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1809 rr. MaHI1
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XIX BCKa
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1869 r.
6h1Jl0 pa3pcweHO caMOCTOH TCJlb-
HO pewaTb p5lIl LlCJI, CBH3a l1HhiX C ynpaBJlCHI1CM KH5I)KCCTBOM.
B 1894 r.
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pocIII CTpeM HJICH IlOCTH'l b 06bCIlJ.1 -
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3 c:PCBP aJI51 1899 r.
li3 IOPl1CLll1KlH1H c:PI1HnSl HlI-
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B 1899 r.
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1900 r.
7 J.1lOnSl
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a 3a'-leM
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llJXCPbl. J.1 MCHHO Ta M y.n06HO CTpO HTb 6epcro-
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XIX
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XIX SCKC Ha SCpqHIX B A60,
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29 HHBap.ll
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cy.a, ceHMbl pa60'!J.tx opraHH-
JaUI.fH q,aKTI1'1eCKI1 CTaJll1 OpraHaMI1.aI1KTal)'pbl npOJleTap"ara.
23
q,eapaJI.ll 6blJl o n y611I1KoBaH npoeKT .aeMoKpaTI1'1eCKol1 KOHCTI1-
T)'U1111 . $I1HJutH.aI1.11 npoa03rllawanacb peCny6JlI.fKOtl. O,ilHaKO KpynHble npo.\lblWJleHHble npellnpl1.11nl.ll H ' i3CTHble 6aHKI.f He 6blJlH ~JaUI.fOHa JlI13l1poaaHbl , He 6b!J1H KOHq,I.fCKOBaHbl 3eMellbHbie yro.nb.ll I1 lleca y KpynHblx 3el>lJleManellbueB H JleConpo.\lbllliJleHHblX 06weCTB, He peWaJICH sonpoc 0 HaneneHI1H Je.\IJleH MaJlO)eMellbHhlx KpeCTh.llH 11 T.D... C H Y He npJ.1HHJl He06x0J1 J.1MbIX Mep no o6ecne'leHHIO focy.napCTBeHHOH Ge30naCHOCTl1 11 11 I1KBHilaUlll1 KOHTppeBOJllOUl10HHOro no.anO!l b.ll.
CJ)I1HCKa${ KpaCHafi rBapl UISI, 'lHClICHHOCTb KOTOpoA B pCBOJllOWHO AOCTl1rlla 100 TbICSI'l 'le1l0aeK, HMC,la acc WaHCbt pa3rpo~lHTb WIOUKOP 11 6yp)Kya3Hble 6ellc$I1HCKHC opraHl13aUHH . B ec PYKax 6bUUI Bce OCHOBHblC npOMblWlICHHble ueHrpbl, BKJlIO'laSl BOCHHble 3aBOAbi. n o.naBJI${lOmee 601lbWI1HCTBO apCeHaJlOB 6bl BwcA PYCCKOti apr-lIlII TaK)!(C HaXOllHlIOCb Ha TepPITOp"H, nOilKoHrpOllbHOii $UHCKoA KpacHoH rBapllHH. OllHaKo PYKOBOllCTBO KpacHoH rsa.p.nJ.H1 npH.nep)KHBanOCb 06opoHHTellbHoii TaKTHKI1. B pe3YlIbTaTe :noro B opc BJ.1l1bMaCTpaHll- J.1Marpa - Payryc. TaKI1M 06PaJOM , B CJ)J.1HlISIHlll111 OKa3aJ10Cb .naa npaBHTenbCTBa 11 .naa rocyAapCTBa. 1 MapTa 1918 r . B CMOllbHOM J1eHIfH II BHue-npeMbep C HY 3llBapll rlOlIlIl1Hr no.nmfCanJ.1 *L{oroBop 06 YKpenlleHHI1 .I1PY;l!(6bI116paTCTBa Me)l(.1ly PCCJ)CP H CJ)J.1HnSlHllCKofi COJll.taJIHCTH'leCKOH pa60'leti pecny611I1KoA •. 7 MapTa 1918 r. 6e.nO$HHcKoe npaBJ.1TellbCTBO nOllnHcano .I1oroBOpC repMaHHefi.. Ellie B${HBape 1918 r. repMaHHSI 'lepe3 W BeU l110 nepe6pocI1l1a B patioH ropOlla Baca 27-fI erepcKHfl6aTaJlboH. paHee cpa.:+::a BwHfi.cSI npoTHB PYCCKHX Ha PH':+::CKO.\i HanpaBJIemm . A ceti'lac $I c.nenaK> He6oll bWOe OTcrynJleHHe - BblBellY Ha cue~Iy rnaBHoro repoSi KHl1rl1 Kapna rYCTaBa M aHHepre fi.Ma. POll MaHHepreilMoB, CKopee scero, nonaJI B W BeUl110 'lepe3 repMalHiIO 11 3 rOJUlaH.llI1J.1 . Ero pollOHa'laJIbHI1K Kyneu XeHpl1K MapxctiH B 1645 r. noce,ll1l1CSI B WaCUl111 B EBJlc . B 1693 r. ero MlIauWI1H CblH AyrycnlH MapxetiH noclIe pSilla Ylla'IHblx a$ep C HellBJ.I}I(I1MOCTblO nOll}"lH1l llBOpSlHCTBO. 3aTeM OH nepe6p&lCSI a CTOKrOllbM , rae apeH .aoaan lise YC3.llb6bl. CaOJo rOllnaHlIcKylO $aMl1l1l1lO OH nepellella." B 60nee ll1Il1H HylO 11 3B}"lllylO, a ropnoBble 3ayKH B CJiOBe . MaHHepreAM. npu.aaBanH $aMHlIHU HeKYIO Mpa'lHOcTb. Y A yrycTHHa 6bl1l0 'leTblpe cblHa , J.1 Bce OHli u36paml Kapbepy BOC HHblX - CTaJlH oHUepaMH-apTHlIlIepHcTa.\II1. n epBblM B ce Mbe nepe6pancSi B CJ)HHJlSlH.a lllO CblH AyrycTHHa K apll 3PIIK, OHTO 11 CTan npanpaue.aOM 6y.nYlUero Mapwana. B 1783 r. Kapll 3Pl1K nonY'IH,l MeCTO ceKYH,a-Matiopa ry6epHc Koro neXOTHoro nO,lKa B T YPKY·
