Английский язык. Специальность ''Механизация сельского хозяйства'': Контрольные задания для студентов II курса факультета заочного образования

2

МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Московский государственный агроинженерный университет им. В.П. Горячкина»

УДК 371(07):802/809

Рецензент: Заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков ФГОУ ВПО «Московская сельскохозяйственная академия им. К.А. Тимирязева», доцент Г.Я. Аксенова

Составители: Кузнецов А.Н., Сергеева Н.А.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Английский язык. Специальность «Механизация сельского хозяйства». Контрольные задания по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для студентов II курса факультета заочного образования. - М.: ФГОУ ВПО МГАУ, 2004. - 35 с.

Специальность «Механизация сельского хозяйства»

Контрольные задания по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для студентов II курса факультета заочного образования

Москва 2004

В издании представлены рекомендации к контрольным заданиям, порядок представления работы на проверку, разделы грамматики, рекомендованная литература (основные и дополнительные пособия) и десять вариантов контрольных заданий для студентов-механиков. Контрольные задания составлены в соответствии с примерными программами дисциплины "Иностранный язык" для вузов неязыковых специальностей и методическими указаниями, рекомендованными УМО по лингвистическому образованию и утвержденными Министерством образования Российской Федерации (1995, 2000 гг.).

УДК 371(07):802/809 © ФГОУ ВПО МГАУ, 2004

3

4

придаточных предложениях; условные предложения трех типов.

Рекомендации к контрольным заданиям по дисциплине "Иностранный язык"

Рекомендуемая литература Целью выполнения контрольного задания является закрепление материала, самостоятельно изученного в течение учебного года, и проверка уровня подготовленности студентов к зачету и итоговому экзамену. Контрольные задания представлены в десяти вариантах. Номер варианта соответствует последней цифре студенческого шифра (ноль соответствует десятому варианту задания). Выполнять контрольное задание рекомендуется в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради указывают свою фамилию и инициалы, специальность, номер контрольного задания (II) и варианта, а также личный студенческий шифр. Контрольное задание должно быть набрано на компьютере или выполнено разборчивым почерком и аккуратно. При выполнении работы рекомендуется оставлять широкие поля для методических указаний и замечаний преподавателя-рецензента. Материалы контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради следующем образом:

Поля

Левая страница Текст на иностранном языке

Правая страница Текст на русском языке

Поля

Выполненные контрольные задания должны быть направлены для проверки и рецензирования на кафедру иностранных языков до начала практических занятий. При получении работы с отметкой "незачет" следует внимательно прочесть рецензию, ознакомиться с замечаниями и проанализировать отмеченные в работе ошибки. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, нужно еще раз проработать учебный материал, вызвавший затруднения. Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены грамматические ошибки и неточности перевода, следует переписать в исправленном виде в конце контрольной работы (после рецензии). До выполнения контрольного задания необходимо проработать рекомендованным ниже учебным пособиям следующие разделы грамматики: простые неличные формы глагола: инфинитив в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого, прямого дополнения, определения и обстоятельства цели; причастие I, причастие II, герундий; сложные формы инфинитива и причастий; объектный, субъектный и независимый инфинитивные обороты, зависимый и независимый причастные обороты; бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных

Основные пособия: 1. Учебник английского языка для сельскохозяйственных и лесотехнических вузов / Под ред. И.З. Новоселовой - М.: Высшая школа, 1994. 2. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка (с упражнениями): Учебник английского языка. - М.: Астрель, 1999. Вспомогательные пособия: 1. Мюллер В.К. Англо-русский словарь. - Изд. 23-е. - М.: Русский язык, 1992. 2. Апресян Ю.Д., Медников Э.М., Петрова А.В. и др. Новый Большой англорусский словарь - В 3-х т. - М.: Русский язык, 1997. 3. Баринов С.М., Борковский Ф.Б., Владимиров В.А. и др. Большой англорусский политехнический словарь - В 2-х т. - М.: Изд-во «Руссо», 1997. 4. Русско-английский политехнический словарь / Под ред. Б:В. Кузнецова М.: Изд-во "Руссо", 1997. 5. Гинзбург Ю.В. Современный англо-русский автомобильный словарь. - М.: ЗАО «КЖИ «За рулем»», 2003. 6. Гольд Б.В., Кугель Р.В., Шершер С.А. Англо-русский автотракторный словарь - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. 7. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English / Ed. by A.S. Hornby Oxford Univ. Press, 1995.

5

6

Вариант 1

4. Having used the data of the study undertaken by US experts, we can now take correct decisions in choosing correct crops and fertilizers.

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. The development of efficient tractors to replace horses as power units has greatly changed agricultural mechanization: 2. In many districts, dusting and spraying by airplane is an accepted and essential agricultural practice. 3. To obtain maximum use of applied fertilizer and to harvest wheat of uniform protein the practices outlined must be followed. 4. Modem tractors have been doubling the output of farm production recently and decreasing the costs involved by 15-20 per cent. 5. Important points to be taken into consideration are these: the soil types of the area, annual rainfall, crop production efficiency, etc. 6. Increasing the area of farms under mechanized crop cultivation is a general tendency in the world. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. The way tractors are used, the length of time they remain productive and the amount of fuel they consume depend to a marked degree upon the care they receive. 2. Lime and other plant foods in fertilizers are not all used up in the year they are applied to the land; some of the their value left over for a year or more helps later crops. 3. Most of the combine use knowledge specialists have gathered has been put in the 4. form of instructions and user manuals. 5. Specific fuel consumption is the amount of fuel used by a tractor, harvesting combine or a truck covering certain mileage. 6. Professionals believe agricultural machinery employed on farm needs planned use during the year. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. The surface of the Earth is composed of land and water, the latter being roughly three-fourth of the area and not habitable by man. 2. This report deals with high power field equipment testing, fertilizer distributors and sprinkling installations being paid particular attention to. 3. Vegetables, because of their high adaptability, are cultivated over a wide range of soil and climatic conditions, soil of good physical properties being especially important.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. In the past decades we have seen great progress take place in poultry production increase. 2. We want these harvesting combines to be used wider in our farm cooperative to double the output and the resulting sales. 3. New types of bam fodder distributing belts are expected to perform with greater efficiency. 4. University research is known to have become the principle source of agricultural progress. 5. Under these conditions the development of the food processing enterprise is likely to advance. 6. These dairy installations proved to be the best in the collection of farm equipment to fulfill the tasks it is designed for. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. If the ventilation system should fail, the animals could suffocate in the barn in a few hours. 2. There are comparatively few regions so free from droughts that irrigation would not be profitable if it could be cheaply provided for. 3. Because of the heavy weight and low power density of batteries for electric tractors and trucks, they have been restricted only to short-range use where internal combustion engines would! be undesirable or,even dangerous. 4. Agricultural engineers cannot design systems of any kind Unless they are provided with the basic information as to particular field conditions the new type of machinery is commissioned to work. 5. If we provide our farm with modem machines, equipment and quality labour and fertilizer better, we will achieve greater production output in the near future. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. The soil cannot reproduce itself, so man should improve it through quality management and treatment so that future generations can farm more efficiently than their fathers have done. 2. Reliable controls are especially important in livestock and poultry production and should be taken into consideration, because the health and welfare of the animals are involved. 3. If the work of a combine harvester in a field were planned well, there would be a considerable saving in wear and tear and in the time taken to do its job.

