Проектирование и производство головных уборов

c@

_s __

ed nn

__

l_

rV

ty

Ba

{, {l ,ii

,.f

v

EBEAEHhE.O KynbTyPE TOTOBHOTO y6OpA

5

qro reoperhqecxhx npeAnocbtnox. 3ro yrBepx{Aarbr ocHoBaHre Aaer nnaHhpoBaHr.tlo accoprhMeHra npeAnphrrlrrM, a reM 6onee paspa6orxe nepcneKlHBHoi xonnexq,xn e,on)KHo npeAulecrBoBarb AetanbHoe hccneAoB a H h e K O H L t O H K T y p b TB H y t p e H H e r o X M e X A y H A P O A H O T O p b t H K a , B O 3 M O T X H O pa3Bsrhr crei nepcnexrhBHoro curpueaoi 6aaur, rexxlvecxoi ocxau,exHocrH npor3BoAcTBa, AhHaMhKH pa3Bhryt crpyxrypxoi ocHoBbt KocrK)Ma. xeo5xO4xmocTb K eror,,ry xyxro yr.thTbtBaTb AocThlKeHtr r TeH4o6asars AeHqk, B pa3BhrHh HayKX, Kynbrypbt h qcKyccrBa. Hayvxo npoeKTrrpoBaHHe o6ocxoaaHHoe ocHoBa BbrnycKa npe.q,npusrrqeMr npoAyxl4hH, oraerarcu4ei cnpocy Hacenerrrrr surcorpe6yer Koi opraHr3aqxh ]i Broporo 3BeHa qenh npor3ao,qcrBo roproBnr norpe6xrenu. MHoroe Aenaercq 4nn o6ecneueHht Cero4xn HaceneHhr aeo6xo4xMbrmll roBapaMh; ynyquralorcr QopMbt o6cnyrxxaaxrr, yHtrorKpbtBaprce BepcarbHbre h QrpMeHHbre Mara3hHbt. llocne4xxe npH3BaHbt HaprAy c roproarei ocyulecrBrnrb h3y'{eHre cnpoca. Cee4exxn no ,r3yqeHhlo cnpoca Hyx(Hbt KaK npoMbrurreHHocrH ceoei npoAyKqrH, Anr xoppeKrhpoerx rax x Foccraxaapry CCCP. fiocxonuxy craHAapr rBreercr hHcrpymeHroM HeAonyu4eHhc Ha nplinaBoK ycrapeBurei npoAyKLthhr caM oH roxe Aon)KeH pa3BhBarbcc BMecre c pocro^ rexHh'{ecKoro nporpecca x rpe6oeaxui K KaqecTBy npoAyK4hx. < < Bc r a x 4 a p r a r , KpoMe pa3nHcHbrx rexHH'{ecrrx napaMerpoB npoAykqh, h rexHonorHh ee npoh3BoAcrBa, AonlxHbr npno6pecrn npaa6 rpaxraKHe, B qacrHocrr, rpe6oeaxxr, y4o6creo xax nnn o6yex AaHcrBa tneraxrsuti BhA, To ecrb Bce ro, qro BblcoKo qeHrir oAex(Abr, nerxocrb, noxynatenln'. Peeynrrarrr H3y'{eHhr cnpoca oco6eHxo r(peeKrhBHo Aonx(Hbr orpaxarbcq Ha AenrenbHocyh npeAnphirri, eurnycxalou.f,,rx roroBHbre y6opur. "'. A yAoBneraophrb cnpoc noxynareaei Ha ronoBHbte y6opur eecuxa Henpocro. Oopr,ra roroBHoro y6opa 4onxxa roHKo corJracoBbrBarr,aa c rHqystar{enoBexa. fonosxoi y6op xyrxxo k noHklarb (ero xa:xaAyarbHocrbro '{eHXe, THn, xapaxrep), l,t qyBcrBoBarb (caras c Kocrror*oM, HHAHBhAyarbHlrr,rr oco6enHocrrmtr +hrypbr H cKnaAa xapaxrepa), B rroi cansx 6onuuoe 3HaqeHHe hMeror roprylolqhe optaHh3aL{nh, npoA,aBqbr B Mara3hHax rr orAenax roioBHbtx y6opoe, hx BHhmarerbHoe coBer noKynarenro. Hairx cgoi ronoaxoil y6op orHouJeHHe, rpaxorusri cnpoc raxxe peKnaua, Cpegcrsarax AonrKHa noMoqb QopMhpoBarb pexnamHoi rpa+hKh, rao4enei ronoBHblx y6opoe xyrxxo AeMoHcrpaqhH He rorbKo noKa3btBarb HoBXHKh, nx oco6exxocrH h npehMytqecrBa, Ho h nnu Txna AeMOHCTPHpOBaTb KyJtbryPHOe XCnOnb3OBaHhe roro hHoro y6opa. ronoaxoro qacrb Taxlm norpe6r,rrenb o6paaor,a, Tperbr Llenlr npol3BoAcrToproBlrr Bo norpe5rrenb 5urrr noAroroBneH K BocnphtAonr{ex rrro r npao6pereHrro eurnytqexxoi npoAyKl4hh An, ee qenecoo6pasxoro HCnOnb30BaHX9. Koxe,rxo, y Hac He craBHTcq 3aAaqa qrcro KoMMepqecKH noAroroBh?b noreHqrianbHoro noKynarenr x npro6pereHhro roBapa, 3ra sa4ava paccMaTphBaeTct Kax noAqr,lHeHHar B acneKTe BocnkTaHht KyrbTypHoro

d

' 9. OpnoB. llponrruaexxocrb k roproBtre: naprHepcrao AonxHo 6srrr paexon p a B H b r m-. K o n n y r x c r , 1 9 8 4 , N 9 1 1 , c . 5 6 . " Tar xe, c.59.

l.t. xyaoxEcTBEHHoE n P o E K T h p o B A H t l E_ _ _

\

Hn, o6ycnoBreHHat o6u4ecreexHo-sKoHoMhqecKhM yKnaAOMr COt4hanbHO-nCHXOnOrhr{eCKrMh oTHouteHhtMt,l, MopanbHo-tTrlqecKhMh HopMaMh t.l SCTeThqeCKAMU nAeanaMh AaHHOTO O6u4eCrAa.

Oyrrqxx

L

$

$ m. tr

p It

'i

&

ronoBHoro y6opa B xocrtome. B peeynrrare

AnrTenbHoro pa3EhTHr KynbTypbt K KocrtoMy Bbrpa6oTanocb oTHOUJeHhe KaK K OnpeAeneHHoi qerocrHocrh Qoprvr, xoTopat AonxHa o6ecneqxsaTb HopMarbHyro x(h3HeAerrerbHOCTb qenoBexa a KoHKpeTHbtx ycnoBhcx h cooTBeTcTBoEaTb cot4hanbHbtM 14 3cTeThqecKhM Tpe6oBaHhgM BpeMeHh. Coorxourexxe h 3crerhqecKoro B QyHKtthoHanbHoro K O C T I O M eO n p e A e n g e r c r e r o H a 3 H a q e H h e M . o n r x M a n b H o e cooTBercTahe 3Trx cTopoH KOcT|oMa ero Ha3HageHhro lqenaeT KocTtoM col4hanbHo 3HaqhMbtM, q,eHHbtM. l_lexxocrxoe oTHOr.UeHHe CraHOAhrCr CyulecrBeHHbtM xpHTepheM npH BocnPhrr|h KocrloMa B q,eroM n np|' Bocnpuary.n (or4exxe) oTAenbHbtx ero r{acTei, c noaxqxh LleHHocTHoro oTHoUJeHnu R KOCTKTMyTOnOBHO' y5op a ropa3Ao 6onsurei creneqacrh oAex(Abt (o6yau, HA, '{eM Apyrhe h AononHeHhr yKparueHhr), onpeAenreT coqhanbHyto 3HaqhMocTb KocTKrMa B qenoM, ero ScTeThqecKylo LleHHocTb, I HeM MOryT Bonnou{aTbc9 MoPanbHo-SThqecKhe HopMbt, KoTopbtM cooTBeTCTByeT KOCTIOM, flOarOr"ry KOCTTOM KaK CrCTeMa He Mbrcnhrcr 6es ronoaxoro y6opa. Cncreir,rxuri noAxoA K paccMorpeHhto KocrroMa no3Bonrponb ronoBHoro y6opa er HarnrAHee nPoAeMoHcrpxpoBarb B HeM. EctecraexHo noroxeHhe ronoaHoro y6opa (xa ronoBe, a He B pyKax, KaK 3ro 6uuo e XVll a.) B BeprrKanbHo pa38hBapuleicr cxcreMe QopM norHqHo 3a8epuJaer, ypaBHOBeUJhBaeTAnn ychrHBaer 3To pa38lrTHe 88epx. cne4yer hMerb B BhAy, r{ro KocT}oM yxre c XVI a. gEnreTcr MHorocnoiHbtM, KaD(Abti ero cnoi cocrohr h3 qacrei
I I

axc{ on fqretspH 'xcnHnu h xEuerets xaf,a oa woHHeueueduo 'eUha woHHamdeeeseH s sr)^u 'uvng wo{rtox l,tuh orqueu 'oJol 'eqleuu oxquor wtgH)g rf,uhaoHel) edogA au)ou xex 'ol/-anLnALHI lqwdoO derxedex oJoHaouoJ Xl.lHrodxHoN - (<) eoder)ew esr)ohdoer e XaHsetseH AvtdoL)n rrahodu ror€ hr)oHsadts rexerodu s 'AwrnLetrorf € 'oHcueleHE0) 5 ) r l r t s o sodu warr'r)taeaew^E -edUou etnph ewo{r)or Hwewdo$ : edog{ oJoHsoltoJ lqw -do$ serer EhHesodxueUow axlrxedu XoHHawedso) I 'BhHetflouuos ae oJoHredxHox h lqwdoo XoHrsd)r -Hox dogrcs re^Uau) gmcuPy 'HwsDPh oJa hwtqHquel)o ) s ra^sr)HgseuJ Ho - edogl AvA awo{l)ox 5)rasHhhuouo) e)|(^ whr€ oJoHaouor qJ.)owhheHe Ef,ra6revaduouedu rxer 'pwo{r)ox xhHemedx^ h heuereu -fgh xe)s chhe€hHeJdo 5e)l)ehhl)hdouox h xeuerau 5hhe8 -xHerdo Ee)rtrshr4wrhd'r^rdo6 h)lfehltl)nvnL) xtqxUodoxuo qr)oHHedesrcs wouah reeshhau)a9o 6eHqueHohhdouodu I (har)ph tsxHemad euhhHhdu oJol{)HsotH huh oJoHr)edi -HOr esoH)o eH) ewo{Llox qlloHquarhaEdlqs ol^x)ehhr)euu 'srraegoU 'gouehdatPw xhL)hd {wore ta^tsau) orh I -arxedpx fuAdU JIdU ehsrtlealoot tsphotura 'N}rsr)leslool xvtt/. Eu tsPtsx(ex hu)e rqr)oHr)oueh I eHamed woseuhr) 'woueh s ew pwer)h) raxtow wdo$ tTogo) clsraerfuedu -o{rf,o)r }rl)o}rquerhegdrcs hox)ahhr)euu a edog{ oJoHsouoJ ts)qrhsoHer)o re{Uau) xlHeheHe eH h exxer 'ahHehPHt rswdo$

t.

i

h ewolrfo)l shHeD( reeradgoxdu oxuedsx oox)ghhuosw}r) -deUo: weHHex(edlqa wtqHHeaodrdrxahxo)t E)reEusu do9{ 'qlhho{uxee oHxow oJol.rHeEPxf,oJ3)8 Eh xoHsorroJ olh '6hHexd€Uo) wlqHaeuJ oJe wererhtedlqs eworr)o)r woHHawedsotr € h do9{ loxaouoJ 'a 't c)reel)o 'elraaouan hwEJ.)oHHego)o hwtgHderxedex f, hhsr)lealoo) e)a e 'XoU}KeUo f E)ra^)euJo) s E)repdhgEl,r ar)ews 'ed{rxe$ oJe) edogl oJoHsouor euehderew exlrEJ. (raeh 'loUxaUo ) u)rolfeuJo) l{o nwrnHnv '1owdo$ dernedex 'xwurhdouodu ot^mquog rwroe: :Axe{drpx or^x)ghhrer)€ elqHderhuhr^ reuHuoulcls oHcuerPecgo h ref,eH 'xxhxn{$ woHHoeef,rweU h waHwra I do9{ loHeouoJ awo{l)ox 'cuod UeH -Xor)ov 5oE) 5)rhuoaro hL)Ph houx(ex aUJ 'goueh eoHhhH -owdeJ re)r worr)ox hl.tHHewedeo> qrBmed weraxauwadrr r: -ra6H)uago or€ 'XhhxH(Q xtrxderxuhrl ehHamed eox)ehhr -al)€ 'tex qrhueuaduo oHrf(ow 'xexgdr) xhrlehhr)huehho) raut{ {wodorox ou 'qr^U s lqux(euo ehHesodhuauow ZJ

t,1. xy.qoxEcTBEHHoEnpo€l(ThpoBAHhE

t3

Ha '{enoBeKa, (Dopxa ronoBHoro y6opa (noAcKa3broanacbn ECeM CTpOeM OCHOBHO' qaCrX KOCTIOMa, 3AeCu C MaKChManbHoi cr.noi. nporBnrnhcb TBopqecKar QaHTa3nf,, a(yc, TU{eCnaBhe, cHo6H3M h np. Bce 3To HaxoAhno MarephanbHoe BonnouJ,eHhe, onpeAMeqlBarocb. B pesynurare tBngnacb Hoaar Qopr*a, opraHhqecKn cnuTa'. co c8oxM coAepx(aH9reM. B anoxy cpe.qHeBeroBbr cBercxhi rap4epo6 o6orarrncc orpoMHblM Ko'|l,lqecrBoM ronoBHbtx y6opoB pa3Hoo6pa3Hbtx Sopr*. Hexoropure h3 Hnx a h3MeHeHHoM BhAe Boutnr,t h B HauJ raPAepo6 (e anAe AeTcKxx qenLloB, KanopoB, a raK*(e ayanx). Er.qe pas 6ypxoe norBreHhe HoBbtx eopr* ronoBHbtx y6opoe npoh3ourno a Haqane XX a. Pagsxrhe pa3Hoo6pasHbtx Bh.qoB cnoPra, TpaHcnopTa, npoh3BoAcTBeHHOi AerTerbHocTr,t Tpe6oBano HoBbtx cneqranh3hpoBaHHbtx ThnoB oAeD(Abr H, KoHeqHo rr(e, ronoBHutx y6opoe. Btrggasnlre x ,t
t.

et.taoxew lrqusum ercHquexhhso'erseouau etqHsaHtsetsou ercsodreS) sodog^ xrcHaouoJ xhxf,x(^w clf,eh cem.ruog Bf,lhfoHlo Puo{) 'rxuetslo x gresh erqHHpr+(deu) 'Anl/.nv oh)rleh 'rrwdo$ ahJodr) qlewx ilVA9 xewo{l)ox xhxer a rsdog{ elqHaouoJ V1'(9'l ')r{d) XosouaV 'IrqH1oxou) - dA.r -xIdr: xrgHHesrrHpdoodu-oxwargo xrrr{xrwee wo{r)oX

-hHodu rs9 xex) | rqH h,rwpH,nJ"';, ;t:X' 9"S"""""1Jf fi:

-x{dn xrqHHeal)Hpdrrodu-oxwec.go xrgrlqdxro wouroy 'hoHged crlqg rexow ,rforrqdxro l,r Hr)or^Hxwea edew 'oxhaxoy 'ewdo$ reredxro xex leHer)tsedu aadoxf worr 'Xahhpd{.rr$xox -eh wdod xr.rr€ ewel)h) s Xoahurox}rdu 'NoHx(olr) or rswdo$ Xogo) 1o{uuseJ.)tseduewolrlox hlfeh erqHquauro hu)a 'rodogoen n 'cerlxxweE ewdo$ xpr

rqdi(rx{do

(9) lori(xxwee

x (e) lortsdxro

wotr)o1

'}

aJo.lh wor{heHo)r a Grrgrftsadu xer)oH)t(owsos emquog egef E rx'|(deuo) 'wdo$ xrqHhhHoxeuax rgtnuorfotr rpwerfHl '!ar)gh xHr€ ederxedEx ro lhfhage wor -eh s werfhf, xhwpf deDredey 'ewotrf,o)t Xarfph xtqHcueu -lo orqrfoHtngo xoseuhr) adew hoHquerhhpHEI cfresueu -eduo rrwal)Hr qr)oHlf,ouah 'emtqa oHehawro outcg xp)l tl

8OdO9A X|qHSOTOI Sl,tHVgOEvdgOOWdOO h lHHvgOdhIXJOdU .t

r.r. xyAoxEcrBEHHoE npoEKThpoBAHhE

' ---

--

rs

yhna (roroJtbrr, (MocKoBcKagD. (nanaxa)r, <<6oepxan) h )|(eHcKxe ujrrnbt nnacrhqecKoro xapaKTepa. Taxxr,,r o6paeom, KocrtoMbt KaK o6teMHo-npocrpaHcrBeHHbte 3aMKHyTbre h orKpbrrbte crpyKrypur o6paayorcn t{acrei onpeacneAcTBhe onPeAeneHHoro B3arMoAeicrBhr AeneHHbtx Qopr*. h^,rexxo nosroMy ronoBHbte y6oprr rar chnbHoe Bblpa3HTenbHoe cpeA,cTBo AOIx(Hbt Tu{arenbHO noA6Hparbce K ocHoBHoi qacTh KocrloMa h K qeno8eKy. (Dyxxqrr ronoBHoro y6opa B KocrtoMe paccMorpeHbt c no3xqxh chcTeMHoro noAxoAa K t3yqeHhto KocTloMa, 3Har.rhMocTh ero (popMbl Anr Bbtpar(eHltt coAepx(aHhrr Ho ronoBHoi y6op n,raeeT H cBolo cneq,lsxxy. qacrb KocrroMa Aonx(Ha cooroercraoBarb Iro6as o6neraeMoi qacTh rera qefloBeKa cBOhM O6uer*om, xapaKTepoM 3rn $opr,ru Aonx(Hbl $opmrr H Hcnoflb3yeMbtx Mareplanoa. 5urru er{,e rr Bblpa3hrenbHbrMl. Tsm 6onee .qonx(eH 6brrb Bbtpa3hreneH roroBHo; y6op. Ho s4ecu ycnexa Ao6hrbct BO MHOrO pa3 CnOr{Hee, nocKoIbKy rono8Hoi y6op

o+opMrrer rxqo.

