Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: природопользование: Методические указания. Часть II

ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÙÅÃÎ È ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÑÈÒÅÒ ÂÎËÆÑÊÈÉ ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÛÉ ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÊÀÔÅÄÐÀ ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÕ ßÇÛÊÎÂ

ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÉ ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÈ: ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ×àñòü II

Âîëãîãðàä 2000

Ñîñòàâèòåëè: êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. Òàðàñîâà Ëþäìèëà Àëåêñàíäðîâíà ïðåïîäàâàòåëü Êèðþøèí Âàëåíòèí Èâàíîâè÷

Ðåöåíçåíò: êàíä.ôèëîë.íàóê, äîö. À.Þ. Ïîäãîðíàÿ Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åíîãî ñîâåòà ôàêóëüòåòà Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé êîììóíèêàöèè: ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå: Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ. ×àñòü II / Ñîñò. Ë.À. Òàðàñîâà, Â.È. Êèðþøèí. — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2000 ã. — 32 ñ. Äàííàÿ ðàáîòà ñîäåðæèò òåêñòû ïî òåìàòèêå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è óïðàæíåíèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ðàçâèòèå íàâûêîâ îñìûñëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, à òàêæå íàâûêîâ óñòíîé ðå÷è â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî îáùåíèÿ. Ïðåäíàçíà÷àåòñÿ ñòóäåíòàì I êóðñà èíñòèòóòà, îáó÷àþùèìñÿ ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè “Ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå”.

© Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2000

UNIT 4 THE SEVEN SEAS The World’s ocean is the largest unexplored territory we have left. It covers 71 percent of the earth. Nevertheless we know very little about it. In 1872 an English shi p, the Challenger began her threeand-a half-year voyage around the world. Thanks to this journey princi ples were laid of oceanographic studies for the next half century. During this voyage the Challenger has been almost in every important corner of the world’s ocean. Only six scientists on her board established 362 observing «stations». Measurements were taken of chemical composition and temperature of water, direction and speed of the surface and deep-sea currents. There were collected samples of water and ocean bed as well as of plant and animal life and about 5 000 kinds of which had been never known before. The oceans influence the global climate greatly, they cool and water the earth, warm the colder regions, and keep the air we breath fresh and pure. It is well known that the water holds 3 000 times more heat than the air, so the ocean is the huge container of the earth’s heat energy. There are two main qualities of the ocean water. They are temperature and salinity. The third important factor of quality is air pressure. The temperature of the sea water varies considerably throughout the world ocean. In some parts of the ocean the surface temperature can vary from -20C in the arctic regions, to 300C in the hot climates of he world. How can water remain at —2 degrees without freezing? The secret is that the water contains salt, which gives it a lower freezing point than the 00C at which «usual» water freezes. The warmest water in the world is in the Red sea — 320C. — almost hot to the touch. The Indian Ocean is also very warm with average temperatures of 270C. But 90 per cent of the world ocean is cold, always below 4.50C. The ocean is deep, most of it is two miles deep. The reason of sea water salinity is that salt and minerals are washed from the rocks on land and discharged to the ocean by rivers, streams and rain. The water salinity depends on how warm the water is and how much surface water is transforming into vapour. The Red Sea contains about 40 parts of salt to 1 000 parts of water. The cold waters are freshest, for very little of their water changes to vapour. 3

It is supposed, that the world ocean contains every known element, though only about 52 percent (including hydrogen and oxygen) have been discovered. The ocean is rich in gold, silver, iron and tin. Nowadays the ocean is a source of large biological resources. It produces 12 -15% of animal protein and 3 — 4% of fat of world consumption. Oceanographers are engaged in collecting and analyzing data on waves, tides, and currents; plant and animal life; and chemical composition and relations of the sea. They deal with maps, graphs, tables, charts, and reports. Oceanographers use hitech devices such as computers and underwater cameras, sampling devices, and other exploration equi pment. The demand estimation for oceanographers is about to grow from 12% to 25% through the 2000s.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY globe [gloub] brave [breiv] crew [kru:] warm [w :m] breath [bre ] fresh [fre ] pure [‘pju ] blow [blou] across [ ‘kr s] stream [stri:m] salt [s :lt] iron [‘ai n] tin [tin] tota [toutl] table [teibl] wave [‘weiv] rock [r k] ice [‘ais]

- çåìíîé øàð - õðàáðûé - ýêèïàæ - òåïëûé - äûõàíèå - ñâåæèé - ÷èñòûé - äóòü - âäîëü - ïîòîê - ñîëü - æåëåçî - îëîâî - èòîãî - òàáëèöà - âîëíà - ñêàëà - ëåä

nevertheless [,nev‘les] In points of fact voyage [‘v id ] research [ri’s :t ] establish [is’t bli ] spread [spred]

issue [‘isju:] - âûïóñêàòü (êíèãè) journey [‘d :ni] - ïóòåøåñòâèå explore [iks’pl :] - èññëåäîâàòü around [ ‘raund] - âîêðóã huge [‘hju:d ] - ãðîìàäíûé mix [miks] - ñìåøèâàòü receive [ri’si:v] - ïîëó÷àòü prove [pru:v] - äîêàçûâàòü surround [s ‘raund] - îêðóæàòü reason [‘ri:zn] - ïðè÷èíà chill [t il] - õîëîäíûé observe [ b’z :v] - íàáëþäàòü vapour [‘vei p ] - ïàð, èñïàðåíèÿ freeze [‘fri:z] - çàìåðçàòü source [s :s] - èñòî÷íèê touch [‘t t ] - êàñàòüñÿ demand [di’ma:nd] - ñïðîñ cientist [‘sai ntist] - ó÷åíûé

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òåì íå ìåíåå â ñàìîì äåëå ìîðñêîå ïóòåøåñòâèå èññëåäîâàòü óñòàíàâëèâàòü ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü(ñÿ)

measurement [‘me m nt] change [‘t eind ] sample [‘sa: pl] surface [‘s :fis] deep-sea [‘di:p’si:] current [‘k r nt] salinity [s ‘liniti] discharge [dis’t a:d ] include [in’klu:d] amount [ ‘maunt] oxygen [‘ ksid n] vary [‘v ri] depend [di’pend] transform [tr ns’f :m] contain [k n’tein] melt [melt] tide [‘taid] relation [ri’lei n] to deal with chart [t a:t] hi-tech devices sampling device estimation [,esti’mei n] form [f :m] average [‘ v rid ] believe [bi’li:v] although [ :l ou] hydrogen [‘haidr d n] discover [dis’k v ] nowadays [‘nau dei ] resources [ri’s :siz] animal [‘ nim l] protein [‘prouti:n] fat [f t] consumption [k n’s mp n] engage [in’geid ] exploration [ekspl :’rei n] equi pment [ik’wi pment] her