7

8

4. When the farm fair, it is a good idea to ask participants whether they would like to meet foreign experts in the fields of agricultural research. 5. Without computerized equipment farm data processing would be hardly possible.

Вариант 2

7. Переведите текст на русский язык

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык

IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC MECHANIZATION Mechanization of agriculture is a progressive development of steadily increasing scope and importance, and it continues with more and more exploitation of mechanical and electrical power for almost every farming task. Many machines are known to be powered by tractors. Implements such as plows, cultivators and planters may be mounted on, or pulled by, a tractor. However, through economic reasons, an increasing number of farm machines are now selfpropelled. Among these machines we may name grain combine harvesters, cotton pickers, forage harvesters, and many other specialized farm machines. There are certain machinery service parameters that need to be paid attention to in terms of economic optimization of farming practices. Economics and statistics prompt that less monies will be spent in agriculture if, say, efficient power of a tractor grows, engine's specific fuel consumption goes up, machine's efficiency and reliability become higher. Also, lower maintenance costs, including service costs, as well as decreased fuel and grease costs allow extra financial means to, be saved for other - most of the time more important - farm-related expenses and the business expansion. And it goes without saying that the higher is the durability and the wearproof ability of the equipment employed, the brighter are the economic perspectives of the enterprise exploiting it. The scope for future development is limited only by the necessity for mechanization to be economic. Already much of the new equipment includes automatic control devices, and these are certain to play an ever-increasing part in agricultural mechanization in the future. They open up whole new fields of development, such as automatic control of environment for both crops and livestock. Also, because electricity is considerably cheaper than liquid and gas fuels, machines that do not require mobility are usually driven with electric motors. Such installations include silage unloaders, livestock feeding equipment and milking machines. Mechanization, supported by other scientific advances, has transformed the place of agriculture in the national economy. In the mid-nineteenth century about a quarter of the working population of Britain were engaged in agriculture, and farming produced about one fifth of the country's wealth. Current national trends of spreading and growing in volume use of mechanical equipment on farms are reflected in statistical reports dealing with it.

1. Before starting your engine place the gearshift lever in neutral disengaging the clutch by depressing the clutch pedal all the way down to the cab floor. 2. Opening a pressure valve cap you should be very attentive not to hurt your face and hands with hot steam, which will escape from the filler neck. 3. To ensure normal operation of the internal combustion engine at any time is very important to get high power output and good fuel economy. 4. You are recommended to use good gasoline not to damage the fuel system components and the fuel system of the engine as the whole. 5. After turning the crankshaft at a rated speed the pressure in any good cylinder after a while is 0.70-0.78 MPa or like that. 6. The man standing at the window of the repair shop is our new experienced driver who will check the operation of this automobile. 7. The clearance between the valve stem and the rocker arm to be adjusted is shown in table 2 at the end of the driver's manual. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. I think this work at the valve clearance adjustment will be finished soon. 2. The young engineer knows the professor will give him some important advice. 3. The device I'm going to speak about is very important for our experiment. 4. I believed the car would start after the first attempt because the battery had been charged well before the attachment. 5. The man you are thinking about is our new mechanic who will come tomorrow. 6. I want you to know the cylinder block is the backbone of the piston type engine. 7. Now we know the octane number of the fuel we have tested by the experiment 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. The sellers offered the buyers 5,000 tons of gasoline, delivery to be made in October of this year by a goods train. 2. By that moment the tools had been taken away and the repairing shop was empty, the worker having disappeared into a room at the back. 3. Multi-cylinder engines comprise several cylinders, the connecting rods being coupled to the crankpins of the common crankshaft. 4. He lifted the lid of the container and kept it in his hand while his assistant was looking at the lubricants, both standing motionless. 5. Having installed new hydraulic devices, they could make complex experiments.

9

6. He looked at his new car. which had been painted, with his heart beating fast. 7. The mechanic knowing this newly market introduced engine well, he repaired the car quickly. 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. New kinds of pistons with split skirts are expected to be used in these cars thanks to their reduced weight and increased strength. 2. We want you to use this special tension roller to tension the fan belt in the engine. 3. This equipment is sure to be improved by this plant, which is very important. 4. 1Ъе tappets seem to transmit the force from the camshaft to the push rods. 5. The owner made his car start from rest by engaging the low gear. 6. Thermal energy is known to have become one of the main sources of energy. 7. We noticed the new efficient methods increase productivity in any field. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. Had we used better details, the engine would have worked longer without failure. 2. If the starter motor is in'order, it will start after the first of the second attempt. 3. Unless we use good lubricants in the rubbing joints, the mechanism will not run without breaking down for a long time. 4. But for the proper cooling and normal operation of the fan, the engine would have been overheated in such a short period. 5. If we did not know how to start the car, we would never do it without the master. 6. Should the need in the results arise, we will begin our experiment without delay. 7. Provided a new operator of this mounted implement had come, we could start our row crop work in this vineyard today. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. If the storage battery had been discharged yesterday, I should not start the motor. 2. You should use the best oil for this engine because its component parts are very delicate and need good proper lubrication. 3. Would you help me to repair the primary fuel filter without removing it, please? 4. If the pressure valve were broken, the high pressure would be caused in the radiator with the resultant damage of its tanks and core tubes. 5. I was told I should have to check the intricate system of passages in the inlet manifold through which the mixture flows from the carburetor to the cylinders. 6. Last year I would call on this repair shop on my way to work to order spare parts. 7. Everybody knew if the shutters were open they would adjust the intensity of airflow through the radiator core to cool the engine more intensively.

10

7. Переведите текст на русский язык GASOLINE ENGINE Most gasoline engines are of the so-called reciprocating piston type. Several terms are unique to the reciprocating piston engine. The piston-cylinder arrangement defines all terms relative to the size, location, and position of the piston within the cylinder. The bore is the inner diameter of the cylinder. The volume at the bottom dead center (BDC) is defined as the volume occupied between the cylinder head and the piston face when the piston is farthest from the cylinder head. The volume at the top dead center (TDC) is that volume occupied when the piston is closest to the cylinder head; the distance between the piston face and cylinder head at TDC is called the clearance or the volume of the combustion chamber. The distance traveled by the piston between its TDC and BDC locations is the stroke. The compression ratio of a reciprocating engine is the ratio of the total volume to the clearance. In all internal-combustion engines the products of combustion act directly on the piston surface. The internal-combustion engine utilizes the large volume of hightemperature combustion products that, when confined, become a high-pressure gaseous medium. An important characteristic of an internal-combustion engine is its compression ratio, defined as the total volume of the combustion chamber with the piston fully extended (maximum volume) divided by the total volume with the piston fully compressed (minimum volume). The actual compression ratio in practice is somewhat less. Higher compression ratios usually provide better engine performance, but they require a fuel with better antiknock characteristics. Closely associated with the compression ratio is a characteristic known as the displacement, i.e. the change in volume of the combustion chamber that takes place as the piston moves from one extreme to the other. The displacement is related to the horsepower rating of an engine. Many types of internal-combustion engines can be grouped in a number of different ways on the basis of similarities among them. Important methods of classification include application, type of fuel and method of injection, ignition and cylinder arrangement, strokes per cycle, cooling system, and valve type and location. Internal-combustion engines are the most broadly applied and widely used power-generating devices currently in existence. Examples include gasoline (or spark-ignition [SI]) engines, diesel engines (sometimes referred to as compressionignition [CI] engines), gas-turbine engines, and rocket propulsion systems.

