ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
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ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ
ɌɂɆɈɎȿȿȼ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ȼɚɥɟɪɢɟɜɢɱ
ȾɂɇȺɆɂɄȺ ɉɊɂɊɈɋɌȺ ɋɈɋɇɕ ɈȻɕɄɇɈȼȿɇɇɈɃ (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) ɉɈȾ ȼɅɂəɇɂȿɆ ȿɋɌȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɂ ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɅȿɋɈɋɌȿɉɇɈȽɈ ɉɈȼɈɅɀɖə
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 25.00.23 – ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ
Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 2003
3
Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɋɬɪ. 4
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɨɛɡɨɪ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ)
7
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) 2.1. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ 2.2. Ƚɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ 2.3. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ 2.4. ɉɨɱɜɵ 2.5. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 2.6. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ
35 35 38 39 41 42 44
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ 3.1. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ 3.2. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ 3.3. Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
58 58 75 81
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ 4.1. Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ 4.3. Ⱦɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.4. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.5. Ɋɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 4.6. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ȼɵɜɨɞɵ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
93 93 99 118 119 174 186 193 194 211
4
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɈȻɓȺə ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ “ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ” ɫ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ. ȼ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɚɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɨ- ɢ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɐɟɥɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Pinus sylvestris L.) ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɟɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: – ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ; í ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ (1773-2001 ɝɝ.) ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ; – ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ: Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜɚ Ƚ.Ɏ., ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɇ.ȼ., ɒɟɮɮɟ Ƚ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɌɄ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ 1992 ɩɨ 2001 ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ȼɵ-
5
ɛɪɚɧɵ ɉɌɄ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ – ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɉɌɄ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɚ. Ⱥɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ í ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ. Ɋɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ. 1. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ. 2. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ. ȼ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ: 11-, 22-, 33-, 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. 3. ȼɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɩɵ) ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ.
6
4. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɪɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ (ɌɨȺɁɚ). 5. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. Ⱥɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ “ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ” (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1996); ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹɯ “Ʌɟɫɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ” (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1993), “Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ” (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1995); ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 9-ɨɣ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟ (ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ, 1994). ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ 8 ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 5 ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɢ 3 ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 210 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɝɥɚɜ, 61 ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, 36 ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ, ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, 7 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 251 ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 53 ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ.
7
ȽɅȺȼȺ 1. ȾȿɇȾɊɈɂɇȾɂɄȺɐɂə ȼɅɂəɇɂə ȿɋɌȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɂ ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ (ɨɛɡɨɪ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) Ⱥ.ɉ. ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (1964) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɟɬɪɚ. ɂɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ. Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɥɟɫɟ” (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ – ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɫɜɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ – ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ; ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɭɬ; ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ; ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ; ɜ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɫɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ…, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ …ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ – ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɚɹ. …Ʉɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɟɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ: ɮɨɪɦɚ ɯɜɨɢ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɨɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɟɜɲɚɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɚ ɢ ɝɢɩɨɞɟɪɦɚ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɶɢɰ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, – ɜɫɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬ: ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ɭɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɟɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ. Ⱦɚɜɧɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɟɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ə.ɋ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɵɦ (ɩɨ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜɭ, 1931). ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, – ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, – ɟɳɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɝɥɚɫɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɧɟ-
8
ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ… Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɤ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɭ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ …ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɥɚɝɟ… ɋɨɫɧɭ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɹɪɤɨɦɭ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɭ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ: …ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɯɜɨɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ – ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɭɬɢɤɭɥɚ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɶɢɰɚɦɢ, – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɝɭɳɚɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɫɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭɯɨɥɸɛɨɦ, ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ… Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɪɚɣɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ… Ɂɢɦɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ; ɷɬɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɩɥɵɜɵ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɜɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɥɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ: ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɭɱɢɬ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ ɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɨɣ. ȿɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɭɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɱɢɜɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɹ ɠɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ… Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ. Ɍɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ, ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩ-
9
ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɢɦɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɥɟɫ, ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: …ɥɢɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ… ɂɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɹ, ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ – ɜɫɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɧɟɝɚ, ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɬ. ɩ… ȼɫɟ ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ ɭɤɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɧɚ ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ: ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɪɟɤ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ, ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɜɪɚɠɢɫɬɭɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ; ɡɚ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɭɪɟɡɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɣɦɵ ɢɡ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɥɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɤ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɫ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ, ɩɨɣɦɵ – ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɨɥɶɯɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɹɫɢɧ. ɇɚɞɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ – ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɤ ɫɬɟɩɢ – ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ, ɞɭɛɚ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ, – ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ… Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɩɨɣɦɭ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɤ ɧɚɞɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ: ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ – ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ; ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɸɧɧɵɟ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɵ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,
10
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ; ɜɬɨɪɵɟ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɤ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɚɦ, ɢɥɢ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɯɨɥɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɛɨɪɵ – ɧɢɠɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɫɬɜɨɥɵ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɛɟɠɢɫɬɵ, ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɚɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɥɸɛɢɜɚɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; ɷɬɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ, ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɟ; ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ – ɜɵɲɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ, ɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. …ɇɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɜɨɟɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɢɛɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɟɫɚ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ (1931) ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ …ɥɟɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɵ ɜɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ɇɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚ ɷɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɨɦ, ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɸ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɬɭ ɚɪɟɧɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɟ, ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɥɟɫ (Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ, 1931). Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “ɋɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ” (1971) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ …ɢɡ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɞɚɮɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. ɑɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɜɵɩɚɜɲɢɯ. Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ – ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ-
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ɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ… ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ – ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɢɥɢ, ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ… ɋɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɚɠɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ, ɧɚ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɠɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɧɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ… ɂ ɞɚɥɟɟ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ (1971) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ: …ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ – ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ… Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ (1971) ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɋ.ɋ. ɉɹɬɧɢɰɤɨɝɨ (1955), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ “ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɟ” ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɪɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ: ɜɟɪɯɭɳɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɛóɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɦ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ (ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ)… ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɚɲɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɋ.ɋ. ɉɹɬɧɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɠɟɣɤɨ (1964). ɉɨ
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ɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɠɟɣɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɪɢɬɭɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ. ɉɨ ɗ.Ⱦ. Ʌɨɛɠɚɧɢɞɡɟ (1961) ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɜɢɞ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ; ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ; ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ; ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ; ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ; ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ). ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɍ.Ɍ. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫɚ (1974), ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ, ɠɟɪɞɧɹɤɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɜɚɡɢɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɝɨɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɍ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɯ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ 10-20-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɭ ɟɥɢ – ɜ 25-40-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ, ɭ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɨɥɶɯɢ – ɜ 5-10-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). ɇɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɜɟɬ ɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɭɛɤɢ, ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɷɧɬɨɦɨ- ɢ ɮɢɬɨɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɩ., “ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ” ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ. ɇɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɟ-
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ɪɟɜɶɹ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ “ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ” – ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɫɵɯɚɸɬ. Ⱦɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɠɢɜɵɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.Ȼ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɏɚɥɟɟɜɚ (1991) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ (Quercus robur L.) ɜ ȼɨɥɝɨ-Ⱥɯɬɭɛɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɂ.ɋ. Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ (1989), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ
ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ
ɫɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ.
ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ – ɮɚɤɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɨɧ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974; Ⱥɧɬɚɧɚɣɬɢɫ, Ɂɚɝɪɟɟɜ, 1981). Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɂ.ɋ. Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ (1989) ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Pinus sylvestris L.), ɟɥɢ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ (Picea obovata Ledeb.) ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɩɢɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ, ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 20 ɥɟɬ (Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1989). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ) ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɨɡɟ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ
ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ – ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ (Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1989). Ɋɹɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ. Ɋɹɞ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ
14
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɯɨɞ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɧɬɨɰɟɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɟ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɵɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ. Ɋɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ
ɧɚ
ɬɪɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ,
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ), ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ (Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1989). ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɋ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, Ⱥ.ɉ. ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (1964) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ: …ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɨɫɵɩɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɚɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶɫɹ (ɩɪɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɜɟ, ɫɞɭɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ). Ɂɚɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ, ɜɨɞɧɵɣ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɟɦ ɪɟɡɱɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ… ɋ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɸɝɭ, ɭɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɭɱɟ ɸɠɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɨɫɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɗɬɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɸɠɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢ-
15
ɩɨɜ ɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, Ⱥ.ɉ. ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (1964) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ …ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɵɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ (ɦɟɪɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɛɟɞɧɵ, ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ (ɒɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, 1964). Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɢɬɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚ ɸɝɟ – ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɱɜ. Ɂɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨ-ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ, ɡɢɦɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɭɦɢɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɜ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɍɚɣɬ-Ɇɚɭɧɬɢɧɫ, ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-ɇɟɜɚɞɚ (ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ ɋɒȺ), ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɫɬɢɫɬɨɣ Pinus aristata ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɧɟ-ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (Fritts, 1969; Ferguson, 1969). ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ – ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ. ȼ. Ʌɚ Ɇɚɪɲ ɢ ɏ. Ɇɭɧɢ (La Marche, Mooney, 1967) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ȼ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɍɚɣɬ-Ɇɚɭɧɬɢɧɫ (ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-ɇɟɜɚɞɚ) ɧɚ ɯɪɟɛɬɟ ɋɧɟɣɤ (ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-ɇɟɜɚɞɚ, ɋɒȺ) ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɧɚ ɤɚ-
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ɠɞɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɦɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɉɨ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜɭ (1970), ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 20-ɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɥɢɨɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ-ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ (Douglass, 1919, 1928, 1936; Schulman, 1956). ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɦ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ, ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ; ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
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ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1962, 1975; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1966; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1969, 1981; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1970; Ƚɨɪɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1978) ɭɤɨɪɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɏɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɜ. ɂɡ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ, – ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɹ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ. ȼ ɞɟɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.Ȼ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɏɚɥɟɟɜɚ (1991) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ (Quercus robur L.) ɜ ȼɨɥɝɨ-Ⱥɯɬɭɛɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɟ. ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɨɥɝɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɸɥɹ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ, ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɧɶ (Ƚɨɥɭɛ, ɏɚɥɟɟɜ, 1991). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ Picea abies L. Karsten ɜ Ȼɟɥɨɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ” (1990) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ
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ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 41 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɟɥɢ (Picea abies L. Karsten) ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɨɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɬ 85 ɞɨ 210 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6, 11, 17 ɢ 40 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧɚ (1970ɚ) ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ (1970ɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 6 ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɨɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɵ (ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ) ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɚ (1968, 1977) ɡɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ. ȿɝɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɧɵ, ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɵ. ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɉɪɢɫɚɦɚɪɶɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɫɚɦɚɪɶɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɚ) ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚɯ; ɛ) ɜɡɹɬɢɟ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɫɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɨɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɨɣ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1985) ɢ ɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨ 6 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ (Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1988; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢ-
19
ɰɚɧ, 1990). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɞɟɧɞɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ 6 ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɨɜ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ 1945 ɢ 1982 ɝɝ. ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ 1955 ɝ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɵ (ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ȼɨɫɬɨɤɨɜɚ, 1964; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1980; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1989; Ɉɥɶ, 1969; ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1973). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞɚ (1950), ɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɱɜ ɚɪɟɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ (ɉ0-1) ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɩɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɟɜɭ (1979), ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɫɚɦɦɨɮɢɬɨɜ. ȼɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɣ (ɋɉ2-3) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨ-ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ (ɉ0-1) ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ (ɋɉ2) – 30-180 ɢ 50-170% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ 2% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɟɧ 140% (30-170%), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɛ ɨɬɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɞɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 10 ɦɟɫɹɰɚɯ ɢɡ 12 ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ
20
ɛɨɪɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɹ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɧɟ “ɥɸɛɢɬ” ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ ɢ ɢɸɥɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɥɨɞ ɧɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɡɢɦɨɜɤɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ ɢ ɢɸɥɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɮɚɡɚɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɭ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 6 ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɷɞɚɮɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɷɤɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ., ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɂ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ (ɫɨɫɧɵ) ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɘ. Ʌɢɛɢɯɚ (1840). Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɧɚ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ, Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞɚ, ɘ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧɚ (1992) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɵɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ
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ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɮɢɫɬɚɲɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɜ Ȼɚɞɯɵɡɟ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ɋɨɞɢɧ, 1988, 1990) ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ (Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1961, 1965; Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɚ, 1985; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1986; Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ, 1990 ɢ ɞɪ.). Ⱦɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ-ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Pinus sylvestris L.). Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚ.ɇ. ȼɵɫɨɰɤɨɝɨ (1950), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ, 1950, 1971; ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ, 1972, 1973; Ⱥɥɶɛɢɰɤɚɹ, 1960; ɑɭɝɚɣ, 1960; Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɟɜ, 1972; ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, 1977; ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ – ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɦ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨȺɧɚɞɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ, Ⱦɢɛɪɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ – ɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɟɪɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1970, 1972, 1979; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1985; Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1988). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ 10-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɦ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɛɨɪɚɦ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ (100%) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɨɪɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɞ (ɫ X ɩɨ IX ɦɟɫɹɰɵ) ɩɨ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ƚɭɛɢɧɢɯɚ, ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɭ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992) ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ (ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ). Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɯɨɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɟ-
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ɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ-ɦɚɟ-ɢɸɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɥɢɲɚɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɉɥɶ, 1966; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1969; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, 1969; Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1973). ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (1992) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɞ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɨɬ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɤ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɸ (ɨɬ 78 ɞɨ 120), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (60-74). ɉɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ 10-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɍɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɭ (Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ, 1990) ɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɟɪɢɹɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ-Ⱥɧɚɞɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, Ⱦɢɛɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɟɪɢɹɦ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɚ 69-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 64%. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ 10-ɥɟɬɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ 9 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɟɪɢɹɯ (1931-1940 ɢ 1961-1970 ɝɝ.), ɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɯ 1921-1930, 1941-1950 ɢ 1971-1980 ɝɝ. ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ 5 ɥɟɬ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ (ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ, Ʌ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ, 1990) ɢ ɫɬɟɩɢ (ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɛɨɪɚɦ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɋɋɊ), ɧɚɱɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ 1963 ɝ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ɂɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɨɯ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɩɟɪɨɜ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɨɜ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ, ɩɨ ɘ.ɂ. ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ, 1973. ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɟɞɭ-
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ɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɡɚ 3 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨ, ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ +7 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ. ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ: ɡɚ 6 ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨ +4 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 11 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɬɟɫɧɨɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɵɯ ɛɨɥɨɬɚɯ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɁɚɩɚɞɚ ȿɌɋ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1968 ɢ ɞɪ.). ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ Ʌ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ (1990), ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɛɨɪɚɦ. ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɨɞ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ “ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ”. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (1992), ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɮɚɡɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ: ɬɚɤ, ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 3 ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ – ɡɚ 4 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜ +1-ɣ ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ – ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɨɞ. Ɏɚɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ +7-ɣ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ – ɧɚ +6-ɣ ɝɨɞɵ. ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɢ ɞɪ., 1992) ɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɱɟɬɱɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɩɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ –2-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ +1-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɫ –3-ɝɨ ɩɨ +1-ɣ ɝɨɞ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫ +1-ɝɨ ɩɨ +4-ɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨ-
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ɞɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɬɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɞɨ 2025 ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɨ Ⱦ. ɒɨɜɟ). ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɚɝɪɨɥɟɫɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ (Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ, Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ, 1992). ɇɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɨ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ, ɠɟɪɞɧɹɤɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ), ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɜɚɡɢɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ – ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ (1974) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɇɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɪɹɞɵ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɳɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɉ.Ʌ. Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɚ “Ɏɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ-
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ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ” (1985). Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɥɟɬ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɟɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɦɚɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɪɟɞɤɚ (Brehme, 1951; Eklund, 1957/1958; ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1965; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ, 1972; Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ, 1978; ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1979; Ȼɨɪɳɟɜɚ, 1981). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɵɧɟ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ (ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ) ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɤɚɯ, ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɟ, ɦɨɪɟɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 300-500 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɞɨ 800-1100 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɪɮɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ – ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɟɬ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ, ɮɚɡɚ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ, ɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ (Douglass, 1919, 1936; Siren, 1963; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1970ɛ; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974, ɢ ɞɪ.). ɇɟɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȿɳɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɬɶ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɹɞɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ (ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ, 1957; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1963; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, 1973; ɢ ɞɪ.), ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɢ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ,
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ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɚɜɬɨɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ-ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɚ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ (ɨɬ 2-3 ɞɨ 60 ɥɟɬ), ɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ (60-120 ɥɟɬ) ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 120 ɥɟɬ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɸɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (Douglass, 1936; Ȼɪɭɤɫ, Ʉɚɪɭɡɟɪɫ, 1963). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ (1971), ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɜɚɡɢɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ – ɚɜɬɨɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ) ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɬɟɪ) ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɭ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɯɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɡɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɨ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ (ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚɯ). Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ȼɟɬɟɪ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɛɥɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
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Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɨɬ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɷɤɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɸɫɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ (Hermes, 1955). ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ 1ɨ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 100 ɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ, – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (Brockmann-Jerosch, 1919). ɗɬɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ, ɫɞɭɠɚɬ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ȼ Ⱥɥɶɩɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢɸɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬ 7,8 ɞɨ 10,8ɨC (Brockmann-Jerosch, 1919), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ȼ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɸɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ +10,5ɨC ɢ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 60 ɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC (Vincent, 1933). Ɏ.Ɏ. Ⱦɚɜɢɬɚɹ ɢ ɘ.ɋ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤ (1962) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ; ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɚ (Larix sibirica ɢ L. sibirica var. Sukaczewii) ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ, ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɫ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɢ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɚɦɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɯɬɚ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ Abies sibirica Ledeb. – ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ.
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Ɉ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɋɭɛɚɪɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɪɢɬɦɢɤɟ ɢɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɪɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ (ɩɨɞɩɨɹɫɚ, ɩɨɥɨɫɵ) – “ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ”. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɹɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɡ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɨ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. ɂɡɭɱɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɡɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɨɜ. Ƚɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɞɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɛɨɣɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ), ɫɚɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɵ, ɚ ɭ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ – ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɦɨɥɹɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ (ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, 1961; Glock, Agerter, 1963). ɋɛɨɪɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985) ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɛɨɣɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɦɛɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɧɶɸ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɪɛɭɡɨɜɚ (1994) ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ
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ɋɨɫɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ (Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai), ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɉɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɯ 14002400 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɛɦɟɪɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɹɯ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ: 1) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ; 2) ɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ; 3) ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (ɞɨ 20 ɥɟɬ) ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ (ɚɬɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ). ȿɫɥɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɢɬɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ-ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ (ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɚɬɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɪɟɞɵ… Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɵɧɟ (Ⱥɪɛɭɡɨɜ, 1994). Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ) ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɨɧɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ, ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
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ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɟɧɞɪɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ) ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɚ, ɢ ɟɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ (Griggs, 1937; Glock, 1941; Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ, 1941; Ƚɚɥɚɡɢɣ, 1954; Fritts, 1969; La Marche, Mooney, 1967; ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɯɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɢ ɜ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ – ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɭɲɟɧɢɢ) ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɚ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ (ɜ ɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ – ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ) ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɛɟɡɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ȼɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɝɭɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɛɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ – ɢɸɥɹ (Erlandsson, 1936; Hustich, 1945; Schove, 1950; Eklund, 1957-1958; Mikola, 1962; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1958; ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1965). Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤɚ (1966) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ 11-12-ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ Pinus mugo Turra ɜ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ. ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ (1966, 1970ɜ) ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ 20-30ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɏɢɛɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 11,6 ɢ 34,8 ɝɨɞɚ (ȼɨɡɨɜɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ., 1968). ȼ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1965) ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-
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ɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ (Ɍɚɝɭɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 1970) ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ 160-180-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ (Adamenko, 1963) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɋɤɚɞɢɧɚɜɢɟɣ ɧɚ 25 ɥɟɬ. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɲɤɚɥɚɦ, ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɉɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 160-180 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɨɯɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹɳɢɟɫɹ 70-80 ɥɟɬ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ 70-80 ɥɟɬ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɢ, ɥɨɠɛɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɤɚ), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ – ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɒɢɹɬɨɜ, 1985). Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɍ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɟɧɶɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜɚ (1996) ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɚ “ɋɟɜɟɪɨɧɢɤɟɥɶ” ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɯ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɚɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜ, 1975; Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧ, 1974; ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱɟɜ, 1980; ɋɬɚɜɪɨɜɚ, Ʌɹɧɝɭɡɨɜɚ, 1982; ɋɵɪɨɢɞ, 1988; əɪɦɢɲɤɨ, 1990; Huttenen, Laine, 1981; Huttenen, Havas, Laine, 1983; Kirkwood, Magan, McLeod, 1989; Linzon, 1971; Schumacher, 1985). ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ-
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ɫɬɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɢ ɯɜɨɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ: ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɯɜɨɢ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɧɟɤɪɨɡ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɯɜɨɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɚɠɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ-ɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɤ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚɦ (ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ, ɡɚɫɭɯɢ). ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɯɜɨɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɤɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɯɜɨɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɡɭ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɢɦɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɬɟɫɬɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɟɨɯɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɯɜɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ (ɑɟɪɧɟɧɶɤɨɜɚ, Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜ, 1996). ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1984-1986 ɝɝ. ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɋ.ɇ. ɋɚɛɢɪɨɜɵɦ (1989) ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɶɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ, ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɨɡɵ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ ɫ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ (1981). ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1968)
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ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɨɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɯɪɨɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɋɚɛɢɪɨɜ, 1989). Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ȿ.Ʉ. Ɇɭɫɚɟɜɚ (1996) ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1986 ɝ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ: Ɏ.Ⱥ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜɚ (1972), Ʌ.ȼ. ɏɪɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ. (1990), Ɇ.ȼ.Ȼɟɧɧɟɧɚ (1955, 1957), ȿ.Ʉ. Ɇɭɫɚɟɜɚ (1993), ȿ.Ⱥ. ȼɚɝɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (1985), ɏ. Ɏɪɢɬɬɫɚ (1976), Ʌ. Ʉɚɪɞɟɥɥɚ (1978), Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ… (1990). Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1979; Fritts, 1976; ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɉɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ – ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Kardell, 1978; Keller, 1982; Pollanschútz, 1975; Puckett, 1982; ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɝɨ-
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ɥɟɬɢɸ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɛɢɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɨɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɯɜɚɬɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ, ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɢɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɢɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɨɡɵ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ȼ.Ɍ. əɪɦɢɲɤɨ (1994) ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ.
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ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕȿ ɍɋɅɈȼɂə ɊȺɃɈɇȺ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə (ɀɂȽɍɅȿȼɋɄɂɃ ɁȺɉɈȼȿȾɇɂɄ, ɅȿɋɈɉȺɊɄɂ ɂ ɉɊɂȽɈɊɈȾɇɕȿ ɅȿɋȺ ɌɈɅɖəɌɌɂ) ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ: ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɟ) ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. 1. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɥɭɱɢɧɨɣ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɵɡɪɚɧɢ ɞɭɝɭ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 220 ɤɦ – ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɭɸ Ʌɭɤɭ. Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ (ɪɚɣɨɧ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɭ, ɨɛɪɚɦɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ. 2. 1. ɊȿɅɖȿɎ ɂ ȽȿɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɋɌɊɈȿɇɂȿ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ Ʌɭɤɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ, ɸɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɶɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ, ɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ȼɨɥɝɢ. ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ 370 ɦ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɦɢ ɜ 250 - 310 ɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ (ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ, Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ) ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2.). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ – ɭɡɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɫ V-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ ɩɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɳɟɥɶɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɤɪɚɣ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ “ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ”. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɨɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ. ɇɚ ɦɟɠɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɹɬɭɸ ɥɢɲɶ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɜɵɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɨɯɨɞɹ ɞɨ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɜɪɚɝɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ
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ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. 1. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɩɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɬɭɩɢɲɢɧɭ, 1964); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ: 1 – ɘɠɧɨ-ɋɵɡɪɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ; 2 – ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɴɹɪɭɫɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ; 3 – Ʉɨɧɞɭɪɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ; 4 – Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ; 5 – Ɉɤɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɝɪɹɞɨɜɨ-ɭɜɚɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ; 6 – ɋɚɦɚɪɨ-Ʉɢɧɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɞɨɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ; 7 – ɑɚɝɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɞɨɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ; 8 – ɋɵɪɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫ ɫɵɪɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; 9 – ɂɪɝɢɡɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ; ɪɚɣɨɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɧ. ɘɠɧɨɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɚɥɟɨɡɨɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ, ɫɧɢɡɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɞɨ 60-80 ɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ, ɨɛɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ȼɨɥɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ ɤɪɭɬɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɹɟɬ ɸɠɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ. Ɉɜɪɚɝɢ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɶɹɦɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. Ɉɬɞɚɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɜ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ȼɢɧɧɨɜɫɤɭɸ, Ⱥɫɤɭɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɋɭɯɨ-Ȼɪɭɫɹɧɫɤɭɸ. ɗɬɢ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨ-
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ɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɵ ɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢ (ɞɨ 1 ɤɦ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɧɨ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɬɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ. ɉɨ ɞɧɢɳɭ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɨɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɛɟɪɭɳɢɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ, ɩɨ ɸɠɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ʌɭɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɤ ɪ. ɍɫɟ, ɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɭɜɚɥɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦɢ. ȼɵɫɨɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɜɚɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 170-180 ɦ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɨɥɝɨɣ ɢ ɍɫɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɫ. ɋɬɚɪɚɹ Ɋɹɡɚɧɶ, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɟɟ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɪ. ɍɫɵ, ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ 70-80 ɦ. ɇɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ. ȼ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɦɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ. ȼ ɦɟɠɟɧɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɨɬɤɨɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɚ ɛɢɱɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ɭɫɵɩɚɧɧɚɹ ɳɟɛɧɟɦ ɢ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ, ɧɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɠɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɚ ɪɭɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɧɢɡɢɧɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ (ɜɸɪɦɫɤɨɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɣɦɨɣ. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ
ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ
ɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɥɟɫɨɜ
Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
(Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-
ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚ ɇɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ȼ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ, ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ, ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ (ɛɚɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɞɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ). ȿɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 100-120 ɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɥɨɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɫɵɪɬɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɭ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɨɬɞɟɥɢɦɚ. ɇɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɟɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɦ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɧɨ-ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ “Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ” (1971) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ …ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɞɸɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɧɨɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɋɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɜɢɞ ɧɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ.
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Ɋɢɫ 2. 2. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ; Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝ ɉɨɞ ɭɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɬɢɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɟ (ɞɨ 35 ɤɦ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ) ɦɚɥɨɭɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ (ɯɚɡɚɪɫɤɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɪɢɫɫɤɨɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɞɨɥɨɜ, ɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɥɸɞɰɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 ɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ) ɜɞɨɥɶ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ, ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ ɢ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ (1961 ɝ.). Ȼɵɥ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶ-ɧɚ-ȼɨɥɝɟ. ɇɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɵɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɲɬɨɥɟɧ, ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ. 2. 2. ȽɂȾɊɈȽɊȺɎɂə ȼ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ
(ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ
ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-
ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ) ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɤɢ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵ ɪɨɞɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟ
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ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɭɱɶɟɜ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɫɭɯɢ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɬɟɪɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɯ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ (Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ) ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 324 ɤɦ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɣɦɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɢɫɶ, ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɥɢɜɵ (ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜ). ɇɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɪɟɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ, ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ) ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ (ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ – Ʉɨɧɞɭɪɱɢ – ɋɨɩɚ – Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ Ʉɢɧɟɥɹ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ – Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɋɭɪɝɭɬ, ɋɭɪɝɭɬ, Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɤɚ, ɑɟɪɧɨɜɤɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɥɟɜɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ (ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ), ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɫɟɥ Ȼɟɥɵɣ Ʉɥɸɱ, ɂɜɚɲɟɜɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɸɠɧɟɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚ. ȼ Ⱥɜɬɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 15 ɞɨ 35 ɦ, ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤ 45 ɦ, ɜ Ʉɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – 10-20 ɦ, ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɫ. ɒɥɸɡɨɜɨɣ – ɞɨ 10 ɦ. 2. 3. ɄɅɂɆȺɌ ɉɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ȼ.ɉ. Ⱥɥɢɫɨɜɚ (1976) ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɹɫɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɵ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɚ ɥɟɬɨɦ – ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ.
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ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɸɥɹ 20,3ɨC, ɹɧɜɚɪɹ –13ɨC. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 39ɨC (ɍɫɨɥɶɟ), ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ – 44ɨC. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɭ ɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɠɚɪɵ ɤ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɚɦ. Ɂɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ 37 ɦɚɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɹ. Ɉɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚɯ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 19 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ 3-5 ɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɇɢɡɤɨɦ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɟ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ 175-177 ɞɧɟɣ. Ȼɟɡɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 140-145 ɞɧɟɣ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 2400-2500ɨC. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɯ. ȼ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 400-450 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ 500 ɦɦ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ 275-300 ɦɦ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987). ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ 1960-1980-ɟ ɝɝ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 4,5ɨɋ. Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ 1-2ɨɋ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 72%, ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ – 4,4 ɝɉɚ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987). ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1952-1977 ɝɝ. ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 484 ɦɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, 33 % ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ 615 ɦɦ (1963 ɝɨɞ), ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ – 355 ɦɦ (1966 ɝɨɞ). ȼ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɫɭɦɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɸɧɶ. ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɫɦɟɳɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɸɥɶ-ɚɜɝɭɫɬ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ. ȿɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɨɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 3…5ɨɋ, ɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 1…2ɨɋ. ȼ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 10ɨɋ ɢ 50%. ȼ ɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2…5ɨɋ, ɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ 15-20%. Ɇɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɢɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɩ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ (Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1987).
