A Companion to Latin American Philosophy

Contents

Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction

ix xiii 1

Part I Historical Perspectives

7

1

Pre-Columbian Philosophies James Maffie

9

2

The Rights of the American Indians Bernardo J. Canteñs

23

3

Colonial Thought Luis Fernando Restrepo

36

4

The Emergence and Transformation of Positivism Meri L. Clark

53

5

Early Critics of Positivism Oscar R. Martí

68

6

The Anti-Positivist Movement in Mexico Guillermo Hurtado

82

7

Darwinism Adriana Novoa and Alex Levine

95

8

Krausism Claus Dierksmeier

110

9

‘Normal’ Philosophy William F. Cooper

128

10 Ortega y Gasset’s Heritage in Latin America Manuel Garrido

142

11 Phenomenology Nythamar de Oliveira

156

v

contents 12 Marxism Renzo Llorente

170

13 Liberation Philosophy David Ignatius Gandolfo

185

14 Analytic Philosophy Diana I. Pérez and Gustavo Ortiz-Millán

199

Part II Current Issues

215

15 Paraconsistent Logic Newton C. A. da Costa and Otávio Bueno

217

16 Language and Colonization Ilan Stavans

230

17 Ethnic-Group Terms Susana Nuccetelli and Roderick Stewart

241

18 Identity and Latin American Philosophy Jorge J. E. Gracia

253

19 Latinos on Race and Ethnicity: Alcoff, Corlett, and Gracia Lawrence Blum

269

20 Mestizaje and Hispanic Identity Gregory Velazco y Trianosky

283

21 Liberation in Theology, Philosophy, and Pedagogy Iván Márquez

297

22 Philosophy, Postcoloniality, and Postmodernity Ofelia Schutte

312

23 Globalization and Latin American Thought A. Pablo Iannone

327

Part III Disciplinary Developments

341

24 Latin American Philosophy Susana Nuccetelli

343

25 Contemporary Ethics and Political Philosophy Eduardo Rivera-López

357

26 Philosophy of Science Alberto Cordero

370

27 Philosophy and Latin American Literature Jesús H. Aguilar

383

28 Feminist Philosophy Ofelia Schutte and María Luisa Femenías

397

vi

contents 29 Teaching Philosophy María Cristina González and Nora Stigol

412

30 Cultural Studies Arturo Arias

425

31 Deontic Logic and Legal Philosophy Pablo Navarro

439

32 Metaphysics Liza Skidelsky

454

33 Epistemology Eleonora Cresto

468

34 Formal Epistemology and Logic Horacio Arló-Costa and Eduardo Fermé

482

Part IV Biographical Sketches

497

35 Some Great Figures Gregory D. Gilson and Gregory Fernando Pappas

499

36 From Philosophy to Physics, and Back Mario Bunge

525

Index

540

vii

Hidden page

Hidden page

Hidden page

Index

This index lists only references to concepts, persons, and terms significantly discussed in this volume or relevant to cross-references in the chapters. A Theology of Liberation (Gutiérrez) 299, 413 A Theory of Justice (Rawls) 358 A Theory of Textuality: The Logic and Epistemology (Gracia) 508 Abad, Diego José 37 Abe, J. 218, 377 Abellán, José Luis 150 abortion 365 Abrantes, P. 464 abstract thought, indigenous people incapable of 50 Acosta, José de 36, 39–40, 44, 441, 499 Acosta, Yamandú 335–6 ¿Adónde va Indoamérica? (Haya) 508 adult literacy 307–9 aesthetics, Marxism and 179–80 African cultures 41 Afro-descendant women 407 Age of the Fifth Sun 19 AGM model/theory 446–7, 484–94 Agrupación Rioplatense de Lógica y Filosofía Científica 371 Ahrens, Heinrich 117, 121 Alas, Leopoldo 119 Alberdi, Juan Bautista 59, 63, 128, 349, 500 identity and Latin American philosophy 261 Alberini, Coriolano 82 Albornoz, Claudio Sánchez 151, 152 Alboroto y motín de los indios de México 48 Alchourrón, Carlos 445–8, 483–7

540

Alcoff, Linda Martín 194, 243, 248–51, 269, 277–81, 288–9, 294 Alfonsín Raúl 121, 122 Alva Itlilxóchitl, Fernando de 45 Alvarado Tezozomoc, Fernando 45 amateur philosophers 347–9, 350 Amazonian development 333–4 América (Lastarria) 511 American Indians 23–33 Spanish rights over 25–7 Amerindian cultures 383–4 Amory, F. 104 Análisis Filosófico 373 Analogical Hermeneutics 456–7 analytic epistemology 474–80 analytic philosophy 199–211 in Argentina 200–3 in Brazil 206–8 in Chile 208 Krause and 112–13 in Mexico 203–6 in Peru 208–9 ancestry 270 ancients, misconceptions of 40 Andean Philosophy 9–12 lack of pre-contact primary sources 9 Anglicus, Bartholomaeus 44 animal rights 116 anthropocentrism 99, 116 Anthropogénie ou histoire de l’évolution humaine 97 Anthropological Society of Cuba 97

index anti-materialism 98–104 anti-positivist movement, in Mexico 82–93 antiquity, authority eroded 39 Anzaldúa, Gloria 286–9 Apel, Karl-Otto 305 Apontamentos para a Solução do Problema Social no Brasil (Mendes) 512 Appiah, K. A. 275 Aprismo, marxismo y espacio-tiempo historico (Haya) 508 Apuntes para una teoría de la razón (Miró) 514 Aquinas, Thomas 24, 37, 40 Araucanians 65 Arciniegas, Germán 327 Argentina analytic philosophy in 200–3 Benthamite ideas in 56 European migration promoted 59 Krausism in 121–2 positivism in 59– 60 Argüelles Bringas, Roberto 83 Ariel (Rodó) 72–3, 82, 102, 103– 4, 106, 393, 427, 516 Aristotle 30, 31, 37, 40, 219, 355 Arruda, Ayda 218 art, in Nahua philosophy 21 in the avanzada in Chile 323– 4 Astrada, Carlos 140, 457 Asturias, Miguel Angel 48 Ateneo de la Juventud lectures at 86–90 and Mexican Revolution 90–3 origins of 82– 6 atheism 58 Auguste Comte and Positivism (Mill) 69 Augustine 24, 40 Augustinians 37 authoritarianism 53 autonomy, principle of 361, 362 Axiología (Korn) 510 Ayala, Francisco 151 ayni 10 Azpilcueta, Martín de 23 Aztec culture, in Florentine Codex 43– 4 Aztec Philosophy 12–21 lack of pre-contact primary sources 9 Aztecs 12 Acosta’s history of 40 intricacies of thought 50 language and 233– 4

