Методические указания по теме ''Город''

Министерство образования Российской Федерации

ОРЕНБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра иностранных языков инженерно-технических специальностей

А.Ю.Богомолова Г.В.Терехова

Методические указания по теме «Город»

Оренбург 2000

1

ББК81.2АНГЛ Я7 Б 74 УДК 802.0 : 20 ( 07 )

Методические указания по теме «Город» Содержание Введение ……………………………………………………………………..4 1 Текст I «A Few Facts From the History of Big Cities»…………………….5 2 Речевые ситуации по теме «Город»………………………………………8 3 Текст II «Washington» ………………………………………………..…..10 4 Текст III «Cambridge»…………………………………………………….11 5 Текст IV «Windsor» ……..……………………………………………….13 6 Текст V «London» ..………………………………………………………14 7 Текст VI «From the History of Moscow»…………………………………16 8 Текст VII «Sign Language» ………………………………………………19 9 Текст VIII «The Future»…………………………………………………..19 10 Текст IX «New life, new earth, new town»………………………………21 Список использованных источников………………………………………23 Приложение A Карта центра Вашингтона………………….……………..24 Приложение Б Карта центра Лондона……………………………………..25 Приложение В……………………………………………………………….26 Приложение Г……………………………………………………………….27

Введение Данные МУ предназначены для студентов I курса всех специальностей. Они включают в себя подборку текстов и упражнений к ним. Все тексты являются аутентичными; это позволит студентам развить и закрепить полученные в средней школе знания. Основная цель МУ заключается не только в том, что в процессе работы над предлагаемыми текстами студенты повторяют и закрепляют программный лексический и грамматический материал, а также в том, что в ряде случаев они учатся устанавливать точные соответствия между английскими и русскими понятиями. Таким образом, предлагаемая работа информирует, развивает и обучает студентов.

2

1 Текст I A Few Facts From the History of Big Cities 1.1 Learn to read the new words Julius Caesar The English Channel The Thames B.C. (Before Christ) A.D. (Anno-Domim, lat) The Romans Muscovite to invade to settle site to surround resident to replace brick to establish preliminary construction purpose to take over outlet to require effort to be in existence

- Юлий Цезарь - Ла-Манш - Темза - до Рождества Христова, до нашей эры - после Рождества Христова, нашей эры - римляне - москвич - вторгаться в, напасть на - (зд.) поселяться - (зд.) площадка, место - окружить - постоянный житель - заменить - кирпич, кирпичный - основать, учредить - предварительный - строительство - цель - (зд.) отвоевать - (зд.) выход - требовать - усилие - существовать

1.2 Read and translate the sentences with new words 1) I’m happy to say that the college founded a few years ago has grown into an important research center. 2) The hotel serves meals to residents only. 3) The old equipment was gradually replaced by the most up-to-date. 4) This is only a preliminary plan. 5) Most people learn foreign languages for practical purposes. 6) The reconstruction will require a lot of money and a great effort too. 7) Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established a long time ago. 8) The construction of the hospital will be financed by the state. 9) The site is surrounded by a thick forest.

3

1.3 Give the equivalents to the underlined words 1) The reconstruction of the factory takes a lot of money. 2) We’ll do out best to fulfill your order soon. 3) What ‘s the aim of your visit? Why are you bothering me? 4) The creation of the palace lasted several years. 5) The first trade contacts were set up between their corporations last year. 6) The town was built on a place which was famous for its location. 1.4 Read the text, pay attention to the following words [ ] inside similar exist existence

[ ]

[ ] land abbey magnificent establish gradual similarity

swampy forest

[ ] shore forming

1.5 Text I Read the text, translate it A Few Facts from the History of Big Cities London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. When Julius Caesar crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain as far as the Thames in the middle of the first century B.C., people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river. Like many other very old cities, London was never planned. It grew around two centers – a fort the Romans built on one bank of the Thаmes, and an abbey, founded later on the other bank. As time went by, the place round the Roman fort developed into the City of London the country’s business center, the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey. By the middle of the first century A.D. London had already been in existence for about a hundred years. Road leading to other towns had changed into streets market grounds became squares. At about the same time, in the year 1147, in a part of the world Londoners had never heard of, a town was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky on a site which he chose for its beauty and convenient in the middle of a magnificent forest, on the bank of a river called the Moskva. The river gave its name to the city which later, became the capital of the Russian state. When the first trade contacts were established between England and Russia, the English pronounced the name of the Russian capital their own way Muscovy. From this comes the modern Muscovite, a person living in Moscow. 4

