Методические указания и контрольные работы по английскому языку для студентов-заочников III курса исторического факультета. Выпуск 6

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Ростовский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов

Методические указания и контрольные работы по английскому языку для студентовзаочников III курса исторического факультета

Выпуск 6

Ростов-на-Дону 2002

Методические указания обсуждены и утверждены на заседании кафедры английского языка гуманитарных факультетов

Протокол №

2

от 13.09.2002 г.

Составители: ст. преподаватель Акопова А.С. ст. преподаватель Шелковникова С.В.

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Методическая записка

Настоящие «Методические указания» предназначены для студентов 3 курса (6 семестр) заочного отделения исторического факультета РГУ и являются продолжением аналогичных «Методических указаний» (выпуски 1 – 5). Поскольку они построены идентично предыдущим выпускам, требования,

предъявляемые

к

выполнению

контрольной

работы,

изложенные в предыдущих выпусках, в настоящих «Методических указаниях» не повторяются. В данном выпуске предусмотрены 5 вариантов контрольного задания № 6. Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольное задание № 6, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал: 1. Эмфатические конструкции It was … that; It was not until … that. 2. Complex sentence, союзы, соединяющие его части; предлоги. 3. Неличные формы глагола Infinitive и Infinitive Constructions; Gerund и Gerundial Constructions; Participle I и Participle II, Participial Constructions.

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Контрольное задание №6 Вариант 1 I.

Перепишите

и

письменно

переведите

предложения,

обращая

внимание на перевод эмфатических конструкций It is…that и It was not until… 1. It was Cicero (Цицерон) who proclaimed Herodotus “the father of history”, but we might go further and proclaim him the father of European prose. 2. In Britain prehistoric man kept to the dry chalk uplands, not because they were the richest but because they were the best he could occupy with the tools at his disposal, and it was not until the advent of the great iron axe that the richer but more heavily timbered lowlands were conquered. 3. It is only within last fifty or sixty years that historians have examined Magna Carta critically as a feudal document and discovered its real meaning and importance. II.

Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных предлогов и союзов.

1. As an official Confucius (Конфуций) became known as a zealous reformer, as a scholar he mastered history and philosophy. 2. Thanks to the devotion of Confucius’ followers, we possess a detailed picture of Confucius the man, as well as a voluminous record of the sayings of the sage. 3. Confucius was interested neither in where man came from before his birth nor where his soul departed after death. 4. For three years his disciples mourned beside his tomb, so that in death the fame of the sage went abroad throughout the land.

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III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивайте в них неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle), определите их форму и функцию и переведите эти предложения на русский язык. 1. The committee began to work out a resolution to be presented to the conference. 2. Reports of unidentified flying objects date back three thousand years… In the early days of the Roman Empire, a round object that looked like a globe or a shield was said to have been seen moving across the sky. 3. ,Since the days of the Saxons and Vikings the English national character has seemed to be that of an independent, freespoken people possessing a very strong instinct for personal liberty. 4. Perfectibility of man is the doctrine, advanced by Rousseau (Руссо) and other, that people are capable of achieving perfection on earth through natural means, without the grace of God. IV.

Прочитайте и устно переведите 1, 3 и 5 абзацы из следующего текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 6 абзацы.

Thomas Paine (1737-1809) 1. Thomas Paine, the most democratic writer of Enlightenment in America, was an international revolutionary publicist whose works served three countries: America, England and France. His fiery ardor flamed like a beacon guiding patriots in trying times and was a battle-cry during the war. 2. Th. Paine was born in Norfolk, England, in a family of poor artisans. At an early age he became interested in Newtonian Science and social philosophy. His father could not afford to give him an education, so, aged 16 he went to sea and served two years as a sailor. When he returned to England, he found employment in Sussex as a tax-collector. In 1773 he went to London as a representative of his fellow-workers to petition Parliament for better wages. The result of this “civil revolt” was that he lost his job. 5