nOCJJe np~l coe.iU1HeHI1R ¢11HJlRHAI1It K POCCJ.HI 3 pIIKa MaHHCpHa3Hn'Jl1nl1 npe.aCC.aaTCnCM .acnyraUJ.tl1, Bbl3BaHHOit I1MnCpaTOpO.\1 AncKCaH.apOM I a n crep6ypr.llllR 06CY)KJJ.CHIHI BOnpOCa OTHOCHreJlbH O I1HJlRHllllJ.1 . MC.IlllCHHO , war 3a warOM, OH npo.nal1rancn 110 CJ1Y)l(6c H B 36 JleT (1833 r. ) 6bln Ha3Ha'tCH ua nOCT ry6cpHaTOpa BaCb!. B 1834 r. cro nepeBen J.1 Ha nOCT ry6epHaTopa B Bbl60pr. Erne '1 epe3 nHTb neT 6b!JI C03.llaH BepXOBHblH CYll Bbl60pra, " K apn r YCTaB CTaJI ero npC3J.1)tCHTOM. KapJl r YCTa B MaHHepreAM )l(CHJ.1nCR Ha 1l.0'lepl1 no.a110nKOBHl1Ka KapJla KOHcTaHTI1Ha ~OH W aHua. Y cynpyroB 6blll0 '1CTBepo 1I.crcA: CblH K apJl P06cpr - orcu 6y.ayrnero Mapwana, H TpH .a.O'lepl1 . nOCJle C~fepTJ.1 OTua .aCCHTUnCTHI1H KapJl Po6cpT nonY'JJ.1Jl a HaCJIe.aCTBO nOMccrbC BunnbHec. nOB3pOcnea, OH n ocrynl1J1 8 YHJ.1BepCItTCT B r enbc HHropcc, CTaJl pan.J.1Ka.JlOM It aTC J.1 CTOM, OTnJ.1'laJlCR MHororpaHHblMJ.1 xyn.O)f(CCTBeHHbIMH TaJlaHTaMI1. Kapll P06cpr MHoro BPCMCHH npOBo.aHJI B napmKC, me BI1IHblBaJI . 6YP)Kya3Hoc CBooo.nonI06I1e .. B ToA ¢opMe, B KaKofi OHO TaM BItTano. Bo apeM}! npouecca )lpci1¢yca OH 6b!Jl UCJlI1KOM YI nOJlHOCTblO Ha CTopOHe .llpcfi¢yca, 1I.a 11 B Jlpyrl1x cJ1Y'IaRx HC nplHII1MaJI aHTI1CCMHHI3Ma. BceM 3HaKOMbiM B ¢I1HJlSlH1I.HH 11 nCTep6yprc, 1<0TOPblX K apn P06CPT C'Il1Tan peaKllHOHepaMH, OH nOCJJ
CKI1H Kopnyc B cDHHMIHlIl1l1, a BecHoH 1887
r. -
B HHKoJlaeBcKoe
KaSaJlep.1i'icKoc Y'!HllHWe , KOTopoe OH ycnewHo OKOH'IHll B 1889 r. Cllp'6y KapJl rycTas Ha'laJI B 15 -M AneKCaHlIp~IHCKOM llparyHcKoM nOllKY, llHCJIOlll1pOBaHHOM Ha rpaHHue C repMaHI1eH. Ho 'lepC3 rOll 611arollapR 06WHPHbiM CBH:»iM ero POllHI1 B apl1CTOKpaTWleCKHX Kpyrax n eTep6ypra KapJIa rYCTaBa nepCBOllJlT B maplll1lO B KaBa..1CprapHCKI1H nOllK, TO eCTh S J1H'IHylO oxpaHY m,mepaTopa. 2;\"1M 1892
r. B nCTep6ypre B nOJIKOBof"l uepKBH KaBaneprapllCKO-
ro nOJIKa COcrORJlOCh BCH'IaHl-le Kaplla rycTaBa MaHHepreHMa C AHaCTaCHeH ApanoBoH, 1l0'-lepblO reHCpan-I-.!aHopa HI1KOJlaR ApanoBa, BXOllHBwero B C8Hry Ero B eJlH'ICCTBa. B npOWJ10.\! OH TaK)I(e 6blJl KasaneprapHOM. 3aTeM COCTORJlaCh ewe OllHa uepeMOHHH Beli'IaHI1H, ItO Y)f(e 1I0Ma, no )lfOTepaHCKOMY 06pHllY. DeJlo Ii TOM , ' ITO, ueCMorpR Ha npocb6ht HeseCTbl, KapJl rYCTaS OTKa3aJ]CR ncpeHTI1 B npallOCJl3SHe. B 8 'laCOB Be'lep3 MOJlO1l0)!(eHhl ceJ1H B noc3.Il 11 OTnpaBHJ1l1Cb B MOCKBY, 'ITO 6b! npOBecn1 MCHOBblH MCCRU S I1MeHl111 AHaCTaCHI1 YcnCHCKoe, HaXOllHBWC.\fCR Ha 6epery MOCKBbl-PCKI-1 S \ 4 KM OT MOCKSbL EapCK\II.H 110 M B YcnCHCKOM nOXOllHJl Ha HaCTOHWI1H ll110peu -
Mpaf>lOpHble JlCCTHI-1UbI, 44 KOMHaThl, 06CTa8JIellllhlC aHTH'l-
HOH Me6cJlhlO.lloM OKpp'an rpOMaD.HbIH napK, HMe.'lHCb npcKpacHble KOHIOWHH. AHaCTaCI-1H npHHCCJla npHJlaHOC B 800 TblCR'1 py6nCH n oD. petlry S 14 TbICR'1 py6ncH. B 1904-
1905 rr. ponll-1CTP MaliHeprc~M npl-1HH1I Y'laCTI-1C B pyc-
CKO-HnOHCKOH SOH He . Jlo 1917
r. OH I1cnpallHO CJlY)f(J.1)l
Ii PYCCKOH
apMl1l111 He HHrepeCOllMCH nOJTI1TI1KOH. 3a6aBHO, 'ITO ra3eTa ¢I1HCKI1X HauifOHaJH1CTOB .Ce0601lHOC cJloeo», nC'laTaBwaHCH 3a rpaHI1UCH H HCJlCraJIbHO npHB03HBwaRcH B c:t>IHIMIHD.J.1lO , ony6J1l1KOBana 'lCpHb1l1 CntiCOK rex ¢mlHoB, KOTOPblC Bepoi-1 1-1 npaBD.OH CJl}')KHlll1 caMOllCp)I(aBI1IO. B 3TOM CnJ.1CKC 6blJlO 11 1-11'.1$1 MaIlHcprei1Ma. KaK nHca..l ¢HHCKHH HcrOpHK Bci10 McpH: «B 310T ncpHoLl )l(H3HH M aHHeprefi:M npe3pHTeJJbli0, S I1rpHBOH, CBOHCTBCHHOH WKOJlbHI1KaM MaHepc OTlblllaJICR 0 ¢HHCKOM H3blKC H q,HHHOH3bl l lHbIXJllOJlHX. B03MO)!(HO, :no 6blJllOMOP IDKOJlbHI1KOB crapwl1x K..laCCOB. JIeTOM 1905 rOlla OH nl1CaJI cecrpe CO¢I1 , C06l1puBwei1cR B TaBucrJl aHll y'HiTb ¢HHCKHH, '-ITO :310 R3blK '1y.nu. 4YJlb -
HCTOpH'IeCKOC Ha3Ba-
HIIC, 6blBwec B xo.ny Y PyCCKHX. MaHHeprcl1M CO)l(arte,l, 'ITO cecrpa e.neT He B WBeUl1lO, HanpUMep, a onHTb K 3TH.'.I "'1YXOHuaM". nOCJle B03Bpa weHI1R C BOHHhl OH KO BCC.\IY OTHOCHJlCH TaK )l(e .
OH
nl1CaJI, 'ITO c06HpaeTCR nocrynaTb B nonHUHlO, nOCKOJlbKY B )l(aH-
.IlapMeplH1 MO)KHO BbIC)lY)KIHb 110 BblCOKI1X nOCTOB . MaHHeprCHMY Ka3aJJOCb, 'ITO Ha SOHHC ero 3acnyrl-i He 6b1nH oueHeHbI no ,UOCTOI1HCTBY, 'ITO ero OT011sI1Hynl1 B CTOpOHy» ll . H o no nocrynneHIHI B )KaHllap~lbl lleno He 1l0WllO. BepHYBWI1Cb 113 MaHb'I)KYPI1I1 B H05l6pc 1905 r., M aHHeprCt1M y3H3J1 , 'ITO cro a11.111111151 3Ha'lI1TC5I Cpelll1 SHOSb Ha3Ha'leHHbIX KOMaHlll1pOB OO)lKOB. OKTH6pbCKaR PCBOJlIOUl1st JaCTaJla MaHHepreHMa B OllCCCKOM BOeHHOM OKpyre. B KOHue Hostfipst 1917
r. OH nonpOCI-i)lCst B OTnYCK
«Ha lle'leHHe». nepeOlleaWI1Cb B WT"3.TCKOe nnaTbe . MaHHepreHM e.neT B n erporpau. a 1811eKa6pR TOro >KC rOlla HO'IHOH nOC31I113 nCTporpaLla npl1B0311T MaHHeprei:iMa B re..1bCI1Hropc. Pa3 He YlI.anaCb )KaHllapMCKa$l Kapbepa, TO nO'leMY 6b1 He CTaTb BO)l(,lleM KC He Ha'laTh y'll1Tb I1X H3bIK?