Like London, Moscow was never planned. It grew up around its center, which had been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one, and palaces, cathedrals and churches were built inside it, forming what is now known as the Kremlin. Unlike old cities, such as London or Moscow, that grew by themselves, without any preliminary architectural plans, cities built later were planned by architects before construction started. The best example of a Russian city built according to a plan is St. Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great. He wanted to found a new capital for his new Russia, and for this purpose chose a territory on the Baltic Sea that had been taken over by Russia after a war with Sweden. It was a swampy land on which it was extremely difficult to build anything, but a convenient place for a port that could give Russia an outlet to the seas and other countries. The city was built in the record time but it required an enormous effort and cost a large number of human lives. The city is famous for its wonderful planning, and its magnificent palaces, monuments, cathedrals, and other places of interest. 1.6 Find English equivalents in the text в середине первого века до нашей эры; подобно многим другим очень старым городам; со временем, с течением времени; деловой центр страны; то, что известно сейчас, как…; к середине первого века нашей эры; примерно в то же самое время; выбрал это место за его красоту и удобное расположение; когда были установлены первые торговые связи; произносим названия по-своему; без предварительного плана; с этой целью; выход к морям; в рекордные сроки; это потребовало больших усилий; славится замечательной планировкой; 1.7 Answer the questions 1)When did Julius Caesar invade the British Isles? 2)Were any people already living there at that time? 3)Did the Romans find any human settlement on the Thames? 4)Was London built according to an architectural plan? 5)Did it grow around only one center like most cities? 6)Do you think the Thames played an important part in its development? 5

7)Which city is older, London or Moscow? 8)How long had London been in existence when Moscow was founded? 9)Who was Moscow founded by? 10)How can you describe the place chosen for the construction of Moscow? 11)When were the first trade and diplomatic contact established between Russia and England? 12)What was built inside the wall and outside? 13)Why did Peter the Great want a new capital for Russia? 14)Why did the construction of St. Petersburg require enormous effort? 15)What can you say about the location of St. Petersburg? 16)What is St. Petersburg famous for? 17)Have you ever been there? 1.8 Find the beginnings in the text 1)… people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river. 2)… the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey. 3)… on the bank of the river called the Moskva. 4)… which had been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. 5)… is St. Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great. 6)… that could give Russia an outlet to the seas and other countries. 1.9 Ask your friend - if he has been to London; - whether London grew around two centers; - if Muscovite is a person living in Moscow; - if the center of Moscow had been surrounded by a brick wall; - whether St. Petersburg was built without a preliminary plan; - whether Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg;

2 Conversational Exercises 2.1 Read and dramatize the dialogues A. :According to the map, the museum isn’t very far from here. B. :Let me have a look. Well, it’s most definitely somewhere down this road, but it may be a long walk. Look! There’s a policeman, let’s ask him. A. :Excuse me, officer, can you tell us the way to the Museum of Modern Art? P.: Certainly. Walk down this road to the third traffic light, cross the museum. It’s opposite the City Bank. A.: Thank you very much. Is it a very long walk? Would it be a better idea to take the bus? P.: Well. I don’t think so. It isn’t very far. 6