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2. 4. ɉɈɑȼɕ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). Ɋɚɣɨɧ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɭ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ – ɭɡɤɨɟ, ɫɥɚɛɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɟ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɸɠɧɚɹ – ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɢɡɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɦɢ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɦɫɤɨɣ, ɸɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɟɧɚ (ɚɤɱɚɝɵɥ). ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɧ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ) ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɯ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɯ (ɉɨɱɜɵ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, 1984). ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɟɠɟ – ɯɜɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɩɨ ɝɪɟɛɧɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɭɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɋɨɤɨɥɶɢɯ ɝɨɪ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɵɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɵɯɥɵɯ (ɩɚɥɟɨɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ) ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɢ (ɉɨɱɜɵ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, 1984). ɋɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ (ɑɚɩ, ɏɨɥɢɧɚ, ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ, 1987). Ɋɚɣɨɧ
ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ
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ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɥɟɫɨɜ
Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
(Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-
ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ Ɂɚɜɨɥɠɶɹ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟɦ ɢ Ʉɨɧɞɭɪɱɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ. Ɋɚɣɨɧ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɨɜɪɚɠɧɚɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ. ɋɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ (ɪɟɠɟ – ɥɟɝɤɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ) ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶ-
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ɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɍɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɬɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɦɵɬɵɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ (ɉɨɱɜɵ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, 1984). 2. 5. ɊȺɋɌɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ (Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɋɋɊ, 1980) ɪɚɣɨɧ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ-ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɤ ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨ-ɉɪɟɞɭɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ) ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ – ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ (ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɞɧɢɳɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɛɭɟɪɚɤɨɜ) ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ) ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɟɛɬɚɯ, ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ. ɂɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɞɨɜɟɪɯɭ ɡɚɧɹɬ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ. ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ. ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɢɩɵ, ɪɟɠɟ ɞɭɛɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ – ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 40-50 ɥɟɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ
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ɛɭɟɪɚɤɚɯ. ɋɭɯɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɋɤɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɧɭɡɢɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɬɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɥɸɬɢɱɧɚɹ (Anemone ranunculoides L.), ɦɟɞɭɧɢɰɚ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ (Pulmonaria officinalis L.), ɯɨɯɥɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɚɹ [Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.] ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɛɭɟɪɚɤɨɜ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɶ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ. ɉɨɥɨɫɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. Ⱦ.ɂ. Ʌɢɬɜɢɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɵ ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ. ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɚɦɚɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ (ɩɨ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧɭ, 1930ɚ). Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (Pineta nemorosa ɩɨ ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɥɟɯɢɧɭ ɢ P. composita ɩɨ ȼ.ɇ. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɭ), ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ (Pineta stepposa). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɪ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɢɤɢ (Pineta hylocomiosa) (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɟɪɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɧɨ-ɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɉɌɄ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɫɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɞɭɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɡɢɦɨɣ, ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɥɟɬɨɦ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɉɌɄ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɨɪɥɹɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ (ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɜɹɡɚ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ (ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɜ
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ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ). ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɸɬ ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. 2. 6. ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɕ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ – ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɦ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 3. ɢ 2. 4.). ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (Ɇɟɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ, 2000; Ȼɢɪɸɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 1986). ɋ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (ɉɌɄ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɉɌɄ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɉɌɄ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ȿ.Ƚ. Ȼɢɪɸɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ. (1986) ɢ ȼ.ȿ. Ɇɟɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ (2000): ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɉɬɜɚɠɢɧɫɤɨ-Ɇɨɪɤɜɚɲɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟɦ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɉɌɄ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɞɨɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 320 ɤɦ2. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ, ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ – Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜ ɢ ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ. Ȼɚɯɢɥɨɜ ɨɜɪɚɝ – ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ. Ⱦɨɥɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɲɤɨɜ (ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ, Ʌɨɦɨɜɨɣ, Ɇɟɞɜɟɠɶɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ). ɒɢɪɹɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɜɪɚɝ – ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ. Ɉɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 35 ɤɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ. ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. ɇɚ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ
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ɞɸɧɧɵɟ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ). ȼɫɹ 3-ɹ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɉɌɄ, ɪɚɣɨɧ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɉɌɄ ɢ ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ). Ɉ ɛɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɢɛɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɱɤɢ Cladonia ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧɵɦ (1929, 1930ɚ) ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɨɪ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ Pineta stepposa, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɚ (1941). ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ: 1) ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɥɢɩɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɤɥɟɧɚ – ɥɢɩɨɜɨ-ɤɥɟɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ (Pinetum tilioso-acerosum); 2) ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ – ɞɭɛɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ (Pinetum quercetosum). Ʌɢɩɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ɉɨɱɜɵ – ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɧɨɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɫɵɩɹɦɢ. 1 ɹɪɭɫ – ɫɨɫɧɚ 3-ɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ; ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ – ɥɢɩɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɧ; ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ – ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ; ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ – Convallaria majalis L., Carex digitata L., Rubus saxatilis L., Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 5.). ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɸɠɧɵɯ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ɉɨɱɜɵ – ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɯ (ɩɥɢɬɧɹɤ). 1 ɹɪɭɫ – ɫɨɫɧɚ 3-4 ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ; ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ – ɞɭɛ ɢ ɤɥɟɧ; ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɭɛ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ; ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤɚ – ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ, ɪɹɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚɥɢɧɚ; ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ: Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Convallaria majalis L., Galium boreale L., Polygonatum officinale All., Rubus saxatilis L., Solidago virgaurea L., Vicia tenuifolia Roth (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ɉɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, Pinetum stepposa (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941) (ɪɢɫ. 2. 6., ɪɢɫ. 2. 7.). ɂɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ): 1) Pinetum caraganosum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch (ɞɟɪɟɡɚ); 2) Pinetum prunosum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ Prunus fruticosa Pall.; 3) Pinetum
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stepposum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ; 4) Pinetum arctostaphyllosum – ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Arctostaphyllos uva ursi (L.) Spreng. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941).
Ɋɢɫ. 2. 3. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (ɉɌɄ) ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɝɞɟ 1 – ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 2 – ɉɟɪɟɜɨɥɨɤɫɤɨ-ɍɫɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 3 – ȼɢɧɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 4 – Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 5 – ɋɟɜɪɸɤɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ, 6 – ɒɟɥɟɯɦɟɬɶɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ; 1-9 – ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ʋʋ 1-9, 24 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. 4. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɝɞɟ 1 – ɉɌɄ 3-ɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ, 2 – ɉɌɄ 2-ɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ; 1-15 – ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ʋʋ 1-15, 113 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113.
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Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɚ (1941) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɷɬɚ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 65% (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). ɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɢ – ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉ. Ȼɚɭɦ (1869-1870) ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ …ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɚ, ɜɹɡɚ, ɥɢɩɵ, ɤɥɟɧɚ, ɪɹɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɱɚɳɢ, ɩɨ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ Acer tataricum L. (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (Ⱥɛɨɥɢɧ, 1910; Ɏɥɟɪɨɜ, 1905), ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ. ȼɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɹɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ (ɩɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɭ, 1941). ȼ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧɚ (1941) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ ɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ. ȼɫɟ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɢɩɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ɒɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. Ʌɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ (Acer platanoides L.) ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɹɡ (Ulmus glabra Huds.), ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɟɧɨɜɨ-ɥɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɣ. ɉɨ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ, ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ 18-24 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɜ 80-100 ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɹɦɨɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɭɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ, ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɦɢ, ɥɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɪɨɫɥɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 70-80 ɥɟɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 10-13 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ. ɋɬɜɨɥɵ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ
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ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɹ ɥɢɩɭ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ȼɞɨɥɶ ȼɨɥɝɢ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ, ɬɹɧɭɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɥɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ 20-40 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ: Acer tataricum L., Corylus avellana L., Daphne mezereum L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Lonicera xylosteum L., Rhamnus cathartica L., Sambucus racemosa L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Viburnum opulus L. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: Aegopodium podagraria L., Asperula odorata L., Carex pilosa Scop., Carex digitata L., Convallaria majalis L., Stellaria holostea L.. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Galeobdolon luteum Huds., ɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: Anemone altaica Fisch. ex C.A. Mey., Bupleurum aureum Fisch. ex Hoffm., Carex arnellii Christ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɜɟɫɧɨɸ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Anemone ranunculoides L. ɢ Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɞɭɬ. ȼɫɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ 4-5 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɧɵɬɶɸ (Tilietum aegopodiosum). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ, ɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ, ɧɚ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɤɪɭɬɵɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɥɢɩɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɹɡ. ɇɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ 150 ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ Corylus avellana L., ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ Padus racemosa (Lam.) Gilib., Rhamnus cathartica L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ Aegopodium podagraria L. Ʉ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ: Anemone altaica Fisch. ex C.A. Mey., Anemone ranunculoides L., Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb., Aconitum excelsum Reichenb., Bupleurum aureum Fisch. ex Hoffm., Campanula trachelium L., Campanula rapunculoides L., Crepis sibirica L., Glechoma hederacea L., Primula macrocalyx Bunge, Pulmonaria obscura Dumort., Ranunculus monophyllus Ovcz., Viola mirabilis L., Viola riviniana Reichenb., Carex arnellii Christ, Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., Bromus benekeni (Lange) Trimen. Ɇɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Circaea lutetiana L., ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɚɥɢɧɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɨɫɨɤɨɸ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɸ (Tilietum caricosum). Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɟ-
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ɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ ɥɢɩɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ 3-ɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ɉɨ ɤɪɭɬɵɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 4 ɢɧɨɝɞɚ 5, ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɠɟ ɹɪɭɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. Ʉ ɥɢɩɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ, ɪɟɠɟ ɢɥɶɦ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɚ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ Lonicera xylosteum L. ɢ Daphne mezereum L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɜɟɡɞɟ – Carex pilosa L. Ʉ ɧɟɣ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ: Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., Bromus Benekeni (Lange) Trimen, Festuca sylvatica (Poll.) Vill., Poa nemoralis L., Carex digitata L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl., Asarum europaeum L., Asperula odorata L., Campanula trachelium L., Campanula rapunculoides L., Pulmonaria obscura Dumort., Stellaria holostea L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Dryopteris filix mas (L.) Schott (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ (Tilietum asperulosum). ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɬɢɩɟ, ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɦɢ ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɟ, ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɟɦ. ɉɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɦɚɥɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ (Asperula odorata L.) ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ Carex pilosa L., Carex digitata L. ɢ Stellaria holostea L. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ʌɢɩɧɹɤ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɣ (Tilietum convallariosum). Ʌɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɣ ɥɢɩɧɹɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ, ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ, ɥɟɫɧɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɨɦ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɦɢ. Ʌɢɩɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɜɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ – 4-5 ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɥɢɩɵ ɢɦɟɥ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ 11,5 ɦ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɞɢ 18 ɫɦ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ 61 ɝɨɞ. ɋɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɫɭɱɶɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ: Anaptychia cliaris (L.) Körb., Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumsch, Parmelia sulcata Tayl., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., Physconia distorta (With.) J.R.Landon. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɞɭɛ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɰɟɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɹ ɥɢɩɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɭɠɟ ɤɥɟɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop., ɤ ɧɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Viburnum opulus L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ Convallaria ma-
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jalis L. ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ Rubus saxatilis L., Solidago virgaurea L., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Polygonatum officinale All. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɵ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɝɪɭɛɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɬɚɤ: ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɡɚɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧ ɤ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɦ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɷɥɸɜɢɟɦ, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɭɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɥɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ (ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɭɛ ɢ ɥɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ) ɫ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ɗɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɝɪɟɛɧɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɱɜɵ, – ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɥɨɠɛɢɧɵ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɡɚɯɨɞɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɫ ɫɨɫɧɨɸ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 4 ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɨɜ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ 3 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɤ ɞɭɛɭ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɥɢɩɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɟɧ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɭɛɨɜɨ-ɤɥɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ (Quercetum caricosum). Ʉɥɟɧɨɜɨ-ɞɭɛɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Carex pilosa L., Carex digitata L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl., Asperula odorata L. ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ
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ɧɚ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɭ ɫ ɨɫɨɤɨɣ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɣ (Quercetum convallariosum). ɗɬɨ ɞɭɛɧɹɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Convallaria majalis L., Rubus saxatilis L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɟ. Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɥɨɠɛɢɧ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɭɛɧɹɤ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɭ, ɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ. ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ Corylus avellana L. ɢ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Viburnum opulus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ – Cytisus ruthenicus Fisch. ex Woáoszcz. ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Delphinium cuneatum Stev. ex DC., Vicia tenuifolia Roth, Viola collina Bess., Viola hirta L. ɢ ɞɪ. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ (Quercetum fruticosum). ɗɬɨ ɤɨɪɹɜɵɣ ɫɭɯɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɵɣ ɞɭɛɧɹɤ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 5 ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɧɨɣɧɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɯ (ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɢɬɧɹɤɟ). ɗɬɢ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɪɟɛɧɟɣ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɹ ɟɟ. Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɸ 20-30 ɦ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɝɪɢɜɵ, ɩɟɪɟɝɢɛɚɹɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɘȼ ɢ ɘɁ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ. Ɋɹɞɨɦ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ Stipa Joannis ýelak. ɋ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ȿɳɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɩɨɜɵɣ ɥɟɫ. ɋɨɫɧɹɤ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, – ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɨɜɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɧ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɞɭɛɭ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɧ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 50 %, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬ Carex pediformis C.A. Mey. ɢ Artemisia sericea Web. (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ɇɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɝɨɪ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941), ɦɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ. Ɉɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɥɢɩɨɜɵɯ, ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ
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ɨɫɢɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ; ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ, ɩɚɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɤɢ – ɫ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɸɝ, ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ, ɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɶɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ, ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɢɧɵ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɨɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦɢ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ. ɗɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ (1941) ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɤ “ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ” ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɬɢɩɵ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɩɧɹɤɨɜ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ 1) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɟ; 2) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ; 3) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ; 4) ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɥɶɯɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɪɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ, 1941). Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɉɌɄ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ) ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ). ɉɌɄ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. 4. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. 4. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɉɌɄ 3-ɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪ. ȼɨɥɝɢ). ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ) ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ
ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ
ɥɟɫɚ
ɫ
ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ – ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ, ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ, ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ, ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɢɧɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚ-
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ɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ (ɪɢɫ 2. 8.), ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɩɚ, ɜɹɡ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 9.). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine] ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 10.). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 2ɨ ɞɨ 13ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɋɁ, ɋȼ ɢ ɘɁ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɘȼ ɢ Ɂ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɯ), ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 2ɨ ɞɨ 4ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɘɁ ɢ ɋȼ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 5ɨ ɞɨ 9ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɋȼ, ɋɁ, ɘȼ ɢ ɘɁ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 2ɨ ɞɨ 6ɨ, ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɘɁ ɢ ɋɁ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula. – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis] ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɯ) ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 2. 5. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. 6. ɋɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɢɟ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ
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Ɋɢɫ. 2. 7. ɋɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. 8. ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
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Ɋɢɫ. 2. 9. Ɂɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. 10. ɋɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɥɹɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
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ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɉɌɄ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ: ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ (ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ) ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɚ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɧ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
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ȽɅȺȼȺ 3. ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɇɈ-ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɉɊɈȻɇɕɏ ɉɅɈɓȺȾȿɃ 3. 1. ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅ ɂ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ɉɊɈȼȿȾȿɇɇɕɏ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂɃ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ. ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ 8 ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 28 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɌɄ, ɨɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ȼɨɥɝɢ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ 15 ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 48 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 1. ɢ 3. 2. ɞɚɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 1. Ƚɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3. 1. Ɂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ȼ.ɇ. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɵɦ (1928).
59
Ɋɢɫ. 3. 1. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ Ⱥ ɢɞɟɬ ɤ Pinetum stepposa ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɹɞ ȼ ɢɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ Pinetum hylocomiosum ɢ Pinetum polytrichosum ɤ Pinetum sphagnosum ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɹɞ ɋ ɢɞɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ Pinetum tiliosum ɢ Pinetum coryllosum ɤ Pinetum quercetosum ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɷɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɹɞ D ɢɞɟɬ ɤ Pinetum pteridiosum ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
5
4
3
ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ
15
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
14
9
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
13
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
12
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
8
11
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
7
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
6
10
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ
112
5
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ
4
2
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ
3
1
Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
50
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
22
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
29
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
30
20
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
20
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
34
21
–
–
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
–
–
40
–
–
ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
28
42
ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)
4
10
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
10
10
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans
Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum
Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans
Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans
Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans
Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum
Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum
Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum]
Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 1. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨ-
60
–
9
8
7
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
27
28
30
24
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
111
6
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɝɨɪɵ
110
5
Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 1.
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ – ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ –
54 28 33 – 20 –
25
43
41
40
29
27
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
53
22
ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)
10
5
4
6
6
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
5
5
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Corylus avellana
Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]
Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
61
4
3
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
3
4
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
2
2
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
1
1
Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ – Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –
–
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ – –
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ – ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) – 4 –
–
2 5 – –
2 – 9 6
15
15
15
15
15
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. 2. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨ-
62
8
7
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
24
43
44
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
21
23
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
20
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
19
22
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
18
17
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
16
6
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
13
5
Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 2.
15 15
15
15
– ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –
–
– ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –
– ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
– 2 –
–
– 11 5 –
– 4 2
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
–
–
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ)
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
63
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
46
47
14
15
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
12
11
10
9
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
45
8
Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 2. ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ –
– – ɘɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ – –
ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ –
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) –
– – 4 6 4 – –
12 –
13 –
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
10
15
10
15
15
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
64
–
15
14
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
113
ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
33
13
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
32
12
Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ʋʋ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 2. ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ – ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ – ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ –
–
–
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) – 4 5 9 5 8 – 4 12 –
–
–
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris
Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina]
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis]
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina]
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
65
66
ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ, ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ, ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɟɳɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɨɦɢɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1994 ɝ. ɩɨ 2001 ɝ.; ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 28 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2. 3. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 4, 112. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6, 12, 7, 8. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6, ʋ 7, ʋ 8, ʋ12) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 10, 11. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ13, 14) ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɦɨɯɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18).
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ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 21) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 20). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 27, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ. Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (Ɇɟɥɟɤɟɫɫɤɨ-ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ 2001 ɝ.; ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 48 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2. 4. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 2, 3. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ, ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 5, 6, 7. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ7) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 9, 10. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ.
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ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 12. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 16, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 17), ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ20) ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23, 24. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 45), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 46, 47) ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 10. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 25, 26, 27. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 11. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 29, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ.
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ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 12. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 31, 32, 33. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 13. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 34, 35, 36. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 14. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 37, 38, 39. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ37, 39) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 15. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 40, 41, 42. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 41, 42) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ 3.2. ɢ 3.3. ɝɥɚɜɵ 3. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɟɪɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɭɪɚɜɱɢɤɨɦ ɉɪɟɫɥɟɪɚ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 1,3 ɦɟɬɪɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 20 ɲɬɭɤ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ; ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɚɫɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɆȻɋ-9 ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 0,1 ɦɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɭ-
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ɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ STATISTICA (ver. 5). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ (1876-1994 ɝɝ.), ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ (1963-1992 ɝɝ.). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɭ Ƚ. ɒɟɮɮɟ (1980). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ (ʋʋ 1, 2, 3, 22, 23 ɢ 24) ɡɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1992 ɝɝ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɝɨɥɸɛɨɜɚ (1993). ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ (ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ) ɛɵɥɢ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ 3-ɯ ɢ 5ɬɢ ɥɟɬɢɹɦ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɉɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ (1961, 1970): ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ STATISTICA (ver. 5), DIASTA. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȽɆɈ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɡɚ 1952-2000 ɝɝ.): ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ 5 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ – ɫ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ. ɑɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȿ.ɉ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɨɝɨ (1988).
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ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (f). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ: f = [3·ln(rk-1/rk)]/t, ɝɞɟ f – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t; rk – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ k; rk-1 – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ k-1; t – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 17 (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ), ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ (ɜɫɟɝɨ 10 ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17); ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ 10 ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ 10 ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɭ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫɚ (1979) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ȼ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜ (1951), ɧɚɡɜɚɜɲɢɣ “ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ” “ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ”. ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜ (1951) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ “ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ”, “ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ” ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɜɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɜɵɦ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɇɟɫɥɭɧɞɚ, ɗɤɥɭɧɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ “ɢɧɞɟɤɫ” ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1945 ɝɨɞɭ, ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-
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ɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ: I = iǜ100/iɫɪ, ɝɞɟ I – ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, i – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, iɫɪ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ (Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1974). Ɍ.Ɍ. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ (1974) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɵɦ (1951) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ: ɚ) ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ; ɛ) ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɜ) ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ (ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 11-22 ɥɟɬ) ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ-ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ – ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɗȼɆ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɥɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜ (1986) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ “ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɜ”. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 100%. Ɍɨɱɤɚɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 0%, ɚ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, – 100%. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 99%. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: I=[(lfact – lmin)/(lmax – lmin)]ǜ100, ɝɞɟ I – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, lfact – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, lmin – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɶɸ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, lmax – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɶɸ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɞɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ. Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ (1970) ɜɢɞɢɬ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ȼ.ȿ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ (1951) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ “ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ
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ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ”. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ȼ.ɋ. ɂɩɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ Ƚ.Ƚ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ (1988). Ɂɚ ɧɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɢɡ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ (ɂɩɚɬɨɜ, Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ, 1988). ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ) ɢ ɜ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ “ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ” ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ. Ʌɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɚ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɝ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (Ⱥɧɭɱɢɧ, 1982). ɂɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ. ȼ 30-ɟ ɝɝ. Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɸɪɢɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ: ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɟɥɢ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ (Ʌɟɫɨɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ, 1980). Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ – ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɋɜɚɥɨɜ, 1978). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ (ɂɩɚɬɨɜ, Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ, 1988). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ (ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɢɧ-
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ɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɑɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȿ.ɉ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɨɝɨ (1988). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɭ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɚ (1986). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ (ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ (8, 16, 11 ɢ 22 ɝɨɞɚ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɬ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ (ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɬɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ “Ƚɨɪɨɞ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ” (1975), ȿ.ɉ. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɨɝɨ (1988), Ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ (1991), Ȼ.Ɏ. Ȼɚɯɚɪɟɜɚ (1996), ɗ.ə. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɉ.ɋ. Ʉɚɛɵɬɨɜɚ (1996), “ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ XX ɜɟɤɟ” (2000). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɭ Ƚ. ɒɟɮɮɟ (1980). ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ) ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ (ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɞɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ) ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ 6-ɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ). Ɍɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ʋ 1, ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ 3) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɌɨȺɁɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 30 ɤɦ ɫ ɧɚɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ) ɜ 3-ɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ʋ 22, ʋ 23 ɢ ʋ24) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ (Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ) ɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.
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ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: 19641977 ɝɝ. ɢ 1978-1992 ɝɝ. – ɩɨ 15 ɥɟɬ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1978 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɭɫɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɌɨȺɁɚ. 3. 2. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 9 ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ 27 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 4, 112. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɇȽȾɍ “ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤ ɧɟɮɬɶ”. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch, Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Rosa majalis L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Artemisia sericea Web., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop., Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ: Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute, Astragalus zingeri Korsch., Campanula sibirica L., Centaurea ruthenica Lam., Convalaria majalis L., Elytrigia lolioides (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, Euphorbia zheguliensis Prokh. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ Dicranum scoparium
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Hedw., Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch., Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske, Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6, 7, 8, 12. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 6, 7, 8, 12) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 8. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 30ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola collina Bess., Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Asarum europaeum L., Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski, Carex pilosa Scop., Solidago virgaurea L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 12. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 29ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch, Rosa majalis L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Artemisia sericea Web., Carduus nutans L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik., Galium ruthenicum Willd., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Stipa lessingiana Trin., Viola hirta L., Medicago falcata L., Inula salicina L., Galium boreale L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 10, 11. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɵ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
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ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 11. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 40ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Carex digitata L., Stellaria holostea L., Asarum europaeum L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 14) ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ15). ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ13, 14) ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15). ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ14, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 14. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ Quercus robur L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch. Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Artemisia sericea Web., Carduus nutans L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Medicago falcata L., Inula salicina L., Galium tinctorium (L.) All., Carex digitata L., Gypsophila altissima L., Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill., Stipa capillata L., Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski, Erysimum cheiranthoides L., Onosma simplicissimum L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 4 ɤɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 9, ʋ 110, ʋ 111. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɥɢɩɵ ɢ
78
ɞɪ.). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 9. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 50ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata Mill., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Corylus avellana L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Convalaria majalis L., Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Stipa pennata (L.) Beauv. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ – Timmia austriaca Hedw. (T. bavarica Hessl.), Anomodon longifolius (Brid.) Hartm., Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 4 ɤɟɪɧɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 16, 17) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18). ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ (ɥɢɩɚ) ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ (ɥɟɳɢɧɚ, ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ) ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 150 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch, Lonicera xylosteum L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Rubus saxatilis L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ: Convallaria majalis L., Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh., Viola hirta L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Carex pilosa Scop. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 9 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 21) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 20). ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ.
79
ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ – ɥɢɩɚ, ɤɥɟɧ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 19). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 22ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Rubus saxatilis L., Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh., Viola hirta L., Asarum europaeum L., Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh., Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɥɢɩɚ, ɤɥɟɧ). Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 8 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 23. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 29ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 150 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski, Carex digitata L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Stellaria holostea L., Viola collina Bess., Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 6 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 27, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ27, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ
80
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 9 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 28. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Corylus avellana. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 41ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 100 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Corylus avellana L., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola collina Bess., Rubus saxatilis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv., Stellaria holostea L., Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh., Viola mirabilis L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Galium boreale L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 5 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ. ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Tilia cordata Mill., Betula pendula Roth. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ: Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Corylus avellana L., Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Rubus saxatilis L., Viola collina Bess., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl., Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh., Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., Melica nutans (L.) L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ: ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɥɢɩɵ), ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ).
3. 3. Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ
81
ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ 15 ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 1. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 2, 3. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ, ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɨɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɭɛɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ; ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɨɡɵ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ, ɞɭɸɳɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ) ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 3. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 450 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth, Quercus robur L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Rhamnus cathartica L., Cerasus fruticosa Pall. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Campanula rapunculoides L., Cirsium incanum (S.G. Gmel.) Fisch., Cynoglossum officinale L., Stachys sylvatica L., Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC., Geum urbanum L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Carduus acanthoides L., Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Glechoma hederacea L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Urtica dioica L., Chelidonium majus L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 2. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 5, 6, 7. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ
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ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 6) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ7) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ) ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 2ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Quercus robur L., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Frangula alnus Mill., Rhamnus cathartica L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ Chelidonium majus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Nevski, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Galium aparine L., Geum urbanum L., Poa pratensis L., Geranium sanguineum L., Glechoma hederacea L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Poa nemiralis L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Trifolium pratense L., Urtica dioica L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 7. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦ-ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣɦ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Rhamnus cathartica L., Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Caragana arborescens Lam. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Geum urbanum L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Convallaria majalis L., Chenopodium album L., Fragaria vesca L., Achillea millefolium L., Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC., Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin., Poa pratensis L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 3. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 9, 10. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛ-
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ɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 9. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 2ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.55, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 500 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Populus tremula L., Acer negundo L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Sambucus racemosa L., Cerasus fruticosa Pall. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Geum urbanum L., Solanum dulcomara L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Chenopodium album L., Galium verum L., Geranium sanguineum L., Carduus acanthoides L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Hylotelephum maximum (L.) Holub, Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke, Cynoglossum officinale L., Chelidonium majus L., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Carex praecox Schreb. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Dicranum majus Sm. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 8. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.35, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 200 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ulmus scabra Mill. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Rhamnus cathartica L., Sambucus racemosa L., Caragana arborescens Lam., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨ-ɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, Convallaria majalis L., Viola hirta L., Urtica dioica L., Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Cynoglossum officinale L., Viola canina L., Leonurus quiquelobatus Gilib., Glechoma hederacea L., Poa nemoralis L., Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 4. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 12. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-
84
ɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 12. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 6ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.55, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Caragana arborescens Lam., Euonymus verrucosa Scop., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Frangula alnus Mill. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Achillea millefolium L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Berteroa incana (L.) DC., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Fragaria vesca L., Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC., Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin., Poa pratensis L., Artemisia campestris L., Centaurea sumensis Kalen., Carex praecox Schreb., Asparagus officinalis L., Viola canina L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Hieracium umbellatum L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 5. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 13, 16, 18. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɜɹɡɚ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 13. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.4, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ulmus scabra Mill., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Caragana arborescens Lam., Rhamnus cathartica L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Arctium nemorosum Lej., Carex praecox Schreb., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Convallaria majalis L., Dactylis glomerata L., Fragaria vesca L., Galium boreale L., Glechoma hederacea L., Heracleum sibiricum L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench, Poa nemoralis L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ.
85
ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 2ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Acer tataricum L., Quercus robur L., Populus tremula L., Padus avium Mill., Ulmus scabra Mill. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Rhamnus cathartica L., Frangula alnus L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Silene nutans L., Artemisia campestris L., Galium verum L., Chondrilla graminea Bieb., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Chimaphilla umbellata (L.) W.Barton, Orthilia secunda (L.) House, Convallaria majalis L., Artemisia auatriaca Jacq., Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Gypsophila paniculata L., Hieracium echioides Lumn., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Achillea millefolium L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 19, 20, 21. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 19), ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 20) ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɵ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 21. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 11ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 300 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Padus avium Mill. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Asparagus officinalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Solanum dulcomara L., Chenopodium album L., Galium verum L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Stellaria graminea L., Cynoglossum officinale L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Chelidonium majus L., Equisetum hyemale L., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Galium aparine L., Agrimonia eupatoria L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Stellaria nemorum L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 7. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23, 24. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɢ
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ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɌɨȺɁɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Sorbus aucuparia L., Betula pendula Roth. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Rhamnus cathartica L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Chondrilla graminea Bieb., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Convallaria majalis L., Carex praecox Schreb., Achillea millefolium L., Fragaria vesca L., Dactylis glomerata L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch, Solidago virgaurea L., Asparagus officinalis L., Urtica dioica L., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Viola canina L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult., Melica nutans L., Veronica chamaedrys L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 20 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ 8. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44, 45, 47, 46. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 45), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 43, 44) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 46, 47) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ) ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ʋʋ 44 ɢ 46, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 8 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 43. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 4ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.6, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L., Quer-
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cus robur L., Acer negundo L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková, Rhamnus cathartica L., Sambucus racemosa L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Artemisia campestris L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Sonchus arvensis L., Achillea millefolium L., Cynoglossum officinale L., Pimpinella saxifraga L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Viola canina L., Asparagus officinalis L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill, Chelidonium majus L., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Solanum dulcomara L., Carduus acanthoides L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Erigeron acris L., Potentilla argentea L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 9. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 14, 15. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɞɭɛɚ) – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15, ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ – ʋ 14. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 9 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 15. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 6ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.7, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Quercus robur L., Acer negundo L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ: Frangula alnus Mill., Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Euonymus verrucosa Scop. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Nevski, Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Galium aparine L., Geum urbanum L., Poa pratensis L., Achillea millefolium L., Campanula bononiensis L., Carex praecox Schreb., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Galium verum L., Melica nutans L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 10. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 25, 26, 27. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
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ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 10 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Frangula alnus Mill., Sambucus racemosa L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱ-ɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Asparagus officinalis L., Tanacetum vulgare L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Pimpinella saxifraga L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Geum urbanum L., Veronica chamaedrys L., Sisymbrium loeselii L., Galium verum L., Geranium sanguineum L., Carduus acanthoides L., Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench, Potentilla argentea L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 11. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28, 29, 30. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 11 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 29. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Acer tataricum L., Populus tremula L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ: Cerasus fruticosa Pall., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Chelidonium majus L., Galium aparine L., Polygonatum odoratum L., Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Artemisia campestris L., Poa pratensis L., Geum urbanum L., Centaurea sumensis Kalen., Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm., Galium verum L., Chondrilla graminea Bieb., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Convallaria majalis L., Carex praecox Schreb., Achillea millefolium L., Fragaria vesca L., Euphorbia esula L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Carduus acanthoides L., Asparagus officinalis L., Urtica dioica L., Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke, Cynoglossum officinale L., Viola canina L.,
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Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Pimpinella saxifraga L. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 12. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 31, 32, 33. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 32, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 12 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 31. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Rhamnus cathartica L., Lonicera xylosteum L. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Galium aparine L., Chelidonium majus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Solanum dulcomara L., Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch, Poa nemoralis L., Viola canina L., Urtica dioica L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 13. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 34, 35, 36. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 34, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 13 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 36. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 5ɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.65, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth, Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel., Chelidonium majus L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Convallaria majalis L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Carduus acanthoides L., Pimpinella saxi-
90
fraga L., Chenopodium album L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Achillea millefolium L., Geranium sanguineum L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Equisetum hyemale L., Sonchus arvensis L., Euphorbia esula L., Carex praecox Schreb., Stellaria graminea L., Asparagus officinalis L., Viola canina L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Hieracium umbellatum L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 14. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 37, 38, 39. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ37, 39) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɨɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ), ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 39, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 14 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis]. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.5, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ:
Chamaecytisus
ruthenicus
(Fisch.
ex
Woáoszcz.)
Klásková.
ȼ
ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Poa pratensis L., Poa nemoralis L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ Achillea millefolium L., Artemisia campestris L., Asparagus officinalis L., Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Carex praecox Schreb., Centaurea sumensis Kalen., Dactylis glomerata L., Dracocephalum thymiflorum L., Equisetum hyemale L., Euphorbia esula L., Galium verum L., Hieracium umbellatum L., Hypericum perforatum L., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ʋ 15. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 40, 41, 42. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 41, 42) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40) ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 40, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢ-
91
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ʋ 15 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 41. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.7, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 300 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Betula pendula Roth, Populus tremula L., Sorbus aucuparia L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Berteroa incana (L.) DC., Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb., Artemisia campestris L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Veronica spicata L., Achillea millefolium L., Cynoglossum officinale L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Trifolium pratense L., Geranium sanguineum L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Galium aparine L., Asparagus officinalis L. ȼ ɦɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɚ ɫɟɪɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 2. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ 0.45, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ – 400 ɦ2. Ʉ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ (ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫɟ) ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Populus tremula L., Acer platanoides L., Sorbus aucuparia L., Quercus robur L. ȼ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Rhamnus cathartica L., Lonicera xylosteum L., Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková. ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Galium aparine L., Chelidonium majus L., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Poa nemoralis L., Viola canina L., Urtica dioica L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Viola canina L., Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ: ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɜɹɡɚ), ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ɋɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
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ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɡɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɟ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ – ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ.
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4. ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ȼɅɂəɇɂə ȿɋɌȿɌɋȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɂ ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ɇȺ ɉɊɂɊɈɋɌ ɋɈɋɇɕ 4. 1. ɄɅȺɋɌȿɊɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ
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ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ
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ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 1. ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 1. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 23, 30), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 7, 10, 18), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 10), Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 7) ɢ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ). Ʌɟɜɟɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 110, 111, 9, 14, 112), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 14), Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 112) ɢ Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ). ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
94
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ). Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 3), Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5), Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 13), Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 20) ɢ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 19, 21). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 13, 17, 19) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 21), ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 20, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ.