1.1,2. fonosxoi ySop B Kocrtome XX BeKa Coqxanuxo-tKomolAxqecrxeycnoBxr poxcgexrt Holoro rxna rocttor t. Ha py6exe XIX x XX aa, eyxgamexralbHbte

oTKpbtTh9 B HayKe npt,|Bent{ K 3aEepuleHxlo I ocHoBHbtx t{ePTax HayqHoi KapTrHbt cTpoeHhn n pa3BufAa MNpa. hH'KeHepHar Mbtcnb Aana HoBbte cpegcTBa nepeABhxeHxr, c'B'-3,',cTarbHbte x x(ene3o6eroHHble KoHcTpyKl4l{h,KoHBeiePbr MaccoBoro nPoh3BoACr8a. - Oop,raa Kocrt{rMa troro nepnoAa noAr{epKxBaer eurypy (crapuri KocrtoM crpbtBan ee ycnoBHbtMH eopr*a,r,rxj, oHa HeBenhKano o6re^^y h npocTa no crpyKrype (cTapbti KocTrOM5urn rpOrr,ro3AoK 11cnorqex), oxa rx6xa x cBo6oAHo cneAyeT 3a nuHAAMnTena (cTapbri xocrplr hMen xecTKHi KapKac h KaK 6bl HaKnaAbtaancr Ha
qlP)t)tr qrfowt{uoxgogt{ hupael.ts eyeaouah r,lr)o}tarlexsx{w -wor qHsuerf Eemtodaos ,hH8hI( eedgo 6)r7(mil4HewEl4 '(rxxexo,reU woderxedex ,rwpdeHpw ,rorHeJo ,orqr)oH -mexa) l,rwEJ.)oHHagoto hwtqHredx!{ox oJe f rworesou -eh ) h xogo) {uxaw teuxeuo xe)a qass) otlxr)a,|( 'orAxxaustsaduo oHHemdeso) xer)gh resJeuouUedu tugwe)He e],lHewnHou aoxel .aued) xoHHeUStsedUOa Woraaoueh f ewo{rfox qasa) EeH€edgo-oxxaer)ex(ou^x or€sug w I J .hHHamed wo8eugwe)He -H V oJ(' I E)repfuedtes ewo{r)ox a chhhEouwox uer{xxwe€ ,ewdoo Upr^Hxwgg ' nuBer+(Aav laxhexxudoox hoHrotuofgp c)raehi,iuro ,(e.laueg r)hrfof ,xew)rdoul ,derxe) ote xtln -or{dxdeuo 'resoueh wel pUlox ,loxr,xnowdeJ irrreoien eEJor rswdo$ Xortcdxro tsHhhaouwoy .1oxdr(r.sr{x I ox 'loxxedaerrs hx)ahlJouoleh$ oxquor eH crtqg eHrxuoU grl -eaolreh eeou .grfoHHeEox)ed or^Hqrewxlxew oJe h ,el)e'|( oJoux(ex osrf,Hamdoso) H qreahheuf,ago oHHewedEoHUo 'ed^rcu^x oHstqdedu , eHxuoU ewdo$ feinoteriedsos -eH qlgsosrtrresroo) tcgorh 'heH ) rxxatnedgo ,(uogoer or^HHehhHsdlo reeleuouUadu ewdoe rerr(xxwel .pxas6uah hlf,oHxow8oa x hoHHeugof,ouf,hdu ,aerlxeduodu I xor -Hseed '
KocrpMa, TaKhe HoBble $opmsr KoTopbre B oAhHaKoBoi cTeneHh AocToiHo npegcTaBnrnn 6ba qenoBeKa B pa3Hblx, qacTo HeoxhAaHHbrx chryaqhrx. [loaromy caMoi aKTyanbHoi 3aAa'.rei craxoahrcr npoeKThpoBaHhe He npocro Beq,ei, a cloxeroB, B Koropbrx oHh oxhBalor. B lToM cMblcne orKpbrrae QopMa, He ronbKo AonycKapqar, Ho r.t npeAnonararc,K KoHKPerHbrM chTyaqhrM, B ular ee nPlrcnoco6neHhe peueHxlr KocrroMa '.sn'.eTcg oTBeToM Ha Tpe6oBaHhe BPeMeHh. Bsrpaaxnocb 3To I KoMnneKTHoM peureHHH KocTKrrlra. cxcreMa B3ahMo3aMeHteMbrx t{acrei K o r,r n n e K T-3To oAexAbt, CBt3aHHbrX CThneEbtM eAl,|HCTBOMh Ha3HaqeHreM. 3Ta ct,tcrer*ra crpohrcc Oreargxo, nlruJb Ha caMbrx o6qrx cBr3rx MexAy ee qacreMh (xe no BceM cBoicrBaM (popMbt) H AOnyCKaer AononHeHre, Pa3}rryte, ee nphcnoco6neHhe K qenoBeKy H KoHKpeTHbrM ycnoEhrM cPe,qbr. K 50-m roAaM paBHonpaBhe xeHulhH crano $axroir,r x npoqHo Bouno a 6urr, B co3HaHhe, B HpaBcTaeHHbte npeAcraBreHHr h nphHq,xnbl ntoAei. 9ro aorxqecKh nptraeno K h3MeHeHhlo o6nxxa D(eHulhHbl h MyxqhHbt. %gsulecreo, roHKHi BKyc, rpxo H TaKThqHo BbrpaxeHHat hH,ql,tEhAyanbHOCTbO6nxxa - Bce To, qTo TPe6oBar Myx(qr,tHa, TenePb rpe6yer H x(eHulxHa. ['lo4 enxrxlaeM h3MeHrawrxcn o6ulecrsexHbrx ycnoBh; xgeanur Haqarh h MyxcKoi BbrprcoBbrBarbct xeHcKXi AocraroqHo onpeAeneHHo, Bce 6onee ou4yrhMo HaqanH yrqeaecoo6pa3Hocrbro BepxAarbcr Qopraur oAex(Ilbt, cEoei H SCTeTrt{HOCTbIO OAhHaKOBOyAOBIerBOprtotq,he H My,(r{hH, 6nysa npocroro r x<eHulll{, I{axet, noKpor, uJnrna, narbro Qoprrlur peAxHror renepb xMeror ce6e no4o6Hbrx B oAex(Ae Ha3HaqeHt.tt. l-lorsrnxcu np6oro pa3nxqHble KyprKh, a 6proxn (a XIX B. - qxcro MyxcKar +opua ogex<4sr) cranll Heo6xoAHMocrblo He ronbKo npH 3aHrTtlrx cnopToM, Typx3MoM h rpyAoBoi AetTenbHocTh, Ho H B noBceAHeBHoi ,Kyt3HA.Tpxxoraxcxbre h3AerHr (cexreprr, Axemnepbr, nynoBepbr) He ronbKo cBoei Qopmoi, Ho h BceMx Apyn4wrr KaqecrBaMh oKa3btBaloTct oA}lHaxoBo npheMleMbtMX n F,nt My)|(qhH, A AnF x(eHulhH, Taxrm o6pasorvr, yrBepxAaprcr Qopr,rur oAexAbt, eAhHbfe h Arr Myx(r.rhH, n Ant xeHu4hH. 3rn <popr*u cBo6oAHo (gepxarcr coorHocrrcr c shrypoi B ocHoBHoM Ha nneqe8OM nonce), CneAypr 3a nhHHrMh Tena, o6pa3Ho ee npe-

o6paxar. CDoprr,rsr oAeXAbl nOcrOtHHOMeHrloTCr B CBOeMpeuesrx. floeroMy KocrloM ecsxni pa3 co3Aaer nosuri o6paa 2 - 3ax. 738

'wHCll

xrgHHeHuoutts

oxHol

-

oJoHsuPdrear

lo

arhxulo

I

'ehhu eH c)t{uoshx reHeedgoaoa) or€ - rN(EX}tew hr)oH -tn{r g 'tshHeHawsr'r ueuderedu x(Erxew riox 'Ixue{rxeuual 'JJ gL6J-SL6t -Hh oriuf,odas pH E)rer(dxrxerdo eUoW '(euo-r.elgHcuglfpu'erqrragf, 'exxJeu c)riuhsrou) whxdb whrpr eH usr) 't(6hxpw 'epuJ wowrdJ xrcxHeuJ^dxo wrcHx(ouro wrquJ^dx woucuJas wrgHahpH }r wo'rhHHlodos '4oxler'rdu Xox)roUAuou ) (o{HexHHD eH sUow q)euhsbodu sr)oHmaHs ee ro{prets eresh woHHetn eeHUeoU 'Eox)od9 -rqf,eH rdu (exgor sexodhm u $nv Fhfno{eJeugo) eowargo 'etnhuedE er.rHr)edrHox 5hH3u8er)ouo) eoHquarhueu)o 'soxdc xex b9e) hr)eH?ouadu ht.tHauwedl.) weos) s XoHHes -odxro 'rxmr(seE uemos g epdgo ^Uow e tqVoJ e-09-09 'hlfoHHasl)H9x( foxJtsw eeedgo wahHatsx(des -r^'orgl)oHqueHohheHderxr E)ror^Ehderxedex rqH1os Xos -odnw Xodors eu)ou lcUow rqrdeh arqHsoHtrO 'loHhhJdeH€ iwaxrxadU-ou oH'xolruesr)xorx oxHeeodxr.o'rqxxtnxe>x eedgo utrHewr oJl 'r.rHxo€ Xosodhw loedau eu)ou rcruod€f 'foH xeHedrf, s ehHaHedr)odu)pd eoxodhm 1xmauh(vou 'yroxgrrdouf, Hx)emoHo{-ou 'uo5Jpb el g -rrx.rdaxe 'xoxlodrl hrqHuow E)uh)Konf rqHxtnHex sedgo xpuoJ x-OZ I '(eUo.r erqUrt(ex hx)eh €-Z -ndu n elrrhlrew hwesr)Ved) euhr oJol€ exsodh)HeorH h 'reu xhxquo't)eH exHeher s cr)oHque^rxg orog) rarHedxo) 'rqxxtnxex euhl oJoHHeueVaduo ahHeUlxdes Xtctdorox -r{) weerrUedf, wrqaoH prexeuUeHxdu quod reHquerhhpHe hHHax(hrf,ots ee I 'q)ouhur){ hrtroHquarhsedlqs IoHcedgo r ehHauwedrr ('a XIX wowo{rfo}r ) hhHeHsed) s) '8 XX r wdo$ rqd{rx{dr.r hhHatnodu^ wetngo xdg sworl)or

-^xs ro,eu,a du xxo fii,U'ilff :l'J":i""T 3,'Ji1* :::

'aosox or aestruaeu{ oxr{6 '{urr(d {woxtso ou ffgw oar)ah -doer rotrusedueH hHO'rqueHoh))e$odu-hxhHxoU^x roteV -aof, xhHsmad xrqHHasr)ar+(ou^x oxsruuou rrheedgg 'ewotr)g'r woxrxxcou{x I ))ew esrlehdosro) {de6: s u)repfned€adu Bwo{r)o}r tshHeU€o)'eda$3'esr)ehdosl E sUArhgAdrOU Ahrf,ehr(o) raEehdrpwrr(uedu oJodotox B}lHeugadrou ))ehodu'worawtsedu wtqHUIr)oUoxJeu 6) -lhaoHer) euxauo erercu^Egd A'AuveVeA xrqaoroJ 'souexd -erew xrqHhrueed esrf,uosehodu gorou> J.e^sr)H3mde8of 'Iee9 ot{eacdrc) resdhm)ed hxrHxar x hx^eH et,trhssed .tqro)edx oJa ehePdgoeoa) qrhrr(tno aedr)o 'qrrsou{ re6uqpr)eg Ho xewdoS x xurhdouodu loUrxatso xrqHHeHawaH s iexssoueh 9l

0odo9A fiqHsolroTttHVgoeYdgoowdb-o r.lthHveodhlxiodu

t

'\*.* br4E_ l-1._Iy49x!&_r-8_q!t9EnLgE{IhP_o_g o6pa3 qenoBeKa. co3Aatolllag xHAlrBlrAyanbHbri notrrlvxuri 3ro e4nncrBeHHoe B cBoeM poge hcKyccrBo, trMetoulee cBoHM npeAMeTOM HenOCpeACTBeHHOnhqo qeroBeKa' oc,lhqar MacreP HOBbrBarcb Ha KoHKpeTHblx oco6eHHocrrx MaKhtr(at BbtqBnteT, noAqePKhBaeT lrnh qyTb ^cpeAcTBaMh "1{3MeHteT qepTbr nhq,a, AeraeT 6olee EblPa3hrenbHbtMh ero \iyrb cKpaurhBaer )4x, nprAaer HyxHbti (xo a unr' Qoprrrur q8eroBo; AHAt'tBIAYY^i.a rapMoHrh o6nfei npeAenax qBer Bonoc, rna3) orreHoK nhqy. flosceAHeaHbrI MaKxtx(, KaK npaBHlto, ornhqaerct cAePr(aHHocTblo B hcnonb3oBaHhH cpe.qcTB, ,r/'''fKoi- |, HAy.aUAYBo3anbHo; Bbrpa3hTenbHocrbrcr, cTporo coorBercTByloulei B xx3Hh PonH. B 3aBhCl,lMOCThOr pacry h BbrnonHteMoi qBeTa KocTloMa Kolophr MaKHgxa qyTb-qyrb N3MeHterct' ocrpoMogHbti, MaKxrrx, KaK npaalnor ,{,exoparxaHbri B 3aAXClrMOCrh Or O6ulero 3aMblcna KocrloMa 3HaqHTenbHo ychnhBaer Bbrpa3hTenbHocTb nHqa hrh Aaxe HecKonbKo tl3MeHteT ero (co3Aaerct cneqhanbHo K KoHKperHoMy Kocrloc My), npeAHa3Haqaerct Ane npa3AHH'{Hbtx yBeceteHhi 6onuu,lrr* qxcnoM nphcyrcrByloulhx, qBera ronoBHoro y6oPa I noBceAIlpx onpegeneHhx HeBHOM l,tHAXBrAya'|bHoM KocTloMe cneAyeT y'{hrblBaTb Bo3HhKapulee B3ahMoAeicrBxe xapaKTep MaKnrxa, 4BeTOB, a B KOCTTOMeArt ropxecrBeHHblx cnyqaeB npx AeKopaThBHoM MaKhtx(e cneAyeT o6par.4arr BHXMaHhe He TonbKO Ha B3ahMoAeicrBre uBeroB, Ho 11 Ha cornacoBaHHocrb nnil4h ronoBHoro y6opa c qePraMh nhlla, KoroPble 6naroHecKonbKo Aapr ychneHhto hx 3HaqHMoclh MornH Aaxe H3MeHhTb qePTbl tlxqa' 6urrr autpaxeHreM Yx<e a XIX e. KocrKrM nepecran BKyca, Ha xeo6xoAHMocrb h3yqerorbKo A{AnlrAyanbHoro Hhc KocrroMa KaK col-lhanbHoro rBneHht yKa3blBanh HeMeqK|,|e yqeHble 3or,t6apr, 3xr,,rmenu x gp, BcecropoHHeMy h3yqeB XX E. KocrroM noABepraercr HHp. Bonpoc h3MeHeHna )4 Pa3BrTXt ero QopMbl scer,qa MeroAa nph8neKan K ce6e BHhMaHre (prc. 2), flprmexexre BbltBhTb B Orno3aorxno cTpyKTypHoro aHarh3a $opt*ut poMHoM MHoroo6Pa3hx cyL4ecrBoBaBulhx s XX s. SoPt"t oBanbHat 'r KOCTpMa OcHogHbte. vx tpn - nptMoyronbHat, tBrltlou4atct npoh3BoAHoi or TPeyronbrpan€qheBhAHat, (pxc, 3, a). 6srno raKxe HhKa - yceqeHHbri rpeyrorbHhx BbrtcHeHo, r{To Hh oAHa h3 yKa3aHHbtx $optrl nonHocrblo He '

fy5xar pyMtHa

2.

noMaAa, h reHr,qnr

Tyub h cneqhanbHbre KapaHAaur 4rn rhqy nprAaHht onperqeneHHoi QoPMsl

5poaei k Ll8era.

h

PecHXq,

? llr6/

'JJ gt6J-OO6!

'?0t

6/

'uz6/ '2925t 2926t

s pwou)ox

oroxlHex

'2e6fi/-8t6/

2hZ6/

wdo$

'2ltOl

'? t z5/

enrxeee;

'e'1

e9e6l

'? ZZ6I

?/z6l

w

'2 006t

22 h06t -t06t

??0/6t-806t ?406/-906t

-edu lJr frswdo$ XoHUxsexhauedr wehH Vg6J-Og5J-l; -eueugoedu ) 'JJ g?6J-V€.6; n rswdoS lox{uo.t{owrdu w e n x e U e u g o e d u) ' r r € € 6 J - E 2 6 1 - ; ) lrsxxesodhshdrewoal '(9'g ':xd) :rqUondau lcHeueUlqs Autcg uuueeoH)o wol€ PH ehHe)|(ouou estnol^dhuhu 9lbHet euhs woHHeusoHgo a eusr€ woHHaueueduo eH tclgorh 'xeduaH E readt ls9 xgx Eqredr I 'hHar € 5)J.egalcEexo rclAdU 'loxsue{rxe aeu -ogheH 5)re6ua5 PHtsOOH 'rOt^er:eln^)o) hHO- raeeeh)h sodog^ xnH8ouoJ lhHv8otvdgoowdoo h ShHvsoJhrxSodu.l

0z

I,'. XYtrO)|(ECTEEHHOENPOEKThPOBAHI{E

o6nagaxxeM nptMoyronbHoi Qop,r,rur u 1965-1970 rr. c npeo5naAaHheM Tpaneu,HeBhAHoi Qopr',rsr); nnacrh'{ecKhi (f- 1912-1922 rr. x ll-1947-1959 rr. c npeo6raAaHheM oBarbHoi Qop^rrr), Feo,uerprahpoBaHHbr; nepr.roA xapaKreph3yercr: rcHo qhraeMoi, MaKchMarbxo npr6nxxeHHoi K npocroi reoMerphqecKoi $opme nprMoyronbHhKa hnh rpaneq,nu Qop-

l9ll- l0l2ee. /9/32.

/928 e

/9 /4e.

/ 92 9e. | 9 i 0-t 9J lzz./ 9322.19J1'/9J4ez t9Jfe.

/94ie

flpo4onrxexne I

li

l9 / 5-/9 l6ez.l9l7-/92022

prcyHra

/9442. /9452. /9462.

Hd creAyxruleM

pr3Bopore.

'?

t96t

,JJ

Og6J-Lr6l

2296t

2t96t

s gwourox

20961

oJorrHex

'26h6t

wdo$

z8t5/

exrreecg

'9'1

zlh6l

f f ln

n n n/l n I tllws ffwwtril

--FH#

'exxlar,rde$rAuou r atctHtltpgo nwdoS 'o'r rwcxlfox H olh rehHemed ex or esoHfo a lorewx xxo (IUxe lwox>er, -rdrewoa.l ee) ewdo$ ou orh 'upeerou aodogr( xtqHsouol EhupHV 'Ewoutox owor)xt I edogl oJoHEouoJ exrxsted 'dArxidp

xlGlHhhl)gltu

eouerderew wehHesoequou)h iedoxaU werHax reh) 98 eoeexld ewaqgo warxenxraar( cfJ.esJhrfou orh 'xowdo$ loxsueeo {oweesrqrhhodu or{ls oHhotprf,ou :5)relEnderxedpx uoxdau {rx)ehNr)9uu 'dArx{dn xt
-----

-xrqneouoJ

rhH-v'so€Vd9oowdo67 thHVsoaruxaoau'l

$

r Iil'

.

NPOEKT'4PO8AHl4E I.I. XYAO}|(FCTBIHHOE

2

3

H TPaneL|'heBHAHble h npoh3BoAHble oT nprMoyronbHble t{Nx -- cno}KHbte $opt*ut. XX B. Macca h o5beM ronoBHorct y6opa Ha npouxtexrx orHocxrenbHo Bcei chcTeMbl KocTloMa npeTePneBanh 3HaqhrerbHbre h3MeHeHhq [or-1unen rPaHAPlo3Hoi senrqxxtt (1912 r,l 4o xpouevHbtx, npxKPbtBaloulhx ronbKo qacrb n6a MhHharropHbtx uJnrnoK KoHu,a 40-x rogoa XX a.]. Cxer,ra, Ha Koropoi ycnoBHo h3o6pax(eHrt xan6onee rxEPeMeHril cHrlysrbl KOCTIOMA (cr*. nH'{Hble An, cBoero hM ronoBllblMh y6opa,rrx, pnc. 2\J c coorBercrByloultlMh nocneAHhx nynbcaqHH o6le,t{oB o cyAHrb no3Boflser

(pxc. 4). B roxr-le XIX e., KorAa AoMhHhpyloulylopotlb I +opMhpoBaHnH chnysra

urPan+ pyKaBar uJnqnKH 6urnr aecr,r,ra

/il\YNil U

1954a.

Haqano

/95f2

phcyHKa

/956?

Ha npeAbtAyulex

/957e.

/9582.