A.: Thanks again. P.: Not at all. 2.2 Read and dramatize the dialogues A.: Excuse me, how do I get to Albert Road? B.: Albert Road? Let me see… take the 24th bus. The stop is over there across the road. The 24th will take you as far as the New City Library. Get off there, and change to the 15th bus, it will take you to Albert Road. A.: Thank you ever so. B.: That’s all right. 2.3 К вам на улице подошел иностранец и попытался задать вам вопрос, пользуясь русско-английским разговорником. Узнав, что вы говорите поанглийски, он попросил объяснить ему, как пройти к одной из достопримечательностей вашего города. 2.4 Вы находитесь в Лондоне. Вам необходимо попасть из Лондонского Тауэра /5O/ в Сент-Джеймский парк /6G/. Пользуясь картой Лондона (см. Приложение), опишите свой маршрут. 2.5 Из Лондонского Зоопарка /1Е/ доберитесь до Трафальгарской площади /5I/. 2.6 Опишите один из возможных маршрутов от Музея Шерлока Холмса /2D/ до Вестминстерского Аббатства /7I/. 2.7 Taking a Taxi London taxis carry meters indicating the fare to be paid. Drivers must charge the metered fare for the all journeys, within the London police districts, regardless of duration and distance, and including journeys to and from London airport Heathrow. Taxi drivers expect to be tipped for all journeys. 2.8 Dramatize the dialogues A.: West London Air Terminal, please. I have to be there by 1110. B.: I can’t promise, but I’ll do my best. You’re just in time 70 p., please. A.: Thanks a lot. Here’s 80 p. You can keep the change. 2.9A : Do you think you can get me to Victoria by half past? B.: We should be OK if the lights are with us. You’ve still got five minutes to spare. 70 p., please. A.: Thanks very much indeed. Here’s a pound, give me 20 p., please. 7

2.10 A: Picadilly, please. I have an appointment at 1030. B.: I think we can make it if we get a move on. Here we are, sir. 80 p. Please. A.: Many thanks. Let’s call it a pound. 2.11 A.: Paddington, please. I want to catch the 1115. B.: We’ll be all right if there are no hold ups. This is it, sir. 70 p., please. A.: Thank you. Here’s fare, and this is for you. 2.12 Give your opinion on each of the following questions a) Which do you think the quickest way of travelling a short distance in any really big town you know? b) Have you trams in your city? What are their disadvantages? c) Supposing you’re visiting London or some other very big city. What would you consider the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by private car, bus, tram, underground or on foot?

3 Text II Washington 3.1 Read and translate the text. Retell the text. Ask questions on underlined words When the thirteen colonies became states and decided to join in a Union, there was much discussion about the capital. The decision finally arrived at was to carve out a hundred square miles from states of Maryland and Virginia, call it Federal territory and built a model capital on that site. It was only reasonable that the capital should bear the name of the General who had done so much to effect American Independence, and became its first President – Washington. The hundred square miles are known as the District of Columbia. This area is not a state and is not in fact a municipality, but Federal Land. To center of the City is the Capitol Building. Four geographical section radiate out from the Capitol Building dividing the District of Columbia into North-East, North-West, South-East, South-West. From the Capitol to the White house runs broad Pennsylvania Avenue. It is used for all those processions and parades that make Washington so familiar. All the diagonal avenues are named after states of the Union, and the longest and the straightest of them all is Massachusetts Avenues, which virtually cuts the city in half. Fortunately, for sightseers, all the main buildings that make Washington so interesting are to be found in groups. The Capitol Hill group is perhaps the most important, since it contains the seats of Government. The Capitol is the highest building in Washington, an American city without skyscrapers. 8

3.2 Перед Вами центр Вашингтона (см. Приложение). Найдите на карте достопримечательности, упоминаемые в тексте 3.3 Опишите на английском языке центр Вашингтона, ориентируясь по карте

4 Text III Cambridge 4.1 Read the text. Answer the questions after the text Where is Cambridge? Cambridge is in the east of England. It is fifty miles (80 km) north London and it is forty miles (64 km) from the nearest sea. Cambridge is in the region of East Anglia. Cambridge: the river. The river Cam runs through Cambridge. The name Cambridge is – bridge over the Cam. The Romans came here in the first century A.D. and built the first bridge. Now there are a lot of bridges over the river. One is the Bridge of Sights. It goes across the river to St. John’s College. St. John’s College is a part of Cambridge University. The river also runs behind King’s College and under King’s Bridge. Students of the university can study here because it is often very quiet. But in summer the river is sometimes very busy. People take rowing boats and punts on the water. You can hire the boats and punts. It is quite cheap. The river runs behind the back of some college of the University. This part of Cambridge is «The Backs». There is a bridge at the back Queens’ College. It is the «Mathematical» Bridge ( or Queens’ Bridge). Clare Bridge is at the back of Clare College. Many people say “It is a beautiful bridge. The best in Cambridge”. Cambridge: old and new In 1806 there were only about four hundred houses in Cambridge. But it grew quickly. In the 1300 it was a busy market town. In the years 1250-1550 the University grew quickly too. Students and teachers came from Oxford and started their own university in Cambridge. The first university college was Peter house College. The Bishop of Ely founded it. He bought two houses and gave money to students. The college opened in 1284. In the old college there was also a chapel, (a small church). People in the college built the chapel again in the 1660. Many colleges in Cambridge have Chapels in them. The first students often had lessons in the Chapel. King’s College opened in 1441. King Henry I (1422-1461) gave money to the college. The chapel was the first building. The ceiling of King’s College Chapel is 9