14
n O'lTH cpa3y MaHHepreHM CTaHOBHTC5I KOM aH,llylOwI1M BOHCKaMI1 6eJlbiX CPI1HH08. B XOlle 60eBbiX n.CHCTBHI1 npaTHs KpaCHblx cP l1HHOB 6eJloQ>l1HHbl)')ICe B $I Haapc 1918
r. CT3J1H cosepwaTb BOopY>KeHHble Ha-
naD.CHHJi Ha '1 aCTI1 PyccKoA apMH H, .a11c.nOUl1poaaHHbIC B Cl>I1HJIHHD.HH . 3a.nHI1M '1I1CJIOM cpHHCKl1e nOlll1TI1KH H I1CTOPI1KI1 onpaBllblSaJll1 CBOIO arpecc l1lO nOD..llep)K Ko i1: 60JIbweBI1CTCKoro npaBI1TCJlbCTBa cI>I1HJI$lH)lCKOH COUHaJHICTH'ICCKol1 pa60'-lCH pccny6J1l1KI1. 06SHHCHII$I 3TI1 RBHO He Bbl.llep.lKI1BatOT KpYlTI1KI1. PyCCKl1e BoJiicKa B cI>I1HJlRH,U1111 cpaKTl1'leC KH CTaJll1 Hcfioecnoco6HblMH ~e oceHblO 191 7
r.
n O.llaBJl5IIOwee 60JlbWI1HCTBO PYCCKI1X CO)l.1laT, Haxon.I1BWHXC$I B cI>I1HJl5IH.nI1J1 K cpeBParIJO 191 8 r .• HC YlMCJ10 HI1 MarICH wcro )KCJlaHHH Y'-laCTBOBaTb B rpa)l(J].aHcKoi1: Bol1He , a Me'lT3J10 n l1Wb cnOKoJiiHO yexaTb B POCCHIO. 0I1UCPbl.lKC B OCHOBHOM KpaHHC OTpHUaTeJlbHO OTHOCI1J1I1Cb K 60JlbWeBHKaM. 11 nOlI.03peBaTb I1X S nOMOllil1 KpacHblM I1HHaM npocTO Helle no. 4 T06bl 1136c>KaTb 06BI1HCHHI1 B np~lCTPaCTHOCTH , npoUl1nlpylO CTaTbJO .HJlbMapa nI1H.acpa, 351TH MaHHcprel1Ma, ony6Jll1KOsaHHYlO B cI>I1HmIHlI.I1U 28 MaH 1918 r .: «To, 'ITO npOI1CXO.ll.HT B CTpaHe, Y)Kac HO. H CC~iOTp51 Ha 3anpeT r JlaBHOKmlaHlI.YlOlUero, paccrpeJlbl npolloll)KaJOTCH 6ecnpcpblBHO. KpaCHoe 6C3YMCTBO CMeHHllOCb 6cJlb[1..1 TeppOpOM. PaccrpeJlbJ TeM fiollce llalOT BnC'-IaTJICHI1C nOllHoro npou3Bo-
na,
nocKoJ1bKY >KepTB BblfiupalOT . 1 Ka3HHT B MecTax. f.lle He
coaepWaJiOCb HI1KaKI1X aKTOB HaCJ.1J1I1H. B )larep5lX 1U151 BOCHHonJIe HHblX Y3HI1KI1 MPyr KaK MYXI1» 15 . H CTOPI1K BeJiio Mcpl1 nl1CaJi: «npcilynpellUTCJlbHOi-l MCPOs1. H OCHOBOI1 60Jlee )f(eCTKOfO Kypca 51BI1J10Cb 11 pacnopH)KCHI1C, 06elUaB-
wee OKOH'-IaTenbHO paJAenaTbCSI C pyCCK~I:'1I1, npIIHJ1MaBWIlMI1 y'-laCTl1e B 60Slx. 3T11 pYCCKl1e CJ1Y>KI1}UI C08eTHHKa,\m , nyneMeT'H1KaMI1 ,
ap1lUlJlepH~1I111 WTa6m;raMH. n ocne B3.1IT11S1 T aMMep¢lopca
200 pyc-
CKIIX 6bliIO Ka3HeHO Ha TaMMcpoPCCKOM aOK331Ie. CPClll1 HHX OKa3ami Cb 6enbic pyccKl1e oHuepbl, np.llTaaWI1CC.II B ropolle. B B bi60pre TO>KC paCCTpeiI.IInl1 83.11TblX B nneH PYCCKI1X, B TOM '-I11 c,,1e rpIDK.D.aHCKI1X 11I1U, MaJlO Toro,ll.IDKe nOJl.llKOa, KOMMcpcaHTOB n npellnp~IHI1MaTene~, non,n,ep>KltBaBWI1X 6eJlytO apMl1tOlt!6 . COBeTCKoe npaBI1TCnbCTBO a neTporpa.a.e CH MnaTI13HpOBaJlO KpaCHbiM HHHaM, HO 3aSlBHJlO 0 CBoeM He11Tpa.-111TeTe , onacaSiCb repMaHI1I1 . JlCHI1H H TpOUKl111 60.llJll1Cb npl1MeH~ITb CI1JlY lla)KC 1lJISi laWl lTbl >KH3HH PYCCKI1X COnD.aT 11 MarpocOB, a TalOKe BoeHHoro IHlyutCCTsa B ¢lI1HJlSlHmHl. B ncpBOH ,n;eKaae .IIHBapSi
1918 r . 6e..10HHHbl
no lIbllY nO.ilOW)111
K P}lD.y OCTPOBOB AnaHD.CKOrO apxlmcnara Ii Hananl1 Ha D.HCJlOUl1pOBaHHblC TaM nOD.paJACnCHI1S1 PYCCKo!l apMHH . .ileMOpaJIl130BaHHble COJlllaTbl npaKTH'ICCKl1e HC OKa3blBaJl I1 COnpOTI1BJlCHH.II. C KpynHblMH COCllI1HeHI1S1WI pyCCKI1X BotkK 111111 Kopa61lc~
6e-
no I-IHHblllCHCTSOBaJll1 60nCC-MCHCC OCTOpO>KHO, a C He60JlbWltMI1 1130Jll1pOBaH HblMH nOApa31lCnCHI1S1M '-II1HI1Jl1! pacnpaBy no CBoeMY yC:'1OTpCHI1IO. n pI1BCD.YTCKCT BCCbMa xapaKTepHOH TCJlcrpaMMbl Ha-
16 SlHB3pR 1918 r. : 5000 '-ICnOaCK, BOOpY)KCH-
'-IaJlbHI1KaA60-A..1aHAcKoH WXCPHOI1 n0311ml11 OT c r . B aca Ja HRT 6enoA rBapl U1cA CBblWC
HOH Opy.aI1HMI1, nyneMeTaMH , HaWHMH BI1HTOBKaMH , Ino.al TBepllblM PYK080D.CTBOM HeMCUKI1X oI1UCpOB. ConpOTHBJlCHHC OKaJaTb HC MOry, caM >KllY JaXBaTa. H a'l aJlbHI1K A60 - AnaHllCKOH wx ep HO~ no3I1UI1H ... OH IH3'-1aJ1bHl1K A60-AnaHD.CKOH wxcpHoA n03I1UI1I1 ) }')KC apCCTOB3 H, D.CP>KaJlI1Cb TOllbKO Ha paLll10CTaHUI111, paAOHa IcnY>K6bl CBRJI1) HeT. CnY>K6a CB.IIJII BCSI apCCTOB3H3. npl1eM , MO>KCT 6blTb, nOCnCllH I1H.llC>KYPHbl n Tcn crpaI1cr..