- èçìåðåíèå - èçìåíÿòü(ñÿ) - îáðàçåö - ïîâåðõíîñòü - ãëóáîêîâîäíûé - òå÷åíèå - ñîëåíîñòü - âûãðóæàòü, âûëèâàòü - âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ - êîëè÷åñòâî - êèñëîðîä - âàðüèðîâàòüñÿ - çàâèñåòü - ïðåâðàùàòüñÿ - ñîäåðæàòü, âìåùàòü - ïëàâèòüñÿ, òàÿòü - ïðèëèâ è îòëèâ - îòíîøåíèå - èìåòü äåëî ñ - ìîðñêàÿ êàðòà, äèàãðàììà - ñîâðåìåííàÿ àïïàðàòóðà - óñòðîéñòâà - îöåíêà - îáðàçîâûâàòü - ñðåäíèé - âåðèòü, ïîëàãàòü - õîòÿ, åñëè áû äàæå - âîäîðîä - îòêðûâàòü - â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ - ðåñóðñû - æèâîòíîå - áåëîê - æèâîòíûé æèð - ïîòðåáëåíèå - íàíèìàòü, îáÿçûâàòü - èññëåäîâàíèå - îáîðóäîâàíèå - çä. êîðàáëü (â àíãë. ÿç. êîðàáëü æåíñêîãî ðîäà) 5

EXPRESSIONS deep-sea currents ocean bed as well as water the earth to keep the air fresh and pure main quality throughout the ocean can vary freezing point to the touch transform into vapour to be rich in to be engaged to deal with demand estimation to be about to grow through the 2000s

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ãëóáîêîâîäíûå òå÷åíèÿ äíî îêåàíà à òàêæå îðîøàòü, óâëàæíÿòü çåìëþ çä. ñîõðàíÿòü (ïîääåðæèâàòü) âîçäóõ ñâåæèì è ÷èñòûì - îñíîâíîé ïîêàçàòåëü, ôàêòîð - çä. âî âñåì îêåàíå - ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ, âàðüèðîâàòüñÿ - òî÷êà çàìåðçàíèÿ - íà îùóïü, ïðè ïðèêîñíîâåíèè - ïðåâðàùàòüñÿ â ïàð - áûòü áîãàòûì (ïîëåçíûìè èñêîïàåìûìè) - áûòü çàíÿòûì - èìåòü äåëî ñ êåì-ëèáî, ñ ÷åì-ëèáî - îöåíêà ñïðîñà íà - îæèäàåòñÿ ðîñò - ê 3-ìó òûñÿ÷åëåòèþ

GRAMMAR Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Continuous óêàçûâàþò íà ïðîöåññ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì, èëè íà äåéñòâèå ïîñòîÿííîãî õàðàêòåðà, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå íåïðåðûâíî â òå÷åíèå êàêîãî-òî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè. Ãëàãîëû â ôîðìå Continuous ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê òîëüêî ôîðìàìè ãëàãîëà íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà.  ð å ì å í à ã ð ó ï ï û C o n t i n u o u s, ò.å. Present, Past è Future Continuous (íàñòîÿùåå, ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ïðîäîëæåííîå) îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âðåìåíè, ëèöå è ÷èñëå è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Partici ple) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. 6

I am ¦ He is ¦ reading They were ¦ She will be ¦ Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìû ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì. Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìû îòðèöàíèå not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà. The moon is appearing on the horizon. Is the moon appearing on the horizon? The moon is not appearing on the horizon. Ñ âðåìåíàìè ãðóïïû Continuous îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå óêàçàòåëè âðåìåíè: 1. Present Continuous: now, right now, just now, at the moment, today, this week, (season, month), these days, tonight (this evening). We are discussing this question just now. 2. Past Continuous: at that time, all day (night) long, at five o’clock, the whole evening (morning, afternoon), from six to seven. Yesterday at 5 o’clock I was doing my homework. It was raining the whole evening. 3. Future Continuous: at this time tomorrow (next week, next month), at two o’clock on Monday. I shall still be working at 5 o’clock. Ïðè ïàðàëëåëüíûõ ïðîöåññàõ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîþç while. While I am sun-bathing, my brother is swimming. My friend was putting down the new words while I was writing the exercise. Ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò äåéñòâèå êàê ïðîöåññ, íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ôîðìå Continuous: to be, to have, to see, to hear, to feel, to know, to like, to understand, to seem, to accept, to belong, to contain, to consist, to depend on, to deserve, to hope, to mind, to please, to possess, to prefer, to resemble, to recognize, to result è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå. Do you hear how is singing the bird? Do you feel well now? Step aside, I don’t see the whole picture. Now everybody knows, that you are here.

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Îäíàêî â ñîâðåìåííîì ðàçãîâîðíîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, îñîáåííî êîãäà õîòÿò ïîä÷åðêíóòü îòíåñåííîñòü äåéñòâèÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó âðåìåíè, óêàçàííûå ãëàãîëû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ôîðìå Continuous. I am feeling if the water isn’t too cold. How are you liking it? Are you forgetting manners? Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äëèòåëüíûõ äåéñòâèé â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè, â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ â ð å ì å í è è ó ñ ë î â è ÿ âìåñòî Future Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Continuous. If you are sleeping when I return, I shall wake you up. If he is still making his experiments when you come, help him. Present Continuous ãëàãîëà to go â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âû-ðàæåíèÿ íàìåðåíèÿ ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè óâåðåííîñòè ãîâîðÿùåãî â îñóùåñòâëåíèè äåéñòâèÿ â áóäóùåì. Òàêîå ñî÷åòàíèå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ãëàãîëàìè ñîáèðàòüñÿ, íàìåðåâàòüñÿ, èëè ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè. What are you going to do tomorrow? You are going to regret it.

EXERCISES I. Èíôèíèòèâ â ñêîáêàõ ïîñòàâüòå â íóæíîì âðåìåíè Continuous. 1. I (to work) on this project during the past three months. 2. They (to test) a new plant when I entered the laboratory. 3.Tomorrow at this time he (to go) to Rostov. 4. Last year a new bridge across the Volga (to erect) near Volgograd. 5. Russian explorers (to take part) in a wide program of research in the Atlantic ocean. 6. We (to watch) as the shi p (to move) away. II. Îòâåòüòå íà ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû, èñïîëüçóÿ êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: 1. What is water? 2. What is its taste, colour and smell? 3. What are the physical properties of water?

(chemical formula, substance). (tasteless, colourless, without smell) (states of water (solid-ice, gaseous, liquid); boiling point; freezing point).

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4. Water is vital. What for?

(drinking, cooking, washing, agriculture, industry). (rising consumption, pollution). (oil, acids, sulpides, detergents, sand, paper).

5. Why is there water problem? 6. Used water may contain all sorts of pollutants. Name those of major importance. 7. What happens to the used water? Should it be discharged into the water courses?

(purification in sewage treatment works) to prevent pollution of the water courses.

