; corolla 10-12 mm long, trumpetshaped, mostly white, with 3 short lobes on lower lip, the throat yellow, with elevated, bearded palate; the hooded upper lip with cleft, marginal folds, fringed with hair within, concealing the coherent pubescent purple anthers, anterior pair with shorter filaments; style slender, curving ventrally behind the anthers within the hood; ovary asymmetrical, dehiscent along dorsally convex suture; seeds usually 4, subcylindric, 3-5 mm long, bluish black except for the white spongy base. Var. lineare, bracteal leaves mostly linear, entire.--More frequent in n part of area. 11776 mossy ledges on Iron L, Curtain Falls; 12938 moss mats. Namekan L woods, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Lab to BC, Minn, Mich. Jy-Aug. Var. americanum (Michx.) Beauv., bracteal leaves lanceolate to deltoid, prominently fimbriate. --Common throughout area. 1746 in sand, pine ridge, Minn Pt; 16702 high, rocky, pine-covered slope, Lac La Croix, near the resort. Que to Minn, s Va, Tenn. Jy-Aug.

Euphrasia L. Eyebright (Gr. euphrasia, visual delight) E. hudsoniana Fern. & Wieg. Northern Eyebright. Perennial pubescent herbs, up to 2.5 dm tall; stems slender, simple or with ascending branches, minutely ^spreading-villous; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate or elliptic, 1-2 cm long, palmately-veined, puberulent; flowers 7-9 mm long, in the upper axils of slightly smaller bracts; calyx about equally 4-lobed with acute, ciliate teeth; corolla white to pale lilac, with veins of deeper purple, the upper lip 2lobed, dorsally inflated, the lower 3-lobed, each lobe notched; stamens included; anther bases apiculate; style slender, ventrally bent; capsule compressed, pubescent, widened toward the slightly asymmetrical apex; style base short-persistent; seeds wing-edged, ribbed, finely cross-striate.--Occasional, North Shore. 4856 shorerocks in mossy fissures near Stony Pt; 5732 in rock seams of Beaver Island, L Superior, Silver Bay. Lab to Alas, Me, to Mich, Minn. Aug-Sept.

LENTIBULABIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY) Perennial aquatic or terrestrial herbs with leaves modified for trapping insects; calyx 5cleft, often bilabiate; corolla strongly bilabiate; stamens 2; anthers unilocular; ovary 2carpellate, 1-locular, with free central placenta; stigma 2-lobed, ventral lobe lip-like; flowers syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular. Plants caulescent; flowers yellow Utricularia Plants acaulescent; flower purple Pinguicula Utricularia L. Bladderwort (L. utriculus, bladder; for pouch-like trap on leaf segment) Rootless, floating aquatics or paludal soil- or peat-inhabiting herbs with compact over334

wintering buds (hibernacula); leaves dissected, the segments linear, filiform, or modified into bladders with inwardly opening lids, closing behind the little animal organisms that are attracted and enter. Plants floating aquatics with dissected leaves. Ultimate leaf segments terete and tapering; leaves commonly bladder-bearing. Scapes stout, many-flowered, the pedicels becoming reflexed, subtending bracts conspicuous U. vulgar is Scapes filiform, 1-3-flowered, pedicels ascending, bracts minute U. gibba Ultimate leaf segments flattened. Bladders and leaves not on common branches; leaves usually dentate, pedicels erect . . U. intermedia Bladders and leaves on common branches; leaves entire, pedicels becoming reflexed . . . U. minor Plants terrestrial; stems with simple leaves underground or leaves linear on underground creeping stems U. cornuta U. vulgaris L. var. americana Gray. Common Bladderwort. Plants with submersed floating stems, up to 1 m long, branching from the base of the scape; scapes 1-3 dm long, reddish, erect, 2-3 mm thick, with 2-3 oblong scarious-margined bracts below the inflorescence; racemes 3-20flowered; pedicels slender, .5-2 cm long; upper lip of the calyx ovate, slightly hooded or incurved, the lower bilobed; corolla strongly bilabiate, spurred, golden yellow with bronzed stripes, upper lip notched, the expanded limb recessed toward the tube, the lower lip 3-lobed with elevated, grooved, and minutely puberulent palate closing the throat; filaments flattened, sickle-like; pistil vase-shaped; stigma with expanded lower lobe; fruit subglobose, 4 mm long; seeds .2-. 5 mm wide, pnsmatoid, apex and base forming parallel facets with 5-6 angles; upper facet margined, hence appearing larger than the lower, which is distinguished by a dark hilum.--Common throughout area. 3876 among species of Nymphaea, Pelican L, Orr; 7604 St. Louis R bay, between Fond du Lac and New Duluth. Lab to Alas, s to Mo, Tex. Jy-Aug. U. gibba L. Dwarf Bladderwort. Stems slender, floating, 1-2 dm long, with scattered leaves dissected into tapering capillary segments and bearing small bladders; scapes capillary, 3-5 cm long with minute bract below the inflorescence; flowers 1-3, on filiform pedicels; corolla bright yellow; lower lip with a rounded, hump-like palate, the upper erect, with short conical spur; capsules globular, 3 mm thick; mature seed not seen.--Rare. Edges of floating mats, spruce-tamarack bog, 20 mi n of Hibbing on Sturgeon L Rd. NS to Minn, s Okla, Fla, w Calif. Aug-Sept. U. intermedia Hayne. Two-way Bladderwort. Plants with submersed stems, creeping in soil, differentiated into leaf- and bladder-bearing branches; scapes slender, up to 2 dm tall, usually 3-4-flowered; flowers on slender erect pedicels; corolla showy, orange-yellow; palate abruptly elevated; spur horizontal, almost as long as the lip; filaments twisted at the terete base, flattened above; capsules and seeds similar to U. vulgaris. --Occasional in area. 5591 shallow water, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 5104 sedge mat in small 1, Denbigh. Greenl to BC, s to NJ, interior to Minn. Jy-Aug. U. minor L. Lesser Bladderwort. Plants with creeping stems, in shallow water, leaves and bladders on same branches; blades once- or twice-forked into flat linear segments, smooth or serrulate just below the tips; scapes filiform, 5-9 cm long; flowers 1-3, on capillary pedicels which become reflexed in fruit; palate not well marked; the spur blunt, shorter than the

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lower lip.--Infrequent in area. 5590 shallow water, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. Greenl to Ont, s to Minn, Ind, Calif. Jy-Aug. U. cornuta Michx. Horn-Bladderwort. Glabrous plants with subterranean leaves of a few simple colorless segments and bladders on delicate creeping stems; scapes .5-2.5 dm tall, with 5-9 appressed, delicate, deltoid bracts; flowers 2-5 subtended by deltoid-ovate floral bracts and 2 inner lateral oblong-lanceolate bracteoles; calyx bronzed, the larger upper lip somewhat saccate, finely 7-nerved; corolla golden yellow, drying deep bronze or purple, strongly bilabiate, the palate closing the throat; limb of upper lip 2-lobed, dorsally grooved, with somewhat undulate margin; lower lip 3-lobed, with recurving margin below the elevated palate, base slanted toward the orifice of the horn-like spur; ventral pair of stamens present; filaments compressed, crescentic; anthers divergent, connivent; capsule yellow, globose, 4-5 mm long; seeds .5 mm long, oblong, finely striate, lustrous yellow.--Occasional, floating mats and sandy shores. 13473 quaking sedge mat in open water, spruce-tamarack bog, Sturgeon L rd, 20 mi n of Hibbing; 16742 sandy shore, Iron L, w side, Can boundary. Nfld to Que, Minn, s Fla, Tex. Jy-Aug.

Pinguicula L. Butterwort (L. pinguis, fat; for leaf's appearance) P. vulgaris L. Common Butterwort. Plants acaulescent; scapes glandular viscid, 3-10 cm tall; leaves basal, 2-4 cm long, elliptic or ovate, with involute margins; blades yellowish green, viscid above; winter rosettes of several leaves up to 1 cm long appearing in early autumn; flower solitary, nodding; calyx viscid villous, 5-lobed; corolla purple, strongly bilabiate, funnel-form; lobes spreading, the lower lip produced to a straight spur; throat yellowish white, marked with dark lines; stamens 2; anther locules confluent; capsule 2-valved; seeds terete, pointed at each end, reticulate, lustrous brown, .8 mm long.--Occasional, L Superior coast among mossy fissures of shorerocks. 7467 seams of gabbro near Knife R, Lake Co. Lab to Alas, NE to Mich, Minn. My-Je.

PHRYMACEAE (LOPSEED FAMILY) Perennial herbs with simple opposite leaves; inflorescence a terminal spike; calyx and corolla bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous; ovary 2-carpellate; flowers syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular. A monotypic family.

Phryma L. Lopseed P. Leptostachya L. Lopseed. Plants perennial, up to 8 dm tall; stems 4-angled, glabrate below, softly pubescent above; leaves opposite, simple, petioled, 9-13 cm long; petioles pubescent, 2-3 cm long; blades ovate, cuneate, sparsely pubescent, especially along the veins; margin prominently dentate with ovate teeth; inflorescence long-peduncled; flowers sessile or

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on pedicels, up to 8 mm long, subtended by 3 subulate bracts; calyx tubular, 3-4 mm long, upper teeth narrow, prolonged to aristate tips surpassing the 2 lower deltoid teeth; corolla white to bluish purple, 6 8 mm long, with spreading hirtellous lips; stamens included, the filaments of the anterior pair longer, anthers kidney-shaped, divaricate; ovary slender, conical; style filiform with cleft stigma; fruit dry, 1-seeded, inverted, and completely enclosed within the distended striate calyx, closed by its hooked teeth. 9140 Fine Lakes T, maple-basswood forest, bank of Prairie L. Que to Man, s Okla, Tenn, Fla. Jy-Aug.

PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) Scapose aquatic or terrestrial herbs; inflorescence 1-many-flowered; flowers commonly 4merous, perfect or imperfect, syncarpous, hypogynous, sympetalous, regular. Flowers many, in spicate clusters; capsule opening transversely Plantago Flowers solitary; capsule (achene) indehiscent, 1-seeded Littorella

Plantago L. Plantain (L. planta, footprint) Annual or perennial plants with rosette leaves and elongate flowering scapes bearing numerous small flowers in compact spikes; calyx deeply 4-lobed; corolla rotate, 4-lobed; stamens 4; anthers versatile; pistil 2-carpellate, ovary 2-loculed; fruit a capsule (pyxis). Perennials with fibrous roots; leaves broadly ovate P. major Annuals with taproot; leaves narrowly oblanceolate P. Parshii P. major L. Common Plantain. Leaves alternate, in basal tufts, up to 3 dm long; blades glabrous or pubescent, usually ovate, 3-12 cm wide, with 5-7 prominent veins abruptly narrowing at the base to the strongly ribbed, dilated petiole, margin entire to undulate; flowering scapes stout, up to 4 dm high, puberulent or hirtellous, the upper third or more flowerbearing; floral bracts oblong, 3-4 mm long, about equaling the calyx; calyx lobes ovate, somewhat keeled, truncate, apiculate, with broad scarious margins; corolla white, delicate; filaments capillary, exserted; anthers minutely spiculate; capsule conoidal, 3-4 mm long, overtopped by the marcescent corolla, circumscissile below the middle; seeds usually 8, peltate, 1-1.2 mm long, reddish brown; hilum on the broad face; testa mucilaginous when wet, with scaly rays.--Common throughout area. 10953 cr bed, Swan R rd near Duluth airport; 21578 L Superior terrace, ne of Knife R. Natzd. Je-Sept. P. Purshii R. & S. Prairie Plantain. Silky-pubescent plants with multiple leaf tufts; blades entire, acute, triple-veined, narrowing to petiolate bases; scapes whitish hirsute, up to 14 cm long; floral bracts linear, silky; flowers 4-5 mm long; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the bracts; corolla lobes ovate, thickened at the throat, stamens and styles exserted; capsule conoidal, 3-4 mm long, circumscissile near the middle; seeds brown, commonly 4, flattened, 2.5 mm long, mucilaginous when wet, rayed with scale-like particles, grooved on the hilar face.--Infrequent in area.. 5989 sand, bayside blvd of Minn Pt, Duluth; 10652 hwy border e of Brookston. Ont to BC in plains states. Jy-Aug.

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Littorella Bergius. Shore-plantain (L. litus, shore) L. americana Fern. American Shore-plantain. Tufted glabrous perennial herbs with filiform stolons and slender fibrous roots; leaves 3-5 (-7) cm long, subulate-arching, lustrous, bright green above the white bases, arising from a rootstock 2.5-3.5 mm thick in living plants; mature turgid blades essentially terete to touch above the middle, somewhat compressed on the upper side, becoming sulcate with scarious margins toward dilated bases; flattened leaf bases 5-6 mm wide at nodes; blades transversely nearly circular, with concentric mesophyll about the median trace, flanked on each side above the median plane by a smaller trace; radial air chambers conspicuous; flowers monoecious, 3-4-merous; staminate flower solitary, borne on bracted peduncle about 2 cm long; pistillate flowers 2 or more, sessile, in leaf axils; sepals 2-4 mm long, concave, cucullate; corolla white, tubular, 4-5 mm long; lobes ovate-deltoid, surpassing the sepals; stamens exserted, with filaments 7-12 mm long; dehisced anthers 2 mm long, appearing longer in bud, sagittate, apiculate, versatile; pistillate flower with translucent sepals; ovary purplish, unilocular, 1-ovuled; style filiform, 67 mm long, minutely hispidulous, stigmatic laterally; achene stiped and beaked, terete, 2-2.2 mm long, .5-.7 mm thick, purplish black, shallowly rugulose or pebbled.--Shores and shallow water, n lakes. Rare. B437 Jy 28, 1886, Basswood L; 22417 shore above waterline, Basswood L, QSWRC, plants in late flower or fruiting; 22492 Snowbank L, sterile plants associated with Lobelia Dortmanna, in compact shore and submersed colonies; 09-19-57, shore of an island in Malberg L, ne Lake Co; St. Louis Co; 16743 submersed plants, sw shore, Iron L, Can boundary; 16756 sandy shore, Lac La Croix, Beatty portage, Can boundary. Nfld, Ont, to Minn. Jy-Sept, if emersed.

RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY) Herbs with simple opposite leaves; stamens epipetalous; ovary 2-locular, 2-many-ovuled; fruit a capsule or, if 2-seeded, separating into 2 nutlets; flowers 4-merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular.

Galium L. Bedstraw (Gr. gala, milk, for juices of some species) Annual or perennial herbs, often with weak spreading 3-4-angled stems; leaves opposite, appearing whorled, with foliaceous stipules usually as large as the blades; flowers terminal or axillary; calyx wanting; corolla rotate, the veins of each lobe papillose; stamens alternating with corolla lobes; filaments incurved, included; anthers suborbicular, less than .5-.8 mm long; ovary surmounted by a glandular disc; styles 2; stigmas capitate; fruit dry, globose, smooth or bristly. Corolla white or greenish. Leaves 5-8, at nodes of main stems. Plants with 3-lobed corollas; leaves linear or lanceolate, broadest below the middle G. tinctorium

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Plants with 4-lobed corollas; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, broadest above the middle. Flowers greenish; fruits smooth; leaves retrorse-scabrous on the margins and midribs beneath G. asprellum Flowers white; fruits hispid with hooked hairs; leaves short-pubescent on the margins and midribs beneath G. triflorum Leaves 4, at nodes of main stems. Plants upright, stout; leaves with 3 major veins G. boreale Plants ascending or prostrate; leaves with 1 major vein. Corolla 4-lobed; internodes smooth; leaves reflexed in age G. labradoricum Corolla 3-lobed; internodes scabrous; leaves spreading. G.trifidwn Pedicels 6-20 mm long, slender; fruits 1.2-2 mm long Pedicels up to 4 mm long, stouter; fruits .8-1 mm long G. brevipes Corolla yellow G. verum G. tinctorium L. Tint-Bedstraw. Plants up to 4 dm tall, perennial by slender rhizomes; stems ascending, retrorse-scabrous at angles; leaves mostly in 5's, linear or oblanceolate, scabrous on veins and margins; pedicels mostly glabrous and leafy-bracted; corolla white, 2-2.3 mm wide, with 3 ovate lobes; anthers white; fruit glabrous, globose, 2-3 mm thick.--Frequent throughout area. 8980 shore of Fenske L, Echo Trail, n of Ely; 12910 Chamaedaphne bog in front of Kettle Falls Hotel, Rainy L. Nfld to Alas, NY to Minn, w to Calif. Jy-Aug. G. asprellum. Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Plants with weak, reclining, often matting stems, up to 1 m long; internodes pale, retrorsely scabrous, with broad-based hooked prickles, especially along the margined angles; leaf blades thin, lustrous, yellowish green, oblanceolate or spatulate, prickled on margin and midvein below; flowers numerous, in panicles, terminal and from the upper axils; corolla 4-lobed, greenish; lobes 1-1.5 mm long, acute; ovary summit with a purplish 4-lobed disc; fruit smooth, rarely sparsely hispid, 2 mm long, blackish.-Frequent, shores and swampy borders of forests throughout area. 13542 bank of Midway R, Midway T; 15653 shorewoods of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. Nfld to Ont, s to centr states. Je-Aug. G. triflorum Michx. Sweet Bedstraw. Plants prostrate or ascending, 3-5 dm long; stems branching from the base, minutely retrorse-hairy to glabrate, with somewhat margined internodes on the angles; leaves and stipules sparsely appressed pubescent, the margins scabrous ciliolate; lateral veins reticulate; flowers axillary; peduncles exceeding the subtending leaves, usually with 3 terminal pedicelled flowers, or sometimes again branching; flowers 2.5-3.5 mm long, each with a 4-lobed corolla; lobes lanceolate, acute, veins dotted with blackish papillae in 2-3 rows; ovary and fruit hispid with hooked hairs; fruit about 2 mm long.--Common in wooded areas throughout. 10604 Twin Lakes pk, se of Brookston; 15390 pine forest, Isle of Pines, Vermilion L. Greenl to Alas, s to Fla, Mex. Je-Jy. G. boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Plants colonial, up to 7 dm tall; stems branching from purplish rhizomes, the lower nodes often enlarged; internodes finely pubescent to glabrate, the lowermost rarely glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 2-4 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, 3-5-nerved, ciliate, pubescent especially on the veins beneath, glabrous to finely puberulent above; veins impressed; panicles ample, peduncles and pedicels usually smooth; corollas 4-4.5 mm wide, showy white, deeply cleft into 4 acute lobes; filaments incurved; anthers and stigma often purplish; disc 4-lobed, yellowish; fruits white-hispid or smooth, 2 mm long. Fruit clothed with white crisp hairs. Hairs spreading, not appressed var. boreale 339

Hairs incurved, appressed Fruit glabrous to glabrate

var. intermedium var. hyssopifolium

Var. boreale--Occasional in area. 13159 Dryweed Island, Rainy L, most northwesterly part of St. Louis Co; 20288 shore vegetation, L Superior, Two Harbors, Lake Co; Man to Alas, s MM, e to NE; Jy-Aug. Var. intermedium DC.--Frequent throughout area. 6214 French R valley, North Shore; 6986 pine plantation, St. Louis R, on Mooseline Rd, White T; NS to Ont, w to ND, s to Mo, Ky; Jy-Aug. Var. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) D.C. 2542 terrace along Kenwood, Chester Pk; 4522 granite outcrop near Idington, Hwy 53; Que to ND, e and centr states. Je-Jy. G. labradoricum Wieg. Smooth Bedstraw. Plants perennial, 1.5-2.5 dm tall, from slender creeping rhizomes; internodes smooth; nodes pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, finely ciliate, becoming reflexed in age; flowers showy, white, commonly with 3 peduncles, each bearing a cyme of 3 flowers; corolla 2.5-3.5 mm wide with 4 ovate, acute lobes; anthers nearly white; fruits spherical, smooth 1.5 mm thick.--Occasional in sphagnaceous bogs. 2683 spruce-tamarack forest, 16 mi n of Duluth; white cedar swamp, Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Nfld to Lab to Man, s to Mass, Ind. Jy-Aug. G. trifidum L. Three-parted Bedstraw. Plants perennial, from slender rhizomes; stems 1.5-3 dm tall, retrorsely scabrous on angles; leaves linear oblanceolate, usually in 4's, scabrous on margins and the midrib below; flowers axillary, usually in 3's; pedicels scabrous, filiform; corolla white to lilac, usually with 3 obtuse lobes, the veins dotted with purple; fruits smooth, 1.2-2 mm thick.--Frequent throughout area. 6148 Oatka Beach marsh, Minn Pt, Duluth; 14558 shore of Fox Island, Rainy L. Lab to BC, n centr states. Jy-Aug. G. brevipes Fern. & Wieg. Tufted Bedstraw. Plants profusely branching, forming mats up to 1.5 dm high; internodes sharply margined, retrorse-scabrous; younger branches sometimes 3-angled; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, with upward-pointing marginal cilia and retrorsely prickled midveins; young leaves often puberulent below; pedicels in upper axils 3-5 mm long, smooth; corolla white or purplish, 3-lobed, 1.2 mm wide; fruits smooth, globose, .8-1 mm thick. Frequent, shore of n lakes. 10024 sandy beach of Kabetogama L, Herseth's vacation camp; 13732 sandy beach of Myrtle L, n of Orr. Que to Minn, Ont, NY, Me. Jy-Aug. G. verum L. Golden Bedstraw. Plants colonial, up to 7 dm tall, from creeping rhizomes; stems minutely puberulent, especially in the nodal area and toward the summit; leaves linear cuspidate, 1-nerved, minutely puberulent; flowers golden yellow, in dense panicles; corolla lobes 1.5 mm long, ovate; disc 4-lobed, purple; stigmas, purple; fruit 1 mm long, smooth. Rare. 16195 grassy blvd, 20th Ave E and 4th St, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je-Jy.

Houstonia L. Houstonia (For Houston, English botanist) H. longifolia Gaertn. Common Houstonia. Plants 6-20 cm tall, perennial from slender caudices, with tufted leaves; stems clustered and branching above, glabrous, 4-angled, often purplish at bases; basal leaves oblanceolate, the blades narrowed to margined petioles, cauline leaves sessile, commonly lanceolate or oblong-linear, 1-2.5 cm long, with scarious, often denticu340

late, stipular bases; cymules 3-5-flowered, usually flat-topped, subtended by subulate bracts; pedicels 2-3 nun long; flowers 5-6 mm long; calyx lobes linear; corolla bluish white, rarely red, with spreading lobes; tube funnel-like, pubescent within; anthers and stigma included; capsule 2-3 mm long, shorter than wide, deeply lobed, surpassed by the calyx lobes; seeds black, flattened; testa with low pebbling.--Common, sandy or rocky forests and shores, n part of area. 4376 in crevices of shorerocks, L Superior, Stony Pt; 19308 shorerocks, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary. Me, Sask, to Minn, s Ala, Ga. Je-Aug.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) Shrubs or vines with opposite leaves; flowers terminal or axillary, 3-5-merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, irregular, or regular. Flowers more or less irregular; corolla campanulate to funnel-form; style elongate. Leaves dentate; fruit a dry capsule. Stems erect; corolla yellow; stamens 5; fruit many-seeded Diervilla Stems creeping; corolla rose; stamens 4; fruit 1-seeded Linnaea Leaves entire, rarely obscurely crenate; fruit a berry. Corolla funnel-form; berry several-seeded Lonicera Corolla campanulate; berry 2-seeded Symphoricarpos Flowers regular; corolla rotate; style very short. Leaves simple; fruit a 1-seeded drupe Viburnum Leaves pinnately compound; fruits several-seeded Sambucus

Diervi Ha Duham. Bush-Honeysuckle (For N. Dierville, Frensh traveler) D. Lonicera Mill. var. Lonicera. Bush-Honeysuckle. Erect shrubs, up to 8 dm tall; stems slender, with pale gray bark; younger twigs greenish gray to reddish, minutely puberulent near the nodes and along decurrent lines, glabrate; leaves lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, including the short petioles, blades ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, acuminate, finely serrate, glabrous or densely pubescent below in var. hypomalaca, turning red in the autumn; flowers in racemes in axils of upper leaves; pedicels minutely puberulent, subtended by bracts, each with 2-3 subulate bracteoles at summit below the ovary; calyx teeth subulate; corolla funnel-form, yellowish orange, the 3 ventral lobes wider than the 2 upper, hirtellous within, the tube slightly gibbous with massive nectar gland; filaments hairy, inserted below the sinus level, anthers introrse, oblong, exserted; style exserted; stigma globose, prominent; capsules 3locular, many-seeded, crowned by the persistent calyx teeth; seeds 1.6 mm long, golden brown, reticulate.--Frequent throughout area, especially in 2nd growth of birch and poplar. Var. Lonicera. 6954 border, North Shore woods, Palmers; 9510 rocky woods of Kabetogama L, near Park Pt. Var. hypomalaca Fern. Frequent with typical form. 14840 on densely wooded island in Rainy L, off Dryweed Island; 15370 Isle of Pines, Vermilion L. Nfld to Man, NC, to la. Je-Aug.

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Linnaea Gronov. Twinflower (For Linnaeus; his favorite flower) L. borealis L. var. americana Forbes and Rehd. Twinflower. Plants pubescent, with creeping stems, rooting at nodes, forming wreath-like colonies; internodes retrorsely hairy; leaves membranous, evergreen; blades 7-12 mm wide, ovate or orbicular, crenate-dentate above the middle, hirtellous, glabrescent; petioles 4-6 mm long, pubescent; peduncles upright, 5-8 cm long, forking, bracted, each branch with a short pedicel 3-4 mm long, subtended by a bract; pubescence of incurved white hairs on floral axes and bracts intermixed with viscid stalked glands; the 2 larger of the 4 floral bracts studded with thick stalked glands; flowers fragrant, nodding; calyx lobes erect, narrowly lanceolate, deciduous; corolla obliquely funnel-form, 12-15 mm long, suffused with rose pink, the throat hirtellous and with scattered sessile glands; lobes equal, rounded, spreading; stamens 4 (rarely 5) arising from near the base of the corolla tube; anthers white, those of the upper pair reaching above the sinus level, the lower shorter; ovary 3-locular; style exserted; stigma capitate; fruit a dry 1-seeded capsule within the persistent calyx; functional carpel 1.--Frequent, mossy coniferous woods. 1435 pine ridge, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12535 shoreledges, Iron L, w of Curtain Falls. Boreal, e WVa, w to Colo, Ut, Calif. Je-Jy.

97 Figure 97. Linnaea borealis var.

americana

Lonicera L. Honeysuckle (For Lonitzer, German botanist) Upright or climbing shrubs with simple entire leaves and exfoliating bark; inflorescence terminal or axillary; calyx teeth short; corolla campanulate or trumpet-shaped, the tube mostly gibbous; stamens 5; ovary 2-3-locular; fruit a berry; seed with soft copious endosperm and small embryo. Corolla lobes nearly equal. Leaves widest above the middle; pedicels shorter than the flowers; fruits blue, ovaries wholly united L. villosa Leaves widest below the middle; pedicels longer than the flowers; fruits red, ovaries distinct L. canadensis Corolla strongly bilabiate. Stems erect; terminal leaves not connate-perfoliate; flowers ivory white L. oblongifolia Stems twining; terminal leaves connate-perfoliate; flowers yellow-orange. Leaves whitened below, glabrous above; branches mostly glabrous L. dioica Leaves green below; hirsute; branches hirsute L. hirsuta L. villosa (Michx.) R.&S. var. Solonis (Amos Eaton) Fern. Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle. Shrubs up" to 8 dm tall, with stiff ascending branches; young twigs orange brown, puberulent, glabrescent and shreddy in age; leaves falling off above the petiole bases, the persistent remnants sub-

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tending the solitary buds; leaves 3-6 cm long, oblanceolate, obtuse, usually pubescent below, prominently reticulate-veined; petioles 3-4 mm long, channeled, pubescent, with connate bases; pedicels 5-10 mm long, puberulent, with a pair of connate bracteoles subtending the flowers; calyx lobes minute, rounded; the corolla pale yellow, 10-15 mm long, campanulate, the oblong lobes as long as the tube, the lower 3 somewhat longer than the upper 2, with a pronounced gibbous swelling, containing a papillate glandular thickening, at the base of the middle lobe; corolla tube hirtellous within; stamens 5, the lower 2 shorter than the upper 3; anthers oblong, introrse; style filiform, with expanded stigma; fruit a many-seeded darkblue berry, seeds 2 mm long, yellowish brown, with a reticulate testa.--Frequent, borders of bog forests. 10312 edge of sphagnum bog, Ash R rd, Kabetogama L; 18547 swampy forest border e of Meadowlands, Hwy 153. Nfld to Man, NE to Minn. My-Je. L. canadensis Marsh. Fly-Honeysuckle. Straggly shrubs, usually 1-2 m tall; young twigs glabrous, grayish brown, somewhat 4-arigled; leaves ovate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, widest below the middle, finely reticulate-veined, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous below when young, the margins ciliolate; petioles 2-6 mm long, hairy, channeled; peduncle 1-2.5 cm long, slender, arching, from axils of upper leaves; bracts subulate, shorter than the ovary, bracteoles minute, obtuse; flowers with peduncle 2-3 cm long, pale orange yellow, striated with purple; corolla 15-22 mm long, campanulate, gibbous ventrally, glabrous outside, hirtellous within, papillose-glandular toward the pouch-like base; short lobes nearly equal; stamens equal, inserted at the sinuses; ovaries distinct; styles capitate, exserted; berries red, pyriform; seeds 3 mm long, several, lenticular, reticulate, yellow.--Frequent throughout area. 12831 granite ledges, Little Vermilion R, Can boundary; 18546 forest border, Hwy 133, e of Meadowlands. Que to Sask, NE to Minn, la. My-Je. L. oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle. Shrubs up to 12 dm tall, with ascending, forking branches; young branches yellow-brown, densely glandular-dotted; internodes usually shorter than the leaves; leaves oblong or elliptic, widest usually near the middle, dark graygreen, finely pubescent; flowers on glabrous arching peduncles, 2-4 cm long; corolla whitish, faintly suffused with yellow, campanulate, bilabiate, 1.2-1.9 cm long, the upper lip of 4 shallow lobes, the lower with deep sinuses, as long as or longer than the tube; tuber strongly gibbous, hirtellous within; lower 2 stamens shorter than the upper 3; ovaries united at the base; calyx lobes minute; style exserted, stigma clavate, 2-lobed, berries orange-yellow, several-seeded; seeds 3 mm long, yellow, reticulate.--Frequent, swampy borders of forests. 6873 alder marsh near Fish L Hwy 9; 8415 sedge meadow s of Tower, Hwy 35. Que to Man, NE to Minn. Je-Jy. L. dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butt. Smooth Climbing Honeysuckle. Stems twining, up to 3 m long, glabrous; young internodes glaucous; bark pale brown or greenish; leaves obovate or ovate, 5-9 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, whitened beneath and softly pubescent, green above; petioles 2-3 mm long; the bases of the uppermost leaves often 1-3 successive whorls; peduncle 8-12 mm long, 4-angled, glabrous; corolla bilabiate, the tube hirtellous within, the upper lip 4lobed, the lower strongly gibbous, with pouch-like swelling glandular papillate; stamens and style exserted; style hairy, the base with an annular gland; stigma bilobed, papillate; berries crowded, reddish orange, seeds 3 mm long, yellow, reticulate.--Frequent throughout area. 1423 sandy pine woods, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12475 on portage trail from Crooked L, Curtain Falls (flowers scarlet). Que to BC s to Kans. Je-Jy. L. hirsuta Amos Eaton. Hairy Climbing Honeysuckle. High-twining vine with considerably thick stem in age; young internodes brownish, hirsute, and glandular; leaves ovate-elliptic, 4-10 cm 343

long, 3-5 cm wide, dark green above, softly hairy and ciliolate on margins; petioles 1-3 mm long; leaf bases embracing the stem at nodes, the uppermost 1-3 in succession, connate-perfoliate; peduncles 1-1.5 cm long, glandular-dotted; flowers yellow, becoming reddish in age; corolla 2.5-3 cm long, funnel-form, bilabiate, hirtellous; the lowermost petal lined with stalked glands at the gibbous base; upper lip 4-lobed, the lobes about as long as tube; stamens about equal; filaments hirtellous; anthers linear, versatile; style hirtellous; stigma 2-3-lobed, capitate; berries scarlet, seeds 3 mm long, yellow; testa reticulate.--Frequent, coniferous forest area. 8493 shorewoods, White Iron L, s of Ely; 4412 mixed forest, Lester Pk, Duluth. Que to Sask, NE to Minn. Je-Jy. Symphoricarpos Duham. Snowberry (Gr. symphorein, carpos', for clustered fruits) Low upright shrubs with entire or undulate-margined leaves; corolla campanulate; stamens 5; ovary 4-locular; 2-seeded, seeds bony. Corolla campanulate, styles included «S. albus Corolla turbinate; style exserted S. occidentalis S. albus (L.) Blake. Northern Snowberry. Shrubs 3-6 dm tall, with slender, intricate branches; young twigs minutely pubescent, yellowish brown, the bark becoming shreddy in age; leaves orbicular, obovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm long, reticulate veined, grayish pubescent beneath, glabrous above; petioles slender, 2-4 mm long; flowers mostly axillary, in small racemes of 2-3, or terminal, in 3-5; pedicels 3-5 mm long, nodding in fruit; ovary subtended by obtuse bracts and bracteoles; calyx lobes deltoid, the tube glandular at base; corolla 6-9 mm long, white or pink, campanulate, slightly saccate ventrally with oblong, obtuse lobes, shorter than the tube; the tube glandular within, densely dotted with sessile glands, the throat hirtellous; ovary 4-locular, 2 with 2-3 sterile ovules, the other 2 each with a fertile ovule; fruit white or, rarely, rose red, 6-10 mm thick; seeds 3-5 mm long.--Common, rocky woods and high granite outcrops throughout area. 5586 North Shore, Lester Pk area, Duluth; 16784 shrubby border of pine forest, high cliff above Lac La Croix, Beatty Portage (fruits red before drying). Que to BC, Mass, WVa, to ND. Je-Jy. S. occidentalis Hook. Prairie Wolfberry. Shrubs up to 1 m tall; young branches orange-brown, minutely pubescent; leaves 3-7 cm long; blades thick, elliptic-ovate, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins below, mucronate; petioles 3-5 mm long; flowers in spicate clusters in upper axils or terminal; ovary subtended by rounded bracts and bracteoles; corolla pinkish white to roseate, turbinate, 7-12 mm long; lobes oblong, obtuse, the tube lined with sessile capitate glands; corolla throat copiously white villous within; filaments white, their bases tufted with long hairs; anthers 2.3 mm long, orange, elevated to the level of the lobes or slightly above; style glabrous, exserted, with a lobed annular gland at the base; stigma capitate.--Uncommon. 6517 low terrace of St. Louis R, New Duluth. Ont to BC, 111, Mich to ND. Je-Jy. Viburnum L. Arrow-wood (L. viburnum, wayfaring tree) Shrubs or small trees with simple serrate leaves; buds usually with 1-2 pairs of scales; flowers in compound flat or round-topped cymes; calyx lobes small; corolla rotate, regular,

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with short tube; stamens 5; ovary 1-3-locular with conical summit; drupe 1-seeded; stigmas 3, sessile. Leaves pinnately veined; cymes without sterile marginal flowers; fruits blue. Leaves sharply serrate, petioles wing-margined V. Lentago Leaves coarsely serrate, petioles short, not margined V. Rafinesquianum, Leaves palmately veined; cymes with sterile marginal flowers V. tri lobum V. Lentago L. Black-Haw. Shrubs or small trees up to 6 m tall; young^ branches glabrous, grayish brown; internodes with decurrent lines; winter buds scaly, appressed acuminate; blades 3-7 cm long, ovate or lanceolate, rarely suborbicular, acuminate to caudate, rounded at base, margin finely serrate, glabrous and lustrous above, slightly rusty, scurfy below on the midvein; stipules subulate, deciduous; petioles 2-3 mm long, irregularly margined; peduncles and pedicels glabrous to minutely rusty, glandular puberulent; flowers numerous, in round-topped cymes; calyx 1.8 mm long, with deltoid teeth; corolla 3-4 mm long, with oblong, obtuse, spreading lobes and a short tube; stamens incurved; fruit 8-14 mm long, ellipsoid, blue-black, beaked by the persistent stigmas.--Frequent along lakes and streams. 7878 bank of Whiteface R, w of Cotton; 17476 elm association, Ash R, n of Ash L, Hwy 53. Que to Man, NJ to ND. Je-Jy. V. Rafinesquianum Schultes. Downy Arrow-wood. Much-branched shrub, up to 1.5 m tall; young branches yellowish brown, angled, glabrous; winter buds yellowish brown, with 2 pairs of outer scales, the inner scales pubescent on the back, greenish; stipules subulate, ciliolate; leaves up to 6 cm long, ovate, acuminate; petioles 3-4 mm long, channeled, ciliolate; blades cordate, pinnately veined, principal veins passing directly from the midrib into the coarse teeth, glabrous above, pubescent below, the margin ciliate or wholly glabrous in var. affine; cymes globular; floral axes minutely glandular puberulent; ovary subtended by a subulate bract; calyx 1.8 mm long, the tube short, the lobes deltoid, minutely ciliolate; corolla 6 mm wide, the tube short, the lobes ovate, spreading, their bases somewhat overlapping; stamens exserted; drupe beaked, 6.2 mm long, 5 mm wide.--The typical variety common throughout; the wholly glabrous variety more northern in distribution. Var. Rafinesquianum, pubescent variety, common throughout; 17623 Gregory Island in Burntside L, Ely; 12788 granite ledges, Sandpoint L, Can boundary. Var. affine (Schneid.) House. 8944 Shagawa R bank at Winton; 12912 Namekan L terrace at Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Que to Man, Minn, Ark, Ga, Ky. Je-Jy. V. trilobum Marsh. Highbush Cranberry. Shrubs up to 3 m tall; bark pale gray; young twigs greenish brown, striate, minutely puberulent, glabrate; buds compressed, rounded at tips, the outer scales connate; leaves 5-9 cm long, 3-lobed, palmately veined; blades rounded or cuneate at bases, the lobes acuminate, often with divergent tapering tips, usually glabrous above, pubescent on the veins below; stipules subulate; petioles shorter than the blades, with 2 pairs of prominent glands on each side; cymes flat-topped; floral axes glabrous, unequal; outer flowers neutral, with showy white corolla; calyx tube short, with minute lobes; corolla of the perfect flowers 4-5 mm wide; stamens exserted; ovary summit conical, with a 5-lobed glandular disc; stigmas 3, sessile; drupe 10-12 mm long, ellipsoid, beaked, scarlet; endocarp dorsally concave.--Frequent throughout area. 4381 Stony Pt, rocks on L Superior, Palmers; 10529 St. Louis R woods, Hwy 3, s of Biwabik. Nfld to BC, ME, to la, w to Pacific coast. JeJySambucus L. Elder (L. sambucus, elder) 345

Tall shrubs with forking branches and pinnately compound leaves; bark grayish; lenticels on young stems prominent; pith large; buds with more than 2 pairs of scale leaves, purplish; terminal bud wanting; flowers in large cymes; corolla rotate, deeply lobed; stamens 5; ovary 3-locular; berry juicy, drupe-like, 3-seeded. Cymes flat-topped; flowers white, numerous; pith white; fruit blue-black . . 5. canadensis Cymes ovate; flowers greenish, few; pith orange when young, becoming brown; fruits red . . 5. pubens S. canadensis L. American Elder. Shrubs up to 3 m tall; stems soft, bark greenish on young twigs; bases of petioles embracing the node; leaflets 5-11, puberulent on veins above and below when young, becoming glabrous in age; rachis glabrous; leaflets sometimes with stipulelike subulate appendages; cymes large, up to 10 cm wide, flat-topped; floral axes glabrous; calyx lobes deltoid; corolla 4-5 mm long, the nearly obsolete tube slightly constricted at the stamen insertion and slightly thickened at the throat, the lobes oblong, longer than the ovary, at length reflexed; stamens 5, equaling or surpassing the lobes; filaments rarely cleft at apex, with 2 bilocular anthers; summit of ovary rounded and tipped with 3 sessile stigmas; berry purplish black, 4-5 mm wide, ellipsoid; endocarp 3-4 mm long.--Infrequent in extreme s part of the area and in adjacent Carlton Co. 1648 sand ridge, Superior Bay side, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13546 edge of field, Midway Rd. NE, Man, Minn, se to Ga, La. Late Je-Aug. S. pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder. Shrubs up to 4 m tall; stems grayish brown, soft, subject to winter-killing; buds and petiole-bases frequently purplish, the latter embracing the stems; rachis pubescent; leaflets 5-11, commonly pubescent along the vein above, and uniformly so below; floral axes pubescent; flowers in thyrse-like cymes higher than wide; calyx-tube very short, .5 mm long, with deltoid lobes; corolla 3-4 mm long, the obtuse lobes surpassing the ovary, at length reflexed; stamens commonly shorter than the lobes; drupes 4-5 mm wide, juicy, red; endocarps transversely striate, margined, 2.5-3.3 mm long.--Common in area. 1753 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10356 cr bank, near Gappa's Landing, Kabetogama L. Nfld to Alas, NE, to Minn, s to Ga. My-Je.

ADOXACEAE (MOSCHATEL FAMILY) Delicate glabrous low herbs with a firm white wedge-shaped corm 4-5 mm long, with thread-like, scaly, white underground runners and filiform roots, intricately interwoven in leaf mold; radical leaves mostly l(-2-3), ternately parted into stalked divisions; the ultimate segments 3-5-lobed, with broad shallow teeth, each terminating in glandular mucro; flowers syncarpous, half-epigynous, sympetalous, regular. A monotypic family.

Adoxa L. Moschatel (Gr. adoxos, without glory) A. Moschatellina L. Musk-root. Flowering stems 5-12 cm tall, commonly overtopped by basal leaves; blades yellowish green, lustrous, scintillating in sunlight; cauline leaves 2, ternately divided; flowers usually 5, sessile, in compact clusters, the lateral with 3 sepals

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B

C

A

98 Figure 98. Adoxa Moschatellina. A. Plant in flower. B. Inflorescence. C. Fruit

and 4-(6)-lobed corolla, the terminal with 2 sepals and 4-lobed corolla; lobes yellowish, rounded, spreading; tube closely investing the carpels; stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes; filaments cleft; anthers unilocular; fruits nodding, emerald green, juicy, translucent, clearly showing the lenticular 2.8-3-mm-long seeds. Adoxa occurs in ne Minnesota in scattered localities from Carlton and St. Louis Co to West Swan R, about 15 mi se of Hibbing, its distribution centered on the St. Louis R and its tribu-

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taries and the North Shore close to Lake Co line, s of Carl ton, in ravines near Blackhoof, it is associated with Mitella diphylla. In Jay Cooke State Pk, s terrace of St. Louis R, Midway T, Nopeming area, and Duluth, it has persisted in stands of mixed hardwood forest. On high bluffs at Fond du Lac, in North Shore woods, and in Lester R gorge it is often encountered in mosses under mixed conifer and hardwood cover. North of Toivola, on silty terraces of Sand Cr and West Swan R it appears in association with many species of wild flowers, flourishing under elm-ash cover.--7474 mixed coniferous woods, North Shore, 17 mi ne of Duluth; 14480 maple forest, Midway T. Circumpolar, Alas to Yuk, SD, Wis, la. My; fruit ripe Je.