Pa3aoPorG.

t959e

/9602

.

cueeo-€:Hxhoucdr-ajerNHquorlowcdu_l

:(9) wdo$ xxxler'xdrewoer BrLua -eed xxQed.r x (e) 'e XX sowotttox rrwdoQ eny:erxdrewoal et.tHsoHfg .G -J

I t96ttt 9, L t, 6eI tt tr E 6zuqz tz tz 6t u 9tet il 6 i E Sr9rtttr ltce * $ zeE cz9z+za u 8t9t il a 0 fi6t

-quarHhgHa ewo{lf,o,l oJowe) gf)gw ptsJox ,FUoJ e-09 g .tqurum etfgw ou atqrerrrl oHquerh)oHro b)-rotpfnede -EOA qaoHs WO{J.)O}| I SOUOJ x-09 eHxueda: e oxpHtso .wpdrawedeu wrl{du ou lotexr,rHsoe xedog{ xtqHaouoJ s sHHeHewex 'rxuox)hodu aH edog{ oJoHsolroJ tq))ew rqHsw) hoxsad EouoJ x-ot-o€ hrHexurodu eH

'('e XX soUor x-97 hexox x exxUader) xwexurum xwrrxeedgooxrex ^sou -oJ hwxlnoreJeugo ts)l.o{6Hew) qUedarro otost s ercdorox 'wdo$ xrcxHadewr( wedog{ wtqHaouoJ o.l)aw roreu{oA tqubum er.rHgr4))ewoHHeuer)olJ .edawepd oJoHqugwlt)tew ro{eJhrtoU 'J ZJ6J € h tqH}thhues {oHrtsodaaex oU E)ro{ -er)edged tqugum '6)roremqxew^ eeer^d rsxHexawgx erqH .HxHUeseH -Hedox r.cuox)hodu ewotl)o)t 8 .s XX euehgH g x l g H S O t t O Jl t l H V S O € Y d 9 O O W J O O , | S h H V 8 O d I I X 3 O d U ' l

lzt

r.LllYAe)rqglcEll

E_

Kr,PoBAH|.E

I

l.

fly.nucaqr.rn+opM ronosHbrx y5opoe B xeHcKoM xocrtoA e XX s,:

uroxr; 6-oanoqxa, a-rrnd xo3brpbxo{; 4 - xtnpuoH; e -

o6aererular urrna

roroty;,_6eper;

r_ronoeeoi

y5op

c

/\ 5etfl9o -uougH ae 'ewoll)ox ewdo+ sexlehrdrawoal 'Pwotr)o'l oJoHredxHox sHHeuwdo+o xox h cHHgmed oJStngO rO Hl)Owrf,h€es foxfehxr)euu -r)olK oHholer)ou I 5)uhfoxgx dogi {oHaoroJ eouo.t x-97 'ru9wg)He qrf,eh ceH8h.LrQceHgu€)lSollowef eworrfox s ot yex qrpur(r>tqa .16w dogr( XoHEouoJ tqUotrdeu lxtnot{U -euf,ou r lxtn{Urrtsadu e Hu)3 'xuhHemed xlqsaugws)He I woworr)ox ) edogi oJoHaouoJ c86a) seHhHUe.rdoseuog9|ct{ qteuguolugPH lquoJ Hl€ s oHHe\rh rex Nel ''8 xx 8otroJ x-ot ewolr)ox edewHdu ex eaxgodtsou orqrox)sH wow

-or-iroxredoe{"r".:::'."*rJJx?}?x'"r*,:::;?T .."., -or rxhexxdxUow elsHhlruged ogru 'eurvm uguouoxodhm ognv '1oave)ou Xoxog{ul : exr,ouem leouoJ retfloleJ€tugo 'wPdaw€ed ou )lxueaeH do9{ loxeouo't ox.rouu oghu or€ {woreou iegouo.t tsp)lcll{3uPwtsewegalqaeHxel gHderx9dex eEorrdeu oJor€ €owo{lrox dfuxldrr eerlxrmsuog uu!/

(rcvHaUo Pf6ou oJosahauu 1o{e6l'laexou xxuedr)) ulrr,reted xrhxeucar vtr+ut! t4 wdoS oloHaouoJ x edogl o:oaeheuu

-dod

lqw r edog'( oloH6ouol lcvxatto lox)Hox( P)tsou 't rr'rowxf,Heeeowheeg

.8otsoJ x-Ot-OZ tctsdgo elqxqualesodeno atqwxgo{u eU -JOXoHeuow HuetflPdseos oHquareaouauf,ou lquoJ a-0/ 'crfoH '(trxxuU -wecrgo rarHedxo) Awexxadu-ou dogA EoHsouoJ cxxaiodorr( reh) eE wosedgo wlqHseuJ) ts)reemqHew^ oH T{-*----

eL-rdosAxt'lHeoltoj iTHV-sceVasi'cwJoo-N-i'ftrvti0-atrili.roru

-l

__ 1,!.-{v4QtxErlgE!itQL_!LqF{J!!",o9_AH!LEJ_

-_-*.'*__-?t

HeHHOCTb, }taCCa, ChlytT (O6raxi h OTAelbHbtx qaCrei) h opraHh3aqxp onpeAenrnr rohoBHoro y6opa. Hax6onee xapaKrepHbrMr B MoAe 40-x roAoa craHoBrrcr X-o6pasxui, nprmoi h rpaneq,reax4xuti cxny3rbl c aKThEHblM pacuxperxeM rytHtt,t nne,{. OcxoeHar Macca h HanoJrHeHHocTb nepeHocrTcn Ha nfleqeBoi norc, np, tToM ocTanbHbre norca x(eHcKoi oAeX(Abt COXpaHtrcrT CBOIO ,YrrHXatlopHocrb.

t942..

194+z

Fonoexoi y6op B raKoM coorHoureHhr chnygToa n o6tervros AonxeH 6slrs roxe aecbMa o6nerqexxutM r MrHhaTtopHbrM,qTo6bt He oKa3btBaTb.qaBneHhr Ha AoBonbHo MaccllEl{bte n'|eql,|, O6ufni reoMerphqecxuh zup, ronoBHbtx y6opoe rroro nephoAa Mox(er 6urrr npxaeAeH K oBanaM cnoxHbrx QopM. 9au.1eacero tro urnrnbr, Manbte no o6terey x Macce c pe3xo cMeuleHHoi xa no6 nn{nei't nprcaAa, e,qBa npHKpbtBapulxe MaKyUlKy. Kax nopoxAeHhe aoeHh3hpoBaHHoro cTrng nHnorKX, Marpoccrhe uJanoqKt, 6eperrt, utnrnbr-KacKr. Cperqx $axraaxixutx BaphaxroB - uinrnbr-noMnoHbt, urntnbF6aHrbt, rpp6aHbt, KanrouJoHb!.lJJxporoe pacnpocrpaHeHHe B noacegxeBHbrxh HaprgHbrx ronoaHbrx y6opax npxo6perapr syan,. pa3nhqHblx pa3MepoB, eaxryp h SacoHoB. B rocrprrre XX e. BoAyutHM (paKropeM, oxa3btsaKlqxu BnxtHhe Ha Maccy rorooHoro y5opa, rBnrercn pa3Bhrxe nneqoaoro norca.

'e)Heo{H r esr)eux(or weurhrxdu ou aedox) r)recJ -hr)ou (xwrxxamedx{'xwexeueur'xwgxewdex) l,lwquereu hwhxuaw ) 'heuu AnHnu worodos8ed ra wore{ux) 'gxxHlod -os rr{oderxgdex ) 'hlf,oHl)eh € 't'lwcueleu ola hwlqHqueu -ro ) ex('rel s 'wowoil.)o)l ) edog{ oJoHEouoJ gtuE) 'gwo{rfox e HxxowdeJ u v['tll'ueouwox hweHovge oJe)€ eu)|(adu tqHesElqa uxxeeoeedgoadu el'lHgofolJ 'edo9{ oJoHEouoJ oJoHdotrehHhw 'oJovJeu rot{gedr e)cou oJosehauu ahHeHuoueH u anH -edsmred eoHshrre 'rodogoex 14 '1AHuu xlcHshrxldrfHox '(hr)orex o{qtnowou I sf,reemqHaw^ oxquarrde pV.ioxh e

elcou

oJo€ehauu lauerev

rqtt){stto wl;xil'/v edogr( o-toneo uoJ | /ttr/ilu ehgovoll 't

-ou) orhHex(ouou ^woHHeal)erfe ^waos: x u)rhwadr) f,6ou xoseheuu (xurxeuecduex woHgnPrHoehdoJ h woHque)ll,|l -dae e) edog{ oJoHsouoJ tq))ew fatrigo hxHehhuas^ hdu 'hl)owh)hae8 xoHqueHorhdouodu oHredgo I c)rhuoxgH 'eerlHedr:odu a rh eHrhseed 'edogl oJoHsouoJ ti tclts -xeuo soweqgo ahHemoHroo) orh 'oxPEPxou g 'ud epl xrqH€ouol

H ttHVSOdhl

t,r. xyAoxEcrBEHHoEnpoEKrhpoBAHNE

(

29

lpaQnvecxhi aHanh3 Kocrloid noxa3an, .rro nul)4h ronoBHoro y6opa noAo6Hbr nr*uuM ropnoBxHbr, nxea, nner (pnc. 6). 9ro nogeonhro cAenarb BbraoA,.1ro nqAtanAyanbHar rapMoxxq axcarvr6ng AocThraeTcr Ha nphHqhnax B3axMonpoHxKarou.lh x no go6ui, C reqexxem BpeMeHh cMeHa cocrocxxi Kax(.qoi eoprrrrut ronoaHoro y5opa B npocTpaHcrBe cBr3aHa c hcqepnaHHocrbro ee Bo3MoxHocrei B AaHHOMHanpaBneHxx(pnc.7l. Kpor,re Toro, MopanbHo-ncHxonorhqecKag (ycTanocTb), oT onpeAereHHoro rhna roroBHoro y6opa Aeraer axryanuxoi KOHrPaCrHylo K HeMy $Opr*y. llpoqecc cMeHreMocr| Mox<er 6urrs nocreneHHbrM x cxd,{xoo5pa3HbrM. hxrepecxo npocneghrb nyrb 3apoxAeHxr r{ pa3Bxrxq KoHrpacrHoro peuJeHhr e $op,r,rax ronoBHbtx y6opoa. flpxxornhBar. cnoxHar nnnna crrne MoAepH (xavano XX e.) cMeHrercr nosTh nprMoi, napanflenbHoi 3eMne, cTpeMtu4eice K roph3oHrann (1908-1912 rr,l.,{,ocrxrxyo npe,qena a cBoeM roph3oHTanbHoM pa3Bntvtn, Sopttta HaqhHaer hcKpHBnrTbcr noA co5craexxoi rrxecrup (onaAarcr nonr). f'loransercc ABxxeHHe $opuut B HanpaBreHrr, nporlBonoro)f(HoM HanpdBneHhlonunn crrna MoAepH. h xaxoxeq, KoHrpacrHbtlvrpeuleHheM K QaHTa3],tiHbrm,x<xBonhcHbtM $opmam crl',na MoAepH, KoHcrpyKTr,tBHoHe car3aHHbtM c ot{epraHhrMh roroBbr, craHoBhrcr nnorHo o6nerarcu4an ronoBy xacxoo6pasHar ManeHbKar ujanoqKa Haqana 20-x roAoB XX e. Ho anonxe ecrecroeHHo, qro H tra, K83anocb 6rr, 4ocrarot{Ho (pyHxqtoHarbHat Qoprvra He Mox(er ocraBarbct a cTaTht{ecKoM cnoxoicralt. floeropra ecrecraexxsri o6uern roroBbt, ronoBHoi y6op onlru Hdr{rHaer pa3BhBarbc9 B npocTpaHcrBe. Bxaqane ero TaKrr{Hoe norsneHxe ManeHbKhx nonei (xoxeq 20-x rogOa), sarer* - lO3HxKHoBeHhe achMMerpllr., r. e. oTKnoHeHHr q€HrpanbHoi ocu ronoBHoro y6opa orHocHTenbHo qeHrpanbHoi och ronoBbl c coxpaHeHheM rny5oxoro nphcaAa (1930-1932 rr.l. flocne roro KaK <
I

)lgL,,,,, & 'FV

'ez6z6 /.-tz6/

A f\

f4Q% "---J

\_/

\_-i

'?2926t-lZ6t

'rroru, zrrrrA\?i/

V

\ t l ?rzz5/.206/t:)*-:_

A

fti

/

I

--'-f-t-2?6t61-9t61\JV

...\

€2 11 \

tr \\,)

u@w# .r il A

"w

'z?zl6/ -

806/

G6J-oi'ixlqnsouor'rnHlirolvJrioow:oo x v,iweodhrxioaii' i

----*1!.

!..t !v3g9-uEi'-{Etr,19l-r9-9!r!hP*9.94d!L ,roBHoro y6opa nph gTrtx noroxeHhrx

yMeHbuJaercc: nph nocaAxe ronoBHoi y6op noqrh noBroprer ronoBbr, nprz' cMer4eHh,t Ha no6 r.nr' MaKyuJKy Sopr*y cTaHoBHTCT eule MeHbuJe, TaK KaK yAeplKalbct Ha roroBe B TaKOM nonoxeHhlr OH CMO)|{eT, hMet cpaEHHTenbHo He6onuuyro Maccy. rny6oxoi

7, TpaxcQoprr,raqhr

ronoEHoro

y5opa

c TeqeHheM

BpeMeHh

, , 7 -^ \ (t

l\

/9J4-l9J6zz

/ 9J7-t9J922

')

/9+2-/9J6ez.

ffi

/956 2

Ha pr,rc. 8 noxagaxo h3MeHeHhe nuHnu nphcaga orHocHrerbHo paamepnoi nuHli'u ronoBbt (xa pxc. 8 noxasaHa uJrpHxoBoi nunuehl, flpe4craanexa xax6onee xapaxrepHae nocaAxa ronoaHoro y6opa Ha nporrx<eHrrh XX B. hs cxasaxxoro abtuJe cneAyerf qro H3MeHeHr,e nAHnA npHcaAa ronoBHoro y6opa HaprAy c Apyrrwn ero xapaKTeptrcrhKaMh orHochrcr K Qaxropar*, cnoco6craylolqxM ero 3Bonrcqlrh. r{ro xe Kacaercr nponopr-1xi roroBHoro y6opa no orHouJeHHlo K oTKpbtToi qacrH nhq,a, npxqecKe, 4eranei o$opMneHrn nxQa KocrtoMa, ro oHr4HaxoArrcr B x(ecrKo; paar,repxoi 3aBhchMocTh H npeAcTaBIgrOTCO6Oi 3aMKHyrylo cxcreMy (prc. 9). flpoexqxonHbte h3MepeHhr orHocHTerbHo roph3oHTanbHoit ,'t BeprhxanbHoi ocei ronoBbt noKa3anr copa3MepHOCTbH COnOAt{XHeHhe 6onbuhx H Manblx tpopm, 9ro 4ocraroqHo HarntAHo noxa3aHo xa pxc. 9.

t

t'

.

-oueh ewalfx) or€ 'ewolrfox olh 'wor o re^srf,cuereuhE) o'loHw 5r ahodox euohdau EhHesoerratn^f rqd{r.x{dp -laesrqaero edog( oJoHsouoJ HHE|,i)|(uoxdeg '8rlfo8l xlel{ -querf,o xe)a Hr)OwhheHE xoxs.orxPdr xoHH f hux l9wdo6 lrdog^ alqHaouoJ hwlqHgue^rxe raeuets whH x hoHr)edrHox qrf,oHHeudeh)h oJoHHeuatseduo euhl xertoHx(oweo8 'xewdoQ 'xgeedgo xr)l)ahxlar)€ xlssoH I ox E]rHeur|(odPE UUu 6hA xlqHh a o)tquol eH leDoxgedrou -ou)A .!otEu€oroJuou tsdogA SlqHsouoJ 'lwe) qfrgshEePd yll)oH '6u9wp)H9 wdo$ xtctuPw r xxmquog lnhdouodu -HemeaoHsed{ ex(xeL e ')1}'tHuv hrJow x hr)oHdawaPdol -h)hsgeowhPsal,r {wolrart o{xHeHhhuouowr,lets'{gr:xxue qfeueJhr)oU x ed -hlf,euu Ewotnox rdcUoJeug r(woxrart -o9I o.roxeouoJ nrHr.tt r wdo$ qEEatr tseHhllHgJdo rxer14 'wdo$ u 1ulnv 'rrhdou -odu wexlll{xotr xogxmo crex<egeh e hrHaueUaduo xrqxdas -{x rexcowou rugwe)He Xer)eh rlqHquetsro Xogo) {Uxew bhHeao)guJof, EOUhhHhdU XlqXqUxger) ahHi)u8utq8 wemxeH ginPh o{hHemad {woxhxxowdB.t -queu g 'oxaxrx{rHH ole x qugwe)He Xxtno{PUEo)'xrxxcoU{y rhUoxhdu'ewo{l)ov 'ewo{.r)ox o{slf,eh IeHxdes t edogl oloHaouoJ xxxowdg.t ehHeuteheus rhUosaxodu olrr 'lqxemesoHeedr( o.todr) oHhorertoU edog{ oJoHaouoJ trxh h rriHeHeuh atqHquel]togndot n etqHqugxxrdeg .tcaou

f

-douodu

-oJ arotlqa xoHxollhxeodu xoHsPd c:raealseexo cxhHquoJ 'e)thHquol{adr -{adr oJeHHodol)oHged o.ror€ ero)tcs ol 'edo9{ oJoHaouoJ {ro:lql tshHeSoH)o ^xxsouou ge qrrsxdu 'Hxtttuea xHr€ ex {xUo xu:3 o{lHHoxhxeodu dawtduPx 2?tt6t-tE6tzztfs/-ot6,'22825/-Ez6/'??075t-z/6/'2ail6t-006t

'PZ: ):8:e:qJ.fown) -hsee o{^HqueHoHhdouodu r{e}l qrH€eDUedu o{I?nor^Uar) 'xweh rqHl,|hHrea ,Le hxHax(Pdlgs woHHasx^g g or{xow -xeorAu {ux
noAcl,lcreMy roroBa Bex - KocrloM BKntoqaer B ce6t y 6 o p c o c B o H M n e P h o A o M ronoBHoi Pa3Bhrht. nur.ru ronoBHoro y6opa, ero Macca, Qopua, Xaparrep aKThaHO BnhtloT Ha peuJeHhe tneMeHToB oAexAbl, a qepe3 Hee H Ha KocTtoM B qenoM, BKnKrqat o6yar. flpx sapoxcAeHAvl nPhHt-lhnhatbHoi Qopmut KocrloMa' xorAa oHa (qhraeTcgD KaK c,.nYtr oAexAbl' QopMa rono8oAexAbl htth KOHrHoro y6oPa rox(AecrBeHHa c QopMo;

| 93 4 -lgJ7zz. / 9 4 /- / 94 tz 2. / 9 4 /' | 94 ta 2, / 948 - / 95O a 2. /9 5 + -/955? 2.

$15'. 1977a

*on

T 8. hauenexxe

nonoxeHst

nhHl.ah rotoBbl: | - pa3Mepaat rtBit

3 - 3aK. 738

roroBbl; 2 I

ronoBHoro y6opa orxocxrerbHo nrxrr

npxcc4a

pa3mePHoi

darxedex eH edogl

\ woueh € rqwdoS oe h tqu}|(euo XeuPreU 'ewax) '01, oJoHaouo: rrwdoQ ?AH6AUa retnoten<edro

'lqsouo.r tltsx(etso etsou oJoseheuu Xeuereu h ehhu lowdo$ '5 x edog{ oJoHoorroJ lowdo$ I?xaw qr)owxfrsee rgHquPHohhdouodg

z0t6l

20t61

2896t

2695t

21961

?896/

?rt96t

'1961

2 0961

.6=t0 zZ=lf

'ewdo$ of edogA oronaoroJ qr)oHrtredrHox 6Pr^Hxder,tsog heH x seHrfgdrHor rex cf,reeux(deetA uun lcuxeuo Xow - d o $ r X h H a m o H r ox l q H t r H e o {eHu r h x x d u x u h h e h d g s x l c l H h e H -ox)eg I 5)regmod rlqExreuo rswdo$ exHamed eoHHohhhE -ouwox eoHhue ceahxdehuou 'edo9{ oJoHsouoJ ewdoo e 'pr€^uh) awdo$ rrgoVou Aurhxrdu ou 5)r6odJ't llHo f rqUx<eUoxuuergU xlrHHedr^Hs xa)s oa A age) reeUxdeer^ 'elreaxeee; '(Ol '>rd) edogr( oroHsouoJ ewdo$ he eHr.)ed

i

I

h I I

i

r.t. xyAo)tGcTBEHHoE npoEKThpoB HHE

BpeMeHeM oKa3brBaer annsHre Ha xapaKrep geranei nneqeBoro, Tarheaoro x 6e4pexnoro KoHcrpyKThBHbrxnorcoe o,qex(Abt- oHx npro6perarcr aHanorhqHbte ronoBHoMy y6opy nn*n)r BHyrph npexcxei Qopmur. Hanonxexre $opMbf o4exAbr nporhBononoxHblMh ei no xapaKTepy nnrl'),tl,MH (3acraBrrern MeHrrbcr t.l caMy $opr,ry, B ronoaxom y5ope raxr(e norBnrprcr KoHrpacrHbte ero co6crBeHHoi Qopme sneMeHrbt orgerKh. flpxutegurar a ABhxeeHre crpyKrypa oAeD(Abt (cocyu4ecrayKrr KoHrpacrHbte sneMeHrsr) y4epxrBaercr or nonHoi AhcrapMoHhh xapaKrepoM QopM roroBHoro y6opa (xx rarxe ABe - (craparn h (HoBanD, nocneAHgt cTpohTct Ha coqeTaHhh Tox(AecTBeHHoi x Qoprrre oAer(Abr r KoHrpacrnoi ei). Vxognu4an (craparrt QopMa oAelqqbt Molxer 3aaepuiarbcr (crapoiD rpopraoi ronoBHoro y6opa, qro noAAepxhaaer ee crpyxrypHylo 3aBepureHHocrb,AocrrruJyn nonxoi 3penocrx. Ho yxogru4an (craparD Qoprrla Molxer 3aBepuarbcr. n < $op,uoi qeM yrBepxAaercr ronoBHoro y6opa, npeo6na4axre HoBr3Hbr B KocrloMe. A <<xoear> Sop,raa o4ex(Abt 3aBepuaercr roroaHbrM y6opora, .aHanorhqHbtMno eopr,re gopMe oge,|(Abr, un, ApyrHM, cTportr4hMcr Ha coqeTaHhx

F }

gneMeHToE, SneMeHTaMh,

r g

h

TO,|(AeCTBeHHb|X (HOBO'D KoHTpacrHbtMh ef.