III. Áûñòðî ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê.  ñëó÷àå íåóäà÷è, ñíîâà ïðîñìîòðèòå ñïèñîê ñëîâ â UNIT 3. à) ñêëîí, äåëèòü, òâåðäûé, óäîáñòâî, ïðîñòèðàòüñÿ, âíåøíèé, èçìåíÿòüñÿ, ïîäíèìàòü (âîçâûøàòü), çàêëþ÷àòü (â ñåáå), ïðåäñòàâëÿòü, ïîä (íèæå), ðåëüåô, äåëàòü ïëîñêèì, æèäêèé, çàòîïëÿòü, êðóòîé (ñêëîí), pàâíèíà, ïîñòåïåííî, îäíàêî (òåì íå ìåíåå), öåïü ãîð, êðàé, çàìåòíûé (âûäàþùèéñÿ), ðàñïîëîæåíèå, áàññåéí, âåðøèíà. á) âñòðå÷àòüñÿ (èìåòü ìåñòî), ïîáåðåæüå, âíóòðåííèé, îòìåëü (øåëüô), áîëüøèíñòâî, ñðàâíèòåëüíûé, áîê (ñòîðîíà, ñêëîí), ëåæàòü, òàê êàê (ïîñòîëüêó), öåïü, ãðàíèöà, ìàíòèÿ, öåíòðîñôåðà, ÿäðî, âíóòðåííèé, øèðîêèé, ïðîìåæóòî÷íûé, íåïðàâèëüíîñòü (íåðîâíîñòü), áàðèñôåðà. IV. Ïðî÷èòàéòå, ïåðåâåäèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ñèíîíèìè÷íûå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ: Abundance [ ‘b nd ns] - èçîáèëèå a good/great deal of time a multitude of people a wealth of examples a world of good heaps of things mass of people host of students innumerable books stacks of time in numerous cases V. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ âûðàæåíèÿ, ïðèâåäåííûå â óïðàæíåíèè III. 1. Ó íàñ åùå ìàññà âðåìåíè. 2.  íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå ÿ âèäåë áåñ÷èñëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî êíèã. 3. Îíà ïðèâåëà ìàññó ïðèìåðîâ. 4. Îí ñäåëàë ìíå ìíîãî õîðîøåãî. 5.  ôîéå áûëà ìàññà ñòóäåíòîâ. 6. Ãðóäû âåùåé ëåæàëè â óãëó. 7. Åìó ïîíàäîáèëîñü ïðèëè÷íîå êîëè÷åñòâî âðåìåíè, ÷òîáû ðàçîáðàòüñÿ â îêåàíîãðàôèè. 8. Ó âõîäà ñòîÿëî ìíîãî ñòóäåíòîâ. 9.  áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îíè áûëè ïðàâû. 9

VI. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ñëîâà ‘times’ è îáîðîòà ‘as...as’ : 1. Elbrus is more than two times as high as Hoverla mountain. 2. The gravity of the sun is 28 times that of the earth. 3. We must keep up with times. 4. In past times the climate of the region was quite different. 5. In times to come we expect a new bridge across the Volga. 6. At certain times the sky was overcast with clouds. 7. Five times five is twenty-five. 8. Two times two is four. 9. I have met him in Volgograd at various times. 10. From time to time we watch the partial lunar ecli pse. 11. The Baikal is three times as large as Onega lake. 12. I have been to Samara several times. 13. He reads half as fast as Nick. 14. This substance reacts one third as fast as that one. 15. Volgograd is one fifth as large as Moscow. 16. In 1990 man knew four times as much as he did in 1930 VII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàòèâ âíèìàíèå íà çíà÷åíèå âûäåëåííûõ ñëîâ: 1. Do it by all means, otherwise you’ll not have another opportunity. 2. This examination means a lot for him. 3. Computers are means to accelerate our work. 4. What does this word mean? 5. We mean to write them a letter. 6. His friendshi p means very much for me. 7. The end justifies the means. 8. The means of communication are very important facilities in our time. 9. The scientists took heaps of devices and means to control them. VIII. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ «that of» è «those of»: 1. The length of the Volga is larger than that of the Dnieper. 2. The atmosphere of the earth is denser than that of Mars. 3. The distances between the stars are much greater than those between the sun and the earth. 4.The mass of the moon is about one eighty-first that of the earth. 5. The gravitative pull of the moon upon the earth is greater than that of the other celestial bodies except the sun. 6. The elements which compose the sun and the stars are the same as the ones that compose the earth. 7. The temperature of the sea is much more uniform than that of the land. IX. Óêàæèòå ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò âûäåëåííûõ ñëîâ: 1. People are aware that the development of the country depends on the development of each region. à) ðàçðàáîòêà; á) ïîñòðîåíèå; â) ðàçâèòèå; ã) ðàñêðûòèå.

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2. We are eager to know the most important scientific development of the day. à) ðàçðàáîòêà; á) ïîñòðîåíèå; â) ðàçâèòèå; ã) ðàñêðûòèå. 3. He was provided with all necessary equi pment. à) ñíàáæàòü; á) ïðåäîñòàâëÿòü; â) ïðè óñëîâèè. 4. We’ll go there together provided you come in time. à) ñíàáæàòü; á) ïðåäîñòàâëÿòü; â) ïðè óñëîâèè. 5. Our neighbours have bought a car with a powerful engine. à) ìîùíûé; á) ìîãó÷èé; â) ñèëüíûé. 6. My friend is a powerful fellow. à) ìîùíûé; á) ìîãó÷èé; â) ñèëüíûé. 7. We spent the rest of our money on a shopping spree. à) îòäûõ; á) îñòàëüíîå; â) îñòàòîê; ã) îïèðàòüñÿ. 8. The report rests on many interesting facts. à) îòäûõ; á) îñòàëüíîå; â) îñòàòîê; ã) îïèðàòüñÿ. 9. He returned from the camp quite rested. à) îòäûõ; á) îñòàëüíîå; â) îñòàòîê; ã) îïèðàòüñÿ. X. Íàéäèòå àíòîíèìû: 1. helpful 1. get 2. necessary 2. unimportant 3. charge 3. misunderstand 4. broad 4. increase 5. yield 5. old 6. possible 6. unnecessary 7. understand 7. discharge 8. weak 8. narrow 9. important 9. impossible 10. decrease 10. helpless 11. contemporary 11. strong XI. Îáúÿñíèòå ðàçíèöó â çíà÷åíèè ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé: 1. last 1. at last 2. to accept 2. to except 3. to affect 3. to effect 4. considerable 4. considered 5. before long 5. long before 6. princi pal 6. princi ple 7. successive 7. successful 8. once 8. at once 9. to confirm 9. to conform 11