VALERIANACEAE (VALERIAN FAMILY) Perennial herbs; leaves opposite, without stipules; calyx lobes inrolled in anthesis; ovary 3-carpellate, 3-locular; fruit single-seeded; flowers 5-merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, zygomorphic.

Valeriana L. Valerian (For Valerian, Roman emperor) V. officinalis L. Common Valerian. Plants from strong ascending rhizomes, up to 1 m tall; stems angled, pubescent, at least below; basal leaves mostly with 10 pinnately divided segments, upper leaves progressively shorter; flowers fragrant, in large panicles; corolla pinkish, ventrally gibbous, loosely hirtellous within; stamens usually 3, exserted; filaments hair-tufted; fruit dry, crowned with plumose calyx lobes. Escape from gardens, becoming abundant locally. 10750 steep open slope, Duluth Heights. Introd from Eu. Jy-Aug.

DIPSACACEAE (TEASEL FAMILY) Dipsacus laciniatus L. Teasel. A recent arrival in ne Minn, first reported by Donald Davidson in Pk Hill Cemetery, Duluth. Later observations suggest that it was introduced through florists' wreaths. The colony is well established in a gravelly, partly clear rd border. 22669 flowering specimens.

CUCURBITACEAE

(GOURD FAMILY)

Tendril-bearing vines with alternate simple leaves; calyx and corolla 6-merous; stamens usually united; ovary 1-2-locular; flowers syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular.

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Echinocystis T. & G. Balsam Apple (Gr. echinos, hedgehog; cystis, bladder; for prickly fruits) E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wild Cucumber. Herbaceous succulent vines with watery juice, climbing by branching spirally-coiled stem tendrils; leaves palmately veined, usually 5-lobed or angled; flowers monoecious, with a 6-lobed calyx; corolla rotate, deeply 6-lobed; staminate flowers in paniculate clusters with united filaments and more or less coherent anthers; pistillate flowers solitary; locules each with 2 erect ovules; capsules 3-4 cm long; spiny, turgid, with apical, explosive dehiscence; seeds flat on broad faces, 10-14 mm long.--Frequent, shores and clearings. 7846 climbing high on shrubs, bank of Tischer Cr, Duluth; 8939 shore of Shagawa R, Winton, NB to Sask, s Tex, Fla. Je-Aug.

CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY) Herbs with alternate leaves and milky sap;.anthers distinct or united into a tube; ovary 2-5locular; fruit a capsule opening by pores; seeds numerous; flowers 5-merous, syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular. Flowers regular; anthers distinct; ovary 3-locular Campanula Flowers zygomorphic; anthers united; ovary 2-locular Lobelia

Campanula L. Bluebell (L. campana, bell) Mostly perennial herbs, with bell-shaped regular flowers; stamens free from the corolla; ovary 3-locular, many-seeded, opening by basal pores. Stems coarse, hairy; flowers in glomerules C. glomerata Stems slender, glabrous or minutely scabrous, flowers in loose clusters. Plants glabrous; corolla up to 2.5 cm long; rosette leaves present . . . C. rotundifolia Plants minutely scabrous; corolla less than 2 cm long; rosette leaves wanting. Corolla white; calyx lobes 2-3 mm long C. aparinoides Corolla lilac blue; calyx lobes 3-4 mm long C. uliginosa C. glomerata L. Tall Bluebell. Coarse perennial hairy plants, up to 6 dm tall; stems harshly spreading-pubescent, angled, striate; internodes with decurrent lines; basal leaves up to 18 cm long, oblanceolate, rough hairy, the blade narrowing to a winged petiole, remotely dentate; cauline leaves cordate clasping, crenate dentate; flowers sessile in axillary clusters, or the glomerules terminating the branches; calyx lobes deltoid, ciliate with coarse hairs, the midvein hairy; corolla 2-2.5 cm long, violet blue, narrowly campanulate; filaments dilated below, ciliolate; style terete, short hairy on upper half; ovary summit glandular; capsule 8-10 mm long, tipped with marcescent floral remnants.--Estab on North Shore at Duluth waterworks, Hwy 61. 5416 poplar thicket; 6523 grassy terrace. ME, e Can, native of Eurasia. Jy-Aug.

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C. rotundifolia L. var. intercedens (Witasek) Farw. Harebell. Perennials branching from slender caudices with basal leaf tufts; stems slender, up to 4 dm tall, commonly glabrous; blades of basal leaves suborbicular-cordate to deltoid-cuneate with crenate or subentire margins, mostly present in shady crevices before flowering; cauline leaves linear, progressively smaller toward summit; flowers nodding, 1-several on slender pedicels; calyx lobes linearsubulate, 4-6 mm long; corolla bell-shaped, 1.5-2 cm long, blue, rarely white in f. albiflora; lobes deltoid-ovate, spreading, or closed balloon-fashion in f. cleistocodona; stamens included; filaments white, ciliolate, with dilated bases; the distal third of the style pubescent, bringing out the pollen from introrse purplish anthers surrounding the style brush-hair fashion, before the elongation and spreading of the 2 stigmas; ovary summit glandular; capsule tipped with the marcescent corolla, each locule dehiscent by an oval basal pore; seeds small, numerous, pale brown.--Common throughout in sandy and rocky forested area. Var. intercedens 2605 jack pine forest about 6 mi e of Palo; 14633 Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary, f. albiflora Rand & Redf. 13331 lichen mats of high outcrops above Ash R, Frontier Lodge; 16769 exposed crevices, Beatty Portage, Lac La Croix. Boreal, worldwide distribution. Je-Sept. f. cleistocodona Lak., Closed-Bluebell. A sterile clone with balloon-like flowers, propagating vegetatively, 5777 fissure of diabase, Beaver Island, L Superior, East Beaver Bay, Lake Co. C. aparinoides Pursh. White Bell. Plants up to 3 dm tall, weak, reclining, branching above; stems 3-angled, scabrous hispid or nearly glabrous; leaves linear or elliptic, 3-7 cm long, scabrous along margins and midrib, entire or remotely and obscurely dentate; pedicels slender, from upper axils, with solitary flowers; calyx lobes deltoid, the marginal veins and the midveins confluent at tips; corolla white, bell-shaped, 5-9 mm long, with spreading lobes; filaments flattened, tufted below the middle with delicate white hairs, tapering above to anther bases; style glabrous; capsules 2-3 mm long, globular, pubescent above; seeds .5 mm long, plump, shiny, yellowish, oblong.--Common, swampy meadows and shores. 5165 beach of Loon L, Palo; 4693 St. Louis R marsh, West Duluth. Me to Minn, s la, Ala, Qa. Jy-Aug. C. aliginosa Rydb. Swamp-Bell. deltoid; corolla 7-10 mm long, thickets. Sedge mat, St. Louis Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. Que

Plants similar to the preceding species; calyx lobes narrowly pale lilac blue, drying white.--Frequent, marshy shores, R estuary, New Duluth; 9163 willow cattail marsh, Oatka Beach to Sask, Me to Minn, s la, Neb. Jy-Aug.

Lobelia L. Lobelia (For Matthias de L'Obel, Belgian herbalist) Perennial herbs with irregular flowers; corolla tube split to the base between the 2 upper lobes; upper petals united or partly so with lower 3, forming the lip; stamens united to corolla near base; anthers introrse, united laterally; style cylindrical with a circle of brush hairs below the 2-cleft stigma; lobes of stigma rounded, papillose, remaining appressed until the dislodging of pollen by the elongating style; capsule 2-l<jcular, dehiscent at summit. Plants terrestrial, with leafy stems. Flowers 2.2-2.5 cm long; corolla tube fenestrate between the upper and lateral petals . . L. siphilitica Flowers 1.5 cm long or less; corolla tube not fenestrate. Plants pubescent; leaves elliptic or broadly oblanceolate.

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Flowers in spikes; capsule ellipsoid, not inflated Flowers in racemes; capsules ovoid, inflated Plants glabrous; leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate Plants emersed aquatic, scapose

L. spicata L. inflata L. Kalmii L. Dortmanna

L. siphilitica L. var. ludoviciana A. D.C. Great Blue Lobelia. Plants 3.6 dm tall, perennial by offshoots from the stem base; stem simple or branched above, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous toward the summit; internodes with decurrent lines, somewhat angled and flexuous; leaves 3.5-7 cm long, obovate, sessile to short-petioled, glabrous, the margin remotely denticulate or serrulate with gland-tipped teeth; inflorescence a raceme; floral bracts large, lanceolate, glandular, serrulate; pedicels minutely glandular puberulent, 4-6 mm long, usually with bractlets above the middle; calyx glabrous, the lobes 9-10 mm long, attenuate, the revolute margins of adjacent sepals united below the sinuses to form a truncate appendage; corolla blue suffused with lilac, glabrous within, lobes acuminate, lip with 2 everted pouches along the midvein of the median lobe at the throat; 2 uppermost petals coherent with the lateral petals above the middle; anthers orange, 4-5 mm long, the lower 2 a little shorter than the upper 3, tipped with'straight white hairs; ovary appearing half inferior, with deltoid compressed summit edgewise in the cleft of the corolla tube; style cylindrical, encircled by a band of brush hairs below the cleft stigma; expanded stigmas strongly papillate, forming a funnellike depression between them; capsules exserted above half their length; seeds 1 mm long, yellow, muricate.--Only coll is L1891, Tower. Man to Minn, s La, Tex. Aug. L. spicata Lam. var. spicata. Spike Lobelia. Plants up to 4 dm tall, usually simple, from a perennial base; stems slender, densely retrorse pubescent at lower internodes, glabrous above; lowermost leaves 4-6 cm long with margined petioles, minutely puberulent; subtending floral bracts puberulent; calyx 5-6 mm long, glandular puberulent, the lobes subulate; corolla 10-12 mm long, pale blue, glabrous within, the lower lip with 2 everted folds at the throat; anthers purplish, minutely pubescent, the tube 2 mm long; lower 2 anthers tipped with white hair; capsule 9-10 mm long, exserted about a fourth its length; seeds .5 mm long, golden brown, pebbled.--Rare in area. 16548 wet sandy meadow, with willow and alder brush, 7 mi se of Ribbing, the McCracken farm; A1863 beach, Washington Island, Basswood L, Lake Co. Var. hirtella Gray differs from the typical variety in having denser and more hirtellous pubescence. 14454 sandy beach, island in Namekan L, just w of the Narrows, Can side, 1 plant with young flower buds. NB to Minn. Je-Aug. L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Plants up to 7 dm tall, annual, commonly branching, more or less hairy, except for the inflorescence; internodes with decurrent lines; leaves 3-8 cm long, thin, the lower tapering to margined petioles, blades obovate to oblanceolate, denticulate; upper leaves nearly sessile; racemes terminal, several from the branches, mostly in the middle of the stem; flowers numerous; pedicels 5-6 mm long, ascending, glabrous; calyx lobes subulate; corolla 6-7 mm long, the lower lip hirtellous within, the limb of the middle lobe with 2 green everted folds at the throat, the tube 2 mm long; anthers orange or purplish, with minute scattered hairs, the lower 2 tipped with white hair; capsule inflated, becoming reticulate-veined between the ribs, tipped by marcescent floral remnants, barely exserted; seeds .9 mm long, golden brown, elliptic; testa reticulate; (contains volatile alkaloid, lobeline.)-Occurring in n part of area. 1672 shore of Kabetogama L, Pk Pt Resort; 16755 grassy forest border, Beatty portage, Lac La Croix. CB to Sask, to Minn, se to Ala, Ga. Jy-Aug. L. Kalmii L. Northern Lobelia. Plants 1-2.5 dm long, slender, mostly glabrous, branching from the base; basal leaves oblanceolate, tapering to margined, sparsely ciliate petioles; 351

cauline leaves linear oblong, 1-4 cm long, entire or obscurely denticulate; racemes 1-several; pedicels slender, minutely puberulent, ascending, usually bracted; subtending bracts linear, subulate; calyx glabrous, the lobes narrowly deltoid, 2-3 mm .long; corolla with scattered minute hairs and 2 parallel everted folds at the throat, the lobes rounded or acute; anthers 2 mm long, the lower 2 tipped with short, straight, white hairs; capsule exserted; seeds .9 mm long, ellipsoid, lustrous, golden brown, minutely striate.--Infrequent in area. 4651 mossy fissures of shorerocks, L Superior, Stony Pt; 15574 sandy shore, Iron L w of Curtain Falls, Can boundary. Nfld to Mackenz, Me to SD. Jy-Aug. L. Dortmanna L. Water Lobelia. Plants up to 6 dm tall, perennial, glabrous, scapose, length of stem depending on depth of water; rosettes dense, with numerous white fibrous roots; leaves arching, compressed, broadly elliptic in cross-section, with 2 lacunae formed by the median septum, obtuse at tips with 1-3 yellowish glandular dots; cauline leaves 3-5 mm long, similar in form to the radical leaves; pedicels 5-7 mm long, slender; subtending bracts 3-4 mm long, similar to cauline leaves; flowers 1.8-2 cm long, nodding, white or blue; calyx lobes 2-3.5 mm long, subulate; throat of corolla minutely pubescent; upper 3 anthers each with 2 dorsal fringes of short hairs, the lower 2 tipped with dense tufts of straight hair; anther tube 2 mm long, brush hairs copious; capsule exserted about a fourth of its length; seeds .9 mm long, numerous, golden brown, truncate, slightly bent.--Frequent in n lakes on white sandy bottoms. 17072 in about 35 cm of water, sandy bottom of Trout L, Superior National Forest; 17908 colonies encircling submersed ledges in shorewaters of Gun L, n of Ely. Nfld to Pa, Mich, Minn, to BC. Jy-Aug.

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves and milky or watery sap; florets in involucrate heads, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; calyx represented by persistent or deciduous pappus of hairs, bristles, scales, or awns, or sometimes wanting; corolla tubular or split above the base into 3- or 5-toothed ligule; anthers united laterally around the style; anther connectives commonly expanded at tips, filaments arising from the tubular, often thickened corolla base; ovary inferior, of 2 carpels, 1-locular with 1 basal anatropous ovule; style cleft into 2 branches, stigmatic on the inner surfaces or only in marginal lines above the bifurcation; tips of style branches commonly with brush hairs; fruit an achene; seed without endosperm (the largest plant family in the world, represented in area by more than 150 entities). Heads radiate or discoid; corolla tube of ray florets usually split into 3-toothed ligules, sap watery Subfam. I. Tubuliflorae Heads rayless; florets perfect, with tubular corollas. Pappus bristle biseriate, style branches half cylindric subulate; anther bases sagittate; leaves alternate Tribe I. Vernonieae Pappus bristle uniseriate; style branches upwardly thickened; anther bases rounded; leaves opposite or whorled Tribe II. Eupatorieae Heads radiate; ray florets pistillate or neutral; disc florets perfect or staminate or pistillate in dioecious plants. Heads radiate, if discoid, the outermost not simulating rays; style branches and anthers variable. Phyllaries imbricate.

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Phyllaries herbaceous or scarious-margined. Plants without strong scent; style branches appendaged. Receptacle naked. Pappus of bristly hairs; receptacle flat; style branches flat, smooth on inner faces Tribe III. Astereae Pappus chaffy; receptacle elevated; style branches hairy above stigmatic lines Tribe VI. Helenieae Receptacle chaffy; pappus variable, never bristly; ray florets neutral or wanting; heads often pistillate, staminate, or intermixed Tribe V. Heliantheae Plants strong-scented; phyllaries scarious-margined; style branches truncate; rays present or wanting Tribe VII. Anthemideae Phyllaries papery; heads discoid, rarely radiate; plants woolly or cobwebby; anthers caudate; pappus bristly or none Tribe IV. Inuleae Phyllaries uniseriate, often calyculate; heads rarely discoid; style branches truncate; pappus bristles soft, abundant Tribe VIII. Senecioneae Heads discoid; florets tubular, perfect, the outermost often simulating rays; receptacle bristly; phyllaries spinescent or pectinate; style branches naked; anther bases caudate, ciliate Tribe IX. Cynareae Heads ligulate; florets alike, perfect; corolla tube split into a 5-toothed strap-like limb; sap milky Subfam. II. Liguliflorae Tribe X. Cichorieae

Tribe I. Vernonieae Heads homogamous; style branches stigmatic throughout the inner surface; pappus barbellate, the outer series very short. Vernonia Schreb. Ironweed (For William Vernon, English botanist) V. fasciculata Michx. Inland Ironweed. Plants rhizomatous, perennial, up to 10 dm tall; stems glabrous, at least below, striate, mostly purple in age; leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply dentate, punctate, glabrous or finely puberulent; heads numerous, in clustered cymes; involucre campanulate; peduncles 4-13 mm long, densely glandular puberulent, with 2-3 minute bracts; phyllaries ovate oblong, obtuse, ciliate with fine viscid hairs, imbricate in 4-7 series; corolla purplish, 9-10 mm long, gradually widening toward the throat, deeply cleft into equal lobes, 3-4 mm long, spreading to reflexed; anther connectives prominent; style terete, puberulent, forking into hispidulous branches, about equaling the corolla lobes; pappus purplish brown; achenes 3-4 mm long, glandular-dotted between the ribs. --Rare. 16858 swampy ground, rr right-of-way s of Floodwood, St. Louis R woods. 0 to ND. AugSept.

Tribe II. Eupatorieae Heads homogamous; flowers tubular, perfect; phyllaries imbricate; anthers rounded at base; style branches commonly stigmatic in short lines; achenes 5-10-ribbed, pappus bristles plumose or barbellate. 353

Leaves opposite or whorled; achenes 5-ribbed Leaves alternate; achenes 10-ribbed

Eupatorium Liatris

Eupatorium L. Ihoroughwort (For Mithridates Eupator) Erect, pubescent, perennial herbs with opposite or whorled leaves; heads short cylindric or campanulate, numerous, in large corymbiform clusters; corollas purple or white; phyllaries in 2 or more series; achene 5-angled; pappus bristles minutely roughened or barbell ate. Leaves in whorls of 3-6; flowers purple, rarely white. Heads with more than 8 flowers, stems purplish or purple-striate E. maculatum Heads with fewer than 8 flowers, stems glaucous, striate, purplish at nodes E. purpureum Leaves opposite; flowers white; rarely purplish. Leaves sessile, connate-perfoliate, oblong E. perfoliatum Leaves petioled, broadly ovate E. rugosum E. maculatum L. f. maculatum. Joe-Pye-Weed. Plants strongly rhizomatous, up to 1 m tall; internodes puberulent or glabrescent with minute incurved hairs intermixed with resinous sessile glands; leaves 3-5-whorled, petioled; blades 5-15 cm long, lanceolate, cuneate, sharply dentate, frequently 3-veined, densely puberulent and glandular-dotted below, glabrous or glabrate above; corymbs 5-6 cm wide, compound, often in successive whorls, flattish; floral axes puberulent and glandular-dotted; head cylindric, up to 20-flowered; corolla rose purple or white in f. Faxoni Fern., tubular, 5-6 mm long, scarcely expanded above; style terete, with a hairy knob at base surrounded by a 5-lobed orange gland; style branches minutely papillate just above the bifurcation; achenes 8-10 mm long, brown, minutely hispidulous; receptacle convex, naked.--Frequent throughout area. F. maculatum, F28955 outlet of Little Mesabe L, Aurora; 15642 rocky shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. F. Faxoni 18859 a single white-flowered plant growing in a large colony with the typical form, Floodwood R terrace near its confluence with St. Louis R, Floodwood. Nfld to BC, NE to Minn, la, 111. Jy-Sept. E. purpureum L. Purple Thoroughwort. Plants similar to the preceding in size, floral, and vegetative characteristics; nodes blue-purple; internodes glaucous; heads usually 7-9flowered; corolla pale rose to whitish, fragrant; leaves sometimes in whorls of 6.--Frequent. 7084 St. Louis R terrace s of Aurora; 18165 s shore of Saturday Bay, Crooked L. NH to Minn, Neb, Okla, Fla. Jy-Aug. E. perfoliatum L. f. perfoliatum. Boneset. Plants up to 8 dm tall, perennial from strong rhizomes; stems viscid villous; leaves oblong, attenuate or tapering to acuminate tips, rugose-veined, crenate dentate, glabrescent above, puberulent and resin-dotted below; corymbs numerous, convex or flat; floral axes villous, glandular; heads 12-25-flowered, short-cylindrical; phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, viscid-hirsute, acute, scarious along margins; corolla white, purplish in f. purpureum Britt., 4-5 mm long, the tubular base expanding to a campanulate limb with short lobes, barely exceeding the phyllaries; anthers purplish; achenes brown, resin-dotted.--Common throughout area. F. perfoliatum 9938 swampy area on rd to

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99

100

Figure 99. Campanula rotundifolia. Figure 100. Lobelia Dortmanna

Prairie L, s of Gowan; 16963 shore of Portage R between Trout and Vermilion Lakes. Que to Man, se Tex, Ala. Jy-Sept. f. purpureum. 19391 swampy terrace of Floodwood R at headwaters below dam, Hwy 73.

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B

C

B iOI

A

B

A

102

Figure 101. Vernonia fasciculata. A. Part of flowering head. B. Floret. C. Long section of floret. Figure 102. Eupatorium maculatum. A. Part of flowering head. B. Floret 356

E. rugosum Houtt. var. tomentellum (Robins) Blake. Broad-leaf Boneset. Plants up to 8 dm tall from ascending rhizome; stems rigid, internodes, at least the upper, with decurrent lines, sparsely villous; leaves ovate, 12-18 cm long; petioles villous, shorter than the blade; blades prominently 3-veined, coarsely crenate dentate, thin, nearly glabrous; inflorescence a flat-topped corymb; flowers white; heads small, numerous, 4-6 mm high; phyllaries linear, thin, obtuse; achenes dark brown.--7711 mixed forest, St. Louis R, Fond .du Lac. Mich, Ind, 111, Wis. Aug.

Liatris Schreb. Blazing Star Perennial herbs from corms or stout rootstocks; leaves usually linear, entire, numerous, mostly punctate; heads spicate or racemose; phyllaries imbricate; style branches long-exserted; achenes with plumose or barbellate pappus. Phyllaries acuminate with recurving tips; pappus barbellate; corolla 8-9 mm long L. pycnostachya Phyllaries mucronate-acuminate with erect tips; pappus plumose; corolla 9-12 mm long . . . L. punctata L. pycnostachya Michx. Tall Blazing-Star. Plants rhizomatous, up to 1 m tall; stems glabrous, at least below; striate, internodes short; leaves numerous, overlapping, linear, entire, puberulent and sparsely punctate, the lowermost 10-20 cm long, progressively shorter up to the inflorescence, passing into floral bracts; spikes prolonged, commonly more than a third the length of the stem; heads numerous, congested; involucre short-campanulate; phyllaries greenish or roseate, recurved; corolla glabrous within, glandular-dotted without; anthers orange; style branches exserted; stigmatic lines extending from below the middle to about 1 mm above the bifurcation; achenes pubescent with ascending hairs, 10-12 mm long, including the hispidulous pappus.--Rare in area. A2017 Big L portage, headwaters of St. Louis R, upland hardwood. Prairies, Wis to Minn, SD, s to Tex. Aug-Sept. L. punctata Hook. Prairie Blazing-Star. Plants up to 6 dm tall, arising from stout crowns; stems glabrous, purplish; internodes striate; leaves numerous, linear, copiously punctate, often grayish green, the lower 7-20 cm long, progressively shorter upward, passing into floral bracts; spike often longer than the leaf-bearing base, congested with overlapping heads; phyllaries in 3-5 series, acuminate, erect, appressed, punctate, becoming purplish; corolla rose purple, pubescent within below the stamen insertion, glandular-dotted without; filaments minutely pubescent; style terete, with an orange gland at the base; achenes 17-18 mm long, including the grayish pappus.--Rare in area. 15510 denuded rocky slope, Eveleth, near ore dumps. Prairies, Alta, Man, Minn s to la, Neb. Aug.

Tribe III. Astereae Herbs with alternate leaves; heads heterogamous, ray florets pistillate, disc florets perfect; style terete, stigmatic surface in marginal lines, brush hairs on the outer surface of the flattened branches; pappus bristly, awned, or wanting. Pappus present, bristly or awned; heads several; stems well developed. Ray florets yellow. 357

Plants glutinose; phyllaries recurved Grindelia Plants not glutinose. Pappus double, the outer of short bristles; heads relatively few, large, in the axils of reduced leaves Chrysopsis Pappus single; heads numerous, small, in compound corymbs or panicles . . . Solidago Ray florets blue or white. Peduncles bracted; phyllaries imbricate Aster Peduncles without bracts; phyllaries usually uniseriate Erigeron Pappus wanting; heads solitary; plants usually scapose Bellis

Grindelia Willd. Tarweed (For Grindel, Russian botanist) G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Western Tarweed. Plants .5-3 dm tall from subligneous caudex; stems hard, often reddish, becoming glutinous; cauline leaves punctate, glutinous, cordate clasping, longer than the internodes; blades oblong 3-5 cm long, coarsely dentate; basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate; heads 1-1.3 cm wide, in corymbose clusters on leafy peduncles; phyllaries in 3-5 series, strongly recurved, glutinous; receptacle flat, pitted; rays showy yellow, 13-15 mm long; style branches narrow, elongate; disc flowers 5-6 mm long; corolla slightly expanded above, exceeded by the anther tube; style branches flat, with hairy lancelinear appendaged tips; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 simple awns.--Occasional on shores and rdsides. 2187 sandfill near the canal, Minn Pt; 12057 hwy terrace, Chisholm. Alta to Minn, s to Colo. Je-Aug.

Chrysopsis Ell. Golden Aster (Gr. chrysos, gold; opsis, aspect) C. Bakeri Greene. Plains-Gold. Plants up to 3 dm tall, perennial, grayish green, with subligneous crown; stems branching from the base, shaggy hirsute with spreading hairs; leaves sessile, oblong, 3-4 cm long, hirsute, entire, ciliate; involucres 6-8 mm high; phyllaries narrow, linear, appressed pubescent, cuspidate; ray florets 12-14 mm long, with 5-7-nerved, oblanceolate, golden yellow ligule; disc flowers yellow, corolla-tube 5-6 mm long, barely expanded above; anther tube surpassing the corolla lobes; style branches mostly included; achene compressed, obovoid, silky hairy, 3-4 mm long; pappus bristles hispidulous, those of the outer circle very short.--Infrequent. 2775 rocky slope, Haines Rd, 42nd Ave W, Duluth, Skyline Pkwy; 9307 in gravel beside hwy at Ely. Prairies and plains, Minn, la, Okla. Jy-Aug.

Solidago L. Goldenrod (L. solidare, to strengthen; for alleged healing virtues) Leafy-stemmed perennials, often rhizomatous; leaves simple, alternate, usually dentate; heads numerous, small, in large panicles or corymbose clusters; involucre turbinate, obconic, cylin358

dric or campanulate; phyllaries in 3-5 series; receptacle glabrous, pitted, or alveolate, rarely fimbrillate; ray and disc florets yellow; achenes ribbed, pappus bristles capillary, minutely roughened. Inflorescence paniculate. Heads in axillary and terminal clusters; rays as many as or fewer than disc florets. Rosette leaves wanting; cauline leaves broadly ovate, deeply serrate; stem zig-zag . . 5. flexicaulis Rosette leaves present; cauline leaves oblanceolate; stem not zig-zag. Plants grayish green, hispid pubescent; petioles not sheathing the nodes; rays showy, orange 5. hispida Plants glabrous at least below; petioles of basal leaves ensheathing the nodes; rays golden yellow 5. aliginosa Heads in terminal clusters; rays commonly as many or more numerous than disc florets. Basal leaves distinct from cauline leaves; plants tufted. Lateral veins of leaves obscure, midvein prominent; petioles of lower leaves margined 5. juncea Lateral veins of leaves 2, prominent; petioles of lower leaves not margined. Stems glabrous; leaves minutely scabrous on margins; racemes recurving, golden yellow; achenes mostly glabrous .' 5. missouriensis Stems grayish canescent; leaves with minute, incurved tomentum; racemes pale yellow; achenes pubescent 8. nemoralis Basal and cauline leaves similar, uniform; plants with creeping rhizomes. Involucres 2-3 mm high; leaves thin, glabrous or sparsely pubescent below 8. canadensis Involucre 3-5 mm high; leaves firm, pubescent or glabrous below. Stems pubescent; leaves pubescent below, scabrous above; phyllaries yellow . . . . 5. altissima Stems and leaves glabrous, or blades puberulent on margins and veins below; phyllaries tipped with green 8. gigantea Inflorescence corymbiform. Heads short-peduncled; leaves pubescent; phyllaries striate; mature achenes striped . . . 8. rigida Head sessile; leaves punctate; phyllaries glutinous; achenes hirtellous 8. graminifolia S. flexicaulis L. Wide-leaved Goldenrod. Plants up to 8 dm tall, with creeping rhizomes; stems glabrous below; leaves thin, finely reticulate-veined; blades 3-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, ovate, abruptly acuminate, winged-petioled, coarsely serrate with ascending teeth, glabrous above, minutely pubescent below; heads in short racemiform axillary clusters; involucre 6-7 mm high, cylindric, phyllaries glabrous, in 3-5 series, spatulate; rays mostly 3; corolla of disc florets 5-6 mm long, expanded to a bell-shaped, deeply cleft limb; lobes 2.5-3 mm long, spreading or reflexed; anther tube surpassing the lobes; achene, including pappus, 4-5 mm long, silky, with upwardly appressed white hairs.--Occasional, mixed hardwood forest. 5883 poplar thicket, London Rd. L Superior terrace, Duluth; 13565 hardwood association, Midway Rd near Nopeming. NS to ND, s Ga. Aug-Sept. 8. hispida Muhl. Upland Goldenrod. Plants up to 6 dm tall, with thick branching caudex; stems hispid-pubescent; basal leaves rosulate, oblanceolate, narrowing to margined petioles; blade hispid, irregularly crenate dentate; lower cauline leaves long-petioled, up to 14 cm long, the upper usually sessile, dentate above the middle; heads in congested, ascending, racemi359

form clusters, the terminal becoming prolonged and narrowly cylindric; peduncles spreading pubescent; involucre 5-6 mm long; phyllaries glabrous, spatulate, minutely ciliolate at tips, in 4-5 series; rays orange yellow; corolla of disc florets 3-5 mm long; achene, including pappus, 5-6 mm long, glabrous.--Frequent, shores, rocky slopes, sandy woods throughout area (all area specimens densely to moderately pubescent). 1274 wooded slope, Congdon Cr, shore of L Superior, Duluth; 15843 shorerocks, Sand Pt, Harrison's Narrows, Can boundary. Nfld to Minn, SD, s Ark, Qa. Aug-Sept. 5. uliginosa Nutt. Swamp Goldenrod. Plants up to 1.3 m tall, from thick rhizomes; stems commonly reddish, angled above, mostly glabrous; leaf blades oblanceolate or elliptic, commonly glabrous, scabrous-margined, narrowing to margined petioles, the lowermost 8-15 cm long, finely reticulate-veined, the upper similar, progressively smaller; lateral veins inconspicuous; inflorescence cylindric, 1-4 dm long; racemes congested, ascending, the lower subtended by leafy bracts; involucre 3-5 mm long; phyllaries in 2-3 series, oblong, obtuse, minutely ciliolate at tips, the outermost appearing keeled by prominent midvein when dry; floral axes densely puberulent; rays commonly 3-6, with as many disc florets; corollas 3-4.5 mm long; achenes, including pappus, 4-5 mm long, glabrous.--Frequent throughout area. 11751 springy vegetation mats between granite ledges, Curtain Falls, Crooked L; 15522 meadow border, Angora L, Vermilion Rd. Nfld to Minn, s NC. Jy-Sept. 5. juncea Ait. Smooth Goldenrod. Plants stoloniferous, up to 7 dm tall; stems glabrous, striate, often reddish; basal leaves 1-4 dm long, glabrous and ciliolate along the margined petioles and the oblanceolate, serrate-to-entire blades; blades of upper leaves similar, sessile, or short-petioled, usually with leaf clusters; inflorescence rhomboidal or pyramidal with many, ascending, sometimes recurving racemes; floral axes rarely minutely scabrous or with scattered hairs; involucre 3.5-4.5 mm high, campanulate; phyllaries in 3-4 series, narrowly oblong, acutish, commonly slightly dilated upward; rays golden yellow, 5-9; corolla of disc florets 4-5 mm high, anther tube barely exserted; achenes, including pappus bristles, 3.5-4.5 mm long, pubescent.--Occasional, shores, rocky woods. 11031 pine woods, Bass L s of Gilbert; 16556 high granite rocks above Crane L seaplane base. NB to Sask, se to centr states and Ga. Aug-Sept. 5. missouriensis Nutt. var. fasciculata Holzinger. Prairie Goldenrod. Perennial plants up to 8 dm tall, from elongate rhizomes; caudex with rosette leaves; stems glabrous; leaves glabrous; margins minutely scabrous, crenate dentate; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed to margined petioles, 8-14 cm long; upper cauline leaves with shorter petioles or sessile; axillary clusters of leaves conspicuous; blades commonly 3-nerved; inflorescence 1-2 dm long, paniculate, the racemes ascending, spreading or recurving; floral axes glabrous or rarely sparsely pilose; involucre cylindric, 4-5 mm long; phyllaries 2-4-seriate, glabrous, obtuse or acutish, with green tips, usually minutely ciliolate or erose; rays 5-8, showy; disc corollas 4-5 mm long; anther tube exserted; achenes, including pappus bristles, 4-5 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.--The earliest-flowering goldenrod throughout area. 7124 forest border near Skibo observation tower; 6540 St. Louis R marsh, New Duluth. Ont to BC, Mich, Ind. Jy-Aug. -S. nemoralis Ait. Pasture Goldenrod. Plants tomentose with minute incurved hairs; stems up to 6 dm tall, single or sometimes 2-3, from thick ascending caudex, simple or branching above, rosette leaves petioled, oblanceolate, shallowly and irregularly crenate-dentate; cauline leaves similar, the lower long-petioled, becoming progressively shorter and sessile above, with short axillary leafy branches; inflorescence cylindrical, 1-2 dm long, often 1-sided,

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with numerous recurving racemes; involucres 4-5 mm long; phyllaries narrowly oblong, obtuse, the outer often wider at the base, glabrous or minutely ciliolate at tips; rays 4-9, bright yellow, conspicuous; disc corolla 3.5-4.5 mm long, campanulate above; anther tube rarely exserted; achenes including pappus bristles 4-5 mm long, pubescent.--Common, dry soil and rocky terrain throughout area. 6686 small island, Duluth harbor, Superior Bay; 12169 pine forest, Island L, Hwy 73 s of Hibbing. Que to Ont, ND, s Tex, Ga. Aug-Sept. 5. canadensis L. var. canadensis. Small-flowered Goldenrod. Rhizomatous perennials, 5-10 dm tall; stems minutely puberulent or glabrous below; basal leaves of earlier growth similar to the upper cauline leaves, the larger usually 3-nerved, 4-9 cm long, lanceolate or linearlanceolate, acuminate, obtuse at base, sharply serrate or nearly entire, scabrous, with incurved hairs along margins and the veins below; inflorescence paniculate, pyramidal, 8-18 cm wide, with numerous ascending to recurving racemes; heads numerous, on bracted peduncles; involucres 2-3 mm high; phyllaries in 3 series, narrow, tapering to acute tips, spreading or recurving in age, usually yellowish with a green midvein; rays usually 9; the expanded limb 1 mm long; disc florets 6-9; achene pubescent, with pappus 3-4 mm long.--Common throughout area. 1689 alder thicket, Minn Pt, Duluth; 15092 vegetation mats of high rocks above Lost Bay, n shore, Kabetogama L. Nfld to Man, NS to ME, w to Minn, ND, Colo. Jy-Sept. Var. gilvocanescens Rydb. Differs from the typical variety in having denser grayish uniform pubescence on blades above and below. 7336 rdside thicket, Brookston; 19416 tall, finely pubescent plants, Floodwood R terrace at its confluence with St. Louis R, Floodwood. Sask to NM, Mich, Va. Aug-Sept. 5. altissima L. Tall Goldenrod. Rhizomatous perennials, up to 10 dm tall; grayish green; stems striate, commonly reddish through the lower internodes; moderately to densely pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves 5-10 cm long, tapering to broad sessile bases; blades lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate and sharply serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent with spreading hairs, scabrous-ciliate hairs on lower surface longer; inflorescence a thyrsoid panicle, 2.5-5 dm long, with ascending to recurving racemes; involucres 3-5 mm high; phyllaries 3-4 mm long, in 4-5 series, minutely striate, ciliolate; ray florets 4-5 mm long, more than 12 per head; disc florets 4-7 or more, with exserted anther tube; corolla lobes commonly spreading; achenes, including pappus bristles 3-4 mm long, appressed short pubescent on ribs.--Frequent throughout area. 6810 St. Louis R terrace, Fond du Lac, Duluth; 13862 peaty rdside, Hwy 73, sw of Orr. Que to Ont, ND, s Neb, Tex, Fla. Aug-Sept. 5. gigantea Ait. var. gigantea. Greater Goldenrod. Plants perennial, up to 2.5 m tall, from strong spreading rhizomes; stems commonly clustered, glabrous below, pubescent above; upper cauline leaves numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, 6-13 cm long, 3-nerved, tapering to broad sessile bases; scabrous along the veins, sharply and prominently dentate above the middle; panicle pyramidal with arching recurving racemes, 1-2 dm long, subtended by foliar bracts, only slightly smaller than the leaves; heads campanulate, involucre 4.5-5 mm high; phyllaries 3-4-seriate, keeled, the outer lanceolate, the inner oblong with acute to rounded minutely ciliolate tips, sometimes with scattered hairs on the back; ray florets conspicuous, commonly more than 10; disc florets 10-18; achenes including pappus 5-6 mm long, 5-nerved, appressed pubescent.--Common. Var. gigantea, at least the midrib and margins scabrous. 6587 swampy rdside, Burntside L, Ely; 12164 alder swamp n of Toivola, Hwy 5. Aug-Sept. Var. leiophylla Fern., leaves glabrous. 7375 gravelly clearing s of Cotton, Hwy 53; 12108 border of muskeg, Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing. Que to BC, s to Colo, Tex, NC. Sept. S. rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod. Canescent plants, 5-8 dm tall, from stout ligneous rootstocks; stems leafy up to the inflorescence, striate, often reddish purple; basal leaves long-peti361

oled, 2-3.4 dm long, with oval crenate dentate blades, 8-14 cm long; cauline leaves progressively smaller, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, usually entire, passing into floral bracts subtending the densely hispid floral axes of the flat-topped corymb; heads short-campanulate, 6-8 mm high; phyllaries in 5 series, striate, greenish, pubescent, 4-5-nerved, oblong or spatulate; ray florets showy, 5-10; disc florets usually 30 or more, with corollas 6-7 mm long; anther tube barely exserted; ripe achene longitudinally striped with brown and white, crowned with bright white pappus bristles, together 8 mm long.--Occasional, slopes and rdsides. 5872 wooded slope, Chester Pk Drive, 8th St, Duluth; 9772 gravelly rdside w of Ely, Hwy 1. Mass to Sask, s to Tex, Ga. Aug-Sept. 5. graminifolia (L. ) Salisb. var. graminifolia. Grass-leaved Goldenrod. Perennial from creeping rhizomes; stems clustered, slender, angled, glabrous or minutely scabrous above; leaves linear or narrowly elliptic, 3-nerved, glabrous, glandular punctate, 3-9 cm long, or linearlanceolate, obscurely punctate, and subacute at tips in var. major (Michx.) Fern.; heads obconic, sessile in glomerules, forming a flat-topped corymb; involucre 4-5 mm high; phyllaries glutinous, narrowly oblong, usually green at tips; rays inconspicuous, the small limb slightly longer than the elongate style; disc florets globet-shaped, golden yellow; achenes including pappus bristle 4 mm long, pubescent.--Common, shores, sandy fields throughout area. Var. graminifolia. 1771 sandfill, near Superior outlet, Minn Pt, Duluth. 13971 shore of island near Finger Bay Cr, Rainy L. Var. major 2689 shorerocks, L Superior, 17 mi nw of Duluth. Que to Ont, Minn, SD s to la, e to WVa. Jy-Sept.

Aster L. Wild Aster (Gr. aster, star, for radiate heads) Plants mostly perennial herbs, with rootstocks; leaves simple, alternate, sessile or petioled; heads radiate, rays rarely obscure; receptacle flat, naked; phyllaries imbricate; disc florets mostly yellow; achenes 4-8-nerved, pappus bristly, rarely biseriate. Pappus bristles uniform, in a single series. Inflorescence predominantly corymbiform. Pubescence of floral axes intermixed with stipitate glands; plants colonial. Phyllaries oblong-spatulate; leaves broadly ovate cordate, basal leaves numerous; rays pale blue, rarely white A. macrophyllas Phyllaries linear subulate; leaves narrowly lanceolate, basal leaf tufts wanting; rays deep violet purple A. modestus Pubescence of floral axes without stipitate glands; cauline leaves deeply cordate clasping; stems rough pubescent A. puniceus Inflorescence predominantly a racemiform or a corymbiform panicle. Heads in 1-sided racemes. Phyllaries spatulate, scabrous hirsute outside; limb of rays ovate-spatulate; leaves linear, entire A. ericoides Phyllaries linear, acute, glabrous outside; leaves essentially lanceolate, dentate. Leaves pubescent along the midnerve below; racemes 1-sided . . . .A. lateriflorus Leaves uniformly pubescent below; racemes short, not clearly 1-sided A. ontarionis Heads paniculate, panicle branches in corymbiform clusters. Rosette and cauline leaves dissimilar.