very beautiful. You can see there Rubens’s famous painting «The Adoration of the Magi». Cambridge is a center for science and new technology. Scientist at the Cavendish Laboratory do research in physics. Cambridge is also a center for modern computers. Sinclair Research make small and large computers and sell them to other countries. There is a famous hospital just outside Cambridge. Its name is Papworth Hospital and it is in the village at Papworth Everard. It is a heart hospital. A lot of people – young and old – have got new hearts at this hospital. Old often meets new in Cambridge. Not all the University buildings are old. Now Hall has a very modern dining room. New Hall opened in the 1960s. It was a college for women only but now men can study there, too. Men and women can study together in many colleges in Cambridge. We began with Peter-house College – the oldest one. The newest college is Robinson College. It opened in 1977. Today 102,000 people live in Cambridge. University: students & teachers There are about 9,500 “undergraduate” students at the university. Undergraduate students read (study) for a B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) degree. Postgraduate students already have a degree and are doing research. They read for higher degrees. Some postgraduates will get a Ph. D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degree. A lot of students live and eat in the colleges. In the dining rooms students often have formal dinners. They must also wear gowns in the dining room. The University dons (teachers) often live in the college too. They give tutorials to the students. Tutorials are lessons for only one or two students. Students also go to big lectures in other part of the University. They also have to go to libraries and bookshops, so they must often go across the city. For many students it is a long way and they ride on their bicycles. This is quick and cheap, and Cambridge isn’t hilly. But it often rains. University Buildings In 1300 there was only one college in Cambridge – Peterhouse. Today the University has thirty-five colleges. The English poet John Milton (1608-1674) was a student at Christ’s College. Magdalene [mo:dlin] College opened in 1542. The famous English writer Samuel Pepys [pi:ps] gave his books and bookcases to the college. You can now visit the Pepys library in the college. You can see his diary there, too. Pepys wrote in his diary every day from 1660 to 1669. It tells you about the history of England during the Great Fire of London and the Great Plague (1665-1667). Prince Charles was a student at Trinity. He studied history and archeology (1967-1970). His brother, Prince Edward, also studied at Cambridge University.

10

Famous Cambridge People Some famous people have lived and worked in Cambridge. Scientists, writers and politicians have studied there. Here are the names of some people with the names of their colleges. Are they a scientist, a politician or a writer? 1. W. Wordsworth 2. Ch. Darwin 3. John Milton 4. Sir Isaac Newton 5. Samuel Pepys 6. Lord Rutherford 7. Oliver Cromwell

St. John’s College Christ’s College Christ’s College Trinity College Magdalene College Trinity College Sidney Sussex College Quiz

Here are some questions about Cambridge. Can you answer them? Good luck! 1. Which is the oldest college in Cambridge? 2. Cambridge is a) 20 miles b) 40 miles c) 50 miles from London? How many km is that? 3. What is another name for university teachers? 4. Where in Cambridge was Prince Charles a student? 5. How many undergraduate students are there in Cambridge? 6. Where is a) the Bridge of Signs b) the Mathematical Bridge? 7. Which hospital in Cambridge is famous because it gives people new hearts? 8. What is the name of the newest college in Cambridge? 9. Samuel Pepys is famous for his a) poems b) diary c) letters d) architecture? 10. How do students dress for “formal” dinners? 11. Where in Cambridge can you see Rubens’ famous painting “The Adoration of the Magi”? 12. What is the name of the river in Cambridge?