10. to precede 10. to proceed 11. little 11. a little XII. Âûáåðèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. contamination 1. îïàñíûé 2. sewage 2. âïàäàòü (î ðåêå) 3. pursuit 3. ìóñîð, îòáðîñû 4. hazard 4. çàãðÿçíåíèå 5. discharge 5. ñðåäíèé 6. replica 6. çàíÿòèå 7. remainder 7. ñòî÷íûå âîäû 8. garbage 8. âðåäíûé, óáûòî÷íûé 9. destroy 9. îáðàáîòêà 10. detrimental 10. òî÷íàÿ êîïèÿ 11. treatment 11. ðàçðóøàòü 12. average 12. îñòàòîê XIII. Ïðî÷èòàéòå âñëóõ, ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: to be due to, to remove, to possess, to arrange, to hold, to represent, to occur, to be known as, to assume, to subject, to consist of, to bring, to be going to, to feel, to place, to confirm, equilibrium, limit, composition, property, displacement, term, axis, grain, action, dimension, size, enormous, layer, approximately, equal, as long as, uniformly, whole, provided, gradually, amount, XIV. Ïåðåñêàæèòå äèàëîã: Stanley: First of all, I would like to know how you got to Kenia.» Leonard: I was born in Honiara in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific and I was about ten when we arrived in Kenia. We lived in a quiet suburb on the outskirts of Nairobi, the capital city. Stanley: I don’t know anything about Kenia, but I would like to know what it is like there. Leonard: Gegraphically, there is a big range of different kinds of climates and kinds of vegetation. You get the dry areas and savannahs, and the more humid areas. Nairobi is quite high up and actually gets quite cold. The houses have log fires and at certain times of the year it really quite chilly. On the coast it is hot and wet, but you can drive up to the north and it is a desert. Stanley: What are the people like?

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Leonard: Nairobi is quite cosmopolitan, and there is a big mixture of people. Apart from black Kenians, there is a large Asian community who have been there quite a long time, and a white Kenian community who have been there since the 1930s. There is a big difference between the rich and the poor. XV. Ïåðåâåäèòå òåêñò íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Ïåðåñêàæèòå ïîàíãëèéñêè: There are three states of matter. We know water in all three states. We have solid water which we call ice; liquid water; and a gas which we call steam. When we place a solid in a vessel, it keeps its own size and shape. A liquid does not keep its own shape. It takes the shape of the vessel, but keeps its own size. A gas takes both the size and the shape of the vessel. A solid has a definite size and a definite shape. A liquid has a definite size but no definite shape. A gas has no definite size or shape. These three states depend on the freedom of the molecules to move about. In a solid the molecules move very slowly; in a liquid they move about more freely; in a gas they fly about with great speed. Is this body a solid or not? It is not always easy to answer this question. A piece of pitch seems to be solid but when we place it in a vessel it slowly takes the shape of the vessel. This shows that it really is a very thick liquid. A thin jelly seems more liquid than pitch, but it does not take the shape of its vessel. This means that it is a real solid. XVI. Èñïîëüçóéòå ãëàãîëû â ñêîáêàõ â Past Continuous èëè â Past Indefinite. 1. When I came in they ... (make) an assessment of groundwater reserves. 2. When the manager entered the room the employees ... (calculate) filtration at the base of dams. 3. We ... (to be busy) with studying and prediction of the ground-water regime. 4. Nobody was listening to what he ... (say). 5. At that time our group ... (to form) hydrogeological mapping. 6. Mr. Brown was making a call when his secretary. (bring the morning post). 7. When the specialists arrived the drilling crew ... (to repair) diamond drilling. 8. It was already late when they ... (to reach) the summit. 9. The ball was at its peak when John ...(arrive).10.The shi p ran against arock and ...(sink) quickly.11. It was cold and a strong wind ... (blow from the North). 12. The patient was very ill and people ... (talk in low voices). 13. Last year Russian

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explorers ... (to conduct) a wide program of research in Antarctica. Aircraft ... (to take part) in this research. 14. Our research institute ... (to work) on this problem during the past two years. 15. As it ... (to rain) in the morning yesterday we did not go to the country. XVII. Îòâåòüòå íà âîïðîñû: 1. In what part of the world is the water the warmest? 2. What are the largest unexplored territories we have left? 3. What did the Challenger begin? 4. Can you translate the name «Challenger»? 5. Why do we appreciate the Challenger’s voyage so much? 6. How many «stations» were established by six the scientists of the Challenger? 7. How can water remain at -2 degrees without freezing? 8. What measurements were taken by the crew of the Challenger? 9. How many samples of unknown plant and animal life were collected by the scientists of the Challenger? 10. What are the main qualities of the ocean water? 11. In what manner do the oceans influence the Earth’s climate? 12. What kind of water stays in the surface layers of the oceans? 13. What forms vapours in the upper part of the atmosphere? 14. What is the reason of the winds blowing? 15. Does the sea water vary considerably throughout the world ocean? 16. Within what range does the globe ocean’s surface temperature vary? 17. What chemical elements does the ocean contain?

UNIT 5 THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is a gaseous cover that surrounds the earth and makes up a whole with the earth. The hydrosphere and the atmosphere are constituent parts of what we call the lithosphere. While the atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter, consist mainly of hydrogen and helium, and those of Mars and Venus consist of carbon dioxide, the earth’s atmosphere or air sphere consists princi pally of two gases — 14

oxygen and nitrogen. There are about 21 parts of oxygen and 79 parts of nitrogen. Men and nearly all animals must have oxygen or they cannot live. In the atmosphere there is also a little carbon dioxide. Now plants, trees, grass cannot live without carbon dioxide. Besides oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide there are small quantities of other gases in the atmosphere; by far the most important is moisture or water vapour. The atmosphere has thickness at least 80 kilometers but the upper layers are pressing down on the lower layers, so the air there is much denser and heavier while in the upper layers it is thin or «rarefied». Whatever you do, a column of air at least 80 kilometers high is pressing down upon you. Although you do not feel it, this column of air is exerting a pressure equal to 73,2 kg on every square meter of your body. People who climb high mountains where the air is thin find it very difficult to live and breathe. On the top of Mount Everest (8848 metres) the pressure is much less than one-fifth the one at sea-level and it is almost impossible to live at such a height even for a short time. Even at the sea-level the pressure is not the same at all places. Nevertheless the composition of the air varies slightly with elevation, being a little richer in oxygen and poorer in nitrogen at sea level than at elevations of a few miles. Air is readily separated into its components by fractional distillation of liquid air. If it were a compound, it would all distil over in a single fraction at a definite temperature. One of the first, who discovered the existence of the atmosphere was notable Italian physicist Torricelli. To prove that there is such a thing as a vacuum, he made an instrument consisting of glass tubing 890 mm long, sealed at one end and filled with mercury. Having been inverted in a vessel containing mercury, the tube emptied partly. Then he filled the remaining part of the vessel with coloured water and raised the tube until its outlet was seen to reach the water. The mercury suddenly dropped down from the tube and the water rushed to the very top. The result made it plain that the space in the tube above the mercury was empty. In such a way the existence of atmosphere was proved.