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Rosette leaves cordate, midcauline blades tapering to margined petioles; plants more or less pubescent, at least in lines through the panicle; rays clear blue to violet A. ciliolatus Rosette leaves oblanceolate cuneate, cauline leaves cordate, half clasping; plants glaucous, glabrous; rays blue, rarely white A. laevis Rosette and cauline leaves similar. Cauline leaves cordate clasping; stems rough pubescent A. puniceus Cauline leaves half clasping; stems glabrous or pubescent in lines; heads in large panicles; rays white to pale lilac. Rhizome stout; leaves commonly dentate; panicles large A. simplex Rhizomes slender; leaves mostly entire; heads fewer, rays white, lilac or pale blue. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner; peduncles slender; heads commonly nodding A. junciformis Outer phyllaries approximately the length of inner; peduncles stout; heads scarcely nodding A. hesperius Pappus bristles not uniform, 1-2-seriate. Limb of ray floret conspicuous; plants perennial. Heads in flat-topped corymbs; pappus'uniseriate, at least the longest bristles clavate A. ptarmicoid.es Heads in flat-topped umbels; pappus biseriate, bristles not clavate A. umbellatus var. pubens Limb of ray floret nearly wanting; plants annual A. Brachyactis A. macrophyllus L. var. macrophyllus. Large-leaf Northern Aster. Plants glandular pubescent, rhizomatous, up to 1 dm tall; stems commonly branching, striate, pubescent or glabrescent below in age; sterile leaf tufts numerous, from ascending crowns; leaf blades 1-2 dm long, ovate-cordate, coarsely serrate, pinnately veined, more or less scabrous above, or glabrous pubescent below; petioles .5-2 dm long, margined, dilated at bases; cauline leaves similar, deeply cordate or cuneate at base, progressively smaller, the upper with sessile clasping bases; corymb flat-topped, on stiff peduncles; floral axes viscid pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; involucre cylindric campanulate, 7-9 mm high; phyllaries in 5-6 series, oblong-spatulate or lanceolate, rounded or acute, glandular pubescent and green, especially the exposed tips; rays lilac blue, rarely white, 10-14 mm long, disc florets lilac, rarely white, 11-12 mm long; corolla 8-9 mm long, the tubular base expanding to a campanulate limb; anther tube exserted; pappus bristles as long as the corolla or nearly so, buff; achenes cylindric, 8nerved, glabrous, 3-3.2 mm long.--Var. macrophyllus--Abundant throughout area in upland hardwood and mixed coniferous forests. 11390 shorewoods of St. Louis R, Fond du Lac; 17023 rocky woods on Trout L cliff near the portage from Vermilion L. Var. velutinus Burgess.--Differs from typical variety in having greater amount of pubescence on leaves and stems and tapering bases on the upper cauline leaves. 1280 wooded area on Kent Rd, Duluth. Que to Ont, Minn se 0, Penn, NC, Tenn. Jy-Aug. A. modestus Lindl. Purple Northern Aster. Plants up to 9 dm tall, colonial, with slender spreading rhizomes; stems with short internodes, glandular villous; leaves 5-10 cm long, numerous, oblong acute, clasping auriculate at base, spreading villous, often glandular below, appressed hairy or glabrate above; heads in corymbiform clusters; floral axes densely glandular; involucre hemispheric, 8-12 mm high; phyllaries lance-subulate, in 3-4 series, glandular puberulent; ray florets 12-15 mm long, deep violet purple; disc corollas hirtellous, 7-9 mm long; anthers orange; pappus bristles reddish buff, as long as the corolla; achene 8-nerved,

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appressed hairy.--Frequent in peaty soils; a striking area aster in flower; 2335 brookside meadow, Kilpela farm, Palo, White T; 17032 shore of Vermilion L, portage to Trout L. Minn to Ont, to Ore, BC. Aug-Sept. A. puniceus L. f. puniceus. Swamp Blue Aster. Plants 5-10 dm tall, rhizomatous; stems angled, becoming red in age, rough pubescent with grayish hairs, leafy up to the corymb; leaves numerous, somewhat tufted on the crowns; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or toothed with cordate-clasping bases, scabrous or glabrate above, pubescent below on the veins; cauline leaf blades 8-15 cm long; heads in corymbiform clusters, few to many; floral axes foliar-bracted; involucre broadly campanulate, 6-10 mm high; phyllaries in 3 series, recurving, lance-subulate, minutely ciliolate and scarious on margins; commonly reddish; ray florets blue, purple, or, rarely, white in f. Candidas Fern., 12-15 mm long, numerous; disc corolla lilac, 7-9 mm long; anther tube half exserted; pappus bristles buff; achenes glabrous, 4-ribbed, constricted at summit.--Common throughout area. f. puniceus 12402 ash-poplar forest, Hwy 216 e of Hibbing; 1881 wet depressions under willows, bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth; f. candidus.--Rare; a single plant found in a large colony of the typical form. 19103 marshy border of rd to Gold Mine Camp, Vermilion R, s of Crane L. Nfld to Man, NS to Minn, se Ala, Ga. Aug-Sept. A. ericoides L. Heath Aster. Plants up to 8 dm tall, from spreading subligneous rootstocks; stems bushy, with numerous ascending branches, appressed hirsute or villous, glabrate below; basal leaves oblong-spatulate, scarcely petioled; cauline leaves entire, acute, firm or coriaceous, scabrous, ciliate, mucronate, sparsely hirsute, principal veins commonly 3, parallel; heads numerous, commonly in prolonged secund racemes; involucre turbinate, 3-4 mm high; phyllaries in 3 series, ciliate, the basal half white, the green tips conspicuously dilated and mucronate; ray florets pure white, or suffused with lilac, 3-5 mm long, the limb ovate; corolla of disc florets 2-3 mm long, mostly surpassed by the pappus bristles; achene densely appressed hairy.--Occasional in s and w border of area. 1828 sand near Duluth ship canal, bayside; 13860 sandy field, Sturgeon L Rd, n of Hibbing. Me to BC, s Ariz, Tex, Ala. AugSept. A. lateriflorus (L. ) Britt. var. lateriflorus. Necklace Aster. Plants up to 8 dm tall, with subligneous rootstock; stems rigid, slender, commonly red, glabrous or pubescent; basal leaves in small tufts, obovate, tapering to petioles, glabrous; cauline leaves oblanceolate acute, 5-10 cm long, entire or dentate with broad shallow teeth, thin, glabrous; heads in axillary leafy racemes, commonly 1-sided; involucres turbinate, 5-6 mm high, phyllaries in 3-4 series, linear acute, white below the green tips; rays white or roseate, 3-4 mm long, disc corollas 2-3 mm long, tubular campanulate; achene whitish with light bristles, 5-angled and 5-nerved.--Frequent throughout area. Var. lateriflorus 9426 sandy cr bed, Kabetogama L; 13711 shore of Eshquaguma L, about 6 mi s of Biwabik. Var. tenuipes Wieg. Differs from the typical variety in having paniculate heads and mostly glabrous midrib of leaf blades. 13764 black ash swamp, Congdon resort area, Crane L. NS, Ont, Minn, Tenn, Ga. Jy-Sept. A. ontarionis Wieg. Downy-leaf Necklace Aster. Plants similar to A. lateriflorus, but more stoloniferous, with slender rhizomes; stems upright; leaves softly pubescent below; inflorescence paniculate; racemes few-flowered, 1-sided; phyllaries ciliolate, puberulent on the back; disc florets pinkish lilac, the throats campanulate, with deeply cleft spreading lobes. --Occasional, sw part of St. Louis Co. 7864 bank of St. Louis R near Floodwood; 19425 elm forest, Floodwood R at its confluence with St. Louis R. Que to Minn, SD to Okla, NC. AugSept. 364

A. ciliolatus Lindl. f. ciliolatus. Fringed Blue Aster. Plants up to 9 dm tall, from thick caudex and spreading rhizomes; stems more or less angled, glabrous or crisp hairy in lines; rosette leaves ovate-cordate, petioled, 5-12 cm long, coarsely dentate, glabrous or pubescent below; cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed to winged petioles, the uppermost sessile; panicle with numerous heads; involucre cylindric or campanulate, 78 mm high; phyllaries in 3-5 series, linear, acute, 1 mm or less wide, with a slender dark midvein through the white basal half to the dilated green apices; ray florets deep violet or lilac to clear blue, 10-12 mm long; disc corollas purple or reddish; anther tube orange, exserted; pappus bristles equaling the corolla lobes, reddish buff; achene 4-nerved, glabrous; varies considerably in leaf shape, pubescence, size of panicles; heads 30-100 or more in large vigorously growing plants.-Abundant throughout area. 1807 alder and poplar thicket, s end of Minn Pt, bayside, Duluth; 15641 rocky pine forest, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Me to BC and far n. Aug-Sept. F. comatus Fern, differs from the typical in its pubescence; blades pilose below, petioles and floral axes notably hairy. 15364 rocky pine forest, Isle of Pines, Vermilion L. Range of the species. A. laevis L. f. laevis. Smooth Blue Aster. Plants up to 8 dm tall, glabrous, bluish green, or glaucous; stems from upright to ascending crowns, commonly with rosette leaves in separate tufts; leaves 10-20 cm long, oblanceolate, tapering to margined petioles; blades glaucous, glabrous, shallowly dentate or subentire; cauline leaves similar, progressively smaller upwards, oblong or lanceolate, narrowed to broad half-clasping bases; heads numerous, in large panicles; peduncle bracts lanceolate; involucre 5-6 mm long; phyllaries glabrous, in 3 series, linear attenuate, acute; rays 7-8 mm long, showy, clear blue, rarely white, in f. Beckwithiae House; disc corollas 4-5 mm long, the lobes short, the throat slightly dilated; anther tube slightly exserted; pappus bristle pinkish buff, about equaling the corolla lobes;

B

A

103

Figure 103. Aster ciliolatus. A. Ray floret. B. Disc

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floret, as a whole and in section

achenes 5-nerved, glabrous.--Infrequent on se and w border of area. 5626 f. laevis, rdside meadow near Sturgeon L observation tower n of Hibbing, 12070 f. Beckwithiae, Side L, growing with typical form. Me to Sask s to Gulf States. Aug-Sept. A. simplex Willd. White-Panicled Aster. Plants up to 12 dm tall, perennial from forked, creeping rootstocks; stems stout, simple or branched, angled and striate, glabrous below, pubescent in lines above; leaves 6-12 cm long, 3-31 cm wide, linear-lanceolate, mostly serrate, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent, or scabrous on upper surface; inflorescence paniculate, often elongate and branched; involucre 3-6 mm high; phyllaries 2-3-seriate, linear attenuate, white below, the dark midvein passing into the green tips; ray florets white or blue-lilac, 5-12 mm long; disc corolla 4-5 mm long, the tubular base as long as the bell-shaped limb; pappus bristles longer than the corolla, achene 4-nerved, hirsute. Involucre 4-6 mm high; rays white. Leaves 1.0-3.2 cm wide; stems usually simple Var. simplex Leaves less than 1 cm wide; stems branching Var. ramosissimus Involucre less than 4 mm high; rays mostly pale blue Var. interior Var. simplex. 9893 swampy rdside s of Ely; 17031 swampy shore of Vermilion L, Trout L portage. ME to Sask, to Minn, to Mo, Ky. Aug-Sept. Var. ramosissimus (T & G) Cronq. 11962 Floodwood R terrace, Hwy 73 about 6 mi n of Floodwood; 15533 border of swamp, Fraser Bay rd to Vermilion L. Que to Minn, s NE, to la. Aug-Sept. Var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. 9777 swampy woods, White Iron R, s of Ely; 19291 shore of Cranberry Island, Rainy L. NY to Minn, Ind, 111. Aug-Sept. A. junciformis Rydb. Slender White Aster. Plants 3-6 dm tall, from spreading, rigid rhizomes; stems slender, firm, striate, and minutely puberulent or glabrescent below in age; leaves linear, entire, 4-8 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, glabrous, scabrous-ciliate; heads in corymbs; involucre hemispheric, 5-7 mm high; phyllaries in 3-4 series, linear-attenuate, or somewhat dilated at tips, scarious on margins, wholly green or green only at acute tips with a dark midvein below; ray florets white to bluish, 8-10 mm long, showy; disc corolla 6-7 mm long; anther tube exserted; pappus bristles equaling the corolla lobes; achene whitish, 5-nerved, hirtellous when young.--Frequent in boggy forests. 5620 white cedar swamp n of Sturgeon L, n of Hibbing; 6508 sedge mat, St. Louis R estuary, New Duluth. Gaspe Pen, to Alas, NE to la, Minn. Jy-Aug. A. hesperius Gray. Panicled Western Aster. Plants up to 8 dm tall, from firm rhizomatous base; stems glabrous or minutely pubescent in lines; leaves 2-9 cm long, firm, half clasping, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margin remotely dentate or entire, revolute; heads numerous, in large panicles; involucre 7-10 mm high; phyllaries linear-attenuate in 2-3 series about equal in length; ray florets pale blue, violet, or white, 8-12 mm long; achenes 1-1.3 mm long, pubescent. --Occasional, sandy terraces and damp, peaty forest borders. 21094 among A, ericoides, Stony R terrace, Hwy 2, Lake Co; B217, 7-22-1886, Vermilion L. ND to Colo, NM, Ariz. Aug-Sept. A. ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. Ptarmigan Aster. Plants 1-3 dm tall cespitose with subligneous crowns; stems puberulent, branched above; rosette leaves oblanceolate, blades rounded or acutish, tapering to margined petioles prominently ciliolate and 3-nerved; blades of cauline leaves similar, entire, minutely scabrous on margins, the marginal veins parallel to the midrib; heads in corymbiform flat-topped clusters, few to many; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 4-6 mm high; phyllaries linear-lanceolate, acute, in 3-5 series, green, each with a light midvein and margins, ray florets showy white, 6-8 mm long, disc corollas 4-5 mm long, 366

the tubular base longer than the expanded limb; anthers golden yellow, mostly included; the shorter pappus bristles straight, filiform, the longer clavate and slightly bent at tips; achenes buff, plump, 4-nerved and angled.--Occurs chiefly along L Superior and about 50 mi inland. 10830 fissures of diabase, L Superior, Stony Pt; 2671 Enger golf course, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Vt to Minn, s to Colo, Ga. Jy-Sept. A., umbellatus Mill. var. pubens Gray. Flat-Top White Aster. Plants 6-10 dm tall, with elongate subligneous rhizomes; stems striate, terete, puberulent; leaves lanceolate or ovateacute or acuminate, 5-12 cm long, finely reticulate, pubescent and bluish green below, roughened above or glabrous, margins entire, evenly ciliate; corymb 5-25 cm wide, branches ascending; involucre 2-3-seriate, campanulate, 3-5.5 mm high; phyllaries linear, acute, white-ciliolate, pubescent on the green midrib; rays white, 6-8 mm long; disc corolla 4-5 mm long; pappus bristles in 2 series, the outer very short, the inner equaling the corolla lobes, dingy white and minutely scabrous; achenes light brown, 5-nerved, compressed clavate, hirtellous, glabrate.--Common throughout area. 1812 alder thicket, Minn Pt, Duluth; 15635 shore of Crooked L, Curtain Falls. Ont to Alta, interior centr states to la, Neb. Jy-Aug. A. Brachyactis Blake. Rayless Aster. Simple or branched annual, 1-3 dm tall, with a taproot; stems angled, hairy in lines, glabrescent, becoming red in age; leaves linear subulate, entire, ciliolate below, passing into similar but smaller floral bracts; heads numerous, in spicate or racemose clusters; peduncles axillary; involucre broadly campanulate, 6-8 mm high; phyllaries in 3-4 series, linear-oblong, acute, mostly green with pale midrib, at least the outermost ciliolate; rays obsolete or very short, the slender tubular base surpassed by elongate filiform style; disc corolla shorter than the numerous pappus bristles; bristles conspicuous, unequal in length, 5-7 mm long; achene appressed strigose, the hairs overlapping the pappus bristles.--Rare. H3 partly cleared area, UMD campus; 19586 swampy shore, Superior Bay, Minn Pt near naval center, Duluth. Que to Alta, Great Lakes in the interior. Aug-Sept.

Erigeron L. Fleabane (Gr. eri, early; geron, old man; for early flowering) Plants annual or perennial, with simple leaves; heads radiate or, rarely, discoid, numerous; phyllaries in 2-3 series; rays narrow, numerous; pappus bristles not uniform; achenes 2nerved. Heads in corymbiform clusters; rays conspicuous. Rays pink, rarely white; achene with uniseriate bristles E. philadelphicus Rays bluish or white; achene with a crown of short bristles with or without longer ones; annuals. Phyllaries glabrous; rays commonly lilac blue E. annuus Phyllaries strigose on the back; rays white, rarely bluish E. strigosus Heads in elongate panicles; rays minute E. canadensis E. philadelphicus L. Daisy Fleabane. Plants up to 5 dm tall, softly villous, usually perennial, with rosette leaves and tufted offsets; stems weak, fistulose, simple or branching above; basal leaves oblanceolate, thin, hirtellous, tapering to broad petiolar bases; margins entire or undulate, the lowermost cauline leaves similar, mostly obovate, the upper oblong, acute, with a few irregular teeth and clasping bases; heads in corymbose clusters, long-peduncled;

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involucres 4-5 mm high; disc 7-10 mm wide; phyllaries scarious-margined with broad green midvein; receptacle flat or saucer-shaped; floret rays showy pink, rarely white, 7-9 mm long; disc corollas 4-5 mm long, yellow, the tubular base slightly expanded into the limb; pappus uniseriate, 4-5 mm long; achenes upwardly and sparsely hirtellous.--Frequent in springy meadows, alluvial soils throughout area. 13135 swampy forest trail to Rainy L from Kettle Falls; 14474 maple forest, Midway Rd near Nopeming. Nfld to BC and through the interior to Tex, Fla. My-Aug. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Wandering Fleabane. Plants annual or biennial, 1-6 dm tall, from cespitose base; stems simple or branching above, sparsely hirsute; caudex leaves oblanceolate, petioled, 5-9 cm long, more or less pubescent on both sides; cauline leaves similar, narrowed to margined petioles, the upper sessile, clasping; blade margins entire or coarsely and irregularly dentate; heads in corymbiform panicles, commonly with prolonged ascending branches; involucre 3-4 mm high, phyllaries in 2 series, sparsely hirtellous on the back with crisp long hairs; ray florets 5-8 mm long, lilac, bluish, or white; disc corollas 2-3 mm long; ray achenes crowned with short bristles throughout.--Infrequent. 17198 lawn, UMD campus; 16352 swampy cr bank, Prairie Portage, Lake Co. Introd. Je-Oct. E. strigosus. Common Fleabane. Annual pubescent plants, up to 8 dm tall; stems firm, branching above, striate, appressed strigose above; leaves 5-8 cm long, oblanceolate, petioled, 35-nerved, strigose pubescent or glabrate, entire or coarsely toothed; upper cauline leaves sessile, half-clasping, appressed hairy, heads in flat-topped corymbs; involucre 2-3 mm high; phyllaries oblong, acute, scarious on margins, strigose on the back; ray florets white, 10-12 mm long; disc corollas 2-3 mm long, yellow, expanded toward the throat; pappus bristles unequal, fragile; achenes hirtellous.--Most frequently encountered fleabane in area. 1287 wooded border of Congdon Cr, Duluth; 11650 portage trail between Iron and Crooked L, Curtain Falls. NE to Man, ND, Mo, to SC. Jy-Aug. Var. septentrionalis (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Northern Fleabane. Differs from the typical form in having glabrate or sparsely strigose stem bases and basal leaf blades. Nm8-3-39 Rice Lake Rd, 6 mi n of Duluth. Nfld to BC and n states. E. canadensis L. Horseweed. Plants annual, up to 1 m tall; stems erect, rough hairy, or glabrate below; leaves numerous, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, ciliate, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile; panicle elongate, of numerous small heads in racemose or cymose clusters; involucre 3-4 mm high; phyllaries linear, acute, in 3 series; rays numerous, the limb narrow, inconspicuous, white or pale lilac, disc corollas tubular, scarcely widened upward, 4-5-lobed; achenes hirtellous, crowned by pappus of uniform uniseriate bristles.--Frequent, waste ground and shores throughout. 1593 sand dunes, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth; 16785 high cliff on portage from Grassy Bay, Sand Pt L to Namekan L. Introd. Jy-Sept.

Be I Us L. English Daisy (L. bellus, pretty) B. perennis L. English Daisy. Pubescent perennials with basal leaf tufts; blades obovate or elliptic, remotely dentate, narrowing to margined petioles; scapes up to 18 cm tall; phyllaries usually uniseriate; rays numerous; receptacle conical. Appearing in lawns. 21410 Alworth grounds, UMD campus. Eu. Je-Oct.

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Tribe IV. Inaleae Woolly or floccose annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with discoid heads; florets unisexual, monoecious or dioecious, perfect; receptacle flat, naked; style branches truncate, rounded at the minutely hairy tips; anthers tailed; pappus capillary. Plants mat-forming with basal leaves and leafy stolons; cauline leaves reduced Antennaria Plants caulescent, not mat-forming; cauline leaves ample. Florets dioecious, the central perfect but functionally sterile; phyllaries shiny, white Anaphalis Florets all perfect, the marginal pistillate, the central bisexual; phyllaries lustrous, yellowish white Gnaphalium

Antennaria Gaertn. Pussy's Toes (From the resemblance of pappus bristles to insects' antennae) Stoloniferous, dioecious woolly tomentose perennials; principal leaves in rosettes; heads in corymbiform clusters; phyllaries pluriseriate, papery; staminate plants have shorter stems and broader heads; florets with rudimentary styles, clavate pappus bristles; pistillate florets with filiform corollas; capillary pappus bristles united at base; style branches filiform; achenes plump, terete. Basal leaves 1-nerved, 1-3 cm long. Stolons leafy with ascending tips. Leaves bright green above without tomentum A. canadensis Leaves dull green above with tomentum A. neodioica Stolons scaly, becoming rosulate A. neglecta Basal leaves 3-5-nerved, 5-8 cm long. Leaves spatulate, abruptly rounded at apices A. munda Leaves obovate obtuse, at least some blades ovate rhombic A. fallax A. canadensis Greene. Canada Pussy's Toes. Plants spreading by leafy rosette-forming stolons; stems of pistillate plants 1-3 dm tall; rosette leaves oblanceolate apiculate, narrowed to broad bases, white lanate below, green above; cauline leaves spatulate, reduced, appressed, linear, woolly, with scarious tips; heads in corymbs; involucres 6-8 mm high; phyllaries oblong, acute, scarious white at tips, brownish and more or less woolly at bases; staminate plants 5-8 cm tall, with involucre 3-4 mm high; pappus surpassing the brownish styles, achenes 1.3 mm long, cylindric, glandular punctate.--Frequent in sandy soil. 10241 lichen mats on high rocks, Kabetogama state forest; 14188 rocky pine forest, Namekan Narrows. Que, Man, ME, Minn. My-Jy. A. neodioica Greene. Common Pussy' s Toes. Similar to the preceding. Basal leaves tomentose above, glabrescent; stolons forming mats of leafy rosettes; pistillate plants with stems 1-3 dm tall, lanate, becoming floccose in age; cauline leaves linear, ascending, with subulate tips; heads in loose corymbs; involucres 4-7 mm long; phyllaries oblong-acute, white scarious at tips, brownish at bases; bristles exceeding the corollas and reddish brown style branches; achenes 1.4 mm long, lustrous, glandular-punctate.--Frequent throughout area. 10314 lichen mats, granite outcrops, Kabetogama state forest, Kabetogama L; 14121 moss mats, pine forest, Namekan Narrows. Nfld to Ont, ME to Minn. My-Jy.

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104 /p/xFigure 104. Antennaria neodioica. A. Pistillate f l o r e t . B. Staminate f l o r e t . C. Anther tube

A. neglecta Greene. Field Pussy's Toes. Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, gradually narrowing to broad bases, tomentose or glabrescent in age above; stolons rosulate, mat-forming; pistillate plants 1-3 dm tall, with narrowly spatulate cauline leaves; corymbs glomerulate, becoming loosely racemose in age; peduncles 1-4 cm long; involucre 5-8 mm high; phyllaries purplish at bases, white scarious at tips, 3-4-seriate; staminate plants .5-1.2 dm tall; phyllaries showy white, dentate, with erose tips; pistillate flowers with purplish corolla lobes; styles reddish, exceeded by the pappus; achenes 1.2 mm long, lustrous, glandular-dotted.--Frequent, fields and damp woods. 10506 staminate plants. Springy slope, UMD campus; 10403 pistillate plants, springy meadow, UMD campus. NS to Ont, s Kans, Mo, e to Va. Je-Jy. A. munda Fern. Trim-Pussy's Toes. Plants rhizomatous, from rosulate leaf tufts; pistillate plants with stems 1.5-3 dm tall; basal leaves 3-6 cm long, woolly, becoming floccose above, 3-5-nerved; abruptly rounded at tips, commonly apiculate; stolons strongly assurgent; cauline leaves 3-5 mm long, oblong, acute; heads glomerulate, loosely corymbose in age; involucre 810 mm high; phyllaries reddish brown at bases, white scarious at tips; pistillate flowers with reddish styles surpassed by the pappus; achenes glandular dotted, 1.6-1.8 mm long; sta-

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minate plants 1 dm tall, with congested corymbs.--Occasional in area. 8294 jack pine forest se of Gilbert; 14216 lichen mats, Namekan Narrows, Can boundary. Me to Ont, Minn. Je-Jy. A., fallax Greene. Large-leaved Pussy's Toes. Stoloniferous plants, up to 3 dm tall, from loosely tufted crowns; basal leaves 5-8 cm long, the rhomboid-ovate blades 1.2-3.6 cm wide, prominently 3-5-ribbed, canescent below, becoming floccose or glabrescent above in age; cauline leaves 2-3.7 cm long, linear oblong, mucronate, tomentose, commonly with glandular dots; corymbs dense or lax; involucres 7-11 mm high; phyllaries in 3-5 series, linear-oblong, acute, white at tips, brownish green or purplish below; pistillate corollas 5-6 mm long; styles yellowish to reddish, surpassed by the pappus bristles; achenes terete, glandular-dotted, 1-2 mm long; staminate plants not seen.--Frequent in s part of area. 3566 high rocks above Beck's Rd near Fond du Lac; 6843 high rocks above Northland golf course, Duluth. Me to Ont, Minn, s to Tenn, Va. My-Je.

Anaphalis D.C. Wild Straw-Flower (Name an anagram of Gnaphalium) A. margar it ace a (L.) C. B. Clarke var. intercedens Hara. Pearly Everlasting. Plants up to 8 dm tall, colonial, with creeping, branching rhizomes; stems erect, clothed with woolly tomentum, leafy up to the inflorescence, internodes short; blades linear, entire, 3-nerved, clothed with grayish white woolly tomentum, glabrate or floccose above in age; heads congested in terminal corymbiform clusters; involucre 6-7 mm high; phyllaries imbricate, white; anthers 2-3 mm long, golden yellow; style branches commonly short or uncleft; pappus bristles capillary, as long as the corolla, clavate, their apices minutely barbellate; pistillate flowers filiform; corolla cleft above into 3-5 fimbriate lobes; style branches elongate, exserted; pappus bristles as long as the styles; achenes dark brown, terete, minutely hispidulous.--Widely distributed throughout area. Plants vary considerably in pubescence with age. 1688 margin of sedge meadow, bayside, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9687 granite outcrops above Ash R. Nfld to Alas, WVa to Minn, SD, NM. Aug-Sept.

Gnaphalium L. Cudweed (Gr. gnaphallon, tuft of wool) Annual or biennial caulescent woolly herbs with sessile or decurrent leaves; blades oblong, linear or lanceolate; phyllaries papery, ivory white, imbricate; flowers all fertile, the marginal pistillate, the central bisexual, pappus bristles capillary. Phyllaries ivory white; heads not conspicuously leafy bracted; biennial. Internodes with decurrent wings; pubescence glandular G. Macounii Internodes without decurrent wings; pubescence silky, nonglandular . . . G. obtusifolium Phyllaries brownish or greenish; heads conspicuously leafy bracted; annual G. uliginosum G. Macounii Greene. Northern Cudweed. Plants biennial, up to 8 dm tall; stems with decurrent wings, lanate and glandular; cauline leaves linear-oblong, acute, the upper lanceolate, com371

monly with clasping bases, lanate below, glandular and less woolly above; corymbs 8-15 cm wide, flat-topped; involucres 4-5 mm long, becoming campanulate in age; phyllaries ovate, acute in 5-6 series, the outer brownish and shorter, with rounded tips; corollas of the pistillate marginal flowers filiform, those of the central perfect flowers yellow, narrowly tubular, slightly expanded above; achenes smooth.--Occasional, on exposed cliffs and rdsides, n part of area. 4817 rdside between Ely and Embarrass; 9300 sandy terrace of Armstrong L, between Ely and Soudan. Que to BC, ME to Minn, SD, MM, Ariz. Aug-Sept. G. obtusifoliam L. var. micradenium Weath. Catfoot. Biennial, lanate herbs, 2-4 dm tall; stem internodes appressed woolly without decurrent wings; cauline leaves linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, minutely glandular beneath layers of tomentum, densely lanate below, glabrescent and bright green above; corymbs flat-topped; phyllaries in 5-6 series, the innermost narrow, spatulate, the outer obtuse or acute; pistillate and perfect flowers similar to the preceding species.--Occasional, s part of area. 4856 sand dunes under pines, Minn Pt, Duluth; 18531 abandoned gravel pit n of Floodwood L, Hwy 73. Me to Minn, Mo, Ky, SC. Aug-Oct. G. uliginosum L. Low Cudweed. Densely woolly annuals, .5-3 dm tall; stems densely white lanate, slender, branched above; leaves narrowly linear or oblanceolate, acute, appressed, floccose lanate, sessile, decurrent lines absent; leaf axils with tufts of tomentum; inflorescence subtended by conspicuous bracts, similar to the leaves; heads sessile in congested glomerules, mostly embedded in tomentum; involucres 3-4 mm high; phyllaries ovate, 3-4-seriate, scarious at tips, brown or green below; pistillate flowers numerous, 2-3 mm long, the perfect commonly 3-5 per head; achenes glabrous; pappus bristles as long as the corolla tube. --Frequent, shores, damp sandy depressions throughout. 7300 shore of St. Louis R, Brookston; 13835 Crane L, shore of bay. Nfld to BC, NE to Minn, Rans, Colo. Jy-Aug.

Tribe V. Heliantheae Heads radiate or discoid, if rayless florets staminate or pistillate, rarely both in the same head, or perfect; phyllaries herbaceous; receptacle flat, conical or columnar, chaffy; style branches stigmatic in marginal lines, terminating in hairy subulate tips; pappus of deciduous awns or scales, often reduced to a collar-like border or none; achenes sometimes enclosed within a bur-like involucre. Rays wanting. Flowers monoecious, wind-pollinated. Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same receptacle, achenes not enclosed within a fruiting involucre Iva Staminate and pistillate flowers on different receptacles on the same plant; achenes enclosed within a fruiting involucre. Leaves dissected or cleft; staminate heads in terminal racemes, pistillate heads axillary, 1-flowered, not bur-like Ambrosia Leaves not dissected; staminate and pistillate heads in axillary clusters, pistillate heads 2-flowered, becoming bur-like Xanthium Flowers bisexual, insect-pollinated Bidens Rays present. Phyllaries mostly herbaceous, neither glandular nor conduplicate. Rays yellow. Receptacle conical to columnar; achenes variable.

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Rays marcescent; ligulate flowers fertile; leaves opposite, peduncles clavate . . . . Heliopsis Rays deciduous; ligulate flowers neutral; leaves alternate. Receptacle conical; achenes 4-sided Radbeckia Receptacle columnar; achenes flat, margined Ratibida Receptacle flat. Pappus of deciduous scales Helianthus Pappus of barbed awns. Plants terrestrial; leaves not finely dissected Bidens Plants aquatic; leaves dissected into filiform segments Megalodonta Rays white; receptacle conical; pappus fimbriate Galinosga Phyllaries glandular-viscid, conduplicate Madia

Iva L. Marsh-Elder (L. iva, some medicinal herb) I. xanthifolia Nutt. Common Marsh-Elder. Bushy annuals up to 3 m tall, from strong taproots; stems striate, angled, glabrous or hispidulous above in large plants, with leaves up to 3 dm long; petioles stout, strigose; blades deltoid-ovate, palmately veined, cuneate, truncate or subcordate at base, coarsely dentate, strigose and glandular-dotted; heads rayless, numerous, with minute inconspicuous florets, 2-3 mm long, in spicate panicles from the upper leaf axils, or terminal; phyllaries in 2 series, ovate, apiculate, the outer 5 green or partly scarious, the inner scarious; pales few, subulate, dilated at tips; pistillate corollas reduced to truncate tubular bases; ovaries obconic, dotted with stipitate glands on inner face; staminate florets with funnel-form corollas, glandular within; anthers nearly distinct around the rudimentary style; achenes obconic, 2.5 mm long, dark brown, tipped with the marcescent corolla base and style branches.--Infrequent in area. 1821 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11406 large plants, Caribou L bank, near a cabin, 14 mi nw of Duluth; Wis to Mont, Man and s to Mo, MM, Tex. Aug-Sept.

Ambrosia L. Ragweed (L. ambrosia, food of the gods) Annual herbs with taproot or perennials by rhizomes; leaves 3-5-lobed, entire or sinuately pinnatifid; heads unisexual, the staminate in terminal spicate racemes, the pistillate in axillary clusters; staminate involucre campanulate, sessile, 5-flowered; pistillate involucre top-shaped, usually 5-bracted, enclosing the single pistillate floret, the ripened head containing the achene with a beak and 2-5 blunt subapical projections, depending upon the number of united phyllaries; pappus absent; pollen dry; stigmatic branches papillose (heads sometimes perfect, the pistillate involucre containing 2-3 staminate flowers). Leaves 3-5-lobed, palmately veined; staminate heads unilateral, with 3 prominent excurrent ribs; fruits 6-12 mm long A. trifida Leaves sinuately pinnatifid; staminate heads slightly oblique; fruits 3-5 mm long. Plants annual; fruiting involucre with 4-7 spines A. artemisiifolia Plants perennial, gray canescent; fruiting involucre with 3-5 short spines or spineless A. psilostachya

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A. trifida L. Giant Ragweed. Annual, from taproot, in the area only up to 8 dm tall; stems stout, erect, branching, hairy, glabrescent; leaves opposite, 4-14 cm long, commonly 3-lobed or the upper entire, appressed pubescent, hirtellous along the veins; fruiting heads with 3-9 blunt spines 5-8 mm long.--Frequent on dry rockledges, seldom becoming large. 2097 bayshore sand, Minn Pt, Duluth; J478 Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Throughout area. Jy-Oct. A. artemisiifolia L. Common Ragweed. Plants up to 9 dm tall, annual, from taproot; stems branching, appressed strigose; leaves pinnatifid, hirsute glandular; staminate heads 3-6 mm wide; fruiting heads 3-5 mm long, prominently beaked, spines short. Plants densely hirsute; staminate involucres 3-7 mm wide var. artemisiifolia Plants moderately hairy; staminate involucres 2.5-3 mm wide var. elatior Var. artemisiifolia L. Occasional on shores. 6673 sandy beach, island in Duluth harbor. 3372a crevice of sidewalk, Greysolon Rd, Duluth. Sea beaches, Nfld to DC, local inland. JyOct. Var. elatior (L.) Desc. The common variety throughout area; disturbed soils and shores. 12221 sandy rdside, Janet L, s of Hibbing; 19576 UMD campus. Jy-Oct. A. psilostachya D.C. var. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Farw. Perennial Ragweed. Perennial plants up to 7 dm tall, grayish green, colonial from deep-seated, creeping rhizomes; stems closely appressed strigose with pustular-based hairs, angled, simple or, in large plants, branched above; leaves pinnatifid, appressed strigose and glandular-dotted; fruiting involucres globose 4-5 mm long with blunt beak; spine small or wanting.--Frequent, shores and sandy fields. 7319 St. Louis R terrace, Hwy 2, near Brookston; 15119 Kabetogama Pen; Mich to Sask, Mont, s Tex, eastw. Jy-Sept.

Xanthium, L. Cocklebur (Gr. xanthos, yellow; for some plant used in dyes) X. italicum Moretti. Black Cocklebur. Plants 1-5 dm tall, annual, with taproots; stems angled, scabrous; leaves alternate or the lowermost opposite, cuneate, 3-5-lobed, palmately veined, appressed pubescent and glandular-dotted; inflorescence in axillary spikes, heads rayless; staminate heads terminal; staminate florets with nearly distinct anthers surrounding the rudimentary style; pistillate heads usually 2-flowered, corolla obsolete, style branches elongate, attaining the orifice of the bur-like involucre; bur with hooked barbs and tipped with 2 stouter beaks, 2-locular, 2-fruited, ill-scented.--Shores and sandfills, Duluth-Superior harbor. 1846 bay shore, Minn Pt; Que to Sask, s Fla, Mex. Aug-Sept.

He Hops is Pers. Ox-eye (Gr. helios, sun; for likeness to sunflower) H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. Sun-Eye. Branching perennials up to 9 dm tall, from thick crowns with fibrous roots; stems somewhat 4-angled, glabrous or puberu-

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lent above; leaves opposite, 7-9 cm long; blades deltoid, subcordate to truncate at base, 3veined, coarsely serrate with ascending teeth, scabrous; petioles 1-2 cm long, margined, connate at bases; peduncles clavate, elongate, bractless; heads commonly in corymbose clusters, many-flowered; phyllaries unequal, in 2 series, oblong-spatulate, herbaceous, striate; involucres 10-12 mm high; receptacle conical; pales linear-spatulate, prominent in fruit; ray florets 2-2.5 cm long, fertile; disc corollas 5-6 cm long, with spreading lobes; anthers brown, exserted; achenes glandular, dark brown, 4 mm long, 4-angled, without pappus, except for the short collar-like border.--Occasional throughout area, dry openings and woods. 2668 willow thicket bordering Enger's golf course, Duluth; 15410 bank of Vermilion L, Moccasin Pt Lodge. NY to Ont, BC, s to MM, Tex. Jy-Aug.

Rudbeckia L. Coneflower (For Rudbeck, Swedish botanist) Perennial leafy-stemmed herbs with alternate, entire, or laciniately divided leaves; involucre imbricate in 2-3 series; receptacle conical; ray florets yellow, disc brown or purple; style branches pubescent at tips; achenes 4-angled, pappus a short rim or none, or a short crown with short teeth. Leaves laciniate-pinnatifid; disc yellowish brown; rays 3-5 cm long R. laciniata Leaves undivided; disc dark purple; rays 2-3 cm long R. serotina R. laciniata L. Wild Golden-Glow. Plants up to 2 m tall, from strong caudex; stems angled, glabrous; lowest leaves with petioles commonly more than 3 dm long, leaves dilated at base, half clasping the node; blades cleft into 3-8 lobes, coarsely toothed, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous or scabrous; heads long-peduncled, solitary or paniculate; receptacle cone-shaped; pales conduplicate, with densely pubescent tips; rays 3-5 cm long, ovate, pubescent along the nerves below; disc corolla 4-5 mm long; style branches truncate, tufted with brush hairs; fruiting heads 2-3 cm high; achenes glabrous; ray achenes with 4-pointed rim; disc achenes with collar-like crowns.--Infrequent. 7753 arboretum, Fond du Lac. Que to Mont, NE to Fla. Aug-Sept. R. serotina Nutt. Brown-eyed Susan. Plants up to 5 dm tall, perennial, from short caudices; stems clustered, strigose-hirsute, branching above; basal leaves several, 5-8 cm long; blades oblanceolate, acute, strigose-hirsute, 3-nerved, entire or with remote shallow teeth; cauline leaves similar, sessile and narrower toward the inflorescence; heads long-peduncled; involucre 10-12 mm long; phyllaries oblong, acute, hirsute-ciliate, reflexed; rays golden yellow, 2-3 cm long; disc dark purplish brown; fruiting heads 1.5-2 cm high; disc corollas 4-5 mm long, purple; achenes striate, with short crown or nearly obsolete.--Frequent, abundant throughout area. 2760 sandy soil, Minn Pt, Duluth; 15734 gravelly bank between Winton and Ely. Common across the cont. Jy-Sept.

Ratibida Raf. Prairie-Coneflower Perennials with pinnately divided or cleft leaves; receptacle elongate, columnar; phyllaries inconspicuous, reflexed; pales bearded at tips; style branches subulate, hairy; pappus commonly obsolete.

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Stems from short caudex; receptacle shorter than the rays; pappus wanting; leaf segments elliptic or lanceolate R. pinnata Stems from taproot; receptacle longer than the rays; pappus of 2 nearly obsolete teeth; leaf segments linear R. columnifera R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Gray-Headed Coneflower. Plants 3-5 dm tall, perennial from slender caudices; stems branching above, appressed pubescent; leaves 3-7-cleft or divided into elliptic or lanceolate entire segments, 5-9 cm long, short-petioled or the upper sessile; heads long-peduncled, from the upper axils; phyllaries linear, strigose, reflexed; rays golden yellow, 4-5 cm long, ovate, reflexed; receptacle 1.5-2 cm long, purple; pales thickened distally, closely bearded; achenes margined, somewhat flattened, without pappus.--Rare in area. 16860 embankment, Hwy 2, near Floodwood. Dry soil in plain and prairie states, s to Ga. Aug-Sept. R. columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. Long-head Prairie Coneflower. Perennial plants with clustered stems, 3-5 dm tall; stems appressed strigose; basal leaves long-petioled, 5-7 cm long; blades commonly 3-divided, strigose; cauline leaves sessile, pinnately divided, the terminal segment the largest; heads long-peduncled, phyllaries linear, strigose, reflexed; receptacle columnar; fruiting heads up to 3 cm long; rays reflexed; disc corollas purple.-Rare. 17818 rd embankment, Hwy 53, s of Eveleth. Plains states to BC, s to Ariz, Tex. AugSept.