11

12

Вариант 3

5. Electricity, used before only for household purposes, steadily got a constant place in production processes, this playing an important part in raising the economic efficiency of agricultural production as a whole.

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов

1. The basic question to be answered in mechanization is this: what costs are required to receive farm's maximum under minimal efforts. 2. To achieve the quick and steady increase in agricultural production it is highly important to apply the know-how of today. 3. Operating an engine continuously under dusty conditions can lead to rapid accumulation of carbon and solid particles mixed with the oil in the crankcase. 4. When ploughing a field, the aims to achieve are: to loosen the surface layers of flue soil and to invert the top soil completely. 5. A good tractor service manager is constantly paying attention to what is going on in the spare parts market in the country of his working practices. 6. Successful farming means making the best and the most scientific use of natural conditions, land, livestock and machinery.

1. They want these cultivators to be employed more intensively in our farm practice to triple the production and soil treatment quality. 2. If these machines are manufactured properly, the m-bam production of the needed fodder stuffs is likely to increase. 3. In the 1990s specialists witnessed a large-scale advancement take place in swine and beef processing. 4. Academic studies are known to have been undertaken in order to find progressive methods of soil plowing. 5. Genetically modified sorts of soy beans and com are believed to germinate with higher harvests. 6. These crop harvesting combine shockers proved to be the least efficient in the number of similar units in terms of work they are recommended for.

2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений

5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия

1. The amount of any product a farmer produces and the ease with which he does it are directly related to the capacity of power he controls and the skills he possesses. 2. Experts say farms are becoming larger and more specialized, and their production they cultivate grows more standardized. 3. Many units of clothing and home appliances we use in everyday life are made from plant and animal matter. 4. Power-take-off shafts installed on agricultural tractors we use on farms drive auxiliary machinery their experts recommend for this or that type of production. 5. Many agricultural students believe they will find good placements they will enjoy working.

1. Should the potato tubers be planted at a distance of 6 and 9 inches in raws 28 inches apart, they would be of proper seed-size and far more market popular. 2. If the branches, tops and other raw materials, which are left over from harvesting could be recycled, the world's forest would have an additional source of probably some 650 mm cubic meters. 3. If stand-by service of farm installations is provided under the current infrequent need in it, it should involve the simplest equipment consistent with such need. 4. With large acreage of arable land in cereals, many crops of winter barley could go in after-spring cereals, but it would be unwise to grow them due to the increased disease risks involved. 5. The plot of farm land is properly watered, provided there is an underground delivering pipe-line laid along the whole length of that plot together with clusterlike movable watering hoses.

3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. The paper in question describes highly efficient agricultural implements available in the market, harrows and sprayers being characterized in particular. 2. Having reduced retail prices for some types of cultivators and harrows, farm machinery enterprises stimulated considerably the sales of these pieces of. equipment in wider agricultural markets. 3. Having planned the annual program of seeding and harvesting, farmers can work their fields with greater precision in terms of material and equipment use. 4. At present irrigation work is being carried on in all arid regions, the whole cotton and rice production and two-thirds of grain production being concentrated here.

6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. Soil water often determines the time and the.depth at which seed should be planted for proper germination. 2. Should function, reliability, compatibility, flexibility and usability be taken into consideration, automatic equipment and instruments will be designed properly to meet modern requirements. 3. There1 is a wide range of harvesting combines and tractors which require minimal

13

current maintenance from technicians and that service would not be profitable if it were provided at low cost. 4. If the feeding system should fail, there would be a serious problem of feeding a large number of animals with little or no labour. 5. Further development and unification of the tractor-trailed machinery we use today would have been helpful to our district farmers, but local government has cut its agricultural projects by three quarters. 7. Переведите текст на русский язык GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION The efficiency of farm production is one of the economic problems associated with agriculture that many countries still face nowadays. Some other economic problems are intensification and specialization of agricultural production, labour productivity, farm planning and management, prices for farm products, their marketing and others. Simple logic makes it evident that the first three issues are closely connected with farm mechanization and automation of agricultural operations. In Canada, in many of the East and the extreme West states conditions are not unlike those in Great Britain, but the prairie farms are entirely different and represent, with the adjacent Great Planes area of the United States, one of the most extreme examples of mechanization that can be found in the world. Here, as in some Southern Russia's steppe lands, the simple alteration of cereal cropping and fallow leads to a very inexpensive form of mechanization This factor, supplemented by adequate farm human resources and up-to-date agricultural know-how, makes farming production costs reasonably low and, thus, more profitable. New Zealand farms contrive to achieve a high output per man by making the best use of their pasture and climate, and generally providing each worker with as much equipment as he can handle for doing time-consuming chores such as milking. There is only one worker to about 155 acres (60 ha) of farmland. Extensive use is made of advanced techniques, e.g. aerial top-dressing, in order to improve the production from areas that are difficult or impossible to deal with by tractor power. Several of the countries of Eastern Europe and the USA are of particular interest from the viewpoint of mechanization, on account of their efforts which have been undertaken to employ nationally planned policies, through a system of very spacious state, business-owned and/or private farms. Such policies clearly permit rapid introduction of large-scale high-power machinery, and that directly leads to agriculture's intensification and labour productivity. Further increase in animal productivity is achieved both by the introduction of new machinery and by wider automation of various processes on livestock farms in the industrialized countries. Many farms are using now automatic waterers which provide water to livestock at all times; at the press of the button, silage unloaders remove the food stuffs from the silo and drop it into the conveyer that carries the silage to the feed troughs.

14

Вариант 4 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. Carrying out maintenance of the fuel system units you should observe fire safety, industrial sanitary rules and general safety rules not to hurt yourself. 2. When using antifreeze, fill it 6-7 per cent by volume less than water not to disturb the cooling system since, the former expands more intensively on heating. 3. The driver must undo the lock-nut on the rocker arm screw and set the clearance to be adjusted to insure the normal operation of the valve gear. 4. For washing the radiator it is necessary to fill it with a special solution through the filler neck and leave it for a prescribed period of time. 5. You'll have to warm up the engine till the coolant temperature reaches 50-60 degrees before starting to load it to ran. 6. The man standing at the tractor is our mechanic which will detect the cause of the failure and select the most efficient method for eliminating if. 7. To use good lubricants is to have success in the engine operation and to increase the engine efficiency per unit work done. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. I want you to attend the meeting we are going to have at the end of this month. 2. The young specialist hopes the experiment will give good results after it is over. 3. The mechanisms they are going to speak about are very important for diagnostics. 4. They told they would start to fix his car a week later if they found a replacement cardboard filter element for a two-stage air cleaner. 5. The man you met here yesterday is a new driver who will operate the track crane. 6. The young men were told to bring the details we needed to repair the pump. 7. We obtained very good results of the experiments we had carried out a week before. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. Having used new spare parts, we could repair the fuel supply pump and the fuel injector pump very quickly and without problems. 2. There bemg nothing else to check and to adjust, we started the car accurately. 3. A cargo of 5,000 tons of diesel fuel has been sold to a foreign company, payment to be made in cash according to the terms of the agreement. 4. The engine heated, it can neither be loaded nor started until it is cooled to the normal temperature which is shown pn the coolant temperature gauge. 5. The filter having been cleaned of mechanical impurities, it was installed in place.