15 eBpaml 1918
r . K OCTpOBY AnaHll nOD.owen o1"pSl.lt WBCD.CKHX
Kop a6J1CI1. WBCllbl npe.abRBI1JlI1 PYCCK11M 80AcK3M ynbTJ.1MaryM -
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6 '-Iacos yrpa 18 eBpaJI.II 3 BaKYllp0BaTb C AnaHlla BCC pYCCKl1e BOHCKa Ha WBCllCKI1X cy.aax B PeBcnb. Bce BOCHHoe 11:'l yuteCTBO OCTaB~lTb lIa MeCTe , JaI1CIU11O'ICHl1eM _OD.HOI1 BI1HTOBKH Ha '-IC1l0BCKa* . He nO,\1OfJlO 11 BMCWaTCJlbCTBO pYCCKoro KOIicyna B W BeUl111 BawaBa B OpoBcKoro. B KOHue KOHUOB , BoeHHoe I1MywecTBo npl1WJlOCb OTllaTb WBe.aaM 116e,lcxp IIHH aM . Oc06ylO ueHHOCTb npenCTaBnSlll l1 6eperoBble fiaTapel1 A60 - A..la HllC KOH n0311U1HI.
Y)KC a SlHsapc
1918 r.
a Bacc nOSIBIUlI4Cb llCC}lTKH waellCKHX 0$1-1-
uepoa, 06Y'laawux 6en O¢lItHHoB. n pl-1'teM, ~lHonle 1-13 HIIX , He CTec/HIReb, XO.aHJlII no ymmaM B WBCllCKI1X MyH.al1pax. BIHlMaTCJlbHblA 'II1TaTenb HaBeptHJK8 3allaCT Bonpoc, a, c06CToeHHO, Ha KaKOM OCHOBaHI-1 1l 3CKaupa He HTpaJl bHOA W BCW111 Morna HOHnl B poccHAcK ~le repplHOpll
3 MapTa 1918 r.
npeIlCTaBIITeJH1 COBCTCKOro npaBIlTCJlbCTBa no,U-
nl1C3JI11 B 6pecr-JlitTOBCKC MHPHblH n.OroBOp C r CpMaHlldL COrJlaCHO n.OroBOpy POCCI1f1 rep}lJla YKpaI1 HY, '!aCTb 6CJ1opycCI1J.1, n pIIBJ.1CJlCHCKltl1 KpaH, 11I1TBY, KypJlSlHD.J.11O 113cTJlSlHIlI1IO. H a OCHOBaHHH V craTbU ilorOBopa POCCIHI,UOJDKHa 6b1Jta nepeBCCTI1 Bce CB0i1 BOCHHbiC CYIla B pYCCKl1e noprbll1 ocraulITb I-1X TaM 110 JaKJ1IO'leHI1H Bce06111ero M l1 pa. TaKI1M 06pa30.\I, BOCHHb!e cYD.a POCCHI1 He CMOrJIl-1lla)l(e nepe,UBl1raTbCSI Me>K.ilY nopra.\111 a CBOHX Teppl1TopJ.1anbH bl X Bo.uax.
VI rpe60BaJla
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Jill II CYlla ilOJUUI bl 6bl11 11 nOKIIHyrb nopTbl <1>11 Hll~Hlll1l1. n OKa )l{e 11ell llCnaJI nepexOil Hx lIeU03MO)l(H bIM, TO Ha !i liX p
1918
r. CII-
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,
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npll
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11
Ka K TOnbKO WTbIKI'I HC4e3." U, I1.0rOaOp npflKa·
HOR6p5l 1918
r. BUJ.1K
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1923 rr. A nOTOM ropbKo n Jl aKaJI .l B 1939-
1945 rr. , Korll.a CTa.rHlH aOCCTaHOB Hn c TaTyc-Kao, CYUlccT soBaawH~ 110 nonnHCaH J.i R :;HHX MaJleHbKI1X «npcnoxaGHcHwIIX» ;"H1pOB. J1IOGonbITHO, 'ITO caM J1 CHHH HC3anonro 110 3a101lO'ICHI1R Epc CTJluToBcKoro M H pa nOl1SepreR HananCHHIO GaHl1IHOS no 110porc B COKOJTbHHKU. Vl Jlbl-1'lY TOIKC np I1 W Jl OCb JaKJlIO'IHTb «M IIP" C 6aHJlHTaM H, no KOTOPOMY HM np . IWJTOCb OTII.aTb aOTo:'lofiJ.!Jlb, n CHbfll H na)t{c Jl I1'IH bl H 6paYil H Hr SO)!(JlJl . JlcH H Hy npH WJlOCb nCWKOM HJlTH a K PCMJlb. 3aTo '!Cpe3 napy '!acoa BCst
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Toa, llCC51TKI1 113 KOTOPbl X HC nOIKHJT H no C>lellYlOlllcro yrpa . T aK 6 b!JTO H TaK 6YReT. ,lloroBOpbt 0 rpaH'lU ax ablnOJl H51IOTC51 JIIl lll b To r ,na, Ko m a OHI1 COOTsCTCTaYIOT rCOrpa¢lIH H HCTopml (npl1MCp: nH pC HeH -
.I CTop l1'1eCKBSI H reo r pacptl'ICCKaH rpa 1111 ua
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B npOHWHOM
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CTao nOnpOCHJlO «nOTeCHHTbC51» waClloa , oKKyn llpoBaa AnaHn CKJ.l e OCTp oaa . W aCllb! eOrJlaeHJT HCh, XOT5l H GC3 ocoGoro 3 HTy3 I1aJ Ma. 28 ¢eapaJHI 1918 r. 113 ,llaHuHra abl UlJla a MOpC 3CK,Ulpa KOHTpaD.MIIPaJIa M eiipa a COCTasc OllHOTHnHbl X I1.peIl. HoyroB «BCCnpaJlCH », « P CJ1 HJlaHJl» 11 « n 03CH» (Bol1ml 3MellleHHe 18 9 00 TOHH; BOOPYIKC IHlC: l1BCHa.uuaTb 2 80/45-MM I1 n BCHaaUaTb 150/ 45-,\1,'.1 nywcK) , HeCKOJlbKHX KpCJ1CepOB J.1 TpallbUlI1 KOB, KOHBOl1poBa a W HX ceMHanuaTbTpaHcBOpT06 C aO f.l CKaMH.
5 MapTa
3CKaD.pa 6CTaJla Ha 5lKOP" Y MCCTe'IKa
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2 · 4325 Wlt pOKOpaJI
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29
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12 anpe,l~ 113 r enbCI1 Hr¢opca SblWJl II Kopafimlll CYJ1a TpC-
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B rC~lbCi1Hr¢opcc OCTaJTOCb 37 rOM ,
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no HaUHOHaJlbHOMY. no
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25 q,CBPaJIS! 19 18 r.
80 BCeX UCpKBSlX
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q,I1 HHOB, cpe,I HI KOTOPbl X 6 blllO 364 MaJlOlleTHl1 e llCBO·IKH . narepSlx B :n o BpCMH norl1 6no
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1918 r.
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15 TblCS!'1 nllCHHbl X Ii OKOllO 300 PYC-
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15
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31
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poncBCTBO~1. A 9 OKT5I6p51 napJ1aMCHT 1136pan KOpOJ1 CM rCCCCHCKoro npHHua ¢PHIlpl-lXa Kap.na (1868-1940), wypl-IHa Katbcpa BHJlbrCJlbMa, a percHToM -
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60Hua~1 rapHII30Ha PYCKaceT He Y~laJ1 0Cb Bbll1nll13 OKp Y)f<ellllfl , lTOYTI1 Bce Olil1 fibl Jll1 YHIIJ'ITO>KeHbl llHCM 18 CBp3JIH Y SblCOTbl 79,0. Jh lWb 30 'leJl OBeK npopl:laJIl-1Cb B pal1011 060pOfll.>l 168-if il1lB113 1111. C!>IHHl3M n.OCTaJlOCb (no
13
n1leH K
na1l0 250 KpacHoapMctiucB.