Helianthus L. Sunflower (Gr. helios, sun; anthos, flower) Erect coarse, annual or perennial herbs; leaves simple, commonly opposite below, alternate above; phyllaries green, herbaceous, imbricate, in 3-4 series; ray florets yellow, sterile; disc florets bisexual, yellow or purplish; corolla tube with a bulbous enlargement above the base; receptacle flat or convex, with persistent pales; achenes compressed, glandular within; pappus scales deciduous. Annuals with taproots. Blades cordate-ovate, serrate; phyllaries ciliate H. annuus Blades deltoid or ovate, cuneate at base, entire, phyllaries glabrous . . . H. petiolaris Perennials with rootstocks. Leaves mostly opposite. Stems scabrous; leaves lanceolate, progressively smaller upward; phyllaries ovate . . . H. laetiflorus Stems more or less hirsute; leaves broadly ovate, not conspicuously reduced upward; phyllaries lanceolate H. tuberosus Leaves mostly alternate. Inflorescence racemose; leaves commonly folded H. Maximiliani Inflorescence corymbiform or paniculate; leaves not folded. Stems smooth, glaucous; blades prominently serrate H. grosseserratus Stems commonly scabrous or hirsute; blades with few teeth H. giganteus H. annuus L. Common Sunflower. Coarse annuals with hispid scabrous stems; leaves broadly ovate, long-petioled; rays showy, orange yellow; disc 3-5 cm in diameter; phyllaries apiculate, ciliate.--Rare in area; ballast and rdside plants seldom grow to half the size of cult 376

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Figure 105. Helianthus annuus. A. Ray floret. B. , C. Disc florets

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plants, and have proportionately smaller heads. 1885 shore sand of Superior Bay, Minn Pt, Duluth. Introd, cult. Aug-Sept. H. petiolaris Nutt. Prairie-Sunflower. Plants 3-8 dm tall, with annual taproot; stem simple or branching from the base, appressed strigose above, glabrate below; blades 5-12 cm long, entire, strigose, narrowly deltoid or oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved, obtuse, tapering to slender petioles; peduncles leafy-bracted, elongate, white strigose; heads numerous; involucre 12-14 mm high; phyllaries in 3-4 series, oblong-lanceolate, scabrous-ciliate; central pales strigose, tufted; rays ovate, showy golden yellow, 2-3 cm long, 15-nerved; disc corollas 45.5 mm long; throat and nerves reddish; anther tube purple, exserted; achene compressed, appressed silky, dark, mottled.--Occasional, sandy shores and rdsides. 1582 sandy beach, Minn Ave, Minn Pt, Duluth; 16868 rr right-of-way, shrubby border, s of Floodwood. Man, Minn, to Wash, s to La, Tex, w to Ariz. Je-Sept. H. laetiflorus Pers. Handsome Sunflower. Plants up to 8 dm tall, rhizomatous, with thickened roots; stems rigid, stiff, sparsely strigose and scabrous; leaves opposite, lanceolate to rhombic ovate, rigid, pale green, scabrous, commonly entire or with few broad teeth; blades 5-18 cm long; disc 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; involucre 10-12 mm high; phyllaries in 3-4 series, imbricate, lanceolate acute, or ovate, glabrate, uniformly short-ciliate, the tips reflexed or spreading in maturity; rays 15-nerved, golden yellow, 2-3.5 cm long; disc florets yellow or reddish, 6-7.5 mm long, 10-nerved; anther tube exserted, brown; style branches dilated above the stigmatic lines, tips hairy; achenes sparsely hirtellous. Disc corolla yellow var. laetiflorus Disc corolla reddish purple var. rigidus Var. laetiflorus.--Rare. 9950 meadow along Allen Ave, UMD campus. NY to Sask, s to Mo, Neb, Ga. Aug-Sept. Var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern.--Occasional throughout area. 9301 sandy terrace of Armstrong L. Ont to Minn, s to Gulf states. Aug-Sept. H. tuberosus var. tuberosus. Jerusalem Artichoke. Plants rhizomatous, bearing edible tubers; stems branching above, 1-3 m tall, scabrous hispidulous, stout, striate; leaves mostly or all opposite; leaf blades 8-18 cm long, broadly or narrowly ovate, abruptly narrowed to winged petioles, usually scabrous, grayish green; heads commonly numerous and showy; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries lance-subulate, scabrous, commonly ciliate, the tips becoming recurved in age; rays 2-3 cm long, orange yellow, pubescent on nerves below, drying reddish or deeper orange; disc florets 11-12 mm long, yellow, pubescent on nerves; pales hairy at tips; achenes more or less 4-angled, hairy toward apex.--Occasional, shores and rdsides. Var. tuberosus. Spreading from cult. 6740 St. Louis R terrace along rr, New Duluth; 13282 gravelly rdside, s of Crane L. Ont to Sask, s to Ark, Tenn, Ga. Aug-Sept. Var. subcanescens Gray. Differs from the typical in having gray indumentum, soft to the touch, on lower surfaces of leaves. 1877 dunes and sand blows, Minn Ave, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9771 clearing, Armstrong L, s of Ely. Ont to Minn, s to Mo, Kan. Aug-Sept. H. Maximi Hani Schrad. Showy Sunflower. Plants 1-3 m tall, from stout rhizomes; stems scabrous; leaves mostly alternate, 5-9 cm long, short-petioled; blades lanceolate, acuminate, usually entire, scabrous, the uppermost commonly folded; heads long-peduncled, from axils of 378

upper leaves, forming prolonged racemes; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries appressed, linear lanceolate, subulate, scabrous or sometimes with spreading hairs; rays golden yellow, showy, 2-3 cm long; disc corollas yellow, the nerves orange; achenes glabrous.--Frequent, sandy soils, shores. 1677 sand ridge, Minn Pt, near the canal; 6717 bank of East Lester R. Prairies, Sask to Minn, Okla, Tex. Aug-Sept. H. grosseserratus Martens. Saw-tooth Sunflower. Plants up to 1.5 m tall, colonial, from creeping branching rootstocks; stems scabrous; leaves thin, bluish green, or glaucous, thinly pubescent or scabrous above, appressed pubescent below, especially on the veins; blades 7-15 cm long, lanceolate, scabrous, the base tapering to petioles 1-3 cm long; leaf margins prominently and coarsely serrate; heads showy; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, spreading in age; rays 2-3 cm long, deep yellow, puberulent; disc florets 5-6 mm long, more or less pubescent exteriorly; achenes ovate, compressed, glabrous.--Rare. 1862 dune sand, Minn Ave, Minn Pt, near canal. ND s to Ark, Tex. Aug-Sept. H. giganteus L. Common Sunflower. Rhizomatous perennials, often with thickened fusiform roots; stems 1.5-2 m tall, hispid or rough hirsute, stout and strict; leaves mostly alternate, rarely whorled near the midstem; blades commonly 3-veined, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to short hirtellous petioles, scabrous or frequently strumose above, glabrous or sparsely hirsute beneath, sharply dentate or subentire; heads in panicles; involucres 12-16 mm high; phyllaries linear, acuminate, hirsute, sharply dentate to subentire, ciliate, blackish green at the middle; rays yellow, 15-22 mm long, ovate, pubescent beneath; disc 12-15 mm wide, yellow; achenes 4-5 mm long, wedge-shaped, grayish brown.--Widely dist and represented by 3 forms. Var. giganteus. Leaves, except lowermost, consistently alternate. 6710 East Lester R rd, cleared area, abundant. 9362 mixed forest, Prairie L. Transcontinental. Jy-Qct. Var. subtuberosus (Bourgeau) Rritt. Leaves more consistently opposite; roots more often fusiform or tuberiferous. 5861 Congdon Pk woods, Duluth; 7318 St. Louis R bank, below bridge on Hwy 2 near Brookston. Var. subtuberosus f. verticillatus Lak. Leaves of midstem commonly in whorls on as many as 6 successive nodes. 6146 e bank of Sucker R near Palmers; 7346 bank of Whiteface R, w of Cotton.

Bidens L. Bur-Marigold (L. bidens, two-toothed; for the pappus awns) Annual herbs with simple or pinnately divided leaves; heads mostly erect, sometimes nodding, discoid or radiate; phyllaries in 2 series; achenes flattened or 4-angled, armed with 2-4 usually retrorsely barbed awns. Leaves simple, blades entire, rarely lobed; achenes 3-4-awned, retrorsely barbed. Heads nodding; rays showy B. cernua Heads erect; rays rarely present 5, connata Leaves pinnately divided, achenes 2-awned. Phyllaries hispid, leaves 3-5-foliolate B. vulgata Phyllaries glabrous on the back; leaves 3-foliolate.

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Phyllaries sparsely ciliate; achenes upwardly widened; awns retrorsely barbed B. frondosa Phyllaries glabrous; achenes oblong; awns upwardly barbed B. discoidea B. cernua L. Nodding Bur-Marigold. Plants up to 7 dm tall, annual, with abundantly rooting decumbent bases; stems glabrous or sparsely viscid pubescent, commonly branched; leaves narrowly linear, oblong, round, or acute, with mostly connate bases, or the upper cordateclasping, coarsely dentate, or sometimes nearly entire; heads nodding, numerous, radiate or discoid, hemispheric; disc 10-12 mm high; phyllaries 3-9, foliaceous, scabrous ciliate, becoming reflexed; pales ovate lanceolate, striped with brown, with broad orange margins; ray florets showy; disc florets 4-5 mm long; achenes cuneate, 5-6 mm long; awns 3-4 mm long, the marginal ones somewhat longer, the body smooth between the scabrous ribs. Leaves sessile; heads large, nodding. Blades linear oblong, acute, with more than 10 pairs of teeth. Heads with ray flowers Var. cernua Heads without ray flowers f. discoidea Blades rounded at tips, entire or with up to 10 pairs of teeth Var. oligodonta Leaves petioled, rounded at tips; heads small, erect Var. minima Var. cernua. Abundant on inundated shores throughout area. 1789 shallow water, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 13731 shore of Myrtle L, Hwy 23, between Orr and Buyck. NS to BC and across the continent to Calif. Aug-Sept. f. discoidea (Wimm. & Grab.) Briq. & Cavill. 17065 shore of Trout R on portage to Trout L from Vermilion L;.12024 swampy area on Hwy 216, sw of Hibbing. Aug-Sept. Var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John. 7817 shore of St. Louis R at Poupore rr station; 7299 shore of St. Louis R at Brookston. Mass to Minn. Aug-Sept. Var. minima (Huds.) Pursh. Plants usually less than 10 cm tall; heads 4-5 mm in diameter, erect. F28967 Little Mesabe L; F5157 dense colony on lump of peat, Embarrass L, s of Biwabik. NE to Wis, Minn. Aug-Sept. B. connata Muhl. Stick-tight. Plants annual, up to 7 dm tall, simple or branching; stems slender, glabrous, commonly red in age; leaves lanceolate, blades coarsely dentate, tapering to margined petioles or sessile, undivided or pinnatifid, or cleft into connate basal lobes; heads numerous, campanulate; disc 10-12 mm high; phyllaries foliose, 2-3 times longer than the disc; the outer pales striped with brown and margined with orange, the inner narrower, with 3-4 stripes; rays usually lacking; disc corollas 2.5-3 mm long, the tube green, the throat orange; outer achenes 8-9 mm long, cuneate-oblanceolate, tuberculate on ribs, the marginal ones up to 3-4 mm long, with shorter, retrorsely barbed awns. Blades undivided or cleft into 2 connate basal segments. Petioles margined. Outer phyllaries oblong-linear less than 2.5 cm long Var. connata Outer phyllaries oblanceolate, more than 2.5 cm long Var. fallax Petioles not margined Var. petiolata Blades pinnatifid Var. pinnata Var. connata. Shores and swamps throughout the area. 6224 swamp along St. Louis R, New Duluth; 9429 sandy cr bed, beach of Kabetogama L. Que to Minn. Aug-Sept.

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Var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff.--Occasional in Duluth area. 1719 mud flats, Oatka Beach Addition, Duluth; 5511 same site. Que to Minn, Ind, Va. Aug-Sept. Var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. Occasional with typical form. 1870 in shallow water, Oatka Beach, Minn Pt, Duluth; 10018 sandy beach of Kabetogama L, Herseth's Vacation Camp. Que to Minn, s Mo, Kans, NE, to Va. Aug-Sept. Var. pinnata S. Wats.--Occasional in shore swamps. 18581 in shallow water, Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth; 1860 same site. Wis and Minn. Aug-Sept. B. comosa (Gray) Greene. Tufted Beggar-ticks. Plants annual, up to 8 dm tall, branching from the base; stems stout, glabrous, often enlarged at the root level if submersed; leaf blades oblanceolate, dentate, narrowing to wing-margined petioles, or the upper sessile; heads numerous, hemispherical; peduncles forking; involucres hemispherical, 10-12 mm high; phyllaries 2-3 times the height of the disc, foliose; outer pales ovate-oblong, striped with bronze and purple, the inner similar, linear, acute; rays wanting; disc corolla 2-3 mm long, with narrow tubular base; achenes cuneate, oblanceolate, retrorsely ciliate, 4-5 mm long, with retrorsely barbed awns; mature achenes dark brown.--Rare in area. 1850 sand, Oatka Beach Addition, Duluth. Me to ND, U, s to MM, La. Aug-Sept. B. vulgata Greene, var. paberula (Wieg.) Greene. Common Bur-Marigold. Plants annual, strict or branching above, 2-7 dm tall; stems angled and striate, in swamp plants 10-12 mm or more thick at base, puberulent or glabrous, prominently veined and sharply serrate; heads hemispherical, numerous, commonly long-pedunculate; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries green, oblanceolate, scabrous, ciliate; outer pales bronzed purple, striped, puberulent on the back, broadly edged with orange; rays usually absent; disc corollas 3 mm long, the tube greenish yellow, the throat campanulate, orange; anther tubes and style branches exserted; achenes flat, wing-margined, the body 6-9 mm long, sparsely tuberculate with margins and awns retrorsely barbed; endocarp lilac purple; seeds 4-5 mm long, suffused with purple; achenes dark brown.--Occasional, shores and rdsides throughout area. 1859 Oatka Beach sandfill, Minn Pt, Duluth; 11749 springy cr bed, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Que to Alta, NE to Calif. Aug-Sept. B. frondosa L. Leafy Bur-Marigold. Branching annuals, up to 9 dm tall; stems slender, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous at nodes or in lines above; commonly reddish in age; leaves petioled, mostly with 3-5 leaflets, the terminal rhombic-ovate, coarsely dentate above the cuneate base; heads in loose corymbs; involucres 9-10 mm high; outer phyllaries 4-6, foliose; inner phyllaries and pales similar, striped with green and gold; disc corollas 2-3 mm long, golden yellow; anther tube and style branches long-exserted; achene widest above the middle, constricted at apex; awns 2, retrorsely barbed, yellowish, 2.5-3 mm long; body 4-5 mm long, flat, strigose tuberculate, dark brown.--Common in swampy borders and disturbed soils. 9940 Twin Lakes swamp, s of Brookston; 16804 rocky r bed, Beatty portage, Lac La Croix. Nfld to Wash and throughout range. Aug-Sept. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Gray. Smooth Bur-Marigold. Slender glabrous annuals, up to 6 dm tall; stems striate, branched, dark red; leaves opposite, 5-9 cm long, 3-foliate with slender petioles 1-3 cm long; terminal leaflet stalked; leaflets thin, rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate above the cuneate bases; heads few to many in terminal corymbs; involucres 5-6 mm high; phyllaries commonly 4, foliose, exceeding the disc; outer pales ovateobtuse, conspicuously striped with bronze, commonly with orange tips; corolla 1.5-2 mm long, the limb orange with ovate lobes, the tube green; achenes 4-6 mm long, blackish, oblong cune381

ate, appressed hairy and tuberculate; awns 2-3 mm long, upwardly barbed.--Occasional, silty shores, on partly submerged logs. 6230 swamp along St. Louis R, Duluth; 17052 shore pools of Trout R, portage to Trout L. Mass to Minn, s Tex, Ala, w ND. Aug-Sept.

Megalodonta Green. Water Marigold (Gr. megas, large; odons, tooth) M. Beckii (Torr.) Green. Floating Bur-Marigold. Perennial emersed aquatics; stems up to 1 m or more high, simple or forking above; leaves opposite, submersed blades ternately divided into filiform segments; petiole bases united; emersed leaves, commonly 3 pairs, lanceolate, serrate, or pectinate; heads solitary terminal; peduncles 2-3 in axils of emersed leaves; involucres 8-10 mm high; phyllaries thin, oblong-obtuse, acuminate, striate green, in 2 series; receptacle flat; pales similar to phyllaries, linear; ray florets golden yellow, 1-1.5 cm long; disc corollas 8-10 mm long; achene body terete, 10-13 mm long, awns 1.5-2 cm long, divergent, retrorsely barbed toward tips.--Frequent in mucky-bottomed lakes and in streams. 13555 Caribou L, n of Duluth; 19084 wild rice beds, Vermilion R, 4 mi above the gorge, Gold Mine Camp. NE, Que, Minn, Ore, Wash, s to Ind, 0. Jy-Aug.

Galinsoga R. & P. Galinsoga (For de Galinsoga, Spanish botanist) G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake. Fringed Galinsoga. Annual, hispid herbs, 1-6 dm tall, stems branching, obtusely 4-angled, glandular-villous above; leaves 3-7 cm long, ovate, opposite; blades thin, sparsely strigose, coarsely dentate, with 3 prominent veins; petioles 5-15 mm long; peduncles villous with gland-tipped hairs, generally appressed-hairy; heads numerous, in prolonged cymes; involucres 2-3 mm high; phyllaries ovate, thin, villous, 3-nerved; pales linear, minutely lacerate, acute; receptacle convex; rays white, .8-2 mm long, prominently 3-dentate, ovate to rectangular; pappus of ray flower delicate, fimbriate scales as long as the tube of the corolla; the inner achenes top-shaped, 1.3 mm long, bluntly 4-angled, dark brown, pubescent. --Infrequent. 9536 in rock seams, Kabetogama L near Gappa's Landing; 15432 grassy blvd above 8th St. E. Duluth. Que to Ont, Minn, Neb. Jy-Sept.

Madia Molina. Tarweed (madi, the Chilean Indian name) M. glomerata Hook. Tarweed. Annual strong-scented herbs, 3-6 dm tall; stems viscid-villous or hispid, densely glandular above; leaves linear, hispid strigose, numerous; heads few-flowered, in axillary and terminal clusters; involucres 5-7 mm high, uniseriate; phyllaries conduplicate, glandular hirsute; rays short, prominently 3-dentate; receptacle flat; disc florets invested within an inner bract, the limb tubular, short; achenes 5 mm long, convex on the edge, brown, compressed, and somewhat 4-angled, completely enclosed within the subtending phyllary.

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--Rare. 4176 grassy slope below Skyline Pkwy, 40th Ave W, Duluth; 12061 grassy rdside, Chisholm city limits. Pacific coast to Minn. Aug-Sept.

Tribe VI. Helenieae Caulescent herbs with alternate leaves; phyllaries herbaceous, imbricate, receptacle naked, rarely bristly, convex or conical; heads radiate; anthers rounded at bases, style branches terete, truncate, brush hairs terminal; achenes commonly 4-angled, pappus scales scarious, persistent.

Helenium L. Sneezeweed (Gr. helenion', helene, basket; helissein, to wind; according to Linnaeus, for Helen of Troy) Perennial caulescent herbs; leaves alternate; phyllaries reflexed; rays fertile or sterile; receptacle convex; achenes turbinate; pappus scales scarious. Disc purple; rays golden yellow; wings of internodes inconspicuous H. nudiflorum Disc and rays yellow; wings of internodes conspicuous . . . H. autumnale var. canaliculatum H. nudiflorum. Nutt. Purple Sneezeweed. Plants slender perennials up to 5 dm tall; stem and leaves puberulent; leaf blades resin-dotted; internodes winged from decurrent leaf bases; basal leaves oblanceolate with margined petioles; cauline leaves similar, linear or oblanceolate, remotely dentate, smaller upward; heads in corymbs, long-peduncled; phyllaries shorter than the disc, resinous; rays 10-12 mm long, 3-5-lobed, reflexed, sterile; disc 4-5 mm high, purple, rounded; pappus scales delicately awned.--Rare. 5860 swampy rdside, Hwy 23 near Holyoke jet, Carlton Co; 13728 Kawishiwi R, Park House grounds, Lake Co. NE to Minn, se to NC, to Ga, Tex, Mo. Aug-Sept. H. autumnale L. var. canaliculatum (Lam.) T. & G. Autumn Sneezeweed. Coarse gray-green perennials up to 9 dm tall; stems striate and wing-angled from decurrent leaf bases; leaves 5-12 cm long, elliptic or lanceolate, glabrous or minutely puberulent, glandular or resin-dotted; leaf margins nearly entire or remotely dentate with shallow sharp teeth; heads in large corymbs; peduncles striate, puberulent; phyllaries subulate, grayish puberulent, reflexed; disc globose, yellow, 10-15 mm thick; rays 12-18 mm long, channeled, 3-5-lobed, fertile, glandular-dotted and puberulent, reflexed, concealing the phyllaries; disc corollas, 2-3 mm long; achenes 4-angled, 1-1.5 mm long, silky white on angles, crowned with delicate scarious scales.--Infrequent; lower St. Louis R valley and its tributaries. 7306 St. Louis R terrace, below hwy bridge, e of Brookston; 11907 Savanna R bank near Floodwood. Que to Minn, Neb, s 0, w to Mo, Ariz. Aug-Sept.

Tribe VII. Anthemideae Mostly strong-scented perennial herbs with alternate leaves; heads radiate or discoid; receptacle flat, convex, or conical, naked or chaffy; phyllaries scarious-margined; anther bases rounded; style branches truncate with terminal brush hairs; pappus a short rim or none.

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Heads radiate. Receptacle chaffy. Heads small, in corymbiform panicles; achenes without pappus Achillea Heads large, terminating leafy branches; achenes with or without crown-like pappus Anthemis Receptacle naked. Receptacle conical; achenes wing-angled Matricaria Receptacle flat; achenes not wing-angled Chrysanthemum. Heads discoid, or appearing so from reduced limbs of rays. Receptacle conical Matricaria Receptacle flat or convex. Heads in corymbiform clusters Tanacetam Heads in racemose clusters Artemisia

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C

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Figure 106. Helenium autumnale var. canaliculatum. A. Young head, phyllaries erect. B. Flowering head, rays and disc florets. C. Disc florets

Achillea L. Yarrow (For Achilles, who discovered its healing virtues) Perennial woolly herbs with alternate leaves; heads radiate, small, in large corymbs; receptacle flat, chaffy; phyllaries imbricate; disc corollas white; achenes compressed, margined, devoid of pappus. Leaves simple; stems minutely puberulent A. Ptarmica Leaves bipinnatifid; stems cobwebby. Rays 2-3 mm long; corymbs fiat-topped A. Millefolium Rays 3-4 mm long; corymbs convex A. lanulosa A. Ptarmica L. Sneezewort. (Herbalists used the root for snuff.) Rhizomatous minutely puberulent perennials with rigid stems, up to 8 dm tall; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 3-7

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cm long, serrate, glabrous; heads in corymbs; involucres campanulate, 4-5 mm high; phyllaries lanceolate, in 3-4 series, with brown, scarious margins; rays 8-16, showy, commonly spreading, 6-9 mm long, prominently 3-dentate; disc corollas 2-3 mm long, white; pales oblanceolate with brownish, crispy pubescent tips.--Escape from gardens. 5414 large colony on L Superior terrace near Duluth waterworks. Introd from Eu. Aug-Sept. A. Millefolium f. Millefolium. Common Yarrow. Rhizomatous perennials, up to 5 dm tall, with clustered stems from leaf-tufted crown; stems thinly silky villous; leaves twice bipinnatifid; the rosette leaves up to 18 cm long, similar to the sessile, 3-7-cm-long cauline leaves; ultimate segments and rachises loosely hirtellous, terminating in spinulose tips; mature corymbs flat-topped; involucres 4-5 mm high, cylindric; phyllaries lanceolate or elliptic, the narrow scarious margins erose, pale brown or sometimes darker; rays white, 2-3 mm long, or rose in f. rosea Rand. & Redf. , the expanded limb rectangular, 3-dentate; disc corollas white, 2-3 mm long; anthers and style branches barely showing above the spreading corolla lobes; achenes compressed, 2 mm long, margined, striped with white, f. Millefolium 11208 Savanna R bank w of Floodwood; 6487 Sandbar Island in Duluth harbor, f. rosea 10567 Congdon R terrace, Superior St, Duluth; 17694 rdside gravel, 20 mi nw of Duluth on Hwy 53. Throughout area. Natzd from Eu. Je-Oct. A. lanulosa Nutt. Woolly Yarrow. Rhizomatous perennials up to 5 dm tall; stems clustered on leaf-tufted crowns, densely woolly; leaves twice bipinnatifid, with matted pubescence, especially along the veins beneath; the rosette leaves 10-20 cm long, similar to stem leaves; corymbs 2-10 cm wide, convex; involucres silky-pubescent; phyllaries greenish brown, rarely dark-margined; rays showy white, spreading; style branches exserted; achenes similar to preceding species.--Common throughout area. A142 Basswood L, Lake Co; 14793 shorerocks of Rainy L, Cranberry Bay. Nfld, BC, inland s to Mex. Je-Sept.

Anthemis L. Camomile (Gr. anthemon, flower) Annual or perennial pubescent herbs with punctate, dissected, alternate leaves; receptacle convex to conical, chaffy; heads radiate; achenes ribbed, pappus a mere scarious crown. I11-scented annual with white rays A. Cotula Scentless perennial with yellow rays A. tinctoria A. Cotula L. Mayweed. Plants .5-4 dm tall, from an annual taproot; stems branched, spreading strigose or viscid pubescent; leaves numerous, ternately divided into filiform segments, glandular-dotted and pubescent; heads numerous; peduncled, 1-2 cm wide; phyllaries tomentose on the back, scarious-margined; rays white, 5-10 mm long, showy, neutral; disc corollas yellow, 2-3 mm long, with narrowly campanulate throat; style branches exserted; mature achenes clavate, tuberculate, 10-ribbed, 1.5 mm long, without pappus.--Frequent in waste grounds. 1315a vacant lot, Woodland Ave and 20th Ave E, Duluth; 9888 rdside s of Ely. Natzd weed throughout. Je-Oct. A. tinctoria L. Yellow Camomile. Stoloniferous, perennial, pubescent herbs, up to 7 dm tall; stems reddish, white strigose, strict or forked above; leaves pinnatifid, viscid-pubescent; segments spinulose-tipped; petiole bases dilated and fimbriate; heads long-peduncled, showy 385

107

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Figure 107. Achillea lanulosa. A. Head. B. Ray floret. C. Disc florets

yellow; phyllaries imbricate, the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong, obtuse, white, pubescent along the midrib and fringed villous with long brown hairs at apices; pales with indurate spinulose tips; rays 1.5-2 cm long; disc corollas 2-3 mm long; achenes commonly 4angled and 4-ribbed; pappus a collar-like rim.--Occasional in area, probably escaping from gardens. 2590 wooded border, Lester Pk Drive, Duluth, about 1 mi from L Superior; 2762 edge of gravel bank, Chester Pk Hill at Skyline Pkwy, Duluth. Que to Minn, NJ. Jy-Aug.

Matricaria L. Wild Camomile (L. matrix, womb; for reputed medicinal virtues) Annual herbs with finely divided leaves; heads radiate or discoid; receptacle conical, naked; achenes 3-ribbed or wing-angled, pappus lacking or a scalloped crown. Heads radiate; leaf segments .7-2 cm long M. maritima Heads rayless; leaf segments 3-5 mm long M. matricarioides 386

M. maritime. L. var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott. Scentless Camomile. Erect or ascending, branching annuals, up to 4 dm tall; stems reddish, glabrous; leaves dissected into filiform segments, short-petioled or the upper sessile; petiole bases dilated, commonly with pinnate segments; heads peduncled, showy, 3-4 cm wide; phyllaries imbricate, the scarious margins brownish; receptacle convex; rays pure white; disc corollas yellow, 3-5 mm long, 5-lobed, some lobes with a median orange spot; anthers orange; young ovary with 2 greenish spots on the convex outer side below the pappus crown; achenes 2-3 mm long, the body with 3 prominent light gray ribs, blackish brown pebbled between the ribs.--Occasional on shores and in disturbed soils. 7403 in bare soil of a rdcut, Duluth Heights near jet. of Hwy 53, Duluth; 8940 abandoned garden, Winton. Nfld, NE to Ont, Minn, s to Ky. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Oct. M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Pineapple-Weed. Nearly glabrous annual herbs, up to 2-5 dm tall, with taproot; heads and foliage pineapple-scented; stems simple or branching; leaves deeply pinnatifid; head discoid; receptacle 8-10 mm long, conical; phyllaries imbricate, ovate, oblong, with broad white scarious margins; corollas 2 mm long, 4-lobed; achenes 3ribbed, obliquely clavate, the convex inner face with an orange or reddish stripe on each side, mucilaginous when wet.--Frequent throughout area. 1500 sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12950 dry soil, just above dam, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Adv from Pacific states. Nfld to Man, s Mo, e to NE. Jy-Oct.

Chrysanthemum L. Chrysanthemum (Gr. chrysanthemon, golden flower) C. Leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lamotte. Ox-eye Daisy. Rhizomatous perennials, up to 7 dm tall; stems slender, strict or forking above, somewhat angled, glabrous or sparingly pubescent when young; rosette leaves oblanceolate, usually irregularly toothed, pinnatifid; cauline leaves similar, sessile, often with basal lobes; heads long-peduncled, 3.8-5 cm wide; receptacle convex, phyllaries imbricate, in 3-4 series, broadly scarious-margined; rays white, 15-20 mm long; disc corollas yellow, 5-lobed, 3-3.2 mm long; filaments with glandular dilated bases; achenes 2 mm long, with 10 white ribs and purple-brown furrows, tipped by the style base, mucilaginous when wet.--Common throughout. 1458 bayside blvd of Minn Ave, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9433 granite ledges of Kabetogama L. Across the cont. Introd from Eu. Je-Oct.

Tanacetum L. Tansy (Gr. athanasia, immortality) T. vulgare L. Common Tansy. Plants strong-scented, perennial, up to 1 m tall, from thick spreading rhizomes; stems glabrous, subligneous below, commonly reddish in age; leaves numerous, bipinnatifid, up to 15 cm long; petiole bases clasping, incised, winged; involucres 5-6 mm high; phyllaries imbricate, ovate, with broad scarious margins; all flowers fertile; rays wanting; marginal florets pistillate; throat of the tubular corollas oblique, 2-3-lobed, the middle lobe rarely elongate, simulating the ray limb; disc corollas golden yellow, resindotted, 2-3 mm long; anther tube and style branches scarcely exserted; achenes 4-angled, ribbed, the sides often resinous; pappus a scarious crown.--Weed of wide distribution. 387

Var. vulgare 6485 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor; 10002 Clover Valley Rd in French R district, North Shore. f. crispum (L. ) Hayek. 2351 terrace of L Superior, 30th Ave E, Duluth. Across the cont. Introd from Eu. Jy-Oct.

Artemisia L. Wormwood (For the goddess Artemis) Aromatic herbs or shrubby plants, mostly perennial, with alternate leaves; heads discoid, in large paniculate clusters; receptacle flattish, rounded or convex, naked or hairy; disc florets perfect, fertile or sterile; phyllaries scarious-margined; achenes without pappus. Biennials from stout taproots. Heads in racemiform panicles, nodding, rarely ascending; basal leaves long-petioled, the segments linear; plants fragrant . . . . A. caudata Heads sessile, in congested axillary spikes; basal leaves short-petioled, the segments broad; plants inodorous A. biennis Perennials from caudices, or with branching rhizomes. Receptacle smooth. Leaf blades green, glabrous A. Abrotanum Leaf blades white, woolly or silky hirsute, at least below. Blades deeply pinnatifid, stem bases with leafy offsets A. Stelleriana Blades undivided. Leaves sharply serrate, green and glabrous above, silky white below A. serrata Leaves entire, or with a few teeth, white woolly on both surfaces A. ludoviciana Leaves flat var. gnaphalodes Leaves plicate var. pabularis Receptacle villous. Tall plants, averaging 6 dm high; leaves 3-8 dm long, with broad segments A. absinthium Low plants, averaging 2-3 dm high; leaves 1-1.5 cm long, segments filiform A. frigida A. caudata Michx. var. calvens Lunell. Tail-Wormwood. Biennial herbs, up to 6 dm tall, from stout taproots with branching caudices; stems reddish, glabrous or glabrate; rosette leaves long-petioled, numerous, with dissected blades, the divisions linear filiform; some rosettes conspicuously grayish, others green; cauline leaves similar, sessile; heads small, numerous, in congested racemiform panicles, often exceeding the leafy part of the stem; involucres 2-3 mm high; phyllaries oblanceolate or the outer lanceolate, scarious except for the golden brown midrib; receptacle smooth; florets yellow or purple; achenes dark purple-brown, 1 mm long, obscurely ribbed or furrowed, copiously mucilaginous.--Area collections, mostly from Minn Pt sandfills, are referred to this variety; the perennial plants are reminiscent of A. canadensis, from which they differ chiefly in having smaller heads, narrower phyllaries, and different achene characters; some area specimens referred to A. canadensis are included 388

in A. caudata. 1693 Sandbar Island, Duluth harbor (3rd-year leaf tufts). Throughout plains and prairie states. Aug-Sept. A. biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood. Stout biennial herbs, up to 8 dm tall, from taproots; stems simple or branched from the base, red in age, glabrous, in large plants 15-20 mm thick at the base; leaves numerous, pinnately or bipinnately divided, or laciniate, or the uppermost undivided; heads small, numerous; inflorescence in large plants commonly more than half the height of the plant; involucres 2-3 mm high; phyllaries ovate to obovate, scariousmargined, with green or brown central stripe, slightly tomentulose on the back; marginal and central flowers with corollas 1 mm long, some flowers sterile; achenes 4-nerved, brown, 1 mm long, mucilaginous.--Frequent in waste grounds and on shores. 1886 Oatka Beach Addition, Minn Pt, Duluth. 8744 rdside, s of Ely. NS to BC, NE to Mo. Aug-Oct. A. Abrotanum L. Southern Wormwood. Shrubby plants growing in dense clumps; stems up to 15 dm tall, striate-angled, glabrous below, puberulent in the inflorescence; leaves numerous, the lower petioled, the blades pinnate or bipinnate, glabrous, dark green; heads small, in racemiform panicles; involucres 2-3 mm high; phyllaries 2-3 mm long, oblanceolate, broadly scariousmargined, with narrow green or brownish midribs; disc corollas 2 mm long; achenes 1 mm long, copiously mucilaginous.--Single coll from a bushy clump, Superior Bay terrace, Minn Pt, about 36th St and Minn Ave, Duluth. Introd from Eu. Aug-Sept. A. Stelleriana Bess. Beach-Wormwood. Plants up to 5 dm tall, from creeping rhizomes, densely lanate; stem bases ligneous, decumbent, with leafy offsets; leaves up to 10 cm long, pinnatifid, lobes commonly broad and rounded, ascending; heads nodding, campanulate, in prolonged panicles; involucres 5-6 mm long, phyllaries ovate, imbricate, woolly; receptacle convex; disc yellow; marginal florets pistillate, with filiform corollas, fertile; central disc florets perfect but functionally sterile, or, rarely, fertile; corolla 3-4 mm long, somewhat expanded at throat; style branches exserted; ovary with scattered sessile glands; some heads have a few pistillate and functionally perfect florets; mature achenes 3 mm long with embryo 2.2 mm long.--Rare. 2298 sand blows, Minn Pt, Duluth. For several years the colony continued to grow and spread vegetatively; now it is destroyed by human interference, but other colonies were found. 6550 fruiting plants in loose sand, 20th St and Minn Ave; 6802 island in Superior Bay. (This seacoast plant seems ill adapted for survival on inland beaches.) NY to Ont, Minn. Aug-Sept. A. serrata Nutt. Sawtooth Wormwood. Plants shrub-like, up to 1.5 m tall, from strong, deepseated rhizomes; stems subligneous below, glabrous or sparsely tomentose above; leaves numerous, short-petioled, the linear lanceolate long acuminate blades 7-15 cm long, bright green, rugose-veined and glabrous above, white lanate below, sharply serrate on margins; involucres 4-5 mm high; phyllaries silvery, sparsely tomentulose, with broad scarious margins; disc purplish, some of the central flowers sterile, the pistillate marginal flowers fertile; achenes 1 mm long, brownish, obovoid, sparsely hairy.--Rare. 7791 St. Louis R bank at New Duluth; 6127 Nemadji R, about 10 mi s of Fond du Lac, Carlton Co. Prairies and bottom lands, inland states. Wis, 111, Mo, ND. Aug-Sept. A. ludoviciana Nutt. var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) T. & G. Western Wormwood. Rhizomatous perennials, up to 8 dm tall; stems branching above, white lanate or, in age, glabrescent below; leaves flat, lanceolate or linear, long acuminate or lance oblong and obtuse, rarely serrate, white-felted below, less densely above; heads numerous, small, in panicled racemes; involucres 3-5 mm high; phyllaries lanceolate, woolly; receptacle convex; corollas of marginal and

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central flowers purple, glandular-dotted, 2-3 mm long, all apparently fertile; achenes 1 mm long, brown, glabrous, obovoid.--Infrequent. 1863 vacant lot, loose sand, near Duluth ship canal, Minn Pt; 4234 border of thicket, Beck's Rd, W Duluth. Prairies, Ont to BC, s to Okla, Tex. Adv eastw. Aug-Oct. Var. pabularis (Nels.) Fern. Differs from var. gnaphalodes in having plicate leaves.--Infrequent, occurring with the preceding. 5885 clearing, Hwy 2, 19 mi w of Duluth. A. Absinthium L. Absinthe Wormwood. Plants coarse, shrub-like perennials, from stout forking rhizomes, closely canescent throughout; stems up to 8 dm tall, rigid, glabrescent below in age; leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided into lanceolate oblong or rounded segments; basal leaves in vigorous plants commonly twice-ternate, 1.5-2.5 dm long, including the channeled dilated petioles; blades silky white below, with thinner tomentum above, especially in shade growing plants; heads leafy bracted, small, nodding, numerous, in elongate panicles; disc yellow; involucres 3-4 mm high; phyllaries ovate, scarious on margins, silvery gray, the tomentum masking the green centers; all flowers fertile; achenes 1 mm long, obovoid, light brown, mucilaginous.--Local throughout area, especially frequent through Iron Range towns, where it abounds in disturbed gravelly soils. 9272 grounds of the Whispering Pines Resort, Echo Trail, n of Ely; 18122 trail through the pines, Minn Pt, Duluth. Nfld to Man, NE to Minn. Introd from Eu. Jy-Sept. A. frigida Willd. Prairie-Sagewort. Plants with ligneous, rhizomatous base and numerous leafy offsets; stems 1-4 dm tall, finely gray silvery canescent, simple or branching below, leafy up to the panicle; leaves sessile or nearly so, lanate, the blades deeply dissected into filiform segments; heads yellow, in racemose paniculate clusters, often more than half the height of entire stem; involucres campanulate, 3-4 mm high; phyllaries ovate, brown, scariousmargined, villous; pistillate corollas .6 mm long, glandular-dotted, those of perfect flowers 1.5 mm long; achenes 1 mm long, golden brown, obovoid, mucilaginous. --J530 from cinders by rr tracks below Bardon's Peak, W Duluth. Throughout prairie and plains states and northw. JySept.

Tribe VIII. Senecioneae Heads radiate or discoid; receptacle naked; phyllaries commonly uniseriate, often slightly united, herbaceous; disc corollas perfect, fertile or sterile; anthers rounded at base; pappus bristles soft, abundant. Flowers borne on scaly stems preceding the leaves Petasites Flowers borne on unspecialized leafy stems. Leaves opposite Arnica Leaves alternate. Heads discoid; plants annual. Leaf blades undivided, the upper clasping; heads with straw-colored florets Erechtites Leaf blades pinnatifid, none of the leaves clasping; heads with yellow florets . . . . Senecio Heads radiate; plants mostly perennial Senecio

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Petasites Mill. Sweet Coltsfoot (Gr. petasos, broad-brimmed hat) Sweet-scented perennials from creeping rhizomes; scapes scaly, in fruit up to 8 dm tall; leaves simple, alternate, from stolons, appearing after flowering; heads mostly dioecious; florets in staminate heads sterile, in pistillate heads fertile; phyllaries dark green, linear; pappus bristles long and soft, glistening white; rays purplish; achenes crowned with short collar visible on shedding of pappus bristles. Leaves cordate orbicular, deeply palmately cleft into 5-7 lobes P. palmatus Leaves sagittate or deltoid-reniform. Blades deltoid-reniform, palmately veined; margins cleft into 5-7 short, remotely dentate lobes P. vitifolius Blades cordate-sagittate, pinnately veined; margins undulate P. sagittatus P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray. Early Sweet Coltsfoot. Flowering stems, up to 6 dm tall, glandular villous, rising from creeping rhizomes; cauline bracts greenish or purplish, distant, with half-clasping bases commonly with palmately cleft tips; heads in corymbs; peduncles 3-6 cm long, leafy-bracted, densely glandular villous; involucres 8-10 mm high, glandular villous below the middle; staminate heads with pistillate ray flowers and white sterile bisexual disc florets; disc corollas 8-9 mm long, throat campanulate with lobes longer than the limb; marginal nerves of the lobes and the anther connectives yellow; style branches deltoid, short, ovaries not fertile; the staminate scape withering soon after flowering; pistillate heads on scapes up to 6 dm tall, all flowers fertile, without or with short rays, the central ones not infrequently perfect; fruiting heads 12-20 mm long; achenes glabrous, 2 mm long, 4-nerved; leaves begin to appear in late anthesis on the creeping rhizomes, becoming in maturity 1.5-2 dm wide, on petioles 1.2-2.5 dm long; blades thinly white tomentose beneath, glabrous green above.--Common throughout area on damp forested lands and in meadows. 6313 wooded terrace near Northland Country Club above E Superior St, Duluth; 10117 mixed forest, Prairie L. Nfld to BC and n states. Apr-May. P. vitifolius Greene. Grape-leaved Coltsfoot. Individual plants differ strikingly in leaf shape; blades cordate, reniform-deltoid, cleft into lateral lobes on each side from a fourth to a half the way to the midrib; basal lobes subdivided into shallower lobes; teeth remote, callus-tipped; underside of blade white-felted or floccose, the upper green, glabrous; flowering scapes up to 4 dm tall; bracts clasping, broadly lanceolate; involucres 8-10 mm high, phyllaries purplish or green, glandular-villous below and on the bracted peduncles; corolla of perfect florets 8-10 mm long, pistillate florets filiform; fruiting heads 1.5-2 cm long.-Occasional. 8081 springy shore of Prairie L; 12882 mature spruce forest, n of Vermilion R bridge on Crane L rd. Que to Alta, Minn. My-Jy. P. sagittatus (Pursh) Gray. Arrow-leaved Coltsfoot. Leaf blades sagittate, with scalloped margins and callus-pointed teeth, white-felted beneath, glabrous or flocculent tomentose above; mature blades 30 cm long, up to 25 cm wide at cordate base; petioles stout, up to 3 dm long; scapes up to 6 dm tall, tomentose, with long lanceolate bracts; corollas of perfect florets 8-9 mm long; corollas of pistillate florets filiform with short style branches; mature fruiting heads 3 cm long; achenes 3-3.5 mm long.--Frequent in s and w parts of area. 6278 beach marsh, Minn Pt, Duluth; 17444 swamp at Pelican L, Orr. Lab to BC to Minn, Colo. My-Je.

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Arnica L. Arnica (Gr. ptarmike, yarrow) A. chionopappa Fern. Snowy Arnica. Crevice-growing perennial, up to 5 dm tall; rhizomes with slender caudices with 2-3 pairs of brownish scales below the stem base; roots slender and cord-like; stems villous intermixed with fine, glandular pubescence, 2-3 pairs of leaves below the inflorescence; blades of the basal leaves 3-6 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate, 3-5nerved, irregularly dentate, villous and glandular-pubescent or glabrate, narrowed to flattish connate-based petioles as long as the blades; upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, sessile, reduced in size and passing to floral bracts; heads 1-2 cm wide, few, on elongate peduncles; phyllaries 2-seriate, 9-10 mm long, acuminate, more or less villous and glandular puberulent; rays showy yellow, 9-12-nerved, ray florets neutral; disc corollas 10-13 mm long, with spreading lobes; styles and anther tubes barely exserted; achenes 5-6 mm long, dark brown, 10nerved, densely white setulose, crowned with copious scabrous white pappus bristles as long as or longer than the body; receptacle flattish, short setulose on margins of achene scars.-Rare. 3133 crevices, Great Palisade Head, L Superior, nw-facing slope above Hwy 61, about 65 mi from Duluth; 5029 mossy crevices of diabase, Gooseberry R gorge, Lake Co; also in Cook Co. Nfld to Que to NB to ne Minn. Jy-Aug.