barbarians 30–1 baroque aesthetics 393–4 Barreda, Gabino 58, 60, 69, 84, 85, 87–8 base ecclesial communities (BECs) 300 Bases and Starting Points for the Political Organization of the Argentine Republic 59 Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Alberdi) 500 Batlle, Jorge 122 Batlle y Ordóñez, José 121 Bayesian epistemology 482, 494 Beck, Guido 529–30 Being and Time (Heidegger) 457, 507 belief revision 482–94 beliefs 475–7 Bello, Andrés 500–1 Benítez, Jaime 151 Benítez, Laura 375, 420 Bentham, Jeremy 55–6 Beorlegui, Carlos 150 Bergson, Henri 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 102, 130, 131, 133 Berlin, Isaiah 85 Bernal, Carlos 444–5 Betanzos, J. de 9 Beuchot, Mauricio 37, 456–7 Beverley, John 316 Beyond Nihilism: Nietzsche without Masks (Schutte) 519 Bhabba, Homi 313, 319, 434 Bilbao, Francisco 501 bioethics 364–6 Biran, Maine de 85 Black Legend 33 Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon) 307 Boff, Leonardo 299–300, 431 Boff, Clodovis 431 Bolívar, Simón 56, 283, 391, 392, 501–2 Books of Chilam Balam 42 border gnosis/thinking 319 Borges, Jorge Luis 386–7 Bosch, Jorge 371 Boutroux, Emile 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 102 Brazilian school of paraconsistency 217 Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (las Casas) 389, 502 Brown, Harvey 376–7 Bulygin, Eugenio 446–8

541

index Bunge, Mario 338, 343, 371–2, 374, 380, 461, 525–38 Butler, Judith 408–9 calculus 222 Caldas, Francisco José de 50 Calderón, Francisco García 82 calendars, Nahua 15–16 Calibán (Fernández Retamar) 432 Calibán (Renan) 72 camaquen (camac) 10 Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge 49 Cano, Melchior 23, 30 Cantares Mexicanos 42 Canudo Rebellion 105, 107 Cape Verde, slave trade in 41 Cardenal, Ernesto 300 Cárdenas, Lázaro 146 Carnielli, Walter 218 Carnota, Raúl 485 Carta de Jamaica (Bolívar) 391, 502 Casas, Bartolomé de las 24, 37, 39, 41, 44 186, 257, 258, 298, 344, 389, 502–3 Caso, Antonio 82, 83, 86, 88–9, 90, 128, 258, 455– 6, 503 lectures at Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 83– 4 casta system 283 Castellanos, Rosario 46 Castillo, Francisca Josefa del 45 Castro, Alfonso de 23 Castro, Américo 151, 152 Castro-Gómez, Santiago 315 Catecismo político de la Federación Mexicana (Mora) 514 Catholic Church 56, 58 diplomatic relations with 58 grass roots center of 300 opposition to Krausism 117 opposition to Letelier 61 pervasive influence in Latin America 365 and positivism 54 see also liberation theology, Second Vatican Council causality 371, 460–1, 533– 4 Causality (Bunge) 372 Cerutti Guldberg, Horacio 186, 266, 302 Charles I, king of Spain (Charles V of Germany) 24, 29, 30

542

Charles V, emperor 234–5 Chateaubriand, Oswaldo 207, 465 Chávez, Ezequiel A. 88, 91 Chicano/a identity 287–8 Chile, cultural criticism in 321–3 positivism in 61–2 Christianity, liberation theology and 297 Church: Charism and Power (Boff ) 299 científicos 60–1, 84, 87, 91 Cieza de Léon, P. 9 Círculo Latinoamericano de Fenomenología (CLAFEN) 166 circumstance 135–6 civic sector partnerships 337–8 civil society, in Mercado 41 Classen, C. 9 Classic Maya 12 classical logic 219 Clavijero, Francisco Javier 36, 39, 49–50 cluster theory, ethnic-group terms 243–4 Cobo, B. 9 Cohen, Hermann 142 Cohn, Priscilla 152 Cold War, end of 309 Colombia, positivism in 62–4 colonial difference, concept of 318–19, 320 colonial market 40–1 colonial order, justified by scholastic tradition 41 colonial philosophy, academic history of 37 coloniality and modernity 320 of power 320 colonialism Poma’s critical view of 44 and postcolonialism 426 and women 405–6 see also internal colonialism colonization 38 language and 230–9 Columbus, Christopher 29, 232 Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno de Chile 49 Comte, Auguste 54, 57, 68, 87, 88, 104–5, 128 conceptualism 466 conde de Lacépède 39 Conde de Paredes 48 Conferencias del Ateneo de la Juventud 83

index Conflicto y armonías en las razas de América (Sarmiento) 70 Conimbricenses 23 Conocimiento y acción (Ferreira) 521 Conselheiro, A. 105 constructivism 359– 60 contradictions 220–1, 225– 6 Corlett, J. Angelo 269–71 Cornejo Polar, Antonio 314, 433– 4 Corral, Ramón 90 Corranza, Bartolomé de 30 cosmic race 262, 265, 284, 285, 393, 427, 521 cosmos Andean view of 11 Clavijero’s presentation of 50 Council of Valladolid 29–30, 33 Cours de philosophie positive (Comte) 54, 57, 61, 68 Cravioto, Alfonso 83 creative freedom/imagination 130, 131–2 Creative Understanding: Philosophical Reflections on Physics (Torretti) 520 Creer, saber, conocer (Villoro) 522 creoles 45–8 criollos 425 Crítica 373 Crítica de la razón simbólica:la revolución en la filosofía (Nicol) 148 critical theory of law 451 Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la 36, 45–7, 257–8, 390, 394, 395, 398, 504 Cruz Parcero, Juan Antonio 445 Cuauhtémoc 48 Cuban Revolution 175, 182, 399 cultural criticism, feminist 321– 4 Marxism and 179– 80 cultural identity 193– 6 Cultural Identity and Social Liberation in Latin American Thought (Schutte) 193, 519 cultural imperialism 313 Curiel, Fernando 83 Curiel, Ochy 407 da Costa, Newton Carneiro Affonso 376, 377, 380, 504–5 Da Cunha, Euclides 95, 104– 8 Darwin, Charles 525 Darwinian evolutionary theory 64