3. About this time Paine met Benjamin Franklin in London and Franklin noted his unusual talents With a letter of recommendation from Franklin Paine sail for America. In Philadelphia he began to work for the “Pennsylvania Magazine”. In 1776, when relations between Britain and the colonies were drawing to a crisis, Paine’s famous

pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared, in which he urged a

declaration of independence. At the outbreak of the American army. 4. During the military campaigns between 1776-1783 Paine wrote 16 pamphlets dealing with the revolutionary war, under the general tittle “The American Crisis”. After the war Paine found himself out of work, but later he was given a little farm in New Rochell, where he attempted to design an iron bridge without piers. He went to London and Paris to find someone interested in bridge-building. But the political scene of Europe absorbed all his attention. In England he defended the French revolution by writing his now famous pamphlet “The Rights of Man”, in which he tried to open eyes of Englishmen to stupidity of their government. He fled to France to avoid arrest. 5. Paine offered his services to the champions of the French Revolution. He was welcomed as an international figure and was elected an honorary member of the National Convention; but during the tense year of 1793 he opposed the Jacobin dictatorship. In the Luxembourg prison he continued to work on his pamphlet “The age of Reason”. This treatise gave such a rational view on religion that it bordered on atheism. “The age of Reason” was followed by another pamphlet, “Agrarian Justice”, in which Paine developed the idea that land should never be the “common property of the human race”. 6. Released from prison after the death of Robespierre, Paine returned to America. Ignored by all, he retired to New Rochell, but the attacks of the Federalists and reactionary clergymen against him continued till the end of his days. But in working-class circles he was always remembered. Paine’s celebrated annually by the early American labour movement.

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birthday was

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:Why was Pain arrested in France in 1793?

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Контрольное задание №6 Вариант 2 V.

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод эмфатических конструкций It is…that и It was not until… 1. It was the close relation of Britain to Gaul which first attracted the notice of the Romans. 2. It was not till nearly a century later that Roman was ready to digest the new province of Britain. 3. It is the growth and direction of growth of the township, and of social classes within it, that forms the internal history of the period between the English and the Norman conquests.

II.

Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных предлогов и союзов.

1. As we study the past to so we study the history of another country to better understand our own national experience. 2. Though history may make us more aware of the uniqueness of human beings and events, it also allows us to see patterns in the behaviour of people and nations. 3. After the United States Congress prohibited the African slave trade in 1808, the domestic trade became active as farmers in the East shipped slaves to cotton growing areas in the South. 4. By the time Americans Celebrated their first hundred years of independence, the United States was one of the world’s leading industrialized powers.

III.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивайте в них неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle), определите их форму и функцию и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1. The history of the wars and conflict brought on by nationalism in the twentieth century will stand as warnings to allow nationalism to become an extreme force. 2. History in the study of recorded events in the past, but it portrays people confronting forces around them that transcend time. 3. The destruction of the Roman Empire was due to a unique combination of internal and external causes, some of the former especially being very deep rooted and slow in taking effect. 4. By tradition, Good Friday has always been a day of mourning and fasting, for decorating churches with branches of yew and other evergreens, and the ceremonial distribution of gifts to the poor. VI.

Прочитайте и устно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы из следующего текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы. Power and Survival

1. Parliaments were not peculiar to England in the Middle Ages. What is unique about the English Parliament is the way in which it has survived in recognizable form till today, without those interruptions, resolutions and periods of absolute monarchy that have marked the history of its neighbours. 2. Whereas the constitutions of other countries are mostly explicit and embodied in declarations, that of England is riddled with unwritten conditions – either powers that exist on paper but are never exercised or power that have no formal existence but which in fact largely determine political events (e.g. those of the party leaders or the trade unions).