Erechtites Raf. Fireweed (Gr. erechthites, groundsel) E. hieracifolia (L. ) Raf. Pilewort. Annual sparsely pubescent herbs, up to 8 dm tall; stems angled, grooved, prominently striate, leafy up to the inflorescence; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, the lowermost short-petioled, up to 9 cm long, the upper sessile; blades thin, pinnately veined, margins irregularly double serrate with callus-tipped teeth; heads in panicles, terminating the leafy branches from the upper axils; involucres cylindric, 10-15 mm high, with spreading subulate bracts; phyllaries olive brown with reddish nerves; corolla of the disc florets 7-8 mm long, the slender tube slightly expanded at the throat; achenes 3 mm long, 9-12-ribbed; fruiting heads, 15-18 mm long.--In s part of area. 6209 under shrubs, bayside beach, Section 18; 4257 St. Louis R gorge, Jay Cooke State Pk, Carlton Co. Me to Minn, Va to 111. Aug-Sept.

Senecio L. Ragwort (L. senex, old man, for white pappus hairs) Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves; heads in corymbiform clusters, radiate or discoid; ray florets pistillate; filaments thickened below anther tube; phyllaries in a single series, receptacle flat, naked, pappus bristles copious. Plants annual or biennial. Heads discoid; calyculate bracts present S. vulgaris Heads radiate, calyculate bracts wanting; involucre villous . . . . 5. congestus var. palustris

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Plants perennial, from slender caudices. Basal leaves suborbicular, broadly cordate S. aureus Basal leaves cuneate, elliptic to oblanceolate or oblong. Stem bases and leaves persistently tomentose 5. plattensis Stems and leaves glabrous or glabrate. Heads radiate; corolla golden yellow. Plants commonly less than 3 dm tall; involucres glabrous; upper leaves entire . . . S. pauperculus var. pauperculus Plants commonly more than 3 dm tall; involucres villous at bases; upper leaves pinnatifid var. Balsamitae Heads discoid; corollas orange reddish, at least on veins 5. pauciflorus S. vulgaris L. Rayless Ragwort. Plants annual, up to 3 dm high; stems branching above, tomentulose or glabrate; leaves 3-6 cm long, pinnatifid, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads numerous, narrowly cylindric, 7-10 mm high, calyculate; phyllaries linear; achenes 2 mm long, glabrate.--Common garden weed in E Duluth and about greenhouses. 2366 transported soil, recreation grounds, Minn Pt, Duluth. Throughout range. Natzd from Eu. Je-Oct. 5. congestus (R. Br.) D. C. var. palustris (L.) Fern. Marsh Ragwort. Biennial villous herbs with fistulose stems, up to 8 dm tall and 5 cm in diameter at the base; leaves sinuate dentate, sessile, auriculate clasping; heads many in congested corymbs; peduncles and base of involucre viscid-villous; phyllaries 8-10 mm long; rays few, showy; fruiting heads in looser corymbs, 2 cm long; pappus yellowish white; achenes glabrous.--Pioneer plant in moist bare soil. 1426 Oatka Beach Addition, in 2-year-old vegetation; 10986 margin of peat excavation pool, n of Floodwood. Lab to Alas, Minn, ND. My-Jy. 5. aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Plant rhizomatous with tufted basal leaves and creeping offshoots; stems up to 6 dm tall; basal leaves oblong, or suborbicular, cordate, crenately dentate, with petioles 3-15 cm long; cauline leaves few, pinnatifid or incised, smaller upward, the terminal lobe commonly the largest; base of petiole dilated, often incised; inflorescence corymbose; peduncles bracted and commonly with subulate bracts below the involucres; phyllaries green or purple, 6-9 mm high; rays golden yellow, showy, up to 10 mm long; disc corollas 7-8 mm long, the tube slightly expanded at the throat; style branches slender, truncate, reflexed; fruiting heads 10-12 mm high; achenes 2-3 mm long, glabrous. --Frequent, damp woods and meadows. 2047 moist depressions, Hunter's Hill, Duluth; 17487 meadow s of Ash L on Hwy 53. Lab to Ala, w to Minn. My-Je. 5. plattensis Nutt. Western Ragwort. Plants perennial, from slender caudices; stems 1-3 dm tall, striate, fistulose, more or less permanently tomentose lanate, woolly in leaf axils; basal leaves ovate or obovate, tapering to short petioles, the margins crenate-dentate; cauline leaves oblanceolate, coarsely and irregularly dentate or pinnatifid, sessile, floccose woolly below and in axils, progressively smaller up to the inflorescence; heads many, in bracted corymbs; involucres 5-7 mm high, villous below; rays showy, yellow, mature achenes hispid, 1.5-2 mm long.--Infrequent. 1478 margin of bog among sand dunes, Minn Pt, Duluth; 12681 Echo Trail, nw of Ely, site of abandoned CCC camp. Vt to Sask, Minn, ND, s to Tex. Je-

Jy5. pauperculus Michx. var. pauperculus. Northern Ragwort. Plants .5-3 dm tall, with slender caudices, often with creeping stolons and leaf tufts; stems slender, nearly glabrous, purplish; basal leaves undivided, elliptic or oblanceolate, 2-7 cm long; blades tapering to peti393

108

A

C B

Figure 108. Senecio aureus. A. Head. B. Ray floret. C. Disc florets

oles, margin regularly crenate-dentate or nearly entire, usually glabrous; cauline leaves few, sessile; heads several, in loose corymbs; peduncles elongate, glabrous, involucres 6-8 mm high, phyllaries dark green, glabrous, tipped with purple; rays showy golden yellow, 13-16 394

mm long; achenes crisped pubescent on angles, 8-10-ribbed; pappus pure white.--The small glabrous plant appearing to be the typical variety occurs frequently in wilderness areas, especially in sand of border lakes. 11670 white dry sand, upper beach of Iron L at the portage landing to Crooked L; 14596 shoreledges of granite, Fox Island, Rainy L, Can boundary. Boreal. Lab to Alas, Nfld to NB, to BC, ME to ND. Jy-Aug. Var. Balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern. Common Ragwort. Stems up to 5 dm tall, flocculent tomentose below, glabrous or glabrate above; basal leaves sometimes numerous, oblong or oblanceolate cuneate, tapering to slender petioles; blades sharply dentate, 3-6 cm long, tomentulose or glabrate; petioles commonly as long as the blades or longer; cauline leaves several, pinnatifid, sessile, segments incised or irregularly laciniate; heads 6-8 mm high, villous above the slightly clavate peduncle; phyllaries glabrate; ligules commonly pale yellow; achenes 8-12-ribbed, hispidulose, glabrous, 2.5 mm long.--Common throughout area. 6050 mixed forest along Lester R, Duluth; 16150 dry jack pine forest, Embarrass R terrace s of Gilbert. Lab to Alta, Me to Ala, Ind, to Minn. Je-Jy. S. pauciflorus Pursh. Northern Ragwort. Plants rhizomatous, up to 6.5 dm tall, glabrous; basal leaves long-petioled; blades 3-5.5 cm long, elliptic-ovate or obovate, cuneate or subcordate, crenate, dentate, or coarsely serrate; cauline leaves few, pinnatifid into sinuate lobes, the uppermost reduced, sessile; primary inflorescence corymbiform or umbel-like, commonly 1, or 4-5 in vigorous plants, from branches in upper axils; heads usually rayless, commonly 10-12, on smooth peduncles; floral bract reduced, purplish, slightly floccose in axils; involucre 10-13 mm high; phyllaries purplish at tips, linear, glabrous; corolla 8.5 mm long, with narrow tubular base nearly twice the length of slightly expanded throat; corolla lobes deep orange to reddish along the veins; receptacle 6-7 mm wide, shallowly alveolate; achenes golden brown, glabrous 2.5-3 mm long, mostly with 5 prominent ribs; pappus bristles minutely roughened, glistening white.--Rare. 21493 on rocky ridge in dry soil, partly cleared area S35, T63, R5, Lake Co, most plants in fruit; G2974 North Shore, se Nipigon, Ont. Lab to Alas, Wyo, Calif. Jy-Aug.

Tribe IX. Cynareae Herbs with alternate leaves, with or without spinescent or prickly pointed teeth; heads discoid, flowers perfect; phyllaries hooked, fimbriate or spinescent; receptacle setose fimbriate; anther bases caudate, ciliate or crisped truncate; brush hairs in a circle below the short style branches. Leaves without prickles or spinescent teeth; phyllaries hooked or pectinate-laciniate. Phyllaries hooked; marginal corollas not enlarged; anther tails not crisped . . . Arctium Phyllaries in the area species pectinate-laciniate; marginal corollas simulating rays, usually sterile; anther tails truncate crisped Centaurea Leaves prickly, teeth commonly spinescent; phyllaries mostly prickle pointed . . . Cirsium

Arctium L. Burdock (Gr. arktos, bear, for burry heads)

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A. minus (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock. Biennial herbs from stout taproots, with large longpetioled rosette leaves; stems commonly more than 1 m tall, arachnoid scurfy with elongate, arching, wide-spreading branches; blades of lower cauline leaves commonly 2-3 dm long, deeply cordate or cuneate, entire or undulate; gray arachnoid below with glistening glands, greener above; petioles longer or shorter than the blades, channeled, angular, fistulose; inflorescence of many racemiform branches, subtended by leafy bracts; peduncles 5-20 mm long, angled, viscid puberulent; involucres 14-22 mm high, arachnoid or glabrescent; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, attenuate, the prominent indurate midribs prolonged to sharply bent hooks; inner phyllaries, wider, midribs less prolonged; receptacle flat, with harsh bristles; corollas all alike, purple, 8-9 mm long, the limb longer than the tubular base; lobes erect; style branches linear, deltoid-tipped, puberulent, the circle of hairs below bifurcation not always conspicuous; achenes 4-5 mm long, mottled grayish brown, usually 4-ribbed; pappus bristles short, upwardly scabrous, and fragile.--Weed in waste grounds, neglected gardens. 1721 vacant lot, Mich St, L Superior side of Minn Pt, Duluth; 13142 clearing, Kettle Falls, Rainy L. Introd from Eu. Jy-Oct.

09

A B

C

/P/-/T

Figure 109. Arctium minus. A. Head. B. , C. Florets

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Cirsiam Mill. Common Thistle (Gr. kirsion, a kind of thistle) Biennial or perennial herbs with alternate, mostly pinnatifid, prickly leaves; heads discoid; florets perfect; phyllaries pointed, spinescent; achenes glabrous; pappus bristle soft, plumose, joined by a ring at base. Phyllaries without glutinous areas on the back, subulate, acerose; internodes with decurrent prickly wings C. vulgare Phyllaries with glutinous areas on the back; internodes not winged. Leaves white-felted below; phyllaries prickle-pointed C. Flodmani Leaves tomentose or arachnoid below; phyllaries pointed, not prickly. Biennials; heads purple; achenes 4-5 mm long, glabrous C. muticam Perennials from creeping rhizomes; heads lilac pink; achenes 3-3.5 mm long, tomentulose, glabrate C. arvense C. valgare (Savi) Tenore. Bull-Thistle. Biennial prickly plants, up to 1 m or more tall; rosette leaves up to 5 dm long; stems branching above, striate, villous, prickly-winged above the middle; leaves deeply pinnatifid, aculeolate on both surfaces; teeth spinescent; heads purple, rarely white, solitary, terminating the upper leafy branches; involucres 3-4 mm high; phyllaries in many series, lanceolate, attenuate, terminating in yellowish spines; corollas 23-26 mm long, the slender tubular base as long as the slightly expanded limb; limb deeply cleft into linear lobes; filaments minutely puberulent, 5-6 mm long; anther tube 8 mm long; style branches 2-3 mm long, naked above the pubescent ring, exserted; achenes 4-5 mm long.-Frequent throughout. 9646 meadow near Gappa's Landing, Kabetogama L; 19151 (white heads) edge of clearing, small 1, White T, Palo. Throughout United States and Can, Nfld to BC and s. Natzd from Eu. Aug-Sept. C. Flodmani (Rydb.) Arthur. Prairie-Thistle. Biennial with ascending, entire or pinnatifid rosette leaves, 2-3 dm long, with prickly dentate margins, blades white-felted beneath, greenish with spreading tomentum above or glabrate; stems 5-7 dm high, more or less white floecose above, glabrate below; lower cauline leaves 10-18 cm long, with long-petioled, entire or pinnatifid blades, white-felted below; upper stem leaves similar, sessile; heads lilac purple; involucres 1.8-2 cm high; phyllaries in many series, oblong, obtuse, the outermost with an ovate, glutinous spot on the back; tips broad-based, deflexed, spiny; inner phyllaries oblong, pointed; achenes compressed, grayish, 3.5-4 mm long; pappus white.--Infrequent. 5486 rdside bank near Lester R, Duluth; 21099 sandy field, Stony R, Kiwadinipi resort area, Lake Co. Prairies in the interior, Minn, la, SD, Kans. Aug-Sept. C. muticum Michx. Swamp-Thistle. Biennials with petioled rosette leaves 8-12 cm long and deeply sinuate pinnatifid blades, thinly tomentose below, sparsely appressed pubescent above, dentate-lobed, prickle-tipped; stems 6-9 dm; lower cauline leaves similar, nearly glabrous, petioled, the blades oblanceolate, incised and cut into prickle-pointed lobes; heads often solitary or sometimes in clusters of 2-3, leafy-bracted; involucres arachnoid, 18-23 mm high; phyllaries in many series, the outer obovate, mucronate, midrib glutinous; flowers rose purple, corollas 2 cm long; filaments crisp puberulent; style branches exserted, 2-3 mm long; achenes 4-5 mm long, glabrous, compressed or somewhat 4-angled with tawny bristles.--Frequent throughout area. 7041 swampy rd near Skibo; 11168 Savanna R area, w of Floodwood. Nfld to Sask, ND, Minn, NE to NC, s to La. Jy-Aug.

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C. arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Rhizomatous creeping perennials, up to 8 dm tall; stems striate, branching, with short internodes; leaves numerous, deeply pinnatifid, commonly glabrous with prickle-tipped lobes and teeth, or, in var. mite Wimm. & Grab., the blades undulate, lobed or often entire, only moderately prickly; heads often clustered, terminating the upper branches, lilac pink or rarely white in f. albiflorum (Rand & Redf.) Hoffm.; involucres 1-2 cm high; phyllaries glutinous, sparingly arachnoid, ovate, attenuate, not prickletipped; the tips of the inner phyllaries commonly reflexed at length; corollas 1.5 mm long; anther tube 4-5 mm long; tails long and pointed, not ciliate; achenes 3-3.5 mm long; pappus tawny. Unwanted plants in neglected fields and waste ground. Var. arvense. 1645 wooded lot near Duluth ship canal, Minn Pt, Duluth; 9844 grounds of Burley Resort, White Iron L, near Ely; var. mite. 19115 tall plants, Gold Mine Camp, Vermilion R; f. albiflorum meadow, Burley Resort, White Iron L, near Ely. Throughout the continent. Introd from Eu. Jy-Sept.

Centaurea L. Star-Thistle (For Chiron, the centaur) Pubescent annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves; heads without true rays, surrounded by neutral disc florets with enlarged corollas; involucres urn-like; corollas blue or purple, never yellow; anther tails truncate, crisped; style branches short; achenes oblique, laterally attached, pappus of setose bristles or none. Internodes wing-angled; marginal flowers blue; leaves entire C. montana Internodes not wing-angled; leaves lobed or pinnatifid. Heads up to 14 mm high; leaves pinnatifid; marginal flowers pinkish lilac C. maculosa Heads up to 18 mm high; at least some of the leaves lobed; marginal flowers purple . . . C. dubia C. montana L. Mountain-Bluet. Stems up to 5 dm tall with short internodes, conspicuously wing-angled from decurrent leaf bases; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, entire, undulate dentate, the younger with strands of white tomentum below and in the axils; leaves in age have flocculent tomentum; heads solitary, 4-5 cm wide; involucre 1.8-2 cm high; phyllaries green, in 4-5 series, margined with black or brown, lacerate or pectinate; marginal corollas 1.5-2 cm long, deeply lobed; anther tube blue; filaments roseate; style branches obtuse, minutely puberulent; achenes 5-6 mm long, glabrate, compressed, pale brown, bearded around the oblique base, crowned with a short stiff pappus.--Escaping from gardens in East Duluth. 10563 large colony, nw slope of Hunter's Hill. Introd from Eu. Je-Jy. C. maculosa Lam. Spotted Star-Thistle. Mostly biennial herbs, up to 8 dm tall; stems angled, flocculent tomentose; leaves pinnatifid, gray-green, glandular-punctate; heads numerous, short-peduncled, terminating the upper leafy branches; involucres up to 14 mm high; phyllaries 4-5-seriate, oblong, with black pectinate margins; corollas of the neutral outer florets 2 cm long, with linear subequal lobes; disc corollas 10 mm long; achene body 4 mm long, brown, compressed, nerved; pappus stiff and white, shorter than the achene.--Infrequent. 9279 edge of swamp, Echo Trail, n of Ely; 5134 embankment Hwy 53, 17 mi nw of Duluth. Introd from Eu. Jy-Aug. C. dubia Suter. Showy Star-Thistle. Plants up to 10 dm tall, from perennial crowns; stems 4angled, glabrous below, minutely puberulent or scabrous along angles above or somewhat tomen-

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tose at growing tips; leaves oblanceolate, acute, long-petioled, the upper sessile, sometimes irregularly lobed, glandular-punctate, rough puberulent below; phyllaries 5-7-seriate, ovate, dark brown with paler fimbriate margins; marginal neutral flowers up to 2.8 cm long, purple, the limb with subequal lobes; disc corollas 14 mm long, the tube about as long as the deeply cleft limb; filaments pubescent; anther bases cleft; young achenes hirsute, without pappus.-Infrequent. 16543 rdside vegetation n of Chisholm, hwy 73. Natzd from Eu, estab in e states. Jy-Aug.

Tribe X. Chichorieae Plants with milky latex; leaves alternate; heads homogomous; all flowers ligulate, perfect; corolla irregular, split on inner side above the tubular base, forming a 5-toothed ligulate limb; anthers pointed at bases; style branches filiform, semiterete, often minutely papillose on outer surface, stigmatic throughout the inner surface; flowers few to many; phyllaries soft, in 1-2 series, rarely more, the outermost often reflexed; receptacle naked; pappus of bristles, chaff, scales, or none. Pappus wanting Lapsana Pappus present. Achenes beaked; beak sometimes short, expanded to a disc-like process. Pappus plumose; leaves linear Tragopogon Pappus not plumose; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid. Plants acaulescent; heads solitary; outer phyllaries reflexed Taraxacum Plants caulescent; heads numerous in panicles; phyllaries imbricated . . . . Lactuca Achenes beakless. Pappus of scales or chaff; heads sessile; florets blue Cichorium Pappus of bristles. Receptacle enlarging in fruit; heads on peduncles; floret yellow; leaves prickly on margins Sonchus Receptacles not enlarging in fruit; leaves not prickly on margins. Pappus white Crepis Pappus tawny. Phyllaries pinkish; ligules white; heads nodding Prenanthes Phyllaries green; ligules yellow or orange-red; heads erect Hieracium

Lapsana L. Nipplewort (L. lampsana, charlock, a wild mustard) L, communis L. Common Nipplewort. Annual, softly villous plants, 1-5 dm tall; stems slender, reddish below; internodes spreading villous with gland-tipped hairs; lower leaves 5-9 cm long; blades suborbicular, thin, 2.5-3 cm long, appressed pubescent with distantly toothed margins; lower petioles 2-3 times as long as the blades, becoming progressively shorter toward the summit; heads solitary, or in corymbiform, paniculate clusters; peduncles slender, glabrate; involucres 5-7 mm high; inner phyllaries glabrous, strongly keeled, the outer short, unequal; florets commonly 6-12; achenes finely many-nerved, 5 mm long, compressedclavate, tapering to base.--Occasional on blvds. 5031 edge of lawn between 4th and 5th St, 24th Ave E, Duluth. NS to Va, Que, Minn. Jy-Sept.

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Tragopogon L. Goat's Beard (Gr. tragos, goat; pogon, beard) Glabrous biennials or perennials from thick taproots; leaves linear, clasping, glaucous; heads large, many-flowered; phyllaries in a single series. Involucres less than 4 cm high; peduncle cylindric T. pratensis Involucres 4 cm high or more; peduncle clavate T. major T. pratensis L. Meadow Goat's Beard. Glabrous perennials, up to 6 dm tall; stems with short basal internodes; rosette and lowermost cauline leaves linear, attenuate, 1-3 dm long; principal veins parallel to the midrib; upper leaves clasping, the bases inflated; peduncle cylindrical but slightly expanded below the receptacle; phyllaries lanceolate, attenuate, 2.53.8 cm long, green, parallel-veined, surpassing the pale yellow ligules; anther tube and style branches commonly brown; phyllaries with margins of the denuded receptacle reflexed, the disc papillose alveolate; achene body pinkish, muricate; pappus 2.8 cm long; embryo terete, filling the seed cavity.--Occasional, disturbed soils. 2483 shore sands of Minn Pt, L Superior side, n of the canal; 18703 sandy strip along pine forest, s of Gheen, Hwy 73, Throughout US, Can. Natzd from Eu. Je-Sept. T. major Jacq. Greater Goat's Beard. Similar to the preceding species, but robust; bases of the lower leaves and phyllaries often purplish; peduncles panded below the receptacle; phyllaries 5-6.5 cm long, achenes with pappus long, the body muricate, ridged, curved, often purplish.--Occasional. 8698 s of Pike L, nw of Duluth; 8328 in gravel, rr right-of-way, Armstrong L, s out US, Can. Natzd from Eu. Je-Aug.

taller and more conspicuously exup to 3.2 cm gravelly rdside of Ely. Through-

Taraxacum Zinn. Dandelion (Arabic tharakhchakon) Biennial or perennial acaulescent herbs, from taproots with several caudices; rosette leaves usually appressed; blades subentire to runcinate-pinnatifid, the lobes sometimes lacerate, midribs broad, passing to margined petioles; flowering scape hollow; heads solitary; phyllaries in 2 series; achenes beaked; pappus bristles soft. Achenes red; scapes less than 3 dm tall T. erythrospermum Achenes greenish brown; scapes up to 5 dm tall T. officinale T. erythrospermum Andrz. Red-fruited Dandelion. Rosette leaves numerous; blades sparsely villous, glabrescent; petiole bases dilated, commonly reddish; scapes .5-2 dm tall, slender, reddish, glabrous or floccose pubescent; involucres 2-2.5 cm high, phyllaries lanceolate, glaucous, margined with white, often with cleft tips; achenes, including beak and pappus, 1.8-2 cm long, the body red, ribbed, spinulose above the middle.--Occasional on shores. 1400 in dredged sediment, s end of Minn Pt, Duluth; 13843 cleared area, seaplane base, shore sands of Crane L, NS, Que, to BC, Va, to Kans. Je-Oct. T. officinale Weber. Common dandelion. Rosette leaves many, 5-20 cm long, commonly villous when young; taproots stout, in vigorous plants divided into many leafy-tufted crowns; scapes 400

floccose villous or glabrescent in age, 1.3-5 dm high, and often reddish like the leaves; involucres 10-20 cm high; phyllaries linear, minutely roughened at tips, often reddish; achenes including the beak and pappus 2.5 cm long, the body spinulose at summit.--Common. 5981 under shrubs, bayside, Minn Pt, near Superior entry, Duluth; 10218 grassy area, Herseth's Vacation Camp, Kabetogama L. Natzd from Eu. Apr-Oct.

Lactuca L. Lettuce (L. lac, milk; for milky juice) Leafy-stemmed annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with entire or pinnatifid leaves; heads numerous, in paniculate clusters; phyllaries imbricate; achene body flattened; beak dilated; pappus bristles soft.* Leaves sinuate pinnatifid, or the lower cauline leaves entire; ligules yellow or bluish white. Pappus of white bristles, achene beak about as long as the body L, canadensis Pappus of tawny bristles, achene beak shorter than the body L. biennis Leaves entire or the lower sometimes lobed; ligules showy blue L. pulchella L. canadensis L. Common Wild Lettuce. Annual or biennial glaucous herbs, up to 9 dm tall; leaves entire, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, 4-20 cm long; lobes broadly or narrowly falcate; midvein bristly below; heads numerous, in open panicles; peduncle scaly bracted; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries loosely imbricate; ligules usually yellow, achenes including pappus 9-13 mm long, flat, margined, 3-ribbed on each face. Leaves entire, dentate, or the lower lobed var. canadensis Leaves sinuate pinnatifid. Lobes narrowly falcate-linear, entire or remotely dentate var. longifolia Lobes broad, entire, the upper blades commonly undivided var. latifolia Var. canadensis. 5629 rdside meadow near Sturgeon L observation tower n of Hibbing; 16790 exposed cliff at Beatty Portage, Lac La Croix; var. longifolia (Michx.) Fern. Long-leaved Lettuce. 8537 rocky woods near White Iron L; 10995 cleared rdside n of Floodwood; var. latifolia Ktze. Broad-leaved Lettuce. 9505 shorewoods of Kabetogama L, Park Pt Resort; 13694a hardwood forest at Pike L, nw of Duluth. Que to Sask, s centr states to Fla to Tex. Jy-Sept. L. pulchella (Pursh) D. C. Blue Lettuce. Glaucous perennials from elongate deep-seated rhizomes; stems striate, up to 6 dm tall; leaves lanceolate, acute, commonly entire and undivided or the lower sometimes lobed; corymbs open; peduncles scaly bracted; involucres imbricate, 15-18 mm high; phyllaries in 4-5 series; ligules 18-20 mm long, blue, hirtellous at the throat; anther tube orange, connectives rounded at tips; pappus 10-12 mm long, silky, white; achene body ellipsoid, compressed, thickest above the middle, 4-5 mm long, finely many-nerved, the beak thick, short.--Infrequent. 1579 sand dune, Minn Pt. Que to Alas, to Wis, s to Mo, MM, Calif. Jy-Sept. L. biennis (Moench) Fern. Tall Wild Lettuce. Glabrous biennials with hollow stems, up to 25 dm tall; leaves sinuate pinnatifid, 10-20 cm long, glabrous or pubescent on the veins below, *Lactuca Scariola L. has not been collected by the author, but was noted by G. N. Jones in "List of

Vascular Plants from St. Louis County, Minnesota, " American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 40 (2), 491, 1948.

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with clasping sagittate auriculate bases; lower leaves tapering to broad petioles with dilated bases; heads numerous, in elongate narrow panicles, peduncles with 1 or more scaly bracts; involucres cylindrical, 10-12 mm high; phyllaries lanceolate in 3-4 series; ligules yellow or bluish white; achenes 4-5 mm long, asymmetrical, narrowing to short beak, 5-ribbed on each face, mottled, margined and faintly cross-striate; pappus 5-6 mm long, tawny.--Frequent throughout area. 6538 marsh along St. Louis R, New Duluth; 16555 high rocks above seaplane base, Crane L. Nfld to BC s to NC, Tenn. Jy-Sept.

Cichorium L. Chicory (Gr. kichora) C. Intybus L. Garden Chicory. Blue Sailors. Mostly glabrous plants from deep-seated taproot, up to 1.2 m tall; stems somewhat angled, rigid, branching above; leaves oblanceolate, clasping, entire to pinnatifid, progressively smaller toward summit; heads sessile, in clusters of 2-3; phyllaries in 2 series, the outer 5 lanceolate, the inner oblong, minutely glandular ciliate; ligules azure blue, anthers and style branches darker bluish purple, achenes compressed, angled, 3 mm long, crowned with short scales.--Uncommon. Vacant lot, Ely suburbs, 22188. Introd from Eurasia. Jy-Aug.

Sonchus L. Sow-Thistle (Gr. sonchas, sow thistle) Perennials or annuals with leafy stems; heads many-flowered, in corymbiform or umbellate heads; ligules yellow; phyllaries in 2-3 series; mature heads tumid at bases; achenes compressed, ribbed, beakless; pappus of soft white bristles. Perennials with spreading rootstocks; peduncles and involucres glabrous; ligules golden yellow S. arvensis var. glabrescens Annual with taproots; peduncles sparsely glandular; ligules pale yellow. Achenes not rugulose; leaf margins prickly dentate S. asper Achenes rugulose; leaf margins not prickly dentate 5. oleraceus S. arvensis L. var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm. Perennial Sow-Thistle. Glabrous plants up to 1 m tall from creeping rootstocks; peduncles glabrous; blades of the lower leaves narrowed to wide-margined petioles, the upper sessile with cordate clasping bases, runcinate pinnatifid, margins sharply dentate, teeth spiny-tipped; heads long-peduncled, in corymbiform or umbellate clusters; involucres 15-20 mm high, broadly campanulate, lead gray to greenish; phyllaries sometimes narrowly edged with white, except in the outermost series; ligules showy, surpassing the phyllaries; achene ribs pebbled, giving a cross-striate appearance. --Common, fields and rdsides throughout area. 8937 gravelly rdside, Winton; 1003 meadow, UMD campus, Duluth. Nfld to Alas and throughout US, Can. Natzd from Eu. Jy-Oct. -S. asper (L.) Hill, f. glandulosus Beckh. Plants up to 1 m tall, from annual taproot; stems striate, more or less angled, glabrous or roughened by stalked glandular hairs toward the summit; leaves dark green, deeply pinnatifid, margins prickly, the bases auriculate clasping; 402

A

C B

110

Figure 110. Sonchus arvensis. A. Head. B., C. Florets

lobes prickly dentate; peduncles arching toward the center, glabrous or sparsely hirsute with stalked glands; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries dark green in 3 series; ligules brassy yellow; achenes with pappus 10-12 mm long, the body ribbed and pebbled on ribs.--Occasional. 9745 abandoned garden site, Ely. Nfld to BC. Jy-Oct. 5. oleraceus L. Soft-leaved Sow-Thistle. Plants up to 8 dm tall, with annual taproot; stem smooth, fistulose, chambered; leaves pinnatifid, the lobes upwardly larger, margins sharply dentate, the teeth soft to somewhat prickly; auricles sagittate; heads in corymbiform clusters; peduncles with scattered, dark, stalked glands; phyllaries pale green; heads 1-1.7 cm

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wide; achenes 2.7-3 mm long, nerved and transversely rugulose.--Uncommon. 21830 disturbed grounds, UMD campus. Introd weed of wide distrib. Aug-Sept.

Crepts L. Hawksbeard (Gr. crepis, boot) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, mostly glandular-hispid; stems scapose or leaf-bearing; leaves simple, cauline, or rosulate; phyllaries with thickened bases in a single series with an outer row of bractlets; achenes columnar or somewhat fusiform; pappus of soft white bristles. Scapose perennial; rosette leaves oblong-ovate or spatulate; phyllaries hirsute C. runcinata Caulescent annual; leaves linear, undivided, or the lower irregularly runcinate pinnatifid; phyllaries glandular C. tectoram C. runcinata (James) T. & Gray. Perennial Hawksbeard. Plants up to 7 dm tall, from branching caudex; scape sparsely glandular hispid or glabrous, striate, and fistulose, sometimes with a reduced leaf above the middle; rosette leaves entire or remotely dentate; heads yellow, in corymbiform clusters; involucres 9-10 mm high; phyllaries acute, hairy on the back; achenes columnar, 10-ribbed, 2-3 mm long; pappus 4-5 mm long.--A6-28-51, Pine L near Seven Beaver L, headwaters of St. Louis R. Prairies and plains, Man to la, and westw, Je-Jy. C. tectorum L. Annual Hawksbeard. Plants up to 6 dm tall, from taproot; stems striate, sulcate, tomentose or glabrate in age; lower leaves oblanceolate, irregularly runcinate pinnatifid, sagittate-clasping; upper leaves linear, entire, tomentose, revolute, with stipular bases; heads in corymbose clusters, involucres 6-7 mm high; phyllaries glandular-hispid, acute; achenes 3-4 mm long, 10-ribbed, fusiform; ribs minutely scabrous; pappus bristles 5-6 mm long. --Sporadic plants often in cult lands. 2571 crevices of basalt, Skyline Pkwy, Duluth; 8699 bayside sand, Minn Pt, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je-Jy.

Prenanthes L. Rattlesnake Root (Gr. prene, dropping; anthe, flower) P. alba L. Perennial, up to 1 m tall, from a tuberous, bitter root; stems glaucous, striate, commonly glabrous, or, rarely, the lower internodes hirtellous, reddish in age; leaves .7-3 dm long, the lower on petioles, often 3 times the length of the blades; leaf blades deltoid cordate, suborbicular or ovate, dilated at bases, pinnatifid, cleft, coarsely dentate or entire, with callus-tipped teeth, glabrous above or minutely pubescent below; peduncles in axils of upper leaves, minutely puberulent; heads 8-12-flowered, nodding, in corymbose clusters; involucres calyculate, 14-16 mm high; phyllaries 6-8, pinkish, linear, the outer short ovate; ligules cream-colored; anthers orange; achenes with pappus 12-14 mm long, orange or reddish brown, the body and fragile bristles minutely roughened.--Frequent throughout forested lands. 1880 alder thicket, 20th St, Minn Pt, Duluth; 19069 shorewoods of Vermilion R, Gold Mine Camp. Que to Sask, Minn s to Tenn, Ga, Mo. Jy-Sept. 404

Hieraciam L. Hawkweed (Gr. hierax, hawk) Scapose or leafy-stemmed perennial pubescent herbs; leaves in rosettes or alternate in caulescent plants; involucres little to strongly imbricated; achenes columnar, beakless; pappus of tawny capillary bristles. Stems scapose, rarely with 1-2 reduced leaves. Heads yellow. Stolons leafy; rhizomes elongate. Heads mostly solitary; leaves densely tomentose below, sparsely setose above . . . . . . . / / . Pilosella Heads numerous; leaves glaucous, setose on margins and midrib below H. floribundum Stolons wanting; rhizome short praemorse . . . . H. florentinum Heads orange red H. aurantiacwn Stems leafy. Plants stoloniferous; cauline leaves mostly below the middle . H. vulgatum Plants from perennial slender crowns, cauline leaves along the whole stem. Upper and lower cauline leaves similar, blades elliptic lanceolate, remotely dentate. Phyllaries with gland-tipped hairs intermixed with black setae; leaves flat H. canadense Phyllaries mostly glabrous, setose without gland-tipped hairs, leaves involute . . . H. umbellatum Upper and lower cauline leaves dissimilar, upper few and reduced in size, blades obovate, commonly entire, plants glandular-bristly above H. scabrum H. PilosellaL. Creeping Hawkweed. Scapose, stellate-pubescent perennials with leafy creeping stolons from leaf tufts; scapes, internodes, and young, i,eaves densely grayish canescent; blades spatulate or obovate, sparsely appressed-pilose,; scapes slender, 5-12 cm tall; involucres 8-10 mm high; phyllaries in 2-3 series, clothed with stipitate glands and black setiform bristles; ligules pale yellow, the outermost often reddish; achene body 2-3 mm long, 10ribbed; pappus bristles 2-6 mm long, tawny.--Rare and hardly established. 2799 damp grassy pond terrace, Forest Hill Cemetery, Duluth. Introd from Eu. Aug-Sept. H. floribundum Wimm. & Grab. Plenteous Hawkweed. Plants up to 8 dm tall, with elongate rhizomes; stolons numerous, prostrate to assurgent, and floriferous; rosette leaves numerous, glaucous, oblanceolate; blade glabrous, the margins and midribs setose; setae mostly with purplish, gland-tipped pustules on peduncles and phyllaries; heads 15-20 mm wide; phyllaries linear, pale green with whitish margins, appearing blackish along the glutinous minutely black-dotted midribs; setae black; ligules 9-12 mm long, brass yellow, with limbs a third or less the length of the tube; central florets almost tubular; basal half of corolla tube white, somewhat dilated and villous near the middle; marcescent corollas expelled by the converging phyllaries; achenes with pappus 5-8 mm long, 10-nerved, the nerves becoming elevated; pappus pale buff.--Rare. 21365 gravel pit n of Tomahawk Rd jet with Hwy 1, Lake Co. Nfld to Minn, Eu. Je-Aug. H. florentinum All. Florentine Hawkweed. Perennial herbs up to 7 dm tall, with praemorse rhizomes with slender caudices; stems subscapose from rosettes and 1-2 cauline leaves, stellate-pubescent, bristly with black setiform hairs at least toward the summit; leaves

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spatulate, obtuse or acute, with broad bases, setose ciliate; heads in corymbiform clusters; involucres 5-6 mm high; phyllaries stellate-pubescent intermixed with setiform black hairs; ligules yellow; achenes black, 10-ribbed, 2-3 mm long; pappus 5-6 mm long, tawny. A2562 Lac La Croix, Boulder Bay area. Que to Va, Wis, Minn. Je-Jy. H. aurantiacum L. Devil's Paint Brush. Creeping, stoloniferous, scapose herbs with bristly rosette leaves; scapes up to 7 dm tall, commonly with a foliose bract above the middle, hirsute-hispid with stalked glands and setiform bristles, especially above; heads in open or congested corymbiform cymes; involucres 8-10 mm high; phyllaries blackish, setose, glandularhispid, acute; ligules showy orange red; anthers orange; achenes 2.5-3 mm long, columnar, reddish brown.--Spreading rapidly and becoming common, fields and rdsides. 6890 in a field of cult hay, s of Pike L, 8 mi nw of Duluth; 15884 nw slope, Hunter's Hill, Duluth. Natzd from Eu. Je-Sept. H. vulgatum Fries. Showy Hawkweed. Perennials up to 7 dm tall, with close-set rhizomes and leafy stolons; stems slender, wiry, hirtellous below and stellate hairy with stipitate glands toward the summit; basal leaf tufts from slender hard caudices; blades elliptic, oblanceolate, 3-5 cm long, acute, margin remotely dentate; petioles margined and dilated at bases; heads in corymbiform clusters; involucres 1-12 mm high; phyllaries lance-attenuate, setose-hispid with black hairs; ligules golden yellow, showy; achenes columnar, 3-4 mm long, maroon becoming brown; pappus bristles 6-7 mm long, buff, fragile.--Rare. 16262 abundant, terrace of L Superior, Duluth waterworks. Introd. H. canadense Michx. Common Hawkweed. Perennials, from slender caudices; stems terete, striate, reddish, up to 8 dm tall, branching below, somewhat scabrous and stellatepubescent; leaves remotely dentate with teeth ending in callus-like glands, the margins puberulent or ciliolate; heads in panicles; ligules showy golden yellow; involucres 10-12 mm high; phyllaries blackish, stellate-pubescent, acute; achenes maroon, the body 3-4 mm long; pappus 5-6 mm long.--Common throughout area. 9013 granite ledges, Everett L, Echo Trail, n of Ely; 15833 shorerocks, Sand Pt L, w of Harrison's Narrows. Lab to BC, Me, Minn to Ore. Aug-Oct. H. um.be 11 a turn, L. Handsome Hawkweed. Similar to the preceding. Stems glabrous below, finely glandular-puberulent toward the summit; lower leaves oblanceolate, upper lanceolate, sessile, puberulent or glabrous, the margins remotely dentate; panicles large, the branches commonly elongate, forming subumbellate clusters; involucres 10-12 mm long, imbricate; phyllaries nearly smooth, nonglandular, attenuate, the outer often with scattered setae on the back; ligules surpassing the phyllaries, showy golden yellow; achenes dark maroon or nearly black, 10-ribbed, 3-4 mm long; pappus 6-7 mm long.--Frequent in wooded areas. 1286 crevices, Congdon Cr woods, Duluth; 19418 meadow, Floodwood R terrace, near the confluence with St. Louis R. Ont to Alas, Mich to Ore. Aug-Sept. H. scabrum Michx. Rough Hawkweed. Hairy perennials, from slender caudices, up to 7 dm tall; stems scabrous-hirsute below, glandular-hispid above; lower leaves elliptic to obovate or spatulate, subentire, appressed hairy, mostly borne below the middle; upper internodes elongate with reduced or bract-like leaves; heads in corymbs; peduncles spreading, bristly hispid, with black setae; phyllaries acute, dark green or blackish; ligules yellow; achenes black, 3-4 mm long, 10-ribbed; pappus 5-6 mm long.--Frequent, rocky, sandy pine woods, n half of area. 7136 outcrops near Skibo observation tower; 11546 mossy woods, Curtain Falls, Crooked L. Que to Minn, NS to Ga, 111, Mo. Aug-Sept.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY, GLOSSARY, AND INDEX

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Bibliography

Bailey, L. H. , GerU£s_ffer6orum, Vol. 5, R^us__^n_North_Am.e_ri£a, 1945. , Manual of Cultivated Plants Most Commonly Grown in the Continental Uriited Stqt_es_ andjuanadcij 1949. Benson, Lyman, Pl.^^_C]Lass_i£iLcati^on, 1957. Britton, N. L. , and Addison Brown, Iil^l£al£^_^ora_of_^ejVor^hern^^a_tes_and_Canac(a, 2nd ed., 1913. Deam, C. C. , Fl£r_a_o£_IndiLana, 1940. Fassett,

N. C. , M^]^^_o_f__Aquat_ic__P]

Gleason, H. A . , T^£_/y£M!_^£ili2II_^I^_^I2M!^^ll^l£5i£^_^l2I^> 1952. Gr'ay, Asa, Gra^s_]Veu;Jlfariua^_of_BoJ_arij, 7th ed. by B. L. Robinson and M. L. Fernald, 1908. , Manua^^fJBo^t^arr^, 8th ed. by M. L. Fernald, 1950. Hulten, Eric, Flora_oi_Alaska_and_Yukon, 1941-1942. Jones, G. N. , "A List of Vascular Plants from St. Louis County, Minnesota," Amerce an Midland Naturalist, Vol. 40 (1948), pp. 475-492. Mackenzie, K. K. , North_Anie_£Ican_Car_iceae, 1940. Muenscher, W. C. , Agug^ic_P_lqn^_q£_^he_Un^ed_Sta^es, 1944. Rosendahl, C. 0., and F. K. Butters, TVees_ond_.S/iru6s_o_fJj/irineso_ta, 1928. Rydberg, P. A. , F^ora_of_^he_Pra^^es_anc(_Pj^^n£_of_^^ra^jyor^/i_,4mer_ica, 1932. Stevens, 0. A., Hang^oo^ofJ^rthjDakota_Plgnts_, 1950.