15

6. The engine ran idle steadily and without knocking, with its exhaust being smokeless. 7. That plant produces large quantities of cast iron, most of the cast iron being turned into steel, which is used in automobile manufacture. 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. New filters are supposed to be very good to clean fuel before the injection. 2. We want you to learn all the new information about these down-draft carburetors. 3. These crankshaft main bearing half-liners are not likely to be good. 4. The heads of the inlet and exhaust valves appeared to be of different diameters. 5. This coolant is heard to have found wide application for its non-freezing characteristics, which are very important in the arctic zone. 6. The tappets, which continuously rotate about their axes, made the push rods move. 7. We saw the new efficient devices operate in the car under consideration. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. Unless the crankcase were closed with an oil pan, it would not be protected from dust and dirt entering. 2. If the detail is not induction hardened, it will not be strong and used here. 3. Had the engine been heated with a starting preheater, it would have-started easier. 4. But for the bad agreement, our plant would have got necessary equipment in time. 5. Should I have had more free time yesterday, my car would be in order now. 6. If the air were not cleaned properly, the engine would inhale too much dust with the resultant damaging of the injection system components. 7. Provided the engine mountings are reliable, the engine will be protected from any road shocks and the automobile will run smoothly over any ragged terrain. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. The mechanic explained if there was not a certain clearance between the piston and the cylinder face, it would get seized in the cylinder. 2. If we had used better details, I should have used the truck longer without failure. 3. I knew I should have to compress the rings better before their installation for their tight fitting against the cylinder face on release. 4. If the cooling were not proper, the engine parts would have become overheated which would drastically have aggravated the engine wear. 5. This lubricant should be used because it is free from mechanical impurities, water, acids and alkalis and offers good lubricity, viscosity, stability and pour point. 6. Without electronic equipment the using of this device would be impossible. 7. Would you like to look at this two-stage dry-type air filter, please?

16

7. Переведите текст на русский язык JET ENGINE The prime mover of virtually all jet engines is a gas turbine. Variously called the core, gas producer, or gas generator, the gas turbine converts the energy derived from the combustion of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel to mechanical energy in the form of a high-pressure, high-temperature air-stream. This energy is then harnessed by what is termed the propulsor (e.g., airplane propeller and helicopter rotor) to generate a thrust with which to propel the aircraft. Here are the principles of operation. The gas turbine operates on the Brayton cycle in which the working fluid is a continuous flow of air ingested into the engine's inlet. The air is firsi compressed by a turbo-compressor to a pressure ratio of typically 10 to 40 times the pressure of the inlet air-stream. It then flows into a combustion chamber, where a steady stream of the hydrocarbon fuel, in the form of liquid spray droplets and vapor or both, is introduced and burned at approximately constant pressure. This gives rise to a continuous stream of high-pressure combustion products whose average temperature is typically from 980° to 1,540° С or higher. This stream of gases flows through a turbine, which is linked by a torque shaft to the compressor and which extracts energy from the gas stream to drive the compressor. Since heat has been added to the working fluid at high pressure, the gas stream that exits from the gas generator after having been expanded through the turbine contains a considerable amount of surplus energy — i.e., gas horsepower — by virtue of its high pressure, high temperature, and high velocity, which may be harnessed for propulsion purposes. The heat released by burning a typical jet fuel in air is approximately 43,370 kilojoules per kilogram of fuel ....If.(Jus. process were 100 percent efficient, it would then produce a gas power for every unit of fuel flow of 7.45 horsepower or 12 kilowatts. In actual fact, certain practical therrnodynainie limitations, which are a function of the peak gas temperature achieved in the cycle, restrict the efficiency of the process to about 40 percent of this ideal value. The peak pressure achieved in the cycle also affects the efficiency of energy generation. This implies that the lower limit of specific fuel consumption (SFC) for an engine producing gas horsepower is 0.336 pound per hour/horsepower, or 0.207 kilogram per hour/kilowatt. In actual practice, SFC is even higher than this lower limit because of inefficiencies, losses, and leakages in the individual components of the prime mover.

17

Вариант 5 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. When preparing for winter operations check the carburetor, its parts and jets on –a special tester to ensure the normal operation of the cooling system. 2. Installing the cylinder head gasket you should wipe it with powdered graphite to improve its bedding-in between the cylinder block and head. 3. To adjust the end play of the camshaft in any internal combustion engine is to select the spacing ring of the appropriate thickness. , 4. The shutters are hinged in front of the radiator and are closed by a knob brought out to the driver's cab not to let the engine be overeooled. 5. Check the thermostat by immersing it into water and heating the water to the temperature of 70 degrees (the valve should start opening) and more. 6. Look at the man repairing the fuel injector pump which has failed to ensure the specified flow rate and uniformity of fuel supply. 7. The mechanic was told to undo the attachment bolt and to remove the impeller from the engine for the following repair. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. I want you to remember the crank mechanism takes the pressure of gases. 2. The young specialist knows good lubricants are very important for every ear. 3. The device I'm going to speak about is very important for our enterprise. 4. The designers believed the device would be of great importance. 5. The man you asked to come will arrive soon and will tell you everything you want to hear about this device. 6. The young engineers tell the supervisor they are ready to start their work. 7. We got the results of the experiments on checking the fan we'd carried out. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. Having found the loosened joints of the branch pipes, we started to tighten them. 2. The buyers requested the sellers to keep them informed of the position of the trailer, the communication to be addressed to their director. 3. Scale which impairs heat transfer from the heated parts of the engine must be removed, the cooling system parts being washed separately. 4. Their search having revealed nothing, they decided to use a new method of diagnostics which was described in the driver's manual. 5. June arriving, it was high time to change oil ш the crankcase, transmission, rear axle and the steering gear cases according to the lubricating card.

18

6. Shock absorbers were damaged, both knocking while moving off roads. 7. Trie car ran at a low speed, the heater blowing to the windshield to dry it. 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. New kinds of bolts which are used in these joints are said to be longer. 2. He wanted them to use these experimented reliable apparatuses at our repair shop. 3. The driver is sure to come in time to take the required set of implements and tools depending on the work to be performed. 4. The designer did not seem to use any new details in this car to improve it. 5. The push rods make the rocker arras oscillate forth and back on a hollow fuiciuin. 6. This mark on the flywheel is known to have been used during assembling. 7. We saw the valves open and close the inlet and exhaust ports in the cylinder head. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. Had the compression been higher, the normal operation of the engine and reasonable fuel economy would have been insured. 2. But for the experience of the mechanic, he would not have repaired and adjusted the valve mechanism of the car so quickly. 3. Unless he had adjusted this device properly, it would not operate normally. 4. If the gases penetrate into the crankcase, they will increase pressure and cause break of gaskets with resultant oil leakage. 5. Provided our farm had good machines, equipment, labor and fertilizers, we would achieve greater production output. 6. Should you use good spare parts, you will be more successful in this work. 7. If I knew the construction of the engine, I would repair my car myself in my garage. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. Many of the modern achievements in machinery would be quite impossible without electrical instruments and computers. 2. The old details in the vehicle should be replaced by new ones as soon as possible. 3. If the thermostat did not jam in a closed position, it would not shut off coolant flow through the radiator with the resultant engine overheating. 4. We were explained both valves would be opened at the same time for a short period at high speeds if they were timed properly. 5. This project should be investigated by the government for further experiments. 6. Would you like to use the best spare parts in my car if they are available, please? 7. I told him I should have to check the joints between the inlet manifold and the cylinder head the next day.