5 Text IV Royal Windsor – Past and Present Read the text, give back translation of any passage. /A teacher can give the text for a test./ Royal Windsor, with its famous Castle, has been a home and burial place of English Kings and Queens for 900 years. Only 25 miles from London, 8 miles from Heathrow Airport and in the heart of the Thames Valley, it attracts around four million visitors each year. The original settlements in this area were at Old Windsor and Clewer, and it was not until the 12th Century that the town of New Windsor began to grow around the Castle, which was first built as a wooden fortress by William the Conqueror after 11

his victory at Hastings in 1066. The Borough of New Windsor received its Royal Charter in 1276, succeeded by the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in 1974 at the time of local government reorganization in England. For hundred of years the town existed primarily to house courtiers, the garrison, their families and visitors, and the real expansion of Windsor did not take place until Queen Victoria’s reign, with the coming of the railways in the 1840’s. There are still two railway station in Windsor today and the magnificent Central Station, erected for Victoria’s Jubilee in 1897, has recently been totally refurbished. There is also much of historical interest in the streets of Windsor: see Nell Gwynn’s House in Church Street (1640); visit Park Street, lined on both sides by fine Georgian houses, and find the plaque above the Token House in High Street, which records the fact that the novelist H.G.Wells worked there in 1880. In the center of the town Queen Victoria’s statue of 1887 marks the 50th anniversary of her coronation. Indeed, Windsor is flanked by history on all sides: nearly Eton, with its famous College; Clewer, with its early Norman church, and Windsor Great Park. Here are 4800 acres of woodland, farms and open fields, much of which is now open to the public but used to be part of a huge Royal hunting forest. A three-mile long avenue of trees, the Long Walk, links the King George IV Gateway of Windsor Castle to the Copper Horse, an equestrian statue of King George III erected in 1831. From the hill where the Copper Horse stands are splendid views across the Great Park and many walkers and joggers use the Long Walk for recreation. Alongside this Avenue is the Frogmore Mausoleum, built by Queen Victoria for her husband Albert and herself. Today there are many tourist attractions on offer within a very short distance of the town center and visitors enjoy its numerous gift shops, restaurants and cafes. Furthermore, Windsor retains a strong local community spirit, particularly at the lower end of the town in Peascod Street and St Leonard’s Road, where one can find fresh fish, home baked bread, delicatessens, boutiques and craft shops. There is something happening all the year round in the historic town of Windsor and the Royal Family frequently stay at the Castle, both on official visits or for private weekends, making the name ‘Royal Windsor’ as meaningful today as it has been for centuries.

6 Text V The Growth of London 6.1 Learn the new words evidence – свидетельство principal – главный nucleus – центр to refer to – относиться к … to be adjoined – примыкающий expansion – распространение to accelerate – ускорять to relieve – облегчать 12

density – плотность shortage – недостаток to restrict – ограничить “sprawl green belt” – зеленый пояс Read the text and ask your questions The growth of London Archeological evidence that London was an active center in Roman times. By the Middle Ages when London became the political and commercial capital of England, it was one of the principal cities in Europe. The original commercial nucleus of the City of London (only a mile square – 2.6 sq km – referred to simply as “the City”) was adjoined by the City of Westminster, where the political centre established by the monarchy was supplemented by the administrative offices of Parliament and Whitehall (originally a royal palace). London’s expansion accelerated during the Industrial Revolution of the late – eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, by the end of which it had developed into the largest city in the world. During the twentieth century, population growth has been concentrated in the outer suburbs, in the surrounding areas known as the “home counties” and in 12 new towns around London. These new towns, out of a total of 32 in Britain as a whole, were created after 1945 within a radius of 129 km of London to relieve the density of population and the capital’s housing shortage. To restrict the sprawl of built – up areas, London pioneered the concept of a “green belt” around the city where the land is left open and free from further large – scale building development. 6.2 Now read the text once more. How many of your questions can you answer? Retell the text 6.3 While you are reading, make some notes. Like this Things I knew already… Things I didn’t know… Things I don’t understand… Modern London Like most of the world’s great cities, London is a place of change and innovation. See the remarkable “inside out” Lloyd’s of London building in the heart of the city’s financial district – designer with its pipes and lifts on the outside! Close by the Bramah Tea and Coffee Museum which tells of the unique contribution these two beverages have made to the culture, society and economy of Europe. 13