QOpMe

OAeXAbt

C

Taxnm o6pa3om, l4hxn pa3Bxrrr $opmul'KocrpMa (ero cTpyKTypbr e q,eno,r,r)oKa3blBaeTcr 3aBepureHHbtM.Ha.txHaeTcr ((rf(H3Hb) HoBoi cTpyKrypbt KocTtoMa. 3a nepno4 ((xN3Hh), oAHoi Qopr'rur oAex(Abt a KocrtoMe (pa6oraprD ABa KoHrpacrHbrx rhna rofloBiurx y6opoa r 6ecroneqHoe KO,Iht'recTBo npoMexyrovxurx aapxaqxi. Peurexre Qop,uur ronoBHoro y6opa B KocrK)Me XX e. HaqrHan c 20-x roAo8 r3rrercr pe3ynbrarom Aeicraxr o6u1nx 3aKoHoMepHocrei pa3ahrhr KocrloMa (qr,rxnrlxocrr,t ero pa3Bhrt'tuh neProAhr{HocTh noBTopeHr.rr
1.1.3.KnaccxQrxaqlrrrorolrur

y6opor

KnaccxQnraqht roroBHbrr y6opoB no rextonxrtecrxr nPx3HaKAlAQOpnOO6pa3OBaHrt.Kax gneir,reHrKocrroMa, peuteH}.le Koroporo BKnloqaerct B ,qhanaTeKTOHhqeCKOe' 3oH o6onotrKoabrx h KapKacHbrxcrpyxryp, ronoaxoi y6op noAnerxrr paccMorpeHrlo c srhx rt<e noanqnh, ' Texrorxxa - ryAoxecrBeHHo obtpa3xranbHoc KoHcrpyKrrBHoe peueHNe eopMbr, ocHoaaHHoe Ha ycere nnacrhqecKrx caoicra Marephara, nponopllhoHanbxrg orxouexri h prrMrcecKoi opraHr3aqh, geranei, t 3."

f d

a ueEgoro 's XX wotr)oy 'XolHeHhwoUae xcer,^u) xlqHqueU

-ro € qt56u86 'PWO|I)OX hWeWdOo ) seHHeHhhuouotr'ew -do$ xex ts)leesHseed lr wrhxeeogadr 'wo{r)or h orh 'ax< wel raeha€ro dogr( foHsouoJ ewolJ.)o)t woHHawgdso) I ('du u xrrrBxliHrodo€'nne$dem 't,lyt3)tHt$cox ) eeto|l'cov 149terHel{euc c elqHHaHeuhoc

rqndo$ XosxhXo-rc^ axxrc3x

AgouoJ ar|lflo€raugo or{r.oull

9]TARgO oJoH€xredoyatr oJoHxouS

-

I

e w e r )

'( ewaxr) woweqgo wtcxexredoxeV ahtno{PUeugor ^eouot tr ehtfloreJaugo oHrotru eH rlrotcueUepdtsou tsdog{ alqH -aouoJ e8rfHedr)odu e olxrxseed ou 'woeedgo whxel 'lrhrAdrrnox xtqH)exdex o{qtnow -ou ) Avh Puexdarew wPsr)xo8) whxlehHl)euu sdeEoJ -eu9 {wdo$ o{^HHeUeEr'v?wr'(uxr lrseorhouogo) Iwdo$ ea c6dorsou '^souoJ hueJeugo oHlouu tehHemed eoHHeg -t)Hpdr)odu eoHhhLreed H xueradgohdu tedog{ alqHsouoJ x eouerderPw 8r)fos) ur.eL) shHemad o.roxexu{dr)Hox -faUowress woHrf,edrHox eH atcHHegoH)oAvA eouexdarew xw -esr)ho8) otr Hhal)tesroo) wowEdu g'wdo$ ehtedgooHted ewo{r)ox wox:leuodea eomctuog 0resodhdr)xoweuodu s €odo9^ xlcrH€ouoJrr.rhxHA$ ehrhssed eox)ehhdor)h 80do9^ xnHSoltol :thHvloEvdgoowdoo I 3rHv8odhrll3odu '1

37

I.!, XYAO'IGCTEEHHOENPOEKThPOBAHhE

'

' I ft t ' .

.. '

u3 hcTophqecKoro QoHAa nhurb HeKoTopble Thnbl ronoBHbrx ySopoB, o6beMHo-npocrpaHcTBeHHat crpyKrypa KoTopbrx cnoco6xa nnacrxi{ecK}r 3aBePuJarb
flo rrotrgau ronoaxoro y6opa B HSpOAHOM

KOCTKIMe

flo morreau ronoBHoro Y6oPt B rcTopxqeckoM KocTKrMe [exopaTrlBHOTO o6tema

flnorro o6norapure

lllnnna ("raxorso", "xorenor", TpaBenep, "6onneap"), 6eper, KANK'UJOH

Fonoaxute y6opur )O( a,

.QexopaTl,lBHOrO o6teua

lllnnna (rnponscxae, xoe6oicxan, cou6pepo! , xaprya, 6auurrx, "6oapxa", "xy6axxa", ntnaxa, utanKa-yuaHKa, KOTNAK

Xor
ti

l.

tTrorHo o6neraroull{o

!,exopa. lr9Horo o6romr

Inorno o6neratoull,t€

lllnnns (Knaccx{ocK8a, l|tpnaHea, aenoBae, cnoprHBHle), Kenr,

$ypoxrap gyrrrur aeTSniril

.

t

il '(xxxcolod etlHtuphhaur exxtsad) xa{9o aer:Uoeexodu s erqwe^aquoulx 'lquexdelpw h xgw ,px(oi ,xeroxxdr ,faHexl euu{d.t Egaecreuu h tspHwo{l)o}t ,rcsorqueu ro{ci€er)ot rqdrqt grfeh or{mruog '(rruexdarew etqlehtaf ,xoxouoa xnxxeerei{r)h €h rgwqtel'rxpuuor erreodra$) alqwepstrtl -egedscd oxquerhaul 'lqucxdarew or€ .eouexdarew xl.tH -Eed €lr lcxtsusoloJex rrdog{ etctHaouoJ etctHHewadso) 'esr)Eoa) eHx)quethgadrou etgeoH raeradgordu ahuots€h oJehro 'soucxderew xtqHaed en 6) -ropueo) sodog^ xrqHsouoJ aoultr rtlrph remquog ^wor€ou 'AxueUro 'exxemed ,(reeh ' ,r(d{txe$ aoHsnrx^dr)Ho)t oJo) uehdsrew eedgh urreeshuacxenl wodogA wtcHsou -oJ r Xo?t|(auo {Ux<ew qatsEf reseuxr3 .(wacgo lnxexred -oxau eHtnorewh nun Aeovot sHlnotcJeugo 'trdogi etqHaou -o.r 'rsradeg 'rrurum) aodog{ xtqHgouoJ souhf xHxguox)aH erHe8o€quoufh regxr^uots ('u'l !t wotl)or{ rtneuu 'orsueu) rc?)KeUo ulrr XrcUx(p)t orh 'oxlteser trxrrxcdu eh .wExpHG -xdu wxrrahxxrer ou todogl rnxaouoJ rrhexx$x>rcu1 xEuuol ',,Bx[rg^x,, '3x]|3mA tnaHtu'tr.r.x3er 'enH€3dgoxuex 'l,rncutrolt ||rrnr,tu

{ru3m'rr{rm3g "rrHmoro)t 'xx|{dogc ',,exdBog., ' (uox -c|lsxrars 'odgdgrtor 'sgrclrogsovl lucum

HOm(XUBX'heueh 'rcarmQ' (r{ggdou'enuBhl enHHBaodsueduoHxolro ',,ror,.'ted€g (duHxuxh ')touetox',,gqloxtr,, nrqr.^Hjoro c'ca)Jehrsiur

'mgux',,odsuog,,l guBum

B)Ier€o|r 'xorBqu'quBm 'ler.xeuTrxxto -ovl Bxslrrou

ennoBJeugo olil,oulJ

]O( rr(log^ etqHrouoJ

er{o[ato)t r.o]ruo(hH a rdog^ OJOI{€OUOInt8riron OU

eStotrtol yrovceiladorJor s Bdog^ olor{€ouoJ rtrs}rtoxr olJ

€

e w a x J

80do9^ xtqHsoroJ

F t t I

C r e m a

4

Mrrepranbl

l,le xerypanuaurx Eonoxoll (aex, xnonox, urenr. u.psrul

Jlpaxa, xnrr, tgcbMa, @noMKa

Oerp,rxaxr, lpxKorrx, xoxr, Mox

,13 rcKyccrBo{Hbrx rt crHTeTr,l{cKllx BonoKoH

llpexa. xrrr, MOHOBONOKHO, TOCtlTe

Oerp,rxaru. TpxKoTtr(, KOXa, nnoHKt. M€X

KnaccxQrraqhr MarepxanoB, hcnonb3yeMbrx .qrr (popMoo6pa3oBaHhr ronoBxurx y6opoB, nphBeAeHa Ha cxeMe 4. B nocnegxee Aecsrhnerhe Ana nphAaHht rKaHtM A TphKoraxy Qopreoycroi{xaocrr, h3HococToiKocrtl rcnonb3ylor cMeurxBaHhe BonoKoH. Pagnh.rxute cbrpbeBble KoMno3hqhlr nph nonyqeHhh npcxx, cnoco6br nepennereHht B TKar{ecrBe h B93aHhh no3Bonttor nonyqaTb KpoMe 3Kcn'|yaraq,xoHHbrx AeKoParhBHsre atpsexrbl (MeJraHxhPoBaHhe, 6necx h Ap.). Oco6exxo eQQexrr.raxo hcnonb3yerct cMeujhBalrhe BonoKoH a QerpoearrnbHoM npoh3BoAcTBe, rAe K 3cTerhqecKhM Kdt{ecTBaMKonnaKoB npeAbtBnfirorct o q e H b B b l c o K h eT p e 6 o B a H h t . Kaxguri BHA Marephanoa rpe6yer He ronbKo cBoei rexHororhH o6pa6orxr, a no3roMy h cneqHarbHoro o6opyAOBaHhil

CPeACTB

Manoi

Me' XaHh3aqhx,

HO

h.

yqeTa

cBoicrB Mareprana r cnoco6a rexHororhqecKo; o6pa6orKA npy' npoeKrkPoBaHHhMoAerei ronoBHbrxy6opoe. O4xx h roT D(e Txn roroBHoro y6opa, HanPhMep Kenh, Bbrnorxexxuri h3 hcKyccreexxoi Kol+
-hxuem exx>xcr(w ts)rb)oHro wrH X 'exew oJoHcupd^reH r{ oJoHHgsr))Av>u en srrrg rllow rrdog{ erqHaouoJexxJsw 'fosoHro hoH)exdex f, 11ehrJsw eH Ulrorguets -eedtsou rsdog{ erqHsouoJ ersrhm ar€ ^wor€olJ 'adog{ woHsonoJ a e)PxdPx cuod ro{edJn nHO 'waxxeeowdo$ etqHHeh^uou 'rsrHeweu€ H oH '4odl 'otihx{dDxox orquor eH oJor€ cuu E^ecuou}r !wdo$ xr.rHquelhEedtqeoxrtoret -)oU Gthhrf,oUoxxow haueUow xrqJ.hmaxrogedeed rdg 'weugrdarew wlcryre^acuou)h ou r(uu{d.r or^xodlrm qHeho lo{ruael)of rsdog{ erqHsouoJ etqrl,lm . 'or{xrr{de r.or^w -do$ rrurum erHreu ehxfHel{ 'rqurrm :lhx)rt<^w ahHreu rotertr(uou tshHPso))edu oJor)ehhHexgw wouorew eHrouou x t c H h h u g e de H x o u o s o H o w e H oJorehra) e)A'lr{elauuedSu hrra) l.r rqwqfer srrorPsrqrpgedeed cwada eaHugu)ou I '{wdoS o{^sxh1or)A roruxedxol 'r(llew or{meuogex rorewh :t'tw -psrfxost rwtqxxoxhere{uulxe hwrqHqualhxouou ro{Ptseu -go xeuereserou xHxf,ehhwoHox€-o)rhHxerxhxo)rq8 awodx hweH)rouos hw1{}rlehHr)euuowdar I soueradarew ah rsdogl etcHEouol'w5hsr)fetseoe wrsxde$rowre wrcHrshduoJeug -aH x Xo€hr'1oD{ .rHeho r)reer'r(uou ewdo$ rgws^dh)xho woJ.€ hdu 'rqrr(xsrex hHo ergdoro)r pH 'werUouox-wewdo$ roteredgordu xwedr(redeuwar o{^tnorlsrfrasroor'{wdo$ souphderpw xwr,tro)tea axrogedgo rdu rsrerrdges{uou xAL€ en ercHpaHuourqg 'Hoxouos xhx)ehxlteuuowder sou -ehdarew {dAix{dr: s wehHeholrxg ) r{Herr x oHlouou eoH -xproxxdr'xew h r g x x e s r ) ) ^ y ) h r g H e r o g e d e p dx r x g e o u l o x -eh xreHsouoJ xrqHHeaowdoS-urxen{uou ru!|| I sodog^ 'edo9A oJoHaouoJ u w g ) / t { y t u h w t c r H q r g u o w h w r q H r e d ) t H o xq f , 6 6 u e r ' o t x h x n { $ ot^x)ehxrarf,€ orAxxeeDatfl^t rottsHuout.ta hHo'otqlf,ow -hUoxgoaH loxexrx{dr.>xor ox.ruor al{ tstr.ottsrats lqgm xrnueveu xhxPr I 'eHrouou argHxeroxl,rdr 'laHex.l xlqHwolr -)ox r xlcrsolqueu cr)eh EpHHauetleduo E)r6loHro whH I '1od{rx{d-rf, Xonxrcd oHhorpr)oU xrtnoretseugo'eouexd -erpw xtqHaed €}r xrgwecHuourqs 'eorexrdge${uou xrqrnm ex e'l(xgr ro{gh^nou redogr( al.rHaouoJ etrxxeeowdo6p ' ( r s H x u e u e x- w e e d x w r q H H e d -Hm)ed 'wrcxxeUeseed ) elqHHeHxuU{ n arqxeedgoo)^Hox) sorpuuor xrseodta$ er rrdogr( elqHaouoJ ehx)rats oHhhl -f,eh h ehx)He)K 'erxlxcr(w rorprr{uou wehHesowdod) 'hwego)ouf trwlclHaedro{Qh {oHHeuee eaxedee r rsdog{ er.rHsoltoJ -r(uou lowdo$

r.r. xyAoxEcrsEHHOE npOEKThpOBAHl,tE

4l yuraHKH, nanaxh, ronoBHbte y6opur rhna (roronbD, (MocKoB_ cKaqD, Myx(cKhe h ,KeHcKre naHaMbr, 6eperut, uJanoqxx, o5neraror4xe ronoBy. Ha xapxacxoi ocHoBe unn c xecrKhMh npoxnaAKamr BbrnorHclorct xeHcKhe (ToK)r, ronoBHble y6opur rhna o6orpxao; ApanxpoBaHHbre rhna qanMbr, Tpp6aHa, 6epera c oxonbtuteM; ulnsnbl, Myx(cxhe xenx, tpypaxKh, 6ecro3brpKh. Cne4yrculyt.o rpynny cocraBnrrcrr ronoBHbre y5opur, nneTeHHbte n3 HaryparbHbtx h hcKyccTBeHHbtx BOflOKOH. Harypansxsre BonoKHa - phcoBar x 6am6yxoBar coromKa - cocraBnrKrr He3Har{rrenuxsri npor_1eHTB npoMbtulneH_ HoM npox3BoAcrBe. hcxyccraexHbte BoroKHa - pa3nhqHbte nogpa6orxx recbM, nnereHHbrx x3 MoHoBonoKHa h Apyroro cbfpbr. ),1s4enua ll3 SToro cblpbs nonyqapr nyreM craqrBaHhr recbMbt no cnhpary c yqeror,r rpe6osaxri eoprvrur (onurrxuri Macrep npx crat{hBaHhh B Heo6xoAxMbrx Mecrax nocaxhBaer hnn pacrrrlrBaer recbMy). 9rxr,,r MeroAoM nonyqapr urntnbr c nontMh, ulanoqKlr, o6nerarou_1xe rono_ ay, 6eperur, cnoprHBHble uJanoqrr una xoxeixx. flocne4xrcrc rpynny cocraBnrror Br3aHbte ronoBHble y6oprr, nonyqhBurhe 3a nocneAHlre roAb! xan6onuuree pacnpocrpaHeH}{e 6naro4apr B03MOx(HOCrrM nprrcnoca6nlBaTb 'rx npaKrhqecKr x np6omy rnny nhlla h BbtnonHeHh, pyqHbtM .cnoco6oM, qTo no3BonreT Hcnonb3oBaTb noApyqHbri Marepuan unr,t xairx Heo6xoAhMyp no qBery h Kaqecray np9x
Knaccx$xraqrr ronoB-Hbtxy6opoB no KoHcrpyrrxBror y peueHhp. Kax.quli cnoco6 <popmoo5pa3oBaHxe ronoexslxy6e

poB AonycKaeT cyu4ecTaoBaHhe Aocraror{Ho uthpoKoro Aha_ na3oHa aaptaq,xi KoHKpeTHOTOKOHCTpyKThBHoTOpeuJeHhr, qro KoHcrpyKqhr Cne4yer - orMerhrb, eop,r,roaaHHbrx ronoBHbrx y6opoa npaKrhqecKh coBnaAaer c'hx o6uerr,rxo-

-ro€ro ot{msuo9 'do9{ hoH€ouoJ 'l4lloxrlet I 'h wolr)or 'exxxxou^x PH lgPalgueuxeH or€ 'esr) oJalno{^dhrxeodu jUoeexodu cHgsodA Xrrx)ahxHxar 'leuo{u eahlveuuot{ oJom qr)oHquerueu 5)rolexedro arx^uodu wosorol g -quog 'eodog{ xtqHaouoJ esr)Uosa}rodu x cHxeebdruaodu l.Le 'xau auet€ woutf(ex PH u)lolealql'HhA rr:oxgadrou -oru ler)oHgedrou xrsxGedgooHeed h xlcHredxHox uhHad -osreusots^ iuU c:roleUeol lrdogr( atqxeouoJ 'wcxcH€xdu rnHaouoJ lhhsxrohtteux ou sodog^ wnHruexhot 'xxhx{tsodu wlrxgoui aeuog r€)euatr xoHHermrswodu olhhexn$r::eux 6rn 'rxexehdu ehxfahhHxer lsorl al)ew wosdau PH Xod -olox a '( 1 'uger) ahhuger XoHUos) a x}r clhael)Uadu re6u -ostou wexeH€hdu wl'lHquauro ou eodogl xlqHaouoJ chhpr -xsrrreux emrqs bsHHeuEEt{dLl'wcxexGxdu wxlrelxHolxol ou sodogl rnHlouoJ rrhcxhoxtteu'l x whlDghrHrol '9 awax) eH eHeveahdu orxsamed {woserr -x{dnnon ou sodogl xleHsouor rnhexr'r$x>:euy '({xr,ouem Aeouo.r of^tnoteJeugo oxrouu uvu Ladeg crxhAuou oHx(ow) 'dewl'rduex) rrhedr(lr$xox {wdo$ ot^Heed raeU (seqHhux 'Xeusrau EeHhhuEedxh lauereE adogen wosovpHHuo ndg ro rhfhaee ew ,HHextsduo) a Hr)ottlah foHslrx{dnxox -do$ xedog{ xtcHeouoJ xl'llhm g 'aHxmew eH hhHe€68 hdu SHHereuuadau u uJ)'r Psr)ehhuor reh)ed hhx)ahhJouoH -xel't 8 nvA A)'tP.ee68 WOHh^d xdU qUateu reh)gd a 5)leea -boxexrxldllHox eodogr( xtsx -rsUeuxes rqwdod arHemed -souoJ xtqHeEsseuu^dJ e e '1odfuxr(drr loxuesr)HPdrf,odu

e€ouoJ eH arrrneSgnta6()u

1 6

g

p w e x l

-

t

6

o o o \o t o

I

x o I

o.

o E o

, r

F

o

: o ,I I

a

o I

o

t e E

o t I a I C

r> +od u I I o \o

i a r CL o a

t II

{

o

:

4 q

o

o

I

s

I

o,

iiiriiiit,iilii 3 'Eg i

'l

i

'ii

t

j" i ii ii €;:: :i EE

€ ir €ii,

; i , ,i ; i

i$sxFi ;= *E sxlEX

Isi*i ii

j itu:isfii $fsi; i t i e ri i

Ee

$i iiiii;E{ iii;;,

giiii!itrgil,gi

0

r I

o t I !

a I

r

{o

o F

o \o

o I

\o d

o o 1 o u ro o o

g

'

o

F , ; i

5 t

+

s 6

c

! a

g

'

x ;

gi

I

i

o

I U F s

i ;

E

'

s

f

e

; i

!

*

r

x

E a' i

H i E $E ! i i i: ! i

x

E

i. !