19

7. Переведите текст на русский язык STEAM ENGINE A steam engine is a machine using steam power to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat. In a steam engine, hot steam, usually supplied by a boiler, expands under pressure, and part of the heat energy is converted into work. The remainder of the heat may be allowed to escape, or, for maximum engine efficiency, the steam may be condensed in a separate apparatus, a condenser, at comparatively low temperature and pressure. For high efficiency, the steam must fall through a wide temperature range as a consequence of its expansion within the engine. The most efficient performance - that is, the greatest output of work in relation to the heat supplied - is secured by using a low condenser temperature and a high boiler pressure. The steam may be further heated by passing it through a super-heater on its way from the boiler to the engine. A common super-heater is a group of parallel pipes with their surfaces exposed to the hot gases in the boiler furnace. By means of super-heaters, the steam may be heated beyond the temperature at which it is produced by boiling water. In a reciprocating engine, the piston and cylinder type of steam engine, steam under pressure is admitted into the cylinder by a valve mechanism. As the steam expands, it pushes the piston, which is usually connected to a crank on a flywheel to produce rotary motion. In the. double-acting engine, steam from the boiler is admitted alternately to each side of the piston. In a simple steam engine, expansion of the steam takes place in only one cylinder, whereas in the compound engine there are two or more cylinders of increasing size for greater expansion of the steam and higher efficiency; the first and smallest piston is operated by the initial high-pressure steam and the second by the lower-pressure steam exhausted from the first. hi the steam turbine, steam is discharged at high velocity through nozzles and then flows through a series of stationary and moving blades, causing a rotor to move at high speeds. The turbine is the universal means used to generate large quantities of electric power with steam. The earliest steam engines were the scientific novelties of Hero of-Alexandria in the 1st century AD. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a pump to raise water from mines by condensing steam. Watt developed a new engine that rotated a shaft. A steam carriage for roads was built in France by Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Richard Trevithick in England was the first to use a steam carriage on a railway; in 1803 he built a steam locomotive.

20

Вариант 6 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. The amount of fertilizer to be used on a farm is determined by soil tests and the amount of money a business can pay for it. 2. To simplify, the figures used for many agricultural parameters' indication, abbreviations are used. 3. Combine harvesters are working the yields of wheat and com, and cooperatives will be applying them on a regular basic as today. 4. Getting the needed water onto the field is only part of the problem to be faced toy the farmer: then he is disposing the sewage water, and that is troublesome too. 5. With little materials to be turned over, the depth of ploughing might well be reduced by four to .five inches. 6. Topdressing means putting fertilizers onto the growing crop to cut the money spent on plant treating. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. Tie paper we write on, the clothes we wear, the tables we sit at, all come from plants produced by agriculture-related workers. 2. By means of roots they have legumes, which take the nitrogen they need from the in- house and open air around them. 3. Torque is the kind of motion we need to drive supplementary machinery farmers employ in field and in barn. 4. The amount of feeding stuffs the cow is given on each return to the feeder depends on the time the cow has been away from the bam or trough. 5. They expect this John Deere tractor unit helps to apply modem farm techniques developed by American university researchers and practicing farmers busy testing newly developed machinery. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. The animal output of the farm has increased considerably over the last decade, the area of agricultural land remaining the same. 2. This article describes the newly manufactured and market-introduced high power barn- installed apparatuses, chaff-cutters and sterilizing machines being among them. 3. Having received extra finance that can be spent on purchasing agricultural equipment, farmers can now afford the recently developed crop-harvesting combines they have never had before.

21

22

4. This American farm breeds different kinds of domesticated animals, the cattle being the leadmg productive type there. 5. Having analyzed the data accumulated by agricultural researchers, practicing farm can now cut their production costs and regulate vegetation periods at their convenience.

force and potential difference. 3. If the ventilation system should fail in the bam, the animals could feel disastrous shortage of oxygen in a brief period of time. 4. The advantages of combining the oat crops with barley ones lie first and foremost in the sure possibility to save lodged crops, which would be extremely difficult by any other rheans. 5. Now there is extremely little effort needed to protect track bodies from oxidation, so annual re-painting would not be profitable if it were provided at high expense.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. Farm, machinery innovations that are developed today are expected to spread considerably fast on agricultural market. 2. Recently one could easily note the ever-growing output of dairy production that results from up-to-date equipment introduction. 3. Such rolls and ploughs proved to be high power instruments in the set of farm units to fulfill the tasks of soil cultivation. 4. Field research is recognized to have turned into the best reliable source of agricultural data accumulation. 5. Mechanical engineers would like these harrows to be employed more actively in our farm practices in order to cut land-plowing costs. 6. In the situation we face today, the promotion of our company's interests in the USA and Russia seems to become times easier. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. If we pay attention to our agricultural development in time as we see it today, we should realize that farming as a system of production has not reached a high technological level as advanced as computer and other notably promoted industries. 2. If the work of a combine harvester in a field were planned well, there could be a considerable saving in wear and tear and in the time taken to do its job. 3. If the nitrogen had been applied in the seedbed, most of it would have been washed out during the winter months. 4. Since clay and organic matter have large surface areas, the potential acidity would be greater among such fine-textured soils. 5. Silage will be of particularly high quality, provided a newly developed plastic bags for silos have special relieve valves to allow the gases within the storage to expand and contact with the daily change in temperature without becoming mixed with outside air. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. То soils that are low in fertility, additional fertilizer should be applied so that to provide better harvests and reduced vegetation period 2. Both in theory and in practice, one should distinguish between an electromotive

7. Переведите текст на русский язык MODERN FIELD MACHINERY A wide range of tractors and implements in America are available from local farm machinery dealers. Most of the larger machines and equipment sold are manufactured in the USA, while many of the smaller tractors - particularly diesel ones - are imported from abroad, mostly from Western Europe. Garden tractors arc designed primarily for light estate duty and are not intended for continuous heavy services. It is important to manage machine properly. This includes planning the use of machinery for timely and productive operations, selecting proper types and sizes, replacing worn-out machinery at the right time. Improvements in farm machinery are continually being made to increase their efficiency and to reduce manual labour. These changes are coming so rapidly that innovations may become common practice in a remarkably short time. Most manipulations involve several different crops with specific tillage, planning, pest control and harvesting requirements. Ideally, each crop should have its own set of specialized implements to produce maximum yields. More equipment in turn means higher overhead costs. Lack of adequate equipment can delay getting crops planted or harvested in time, reducing yields and product quality. Thus, the most crucial progress, now seen on many farms, is in combining of various operations and universal piant-species treatments in one machine. For instance, this has been done in the combine for harvesting and threshing wheat and other grains, and in the grain drill that in one trip over the field does the work of preparing the seedbed, planting seed and applying fertilizers and herbicides. Among the advantages of farm mechanization we might mention first, that the production and income per person engaged in farming have been markedly increased, that farm tasks can be done more rapidly and with better quality when weather and soil conditions are the least favourable, and, then, modem machinery enables crops to be planted, cultivated and harvested in a considerably shorter time than in the past, and the same is largely true in case of livestock production operations. Keeping farm machinery in top mechanical condition is one of the best ways to improve field working efficiency. Machines should be technically maintained properly, i.e. serviced regularly and adjusted correctly. Neglecting this can result in expensive repair procedures or cause complete overhauls.