95
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
22
23 30
13 6
11 28
24 8
17 15
16 27
21 12
5 19
112 20
9 14
110 111 4
7
10 18
3
ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 1. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ) Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20 19 21 17 23 16 22 26 2 28 34 41 29 42 6 44 43 27 46 31 4 47 10 40 13 5 3 24 18 12 11 37 36 30 45 7 38 14 35 25 32 8 33 15 113 39 9 1
ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ)
96
ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 9, 10, 39, 40, 41, 47, 113), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 41), Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 10, 39), Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40), Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 47), Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ113). ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 10, 47, 113) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 39, 40), ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 41, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Chelidonium majus L. ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ). Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 2. ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɢɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɨɫɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Chelidonium majus L. ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɜɹɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ: 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ
97
ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 7, 14, 18, 20) ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 10); ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɢ ʋ 112), ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111), ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ȼɨɥɝɟ; ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 4-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɧɹɤɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 6, 12, 13) ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5); ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ6, ʋ 13, ɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5, ʋ 12 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 5-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 24, 27), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 28), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 17, 18, 21), ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 17, 21, 24, 27, 28 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.); 6-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 30), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 22, 23, 30, ɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 15, 16, 19 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 1.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ: 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40), ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ) ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 1, 10, 47, 113) ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ
98
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 39). Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4.2.); 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 2, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 45), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 7, 16, 26, 32, 38, 46) ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 8, 27, 29, 31, 41, 42). ɗɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 2.); 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 13, 17, 19, 23), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 20, 24) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 21). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 2.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɨɬ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ 6-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɇɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 6 ɝɥɚɜɵ 4.
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4. 2. ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɐɂɄɅɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ, ɋɂɇɏɊɈɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ɑɍȼɋɌȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ȾȿɇȾɊɈɏɊɈɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɊəȾɈȼ ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ (ɜ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ). Ɋɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 3., ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (Y) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x), ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 3. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ – 19681969 ɝɝ., 1978-1979 ɝɝ., 1990-1991 ɝɝ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ – 1953-1956 ɝɝ., 1962-1963 ɝɝ., 1975-1976 ɝɝ., 1984-1985 ɝɝ., 1987 ɝ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ). ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɇɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɢ 4. 5. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1959 ɝ., 1968-1969 ɝɝ., 1974 ɝ., 1991 ɝ.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1971 ɝ., 1986 ɝ.). ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 5. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1965 ɝ., 1968 ɝ., 1978 ɝ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ
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ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1954 ɝ, 1962 ɝ., 1977 ɝ.). Y(x)
ɑɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ
Ƚɨɞɵ . Ɋɢɫ. 4. 3. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Y) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x), ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ y = 12.1 – 0.495x1 + 0.302x2 – 0.287x3 + 168x4 + 0.11x5 + 0.176x6 + 0.924x7 – 0.005x8 – 0.002x9 + 0.043x10 – 0.001x11 + 0.0006x12, ɝɞɟ y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 4. ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 5. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪ., 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.). ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986) ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 60 ɥɟɬ), ɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 60 ɞɨ 120 ɥɟɬ), ɫɜɟɪɯɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɵɲɟ 120 ɥɟɬ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
101
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. ɑɢɫɥɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ- ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɨ ( ɋ) 0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 4. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, Ɋɹɞ 3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1930 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. 1978 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ., ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1948 ɝ. – 1956 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ. – 1980 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3), ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 10 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1916 ɝ. – 1924 ɝ. – 1932 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1948 ɝ. – 1956 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ. – 1980 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ., ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1951 ɝ. – 1959 ɝ. – 1967 ɝ. – 1975 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3), ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ
102
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1917 ɝ. – 1925 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1949 ɝ. – 1957 ɝ. – 1965 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ., ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1898 ɝ. – 1906 ɝ. – 1914 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1930 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɋɭɦɦɚ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɦɦ) ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 5. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ, 1934; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ 1957, 1963; ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1963; Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜ, 1964; Ɋɭɛɢɧɲɬɟɣɧ, ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, 1966; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970). ȼ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɫɹ Ⱥ.ȿ. Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫɨɦ (Douglass, 1909, 1914, 1919, 1924, 1928). ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 11ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɨɜ (Erlandsson, 1936; Schulman, 1936, 1938; Ƚɭɪɫɤɢɣ, Ʉɚɧɟɜɫɤɚɹ, Ɉɫɬɚɩɨɜɢɱ, 1953; Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1968ɚ, ɛ; Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1965ɚ, 1974; Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, 1966; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1969, 1972ɚ; Ƚɨɪɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1971; Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɲɢɧ, ɋɚɪɬɛɚɟɜ, 1972; Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ, 1973; ɉɭɝɚɱɟɜ, 1975; ɉɨɥɸɲɤɢɧ, Ʌɚɪɢɨɧɨɜ, Ɇɚɪɬɵɧɨɜ, 1977;
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ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ, Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1978; ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ, 1981; Ȼɟɪɪɢ, Ʌɢɛɟɪɦɚɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1979). ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1842 ɝ. – 1853 ɝ. – 1864 ɝ. – 1875 ɝ. – 1886 ɝ. – 1897 ɝ. – 1908 ɝ. – 1919 ɝ. – 1930 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1952 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ. – 1974 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1852 ɝ. – 1863 ɝ. – 1874 ɝ. – 1885 ɝ. – 1896 ɝ. – 1907 ɝ. – 1918 ɝ. – 1929 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1951 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1867 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1889 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɍɚɤɠɟ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 2 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. ɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1962 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1959 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1950 ɝ. – 1961 ɝ. – 1872 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 8 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 10 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 12 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1942 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ. – 1975 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 15 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1948 ɝ. – 1959 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ. – 1992 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1957 ɝ. – 1968 ɝ. – 1979 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
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ɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1944 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍ.Ɇ. Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ Ȼ.ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ (1973) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ 16ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. Ɉɧ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ.4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 19 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1861 ɝ. – 1877 ɝ. – 1893 ɝ. – 1909 ɝ. – 1925 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1957 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 27 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1809 ɝ. – 1825 ɝ. – 1841 ɝ. – 1857 ɝ. – 1873 ɝ. – 1889 ɝ. – 1905 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ. – 1937 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1957 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨ-
105
ɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1917 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1949 ɝ. – 1965 ɝ. – 1981 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɏɷɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɐɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957, 1963; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, 1971; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1972; Ʉɭɞɪɹɜɰɟɜɚ, 1973; Ⱥɝɚɪɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1976; Ɇɚɸɱɚɹ, 1976). ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ 22-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957, 1963; ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ, 1968, 1970; ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ, 1973; Ɉɥɶ, 1973). ȼ.Ɏ. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ (1972) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 22-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ. Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ (1971) ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ȼ.Ɇ. Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜɚ (1964) 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ (8- ɢ 14-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ). ɇ.ɏ. əɜɨɪɫɤɢɣ (1975ɚ) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 22-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɏɷɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1853 ɝ. – 1875 ɝ. – 1897 ɝ. – 1919 ɝ. – 1941 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1814 ɝ. – 1836 ɝ. – 1858 ɝ. – 1880 ɝ. – 1902 ɝ. – 1924 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1968 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1852 ɝ. – 1874 ɝ. – 1896 ɝ. – 1918 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚ-
106
ɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ., ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1944 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ 24-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 24-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 3. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1925 ɝ. – 1949 ɝ. – 1973 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1946 ɝ. – 1970 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ 32-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 32-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 32-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 27 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1825 ɝ. – 1857 ɝ. – 1889 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1904 ɝ. – 1936 ɝ. – 1968 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1874 ɝ. – 1916 ɝ. – 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – Ȼɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ (Brückner, 1890, 1902; Douglass, 1909, 1914, 1924, 1928, 1933, Erlandsson, 1936; Siren, 1963; Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1965; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.,1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1972ɚ, 1974;
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Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ., 1972; Ɇɚɸɱɚɹ, 1976; Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ, 1977; ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ, Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ, 1978; Ȼɟɪɪɢ ɢ ɞɪ., 1979). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Douglass, 1919; Clough, 1943; Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɀɭɤɨɜ, 1970; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970). Ɇ.ɋ. ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ (1963) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɮɚɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɗɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ (1967), ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɨɣ (1971) ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. Ƚ.ȿ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ (1974) ɫɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɇ.ɏ. əɜɨɪɫɤɢɣ (1975ɚ) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ 33 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ɋɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1., ɪɢɫ. 2., ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1879 ɝ. – 1912 ɝ. – 1945 ɝ. – 1978 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1878 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ.
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ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1922 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 15 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1911 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 44 ɝɨɞɚ (ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɛɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ. ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ Ɇ.Ȼɨɝɨɥɟɩɨɜ (1921), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ȼ.ɉ. Ʉɟɩɩɟɧ (Köppen, 1930). Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ (1971) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 40-50 ɥɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ 30-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ɂ.ɉ. Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ. (1966) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤ. Ɉ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ 42-44-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɟɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɏ.ɋ. ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ (Willett, 1949), Ȼ. Ɇ. Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜ (1964), Ʌ.ȼ. ɀɭɤɨɜ, ɘ.ɋ. Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ (1969), Ȼ.Ʌ. Ȼɟɪɪɢ ɢ ɞɪ. (1979). Ɇ.ɋ. ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ (1957) ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɫɹ Ƚ. ɋɢɪɟɧɨɦ (Siren, 1963), ɋ. Ⱥɛɛɨɬɨɦ (Abbot, 1936), ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɳɟɜɨɣ (1981). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ.4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1796 ɝ. – 1840 ɝ. – 1884 ɝ. – 1928 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1850 ɝ. – 1894 ɝ. – 1938 ɝ. – 1982 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1812 ɝ. – 1856 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1813 ɝ. – 1857 ɝ. – 1901 ɝ. – 1945 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1856 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1944 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛ-
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ɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1842 ɝ. – 1896 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1821 ɝ. – 1865 ɝ. – 1909 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɍɚɤɠɟ 44-ɥɟɬɧɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1883 ɝ. – 1927 ɝ. – 1971 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1881 ɝ. – 1925 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ 41-45-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ.Ɏ. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ (1972) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 45-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ (ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤ 44-ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ) Ȼ.ɇ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ (1973ɛ) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɋɚɬɭɪɧɚ ɢ ɍɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɩɥɚɧɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 55, 66 ɢ 77 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɐɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 55-65 ɥɟɬ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 33- ɢ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (Douglass, 1933; Erlandsson, 1936; Schulman, 1936, 1938, 1956; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1952; Ȼɟɪɪɢ, Ʌɢɛɟɪɦɚɧ, Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜɚ, Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ, 1979; Ƚɥɟɛɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 1978). ɐɢɤɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. 55-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1784 ɝ. – 1829 ɝ. – 1884 ɝ. – 1929 ɝ. – 1984 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1886 ɝ. – 1931 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1859 ɝ. – 1914 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1845 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1955 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶ-
110
ɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1789 ɝ. – 1844 ɝ. – 1899 ɝ. – 1954 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1873 ɝ. – 1928 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1876 ɝ. – 1931 ɝ. – 1986 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 66-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1790 ɝ. – 1856 ɝ. – 1922 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1855 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ. – 1987 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1851 ɝ. – 1917 ɝ. – 1983 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1821 ɝ. – 1887 ɝ. – 1953 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 21 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1847 ɝ. – 1913 ɝ. – 1979 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 28 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1850 ɝ. – 1916 ɝ. – 1982 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 30 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1837 ɝ. – 1903 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ.; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1808 ɝ. – 1874 ɝ. – 1940 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 77-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1831 ɝ. – 1908 ɝ. – 1985 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 79, 81, 88, 99, 100 ɢ 111 ɥɟɬ. ɐɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 79 ɥɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɉ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɧ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ 55-65-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ 22- ɢ 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ.
111
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ 80-90ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Pettersson, 1914; ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957, 1963; ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ, 1962; ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ, 1966; ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1963; ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ, 1968, 1970; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1970; ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, 1970, 1973; Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 1975ɛ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ (Lamb, 1969; Ȼɭɞɵɤɨ, 1971). Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ (1977) ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ (Plass, 1956) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ 80-90-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. ɐɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɥɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 111 ɥɟɬ. ɐɢɤɥ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 111 ɥɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Ƚɚɧɫɤɢɣ, 1904; ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ; Schulman, 1938; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1946, 1957, 1963; Ɋɭɛɚɲɨɜ, 1964; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, 1963; Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɀɭɤɨɜ, 1970; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, 1973ɛ; Ɋɟɡɧɢɤɨɜ, 1980). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤ (Köppen, 1914, 1918; ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1952, 1954ɚ, ɛ; ɗɣɝɟɧɫɨɧ, 1957; ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ, 1946, 1962; Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ., 1966; ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ, 1966; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, 1970; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, 1971; Ɉɥɶ, 1973; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, 1973; Ƚɟɞɟɨɧɨɜ, 1973), ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɟɣ (ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ, 1947; Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, 1954ɛ, 1970; Ȼɟɬɢɧ, ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ, 1962), ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦɚ (ɒɨɫɬɚɤɨɜɢɱ, 1928ɛ). ȼɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ (Douglass, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1936; Antevs, 1925; Abbot, 1936; Schulman, 1936, 1938, 1956; Erlandsson, 1936; Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ, 1960; Bryson, Dutton, 1961; Siren, 1963; Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, 1967; Ʉɨɦɢɧ, 1970ɛ, 1971, 1972ɚ; Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 1975ɚ; Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɲɢɧ, ɋɚɪɬɛɚɟɜ, 1972; Ʉɚɛɟɰ, 1972; Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ, ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ, ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ, 1972; Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ, 1974, 1976, 1977). Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɧɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ (1968, 1970) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ 110-120-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ. ɐɢɤɥɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. 79ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶ-
112
ɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1829 ɝ. – 1908 ɝ. – 1987 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 81-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1796 ɝ. – 1877 - 1958 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 88-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3., ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1804 ɝ. – 1892 ɝ. – 1980 ɝ.; ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1813 ɝ. – 1901 ɝ. – 1989 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1793 ɝ. – 1881 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1793 ɝ. – 1881 ɝ. – 1969 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 99-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1779 ɝ. – 1878 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 100-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1779 ɝ. – 1879 ɝ. – 1979 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 111-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4., ɪɢɫ. 5. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 111-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ: ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ18 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1768 ɝ. – 1879 ɝ. – 1990 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3); ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ – 1769 ɝ. – 1880 ɝ. – 1991 ɝ. (ɪɢɫ. 5., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). ȼ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3- ɢ 5-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1921-1932-1943-19541965 ɝ.), ʋ 8 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1941-
113
1952-1963-1974-1985 ɝ.); ʋ 35 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1950-1961-1972 ɝ.); ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1910-1921-1932 ɝ.). 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1921-1943-1865 ɝ.); ʋ 8 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1941-1963-1985 ɝ.); ʋ 9 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1923-1945-1967-1989 ɝ.); ʋ 47 ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1946-1968-1990 ɝ.). 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 1 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1921-1954-1988 ɝ.); ʋ 4 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1919-1952-1985 ɝ.) (ɪɢɫ. 6., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ 5-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 7 ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1942-1953-1964-1975 ɝ.) ɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (1948-1959-1970 ɝ.) (ɪɢɫ. 6., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 8, 11, 22, 33, 44 ɢ 88 ɥɟɬ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ (8, 11, 22, 33, 44 ɝɨɞɚ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ (ɩɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ, 1986). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 4 – ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1., ɬɚɛɥ.3., ɬɚɛɥ. 4., ɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4) – ɒɤɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986). ɉɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986), ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 0,3. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4), ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0,3, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɜɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 0,33) ɢ ʋ 47 (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 0,33). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢ-
114
ɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɒɤɚɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4), ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɹɞɵ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 56 % (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4). ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ (1986), ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɪɹɞɚɦ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (119 ɥɟɬ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ 119-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 8 ɢɥɢ 11 ɥɟɬ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ (ɩɨɞɝɥɚɜɚ 4. 5.). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4), ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 7-ɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ: 13×24, 17×18, 17×21, 17×24, 23×113, 37×10, 37×40. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ 30-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 8 ɢɥɢ 11 ɥɟɬ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ (ɩɨɞɝɥɚɜɚ 4. 5.). ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ (ɜ 7-ɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ
115
ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 13 ɢ 24 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 13 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus) ɢ ʋ 24 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ Chelidonium majus L. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 17 ɢ 18 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 17 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ʋ 18 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ – Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 17 ɢ 21 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 17 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus) ɢ ʋ 21 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ) ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 17 ɢ 24 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 17 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ʋ 24 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus).
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ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 23 ɢ 113 ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 23 (ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus) ɢ ʋ 113 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ – ɥɢɩɵ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 37 ɢ 10 ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 37 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum) ɢ ʋ 10 (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]) ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɢɧɵ) ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ 37 ɢ 40 ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 37 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ʋ 40 (ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ) ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ʋ 37 (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum) ɢ ʋ 40 (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina]) ɤ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɢɧɵ) ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ 1-ɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ. Ʉ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ; ɤɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ,
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ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ; ɤ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ. Ʉ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋʋ 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 37, 40, 113. Ʉɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47. Ʉ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: ʋʋ 6, 7, 25, 27, 30, 33, 39, 46. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ) ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɉɌɄ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
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4. 3. ȾȼɍɏɎȺɄɌɈɊɇɕɃ ȾɂɋɉȿɊɋɂɈɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1 ɢ ʋ 24), ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ 22), ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 3 ɢ ʋ 23). ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 1, ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ 3 ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.), ʋ 22, ʋ 23 ɢ ʋ 24 – ɜ ɍɡɸɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ (ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɡɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1992 ɝ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 1., ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ – ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 2. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɡɚ 15 ɥɟɬ (1978-1992 ɝɝ.) Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ R1 m1 m2 R2 m1 m2 R3 m1 m2
ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 1 24 2 22 3 23
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ 5, 13, 19, 11, 11, 12, 10, 14, 8, 12, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12. 9, 12, 35, 27, 24, 29, 30, 30, 24, 26, 26, 24, 23, 24, 23. 4, 17, 25, 19, 18, 18, 15, 19, 18, 19, 18, 21, 23, 23, 24. 3, 17, 17, 11, 10, 8, 13, 19, 14, 16, 14, 18, 23, 30, 35. 4, 16, 24, 27, 28, 27, 28, 30, 26, 19, 25, 24, 26, 34, 36. 5, 15, 26, 23, 22, 27, 27, 32, 23, 19, 23, 28, 31, 28, 35.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 1. R – ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; R1 – ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ; R2 – ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ; R3 – ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ; m – ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ; m1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ; m2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɍɡɸɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɇɨɜɨɛɭɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɧɟɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ (ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ y = x + z + k·x·z, k – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, x, z – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ) ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 2., ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (F=12.48, p=0,001) ɢ ɧɟɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ (F=8.38, p=0,001). Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ (F = 5.23, p=0,01). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
119
ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ (ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ (ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜ) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɡɚ 15 ɥɟɬ (1978-1992 ɝɝ.) ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ
SS
Ȟ
__ SS
F
R m R×m ɉɨɥɧɚɹ E
1222.2 256.05 820.95 4114.545 6413.745
2 1 2 84 –
611,1 256,05 410,48 48,98 –
12.48*** 5.23** 8.38*** – –
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 2. *** ʊ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ 0,001; ** ʊ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ 0,01; R – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; m – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ; E – ɨɲɢɛɤɚ; SS – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ; Ȟ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ; F – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ; – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ. 4. 4. ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ Ɋɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ). Ⱦɚɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 6. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4. 6. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1959 ɝ., 1968-1969 ɝɝ., 1974 ɝ., 1991 ɝ.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɢɫɟɥ
120
ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1971 ɝ., 1986 ɝ.). Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1965 ɝ., 1968 ɝ., 1978 ɝ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (1954 ɝ, 1962 ɝ., 1977 ɝ.). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 6. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – 1955 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ. – 1971 ɝ., 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ – 1955 ɝ. – 1966 ɝ. – 1977 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɑɢɫɥɚ ɋɭɦɦɚ ɋɪɟɞ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɨɫɚɞ- ɬɟɦɩ- ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɜ ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (ɦɦ) (ɨɋ) (0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 6. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; Ɋɹɞ 3 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; Ɋɹɞ 4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ 3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ: ɤ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ; ɤɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ; ɤ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ – ɪɹɞɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 7. ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4. 8. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ.
121
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ- ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɚ (ɨɋ) ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 7. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ 3-ɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ); Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ); Ɋɹɞ 3 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ); Ɋɹɞ 4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɋɭɦɦɚ ɑɢɫɥɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ (ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 8. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ
122
ɂɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ: ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ), ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɠɚɪɤɢɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ), ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ), ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɠɚɪɤɢɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɝɨɞɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȽɆɈ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɡɚ 1952-2000 ɝɝ.). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3. ɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 3. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
112
-0,53
-0,34
112
-0,59
-0.58
11 14 16 19 28
-0,46 0,44 0,44 -0,49 -0,.64
-0,35 0,58 0,51 -0,39 -0,38
11 14 16 19 28
-0,63 0,7 0,5 -0,7 -0,66
-0,61 0,7 0,5 -0,66 -0,65
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ -0,46 -0,42 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,59 -0,57 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ -0,36 – – 0,47 – 0,35 -0,35 -0,33 -0,47 -0,42 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,63 -0,64 0,71 0,69 0,5 0,48 -0,7 -0,71 -0,65 -0,69
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
-0,57
-0,29
49 ɥɟɬ
-0,57
-0,32
49 ɥɟɬ
-0,4 – – -0,31 -0,51
-0,.39 – – -0,36 –
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
-0,61 0,44 0,46 -0,64 -0,64
-0,42 0,66 – -0,37 -0,35
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3. ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 112, ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ), ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶ-
123
ɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɜɨɹ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɬ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ (ɬ.ɟ., ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɫɢɥɟɦɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɮɥɨɷɦɵ). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɯɜɨɢ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɇɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɤɪɨɧɵ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɧɚ
124
ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3.) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; ɨɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4. ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ) ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.), ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ).
125
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 4. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
38 46 113
-0,36 -0,64 -0,6
– -0,6 -0,6
16 46 113
0,41 -0,79 -0,8
0,42 -0,78 -0,78
14 25 34 35 36
-0,65 -0,59 0,34 -0,65 0,63
-0,6 -0,63 0,4 -0,59 0,58
11 14 25 28 34 35 36
-0,82 -0,84 -0,82 0,4 0,56 -0,82 0,78
-0,81 -0,84 -0,79 0,39 0,54 -0,81 0,76
4 8 42 45
-0,56 -0,43 -0,68 –
-0,54 -0,59 -0,7 0,35
4 8 42 45
-0,8 -0,72 -0,93 0,44
-0,76 -0,73 -0,89 0,46
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɁɚ ɹɧɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɜɚɪɶ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – -0,32 – -0,6 -0,63 -0,5 -0,55 -0,54 -0,64 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,41 0,4 0,38 -0,79 -0,76 -0,75 -0,8 -0,8 -0,78 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ -0,56 -0,62 -0,52 -0,39 -0,47 -0,48 – 0,39 0,59 -0,5 -0,52 -0,5 0,57 0,5 0,6 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,82 -0,82 -0,79 -0,84 -0,8 -0,79 -0,82 -0,81 -0,75 0,4 0,41 0,41 0,56 0,58 0,49 -0,82 -0,81 -0,75 0,78 0,6 0,78 ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ -0,43 -0,47 -0,31 -0,42 -0,52 -0,39 -0,52 -0,6 -0,55 – – 0,6 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,8 – -0,74 -0,72 -0,71 -0,67 -0,93 -0,92 -0,87 0,44 0,43 0,41
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
– – -0,44
42 ɝɨɞɚ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
– -0,41 -0,47
38 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
– – – – –
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 42 ɝɨɞɚ 49 ɥɟɬ 45 ɥɟɬ
-0,33 -0,38 -0,36 – – -0,36 0,37
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 35 ɥɟɬ 42 ɝɨɞɚ 49 ɥɟɬ 45 ɥɟɬ
– – – –
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
-0,79 – -0,38 –
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.). Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ-
126
ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ) ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ) ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.). ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.), ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.), ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
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ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ (ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.). ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3.) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.). ɉɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11 ɢ 19, ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 3.). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 22, 25, 35, 36, ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 4.) ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 5. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ.
128
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 5. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
17
0,35
0,32
31
0,43
–
31
0,34
0,32
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɁɚ ɹɧɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɜɚɪɶ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 0,31 0,42 – Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 0,32 0,33 – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,34 0,33 0,32
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
-0,33
49 ɥɟɬ
–
49 ɥɟɬ
–
49 ɥɟɬ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 5. ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 5.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 5.), ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 31 ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɇɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ 49 ɥɟɬ (8-ɦɢ, 11-ɬɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 5., ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ
129
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ 49 ɥɟɬ (8-ɦɢ, 11-ɬɢ ɥɟɬɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ 8-, 11-, 16- ɢ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 6. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
4
1957-1964 1965-1972
– –
4
1957-1964 1965-1972
0,87 -0,74
8
1957-1964 1965-1972 1957-1964 1965-1972 1957-1964 1965-1972
– – – – – –
1965-1972 1973-1980 1973-1980 1981-1988 1957-1964 1965-1972 1957-1964 1965-1972
-0,91 0,83 0,75 -0,82 0,81 -0,79 0,98 -0,83
22 23
8 21 22 23
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,87 0,87 – -0,74 -0,74 -0,74 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,91 -0,91 -0,91 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,75 0,75 0,75 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82 0,81 0,81 – -0,79 -0,79 -0,79 0,98 0,98 – -0,83 -0,83 -0,83
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,86 -0,74
0,87 -0,74
49 ɥɟɬ
0,87 -0,74
0,87 -0,74
49 ɥɟɬ
0,75 -0,91 0,78 -0,79 0,98 -0,79
– – – – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
-0,91 – 0,75 -0,82 0,81 -0,79 0,98 -0,83
-0,91 0,83 – – 0,81 -0,79 0,98 -0,83
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6. , ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ
130
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚ 49 ɥɟɬ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; ɨɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.). ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 6.). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ.
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ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɞɵ (1965 ɝ., 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɞɪ.). ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ., ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɞɵ (1965 ɝ., 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6, ʋ 22, ʋ 23) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɜɵɲɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ., ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 6, ʋ 22, ʋ 23 (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 6.). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ., ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɫɭɯ (3 ɢ 2 ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ.
132
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 7. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
5
1957-1964 1981-1988
– –
13
1957-1964 1981-1988 1957-1964 1981-1988 1957-1964 1981-1988
– – – – – –
1957-1964 1973-1980 1973-1980 1981-1988 1957-1964 1973-1980
0,96 -0,79 0,75 -0,82 0,75 -0,78
17 23
13 21 111
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,96 0,96 – -0,79 -0,79 -0,79 0,75 0,75 0,75 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82 0,75 0,75 – -0,78 -0,78 -0,78
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
– –
0,88 -0,83
49 ɥɟɬ
– – – – – –
0,93 -0,78 0,83 -0,76 0,87 -0,87
49 ɥɟɬ
0,96 -0,79 0,75 -0,82 0,75 -0,78
0,96 – – – 0,75 –
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
133
ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 5 ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.). ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ) ɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ) ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.). ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.) ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɹɞɚ ɥɟɬ (1962-1964 ɝɝ.) ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 7. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ.). ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ.
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Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 8. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
24
1957-1964 1965-1972
24
1957-1964 1965-1972 1965-1972 1973-1980
113
5 15 18 21 29 33
3 19 31
1965-1972 1981-1988 1957-1964 1973-1980 1965-1972 1973-1980 1965-1972 1973-1980 1973-1980 1981-1988 1973-1980 1981-1988
1965-1972 1973-1980 1965-1972 1973-1980 1957-1964 1981-1988
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,93 0,93 0,93 – -0,84 -0,84 -0,84 -0,84 -0,71 -0,71 -0,71 -0,71 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,87 -0,89 -0,89 -0,89 -0,89 -0,87 -0,87 -0,87 – 0,78 0,78 0,78 – -0,77 -0,77 -0,77 -0,77 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 -0,83 -0,83 -0,83 -0,83 -0,73 -0,73 -0,73 -0,73 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,82 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82 ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 -0,88 -0,88 -0,88 -0,88 0,92 0,92 0,92 0,92 -0,95 -0,95 -0,95 -0,95 0,73 0,73 0,73 – -0,78 -0,78 -0,78 -0,78
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,86 -0,78
0,94 -0,84
42 ɝɨɞɚ
0,93 -0,84 -0,71 0,75
0,93 -0,84 -0,71 0,83
42 ɝɨɞɚ
0,87 -0,89 -0,87 0,78 -0,77 – 0,85 – -0,73 0,93 0,82 -0,82
0,87 – -0,87 – -0,77 0,8 0,85 -0,83 – – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
0,75 -0,88 0,92 -0,95 0,73 -0,78
0,75 – 0,92 – 0,73 –
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 36 ɥɟɬ 34 ɝɨɞɚ 46 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
34 ɝɨɞɚ 30 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
135
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.), ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 24) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1957 ɩɨ
136
1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24, ʋ 113) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.). Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ.) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8.), ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 8. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ.). ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9. ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ
137
ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 9. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
46
1973-1980 1981-1988
44
1965-1972 1973-1980
11
1973-1980 1981-1988 1973-1980 1981-1988
28
31
1957-1964 1981-1988
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,72 -0,81 -0,81 -0,81 -0,81 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82 -0,92 -0,92 -0,92 -0,92 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 -0,78 -0,78 -0,78 -0,78
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,72 -0,81
– –
49 ɥɟɬ
– –
0,83 -0,75
49 ɥɟɬ
0,73 -0,82 -0,92 0,91
– – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
0,81 -0,78
– –
49 ɥɟɬ
35 ɥɟɬ
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞ-
138
ɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.), ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɬ. ɟ., ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ) ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 44) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 44) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɢɸɥɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 44 ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1965 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 46) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.). ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 46 ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ28) ɢ ɫ 1981 ɝ. ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 11), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ.
139
(ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 28) ɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 11) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.). ɋɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 11 (ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ.) ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ (ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 11 ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 9.). ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ (1962-1964 ɝɝ.), ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ; ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 31 (ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ.) ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ (ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ31 ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ
140
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ) ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 10. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
4
1956-1966 1967-1977
– –
4
1956-1966 1967-1977
0,72 -0,72
12
1956-1966 1967-1977 1956-1966 1967-1977
– – – –
1956-1966 1967-1977 1967-1977 1978-1988 1956-1966 1967-1977 1967-1977 1978-1988
0,64 -0,64 -0,7 0,63 0,61 -0,75 -0,76 0,7
15
12 14 15 24
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,72 0,72 – -0,72 -0,72 -0,72 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,64 0,64 – -0,64 -0,64 -0,64 -0,7 -0,7 -0,7 0,63 0,63 0,63 0,61 0,61 – -0,75 -0,75 -0,75 -0,76 -0,76 -0,76 0,7 0,7 0,7
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,68 -0,72
– –
49 ɥɟɬ
0,72 -0,72
0,72 –
49 ɥɟɬ
0,7 -0,64 0,64 -0,75
– – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
0,64 -0,64 -0,7 0,63 0,61 -0,75 -0,76 0,7
0,64 – – – 0,61 – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ ɤɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɨɪɚɯ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
141
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ4) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 10.). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4), ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬ-
142
ɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 11. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
27
1956-1966 1967-1977 1956-1966 1967-1977
– – – –
1956-1966 1967-1977 1956-1966 1989-1999
-0,74 0,68 0,63 -0,7
110
27 110
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – 0,7 – – -0,77 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,74 -0,74 – 0,68 0,68 0,68 0,63 0,63 – -0,7 -0,7 -0,7
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
-0,66 0,68 – –
– – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
-0,74 0,68 0,63 –
-0,74 – 0,63 -0,7
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ110, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ) ɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 110, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC) ɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11.). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 110 ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ, ɱɟɦ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ. 27, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜ
143
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1989 ɩɨ 1999 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 110) ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 1956-1966ɝɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 110) ɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11.). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɇɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 110 ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 27) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 11.). ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49ɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹ-
144
ɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 12. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
16
1956-1966 1967-1977 1978-1988 1956-1966 1967-1977 1956-1966 1967-1977 1956-1966 1967-1977
– – – – – – – – –
1956-1966 1967-1977 1956-1966 1967-1977 1967-1977 1978-1988 1967-1977 1978-1988 1956-1966 1967-1977
0,83 -0,7 0,92 -0,88 0,88 -0,84 0,64 -0,72 -0,74 0,6
1956-1966 1978-1988 1956-1966 1967-1977
– – – –
1956-1966 1978-1988 1956-1966 1967-1977 1967-1977 1978-1988 1967-1977 1978-1988
0,86 -0,8 -0,77 0,86 0,91 -0,89 0,72 -0,82
20 24 38
16 20 26 32 38
2 30
2 30 33 43
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – – – – – – – – – 0,81 – – -0,68 – – – – – – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,83 0,83 – -0,7 -0,7 -0,7 0,92 0,92 – -0,88 -0,88 -0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 -0,84 -0,84 -0,84 0,64 0,64 0,64 -0,72 -0,72 -0,72 -0,74 -0,74 – 0,6 0,6 0,6 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 0,86 – – -0,64 – – – – – – – – ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,86 0,86 0,86 -0,8 -0,8 -0,8 -0,77 -0,77 – 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,91 0,91 0,91 -0,89 -0,89 -0,89 0,72 0,72 0,72 -0,82 -0,82 -0,82
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,81 -0,7 – 0,86 -0,88 0,77 -0,6 -0,69 0,6
0,85 – -0,63 – – – – – –
38 ɥɟɬ
0,83 -0,7 0,92 -0,88 0,88 -0,84 0,64 -0,72 -0,74 0,6
0,83 – 0,92 – – – – – -0,74 –
– – -0,71 0,86
– – – –
43 ɝɨɞɚ
0,86 -0,8 -0,77 0,86 0,91 -0,89 0,72 -0,82
– – -0,77 – – – – –
43 ɝɨɞɚ
36 ɥɟɬ 37 ɥɟɬ 42 ɝɨɞɚ
49 ɥɟɬ 36 ɥɟɬ 32 ɝɨɞɚ 49 ɥɟɬ 42 ɝɨɞɚ
43 ɝɨɞɚ
43 ɝɨɞɚ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɬ. ɟ., ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1962-
145
1965 ɝɝ., 1972 ɝ., 1975 ɝ.) ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.). Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ., ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 2) ɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 30), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 2) ɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 30) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4.12.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 12.). Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚ-
146
ɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 13. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
38
1967-1977 1978-1988
14
1967-1977 1978-1988 1967-1977 1978-1988 1967-1977 1978-1988
15 33
31
1956-1966 1978-1988
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,63 -0,63 -0,63 – 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 -0,64 -0,64 -0,64 -0,64 0,68 0,68 0,68 0,68 -0,79 -0,79 -0,79 -0,79 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 -0,84 -0,84 -0,84 -0,84 ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,76 0,76 0,76 – -0,71 -0,71 -0,71 -0,71
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
-0,63 0,7
-0,63 –
42 ɝɨɞɚ
0,67 -0,64 0,68 -0,79 0,8 -0,84
– – – – – –
49 ɥɟɬ
0,76 -0,71
0,76 –
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.) ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚ-
147
ɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚ 11-ɥɟɬɢɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɧɚɤɩɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɬ. ɟ., ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1962-1965 ɝɝ., 1972 ɝ., 1975 ɝ.) ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ.; ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫ 1967 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ.; ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1988 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 13.). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɩɨ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 112 ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
148
22-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 14. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɨ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
112
1956-1977 1978-1999
-0,79 0,44
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,79 -0,79 0,43 0,44
Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
-0,71 0,44
49 ɥɟɬ
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14.) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 112 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1977 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1999 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1999 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 14.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 112 ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 112. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (“ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ”): 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, 2-ɹ – ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ 3-ɹ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢ-
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ɟɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 9. – 4. 11., ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ 3 ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ “ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ” ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɑɢɫɥɚ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 9. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 10 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ) ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ 3-ɯ “ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ” ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 15.