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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY pound (lb.) [paund] inch (in) [int ] foot (ft.) [fut] vapour [‘vei p ] animal [‘ nim l] carbon [‘ka:b n] plant [pla:nt] heavy [‘hevi] height [hait]

- ôóíò - äþéì - ôóò - ïàð - æèâîòíîå - óãëåðîä - ðàñòåíèå - òÿæåëûé - âûñîòà

oxygen [‘ ksid n] nitrogen [‘naitr d n] dioxide [dai’ ksaid] to cover [‘k v ] surface [‘s :fis] to rarefy [‘r rifai] to surround [s ‘raund] envelope [‘enviloup] at least

equal [‘i:kw l]

- ðàâíûé

to press [pres]

square [skw ] to breathe [bri: ]

- êâàäðàòíûé - äûøàòü

pressure [‘pre ] dense [‘dens]

to climb [klaim]

- âçáèðàòüñÿ

column [‘k l m]

coat [kout] upper [‘ p ]

- îáîëî÷êà - âåðõíèé

wherever [w r’ev ] layer [‘lei ]

moisture [‘m ist ] to contain [k n’tein] essential [i’sen l] lithosphere [‘lit sfi ] hydrosphere [‘haidr sfi ] atmosphere [‘ tm sfi ] to picture [‘pikt ] to consist of [k n’sist] princi pal [‘prins p l] to exert [ig’z :t] although [ l’ ou] besides [bi’saidz] level [‘levl] ïîâåðõíîñòü

- êèñëîðîä - àçîò - äâóîêèñü - ïîêðûâàòü - ïîâåðõíîñòü - ðàçðåæàòü - îêðóæàòü - îáîëî÷êà - ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå - æàòü, äàâèòü - äàâëåíèå - ãóñòîé, ïëîòíûé - ñòîëá, êîëîííà - ãäå áû íè - ñëîé, ïëàñò

- âëàãà, âëàæíîñòü - ñîäåðæàòü â ñåáå, âìåùàòü - ñóùåñòâåííûé, îñíîâíîé - ëèòîñôåðà - ãèäðîñôåðà - àòìîñôåðà - ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñåáå - ñîñòîÿòü èç ÷åãî-ëèáî - ãëàâíûé, îñíîâíîé - îêàçûâàòü (äàâëåíèå, âëèÿíèå) - õîòÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà - êðîìå òîãî, ïîìèìî - óðîâåíü, ïëîñêàÿ

EXPRESSIONS to make up a whole by far

- ñîñòàâëÿòü åäèíîå öåëîå - çíà÷èòåëüíî, ñèëüíî, íåñîìíåííî 16

whatever you do

- ÷òî áû âû íå äåëàëè, ÷åì áû âû íå çàíèìàëèñü to press down upon - äàâèòü íà one-fifth the one at sea-level - ñîñòàâëÿåò îäíó ïÿòóþ îò äàâëåíèÿ íà óðîâíå ìîðÿ not the same - íå îäèíàêîâî to be sealed - áûòü çàïàÿííûì ñ îäíîãî êîíöà having been inverted - áóäó÷è ïåðåâåðíóòûì empted partly - áûòü çàïîëíåííûì íå äî êîíöà to the very top - äî ñàìîãî âåðõà to reach the water - çä. îêóíóëàñü â âîäó to make smth. plain - çä. âûÿâèë, ñòàëî ÿñíî in a such a way - òàêèì îáðàçîì

GRAMMAR Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect óêàçûâàþò íà çàêîí÷åííîñòü äåéñòâèÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó âðåìåíè â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì. Ãëàãîëû â ôîðìå Perfect îáû÷íî ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîëàìè ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà.  ð å ì å í à ã ð ó ï ï û P e r f e c t, ò.å. Present, Past è Future Perfect (íàñòîÿùåå, ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå) îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have, êîòîðûé áåðåòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âðåìåíè, ëèöå è ÷èñëå, è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Partici ple) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. I have ¦ He has ¦ done it They had ¦ She will have¦ Past Partici ple ïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñîâïàäàåò ïî ôîðìå ñ Past Indefinite; Past Partici ple íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ðàçíûìè ñïîñîáàìè è îáû÷íî ïðèâîäÿòñÿ â òàáëèöàõ. Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìû ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì. Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìû îòðèöàíèå not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà. 17

He has written an article. Has he written an article? He has not written an article. Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ áåç óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè. We have been at the diary farm. 2.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, â êîòîðûõ âðåìÿ âûðàæåíî íàðå÷èÿìè íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè — already, never, ever, yet, just, often è ñî ñëîâàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè åùå íåèñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè — today, this year, this month, this week, this morning è ò.ä. He hasn’t spoken to the dean yet. There have been two interesting meetings at our institute this month. Ó ï î ò ð å á ë å í è å Present Perfect è ñ ê ë þ ÷ à å ò ñ ÿ: à) Ïðè íàëè÷èè êàêîãî-ëèáî óêàçàíèÿ íà ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ. I saw this book yesterday. á)  âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ when, When did your brother return home? Ho: Has your brother returned home? Past è Future Perfect (ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå) óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ìîìåíò âûðàæàåòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðåäëîãà by — ê): They had passed their exams by 3 o’clock. They shall have passed their exams by 3 o’clock. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííîãî äî äðóãîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî: When I returned from my leave, he had recovered. I hope you will have recovered before (when) I return from my leave. 3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê áóäóùåìó, âìåñòî Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect. I shall return the dictionary to you after (when) I have translated the article. Keep my dictionary until you have translated the article. 4. Äåéñòâèÿ, çàâåðøåííûå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì è áóäóùåì, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past 18

è Future Perfect, åñëè îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ «Ê êàêîìó âðåìåíè çàâåðøèëîñü (çàâåðøèòñÿ) äåéñòâèå?» (by what time?) Åñëè æå îíè îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ «Êîãäà?», îíè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìîé Past è Future Indefinite. I shall have translated this article by to-morrow. I shall translate this article to-morrow. I had translated this article by five o’clock. I translated this article at five o’clock. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous óêàçûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïðîäîëæàëîñü â òå÷åíèå íåêîòîðîãî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì è ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ â äàííûé ìîìåíò. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû P e r f e c t C o n t i n u o u s îáðàçóþòñÿ èç ôîðìû Perfect âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âðåìåíè, ëèöå è ÷èñëå è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Partici ple) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. I have been ¦ He has been ¦ working They had been ¦ She will have been ¦  âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì.  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå îòðèöàíèå not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà. Ôîðìà Perfect â ëþáîì âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, çàâåðøåííîå ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó. Ãðóïïà Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü äî óêàçàííîãî ìîìåíòà è ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ âïëîòü äî ýòîãî ìîìåíòà èëè âêëþ÷àÿ ýòîò ìîìåíò. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ How long? — Êàê äîëãî? Ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè? 1. Present Perfect Continuous It has been raining 1) for two hours. 2) since early morning. 3) since you came. How long have you been waiting for me? — I have been waiting for you for about 20 minutes. 2. Past Perfect Continuous She said that he had been studying German for two years. 19

They had been sailing for ten days when at last they saw land. 3. Future Perfect Continuous By the 1-st of December he will have been living there for 5 years. Ñ ãëàãîëàìè, íå óïîòðåáëÿþùèìèñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous âìåñòî Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Perfect.