23

Вариант 7 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. When assembling the filters thoroughly inspect their gaskets and replace those damaged to prevent oil leakage. 2. Adjusting the nozzle injection pressure you should turn the adjusting screw with a screwdriver, to the required side. 3. To clean the engine of dirt you are recommended to use scrapers and wash it with a special solution not to damage the gaskets. 4. To flush the cooling system periodically with water and keep it clean of scale is very important for the normal circulation of coolant. 5. All the necessary tools to be taken away after making all the required adjustments were put into the driver's tool box. 6. Before going out the driver should listen to the engine operation running at different speeds and check action of brakes and steering mechanism. 7. To check the compression with a compression gauge, warm up the engine and drive out the spark plugs but one to be checked. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. I think this detail will be brought by the end of this month or a bit earlier. 2. The young men know the car will be repaired next week at this repair shop. 3. The storage battery I'm going to speak about is very good thanks to its service life which has been prolonged by the using of better electrolyte, 4. I thought that two-stage dry-type air cleaner would be very good for that car. 5. The man we are looking at is our new mechanic which managed to repair this car. 6. I want you to remember the camshaft is used to open and to close the valves. 7. Now we know the cetane number of the diesel fuel we have tested. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. Having changed the oil, he made a note in the lubricating chart not to forget about the next maintenance of the lubricating system. 2. The article deals with demand and supply of spare parts for foreign automobiles, particular attention being paid to demand. 3. The brakes having been released, the car started to coast down the road. 4. The sellers charted a road train for the transporting of goods, the unloading days not to begin before November, 10. 5. The mechanic and the driver decided to repair the car, both standing and looking at it not knowing from what to start.

24

6. The tractor towing a trailer uphill along the wet road, its wheels were slipping. 7. With the brake pedal pressed all the way down to the floor, toe car can not move. 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. New types of fuels are heard to have high octane number owing to the cleaning. 2. I do not want you to use this secondary fuel filter in this general purpose tractor. 3. A new designer is likely to decide the problem connected to the attachment of some details which are difficult to be fastened. 4. This water pump turned out to create normal coolant flow through the system. 5. This device was known to have been designed in that laboratory. 6. Bad road conditions made the engine and the car as the whole vibrate. 7. We heard the engine miss and knock at a low speed with a fully opened choke. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. Unless the valve stem had a small recess at the upper end how would the spring be fastened to it while assembling? 2. But for the worn piston and cylinder, a clear metallic knocking would not appear. 3. If you inhale toxic agents, it will lead to the head ache and even to poisoning. 4. If this material had not been strong, it would never have been used for these details because it would not have withstood heavy loads. 5. Provided the ignition were maladjusted, the car would not have been started yesterday in such a bitter frost. 6. Should the belt be tensioned well, it would not slip over the pulley while working. 7. Had the car been checked properly, it would not have been broken en route. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. I informed them I should bring an all-speed governor a week later or quickly. 2. The old pistons should be replaced by new ones with three compression rings to create better compression in the cylinders. 3. Would you be able to check the operation of the engine on the testing stand? 4. If I knew the construction of the engine, I should have repaired my car myself. 5. I knew exactly if I did not adjust the valve clearance, the operation of the engine would be disturbed and the energy decreased. 6. Without inserted short thin-walled sleeves of acid-resistant cast iron the life of toe cylinder liners would not be extended. 7. If the compression had been higher, the normal operation and the power output of the engine would have been insured.

25

7. Переведите текст на русский язык LUBRICATING SYSTEM When surfaces of separate engine parts move relative to each other, a force counteracting such a movement is brought about. This force, termed a friction force, depends on the mating surface finish, pressure and rate of relative movement. A part of engine power is spent to overcome the friction force; besides, friction causes the heating of parts and intensifies wear. Friction force is diminished by improving surface finish, using anti-friction alloys, ball and roller bearings. Lubrication is one of the most efficient ways to minimize friction. A lubricant separates the rubbing surfaces substituting dry friction of parts by friction between layers of lubricant. In addition, the oil cools lubricated parts, and carries away solid particles, i.e. cleans the part surfaces. Insufficient supply of oil reduces engine power, intensifies wear and may lead to overheating or melting down of bearings, seizure of pistons and breakdown of the engine. Excessive supply of oil results in its penetration into the combustion chamber, increasing carbonization and fouling of the spark plugs. To store, supply, clean and cool the oil, use is made of a number of devices, pipelines and passages, which form the lubricating system. Oil is drawn from the crankcase sump into the oil pump through the screened intake. The lower section of the oil pump supplies oil to the oil cooler and then to the engine sump. The upper section supplies oil under pressure through the passage in the rear wall of the cylinder block to the oil filter for cleaning. Frorn the filter the oil enters the distributing chamber arranged in the rear partition of the cylinder block and then finds its way into two main oil galleries made in the left and right banks of cylinders. The cylinder walls are lubricated with oil splashed out from the holes in the connecting rod shanks. The oil scraped off the cylinder walls by the oil control ring is discharged through holes in the, piston groove inside* the piston to lubricate the piston pin supporting surfaces in the bosses and in the connecting rod small end. The timing gears are lubricated by oil gravitating through the cylinder nead oil return passages. Distributor and oil pump drive shafts are lubricated under pressure. The timing gears are lubricated with oil flowing down from the centrifugal filter, while the distributor drive and its gears, with oil fed from the hollow disposed between the fifth journal of the camshaft and the cylinder block plug.

26

Вариант 8 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. Oats are said to be the best cereals to follow the ploughing up of grassland. 2. Reducing the power requirements and operating for a longer time cut power costs which allows some businesses to purchase newer farm machinery. 3. Although it is desirable to produce a crop of maximum size potatoes, it is often more economic to produce a higher yield of smaller tubes. 4. In the North of the country there are strong cattle bams and other farm buildings to protect livestock and poultry from low temperatures. 5. To eliminate soil clods and uneven .field surface, farmers were trying to use flat rolls, but all their efforts were not paying any considerable effect. 6. Selecting the proper chemical to control the weed population that is present is probably one of the most important things. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. The amount of feed the cow receives depends on the time it remains at the feed trough and the programmed changing time of the control unit it is carrying on its neck. 2. Lots of experts believe modem Case tractors they see and buy for their farms are far more economic and productive than those formerly employed. 3. Agricultural researchers think this process can be easily mechanized if all of its parameters they are studying now are realized in newer equipment designs. 4. Scientists suppose plant culture began a great many years ago and has been stimulated a good deal by the advancement of agricultural machinery people use for land cultivation. 5. The men we invite to our weekly conferences are region's leading engineers. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. This manual is devoted to the working parameters of cultivators and threshing installations currently being introduced to the modern agricultural machinery market. 2. Having invested much effort and money into their land cultivation, country people are now becoming more production efficiency aware than they had been some twenty years ago. 3. The necessary amount of fresh water being unavailable on the pasture or in barn, the cattle may be in rather disadvantaged conditions with poor milk and meat outcome as a result. 4. Having employed the results of the research undertaken by British specialists, we

27

28

can now take correct decisions in selecting correct machinery to be applied for getting farms' maximum. 5. Milk containing about 87 per cent of water, dairy cows must consume large quantities of water in order to meet milk production standards.