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ɑɢɫɥɚ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 10. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 30 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 9. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ: ɜ 1958 ɝ., 1969 ɝ., 1976 ɝ. ɢ 1990 ɝ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 10. ɜɢɞɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ: ɜ 1976 ɢ 1990 ɝ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 11. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɩɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ: ɜ 1958 ɢ 1990 ɝ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɩɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ 1958 ɝ., 1976 ɝ. ɢ 1990 ɝ.
151
ɑɢɫɥɚ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ (0,1 ɦɦ)
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 11. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 8 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ 3-ɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 15. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɨ 3-ɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ʋ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
1-ɹ 3-ɹ
– -0,51
– -0,54
3-ɹ
-0,64
-0,66
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 10ɨɋ ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ – – -0,4 -0,43 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ -0,64 -0,63
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,38 –
– –
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
-0,59
-0,4
49 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 15., ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (1-ɹ “ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ”) ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ
152
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (3-ɹ “ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ”). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ) ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɹɧɜɚɪɶ). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (3-ɹ “ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ”). Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 15.) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; ɨɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ: ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ – ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ, ɧɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ (ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ
153
ɰɢɤɥɚɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8-, 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 16. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
4
1893-1900 1909-1916 1941-1948 1957-1964 1917-1924 1933-1940 1941-1948 1957-1964
200 ɥɟɬ
20
14
17
1901-1908 1925-1932 1941-1948 1965-1972 1877-1884 1901-1908 1909-1916 1917-1924 1925-1932 1933-1940 1941-1948 1957-1964
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,81 -0,87 0,71 -0,74 0,91 -0,89 0,92 -0,91 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ -0,83 -0,71 0,8 0,8 -0,78 0,8 0,71 0,91 0,84 -0,98 0,88 -0,96
144 ɝɨɞɚ
163 ɝɨɞɚ
204 ɝɨɞɚ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ
154
ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ, ɚ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɜɨɹ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɟɬ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.), ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1933 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ., ɫ 1933 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ., ɫ 1925 ɩɨ 1932 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫ-
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ɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ., ɫ 1925 ɩɨ 1932 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ., ɫ 1933 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ (1901-1902 ɝɝ., 1905 ɝ., 1906 ɝ., 1933 ɝ., 1934 ɝ., 1962-1964 ɝɝ.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.) ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 16.). ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ.
156
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 17. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
4
1885-1892 1909-1916 1941-1948 1957-1964
200 ɥɟɬ
9
1941-1948 1957-1964 1885-1892 1917-1924 1941-1948 1957-1964 1885-1892 1901-1908 1909-1916 1925-1932 1933-1940 1941-1948 1901-1908 1909-1916 1917-1924 1933-1940 1941-1948 1957-1964
13
14
17
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,89 -0,87 0,71 -0,83 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,87 -0,79 -0,84 0,84 0,82 -0,98 0,76 -0,83 0,77 -0,75 -0,75 0,8 -0,8 0,84 0,79 -0,96 0,88 -0,91
119 ɥɟɬ 184 ɝɨɞɚ
163 ɝɨɞɚ
204 ɝɨɞɚ
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1916 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1885 ɩɨ 1892 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1885 ɩɨ 1892 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ., ɫ 1933 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1916 ɝ., ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ
157
ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1916 ɝ., ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ., ɫ 1933 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1964 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4.17.), ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ (1901-1902 ɝɝ., 1905 ɝ., 1906 ɝ., 1933 ɝ., 1934 ɝ., 1962-1964 ɝɝ.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 17.). Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 18. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 18. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɩɨ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 46
8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 1965-1972 1973-1980
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ -0,71 0,84
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 65 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 18., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 46 ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 46 ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 30-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 30-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ 8-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 46) (ɫɦ.
158
ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 18.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 46) ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ 8ɥɟɬɢɟ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 46, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ 8-ɥɟɬɢɟ – 1965-1972 ɝɝ. (ɡɚɫɭɯɢ 1965 ɢ 1972 ɝɝ.). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 46) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 18.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 46) ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ,
159
ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ (1890-1891 ɝɝ., 1896-1900 ɝɝ., 1933 ɝ., 1962-1965 ɝɝ.). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 19. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
18
1890-1900 1956-1966
11
1879-1889 1912-1922 1923-1933 1934-1944 1901-1911 1967-1977 1923-1933 1934-1944 1945-1955 1956-1966 1923-1933 1934-1944 1945-1955 1956-1966
14 22
30
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,71 -0,75 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ -0,95 0,72 0,68 -0,78 -0,75 0,68 0,84 -0,73 0,7 -0,8 0,78 -0,71 0,63 -0,81
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 228 ɥɟɬ
153 ɝɨɞɚ
163 ɝɨɞɚ 130 ɥɟɬ
163 ɝɨɞɚ
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɨɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1890 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4.19.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1890 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18. Ɂɚɫɭɯɢ 1890-1891 ɝɝ. ɢ 1896-1900 ɝɝ., ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1934 ɩɨ 1944 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1912 ɩɨ
160
1922 ɝ., ɫ 1923 ɩɨ 1933 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1945 ɩɨ 1955 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ., ɫ 1923 ɩɨ 1933 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1945 ɩɨ 1955 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ, ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 20. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
18
1890-1900 1956-1966
6
1912-1922 1956-1966 1901-1911 1956-1966 1879-1889 1912-1922 1912-1922 1934-1944 1945-1955 1956-1966 1912-1922 1956-1966
15 16 17
23
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,68 -0,75 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,84 -0,81 0,89 -0,9 0,8 -0,65 0,8 -0,64 0,73 -0,85 0,85 -0,86
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 228 ɥɟɬ
152 ɝɨɞɚ 155 ɥɟɬ 211 ɥɟɬ 204 ɝɨɞɚ
166 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ.
161
4.20.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɷɬɢ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1890 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20.). ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1890 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20.) ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɡɚɫɭɯɢ 1890-1891 ɝɝ. ɢ 1896-1900 ɝɝ., ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ., ɫ 1934 ɩɨ 1944 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1911 ɝ., ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1945 ɩɨ 1955 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1911 ɝ., ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1945 ɩɨ 1955 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1956 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ 11-ɥɟɬɢɹ (1912 ɝ., 1921 ɝ., 1962-1964 ɝɝ.). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6 ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922
162
ɝ. (ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɭɯɨɣ ɜ 1921 ɝ.), ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 16 ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6 ɢ ʋ 16. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6 ɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 16, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 20. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1890 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4.20.) ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 21. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
18
1877-1892 1893-1908 1893-1908 1909-1924 1925-1940 1941-1956
20
11 17
19 21 28
1977-1992 1909-1924 1877-1892 1909-1924 1941-1956 1957-1972 1877-1892 1893-1908 1877-1892 1941-1956 1877-1892 1909-1924
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ -0,53 0,66 0,59 0,71 -0,55 -0,56 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ -0,74 0,53 -0,59 0,85 0,55 -0,63 -0,68 0,55 -0,49 0,56 -0,75 0,55
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 228 ɥɟɬ 144 ɝɨɞɚ
153 ɝɨɞɚ 204 ɝɨɞɚ
153 ɝɨɞɚ 194 ɝɨɞɚ 157 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ
163
ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.21. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1877 ɩɨ 1892 ɝ., ɫ 1925 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1956 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.), ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ (1880 ɝ., 1885 ɝ., 1889-1892 ɝɝ., 1933 ɝ., 1934 ɝ., 1948 ɝ., 1951 ɝ.). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1893 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.). ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1893 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4.21.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1877 ɩɨ 1892 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1977 ɩɨ 1992 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1956 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1956 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨ-
164
ɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1893 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21.) ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 22. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
4
1877-1892 1957-1972
3
1909-1924 1957-1972 1877-1892 1893-1908 1909-1924 1957-1972 1877-1892 1909-1924 1877-1892 1909-1924 1925-1940 1941-1956 1957-1972
15
16
17
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,76 -0,68 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,69 -0,69 -0,51 0,61 0,52 -0,7 0,62 -0,54 0,62 0,82 -0,51 0,57 -0,7
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 200 ɥɟɬ
206 ɥɟɬ 155 ɥɟɬ
211 ɥɟɬ
206 ɥɟɬ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4.22.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧ-
165
ɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 16-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɚɫɭɯ (1962-1965 ɝɝ., 1972 ɝ.). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 4) ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1877 ɩɨ 1892 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.) ɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 4 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1925 ɩɨ 1940 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1957 ɩɨ 1972 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ 1893 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.). ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1893 ɩɨ 1908 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1877 ɩɨ 1892 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 22.) ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ
166
ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 23. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɩɨ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
5
1879-1900 1901-1922
6
1901-1922 1945-1966
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ -0,56 0,48 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,49 -0,42
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 145 ɥɟɬ
152 ɝɨɞɚ
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22ɥɟɬɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɱ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1879 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.) ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 5) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ
167
ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 6) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1945 ɩɨ 1966 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.). ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 6 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɢ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22ɥɟɬɢɹ (1890-1891 ɝɝ., 1896-1900 ɝɝ., 1948 ɝ., 1951 ɝ., 1962-1965 ɝɝ.). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23.). ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɩɨ 22ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24., ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 16 ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 16 ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɚ 119-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 24. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɨ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
16
1879-1900 1901-1922
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ 0,52 -0,56
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) 211 ɥɟɬ
Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24.), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
168
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 16 (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24.) ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɢ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1921 ɝ. (1900-1902 ɝɝ., 1905-1906 ɝɝ., 1911-1912 ɝɝ., 1921 ɝ.). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24.), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ 22-ɥɟɬɢɟ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 16) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ., ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1879 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ 1879 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 24.) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ 22-ɥɟɬɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 16) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.16. – 4. 18. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1917 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1941 ɩɨ 1948 ɝ., ɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1973 ɩɨ 1980 ɝ. ȼ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 19. – 4. 20. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1912 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1923 ɩɨ 1933 ɝ., ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 21. – 4. 22. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 16-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1909 ɩɨ 1924 ɝ., ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 23. – 4. 24. ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1899 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. ɢ ɫ 1901 ɩɨ 1922 ɝ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ (ɩɨ 10 ɤɟɪɧɚɦ) ɪɹɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17. Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤ-
169
ɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 25. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 25. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (ɪ<0,05) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɡɢɦɭ
17
0,65
0,68
17
0,85
0,84
Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ
ɋɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 0,49 0,67 ɋ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ 0,85 0,84
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
0,74
–
49 ɥɟɬ
0,92
0,38
49 ɥɟɬ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 25. ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 25. ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸ-
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ɳɢɦ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ, ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. ɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 5. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5), ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ (ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ: Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa; Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum]; Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa. ɗɬɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɱɟɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɦɢ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ: Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa ɢ Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum], ɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ – ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ: Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans ɢ Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦ) ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ, – ɡɚɫɭɯɚɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5). ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ (ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ) ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis], Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina], ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis], Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula –
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Hylotelephium stepposum ɢ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5). ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ (ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina], ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis], Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum ɢ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5). ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ), ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɨɫɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ. ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɜɹɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɨɫɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1-4, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 6). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1-4 ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 6 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɬ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ7 (Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans): ɱɟɪɟɡ 1 ɝɨɞ – 7 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɝɨɞɚ – 3 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 9 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 16 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 33 ɝɨɞ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 39 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 41 ɝɨɞ – 1 ɪɚɡ. ȼɫɟɝɨ 17 ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɥɟɬ (ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 9 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 19 ɜɟɤɟ, 8 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 20 ɜɟɤɟ). ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ12 (Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans): ɱɟɪɟɡ 1 ɝɨɞ – 3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɝɨɞɚ – 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 4 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 11 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 12 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 17 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 21 ɝɨɞ – 1
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ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 22 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 63 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ. ȼɫɟɝɨ 13 ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɥɟɬ (ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 8 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 19 ɜɟɤɟ, 5 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 20 ɜɟɤɟ). ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ16 (Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa): ɱɟɪɟɡ 1 ɝɨɞ – 3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɝɨɞɚ – 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɝɨɞɚ – 3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 6 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 9 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 12 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 14 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 23 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 24 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 34 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 38 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ 18 ɥɟɬ (ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 8 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 19 ɜɟɤɟ, 10 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 20 ɜɟɤɟ). ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ17 (Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa + Corylus avellana): ɱɟɪɟɡ 1 ɝɨɞ – 1 ɪɚɡ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɝɨɞɚ – 4 ɪɚɡɚ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɝɨɞɚ – 3 ɪɚɡɚ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 6 ɥɟɬ – 2 ɪɚɡɚ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 7 ɥɟɬ – 2 ɪɚɡɚ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 9 ɥɟɬ – 1 ɪɚɡ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 16 ɥɟɬ – 2 ɪɚɡɚ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 17 ɥɟɬ – 3 ɪɚɡɚ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 21 ɝɨɞ – 1 ɪɚɡ; ɱɟɪɟɡ 22 ɝɨɞɚ – 1 ɪɚɡ. ȼɫɟɝɨ 21 ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ (ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 13 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 19 ɜɟɤɟ, 9 ɥɟɬ – ɜ 20 ɜɟɤɟ). ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜ 19-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 20-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ 19-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1891 ɩɨ 1899 ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɜ 20-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ – ɧɚ 1905-1906 ɝɝ., 1911-1912 ɝɝ., 1921 ɝ., 1972 ɝ. ɢ 1975 ɝ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ 11 ɥɟɬ ɢ 22 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɚɥɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉɌɄ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ): 1. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ: ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɥɟɳɢɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 8, 17, 21); ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 110, 111) ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɥɢɩɨɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 30); 2. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ: ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɥɟɳɢɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18) ɢ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 112); 3. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ: ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚ-
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ɞɢ ʋʋ 3, 10); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 28); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɞɭɛɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 24, 27) ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 6, 7, 12, 13, 14); 4. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ: ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5) ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 20). ɉɌɄ 3-ɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ): 1. ȼɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ: ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 4, 8, 17, 23, 29); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 42, 45); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 27); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɜɹɡɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ13); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɨɪɥɹɤɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ31); 2. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ: ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 9, 14, 21, 22, 28, 30, 33, 35, 39, 44); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɨɫɢɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 6, 11, 12, 34, 36, 37) ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 18, 25); 3. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ: ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 10, 16, 26, 46); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɨɫɢɧɨɣ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 7, 47) ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 20, 24); 4. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ: ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 40); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɞɭɛɨɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 5, 15); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 18, 25); 5. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ: ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɣ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 38); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 3); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɨɪɥɹɤɨɜɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 113); ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɡɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ1). ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɨɬ 4-ɨɣ ɤ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɬ 5ɨɣ ɤ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ): 1833 ɝ., 1850 ɝ., 1851 ɝ., 1853 ɝ., 1862 ɝ., 1869 ɝ., 1890-1892 ɝɝ., 1896-1900 ɝɝ., 1911-1912 ɝɝ., 1921 ɝ., 1933-1934 ɝɝ., 1962-1965 ɝɝ., 1972 ɝ., 1975 ɝ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɟɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɝɨɥɨɞɚ (Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜ, ɉɚɫɟɰɤɢɣ, 1988). Ɂɚɫɭɯɢ ɫ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɹɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ: 1773 ɝ., 1816-1817 ɝɝ., 1862 ɝ., 1869 ɝ., 1880 ɝ., 1890 ɝ., 1892 ɝ., 1897-1900 ɝɝ., 1905-1906 ɝɝ., 1911-1912 ɝɝ., 1921 ɝ., 1933 ɝ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
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ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ: 1862 ɝ., 1869 ɝ., 1890 ɝ., 1892 ɝ., 1897-1900 ɝɝ., 1911-1912 ɝɝ., 1921 ɝ., 1933 ɝ. ɉɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɞɪ., ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ. 4. 5. ɊȿȽɊȿɋɋɂɈɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ) ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 12. ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1. ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 7. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. – 7. ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 7. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7), ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7).
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ɑɢɫɥɚ Y(x) ȼɨɥɶɮɚ
Ƚɨɞɵ . Ɋɢɫ. 4. 12. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ (Y) ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x), ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ 1 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ; Ɋɹɞ 2 – ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ [Y(x)], ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ y = 12.1 – 0.495x1 + 0.302x2 – 0.287x3 + 168x4 + 0.11x5 + 0.176x6 + 0.924x7 – 0.005x8 – 0.002x9 + 0.043x10 – 0.001x11 + 0.0006x12, ɝɞɟ y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ.
176
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ [Y(x)] ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɢɯ ɡɚ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɢɯ ɡɚ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7) ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; ɨɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ 2-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧ-
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ɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ 2-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɡɢɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ – ɡɢɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ
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ɩɪɢɱɢɧ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ 2-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ 3ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢɸɥɶ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7).
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ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ 3-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɢɯ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɫɭɯ), ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɢɯ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ.3., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ 2-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɤ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ; ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ) ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 4., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). ɇɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɡɚ
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ɡɢɦɭ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC, ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 5., ɬɚɛɥ. 6., ɬɚɛɥ. 7., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC – ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ), ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɡɢɦɚ) ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ – ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC – ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ), ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢ-
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ɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 8-, 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɢɸɥɶ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɹɧɜɚɪɶ, ɡɢɦɚ) ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ) ɢ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɜɹɡɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ) ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɩɵ, ɞɭɛɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɢ) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɨɫɧɵ), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɉɌɄ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ). Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ,
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ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɉɌɄ 2ɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ (ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ: ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɜ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ. ȼɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɥɚɜɟ 4. 2., ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɚɦ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ 8, 11, 22, 33, 88 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ 44 ɢ 55 ɥɟɬ. 11-
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ɥɟɬɧɢɣ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɯ (1869 ɝ. – 1880 ɝ. – 1991 ɝ. – 1902 ɝ.; 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. … 1933 ɝ.), ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦɭ ɜ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɯ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ: 8-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ – 1889 ɝ. – 1897 ɝ. – 1905 ɝ., 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ – 1890 ɝ. – 1912 ɝ. – 1934 ɝ.; 55-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ – 1851 ɝ. – 1906 ɝ. – 1961 ɝ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ 11 ɥɟɬ – 1961 ɝ. – 1972 ɝ., ɱɟɪɟɡ 22 ɝɨɞɚ – 1794 ɝ. – 1816 ɝ., 1869 ɝ. – 1891 ɝ., 1880 ɝ. – 1902 ɝ., 1899 ɝ. – 1921 ɝ., 1911 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ., ɱɟɪɟɡ 33 ɝɨɞɚ – 1869 ɝ. – 1902 ɝ., 1900 ɝ. – 1933 ɝ., 1901 ɝ. – 1934 ɝ., ɱɟɪɟɡ 44 ɝɨɞɚ – 1773 ɝ. – 1817 ɝ., 1853 ɝ. – 1897 ɝ., 1862 ɝ. – 1906 ɝ., 1890 ɝ. – 1934 ɝ., ɱɟɪɟɡ 55 ɥɟɬ – 1896 ɝ. – 1951 ɝ., ɱɟɪɟɡ 88 ɥɟɬ – 1792 ɝ. – 1880 ɝ., 1885 ɝ. – 1963 ɝ., 1817 ɝ. – 1905 ɝ., ɱɟɪɟɡ 111 ɥɟɬ – 1851 ɝ. – 1962 ɝ., 1853 ɝ. – 1964 ɝ., ɬ. ɟ. ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1. – 6., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɫɭɯɚɯ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ; ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɞɚɦ (ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ – ɜ 1972 ɝ.): 1983 ɝ. – 1994 ɝ. – 2005 ɝ. – 2016 ɝ. – 2027 ɝ. – 2038 ɝ. – 2049 ɝ. – 2050 ɝ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ – 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. … 1933 ɝ., ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɞɚɦ 1999 ɝ. – 2010 ɝ. – 2021 ɝ. – 2032 ɝ. – 2043 ɝ. – 2054 ɝ. – 2065 ɝ. – 2076 ɝ. – 2087 ɝ. – 2098 ɝ. – 2109 ɝ. – 2120 ɝ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ 22, 33, 44 ɢ 55 ɥɟɬ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ). ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ʋʋ 11, 12, 17, 19, 28 (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ʋʋ 10, 15, 27, 31, 37, 41, 42, 113 (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ). ɇɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ – ɞɭɛɚ, ɜɹɡɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛ-
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ɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 12 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ – ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ). ɋɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ (ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ – ɞɭɛɚ, ɜɹɡɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɹ 55-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (1851 ɝ. – 1906 ɝ. – 1961 ɝ. – ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ 1906 ɝ. – 1961 ɝ. – ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 42 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɢ 55-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 18 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ʋ 42 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ 2016 ɝ. ɢ 2071 ɝ. ɇɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ. ɋɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ (ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ) ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ 88-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (1900 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ. – ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ʋʋ 17, 28, 110, 112 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ) ɢ 88-ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋʋ 17, 112 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ – 1812 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1988 ɝ.), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 2076 ɝ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 112 – ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɧɹɤ). ɋɨɫɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ (ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ – ɛɟɪɟ-
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ɡɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ 11ɥɟɬɧɢɣ, 33-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥɵ (1889 ɝ. – 1900 ɝ. – 1911 ɝ. ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ 2021 ɝ., 2032 ɝ. ɢ 2065 ɝ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ XX ɜɟɤɚ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɂɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɥɚɜɟ 4. 6.
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4. 6. ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ȼɅɂəɇɂə ȺɇɌɊɈɉɈȽȿɇɇɕɏ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ɇȺ ɊɈɋɌ ɋɈɋɇɕ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ). ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ) ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ) ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɉɌɄ 2-ɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ) ɜ 1992 ɝ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ – Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ – ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶɸ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɞɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ) ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɫ 6-ɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ 15 ɤɟɪɧɨɜ). Ɍɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥ. (ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɌɨȺɁɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 30 ɤɦ ɫ ɧɚɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ) ɜ 3-ɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ: ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ʋʋ 1, 2 ɢ 3 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). Ɍɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ – ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ʋʋ 24, 22 ɢ 23 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɪɢɫ. 4. 13., ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɪɨɡɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ 8-ɦɢ ɪɭɦɛɚɦ ɡɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɤ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1978 ɩɨ 1992 ɝ. ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɫɤɥɨɧɵ
187
ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 26. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ (ɪ=0.05)
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ
ɢ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨ-
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 27. Ɋɢɫ. 4. 13. Ɋɨɡɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ 8 ɪɭɦɛɚɦ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1978-1992 ɝɝ. (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ 15 ɥɟɬ)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 26. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 1 2 3
22 23
24
(1995).
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ –
Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) –
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
4
–
–
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ
5
–
–
Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
–
–
Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 26. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɋ.Ʉ. ɑɟɪɟɩɚɧɨɜɭ Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 27., ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 2 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɥɳɚɞɢ ʋ 23 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ.
188
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 27. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ (p=0,05) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ (ɩɨ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ
1 2 22 23
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɋɤɥɨɧ ɋɤɥɨɧ ȼɩɚɞɢɧɚ
– – –0,57 –
1 22
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɋɤɥɨɧ
–0,59 –0,78
Ɂɚ Ɂɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɁɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɡɢɦɭ ɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ – – –0,51 – – 0,35 –0,57 – –0,54 – – – ɋɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ –0,58 –0,59 –0,6 –0,79 –0,78 –0,76
Ɂɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
Ɂɚ ɢɸɥɶ
– – – 0,47
– – – –
–0,57 –0,72
– –
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 27. ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɥɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɥɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 1 ɢ ɧɚ ʋ 22 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨɋ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɥɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɠɚɪɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɥɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 1 ɢ ɧɚ ʋ 22 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ (ɡɢɦɚ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10ɨC, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ) ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 1 ɢ ʋ 22. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɦɚɥɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ʋ 1, ʋ 2, ʋ 3, ʋ 22, ʋ 23, ʋ 24 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. 14. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1978 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɌɨȺɁɚ – ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
189
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 14.). Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ 60
Ɋ ɹɞ1 Ɋ ɹɞ2 Ɋ ɹɞ3 Ɋ ɹɞ4 Ɋ ɹɞ5 Ɋ ɹɞ6
50 40 30 20 10
19 16 19 21 19 26 19 31 19 36 19 41 19 46 19 51 19 56 19 61 19 66 19 71 19 76 19 81 19 86 19 91
0
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. 14. Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ 6 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɪɹɞɵ 1–3 – əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ: ɪɹɞ 1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ1, ɪɹɞ 2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ2, ɪɹɞ 3 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ3; ɪɹɞɵ 4–6 – ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ: ɪɹɞ 4 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ24, ɪɹɞ 5 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ22, ɪɹɞ 6 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ23 Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ) ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: 1964-1977 ɝɝ. ɢ 1978-1992 ɝɝ. – ɩɨ 15 ɥɟɬ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1978 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɭɫɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɌɨȺɁɚ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 28., ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 29. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ F, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ. ȼɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ: R – p=0,001; T – p=0,01; m – p=0,01. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɧɟɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ (ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ y= x + z + k·x·z, k – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, x, z – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ) ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
190
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 28. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ (ı), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ , ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ı2/n-1) ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ T1
R1 R2 R3
m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
_ x 21,56 64,67 69,12 90,69 81,12 107,83
T2 ı2/n-1 33,19 300,57 341,21 587,28 467,98 830,52
ı 180,0 367,33 371,66 330,93 490,07 468,67
_ x 35,29 87,59 49,90 75,59 97,70 68,49
ı 183,07 385,0 286,87 256,93 278,53 372,62
ı2/n-1 88,96 547,16 177,77 408,14 681,82 335,06
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 28. T – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; T1 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 1964-1977 ɝɝ.; T2 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 1978-1992 ɝɝ.; R – ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; R1 – ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ; R2 – ɫɤɥɨɧ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ; R3 – ɜɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ; m – ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ; m1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ; m2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. 29. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ R T M RʊT Rʊm Tʊm RʊTʊm E ɉ (ɩɨɥɧɚɹ)
SS 739250,0 149299,4 105895,1 100935,5 476332,8 2268,95 7332,85 1006877,4 2588192
Ȟ 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 168 179
369625,0 149299,4 105895,1 50467,75 238166,4 2268,95 1833,2125 14807,02 ʊ
F 24,96 *** 10,08 ** 7,15 ** 3,41 * 16,08 *** 0,15 ʊ 0,18 ʊ ʊ ʊ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 29. *** ʊ p=0,001; ** ʊ p=0,01; * ʊ p=0,1; R – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ; m – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ; T – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (“ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ”); E – ɨɲɢɛɤɚ; SS – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ; Ȟ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ; - ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ; F – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɭ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1978 ɝɨɞɚ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɌɨȺɁɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 14.), ɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 14.). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ) ɦɚɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 22 ɢ ʋ 23 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ) ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ), ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɸɞɚ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ.
191
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 24 ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɭ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɜɵɦɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɫ 1978 ɝ. ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 2 ɢ ʋ3 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 14.), ɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ 1978 ɝ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ 1 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4. 14.). ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɞɸɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɫɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ əɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. 29., ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (F=24,96, p=0,001) ɢ ɧɟɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɌɨȺɁɚ) (F=16,08, p=0,001). ɂɡ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɌɨȺɁɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɌɨȺɁɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɌɨȺɁɭ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ (ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ – ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɉɌɄ 2-ɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥ-
192
ɝɢ (ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɉɌɄ (ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɱɟɪɬɟ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ.
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ȼɵɜɨɞɵ 1. Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ. 2. ȼ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ 11-, 22- ɢ 88-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. 3. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ. ȼ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ: 11-, 22-, 33-, 44-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜ 19-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 20-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ. 4. ȼ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ) ɫɨɫɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɡɚɫɭɯ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ (ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ – ɥɢɩɵ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɩɵ) ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦ), ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ. 5. ȼ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ.
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ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜ ɂ.ɂ., ȼɨɥɤɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɥɢɫɬɨɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɯɨɜ Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɢ. ɋ ɢɥɥ. Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɨɣ.//Ȼɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧ., ɬ. 7, ɉɪɢɥ. 1. ɋɉɛ., 1998. Ⱥɝɚɪɤɨɜ ɋ.Ƚ., Ʉɨɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɤɨ Ɂ.ɉ., Ʉɨɧɨɧɨɜɚ ɇ.Ʉ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ. //ɂɡɜ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪ. 1976. Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ɇ., Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.Ɇ., Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ȼ.ɂ. Ɉ ɤɜɚɡɢɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ. //Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ. Ʉɚɭɧɚɫ, 1972. Ⱥɞɚɦɟɧɤɨ Ɇ.Ɏ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɨɜ ɜ Ƚɨɪɧɨɦ Ⱥɥɬɚɟ. //Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ. ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛ. ɩɟɞ. ɢɧ-ɬ. ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ, 1978. Ⱥɥɢɫɨɜ Ȼ.ɉ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɋɋɋɊ. //ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, Ɇ., 1976. Ⱥɥɶɛɢɰɤɚɹ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ //ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ, 1960. Ⱥɧɬɚɧɚɣɬɢɫ ȼ.ȼ., Ɂɚɝɪɟɟɜ ȼ.ȼ. ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɥɟɫɚ. Ʌɟɫɧ. ɩɪɨɦ-ɫɬɶ, Ɇ., 1981. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜ ȼ.Ƚ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɚɦ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɞ-ɪɚ ɛɢɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. 03.00.16. Ʌ., 1975. Ⱥɧɭɱɢɧ ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɟɫɧɚɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ. Ɇ., 1982. Ⱥɪɛɭɡɨɜ Ȼ.ȼ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. //Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ “Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ”. Ɍ. 3. Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ. Ɇ., 1994. Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ (ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ Ȼɚɣɤɚɥɚ). ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ., 1967. Ȼɚɯɚɪɟɜ Ȼ.Ɏ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ (ɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɤɪɚɟɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, 1996. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ʌɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɍɋɋɊ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɄȽɍ, Ʉɢɟɜ, 1950. Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ Ⱥ.Ʌ. ɋɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ʌɟɫɧ. ɩɪɨɦ-ɫɬɶ, Ɇ., 1971. Ȼɟɪɪɢ Ȼ.Ʌ., Ʌɢɛɟɪɦɚɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ ȼ.ɂ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɗȼɆ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɹɞɚɦ. //Ɋɢɬɦɵ ɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, Ɇ., 1979.