517

Glossary

abortive. Barren (said of spore-bearing organs). acaulescent. Lacking true stem, or having short one concealed in ground. accrescent. Continuing to grow after flowering, e.g., the calyx in Potentilla. accumbent. Lying against; said of embryo with cotyledons having their margins folded against the hypocotyl, in e.g., Rorippa. achene. 1-seeded, 1-chambered, indehiscent, dry fruit. actinomorphic. R a d i a l l y symmetrical. aculeate. P r i c k l y . acuminate. Tapering to a p o i n t . acute. Sharp-pointed. adnate. Growing together of u n l i k e organs, as fusion of successive cycles of f l o r a l organse . g . , c o r o l l a with stamens. adventive. Not n a t i v e and not f u l l y n a t u r a l i z e d , but growing spontaneously. a g g r e g a t e . Densely c l u s t e r e d or crowded together. alveolate. Honeycombed. anastomosing. Veins crossing in a n e t - l i k e arrangement. annulus. Ring or rim. anthesis. The expansion of the f l o w e r . anthocarpous. A c o l l e c t i v e f r u i t ; a pseudocarp composed chiefly of the enlarged and altered p e r i a n t h or torus ( w i n t e r g r e e n , s t r a w b e r r y ) . apocarpous. Having the carpels separate. appressed. Lying f l a t a g a i n s t , or pressed close to, another organ. arachnoid. Cobwebby. arborescent. Having t r e e - l i k e h a b i t , especially b r a n c h i n g l i k e a tree. arcuate. Arching. aril. A p u l p y , o f t e n colored outgrowth about the h i l u m of a seed. cristate. Awned; with a bristle-like appendage. articulate. Joined. assurgent. Ascending. attenuate. Narrowly tapered. auricle. Ear-shaped appendage. awn. Slender bristle; small pointed process. axil. The angle between the axis and any organ arising from it, as a leaf from the stem. axillary. In or growing from an axil. axis. That part of the stem of a plant on which other organs are borne. balsamic. Balsam-scented or having the qualities of balsam. barb. Hooked hair or bristle ending in double hooks. bearded. Having bristle-like, long or stiff hairs or awns. biennial. L a s t i n g for 2 years. bifid. Cleft into 2 equal p a r t s or lobes. bilabiate. 2 - l i p p e d ( s a i d of calyx or c o r o l l a ) , b i l a t e r a l l y symmetrical. blade. The expanded p a r t of a leaf.

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bract. A somewhat modified l e a f , below a calyx or attached to divisions of an inflorescence or sometimes borne on stems. caducous. Dropping off e a r l y . callus. A h a r d swelling, e . g . , base of lemma in rass flowers. yx. The outer f l o r a l envelope; outer p e r i a n t h . campanulate. Bell-shaped. canescent. Hoary; with gray pubescence. capitate. Provided w i t h large or small heads, or growing in heads. capsule. A dry, dehiscent f r u i t from compound pistil. carinate. Keeled. carpel. Simple p i s t i l , or one of the u n i t s of which a compound p i s t i l is composed. caruncle. Spongy swelling about the h i l u m of some seeds. caryopsis. Small, 1-celled, dry, indehiscent f r u i t enclosing the seed and forming a single grain, e. g . , in grasses. catkin. Deciduous spike of unisexual apetalous flowers; a f l e x i b l e spike or ament of willows and birches. caudate. Having long s o f t tail or t a i l - l i k e appendage. cauaex. The woody base or axis of a plant consisting of stem and root. caulescent. Having l e a f y stem above ground. cauline. Belonging to the stem or arising from it. cespitose. Growing in t u f t s . chartaceous. Having a s t i f f , papery texture. ciliate. Having marginal hairs forming a fringe. circinate. Rolled up on the axis with apex as center; bent like the head of a crosier, e . g . , in f e rn s. circumscissile. Cut c i r c u l a r l y around an organ, as in the f r u i t of p o r t u l a c a . cladophyll. A m o d i f i e d branch functioning as a l e a f , as in asparagus. clavate. G r a d u a l l y thickening upward; club-shaped. claw. Slender base or s t a l k of a petal or other organ. cleft. Deeply cut. cleistogene. A p l a n t producing cleistogamous (selfp o l l i n a t e d ) , unopened flowers. coetaneous. Existing at the same time ( s a i d of flower and leaf expansion). column. A solid body formed of the combined filaments and style in orchids; in mallows, the staminal tube of u n i t e d f i l a m e n t s . compound. Formed of several similar members united, as a 2- or more carpelled pistil, or leaves of 2 or more l e a f l e t s . concrescence. A growing together of p a r t s originally separate. conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise. cone. Floral axis with imbricate scales forming a strobilus, as in Fir and Pine.

?

confluent. Combining to form one. connate. Said of similar organs joined or united. connivent. Converging but not fused. convolute. 1 part rolled up in another longitudinally. coralloid. Resembling coral. cordate. Heart-shaped. coriaceous. Leathery. corm. The thickened stem or stem base, or a solid bulb-like part. cornute. Having a h o r n - l i k e appendage. corolla. Inner perianth, composed of petals. corona. Crown-like appendage between corolla and stamens. corymb. Flat-topped flower cluster with outer or lowermost flowers opening f i r s t . cotyledon. A f i r s t leaf of the embryo. crateriform. Cup-shaped or hemispherical. crenate. Having the margin cut into round teeth; scalloped. crested. Having an elevated or, o f t e n , toothed ridge. crispate. Having an i r r e g u l a r l y curled, puckered, crumpled edge. cucullate. Hood-shaped. culm. The j o i n t e d , often hollow stem of grasses, some sedges. cuneate. Wedge-shaped. cuspidate. With sharp, rigid point. cyathium. C u p - l i k e involucre of Euphorbia containing staminate flowers and 1 central tricarpellate p i s t i l . cyclic. Having the f l o r a l leaves arranged in whorls. cyme. Inflorescence with main and secondary axes each terminating in a single flower, the flower on main axis opening f i r s t . cymule. A small cyme, or one of very few flowers forming p a r t of a compound cyme. deciduous. F a l l i n g away at m a t u r i t y or at the close of the growing season. decompound. Having 2 or more compound divisions, or several times divided. decumbent. Reclining or bent at base with the growing ends ascending. decurrent. Prolonged below the point of insertion, as if running downwards (said of a leaf whose base extends downward and forms a wing or ridge along the stem). deflexed. Bent downward abruptly. deniscence. The opening of an organ along a definite line or by pores or slits to discharge its contents. deltoid. Like an equilateral triangle. dentate. Toothed, w i t h teeth projecting outward. depauperate. Starved, or smaller than normal. depressed. Concave on the upper surface. diadelphous. Having stamens in 2 groups. dichasium. A cymose inflorescence which produces 2 main axes. dichotomous. Forking repeatedly. didynamous. Having stamens in 2 pairs of unequal length. diffuse. Loosely spreading. digitate. Having several distinct l e a f l e t s , like radiating fingers of the hand, from the top of the petiole. dimorpnic. Having 2 forms of organs on the same p l a n t , or on p l a n t s of the same species. dioecious. With staminate and p i s t i l l a t e flowers on separate plants. disc. A fleshy enlarged development of the receptacle at or around the base of the pistil or the central p a r t of head of compositae.

519

distichous. With p a r t s arranged in 2 rows opposite each other. distinct. Separate. divaricate. Spreading at a wide angle from the axis. dorsiventral. Having distinct ventral and dorsal surfaces, as a l e a f . downy. Softly pubescent. drupe. A f r u i t with a hard stone and p u l p y , succulent, or leathery pericarp. echinate. Covered with p r i c k l e s . eciliate. Without cilia. elater. Hygroscopic filamentous band attached to and aiding the d i s t r i b u t i o n of spores, as in horsetails. emarginate. Notched at apex. endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp. epigynous. With flower parts borne on the ovary and fused to it. erase. Appearing nibbled or gnawed, as, e . g . , leaf margins. evanescent. Soon disappearing. excurrent. Having the axis prolonged, forming an undivided main stem or t r u n k , or with the midvein of a leaf extending beyond the tip as a mu c ro. exserted. P r o j e c t i n g beyond some surrounding structure. exstipulate. Without stipules. extrorse. Turned outward from the axis. falcate. Scythe-shaped. farinose. Covered with white m e a l - l i k e powder. fascicle. A close cluster or bundle. fenestrate. Pierced with holes or openings. fibrillose. Provided with fine, delicate fibers. fibrous. Containing woody fibers. filament. The stalk of the anther. filiform. Thread-like. fimbriate. Fringed. fimbrillate. Bordered with a minute fringe. fistulose. Cylindrical and hollow. flabellate. Fan-shaped. flavescent. Yellowish. flexuous. Bending in a l t e r n a t e directions; zig-zag. floccose. Bearing soft hair or wool. flocculent. Diminutive of floccose. floret. A single flower of a cluster in grasses and composites. floricane. The flowering cane; u s u a l l y the secondyear development of the primocane in Rubus and other genera. follicle. Dry, 1-loculed, monocarpellary f r u i t opening along the ventral suture. frond. The leaf of a fern. frutescent. Shrubby. fugacious. Perishing rapidly or fading early. fuscous. Grayish brown. fusiform. Spindle-shaped; tapering gradually to each end. gemma. A bud or bud-like structure by which plants propagate themselves. geniculate. Bent abruptly like a knee. gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on 1 side. glabrate. Becoming glabrous. glabrous. Hairless. glandular. Bearing glands. glaucous. Covered with bluish white bloom. glomerule. A compacted cyme. glume. One of the subtending bracts of the spikelet in grasses. glutinous. Having a sticky surface, as the phyllaries of some composites. granulose. Covered with grain-like bodies. hastate. Shaped like the head of an arrow or halberd.

herbaceous. Herb-like. hip. Ripened pseudocarp enclosing numerous achenes, as in roses. hirsute. Pubescent with long, rather coarse, s t i f f hairs. hirtellous. Minutely hirsute. hispid. Rough with s t i f f hairs. hoary. Having grayish white leaves; canescent. hyaline. Transparent or translucent. hypanthium. An enlargement or development of the receptacle under the calyx. hypogeal. Growing beneath the ground; said of cotyledons during germination. hypogynous. Having the other parts of the flower free from and situated below the p i s t i l on the receptacle. imbricate. Having parts overlapping, shinglefashion; or, in flowers, with petals or sepals overlapping where 1 member is wholly internal and 1 wholly external. imperfect. Diclinous; having unisexual flowers. incised. Unequally slashed; or, in leaves, with margins deeply and sharply notched. incomplete. Lacking 1 or more floral whorls (said of a f l o w e r ) . incumbent. Having the back of 1 cotyledon applied to the radicle, as in Sisymbrium. indumentum. Clothed with any sort of pubescence. indurate. Hardened. indusium. A protective scale or outgrowth of hairs which covers the sori of ferns. inferior. Below some other organ (said of the ovary of an epigynous flower). internode. Segment of stem between 2 nodes. involucre. A whorl or rosette of bracts subtending the flower cluster or head of a single flower. involute. Rolled inward at the edges. irregular. Not uniform, as flowers with differences in size, form, or union of like parts. keel. Ridge-like process; a carinate, prominent median dorsal ridge; in papilionaceous, legume flowers, the 2 anterior united petals.

labium. Lip. lacerate. I r r e g u l a r l y cut or torn along margins or apex. laciniate. Cut or fringed into deep, i r r e g u l a r , narrow lobes. lacuna. A pit or depression; an air space in the tissue of many p l a n t s . lanate. Woolly. lanceolate. Lance-shaped. lemma. The lower of 2 bracts enclosing the flower in the spikelet of grasses. lenticular. Lens-shaped. ligneous. Woody. l,igule. A membranous outgrowth at the base of the blade in monocot leaves; a strap flower of composites; a pointed structure near the leaf base of Isoetes. Ungulate. Tongue-shaped. lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the labellum of Orchids. lobe. Often rounded division or projection of an organ, as of a l e a f . loculicidal. Dehiscent longitudinally into locules along dorsal suture (said of a capsule). lodicule. Scale-like rudiment in grass f l o r e t . lyrate. Lyre-shaped, with large terminal lobe and small lower lobes.

macrospore. Megaspore.

mammillate. Teat-shaped; nipple-shaped. marcescent. Withering without falling off (said of flower p a r t s ) .

520

median. Middle or central part. megaspore. Large spore in heterosporous p l a n t s giving rise to female gametophytes. megasporophy11. A sporophyll that develops only megasporangia. membranous. Thin, p l i a b l e , often transparent. microspore. Small spore giving rise to male gametophyte. mierosporophyII. L e a f - l i k e structure producing microspores. monadelpnous. Having all the stamens united by their filaments into a tube. moniliform. Like a string of beads. monoecious. With unisexual ( s t a m i n a t e or pistillate) flowers on the same p l a n t . mucro. Small, short, abrupt tip. mucronate. Provided with a mucro. muricate. Rough with short, hard points. muticous. Awnless or pointless. naked. Destitute of enveloping parts, e . g . , flower without perianth or buds without scales. navicular. Boat-shaped. nectary. Nectar-producing glands. nerve. A simple unbranched vein or slender rib. node. The place on the stem where the leaf apparently originates. nodulose. Knotty or knobby; having nodules. nucellus. The innermost wall of an ovule. nut. A dry indehiscent f r u i t with hard shell and 1 seed cavity. ob-. Prefix meaning inversion. obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped. oblanceolate. Inversely lance-shaped. oblique. Having axis not perpendicular to base; slanting. oblong. Longer than broad, with nearly parallel sides. obovate. Inversely ovate. obovoid. Ovoid, with broad end toward apex. obsolete. Rudimentary. obtuse. Rounded or blunt at ends. ocrea. A tubular sheath formed of united stipules around the base of the petiole, as in Polygonum. operculate. With a lid. orbicular. Spherical. orifice. Opening. ovary. Ovule-containing part of the pistil. ovate. Egg-shaped; used in describing f l a t bodies, as leaves. ovoid. Egg-shaped, with the large end toward the point of attachment. pale. Chaffy scale on the receptacle of composites. palea. The upper bract, opposite the lemma, in the grass f l o r e t . palmate. Radiately lobed or divided. panduriform. Fiddle-shaped. panicle. Loose compound inflorescence with pedicelled flowers or spikelets. paniculate. Arranged in panicles; branching like a panicle. papillate, papillose. Having minute nipple-shaped projections. pappus. Modified calyx of awns, scales, or bristles borne at the top of the ovary of composite achenes. parietal. Attached to the wall of the ovary. pectinate. Comb-like. pedate. Palmate. pedicel. The stalk of the flower. peduncle. The primary stalk supporting the i n f l o rescence or a single flower. peltate. Shield-shaped and attached on the under side. perfect. Stamens and pistils on the same receptacle; bisexual.

perfoliate. Having connate leaf bases, the stem appearing to pass through the united p a r t . perianth. Calyx and corolla of a flower; the f l o r a l envelope. pericarp. The wall of the ripe ovary; coat of the fruit. perigynium. The saccate s t r u c t u r e enclosing the ovary and f r u i t in Carex. perigynous. Borne on the f l o r a l tube; having the free pistil surrounded with it. petaloid. P e t a l - l i k e in texture, form, and color. petiole. Leaf stalk. phyllary. 1 of the i n v o l u c r a l b r a c t s in composites. phyllodium. Modified p e t i o l e f u n c t i o n i n g as the blade of a foliage leaf. pilose. Covered w i t h soft d i s t i n c t h a i r s . pinna. A p r i m a r y division of a p i n n a t e l e a f or frond. pinnate. Having l e a f l e t s arranged along each side of the rachis. pinnatifid. With leaf blades c l e f t almost to the axis, lobes w i t h o u t p e t i o l u l e s . pinnule. Secondary division of a p i n n a t e leaf or frond. placenta. O v u l e - b e a r i n g p a r t of ovary. plano-convex. Flat on 1 side, curved on the other. plumose. Feathery. polliniam. Mass of waxy or coherent pollen grains, as in Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae. pome. Fleshy f r u i t f r o m i n f e r i o r o v a r y , the edible p a r t developing m o s t l y from the receptacle. praemorse. With the t r u n c a t e end appearing b i t t e n o f f , as in the rhizomes of Viola or H i e r a c i u m . precocious. Having f l o w e r s developing before leaf expansion. primocane. The f i r s t - y e a r shoot growth in Rubus. prismatic. Like a prism; angulate with f l a t sides. procumbent. Lying f l a t upon the ground, but not rooting at nodes. puberulent. M i n u t e l y pubescent, w i t h a dusty appearance. pubescent. Covered w i t h s o f t short h a i r s . pulvinus. The enlarged or swollen base of some leaf p e t i o l e s and p e t i o l u l e s . punctate. Dotted w i t h depressions or with i n t e r n a l t r a n s l u c e n t glands or colored dots. pustular. Having b l i s t e r - l i k e spots or e l e v a t i o n s , as the base of some h a i r s . raceme. I n f l o r e s c e n c e of e q u a l l y p e d i c e l l e d flowers on an e l o n g a t i n g axis. racemose. In racemes or r e s e m b l i n g a raceme. rachilla. Secondary f l o r a l axis of grasses and sedges. rachis. Axis of an inflorescence or a compound leaf. radiate. Diverging from a common center l i k e rays or bearing ray f l o w e r s . raphe. Ridge on an a n a t r o p o u s o v u l e of v a s c u l a r tissue connecting the base of the n u c e l l u s with the p l a c e n t a . recurved. Curved downward or b a c k w a r d . reflexed. Bent a b r u p t l y backward. regular. Having a l l p a r t s of each series of a flower of a s i m i l a r f o r m and size. remform. Kidney-shaped. replum. The p l a c e n t a l frame l e f t by the dropping off of the v a l v e s in dehiscence, as in many Cruciferae. resupinate. Turned upside down by a t w i s t i n g of the p e d i c e l , thus i n v e r t i n g the c o r o l l a , as in some orchids, p l a c i n g the lip below. reticulate. Having the a p p e a r a n c e of a n e t w o r k , as in n e t - v e i n e d leaves.

521

retrorse. Turned backward or downward. retuse. With a s h a l l o w t e r m i n a l notch at a rounded apex. revolute. R o l l e d back from the margin or apex. rhizome. A prostrate or underground stem, u s u a l l y rooting at nodes on the lower s u r f a c e and sending up shoots at i n t e r v a l s on the upper side. ringent. Having the mouth wide open or gaping, as a c o r o l l a of a l a b i a t e f l o w e r . rootstock. Rhizome. rosette. A short internode b e a r i n g a c l u s t e r of leaves. rostellum. A small b e a k - l i k e process at the apex of the stigma of certain orchids. rudimentary. Only p a r t l y developed. rugose. Wrinkled. runcinate. Having incised l e a f m a r g i n s w i t h lobes directed toward the base. saccate. Pouch-like. sagittate. A r r o w - s h a p e d . samara. Indehiscent, 1-seeded, winged f r u i t . scape. Leafless f l o w e r i n g stern a r i s i n g from the ground. scapose. Scape-bearing, scape-like. scarious. Thin, dry, and membranous. scurfy. Surface covered with bran-like scales. secund. Having parts of an organ directed to 1 side. septate. P a r t i t i o n e d ; h a v i n g a septum. septicidal. Said of dehiscence of c a p s u l e between the locules and through the p a r t i t i o n s . septifragal. Said of dehiscence of a capsule when the valves separate from the p a r t i t i o n s . septum. P a r t i t i o n . sericeous. W i t h closely appressed s i l k y h a i r s ; silky. serotinous. L a t e - f l o w e r i n g ; in S a l i x , with c a t k i n s expanding a f t e r the leaves. serrate. Sharply toothed w i t h teeth p o i n t i n g forward toward the apex. serrulate. F i n e l y s e r r a t e . sessile. W i t h o u t s t a l k . setaceous. B r i s t l y , b r i s t l e - l i k e . setose. Bristly. setulose. M i n u t e l y b r i s t l y . sheath. A t u b u l a r envelope i n v e s t i n g the stem, as in grasses and sedges. silicle. A short s i l i q u e or m u s t a r d pod. silique. The f r u i t s of C r u c i f e r a e . simple. Single, not compound ( s a i d of p i s t i l , leaf). sinuate. Having m a r g i n s t r o n g l y wavy. sinus. Space between lobes. sorus. Cluster of sporangia in f e r n s . spadix. A spike with a fleshy axis, as in Calla. spathe. A large b r a c t e n c l o s i n g an i n f l o r e s c e n c e , or subtending a spadix, as in Araceae. spatulate. Like a s p a t u l a . spicule. A l i t t l e p o i n t or n e e d l e - l i k e body. spike. An i n f l o r e s c e n c e w i t h sessile f l o w e r s on an elongated axis. spikelet. 1 of the s m a l l f e w - f l o w e r e d spikes t h a t make up the grass or sedge i n f l o r e s c e n c e . sporangium. A spore case. sporophyll. Spore-bearing l e a f . spur. Hollow, tubular or saccate p a r t of a flower, u s u a l l y n e c t a r i f e r o u s , as on the c o r o l l a of the Violet. stamen. A p o l l e n - p r o d u c i n g organ of f l o w e r s . staminate. Bearing stamens o n l y . staminode. S t e r i l e stamen, o f t e n n e c t a r i f e r o u s or petaloid. stigma. The p a r t of p i s t i l r e c e i v i n g the p o l l e n . stipe. The s t a l k - l i k e support of a p i s t i l .

stipe I. The stipule-like appendage of a leaflet. stipitate. Stipe-bearing or borne on a stipe or stalk-like base. stipulate. Having stipules. stipule. 1. of a pair of reduced leaf-like appendages at the base of petioles of some leaves. stolon. A basal branch or runner rooting at the nodes or tip. strict. Erect, upright. strigose. With appressed, sharp, straight, stiff hairs. strobile, strobilus. A cone-like inflorescence of imbricated bracts. strophiole. A crest-like excrescence about the hilum of some seeds. style. The portion of the pistil connecting the stigma with the ovary. stylopodium. Expanded base of style in most Umbelliferae. subtend. To stand under or below; as a flower in the axil of a bract. subterete. Nearly cylindrical. subulate. Awl-shaped. suffrutescent. Somewhat shrubby; partly woody and perennial at the base. sulcate. Grooved or furrowed. superior. Borne above; ovary free from calyx (in hypogynous or perigynous flowers). suture. The line of opening or dehiscence in fruits. terete. Cylindrical; circular in cross section. ternate. Arranged in 3's. testa. Seed coat. thallus. Plant body without distinct stem or leaf, as in Lemnaceae. tomentose. Covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs. torulose. Cylindrical w i t h constrictions at intervals; somewhat m o n i l i f o r m . torus. Receptacle; portion of axis bearing the floral parts. tridentate. 3-toothed. trigonous. 3-angled, with p l a n e faces.

522

tripinnate. Bipinnate leaves with each division pinnate. truncate. Cut off squarely at the end. tubercle. A small rounded body or nodule. tunicate. Having numerous continuous layers, as an onion bulb. turbinate. Top-shaped; an inverted cone. turgid. Swollen by pressure from within. umbel. An inflorescence w i t h pedicels arising from the same level. umbellate. In or like an umbel; bearing, consisting of, or arranged in umbels. urnbonate. Bearing a boss or projection in the center. undulate. Having a wavy s u r f a c e or margin. unilocular. Containing a single cell. unisexual. Of 1 sex only; a flower with either stamen or p i s t i l s . utricle. A small, bladdery, 1-seeded f r u i t . valvate. Meeting along the margins but not f u s i n g or of a capsule opening by valves (said of flower parts) . valve. 1 of the segments into which a dehiscing capsule or legume separates. vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts. velutinous. Velvety or covered w i t h velvety pubescence. venation. The arrangement of veins. vernation. The arrangement of foliage leaves within the bud. verrucose. Warty. villous. With long, d i s t i n c t , soft hairs. virgate. Straight and upright or w a n d - l i k e . viscid. Sticky. viviparous. Germinating while s t i l l attached to parent p l a n t . whorled. Collected into a ring-like series around an axis. woolly. L a n a t e ; having the t e x t u r e and appearance of wool or m a t t e d hairs. zygomorphic. Said of flowers that are divisible into equal halves in 1 plane only; b i l a t e r a l l y symmetrical.

Index

Abies, 28, 29 balsamea, 29, 418 Acer, 255 ginnala, 257 Negundo, 2 5 6 , 2 5 7 , 475 Negundo f. Negundo, 257 Negundo f. sanguineum, 257, 475 platanoides, 257 rubrum, 2 5 6 , 475 saccharinum, 256, 475 saccharum, 256, 475 spicatum, 2 5 6 , 475 tataricum, 257 A c e r a c e a e , 6, 8, 255 A c / i i H e a , 384 Zanidosa, 384, 385, 386, 509

M i l l e f o l i u m , 384, 385, 509

Millefolium f. Millefolium, 385 Millefolium f. rosea, 385 Ptarmica, 384, 509 A c o r n s , 107, 109 Caiamus, 109, 442 Actaea, 181, 185 pachypoda, 186, 460 r u b r a , 186, 460 rubra f. neglecta, 186, 460 rubra f. r u b r a , 186 A c u t a e , 84, 95 Adder' s tongue, 21 A d i a n t u m , 22, 27 pedatum, 27, 416 Aalumia, 194 Climbing, 194 fungosa, 194, 461 Ado*a, 346, 347 Mo s chat el Una, 346, 347, 498 Adoxaceae, 11, 346 A g a s t a c h e , 314, 316 Foenicu.lu.rn, 316, 491 A g r i m o r c i a , 217, 229 gryposepala, 230, 469 s t r t a t a , 2 3 0 , 469 Agrimony, 229 common, 230 large-leaved, 230 Agropyrorc, 55, 56 cristatum, 56, 427 repens, 56, 427

repens £. aristatum, 56, 427 repens f. repens, 56 trachy caul urn., 50, 56, 427 trachycaulum var. glaucum, 56, 57, 427 trachycaulum var. novae-angliae, 56, 57, 427 trachycaulum var. trachycaulum, 56

trachycaulum var. unilaterale, 56, 57, 427 A g r o s t i d e a e , 44, 61 A g r o s t i s , 61, 66 a Z b a , 66, 430 a Z b a var. alba, 66 alba v a r . palustris, 66, 430 perennans, 66, 67, 430 s c a b r a , 66, 67, 430 scabra f. exaristata, 67, 430 scabra var. geminata, 67, 430 scabra var. scabra, 67 Aizoaceae, 6, 169 Alder, 149

green, 150 hoary, 150 Alexanders, 285 golden, 285, 286 heart-leaved, 285 Alfalfa, 245 AZisma, 39 subcordatum, 39, 423 triviale, 39, 40, 423 AZismataceae, 4, 39 A Z Z i u m , 117, 118 Schoenoprasum, 118 Schoenoprasum var. laurentianum, 444 Schoenoprasum var. sibiricum, 118 stellatum, 118, 119, 444 tricoccum, 118, 444 AZrcus, 147, 149 crispa, 150, 452 rugosa, 150, 151, 452 rugosa var. americana, 150, 452 rugosa f. hypomalaca, 150, 452 rugosa var. rugosa, 150 Aiopecurus, 44, 61 aequalis, 62, 428 pratense, 62, 428 Alumroot, 213 Alyssum, hoary, 207 Amaranth, 167 prostrate, 168

white, 168 Amaranthaceae, 6, 167 A m a r c m t h u s , 167 albus, 168, 456 graecizans, 168, 456 retroflexus, 168, 456 A m b r o s i a , 372, 373 artemisiifolia, 373, 374, 506 artemisiifolia var. artemisiifolia, 374 artemisiifolia var. elatior, 374, 506 psilostachya, 373, 374, 506

523

psilostachya v a r . coronopifolia, 374 trifida, 373, 374, 506 Amelanchier, 218, 233 a r b o r e a , 233, 234, 470 Bartramiana, 233, 234, 470 humilis, 234, 235, 470 humilis var. campestris, 235, 470 humilis var. Compacta, 235 470 humilis var. exserrata, 235, 470 humilis var. humilis, 235 huronensis, 234, 470 hyronensis, 236 interior, 234, 235, 470 intermedia, 234, 235, 470 Zaetns, 233, 234, 470

sanguinea, 234, 235, 470 stolonifera, 234, 235, 470 ( f e i g a n d i i , 234, 235, 470 Ammophila, 61, 64 breviligulata, 64, 429 Amorpha, 241, 247 canescens, 247, 473 Amphicarpa, 240, 245 bracteata, 245, 473 bracteata v a r . bracteata, 245 bracteata var. comosa, 245, 473 A n a c a r d i a c e a e , 9, 253 Anap/iaHs, 369, 371 mar gar it ace a, 371 margaritacea v a r . intercedens, 371, 505 Andromeda, 291, 293 glaucophylla, 293, 486 AnoVopogon, 73 Gerardi, 73, 432 scoparius, 73, 432 scoparius v a r . frequens, 73 Andropogoneae, 44, 73 Anemone, 181, 187

Canada, 189 canadensis, 188, 189, 461 cylindrica, 188, 189, 460 quinquefolia, 188, 189, 461 quinquefolia var. interior, 190, 461 quinquefolia var. quinquefolia, 189, 190 quinquefolia f. sanguineum, 190, 461 riparia, 188, 189, 460 virginiana, 188, 189, 460 wood, 189 Anethum, 281, 285 graveolens, 285, 484

Angelica, 281, 284 atropurpurea, 284, 484 atropurpurea v a r . occidentalis, 284 western, 284 Angiospermae, 4, 31 A n i s e - r o o t , 283 Antennaria, 369 canadensis, 369, 504 fall ax, 369, 371, 505 munda, 369, 370, 505 neglecta, 369, 370, 505 neodioica, 369, 370, 504 Anthemideae, 353, 383 A n i h e m i s , 384, 385 Co tula, 385, 509 tinctoria, 385, 509 Apocyrcaceae, 10, 302 Apocynum, 302 androsaemifolium, 303, 489 sibiricum, 303 sibiricum v a r . cordigerum,

303, 489 Aquifoliaceae, 9, 254 A g u i legia, 181, 185 canadensis, 185, 460 A r a b i s , 197, 202 divaricarpa, 2 0 2 , 203, 463 Drummondi, 2 0 2 , 203, 463 glabra, 2 0 2 , 463 hirsuta, 2 0 2 , 203 hirsuta var. pycnocarpa, 203, 463 lyrata, 2 0 2 , 463 A r a c e a e , 5, 107 A r a Z i a , 278, 279 hispida, 279, 483 nudicaulis, 279, 483 racemosa, 2 7 9 , 483 Araliaceae, 9, 278 A r b u t u s , 294 t r a i l i n g , 294 A r c e u t h o b i u m , 155 pus t Z Z u m , 155, 453 A r c t i u m , 395 minus, 396, 510 Arctostaphylos, 291, 294 Uva-ursi, 295 Uva-ursi v a r . adenotricha, 295, 487 Uva-ursi v a r . coactilis, 295, 487 Uva-ursi var. Uva-ursi, 295 487 Arenaria, 171, 174 lateriflora, 174, 457 macrophy 11 a, 174 A r e n a r i a e , 83, 85 A r e t h u s a , 127, 132 bulbosa, 132, 447 A r i s a e m a , 107 a t r o r u b e n s , 107, 115, 442 atrorubens f. atrorubens, 107 atrorubens f. viride, 107, 442 Aristolochiaceae, 1, 156 A r n i c a , 390, 392 chionopappa, 392, 510 snowy, 392 Arrowgrass, 39 greater, 39 lesser, 39 Arrowhead, 40 wedgeleaf, 40 Arrow-wood, 344

downy, 345 Artemisia, 384, 388 Abrotanum, 388, 389, 510 absinthium, 388, 390, 510 biennis, 388, 389, 509 canadensis, 388 caudata, 388, 389, 509 caudata var. calvens, 388 frigida, 388, 390, 510 ludoviciana, 388, 389, 510 ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes, 388, 389, 510 ludoviciana var. pabularis, 388, 390, 510 serrata, 388, 389, 510 Stelleriana, 388, 389, 510 Arum, water, 109 Asarum, 156 canadense, 156 canadense var. acuminatum, 156, 453 canadense var. canadense, 156 Asclepiadaceae, 10, 303 Asclepias, 303 incarnata, 304, 489 ovalifolia, 304, 489 s y r i a c a , 304, 305, 489 tuberosa, 303, 304, 489 Ash, 300 black, 300 green, 300 p r i c k l y , 250 red, 300 A s p a r a g u s , 118, 123 garden, 123 officinalis, 103, 446 Aspen, 144 l a r g e - t o o t h e d , 145 trembling, 145 Asphodel, 119 f a l s e , 119 least, 119 A s t e r , 358, 362 Brachyactis, 363, 367, 504 ciliolatus, 363, 365, 502 ciliolatus f. ciliolatus, 365 ciliolatus f. comatus, 365, 502 downy-leaf necklace, 364 ericoides, 362, 364, 503 flat-top white, 367 fringed blue, 365 golden, 358 heath, 364 hesperius, 363, 366, 503 junciformis, 363, 366, 503 Zaevis, 363, 365, 502 laevis f. Beckwithiae, 365,

502 laevis f. laevis, 365 l a r g e - l e a f n o r t h e r n , 363 lateriflorus, 362, 364, 503 lateriflorus v a r . lateriflorus, 364 lateriflorus v a r . tenuipes, 364, 503 macrophyllus, 362, 363, 502 macrophyllus var. macrophyllus, 363 macrophyllus var. velutinus, 363, 502 modestus, 362, 363, 502

524

necklace, 364 ontarionis, 362, 364, 503 panicled western, 366 ptarmicoides, 363, 366, 503 ptarmigan, 366 puniceus, 362, 363, 364, 502 puniceus f. candidus, 364, 502 puniceus f. puniceus, 364 purple northern, 363 rayless, 367 simplex, 306, 363, 366, 503 simplex var. interior, 366, 503 simplex var. romosissimus, 366, 503 simplex var. simplex, 366 slender white, 366 smooth blue, 365 swamp blue, 364 umbellatus, 363, 367 umbellatus var. pubens, 363, 367, 504 w h i t e - p a n i c l e d , 366 w i l d , 362 A s t e r e a e , 353, 357 A s t r a g a Z u s , 240, 241 canadensis, 241, 472 Athyrium, 22, 26 Filix-femina, 26 Filix-femina f. elatius, 26, 416 Filix-femina var. Michauxii, 26, 416 Filix-femina f. rubellum, 26, 416 Atratae, 84, 97 Atriplex, 164, 166 patula var. hastata, 166, 456 Avena, 53, 54 /atua, 54, 55, 427 sativa, 54, 55, 427 Aueneae, 44, 52 Avens, 222, 223 common, 223 cut-leaf, 222 large-leaved, 223 purple, 223 white, 222 Awl wort, 207 Balsam apple, 349 Balsaminaceae, 9, 257 Baneberry, 185 red, 186 w h i t e , 186 Barbarea, 197, 201 orthoceras, 201, 463 vulgar is, 201, 463 vulgaris var. arcuata, 201, 463 vulgaris var. vulgaris, 201 Barberry, 192 common, 193 Japanese, 193 Barley, 57 tribe, 55 Barnyardgrass, 71 Basil, w i l d , 320 Basswood, 260 Bayberry, 146 Beachgrass, 64 inland, 64 Beach-heather, 263 Beak-rush, 82 Bearberry, 294

common, 295 downy, 295 viscid, 295 Beardgrass, 73 Beard-tongue, 327 great-flowered, 328 slender, 328 white, 327 Beckmannia, 44, 58 syzigachne, 58, 428 Bedstraw, 338 golden, 340 northern, 339 rough, 339 smooth, 340 sweet, 339 t h r e e - p a r t e d , 340 t i n t , 339 t u f t e d , 340 Beech-drops, f a l s e , 291 Beggar-tick, 312 nodding, 312 tufted, 381 Bellis, 358, 368 perennis, 368 Bellwort, 121 yellow, 121 Berberidaceae, 7, 191 Berbens, 191, 192 Thunbergii, 192, 193, 461 vulgaris, 192, 193, 461 vulgaris var. atropurpure a, 193 Bergamot, 320 wild, 320 Berteroa, 197, 207 incana, 207, 464 Betula, 147, 148 cordifolia, 148, 149, 451 lutea, 149, 451 papyri/era, 148, 149, 451 pumila, 148, 149 pumila var. glandulifera, 149, 451 Sandbergi, 148, 149, 451 Betulaceae, 5, 147 Bicolores, 84, 95 Bidens, 372, 373, 379 cernua, 379, 380, 508 cernua var. cernua, 380 cernua f. discoidea, 380, 508 cernua var. minima, 380, 508 cernua var. oligodonta, 380, 508 comosa, 381, 508 connata, 379, 380, 508 connata var. connata, 380 connate var. fallax, 380, 381, 508 connata var. petiolata, 380, 381, 508 connata var. pinnata, 380, 381, 508 discoidea, 380, 381, 508 frondosa, 380, 381, 508 uuigata, 379, 381, 508 vulgata v a r . puberula, 381 Bindweed, 305 common, 163 crested, 163 f i e l d , 306 fringed, 163 hedge, 306 low, 305

Birch, 148 canoe, 149 d w a r f , 149 h e a r t - l e a f , 149 paper, 149 Sandberg's, 149 y e l l o w , 149 Bird' s eye, 331 Bishop's cap, two-leaved, 211 Bitter-cress, 204 Bittersweet, 255, 323 Blackberry, 223 creeping, 226 eastern, 226 p r i c k l y , 227 smooth, 226 u p l a n d , 226 B l a c k - h a w , 345 Bladderwort, 334 common, 335 d w a r f , 335 horn, 336 lesser, 335 two-way, 335 B l a z i n g s t a r , 357 p r a i r i e , 357 t a l l , 357 Bleeding-heart, 194 E l i t e , coast, 166 s t r a w b e r r y , 165 Bloodroot, 193 Blue-beech, 148 Bluebell, 349 t a l l , 349 Blueberry, 295 late sweet, 296 low, 295 Blue-eyed grass, 125 common, 126 e a s t e r n , 126 slender, 126 B l u e f l a g , 126 Bluegrass, 46 annual, 47 Canada, 47 Chaix' s, 47 f o r e s t , 48 f o w l , 48 grove, 49 i n l a n d , 49 K e n t u c k y , 47 n a r r o w - l e a v e d , 47 rough, 48 B l u e j o i n t , n o r t h e r n , 65 Bluejointgrass, 65 Blue s a i l o r s , 402 Bluestem, g r e a t e r , 73 l e s s e r , 73 Boatgrass, 58 Bog rosemary, 293 Boneset, 354 b r o a d - l e a f , 357 Boraginaceae, 10, 309 Botrychium, 19, 20 Lunaria, 20, 412 Lunaria var. onondagense, 20 matricariaefolium, 20, 412 matricanaefolium var. intermedium, 412 multifidum, 20, 412 multifidum f. dentatum, 20, 412 multifidum var. intermedium, 20

525

multifidum var. multifidum, 20 simplex, 20, 412 virginianum, 20, 412 virginianum var. europaeum, 20, 21, 412 virginianum var. virginianum, 20, 21 Bottlebrush, 58 Bouncing-bet, 176 Box elder, 257 Brachelytrum, 61, 67 erectum, 67 erectum var. septentrionale, 67, 430 Bracken, common, 27 Bracteosae, 83, 85 Brake, cliff, 27 Brake, rock, 27 Bramble, northern, 227 Brambler, Minnesota, 227 trailing, 226 Brasenia, 178 Schreberi, 178, 458 Brassica, 196, 197 juncea, 198, 463 kaber, 197, 198 kaber var. pinnatifida, 198, 463 Rapa, 198, 463 Brittlegrass, 67 Brome, smooth, 50 velvet, 50 Bromegrass, 50 common, 50 forest, 50 Bromus, 45, 50 ciliatus, 50, 425 inermis, 50, 425 Kalmii, 50, 425 tectorum, 50, 425 Brooklime, American, 331 Buckbean, 302 Buckthorn, 258 hedge, 258 s m o o t h - l e a f , 258 swamp, 258 Buckwheat, 163 c l i m b i n g f a l s e , 163 Buffalo-berry, 272 n o r t h e r n , 272 Bugseed, 166 common, 167 shiny, 167 B u l r u s h , 78 Bunchberry, 286 Burdock, 395 common, 396 B u r - m a r i g o l d , 379 common, 381 f l o a t i n g , 382 l e a f y , 381 nodding, 380 smooth, 381 B u r - r e e d , 32 American, 33 common, 33 j o i n t e d , 33 1 a r g e - f r u i t e d , 33 l e a s t , 33 n a r r o w - l e a v e d f l o a t i n g , 33 n o r t h e r n , 33 wide-leaved water, 33 Butter-and-eggs, 326 Buttercup, 181

Bursa-pastoris, 205, 463 beaked, 184 b r i s t l y , 183 Caraway, 284 c e l e r y - l e a v e d , 183 Cardamine, 197, 204 parviflora, 204, 205 creeping, 183 parviflora var. arenicola, Lapland, 182 meadow, 184 205, 462 northern swamp, 183 p e r c s y Z w a r c i c a , 204, 205, 462 pratensis, 204 seaside, 182 pratensis v a r . palustris, small-flowered, 183 water, 184 204, 462 Butterfly weed, 304 Cares, 74, 83 Butternut, 147 abdita, 93, 94, 438 Butterwort, 336 A c u t a e , 84, 95 common, 336 adusta, 89, 91, 437 Cactaceae, 269 aenea, 89, 91, 96, 437 a n g u s t i o r , 89, 90, 437 Cactus, fragile pear, 269 Calamagrostis, 61, 65 aquatiI is, 95, 97 aquatilis v a r . altior, 97, 439 canadensis, 65, 430 canadensis var. canadensis, a r c t a , 88, 436 a r c t a t a , 99, 101, 103, 440 65, 66 canadensis var. Macouniana, Arenariae, 83, 85 assiniboinensis, 99, 101, 440 65, 66, 430 canadensis v a r . robusta, 65, atherodes, 105, 441 A t r a t a e , 84, 97 66, 430 inexpansa, 65, 66 aurea, 95, 96, 439 inexpansa var. brevior, 66, Backii, 93, 96, 438 430 Bebbii, 91, 92, 438 Calla, 107, 109 Bicolores, 84, 95 palustris, 109, 442 Bracteosae, 83, 85 b r e v i o r , 91, 92, 437 W i l d , 109 Callitrichaceae, 6, 253 brunnescens, 87, 88, 436 Callitriche, 253 Buxbaumii, 97, 100, 439 hermaphroditic a, 253, 474 canescens, 87, 88, 436 heterophylla, 253, 474 canescens var. canescens, 88 canescens var. subloliacea, palustris, 253, 474 Calopogon, 127, 131 88, 436 pulchellus, 131, 132, 447 castanea, 99, 101, 440 Caltha, 181, 186 chordorrhiza, 85, 86, 436 Chordorrhizeae, 83, 85 natans, 186, 187, 460 palustris, 186, 460 com.rn.unis, 93, 438 Calypso, 127, 131 comosa, 105, 441 conoidea, 102, 440 bulbosa, 131, 447 Crawei, 101, 440 Camass, prairie, 121 white, 121 Crawfordii, 91, 92, 438 crinita, 95, 100 Camomile, 385 crinita var. minor, 95, 439 scentless, 387 cristatella, 91, 92, 438 w i l d , 386 Cryptocarpae, 84, 95 yellow, 385 Campanula, 349 cryptolepis, 104, 108, 441 aparinoides, 349, 350, 498 deflexa, 93, 94, 96, 438 glomerata, 349, 498 Deweyana, 88, 90, 437 rotundifolia, 349, 350, 355, Deweyanae, 83, 88 diandra, 87, 90, 436 498 rotundifolia var. intercedens, Digitatae, 84, 94 350, 498 Dioicae, 83, 85 rotundifolia var. intercedens disperma, 87, 88, 436 f. albiflora, 350, 498 Extensae, 85, 104 rotundifolia var. intercedens / Z a v a , 104, 440 f. cleistocodona, 350, 498 foenea, 85, 86, 436 uliginosa, 349, 350, 498 gracillima, 99, 103, 440 Campanulaceae, 11, 349 Gracillimae, 84, 99 Campion, 177 Granulares, 84, 101 granularis, 101, 103 bladder, 176 granularis v a r . Haleana, 101, lesser bladder, 176 n i g h t - f l o w e r i n g , 175 440 g y r a o c r a t e s , 85, 86, 436 wand, 177 Canarygrass, 52 Haydenii, 95, 97, 439 tribe, 52 Heleonastes, 83, 87 Candytuft, 206 Hirtae, 84, 98 globe, 206 Houghtonii, 98, 440 Cannabinaceae, 6, 153 hystricina, 105, 441 Capparidaceae, 7, 196 interior, 89, 437 Caprifoliaceae, 11, 341 intumescens, 106, 108, 441 CapseHa, 197, 205 katahdinensis, 102, 103, 440