experts and agricultural researchers. 4. In the design of mowing and sugar beet harvesting machines, the design parameters - function, reliability, compatibility and usability - should be considered. 5. Should the potato tubers be planed between 6 and 9 inches apart in rows 28 inches apart, they would be of proper seed-size.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. John Deere Company is known to have become the main international exporter of farm machinery to Russia and Ukraine. 2. In the period between 1986 and 2003 we observed remarkable achievements take place in goat and lamb production in many countries. 3. Some dairy installations proved to be rather dangerous to serve the cows, though they are designed to keep the latter healthy and productive. 4. Tractor operators want these tractor units to be equipped with better seats and easier drivable steering mechanisms so that to make work more comfortable. 5. With such engineering innovations, the advancement of relatively cheaper soil treatment methods is likely to speed up considerably. 6. New makes of clutches and other transmission elements are expected to be offered to customers as soon as next month. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. Provided sandy soils had small content of clay and living micro-organisms, they would have a lower total acidity than purely clay or hard-structured soils typical of central Russia's regions. 2. If the land is rich in nitrogen, 30 unit per acre of mineral fertilizer will suffice. 3. If the fuel-feeding system should fail, there would be a major problem with engine running and general power characteristics of tractor-machine units. 4. Under the condition thai organic fertilizer had been applied in these fields exposed to heavy winds, most of it would have been blown away in spring and in the fall period. 5. Without the proper and regular monitoring, most cultivator maintenance programs in fitting the tines to the depth of treatment could not have been possible. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. One should always remember that heavy field tractors used in farming are not really all-purpose and that they should by no means be employed for in-house operations. 2. Should the work of hay conditioning machinery in field were planned well, there would be a remarkable saving in wear and tear of working elements - PTO driven cylinders and sprmged tines. 3. When the conference of engineers, it is recommended to ask your colleagues if they would like to exchange opinions on precision seeding with international

7. Переведите текст на русский язык TECHNICAL RE-EQUIPMENT OF MODERN AGRICULTURE The need for technical re-equipment of modem agriculture is becoming evident for the specialists and the community today, especially if the former is analyzed within the scope of current change in the population of the Earth, economic transitions in the developing countries, accompanied by meaningful structural modifications of agriculture worldwide. To secure per capita increase of agricultural production it is necessary to raise the level of its overall mechanization, first and foremost being that of livestock and poultry farms. Some kinds of livestock equipment are almost completely automatic, including those used to provide water and forage, to collect and transport farm manure, remove silage from the silo and drop it into the conveyer that carries the fodder to the feed troughs. A cluster of machines is now required that would permit a better digestion of various feeds by livestock and poultry, such as grain grinders, feed mixers, forage cutters and blenders that increase the feeding value of grain, roughages and other feeds. These measures, alone with the advanced meet and milk processing equipment introduction, allow meaningful increase of agricultural production. Among the mam tasks, agricultural engineers are expected to find an efficient solution for how to design and make vast series of productive mobile power systems combine harvesters and high-capacity crop tractors, - those of smaller sizes and lower emission for the specific types of work in greenhouses and cattle-barns. Forage loaders together with harvesting combines answer these modern challenges, and easily compete in the farm market. Then, production of the entire set of machines and implements for those harvesters and tractors, which would feature technical and economic characteristics conforming to present-day demands. It is also thought necessary to organize the extended production of self-propelled windrow harvesters and at the same time to expand the production of combined and multipurpose soil cultivating, sowing and fertilizing machines, as well as the manufacture of new ones for application of hard and liquid chemical plant protection substances. Having in mind the interests of successful advancement of our civilization, it is highly important to continue the re-tooling of agriculture on the basis of new technologies. Among the principle innovations to be introduced, it is worth mentioning computerization of agricultural machines, technological processes in agriculture and overall farming practice.

29

Вариант 9 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. A solar power plant to distill underground waters has been operating for several years in the South of the USA. 2. Protecting the operator from fatiguing vibration on a machine is rather difficult if at all possible. 3. To know the microclimate of this or that part of the area is important for cultivating crops in correct places, where they can grow to give their best. 4. The farmer needs devices to take over rudimentary control operations that regulate power for field equipment that can be electrically powered. 5. Milking machines, grass dryers, root cutters, manure scrapers and other types of farm machinery have been facilitating most of the respective agricultural manipulations. 6. Studies have shown that for some crops and conditions plowing has no advantage. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзного подчинения 1. Agricultural experts believe farms are growing in size and become less fertile year after another, and so their productivity we are so conscious of decreases considerably. 2. Electricity is the kind of energy we need to drive supplementary farm machinery such as stem grinders and milking apparatuses farmers employ in field and in bam. 3. A large group of students believe many units of modern trailed and mounted equipment they study are far more efficient than those they see on their farms at home. 4. The program I am planning to implement in our region is a very promising one in terms of crop productivity. 5. The method harvesting combines are exploited, the period of time they remain productive and the amount of oil and fuel they consume depend to a great degree upon the service they receive. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. Having obtained new types of agricultural devices, farmers can now implement upto- date agricultural technologies they have lacked for so long. 2. Food-preparing machines, distributing belts and grinding-mills being widely utilized on farms today, this freshly published book deals with high power stationary equipment operation. 3. This British machinery plant produces a series of agricultural implements and

30

equipment, planters, mowers and potato-diggers being the leaders of farm sales there. 4. Having been offered a chance to visit an agricultural machinery exhibition, poultry equipment designers received many brochures and CDs describing computer simulation techniques. 5. Tractors, through their high fuel consumption, are designed for and employed on a wide range of soil and for various farm tasks, quality engines and drives being especially important. 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. At present time introduction of the modem fodder processing installations is likely to be a hard work to do through financial difficulties of rural engineering services. 2. These research techniques proved to be very reliable to provide farm-related information demanded by machinery designers. 3. Previously employed grinders and churns are expected to be changed with modern and far more reliable ones. 4. Our university graduates are known to have become the most welcomed agricultural resource in terms of their professional competence. 5. In the past twenty or thirty years British farmers have seen great progress take place in tractor drive system development. 6. We would appreciate these harvesting combines to be used wider in our com fields to let our production go up by some 15 per cent. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. If the bam livestock feeding system should fail, there would be created a decisive problem of feeding hundreds of heads within a limited time. 2. Without the tractor, much of the programs in fitting the machines to the land and the crop could not have taken place. 3. Further simplification and standardization of the attachment methods for tractormounted equipment would have been helpful to our district farmers, but large businesses curtailed their investment programs by a half. 4. If these machines are manufactured and technically served properly, the in-bam production of the needed fodder staffs is likely to increase sharply. 5. Spring barley may follow almost any other crop, provided the land is not in too high a state of fertility otherwise wide-spread lodging can result. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. In the design of automatic equipment and controls the design factors should be considered in the following order: function, reliability, compatibility, flexibility and usability.

31

2. If we took a look of our agricultural past now, we should explain why farming as an industry has not reached a technological state as advanced as electronics and other highly promoted industries. 3. To diesel engines that are low in their indicated power additional construction measures should be applied. 4. There are relatively few areas so much protected from desertification that melioration would not be profitable if it were provided at low cost. 5. Maximum utilization of controls for regulating power would permit great increase in productivity per man-hour. 7. Переведите текст на русский язык TRACTORS USED IN FARMING The history of tractor development is really long. The first use of an internal combustion engine in a tractor in the United States goes back as far as 1890. Today, tractor construction industry is highly developed in Russia, the USA, Great Britain and some other countries, a number of types of tractors being produced for doing various agricultural practices on soil and in the livestock barn, including wheeled and crawler ones. In recent years the diesel engine has become the accepted power unit for all British tractors. The most important development is the increase of engine capacity. Wheeled tractors in the 100 horsepower (hp) class have been introduced by most of the British and other countries' tractor manufacturers, and are increasingly used. But today a 200-300 hp tractor, like Fendt Farmer 300LS or John Deere 8850, is the main power source for large farm operations in agriculturally advanced countries. With the increase in engine power, four-wheel-drive ones have become common. Large tractors tend to be used for a limited range of operations, the chief being tillage, combined tillage and sowing and yield harvesting. Most modem farm tractors are truly "all purpose", and they can operate a range cf mounted, semi-mounted, and trailed implements and machines, and have hydraulic devices to provide easy and accurate control of the equipment from the tractor driver's seat. Among the typical operations performed by the latest tractors there are plowing, cultivating, harrowing, sowing, harvesting and transporting agricultural crops, livestock and poultry feeds distribution, barn cleansing and others. Inefficient machinery management turns to be a considerable problem too. Say, data of the research conducted in 2,000 show, that a good share of farmers in America, having large tractors, only use them 400 hours per year or even less, while smaller tractors are long proved and recommended to be in use 1,000 or more hours and still doing good work. Farmers should not purchase larger tractors than they need, for heavier machines consume far more fuel, which makes them uneconomic. It has now become normal practice to provide electric starting, lights and light signaling. Other developments that have rapidly become common include such items as multi-speed gear-boxes, power take-off (PTO), lock differential, power steering and various devices for transferring weight from mounted implements to the tractor's drive wheels.