EXERCISES I. Çàïîëíèòå ïðîïóñêè àðòèêëÿìè, ãäå ýòî íåîáõîäèìî. 1. ... Mississi ppi is one of ... world’s great continental rivers. 2. ... waters of ... Mississi ppi are gathered from ... two-thirds of ... United States.3. Together with ... Missouri River, ...Missi-ssi ppi flows some 6,400 kilometers from its nothern sources in ... Rocky Mountans to ... Gulf of Mexico. 4. This is one of ... longest water courses known. 5. ... Mississi ppi has been called...«father of waters.» 6....English is not an easy language. 7. ... English language is spread all over the world. 8. He did well in ... geography. 9. I think she is quite at home in ... history. 10.... Pacific is the largest ocean in ... earth. II. Ïåðåñêàæèòå äèàëîã: Fred: Hello, Michael, where have you been? Michael: I have just come from the chemical lab. Fred: What experiments were you carring out there? Michael: I have almost completed all the first grade experiments. Fred: Did you break much glassware? Michael: Well, I tried my best not to, as our instructor is very particular about it, but still, I must admit I broke some test tubes and flasks. Fred: Who is your tutor? Michael: Professor Jenifer. Fred: Well, I know how he begins his course. He always says: «Cleanliness, carefulness and watchfulness are the three main points to be observed by every chemist!» Isn’t that true? Michael: Well, it is. But have you seen how he himself conducts an experiment? His skill is simply wonderful and he is an excellent lecturer too. Today he lectured on the three methods for creating a vacuum. 20

Fred:

Well, and what do you remember of it? Who was the first to prove that a vacuum can be created? Michael: Certainly, it was Torricelly. III. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ ãëàãîëüíûå ôîðìû ãðóïïû Perfect: 1. ß íèêîãäà íå áûë â Îìñêå. 2. Îí æèë â Îðëå äî òîãî, êàê ïåðååõàë â Âîëãîãðàä. 3. Ê êîíöó ãîäà îíà (óæå) íàó÷èëàñü ãîâîðèòü ïî-íåìåöêè. 4. Ìû ñäàëè çà÷åò ê 2 ÷àñàì. 5. Îí áóäåò äîìà óæå â 2 ÷àñà, êîãäà âû ïðèäåòå. 6. ß íå âèäåë åãî â ïîíåäåëüíèê. 7. Ìû íå âèäåëè åãî äâå íåäåëè. 8. Îíà áîëüíà ñ ïðîøëîé íåäåëè. 9. Ìû ðàçãîâàðèâàëè äâà ÷àñà. 10. ß çíàþ åãî ïÿòü ëåò. 11. Îíà óæå ïðèøëà ñ ðàáîòû. 12. Îíà ó÷èòñÿ â èíñòèòóòå òðè ãîäà. Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü áûëè â Ìàäðèäå? 13. Îí êîãäà-íèáóäü äàðèë âàì öâåòû? 14. Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü ëåòàëè íà Äàëüíèé Âîñòîê? 15. Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü âèäåëè òàêóþ êðàñèâóþ äåâóøêó? 16. Ìû íå ìîæåì ïîåõàòü çà ãîðîä, ìû åùå íå ñäàëè ïîñëåäíèé ýêçàìåí. IV. Çàìåíèòå èíôèíèòèâ â ñêîáêàõ íà Present Perfect Tense èëè íà Past Indefinite Tense. 1. She (to leave) her umbrella at home. 2. We (to know) each other ever since we (to be) students. 3. They (to hear) of those events. 4. She alredy (to give) the answer. 5. We (to finish) our experiment by 2 o’clock. 6. It (to be) very cold last week. 7. We deeply (to study) the subject. 8. He often (to come) this week. 9. They (to come) five minutes ago. 10. They (to settle) the matter yesterday. 11. She (to be) librarian for three years. 12. We (to see) each other for a long time. 13. I (to have) a walk in the morning. 14. We (to decide) to meet them this evening. 15. He (to. change) a great deal. 13. The decision (to take) last month. 14. The board (to meet) two weeks ago. 15. He (to be) to the Crimea this summer. 16. India (to be) an independent country since 1947. 17. Those houses (to be) empty for many years already. 18. (to be) you ever to South Africa? 19. Nobody (to find) the lost city of Atlantis yet. V. Âñòàâüòå âìåñòî òî÷åê íóæíûé ïî ñìûñëó ãëàãîë â Present Perfect Continuous. 1. The rain started two hours ago. It’s still raining now. It.......for two hours. 2. We started waiting for the results of the experiment two weeks ago. We’re still waiting now. We .......for two weeks. 3. He started German classes in October. He’s still learning German now. He .......since October. 4. John began looking for a job three months ago. 21

He is still looking now. He ....... for three months. 5. Jenny started working in Manchester on 6 May. She’s still working there now. She........since 6 May. 6. Two years ago you started writing to a penfriend. You still write to each other regularly now. We ....... for two years. 7. We are extremely tired. We .......(travel) for more than 8 hours. 8. She is rather annoyed with me. She ....... (wait) for a long time. VI. Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå âðåìåí â êàæäîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. 1. We have been getting stable yields during the last few years. 2. Our farm has been growing potatoes for ten years. 3. The farmers had been manuring the soil with organic and mineral fertilizers for three years before they began to harvest high yields of crops. 4. The farm veterans have been recieving additional payments and a pension since 1990. VII. Âûáåðèòå íóæíóþ ãëàãîëüíóþ ôîðìó. 1. I think you....... Venus in the sky. [ a) is seen; b) have seen; c) have been seen]. 2. The engineer ....... his experiment before it became dark. [ a) have completed; b) had completed; c) completes]. 3. I....... never.......to England. [ a) have been; b) had been; c) been ]. 4. That task was more difficult than we........ before was clear to everyone. [ a) had thought; b) will think; c) has thought]. 5. Radiosonds ....... very much to the enormous increase in knowledge of the atmosphere in the last 30 years. [ a) contribute; b) have contributed; c) has contributed]. 6. Progress made in radioelectronics in recent years. ........ the volume of information transmitted from sputnik [ a) has increased; b) had been increased; c) have increased]. 7. Our scientists............ automatic stations to the Moon [ a) sends; b) have sent; c) have been sent]. 8. The discoveries made by scientists..............great changes in the life of people. [ a) have been brought; b) have brought; c) has brought]. 9. The science of the study of the Earth............... particular progress in recent years. [ a) has made; b) made; c) was made].