Darwinism 95–108 continuity and discontinuity in 96, 107 in Latin America 97–8 De instauranda Aethiopum salute 41 De la contingence des lois de la nature 85 De l’idée de lois naturelle dans la science et la philosophie 85 De los efectos a las causas (Martínez) 375 De Procuranda Indorum Salute (Acosta) 39–40, 41, 499 deliberative democracy 363–4 democracy 55 Demócrates Segundo o De las justas causas de la guerra contra los indios (Sepúlveda) 520 demographic shifts 59 deontic logic 447–50 dependency theory 172–3, 189, 297, 305, 320, 321, 429 Derisi, Octavio Nicholás 140 derogation 446 Descartes, R. 37, 48, 142, 144, 227, 355 description theory, ethnic-group terms 243–6 determinism 460–1 Deústua, Alejandro Octavio 82, 131–2, 133 Dewey, John 21 Díaz, Porfirio 55, 60–1, 87, 90 Dilthey, Wilhelm 147–8 Discurso de filosofía (Gaos) 507 Discurso desde la marginación y la barbarie (Zea) 523 Discursos a la Nación Mexicana (Caso) 503 distinctivism 345–6 Divine Law 24 dogmas 79 Dominicans 37 Dos etapas del pensamiento en Hispanoamérica (Zea) 523 D’Ottaviano, Itala 218 dream and root 42 Du Bois, W. E. B. 273, 284 dual inheritance theory 464 dualism Andean 10 Nahua 15 Duns Scotus, John 37 Durán, D. 9 Dussel, Enrique 36, 162, 186, 195, 266, 301, 302–7, 320, 321, 329, 505

543

index education adult literacy in Brazil 307–9 banking concept of 308 in Chile 61 in Colombia 62 Sarmiento’s means of progress 59 education reform, in Mexico 60 El antiimperialismo y el APRA (Haya) 508 El apogeo y decadencia del positivismo en México (Zea) 523 El concepto de la ideología y otros ensayos (Villoro) 522 El encubrimiento del Indio (Dussel) 505 El evangelio americano (Bilbao) 501 El hombre mediocre (Ingenieros) 79, 509 El laberinto de la soledad (Paz) 394 El mirador de Próspero (Rodó) 516 El mito gaucho (Astrada) 457 El Perú como doctrina (Miró) 514 El porvenir de la filosofía (Nicol) 148 El Positivismo en México (Zea) 523 El pragmatismo (Ferreira) 521 El presidio político en Cuba (Martí) 513 El proceso ideológico de la revolución de independencia (Villoro) 522 El punto de partida del filosofar (Frondizi) 506 El Salvador 189–90 Elementos de filosofia natural 50 elites, Latin American 54 elitism 417 Ellacuría, Ignacio 151, 162, 186, 189–93, 301 Emerson, R. W. 73, 101 Empires of the Word (Ostler) 235, 236 En torno a una filosofía americana (Zea) 523 encomienda system 29 Enlightenment 39, 48–51, 424, 425, 434 Bunge and 372 Ensayos críticos 83 epistemic states 491–2 Erasmus, Desiderius 389 Escalante, Wenceslao 121 Escenas norteamericanas (Martí) 513 Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 83– 4 Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience (Bergson) 85 Ethics (Aristotle) 40 Ethics and Community (Dussel) 505

544

ethics Ingenieros on 78–9 of liberation 306 Nahua 20–1 of reciprocity 11 Vaz Ferreira on 75–6 ethnic-group terms 241–51 names or predicates 241–3 nihilism about 246–8 political pragmatics of 248 semantics of 243–6 ethnicity family and 273–4 genealogical conception of 269–71 Gracia’s account of 272–3 nationality and sub-nationality 274–5 ethnicity/race, aspect of feminist methodology 405–8 Ética de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y de la exclusión (Dussel) 329 European Union 115 evangelization 43 Acosta’s model 40 of African slaves 41 Evolución política del pueblo mexicano (Sierra) 513 evolution 79–80 social 69, 70, 71 evolutionary principle, Spencer’s 54, 70, 77 evolutionary theory, rationalization by wealthier nations 71 Ezcurdia, Maite 464 face and heart 42 Facundo: civilización y barbarie (Sarmiento) 518 Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism 59, 70 family, and ethnicity 273–4 Fanon, Frantz 258, 307, 426, 433 Femenías, María Luisa 408 feminisms, three waves of 398–400 feminist philosophy 397–410 activist/academic dichotomy 401–3 and democratization 397 historical context 397–401 methodologies 401–9 feminist theology 300, 401

index Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain 232 Fermé, Eduardo 485 Fermentario (Vaz Ferreira) 521 Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzales 36, 38–9 Fernández de Santa Cruz, Manuel 46 Fernandez del Valle, Agustin Basave 140 Fernández Retamar, Roberto 314, 319, 430, 432 Ferrater, Mora J. 151, 152–3 Ferreira, Carlos Vaz 82 Fichte, Johann 111, 112, 120 Filosofía contemporánea (Gaos) 507 Filosofía Contemporánea (Romero) 516–17 Filosofía de la filosofía (Gaos) 507 Filosofía de la liberación (Dussel) 329, 505 Filosofía de la liberación latinoamericana (Cerutti Guldberg) 329 Filosofía de las Matemáticas (Miró-Quesada) 379 Filosofía de la mente y filosofía de la psicología: La agenda, la práctica, el dominio (Rabossi) 515 Filosofía de la persona (Romero) 517 Filosofía de las Matemáticas (Miró) 514 Filosofía del entendimiento (Bello) 501 First Dream 47 First New Chronicle and Good Government 44 First Principles (Comte) 69 Florentine Codex 36, 43– 4, 517 Florentine Codex, censored 44 flower and song 42 Fonseca, Pedro de 23 Formas lógicas, realidad y significado (Moro Simpson) 465 Fornet-Betancourt, Raúl 162, 330 Foucauldian discourse theory 400, 408 Foucault, M. 320, 321, 408–9 Foundations of Physics (Bunge) 372 Fragmento preliminar al estudio del derecho (Alberdi) 500 Franco-Prussian War 99 Franklin, B. 73 free markets 55, 56, 65, 66 free press 56 freedom positive and negative 362 positivist conception of 85 freemasonry 111 Frege, Gottlob 242