E * r td F

(weuuId.r wrqsoedeoa ou 6trxhtflo{6uaueeduou 'xahoseU tr Eorhhquew) '(er)ed laraU -€os o:ouede h ,xauouow EeVo{u eufhh wol a 'Hr4lflHe*( x xxr'x<{w) xrsu 'wav ->odee Buv wtqxxertegeexuadu -attow x wrqweruerq.Uadu rwbHHe€09 -adr eodog{ xte}r€onoJ exsr)lesroo)

Sonr>edeoaouog

'arf(hH PHetseegrduwexexexdu wrqxquerhot ou eodog{ xlqHsouoJ rxhexx$rrrery 'esr)etngo oremeH Euerrserftsedu eeedgo axxamed aoxlor:oU p€ ql)oHHeslr

-;

Egg eEr

ri E C

(erqHduuAJadl

o

s o

: I

I

so -a

9

e w e x J

r.r.. xvAoxEcTBEHHOEnPOEKTTIOBAHNE (DyxrqxoxanuHo-rproHoMh'{ecxxi CooreercrBt're ronoBxutx y5opoe

Coq x an s xo-ax a xoeHi

3crirr,.,ec*ri

45 aut-

KocrroMoM B qeroM ocHoBnonHie^ioi xoi coorBercrBHe a raKxe Qyxxqxr, peureHhr ro,|oBHoro l{oHcTpyKrhBHoro y6opa h pa3xepaM ronoBbl Qopme (xacxx crpoxrenei, noxxueaxun x r. A.) Coorgercrsxe roroBHbrx y6opoe xapaxqeroBeKd (no repy Kocrroma, rrny nponoPqrrM, KoHcrPyKrrBQopMe, qBery, fio,\^y peujeHxrc, MaTephdnaM, or4enxe)

X y4oxecr ae x x o-o6paan uri

h r"loAHoMy HanpaBneHhro npn rl.HAulrAyanbHolvr pe,Q,ocrxraercn y6opa uJeHhx roroBnoro B KocrloMe r{eloBeKa B cBt3h Arr onpeAeneHHoro c pa3nsqHbrMh 3aAaqa,!{h: per!eHhe,v{ paspa6orroi aucar,r6nn, KonfleKL[HH H oAexAbr, co3e,aHheM cqeHNqecKhx rearpanbHbrx o6pa:oa

1.1.4. Kor,rnorxqloHHbre ocHoBbl npoexThpoBaH|t ronoBHbrx y5opoe Heroropue cBegeHhro nnacrhqecroi araroJ*tr ronosu. B ocHoBe ffpoeKrhpoBaHu, roroBHoro y6opa nexhr KOMnO3hqroHHar cornacoBaHHocrb ero sopr* n nnauh c penueQom ronoBbr r,rrhqa, onpeAenreMbrM crpoeHheM qepena (pnc. 11). t{epen Moxer 6urru rpex Bh,qoB: ysxnia (4nrxxar ronoBa), urrpoxri (xoporxan ronoea) h HopMarbxrri (cpe4nrr ronoea). B qenrx onpe,qeneHhr coorHouJexre Qopm qepena h nhLla aHaroM Kar,rnep nphMeHhn (nhqeBo; yronD. flon (nhLleBbrM yrnoMD Ka,r,rnepanoApa3yMeBapr Boo6paxaeuuri yron, o6paaoeaxxuri nepeceqeHheM roph3oHranbHoi ny.Hn,' qepena, nPoxoArulei vepes eepxxri xpai rapyxHoro cnyxoBoro oraepcrra u xuxnn!. xpai rnaaxhqbr, c nhxxei, xoropae npoxoAr,rr or cepeAlrHbl n6a, nepecexaer nyl{wo Hoca H no46opo4xa. t{er* 6onsr.ue BbrABHHyraBnepeA BepxHtt qenlocrb, reM MeHbute (nhqeBoi yronD. B aHTrr'rHbrx npoh3BeAeHrcx rpeKoB
r 'u .r r,r twlqxlAxotroxrodox xux xwrqxllxoxoxxruU'^redUegy )t Efxrr?no{exrugxdu lwdo$ xrqrprxf eauog nun x'nrAnyuqs e9uo9 phru suqg rIlogl '(.r'g1 'ud) gou{rltqg xrcrHl)o{uehoHrxrrH o)tqror g)rae)ex r;u+Av ceH -suexhrdee - vdsss er{xox loxrmdaa rexeedgoor{xox

-xr(urqsxreHHawer-oHhorh€ oxGruor";($5J"'111ff'::l -qupxxrdes -

erHa p)AHox loxnmdee

rexeedgoo:{xon

,r)ox - gz toHgots)o Qutqot oJomauog qt)osldetou t9{h(Ha9ul guBdx otomquog {t)oHrdcaos irr)ox s?Hho)rt - lZ lrLtofioHurtoHhux t?HhhHeguJ - gZ - rZ :srrox rerou^xJ - gZ laHklorcd seso)ox r!Hxkk :(rLto\ ?Hil)ggu lolghtamed jekr)de.ro - ga s"HdrulxruHaudeu wrH Uei) rr|rof aaHhouodoguou - ZZ !.chafr -F.Eor aoHbouodoguou lxor)odro lahrtdeero eoeorlu: aotsxr(drH lFHUirehro) lZ Oa - gl - ll rFHltrsorrltr ixor)odro I0JAU leloultr luDar xoao>or eurrdl o:om 6l -auo9 rr)o{rderou reHho)ho - 9l itr)queh rlxxxH - gt llttdueh scxrdog - tl :exL) ,tlDr -derro lorrxseeuJuou-Cl lhr)ox roterremad crHrr)9su texx9w^9-e, res€out iyr)or goHhhHacutuqx xortodto loHgou O, t, :rttox ceto)oH fgaovl') 6 la|tldaaro -g:ar{uv rgHho)rE-l :rr)ox 6eB9o!-9 l€om NrqghoHo!-g :cl)oN !9HH?wot-, - 6 ihr)or roHhouFtie almah - Z :doJfg hFHhoutrlg€ lrrxx{dex I :rom

lFFthtougwtu

:cxesoueh eueder' axxeodr3

';;,

ez tz ltz'

-il -2t

0t o -8-

tz8Z9t'

zt.

94-

l.l.

,-

l(9'€t'rxd) eouirtlqe xtqeou{xt oxcuol r)rep)ex aAHAu cexquexrrdgg - 5gHbf5eogwod f (e'El '>ndl nuxnv NoHquere)Px XoHUo eH oHdawhdu lqHex(ouou)ed eueder, xxhor ehm)rqa etqHl)otrehaHx(rH r arqeouArl'alqxHawat-oHho)hs-s91.1gugllowrdu :aoul,tl xrqHaoH)o orquoxxtH crxuetstcg oHxow ehxu wdo$ '4axxdae esr)exoHw xtsad3 'Xer)eh EeHlKht{ x lextsedr xwedewepd rwtqxr.edauou srlotehxused leUotu ehxg -

€odog^ xtcHsouoj It

I.I. XYAOXECTBEHHOENPOEKITIPOBAH'E

I

17

Or4enuxure qacrh rkqa - neS, noc, nog6opoAoK ryl'ttqraxAyanbHo pa3nhqHbr. 6sr Mrrurqrr nhqa no ceoei Qynrq,rx pa3Aenercrcr Ha xeBaTenbHbte h MhMxt{ecKhe. Mxir,rx,{ecrxe MbllrJr-lbr(pxc. 14,a) nogvxHrlorcn HepBHbfM hMnyrbcaM, xAylrlnM n3 Kopbt ronoaHoro Mo3ra no qeHrpanbHoi rl,rlleBoMy HepBy. Cocrorxre xepaxoi chcreMbr abrpaD(aeTcr B HenPepblBHoM noToKe xMnynbcoB K

{Glrl

rr;-\l [

A _ _ \(*l * )J\ l @ , 1

M/ \v tr

d

12. <Jlxqeaoi yronn: .-ocrpbti;

6 -

rynoi;

13. tDopmur nrqeaoi

| -

nprroi

'{acrh '{epena

] _ A $ll

\!I NZ 6

G]

I

(-, :

o

0

a {l

t t a

- ol :erewr "n-.*Tn' - t r :chm'w 6qheeo) enmnw cesredve"" :chmFw EPeotoH-t

il*il";::;i:l;.tf

"JTl';,""r"""#:

ehmlcw ceHrpducrr - I lF9Ar leHxdas I 7 :eid ehmFw rPior,(dx iPhmFw teHgou-l ehmnwD-Z i(sohaudol lexee €rEsi)-€ 'tl, eHxtrehhwhw I (e) trhmtew xh ewex) rreDleV

:(9)

'woeedgo whxel eoxlehhworeHe ehHeodr) ?uedah '(g'Vl 'exd) xrr€ lxxatnedxol h)lhwhw exeedgo fhheHhgwox xtqHHau)HhoJoHw ro rh)xgee -oHeed 'hmtqw ahHalnedxo) realcSlqa 'phr'ru edfueuAx>{w xnHsoltoJ :lhHvSo€vJgoowJoolt

it-----Sodos^

:lhHvsodhl'x3odu I

-

npoexrrpogrxxe r.t. xyaoxecrgexHoe

rs

rBrrercr ocHoBo; penueQa ronoBbt h ee nhLleBoi qacrh. Fonoanoi y6op ceorr,r o6uemorvr h nnHtr,ll.A AorxeH cornacoBbrBarbcr c oco6exxocrrMh eroro penueQa. Ho xe ace penueQxure o6pasoBaHlr e paaxoi Mepe Bnhrlor Ha xapaKrep ronoBHbtx y6opos, xx Qopr,roo6paaoBaHXe.

KnaccxQrraqhr r*opQonorx{ecrxx nph3HaroB ronoBH. lloaepxxocrb ronoBbrh ee penbeSxure o6paeoaaxxr noA-

tl K

15. Cxeraa Mop(ponorH'.recKhx npx3HaxoB roroBbl

pa3Aerrlorcr Ha rpx rpynnbt: onopHbte noaepxHocrr, KOHCTPyKTl,rBHbre norca u n|,Hur KoMno3hqhoHHoro cornacoBaHht.

Pasneqalor cneAypulhe onopHbre noBepxHocrn (pxc. 15): noBepxHocrb ronoBbr (xocrx A osroaoi qacrh qepena TeMeHHbre,BrcotrHbre,sarslno,rxar)1 noBepxHocrb nrqa' (cxynoaure h BepxHe- h HhxHeqenrocrHbre xocrr). K o x c r p y x r x B H b t e n o e c a r o n o B b t r a K o B b t ( c u . p n c . 15 ) : nr'r'na o6xBara ronoBbr | - npoxoghr no no6xrrr* 6yr' Jlrqo noxpuraarcr r h B H b r eo c K h h n p . 4-

3aK. 738

Ha3HaqeHrt,

3au{krHbte,

AeKopa-

'ehxu Hwetder' r edog{ oJoHsonoJ UuHAv ggcaf,owhpga eH rerxus oxxeerlatn^: ,lrHvtt! xhl€ xe)a darxedey 'foUow ) hecaf a ts)ratsHew aoUdegxaxeg 'rrUodog 'ao:{ vrHnl! 'eld 'seuJ peedeed ' 1 a a o d 9 ) ' r r 4 + n u< a x x e r d e r t e H >r H ) h s e e o J o r € r O ' ( g ' V t ' > ^ d 'wr) hmtsw xhx)ahlwgrw HhHex(ouou woHh t/tvt'r wol g r)eg?florexedrse '('U'l h qr)oeod{> 'axm{UoHsed 'qrlotsed tquer'au) arHEor)o) eosgauaUeduo qreeoerlr{uol raxow uwada eoHcuarruU {xaaoua;t 'gxasoueh wohr.rcor)o) wlx) -ehhJouoxh)u-oHqueHoxhowe tr wr.rHHeEEa)'w6xsexeweh rqxaxdegUou HHo oH '{xeHendu dwox)ertxsr€ x {wox -queHohhpH ou XeUo{u ror{exderxedex ax(ver lrvtil'tu r,Le '91 (eUodog'rsVdegxaxeg 'rsr{) ehxu r,r rcsouoJ esodxou oJoHb)ouos redx orHHhu 'g e)ox erhhHox l4 gecutqdx ot)'tHrt! '5etd otn+rv'9 eeur ee -edeed otnr-rv 'y 4aaodg olAHAv ru)oHro wrqHcuhgow )l 'foUo{u luxr {wor+xeU oxel'frasroo) ola reeghheu)ago ghhu h tqsouoJ AwrrHhv hwtcHquhger) o) edogl oJoHaouoJXVHAr sl)o HHeso)etr.toJ'^xgHeradu Iwox:an -AHL9 u Awonquexorhex ou XeVo{u aouxr xxHeuacrqa xdu hwhtnofuue?eduo c)lo{gugts hHO 'orctHgo*)o r.nr.r'u ALe '11 (rexsurSodu) exutqree vx+riv !9 t/$ xrqsou -Ayt u vAx> unxuu :(exfodogUou 'xatn 'u{xr etxdge un+rv eA uot>o>l 71 ehnu pueeo auHuv l(exUodog?ou 'gAt 'plox 'p9n uxHrl'v gh rl.ror)of,l 7 uuxuv uexrur,r$odu 6)l'0{ -tsus6 hwr9HquBger] 'ercH9uh9ow h ercrHquhg9r)eH 5)ro{5u -aUeedUou qUader,o oroa) a (eodog{ xrqHsouoJAuHxt!rrrot{: -euJo) xwlx r) bhHesoJeuJo) oJor{HoHhr4eouwolr.r{t/rl! '6uueFlr' esr)fos) arqxde.lxux.r.{ lagshheu)ego sof,Eou xrqxsrrr{^dJ.)Ho}txhr)hdetxedex xrqx -deweed rer,7q'edogi oroxeouoJ tsHHexouou crxaretsaduo tsuts hwplpxrtsdoox E)ro{buac e)rou ersxenrx{duxoy E O x ) a h h w o r e H ee m -qHew w) E pH nuveVen woH1esm a utltV 4oxr,edeuou exruts 't9gouo.r {lrror orr(xr,emlxdae eadar, hwpxhol xwrqxm{ -axxdee lUxcew rrUoxodu 7 ntAV 4oxrtadeuou snHuv l(w: g er+ l{U xrsxeodgUeH emrqs dogr( loxeouo.r) xoxrar'rwor -sHe amqHew wf, € ex r.r{U xoxqroVodu AnveVer' woH{esm a exxuU !(rxxamlreeoe oJoHhoutqree rsxxUadet) lrrhol {oHhourc.!e€ oU rwel{U xwrsxeodgtsen IUx
I.I. XYAOXECTBEHHOENPOEKThPOBAHhE

'I

Cornacogarxocrs nrxri ronoBHoro y6opa c iuo6rauxurr"rx nnHnaMh n rqa o6ecneq hBaer ero SMor-lhoHanbHo-nchxon orHq e c K y r oc B t 3 b c q e n o B e K o M . Kracch(phKaqhr f'lpegnoxexxae rr,ropQonorxqecKhx nph3HaKoa Mox(er rahrbcr MeroArqecxoi ocxogoi a reop,{ecxoi pa6ore no npoeKrhpoBaHh}o roroBHbrx y6opoa, B cornacoBathr nx QopM u nnxn!' c (popMaMh u nrHuav.n ronoBbr u nrqa. Tax, paapa6orKa HHAhaxgyansxoi tlnenbr c AocraroqHo 6onuurrr"rr nonrMh x ronogxoi c achMMerpltrtHbrMhpenueQa r'nr 6y4er npoxoAhrb creAy}ol4Hr,r o6pasor,r. Cnaqana onpeAenrror r*acura6 urncnbt. Burcoxar crpoixae $xrypa
KonnorxqnoxHar B3axmocBt3bronoBxoro y5opa G KoGrrol oa r (Drrypoi qenoBexa. fonogxoi y6op eaaeputaer BcrocHcreMyQopM KocrloMa.Ocxogxurivr ycnoBheMnnacrrqecxoi caf,s,u ecex $opr,r KocrpMa tBnrerci rx r*acutra6xan h nflacThqecKat cornacoBaHHocTb. Macurra6 ronoaHoro y6opa no orHouJeHhlo K ocHoBHoi qacrh Kocrloma (nanuro, KocrloM, nnarue) onpeAenrercr, c ogxoi cropoHbr, KoHKperHbrM Ha3HaqeHheM KocrloMa B q,enoM, ero eegyu4ei Qyxxqrei, a c 4pyroi - rocnoAcrByloulrlMr B AaHHoe BPeMr tcreThqecKuM.r UAeana,,/'H, Onpe4enexHocrb 3aMbtcna B nnacrhqecKoM peuJeHlh QopM KocrK,Ma - xapaxTeprcrt4Ka BecbMa BaxHar. Oxa, no cyr4ecrBy, rBnrerce argxrxoi xaprovxoi He ronbKo onpeAeneHHoro ce3oHa, nephoAa, Ho Aaxe 3noxh, a y3KoM cMbtcne 3Toro cnoBa noHHMal-lo4 nnacrrroi eTct nocTeneHHocTb B lr3MeHeHhh HanpaBfleHh9, (nepeTeKaHy'en nrluu, nrocKocrh, B r.ttxpoxoM cMbrcne nnacrhqecKoe h3MeHeHhe HanPaBneHhl nnHn,'t, nnocKocrh Mox(eT npoxoAhrb He ronbKo nocreneHHo, Ho H cxarxoo5pa3Ho, T. e. B ocHoBe h3MeHeHh9 HanpaBneHhg MoX(eT nexaTb h HtoaHcl x xoxtpact". Koxqenq,xg nracrhr{ecKoro peuleHht KocrtoMa, KaK },r ' Cn. lllyraee B. M, Opxamexl 4r

Ha rxaHh. M., 1969

oroHsouoJ

x cwqlFt

rqwdoo :eworl)o)r

loHroHlo

arHauatlqs

AwEAHAu

r

-

edog{

Z lAJldV

Jr(dW l{Hgolto!

oroH€ouoJ

At Htl.v

,rHtv cesa1

edogI | '!,,

erredrsox r e)HeorH 'eEr)ev)Kol. weuxhxndu ou rswdo$ IVrg Awov:ar'xd - r e w o e J x ( e r : e w ) e H X h N U a so u w o w o t r ) o t t r e d o g A o J o H s o u o l q e b s l ' 9 ; ,

i i

, i t

\\I I I t

\i i t t Iv !r

\ ()

q\\ {

[$tr l)t, /

s I r\ P t

-E

s

\\/I :o

s

\:i 1

N

t

\\ I/' X 7 \ il tl

Ll

$

r|

tl

L

x R s

: I

I

$

l

* ^Q .x

$

I

I.I. XYtrOXECIBEHHOE NPOEKThPOBAHhE

_.1 ---- 2

osrJlogt

rrHeu

exeeough

gH ?wotl)ox

cxrcxdu:oe

o:oxquetrde

esoHfo

g

l.olowrdu wah 'et€r(ur) oratno{eJouxdu{uou eedoxr,wdo6 xrqxxexluUl :ror{9edr NHo olh 'hueepxou HhtnHex rsd{rx$ elquuou eH rqUrraUo wdo$ xxlnAUea xhr€ asoH)o eH rlHg€odroraodu lrsuo r wdo$ souhl oJo)r)ehhlreuu h oJox)ehhdrewoeJ aUow I ghH -eaosr)e?n^r eoUoxdau eHew) 'dd{.rx$ or{xuou eH reUx(aUo HrHeaodhrxaodu e ro{Bxl,rHgoar,rr:oxUr(dr exmquogheH r)qrearslr,rh{ oxxuoU ore lqwer)lrf rosrlouah xex ewo{l)ox xrxgeodrrxeodu wogred -xHox e x ;redfur$ hox)ahaeouar, sodewsed ro I ox 'xueUow edoree pu)rqwee oJoHHearfaxoU{x ro oxsuol eH rhfxaee pwo{l)ox 'orqusu ql)oHaxrrsw 'sxesouar lodA.rxS : wdo$ xhr€ ql)oHHefeHroo) roreeaw{eedUou eworrfox h edog{ oJoHaoroJ rwewdo$ AUx<ew tsHHgmoHroo) at.tHhr{ueed '(4 'rrd) heuu HhHru 'e$nu I 'rqxreoudol rrxeuwdo$o I ewotr)ox e arsxgoVou aget qlev{h rcrHxuots edog{ oJor'rsouoJ }lAHy'U'cdoso.J eheHJ4 'elqHHesr)eUxor axeu h elqH)Heo{H s!,fHamoHlo qreeodrarr{r$ oxxcow or)gh exxxrodoe uw5 -nHnv r lowdo$ ) edog^ oJoHsouoJ xhHeuaer)ouo: rdu ox 'wouah a eworl)ox x edog{ oJoHaouoJ wdo$ hr4xexeedr rdu xwrcxr:edrHo)r qrrqg r{low chHamoHrO .rqUxcaUogtrou oJoa -aheuu wodEuedex I qUadano or{edeu I x 'hwuugleU xx ) r.r ox 'worah I Ectrpuu 'pwotlfox 'olgueu Xowdo6 t oy.tuol eH u)rs^feuro: do9{ NoHsouoJ 'oror awody 'enxeedgoox -Epd erews) ursg r{row c)eUe hhhpHrgwo}l 'eoH)Hpo{Huvn eoHHesr)efxor - (ed{ue$ 'reah srrig rex(ow ore) wxlidU ou or 'axsamad eoxr>edrxox c)qrhUosodu reU,(g ({Uxe {wox:errxdrewoeJ ou 'wlr)r(uoU) rrwdo$ weslfhoa) wrl.l -Uo ou hu)3 'eoHruodeaoupw elrHguau- ewo'trtox woeortqg s hr)eh XoHEoH)o r edogr( oJoHaouoJ ehHemoHro eox.lred -r.HoI 'oxredrrox eeuog quUeurodu oHxow ewo{r)ox o{qrfeh hoHsoH)o r edogA oJoHsouoJ rwewdo$ HwlqwaeaxHsBdrr(U -rxaw ql)owh)h€ee or '(rsxxr'xuee) nlrew u eVne oloxrerrnd -rawoal rxxade hrhor: r(wdo$ qreerdrew::ed xue3 ee '(9 ':xd) wdog rlrxemad wox)ehrr)puu I 1 uHHemoHlo oJoHHesr)€uxor nun oJoH)HcotH'oloxDedt .-nox lurhnxdu ou E)qreseUeor r{low xr)ph Xor{EoH)o x o{ht{emoHro ou edogl oJoHaouoJ rswdo6p .rxaweda o.t - o H H e Ue o u e e U l rx h x ) e h x l e r l e r x x h x s { $ l e t n { U e e o J e . e w -o{r)o}r arHeheH€eHoroxredxxo}t to rh)hsge'il:orgerm>ew 8OdO9^ Xl.lH€OltOJ 3hHVgOEVdgOOwdOo H thHV6OdXrXlOdU 'i