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Ȼɟɬɢɧ ȼ.ȼ., ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ȼ. ɋɭɪɨɜɨɫɬɶ ɡɢɦ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1962. Ȼɢɪɸɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ƚ., Ƚɨɪɟɥɨɜ Ɇ.ɋ., ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ Ʌ.Ⱥ., ɂɥɶɢɧɚ ɇ.ɋ., Ɇɚɬɜɟɟɜ ȼ.ɂ., ɉɥɚɤɫɢɧɚ Ɍ.ɂ., Ɋɨɳɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ʉ., Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ ȼ.ȿ., ɍɫɬɢɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɣ Ʌɭɤɢ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜ, 1986. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ Ɍ.Ɍ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ.,1974. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ Ɍ.Ɍ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɋɋɊ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɤɚɧɞ. ɞɢɫɫ. Ɇ., 1966. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ Ɍ.Ɍ. ɂɬɨɝɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɋɋɊ //Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡ. ɫɨɜɟɳ. – ɧɚɭɱ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪ. ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ (7-8 ɢɸɧɹ 1968 ɝ.). ɅɢɬɋɏȺ. ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ, 1968. Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ Ɍ.Ɍ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ. //Ⱦɨɤɥ. ɌɋɏȺ, ɜɵɩ. 103. 1965ɚ, Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ Ɍ.Ɍ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ
ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ
//Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ, 1986. Ȼɨɝɨɥɟɩɨɜ Ɇ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ: ɉɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ. Ƚɨɫɢɡɞɚɬ, Ɇ., 1921. Ȼɨɝɨɥɸɛɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ. //Ȼɨɬ. ɠɭɪɧ., ɬ. 78, ʋ 9. ɋɉɛ., 1993. Ȼɨɪɢɫɟɧɤɨɜ ȿ.ɉ. ɉɚɫɟɰɤɢɣ ȼ.Ɇ. Ɍɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɥɟɫɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “Ɇɵɫɥɶ”, Ɇ., 1988. Ȼɨɪɳɟɜɚ ɇ.Ɇ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɟɥɢ ɒɪɟɧɤɚ ɜ Ɂɚɢɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ Ⱥɥɚɬɚɭ. //Ȼɢɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɹɧɶ-ɒɚɧɹ. Ɏɪɭɧɡɟ, 1981. Ȼɪɭɤɫ Ʉ., Ʉɚɪɭɡɟɪɫ ɇ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1963. Ȼɭɞɵɤɨ Ɇ.ɂ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1971. ȼɚɝɚɧɨɜ ȿ.Ⱥ., ɋɜɢɞɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɂ.ȼ., Ʉɨɧɞɪɚɬɶɟɜ ȿ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ: ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɪɚɯɟɢɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ //Ʌɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ʋ2. Ɇ., 1990. ȼɚɝɚɧɨɜ ȿ.Ⱥ., ɋɜɢɞɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɂ.ȼ., ɒɚɲɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟ-
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ɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ //ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. V ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡ. ɫɨɜɟɳ., Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ, 1990. ȼɚɝɚɧɨɜ ȿ.Ⱥ., ɒɚɲɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɋɜɢɞɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɂ.ȼ., ȼɵɫɨɰɤɚɹ Ʌ.Ƚ. Ƚɢɫɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ, 1985. ȼɢɥɥɟɬɬ ɏ.Ʉ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. //ȼ ɤɧ.: ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1966. ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɋ.ȼ., ȼɨɫɬɨɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ⱥ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. //Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɱɜ, ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ) //Ɍɪ. ɆɈɂɉ., ɬ. 8. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ.,1964. ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 133, 1962. ȼɢɬɟɥɶɫ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 299, 1973. ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɂ. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1963. ȼɢɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɂ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ʌ., 1973. ȼɨɡɨɜɢɤ ɘ.ɂ., Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ɇɹɝɤɨɜ ɋ.Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɏɢɛɢɧɚɯ. //Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡ. ɫɨɜɟɳ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪ. ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ (7-8 ɢɸɧɹ 1968 ɝ.), ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ. ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ, 1968. ȼɵɫɨɰɤɢɣ Ƚ.ɇ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ (ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɬɢɧɟɧɰɢɢ). Ƚɨɫɥɟɫɛɭɦɢɡɞɚɬ, Ɇ., 1950. Ƚɚɥɚɡɢɣ Ƚ.ɂ. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ. //Ɍɪ. Ȼɨɬɚɧ. ɢɧ-ɬɚ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɟɪ. 3, Ƚɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɚ, ɜɵɩ. 9. ɋɉɛ., 1954. Ƚɚɧɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɉ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. //ɂɡɜ. Ⱥɇ, ɬ.20, ʋ4, 1904. Ƚɟɞɟɨɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɡɚ 90 ɥɟɬ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1973.
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Ƚɥɟɛɨɜ Ɏ.Ɂ., ɉɨɝɨɞɢɧɚ Ⱥ.ɂ., Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.ɋ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. //Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢɦ. ȼ.ɇ. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜɚ ɋɈ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤ, 1978. Ƚɨɪɨɞ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. //ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɉɛɨɥɨɧɤɨɜɚ ɇ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɤɧ. ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ, Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜ, 1975. Ƚɨɪɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ƚ.Ȼ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɦɧɨɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɣɝɢ. //Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ (Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ). Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤ, 1978. Ƚɨɪɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ƚ.Ȼ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɣɝɢ. //Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ: (Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ). Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1971. Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉ.Ʌ., ɒɢɹɬɨɜ ɋ.Ƚ. Ɏɢɡɢɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ. //Ȼɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɍɪɚɥɟ. ɍɎȺɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ, 1970. Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉ.Ʌ., ɒɢɹɬɨɜ ɋ.Ƚ. Ɏɢɬɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹɯ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ., 1985. Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ ɘ.ɂ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɤɚɧɞ. ɛɢɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1988. Ƚɭɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ʉɚɧɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.Ȼ., Ɉɫɬɚɩɨɜɢɱ Ʌ.Ɏ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɉɚɦɢɪɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɞɭ. //Ɍɪ. ɉɚɦɢɪ. ɛɨɬɚɧ. ɫɚɞɚ ɂɧ-ɬɚ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ ɌɚɞɠɋɋɊ, ɬ. 16. 1953. Ⱦɚɜɢɬɚɹ Ɏ.Ɏ., Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɘ.ɋ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɥɟɫɚ. //Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ʋ 1. 1962. Ⱦɚɲɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.ɋ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. //ɋɛ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɬɪ.: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɚ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, ɋɢɛ. ɨɬ-ɧɢɟ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ, 1989. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ //Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ, 1985. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɮɚɡɚɯ ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 299. 1973. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. //Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1977.
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Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ., Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1971. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ., Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ., ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.ȼ. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɬɪɨɩɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ //ɂɡɜ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪ., ʋ 6, 1969. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ., ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ., ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ȼ.ɂ. ȼɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. //Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ, Ʉɚɭɧɚɫ, 1972. Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɢɧ ɂ.ɉ., Ʉɨɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɤɨ Ɂ.ɉ., Ʉɭɤɭɲɤɢɧɚ ȼ.ɉ., ɏɚɦɶɹɧɨɜɚ ɇ.ȼ. Ɋɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ). ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ., 1966. ɀɭɤɨɜ Ʌ.ȼ., Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɋ. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. //Ⱥɫɬɪɨɧ. ɠɭɪɧ., ɬ. 46, ʋ 3. 1969. Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɟɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ. //ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɬɭɩɢɲɢɧɚ. Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɟ ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ. Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜ, 1971. Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.Ɇ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ 80-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑ. 1. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 355. 1975ɚ. Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.Ɇ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ 80-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑ. II. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ. ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 355. 1975ɛ. Ɂɭɲɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.Ɇ., ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ȼ.ɂ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɑ.II. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 299. 1973. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. Ƚɨɫɥɟɫɛɭɦɢɡɞɚɬ, Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1961. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ Picea abies ɜ Ȼɟɥɨɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ (ɉɨɥɶɲɚ). Variation of tree-ring width in Picea abies L. Karsten in Bialowieza Forest /Wisniewska Katarzyna //Folia forest. pol. A. ʋ 32. 1990. Ⱥɧɝɥ.: ɪɟɡ. ɩɨɥ. Ʉɚɛɟɰ Ɋ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɟɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ. //Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ. Ʉɚɭɧɚɫ, 1972. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ. /ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. ɒɜɟɪ, Ɍ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɨɜɤɨɜɨɣ, Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1987. Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ ȼ.Ƚ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɧɵ (Pinus mughus Scop.) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. //Ⱦɨɤɥ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬ. 167, ʋ3. 1966.
199
Ʉɨɥɢɳɭɤ ȼ.Ƚ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬ ɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɫɨɜ. //Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɟɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1966. Ʉɨɥiɳɭɤ ȼ.Ƚ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɹ ɦɟɠɚ ɥiɫɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚïɧɫɶɤɢɯ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ. ɇɚɭɤ. ɞɭɦɤɚ, Ʉɢïɜ, 1958. Ʉɨɦɢɧ Ƚ.ȿ. ȼɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. //Ɋɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ, ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ, 1971. Ʉɨɦɢɧ Ƚ.ȿ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɛɸɥ. 8. 1969. Ʉɨɦɢɧ
Ƚ.ȿ.
Ʉ
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//Ʌɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɍɪɚɥɟ. ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ, 1970ɚ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ Ƚ.ȿ. ɐɢɤɥ Ȼɪɢɤɧɟɪɚ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ʌɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ʋ 2. Ɇ., 1974. Ʉɨɦɢɧ Ƚ.ȿ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɬɚɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ. //ɂɡɜ. ɋɈ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɟɪ. ɛɢɨɥ., ʋ 15, ɜɵɩ. 3. 1970ɛ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ Ƚ.ȿ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. //ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼɇɂɂ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡ, Ɇ., 1972ɚ. Ʉɨɦɢɧ Ƚ.ȿ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ʋ 3. 1981. Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ ɋ.ɂ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ 11-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. //ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ʋ 4. 1968ɛ. Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ ɋ.ɂ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. //ɇɚɭɱ. ɡɚɩ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ. ɥɟɫɨɬɟɯɧ. ɢɧ-ɬɚ, ɬ. 21. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, 1960. Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ ɋ.ɂ. Ɋɟɚɥɟɧ ɥɢ Ȼɪɢɤɧɟɪɨɜ ɰɢɤɥ? //ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ, ʋ 2. 1965. Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ ɋ.ɂ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ //Ʌɟɫɧ. ɯɨɡ-ɜɨ, ʋ 4. 1965. Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ ɋ.ɂ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ //Ɍɪ. ȽɌɈ. 1961. Ʉɨɫɬɢɧ ɋ.ɂ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. //ɂɡɜ. ȼȽɈ, ɬ. 100, ɜɵɩ. 4. 1968ɚ. Ʉɭɞɪɹɜɰɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ 20-24-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 299. 1973. Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧ ɘ.Ɂ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ., 1974.
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Ʌɟɫɨɬɚɤɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “Ʌɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ”, Ɇ., 1980. Ʌɨɛɠɚɧɢɞɡɟ ɗ.Ⱦ. Ʉɚɦɛɢɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɇ ȽɪɭɡɋɋɊ, Ɍɛɢɥɢɫɢ, 1961. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ //Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡ. ɫɨɜɟɳ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ, 1968. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ʌ., 1979. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɞ-ɪɚ ɛɢɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1980. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. //ɂɡɜ. ȼȽɈ, ɬ. 102, ʋ 2. 1970ɜ. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋɋɋɊ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɤɚɧɞ. ɝɟɨɝɪ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ʌ., 1970. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ //Ȼɨɬ. ɠɭɪɧ. Ɍ. 57. ʋ 4. 1972. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɋɚɹɧɚ). //Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. XIX ɦɟɠɜɭɡ. ɤɨɧɮ. “Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ”, Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪ. ɩɟɞ. ɢɧ-ɬ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ. Ʌ., 1966. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. //Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɑɬɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ʌ. ɋ. Ȼɟɪɝɚ, XV-XIX, 1967-1971: Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ʌ., 1973. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪ ɉɭɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ. //ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼȽɈ, ɬ. 102, ɜɵɩ. 1. 1970. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., Ȼɟɥɶɝɚɪɞ Ⱥ.Ʌ., Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ ɘ.ɂ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɨɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. //Ɇɟɠɜɭɡ. ɫɛ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɬɪ. “Ȼɢɨɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ”. ȼɢɞɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ȾȾɍ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1992. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ ɘ.ɂ. ɉɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ) //ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȾȽɍ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1985. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ ɘ.ɂ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ
ɩɨɪɨɞ
ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ
ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȾȽɍ,. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1990.
ɉɪɢɫɚɦɚɪɶɹ
//ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ
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Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., Ƚɪɢɰɚɧ ɘ.ɂ. ɑɟɪɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. //Ɇɟɠɜɭɡ. ɫɛ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɬɪ. “Ȼɢɨɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ”. ȼɢɞɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ȾȾɍ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1992. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., Ɋɨɞɢɧ Ʌ.ȿ. Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae) ɜ Ȼɚɞɯɵɡɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ //Ȼɨɬ. ɠɭɪɧ. Ɍ. 72, ʋ7. 1988. Ʌɨɜɟɥɢɭɫ ɇ.ȼ., Ɋɨɞɢɧ Ʌ.ȿ. Ɏɢɫɬɚɲɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ //Ɏɢɫɬɚɲɤɚ ɜ Ȼɚɞɯɵɡɟ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ʌ., 1990. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. //ȼɟɫɬɧ. ɅȽɍ, ʋ 12. Ʌ., 1966. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ. //Ⱦɨɤɥ. ɂɧ-ɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ, ɜɵɩ.33. 1972. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ-ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1973. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”. Ʌ., 1989. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ ȿ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”. Ʌ., 1972. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ ɂ.ȼ. ȼɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ. //Ɍɪ. ɂɧ-ɬɚ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬ. 8. 1954ɛ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ ɂ.ȼ. Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1970. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ ɂ.ȼ. Ɉ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. //Ⱦɨɤɥ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬ. 86, ʋ 5. 1952. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ ɂ.ȼ. Ɉ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. //Ɍɪ. ɂɧ-ɬɚ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬ. 8. 1954ɚ. Ɇɚɸɱɚɹ Ʌ.ȼ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ. //ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧ. ɢɧ-ɬ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ⱦȼɇɐ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. ȼɥɚɞɢɜɨɫɬɨɤ, 1976. Ɇɟɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ȿ. Ɉ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. //ȼɟɫɬɧ. Ɇɨɫɤ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ. ɋɟɪ. 5, Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ʋ2. Ɇ., 2000. Ɇɨɠɟɣɤɨ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɚɲɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɸɝɚ ɍɋɋɊ. //ɋɛ. “Ʌɟɫɨɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ”, ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɍɪɨɠɚɣ”. Ʉɢɟɜ, 1964.
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Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ // Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ɇ., 1970. Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ Ƚ.Ɏ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɥɟɫɟ. Ƚɨɫ. ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɯɨɡɧɨɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, Ɇ., Ʌ., 1931. Ɇɭɡɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.ɋ., ɀɭɤɨɜ Ʌ.ȼ. Ɉ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. //Ⱥɫɬɪɨɧ. ɠɭɪɧ., ɬ. 47, ʋ 3. 1970. Ɇɭɫɚɟɜ ȿ.Ʉ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ. //Ʌɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ʋ 1. Ɇ., 1996. Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɲɢɧ Ʉ.Ⱦ., ɋɚɪɬɛɚɟɜ ɋ.Ʉ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɪɱɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨɪɶɹ Ɍɹɧɶ-ɒɚɧɹ. //ɂɡɜ. Ⱥɇ ɄɢɪɝɋɋɊ. 1972, ʋ 2. ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜ ȼ.ɋ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ Ʉɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. //ɂɡɜ. ȼȽɈ, ɬ.79, ʋ6. 1947. Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ ɋ.Ɇ. ȼɟɤɨɜɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ 400 ɥɟɬ. //ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ʋ 2. 1974. Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ ɋ.Ɇ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜ ɫɮɚɝɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɚɯ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɟɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ. //Ʌɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ʋ 2. 1976. Ɉɥɟɧɢɧ ɋ.Ɇ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɬɚɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɟɞɭɪɚɥɶɹ. //ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ʋ 6. 1977. Ɉɥɶ Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ 11-ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ //Ɍɪ. ȽɌɈ, ȼɵɩ. 245. 1969. Ɉɥɶ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɉ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɪɨɩɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ //ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ʋ 1. 1966. Ɉɥɶ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. //Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɑɬɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ʌ.ɋ. Ȼɟɪɝɚ, XV-XIX, 1967-1971: Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɞɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ʌ., 1973. ɉɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɋɢɛ. ɨɬɞ-ɹ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ, 1961. ɉɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɇɨɫɤ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, Ɇ., 1970. ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.ȼ. Ɉ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɫ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ //Ɍɪ. ȽɌɈ, ɜɵɩ.299. 1973. ɉɨɥɨɡɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ.269. 1970.
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ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ȼ.ɂ., Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɨ-ɬɪɨɩɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1969. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ȼ.Ɇ. Ʉ ɫɜɟɪɯɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. //Ɍɪ. Ƚɥ. ɝɟɨɮɢɡ. ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦ. Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɟɣɤɨɜɚ, ɜɵɩ. 299. 1973ɛ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ Ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɡɢɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, Ʌ., 1991. ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ (ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ). ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɗ.ə. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɨɣ, ɉ.ɋ. Ʉɚɛɵɬɨɜɚ. ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, 1996. ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɜ XX ɜɟɤɟ. ɋɛ. ɞɨɤɭɦ. ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱ. ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɊȺɇ. 2000. ɋɜɚɥɨɜ ɇ.ɇ. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ. ɂɬɨɝɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. //Ʌɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, Ɍ. 2. ȼɂɇɂɌɂ, Ɇ., 1978. ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ //ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ɇɚɭɤɚ”, Ʌ., 1968. ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ “ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ” ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɭɛɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ʉɨɬɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ //ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȾȽɍ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1972. ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɍɪɟɯɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ “ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ” ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɉɪɢɫɚɦɚɪɶɟ //ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ȾȽɍ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1973. ɋɢɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɏɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɵ //ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɜɵɩ. 7. ȾȽɍ. Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ 1977. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧ ɂ.ɂ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. Ɇ., 1929. ɋɩɪɵɝɢɧ ɂ.ɂ. ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. //Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɜɵɩ. 1. Ɇ., 1930ɚ. ɋɬɚɜɪɨɜɚ ɇ.ɂ., Ʌɹɧɝɭɡɨɜɚ ɂ.ȼ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɹɧɰɟɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ //ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ⱥɇ ɗɋɋɊ, Ɍɚɥɥɢɧ, 1982. ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ-Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɵ. //ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ, Ʉɚɭɧɚɫ, 1981. ɋɬɭɩɧɟɜɚ Ⱥ., Ȼɢɬɜɢɧɫɤɚɫ Ɍ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ. – Ɂɚɤɚɪɩɚɬɶɟ. //ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ, Ʉɚɭɧɚɫ, 1978. ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜ ȼ.ɇ. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɸ), ɢɡɞ-ɟ 4-ɟ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “Ʉɧɢɝɚ”, Ɇ., 1928.
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ɋɵɪɨɢɞ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɜɨɢ ɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ //Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ. Ʉɨɥɶɫɤ. ɮ-ɥ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, Ⱥɩɚɬɢɬɵ, 1988. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɛɨɧɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ (ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɤɭɪɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ-ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɨɜ) //ɂɩɚɬɨɜ ȼ.ɋ., Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ Ƚ.Ƚ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɅȽɍ, Ʌ., 1988. Ɍɚɝɭɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.ȼ., Ɍɪɨɲɤɢɧɚ ȿ.ɋ., Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ ȼ.ɂ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɨɛɶɟ. //ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɋɭɛɚɪɤɬɢɤɢ. ɍɎȺɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ, 1970. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ȼ.ɂ., Ƚɨɥɨɜ ȼ.ɂ., Ʉɨɥɦɚɤɨɜ ɉ.ȼ., Ɍɚɬɚɪɢɧɨɜ ɋ.Ȼ., ɒɟɦɟɬɨɜɚ ɇ.ɋ., Ʉɭɥɚɝɢɧ ɘ.Ɂ., Ʉɚɡɚɱɤɨɜ ɘ.ɇ. Ɉ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. //ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɭɛɚ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɶɟ. Ⱦȼɇɐ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ȼɥɚɞɢɜɨɫɬɨɤ, 1981. Ɍɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ȼ.ɂ., Ʌɚɡɭɪɟɧɤɨ Ʌ.Ȼ. ɐɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ. //Ʌɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ʋ 2. Ɇ., 1990. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ Ȼ. Ⱥ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɥɟɫɨɜ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. //ɋɨɜ. ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɚ, ʋ 5/6. 1941. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ Ɏ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱥɬɨɦɢɡɞɚɬ, Ɇ., 1972. Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɉ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢɢ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. …ɞ-ɪɚ ɛɢɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ. ȾȽɍ, Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1972. Ɍɪɚɜɥɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ //ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȾȽɍ, Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɤ, 1979. Ɍɭɪɦɚɧɢɧɚ ȼ.ɂ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɉɪɢɷɥɶɛɪɭɫɶɹ. //Ⱦɟɧɞɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɂɧ-ɬ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɇ ɅɢɬɋɋɊ, Ʉɚɭɧɚɫ, 1972. Ɍɸɪɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹ, Ɇ., 1925. Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ. //ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɬɭɩɢɲɢɧɚ. Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ, 1974. ɏɪɨɦɨɜɚ Ʌ.ȼ., Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ɇ.Ƚ., Ⱦɭɯɚɪɟɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɧɵ 1986 ɢ 1987 ɝɝ. ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ //Ɋɚɞɢɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɍ. 30. ȼɵɩ. 4. 1990.
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ȼɵɫɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɋɟɦ. Aceraceae Juss. – ɤɥɟɧɨɜɵɟ. Acer platanoides L. – ɤɥɟɧ ɩɥɚɬɚɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Alliaceae J.Agardh – ɥɭɤɨɜɵɟ. Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute – ɥɭɤ ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Aristolochiaceae Juss. – ɤɢɪɤɚɡɨɧɨɜɵɟ. Asarum europaeum L. – ɤɨɩɵɬɟɧɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Asclepidiaceae R.Br. – ɥɚɫɬɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. – ɥɚɫɬɨɜɟɧɶ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Asparagaceae Juss. – ɫɩɚɪɠɟɜɵɟ. Asparagus officinalis L. – ɫɩɚɪɠɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Asteraceae Dumort. (Compositae Giseke) – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Artemisia sericea Web. – ɩɨɥɵɧɶ ɲɟɥɤɨɜɢɫɬɚɹ. Aster alpinus L. – ɚɫɬɪɚ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɚɹ. Carduus nutans L. – ɱɟɪɬɨɩɨɥɨɯ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɢɣ. Centaurea ruthenica Lam. – ɜɚɫɢɥɟɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. – ɜɚɫɢɥɟɤ ɫɭɦɫɤɨɣ. Echinops mejeri (DC.) Iljin – ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ. Echinops ritro L. subsp. mejeri (DC.) Kozucharov (ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ) = E. mejeri (DC.) Iljin – ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ. Echinops ritro auct. (ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ) = E. ruthenicus Bieb. – ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Galatella biflora (L.) Nees – ɫɨɥɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Galatella vilosa (L.) Reichenb. fil. – ɫɨɥɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɦɨɯɧɚɬɵɣ. Hieracium virosum Pall. – ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɚɹ. Inula hirta L. – ɞɟɜɹɫɢɥ ɲɟɪɲɚɜɵɣ. Inula salicina L. – ɞɟɜɹɫɢɥ ɢɜɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Solidago virgaurea L. – ɡɨɥɨɬɚɪɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Tanacetum sclerophyllum (Krasch.) Tzvel. – ɩɢɠɦɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Betulaceae S.F.Gray – ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɟ. Betula pendula Roth – ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɚɹ, ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɚɹ. Corylus avellana L. – ɥɟɳɢɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ.
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ɋɟɦ. Boraginaceae Juss. – ɛɭɪɚɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Onosma simplicissima L. – ɨɧɨɫɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Brassicaceae Burnett (Cruciferae Jus. nom. altern.) – ɤɪɟɫɬɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. – ɠɟɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɥɟɜɤɨɣɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Campanulaceae Juss. – ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Campanula sibirica L. – ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɢɤ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Caprifoliaceae Juss. – ɠɢɦɨɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ. Lonicera xylosteum L. – ɠɢɦɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Caryophyllaceae Juss. – ɝɜɨɡɞɢɱɧɵɟ. Gypsophila altissima L. – ɤɚɱɢɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ. Gypsophila juzepczukii Ikonn. – ɤɚɱɢɦ ɘɡɟɩɱɭɤɚ. Silene nutans L. – ɫɦɨɥɟɜɤɚ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɚɹ. Stellaria graminea L. – ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɤɚ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ. Stellaria holostea L. – ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɤɚ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Celastraceae R.Br. – ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɨɜɵɟ. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. – ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Cistaceae Juss. – ɥɚɞɚɧɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. – ɫɨɥɧɰɟɰɜɟɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Convallariareae Horan. – ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɟ. Convallaria majalis L. – ɥɚɧɞɵɲ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɣ. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. – ɤɭɩɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɹ. Polygonatum officinale All. = Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce – ɤɭɩɟɧɚ ɩɚɯɭɱɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Crassulaceae DC. – ɬɨɥɫɬɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ. Sedum acre L. – ɨɱɢɬɨɤ ɟɞɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Cyperaceae Juss. – ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ. Carex digitata L. – ɨɫɨɤɚ ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɚɹ. Carex pilosa Scop. – ɨɫɨɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindl. – ɨɫɨɤɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Ericaceae Juss. – ɜɟɪɟɫɤɨɜɵɟ. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. – ɬɨɥɨɤɧɹɧɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Euphorbiaceae Juss. – ɦɨɥɨɱɚɣɧɵɟ. Euphorbia zhiguliensis Prokh. – ɦɨɥɨɱɚɣ ɠɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Fagaceae Dumort. – ɛɭɤɨɜɵɟ. Quercus robur L. – ɞɭɛ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ.
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ɋɟɦ. Geraniaceae Juss. – ɝɟɪɚɧɢɟɜɵɟ. Geranium sanguinerum L. – ɝɟɪɚɧɶ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Hypericaceae Juss. – ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɧɵɟ. Hypericum elegans Steph. – ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɹɳɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Hypolepidiaceae Pichi Sermolli – ɝɢɩɨɥɟɩɢɫɨɜɵɟ, ɨɪɥɹɤɨɜɵɟ. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn – ɨɪɥɹɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Labiatae Juss. (Lamiaceae Lindl.) – ɝɭɛɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Thymus zheguliensis Klok. & Shost p.p. (ɬɢɦɶɹɧ ɠɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ) = Thymus cimicinus Blub ex Ledeb. – ɬɢɦɶɹɧ ɤɥɨɩɨɜɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Leguminosae Juss. (Fabaceae Lindl.) – ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ. Astragalus zingeri Korsch. – ɚɫɬɪɚɝɚɥ ɐɢɧɝɟɪɚ. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch – ɤɚɪɚɝɚɧɧɢɤ ɝɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ. Cytisus ruthenicus Fisch. ex Woáoszcz. – ɪɚɤɢɬɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. – ɱɢɧɚ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɹɹ. Medicago falcata L. – ɥɸɰɟɪɧɚ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ. Vicia cracca L. – ɝɨɪɨɲɟɤ ɦɵɲɢɧɵɣ. Vicia tenuiflora Roth – ɝɨɪɨɲɟɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Orchidaceae Juss. – ɨɪɯɢɞɧɵɟ. Cypripedium calceolus L. – ɛɚɲɦɚɱɨɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Papaveraceae Juss. – ɦɚɤɨɜɵɟ. Chelidonium majus L. – ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Pinaceae Lindl. – ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ. Pinus sylvestris L. – ɫɨɫɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Poaceae Barnhart (Graminea Jus. nom. altern.) – ɡɥɚɤɢ. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. – ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɧɨɠɤɚ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɹ. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth – ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ. Elymus caninus (L.) L. – ɩɵɪɟɣɧɢɤ ɫɨɛɚɱɢɣ. Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski – ɩɵɪɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ. Elytrigia lolioides (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski – ɩɵɪɟɣ ɩɥɟɜɟɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. Festuca sulcata (Hack.) Nym. p.p. = Festuca rupicola Heuff. (ɨɜɫɹɧɢɰɚ ɠɟɥɨɛɱɚɬɚɹ) ɢ Festuca valesiaca Gaudin (ɨɜɫɹɧɢɰɚ ɜɚɥɢɫɫɤɚɹ, ɬɢɩɱɚɤ). Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski – ɨɜɫɟɰ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɵɣ. Melica nutans (L.) L. – ɩɟɪɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɢɣ. Poa angustifolia L. – ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Stipa capillata L. – ɤɨɜɵɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ.
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Stipa lessingiana Trin. – ɤɨɜɵɥɶ Ʌɟɫɫɢɧɝɚ. Stipa pennata (L.) Beauv. – ɤɨɜɵɥɶ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɣ. Stipa stenophylla (Lindem.) Trautv. = Stipa tirsa Stev. – ɤɨɜɵɥɶ-ɜɨɥɨɫɚɬɢɤ. ɋɟɦ. Primulaceae Vent. – ɩɟɪɜɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Primula macrocalyx Bunge – ɩɟɪɜɨɰɜɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɱɚɲɟɱɤɨɜɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Ranunculaceae Juss. – ɥɸɬɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɟɥ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ. Thalictrum minus L. – ɜɚɫɢɥɢɫɧɢɤ ɦɚɥɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Rhamnaceae Juss. – ɤɪɭɲɢɧɨɜɵɟ. Rhamnus cathartica L. – ɠɟɫɬɟɪ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Rosaceae Juss. – ɪɨɡɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. – ɜɢɲɧɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ. Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. – ɤɢɡɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɱɟɪɧɨɩɥɨɞɧɵɣ. Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. (ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤ ɲɟɫɬɢɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɵɣ, ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɟ ɨɪɟɲɤɢ) = Filipendula vulgaris Moenh – ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Fragaria vesca L. – ɡɟɦɥɹɧɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. Rosa majalis L. – ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɣ. Rubus idaeus L. – ɦɚɥɢɧɚ. Rubus saxatilis L. – ɤɨɫɬɹɧɢɤɚ. Sorbus aucuparia L. – ɪɹɛɢɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Rubiaceae Juss. – ɦɚɪɟɧɨɜɵɟ. Galium boreale L. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ. Galium mollugo L. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ. Galium octonarium (Klok.) Soo – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɣ. Galium ruthenicum Willd. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɤɪɚɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Scrophulariaceae Juss. – ɧɨɪɢɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Melampyrum argyrocomum (Fisch. ex Ledeb.) K.-Pol. – ɦɚɪɶɹɧɧɢɤ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɨɯɨɯɥɚɬɵɣ. Verbascum austriacum auct. (ɤɨɪɨɜɹɤ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɣ) = Verbascum marschallianum Ivanina & Tzvel. – ɤɨɪɨɜɹɤ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥɚ. Veronica spicata L. – ɜɟɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Tiliaceae Juss. – ɥɢɩɨɜɵɟ. Tilia cordata Mill. – ɥɢɩɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ.
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ɋɟɦ. Umbelliferae Juss. (Apiaceae Lindl.) – ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ. Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. – ɥɚɡɭɪɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɨɣ. Libanotis intermedia Rupr. = Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch – ɠɚɛɪɢɰɚ ɩɨɪɟɡɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Urticaceae Juss. – ɤɪɚɩɢɜɧɵɟ. Urtica dioica L. – ɤɪɚɩɢɜɚ ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ Viburnaceae Rafin. – ɤɚɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ. Viburnum opulus L. – ɤɚɥɢɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Violaceae Batsch – ɮɢɚɥɤɨɜɵɟ. Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. Viola collina Bess. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɯɨɥɦɨɜɚɹ. Viola hirta L. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ. Viola mirabilis L. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɋ. Ʉ. ɑɟɪɟɩɚɧɨɜɭ (1995). Ɇɯɢ. ɋɟɦ. Thuidiaceae Schimp. – ɬɭɢɞɢɟɜɵɟ. Thuidium abietinum (Hedw.) B.S.G. (Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch.) – ɬɭɢɞɢɭɦ ɟɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ. Anomodon longifolius (Brid.) Hartm. – ɚɧɨɦɨɞɨɧ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Brachytheciaceae Schimp. – ɛɪɚɯɢɬɟɰɢɟɜɵɟ. Brachythecium (Brid.) Schimp. in B.S.G. – ɛɪɚɯɢɬɟɰɢɭɦ. Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. et Mohr) Schimp. in B.S.G. – ɛɪɚɯɢɬɟɰɢɭɦ ɤɨɱɤɨɜɚɬɵɣ. Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. – ɛɪɚɯɢɬɟɰɢɭɦ ɛɚɪɯɚɬɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Amblystegiaceae (Broth.) Fleisch. – ɚɦɛɥɢɫɬɟɝɢɟɜɵɟ. Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. – ɞɪɟɩɚɧɨɤɥɚɞɭɫ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. – ɥɟɩɬɨɞɢɤɬɢɭɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Hypnaceae Schimp. – ɝɢɩɧɨɜɵɟ. Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv. – ɝɢɩɧɭɦ ɛɥɟɞɧɨɜɚɬɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Leskeaceae Schimp. – ɥɟɫɤɟɟɜɵɟ. Leskeella nervosa (Brid.) Loeske – ɥɟɫɤɟɟɥɥɚ ɠɢɥɤɨɜɚɬɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Dicranaceae Schimp. – ɞɢɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ. Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske – ɨɪɬɨɞɢɤɪɚɧɭɦ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ. Dicranum scoparium Hedw. – ɞɢɤɪɚɧɭɦ ɦɟɬɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ.