Freire, Olival 377 Freire, Paulo 307–9, 431 French, Steven 376–7 French Revolution 57 Freud, Sigmund 527 Freund, Max 466 Frondizi, Risieri 129, 140, 258, 259, 348, 349, 358–9, 456, 505–6 identity and Latin American philosophy 261, 264 fundamental rights 444–5 Galileo 37, 48 Galldos, Benito Pérez 119 Gaos, José 120, 133–5, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151, 169, 258, 263, 422, 506–7 García, Rolando 371 Garciá Bacca, Juan David 145, 148–51, 160, 175 García Calderón, Francisco 83 García Canclini, Néstor 314, 433–4 García Díaz, Adolfo 210–11 García Maynez, Eduardo 358 García Morales, A. 83, 84 Gärdenfors, Peter 483–4, 486 Garzón Valdés, E. 361, 362–3, 366–7 Gassié, Julián 97–8 Gaudium et spes 298, 299 gender 194–5 as category of analysis 403–5 General History of the Things of New Spain 43 Geografia de las prácticas científicas: racionalidad, heurística y normatividad (Martínez) 375 Gerbi, Antonello 49 Germani, Gino 371 Geschichte und Struktur der klassischen Genetik (Lorenzano) 373 Giner de los Ríos, Francisco 118, 120 Glanz, Margo 46 global governance structures 114, 115 globalization 327–38 causes of 331–2 expansion of democracy and civil society 309 philosophical and scientific approaches 328–9 philosophy of liberation and 329–30 working characterization of 332–3

545

index Godinez, Enrique 97 Goethe, J. W. von 97 Gómez Robelo, Ricardo 83 González, Antonio 301 González Blanco, Andrés 83 González Prada, Manuel 507 good and evil, Nahua dualism and 15 Gooding-Williams, Robert 291–2, 293 Gracia, Jorge 243– 4, 247, 248–51, 344, 414, 417, 507– 8 Gramsci, Antonio 174, 181, 182, 316, 431 Granell, Asturian Manuel 145, 150 Granger, Gilles-Gaston 376, 377 Grau, Olga 408–9 Grotius, Hugo 23 Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. 9, 10, 36, 40, 44–5 Guha, Ranahit 315, 316 Gutiérrez, Gustavo 299, 431 Guyau, J.-M. 102 Habermas, Jürgen 305, 359– 60 Hacia una moral sin dogmas (Ingenieros) 79, 510 Haeckel, Ernst 97– 8, 103 Hansson, Sven Ove 492, 493 Hapsburgs, threat to Mexico 60 harmonic freedom 116, 119, 123 harmonic liberalism 116 Hartmann, Nicolai 134, 138, 139, 147, 358 Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl 508 Hegel, G. W. F. 100–1, 111, 117–18, 130, 136, 526 Heidegger, Martin 138, 140, 142, 146, 150, 151, 153 Henríquez Ureña, Pedro 82, 83, 84, 86–7, 90, 91, 427 Hermetics 47 Hernández Luna, Juan 83 Herrera, Angel 149 Hierro, Graciela 400, 401 Hispanic, ethnic-group term 243, 244, 246– 8 Hispanic identity 283–95 Hispanic/Latino Identity: A Philosophical Perspective (Gracia) 508 Histoire de la création d’êtres organisés d’après les lois naturelles 97

546

Historia de la filosofía en Mexico (Ramos) 515 Historia de la lengua española (Lapesa) 238 Historia de las Indias (las Casa) 503 Historia del Reino de Quito en la America Meridional 49 Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (Sahagún) see Florentine Codex Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Acosta) 499 History of Mexico (Clavijero) 49 History of Yucatan 42 Horas de lucha (González Prada) 507 Hostos, Eugenio María de 86, 509 How Can We Know What God Means? The Interpretation of Revelation (Gracia) 508 Huéscar, Rodríguez 145 human rights 24, 25, 361–3 Krause and 113–14 women’s rights as 399 humanist princely manuals 48 Hunter, Jaime Serra 145, 152 Hurricane Katrina 336 Hurtado, Guillermo 465 Hurtado, Piernas 119 Husserl, Edmund 134, 138, 146, 147, 151, 358 Hybrid Cultures (García Canclini) 314, 434 Hybridity see García Canclini see also mestizaje Ideal de la humanidad para la vida (Sanz del Río) 118 idealism 100–1, 102 ideals, Ingenieros and 79–80 identity 253–67 discussion of term 253–5 four approaches 258–60 history of controversy 261–6 and Latin American philosophy 256–8 Identity, Memory, and Diaspora: Voices of Cuban-American Artists, Writers, and Philosophers (Gracia) 508 Imaz, Eugenio 147–8 immigration 64, 70 In Defense of the Indians 33 Inca empire 9–10 Incas Acosta’s history of 40 language and 234

index independence 55– 6 indigenismo movement 48 indigenous communities, women in 406–7 indigenous people, treatment in Argentina 65 individual rights and social goals 445 Individuality: An Essay on the Foundations of Metaphysics (Gracia) 507 industrialization European 51 Latin America 53, 261–3 Influencias filosóficas en la evolución nacional (Korn) 510 Ingenieros, José 59– 60, 64, 68, 77– 80, 95, 177, 509–10, 526 Institución Libre de Enseñanza (ILE) 118–19 Interculturalidad y globalización (FornetBetancourt) 330 interculturalism 330 internal colonialism 405, 406, 429–30 International Law 114, 115 foundations of modern 23– 4, 28–9 International Monetary Conference 1891 71 Investigaciones sobre la influencia social de la conquista y del sistema colonial de los españoles en Chile (Lastarria) 511 Irrealidad e idealidad (Salazar) 518 Isbell, B. J. 9 Jaca, Francisco José de 41 James, William 133 Jena, Krause at 110–11 Jesuits 23 Acosta’s evangelization model used by 40 and African slaves 41 expulsion of 49 liberation theology and 298 network of schools and universities 37 Jorrín, Miguel 100 Juan, Jorge 49 Juárez, Benito 60 Kant, Immanuel 82, 83, 115, 130 Kepler 48 Kino (Kuhn), Eusebio Francisco 48 Kircher, Athanasius 47 Klimovsky, Gregorio 371, 372, 484