32

Вариант 10 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните инфинитив одной чертой, причастие – двумя, герундий – волнистой линией. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. When checking the engine mounts you are recommended to uncotter the nuts, tighten them fully and cotter again to prevent working loose. 2. Increasing the engine speed the driver must listen attentively to its operation to find out any misses or knockings. 3. It is necessary to accelerate the engine, then shut it down and listen to the operation of the centrifugal oil filter to be checked. 4. The driver must know the engine systems not to have problems with his car during the operation and maintenance. 5. The required quantity and quality of the mixture for steady idling will be insured after adjusting the idle system of the carburetor. 6. The gears rotating in the oil pump casing draw the oil through the inlet port and push it through all the lubricating system. 7. To eliminate the leakage of oil is to change the damaged gaskets, tighten the joints and replace cracked pipes if any. 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода бессоюзных подчинений 1. I hope this experiment will be exactly completed by the end of this year. 2. The young driver knows the training period will be very important for him 3. The secondary fuel filter I'm going to speak about is very new and rather good. 4. I thought the director would order new spare parts two days later not earlier 5. The man we are speaking of is our main designer who is working at new methods of attachments of mounted implements. 6. I want you to remember you are to start this row crop work in this field in a week. 7. We knew the results of the experiments we had carried out the previous week. 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский,язык, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов 1. The task having been finished, I went to wash my hands with a special solution. 2. The marker lights of the vehicle being on, the car could be seen from a long distance even in the dense fog. 3. With the length exceeding 8 meters, the truck could not make U-turn on this area. 4. Having lost the ignition key somewhere, the driver could not start his own car. 5. By the contract dated May 10, 2003, our company sold a quantity of timber, the goods to be delivered in two months. 6. The driver knowing his car very well, he managed to repair it himself en route during a short period of time.

33

7. The starting engine overheated after engine could not be started immediately.

34

some attempts, the tractor main diesel

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивных оборотов 1. A new fan with little curved vanes is supposed to cool the engine more uniformly. 2. We want tins cell lesier also called a high rate discharged to be used at our shop. 3. The experiment for detecting mechanical impurities in oil is sure to he successful. 4. This pump is known to create pressure in the lubricating system by rotating gears. 5. Shutters seem to have adjusted the intensity of air blow through the radiator core 6. We heard the car stop at the repair shop in the street and the driver get off. 7. The driver made the tractor turn to the left in the field by using the hand-left steering lever and the left brake pedal. 5. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения с придаточными предложениями условия 1. If the engine operates at half throttle, a high vacuum in the inlet manifold will result in lifting the valve off its seat. 2. But for the warm weather, the car would not have been started so easily. 3. Unless the fuel were filtered, it would be harmful for fuel system components. 4. If the mixture had been lean, the engine would have missed and knocked. 5. Provided the carburetor were of a non-balanced type, the float chamber would directly communicate with the atmosphere. 6. Had the storage battery been discharged, the starter motor would not operate. 7. Should the pressure valve be broken, the high pressure would be resulted in the carburetor barrels. 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would 1. If this material were not strong and not able to withstand high loads, I should never use it for these details. 2. He told me if the engine did not start, it would be necessary to check the fuel feed and ignition systems immediately. 3. You should make all the adjustments of the valve gear before starting the engine because this mechanism influences operation very much. 4. I told the owner I should have to buy expensive import spare parts for his car. 5. If the ignition were maladjusted, the car would not have been started yesterday because the firing order would have been disturbed. 6. Would you help me to find the necessary equipment for the truck crane, please? 7. I would repair my bicycle twice a week in my childhood because I liked it much.

7. Переведите текст на русский язык COOLING SYSTEM The temperature of gases in the cylinders of a running engine reaches 1,8002,000°C. Only part of the heat liberated ;n this process is converted into useful work. Another part of heat is to be carried away with cooling liquid, otherwise the engine parts become overheated, which drastically aggravates wear. Besides, engine overheating results in burning of lubricant. Overcooling of the running engine is not desirable either. With the overcooled engine, its power drops because of loss of heat, the friction losses increase due to thickening of the lubricant, part of the fuel mixture condenses and washes the lubricant down from the cylinder walls thus intensifying the wear of the engine parts. In this case, the corrosion wear of the cylinder walls is also promoted owing to the formation of sulphuric compounds. Many engines have a forced liquid cooling system. The coolant is either water or special antifreeze solutions. The liquid cooling system includes a cooling jacket of the cylinder block and head, radiator, water pump, fan, shutters, thermostat, water distributing tube, branch pipes, hoses, drain cocks. The coolant contained in the cooling jacket picks up heat produced in the engine cylinder, flows to the radiator, where the heat is given up to the air, and returns to the cooling jacket. The coolant is circulated in the system by the water pump and cooled by intensive blowing of the radiator with air. Pipes and rubberized-fabric hoses interconnect separate parts of the cooling system. The degree of cooling is adjusted by a thermostat, shutters or by automatic cut-in and cut out of the fan. The cooling system is filled through the filler neck of the radiator or surge tank. The radiator gives up the heat of the coolant to the surrounding air. The radiator consists of a core, top and bottom tanks and mountings. The radiator core is made of separate vertical tubes interconnected by horizontal fins, which stiffen the radiator and increase cooling area. The tubes of the radiator core are soldered to the top and bottom tanks. To raise the boiling point of the coolant, hence to maintain the optimum temperature conditions, the engines use a pressurized cooling system where the radiator does not communicate with the atmosphere directly but is tightly closed with a pressure cap having a pressure valve and a vacuum valve. The pressure valve opens automatically when the pressure in the system exceeds the specified limits. The vacuum valve opens at an under-pressure and admits air into the radiator.

35

Контрольные задания по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для студентов II курса факультета заочного образования

КУЗНЕЦОВ Андрей Николаевич СЕРГЕЕВА Наталья Анатольевна

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Специальность «Механизация сельского хозяйства»

Редактор Г.А. Кунахович План 2004 г., п. 089, 090 Подписано к печати 15.12.04 Формат 60x84/16. Бумага офсетная. Гарнитура «Таймc» Печать – ризограф. Уч.-изд. л. 2,0 Тираж 100 экз. Заказ № 234 Цена 20 р. Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Московский государственный агроинженерный университет им. В.П. Горячкина» Отпечатано в лаборатории оперативной полиграфии ФГОУ ВПО МГАУ 127550, Москва, Тимирязевская, 58