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ɋɟɦ. Timmiaceae Schimp. – ɬɢɦɦɢɟɜɵɟ. Timmia austriaca Hedw. (T. bavarica Hessl.) – ɬɢɦɦɢɚ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Trichostomaceae Schimp. – ɬɪɢɯɨɫɬɨɦɨɜɵɟ. Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. – ɬɨɪɬɟɥɥɚ ɤɭɞɪɹɜɚɹ. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɯɨɜ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɂ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɭ ɢ Ʌ.Ⱥ.ȼɨɥɤɨɜɨɣ (1998). Ʌɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ. Cladonia sp. – ɤɥɚɞɨɧɢɹ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ȼɵɫɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɋɟɦ. Aceraceae Juss. – ɤɥɟɧɨɜɵɟ. Acer negundo L. – ɤɥɟɧ ɹɫɟɧɟɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Acer platanoides L. – ɤɥɟɧ ɩɥɚɬɚɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Acer tataricum L. – ɤɥɟɧ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Apiaceae Lindl. (Umbelliferae Juss.) – ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ. Eryngium planum L. – ɫɢɧɟɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. Heracleum sibiricum L. – ɛɨɪɳɟɜɢɤ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ. Libanotis intermedia Rupr. = Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch – ɠɚɛɪɢɰɚ ɩɨɪɟɡɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ. Pimpinella saxifraga L. – ɛɟɞɪɟɧɟɰ ɤɚɦɧɟɥɨɦɤɚ. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. – ɩɭɩɵɪɧɢɤ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Asclepidiaceae R.Br. – ɥɚɫɬɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. – ɥɚɫɬɨɜɟɧɶ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Asparagaceae Juss. – ɫɩɚɪɠɟɜɵɟ. Asparagus officinalis L. – ɫɩɚɪɠɚ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Asteraceae Dumort. (Compositae Gieske) – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Achillea millefolium L. – ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɢɫɬɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Achyrophorus maculatus (L.) Scop. (ɩɪɨɡɚɧɧɢɤ ɤɪɚɩɱɚɬɵɣ) = Trommsdorfia maculata (L.) Bernh. – ɬɪɨɦɦɫɞɨɪɮɢɹ ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɚɹ. Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. – ɤɨɲɚɱɶɹ ɥɚɩɤɚ ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɚɹ. Arctium nemorosum Lej. – ɥɨɩɭɯ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ. Artemisia austriaca Jacq. – ɩɨɥɵɧɶ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ. Artemisia vulgaris L. – ɩɨɥɵɧɶ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Carduus acanthoides L. – ɱɟɪɬɨɩɨɥɨɯ ɤɨɥɸɱɢɣ.
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Carlina biebersteinii Bernh. ex Hornem. – ɤɨɥɸɱɧɢɤ Ȼɢɛɟɪɲɬɟɣɧɚ. Centaurea scabiosa L. – ɜɚɫɢɥɟɤ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɵɣ. Chondrilla graminea Bieb. – ɯɨɧɞɪɢɥɥɚ ɡɥɚɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ. Cirsium incanum (S.G.Gmel.) Fisch. – ɛɨɞɹɤ ɛɟɥɨɜɨɣɥɨɱɧɵɣ. Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. – ɝɢɪɱɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ. Crepis biennis L. – ɫɤɟɪɞɚ ɞɜɭɥɟɬɧɹɹ. Echinops ritro auct. (ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ) = Echinops ruthenicus Bieb. – ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Echinops ritro L. subsp. meyeri (DC.) Kozucharov = E. mejeri (DC.) Iljin – ɦɨɪɞɨɜɧɢɤ Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ. Erigeron acris L. – ɦɟɥɤɨɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɨɫɬɪɵɣ. Erigeron canadensis L. (ɦɟɥɤɨɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɤɚɧɚɞɫɤɢɣ) = Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. – ɦɟɥɤɨɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɢɱɟɤ ɤɚɧɚɞɫɤɢɣ. Hieracium echioides Lumn. – ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɪɭɦɹɧɤɨɜɚɹ. Hieracium pilosella L. – ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ. Hieracium piloselloides Vill. (ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ) subsp. megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) P.D. Sell = H. megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) Juxip – subsp. subcymigerum (Peter) Zahn var. obscurum (Reichenb.) E.I. Nyarady = H. obscurum Reichenb. – ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɬɭɫɤɥɚɹ. Hieracium umbellatum L. – ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey. – ɥɚɬɭɤ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. – ɧɢɜɹɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Pyrethrum corymbosum (L.) Scop. – ɩɢɪɟɬɪɭɦ ɳɢɬɤɨɜɵɣ. Scorzonera pupurea L. – ɤɨɡɟɥɟɰ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɣ. Senecio jacobea L. – ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɧɢɤ əɤɨɛɚ. Solidago virgaurea L. – ɡɨɥɨɬɚɪɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Sonchus arvensis L. – ɨɫɨɬ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ. Tanacetum vulgare L. – ɩɢɠɦɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. – ɨɞɭɜɚɧɱɢɤ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Betulaceae S.F.Gray – ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɟ. Betula pendula Roth – ɛɟɪɟɡɚ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Boraginaceae Juss. – ɛɭɪɚɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Cynoglossum officinale L. – ɱɟɪɧɨɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Myosotus arvensis (L.) Hill – ɧɟɡɚɛɭɞɤɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ. Pulmonaria angustifolia L. – ɦɟɞɭɧɢɰɚ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ.
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ɋɟɦ. Brassicaceae Burnett – ɤɪɟɫɬɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Barbarea stricta Andrz. – ɫɭɪɟɩɢɰɚ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. – ɢɤɨɬɧɢɤ ɫɟɪɵɣ. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. – ɩɚɫɬɭɲɶɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Sisymbrium altissimum L. – ɝɭɥɹɜɧɢɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ. Sisymbrium loeselii L. – ɝɭɥɹɜɧɢɤ Ʌɟɡɟɥɹ. ɋɟɦ. Campanulaceae Juss. – ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Campanula bononiensis L. – ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɢɤ ɛɨɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ. Campanula persicifolia L. – ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɢɤ ɪɚɩɭɧɰɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ. Campanula rapunculoides L. – ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɢɤ ɩɟɪɫɢɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Cannabiaceae Endl. – ɤɨɧɨɩɥɟɜɵɟ. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. – ɤɨɧɨɩɥɹ ɫɨɪɧɚɹ. Humulus lupulus L. – ɯɦɟɥɶ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Caprifoliceae Juss. – ɠɢɦɨɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ. Lonicera xylosteum L. – ɠɢɦɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Caryophyllaceae Juss. – ɝɜɨɡɞɢɱɧɵɟ. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. – ɩɟɫɱɚɧɤɚ ɬɢɦɶɹɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ. Cerastium holosteoides Fries – ɹɫɤɨɥɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ. Diantus borbasii Vandas – ɝɜɨɡɞɢɤɚ Ȼɨɪɛɚɲɚ. Eremogone longifolia (Bieb.) Fenzl – ɟɪɟɦɨɝɨɧɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ. Gypsophyla paniculata L. – ɤɚɱɢɦ ɦɟɬɟɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ. Herniaria glabra L. – ɝɪɵɠɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɵɣ. Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke – ɞɪɟɦɚ ɛɟɥɚɹ. Moehringia trinerva (L.) Clairv. – ɦɟɪɢɧɝɢɹ ɬɪɟɯɠɢɥɤɨɜɚɹ. Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn – ɨɛɟɪɧɚ-ɯɥɨɩɭɲɤɚ. Saponaria officinalis L. – ɦɵɥɶɧɹɧɤɚ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Silene nutans L. – ɫɦɨɥɟɜɤɚ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɚɹ. Stellaria graminea L. – ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɤɚ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. – ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ, ɦɨɤɪɢɰɚ. Stellaria nemorum L. – ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɤɚ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɧɚɹ. Viscaria vulgaris Bernh. (ɫɦɨɥɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɩɤɚɹ) = Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin. – ɫɦɨɥɤɚ ɤɥɟɣɤɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Celastraceae R.Br. – ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɨɜɵɟ. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. – ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɵɣ.
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ɋɟɦ. Chenopodiaceae Vent. – ɦɚɪɟɜɵɟ. Chenopodium album L. – ɦɚɪɶ ɛɟɥɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Convallariaceae Vent. – ɥɚɧɞɵɲɟɜɵɟ. Convallaria majalis L. – ɥɚɧɞɵɲ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɣ. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce – ɤɭɩɟɧɚ ɩɚɯɭɱɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Crassulaceae DC. – ɬɨɥɫɬɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ. Sedum acre L. – ɨɱɢɬɨɤ ɟɞɤɢɣ. Sedum telephium L. subsp. caucasicum (Grossh.) Takht. = Hylotelephium caucasicum (Grossh.) H.ohba – subsp. maximum (L.) Krock. = Hylotelephium maximum (L.) Holub – ɨɱɢɬɨɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. – subsp. ruprechtii Jalas = Hylotelephium ruprechtii (Jalas) Tzvel. – ɨɱɢɬɨɤ Ɋɭɩɟɯɬɚ. ɋɟɦ. Cyperaceae Juss. (Kobresiaceae Gilly) – ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ. Carex montana L. – ɨɫɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ. Carex praecox Schreb. – ɨɫɨɤɚ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ. Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. – ɨɫɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɢɫɬɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Dipsacaceae Juss. – ɜɨɪɫɹɧɤɨɜɵɟ. Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. – ɤɨɪɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Dryopteridaceae Ching (Aspidiaceae Mett. ex Frank, nom.illegit.) – ɳɢɬɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ (ɚɫɩɢɞɢɟɜɵɟ). Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott – ɳɢɬɨɜɧɢɤ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Equisetaceae Rich. ex DC. – ɯɜɨɳɨɜɵɟ. Equisetum hyemale L. – ɯɜɨɳ ɡɢɦɭɸɳɢɣ. Equisetum sylvaticum L. – ɯɜɨɳ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Euphorbiaceae Juss. – ɦɨɥɨɱɚɣɧɵɟ. Euphorbia esula L. – ɦɨɥɨɱɚɣ ɨɫɬɪɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) – ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ. Astragalus danicus Retz. – ɚɫɬɪɚɝɚɥ ɞɚɬɫɤɢɣ. Coronilla varia L. (ɜɹɡɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ) = Securigera varia (L.) Lassen – ɜɹɡɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ. Cytisus ruthenicus Fisch. ex Woáoszcz. = Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková – ɪɚɤɢɬɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. Medicago lupulina L. – ɥɸɰɟɪɧɚ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ. Trifolium alpestre L. – ɤɥɟɜɟɪ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɢɣ. Trifolium medium L. – ɤɥɟɜɟɪ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ. Trifolium montanum L. – ɤɥɟɜɟɪ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ.
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Trifolium pratense L. – ɤɥɟɜɟɪ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ. Vicia cracca L. – ɝɨɪɨɲɟɤ ɦɵɲɢɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Geraniaceae Juss. – ɝɟɪɚɧɢɟɜɵɟ. Geranium robertianum L. – ɝɟɪɚɧɶ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɚ. Geranium sanguineum L. – ɝɟɪɚɧɶ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Grossulariaceae DC. – ɤɪɵɠɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. – ɤɪɵɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Ribes aureum Pursh – ɫɦɨɪɨɞɢɧɚ. ɋɟɦ. Hypericaceae Juss. – ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣɧɵɟ. Hypericum elegans Steph. – ɡɜɟɪɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɹɳɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Hypolepidaceae Pichi Sermolli – ɝɢɩɨɥɟɩɢɫɨɜɵɟ, ɢɥɢ ɨɪɥɹɤɨɜɵɟ. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn – ɨɪɥɹɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Lamiaceae Lindl. (Labiatae Juss.) – ɝɭɛɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Ajuga genevensis L. – ɠɢɜɭɱɤɚ ɠɟɧɟɜɫɤɚɹ. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. – ɡɦɟɟɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɢɦɶɹɧɨɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɵɣ. Glechoma hederaceae L. – ɛɭɞɪɚ ɩɥɸɳɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ. Hyssopus officinalis L. – ɢɫɫɨɩ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. – ɩɭɫɬɵɪɧɢɤ ɩɹɬɢɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɨɣ. Mentha arvensis L. – ɦɹɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ. Origanum vulgare L. – ɞɭɲɢɰɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Phlomis tuberosa L. = Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench – ɡɨɩɧɢɤ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɧɨɫɧɵɣ. Stachys recta L. – ɱɢɫɬɟɰ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ. Stachis sylvatica L. – ɱɢɫɬɟɰ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Onagraceae Juss. – ɤɢɩɪɟɣɧɵɟ. Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub = Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. – ɢɜɚɧ-ɱɚɣ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. – ɤɢɩɪɟɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Papaveraceae Juss. (Chelidoniaceae Nakai) – ɦɚɤɨɜɵɟ. Chelidonium majus L. – ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Pinaceae Lindl. – ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɟ. Pinus sylvestris L. – ɫɨɫɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Planataginaceae Juss. – ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Plantago major L. – ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ. Plantago media L. – ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ. Plantago urvillei Opiz. – ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤ ɍɪɜɢɥɥɚ.
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ɋɟɦ. Poaceae Barnhart (Graminae) – ɡɥɚɤɢ. Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub – ɤɨɫɬɪɟɰ ɛɟɡɨɫɬɵɣ. Bromopsis riparia (Rehm.) Holub – ɤɨɫɬɪɟɰ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth – ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ. Dactylis glomerata L. – ɟɠɚ ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ. Elymus caninus (L.) L. – ɩɵɪɟɣɧɢɤ ɫɨɛɚɱɢɣ. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski – ɩɵɪɟɣ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɣ. Festuca palesica Zapal. – ɨɜɫɹɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɟɫɫɤɚɹ. Festuca valesiaca Gaudin – ɨɜɫɹɧɢɰɚ ɜɚɥɢɫɫɤɚɹ, ɬɢɩɱɚɤ. Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. – ɤɟɥɟɪɢɹ ɫɢɡɚɹ. Melica nutans L. – ɩɟɪɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɧɢɤɲɢɣ. Melica transsilvanica Schur – ɩɟɪɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɢɥɶɜɚɧɫɤɢɣ. Poa nemoralis L. – ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɧɵɣ. Poa pratensis L. – ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ. Poa stepposa (Kryl.) Roshev. (ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ) = Poa transbaicalica Roshev. – ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ. Poa stepposa (Kryl.) Tzvel. – ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ. ɋɟɦ. Polygalaceae R.Br. – ɢɫɬɨɞɨɜɵɟ. Polygala vulgaris L. – ɢɫɬɨɞ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Polygonaceae Juss. – ɝɪɟɱɢɲɧɵɟ. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub – ɮɚɥɥɨɩɢɹ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɪɧɚɹ. Rumex acetosella L. – ɳɚɜɟɥɶ ɦɚɥɵɣ, ɳɚɜɟɥɟɤ. ɋɟɦ. Pyrolaceae Dumort. – ɝɪɭɲɚɧɤɨɜɵɟ. Chimaphylla umbellata (L.) W.Barton – ɡɢɦɨɥɸɛɤɚ ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ. Orthilia secunda (L.) House – ɨɪɬɢɥɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɛɨɤɚɹ (Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke – ɪɚɦɢɲɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɛɨɤɚɹ). ɋɟɦ. Ranunculaceae Juss. – ɥɸɬɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɟɥ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ, ɫɨɧ-ɬɪɚɜɚ. Thalictrum minus L. – ɜɚɫɢɥɢɫɧɢɤ ɦɚɥɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Rhamnaceae Juss. – ɤɪɭɲɢɧɨɜɵɟ. Frangula alnus Mill. – ɤɪɭɲɢɧɚ ɥɨɦɤɚɹ. Rhamnus cathartica L. – ɠɟɫɬɟɪ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Rosaceae Juss. – ɪɨɡɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. – ɪɟɩɟɲɨɤ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɵɣ. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. – ɜɢɲɧɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ.
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Filipendula vulgaris Moench – ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ. Fragaria vesca L. – ɡɟɦɥɹɧɢɤɚ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ. Geum urbanum L. – ɝɪɚɜɢɥɚɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ. Padus avium Mill. – ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Potentilla arenaria Berkh. – ɥɚɩɱɚɬɤɚ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɚɹ. Potentilla argentea L. – ɥɚɩɱɚɬɤɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɚɹ. Rosa majalis L. – ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɣ. Rubus caesius L. – ɟɠɟɜɢɤɚ ɫɢɡɚɹ. Rubus idaeus L. – ɦɚɥɢɧɚ. Sorbus aucuparia L. – ɪɹɛɢɧɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Rubiaceae Juss. – ɦɚɪɟɧɨɜɵɟ. Galium aparine L. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɰɟɩɤɢɣ. Galium boreale L. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ. Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɤɪɚɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ. Galium verum L. – ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Salicaceae Mirb. – ɢɜɨɜɵɟ. Populus candicans Ait. – ɬɨɩɨɥɶ ɛɟɥɨɜɚɬɵɣ. Populus tremula L. – ɨɫɢɧɚ. ɋɟɦ. Sambucaceae Batsch ex Borkh. – ɛɭɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ. Sambucus racemosa L. – ɛɭɡɢɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Scrophulariaceae Juss. – ɧɨɪɢɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ. Linaria vulgaris L. – ɥɶɧɹɧɤɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ. Verbascum lychnitis L. – ɤɨɪɨɜɹɤ ɦɟɬɟɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ. Verbascum orientale (L.) All. – ɤɨɪɨɜɹɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ. Verbascum orientale Bieb. = Verbacum marschallianum Ivanina & Tzvel. – ɤɨɪɨɜɹɤ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥɚ. Veronica chamaedris L. – ɜɟɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɧɚɹ. Veronica spicata L. – ɜɟɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Solanaceae Juss. – ɩɚɫɥɟɧɨɜɵɟ. Solanum dulcamara L. – ɩɚɫɥɟɧ ɫɥɚɞɤɨ-ɝɨɪɶɤɢɣ. ɋɟɦ. Tiliaceae Juss. – ɥɢɩɨɜɵɟ. Tilia cordata Mill. – ɥɢɩɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Ulmaceae Mirb. – ɜɹɡɨɜɵɟ. Ulmus scabra Mill. (Ulmus glabra Huds.) – ɢɥɶɦ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ.
223
ɋɟɦ. Urticaceae Juss. – ɤɪɚɩɢɜɧɵɟ. Urtica dioica L. – ɤɪɚɩɢɜɚ ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɚɹ. ɋɟɦ. Violaceae Batsch – ɮɢɚɥɤɨɜɵɟ. Viola arvensis Murr. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ. Viola canina L. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɫɨɛɚɱɶɹ. Viola hirta L. – ɮɢɚɥɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɋ. Ʉ. ɑɟɪɟɩɚɧɨɜɭ (1995). Ɇɯɢ. ɋɟɦ. Mniaceae Schwaegr. – ɦɧɢɟɜɵɟ. Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T.Kop. (Mnium cuspidatum Hedw.) – ɩɥɚɝɢɨɦɧɢɭɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Dicranaceae Schimp. – ɞɢɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ. Dicranum polysteum Sw. (Dicranum rugosum (Funck) Brid.) – ɞɢɤɪɚɧɭɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɨɠɤɨɜɵɣ. Dicranum majus Turn. – ɞɢɤɪɚɧɭɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ Anisothecium varium (Hedw.) Mitt. [Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp.] – ɚɧɢɡɨɬɟɰɢɭɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɣ. ɋɟɦ. Hylocomiaceae (Broth.) Fleisch. – ɝɢɥɨɤɨɦɢɟɜɵɟ. Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. – ɩɥɟɜɪɨɰɢɭɦ ɒɪɟɛɟɪɚ. ɋɟɦ. Hylocomiaceae (Broth.) Fleisch. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. – ɝɢɥɨɤɨɦɢɭɦ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɣ. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɯɨɜ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɂ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɭ ɢ Ʌ.Ⱥ.ȼɨɥɤɨɜɨɣ (1998). Ʌɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ. Cladonia sp. – ɤɥɚɞɨɧɢɹ.
224
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ (1994-2001 ɝɝ.) ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (1992-2001 ɝɝ.) Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜ 19942001ɝɝ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Corylus avellana ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Betula pendula Roth Acer platanoides L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Betula pendula Roth Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Corylus avellana L. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Rosa majalis L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Viola collina Bess. Rubus saxatilis L. Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. Carex digitata L. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Convallaria majalis L. Viola hirta L. Cypripedium calceolus L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Stellaria holostea L. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. Viola mirabilis L. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl. Galium boreale L. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Timmia austriaca Hedw. (T. bavarica Hessl.) Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B. S. G. Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv.
1 90 28-30 ɘɁ 3ɋ 5Ʉɥ 2Ȼɟɪ 0,45 10
26 100 43 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ȼɟɪ +Ʉɥ 0,25 11
2 100 29 ɘɁ 6ɋ 2Ȼɟɪ 2Ʉɥ 0,3 13
28 100 41 ɘȼ 10ɋ +Ȼɟɪ +Ʉɥ 0,4 16
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
40 1 2
22 2 1
22 3 2
35 3 2
100 100 100
1 1
-
3 -
-
50 25
20 -
20 15 -
20 2 2
3 3 2 -
100 75 25 25
1 1 2 3 2 -
1 1 <1 1 -
1 1 2 1 <1 <1 2 -
2 1 <1 1 <1 <1 1 1 <1
75 75 50 75 75 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
-
<1
-
-
25
-
<1 -
-
<1
25 25
225
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ
12 100 29 ɘɁ 10ɋ
20 150 9ɋ+ 1Ȼɟɪ 0,45 34
6 100 34 ɘɁ 10ɋ
14 200 10ɋ
7 200 20 ɘɁ 10ɋ
0,35 20
13 200 21 ɘɁ 8ɋ+ 2Ȼɟɪ 0,45 25
ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1 ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Betula pendula Roth Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2 ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer platanoides L. Quercus robur L. Tilia cordata Mill. Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Corylus avellana L. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Rosa majalis L. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Lonicera xylosteum L. Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Artemisia sericea Web. Carduus nutans L. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Galium ruthenicum Willd. Stipa lessingiana Trin. Viola hirta L. Medicago falcata L. Inula salicina L. Galium boreale L. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Convallaria majalis L. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl. Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. Asparagus officinalis L. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Melampyrum argyrocomum (Fisch. ex Ledeb.) K.-Pol. Hypericun elegans Steph. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Galium tinctorium (L.) All. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Carex digitata L. Gypsophila juzepczukii Ikonn. Gypsophila altissima L.
0,35 29
0,35 29
0,4 27
30 -
40 5
30 3
33 -
30 -
30 -
100 33
5 -
-
2 2 2
2 -
5 -
2 2 4 2
50 67 17 33
30 1 5 2 -
30 1 <1 1 -
25 3 1 <1 1
2 <1 1 -
25 1 1 <1 -
1 -
83 83 100 17 50 17
-
-
-
-
<1
-
17
2 <1 1 1 <1 <1 1 <1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 1 <1 <1 -
3 1 1 1 <1 1 <1 <1 1
2 2 <1 <1 1 <1 <1
2 1 1 1 <1 1 1
3 2 1 <1 -
100 100 100 33 33 50 50 33 67 50 33 33 33 67 67
<1 <1 -
<1 3 1 <1 <1
1 2 2 <1 -
1 1 1 1 1 1 -
<1 1 <1 1
1 1 <1 <1 1
67 33 67 50 67 67 33 50
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
226
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Campanula sibirica L. Vicia tenuiflora Roth Asarum europaeum L. Euphorbia zheguliensis Prokh. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth Elymus caninus (L.) L. Galium octonarium (Klok.) Soó Echinops ritro L. subsp. mejeri (DC.) Kožucharov = E. mejeri (DC.) Iljin Rubus saxatilis L. Inula hirta L. Aster alpinus L. Centaurea ruthenica Lam. Stipa pennata (L.) Beauv. Verbascum austriacum auct. = V. marschallianum Ivanina & Tzvel. Festuca sulcata (Hack.) Nym. p.p. = F. rupicola Heuff. Galatella villosa (L.) Reichenb. fil. Sedum acre L. Tanacetum sclerophyllum (Krasch.) Tzvel. Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. Stipa capillata L. Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Onosma simplicissimum L. Geranium sanguineum L. Thymus zheguliensis Klok. & Shost p.p. = T. cimicinus Blub ex Ledeb. Veronica spicata L. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. Brachythecium salebrosum (Web. et Mohr) Schimp. in B. S. G. Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B. S. G.
12
13
20
6
14
7
ɉ. (%)
-
<1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 2 <1
5 <1 -
<1 1 -
5 1 -
67 67 17 17 17 17 17 17
-
-
1 1 <1 <1 <1 -
1
1 <1 -
<1 <1 1 1 1
17 33 33 50 50 33
-
-
-
<1
-
-
17
-
-
-
1 <1 <1
-
-
17 17 17
-
-
-
<1 -
<1 1
1 1
17 33 33
-
-
-
-
<1 <1 1 -
<1
17 17 17 17
-
-
-
-
-
1 <1
17 17
-
-
<1
-
<1
-
33
-
-
-
<1
-
-
17
-
-
-
<1
-
-
17
30 3 1 1 25 1 -
30 4 1 30 5 5 1 <1
0,35 11
ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ
11 100 40 ɋɁ 10ɋ +Ʌ +Ʉɥ 0,35 10
-
1 25 -
<1 <1 -
30 5 -
0,35 11
30 100 43 ɋɁ 10ɋ +Ʌ
<1 1 -
5 2 -
7 <1 -
40 6 -
40 100 42 ɘȼ 10ɋ +Ʉɥ +Ʌ 0,55 13
1 1 -
25 <1 1 <1 -
1 <1 -
30 4 -
0,35 14
22 100 27 ɋɁ 10ɋ +Ʌ
10 1 <1
10 -
3 <1 -
30 10 3
15 100 22 Ɂ 10ɋ +Ʌ +Ȼɟɪ 0,45 12
1 -
5 25 -
1 <1 <1 -
30 4 -
0,35 14
29 100 35 ɋɁ 10ɋ +Ʌ
1 -
2 5 -
<1 <1 -
30 15 -
0,45 13
32 100 48 ɘɁ 6ɋ 4Ʌ
2 -
15 5 1 -
<1 <1 -
30 5 -
0,35 11
19 200 20 ɋȼ 10ɋ +Ʌ
2 <1 -
15 3 <1
3 1 1
30 5 -
0,4 16
24 200 10ɋ +Ʌ
1 1 -
5 3 <1 -
2 <1 <1
30 7 -
0,4 21
16 200 28 ɋɋɁ 10ɋ +Ʌ
1 1 -
2 5 -
3 <1 -
50 5 -
0,6 16
37 100 35 ɘȼ 10ɋ +Ʌ
75 67 8 17
100 75 8 17 17 8
100 83 17 17
100 100 8
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Tilia cordata Mill. Betula pendula Roth Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer platanoides L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Quercus robur L. Betula pendula Roth Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Corylus avellana L. Rosa majalis L. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Lonicera xylosteum L. Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Convallaria majalis L. Rubus saxatilis L. Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.
23 150 29 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ʌ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa
227
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Stellaria holostea L. Carex digitata L. Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. Viola collina Bess. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Asarum europaeum L. Viola hirta L. Galatella biflora (L.) Nees Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Solidago virgaurea L. Galium boreale L. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Fragaria vesca L. Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Melica nutans (L.) L. Urtica dioica L. Carex pilosa Scop. Silene nutans L. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske Leskeella nervosa (Brid.) Loeske Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv. Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B. S. G.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.
<1 <1 <1 -
-
11
1 <1 <1 -
23
1 1 <1 <1 -
-
40
1 3 <1 <1 2 -
30
-
<1 -
1 <1 <1 -
22
-
-
1 <1 -
15
-
-
<1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 -
29
-
-
<1 1 <1 <1 1 <1 -
32
1 <1 <1 1 1 <1 -
<1 -
24
<1 1 -
19
<1
<1 <1
1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
16
-
-
1 1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1
37
8
17 17 17
8 42 8 58 50 17 33 8 50 25 8 17 17 17 8 17 25 8 8 8 8
ɉ. (%)
228
35 15 25 <1 <1 1 <1 1 1 -
25 1 <1 <1 <1 1 3 1 -
36 100 22 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ʉɥ 0,5 10
45 15
49 100 28 ɘɁ 6ɋ 4Ʉɥ 0,6 11
1 1 <1 <1
30 <1 -
-
35 15
47 100 38 ɘȼ 10ɋ +Ʉɥ 0,55 10
1 1 -
10 30 2 -
-
35 15
46 100 38 ɘȼ 10ɋ +Ʉɥ 0,55 10
2 <1 -
20 10 -
5
2 <1 -
15 5 -
-
27 5
0,4 10
0,5 10 35 10
25 100 47 ɘɁ 10ɋ
45 100 33 ɘȼ 10ɋ
1 <1 3 1 <1
20 <1 5 4 2 2 -
5
40 15
0,6 18
42 100 23 ɘɁ 10ɋ
<1 -
20 20 -
3
30 7
0,4 12
17 100 33 ɋɁ 10ɋ
3 <1 -
5 2 -
2
30 8
0,4 14
21 200 22 ɘȼ 10ɋ
3 -
15 7 2 2
2
30 8
0,4 14
18 150 10ɋ
2 -
4 2 15 -
3
30 7
0,4 16
8 100 30 Ɂ 10ɋ
63 82 9 27 27 54 18
100 100 9 9 9 9 27 9
54
100 91
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Acer platanoides L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Corylus avellana L. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Rosa majalis L. Viburnum opulus L. Cerasus fruticosa L. Rhamnus cathartica L. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Lonicera xylosteum L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Viola collina Bess. Rubus saxatilis L. Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. Carex digitata L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Vicia tenuiflora Roth
ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa
229
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski Convallaria majalis L. Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. Viola hirta L. Galium boreale L. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl. Thalictrum minus L. Asarum europaeum L. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Carex pilosa Scop. Solidago virgaurea L. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Anomodon longifolius (Brid.) Hartm. Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B. S. G.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.
1 <1 -
-
-
47
<1 -
36
<1 -
49
<1 -
<1 <1 -
46
<1 <1 3 <1
<1 -
25
<1 1 -
45
<1 -
<1 1 <1 -
42
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 -
17
<1 <1 1 <1 1 1 -
-
18
<1 3 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
21
-
<1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
8
27 9 9
73 9 54 54 36 9 36 9 18 9 9 18 9 9 9 9
ɉ. (%)
230
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Acer platanoides L. Betula pendula Roth Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Tilia cordata Mill. Quercus robur L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Rosa majalis L. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Corylus avellana L. Rhamnus cathartica L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Lazer trilobum (L.) Borkh. Vicia tenuiflora Roth Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Stipa pennata (L.) Beauv. Artemisia sericea Web. Galium boreale L. Carex digitata L. Viola collina Bess.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ 30 4 3 3 2 2 5 3 15 1 1 <1 1 <1 1 <1
4 4 3 2 2 3 15 <1 1 1 2 <1 <1
43ɚ 100 33 ɘȼ 10ɋ 0,4 17
35 12 -
44 100 29 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,55 16
1 <1 <1 1 <1
2 2 2 7 -
2 2
45 6 -
38 100 17 ɋɁ 10ɋ 0,55 19
<1 1 <1
4 2 3 2 3 2
2
35 8 -
39 100 38 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,45 18
1 1 <1
35 15 -
1 1
30 2 1
10 300 42 ɘȼ 10ɋ+Ȼɟɪ 0,35 17
1 1 1 <1 -
2 3 -
5 -
30 5 -
3 150 28 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,4 19
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum
1 1 <1 1
100 14 71 14 71 71 29 86
100 57 57 71 86 14
43 43 86
5 2 3 2 8 -
100 100 14
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
30 8 -
5 100 10ɋ 0,45 24
231
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Rubus saxatilis L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Solidago virgaurea L. Fragaria vesca L. Inula salicina L. Geranium sanguineum L. Inula hirta L. Convallaria majalis L. Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl. Viola hirta L. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Silene nutans L. Hieracium virosum Pall. Chelidonium majus L. Verbascum marschallianum Ivanina & Tzvel. Euphorbia zheguliensis Prokh. Galatella biflora (L.) Nees Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Melica nutans (L.) L. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Primula macrocalyx Bunge Hypericum elegans Steph. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 5.