The Docklands Light Railway provides unrivalled views of the developments in Docklands. You can also reach the Area by a high speed river bus service, which runs from Chelsea Harbour and Charring Cross Pier on the Embankment. Getting around Britain’s capital needn’t be a complicated matter! London’s famous red double-decker buses will get you almost anywhere (and also provide an unbeatable way of seeing the sights). When you are in a hurry, however, use the Underground “tube” trains instead. Another way of seeing some of London’s sights is by river. A journey on the Thames, by pleasure boat or river bus, gives a completely new perspective on the capital. Many guided walking tours are operated by the various companies throughout the year. Discover the London of Shakespeare and Dickens, or follow the trail of ghosts and Ghouls. London’s villages Each area of London has its own special atmosphere and many places retain the character and charm of small villages. Discover Hampstead to the north of the city, which, with its exclusive shops, pavement cafes and fine Georgian Houses, in a sought – after residential district. The wide open spaces of Hampstead Heath are great for walking, and Parliament Hill provides one of the best views over London. Get to know the Thames – side village of Richmond to the west, where you can linger in antique shops, walk along the river or explore the beautifully wild landscape of Richmond Park. Also in the area are the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and Henry VIII’s magnificent Tudor palace of Hampton Court. Ethnic diversity London is among the most multi-racial cities in the world and it is estimated that some 160 languages and dialects are spoken by the children in London’s schools. There is a corresponding religious diversity in the capital. Afro-Caribbeans and Indians, numbering 288,000 and 333,000 respectively, from the largest ethnic minority communities in the capital. Other substantial minorities include Pakistanishes, Bangladeshis, Chinese, Africans and Arabs. Ethnic minority newspapers, in both English and ethnic languages, are well established in London and cultural activities are expanding.

14

7 Text VI “From the history of Moscow” Text The Andronikov Monastery A.

Learn to read the new words

a monastery – монастырь; to found – основывать; to approach smb (smth) = to come nearer to smb (smth); an approach to – подступ, подход к; to save – спасать; a savior – спаситель; to construct = to build; an icon – икона; in the course of = during; to restore – восстанавливать; restoration – восстановление; a cemetery – кладбище; adjoining – примыкающий; to enter – входить; B Read the text, answer the questions 1 Why was the monastery built? 2 Why did the monastery become famous in the 15th century? 3 Why is it worth visiting the monastery? The Andronikov Monastery was founded in the middle of the 14th century to guard the eastern approaches to Moscow. The white-stone Savior Cathedral was finished in 1427. It is one of the most beautiful stone constructions in Moscow. The outstanding Russian icon painter Andrei Rublyov, the founder of the Moscow school of arts. In the course of the restoration of the Savior Cathedral small pieces of Rublyov’s frescoes were discovered. A. Rublyov lived in the monastery and died there. He was buried in the cemetery adjoining the monastery land. In 1960 the Museum of Early Russian Art was opened in the monastery building. At the entrance to the monastery there is a monument to Rublyov. C Say it in England and then write it down Монастыри строились в Москве, чтобы охранять подходы к городу. Они были самыми красивыми сооружениями в Москве, Их расписывали самые талантливые иконописцы. Многие монастыри были превращены в музеи. Стоит посетить их. Вы получите огромное удовольствие, если познакомитесь с произведениями древнерусского искусства.