Knab, T. J. 9 knowledge, women’s right to 46 Knowledge Society and Reality (Olivé) 375 Korn, Alejandro 82, 128, 129–31, 132, 133, 510 Kraniuskas, John 314 Krause, Décio 218 Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich 100, 110–23, 131 Krausism 110–23 analytic and synthetic philosophy 112–13 Hegel versus 117–18 Ideal de la humanidad 118–20 Latin American reception 120–3 metaphysics of freedom 111–12 metaphysics of humanity 113–14 natural world 115–16 Sanz del Río’s adaptation 117 socioeconomic philosophy 114–15 in Spain 116–18 Kyoto Protocol 335 La América en peligro (Bilbao) 501 La escena contemporánea (Mariátegui) 512 La evolución de la historia 61 La existencia como economía como desinterés y como caridad (Caso) 503 La existencia como economía, desinterés y caridad (Caso) 86 La filosofía como compromiso y otros ensayos (Zea) 523 La filosofia de las Matemáticas (Salmerón) 374 La filosofía en el Perú (Salazar) 518 La invención de América (O’Gorman) 428 La ley de la historia (Bilbao) 501 La libertad creadora (Korn) 510 La raza cósmica (Vasconcelos) 393, 521 La reforma de la filosofía (Nicol) 148 La sucesión presidencial (Madero) 92 La tesis de la identidad mente-cuerpo (Rabossi) 515 Laffitte, Pierre 57 laissez faire economics 55, 69 Landa, Diego de 42 language colonization and 230–9 indigenous American limited 50 Nahua philosophers and 20

547

index Lapesa, Rafael 238 Las estructuras sociales (Miró) 514 Lastarria, José Victorino 58, 61, 511 Latin America backwardness of 71 name of, coined by the French 426 philosophy exists in 346–7 Latin American elites, two minds about Europe 65 Latin American identity 135–7, 185, 426, 458– 60 Latin American intellectuals 57, 426 Latin American philosophy boundaries of 350–1 identity of 253– 66 name of 350 roots of 352– 4 scope of 347–50 Latin American Subaltern Studies Group (LASSG) 315–16, 431 Latino/a Alcoff on 278 Corlett’s conception of ethnicity 270 racializing of 278– 81 Latinos in America (Gracia) 508 Lationoamérica en la encrucijada de la técnica (Mayz Vallenilla) 265 law and morality 440– 4 law of nations 27–9 Law of the Three Stages 69 League of Nations 122 Lecciones de filosofia del derecho (Escalante) 121 Leclerc, George-Louis 49 legal philosophy 439–52 legal rights and principles 444–5 legal systems 445–7 Leibniz, Gottfried 142 Lemos, Miguel 511–12 León-Portilla, Miguel 42 Lequier, Jules 85 Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion 85 Letelier, Valentín 61–2 letrados 425 levels 534–5 Levi, Isaac 483, 485, 487, 491 Lévinas, Emmanuel 303 L’évolution créatrice 85 liberal idealism 53

548

liberation philosophy 185–97 see also philosophy of liberation liberation theology 190, 297–301, 430–1 many kinds 297 not otherworldly 298 second generation 301 Lindemann, Hans 370, 371 Linnaeus, Carl 39, 49 literary salons and academies 49 literature aesthetic worldviews 393–5 connections with philosophy 383–95 ethics and politics 388–93 metaphysics and epistemology 383–8 Littré, Emile 57 logic, ontological issues in 464–6 logic of theory change 490–1 Lógica e filosofia das ciências (Granger) 376 Lógica viva (Ferreira) 521 Logical Forms I and II (Chateaubriand) 207 logical positivism 77–8 López, Carlos 375 López, Rafael 83 Lorenzano, Pablo 373 Los grandes momentos del indigenismo (Villoro) 522 Los motivos de Proteo (Rodó) 516 Los motivos de Proteo 86–7, 102, 103 Lozano, Jorge Tadeo 50 Lugones, María 289–91, 320 Luís Castillo Ledón 83 Luis de Camões (Lemos) 511 Machado, Antonio 153 Madero, Francisco I. 87, 89, 91–3 Maeztu, Ramiro de 120 Makinson, David 483–4 Maldonado-Torres, Nelson 307 Mañach, Jorge 100 Manifiesto filosófico contra los cometas despojados del imperio que tenían sobre los tímidos 48 Mann, Edward C. 99 Manuel Kant: estudio sobre los fundamentos de la filosofía crítica (Torretti) 378, 520 Manuscrito 376 María de Hostos, Eugenio 120 María de Hostos, Martí 120 Marías, Julían 144

index Mariátegui, Jose Carlos 48, 170, 171–2, 178, 179, 181–2, 350, 354, 512 Marquínez Argote, German 37 Martí, José 68, 70–1, 95, 98–101, 283, 349, 426–7, 512–13 Martínez, Sergio 375 Marx, Dussel’s study of 304 Marxism 170– 83 aesthetics and cultural criticism 179– 80 alienation 173–5 and cultural studies 429, 432 and education 177–9 humanism 175– 6 ideology 176–7 interest in 182–3 Latin American liberation 172–3 and phenomenology 162 problem of the Indian 171–2 materialism 96, 100, 101 Matière et mémoire 85 Maximilian of Hapsburg 60 Maya civilization 42–3 hieroglyphic texts 42 suppression of knowledge 43 Mayz Vallenilla, Ernesto 265 Medina, Bartolomé de 23 Meinong’s theory of objects 222 Méjico y sus revoluciones (Mora) 514 Méndez Sierra, Justo 513 Mendieta, Eduardo 307, 321 Mercado, Thomas de 40–1 Mesoamerica 12 mestiço 106–7 mestizaje 195– 6, 281, 283–95 essentialist conception of 283– 6 and hybridity 289–91, 317 new 286–9 pan-Hispanic identity 294–5 and race 291– 4 United States and 292 mestizo 283 metaethics 358– 61 Metafísica de la expression (Nicol) 148 metaphysics 454– 66 approaches 455– 60 defended by Caso 84–5 of freedom 111–12 good and bad 74–5 of humanity 113–14