,g

yMepeHHbrx no BenxqhHe Aeranei (xpynxsre er.qe 6onee MenKHe noAqePxHyr o5r4yrc MaccHBHocrr), ci,,rrryrflxenrr, qeHHbtx hnh qerKhx (xo xe ocrpux) ovepraxri; MrrKo Pa3Bh8aK'Ul,hxct B o6qe^^ crpoe KoMno3hl4Hh nrxxi (cxopee qepeAoBaHhe nptMbtx nnaui c nhHheMh ntaBxoi xpxaxrHbt, qeM TonbKo KaKHx-To oAHhx, h He ocrponOrr.rauutx); Ho He crarrqxoi KoMn03hqhrr cAepxaHHo;, o6rqei (no4vepxxer cBoei H He AhHalrxqxoi (ycunur rrxecrs) KoHTpacrHocTbro K Qhrype qenoBeKa Bclo npoThBoecTecTBeHHocrb raKoro peuexrr). hg aroro clle4yer, qro ronoBHoi y6op gnr nonxoi xexlqhHbr AonxeH 6utrs xe6onburhM no o6telny (npr.r xeaurcoxotr,t c nontMh pocre - c HecxonbKo 3aBbmleHHoi ronoaxoi), BenhqltHbl. flpx coagaxhH MeroBoro ronoBHoro yr*epexxoi H36erarb AnHHHoBoPcoBblx BlrAoB Mexa. y5opa cne4yer xce npoeKrhpoBa-Hhe ronoBHblx y6opoa (x re ko"*pet"oe xaPaKreronbKo Aflr nonHblx cpxryp) 6y4er onpeAentrbct qepT nrqa qenoBeKa, h ronoBbl por"r <popmbl '

B3ar.r ocBn3b ronoBHoro y6oPa c ilr' Konriorrqxgxnat non ronOBH x qepla,*r nxqa. npocneAhM aaaxi,,ro4eicrBHe Sopr* n nunn!' ronoBHoro y6opa c onopHblMh noBepxHocrtM' A nr/HUtMh KoMno3ht-[hoHHorocornacoBaHht ronoBbl. floaepxxocrb ronoBbl rpe6yer ronoBHoro y6opa onpeAeneHHoro o6tella. CosAaxxuti no npxHqhny roxAecrBa' oH 6y4er noKpbrBarbronoBy, noBroPtt ee o6uelr (nnarxx, ersaHble utanor{Kl, noBt3Kl.lr urneMbl h np.). Taxle ronoBHble y5opsr, rrx SopMa o6ecneqxgalor npexAe Bcero yrn^AraPHble norpe6Hocrx. 3crerrqecKhe norpe6nocrx o6ecneqxaaprcr garirypoi Marephana, ero uBeroM x np. fonoaxoi y6op, cog,qaxxuri no npt{Hqhny KoHTpacra, 6y4er 3HaqhrenbHoro o6rer*a. Oopma h nponopqhx ero xeo6xoAhMo coh3Meptrb c Qop,r,roi E nponopqhtMh ocHoaHoi qacrl xocrloMa (nanuro, nnarbe h r. A.), xaPaKrepoM QxryPbl r xapaxrepoM ronoBbr- ee o5r.rlxm o6uer*or*, Qopr,roi rvrosroaoi I nxr-1eaoi qacrei. 3xaqxrensnuri o6uei,,rMo}(er 6rtru caggax c reM, qro cltuBonhqecxar Qyxxt4,tA Aontt.Hnpyer B 3crerhqecxan,4nr,u. rofl oBHoMy5ope (xa 4or"rxxrpoBaHh 14cHMBotlhqecroi $ytt xqrx qacro peruanct ronoexoi y6op a HaPoAHoMKocrloMe, B (poPMblt nhHrh; (npoqtrbtBarbD nnB{ri 3a AahxeHheM rna3 creAyeY Mbl 3Ty (poPMy yAnhHeHHoclN aneealneHre co3Aarb Mbl xoTla ecil QoPMbl, npruoi, cKonssrulei nunuer, a He reoMerPhrecroi MtrKo rpaxrordtb 6y4ex qto nptMag paccrocHHe ilexAy HahKParqaiuee eclb AByMt raK KaK r3secrHo, rra3r

TOqKAMh,

ehHex(ouou r)resreueduo xrqdorox oHcrelhfoxro'rwPreH -xUdoox r)ro{ElrEE rqsouoJ e)bou alqxerryr(d.l)Hox hu)f 'xnhnx{$ at{rfehhrer)€ rt erqsderxuxrA oxxawedeoHVo qrbHrJourqaeHx
JHDUH

wsndutaoy

JHDotH

ss1/ gbK)sgQ f - - r f - l t - - " n r - - f - < - - -

,^.1

.I-,t

k-l

t-{

,-.t

l-.t

t-.t

t-{

trA

€trH @@ JHDUH

'OguJaptQl

ttoul

'ogwsaprol

0 00 0

0@

\il/

@o

0 "r* ,.resou rq€ouo*o,,ffi "*i eH,h

:m*:i";i'.'"il

l"l:lTl

-quewlrrug 'do9{ hoHsouoJ xtqxxewadeo) ts)reemad {uxh -Hrdu {wore oU '(B1 'rxd) re€ouor emcuog raU{9 {wer.go ou 'e)Heors {uxhr+xdu ou XtqHHpUeor'dogr( XoHsouol '(rrhxx{$ tser)ohhral)€ re{dxsrwoU

'e

XX eworr)ox oJoy)res)

edog{

woHsouoJ

I.I. XYAO)I(ECTBEHHOE NPOEKTHPOEAH'1E

57

ronoBHoro y6opa, ro r,or.rHoecneAoBaHhe x,r,r6yger o3Haqarb, ttro roaoexoi y6op "cx4hr), Ha roroae nptMo, He6onuuoe (xrcaxcxoe) orxnoxenhe or npolqonbHofi nuxnu 6yeer o3Haqarb, qro ronoBHoi y6op cnerKa cABhHyr xa6ox, xe6onuuloe orxnoHeHhe or nonepeqxoil nnuun - cg^ryi Ha3aA (anepe4), a 3Haqhrensxoe (xoxrpacrxoe) or*no""HHe- .iro ronoExon y6op cABhHyr Ha 3arbrnox, un),tKcnAnr> Ha MaKyurKe, An, yxapcKh cABhHyr Ha yxo. Kpome roro,

o

a90

Toxdecmfio,nnanc

@ @ E E 696 n F7 V

O

'

!

V<

J

Hpanc

H{

J

H r

J

V

Konmpacm

cornacoBaHHocrbrorrooxoro y6opa c KoHcrpyKTHBHbrMH nor_ caMlr Morxer 5rrru pa3Harr c oAHhM 6rrrs a rox4ecree (xa_ nphMep, noaroprrb nnnno o6xaara ronoeur),c Apyr.rM- B KoHT_ pacre (c npogonunoi hnh nonepeqxoi nrxxei'nnu c c6eu,irn cpaay). 3ro nprae4er K achMMerphqHoMy peuteHXloo6uei,,ra ronoBHoro_y6opa.KoxrperHoe onpeAeneHhe nonoxeH yteronoaxoro-y6opa peuraercr Ha creAylou{eM (nocne BbrrcHeHh, irracurra6a h nponopll,ri) arane npoeKrrpoBaHAe, Korga

(9) xrxrxex

ra (e) xxx>xlw

\--lr

)rej

g

e

I t r

A

E-Y

)/f',',$. D

ehnu xwerder' ) sodogA xtqHsouol '51 Seuou tnwdo$ r tqsndxm e'""Jo'"uloX

otAxeedgo raeexxder,Uou do9,{ 4oxeouo: {xxuxdarxedpx ' u w y , HI q ) u 6 H h h u o u o f ,x ) l ) e h t t l ) P u u ' e r a s o u a h o ' t o x l a d v x o x ehnu swerdEr, x lqaouor lowdoS r r{aolatsowhesg 'lqaouoJ oHquelHf,oHlo h pwo{rfo)l ewel -tht hatflgo a ahxel'r(eg eo)l)ght4rer)€ oJe (E)raealqUeu)lett) dosAf FEsotr6i-ihHvE6-€YdeoowdoohlhHVso-dht-ttloJu'1

nPoEKTIPOBAHHE f.f. xyaoxEcTBEHHgE

59

qenoBeKa, 6narogapn qeMy ero nHAnBnAyanbHocrb HaqxHaer (3ByqarbD oco6exxo 3pHMo. 3ra y6e4xrerbHar 3HaqHMocrb ronoBHoro y6opa Komno3hqhoHHo Aocrhraercr conpu(eHHocrblo Qopr* n nuxui ro,roBHoro y6opa c tpopmoi ronoBbt h qepraMl (nnxnnnnl qenoaexa (ero rnasy) caoicrnxqa. Tar KaK Bocnpxrrrlo BeHHo ycraHaanhBarb 3aahcrMocrb r*exAy xpaixlr,rr rortKaMh BocnphHhMaeMoro o6uexra, ecrecrBeHHbrn oKa3brBaerct BHAerb npoAonx(eHhe, pa3Bhrhe nnxni ronoBHoro y6opa a nhlnHurx oAex(Abt, ee nneqeBoro notca - g nrH-uux ronoabt. 3ra gasrcxmocrb nuxnh ronoBHoro y6opa ycraHaBnreaerct co cra6xnsHbtMh h rvro6lnrxrtirru nnluari.u roroBbt u ee nn-

qeeoi vacrx (prc" 19,2Or. Ecnx uulcaeHxo npoAorxcrlrb nnnnn (veprur) nHqa H nrHnr ronoBHoro y6opa, ro Mox(Ho onpeAenhrb, qro oHh Moryr 6rrrs napannenbHuwu r,nu crpeMhrbcr K nepeceqeHhp. Fonoexoi y6op ..xeauroAHo noAaerD rr,rq,o, ecnh aoo6paxaeMar ToqKa nepeceqeHhr HaxoAhTcr y caMoro Hoca hrH 6nusto K 3arbrnKy. flapannenuHocrb nuxxh nphAaer nhqy orreHoK oQxqxanuxocrr. Cornacosaxne nuaui ronoBHoro y6opa co cra6rnrxur,ur nnHrawyt roroBbr h nhqa o5ecne,.{xeaer nprHqhnhanbHoe cooraercrBhe xapaKrepa ronoBHoro y6opa xapaKrepy rHna. [1oero,r,ry nptr npoerrlpooaHlh ronoBHblx y6opoa Anr ux npoMbfuneHHoro npor3BoAcrBa xapaxTep STHXnunui., nocroqxxuri Ant AaHHoro rlrna nn4ei, cne,qyer yqHTbtBarb, npHqeM 4nr 6srroaurx ronoBnbrxy6opoe onrnManbHbrMrangeTcr pelueHhe, ocHoBaHHoeHa HloaHcHblxoTHouJeHt{txn}|xri ronoExoro y6opa x cra6xnuxbrM nhHhrM nhqa, a rox(AecrBo hnh KoHrpacr 6ygyr ycrnxBarb, no4qepKhBarb xapaKTepHbre oco5exxocrl nhqa, t{To He BcerAa xenarelbHo. flocrxx<exxe corfiacoaanns nnxui ronoBHoro y6opa c mo6xnsxst^,rn nuP'r'til^/|A nHqa tBnteTct 3aBepuJarcu4ei craAnei a onpe4eneHhH xapaKrepa ronotHoro y6opa, coorBercrByroulero xapaxrepy nnqa. 3ra pa6ora npoBo.qlrrcr nph x3roroBneH,rh ronoBHoro y6opa Ha KoHKperHoro 3ara3'{HKa. O,.fexr Bax
-ou o.ra) edog{ r).lolegtqtxrtr( oJot't€ottoJ eHouxeH rot{ euhr x edog{ oJoHsoltoj x}rr€ g 'ehhu euxr xrer.{ur 'xeraUedu e os 'etHgugPdues aox oJoHHeU cuU xtqHx(oweog -Heupe qrhHeweh oxeedgooxhex) huh oHaeru r{low edogl 'eueheHg orquor edogr( oJoltgouoJ oJoHaouoJ ,nHr.v weree exxaueedueH rorepee eluu (xnunu) rrrden edog{ wvntuu xdu 'wog oJoHgouoJ cxHemed oJoHctuewhruo nxxeUxoxex -ed9o wxxel'(or-orn ceetqeam^rt ot 'tglHewow etcHqueUro

\

/-\ :t t: \

e€ili\

L

:--.:1..t>f.2

\.._

hwr.rHquhgow h rlwrcH.ruxgert

o> edog{

! uwauHrv ellru '02 oJoH6ouoJ XHHIU eHHeaoleulo)

ceehxdar'Uou or) wohnu : edogr( oJoHEouoJ axar)XaUowx -eg€ aoHquelrVuen?xu eoHxoutr qreUgo) t.eguoa8ou 'ehhr (4unuu) rden r edog{ oJoHaouoJ }At'tHAvhhHemoHrool woHr -Heo{H pH eoHHeaoxf,o 'esHemad olquor x 'exegouah ehhu ro> leesNuh)^ x reeexxdehUou (
l ,

1. XYAO'l(ECTBEHHOENPOEKTNPOBAHl'rE

\

\ i-..- , ".

I

I ' ,oxrledt'ox huh oH)Heo{H xrrH ro q)tsbHourtLouv, ehHalrthgUrx cgdorg -ou 'ghxu h lqaouoJ uwrr.Hr.u hwtcHquhgetl o: rrrorr()euJo) edogA oJoxsouoJ AAHII!'exesoueh wouxl > edog{ oJo.Hsou -o.r eda-r.xedgx6HHeso)euJo) oJoHHotrhhgouwox uxhxrdu :xtshHemoHro rr.rHqueHoxhdouodu xtcHHeuaUeduo a rrqrexcedlcs raxow ou lqg orh 'a))ew ta wedaweed '^Uxe {wolrer,xdtewoal -ouoJ woweq.go f, E)rh)ouroor edogr( oJolrsouoJ war96 'Aw -do$ asoxedrrodu e orfuxeeed raawh do9,( poxeouol '(elu -rqdxro rrwdo$) rrrheeed oJoHHesr)Hedoodu urhxrdu iEhxu tqrdarr x lqaouor {wdo$ rardorsou do9{ SoHaouol '{tsna {woxrartxd -rawoeJ ou er:odu eHo HuHrswdo$ hoHHeueeteewh ax dogA X o r . r s o u o J ' ( e t u A x x w e e r a w d o S ) < < u h H e € l q t ^ r ou>x h x r d u :woeedgo wxtnol{Ueur srrsg rl.row rqsouoJ rwBxexexdu r,twltrlehh.touo$ rqHax<edrqe -dow : edogr( oJoHaouoJ hxhHotxer uhsrf,XeUorrlreealguhll -sxdu "e XX I E)xlrmghxoul 'wdox xh)ttehhral)€ h xrix)eh -!u.€ aaoH)o eH'rqsouoJ rwererehdu rwhxrohrrouo$dow t edogA oroxaouoJ rxxmorxel rrer,>leUowreea nurfrxrdg 'urerlleuowhpeE oJor.€ rcuhhxxdu etcxeoxlo qreaodxw(wdo$r raruoaEou tqaouo.l aoxpngxdu xrlx)ehxJou -o$dow rxherr$rr)Pux foHHexouUadu e€oH)o eH ehhu xw -erdart h rqsouoJ r edogA oJoH€ouoJ .7nHAvr wdo$ lowdo$ blrHEaofgnJo) oJoHHohhlreouwox et hoHHouxeH oxqueuuedeu EdHHeUes lelnorleedgo'rr+rrv -odu 'glos {vxr'xol r 6pt{9uare)ey 'orcrfeh Soeahru ugH Xeu -ou Axr,rdxm or^xquewxlxew otAxx
----sodogn-xtcHEbu

r.t. xyaoxEcrBEHHoE npoExrHpogeur.rN

63

nphHqhn 3MorlhoHanbno-nclrxororxqecxoi cB93r,rronoBxoro y6opa c qeroBeKom. OnrtmanbHar Bbtpa3hrenbHocrb ronoBbl qenoBeKa AocTHraeTcr nPh nocneAoBaTenbHoMcornacooaHxh nnnuh ronoBHoro y6opa co cra6nnuHbtMh h Mo6xnrxurmx nr'Hrr,t.l'nrhqa no npxHqhny HroaHcHbtxorHorlexxi. Marcxrr,ranuxoi Bbrpa3hTerbHocrh (xorga 9ro Mo)f(Ho rnr,r xyxtxo) Aocrhralor c noMgu4blo xoHTpacrHoro Hnh rox(AecrBeHHoroorHoueHHr Qoplr s nuanh ronoBHoro y6opa co cra6xnsxuli,,run *o6uny{btw,' nuHAgMh nhqa. Acropne h coBpeMeHHar npaKTeKa MoAerrpoBaHlrr roroBHblx y6opoe lqeMoHcrphpypr HaM urrpoxr,ri glana3oH BogMol(Hocrei ncnonu3oBaHl.rtcpaBHi,rrenbxo xe6onruoro qhcna"QopM ronoBHbrx y6opoa. Bsar,uogeicrBre roroBHbtx y6opoe c qenoBeKoM Mo'+(er npoxoArrb He no BceM xx xapaxTepxcrxraM, xo o6rgarenuHO AOn)f(HbrCOrnaCOBbrBaTbCr C xapaKTepoM ronoBbt x fl,rq,a ocxosHoi o6uem, BeAyqhe nlrtrr't axqeHTrofloBHoro y6opa. 9em 6onrue Bo3HhKaercsrgei MeD(Ay xapaKrepoM ronoBbl B3ahMoAeicrsyer> ronoaxoi y6op c h nhqoM, reM (ToHbr.rJe qeroBexoM, rela 6onuue Bo3Moxxocrei aHcarvr6nesoi opraHh3aqhh KocrtoMa B q,enoM. Orcrc4a cfleAyer, qro cor,racoBaHHocrbKoMno3hr4xHronoBHoro y6opa c xapaKrepom ronoabr A nri'qanpeAcraBnrer co6oi onpeAeneHHylo cHcreMy ronoBa - roroaHoh y6op, hMepu4ylo citMocrorrenbHoe xyAoxecrBexno-o6parxoe 3Har{eHhe.CornacoaaHt,teronoBxoro y6opa co BceM KocrroMoM, npexAe Bcero c ero ocHoBxoi qacruto (nanuro, nnarbe h r. A.) - c $xrypoi venoeexa, npegcraBnter co6oi, no cyulecrBy, BKnloqeHle chcrembl ronoaa - ronoBHoil y6op B cxcreMy qenoBeK- KocrK)M, qro o6ecner{xEaercr BceM xoAoM npoeKTxpoaaH14rKocr}oMa B qeroM or onpeneneHlrr Be4yulei Qyxxqrh B ero Ha3Har.reHHH, rexroxxqecxoi x rexxxqecxoi xapaKTepHcrr{K ecex qacrei, cocraBntlorqxx Ao nonyqeHht rapMoHHqHocrr.r KocrroM. Crcrelra ronoBa - ronoBHoh y6op no orHouteHxro K CHCTeMe

qeflOBeK -

KOCTIOM 3aHhMaeT

COnOAqhHeHHOe

noroD(eHre. TAtxr,,r O6paaOr,rr,TOBOP9O 3aBhCrMOCTlrTOnOBHU|X y5OpoB or xapaKTepa ocxosxoi r{acrH Koc?lorr,ra,Qxrypul LtenoBeKar ero ronoBbt )'t nnu;a, Mbt cTanKhBaeMct c xeo6xo4rMOCTbTO peUJaTb