15

7.2 Text The Kolomenskoye State Museum and Preserve A. B.

Learn to read the new words (a student finds them himself). Read the text and translate into Russian the sentences marked with a circle. The text

The first mileposts were put up in the second half of the 17th century between Moscow and the village of Kolomenskoye. °It used to be the countryside residence of the tsar. The former village of Kolomenskoye is now well inside Moscow. The Museum and the preserve are well known for the Ascension Church. °The church was built to mark the birth of Vasiliy III’s son, the future Ivan the terrible. It was the time when Russia was at with Sweden. °Peter the Great Supervised the construction of fortifications to protect Arkhangelsk from the sea. A pine log but was built for Peter the Great at the mouth of the Severnaya Dvina. ° Later it was transferred to Arkhangelsk and in the year 1934 it was brought to Moscow. ° After the restoration the log hut of Peter the Great was put in Kolomenskoye. °The village of Kolomenskoye witnessed the return of the victorious troops of Moscow’s Prince Dmitriy Donskoy after they defeated the Tatar hordes on the field of Kulikovo in 1380. Ivan the Terrible often visited the place. Peter the shown in the exhibitions mounted in the old buildings of Kolomenskoye. C. Write down a chain of questions about the text. 7.3 Text The Wonderful world of the Theatre A. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following words and expressions: Lasted public theatre, close to, performed, the audience’s favorite, for the first time, historical, held. The text. In 1702, Peter the Great ordered to open the first _ _ _in Red Square _ _ _Nikolskiye Gate. It was called the Comedy House. It was a one-storied building holding 400 people. The plays _ _ _ there had biblical and _ _ _ plots. The gates of the Kremlin, the KitaiGorod and the White Town were not closed down till a very late hour on Mondays and Thursdays when the performances were _ _ _. _ _ _ used to be a jester. Foreign actors were the first to perform there. In 1704 Russian actors performed there _ _ _ . The theatre _ _ _ till the year 1707. B. Render the Russian text into English using the following support words and expressions: in the 1730 (several thirties), to get burnt, at the order of, to be provided with mechanical wonders, to hold, opera and musical performance. 16

Текст В 1730-е годы деревянный театр был сооружен на красной площади. Он мог вмещать 3000 человек. Оперные и музыкальные представления давались там. Самый молодой архитектор сделал проект театра. Но театр сгорел во время одного из пожаров. По приказу Елизаветы Петровны новый деревянный театр был построен в Лефортове. Театр был снабжен различными механическими чудесами. C. Answer the questions 1. What are the most impressive theatres now? 2. Which of the theatres are the most popular? 3. What theatre appeals to you?

8 Text VIII 8.1 Read the text “Sign Language” Man has long dreamed of an international language, but attempts to create one have always failed because no country wants to leave its traditional language. Now a new means of international expression is beginning to catch on: the language of graphic symbols. Symbols can help to break down the culture barriers raised by the world’s 5.800 languages and dialects. Sings are more effective than words because they take up less space and because their meaning can be understood more quickly. Who, for example, can fail to understand such symbols as these widely used warnings against thin ice and fallings stones and such sings as plus and minus in mathematics. Packages can be sent in any languages, too. These symbols instruct Dockers to handle them – “keep frozen” and “keep dry”. Equally clear are labels that show a glass (“fragile”), a crossed out hook (“use no hooks”) and a package separated from the sun by a heavy diagonal line (“protect from heat”). People as well as packages can travel without knowing any foreign languages. For example, a foreign in airports or railway stations can find an information desk or a pick-up point for lost children, if he looks around for these signs. “I got off the plane in Moscow some years ago”, a visitor to Russia remembers, “and I was able to find my way to my luggage, the bank at the airport, a taxi and the hotel, and I don’t speak a word of Russian – all by signs”. 8.2 Say if you know any road signs and what way they help you to survive in a big city

17

9 Text VIII. The future What’s going to happen? Read the text below, and work in a group to reduce the member of sentences to ten. Choose the ones you think fit in best with your ideals about the future. You should all agree on the final choice. The Future In the future there will be no time. In the future there will be too much time. In the future we will only work one day a week. In the future we will become free of all thoughts processes; thinking will be computer aided. In the future heroes and heroines will be greens: men and women who battle against all odds with the mess we will continue to make on planet earth. The future is clear. The future is bright. The future is wrapped up in polythene and stored on discs in the filing cabinets of politicians. In the future the nuclear family will be nuked along with the muesli and Habitat furniture. Sex, class, religious and race differences will disappear with the future and all of us in it. The President of the United States of the World will be a woman in sheep’s clothing. In the future we will all wear leisure clothes all day and all night. In the future there will be global media warfare. In the future the population of the Third World will rise proportionately to its word debt and growing inability to feed itself. In the future the developed world will continue to feed itself fatly on the back of the Third World poverty. In the future we will have video-phones, nation-to-nation interface, honeymoons on Venus, and instant ice, guaranteed free of all preservatives. The future is an ecological nightmare; fossil fuel shortage, holey ozone layer, depleted rainforest, toxic waste, poisoned seas, and extinct species. The future will make us sit up and listen. The future is our master and we its servants. The future is our goal, our gaol and our purgatory. To the future. 18