B )f
60CBblX )lCfiCTBHiI 34-fi 6p11ranbl 1:1 CJ.HI3I1 C ru6eJlblO
rapHl130Ha PycKaccT nOHBH1IaCb TaKml 3anHCb: «~b OKPY;+:CHllfl ~H1K TO 113 :l lOact"l 83-ro TaIiKOBOro 11 224-ro pa3BCllbIBaTCJll.>HOrO GaTanbOHa He npI16b1Jl . n Ort16Jl1.f Bce. T aHKH non6HTblllJll1 B30pn3Hbl». JlY'IWC 06CTOHJlII.QCJla B rapH.130HC Jl aBaHpIIH. 14 I-1 HCK lle Boi1cKa TO)f<e HCCJlI-1 cyweCTBCHHbl e nOTCpl! . H a 26 D.CKa6pH 1939 r.
704 'ICl 10BCKa, 2-A -
K
895; 1-"
730 'leJloseK, 1- " 6aTarlbOH 38-ro nonKa -
660, Tpl1 6araJJbOHa 39 nOJ1Ka CT1JeHHO.
I-ft 6aTClJlbOH
759, 3-n -
718, 710.1 731 'ICJlOBCK COOTBcr-
I cPcap3.J1H 1940 r. BCC 3T11 nOLl,paJLl,CJlCHIHI 3Ha'IHTC1IbHO
nOpCllCJlll. 2-ti 6aTaJlbOH 36-ro nOJlKa Tenepl.> HaC' IHTblBa..l JlIHUb 459 'IC1I0BeK , 6aTaJibOHbJ 37-ro nOJ1Ka K3 -
567,578 1-1 381, a 38-ro 11011-
502 , 489 H 813 YCJlOBCK, B 39-M nOJlKY OCTaJJOCb B TpCX 6aTa-lb-
OHax 526, 47611 426 '1CJI OSCK COOTBCTCTSCHHO. EOJl bWl-lC nOTcplI nOHeC1lH lIBa 6aTa1lbOH3 64-ro nonKa
].I
TpH OTlleJl bHblX CrcpCKI1X ,
npH6bIBWI-1C Ha POHT B Ha'IMe ~Hsap~. I
717, 472 II
511 yeJIOBCK. Vl :no npl-I TO ~I , 'ITO UJTaTHan 'n!C1Ie~IHOCTb cPI111CKOro neXOTHoro 6aTa1lbOHa COCTaB!I~Jla OKO)lO 800 'ICJlOBeK. a erepcKOro -
OKOJlO 850.
113 rapHIiJOHa YO~1a. ~taXOllI1BWllMCH nOll Ha<{anO~1 KOMalllll1pa OT-
.I1CJlb~IOro fiaTaJlbOlia CBH311 KanlIT
K.
~CBP3.J1H no-
Cl)'THfJJa paIlHorpa~!Ma: «OKP~CHhl 16 CyrOK. PaHCHblX 500 ' ICllOBCK, fioenpl1naCOB 11 npo1l0BOllbCTBIHI HCT. PaHCHblC Y"HlpaIOT • .iloe.l1aCM nOCllCilHlO1O 1l0WaIlb. C"IO)KC:>'I npo.acp)KaTbCSI n o 24 .00» . 14 ¢cllpanS! 113 rapll1l30Ha YOM a npHWlla CJlc,nYlOlllaSi pauHorpaMMa: «Y"HlpacM C rO)lOlla. YCUllhTC cfipoc npo,noBonhCTBIHI. BblpY'la~lTc, HC ,na HTC YMCpeTh nOJopHOH CMCPThlO» .
23
~Cllpaml: « n OllO.ll
CCM nOTCpl1 , oC,1afimi OKOH'taTClIhHO . CPO'IHO nOMOnITC, ,ncp)I(aTbCS! HCT CII!1. 40 n Hcil OKPy".A
OCTaBU1II~!CH B .lI
B HO'l b Ha 19 ¢cBpanH
BocnO)lh30BaB-
IUIiCb cnafioil OfiOPOHOii B J1 CMCTTJ.1, OBllailClll1 HCCKOJlhKHMII BbICOTa.\fI.\ 11 nOllHOCTblO B3HllIl nOll KOHTpOJI h Bce n cpCMCWC tlJ.-l Si OKPY)l(CHHbIX. n Jl0UlaJlh 060pOHbi rapH I130Ha COKpaTI111aCb 110 Ol1Horo KI1J10Mcrpa SilJIl1Hy U OKOJ10 'ICThlPCXCOT MCTpOS B WllpllHY. 21 ¢cBpanS! KOMfipl1r C. H. KOH llpaThcB panJipOllaJI: « n OMOrJITC , Y"lI1pacM rOJlo11HOli CMCpThlO ~ . 22 q)CBPaJIH nocTymuJa CLUe OllHa pa-
nI10rpa:>' l ~f a: «AsllaUIIH no OWl1fiKC 60M6lfJla Hac. n OMOrI1TC, BbIPY'failTC, I1Ha'lC nOrl1fiHCM Bce". 23 ¢cspanSi npeKpaniJl caoe CYLUCCfBOBaHIiC rapH I1JOH y03cpa CaplHlpSII .
B )KUShLX He OCTallOCh HI1 O.ilHOro 'ICJlOBeKa.
Y)I(C noCJ1C BoilHbl
Ha ~ICCTC pacnOJlO)l(CHI1H 3-ro 6aTaJlbCHa 97-ro CTpCJlKOBOro nOllKa 06HapY)KI1Jl l1 131 Tpyrt I1 11BC fipaTcKlic MOrl1Jlhl, coop~eHHblc (~I1HHaMI1. no eHM ll ¢ II HcKoro 4-ro ap:-'l cticKoro Kopnyca CTaml 6 nOJlKOBhlX II 6 npOTl1BOTaH KOSbiX n yweK, 4 MHHOMCTa, 4 TaHKa II 60 n YJ1C.\ICTOB. tlnH ¢ .IHHOB, J.1CnblTbIBaBWHX OCTpylO HY>K.ilY B SOOPY)l(CH I1J.1, 3aXBaT Ka)l(Jtoro rpo$eSl 6hlJl O'lCHh Ba>KCH. B cspanc 1940 r. wTa6 4-ro apMcHcKoro Kopnyca OT11an npl1Ka3 , rlle YKa3hfsallOCb Ha HcofiXOllltMOCTb fiCpC)!(HOrO OTHOWCH~HI K oPY)f( J.1 1O 11 TWaTCJlhHoro c60pa TPO¢citHOro crpeJiK OBOrO 11 apTI1J1JJCpH HCKoro SOOPY)l(CHJ.151 . BOH cKaM TaK)I(C npCllml ChlBaJlOCb 11 3rO Ta8J1J.1BaTb opY)Kl1 e B MaCTCpCKI1X. 3a BpcMSI BOihlhl cDI1HJl5IHllIIH nOJlY'll1Jla 113-33 'lJ3HJ.111bl77 300 BHHTOSOK, 5800 PY'IHbfX 11 100 CTaHKOSblX nYJlCMCTOB, 395 nOJlCBhlX H 18 npoTHBOTaHKOBblX Opy.uI1H 11 216 MIIHO.\ICTOB. B ca.\1011
6brJ!0 ~13rOTOB.IlCHO 82570 InlHTOBOK, 1265 rmCTOJleTOB-nYJ1C)!CTOS, 960 PY'IHh!X J.1 605 CTaHKOBbl X nyJleMCTOB, 105 npOnIBOT'aHKOBbIX opY1111M. KOl!c'lHo, :;)TI1 UlI¢pbl HcconOCTaSIIMbl C MaCWTa6a.\l11 COBCTCKO1'0 npol1JBOllCTlkl BOOp~CmHI. H o TpO¢CI1 .naJI ll ctHlHHaM OKOJIO 15% SCCX I1X IU1HTOSOK, 4% n (1 CTOnCTOB-nYJlCMCTOB, 17% PY'lHbIX >l GOJlce 60% CTaHKOBblX nyncMcToB, GOJlCC 30% nponlBOTaJlKOBblX nYWCK, 6% )IIIHOMCTOB , fiOJlbWC nOJlOBI1Hbl nOJlCOblX oPY1Hlfi, nocryrlJ1I.1WJ.1X B apMillO 3a BpeMH BOnHbt.