BOnpOC O B3AHMO3aBltCl,tMOCTh 3neMeHTOB

noAchcreMbr ronoBa - ronoBHoi< y6op e o6rqei cxcreMe qenoBeK- KocTtoM. Bnarogapr otrocrrenuxoi aBToHoMHocrH ronoBHoro y6opa, ero 6onee ronxoi cBr.su c qenoBeKom x 6onuurei

f"

'hhHerehof xlqsora8h hhl -rxdu>oe xdu rrrolruscodu t'trteotuvu oHcllrllJ oHHago)O 'U'r x tqgtrlauldau wehHewhsou 'ellquo wexxeugpduen'tsd{.tx$ wahHEhua'bhHewxHg oloumodu gu)rqwf wexrchdulog ) hwlcHHpasa)'xwrx)ahhJouoxhf,u l)ew xlqH i(uuou oloxquarrde -r,rueed 5uU PgPuJ cr)oHquelherrelh sesoxeHhtsoeH) PgeuJ I xwtcxxeEssf 'rwrr)ahr.tououens oJemeH woer:lodrl^ 'grueu 'axlqrfr(u e xedxw) . :(lUoa a rexxetn^uo nvu eoHtl(ou 4erAv rhHauwouedu axrghdu:oe erawUadu I rlart xe xS cxr.roxcdJ.o aheDUeura xwxtnoteaxueourlgo'rw :rwexxnxdu hwfqHhhuged tqxeaetqe rrtrg r{low ,rueotvvr atrxsuerxdg ' 'weH o fhHPl{t xhmeH o{qr)oH -u^xoeoj hweUha fetngo r erawtsadu oroHHeU cxrcxduros 'erHeuteneus eoHquelrde eox nwutAdV r eetno{eUeu€of, eH qrert,rrrl ra{Uaur 1enloltrv)'t loxsuerxdg -xeerrUadroueH 'eaplr(x)r woxUeuYxdu 'u)uuoen>+r e'1nxex<{dooe x rqdl.r'uqu{lr xtqnd{rxerxxde 'pwolttox I ehHeh aH uhHetseor aerrr^r)h orcuor h oH

-pHs raewh yntcrdu)oe hl)oHhol u ureotvvu "*."nl3yr.u -leheus ?oHu vtut/to$whtnoletseor '(leeh 'wdoQ thHaHerh aoHcuexoxhdouodu'lqwec.go'rin+ttv'eteAvu) uxhedfux$ -xol) xr:oxxdaeou 9H (hwtrtnexl 'rardox) ore cwede emeH a or xxxxadr{xe o{qtnowou ) q)oueJhr)oU ore wou lrhx{doxox -modu s huf,J 'xxawade o:aosf, et{aaoueh {urr {woxquPeuh \ <r(oU{xUadau lhael) erasouah tsd{.tx$ rxsaodo s Xer)oHHego)o xtsHred>lnox axeedgoo.toxytl

adogt wonsouoJ I ereaouah ,'trlLulduros trdu ar tflotp xxH g o 8 'rr€ o ru u xa H H . r u e lxd g ' g ' l' l .hHH9m -ad

xrqH)Heo{H

xtqxrror{xcewodu

rrherdee

elcHhgHox)el9

'eodog{ eader, rrUoxodu xtqdorot PHew) reHquarPsoUau:ou xtqHsouoJpuhl xtqHlf,edrxot eeU reAeJ.latn{r ewotr>ox tswel -)r) XoHHeueUsduo rxrreeed eUordeu oJoHUo xerwed e orit 'qreUxdaer^ rotcuoeeou cxHeeoUeufrl atqxxeUeaodg 'aHew) rrraeJdaeUou'ew -o{r)ov cl)eh seHsoH)o weh 'einpn do9{ loxeouol exesoueh l,thHcorlo) xhrf,ehhJouoxh)u-oHqueHohhow€Lo hr)owh)haee

r.r. xyaoxEcrBEHHoE npqEKT4!?gBAHhE

65

flepexogr K paccmorpexxn geicrah, nnn)osni xqaocnprerne KocrroMa, cneAyer noAqepKHyrb, qro xocrlor* !accMaTpHBaeTcr xa slrype qenoBeKa, Kocrrcrvr, searirno4eicreyr c $rrypoi, o6paayer o6uei,,rno-npocrpaHcrseHHyto eopMy, peulapu1,ee 3Har{eHHeB o6pasoaaxxn xoropoi r4Meer npocrpaHcrBeHHar nocraHoBKatpxrypur, ee ocaHKa, nnacrlKa, nPonoPqnh. Hax6onuu.ryro Bax(HocrbB npoeKThpoBaHHrKocrroMa KaK chcreMbr, BKrroqarcu4ei e ce6r oAelKAy, o6yau, ronoexoi y6op n AononHeHHr, xMetor )4nntognu,cBr3aHHbrec BocnpHrrxer"t Qopmbl: Bocnphrtne nnnnil, yrnoB, nnou4a4ei, o5teA oe. 6onuuroe 3HaqeHhehMeer raK)xe HanpaBneHheBHhMaHhr: He cne4yer He BhAerb qero-To, xe o6par.r4arbBHhMaHht Ha qyo-Tg. Anntoznn Hyxr{o paccMarprBarb B qerroM, vro6sr yBh,qerb xx 4eicraxe. )4nnosxi pa3nhqHoro xapaKrepa MHoro. Paccr,,rorpxr,r nhulb Te, KoToPble oKa3btBaKrTcyu.lecrBeHHoeanhgHhe Ha Bocnphrrhe rpopmsr ronoBHoro y6opa B KocnoMe B q,enoM, HaAeroM Ha qenoBeKa.Ho npexAe orMerhM, qro Bocnpuutne TonbKo nnnnil yx<e co3Aaer onpeAereHHoe BneqarneHhe. Beprxranrxb)e nrHnn Kax(yrcr crpeMrulHMhcr BBepx, oHr o6pau4aror xa ce6r BHhMaHXe,KaK BocKnhqaten"xur;3HaK B TeKCTe.FOptSOXlanbF.bten)/tHy,uKaxyTcr cnoxoinuli,rr)4, ocHoaarerbHbrMH. Haxnoxnute nrH)ln .abr3braarororJ4yu.leHhe ArrHaMlrrrHoro ABrltceHhr, o6nagarou4ero onpeAeneHHbrM ycKopeHxeM B 3aBhchMocrlrorux HanpaBneHHocrl,r. CxpeulxBatcb, nnHrn MoryTyc|,'tnBaTbhnh ocna6nrru oulyr4eHhe llrlHaMxKr,rABhx(eHrn, xeelr6nemoi cra6rnbHocrl.r rnh paBHoBecHt B qepeAoBaHrh noKor n Agun<eHre.flpepuraxcrbte nhHXh HaPyuraroT npoqecc nna8Horo BocnpnrThr x co3AapT BneqaTnexhe yBenhr{eHhr (phrypbt. Annpsnl nepeoqeHxx Beprxxanx. BeprnxanbHoe paccrotHxe Kaxerct 6onrure paBHoBenlrKoro roph3oHTarbHoro. Hanpxruep, Bbrcora qxrhHApa Kaxercr 6onsure urhpl,l{bt ero nonei, xort tryt BerhqhHbt oAHHaKoBbl (puc. 2l). Hnntolxn 3anonneHHoro nporexyrra. 3anonxexxrri' npoMeD(yroK Kaxercr 6onsure He3anonHeHxoro(prc. 22, al. 3anonxexxe paBHoBenHKhx npoMex(yrKoB il4ltarirn co3AaeT pa3nhqHoe BneqaTfleHhe B 3aBhctrMocTh oT hx Korhr{ecrBa h HanpaBneHrr: exrypa, pa3AereHHag npo4onuxoi nonocoi, Kaxercr BbtlJe paBHoBenHKoi exrypul, pa3AeneHHoi nonepevxoi nonocoi (pxc. 22, 6)l ecnh Qhrypa 3anonHeHa nyir nr'wn, pacnonox(eHHbrMh 6nxsxo 5 - 3ax. 738

,

t

r

exr{x
Z

\

\\ .atr

srr€ o|uvl4

yxxehoodeu

.ZZ

6leoiarvl4

oloHHeHroup€

xuexxrdeg

t

t

I I/\ il

= lllllililt=

=

i l i l tlii lll li l t =

ilil

Iilil

_

=

llll

z

c

t

l XI

s EilH oeHm o e e o

-TmII|f EEEEEEEEf

I

llllllllll

p

TT

t.t.XVAOXeCreeHX

oz

Apyr or Apyra, A nx Konuqecrao paBHo 7-8 (onrxr.,ranunoe Korfh'{ecrBo, co3Aanu4ee nnnrcsunl, ro $op,raa 6y.qer Ka3aTbcr Bbtute nph ropx30HTAflbHOM pacnonoxeHXr nnaui rl uJlrpe nph BeprHKanbHoM(pnc. 22, a). flonuayecu ca,oicrgoll Haulero Bocnphrrhr, orpaxeHHbfMHa pnc,22,6, r*oxcxo go6uaarucn B peueHhl,r KocrroMa B rlenoM aneqarlreHHq AHHaMhqHocrh, 6onrurei Bbrcorbl Qrryprr qeroBeKa, pacnonarar Ha oAexAe h Ha ronoBHoM y6ope nonocbt BeprnKanbHo (pxc. 22, 6,1); ir^exuuei Bbtcorbt Qrrypsr qe.rtoBeKa, pacnonarar h Ha ogexAe, l^ H1 ronoBHoM yoope nonocbt ropx3oHralbHo (prc. 22, 6, 2): ypaBHoBeuJeHHocrlr qro .qocrhraerc, AByMa nyre.Mui l) pacnonoxeHreM nonocbt BeprhKanbHo Ha ogex(ge (re,r,r car',rbtMco3Aaercr BneqarreHHe 6onuuei crpoiHocrh +hrypbt qenoeexa) x ropx3oHTarbHo Ha roroBHoM y6ope (pnc. 22, 6, 3'); 2) pacnonor(eHheM nonocbr ropr,r3oHranbHo Ha oAexAe (cogAaercc BneqarneHle 6onsurei nnorHocrh_ Qnrypul) h BeprhxanbHo Ha ronoBHoM y6ope (pnc.22, 6, 41. Ha ocxoea*ltu ,nntol,ni, orpax<eHHblx Ha phc. 22, a, MolxHo Ao6xaarrcc 6onuuei Bbrcorbrexrypur (pic.22, a',l)'; menuu.rei Bbtc_orbtQxryprr (puc. 22, e, 2l; ypaeHoBeuJeH_ Hocrh (puc. 22, a,3, 41. Cne4yer yrortHhrb, xax xoxerrypaq,x, caMxx ehryp Bnhter Ha Haule Bocnphtrlre. Maxcxllltanuxo crarhqHbtM BocnplHhMaercr KBaApar. Ilprr,royronbHllx o6na4aer me_ xoropoi AXHaMHqHocrbto B HanpaBneHhrl 6onuuei cropoHbt, rpeyronbHhx, rpaneqxr (rax ycerexxrri rpeyronb_ xrx) gaxauxqHbl, MaxclMarbxoi 4xxamrqHoc?bfo o6nagaer xepaaxo6e4pexxuri rpeyronbHhx, Oean - 3aMxHyran exrypa, KoTopar MoxeT B 3aBhchMocrh oT KoHKpeTHbtxycno_ ani npeBparxrbcr I Kpyr (npe.qen 3aMKHyrocrn) nnn nprMoyronbHltK - q)4rypy, K' AhHaM]{t{HocTbto. 3ro ceoicrBo oaafla, ceoicrso Qopmrr, BblBeAeHHoeyqeHbtMx Hs xa6npAexri sa pa3BrrxeM eopr* nprpoAbt, rexhr B ocHoBe nepho.qhqecxoi cmexur eop,vr KocrKrMa. Kark4rri nepHo,q pagBhrrs KocrloMa 3aKaHqhBaerct noqBneHlleM oKpyrnbtx, Merrrx eopM. Hnnpsxn [oHrpacTa. 3ro ychreHxe BneqarneHr4r or BocnpHrrhr o6rexra a cpiaxenrx c qeM-ro nporhBononor(HbtM. Koxrpacrur chnbHo geicrayror Ha qyBcrBa qenoBeKar onlnanre nphrynhBueecg aocnpxrrxe. Or coceAcrBa c pegro ornrqHblM o6rerr Kaxercr er4e caoeo6pasxee,

I I t crHeexHeed?ou nAeol/uvl{'gt edalrg'-dauuotry

rreotvvl4'jl

er>edrxox vreotl.lvl4'€Z

8v

6r u

(,

sdf

"m o,

'(gg 'rrd) amsuog - ^seue1 wetnol -eJeugo oHlotru e P 'loxsxeuew ts)qreeex lau{9 eodaweBd xHmcugg adog^ woHaouoJ s PsouoJ ex( Pr }1 eHuo '<1oxr(:> 'hortah AteAvn> ou Xoshuroxxdu : eeuog atne E)rax(er lowdo$ woUrd ewdo$ cexlehrdrewoeJ 'eeutee) atne- rrlqHwal ) wotscd Hlqulast 'emqsew etne 6)raxer whmquog ) woU -rd lxxrneuew :6)reeahuh){ oxead qr)oHxouolloerrodu ffiffi

f.r. xylqoxEcTBEHHoEnpoEKIrpOBAHrE

69

lUxpoxo x3BecrHa nnnlosne Mronnep-fuiepa, 3agaxnpqennrti Knpqapulaf,ct B ToM, t{To orpe3or nprr*oi, Mex
pyxy (prc. 24, al. Ha ocxoae eroi xnnpgrx MoxHo BblAenrrborAerbHbt€ qacrx Kocrroma,ronoBHoro y6opa (puc. 24,6). Ha npr-

ffi Y/

n -

_.]

Rffi'ffi \7 \y

t

qrexe osx{x 'reah q.r.ruatseduo otctr)oHuou rggorh o.tot yvll 'ndlrxe$ 'eerlxtdlrodu 'eraah rxruxdutos s xre,otuun 'ehHertro n cxxeuhrns -uar arxdg rr€otuu1 'amqHaw -'pr1ggfi etqxUouox e atqxxempd -xo 'rqlewUedu e 'ameuog rrrbxex ,(artuex ,arqgax<xedo 'errx:edx) preah etcuuat a arqxHemedxo ,ruawUadg 'axoQ wosderr eH woh 'ameuog gfqlegpx tex(ow exo$ wousg ex qrloxxdaeou ceda) xxHetnes)o wogeur rdg 'eHo$ wouag eH arsHwel eHhhr,rues ou wn alqxaed weh 'amruog rrrAxex exo$ woHwer eH tlrewtsedu arrurea3 .rxhexUedd, sxlolluun 'goraEh 'leah rore€ ehHerahof -t.feexo enHarva aoxuaspelnfu rswdo$ exrunduroe e11 'ehxu urr Srrxredx -Hor g eH eodog{ xrcHaouoJ xrseaodr,ruatsow rrraiequou -:x oxodrm alrHexouou o16 '(U '97 .tudl nnHxu XoHHeU crxeugedues x edarxedex ro r)hwrrtno{ehr4uto (oxrreorx) o'fquo)f)€H'Hwvnty-v E)qrpaoequou re(Vau)'oHUoJtqaaH ,xrphr(nt xet g Xer)oHFtago)o arxEexxdahUou eUJox '(.t'gL '>xd) wexn -emed wxH x wrqnreedrxox h oH 'waxxedorgou oxquor aH or{x(ow ehru rdarr 'trd{.tx$ r,lr)oHHegoto u{xxdanUog '(a'SZ 'rrd) 'lrrxUorrre tsre llnxdrfuexndex -eH hr)oHmeHe qreUsdu lexow etrJoHh exxadoreog '(wrsnraweeex o8r){o€f ol€ reeuEUt axsadoreou aoH -daweedn rwade alx or e) exxedorsou eorlhodex i4rnru -eed pxrnrues 6guew :bfrorrugts qwchgou:^ xwtsxrrrdu -oJpug cxHesxHgedtsou nr'aauvu rlrHaaoHxr.lHco€uu!/ '(9 'gZ':xd) wohxu wtqHHeHHuUA wrctsr(xf, esouoJ er wdo$ xrsrr(xcrrqs do9{ loxeouoJ elespUcor raVAg - ehxu lar -)oHHggo)o axxesra)rdelrtsou- ehHeulehaua ex< ol ,le ,gZ 'rxd) snoxHego)o o:e {re creahxda}tUou raU{9 wohru wrqu:Idxo wrcrHnou f eEouoJ eH HhHhu xrrul{dxo do9{ 'xe1 'rr:oxHego)o {re raruaUrqs 'lgsHarto 'rqd{.t loHsouoJ -nS sooxxego)o uetnoreelrxdahtsou oxqtrox)eH h rlretnol . u t H p a x H a e d U o ur x c o u u l , 1 -rdoreou'xpxUoxr'ewdo6 'rqaoxpHr?o rqHxhl,tueg xrr etgHHhltl,r Erox '<
80do9^ xnHSoltoJ thHv€o€vdgoowdoo h trHv8odNl)tltodu '1

l.r. xyaoxEcTBEHHoEnPoEXThpoBJHXE

He ronbKo ero cBerrory (ceernrr!. xnu rer*xuri), q,aeroeoi rox (xpacxutit, cnxnil, x<enruli), HacbtuleHHocrs(6onee xpacnut.hnnn MeHee xpacxuri), Ho h ro, KaK qBer AaH B npocrpaHcrBe. Oxpaulenxar noBepxHocrb Aaer nnocxocrxui r.1aer(r-1aerruaroEoi rxaxr). {aer ir,roxer xax 6ul He hMerb Hocr,rrenr- qBer paAyrh. Taxxe qBera Kaxyrcr He3aBhchMbtrvrt. [aer Moxcer ]tMerb nporgxeHHocrb B rperbeM h3M€peHhta(qaer xcrgrocrh; HanphMepr BoAa B 6onruoa,r Konhqecrae hMeer genenosarrri orrexox). l-lpocrpancr_ BeHHbtMhcsoicraallx t4Bera onpeAeflrlorcn I oco6eHHocr,, rparrypu MarepharoB, crpoeHrr noBepxHocrn. Oxa Mor(er 5urrr 5necrrulei, rvraroaoi, uepuaeoi x r. A. Marepxanur c 6aecrru.lei noeepxxocrbro xapaKreph3ylorcr noBepxHocrHblM qBeroM; Marephanbr c tpaxrypxoi noBepxHocrblo _ <l4BeroM (6apxar ornxrrarer HacbluleHHbfi rny6oxuh ToH AaHHoro q,aera), Bce ceneHrar KoHTpacra, BeAyulhe K N3MeHeHhlo qBeTa, abr3btBaloT N 3plrTenbHoe h3MeHeHxe $op,r,tut. Flpe4r,rer cBerno-ceporo qBera Ha qepHoM +oHe Kaxercr cBerree, '{eM Ha 6enom, a norroMy x 6oauure. Fpeg,r,ter nrc6oro q,Bera Ha 3efleHoM eoxe npe4craanrercq HecKoIbKo BbtcrynaloulhM Bnepe,q.

Koxrpacr no cBernore MexAy $oxom x errypoi gaer Bo3MoxHocrbecHoBocnpnHhMars eopmy: ornhqlle rpnryprr

H (poHd ronbKo no 4Bero8oMy roHy HeAocraroqHo, cneAyer ycraHoBhTb MexAy HXMh pa3Hhu,y cBeTnorHbrx oTHo-

urexxi. flpr xoxxperHoM eu6ope qoera cneAyer cqhrarbcr c

BogMo)t(HocTbloKoHTpacrHoro 4eicraxr, a rraBHoe, qro He Aonx(Ho 6rrrr_ynyr4eHo, - c Ha3HaqeHXeMnpoeKrrpyeMoro h3Aerr,lr. Ono onpeAenhr a KoHeqHoM hrore xapaKTep npocrpaHcrEexaoi opraHh3aq,Hnn3Aennl, ero xoHKperHoe KoHcrpyKrrBxoe peuleHhe, nlracrxxy $opmut, Mareplanbl, hx qB€T, crpyKrypy, nepennereHHe, OpHaMeHraqhro.