Ingenieros on 78 Nahua 13 problems 460–6 Mexican-American war 426 Mexican Independence 86 Mexican Revolution 61, 82, 89 Ateneo de la Juventud and 90–3 Mexico analytic philosophy in 203–6 anti-positivist movement 82–93 positivism in 60–1 Mieli, Aldo 529 Mier, Servando Teresa de 37 Mignolo, Walter 36, 43, 44, 307, 316, 318–21, 427, 428 Mill, John Stuart 54, 57, 68, 84, 128, 133 mind 463–4 Minerva: Revista Continental de Filosofía 506, 530–1 Miranda, Manuel Dominguez 37 Miró Quesada, Francisco 266, 378–9, 458, 459–60, 514 miscegenation 106, 107 Molina, A. de 9 Molina, Enrique 82, 128, 132–3 Molina, Juan Ignacio 49 Molina, Luis de 23 monism 98 Monte Albán 12 Montesinos, Antonio de 297 Montezuma 48 Moore, G. E. 359, 360–1 Mora, José María Luis 514 Moral para intelectuales (Ferreira) 76, 521 morality Ingenieros on 78–9 Vaz Ferreira on 75–6 More, Thomas 389 Moreiras, Alberto 316 Morente, Manuel García 144, 146, 151, 153 Moro Simpson, Tomás 465 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 399 Moulines, Carlos Ulises 374, 377, 380 mulatos 63 multiculturalism 366–7 Mutis, José Celestino 36, 39, 50 Nahua culture 12 Nahua philosophy 12–21

549

index Nahuatl language 234, 237– 8 Napoleonic wars 57 native people’s rights 456 Natural and Moral History of the Indies 40, 41 natural history, Oviedo’s 38–9 natural law 24–5, 40 public power and 25 natural world, Krause and 115–16 nature of human being 455– 8 Astrada on 457 Beuchot on 456–7 Caso on 455– 6 Frondizi on 456 Oyarzún on 457– 8 Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte 97 Neanderthals 99 Nebrija, Antonio de 232–3, 236 neltiliztli 19–20 neoliberalism 312 neo-Pyrrhonism see Pyrrhonism nepantla 13–18 new French philosophy 89 New World dispute 49–50 Newton, Isaac 37 Nezahualcóyotl 42 Nicol, Eduardo 148, 264–5 Nietzsche, F. 83, 100–1, 102, 103– 4, 150, 196 nihilism, and ethnic-group terms 241, 246– 8 Nino, Carlos 357– 8, 360– 4, 440–1 non-classical logic see paraconsistent logic non-contradiction, principle of 220 “normal” philosophy 128– 40 normative closure, principle of 448–50 norms and normative propositions 447–8 Noticias secretas de América 49 Nuccetelli, Susana 36, 242, 243, 244–6 Nuestra América (Martí) 71, 426, 427 Núñez, Rafael 55, 62, 64 Obras sueltas (Mora) 514 Occidentalism 319 Octavio Paz 46 O’Gorman, Edmundo 36, 428 Olaso, Ezequiel de 473– 4 Olivé, Leon 361, 375 Olmec culture 12 On Civil Power (Vitoria) 25

550

On The American Indians (Vitoria) 25–6 On the Genealogy of Morality (Nietzsche) 104 On the Law of War (Vitoria) 25 Ontological Status, Identity, Author, Audience (Gracia) 508 order and progress 57 Origin of Species 95, 97, 107 Ortega y Gasset, José 119–20, 133–5, 138, 142–54, 160, 263 Ortiz, Fernando 314, 428 Os Sertões 105 Ospina Rodríguez, Mariano 62 Ostler, Nicholas 235, 236 Oyarzún, Luis 457–8 pacha 10 Páginas libres (González Prada) 507 Pan American Conference 1889 71 panentheism 111, 117 pantheism 111 Papeles para una filosofía (Romero) 517 Para una filosofía del valor (Salazar) 518 paraconsistent logic 217–28, 376 history of 222–4 nature of 220–2 philosophical aspects of 224–8 Parmenides 100 Parra, Porfirio 84, 88 partial truth 227 patient autonomy 365–6 patriarchy 403–4 Paul III, pope 29 Paul VI, pope 299 Paula Santander, Francisco de 56 Pauw, Cornelius de 49, 50 Paz, Octavio 36, 394–5 Pearson, K. A. 104 pedagogy of the oppressed 307–9, 431–2 Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire) 308, 431 Pedro II, emperor of Brazil 104 Pereda, Carlos 348–9 Pereira, Francisco 464 Pérez, Ana Rosa 375 Perfil del hombre y la cultura en México (Ramos) 515 personalism 417 Petrella, Ivan 301

index phenomenology 156– 68 continental Europe 156–9 Dasein 158–9 Latin America 159– 67 and liberation thinkers 162 Phillip II, king of Spain 23, 39, 44 Phillip III, king of Spain 44 philosophical language 77– 8 philosophical panamericanism 417 philosophy, goals and methods of 73– 4 Philosophy and Its History: Issues in Philosophical Historiography (Gracia) 508 Philosophy of Geometry from Riemann to Poincaré (Torretti) 520 philosophy of liberation 301–7 see also liberation philosophy Philosophy of Liberation (Dussel) 303 philosophy of praxis 303 philosophy of science 370– 81 Argentina 371–3 Brazil 376–7 Chile and Puerto Rico 377– 8 Colombia 379– 80 Mexico 373– 6 Peru 378–9 Pincione, Guido 363– 4 Pinochet, Augusto 322, 399 Plato 40, 73, 83, 144, 149 Pliny 38–9, 44 pluritopic hermeneutics 318, 320 Poe, E. A. 73 poetry, Aztec 16–17 political philosophy 357– 67 differences in 58 Poniatowska, Elena 46 Popol Vuh 36, 42–3, 257, 344, 352–3, 383–4 Popper, K. 531, 533, 536 Populorum progressio 299 Porchat Pereira, Oswaldo 468, 470–2 positivism 53– 66, 87 adoption by Brazil 54 Alberdi’s views and 261 early critics of 68– 80 elite project 55 European 68–9 impact in Brazil 104–5 influence of 66 Ingenieros and 77– 80