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3. Another factor that makes the British Parliament unusual is its progressive enlargement to take in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, all originally independent kingdoms. Parallel with this national expansion has been a social expansion – the widening of the franchise to include first the property-owning middle class, then the whole adult male population and finally woman. 4. Since then area of controversy has shifted to the House of Lords, whose powers have been progressively curtailed and whose nature significantly changed by the creation of life-peerages. Although voices are still raised in favour of its abolition, the principle of double chamber has proved valuable and has been imitated, in one form or another, in most other parliamentary systems. 5. At home, the question of separate legislatures for Scotland and Wales revived unexpectedly in the 1970s but after all proved to lack widespread support. In Northern Ireland, five centuries of troubled history have culminated in a situation with which successive governments grapple in vain, a Catholic minority determined to join the Republic, a Protestant majority equally determined to remain part of Britain. Neither the ‘mother of parliaments’ nor the unity of the kingdom are themes that can be regarded as closed. V.

Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:Why was Pain arrested in France in 1793?

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Контрольное задание №6 Вариант 3 I.

Перепишите

и

письменно

переведите

предложения,

обращая

внимание на перевод эмфатических конструкций It is…that и It was not until… 1. Though the welsh held tenaciously to the Christianity that they had learned during Roman occupation, it was not from Wales that the conversion of the English came. 2. It was from Rome? And a little later from Ireland by was of Iona, that Christianity reached England. 3. The nearest Roman Christian country, and the one with the greatest influence over England, was France, and it was here that feudalism had made its greatest advances. II.

Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных предлогов и союзов.

1. Though African Americans had gained freedom and limited rights, they remained in poverty for decades following the end of Reconstruction. 2. Until his tragic death on April, 4, 1968, Martin Luther King fought for civil rights for American citizens of all races and nationalities. 3. Abraham Lincoln’s way of speech was direct and unaffected, both in conversation and on the public platform. 4. Throughout his career he tried to act in the spirit of the noble phrase of his second inaugural (1865) – “With malice toward none, with charity for all”

III.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивайте в них неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle), определите их форму и функцию и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1. After World War I, the United States refused to sign the Versailles Treaty and to join the League of Nations. 2. Becoming a leader of the human rights movement, Martin Luther Kind Believed in nonviolent methods. 3. The Latin word Januarius comes from James, an ancient Roman god with two faces, one looking forward and the other back. January is the first month of the year when people look back, remembering the old year, and look forward to the new year. 4. Plunging eastward, Napoleon met Kutuzov’s forces at Borodino, a 100 kilometers west of Moscow, where on August 26 was fought the greatest battle of the campaign. IV.

Прочитайте и устно переведите 1, 3 и абзацы из следующего текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы. MAGNA CARTA

1. King John set his seal to the Charter, called “Magna Carta” on June 15th, 1215. Much has been written about Magna Carta. The truth about it is quite simple: it was an assertion of English customs made by the barons against a king who had promised to abide by those customs and had broken the spirit of his promise in the years 1213, 1214 and 1215. The statement of the rights which an English king should, by custom, allow to his subjects was made in a charter of sixty-two clauses or chapters. 2. Magna Carta itself was a reactionary document recapitulating what was considered to be ancient custom. But the means by which it was to be forced on 12

the king were nothing short of revolutionary: the Crown was virtually made the servant of twenty-five barons. It was this aspect of the Charter which lawyers in later centuries were to praise as giving the people of England a right to rebel when they thought fit. 3. Magna Carta was renewed more than thirty times by later kings. Hundreds of years later, lawyers tried to read into it modern principles. It is important not only for what it is but for what later ages made of it. 4. John was not the man submit for long to the humiliation. Persuading Innocent III, now his ally, to annual the Great Charter, he set out, throwing law to the winds, to subdue all England by force. In this audacity John, by his consummate generalship, nearly succeeded. The odds in 1216 were heavy against him: Prince Louis, the French king’s son who was now offered the English Crown by the barons, was in London with an army. John’s garrison still held Dover… John himself set out on a lightning campaign to cut off the other approaches to London. He captured Windsor and secured the road to London from the west. He slashed his way to Lincoln and won the Great North Road. Setting out then for London he won a victory at Lynn. 5. The burghers of Lunn gave a feast to the victors that night. When John left Lynn he was ill, and insisted on crossing the Wash before the tide was fully out. In the quicksands of the Wash every wagon-load of his baggage sank. John was broken; he managed to make his way to Newark, where he died on October, 19th , 1216. V.

Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:How many times was Magna Carta renewed?

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Контрольное задание №6 Вариант 4 I.

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод эмфатических конструкций It is…that и It was not until…

1. It was in England that the Black Death came, increasing the pace of developments and touching off many of the latent antagonisms of the countryside in the Fourteenth Century. 2. It was in Wales that the Norman Conquest began first and was most thoroughly carried out. 3. It was the end of the war in Burma (1826) that brought a period of peace and a rapid expansion of British trade in India. II.

Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных предлогов и союзов.

1. The conquest of England by the Normans can be regarded both as the last of the hostings of the Northmen and the first of the Crusades. 2. It is reasonable to suppose that the displacement of the British rural population either by slaughter or migration must have been correspondingly great during the Anglo-Saxon invasion. 3. While Norse sagas suggest that Viking sailors explored the Atlantic coast of North America down as far as the Bahamas, such claims remain unproven. 4. The found items – cups from Syria and Samarkand, a bottle from Central Asia, Chinese porcelain – are of exceptional importance from historical point of view, since they shed light on the geography and nature of Muscovy’s trade relations.

III.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивайте в них неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle), определите их форму и функцию и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1. Freedom to learn, to think, to speak, and to publish are among the basic elements of a democratic way of life. In the seventeenth century, these freedoms were restricted throughout most of Europe. 2. Slave production is always wasteful and the Roman slave army always failed to reproduce itself, this failure producing a recurrent depopulation both in the provinces and at the center. 3. The main result of the Anglo-Saxon invasion, with its involved movements and incessant warfare, was to mix and remix conqueror and conquered in an infinite variety of combinations. 4. Augustine, who landed in Kent in 597, was sent by Pope Gregory the Great under whom a marked religious revival, accompanied by much missionary enthusiasm, was taking place. IV.

Прочитайте и устно переведите 1, 3 и абзацы из следующего текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы. The English Spirit

1. Something upon which both observers and native Englishmen seem to be agreed is that moderation, the avoidance of extremes, the choice of a middle way, are among the essential qualities of Englishness. 2.

English Christianity, even in the Middle Ages, was included to pursue a path of its own and when, in the ages of Luther, every country in Europe seemed faced with a choice, England typically chose both – or neither: a Protestant church with a hierarchy of bishops, a Catholic church without a pope. The via media worked out by Henry VIII and Cranmer has evident suited the English 15

temperament, since it survives with little change until today. Structured and yet flexible, undemanding yet capable of accommodating deep spirituality, it exhibits the supreme merit of English institutions: it work. 3. Is there a via media in the arts? Certainly England has avoided some extremes here too, some would say to her detriment. There is no English Michelangelo, or Bernini, or El Greco, nor even an English Dante or Dostoevsky. Only rarely has a social-elite or a court been the center of patronage; even more rarely has there been an intellectual elite setting the standards by which art and literature were to be judged. 4. In England the appeal has always been to the experience of ordinary men. Themes and values have been predominantly bourgeois; people have been more interesting than ideas; and humour has percolated into almost every genre in a way that has often puzzled foreign critics. The great exception to all this, of course, is Romanticism, which the English helped to invent; but even here they refused to go too far – there is no English Wahner. 5. Most of what has been quoted as typically English, it will be noted, is postReformation. That even cut England off from the mainstream of continental culture and accentuated the individualism that had been merely latent before. It is arguable that this phase is now coming to an end, and that in religion, in the visual arts and in literature, the gap between what is English and what belongs to Western civilization is narrower than at any time since the Middle Ages. Via media – средний путь

V.

Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:What was great exception to a via media?

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Контрольное задание №6 Вариант 5 I.

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод эмфатических конструкций It is…that и It was not until…

1. The British Government prohibited the Slave trade which was ceasing to be economic for West Indies sugar plantations in 1807, but it was not till 1834 that slavery was abolished in the Empire. 2.