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VIII. Âûáåðèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. original 1. î÷åíü 2. specific 2. ìåòîä 3. actual 3. ðèñóíîê, öèôðà 4. progressive 4. îñíîâíîé 5. technique 5. äîïîëíèòåëüíûé 6. figure 6. ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé 7. object 7. óäåëüíûé 8. extra 8. ïîäõîä 9. princi pal 9. ïðèíöèï 10. badly 10. ïîñòåïåííûé 11. approach 11. ôàêòè÷åñêèé 12. princi ple 12. öåëü IX. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, èñïîëüçóÿ Future Indefinite. 1. Êàê òîëüêî çàêîí÷èòñÿ äîæäü, ìû ïîéäåì â ïàðê. 2. Îí ïðèäåò, åñëè ÿ ïîïðîøó åãî ïîìî÷ü ìíå. 3. Ðåêà ïîÿâèòñÿ, êîãäà ìû ïîäúåäåì ê òîìó ïåðåêðåñòêó (crossroad). 4. ß áóäó çäåñü ïîêà (till, until) òû íå ïðèäåøü. 5. Òåáå î÷åíü ïîíðàâèòñÿ Áàéêàë, êîãäà òû óâèäèøü åãî. 6. ß çàêîí÷ó ðàáîòó âîâðåìÿ, åñëè òû ïåðåñòàíåøü ìåøàòü ìíå. 7. Êàê òîëüêî îíè çàêîí÷àò ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ, îíè îòïðàâÿòñÿ â ýêñïåäèöèþ íà Àëòàé. 8. Åñëè òû äàøü ìíå ýòó êíèãó, ÿ áûñòðî ïðî÷òó åå. 9. Åñëè ïîãîäà óõóäøèòñÿ, ìû íå ïîåäåì â Âîëãîãðàä. 10. Âû áóäåòå î÷åíü ðàññòðîåíû, åñëè ñèëüíûé òóìàí ïîìåøàåò âàì óâèäåòü ïîäíîæüå ãîðû? 11. Åñëè ìû ïðîïóñòèì àâòîáóñ, òî îïîçäàåì íà ïîåçä. 12. Åñëè ïîéäåò äîæäü, âàì ïðèäåòñÿ èñêàòü óêðûòèå. X. Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, äàííûå â ñêîáêàõ â íóæíîì âðåìåíè: 1. The plants (to grow) and (to develop) well under good soil and climatic conditions. 2. Annuals (to produce) seeds the first year. 3. Wheat, rye, oats and barley (to be) annuals. 4. This year we (to get) a high yield of wheat. 5. Now we (to grow) winter wheat on our farm. 6. We (to feed) domestic animals with grain last winter. 7. This crop (to produce) seeds for three years already. XI. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ñëåäóþùèå çà ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè ñìûñëîâûå ãëàãîëû â èíôèíèòèâå. 1. Some rivers may form deltas. 2. The Earth can be thought of a circular form (except for a slight flattening at the Poles). 23

3. We can picture each dive into the Red Sea as an adventure straight from Jules Verne. 4. The project of undersea study must shed new light on this seafloor spreading. 5. Sea water may carry off some of minerals and concentrate them elsewhere. 6. Oceanographers must gain new insights into the creation of valuable mineral deposits, including copper, manganese and chromite. 7. By learning more about such elusive processes, scientists may some day be able to predict the location of minerals. 8. We can experiment with carbon dioxide and other gases. 9. The oil colour may range from yellow through green to black. 10. In geography you must notice that when we talk of the temperature of a place we mean the temperature of the air at that place. 11.The oceanographer must be able to dive with aqualung. 12. The attraction of the sun can also cause tides. 13. At night the earth may become cooler than the air above it. 14. Nowadays we can only see and study the upper part of the lithosphere. 15. A hydrosphere may exist on Venus. XII. Ïîñòàâüòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â Past è Future Indefinite Tense: 1. What glassware may be used for conducting this experient? 2. She cannot follow us to the top of the mountain. 3. They must cross this lake in an hour. 4. Can you read chemical formulas? 5. He may go and complete his experiment. 6. We must reach the river in the morning. 7. They may come back in three days. 8. In that valley the geologists may discover oil deposits. XIII. Ïðî÷èòàéòå âñëóõ, ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: moisture, hydrogen, constituent, thickness, wherever, besides, consist, helium, carbon dioxide, animals, layer, oxygen, mainly cover, nitrogen, plants, surrounds, gaseous, quantity, by far, vapour, dense, rarefied, column, although, exerting, square, climb, breathe, top, impossible, height, discovered, existence. XIV. Óêàæèòå, êàêîå çíà÷åíèå èìåþò âûäåëåííûå ãëàãîëû: 1. Early man could more or less ignore his own damage to the environment. 2. Man had to work hard to meet his needs. 3. Having 24

damaged the environment in one area, he could always find a new region. 4. The used water should not be discharged into water courses. 5. The earth and air should be taken care of. 6. People of all countries might save the planet and make it safer for life. 7. One can say that man is at once the master and slave of nature. XV. Çàïîìíèòå ôóíêöèè ‘It’: 1. ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (îí, îíà, îíî); 2. óêàçàòåëüíîå (ýòî); 3. áåçëè÷íîå (íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: It is known — èçâåñòíî); 4. óñèëèòåëüíîå (It is he ... who ... — èìåííî îí); 1. He has made it as a geologist. 2. Volgograd is beatiful city, isn’t it? 3. It was the great Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky who first realized the necessity for quite a new approach to the biosphere. 4. It is two years since I saw him. 5 It is known that a jet plane burns 35 tons of oxygen in crossing the Atlantic. 6. It was an unexpected discovery: there are limits in nature. 7. He doesn’t speak English but he understands it. 8. It is known that water is one of the most vital substances for man’s life. 9. Is is a long way to the river. 10. If it is difficult for you to picture the earth as a ball you must use a globe. 11. It was the activity of life beings of biosphere that formed the chemical composition of water, air and soil and influenced the formation of minerals, rocks and the relief of the Earth. XVI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå îáîðîòà there is (there are). 1.  âîçäóõå åñòü âîäÿíûå ïàðû. 2. Êðîìå çåìëè åñòü íåáåñíûå òåëà, êîòîðûå âðàùàþòñÿ âîêðóã ñîëíöà. 3.  íåáå ìèëëèîíû çâåçä. 4.  íàøåé ñòðàíå ìíîãî ãîð. 5. Åñòü ìíîãî ñïîñîáîâ äîêàçàòü, ÷òî çåìëÿ — øàð. 6. Íà çåìëå øåñòü êîíòèíåíòîâ. 7.  þæíîì ïîëóøàðèè åñòü êîíòèíåíò, êîòîðûé íàçûâàåòñÿ Àíòàðêòèäîé. 8. Íà ýêâàòîðå åñòü çîíà íèçêîãî äàâëåíèÿ. 9.  ýêñïåäèöèè Êîëóìáà áûëî 33 ìàëåíüêèõ êîðàáëÿ. 10. Íà âåðøèíå ýòîé ãîðû íåò äåðåâüåâ. 11.  Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè íàøåé ñòðàíû ìíîãî ðàâíèí. 12.  ýòîé ñòàòüå íåò íè÷åãî èíòåðåñíîãî. 13.  îêåàíîãðàôèè ìíîãî èíòåðåñíûõ ïðîáëåì. 14.  ýòîé êíèãå ñòî ñòðàíèö. 15. Íà âûñîòå 25