lacks sense of ideals 72 Latin American 69–70 Latin American compared 59–64 and modernization 58 poorly defined 57 purpose of 57 shift away from 128 social reform slow 58 survival mechanism in Mexico 60 Positivismo, neopositivismo y fenomenología (Caso) 506 post conquest texts, perspective of 42 postcoloniality 312–25 postmodernism 196, 312–13, 324–5 post-Occidentalism 317–21, 430 poststructuralism 196, 312–13, 324–5 potentia 306 Pratt, Mary Louise 49 praxis 191–3 praxis of liberation 302, 309 pre-Columbian thought 352 pre-Hispanic intellectual legacy 42 pre-Socratics 100–1, 352 predicates, ethnic-group terms 241–3 Priest, G. 225 Principios de derecho de gentes (Bello) 501 Principios de la ciencia (Nicol) 148 Principios de Psicología (Ingenieros) 509 principle of autonomy 361 principle of inviolability of the person 361–2 principle of the dignity of the person 361 printing press 236–7 probability 532–3 Problemas filosóficos (Caso) 503 Problems of Philosophy (Russell) 527 processes of hybridization 314 proper names, ethnic-group terms 241–3 property rights 336 proportionality, principle of 444–5 Proposiciones relativas al porvenir de la filosofía (Ingenieros) 510 Proposiciones russellianas (Hurtado) 465 proto feminism 45 proto-nationalist discourse, of Sigüenza 47–8 Psicología de las situaciones vitals (Nicol) 148 psychoanalysis 527 Pufendorf, Samuel 23 Pyrrhonism 470–2 see also skepticism

551

index quantum mechanics 218 quasi-set theory 218 Quatrefages de Breau, J. L. A. de 104 queer theory 400, 408 ¿Qué son los valores? (Frondizi) 358, 506 Quijano, Aníbal 320, 321, 434 Quine, W. V. 226 quipus 44, 45 Rabasa, José 316 Rabossi, Eduardo 360–1, 414, 415, 416, 417, 463, 515 race genetic common-bundle view of 275–7 new mestizaje and 291– 4 notion rejected by Corlett 269 ‘one drop’ rule 276–7 race and ethnicity, Alcoff on 277– 81 Race, Racism, and Reparations (Corlett) 269 racism 63 criticized by Martí 71 Raimundo de Farías Brito 82 Rama, Angel 314, 316, 433 Ramos, Samuel 37, 137– 8, 146, 160, 262–3, 515–16 ratiovitalism 142, 147, 149, 153 Rawls, John 358, 359– 60, 364 Raz, Joseph 446 Reagan, Ronald 312 Reale, Miguel 140 reality, Ellacuría and 190–3 reason 50 and Divine Law 24–5 and natural law 40 Reasons for Dissenting from the Philosophy of M. Comte (Spencer) 69 Recife School of Law 451 Regeneration, Colombia 62, 64 Relación sobre la libertad de los negros 41–2 Relaciones geográficas 44 Relativity and Geometry (Torretti) 520 religion, Ospina’s views on 63 “religion of humanity” 57, 60, 105 Renan, Ernest 72, 102 Renouvier, Charles 85 Republic (Plato) 73 resemblance nominalism 462 Respuesta a Sor Filotea (Cruz) 390, 504 restitution 40 Revista de crítica cultural 321

552

Revista Latinoamericana de Filosofía 373 Revista Moderna 83, 84, 85 revolutions 58 Reyes, Alfonso 82, 83, 84, 90, 427–8 Reyes, Bernardo 90 Reyes, Rodolfo 90 rhetoric of law 451 Ricardo, David 40 Richard, Nelly 321–4 Ripalda, Juan Martînez de 23, 37 Rivadavia, Bernardino 56 Rivano, Juan 265 Rivera, Augustin 37 Rivera, Diego 48, 82 Rivera Cusicanqui, Silvia 405–7 Robertson, William 49–50 Robles, José Antonio 375 Roca, Julio 65 Röder, Karl David Friedrich 117 Rodó, José Enrique 68, 82, 86–7, 95, 101–4, 393, 427, 516 identity and Latin American philosophy 261–2 Rodríguez, Ileana 316, 317 Rodríguez, Mariano Ospina 58 Rodriguez, Ricardo 486 Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo 462 Roetti, Jorge 373 Roig, Arturo Andrés 186, 187–9, 266 romanticism 96, 98, 100 Romero, Francisco 129, 138–40, 264, 460, 516–17, 528–9 Rosas, Juan Manuel de 59 Rossi, Alejandro 373 Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada 49, 50–1 Russell, Bertrand 527 Russell’s paradox 221 Ryle, Gilbert 415 sacred texts 383 Sahagún, Fray B. de 9, 43, 517–18 Said, Edward 313, 319, 400 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri 54 salaries and grants 381 Salazar Bondy, Augusto 172–4, 178–9, 259, 265–6, 350, 354, 359, 458–9, 518 Saldaña, Juan José 37 Salmerón, Fernando 265, 359, 373–4

index Samper Agudelo, José María 62 Sánchez Vázquez, Adolfo 179– 80, 181 Sandinistas, electoral defeat of 1990 315 Sandoval, Alfonso de 41–2 Sandstrom, A. R. 9 Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui, Joan de 9, 45 Sanz del Río, Julián 117, 118, 120 Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 59, 62, 63, 65, 70, 391–2, 518–19, 525 Savia Moderna 83 Schaafhausen, Hermann 99 Scheler, Max 134, 138, 142, 147, 148, 358 Schelling, Friedrich 111 scholastic method 24 Clavijero’s reconciliation with modern thought 50 scholastic tradition, Sigüenza’s rupture with 48 scholasticism 23, 37, 69 School of Coimbra 23 School of Salamanca 23 Schopenhauer, A. 82, 83, 88 Schutte, Ofelia 186, 193– 6, 433, 519 Schwartzmann, Félix 263 science, Vaz Ferreira on 75 Science and Partial Truth: A Unitary Approach to Models and Scientific Reasoning (da Costa and French) 505 Science et religion dans la philosophie contemporaine 85 scientific expeditions 49 scientific method shared by physical and social science 54 Sigüenza’s 47, 48 scriptures, authority eroded 39 Second Vatican Council 298, 299, 430 Seed, Patricia 316 Seibold, K. E. 9 Selden, John 23 Sentido del movimiento fenomenológico (Miró) 514 Sentido y problema del pensamienio filosófico hispanoamericano (Salazar) 518 Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de 29, 39, 520 Serrano, Urbano Gonzáles 119 Shakespeare, William 239, 427