It was this period that ended with an attempt to conquer Afghanistan, where the first rumors of the Russian penetration of Central Asia were making themselves heard.

3.

It was the building of railways and roads in India that found the whole country into an economic unity it had never before possessed and gave it the beginnings of a political unity, if made possible for the first time a real struggle for national independence.

II.

Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод выделенных предлогов и союзов.

1.

One of the holiest days of Christendom is Easter. It is either in March or April, and millions of people joyously observe Christ’s resurrection.

2.

While other European nations chose to adopt the Jewish name for the feast of the Passover, the English preferred to keep the word “Easter” derived from the name “Eostre”, goddess of spring.

3.

Since the last days of Christ coincided with the Jewish Passover feast and since the Jewish calender consisted of 12 lunar months, with (periodically) an extra month inserted to bring it in line with the solar calender, the date of the new Christian festival, like that of the Passover shifted from year to year.

4.

Thus Easter has remained a movable date, falling anywhere between March 22 and April 25.

III.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивайте в них неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle), определите их форму и функцию и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1.

The name of the Duke of Normandy was famous throughout the feudal world, and the idea of seizing and dividing England commented itself to the martial nobility of many lands.

2.

On September 28, 1066, the fleet of the Duke of Normandy came safely to anchor in Pevensey Bay, England, there being no opposition to the landing.

3.

The Normans introduced into England a body of written and rigid feudal law which was the expression of an intensified exploitation that tended to force all cultivators into the one mould, that of serfs, “possessing nothing but their own bellies” as the saying went.

4.

In 1894 Prince Nikolai Scherbatov, while searching for the legendary “Liberia” (Ivan the Terrible ’s library), discovered Oriental dishes dating back to the 14th and 15th centuries, buried in the basement of the Annunciation Cathedral.

IV.

Прочитайте и устно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы из следующего текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 5 абзацы. THE VICTORIANS

1. The time is long past when Victorian meant everything prudish, sentimental, and conventional. Now that we know more about them, we can see that the surface of respectability the Victorians presented was often only a protective convenience covering feelings and conduct not unlike our own. Under it 18

many of them lived privete lives as freely as bearded young rebels today. The beard itself is a Victorian revival, cultivated with the same mingling of exhibitiounism and concealment, and in dress clothes the modern youth imitates the fashionable young man of 1870. But in much more fundamental ways the Victorian world offers stiking papallels with our own. 2. The technological revolution the Victorians were born into was inits way as violently disruptive as that of our atomic age. Application of the steam engine to machinery early in the nineteenth century had drawn millions of people from rural cottage and hand loom to work in factories. Even more sharply than ours, their world was divided between” the two nations” the rich and the poor. 3. In the towns workers lived in unspeakable slums near the factory, and the owner in his spacious house on the hill above, away from the smoke and filth and noise. Efforts to form unions or associations to bargain with employers met with brutal opposition. Thousands of unemployed workers demonstrated in the streets of the cities; in the country starving farmhands set fire to ricks and barns. Heavy-handed justice, which sentenced culprits to long terms at hard labour, transportation, or even death, failed to end the violence. 4. The employers belonged to the great middle class that arose during the Industrial Revolution, when, with the Continent embroiled in the Napoleonic wars and blockaded by her Navy, England made herself the workshop of the world. The two traits that dominated the middle class are the same ones for which the younger generation today repudiates its bourgeois background: materialism and respectability. 5. There are in history certain periods of cultural pre-eminence which, though they belong to the older, are the synthesis of this order, yet reveal the origins and nature of the new institutions in process of formation. During such periods the level of cultural development attained is the ripe expression of the civilization that is passing. The Age of Pericles, as that of Augustus, or the Elizabethan Age, each in its way offers an example of a rich culture that has 19

left a deep imprint on the history of mankind as a high-water mark of civilization. Such an epoch was the Victorian Age.

V.

Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:What way was the Victorian world divided between?

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