526

lacustris, 105, 108, 441 lanuginosa, 98, 440 laricina, 89, 437 lasiocarpa, 98, 100, 440 lasiocarpa var. americana, 98 Laxiflorae, 84, 102 lenticularis, 95, 97, 100, 439 leptalea, 93, 96, 438 leptonervia, 102, 108, 440 limosa, 98, 100, 439 Limosae, 84, 98 Longirostres, 84, 101 lupulina, 106, 441 Lupulinae, 85, 106 media, 97, 439 Merritt-Fernaldii, 91, 92, 437 molesta, 91, 92, 437 Montanae, 84, 93 Multiflorae, 83, 86 normalis, 91, 437 Oligocarpae, 84, 102 oligosperma, 106, 441 o r m o s t a c h y a , 102, 104, 440 Orthocerates, 85, 104 O a Z e s , 83, 89 pallescens, 99, 100 pallescens v a r . neogaea, 99, 440 Paludosae, 85, 105 Paniceae, 44, 68, 84 Paniculatae, 83, 87 pauciflora, 104, 108, 441 paupercula, 98 paupercula var. irrigua, 98, 439 paupercula v a r . pallens, 98, 439 Peckii, 93, 94, 438 pedunculata, 94, 95, 439 pensyIvanica, 93, 438 Phyllostachyae, 84, 93 Polytrichoideae, 84, 93 prairea, 87, 436 projecta, 89, 91, 437 Pseudo-Cypereae, 85, 105 Pseudo-Cyperus, 105, 108, 441 retrorsa, 106, 441 Richardsonii, 95, 96, 439 rosea, 85, 86, 436 rostrata, 106, 442 rostrata v a r . r o s t r a t a , 106 rostrata v a r . utriculata, 107, 442 scoparia, 91, 92, 438 Sprengelii, 101, 103, 440 Stellulatae, 83, 89 stipata, 87, 90, 436 stricta, 95, 97, 439 strictior, 97, 439 sychnocephala, 89, 91, 437 SyZvaticae, 84, 99 tenera, 91, 92, 437 tenera var. echinoides, 92, 437 tenuiflora, 87, 88, 90, 436 tonsa, 93, 94, 439 Torreyi, 99 tribuloides, 91, 92, 438 trisperma, 87, 88, 436 Tuckermani, 106, 107, 442 umbellata, 93, 94, 439 uaginata, 102, 103, 440 vesicaria, 106, 107, 108, 442

Vesicariae, 85, 106 Virescentes, 84, 99 viridula, 104, 441 Vulpinae, 83, 87 vulpinoidea, 86, 90, 436 Carnation, 174 Carpinus, 147, 148 caroliniana, 148, 451 Carrion flower, 124 downy, 125 smooth, 125 Carrot, 282 wild, 282 Carum, 281, 284 Carvi, 284, 483 CaryophyIlaceae, Q, 170 Castilleja, 326, 333 coccinea, 333, 494 coccinea f. lutescens, 333, 494 C a t c h f l y , 175 forking, 175 sleepy, 175 Cat foot, 372 Catmint, 316 Catnip, 316 Cat tail, 32 common, 32 narrow-leaved, 32 Caulophyllum, 191, 193 thalictroides, 193, 461 Ceanothus, 258, 259 ovatus, 259, 476 Cedar, red, 31 white, 30 Celastraceae, 9, 255 Celastrus, 255 scandens, 255, 475 Celery, water, 42 Cenchrus, 68, 72 longispinus, 72, 432 Centaurea, 395, 398 dubia, 398, 511 maculosa, 398, 511 montana, 398, 511 Cerastium, 171 arvense, 171, 172, 457 nutans, 171, 457 vulgatum, 171, 172, 457 vulgatum f. glandulosum, 171, 457 Ceratophyllaceae, 6, 177 Ceratophyllum, 177 demersum, 178, 458 echinatum, 178, 458 Chaenorrhinum, 325, 327 minus, 327, 493 Chcmaedaphne, 162, 291, 294 caZycuiata, 294 caZycuiata var. angustifolia, 294, 486 Chelone, 325, 328 gZabra, 328, '493 Chenopodiaceae, 6, 164 Chenopodium, 164, 165, 166 album, 165, 455 capitatum, 165, 455 glaucum, 165, 166, 455 hybridum, 165 hybridum var. gigantospermum, 165, 455

leptophyllum, 165, 166, 455

rubrum, 165, 166, 455 Cherry, 230

black, 231 lesser sand, 231 pink, 231 sand, 232 Chichorieae, 399 Chickweed, 172 common, 173 common mouse-ear, 172 field, 172 Indian, 169 long-leaved, 173 mouse-ear, 171 nodding mouse-ear, 171 northern, 173 w a t e r , 172 Chicory, 402 garden, 402 Chimaphila, 288 umbellata, 288 umbellata var. cisatlantica, 288, 289, 485 Chives, wild, 118 Chlorideae, 44, 58 Chokeberry, 236, 237 Choke cherry, 231 Chordorrhizeae, 83, 85 Chrysanthemum, 384, 387 Leucanthemum, 387, 509 Leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum, 387, 509 Chrysopsis, 358 B a f e e r i , 358, 499 Chrysosplenium, 210, 211 americanum, 211, 464 Cicely, downy sweet, 283 sweet, 283 Cichorieae, 353 Cichorium, 399, 402 I n t y b u s , 402 Cicuta, 281, 283 bulbifera, 284, 484 maculata, 284, 484 Circna, 44, 61, 62 latifolia, 62, 429 Cinquefoil, 218 creeping, 220 marsh, 220 p l a i n s , 221 prostrate, 220 rough, 221 shrubby, 219 silver, 221 s t i f f , 221 sulphur, 221 tall, 220 western, 220 white, 219 Circaea, 273 alpina, 273, 481 canadensis, 273, 481 quadrisulcata, 273, 274 quadrisulcata var. canadensis, 274, 481 Cirsium, 395, 397 arvense, 397, 398, 511 arvense f. albiflorum, 398, 511 arwense var. arvense, 398 arvense var. mite, 398, 511 Flodmani, 397, 511 muticum, 397, 511 vulgare, 397, 511 Cistaceae, 7, 263 Cladium, 73, 74, 83

527

mariscoides, 83, 435 Clammyweed, 196 fetid, 196 Claytonia, 170 caroliniana, 170, 456 virginica, 170, 456 Clearweed, 154 dwarf, 154 CZematis, 181, 191 purple, 191 verticillaris, 191, 192, 461 virginiana, 191, 461 Clintonia, 117, 119 borealis, 119, 444 Clinton's lily, 119 Cloudberry, 224 Clover, 245 alsike, 246 hop, 246 prairie, 247 red, 246 white, 246 yellow, 247 Clubmoss, 17 cedar, 18 fir, 17 marsh, 18 running, 18 shiny, 17 stiff, 18 Cockle, white, 177 Cocklebur, 374 black, 374 Cock's spurgrass, 71 Cohosh, blue, 193 Collomia, 306, 308 linearis, 308, 490 Coltsfoot, a r r o w - l e a v e d , 391 early sweet, 391 grape-leaved, 391 sweet, 391 Columbine, 185 scarlet, 185 Comandra, 155 northern, 155 Richardsiana, 155, 453 Compositae, 11, 352 Comptonia, 146 peregrina, 146, 451 Cone f l o w e r , 375 ray-headed, 376 ong-head prairie, 376 p r a i r i e , 375 Conringia, 197, 201 orientalis, 201, 462 Convolvulaceae, 10, 304 Convolvulus, 305 arvensis, 305, 306, 490 sepium, 305, 306, 490 sepium var. americanus, 306 spithamaeus, 305, 490 Coontail, 178 p r i c k l y - f r u i t e d , 178 Coptis, 181, 185 groenlandica, 185, 460 Corallorhiza, 136 maculata, 136, 448 maculata var. flavida, 136, 137, 448 maculata var. maculata, 136, 137 striata, 136, 137, 448 trifida, 136, 137, 448 trifida var. verna, 136

f

Coral-root, 136 early, 136 spotted, 136 striped, 137 Cordgrass, 58 Corispermum, 164, 166 hyssopifolium, 166, 167, 456 nitidum, 166, 167, 456 Cornaceae, 9, 286 Cornus, 286 alternifolia, 286, 287, 484 canadensis, 286, 484 canadensis f. canadensis, 286 canadensis f. florulenta, 287, 484 canadensis f. infraverticillata, 287, 484 canadensis f. purpurascens, 287, 484 canadensis f. ramosa, 287, 484 racemosa, 286, 287, 484 rugosa, 286, 287, 484 stolonifera, 286, 287, 484 stolonifera var. Baileyi, 287, 484 stolonifera var. stolonifera, 287 Corydalis, 194, 195 aurea, 195, 462 golden, 195 pink, 195 sempervirens, 195, 461 sempervirens f. Candida, 195, 461 sempervirens f. sempervirens, 195 CoryZus, 147 americana, 147, 451 cornuta, 147, 151, 451 Cottongrass, 81 Cottonwood, 145 Cow-cockle, 176 Cow-wheat, 333 Cranberry, 295 highbush, 345 large, 297 small, 297 Crane's-bill, 250 Crassulaceae, 1, 210 Crataegus, 218, 237 Brunetiana, 237, 239, 471 chrysocarpa, 237, 471 Douglasii, 237, 239, 471 Faxoni, 237, 238, 471 fluviatilis, 237, 238, 471 i r r a s a , 237, 238, 471 irrasa var. Blanchardi, 238 laurentiana, 237, 240, 471 roanensis, 237, 239, 471 succulenta, 237, 239, 471 Creambells, 121 Creeper, Virginia, 259 Creeping bent, 66 Creeping Charlie, 316 Crepis, 399, 404 runcinata, 404, 512 tectorum, 404, 512 Cress, field, 207 Cruciferae, 8, 196 Crypto carpae, 84, 95 Cryptogramma, 22, 27, 416 Stelleri, 27 Cryptotaenia, 281, 283 canadensis, 283, 484

Cuckoo flower, 204 Cucumber, wild, 349 Cucurbitaceae, 11, 348 Cudweed, 371 low, 372 northern, 371 Culver' s physic, 331 Culver's root, 331 Currant, 213 bristly black, 215 garden, 216 golden, 215 northern black, 215 red swamp, 216 skunk, 215 wild black, 216 Cuscuta, 305, 306 Gronovii, 306, 490 Qitgrass, 59 CycLoloma, 164 atriplicifolium, 164, 455 Cynareae, 353, 395 Cynoglossum, 309, 310 boreale, 310, 490 officinale, 310, 490 Cyperaceae, 4, 73 Cyperus, 74, 76 esculentus, 76, 77, 433 inflexus, 76, 77, 433 odoratus, 76, 77, 433 Schweinitzii, 76, 77, 433 strigosus, 76, 77, 433 Cypress, broom, 164 summer, 164 Cypripedium, 127, 128 acaule, 128, 129, 447 acaule f. albiflorum, 128, 447 CaZceoZus, 128, 129 Calceolus var. parviflorum,

128, 129, 447 Calceolus var. pubescens, 128, 129, 447 reginae, 128, 130, 447 Cystopteris, 22, 23 bulbifera, 23, 413 Dickieana, 23, 24, 413 fragilis, 23, 24, 413 fragilis var. fragilis, 23 fragilis var. laurentiana, 23, 413 fragilis var. protrusa, 23 413 Dactylis, 45 glomerata, 45, 424 Daisy, English, 368 ox-eye, 387 Dandelion, 400 common, 400 r e d - f r u i t e d , 400 Danthonia, 53, 55 spicata, 55, 427 spicata var. pinetorum, 55, 427 spicata var. spicata, 55 Darnel, 55 common, 55 many-flowered, 56 Daucus, 280, 282 Carota, 282, 483 Dead-nettle, 319 Dentaria, 197, 205 laciniata, 205, 462 Deschampsia, 52, 54 caespitosa, 54, 427

528

caespitosa var. glauca, 54 flexuosa, 54, 427 Descurainia, 197, 200 Richardsonii, 200, 463 D e v i l ' s paint brush, 406 Dewberry, 225 Deweyanae, 83, 88 Dianthus, 171, 164 Armeria, 174, 457 Dicentra, 194 Cucullaria, 194, 195, 461 Dicoty ledonae, 5, 140 Diervilla, 341 Lonicera, 341, 496 Lonicera var. hypomalaca, 341, 496 Lonicera var. Lonicera, 341 Digitaria, 68, 72 Ischaemum, 72 Digitatae, 84, 94 Dill, 285 Dioicae, 83, 85 Dipsacaceae, 348 Dipsacus laciniatus, 348 Dirca, 271 palustris, 271, 481 Ditch-stonecrop, 211 Dock, 156 bitter, 157 curled, 157 golden, 157 great w a t e r , 158 patience, 158 willow-leaved, 158 Dodder, 306 common, 306 Dogbane, 302 spreading, 303 Dogwood, 286 alternate-leaved, 287 gray, 287 round-leaved, 287 Z)ra6a, 197, 203 arabisans, 203, 463 cliff, 203 rep tans, 203, 463 Dracocephalum, 314, 317 parviflorum, 317, 491 Dragonhead, 317 common, 317 Dropseed, 67 sand, 67 Drosera, 209 intermedia, 209, 464 rotundifolia, 209, 464 rotundifolia var. comosa, 209, 464 Droseraceae, 1, 209 Dryopteris, 22, 24 cristata, 25, 415 disjuncta, 24, 25., 414 disjuncta f. disjuncta, 25 disjuncta f. glandulosa, 24, 25, 414 fragrans, 24, 25 fragrans var. remotiuscula, 25, 415 Phegopteris, 24, 25, 415 Robertiana, 24, 25, 414 spinulosa, 25, 26, 415 spinulosa var. americana 25, 26, 415 spinulosa var. fructuosa, 25, 26, 415

spinulosa v a r . intermedia, 25, 26, 415 spinulosa var. spinulosa, 25, 26 Thelypteris, 25 Thelypteris v a r . pubescens, 25, 414 Duckweed, 110 re en, 110 e a s t , 110 lesser, 110 p u r p l e , 110 star, 110 Dulichium, 74, 77 arundinaceum, 7 7 , 434 D u t c h m a n ' s breeches, 194 Echinochloa, 68, 71 crusgalli, 71, 432 crusgalli f. crusgalli, 71 crusgalli f. longiseta, 71, 432 pungens, 71, 432 Echinocystis, 349 i o b a t a , 349, 498 Elaeagnaceae, 6, 272 Elatinaceae, 8, 263 Elatine, 263 minima, 207, 263, 477 tnandra, 263, 477 Elder, 345 American, 346 r e d - b e r r i e d , 346 Eleocharis, 73, 74 acicularis, 74, 75, 433 caltm, 75, 76, 433 compressa, 74, 75, 433 elliptica, 74, 76, 433 intermedia, 74, 75, 433 macrostachya, 75, 76, 433 nitida, 74, 75, 433 o6tusa, 74, 75, 433 ouata, 74, 75, 433 palustris, 75, 76, 433 palustris var. major, 76 pauciflora, 74, 75 pauciflora var. Fernaldii, 75, 433 Smallii, 75, 76, 433 Elm, American, 152 slippery, 153 Elodea, 42 canadensis, 42, 424 Nuttallii, 42, 424 Elymus, 55, 57 canadensis, 57, 58, 427 canadensis var. canadensis, 57 canadensis var. glaucifolius, 57, 427 virginicus, 57, 428 virginicus var. submuticus, 57, 428 virginicus var. virginicus, 57 Epigaea, 291, 294 repens, 294, 487 repens var. glabrifolia, 294, 487 repens var. repens, 294 Epilobium, 273, 274 angustifolium, 274, 481 angustifolium f. albiflorum, 274, 275, 481 coloratum, 274, 275, 481 glandulosum, 274, 275 glandulosum var. adenocaulon, 275, 481

f

leptophyllum, 274, 275, 482 palustre, 274, 275 palustre var. oliganthum, 275, 482 stnctum, 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 , 482 Epipactis tesselata, 140 Equisetaceae, 3, 15 Equisetum, 15 arvense, 15, 409 aruercse v a r . arvense, 15 arvense v a r . boreale, 16, 409 arvense f. campestre, 15, 16, 409 fluviatile, 15, 16, 409 hyemale, 16, 409 hyemale var. affine, 15, 16, 409 hyemale var. intermedium, 15, 16, 409 hyemale f. polystachyum, 16, 409 palustre, 15, 16, 409 pratense, 15, 16, 409 scirpoides, 15, 16, 409 sylvaticum, 15, 16, 409 variegatum, 15, 16, 409 variegatum var. Jesupi, 409 Eragrostis, 45 hypnoides, 45, 46, 424 megastachya, 46, 424 pectinacea, 45, 46, 424 Erechtites, 390, 392 hieracifolia, 392, 510 Ericaceae, 8, 10, 11, 291 Erigeron, 358, 367 ormuus, 367, 368, 504 canadensis, 367, 368, 504 philadelphicus, 367, 504 strigosus, 367, 368, 504 strigosus var. septentrionalis, 368 Eriocaulaceae, 5, 110 Eriocaulon, 110 septangulare, 110, 443 Eriophorum, 74, 81 angustifolium, 81, 82, 435 Chamissonis, 81 Chamissonis var. albidum, 81, 435 graciie, 81, 435 spissum, 81, 435 tene Z ium, 8l, 435 tenellum f. axillare, 81, 82, 435 virginicum, 81, 82, 435 viridi-carinatum, 81, 82, 435 Erucastrum, 197, 198 gallicum, 198, 463 Erysimum, 197, 199 asperum, 199, 462 cheiranthoides, 199, 462 inconspicuum, 199, 462 Erythronium, 117, 119 albidum, 119, 120, 444 americanum, 119, 444 Eucarex, 84 Eupatorieae, 352, 353 Eupatorium, 354 maculatum, 354, 356, 499 maculatum f. Faxoni, 354, 499 maculatum f. maculatum, 354 perfoliatum, 354, 499 perfoliatum f. perfoliatum, 354

529

perfoliatum f. purpureum, 355, 499 purpureum, 354, 499 rugosum, 354, 357 rugosum v a r . tomentellum, 357 Euphorbia, 251 c o r o H a t a , 2 5 2 , 474 Cy par is si as, 252, 474 fisuZa, 252, 474 glyptosperma, 252, 474 serpyllifolia, 252, 474 s u p i n a , 2 5 2 , 474 Euphorbiaceae, 6, 251 Euphrasia, 326, 334 hudsoniana, 334, 494 E v e n i n g - p r i m r o s e , 275 b i e n n i a l , 276 p r a i r i e , 276 rough, 276 white, 276 E v e r l a s t i n g , p e a r l y , 371 f x t e n s a e , 85, 104 E y e b r i g h t , 334 n o r t h e r n , 334 Fagaceae, 5, 150 Fagopyrum, 156, 163 sagittatum, 163, 455 Fairy s l i p p e r , 131 False dragonhead, 318 Family, Amaranth, 167 Arrowgrass, 38 Arum, 107 Barberry, 191 Beech, 150 Birch, 147 Birthwort, 156 Bittersweet,255 Bladderwort, 334 Bluebell, 349 Borage, 309 Buckthorn, 258 Buckwheat, 156 Bur-reed, 32 Buttercup, 180 Cactus, 269 Caper, 196 Carpetweed, 169 Cat tail, 31 Clubmoss, 16 Composite, 352 Dogbane, 302 Dogwood, 286 Duckweed, 109 Elm, 152 Evening primrose, 273 Figwort, 325 Flax, 248 F o u r - o ' c l o c k , 168 Frog' s- bi t, 42 Fund to ry, 19 4 Gentian, 300 Geranium, 249 Ginseng, 278 Goosefoot, 164 Gourd, 348 Grape, 259 Grape fern, 19 Grass, 43 Heath, 291 Hemp, 153

Holly, 254 Honeysuckle, 341 Hornwort, 177 Horsetail, 15

Iris, 125 Leatherwood, 271 Lily, 117 Linden, 260 Loosestrife, 272 Lopseed, 336 Madder, 338 Mallow, 260 Maple, 255 Mare's-tail, 278 Milkweed, 303 Milkwort, 251 Mint, 314 M i s t l e t o e , 155 Morning-glory, 304 Moschatel, 346 Mustard, 196 N a i a d , 38 N e t t l e , 153 Nightshade, 323 Oleaster, 272 Olive, 299 Orchid, 127 Orpine, 210 Parsley, 279 Pea, 240 Phlox, 306 Pickerelweed, 111 Pine, 28 Pink, 170 P i p e w o r t , 110 P i t c h e r - p l a n t , 208 P l a n t a i n , 337 Polypody, 21 Pondweed, 33 Poppy, 193 Primrose, 297 P u r s l a n e , 169 Q u i l l w o r t , 19 Rockrose, 263 Rose, 217 Royal fern, 21 Rue, 250 Rush, 111 St. Johnswort, 261 Sandalwood, 155 Saxifrage, 210 Sedge, 73 Spikemoss, 19 Spurge, 251 Sumac, 253 Sundew, 29 Teasel, 348 Touch-me-not, 257 Valerian, 348 Vervain, 312 V i o l e t , 264 W a l n u t , 146 W a t e r l e a f , 308 W a t e r - l i l y , 178 W a t e r - m i l f o i l , 277 Water-plantain, 39 W a t e r - s t a r w o r t , 253 Waterwort, 263 W a x - m y r t l e , 145 Willow, 140 Wintergreen, 288 Wood-sorrel, 249 Yew, 28 Favor-wort, 329 Fern, adder's tongue, 21 American shield, 26 beach, 25 bladder, 23

bracken, 27 b u l b l e t , 23 cinnamon, 21 common bladder, 23 common shield, 26 crested s h i e l d , 25 f r u i t y shield, 26 hay-scented, 25 intermediate shield, 26 i n t e r r u p t e d , 21 lady, 26 maidenhair, 27 marsh shield, 25 northern bladder, 24 oak, 25 ostrich, 24 polypody, 27 rock, 22 royal, 21 scented oak, 25 sensitive, 24 shield, 24 sweet, 146 Ferns and fern allies, 3, 15 Fescue, 49 meadow, 49 nodding, 49 red, 49 rocky mountain, 50 sheep, 49 Festuca, 45, 49 elatior, 49, 425 obtusa, 49, 425 ovina, 49, 425 rubra, 49, 425 saximan tana, 49, 50, 425 Festuceae, 44 Figwort, 327 common, 327 Filipendula, 218, 233 Ulmaria, 233, 469 Ulmaria var. denudata, 233, 469 Ulmaria var. Ulmaria, 233 Fimbristy I is, .74, 77 autumnalis, 77, 434 Fingergrass, 72 styptic, 72 Fir, balsam, 29 Fireweed, 274, 392 Flax, 248 blue, 248 wild yellow, 248 Fleabane, 367 common, 368 daisy, 367 wandering, 368 Forget-me-not, 310 common, 311 field, 311 slender, 311 Four-o'clock, 168 hairy, 169 Foxtail, 61 bristly, 72 green, 72 meadow, 62 tufted, 62 yellow, 72 Fragaria, 217, 218 vesca, 218 vesca var. americana, 218, 466 virginiana, 218 virginiana var. illinoiensis, 218, 466

530

Fraxinus, 300 nigra, 300, 489 pennsylvanica, 300, 489 pennsylvanica var. pennsylvanica, 300 pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima, 300, 489 Fumariaceae, 9, 194 Fumitory, climbing, 194 Gale, sweet, 146 Galeopsis, 314, 318 Tetrahit, 318, 492 Galinsoga, 373, 382 ciliata, 382, 508 fringed, 382 Galium, 338 asprellum, 339, 495 boreale, 339, 495 boreale var. boreale, 339, 340 boreale var. hyssopifolium, 340, 495 boreale var. intermedium, 340, 495 brevipes, 339, 340, 496 labradoricum, 339, 340, 496 tinctorium, 338, 339, 495 trifidum, 339, 340, 496 triflorum, 339, 495 verum, 339, 340, 496 Gaultheria, 291, 292 hispidula, 292, 486 procumbens, 292, 486 Gentian, 301 closed, 301 redstem, 301 spurred, 301 Gentiana, 301 Andrewsii, 301, 489 rubricaulis, 301, 489 Gentianaceae, 10, 300 Geocaulon, 155 lividum, 155, 453 Geraniaceae, 8, 249 Geranium, 250 Bicknellii, 250, 474 carolinianum, 250, 474 common, 250 maculatum, 250, 474 short-beaked, 250 wild, 250 Gerardia, 326, 332 common, 332 northern, 332 paupercula, 332, 494 tenuifolia, 332 tenuifolia v a r . parviflora,

332, 494 Germander, 315 Geum, 217, 222 aleppicum, 2 2 2 , 223 aleppicum var. strictum, 223, 467 canadense, 2 2 2 , 467 laciniatum, 222, 467 laciniatum v a r . trichorcarpum, 222

macrophyllum, 222, 223, 467 rivale, 221, 223, 467 triflorum, 222, 223, 467 Ginger, wild, 156 Ginseng, 278 dwarf, 278 Glecoma, 314, 316 hederacea, 316, 491

Glueseed, 308 Glycerin, 45, 50 borealis, 51, 425 canadensis, 51, 426 Fernaldii, 51, 425 grandis, 51, 425 stnata, 51, 426 Glycyrrhiza, 240, 241 lepidota, 241, 472 Gnaphalium, 369, 371 Macounii, 371, 505 obtusifolium, 371, 372, 505 obtus i folium var. micradenium,

372 uliginosum, 371, 372, 505 G o a t ' s beard, 400 greater, 400 meadow, 400 Golden-glow, wild, 375 Goldenrod, 358 grass-leaved, 362 greater, 361 pasture, 360 p r a i r i e , 360 s m a l l - f l o w e r e d , 361 smooth, 360 s t i f f , 361 swamp, 360 t a l l , 361 upland, 359 wide- leaved, 359 Goldthread, 185 Goody era, 128, 140 repens, 140 repens var. ophioides, 140, 449 tesselata, 140, 449 Gooseberry, 213 northern, 216 prickly, 216 swamp, 217 Goosefoot, 165 maple-leaved, 165 narrow-leaved, 166 oak-leaved, 166 Gracillimae, 84, 99 Grama tribe, 58 Gramineae, 4, 43 Granulares, 84, 101 Grape, 259 wild, 259 Grape fern, 20 common, 20 l e a t h e r y , 20 m a t r i c a r y , 20 s m a l l , 20 Grass, arrow, 39 b a r n y a r d , 71 beach, 64 beard, 73 b l u e , 46 b l u e - e y e d , 125 b l u e j o i n t , 65 bluestem, 73 boat, 58 b o t t l e b r u s h , 58 b r i t t l e , 67 brome, 50 c a n a r y , 52 cock' s s p u r , 71 cord, 58 creeping bent, 66 cut, 59 f i n g e r , 72

f o x t a i l , 61 p l e n t e o u s , 405 rough, 406 h a i r , 54 showy, 406 short husk, 67 Hawthorn, 237 June, 48, 53 love, 45 black-fruited, 239 manna, 50 Brunet's, 239 common, 237 m i l l e t , 62 cut-leaf, 239 n u t , 77 mellow-fruited, 239 orchard, 45 northern, 238 p a n i c , 68 porcupine, 62 Hazel, 147 American, 147 p o v e r t y , 69 beaked, 147 quack, 56 Heart balm, 323 r a t t l e s n a k e , 51 Hedeoma, 314, 321 reed, 45 hispida, 321, 492 rye, 57 Helenieae, 353, 383 sorghum, 73 He lenium, 383 spear, 47 autumnale, 383, 508 stink, 46 autumnale var. canaliculatum, switch, 69 tape, 42 383, 384 vernal, 52 nudiflorum, 383, 508 Heleonastes, 83, 87 wheat, 56 Heliantheae, 353, 372 W h i t l o w , 203 Helianthus, 373, 376 w i t c h , 69 annuus, 376, 377, 507 woodreed, 62 giganteus, 376, 379, 507 Grass-of-Parnassus, 212 giganteus var. giganteus, 379 G r a s s - p i n k , 131 giganteus var. subtuberosus, Gratiola, 325, 329 neglecta, .329, 494 378, 507 giganteus var. subtuberosus, Greenbrier, 124 f. verticillatus, 379, 407 Grindelia, 358 grosseserratus, 376, 379, 507 squarrosa, 358, 499 laetiflorus, 376, 378 Ground-cherry, 324 laetiflorus var. laetiflorus, downy, 324 great- flowered, 324 378, 507 laetiflorus var. rigidus, Virginia, 325 Ground-ivy, 316 378, 507 Maximiliani, 376, 378, 507 Ground pine, 18 petiolans, 376, 378, 507 flat-stem, 18 tuberosus, 376, 378, 507 Guttiferae, 1, 261 tuberosus var. subcanescens, Gymnospermae, 3, 27 Habenaria, 127, 133 378, 507 tuberosus var. tuberosus, 378 clavellata, 133, 134, 447 dilatata, 133, 134, 135, 448Heliopsis, 373, 374 he I i ant ho ides, 374 Hookeri, 134, 136, 448 helianthoides var. scabra, hyperborea, 133, 135 hyperborea v a r . huronensis, 374, 506 Hemlock, ground, 28 135, 448 Carr, 30 lacera, 133, 134, 447 northern, 30 X media, 133, 135, 448 Hemp, Indian, 303 obtusata, 134, 136, 448 Henbit, 319 orbiculata, 134, 135, 448 Hepatica, 181, 187 psycodes, 133, 134, 135, 447 americana, 187, 188, 460 viridis, 133, 134 Heracleum, 281, 282 viridis var. bracteata, 134, lanatum, 282, 483 447 Herb-angel, 284 Hackelia, 309, 312 Hesperis, 197, 202 americana, 312, 490 matronalis, 202, 462 Hairgrass, 54 Heteranthera, 111 slender, 54, 67 dubia, 111, 443 tufted, 54 Heuchera, 210, 213 Halenia, 301 northern, 213 deflexa, 301, 489 Richardsonii, 213, 214, 465 Haloragaceae, 9, 277 Richardsonii var. hispidior, Harebell, 350 213, 465 Hare's-ear, 201 Richardsonii var. Richardsonii. Hawksbeard, 404 213 annual, 404 Hieracium, 399, 405 perennial, 404 aurantiacum, 405, 406, 513 Hawkweed, 405 canadense, 405, 406, 513 common, 406 florentinum, 405, 513 creeping, 405 flonbundum, 405, 513 F l o r e n t i n e , 405

531

Pilosella, 405, 513 scabrum, 405, 406, 513 umbellatum, 405, 406, 513 vulgatum, 405, 406, 513 Hierochloe, 52, 53 odorata, 52, 53, 426 Hippuridaceae, 9, 278 Hippuris, 278 vulgaris, 278, 281, 482 Hirtae, 84, 98 Hog-peanut, 245 common, 245 Holly, 254 northern, 254 Honewort, 283 northern, 283 Honeysuckle, 342 bush, 341 fly, 343 hairy climbing, 343 mountain fly, 342 smooth climbing, 343 swamp fly, 343 Hop, 153 common, 153 Hop-hornbeam, American, 148 Hordeae, 44, 55 Hordeum, 55, 57 jubatum, 57, 428 Hornbeam, 148 Hornwort, 177 H o r s e t a i l , 15 f i e l d , 15 forest, 16 marsh, 16 meadow, 16 w a t e r , 16 Horseweed, 368 Hound' s tongue, 310 common, 310 n o r t h e r n , 310 Houstonia, 340 common, 340 longifolia, 340, 496 Hudsonia, 263 tomentosa, 263 tomentosa v a r . intermedia, 263, 477 Humulus, 153 Lupulus, 153, 452 Huskgrass, short, 67 Hydrocharitaceae, 5, 42 Hydrophyllaceae, 10, 308 Hydrophyllum, 308 virginianum, 308, 490 Hypericu.ru, 261 boreale, 261, 262, 477 ellipticum, 261, 262, 477 ma; us, 261, 262, 477 perforation, 261, 262, 477 pyramidatum, 261, 477 virginicum, 261, 262 virginicum var. Fraseri, 262, 477 Hyssop, giant, 316

hedge, 329 Hystrix, 55, 58 patula, 58, 427 patula var. Bigeloviana, 58, 427 patula var. patula, 58 Iberis, 197, 206 umbellata, 206, 463 Ilex, 254

verticillata, 254, 306, 475 Impatiens, 257 capensis, 257, 476 capensis f. capensis, 257 capensis f. immaculata, 257, 476 Indian p a i n t - b r u s h , 333 I n d i a n - p i p e , 290, 291 Indian tobacco, 351 Indian turnip, 107 Inuleae, 353, 369 Iridaceae, 5, 125 I r i s , 125, 126 pseudacorus, 126, 447 versicolor, 126, 447 versicolor f. Murrayana, 126,

447 w i l d , 126 yellow, 126 Ironweed, 353 i n l a n d , 353 Ironwood, 148 Isoetaceae, 3, 19 Isoetes, 19 macrospora, 19, 411 muricata, 19, 411 Iwa, 372, 373 xanthifolia, 373, 506 Ivy, poison, 254 Jacob' s ladder, 307 blue, 307 western, 307 Jerusalem artichoke, 378 Jewelweed, 257 spotted, 257 Joe-pye-weed, 354 Jointbush, Japanese, 163 Jointweed, 163 northern, 163 Juglandaceae, 5, 146 Juglans, 147 cinerea, 147, 451 nigra, 147 Juncaceae, 5, 111 Juncaginaceae, 4, 38 Juncus, 111, 112 alpinus, 112, 114 alpinus v a r . rariflorus, 114,

116, 444 balticus, 112, 113 balticus f. dissitiflorus,

113,

443

balticus var. littoralis,

113,

443

brevicaudatus, 112, 116, 444 feu/orcius, 112, 113, 443 canadensis, 112, 116, 444 Dudleyi, 112, 113, 443 effusus, 112, 113 effusus var. compactus, 113,

443 effusus var. Pylaei, 112, 113, 443 filiformis, 112, 443 gracilescens, 112, 116, 444 Greenei, 112, 113, 443 rcodosus, 112, 114, 443 pelocarpus, 112, 114, 443 stygius, 112, 114, 443 sfygius var. americanus, 114

tenuis, 112, 113, 443 tenuis var. tenuis, 113 tenuis var. Williansii, 113, 443

532

Torreyi, 112, 114, 443 Kaseyi, 112, 114, 443 Juneberry, 233 common, 235 inland, 235 l a t e - f l o w e r i n g , 236 low, 235 n o r t h e r n , 234 red-twig, 235 smooth, 234 t a l l , 234 Wiegand's, 235 Junegrass, crested, 53 prairie, 53 tribe, 44 W o l f ' s , 48 J u n i p e r , 31 creeping, 31 low, 31 Juniperus, 28, 31 communis, 31 communis var. depressa 31, 419 horizontalis, 31, 419 virginiana, 31, 419 Kalmia, 291, 293 polifolia, 293, 486 Knotweed, 158 alpine, 161 bushy, 160 common, 160 nodding, 159 prolific, 160 upright, 160 wandering, 160 Kochia, 164 Scoparia, 164, 455 Koeleria, 52, 53 cristata, 53, 99, 426 Labiatae, 10, 11, 314 L a b r a d o r - t e a , 292 Lactuca, 399, 401 biennis, 401, 512 canadensis, 401 canadensis var. canadensis, 401, 512 canadensis var. latifolia, 401, 512 canadensis var. longifolia, 401, 512 pulchella, 401, 512 5carioZa, 401, 512 Ladies' tresses, 139 nodding, 139 n o r t h e r n , 139 slender, 139 Lady' s s l i p p e r , 128 large y e l l o w , 129 lesser yellow, 129 pink and w h i t e , 128 showy, 128 Lady's thumb, 161 L a m b ' s - q u a r t e r s , 165 Lamium, 314, 319 amplexicaule, 319, 492 Laportea, 153, 154 canadensis, 154, 452 Lappula, 309, 312 echinata, 312, 490 Lapsana, 399 communis, 399, 511 Larch, 29 American, 29 Larix, 28, 29

laricina, 29, 417 Lathyrus, 240, 242 japonicus, 2 4 2 , 472 japonicus var. glaber, 242 ochroleucus, 242, 243, 472 palustris, 242, 472 palustris var. linearifolius, 242, 472 palustris var. myrtifolius, 242, 472 palustris var. palustris, 242 u e n o s u s , 242, 472 venosus var. intonsus, 242 Lattice-leaf, 140 creeping, 140 greater, 140 Laurel, 293 bog, 293 Laxiflorae, 84, 102 Leadplant, 247 prairie, 247 Leather-leaf, 294 Leatherwood, 271 Lechea, 263, 264 intermedia, 264, 477 Ledum, 291, 292 groenlandicum, 292, 486 Leek, wild, 118 Leersia, 59 oryzoides, 59, 61, 428 Leguminosae, 9, 240 Lem.no,, 109, 110 minor, 110, 442 perpusilla, 110, 442 trisulca, 110, 442 Lemnaceae, 4, 109 Lentibulariaceae, 10, 334 Lepidium, 197, 206 c a m p e s t r e , 206, 207, 464 densiflorum, 206, 464 sativum, 206, 207, 464 Lettuce, 401 blue, 401 common w i l d , 401 tall wild, 401 Liatris, 354, 357 punctata, 357, 499 pycnostachya, 357, 499 Licorice, 241 w i l d , 241 Liguliflorae, 353 Liliaceae, 5, 117 Lilian, 118, 120 michiganense, 115, 120, 445 philadelphicum, 120 philadelphicum var. andinum, 120, 445 L i l y , 120 meadow, 120 plains, 120 t r o u t , 119 white t r o u t , 120 yellow pond, 178 yellow trout, 119 L i l y - o f - t h e - v a l l e y , false, 122 Limosae, 84, 98 Linaceae, 8, 248 Linaria, 325, 326 u u i g a r i s , 326, 493 Lindernia, 325, 329 ctabia, 329, 494 Lingren, 296 Linnaea, 341, 342 borealis, 342

borealis v a r . americana, 342, 496 Linum, 248 sulcatum, 248, 473 usitatissimum, 248, 473 Liparis, 127, 137 Loeselii, 137, 448 Listera, 128, 138 auriculata, 138, 139, 448 cordata, 138, 448 Lithospermum, 309 canescens, 309, 490 Littorella, 10, 337, 338 americana, 338, 495 L i v e - f o r e v e r , 210 Lobelia, 349, 350 Dortmanna, 338, 351, 352, 355, 498 great blue, 351 inflata, 351, 498 Kalmii, 351, 498 northern, 351 siphilitica, 350, 351 siphilitica var. ludoviciana, 351, 498 spicata, 351, 498 spicata var. hirtella, 351, 498 spicata var. spicata, 351 spike, 351 w a t e r , 352 (Lobelia), Camp analaceae, 11 Locust, 241 black, 241 Lolium, 55 multiflorum, 55, 56, 427 perenne, 55, 427 Longirostres, 84, 101 Lonicera, 341, 342 canadensis, 342, 343, 496 dioica, 342, 343 dioica var. glaucescens, 343, 497 hirsuta, 342, 343, 497 oblongifolia, 342, 343, 496 villosa, 342 villosa var. Solonis, 342, 496 Loosestrife, 272, 298 fringed, 299 prairie, 299 purple, 273 swamp, 298 tufted, 298 winged, 273 Lopseed, 336 Loranthaceae, 6, 155 Lotus, 240, 244 corniculatus, 244, 472 Lovegrass, 45 comb, 46 creeping, 46 Lungwort, 311 northern, 311 Lupulinae, 85, 106 L u z u Z a , 111, 116 acuminata, 116, 444 luzuloides, 116, 117, 444 multiflora, 116, 117, 444 parviflora, 116, 117, 444 Lychnis, 171, 177 a Z b a , 177, 458 Chalcedonica, 177, 458 Drummondii, 177, 458 533

scarlet, 177 Lycopodiaceae, 3, 16 Lycopodium, 17 annotinum, 17, 18, 410 annotinum var. acrifolium, 18, 410 annotinum var. annotinum, 18 annotinum var. pungens, 18, 410 clavatum, 17, 411 clavatum var. clavatum, 18 clavatum var. monostachy on, 18, 411 complanatum, 17, 18, 411 complanatum var. flabelliforme, 411 inundatum, 17, 18, 410 lucidulum, 17, 410 obscurum, 17, 18 obscurum var. dendroideum, 18, 410 obscurum var. dendroideum f. proliferum, 18, 410 Seiago, 17, 410 Selago var. patens, 17, 410 Selago var. Selago, 17 tristachyu.ru, 17, 18, 411 tristachyum var. Habereri, 18, 411 tristachyum var. tristachyum, 18 Lycopus, 314, 321 americanus, 321, 322, 492 asper, 321, 322, 492 uniflorus, 321, 492 Lysimachia, 297, 298 ciliata, 298, 299, 488 lanceolata, 298, 299, 488 t e r r e s t r i s , 298, 306, 488 thyrsiflora, 298, 488 Lythraceae, 8, 272 Lythrum, 272 alatum, 272, 273, 481 S a H c a n a , 2 7 2 , 273, 481 A/adia, 373, 382 glomerata, 382, 508 Maianthemum, 118, 122 canadense, 122, 123 canadense var. canadense, 122 canadense var. interius, 122, 445 Maidenhair, 27 Malaxis, 127, 137 brachypoda, 137, 448 green, 138 unifolia, 137, 138, 448 Mallow, 260 common, 261 roun d-1e aved, 261 Malva, 260 n e g Z e c t a , 260, 261, 476 rotundifolia, 260, 261, 476 Malvaceae, 7, 260 Mannagrass, 50 creeping, 51 fowl, 51 northern, 51 reed, 51 Maple, 255 mountain, 256 red, 256 s o f t , 256 sugar, 256 re' s-tail, 278 Mare

common, 278 Marigold, floating marsh, 187 marsh, 186 water, 382 Marsh-elder, 373 common, 373 Matricaria, 384, 386 maritime, 386, 387 maritima var. agrestis, 387, 509 matricarioides, 386, 387, 509 Mayweed, 385 Meadowrue, 190 early, 190 northern, 190 tall, 190 veiny, 191 Meadow-sweet, 232 Medic, 244 black, 245 Medicaeo, 240, 244 lupulina, 245, 472 sativa, 245, 472 sativa f. alba, 245 sativa f. sativa, 245 Megalodonta, 373, 382 Beckii, 382, 508 Melampyrum, 326, 333 lineare, 333, 494 lineare var. americanum, 334, 494 lineare var. lineare, 334 Melic, false, 51 Melilotus, 240, 244 alba, 244, 472 officinalis, 244, 472 Mentha, 314, 322 arvensis, 322 arvensis v a r . arvensis, 322, 323 arvensis f. glabra, 323 arvensis f. lanata, 323 arvensis var. villosa, 323, 493 cardiaca, 322, 323, 493 A/ercy<mt/ies, 301, 302 trifoliata, 302 trifoliata v a r . minor, 302, 489 Mertensia, 309, 311 paniculata, 311, 490 Mexican bamboo, 163 A / i Z i u m , 44, 61, 62 effusum, 62, 429 e f f u s u m var. cisatlanticum, 62, 429 Milk-vetch, 241 Canada, 241 Milkweed, 303 downy, 304 swamp, 304 white, 304 Milkwort, 251 fringed, 251 M i l l e t , 69 Milletgrass, 62, 68 Mimulas, .325, 329 ringens, 329, 494 Mint, 322 mountain, 320 sweet, 322 Mirabilis, 168 hirsuta, 169, 456 nyctaginea, 169, 456