Sierra, Justo 60–1, 62, 63, 64, 70, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91 Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana (Mariátegui) 512 Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de 36, 47–8 Silva a la agricultura de la zona tórrida (Bello) 500 Silva, Ludovico 179, 181 Sistemas formais inconsistentes (da Costa) 504 skeptical universalism 348–9 skepticism 473–4 see also Pyrrhonism slavery 40, 41–2 Smith, Adam 40 Sobre el feminismo (Vaz Ferreira) 521 Sociabilidad chilena (Bilbao) 501 social organism, curing diseases of 64–5 Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Filosófico (SADAF) 373 Sociedades de Amigos del País 49 socioeconomic philosophy, Krause and 114–15 Socrates 73 Soler Grima, Francisco 151 Soto, Hernando de 336–7 Spanglish 231, 239 Spanish American War 426 Spanish Civil War 144, 145, 152, 153–4, 160, 264, 528 Spanish conquest, arguments for 30 Spanish, language of empire 232 species mutability 96 Spector, Horacio 362 Spencer, Herbert 54, 64, 68, 69, 70, 83, 84, 88, 101, 104, 105, 128 spiritism 91–2 spiritualism 66, 91 Cuban 100 in France 85 Spivak, Gayatri 313, 316–17, 428, 433 Stoetzer, Carlos Otto 120 strong universalism 343–4 Suárez, Francisco 23, 37 Suárez, Ursula 45 subaltern studies 315–17, 405–6 subject-object distinction 100 Substancia y función en el problema del yo (Frondizi) 506 Suma de tratos y contratos 40–1

553

index Surviving Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century (Gracia) 508 “synthetic philosophy” 54 Krause and 112–13 Systema naturae 49 Système de politique positive (Comte) 54 teaching philosophy 412–23 ambiguity of term 413–14 as “know how” 414–15 Critical Model 421–3 graduate students 420–1 Prevalent Model 418–20 status of profession 415–18 Teatro de virtudes políticas que constituyen a un príncipe 48 technology 265 Teoría del hombre (Romero) 139, 517 Teotihuacán 12 teotl 13, 14–15, 20 Tesón, Fernando 363– 4 Thatcher, Margaret 312 The Answer to Sor Filotea 45–7 The Darker Side of the Renaissance (Mignolo) 318 The Evolution of Argentine Ideas 60 The Gospel in Solentiname (Cardenal) 300 The Myth of Simplicity (Bunge) 372 The Philosophy of Physics (Torretti) 520 The Political Evolution of the Mexican People 60 The Tempest 239, 427, 516 The Truth about the United States (Martí) 71 The Underside of Modernity (Dussel) 505 The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon) 307 theism 111 theology, positivist thought and 54 see also feminist theology, liberation theology Thiers, Adolphe 99 Tiberghien, Guillaume 117 time, Newtonian conception of 96 tlalticpac 17–18 tlamatiliztli 19 Tlamatinime 42 Tlatelolco 43 Tloque Nahuaque 42 Toledano, Lombardo 91 Toledo, Francisco de 23

554

Tolstoy, L. 102 Toltecs 12 Topa Inca Yupanqui 44 Torre, Martin de la 48 Torretti, Roberto 208, 377–8, 380, 520 Torri, Julio 82 Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority (Lévinas) 303 trading, justice and 40 Transamazon Highway 333–4 transcendence 139, 140 transculturation 314, 428, 433 trans-modernity, Dussel’s notion of 305 transterrados 264 Tratado de hacienda pública (Hurtado) 119 Tratado de moral (Hostos) 509 Tratado de sociología (Hostos) 509 Treatise of Twelve Doubts 44 Treatise on Basic Philosophy (Bunge) 372 true contradictions 217 Ulloa, Antonio de 49 unbelievers four types of 32 jurisdiction over 33 Ungo, Urania 403, 404 Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) 121 United Nations Millennium Declaration United States 71, 73 Hispanics in 294–5 universals 462 Urbild der Menscheit (Krause) 118 Urton, G. 9 Uruguay, Krausism in 121–2 usury 40 utilitarianism 55–6, 69 Rodó’s view of 72–3, 101 Utopia (More) 389

335

Velasco, Juan de 49 Valencia, Gregorio de 23 Valenti, Rubén 83 Valera, Gerónimo 37 Vargas Llosa, Mario 331 Varona, Enrique José 100 Vasconcelos, José 82, 83, 86, 87–90, 91, 92, 128, 262, 264, 283–6, 393, 520–1 Vatican, critical of liberation theology 301 Vaz Ferreira, Carlos 68, 73–6, 77, 78, 521 Vázquez, Gabriel 23

index Vázquez Gómez, Francisco 92–3 Vega, Garcilaso de la 45 Veracruz, Alonso de 37 Verne, Jules 150 Vieira, António 46, 298 Vienna Circle 370, 371, 536 Ville, Bernard Germain Étienne de la 39 Villoro, Luis 348–9, 363, 373, 375, 458, 459, 474–7, 522 Viracocha 11 Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self (Alcoff ) 277 Vita, Luis Washington 140 Vitoria, Francisco de 23, 24, 25–9, 41, 522–3 von Humboldt, Alexander 49, 96, 98, 103

Wittgenstein, L. 142, 206 women in colonial Latin America 45 education for 45 feminist philosophy 397–410 and liberation theology 300 right to knowledge 46 and theological discussion 46 World 3, Popper’s notion of 336 world-citizenship 336 world-systems theory 321 Xayacamach 16 Ximénez, Francisco 42 Xirau, Joaquín 145, 152 Xirau, Ramón 148 Yrigoyen, Hipólito

Wagner, Johann Jakob 112 Wagner, R. 88 Wallerstein, Immanuel 320–1 war, justification for 28–9 Ward, Lester F. 133 wars of conquest, debate about 29–30, 33, 503, 520 weak universalism 334–5

121

Zambrano, María 144, 151, 153 Zapatista uprising 306 Zavala, Silvio 36 Zea, Leopoldo 36, 37, 120, 134, 135–7, 146, 259, 261, 263, 329, 330, 354–5, 458–9, 523 Zubiri, Xavier 144, 146, 148, 151, 190

555