1 1 3 <1 <1 <1 -
-
-
38
<1 -
43ɚ
2 -
44
-
1 1 <1 <1 <1 1 -
39
-
<1 4 5 <1 1 <1 <1 -
10
-
<1 8 15 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 -
3
<1
3 3 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1
5
14 14
29 71 71 14 14 14 14 14 57 29 29 29 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
ɉ. (%)
232
233
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ
43 100 45 ɘȼ 10ɋ +Ⱦ
34 80 35 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ⱦ
35 100 27 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ⱦ
41 100 35 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ⱦ
ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Quercus robur L. Betula pendula Roth Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer platanoides L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Tilia cordata Mill. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Corylus avellana L. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Rosa majalis L. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Viola collina Bess. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Convallaria majalis L. Rubus saxatilis L. Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindbl. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Carex digitata L. Inula salicina L. Galium boreale L. Carex pilosa Scop. Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Artemisia sericea Web. Hieracium virosum Pall. Geranium sanguineum L. Hypericum elegans Steph. Galium ruthenicum Willd. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. Echinops mejeri (DC.) Iljin Stipa stenophylla (Lindem.) Trautv. = Stipa tirsa Stev. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske Hypnum pallescens (Hedw.) P.Beauv.
0,45 12
0,35 13
0,4 14
35 2 -
30 2 -
3 3 2
33 100 39 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ⱦ
0,55 13
31 100 31 ɋɁ 7ɋ 3Ȼɟɪ +Ⱦ 0,35 17
30 2 -
40 3 -
25 2 3
55 5 -
100 100 17
2 1 -
6 2 -
10 2 -
2 2 1
-
83 83 33
35 5 -
10 3 3 -
30 3 <1 <1 -
30 5 -
30 3 -
2 10 15
83 100 33 3 17
3 2 2 <1 -
1 3 1 2 1 -
1 4 <1 1 1 <1 -
3 2 2 <1 <1 <1 1 -
3 3 3 1 1 <1 <1 -
3 1 3 <1 1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1
83 83 33 67 50 33 50 50 17 33 17 33 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
-
-
-
-
-
<1
17
<1 -
<1 -
-
-
<1 rr
-
50 17
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɨɫɬɜɨ (%)
0,6 20
234
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum] ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer platanoides L. Betula pendula Roth Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Caragana frutex (L.) C.Koch Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Rosa majalis L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Artemisia sericea Web. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Nevski Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute
Astragalus zingeri Korsch. Campanula sibirica L. Centaurea ruthenica Lam. Convalaria majalis L. Echinops ritro subsp. mejeri (DC.) Kožucharov = E. mejeri (DC.) Iljin Elytrigia lolioides (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski Euphorbia zheguliensis Prokh. Galium boreale L. Gypsophila juzepczukii Ikonn. Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Rubus saxatilis L. Stipa capillata L. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Dicranum scoparium Hedw. Abietinella abietina (Hedw.) Fleisch. Orthodicranum montanum (Hedw.) Loeske Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. Cladonia sp.
4 100 10ɋ 0,5 35 40 4 3 3 10 3 4 3 5 5 5 2 5 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
235
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum] ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer platanoides L. Tilia cordata Mill. Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Corylus avellana L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Convalaria majalis L. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Stipa pennata (L.) Beauv. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Timmia austriaca Hedw. (T. bavarica Hessl.) Anomodon longifolius (Brid.) Hartm. Brachythecium velutinum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.
9 100 50 ɋɁ 10ɋ+Ʌ 0,4 13 33 3 2 2 30 5 1 1 <1 <1 10 8 3
236
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɜ 1992-2001 ɝɝ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Betula pendula Roth Populus tremula L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer platanoides L. Quercus robur L. Acer negundo L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Rhamnus cathartica L. Sambucus racemosa L. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. Frangula alnus Mill. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Artemisia campestris L. Veronica spicata L. Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Equisetum hyemale L. Euphorbia esula L. Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke Potentilla arenaria Borkh. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Sonchus arvensis L. Achillea millefolium L. Cynoglossum officinale L. Securigera varia Lassen
45 400 10ɋ +Ȼ+ Ɉɫ+Ⱦ 0,7
41 300 10ɋ +Ȼ
42 400 10ɋ +Ȼ
0,7
0,5
43 400 4 ɘɁ 10ɋ +Ȼ +Ɉɫ 0,6
27
22
25
36
0,55 -0,6 33
45 3 1
50 2 1
45 2 1
45 7 6
45 2 -
100 100 80
<1 <1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1
<1 2 -
<1
20 20 10 30
<1 26 -
<1 -
2 -
<1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1
30 30 20 20 10 10
3 2 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
3 15 <1 -
1 2 10 <1 <1 <1 -
1 1 <1
80 80 100 20 10 10 10 30 10 10 10 20 30 30 20
1 150 10ɋ +Ȼ
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
237
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 9. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hylotelephyum stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel. Viola hirta L. Pimpinella saxifraga L. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Viola canina L. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Rubus caesius L. Tanacetum vulgare L. Trifolium pratense L. Geranium sanguineum L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Galium aparine L. Asparagus officinalis L. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. Urtica dioica L. Chelidonium majus L. Convallaria majalis L. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Glechoma hederacea L. Hieracium umbellatum L. Melica nutans L. Solanum dulcomara L. Vicia cracca L. Ajuga jenevensis L. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Carduus acanthoides L. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Erigeron acris L. Potentilla argentea L. Sisymbrium loeselii L. Solidago virgaurea L. Amoria montana (L.) Sojak Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth Carex praecox Schreb. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Galium verum L. Poa pratensis L. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Silene nutans L. Viola arvensis Murr. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.
45
41
42
43
1
ɉ. (%)
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 26 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
20 20 30 20 30 10 10 10 10 20 20 30 30 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 10 10 10 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
<1
<1
-
<1
-
30
55 1 <1 1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 1 -
<1 <1 1 -
27 400 10ɋ 0,65 30
55 -
19 250 10ɋ 0,6 29
70 -
33 400 4 ɋɁ 10ɋ 0,75 25
<1 1
<1 -
5 -
75 -
28 300 12 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,8 27
1 -
-
5 -
45 -
39 400 4 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,5 23
-
5 1 <1
1 1 -
70 1 1
44 400 2-3 ɋȼ 10ɋ 0,7 33
1
1 3 1
25 -
40 -
35 400 9 ɋɁ 10ɋ 0,65 35
1 -
-
20 -
55 -
30 250 13 ɋȼ 10ɋ 0,75 21
<1 4
1 -
-
65 1 -
26 300 10ɋ 0,65 30
-
-
5 5 -
55 -
21 300 11 ɋɁ 10ɋ 0,65 27
-
-
1 -
40 -
22 500 5 ɋɁ 10ɋ 0,4 43
<1 -
-
1 1 1
40 15 -
46 400 10ɋ 0,55 27
-
1 <1 <1
15 -
55 -
14 400 4 ɘȼ 10ɋ 0,7 25
1 1 -
1 <1
1 -
45 1 -
2 400 4 Ɂ 10ɋ 0,45 43
1
<1
1 1 4 -
55 -
9 500 2 ɋȼ 10ɋ 0,55 34
<1 1 1 1
-
1 -
60 1 1
10 200 10ɋ 0,6 58
1 1
-
<1 <1 -
55 -
16 400 10ɋ 0,55 63
41 6 12 6 35
41 29 41
47 12 53 29 6
100 12 24 12
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Acer platanoides L. Betula pendula Roth Quercus robur L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Sorbus aucuparia L. Padus avium Mill. Populus tremula L. Acer negundo L. Ulmus scabra Mill. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ: Frangula alnus Mill. Rhamnus cathartica L. Sambucus racemosa L. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Caragana arborescens Lam. Rosa majalis Herrm. Cerasus fruticosa Pall.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞ.) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis]
238
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Viola canina L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Asparagus officinalis L. Tanacetum vulgare L. Chondrilla graminea Bieb. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A.Mey. Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Ajuga genevensis L. Cirsium incanum (S.G. Gmel.) Fisch. Pimpinella saxifraga L. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub Euphorbia esula L. Securigera (L.) Lassen Poa nemoralis L. Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. Geum urbanum L. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
<1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
-
<1 <1
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 -
2 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 -
2
27
1
19
1
33
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10.
-
<1 <1
-
<1 <1
<1 <1
<1 <1 <1 -
2
28
-
<1
<1 -
<1 <1
3 <1
3 <1 <1 -
1
39
-
-
-
<1
<1 <1 -
<1 -
-
44
-
<1 <1
<1 -
<1 <1
<1 -
<1 4 -
1
35
-
<1
-
<1 -
-
<1 <1 -
1
30
-
<1
<1 <1
<1 -
-
<1 <1 -
1
26
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
-
<1 -
3 <1 -
1
22
-
-
<1 <1 -
1
21
-
<1
<1
<1
<1 -
5 -
-
46
-
<1
-
-
-
<1 <1 -
-
14
-
-
-
-
<1
<1 <1 -
<1
2
<1
<1 <1
<1 -
<1
-
<1 -
1
9
-
<1 -
-
-
-
5 -
1
10
-
-
-
-
<1 -
<1 <1 -
1
16
12
35 71
12 29 12 18
12 47 59
41 41 24
88 82 24 6 6 6
82
ɉ. (%)
239
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Solanum dulcomara L. Veronica chamaedrys L. Sisymbrium loeselii L. Dactylis glomerata L. Medicago lupulina L. Melica transsilvanica Schur Chenopodium album L. Galium verum L. Geranium sanguineum L. Carduus acanthoides L. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Sonchus arvensis L. Hylotelephum maximum (L.) Holub Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench Potentilla argentea L. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Stellaria graminea L. Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke Artemisia campestris L. Cynoglossum officinale L. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Convallaria majalis L. Achillea millefolium L. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. Amoria montanum (L.) Sojak Campanula persicifolia L. Viola hirta L.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 1 <1 <1 -
19
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
33
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10.
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
27
<1 <1 -
<1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
28
<1 -
<1 <1 -
<1
<1 -
39
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 2 <1
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
44
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
35
<1 <1 <1 <1
-
<1
<1 2 <1 -
30
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1
26
<1 <1 -
<1 <1
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
21
<1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
22
<1 <1
-
-
<1 -
46
<1
-
-
-
14
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 -
<1
<1 <1 -
2
<1 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
9
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1
10
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1
<1
<1 <1 <1 -
16
35 24 35 53 53 59 41 12 24 24
29 24 76 29
65
35 24 53 18 6 29 29 59 47 47 47 18
ɉ. (%)
240
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Chelidonium majus L. Poa pratensis L. Astragalus danicuis Retz. Equisetum hyemale L. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Hieracium umbellatum L. Urtica dioica L. Trifolium medium L. Carex praecox Schreb. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Galium aparine L. Agrimonia eupatoria L. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Stellaria nemorum L. Glechoma hederacea L. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Hieracium piloselloides Vill. subsp. megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) P.D. Sell = H. Megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) Juxip Artemisia vulgaris L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
<1 3 <1 1 -
-
19
-
33
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10.
-
-
-
<1 -
27
-
-
-
<1 <1 -
28
-
-
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 -
39
-
-
-
<1 -
44
-
-
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
35
-
-
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
30
-
-
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
26
-
<1 -
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
21
3 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1
46
<1 5 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 1 <1
22
-
<1 -
<1
<1 5 <1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1
14
-
<1 -
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
2
-
-
-
5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 2 2 -
9
-
-
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 <1 -
10
-
-
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
16
6
18 6
24 12
35 47 47 6 18 47 29 29 29 59 29 29 41 6 6 6 24 24
ɉ. (%)
241
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Cerastium holosteoides Fries Eryngium planum L. Plantago urvillei Opiz Poa transbaicalica Roshev. Thalictrum minus L. Vicia cracca L. Melica nutans L. Fragaria vesca L. Gypsophila paniculata L. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Geranium robertianum L. Silene nutans L. Arctium nemorosum Lej. Scorzonera purpurea L. Plantago major L. Barbarea stricta Abdrz. Festuca polesica Zapaá. Achyrophorus maculatus (L.) Scop. = Trommsdorfia Maculata (L.) Bernh. Eremogone longifolia (Bieb.) Fenzl Hieracium echioides Lumn. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Veronica spicata (L.) Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
-
-
19
-
33
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10.
-
-
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
-
-
-
<1
35
-
-
-
-
-
<1 -
30
-
-
-
-
-
<1 -
26
-
-
-
-
<1
-
21
<1 <1 -
-
-
-
<1 -
14
<1 <1 -
-
<1 -
46
<1 -
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
22
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1
-
<1
2
<1
<1 <1
-
-
<1
<1 <1
9
-
-
-
<1 <1 -
<1
<1 <1 <1
10
<1
<1 <1 <1 <1
<1
-
-
<1 <1 <1
16
18
12 12 18 18
12
6 6 18 6 6 12 6 6
18
6 6 6 6 6 6 18 41 29
ɉ. (%)
242
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Echinops ritro auct. = E. ruthenicus Bieb. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.Barton Campanula bononiensis L. Hypericum perforatum L. Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin. Anchusa sp. Crepis biennis L. Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Origanum vulgare L. Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. Centaurea scabiosa L. Pyrethrum corymbosum (L.) Scop. Dianthus borbasii Vandas Orthilia secunda (L.) House Rubus caesius L. Solidago virgaurea L. Carex montana L. Carlina biebersteinii Bernh. ex Hornem. Hyssopus officinalis L. Polygala vulgaris L. Senecio jacobea L. Verbascum lychnitis L. Artemisia austriaca Jacq. Festuca valesiaca Gaudin
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
-
-
19
-
33
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
<1 -
<1
2
-
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1
9
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1
<1
10
<1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1
16
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
18 12 12 12 12 6
18 12 12 12 6 6 6 6 6 18 18
24
ɉ. (%)
243
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
-
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
-
-
<1
-
39
-
-
-
-
<1
-
44
-
-
-
-
<1
-
35
-
-
-
-
-
-
30
4 400 10ɋ 0,55 23 45
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L.
40
18 400 2 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,45 46
50
17 400 10ɋ 0,55 55
-
-
-
-
<1
-
26
50
25 400 4 ɋȼ 10ɋ 0,55 28
-
-
-
-
<1
-
21
-
-
-
-
-
-
22
45
20 400 10ɋ 0,5 40
-
-
-
-
<1
-
46
33
8 200 10ɋ 0,35 23
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
-
-
<1
-
2
65
24 400 10ɋ 0,65 45
-
-
-
<1
-
-
9
70
23 400 10ɋ 0,75 45
<1 -
<1
<1
-
-
-
10
<1
-
<1
-
1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
16
6 6
6
12
6
47
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
ɉ. (%)
100
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
45
29 400 10ɋ 0,5 34
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hieracium pilosella L. Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Mentha arvensis L. Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn. Pulmonaria angustifolia L. Saponaria officinalis Murr. Viola arvensis Murr. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. Dicranum majus Sm. Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp. Dicranum rugosum (Funck) Brid. Pleurozium Schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. Bryum sp.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 10.
244
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Tilia cordata Mill. Acer platanoides L. Acer tataricum L. Quercus robur L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Sorbus aucuparia L. Populus tremula L. Acer negundo L. Padus avium Mill. Ulmus scabra Mill. Betula pendula Roth Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková Rhamnus cathartica L. Sambucus racemosa L. Frangula alnus L. Rosa majalis Herrm. Caragana arborescens Lam. Euonymus verrucosa Sco Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Chelidonium majus L. Galium aparine L. Polygonatum odoratum L. Geranium robertianum L. Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. Equisetum hyemale L.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 11.
<1 <1 <1 2 3 <1 <1 <1 <1 2 <1 3 -
3 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 -
2 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
18
2 -
29
2 4 -
4
5 <1 <1 <1
<1 -
-
3 2 -
<1 -
17
<1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 -
5 1 <1 -
2 3 -
2 1 -
25 1 1 -
-
20
2
25
<1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1
-
2 -
-
8
5 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 -
-
2 3
-
24
15 <1 -
<1 <1 -
-
2 3
-
23
100 100 89 11 11 22
44 67 56 22 22 11 11
22
44 22 33 33 33 22
11 11 33 22
ɉ. (%)
245
4 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 <1 <1
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Silene nutans L. Artemisia campestris L. Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub Poa pratensis L. Securigera varia (L.) Lassen Geum urbanum L. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. Galium verum L. Chondrilla graminea Bieb. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Chimaphilla umbellata (L.) W.Barton Orthilia secunda (L.) House Convallaria majalis L. Carex praecox Schreb. Artemisia auatriaca Jacq. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth Gypsophila paniculata L. Hieracium echioides Lumn. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Achillea millefolium L. Thalictrum minus L. Fragaria vesca L. Euphorbia esula L. Dactylis glomerata L. Tanacetum vulgare L. Carduus acanthoides L. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Solidago virgaurea L. Viola hirta L.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 11.
<1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
29 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
18 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
17 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
25 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
20 <1 <1 <1
8 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
24 <1 <1 <1 <1
23
22 33 22 22 56 22 44 11 22 67 44 44 22 22 78 67 11 11 11 11 22 56 33 67 22 33 33 56 22 22 22
ɉ. (%)
246
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Asparagus officinalis L. Geranium sanguineum L. Urtica dioica L. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Sisymbrium loeselii L. Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel. Trommsdorfia maculata (L.) Bernh. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Bromopsis riparia (Rehm.) Holub Cerastium holosteoides Fries Echinops ritro L. subsp. mejeri (DC.) Kožucharov = E. mejeri (DC.) Iljin Mentha arvensis L. Pyrethrum corymbosum (L.) Scop. Sedum acre L. Trifolium alpestre L. Verbascum orientale (L.) All. Saponaria officinalis L. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Viola arvensis (L.) Coult. Cynoglossum officinale L. Viola canina L. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Melica nutans L.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 11.
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
-
17
<1 <1
18
<1 <1 <1 -
29
<1 -
4
<1 <1 <1 -
-
-
<1 <1 -
25
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
-
<1
<1 <1 -
20
<1 <1 <1 -
-
<1
<1 -
8
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
-
<1
<1 <1 <1 -
24
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
-
<1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1
23
11 11 11 11 11 11 22 56 56 33 44 44 78 67 22 22
11 11 11 11 11
22 22 78
67 22 67 56 22
ɉ. (%)
247
4 -
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Veronica chamaedrys L. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Pimpinella saxifraga L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Ajuga genevensis L. Linaria vulgaris L. Trifolium medium L. Chenopodium album L. Solanum dulcomara L. Stellaria graminea L. Leonurus quiquelobatus Gilib. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Potentilla argentea L. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Sonchus arvensis L. Glechoma hederacea L. Poa nemoralis L. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Campanula bononiensis L. Hypericum perforatum L. Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench Stachys recta L. Trifolium pratense L. Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin. Arctium nemorosum Lej. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Equisetum hyemale L. Eryngium planum L. Hieracium umbellatum L. Moehringia trinerva (L.) Clairv. Plantago major L.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 11.
<1 <1 -
29 <1 <1 -
18 <1 <1 <1 -
17 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
25 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
20 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
8 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
24 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
23
22 56 44 22 33 33 22 44 22 33 33 11 11 11 22 44 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
ɉ. (%)
248
-
-
29
-
4
<1
<1
-
18
<1
-
-
17
<1
-
-
25
<1
-
-
20
-
-
-
8
40 3 <1 1 <1 1 -
1 1 <1
6 400 5 ɋȼ 10ɋ+ Ɉɫ 0,45 24
40 3
3 400 8ɋ1Ȼɟɪ 1Ɉɫ+Ⱦ 0,45 25 60 4 3 1 2 -
2 1 <1
47 300 10ɋ+ Ɉɫ 0,7 25
40 5
0,5 23
7 400 8ɋ2Ɉɫ
-
1 1 -
60 3
36 400 5 ɋɁ 9ɋ1Ɉɫ +Ȼɟɪ 0,65 29
<1
3 -
70 7
34 400 5 ɋɁ 10ɋ+ Ɉɫ 0,8 24
-
-
75 5
37 400 8 ɘɁ 10ɋ+ Ɉɫ 0,8 24
45 5 3 2 -
2 -
12 400 6 ɘȼ 10ɋ+ Ɉɫ 0,55 49
<1
-
<1 <1 <1
23
50 3
11 400 9 ɘɁ 10ɋ+ Ɉɫ 0,55 28
-
-
-
24
56
11
11 11 11
ɉ. (%)
33
33 67 33 44 11
100 100
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ (%)
Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Populus tremula L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Betula pendula Roth Quercus robur L. Acer negundo L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Rhamnus cathartica L.
ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Pulmonaria angustifolia L. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Vicia cracca L. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Bryum sp. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 11.
249
Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Rosa majalis Herrm. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Caragana arborescens Lam. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková Sambucus racemosa L. Lonicera xylosteum L. Frangula alnus Mill. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Campanula rapunculoides L. Cirsium incanum (S.G. Gmel.) Fisch. Cynoglossum officinale L. Stachys sylvatica L. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Geum urbanum L. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Carduus acanthoides L. Conioselinum tataricum Hoffm. Glechoma hederacea L. Hieracium megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) Juxip Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Chelidonium majus L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Urtica dioica L. Pimpinella saxifraga L.
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 12.
<1 5 <1
<1 <1 -
<1 <1 25 15 <1
15 15 2 -
<1 -
<1 -
<1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1
<1
<1
<1
15
<1 -
<1 -
-
-
-
36 -
47 <1
5 <1 -
7
<1 <1 -
6
<1 -
3
-
-
<1
<1 -
<1
34
2 -
<1
<1
<1 <1 -
-
37
25 <1 -
-
<1
<1 -
<1 -
11
-
-
<1
<1 <1
<1 <1
12
11 11 44 56 22 33
22 11 11 11 11 11 33 33 22 33 33
89
56 11 11 11
11 33 33 33
ɉ. (%)
250
3 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Securigera varia (L.) Lassen Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Convallaria majalis L. Chenopodium album L. Fragaria vesca L. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Achillea millefolium L. Geranium sanguineum L. Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin. Poa pratensis L. Melica nutuns L. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Viola hirta L. Artemisia campestris L. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. Ajuga genevensis L. Equisetum hyemale L. Sonchus arvensis L. Euphorbia esula L. Carex praecox Schreb. Stellaria graminea L. Asparagus officinalis L. Viola canina L. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Hieracium umbellatum L. Sisymbrium loeselii L. Galium verum L.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 12.
<1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
6 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
7 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
47 5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
36 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
34 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
37 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
11 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
12
22 56 56 22 67 56 78 44 44 22 33 67 33 44 22 78 44 22 22 22 22 22 22 56 11 67 67 33 22 22 22
ɉ. (%)
251
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Dactylis glomerata L. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench Tanacetum vulgare L. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Echinops ritro L. subsp. mejeri (DC.) Kožucharov = E. mejeri (DC.) Iljin Orthilia secunda (L.) House Solidago virgaurea L. Thalictrum minus L. Viola arvensis Murr. Artemisia austriaca Jacq. Barbarea stricta Andrz. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth Campanula bononiensis L. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.Barton Chondrilla graminea Bieb. Dianthus borbasii Vandas Gypsophila paniculata L. Hieracium pilosella L. Hypericum perforatum L. Potentilla argentea L. Potentilla arenaria Borkh. Scorzonera purpurea L. Sedum acre L. Senecio jacobea L. Silene nutans L. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Verbascum orientale (L.) All. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp in B S G
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 12.
-
-
6
-
3
-
-
7
-
-
47
<1
<1
<1 -
34
-
-
36
-
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
37
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
<1 <1
11
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1
12
22
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
22 22 11 11 11 11 22 22
ɉ. (%)
252
253
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Quercus robur L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer negundo L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Acer platanoides L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Frangula alnus Mill. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Rhamnus cathartica L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Chelidonium majus L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Nevski Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Galium aparine L. Geum urbanum L. Poa pratensis L. Achillea millefolium L. Campanula bononiensis L. Carex praecox Schreb. Convallaria majalis L. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Galium verum L. Melica nutans L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Viola canina L. Viola hirta L. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Cynoglossum officinale L. Fragaria vesca L. Geranium sanguineum L. Glechoma hederacea L. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Poa nemiralis L. Sisymbrium loeselii L. Trifolium pratense L. Urtica dioica L.
15 400 6 ɘɁ 9ɋ1Ⱦ 0,7 23
5 400 2 ɋɁ 9ɋ1Ⱦ 0,4 23
60 7
35 3
1 2 -
1 1
2 5 2 -
2 1
<1 25 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1
254
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis] ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Betula pendula Roth Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Populus tremula L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Poa pratensis L. Poa nemoralis L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Achillea millefolium L. Artemisia campestris L. Asparagus officinalis L. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Carex praecox Schreb. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. Dactylis glomerata L. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Equisetum hyemale L. Euphorbia esula L. Galium verum L. Hieracium umbellatum L. Hypericum perforatum L. Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke Hylotelephium maximum (L.) Holub Sonchus arvensis L. Stellaria graminea L. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Vicia cracca L. Viola canina L. Ɇɨɯɨɜɨ-ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.
38 400 9ɋ1Ȼɟɪ+Ɉɫ 0,5 30 40 7 3 <1 <1 1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Ulmus scabra Mill. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Acer negundo L. Acer platanoides L.
13 400 10ɋ+ȼɹɡ 0,4 23 35 3 1 1
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Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 15. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Caragana arborescens Lam. Rhamnus cathartica L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Chelidonium majus L. Arctium nemorosum Lej. Carex praecox Schreb. Convallaria majalis L. Dactylis glomerata L. Fragaria vesca L. Galium boreale L. Glechoma hederacea L. Heracleum sibiricum L. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench Poa nemoralis L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Saponaria officinalis L. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Urtica dioica L.
13 1 1 5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 16. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris L. – [Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine] ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Populus tremula L. Acer platanoides L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Rhamnus cathartica L. Lonicera xylosteum L. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Galium aparine L. Chelidonium majus L. Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Convallaria majalis L. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Solanum dulcomara L. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch Poa nemoralis L. Viola canina L. Urtica dioica L. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Rubus caesius L. Veronica chamaedrys L. Carex praecox Schreb.
31 400 10ɋ 0,45 21 40 2 2 1 <1 <1 5 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
256
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 17. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] ɇɨɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɦ2) Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ (ɝɪɚɞɭɫɵ) ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɬɨɹ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 1-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Pinus sylvestris L. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. 2-ɣ ɩɨɞɴɹɪɭɫ. Populus tremula L. Betula pendula Roth Sorbus aucuparia L. Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woáoszcz.) Klásková Caragana arborescens Lam. Cerasus fruticosa Pall. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ. Poa pratensis L. Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Artemisia campestris L. Achillea millefolium L. Trifolium medium L. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Poa nemoralis L. Centaurea sumensis Kalen. Galium verum L. Fragaria vesca L. Viola canina L. Chelidonium majus L. Asparagus officinalis L. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Ajuga genevensis L. Sisymbrium loeselii L. Solanum dulcomara L. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Pyrethrum corymbosum (L.) Scop. Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Tanacetum vulgare L. Cynoglossum officinale L. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. Steris viscaria (L.) Rafin. Hylotelephium stepposum (Boriss.) Tzvel. Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. Potentilla argentea L. Sonchus arvensis L. Hieracium umbellatum L. Geranium sanguineum L. Convallaria majalis L. Pimpinella saxifraga L.
32 400 10ɋ+Ȼɟɪ 0,4 34
40 400 12 ɘɁ 10ɋ 0,55 26
36
52
1 2 1
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2 3 3 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 -
3 5 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ: Ɋɹɞ1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ1; Ɋɹɞ2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ2; Ɋɹɞ3 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ3; Ɋɹɞ4 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ5; Ɋɹɞ5 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ8; Ɋɹɞ6 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ9 Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ15; Ɋɹɞ2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ12; Ɋɹɞ3 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ10; Ɋɹɞ4 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ22; Ɋɹɞ5 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ23; Ɋɹɞ6 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ24
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Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ3 (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ); Ɋɹɞ4 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ4 (ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ); Ɋɹɞ3 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ42 (ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ); Ɋɹɞ4 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ (ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ) Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ1 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ18; Ɋɹɞ2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ17; Ɋɹɞ3 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ19; Ɋɹɞ4 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ21
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Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 5. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ɋɹɞ1 – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ (ɩɨ 25 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ); Ɋɹɞ2 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ27; Ɋɹɞ3 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ28; Ɋɹɞ4 – ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ30 Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ, 0.1 ɦɦ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
87
81
19
19
75
19
69
63
19
57
19
51
19
19
45
19
39
33
19
27
19
21
19
19
15
19
09
03
19
97
19
91
18
18
85
18
79
18
18
73
0
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 6. ɋɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: – – – – ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ1; –––––– ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 5-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ7; ŷ ŷ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ4; ŷŷ ŷŷ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ8; ___ ___ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ9; ŷŷ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ35; ŷ ƒ ƒ ŷ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ47; ……… ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ 3-ɥɟɬɢɹɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 47 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ
260
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4. ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
Ʉɨɷɮ. ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
Ʉɨɷɮ. ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.21 0.12 0.13 0.14
10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10
0.18 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.19
6 10 6 5 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0.20 0.23 0.23 0.17 0.33 0.21 0.27 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.25 0.21 0.23 0.25
15 15 15 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 15
0.13 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.30 0.28 0.33
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10
1986)
ʋ ɩɪɨɛɄɨɷɮ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɧɨɜ ɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ 13 0.18 10 23 14 0.18 4 24 15 0.16 10 27 16 0.18 10 28 17 0.18 10 30 18 0.16 9 19 0.13 10 20 0.15 10 21 0.16 10 22 0.16 10 Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ 17 0.25 15 33 18 0.20 15 34 19 0.20 15 35 20 0.21 15 36 21 0.23 15 37 22 0.25 15 38 23 0.25 15 39 24 0.18 15 40 25 0.18 20 41 26 0.21 15 42 27 0.20 15 43 28 0.20 15 44 29 0.21 15 45 30 0.28 15 46 31 0.15 15 47 32 0.19 15
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɒɤɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ ɋ.Ƚ. ɒɢɹɬɨɜɭ,
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, % 45-56 57-67 68-78 79-89 90-100
ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
261
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ 119 ɥɟɬ (ɜ %) ʋ ʋ ɩ.ɩ.
3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30
100
110 111 112
34 47 47 43 47 47 48 50 35 46 42 37 35 45 42 50 46 44 41 52 32 41 46 36 36 35 34
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
20
20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30
100
110 111 112
38 44 42 36 35 42 47 38 31 35
15
16
17
18
19
100
37 36 32 31 36 34 39 41 43 43 36 26 48 30 37 36 30 33 36 35 39 38 42 36 30 30
100
42 36 53 38 44 49 41 51 38 52 42 45 46 53 44 42 40 46 49 42 48 50 36 36 36
100
40 43 40 52 44 44 40 42 50 38 48 45 41 53 47 47 52 40 46 43 42 37 45 36
100
34 40 35 33 32 36 35 39 41 35 40 40 35 40 30 41 39 39 42 35 32 42 32
100
42 42 49 34 48 43 52 38 42 47 47 43 41 48 47 47 47 46 46 36 36 31
100
42 44 43 47 45 42 40 42 45 48 42 44 54 52 42 42 47 37 37 38 36
100
38 42 47 41 45 42 42 40 46 49 40 43 42 48 42 41 39 35 41 36
100
42 48 36 48 46 50 44 48 42 42 41 50 46 42 51 47 36 39 34
100
27
28
30
110
111
44 40 43 40 50 40 46 43 36 45 38 33 39 44 36 32 33 35
100
43 52 40 56 43 53 42 45 46 53 40 42 46 49 42 37 38
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ʋ ʋ ɩ.ɩ.
14
21
22
23
24
112
100
47 49 42 38 46 44 32 38 36
100
54 39 51 42 47 30 40 30
100
36 36 49 40 43 42 40
100
35 42 47 42 41 36
100
37 36 37 42 32
100
52 36 29 32
100
48 37 30
100
39 32
100
40
100
100
36 41 48 35 40 45 39 47 46 43 35 47 48 36 36 28
100
43 47 46 54 44 47 43 47 53 41 53 53 45 44 30
100
42 45 43 39 43 43 39 44 37 47 42 37 42 33
100
43 46 46 47 51 51 38 42 48 43 38 37 31
100
36 43 39 38 46 47 30 38 44 43 39 36
100
40 47 41 44 39 43 57 45 30 37 28
262
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 30 ɥɟɬ (ɜ %) ʋ ʋ ɩ.ɩ.