B CBH311
C 3TI1M KO.\ IaHllYlOlUl1ti lla l11laHllCKOJl
rpynnoti reHcpa..l K . B aJlCHIIYC B mlTCpBblO c:PpatIUYJCKOn ra3CTC ~3K CCJlbCI10p» Ha Ilonpoc 0 TOM, KTO aKTlIBHCC llPYruX nOCTaB.iIHCT 6oeBYlO TCXH ,IKY KCHHbIX KOMaH.nap.\1
2 paHra
KOB3.JJCB
25
¢CBP3.JJH 6b1J1 OCBofio>K..!lCII OT 3aHII-
MacMoil.noJl>KHoCTJ.1 U 3aMCHCH KO~IKOpOM B.H. Kyp.nIOMOBbIM. A o6cTaHoBKa B KOTJlaX npOllOJllKana yxy.nwaTbol.
23
¢CBpaJHl.
rapH J.1 30H « PaJI:HWKaaopor» paII.HpoBan: «40 llHC ti oKpY>KeHbl, HC scPUTCH , 'ITO npOTltBHHK CI1J1CH . OCBofiomlTc OT ~l anpacHoi-1 nl6cJlI1. ll101l.11, MaT'laCTb -
¢aKTH'ICCKl-1 JlarCPb fiOJlbHbIX, 3110pOSbIC IICTO-
ureHbJ. Cy.nb6y K O>KCKUHa I SOJrJla BJIHBWCrO rapHI130H y Capl1HpBllt HC 3HaCM, HCTCI1Jl, nOJlO)\(CHI1CTHIKCJlOC». 25-27 (pCap3.JJll K raplillJOHY« Pa3BHJlKallOpOl'» nOnblTaJ1CH npopsaTbCH Jlbl>KHblfi 3CKanpOH. HO BblWJlH TYlla JlItWb Tpl1 06MOPO>KCHHbIX 6011.ua, OCTaJibHblC nor116JlI1 I1J111 nona.n(1 B n/lCH. 26 ¢CBpruUI KOMaHllOBaHUC mpHI130Ha llcMcrru-IOIKHoc ompasl1JlO B wTa6 56-fO Kopnyca panl1orpaMMY: « n OMonnc, wryPMY1ITC npoTIIBHI1Ka, C6POCbTC npo.nYKTOB H nOKypHTb. B'lcpa Tp L1 To pa3BcpHYJIILC b u ynCTeJll1, III1KHOCTI1 nocauKH CaMOJlCTOB Ha J
HIJIH OTpI1U8rCJlbHO. T orll.a KypnlOMoll nonpoCLiJl npOllep>K8TbC5I ewe napy il. HC~ II 06curaJi nOMOutb. H o KO,\taHllOBaIlJIC OKpy>KCHHoro rapHLIJOHa JanpoclIJlO pa3peWClHiC Iia BblXOll 113 OKPY'JKCIHl5l. BOCHI!bli-1 COBCT 15-H apMHl1, nOJlY'lHB B HO'lb Ha 28 ¢CBprul51 pa3peWCHLIC CTasKI I , npl1KaJ
.nBy~l5I rpynna:-"ll1. CCBCPIIYIO B03rJlaBJlHJI KO.\ IaH.nI1P 34-11. TaH KoBofi 6pl1fa.nbl KOM6pu r K OH.npaTbcB, IO)J(HYIO -
Ha'I
llIlBl13~HI n01lKOaHI1K AnCKCCCB, TaK KaK ce KOM3H!lI1P KOM6pllf f.<1> . K OHilpaWCB 6b1.1l paHCH 254)eapa..1S1.. KOMJ.1CC IUI wTa6a ! 5-iI ap~HHI
rr03ilHce KOHCT3T11pOBa."a:
. KoHilpawcB opfaH J.t30HaJi HblXOll O'ICHb n 1l0xo. Lla)f(c 'taCTb KOMaHilHoro COCTaua HC 3HaRa, KaK ll C nOllp3JD.C)1CHIHI BXOIDIT B COCTaa KaKI1X K01l0HH ••• n 1laH BbIXOll.a fibl Jl pa3pa60Tali C pac'lcToM Ha 60;lCC ) ICfKI I ClllbIXO.il CCBCPHOCl KOl IO"llbJ, H KOTOpoil no n JlaHY CJICllOB
BIIHTOHKa~tLll1
pcaoJ]bBcpaMII , KOJlOllti a IIMCJ]a Tpil 3CHIIT-
HMC nyJ1C~!CTHbIC YCTaHOBKH IlllBa-Tpl1 Ta~IKa 6T -7, KOTOPblC npcllrJ O.'lara.rJOCb IlcrrO,l bJOBaTb l UHI nOlUl.Cp A< K II BbiXOlla, tlO B CI1J1Y n1l0xon opraHHJaUlH1 11X HC I1CnOj l b30BaRil ~I l1a)l(C 3a6blJHI npc.nyrr pcllIiTb 3Klma)K11 0 8bIXOllC ••• n p~I Ka3aHJ.1C B ocHHoro COBC Ta 0 n op-Ie Te XH LIKlIlI MaTCpLlaRbHOH'lacTII nOJI HOCTbJO HblOOJlHCHO HC 6b11l0. H CCMOTPSl lIa npJ.1Ka3aH L1c B oeHHoro COBCTa apMIIII, 06Sl3aTC1IbHO B3SlTb C c0601l BCCX 60JlbHbi X L1 paHcHblx, TSI)KCJI 0601lbHbIC II paHC~lbIC 6b1 J1L1 OCTaBJICHbl. npL1'ICM BbIXO.n rapHII30Ha 6 bl1l npcllHaMc-
PCHHO CKpblT OT HIIX ... » fpynna KOHl1P. K OJIl1paweaa BhlHCC,l11 IIJ OKPY)KCHI1S1. 4 MapTa OH 6bl1l apcCToBaH B rocnJ.1TaRC II pacCTpcJ1SlH no npJ.l fOBOPYTPI16YHM
HOap~{CHllca. 3HaMSI. 18-H 51 poc1laBcKoll KpacH03HaMcHHoH lllllUl3m 1 llOCTa.10Cb cpl·IHHaM. n OCJlc OKOH'laHIISI BOrtHbl mIBH3I1Si, KaK yrpaTl1B-
waSi DOCaDe 3 Ii a~ISI , 6blJla p ac¢op~HlpoaaHa. Km., aHilI'p 56~ro crPC,l Konoro Kopnyca KOMlll1B
Ii . H .
4 epcnaHoB 8 MapTa 3aCTpeJl IIJ1C}' .
Ha concwaHIHI 6 anpeJlc 1940
r.
B.H. K ypmm.loB TaK 1'3J1Q)IW J1
C06blTlHI, CBSl 3a HHbiC C rll 6cJlblO 18 ~r, CTPCJlKOHoi1 .ll JlB l13ml J.1 34~i1 JlC rKOTaHKoB0I16p~'riUlbl:
.. Ya cH' l H'BII 3IiH 6bl Jl II 6J10K HpOaaHbl nponIHIBIKOM 6ilO,lb tl0~ porll OT YO"1a llO JlcMeTm (1OIKH oe). a TaKlKe H partO~lax BblCOTb! 104 , 9 , PycKaccT II p a3BI1 J1 KII ilopor 2 KM IOIKHec P ycKaccT. OlHl6blJIII 6 Jl 0KI1poBaHbi B 13 rapHH 30Hax.