300 êèëîìåòðîâ âîçäóõà íåò. 16. Ó ïîáåðåæüÿ Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè ìíîãî îñòðîâîâ. XVII. Îïðåäåëèòå ôóíêöèè ñëîâ ñ îêîí÷àíèåì — ed This farm is supplied with modern machinery. 2. Plants are used by domestic animals as fodder. 3. Minerals and nitrogen are obtained by plants from simple salts. 4. Seeds produced by this plant the first year were sown the next year. 5. The soil cultivated properly produces high yields every year. 6. Minerals and nitrogen obtained by the plants can be found in the watery solution of simple salts. 7. Today our students have studied the princi pal parts of the plants. 8. We have obtained high yields of winter and spring wheat this year. XVIII. Âûáåðèòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò: 1. in point 1. çàòåì 2. as a whole 2. ñëåäóåò ïðåäâèäåòü 3. to do away with 3. äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû 4. to keep abreast to 4. à èìåííî 5. accordingly 5. ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé 6. view-point 6. â òî æå âðåìÿ 7. should forsee 7. èçáàâèòüñÿ îò 8. to be able to solve 8. øàãàòü â íîãó the problem 9. at the same time 9. â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ýòèì 10. in the next place 10. â öåëîì 11. namely 11. òî÷êà çðåíèÿ 12. in order to 12. áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè ðåøèòü çàäà÷ó XIX. Ïðî÷èòàéòå, ïåðåâåäèòå è çàïîìíèòå ñëåäóþùèå âûäåëåííûå ñèíîíèìè÷íûå ñëîâà: Meaning [‘mi:ni ] — çíà÷åíèå, ñìûñë 1. This avalanche spells disaster for the expedition. 2 There was no sense in continuing the search. 3. The word «charge» has a lot of senses. 4. Do you get the drift of his speech? 5. The import of this hypothesis is concerned with well known problem. 6. The formula s/t gives us a value of the speed. 7. The purport of their publication is that our earth was originally a huge mass of flaming gas. 8. He knew English enough to get the tenor of the article. 9. Does this high wind singnify a change in the weather? 26

10. Our route was denoted on the map. XX. Ïîñòàâüòå âîïðîñû ê âûäåëåííûì ñëîâàì: 1. The moon revolves about the earth. 2. There is little air at a height as great as 200 miles. 3. Most of the air is within a few miles of the earth. 4. A few minerals have more than one ñolour. 5. On Wednesday we dropped anchor at the Cape Verde Islands. 6. When they sailed into a harbour they were all happy and gay. 7. The earth recieves heat from the sun. 8. It took them two days to sail from San Lucar to Seville. XXI. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ: water vapour bright winter day winter day low water temperature sea level thin surface layer air pressure wide temperature limit water temperature high air density surface layer low sea tides temperature limit high air pressure air density sea tide XXII. Âûáåðèòå ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò âûäåëåííîãî ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî èëè íàðå÷èÿ. 1. Venus is the nearest planet to our space. 2. The Earth is nearer to the Sun than Mars. à) áëèçêàÿ; b) áëèæå; ñ) ñàìàÿ áëèçêàÿ; d) íàìíîãî áëèæå 3. This instrument is more accurate than the one which you use. 4. It is the most accurate instrument in our lab. à) òî÷íûé; b) áîëåå òî÷íûé; ñ) òàêîé æå òî÷íûé, êàê; d) ñàìûé òî÷íûé 5. The pressure in the boiler is less than it is necessary. 6. We gave the least possible pressure. à) ìàëîå; b) ìåíüøå; ñ) ñàìîå ìàëîå; d) ïî âîçìîæíîñòè íåáîëüøîå XXIII. Âûáåðèòå íàèáîëåå òî÷íûé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà äàííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 1. The higher we mount into the atmosphere, the lower the pressure becomes. à) Âûñîêî â àòìîñôåðå äàâëåíèå ñòàíîâèòñÿ íèçêèì. b) Êîãäà ìû ïîäíèìàåìñÿ âûñîêî â àòìîñôåðó, äàâëåíèå ñòàíîâèòñÿ íèçêèì. 27

ñ) ×åì âûøå ìû ïîäíèìàåìñÿ â àòìîñôåðó, òåì íèæå ñòàíîâèòñÿ äàâëåíèå. XXIV. Îòâåòüòå íà âîïðîñû: 1. What does the earth’s atmosphere consist of? 2. What are the constituent parts of the earth’s atmosphere? 3. What is air? 4. Is the pressure at sea level the same at all places? 5. How much oxygen does air generally contain? 6. What is the difference between Earth’s atmosphere and that of Mars? 7. Has the Moon any atmosphere? 8. What gas is essential to sustain life on the earth? 9. What is the height of Mount Everest? 10. What is the thickness of the atmosphere? 11. How great is the pressure of the atmosphere? 12. Why is the air denser in the lower layers? 13. Why it is so difficult to breathe at the top of a high mountain?

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ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ UNIT 4 ......................................................................................... 3 GRAMMAR .................................................................................. 6 UNIT 5 ....................................................................................... 14 GRAMMAR ................................................................................ 17

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ÄËß ÇÀÌÅÒÎÊ

ÄËß ÇÀÌÅÒÎÊ

Ó÷åáíîå èçäàíèå Ñîñòàâèòåëè: Òàðàñîâà Ëþäìèëà Àëåêñàíäðîâíà Êèðþøèí Âàëåíòèí Èâàíîâè÷

ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ Â ÑÔÅÐÅ ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎÉ ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÈ: ÏÐÈÐÎÄÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ

Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ×àñòü II

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ËÐ ¹ 020406 îò 12.02.97 Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 11.02 2000. Ôîðìàò 60x84/16. Áóìàãà òèïîãðàôñêàÿ ¹ 1. Ãàðíèòóðà Òàéìñ. Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 1,8. Ó÷.-èçä. ë. 2,0. Òèðàæ 100 ýêç. Çàêàç .

Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 400062, Âîëãîãðàä, óë. 2-ÿ Ïðîäîëüíàÿ, 30.