Mistletoe, 155 Mitella, 210, 211 diphylla, 211, 348, 464 mzda, 211, 212, 214, 464 Miterwort, 211 northern, 212 Moccasin flower, 128 Mollugo, 169 verticillata, 169, 456 Monarda, 314, 320 fistulosa, 320 fistulosa var. mollis, 320, 492 A/oneses, 288 aniflora, 288, 485 Monkey-flower, 329 common, 329 Monocotyledonae, 4, 31 Monotropa, 288, 290 Hypopithys, 291, 486 uniflora, 291, 486 Montanae, 84, 93 Moonwort, 20 Moschatel, 346 Mountain ash, 236 American, 236 handsome, 236 Mountain-bluet, 398 Mountain-rice, 63 rough, 63 slender, 63 Muhlenbergia, 61, 64 frondosa, 65, 429 frondosa f. commutata, 64, 65 glomerata, 64, 429 mexicana, 64, 65, 429 racemosa, 64, 429 syZuanca, 64, 429 uniflora, 64, 65, 429 Mullein, 326 common, 326 Multiflorae, 83, 86 Musk-root, 346 Mustard, 197 common tansy, 200 field, 198 hare's-ear, 201 hedge, 198 Indian, 198 tansy, 200 tower, 202 treacle, 199 tumble, 198 wild, 198 wormseed, 198 Myosotis, 309, 310 arvensis, 311, 490 laxa, 311, 490 scorpioides, 311, 490 sylvatica, 311, 490 Myrica, 146 G a Z e , 146, 451 Myricaceae, 5, 145 Myriophy I lum, 277 alterniflorum, 211 alterniflorum var. americanum, 277, 482 exaZ&e-scens, 277, 280, 482 Farwellii, 277, 278, 280, 482 tenellum, 277, 280, 482 verticillatum, 111 verticillatum var. pectinatum, 277, 482 Naiad, 38

534

Najadaceae, 4, 38 Mz/as, 38 flexilis, 38, 422 Nasturtium, 197, 204 officinale, 204, 462 Nepeta, 314, 316 Cataria, 316, 491 Nettle, 154 common hemp, 318 hedge, 319 hemp, 318 slender, 154 wood, 154 Nightshade, 323 American black, 324 Canada enchanter's, 273 enchanter's, 273 northern e n c h a n t e r ' s , 273 Ninebark, 232 smooth, 232 Nipplewort, 399 common, 399 Nuphar, 178 microphyllum, 179, 458 microphyllum f. microphyllum, 179 microphyllum f. multisepalum, 179, 458 rubrodiscum, 179, 458 variegatum, 179, 458 Nutgrass, yellow, 77 Nyctaginaceae, 6, 168 Nymphaea, 178, 180 odorata, 180, 458 odorata var. minor, 180 odorata var. odorata, 180 tetragona, 180, 458 t u f c e r o s a , 180, 458 Nymphaeaceae, 1, 178 Oak, 150 bur, 152 northern red, 152 pin, 152 Oat, 54 false, 54 tribe, 52 wild, 55 Obedient plant, 318 Oenothera, 273, 275 biennis, 276, 482 Nuttallii, 276, 482 parviflora, 276, 482 perennis, 276, 482 serrulata, 276, 482 OZeaceae, 6, 299 Oligocarpae, 84, 102 Onagraceae, 9, 273 Onion, 118 wild, 119 OnocZea, 22, 24 sensibilis, 24, 414 Ophioglossaceae, 3, 19 Ophioglossum, 19, 21 vulgatum, 21 vulgatum var. pseudopodum, 21, 412 Opuntia fragilis, 269 Orach, 166 garden, 166 Orchardgrass, 45 Orchid, bracted green, 134 fringed pink, 134 Hooker's, 136 ragged fringed, 134

rein, 133 small rein, 136 small wood, 134 white bog, 134 Orchidaceae, 5, 127 Orchis, 127, 133

rotundifolia,

133, 135, 447

round-leaved, 133 Orthocarpus, 326, 333

luteas, 333, 494 Orthocerates, 85, 104 Oryzeae, 44, 59 Oryzopsis, 61, 63 a s p e r i f o l i a , 63, 429 pungens, 63, 429 Osier, red, 287 Osmorhiza, 281, 283

Claytoni, 283, 483 longistylis, 283, 483 Osmunda, 21 cinnamomea, 21, 413 Claytonian a, 21, 412 regalis, 21 regalis var. spectabilis, 21, 412 Osmundaceae, 3, 21 O s t r y a, 147, 148 virginiana, 148, 451 O v a Z e s , 83, 89 Oxalidaceae, 8, 249 0*aZis, 249

europaea, 249, 474 europaea var. Bushii, 249, 474 europaea var. europaea, 249 montarca, 249, 473 s t r i c t a , 249, 473 Ox-eye, 374 Painted-cup, 333 Paludosae, 85, 105 Pcmax, 278 trifolium, 278, 483 Paniceae, 44, 68, 84 Panicgrass, 68 bladder, 71 Columbian, 71 common, 70 early, 70 northern, 70 Panicoideae, 44, 68 Paniculatae, 83, 87 Panicum, 68 boreale, 69, 70, 432

capillare, 68, 69, 431 columbianum, 69, 71, 432 depauperatum, 68, 69 depauperatum var. psilophy Hum, 69, 431 lanuginosum, 69, 70 lanuginosum var. fasciculatum, 70, 431 lanuginosum var. implicatum, 70, 431 lanuginosum var. septentrionale, 70, 431 linearifolium, 68, 70 linearifolium var. Werneri, 70, 431 miliaceum, 68, 69, 431 perlongum, 68, 70, 431 philadelphicum, 68, 69, 431 praecocius, 69, 70, 431 subvillosum, 68, 70, 431 virgatum, 68, 69, 431 xanthophysum, 69, 71, 432

Papaveraceae, 7, 193 Parnassia, 210, 212 palustris, 212 palustris var. neogaea, 212, 464 Parsnip, 285 cow, 282 sweet water, 282 water, 282

wild, 285 Parthenocissus, 259 quinquefolia, 259, 476 P a s t i n a c a , 281, 285 s a t i v a , 285, 484 Pea, beach, 242 s c u r f , 247 sweet, 242 Pear, 236 Pearlwort, 173 creeping, 173 Penny cress, 206 common, 206 Pennyroyal, 321 hairy, 321 Penstemon, 325, 327 g r a c U i s , 327, 328, 493 grandiflorus, 327, 328, 493 pallidus, 327, 493 Penthorum, 210, 211 sedoides, 211, 464 Pepperwort, 206 common, 206 garden, 207 Petalostemum, 241, 247 candidum, 248, 473 purpureum, 248, 473 Petasites, 390, 391 palmatus, 391, 510 sagittatus, 391, 510 vitifolius, 391, 510 Phacelia, 308 Franklinii, 308, 490 northern, 308 Phalarideae, 44, 52 Phalaris, 52 arundinacea, 52, 426 Phleum, 61 pretense, 61, 428 PMox, 306, 307 paniculata, 307, 490 tall, 307 Phragmites, 44, 45 communis, 45 communis v a r . Berlandieri, 45 Phryma, 336 Leptostachya, 336, 495 Phrymaceae, 10, 336 PhyHos tetchy ae, 84, 93 Physalis, 323, 324

grandiflora, 324, 493 heterophylla, 324, 493 heterophylla var. ambigua, 324 virginiana, 324, 325, 493 Physocarpus, 217, 232 o p u l i f o l i u s , 232, 469 Physostegia, 314, 318 formosior, 318, 492 Picea, 28 flietr, 30 g i a u c a , 30, 418 m a r i a n a , 30, 418 Pickerelweed, 111 Pigweed, rough, 168 winged, 164

535

P i Z e a , 153, 154 pumila, 154, 452 Pilewort, 392 Pimpernel, f a l s e , 329 Pinaceae, 4, 28 Pine, j a c k , 29 red, 29 white, 29 Pineapple-weed, 387 Pinguicula, 334, 336 vulgaris, 336, 495 Pink, deptford, 174 Pinkweed, 161 Pinus, 28 Banksiana, 29, 417 restnosa, 29, 417 Strobus, 29, 417 Pinweed, 264 common, 264 Pipewort, 110 northern, 110 Pipsissewa, 288 Pitcher plant, 208 Plains-gold, 358 Plantaginaceae, 10, 337 Plant ago, 337 major, 337, 495 Purshii, 337, 495 Plantain, 337 American shore, 338 common, 337 mud, 111 prairie, 337 shore, 338 Plum, 230 Canada, 231 wild, 230 Poa, 45, 46 aZsodes, 47, 48, 425 angustifolia, 46, 47, 424 annua, 46, 47, 424 Chaixii, 46, 47 compressa, 46 47, 424 giauca, 46, 47, 424

glaucantha, 46, 48, 424 interior, 47, 49, 425 languida, 46, 48, 424

nemoralis, 47, 49, 425 palustris, 47, 48, 425 pratensis, 46, 47, 424 saltuensis, 46, 48, 424 trivialis, 47, 48 I f o Z / i i , 47, 48, 424 Poacoideae, 44 Pogonia, 127, 132

ophioglossoides, 132, 133, 447

rose, 132 Polanisia, 196 g r a t i e o l e n s , 196, 462 Polemoniaceae, 10, 306 Polernonium, 306, 307

caeruleum, 307, 490 occidentale, 307

occidentale var. lacustre, 307, 490 Polygala, 251

p a u c i f o l i a , 251, 474 polygama, 251, 474 poiygama v a r . o b t u s a t a , 251 Polygalaceae, 9, 251 Polygonaceae, 6, 156 Polygonatum, 118, 125 pubescens, 125, 446

Polygonella, 156, 163 articulata, 163, 455 Polygonum, 156, 158 achoreum, 158, 160, 453 amphibium, 159, 162 amphibian f. fluitans, 162, 454 amphibium f. hirtuosum, 162, 454 amphibium var. stipulaceum, 162, 454 aviculare, 159, 160, 454 cilinode, 159, 163, 455 cilinode f. erectum, 163, 455 coccineum, 159, 162, 454 coccineum var. coccineum, 162 coccineum f. natans, 162, 454 coccineum var. pratincola, 162, 454 ConvoZuuZus, 159, 163, 455 cristatum, 159, 163, 455 cuspidatum, 159, 163, 455 Douglasii, 158, 159, 453 dubium, 159, 161, 454 erectum, 158, 160, 454 exsertum, 158, 160 Hydropiper, 159, 160, 454 lapathifolium, 159, 161, 454 lapathifolium var. salicifolium, 161, 454 pensyIvanicum, 159, 161, 454 pensyIvanicum v a r . laevigatum,

161 Persicaria, 159, 161, 454 Persicaria f. albiflora, 161, 454 prolificum, 158, 160, 453 punctatum, 159, 160, 454 ramosissimum, 158, 160, 453 ramosissimum f . atlanticum,

160, 453 sagittatum, 159, 162, 454 s c a f c r u m , 159, 161, 454 scandens, 159, 163, 455 viviparum, 159, 161, 454 viviparum f. bulbigerum, 161 Polypodiaceae, 3, 21 Polypodium, 22, 27

virginianum, 27, 416 Polytrichoideae, 84, 93 Pondweed, 34 alpine, 36 Berchtold' s, 37 blunt-leaved, 36 clasping-leaf, 36 common, 37 dwarf, 36 fe rn, 37 f 1 a t-s temmed, 36 floating, 37 Frie's, 36 knotty, 37 large-leaf, 37 leafy, 37 nymph-ear, 38 ribbonleaf, 38 Sago, 37 sheath, 37 slender, 37 straight-leaf, 36 Vasey^s, 38 white-stemmed, 35 Pontederia, 111

cordata, 111, 443 Pontederiaceae, 5, 111 Poplar, 144

balsam, 145 silver-leaf, 145 Populus, 141, 144 a Z 6 a , 145, 450

balsamifera, 145, 450 balsamifera v a r . subcordata, 145, 450 deltoides, 145, 450 grandidentata, 145, 450

tremuloides, 145, 450 Porcupinegrass, 62 hairy, 62

tall, 63 Portulaca, 170 oleraceae, 170, 456 Portulacaceae, 8, 9, 169 Potamogeton, 34, 111 alpinus, 35, 36 alpinus var. subellipticus, 36, 421 alpinus var. tenuifolius, 36, 421 amplifolius, 35, 37, 421 Berchtoldi, 35, 37, 421 epihydrus, 35, 38, 422 epihydrus v a r . Nuttallii, 38, 422 filiformis, 35, 37, 421 foliosus, 35, 37, 421 foliosus var. macellus, 37 Friesii, 35, 36, 420 gramineus, 35, 37, 422 gramineus var. myriophy llus, 37, 422 natans, 35, 37, 421 nodosus, 35, 37, 421 obtusifolius, 35, 36, 420 pectinatus, 35, 37, 421 praelongus, 34, 35, 420 pusi Z Zus, 35, 36, 421 Richardsonii, 34, 36, 420 Robbinsii, 35, 37, 421 Spirillus, 35, 38, 422 strictifolius, 35, 36, 421 strictifolius var. rutiloides, 36 vaginatus, 35, 37, 421 Kaseyi, 35, 38, 422 zoster iformis, 35, 36, 420 Potentilla, 217, 218 anserina, 219, 220, 466 argentea, 219, 221, 466 arguta, 219, 220, 466 fruticosa, 219, 466 gracilis, 219, 220, 466 gracilis var. pulcherrima, 466 intermedia, 219, 221, 466 norvegica, 219, 221 norvegica var. hirsuta, 466 palustris, 219, 220, 466 pensy Zwanica, 219, 221, 467 pensylvanica var. bipinnatifida, 221, 467 pensylvanica var. glabrata, 222, 467 pensylvanica var. pensylvanica, 221

recta, 219, 221, 466 s i m p l e x , 219, 220, 466 tridentata, 219, 466 536

Povertygrass, 69 narrow-leaved, 70 Prairie clover, purple, 248 white, 248 Prairie-smoke, 223 Prenanthes, 399, 404 a Z f c a , 404, 512 Primrose, 298 Primula, 297, 298 mistassinica, 298, 488 mistassinica f. leucantha, 298, 488 mistassinica f. mistassinica,

298 Primulaceae, 10, 297 Prunella, 314, 317 vulgaris, 317, 491 vulgaris f. albiflora, 317, 318, 491 vulgaris f. iodocalyx, 317, 318, 491 vulgaris var. lanceolata, 317, 318, 491 vulgaris var. vulgaris, 317, 318 Primus, 217, 230 americana, 230, 469 americana var. lanata, 230 nigra, 230, 231, 469 pensylvanica, 230, 231, 469 pumila, 230, 232, 469 serotina, 230, 231, 469 susquehanae, 230, 231, 469 virginiana, 230, 231, 469 virginiana F. Deamii, 231, 469 Pseudo-Cypereae, 85, 105 Psoralea, 241, 247 argophylla, 247, 473 Pteretis, 22, 24 pensylvanica, 24, 414 pensylvanica f. pensylvanica, 24 pensylvanica f. pubescens,

24, 414 Pteridium, 22, 27 aqui i inum, 27 aquilinum var. latiusculum, 27, 416 Pteridophyta, 3, 15 Puccoon, 309 hoary, 309 Purslane, 170 common, 170

milk, 252 Pussy's toes, 369 Canada, 369 common, 369 f i e l d , 370 large-leaved, 371 trim, 370 Pycnanthemum, 314, 320 virginianum, 320, 492 Pyrola, 288, 289

American, 290 asarifolia, 289, 290, 485 asarifolia v a r . asarifolia, 290 asarifolia v a r . purpurea, 290, 485

elliptica, 289, 290, 485 lesser, 289 lesser one-sided, 289 m i n o r , 289, 485

one-flowered, 288 one-sided, 289 rotundifolia, 289, 290, 485 rotundifolia v a r . americana,

290 secunda, 289, 485 secunda var. obtusata, 289, 485 secunda var. secunda, 289 sirens, 289, 290, 485 virens f. paucifolia, 290, 485 firens f. virens, 290 PyroZaceae, 8, 288 Pyrus, 218, 236 americana, 236, 471 decora, 236, 471 me lanocarpa, 236, 237, 471 Quackgrass, 56 crested, 56 Queen-of-the-meadow, 233 Q u e r c u s , 150 ellipsoidalis, 152, 452 macrocarpa, 152 macrocarpa var. olivaeformis,

152,

452

r u 6 r a , 152 rubra var. borealis, 152, 452 Quillwort, 19 spiny-spored, 19 Rabbit foot, 246 Ragweed, 373 common, 374 giant, 374 perennial, 374 Ragwort, 392 common, 395 golden, 393 marsh, 393 northern, 393, 395 rayless, 393 western, 393 Ranunculaceae, 6, 7, 180 Ranunculus, 181 abortivus, 181, 183, 459 abortivus var. abortivus, 183 abortivus var. acrolasius, 183, 459 acris, 182, 184, 459 cymbaZaria, 181, 182, 459 flabellaris, 182, 184, 459 Gmelim, 182, 184, 459 Gmelini v a r . Hookeri, 184 lapponicus, 181, 459 longirostris, 182, 184, 459 p e n s y I v a n i c u s , 182, 183, 459 r e c u r u a t u s , 182, 184, 459 repercs, 181, 183, 459 reptans, 181, 182, 459 reptans var. ovalis, 182, 459 s c e Z e r a t u s , 181, 183, 459 sceleratus var. multifidus,

183 septentrionalis, 181, 183, 459 septentrionalis v a r . cariceto-

rum, 183 subrigidus, 459 trichophyllus, 182, 184, 459 Raspberry, 223 a r c t i c , 225 red, 225 Ratibida, 373, 375 columnifera, 376, 506

pinnata, 376, 506 Rattlesnake-grass, 51 Rattlesnake root, 404 Redroot, 259 p r a i r i e , 259 Redtop, 66 Reedgrass, 45 Rein-orchid, 133 northern, 135 round-leaved, 135 Rhamnaceae, 8, 258 Rhamnus, 258 alnifolia, 258, 476 cathartica, 258, 475 F r a n g u Z a , 258, 475 fl/ius, 253 glabra, 254, 475 radicans, 254, 475 typhina, 254, 475 Rhynchospora, 74, 82 aZ6a, 82, 435 /usca, 82, 435 flibes, 210, 213 americanum, 215, 216, 465 C y n o s b a t i , 215, 216, 465 glandulosum, 214, 215, 465 hirtellum, 215, 217, 465 hudsonianum, 215, 465 Z a c u s t r e , 214, 215, 465 odoratum, 214, 215, 465 oxyacanthoides, 215, 216, 465 sativum, 215, 216, 465 triste, 215, 216, 465 Rice, w i l d , 59 Robinia, 240, 241 P s e u d o - a c a c i a , 241, 472 Rockcress, 202 drooping, 203 n o r t h e r n , 203 slender, 202 Rocket, 202 dames, 201 French, 198 Rorippa, 197, 200 islandica, 200 islandica v a r . Fernaldiana,

nefrens, 2 2 4 , 2 2 6 , 468 parviflorus, 224, 225, 467 pensilvanicus, 224, 226, 468 pubescens, 224, 2 2 5 , 467 recurvans, 224, 227, 468 s t r i g o s u s , 224, 2 2 5 , 467 strigosus v a r . canadensis,

226, 467 strigosus var. strigosus,

226

strigosus f. t o n s u s , 226, 467 v e r m o n t a r c u s , 2 2 4 , 2 2 7 , 468 Rudbeckia, 373, 375 laciniata, 375, 506 serotina, 375, 506 Rumex, 156 A c e t o s a , 157, 453 / I c e t o s e Z Z a , 157, 453 crispus, 157, 453 maritimus, 157 maritimus var. fueginus, 157, 453 mexicanus, 157, 158, 453 obtusifolius, 157, 453 orbiculatus, 157, 158, 453 Patientia, 157, 158, 453 Rush, 112 Baltic, 113 Canada, 116 Dudley's, 113 Greene's, 113 knot, 114 marsh, 114 mud, 114 scatter, 114 short-tail, 116 slender, 112, 113 soft, 113 thin, 116 toad, 113 Torrey' s, 114 Vasey' s, 114 wood, 116 Rutaceae, 250 Ryegrass, wild, 57 Sage, northern wood, 315 Sagewort, prairie, 390 200, 462 Sagina, 171, 173 islandica var. hispida, 200, procumbens, 173, 457 462 Sagittaria, 39, 40 islandica f. reptabunda, 200, cristata, 40, 423 462 cuneata, 40, 423 s y Z u e s t r i s , 200, 462 latifolia, 40, 41, 423 Rosa, 217, 228 latifolia f. gracilis, 40, acicularis, 228, 229, 468 423 arfeanscma, 228, 229, 468 latifolia f. latifolia, 40 arkansana var. suffulta, 229 latifolia var. obtusa, 40, blanda, 228, 468 423 A/acotmii, 228, 229, 468 rigida, 40, 423 fiosaceae, 7, 9, 217 St. Johnswort, 261, 262 Rose, 228 common, 262 p r a i r i e , 229 creeping, 262 p r i c k l y , 229 great, 261 smooth wild, 228 m a r s h , 262 Royal f e r n , 21 n o r t h e r n , 262 Rubiaceae, 11, 338 Salad-cress, 205 Rubus, 217, 223 Salicaceae, 5, 140 a c a u Z i s , 224, 225, 467 Salix, 141 acridens, 224, 227, 468 alba, 141, 142 allegheniensis, 224, 226, 468 alba var. vitellina, 142, 449 canadensis, 224, 226, 468 amygdaloides, 141, 142, 449 Chamaemorus, 224, 467 Bebbiana, 141, 143, 450 flagellaris, 224, 226, 468 Candida, 142, 144, 450 Groutianus, 224, 227, 468 Candida var. Candida, 144 minnesotanas, 224, 227, 468

537

Candida var. denudata, 144, acutus, 78, 79, 434 450 americanus, 78, 79, 434 cordata, 449 atrocinctus, 78, 80, 435 discolor, 141, 143, 450 atrocinctus f. brachypodus, fragilis, 141, 142, 449 80, 435 gracilis, 142, 144, 151, 450 atrovirens, 78, 80, 434 humilis, 142, 144, 450 caespitosus, 78, 79, 434 humilis var. humilis, 144 caespitosus var. callosus, 79 humilis var. keweenawensis, cyperinus, 78, 80 cyperinus f. condensatus, 80, 144, 450 interior, 141, 143, 449 435 lucida, 141, 142, 449 cyperinus var. pelius, 80, nigra, 141, 142, 449 435 pedicellaris, 141, 143 fluviatilis, 78, 80, 434 pedicellaris var. hypoglauca, heterochaetus, 78, 80, 434 143, 450 hudsonianus, 78, 79, 434 pellita, 142, 144, 450 pedicellatus, 78, 80, 435 planifolia, 142, 144, 450 Purshianus, 78, 79, 434 pyrifolia, 141, 143, 449 rubrotinctus, 78, 80, 434 rigida, 141, 143, 449 subterminalis, 78, 79, 434 rigida var. arcgustata, 143, Torreyi, 78, 79, 434 449 validus, 78, 79 rigida var. rigida, 143 validus var. creber, 78, 79, serissima, 141, 142, 449 434 Salsola, 164, 167 Scorpion weed, 308 Kaii, 167, 456 Scouring rush, 15 /faZi var. tenuifolia, 167 dwarf, 16 Saltwort, 167 t a l l , 16 Sambucus, 341, 345 variegated, 16 canadensis, 346, 497 Scrophularia, 325, 327 pubens, 346, 497 lanceolata, 327, 493 Scrophulariaceae, 10, 11, 325 Sandbur, 72 Scutellaria, 314, 315 common, 72 epilobiifolia, 315, 491 Sandwort, 174 alericulata, 315 grove, 174 f ateriflora, 315, 491 large-leaved, 174 Sangmrmria, 193 Seal, forest, 122 canadensis, 193, 461 star, 122 Sanicle, 281 Sedge, 83 common, 281 f r a g r a n t , 77 three-way, 77 golden, 281 SaraicuZa, 280, 281 Torrey's, 99 gregaria, 281, 483 ScoW, 210 marilandica, 281, 483 Telephium, 2.10, 464 Selaginella, 19 SarataZaceae, 7, 155 Saponaria, 171, 176 rupestris, 19, 411 Selaginellaceae, 3, 19 officinalis, 176, 458 V a c c a r i a , 176, 458 Self-heal, 317 Sarracenia, 208 common, 317 purpurea, 208, 464 Senecio, 390, 392 Sarraceniaceae, 7, 208 aureus, 393, 394, 510 Sarsaparilla, 279 congests, 392, 393, 510 (^ongestus var. palustris, bristly, 279 wild, 279 392, 393 Satureja, 314, 320 pauciflorus, 393, 395, 510 vulgaris, 320 pauperculus, 393, 510 pauperculus var. Balsamitae, vulgaris var. neogaea, 320, 492 393, 395, 510 pauperculus var. pauperculus, Savory, 320 Saxifraea, 210, 212 393 pensylvanica, 212, 464 plattensis, 393, 510 v u Z g a r i s , 392, 393, 510 virginiensis, 212, 213, 464 Saxifragaceae, 8, 9, 210 Senecioneae, 353, 390 Saxifrage, 212 Sensitive fern, 24 early, 213 Setaria, 68, 72 gZauca, 72, 432 golden, 211 meadow, 212 viridis, 72, 432 Scheuchzeria, 38, 39 Sheperdia, 272 palustris, 34, 39 canadensis, 272, 481 palustris var. omericana, 39, Shepherd' s purse, 205 422 common, 205 Schizachne, 45, 51 Shinleaf, pink, 290 purpurascens, 51, 426 white-flowered, 290 Scirpus, 74, 78 Shorthusk, northern, 67

538

S i Z e r a e , 171, 175, 177 antirrhina, 175, 457 antirrhina f. antirrhina, 175 antirrhina f. bicolor, 175, 457 antirrhina f. Deaneana, 175, 457 Cserei, 175, 176, 458 CucufeaZus, 175, 176, 458 dichotoma, 175, 457 noctiflora, 175, 457 Sisymbrium, 196, 198 altissimum, 198, 463 Sisyrinchium, 125 angustifolium, 125, 126, 446 montanum, 125, 126 montanum var. crebrum, 126, 446 mucronatum, 125, 126, 446 Sium, 281, 282 suave, 282, 483 Skullcap, 315 bushy, 315 marsh, 315 Skunk cabbage, 109 Smartweed, common, 161 rough, 161 scarlet, 162 showy, 162 water, 160 Smilacina, 118, 122 racemose, 122, 446 stellata, 122, 446 trifolia, 122, 446 Smilax, 118, 124 ecirrhata, 124, 446 herbacea, 124, 125, 446 lasioneura, 124, 125, 446 Snapdragon, dwarf, 327 wild, 326 Sneezeweed, 383 autumn, 383 purple, 383 Sneezewort, 384 Snowberry, 344 creeping, 292 northern, 344 Soapwort, 176 SoZanaceae, 10, 323 Solanum, 323 americanum, 323, 324, 493 Dulcamara, 323, 493 Soli dago, 358 altissima, 359, 361, 501 canadensis, 359, 361, 500 canadensis var. canadensis, 361 canadensis var. gilvocanescens, 361, 500 flexicaulis, 359, 499 gigaratea, 359, 361 gigantea var. gigantea, 361, 501 gigantea var. leiophylla, 361, 501 graminifolia, 359, 362, 501 graminifolia var. graminifolia, 362 graminifolia var. major, 362, 501 hispida, 359, 499 juncea, 359, 360, 500 missouriensis, 359, 360, 500

missouriensis var. fasciculate., 360 nemoralis, 359, 360, 500 rigida, 359, 361, 501 uliginosa, 359, 360, 500 Solomon's seal, 125 f a l s e , 122 hairy, 125 Sonchus, 399, 402 arvensis, 402, 403 arvensis var. glabrescens, 402, 512 asper, 402, 512 asper f. glandulosus, 402 o Z e r a c e u s , 402, 403, 512 Sorghumgrasses, 73 Sorrel, garden, 157 sheep, 157 Sparganiaceae, 4, 32 Sparganium, 32 americanum, 32, 33, 420 androcladum, 33, 420 angustifolium, 32, 33, 419 chlorocarpum, 33, 420 chlorocarpum var. acaule, 33 eurycarpum, 32, 33, 419 fluctuans, 32, 33, 419 glomeratum, 33, 34, 420 minimum, 32, 33, 419 Spartina, 44, 58 pectinata, 58, 59, 428 Speargrass, glaucous, 47 Spearwort, 182 Speedwell, 330 marsh, 331 St. John wandering, 331 thyme-leaved, 330 Spergula, 171 arvensis, 171, 457 Spermatophyta, 3, 27 Sphenopho Us, 52, 53 intermedia, 53, 426 obtusata, 53, 426 Spikemoss, 19 common, 19 Spikenard, 279 Spikerush, 74 Spiraea, 218, 232 aZfea, 232, 469 a i t a f. aZfea, 232 alba £. rosea, 232, 469 Spiranthes, 128, 139 c e r n u a , 139, 140, 449 lacera, 139, 449 Romanzoffiana, 139, 449 Spirodela, 109, 110 polyrhiza, 110, 442 Sporobolus, 61, 67 crypiandrus, 67, 430 Spring b e a u t y , 170 b r o a d - l e a v e d , 170 n a r r o w - l e a v e d , 170

Sp ru c e, 30 b l a c k , 30 w h i t e , 30 Spurge, 251 cypress, 252 flowering, 252 leafy, 252 slender, 252 thyme-leaved, 252 Spurrey, 171 corn, 171 Squirrel tail, 57

Stachys, 314, 319 palustris, 319, 492 tenuifolia, 319 tenuifolia var. hispida, 319, 492 Starflower, 299 northern, 299 Stellaria, 171, 172 aquatica, 172, 457 calycantha, 172, 173 calycantha var. floribunda, 173, 457 calycantha var. isophylla, 173, 457 graminea, 172, 173, 457 longifolia, 172, 173, 457 longifolia var. atrata, 173, 457 longifolia var. longifolia, 173 media, 172, 173, 457 Stellulatae, 83, 89 Stickseed, 312 Stick-tight, 380 Stinkgrass, 46 Stipa, 61, 62 comata, 62, 429 spartea, 62, 63, 429 Stitchwort, common, 173 Stonecrop, 210 Strawberry, 218 barren, 232 meadow, 218 upland, 218 Strawberry blite, 165 Straw-flower, wild, 371 Streptopus, 118, 124 amplexifolius, 124 amplexifolius var. americanus, 124, 446 amplexifolius var. denticulatus, 124, 446 roseus, 124 roseus var. longipes, 124, 446 SufauZaria, 197, 207 aquatica, 207, 464 Sumac, 253 smooth, 254 staghorn, 254 Sundew, 209 floating, 209 r o u n d - l e a v e d , 209 Sun-drops, 276 Sun-eye, 374 S u n f l o w e r , 376 common, 376, 379 handsome, 378 p r a i r i e , 378 saw-tooth, 379 showy, 378 Susan, b r o w n - e y e d , 375 Swamp-bell, 350 Swamp-pink, 132 Sweet clover, 244 w h i t e , 244 yellow, 244 Sweet flag, 109 Sweet pea, 242 early, 243 swamp, 242 wild, 242 Sweet William, 307 Switchgrass, 69 Sylvaticae, 84, 99

539

Symphoricarpos, 341,

344

albus, 344, 497 accidentalis, 344, 497 Symplocarpus, 107, 109 foetidus, 109, 442 Tamarack, 29 Tanacetum, 381, 387 vulgare, 387 vulgare f. crispum, 388, 509 vulgare var. vulgare, 388 Tansy, 387 common, 387 Tapegrass, 42 Taraxacum, 399, 400 erythrospermum, 400, 511 officinale, 400, 511 Tarweed, 358, 382 western, 358 Taxaceae, 4, 28 Taxus, 28 canadensis, 28, 416 Tear-thumb, 162 Teasel, 348 Teucrium, 314, 315 canadense var. occidentale, 315 occidentals , 315, 491 Thalictrum, 181, 190 confine, 190, 461 dasycarpum, 190, 461 dioicum, 190, 461 venulosum, 190, 191, 461 Thimbleberry, 225 Thimbleweed, 189 eastern, 189 northern, 189 Thistle, bull, 397 Canada, 398 common, 397 perennial sow, 402 prairie, 397 Russian, 167 showy star, 398 soft-leaved sow, 403 sow, 402 spotted star, 398 star, 398 swamp, 397 Thlaspi, 197, 206 arvense, 2 0 6 , 463 Thoroughwort, 354 p u r p l e , 354 Thuja, 28, 30 occidentalis, 30, 418 Thymelaceae, 6, 271 Tilia, 260 americana, 260, 476 Tiliaceae, 7, 260 T i m o t h y , 61 tribe, 61 Toadflax, bastard, 155 Tofieldia, 117, 119 pusiI la, 119 Toothwort, 205 Tragopogon, 399, 400 major, 400, 511 pratensis, 400, 511 Trailing arbutus, 294 Trefoil, birdsfoot, 244 horned, 244 Tnentalis, 297, 299 borealis, 299, 488 borealis f. borealis, 299 borealis f. pluriverticillata, 299, 488

borealis £„ ramosa, 488 Trifolium, 240, 245 agrarian, 246, 247, 473 arvense, 246, 473

hybridan, 246, 473 pratense, 246, 473 procumbens, 246, 473 repens, 246, 473 Triglochin, 38, 39 maritima, 39, 422 palustris, 39, 422 Trillium, 118, 120 cernuum, 120, 121 cernuum var. macranthum, 121, 445 cernuum f. Tangerae, 121, 445 grandiflorum, 120, 445 Trisetum, 52, 54 spicatum, 54, 426 spicatum var. pilosiglume, 54 Tsuga, 28, 30 canadensis, 30, 418 Tubuliflorae, 352 Tumbleweed, winged, 164 Tunic, 174 flower, 174 Tunica, 171, 174 Saxifraga, 174, 457 Turtlehead, 328 Twayblade, 137 auricled, 139 heart-leaf, 138 Lister's, 138 shiny, 137 Twig-rush, 83 Twinflower, 342 Twistedstalk, 124 common, 124 tall, 124 Typ/m, 32 angustifolia, 32, 419 latifolia, 32, 419 latifolia f. ambigua, 32, 419 Typhaceae, 4, 31 Ulmaceae, 5, 152 t/Zmus, 152 americana, 152, 452 pumila, 153 r u b r a , 152, 153, 452 Umbelliferae, 9, 279 Umbrella-sedge, 76 Urtica, 153, 154

gracilis, 154, 452 procera, 154, 452 Urticaceae, 6, 153 Utricularia, 334

c o r n u t a , 335, 336, 495 g i b f c a , 335, 495

intermedia, 335, 495

minor, 335, 49 5 vulgaris, 335, 495 vulgaris var. americana, 335 Uvularia, 118, 121 grandiflora, 121, 445 sessilifolia, 121, 123, 445 Kaccinium, 292, 295 angustifolium, 295, 296, 487 angustifolium var. angustifolium, 296 angustifolium var. hypolasium, 296, 487 angustifolium var. nigrum, 296, 487 caespitosum, 295, 487

macrocarpon, 295, 297, 488 myrtilloides, 295, 296, 487 Oxycoccos, 295, 297, 488 Kitis-irfaea, 295, 296 Vitis-idaea var. minus, 296, 488 Valerian, 348 common, 348 Valeriana, 348

cucullata f. Thurstonii, 265 477 incognita, 265, 267, 479 incognita var. Forbesii, 267, 479 incognita var. incognita, 267 lanceolata, 265, 267 Macloskeyi, 267 novae-angliae, 265, 266, 270, 478

americana, 42, 43, 424 Velvet-leaf, 296 Kerfeascum, 10, 325, 326

pallens, 265, 266, 478 pallens var. pallens, 266, 267 pallens var. subreptans, 267, 478 pensylvanica, 265, 269 pensylvanica var. leiocarpa, 269, 480

o f f i c i n a l i s , 348, 498 Valerianaceae, 11, 348 Vallisneria, 42

thapsus, 326, 493 Verbena, 313 bracteata, 313, 491 bracteosa, 313 hastata, 313, 491

s t r i c t a , 313, 491 urticifolia, 313, 491 K e r b e n a c e a e , 10, 11, 312 Vernalgrass, sweet, 52 Vernonia, 353

fasciculata, 353, 356, 499 Vernonieae, 352, 353 Veronica, 326, 330

pufaescercs, 265, 268, 480

pubescens 480 pubescens renifolia, renifolia 479

var. Peckii, 269,

var. pubescens, 268 265, 267, 270, 479 var. Brainerdii, 268,

renifolia v a r . renifolia, 267 r u g u Z o s a , 265, 269, 270, 2 7 2 , 481 Selkirkii, 265, 270, 271, 478 americana, 330, 331, 494 Selkirkii f. albiflora, 266 longifolia, 330 Selkirkii f. Selkirkii, 266 longifolia f. glabra, 330 sororia, 265, 266, 270, 478 peregrina, 330, 331, 494 peregrina var. xalapensis, 331 Violaceae, 9, 264 p e r s i c a , 330, 331, 494 V i o l e t , 264 scutellata, 330, 331, 494 American dog, 268 scutellata f. scutellata, 331 downy blue, 266 scutellata f. villosa, 331, downy y e l l o w , 268 494 early sweet, 266 serpyllifolia, 330, 494 hooked blue, 268 Keronicastrum, 326, 331 kidney-leaved white, 267 l a n c e - l e a f , 267 virginicum, 331, 494 Vervain, 313 long-spurred, 265 bracted, 313 New England blue, 266 northern yellow, 269 hoary, 313 tall, 313 pink and w h i t e , 269 white, 313 smooth blue, 265 Kesicariae, 85, 106 swamp w h i t e , 267 K i r e s c e n t e s , 84, 99 Vetch, 243 Virgin' s bower, 191 American, 243 K i t a c e a e , 8, 259 hairy, 243 Vitae, arbor, 30 spring, 243 I / i t i s , 259 tufted, 243 Ki6urnum, 341, 344 ripana, 259, 476 K u Z p i n a e , 83, 87 Lentago, 345, 497 Wake-robin, 120 Rafinesquianum, 345, 497 f f a Z c / s t e i r i i a , 218, 232 Rafinesquianum var. affine, fragarioides, 232, 469 345, 497 W a l l f l o w e r , lesser, 199 trilobum, 345, 497 Kicia, 240, 243 western, 199 americana, 243, 472 W a l n u t , 147 americana var. americana, 243 Water arum, 109 americana var. truncata, 243, W a t e r - b u t t e r c u p , c u r l y , 184 472 small y e l l o w , 184 Cracca, 243, 472 w h i t e , 184 sativa, 243, 472 y e l l o w , 184 villosa, 243, 472 Water c a r p e t , 211 Vignea, 83 Watercress, 204 V t o U , 264 t r u e , 204 adunca, 265, 268, 270, 480 W a t e r - h e m l o c k , 283 adunca var. minor, 268, 480 slender, 284 corcspersa, 265, 268, 270, 480 spotted, 284 cucullata, 265, 270 Water-horehound, 321 cucullata f. cucullata, 265 common, 321 cucullata f. Selkirkii, 270 western, 322

540

Water-leaf, 308 common, 308 W a t e r - l i l y , f r a g r a n t w h i t e , 180 reater yellow, 179 east w h i t e , 180 least yellow, 179 lesser y e l l o w , 179 tuberous white, 180 w h i t e , 180 W a t e r - m i I f o i l , 277 bracted, 277 l e a f y , 278 ruddy, 277 slender, 277 white-stemmed, 277 Water-pepper, 160 W a t e r - p l a n t a i n , 39 W a t e r - s h i e l d , 178 p u r p l e , 178 W a t e r - s t a r w o r t , 253 common, 253 f a n l e a f , 253 submersed, 253 Waterweed, 42 common, 42 narrow-leaf, 42 Waterwort, 263 least, 263 western, 263 Wheatgrass, upland, 56 White bell, 350 Whitlow grass, 203 Wild rice, 59 Willow, 141 autumn, 142 balsam, 143 beaked, 143 black, 142 bloom, 144 bog, 143 crack, 142

f

f l a t - l e a f , 144 golden, 142 p e a c h - l e a f , 142 p r a i r i e , 144 pussy, 143 sage, 144 sandbar, 143 shiny, 142 slender, 144 s t i f f , 143 Willow-herb, 274 common, 275 fascicled, 275 marsh, 275 ruddy, 275 t h i n - l e a f , 275 W i n t e r c r e s s , 201 common, 201 short-beaked, 201 Wintergreen, 288, 289, 292 aromatic, 292 Witchgrass, 69 twin, 69 Wolfberry, prairie, 344 Woodbine, 259 Woodreed, wide-leaved, 62 Woodreedgrass, 62 Woodrush, 116 common, 116 grove, 117 many-flowered, 117 smal1-flowered, 117 Woodsia, 22 X Abbeae, 22, 23, 413 alpina, 22, 23, 413 alpine, 23 Cathcartiana, 22, 23, 413 Cathcartiana X ilvensis, 23 Cathcart's, 23 glabella, 22, 23, 413 hybrid, 23

541

iIvensis, 22, 413 rusty, 22 smooth, 23 Wood-sorrel, 249 common, 249 erect, 249 white, 249 Wormwood, 388 absinthe, 390 beach, 389 biennial, 389 sawtooth, 389 southern, 389 tail, 388 w e s t e r n , 389 Woundwort, 319 t h i n - l e a v e d , 319 Xanthium, 372, 374 italicun, 374, 506 Yarrow, 384 common, 385 w o o l l y , 385 Y e l l o w c r e s s , 200 creeping, 200 smooth, 200 Y e l l o w - l i p , 333 Yew, 28 n o r t h e r n , 28 Zanthoxy lam. americanum, 250 Zigadenus, 118, 121 glaucus, 121, 445 Zizania, 59 aquatica, 59, 428 aquatica var. angustifolia, 59, 60, 428 aquatica var. interior, 59, 428 Zizanieae, 44, 59 Zizia, 281, 285 aptera, 285, 484 aurea, 285, 286, 484 Zosteraceae, 4, 33