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
100
113
48 34 38 31 28 38 45 48 55 34 34 38 52 48 41 41 34 31 45 41 38 48 52 28 45 34 41 38 31 52 45 45 31 38 34 21 41 34 52 44 59 48 38 41 45 34 45
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
100
48 52 28 34 41 52 45 41 38 41 38 41 38 41 45 52 41 41 48 62 48 34 52 38 38 34 52 38 45 45 28 45 34 52 41 34 45 48 45 48 41 24 48 34 31 62
100
55 59 31 52 34 45 52 55 48 38 52 28 38 45 52 52 62 41 48 41 34 34 38 34 38 48 48 31 48 17 48 31 48 52 52 42 34 59 38 41 52 55 31 41 28
100
55 31 48 34 41 52 59 28 38 52 41 41 41 52 59 41 55 41 41 45 41 38 31 52 48 48 31 45 28 38 24 31 59 48 48 59 41 34 48 34 55 48 48 38
100
45 41 55 41 52 45 34 55 48 55 55 55 62 59 55 55 48 55 52 17 34 45 59 45 48 48 41 28 59 48 45 45 41 45 45 41 28 41 52 48 41 55 41
100
31 45 41 31 48 41 41 38 38 34 48 38 48 38 28 31 45 38 48 34 48 48 28 38 24 31 34 41 41 48 41 38 48 28 28 28 28 48 28 28 45 48
100
41 52 48 38 55 45 34 28 45 41 48 38 48 41 48 45 45 31 38 24 31 38 45 41 34 28 45 34 28 48 34 28 45 28 38 38 55 52 24 24 45
100
45 48 38 52 55 34 55 59 59 55 45 59 45 55 55 59 34 45 48 48 48 38 59 59 24 41 55 41 38 34 45 52 38 28 31 45 41 31 48 62
100
55 48 48 38 48 48 41 55 59 38 45 38 55 59 52 38 31 41 31 34 38 48 59 38 31 34 38 41 45 38 31 41 48 52 41 45 48 41 45
100
59 48 62 48 52 55 62 66 52 62 62 55 52 66 31 34 48 52 59 41 41 62 28 41 28 41 69 48 45 55 34 48 62 52 52 48 48 52
100
38 45 41 45 41 45 62 59 48 55 48 48 38 41 28 55 45 41 41 24 55 41 41 24 38 62 48 52 38 34 41 48 62 48 31 45 41
100
45 41 38 52 52 59 38 38 45 38 55 62 38 34 41 34 31 38 41 41 28 31 45 48 52 41 41 41 45 45 41 41 41 34 34 45
100
38 52 59 55 59 45 55 62 62 45 69 34 41 52 55 52 48 48 52 38 45 31 48 52 59 52 59 34 31 45 34 45 41 45 62
100
55 45 48 34 48 45 55 45 48 45 45 38 24 55 45 41 34 41 34 38 55 34 41 38 41 45 59 45 45 48 59 52 38 55
100
62 52 45 45 45 55 41 52 55 31 28 52 52 55 38 48 55 38 38 52 45 41 34 55 55 38 45 31 52 38 38 48 62
100
66 59 55 55 62 59 45 59 31 38 45 45 48 31 59 41 28 34 52 45 48 28 38 55 28 31 24 52 41 34 48 55
100
76 55 66 72 59 62 69 28 48 38 55 38 34 59 52 28 55 48 45 52 41 45 48 48 38 38 55 48 48 48 59
263
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. ʋ ɩ.ɩ.
18
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
100
113
59 59 59 52 66 55 34 38 55 45 45 31 52 62 28 48 41 62 59 38 45 48 38 34 55 45 52 41 55 48
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
100
45 62 45 62 48 34 41 41 59 41 45 31 45 34 48 48 59 55 45 52 59 48 38 52 59 41 34 66 45
100
59 55 52 45 38 41 45 59 55 45 45 52 24 45 41 55 45 45 52 38 48 31 34 48 45 28 38 59
100
59 48 62 38 41 34 62 52 38 59 55 38 59 38 48 55 45 45 59 41 38 41 41 48 52 41 62
100
52 55 31 28 45 34 48 41 55 45 21 45 48 45 34 41 31 48 48 31 31 41 59 45 38 66
100
41 55 45 45 45 34 45 45 59 24 34 59 66 48 38 55 45 66 48 52 55 38 45 59 69
100
24 34 45 41 34 34 55 48 28 34 48 45 45 52 48 59 41 59 45 45 59 48 38 55
100
45 34 34 45 45 24 55 31 28 41 48 28 31 45 24 31 31 34 24 31 31 45 52
100
28 48 38 38 38 41 52 41 45 48 55 62 45 48 38 34 48 41 28 38 45 31
100
31 45 38 31 45 34 41 31 45 52 31 52 45 24 28 41 52 31 34 52 48
100
52 52 41 41 45 48 41 55 52 48 55 45 41 28 52 41 38 38 45 45
100
52 41 62 31 52 34 48 45 38 48 45 34 24 52 38 38 31 59 52
100
24 34 17 38 34 48 31 55 48 38 55 34 41 34 34 41 48 45
100
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
113
45 38 31 52 34 34 34 24 48 34 31 48 34 38 52 38 45
100
38 38 34 55 48 45 41 41 38 45 52 45 45 38 55 45
100
38 41 34 45 48 41 38 28 38 45 21 34 45 41 24
100
41 38 55 41 45 48 34 24 48 45 45 38 52 45
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. ʋ ʋ ɩ.ɩ.
35
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
100
113
45 24 31 38 34 48 41 34 48 41 34 45 52
36
37
38
39
100
34 38 55 31 52 45 48 31 31 28 48 48
100
45 45 69 28 28 55 55 52 41 48 48
100
52 41 52 52 59 21 38 45 41 21
100
34 41 45 45 41 38 28 55 52
100
31 41 52 41 55 48 45 59
100
52 48 45 41 45 41 45
100
52 41 41 38 34 38
100
34 41 38 41 34
100
34 31 48 48
100
38 28 48
100
45 45
100
41
100
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 4.: 59 – ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ; 69 – ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ.
264
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
1773 ɝ. 1793 ɝ. 1817 ɝ. 1862 ɝ. 1891 ɝ. 1892 ɝ. 1869 ɝ. 1890 ɝ. 1891 ɝ. 1892 ɝ. 1897 ɝ. 1891 ɝ. 1892 ɝ. 1897 ɝ. 1792 ɝ. 1794 ɝ. 1816 ɝ. 1817 ɝ. 1833 ɝ. 1850 ɝ. 1851 ɝ. 1853 ɝ. 1862 ɝ. 1792 ɝ. 1794 ɝ. 1816 ɝ. 1817 ɝ. 1833 ɝ. 1850 ɝ. 1853 ɝ. 1862 ɝ. 1869 ɝ. 1885 ɝ. 1890 ɝ. 1890 ɝ. 1891 ɝ. 1892 ɝ.
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa ʋ18 1896 ɝ. ʋ18 1911 ɝ. ʋ18 ʋ18 1897 ɝ. ʋ18 1921 ɝ. ʋ18 ʋ18 1899 ɝ. ʋ18 1933 ɝ. ʋ18 ʋ18 1900 ɝ. ʋ18 1934 ɝ. ʋ18 ʋ18 1902 ɝ. ʋ18 1948 ɝ. ʋ18 ʋ18 1906 ɝ. ʋ18 1972 ɝ. ʋ18 Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum ʋ5 1901 ɝ. ʋ5 1921 ɝ. ʋ5 ʋ5 1902 ɝ. ʋ5 1933 ɝ. ʋ5 ʋ5 1906 ɝ. ʋ5 1934 ɝ. ʋ5 ʋ5 1911 ɝ. ʋ5 1948 ɝ. ʋ5 ʋ5 1912 ɝ. ʋ5 Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans ʋ20 1898 ɝ. ʋ20 1912 ɝ. ʋ20 ʋ20 1901 ɝ. ʋ20 1951 ɝ. ʋ20 ʋ20 1911 ɝ. ʋ20 Pinus sylvestris – [Arctostaphylos uva ursi + Artemisia sericea + Brachypodium pinnatum] ʋ112 1869 ɝ. ʋ4 1905 ɝ. ʋ112 ʋ112 1885 ɝ. ʋ112 1911 ɝ. ʋ112 ʋ4; ʋ112 1890 ɝ. ʋ4 1921 ɝ. ʋ4 ʋ112 1891 ɝ. ʋ4; ʋ112 1933 ɝ. ʋ112 ʋ4 1892 ɝ. ʋ112 1934 ɝ. ʋ4 ʋ112 1897 ɝ. ʋ4; ʋ112 1948 ɝ. ʋ112 ʋ4 1898 ɝ. ʋ4; ʋ112 1963 ɝ. ʋ4; ʋ112 ʋ4 1899 ɝ. ʋ4; ʋ112 1972 ɝ. ʋ4 ʋ4 1900 ɝ. ʋ4 1975 ɝ. ʋ112 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ Pinus sylvestris – Corylus avellana + Euonymus verrucosa ʋ17 1891 ɝ. ʋ8 1912 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 ʋ17 1896 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 1921 ɝ. ʋ8 ʋ17 1897 ɝ. ʋ8 1933 ɝ. ʋ17 ʋ21 1898 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 1934 ɝ. ʋ8 ʋ17 1899 ɝ. ʋ21 1948 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 ʋ17 1900 ɝ. ʋ17 1964 ɝ. ʋ21 ʋ17, ʋ21 1901 ɝ. ʋ8 1965 ɝ. ʋ17 ʋ17, ʋ21 1902 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 1972 ɝ. ʋ17, ʋ21 ʋ17, ʋ21 1905 ɝ. ʋ17, ʋ21 1975 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17, ʋ21 ʋ17 1906 ɝ. ʋ8 ʋ17 1911 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Corylus avellana ʋ28 1911 ɝ. ʋ28 1962 ɝ. ʋ28 ʋ28 1912 ɝ. ʋ28 1972 ɝ. ʋ28 ʋ28 1921 ɝ. ʋ28 1975 ɝ. ʋ28
265
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ Pinus sylvestris + Acer platanoides – Caragana frutex – Lazer trilobum 1793 ɝ. ʋ3 1899 ɝ. ʋ3 1933 ɝ. ʋ3 1833 ɝ. ʋ3 1900 ɝ. ʋ10 1934 ɝ. ʋ3, ʋ10 1869 ɝ. ʋ10 1905 ɝ. ʋ3, ʋ10 1962 ɝ. ʋ3, ʋ10 1885 ɝ. ʋ10 1906 ɝ. ʋ10 1972 ɝ. ʋ3, ʋ10 1891 ɝ. ʋ3, ʋ10 1911 ɝ. ʋ3 1975 ɝ. ʋ3, ʋ10 1892 ɝ. ʋ3 1912 ɝ. ʋ10 1896 ɝ. ʋ10 1921 ɝ. ʋ3 Pinus sylvestris – Caragana frutex – Artemisia sericea + Carduus nutans 1816 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ12 1896 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ12, ʋ14 1921 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ13 1817 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ12, ʋ13 1897 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ12, ʋ14 1934 ɝ. ʋ12, ʋ13 1833 ɝ. ʋ12, ʋ13 1898 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ13 1948 ɝ. ʋ13, ʋ14 1850 ɝ. ʋ7 1899 ɝ. ʋ7 1951 ɝ. ʋ12 1853 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ13 1900 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ12, ʋ13, ʋ14 1962 ɝ. ʋ7 1862 ɝ. ʋ13, ʋ14 1901 ɝ. ʋ7 1963 ɝ. ʋ7 1869 ɝ. ʋ13, ʋ14 1902 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ7 1964 ɝ. ʋ14 1880 ɝ. ʋ12 1905 ɝ. ʋ7 1965 ɝ. ʋ13, ʋ14 1890 ɝ. ʋ13, ʋ14 1906 ɝ. ʋ13, ʋ14 1972 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ7, ʋ12, ʋ14 1891 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ12, ʋ13 1911 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ13 1975 ɝ. ʋ7, ʋ12, ʋ13 1892 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ7, ʋ12 1912 ɝ. ʋ12, ʋ14 Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa 1816 ɝ. ʋ27 1891 ɝ. ʋ24 1906 ɝ. ʋ24 1817 ɝ. ʋ27 1892 ɝ. ʋ27 1921 ɝ. ʋ24, ʋ27 1850 ɝ. ʋ27 1896 ɝ. ʋ27 1933 ɝ. ʋ27 1851 ɝ. ʋ24 1897 ɝ. ʋ27 1934 ɝ. ʋ27 1853 ɝ. ʋ27 1898 ɝ. ʋ24, ʋ27 1948 ɝ. ʋ27 Pinus sylvestris – Euonymus verrucosa – [Timmia austriaca (T. bavarica) + Anomodon longifolius + Brachythecium velutinum] 1851 ɝ. ʋ111 1896 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ110, ʋ111 1912 ɝ. ʋ9 1853 ɝ. ʋ111 1897 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ110 1921 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ111 1862 ɝ. ʋ111 1898 ɝ. ʋ110, ʋ111 1933 ɝ. ʋ111 1869 ɝ. ʋ111 1899 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ111 1934 ɝ. ʋ9 1880 ɝ. ʋ111 1900 ɝ. ʋ110 1963 ɝ. ʋ9 1885 ɝ. ʋ110 1901 ɝ. ʋ110, ʋ111 1972 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ111 1889 ɝ. ʋ9 1902 ɝ. ʋ9 1975 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ111 1890 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ110 1905 ɝ. ʋ110, ʋ111 1891 ɝ. ʋ110 1911 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ110, ʋ111 Pinus sylvestris + Tilia cordata + Acer platanoides – Euonymus verrucosa 1794 ɝ. ʋ16 1892 ɝ. ʋ23 1911 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19 1817 ɝ. ʋ16 1896 ɝ. ʋ16, ʋ12, ʋ14 1912 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ30 1833 ɝ. ʋ23, ʋ30 1897 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ30 1921 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19, ʋ22, ʋ30 1850 ɝ. ʋ19 1898 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ15, ʋ19, ʋ23, ʋ30 1851 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ16, ʋ30 1933 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16 1853 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ19, ʋ23, ʋ30 1899 ɝ. ʋ16, ʋ19, ʋ22, ʋ23 1934 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ16, ʋ19, ʋ22 1862 ɝ. ʋ23 1900 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ19 1948 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19, ʋ30 1869 ɝ. ʋ23, ʋ30 1901 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ15, ʋ19 1951 ɝ. ʋ22 1885 ɝ. ʋ23 1902 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19, 1962 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ19 ʋ23, ʋ30 1889 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ16, ʋ23 1963 ɝ. ʋ19 1890 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ19, ʋ22, ʋ30 1905 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ16, ʋ23 1972 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19 1891 ɝ. ʋ11, ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19 1906 ɝ. ʋ30 1975 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ16, ʋ19, ʋ23
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Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
1862 ɝ. 1869 ɝ. 1885 ɝ. 1889 ɝ. 1890 ɝ.
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
ʋ24, ʋ27 ʋ27 ʋ27 ʋ27 ʋ27
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Euonymus verrucosa 1899 ɝ. ʋ27 1951 ɝ. 1900 ɝ. ʋ27 1972 ɝ. 1901 ɝ. ʋ27 1975 ɝ. 1902 ɝ. ʋ27 1905 ɝ. ʋ24
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
ʋ27 ʋ24, ʋ27 ʋ24, ʋ27
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
1889 ɝ. 1897 ɝ. 1899 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1962 ɝ. 1948 ɝ. 1951 ɝ. 1964 ɝ. 1965 ɝ. 1933 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1948 ɝ. 1951 ɝ. 1963 ɝ. 1911 ɝ. 1912 ɝ. 1921 ɝ. 1933 ɝ. 1921 ɝ. 1921 ɝ. 1933 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1948 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1948 ɝ. 1951 ɝ.
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ɉɨɜɨ(ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ) (ɉɨɜɨ- (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ) ɥɠɶɟ) ɥɠɶɟ) ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine ʋ113 1921 ɝ. ʋ113 1951 ɝ. ʋ113 ʋ113 1933 ɝ. ʋ113 1972 ɝ. ʋ113 ʋ113 1934 ɝ. ʋ113 1975 ɝ. ʋ113 Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris ʋ1 1972 ɝ. ʋ1 Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Poa nemoralis] ʋ38 Pinus sylvestris + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum ʋ7 1962 ɝ. ʋ7 1972 ɝ. ʋ47 ʋ7, ʋ47 1964 ɝ. ʋ7 1975 ɝ. ʋ7 Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus ʋ20 1972 ɝ. ʋ20, ʋ24 ʋ20 1975 ɝ. ʋ20 Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] ʋ10 1963 ɝ. ʋ16, ʋ26, ʋ46 1975 ɝ. ʋ16, ʋ26 ʋ46 1965 ɝ. ʋ10 ʋ10, ʋ46 1972 ɝ. ʋ10, ʋ16, ʋ26 Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] ʋ32 1964 ɝ. ʋ32 1972 ɝ. ʋ32 ʋ32 1965 ɝ. ʋ32 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ Pinus sylvestris + Quercus robur – Chelidonium majus ʋ15 1934 ɝ. ʋ15 1972 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ5 ʋ15 1948 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ5 1975 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ5 ʋ15 1951 ɝ. ʋ15, ʋ5 ʋ15 1965 ɝ. ʋ15 Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] ʋ9, ʋ44 1951 ɝ. ʋ14, ʋ22, ʋ35 1972 ɝ. ʋ28, ʋ30, ʋ35, ʋ39 ʋ9 1963 ɝ. ʋ28, ʋ33 1975 ɝ. ʋ14, ʋ21, ʋ22, ʋ28, ʋ30, ʋ35 ʋ9 1964 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ22, ʋ35, ʋ39, ʋ44 ʋ33 ʋ14, ʋ22 1965 ɝ. ʋ9, ʋ33 Pinus sylvestris L. + Populus tremula – Hylotelephium stepposum ʋ6 1962 ɝ. ʋ12, ʋ37 1972 ɝ. ʋ6, ʋ36 ʋ11 1963 ɝ. ʋ34, ʋ36 1975 ɝ. ʋ36 ʋ11, ʋ12 1965 ɝ. ʋ34, ʋ36
267
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ (ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ)
1921 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1935 ɝ. 1951 ɝ.
ʋ25 ʋ25 ʋ25 ʋ25
ʋ25 ʋ18
1965 ɝ.
ʋ43
1948 ɝ.
ʋ40
1911 ɝ. 1933 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1948 ɝ. 1880 ɝ. 1889 ɝ. 1891 ɝ. 1896 ɝ. 1898 ɝ. 1951 ɝ. 1948 ɝ. 1962 ɝ. 1934 ɝ. 1963 ɝ.
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɡɚɫɭɯɢ (ɉɨɜɨ(ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ) (ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ) ɥɠɶɟ) ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus 1962 ɝ. ʋ25 1972 ɝ. 1963 ɝ. ʋ25 1975 ɝ. 1964 ɝ. ʋ25 1965 ɝ. ʋ25 Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris
Pinus sylvestris – [Poa pratensis + Elytrigia repens + Carex supina] 1951 ɝ. ʋ40 1975 ɝ. ʋ40 ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ Pinus sylvestris – Chelidonium majus ʋ4 1951 ɝ. ʋ8 1965 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ29 ʋ4 1962 ɝ. ʋ4, ʋ17, ʋ23 1972 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ29 ʋ4 1963 ɝ. ʋ4, ʋ8, ʋ23 1975 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ17 ʋ29 1964 ɝ. ʋ8, ʋ29 Pinus sylvestris + Betula pendula – Artemisia campestris ʋ42 1906 ɝ. ʋ42 1948 ɝ. ʋ42, ʋ45 ʋ42 1911 ɝ. ʋ42 1951 ɝ. ʋ42 ʋ42 1912 ɝ. ʋ42 1964 ɝ. ʋ41, ʋ45 ʋ42 1921 ɝ. ʋ42 1965 ɝ. ʋ42, ʋ45 ʋ42 1933 ɝ. ʋ42 1975 ɝ. ʋ45 Pinus sylvestris – [Viola canina + Polygonatum odoratum + Asparagus officinalis] ʋ27 1962 ɝ. ʋ27 1972 ɝ. ʋ27 Pinus sylvestris + Ulmus scabra – Chelidonium majus ʋ13 1972 ɝ. ʋ13 ʋ13 1975 ɝ. ʋ13 Pinus sylvestris – Pteridium aquilinum + Galium aparine ʋ31 1964 ɝ. ʋ31 1975 ɝ. ʋ31 ʋ31 1972 ɝ. ʋ31
268
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 6. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 7 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 12 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
269
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 16 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ʋ 17 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ
270
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 7. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ [Y(x)] ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x) Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
4 112
3 5 8 11 14 15 16 19 21 24 28
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɝɨɪ 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 12.9 + 0.006x6 + 0.006x7 – 0.002x9 + 0.006x10 – 0.002x12 y = 13.8 – 0.75x1 – 0.12x2 – 0.106x3 – 0.128x4 + 0.042x5 – 0.215x6 – 0.001x7 – 0.004x8 + 0.0003x9 + 0.018x10 + 0.38x11 + 0.008x12 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɪ 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 4.68 – 0.128x1 – 0.166x7 + 0.019x8 – 0.279x9 + 0.004x10 + 0.002x12 y = 5.36 + 0.024x5 + 0.035x7 + 0.444x8 + 0.007x9 – 0.001x10 y = -4.88 + 0.226x1 – 0.234x3 + 0.021x5 + 0.705x6 + 0.549x7 + 0.433x8 + 0.18x9 + 0.004x10 + 0.523x12 y = 23.2 – 0.959x1 + 0.022x2 – 1.54x3 + 0.262x5 + 0.698x6 + 0.203x7 + 0.3x8 + 0.114x9 + 0.04x10 + 0.079x11 + 0.416x12 y = 19 + 0.373x1 + 0.156x2 – 1.02x4 + 0.076x7 – 0.002x8 + 0.014x9 + 0.023x10 + 0.03x11 + 0.0002x12 y = 219 – 0.824x1 – 1.01x3 + 0.015x7 + 0.093x9 + 0.049x10 y = 13.6 + 0.216x1 + 0.15x2 + 0.229x4 + 0.003x7 + 0.001x8 + 0.075x9 + 0.047x10 + 0.386x12 y = 13.9 – 0.911x1 – 0.005x2 – 0.596x3 + 0.41x4 + 0.015x5 + 0.306x6 – 0.675x7 – 0.004x8 – 0.002x9 + 0.592x10 + 0.174x11 – 0.01x12 y = 10.6 + 0.026x2 + 0.068x5 + 0.007x6 – 0.058x7 – 0.002x8 + 0.557x9 + 0.496x10 – 0.018x12 y = 15 – 0.937x1 + 0.014x3 – 0.456x4 + 0.447x6 – 0.001x7 – 0.021x8 + 0.826x9 + 0.133x10 – 0.011x12 y = 33.6 – 1.79x1 – 0.1x2 – 1.9x3 + 1.3x4 + 0.236x6 – 0.447x7 + 0.98x8 + 0.036x9 + 0.046x10 – 0.003x11 + 0.433x12
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 1. Y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.).
271
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
10 113
1 16 32 38 47 46
40
9 11 14 15 22 28 34 35 36 44
6 25 33 39
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ȼɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = -1.29 – 0.792x1 + 0.565x2 + 0.23x3 – 0.111x4 + 0.901x6 + 0.769x7 + 0.05x8 + 0.019x9 + 0.038x10 + 0.488x12 y = 6.99 – 1.22x1 – 0.147x2 + 0.135x3 – 0.177x4 + 0.01x5 + 0.852x6 + 0.323x7 + 0.156x8 + 0.085x9 + 0.489x10 + 0.043x11 + 0.008x12 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 1.85 + 0.139x2 – 0.245x4 + 1.22x6 + 0.175x7 – 0.706x8 + 0.016x9 + 0.065x10 – 0.024x12 y = 17.4 + 0.282x2 – 0.362x6 + 0.029x7 – 0.062x8 – 0.199x9 + 0.187x10 – 0.004x12 y = 2.75 + 0.018x2 + 0.367x7 – 0.215x8 + 0.51x9 + 0.171x10 + 0.683x12 y = 4.88 + 0.558x1 + 1.2x4 + 0.168x7 – 0.004x8 + 0.141x9 – 0.101x10 – 0.008x12 y = 11.3 + 0.812x1 + 0.207x7 + 0.772x8 – 0.002x9 – 0.002x10 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 1.88 – 1.44x1 – 0.181x2 – 0.219x3 + 0.265x4 + 1.16x6 + 0.064x7 + 0.574x8 + 0.011x9 + 0.027x10 + 0.046x11 + 0.0004x12 ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɞɸɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɣ 1-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 12.6 – 0.644x1 – 0.798x3 + 0.469x4 + 0.769x7 + 0.469x8 + 0.372x9 + 0.001x10 + 0.02x12 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 7.67 – 0.565x1 – 0.264x2 + 0.2x3 – 0.458x4 + 0.361x6 – 0.003x7 + 0.001x8 + 0.305x9 – 0.019x10 + 0.411x11 + 0.15x12 y = 30.6 – 2.73x1 + 0.127x2 – 1.8x3 + 1.78x4 + 0.736x6 – 0.003x7 – 0.013x8 + 0.038x9 + 0.028x10 + 0.039x11 + 0.334x12 y = 0.791 – 2.02x1 – 0.509x2 + 2.09x3 – 1.84x4 + 1.43x6 + 0.021x7 + 0.011x8 + 0.236x9 – 0.178x10 + 0.12x11 + 0.123x12 y = -2.15 – 0.472x1 – 0.152x2– 0.467x3 + 0.599x4 + 0.601x6 + 0.266x7 + 0.001x8 + 0.041x9 + 0.245x10 – 0.084x12 y = 17.2 – 3.55x1 – 0.732x2 + 4.39x3 – 3.75x4 + 0.291x5 + 0.019x7 – 0.001x8 + 0.247x9 – 0.187x10 + 0.172x11 + 0.112x12 + 0.094x13 y = -11.3 + 0.797x6 + 0.141x7 + 0.165x8 + 0.191x9 – 0.198x10 + 0.64x12 y = 7.62 + 2.17x1 + 0.127x2 + 0.266x4 – 0.74x6 + 0.243x7 – 0.001x8 + 0.04x9 + 0.056x10 + 0.706x12 y = 17.9 – 0.71x1 – 0.199x2 – 1.5x3 + 1.33x4 + 0.264x6 + 0.503x7 – 0.005x8 + 0.456x9 – 0.004x10 + 0.873x11 + 0.002x12 y = -10.8 + 3.2x1 + 0.01x2 + 0.657x3 + 0.035x4 – 1.4x6 + 0.21x7 + 0.01x8 + 0.036x9 + 0.078x10 + 0.014x11 + 0.063x12 y = 19.4 – 0.812x1 – 0.126x2 + 0.014x7 + 0.103x8 + 0.338x9 – 0.002x10 + 0.116x12 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 13.1 – 0.597x1 – 0.156x2– 0.005x7 + 0.769x8 + 0.002x9 + 0.169x11 + 0.002x12 y = 6.35 – 0.94x1 – 0.218x2 + 0.33x3 – 0.292x4 + 0.52x6 – 0.001x7 + 0.743x8 + 0.019x9 + 0.024x10 – 0.009x11 + 0.002x12 y = 2.36 + 0.207x1 – 0.003x7 + 0.004x8 + 0.137x9 + 0.338x10 – 0.003x12 y = 8.54 – 1.13x1 – 0.467x2 – 0.228x3 + 0.117x4 + 0.652x6 – 0.005x7 + 0.391x8 + 0.048x9 + 0.068x10 + 0.842x12
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 38 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 42 ɝɨɞɚ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 47 ɥɟɬ 35 ɥɟɬ 40 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 45 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 39 ɥɟɬ
272
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 5.58 –1.19x1 – 0.001x2 + 0.109x3 + 0.198x4 + 0.5x6 – 0.008x7 + 0.312x8 + 0.059x9 – 0.006x11 – 0.094x12 y = -4.47 – 0.725x1 – 0.21x2 + 0.021x3 + 0.026x4 + 0.688x6 – 0.014x7 – 0.011x8 + 0.12x9 + 0.172x10 + 0.003x12 y = 64.2 – 0.513x2 + 0.058x7 – 0.116x8 + 0.114x9 – 0.224x10 + 0.017x12 y = 7.79 – 0.369x1 + 0.029x2 + 0.192x3 – 0.188x4 + 0.184x5 – 0.011x7 – 0.002x8 + 0.783x9 + 0.924x10 + 0.027x12 y = 7.62 – 0.762x1 + 0.012x2 – 0.232x3 + 0.118x4 + 0.43x6 + 0.252x7 + 0.002x8 + 0.05x9 + 0.133x10 + 0.354x11 – 0.004x12 y = -8.79 + 0.118x2 – 0.127x6 + 0.422x7 – 0.002x8 + 0.028x9 + 0.028x10 – 0.012x12 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = -2.57 + 0.441x1 + 0.26x7 – 0.001x8 + 0.533x9 + 0.005x10 – 0.005x11 + 0.005x12 ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ 3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = -2.57 + 0.441x1 + 0.26x7 – 0.001x8 + 0.533x9 + 0.005x10 – 0.005x11 + 0.005x12
4 8 19 31 42 45
27
27
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 30 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ
49 ɥɟɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 2. Y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x13 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɪ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 17 23
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
3-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 56.2 + 2.54x1 + 1.79x2 + 0.164x3 – 0.522x4 – 0.173x5 y = 58 + 5.38x1 + 0.494x4 – 1.65x5
49 ɥɟɬ 49 ɥɟɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. Y – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.).
273
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ʋ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
31
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ȼɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɸɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɯɨɥɦɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ 2-ɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ y = 76.4 + 4.75x1 + 1.62x3 – 1.45x4 + 0.139x7 – 0.117x8 – 0.263x9 + 0.182x10 + 0.019x12
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n)
49 ɥɟɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 4. Y – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɩɨ 28 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) y = 11.5 – 0.273x1 + 0.135x2 – 0.003x3 – 0.206x4 + 17.4x5 + 0.209x6 + 49 ɥɟɬ 0.223x7 – 0.116x8 – 0.001x9 + 0.601x10 + 0.391x11 – 0.551x12
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 5. Y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) Ʌɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɩɨ 48 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) y = 8.23 – 0.741x1 + 0.014x2 – 0.434x3 + 0.468x4 + 0.456x5 + 0.453x6 + 49 ɥɟɬ 0.0002x7 – 0.038x8 + 0.009x9 – 0.215x10 + 0.533x11 + 0.002x12
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 6. Y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.).
274
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (n) ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ (ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ) y = 12.1 – 0.495x1 + 0.302x2 – 0.287x3 + 168x4 + 0.11x5 + 0.176x6 + 0.924x7 49 ɥɟɬ – 0.005x8 – 0.002x9 + 0.043x10 – 0.001x11 + 0.0006x12
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 7. Y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ. Ɇɟɬɟɨɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɨ ȽɆɈ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ ɡɚ 49-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1952-2000 ɝɝ.).
275
Y(x) 1000
100
10
19 53 19 55 19 57 19 59 19 61 19 63 19 65 19 67 19 69 19 71 19 73 19 75 19 77 19 79 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91
1
Ƚɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ [Y(x)] ɨɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (x); ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: __ __ __ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, ŷŷŷŷ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ16 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, ŷ ŷ ŷ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ112 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ, _____ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ22 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ, _ _ _ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ113 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ; ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɢɫ. 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1. ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ: ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨ 76 ɩɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦ ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – y = 12.1 – 0.495x1 + 0.302x2 – 0.287x3 + 168x4 + 0.11x5 + 0.176x6 + 0.924x7 – 0.005x8 – 0.002x9 + 0.043x10 – 0.001x11 + 0.0006x12; ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ16 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ – y = 13.6 + 0.216x1 + 0.15x2 + 0.229x4 + 0.003x7 + 0.001x8 + 0.075x9 + 0.047x10 + 0.386x12; ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ112 ɜ ɀɢɝɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ – y = 13.8 – 0.75x1 – 0.12x2 – 0.106x3 – 0.128x4 + 0.042x5 – 0.215x6 – 0.001x7 – 0.004x8 + 0.0003x9 + 0.018x10 + 0.38x11 + 0.008x12; ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ22 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – y = 17.2 – 3.55x1 – 0.732x2 + 4.39x3 – 3.75x4 + 0.291x5 + 0.019x7 – 0.001x8 + 0.247x9 – 0.187x10 + 0.172x11 + 0.112x12 + 0.094x13; ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ113 ɜ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ Ɍɨɥɶɹɬɬɢ – y = 6.99 – 1.22x1 – 0.147x2 + 0.135x3 – 0.177x4 + 0.01x5 + 0.852x6 + 0.323x7 + 0.156x8 + 0.085x9 + 0.489x10 + 0.043x11 + 0.008x12, ɝɞɟ y – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ; x1 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x4 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x5 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x6 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x7 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ; x8 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɢɦɭ; x9 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; x10 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10oC; x11 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ; x12 – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɸɥɶ; x13 – ɱɢɫɥɚ ȼɨɥɶɮɚ