D.o
MOMCHTa tP0p.\ HlpOaaHI1H 15~i1
ap"IIH' 3TH 6J10KllpOBalll-l bIC rapHll 30Hbl 'laCTlI'II!O 6blJl 11 yH J[' !TO)KC~ H bl, OCTaJI bH ble nOH CC)I I'1 60JlbWIIC IlOTCPIl.
11 KlllCK 0I1 COCTaU 5bl,1 IIC~
TOWCII , OOHUbl II Ko~mHil llPbl CTpanaJllI (P IIH H060.Sl3HblO 11 K aKTlla~ IIblM 60CBbl.\l .QdlcTBJ-1S1M 6b! J1J-1 lie cIloco6Hbl. n O.ilaBJ1H1o waH ' laCTb TCX liliKII SlBJHlJlaCh o6YJoit llJISi aOikK II He 6hlJ1a I1CnOJl b30Balla . OC06CHHO THIKcnoc nO}I OIKCHHC 6hblO a rapHIIJOHC J1c ~ICTTII (IO)K~ Hoe). 3TOT rap ll['130H , 'IIICJlCHHOCTb KOToporo, n o paJl!blM 11<111111>1 ,\1 , a 3000-3200 'leJl01~C K , 6hln pacnOJ10)KCI I B palloHc lli lowailblO 600800 .\1 Ha 1500 M. n pn'I CM 3<1 1VI 1ITCJlbH hllt CpOK 5JlOKaJlh! (60J1CC .Qllyx ~I CCH uca) II :nOM rapli1l30 He lie 6b1J11I OTPbtTbllla)l(C OKonblllOJll-lOro
npo(lnIJlSl. Bce rocnO!lCT6YIOWH C ablCOTbl B pai1o~lc JlCMCTTII 6hlJIII OT11<1 Hbl nO'1T1-1 Ge3 60H npOHIBHIIKy. B rapH1I 30ll C llap~I JlO nOJlHClt~ wcc 6C3113'larJ ~I C. K OMaliJlOBaH He 18~i1 CTPCJiKOBOI1 m l 81 13 11 11 1I 34~il JlCrKOT
nonKOBHIIKY TOB. AllCKCCCllY II Ha'l3.rlbHIIKY llITa6a
34~ jj Tal'IKoBOJ16pHra11bl TOS. CI-oIlIPHOSY. 168-H CTpcn KOBaH 11 I1 IU!3HSI C IHI'I3.rla aOCHHblX !lel1cTBII fi 6blJla B nOJlyoKpY)KeH'II-1.1 K 13 <1>CSp3.rl51 I-lMeJla nOTcpl1 OKOJ10 6TblCSI'I'IC ~ JlOSCK B 1I1O!lCKOM COCT3SC 11 OKOJ10 50-60% KOHCKoro COCT
Ta K KaK Tpacc a HaXO.il llJlaCb Iloa OruCM npOTl-I BlIlIKa C
MaTcpliKa 116Jl11IKaHIlHIX OCTpOBOB. B !lI-l B113111-l OWYW3.rlCSI HC110CTaTOK np0.ilYKTOB mnfiHJ.lH 11 6oc~ Ilpl1naCOB. 6011l.tbI113 roJlOllaJHlCb, 11X nCIlXHKa 6bUla HafulOMJleHa, npaB~ !la, ~l eHbwe, 4e~1 B 18~ii 111-1S1-13>111 , a n03TmlY iUlBl1311H Morna TOJlbKO 060POIlSlTbCH H lie Gbl,la cnoco6H a K aKTlIllHbI)-.1 6OCBbI~l11erICTBll S1~I. ..
Bcc :3T0 npOH30UUIO nOTO:o.,y, 'ITO KOMalHIOBaHHC 8-tJ apWIIl, a BnOCJlCilCTBlH' KO~laH.ilOBaHLiC IOIKHoii rpynnbl BoiicK 3TOtJ ap:o.1l1H HaXOl U1J10Cb nCUXOllorWICCKIf B nllCHY y npon'SHHKa II, HC O)Kll.aa51 coCPC.aOTO'ICHH5I.aIlBL13I1H, BBO.al1ll0 I1X B 60i1 OT.aC)lbHbI Mll no.apa3.acJlC IH1 SiM I1
~,
'-IaCTSI:o.H1..
B OnCpaTlIBliO.\I OTiiOWCHlI11 HanpallilCHI1C rJlaBHOro y.aapa ap"Il!l1, a .ao 3Toro HanpaBJ1CHL1C rJlaBHoro Ytlapa IO)KHoA rpynnbl BOHeK 8 - 11 apMllll , 6blJlO Bbl6paHo Ilcy.aa'I~JO, ~ICnpaBHJlbHO. B.\ICCTO Toro '1T06bl BbrnOllHSlTb YKa3aHIHI CTaBKII 0 Bblxonc OCHOBHOA rpynmlpOBKLl apMULl Ha J1Cll ll aumKcKoro oJepa il JHI nCI1CTBllt"i B HanpaBJICHHII yb-Im,JlaXTII -
CopTaBfula, BCC yCLIJ111S1 apM ltIt 6blJlll HanpaBJICHbllla cPPOH-
Te 03CpO H HCTSIpBl.1 -
nLHK5IpaHTa , T.C. Ha TOM HanpaBJICHIlI1, fIle B
CBS{)J1 C rpYllHblM pellbecPOM MCCTI!OCTll If YKpe n JlCHHblMll n03I1UIIS{Mli npOTI1BHHKa onepaUfHt 3apaHec 6blJILl 06PC'ICHbJ Ha Hcycnex. E1U1HCTBCHHa51 KO:'I.\IYHIIKaUHSI apMIU1 1l01ieAHOC n Olle -
n l1TKSlpall-
m HaXO.!lL1JlaCb B lIeY.!lOBJICTBOPI-ITCJJbHOM COCTO~IHHII H He MorJla oGeenC'II1Tb .\ Iaccosoro .!lBII)KC HI1S1 aSTorpaHcnopTa. HHHbI aKTltBHblX .!lCACTBJ.1H Ha
3-5
KM O.!llla OT npyroH. Bcc OHI1 6blJUt 060py.!l0-
BaHbl cPmlHaMIl cwc B MHpHOC BPCMSI II COCTOIIJlI1 113 npOBOJlO'-lHbLX 3arpa)f(l(CHIII1. a
5-10
pHnoB, npOTlIBOTallKoBblX paOB, MHHHblX no-
JlCH 11 D.CpemIH~JO -3CMJl5lHbIX cOOPY)KCHI1H nOJleBoro Tllna, YCIIJleHHblX KaMHHMII». To, 'ITO npOJ130WJ10 C OCTaBJleHHblMH rpynnoH K OHilpaTbclla 120-10 TSI::+::CJlOpaIICHbIMIl, IIHa'IC KaK BapBapCT60M HC Ha30BCWb. Koma coaeTCKHC BO~CKa nOCJlC 3aKJIIO'-ICHHSI Mupa BepHYJll.1Cb B part:011 llcMCITI1. , oTOwcnw~IH K CCC P , TO JaCTaJll1 )KyrKylO KapTl1Hy. H cKOTOPblC 3CMJlHHKH 6blJlll Ja6pocaHbl rpaHaTa~H1 , .n.pymc CO)J{)KeHbl.