9.2 Now you are going to further reduce “The Future” to five lines, but this time in a different group again, you should all agree on the final choice that best represent your own views. 9.3 Extension. Say what the world will be like

10 Text IX. New life, new earth, new town 10.1What do you think? Try and answer the questions Where do we get all the food we eat from? What sort of farms do we have? What sort of town do we have? Do we use the land sensibly? Do we need to find out more about how plants and animals live together? How could we find out more? Look up the word “ecosystem” in your dictionaries. Imagine you went to colonize another planet. What would you live in? What would you eat? What houses would you build? What native or known cities and town would you like to have? 10.2 Read the following text. Put the paragraphs in the correct order a) Not only this, but also there was a problem of plant fertilization, and how to distribute the oxygen evenly. Normally bees pollinate plants, but because glass cuts out ultra violet rays, which bees use to navigate, another solution had to be found. Hummingbirds were used. Generating waves mechanically in the ‘ocean’ was one of the ways to overcome the oxygen distribution problem. b) Eight scientists got the go ahead to incarcerate themselves for two years in a giant greenhouse. The project aims to provide a working model of Earth, and is intended to function just like the real thing. c) The project was set up jointly. The ideals came from a London – based ecology think tank, and the finance from a Texan billionaire. The huge steel and glass structure was built in the Arizona desert, and was not without its teething problems. d) This project is expensive, though the organizers hope to make some of the money back by providing a series of viewing galleries, from which tourists could see a world at work. e) Although their living in terms of food will be far from luxurious the scientists will be housed in a luxury block attached to the biosphere. You could easily imagine similar conditions for a colony living in space. 19

f) Every habitat has been recreated and contains most of the flora and fauna found in the original – dangerous and large animals have been left out. By installing a carefully calculated balance of prey and predator, a complete food chain has been established. g) For example, the savanna grasses have to be broken down for recycling. This is done by termites, which, unfortunately, preferred the sealant around the panes of grass. The sealant had to be changed. Then there was the problem of how to seal the biosphere underground, and how to stop the air pressure blowing out the glass when it expanded in the sun’s heat. The former was solved by using plastic coated steel, the latter by, building a special pair of mechanical ‘lungs’ which expanded to accommodate the extra air volume. h) But it was the decisions of what to grow and what to eat which most greatly affect the eight scientists. They will grow wheat, sorghum, potatoes, peas and beans, and raise some miniature pigs. The ocean will also have a small stock of fish. 9.4 Give the tittles to each paragraph 9.5 Say what the different problems they had in designing the biosphere and how they were overcome 9.6 Something to think about The American and Russian space programs were not only useful in terms of space exploration, but there were also many spin offs – inventions which came to be used in our everyday lives. Non-stick frying pans is an example. Can you think of any findings from this experiment that might be useful to us in the same way? 10.6 Describe the future town using pictures B.1 and Г.1 (см. Приложение В и Г )

20

Список использованных источников 1. Бонк Н.А. Английский для международного сотрудничества,- М.; изд-во СП «Принк-ОП», - 1992,с.479. 2. Газета «Первое сентября»; Приложение №47,48,1994. 3. Windsor. England. Mini Guide. English Tourist Board. October, 1990. 4. Текст для чтения // Иностранные языки в школе // №5.- 1997,с.14. 5. Relay. Students’ Book. LUCY NORRIS with Rob Williams. Topaz Projects Ltd, 1992.

21

Приложение А

Рисунок А.1

22

Приложение Б

Рисунок Б.1

23

Приложение В

Рисунок В.1

24

Приложение Г

Рисунок Г.1 25