06ropcl3w~IC CKeJlCTbI coXpaUI1 J1LI CJlCnbJ KOl llO'ICfi npOBOJlOKI1., KOTopM16c33aUHlTllbiX JllOllC~ npllKpyrllnH K HapaM. CoentlHCHI1H 8-11 apM LlL! nOHCCJlI.l T5I::+::CJlbre nOTcpl!. 168-R CTpCJlK0[3,HlllI1BH3fHI KpOMe TpCX 6aTaJlbOHOB, YIHl'-lTO)KCHHbIX B PYCKaeCT, nOTepHl la 7 TbICR'1 '-ICnOBCK y61Hb1MI-l , paHCHbJMI1. 11 nponaBwn.\tl t 6C3 BeCTI1. 18-51 CTpellKOBaH .!lltBI1311H nOTepHJ13 12 TbICH'1 'lCJlO-
BCK, a
34-11 TaH KOBaH
6pl1raaa -
1800.
""07
cDL1HHbJ TalOKC nOHCCJ1I1 60J1bJllJ.1C nOTCpll. Y aCTJ.1 13-n neXOTHOn iH1BH31111 , cpa)+(aSllllleC5I B n pU J1a1l0)+(CKoi1 K ape J1 JH1 , norcpHII li 1171 'Je..10BeKa yGHTbJ.\H1 . 31 55 paHCHbJ M~1 H 158 npon aBlllHMH 6C3 BCcrli. n pl111aHHblc 13-11 JlllB~1 3IHl 64-11 nexonlblr, naIlK, crcpCKUC, napnlJaHCKI1C ~l CnCun aJlbHhlC 6aTaJlhOHbi H cancpHblC POTbl nOTcpH111-1924 'lCJlOBeK a y6I1TbIM !1 , 2460 paHcHblMl1 11 102 nponaBlllllM l 1 6C 3 BCCTIl . n orcpl1 36-ro ncxorHoro nO;IKa !2-n ncxoTHol1 .uIlBH3J.1~1 coCTaBHJ1Il 253 'ICJlOBCKa y6 11Tbi MII , 763 paHclibl M ~1 11 67 nponaBJll!IM ll 6C3 BCCTll, a 35-ro ncxoTHoro nOJ1Ka TOr, )+(C n I1B I 1 3~1I1 , CQOrseTCTBCHHO, 261, 470 11 27 'lcnOBCK. B ccro
12-51
ncxoniaSi 11I1BI131-1S1. rJlaBHblC
CI1J1bl Koropofl ncikTBOBaJl ll Ha Jl0l1MOJ10BCKOM HanpaBJICHHI1 , B~!CC TC C npUllaH H blM I1 en 'laCTHMll 11 nonpa3.llCJ1CHII5IMH norcp5lJ1a 1458 'ICJlOBeK y6 l1 TblMI1. 3860 paHCHblMI1 Ii 220 nponaBWI1).H1 Ge3 BCCTI-! . TOJlbKO B Ha'lane MapTa 1940
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Hble rollbl , 11 B XOllC BTOpoli MHPOBOCl HOC llllO CCPble 11J1J.1 UBeTa cPeJlbilrpay repM
1935
r., H 'lCXOCJlOBallKl1e J.l11a)Ke lITaJ1b5lHCKl1e. B I111!t1ltlO,
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npl1lUl""bl~ 1l1
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llait1Li, 6blJla WHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHCllHblitl B BOI'kKax OCCHHI1M 1131lMHII.\! rOJ10BHbiM y60pOM . KOl lnaK WanKI1 H~ICJl CTer
· .. KOIKaHbIC Ita Mexy llep'!aTKI1 11 pyK(lBI1Ubl, BSI3aHble llBOHH blC nep'laTKL1, BapC)[(KI1 ('laCTO YKpaweHHblC Y30pal'oHl), wap¢bl llOM3WHCH BH3KII Ha (PPOlne HOCI1J1H BCC 'IIlHbl. 0cPolllePCKIIC ncp'laTKI1 6bl}lJ.l 06b1'IHO 013 Kop>!'lHCaOH KO)[(I1. YTenJlCllHaH KypTKa nilla 6YUIJlaTa C ~lexOllblM aopOTHIIKOM KpblTa 6blna CCpOH apMc i1cKOH napyclHloii-nJlaWCBKoH. flay60pTHMI 3aCTC)J(Ka Ha 'lCTblpC nyrorUlllbl IlbtnOJ1HHJl aCb
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1939-1940
rr.
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1940 r. (!)
"YwallKa 6blJla ropa:JIlO TCnJlee I-!
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nOnWJlCM~HlKOM
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JlI060ro Mop03a»~4 . YCpC 3 HCCKOJlhKO HCllCJlb nOCJlC Ha'laJia aOHHb! Y HaUll1X 6o~j uoe CTam! n05l BJlHTbCH OS'II1HHblC ny6JleHble nOJlywy6 KH . MC)[(AY npO'lHM , 3TOT nOJlywy6oK 6blJllmCllCH B PKKA ...
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1932 r.
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16 anpeJiH 1940 r.
B UK BK n (6) KopnycllblH KO-
MI-ICCap, ~la'I3",HbHI1K cHa6)f(CHlH! KpacHot1 apMlt1i A.B. XpYJlca rOBOplln : "K Ha'lMY Boi1Hbl C cPJ.1HHaMH J1cHIlHrpaucKL1H BoeHHblii oKpyr H CCBCPHblC ap~HlLl11CikTaI1TeJlbHO HC 6blJIi1 06ccne'lCHbl pa3J1H'IHOro pona I1MylllCCTBOM 1l110BOJIhHO 60) l bWOM KOllH'ICCTBe II OC06CHHO 3Ta Hc06ecnC'leHHOCTb CKa3aJlaCb B TCnJlblX scwax 'ICpC3 HeCKO;lbKO mlcn nOC;le Ha'iana BOrtHbl. n pWICM oc060 owywa.oUt OCTpOTy HaWIi llol1CKa B BaJleHKaX .. COBeplllcHHo npaSlIlIbHO OllHa)f(llbl TOB. CTam !H YKa3bIBaJl, 'ITO Mbl HC YMCCM paCnOpH)f(aTbCH OnCpaTl1llHO CBOliM H~lywecTBOl'o!, KOTOPOC y Hac HMCCTCH. 3TO nOllTBCp>K.D.aCTCSl HCOCTlOpJ1MO Ca~!I1Mll u>!cPpa,\Hl.
30 Hos!6pH B apMllI1 1579 TbJC. nap BCliJCHOK, npu'IC,\ j OH~! HaXODl111HCb: 115 TbIC. nap - e MOCKOBCKOM OKpyre, 258 . Tb!C . nap - B llcHHHrpa1lCKOM oKpyrc , 220 TbIC. - B 6ClIOpYCCKOM YtM ClIOCb Ha
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I) 3cKaiJpa EamrluikKOZO rPJlOma: a) m mcl1HblC Kopa6J!J1 «OKTSl6pbcKaSl PCBOJl IOUIUI» II c Mapa~ ( KpoHUmlAT); 6) COCTOHBWHr, npM JlI!HCtiHblX Kopa6J1 S1X 3-11 llHBLI3HOH 3CKaJlpCIIHblX :-'HIHOHOCUCB B COCTasc mlTiI CTapblX MHHOHOCLICB «KapJl MapKc» , « BoJlonapc Kllii» , «3Hre.'l bc», «APTCM», «J]CHml » (KpoIIwraJlT, J]Y)KCKaSl ry6a); B) OTPRIl. JlC fKI-iX CHJl: Kpeiicep « K ~!pos» (fhI6aBa); Jl Hllepbl «J]c mlHrpan» Ii «MIiHCK»;
I-Ii HHBH3110H 3CKanpeHHblX
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«rHeBlibllf» > «rOPllbl~l » l-l « rpo -
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6) 13-" ltl1B U3UOH nOltBOllHblX nODOK S COCTaBe Tpex ROHOK: C-I, C-2, C-3 (TarlJlI.fH); 16-r'.1lIlBI13HOH nOHBO.1lHblX JlOnOK B COCTaBe TpeX RonOK: C-4, C-5, C-6 (JIHGusa). B) 21- H H I1 BH3110H nOHBOllHblX nOltOK B COCTaBC Tpex JlOUOK
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