1.1.6. hcnonreoeaHxe pa3rtx{Hur xcroqnrroB B CO3f,aHrX

TOnOBHb|X y6opoB

hsaecrxo, rtro .{enoBex ceoei

npaKTlqecKoi 4errenr-

HOCTbIO l,l3MeHteT yCnOBu9 xh3HH h CO3Aaer HOBble, COOrBercrBylorq,He ero MarephaflbHbir* h AyxoBHbrM norpe6noc_ qeM co3Aarb qro-To Ho8oe, xeo6xo4xr,ro rer*. flpexAe ero hAearbHo (mrrcnexno) npegcraerru ce6e. hgeanuxoe npe-

Hpeo€quo!),

:eodogl

-,

jrq*r.ored

Erlow

xtcHsouoJ rrwdo$

Hg.oequou)k

-

9 lrrrow

rnxruerrrled

""""':lJj;r;"4:

e rqUodladu sorxe
'?.t96t

'?il6t

-.1

.91

'2 0961

)A

\

@ w \\

'? It6l

,M

N

'? lt,6l

I

I aodog^ xrcHSoltoJ lHHvgo€vdgoowdo@ ,t 3xHVgodxrxtoJu .l

t.t. xyAo)t(ECTBEHHoE nPoEKTIpoEAHhE

o6paaoaaxxe hMerou.lhxcr y qenoBeKa npeAcragnexhi coBepuJaercr a eoo6paxexrr. B coa4aaaeruurxo6paaax, B HoBbtx xor,rr6xxaqhrx crHTe3hpytorct npe,qcTaBneHhr,co,qepxaulhecr B naMtT}| qeno_ BeKa, h ero 3HaHXt o Mhpe. heyvexxe co4epxaHhr o6pasoa, Aaxe caMbrx eaxrac27. TpaxcQopMaqlr y6opoa

OopM hcKyccrBeHxoi cpe4ur B eopmbt

roroBHbtx

I

il ,

i\

I

THt{ecKlx, noKa3btaaeT, qTo oHu npeAcTaanttoT co6oi caoeo6pasxsre rom6rxar4xh orparxeHHbrx B co3HaHhh r'|eMeHToB peanbHo cyl4ecrBylolq,HxnpeAMeroB. Boo6pax<exhe - cBoeo6paaxar eopma orpaxeHhr r{enoBeKoM 4eicrexrenbHocrh, 3aKnpqabu.larcr B npeo6pa3oBaHxh hMeloulhxcr npeAcraBneaui u nonntui r co3AaHutr Ha Ax ocHoBe o6paaoe, npaKThr{ecKar peanh3aq,rt KOTOpbtXnpx8o,qhT K norBneHhp MaTeplranbHbtxh AyxoB_ xsrx q,exxocrei. .xMeloulri e caoei ocHoBe Boo6paxexhe-npoqecc, aHa,thTr,tKo-chHTeThr{ecKyto AetTenbHocrb qefloBer{ecKoro Mo3ra. Co:4axr.re o6pasa npeAnonaraer npaKrxq ecxni nnn yMcrBeHHbfi axanlg npeAMeroB u aanenuh, Bul4enexxrre 6naro4ape aHaJrh3yqacrh ]r npr3Haxh npe,qMeroB unA ri.oMeHrbr, xapaKreph3yprqxe AaHHylo rpynny rEnexxi n nPo4eccoB, cooTHocrTcr, chHre3hpypTcr B HoEbte, Ao ctx nop He BcrpeqaBuJHecnxoir,r6rHaqhh. B peaynurare co3-

xdu cworr.:ox

oloHuodeH

edogl

eodogl xrqHaouol xrqxxewedao> HxHeyeo) .gf o.lonaouoj aorHeweuc €hHp€oequou)H

MX

W

W

t/ffi a

r.r. IyaoxECTBEHHoEnPoEKThpoEAHhE

Aaercr o6par nnu cncrewa o6pasoe, B Koropbrx peanbHa, geicrer,rrenbHocrb orpaxaercr qenoaexoM a npeo6paaoBaHHOM,HOEOMAXAe n CoAepr(aHxh. O6paasr, co3g,anHbreaoo6paxenlreM'{eroBexa,, hme}or Tph ocHoBHbrxnyTH Bo3HhKHOBeHrf,. flepeuri - 3ro 6onee hrh MeHee HarypanhclxqecKoe 29. Peurexue KocrKr^ a Hd reMy (KocMocE

KonHpoBaHhe(6yrsanuHoe orpax(exne) oKpyxaxlu{ei cpeAbr, TaK KaK rvrbrurneHlieecrb npoqecc orpaxeHr, o6ueri

N"

ThBHOTO Mhpa.

Bropoi - 3To JrorhqecKx nepepa6oraHHar h ynpoqexHar Ao onpe4eneHnoi reor,rerpxvecxoi 3aMxHyrocu n naKoHtf.fHocrhra nnw hHar (popma nplrpoAbt, raK KaK Mbtulnenrto cEoicrBeHHbt raKr+(e raKhe npolleccbt, KaK aHanh3 !l cllHTe3.

V rperxh nyrb, cBr3axxuri 6onuute c tMol.ll,toHanbHbtM eorgeicraxeM orpyxatoqero Mhpa Ha qenoBexa, - nyrb

(lrhxatsxar xrqxUow to hr)owxf,xeee e) rrror{drwdo$rxedr alnen eodogl xrqHaouoJ xrqxsawadeor rrxemed g

ax{ eed9o I xxx
:1"J

:

$"I largH rrwdo$ hor€ ahrhseed ex( eem1oHeupUtrrwdo$ 1ox -tsodxdu XoHvruuu lor eedgo lrrxxaxedrqa oHsu oHquosoU ro{ewh nwdo$ oghu-Xoxex cxrxeeed nnVett axxxed eeuog orh 'whlawee eaeh^ul esrfHxmcrog I or ,eodog{ xtqHaou -o.r wdo$ unrxeeed edawrdu ex larAu xlqHHe)huo sl)ow -xlhspe h qr)oHqueregotseu:ou wxdrowrled rrw rur3

-oxredx rqu,* euo weEqro w ou ud9ur xg fi: *Tt"';"r'"

#:""11il:15;

t;

'edxw olatnorexr(dro {wdo$ ot/.xu nuu At eerlerdosr oJeoa) xgrxacrgo e qrgx(edro weUlg oHqreleH -eorUou hul{ oHqueleHaof eerrAur wogo{u g ,tumou hH tqw eoeedgo ExHgVso) xrlu rs9 Awoxex ou ,oxgueleooUeu3 'e|4Heumrqweoxuedrlge h oHHesl)Xos) r(teeouan ,fgx xpr 'aoeedgo xhr)ehhuoaw)'t) n xrsxrxednge rxxpUeol 9L

80JO9^ XnHSOUOJ 3hHvgoevdgoolrdoo

h lhHvsodhtlaodu.l

t.r. xyaoxEcTBEHfoE nPoEKTHPoBAHhE

77

$opmur x cnoco6ur HoureHhr ronoBHbrx y6opoe Hapo,qHoro (prc. 28) h HcrophqecKoro KocrloMa; HaxoAer orpal(eHxe o6q,re r4ex $opr'roo6pasoaaxre, Bo3tytr.arclu4henoA Bo34eicrereal pa3ahrht rexHhxh, norBneHht MarephanoB c cgoicraar*r, HOBbrMltrexHHrlecKhrvttt Coaper,,rexxuri xocrpm He ocraerct a cropoHe or co6urrni o6qecreennoi h KynbrypHoi xxexr: noKopeHhe KocB Moca qenoaeKoM (puc. 291, 3HaMeHarenuxure co6rrrn ,Nn3Hu Haurei crpaHbt (pxc. 30). Kocrpr't - r,rrxpocQepa, Koropag noMoraer qerloBery He ronbKo B ocyulecrB netur ero xh3Hexxo xeo6xoArlMbtx Qyxxqri, Ho h B peanh3aqhr ero cor.llranbHo-nchxonorhqecKxx B3ahuoorHourexxi c o6q,ecraorvr. KocroM npe4craBnrer qenoBeKa go Ecei ero MHoro3HaqHocrh. floaror,ry TaK Bar(Ho c AercKnx ner npryr.rhru ce6n BHhMarenbHoorHOChrbCt

K CBOeMy

BHeuHeMy

thAy,

HayLlHTbCt

nOHhMaTb

esurx, 116o KocrloM - ero Ha3HdqeHhe n eurpasnrenuxuri coorHouJeHrte QopM, r-lBera, xapaKTep nnnuh paccKa3blBapr HaM o qeroBeKe, ero x(h3HeHHbtx ycraHoBKax, xaPaKTepe, paccKa3 noMorarcrr Kynbrype, a noHrrb tror axyrpexxei MaHepa qenoaeKa ABXrarbct, ero ocaHKa, cnoco6 HouJeHrt KocrfoMa. V ecnn Mbr Haqanh roBophrb o6 onpegenexxoi 3HaqhMocrr,r KocrloMa, KoTopyKr Mon(Ho BbrpaShrb xapaKTepHblM 3HaKoM - chnygToM, nnnneit, ro nax6onuurei cxmgonxqecxoi 3HaqhMocrbro B Kocrlo,ue o6naAaer ronosxoi

y6oP.

1.1.7. Merofl rygoxcecrBeHroro npoerrxpoBaHrr ronoBHux y6opoe r ycnoBxqr nPor{uuneHHoro nPo}r3BoACTBa B xaure BpeMr poxAeHxe HoBbtx npeAMerHblx $opm a 3aBhchMocrh or Ax Ha3HaqeHht npoxoAhT B pa3Hbtx cSepax reopvecrea. B csepe nphKnaAHoro HcKyccrBa (polxAalorcnn tpopmu, aonioulalou4xe hAearbHbte npeAcraBreHht r{enogeKa. Cos4axre raxxx QopM cBr3btBaerct c oco6o ropxecrBeHHbrMh, uarqe o5uqecrBeHHoro3HaqeHhr, uBnetntun (npas4xrrx, $ecrteanh, MexAyHapoAHble Bbrcraaxx), CogAaxxe noAaBfltrcrulero qhcna o5uexros npegr,rerxoi cpeAbr npoxoAhr a c$epe npoMbtuneHHoro npoh3BoA: crBa lr rpe6yer cepueaxoi npopa6orxh npoMbrulreHHoro o6pasr-1aHa craAhh npoeKrxpoBaHhr. Taoprecxxi npoqecc

h p'r

-ere {wotsxpx eupr€ wor€ pH .xrhteouwox xweautsedl rswdo$ rxheexxowdel - ue16 (1ruedr) lr.rfnor{Uau1 ,uuuaVen olatn{tsIg,Ad{r 'e 'r 'r(eon)o qrrrderro {dorx(doxox-r(xxfxoU{x -x{do lgtsuoagou fer)eh oJe xtsHgueUro x xer ,woueh s ewotl)ox xex rxnceoecdgoowdo$ eodorxetb xlqH€oHro rahA. 'ehHeUp€ eox)ahxHxtlL nvlr ,rqwdo$ chhuehxox rleearsr.eged -rqs erErqur(ead g .eodorxe$ (erxxh oJox)ahhlouoHxel 'grxemad oloxaxrxAdrtHox,eouerderew dogrre) xhl)ehhH -xer '(elgeouoh hl)ol{cuerceUeHanx.. 6uV erdo$wox o.tox -cupwhluo asHaheu)ego ,exseouer 1od{-rx$ ) Ear)eh oJa 'gwotl)or Srxamoxroor) xhr)ahhwoxolde,(orxxarrexeex ^woHeoH)o exerereeroo>) xrqxsuexolrhxx{6'rtaxeuecodu derxedex eH ro{tsruE lswdox ehrtehrrwo.Hox€-oHquphho) ora xrqHquavto u wouah s eworr)o)r.;":;:t:":ji:irT: h fhHpsogadr xxx>arxrer>e {xrogcdrce ex ro{EyruaoHHeert .ewcxrlox -Uadlouex rlHerr
"1i;i-#i3l'j"i:l:i#l] -enxwoxo:d€-oHqueHox"ff if

:erx,,(?odu qxeeodl xxtnorcuaueduo,eodorxe$ oHsuel -r{)oHro (sr)Xos) xhr)ehhrer)€,trlf€hnxxar-oxerry{drl -Hox 'xteHsuexorhxx,($) orxuaUex ,(wowa{dxrxeodu y UnH -eeogedr exaodxueddox rxUox:rodu ausre wodore ep1 .orrueUer {wowe{dxoreodu x rxxeeogedr u)roresrqrcgsdrqs rhxegouaullr olaxxodorlere aeoxr6 ep; '(ed{rederxu u XoHHearfehero ou) vuveVex lorxedoo+),l o.roweAdl.r,xeodu soJoueHp B)xhtnotewx EhueHe rtUox -odu euere €x wol€ eg .lruaUer xxtnorigr:etn{r sr)!oa) xhxfquerhgadrou or{9uerh)oHro heuerpu{xou rxxaxw pierrA ralgadr elnsh a)s ghupHe 1oxpl.eouexderew xtqHquereJow -outg H rrxxeHuou)h oJot|fah xtqHaoH)o wgrHesotcttfott)r ,watHatreH€eH ae -hJouoHxal-oxexrri^drlxox waxeodl ) rletss) a rswdo$ wexxemed wrqsquarrdoeraueotsAeH arctH -xaueourAgo'lxrer)oUex g)lo{uuautqg r.r elrrrtorroU :grHow -r.rrdol>e oJetnor^erlefn{r erueHp btresuaoatnbo (rxhe -r(rx: etHesoUeurrx) auere woedeu 4oxueoduUadu eg 'gougr€ xtctH yxaeVeu oJosoH EhHetsgo) -Hear€towxeea xedr €h rhortot -aoi6s^-im st

I.I. XYAO}|(ECTBEHHOENPOEKIhPOBAHhE

.19

MeHry Qop,r,rur HyxHo nailrn nphcyulee eMy Mecro, rro6sr ox 6urn opraxtrrxoi qacrblo q,enoro. B xyAoxecrBeHHoM npoeKT,,rpoBaHhhnsgenuh nerxoi npoMbtuJneHHocrh ocxoaoi .qnt opraHlt3aqt.tx cepnr h3A6nti, otaegapu4hx tcrerhqecKrrm rpe6oaaHhtM, Mo,qe, noBceMecrHo yrBepxAaercr 6agoaar eopMa, 6agoeas KoHcrPyKr-l}rr. Saaoaar $opta Bbtpax(aer o6r4yro gnr qenoi rpynnbt xsgenxil hAero, a 6asoeoi $opr,re 3aroxeHa crpyxrypa, lrcxoAHan Anr Bcex nocneAyprqxx ee aapxaqli. Onxparcu xa 6aao:yro eopMy (c yveror,r pa3MepoBl $axrypur Marephafloe), mu Mor(eM peuJrrb rlensti KoMnnexc npo6neM: coorBercrlre npogyKqhh (r4enoi ceprx BapxaHroB r,ro4enei) MogHbtM reHAeHqhrM; o5ecneqexxe npoh38oAxrenbHoro hcnonb3oBaHXr o6opy4oeanxr Ha npe.qnphqrhrx; nnaHouepHuri aulnycx ocHoaHblx r BcnoMoraTenbHblx MaTephanoB; cThneBylo cBr3b oTAenoqHbtx 4eranei c ocHoaHblMhMarephanaMr. f'lpoexnrpyq ronosxoi y6op roro nnn uHoro Ha3Har{eHhr Mbl npexAe Bcero onpeAenrem ero B€Aytqyro eyxxo6ycnoexr xaparrep ronoBHoro y6opa llhto, Koropar (,r,racutra6xoh nnacTrqecxx), ero nocaAKy H6 rOnOBe, MaF repltanbt x cnoco6 $oprnoo6pa3oBaHytr, r. e. onpeAerxr reKroHrttecKyp h rexHxr{ecKyrcrxaparrepxcrrKy eopmrr. [1px ycneuHoM peureHnu ttoit 3aAar{h o6uexr rBopt{ecrBa cnoco6ex Bbr3aarb qeryp raMMy accoq,raqri, cocraBrtrorJ4hxcogepx(aHre o6pasxoi aurpasrrenbHocrx o6uexra. BsrpaaxrenuHocrb Aocrkraercr nyreM rapMoHh3aqun? coorHeceHhe ronoaHoro y6opa c KoHcrpyKTHBHbrMlr norcaMx ronoBbt BeAer K BbtrcHeHhp KoHKperHbtx nponopqxi, on_ peAereHhp cr,tMMeTphh o6ter,ra; cornacoBaHne nnxnh ronoBHoro y5opa c r{epramH (nnnunxnl nxqa 6y4er onpeAenrrb nnacrhKy 3THx nuuuh, phrMxqecKoe pa3Brrre yKpauapu{hx SneMeHroB; aur6op qBera Anl ronoaHoro y6opa 3aBhclrr or xygoxecraeHHoro 3aMbrcna B peuJeHhr,l KocnoMa I qenoM, xaparTepa q,eeroeoi cpeAbt, a xoropoi no cBoeMy Ha3HaqeHNro6yger <pa6oraru> KocrroM n, HaKoHeq, or qBeroooi xaparrepncru
'uereu J.xeuuwox h queUow clraeh^uou aretsu{ead g .xoeeduou xfqwhUoxgoeH xnH a walHe)eHg ,1exarderr wglxeodr: -ou f, oxquauuedpu rHUoxrhodu rqwdo$ enr.ogedodg -ax<edrqs woxeerxgedr s edoree uelqwee or.to."*"Xl| 'eerr)€ xxrogedeed r:ehodu c9a) I rephotuxs ,wosed -9o whxpr'enxggodnuetsoytl .wahxesodhuaUow E)ropalqe -ex (rnUoxrxodu xo euerdalew oJorex wexHesoequoutl.l I 'o.rol lo owhf,h€eeex) auexdarew I eehx)€-Eaedgo er,rx -atnouuoe - edogl oloHsouoJ wdoQ ex)hou r>efrodg 'euexdargw oJoHquarghHoxo wehHegoactuoufr ) h crhUox -odu rexow rrwdo$ x)xou xextqaeHxrsxxeuaUeduo rdg ({woHcualghHoroerrxgoU .'esr)Xos:ahx)ehhneuu 'souerdar.ew -ou) xxtnorewx xtcgotrr otqfflowou r crhUox -odu rsxow eodog{ xtqH€ouoJ xh)tJrw wdo$ x)}tou 'esouoJ ctr qrrdaaodu EEgueH eHhulJ.feuu er4 relxew olh ,wol a ror '{wdoS -er)oUeH e {we or{xxetsrdu rxx<deU oehhhot)^ h (tluxuv rqlor)l,th r:srrgoU oxxow) eroged I xohhr)euu oxrrorereou Ho orh 'wor I 9t{huhl)euu oelrxr.roDofi 'woHhulr)euu nuu laudew FoHquewxedr clJ.ecxawee Ho rweds egxUeu)ou g .xudew Xout eH rorperqtseuxpHptsroHx xdtdeul .(Awdo$ or{xx{x Xhtno{ewlHxdu oxlau }thH6oJ.)o) troxiaxxeua^ e ,ue}rder -ew xxxAdlr rosoH)o) ah XlcHeleuu) rdrdeul rorrxewxdu euexdarpw oJoHrexpw aar)aher a eodog{ xtqHaouoJ tcu -u{d.r loxxeeowdo$ hur r,toH)erden wdo$ exrxou rufl .(.ts .r yt otrlru 'Aundnm xh ,Xouou der.xedex , en+ -auseducx 'weq,9o 'Axunnvea xx ,eo$asuad da.r.ledex ,xulfgh ytoHhourqlee h 1oHgou g hr)oHHeHuoueH rxaueD) raUx fox)ehNr)suu loxxeU anxemed qreaodrqdce oxlcdxo.roxw reruoseou 'queUow pHaHuout.ta reU{9 olodorox gx ,euc -xderew eerf1ost 4ntnotAdnrnwx,ngxderew XtqHrexpw 'ela'tgw a rrwdo$ cxxamed otoxrarrxxowdpl px)llou cxHaxuoUodu cuU hoSoH)o oxquol r)reuua6 ,ouxg -edu ypx 'exxte-eedgo {woreog .eweqgo cxxemad hr)o)l -Hol e)a creUadau geh)tf€ Ht)oxfouu ex r:raEU{ eUJe)g ex oleusU e '(ruorxago)o etqHHohhheouwox ae x Etne qreert{ rr:e) rexxou) l,txlshr,trleuu ewdoo - do9{ 1ox ,axxrxedu I u9e) reeg -aouoJ olh 'wer or€ c)reuHf,u.tgo 14 -rqtseeduo oHuoua edog{ oroHsolroJ lowdo$ Uex- lrroged {upre {woUx(er }t ehHemoHro aox:er,doer eoxcl .ruattow rtxauwdo$o 4euereU or-xl,txex xrsemad s riaodriryed o8

8I

I.I. IYAO)|(ECTBEHHOE NPOEKTI,IPOBAHTE

Mo,qenb Aaer Bo3Mo)l(ee KoHcrpyKl-tl'tp' QhKcrpyrol4xx HocTb oqeHhBarb AOCTOhHCTBah He,q'OcTaTKHXyAOXecTBeHHOro.3aMblcra r ero rexHhqecKoro BblnonHeHr{t, xyo6na,qapu{ri usAennr.t o6paseq Mogenu - 3ro Mo'|(eT AOXecTBeHHblMh AOCTOhHCTBaMh,HOBH3Ha MOAenh a $opme, M€rePxanax, KoHcrPyKrhBHoM PenporBnrrbcr orAetlxe. ureHrh, TexHonorhh o6pa6orxx, Paapa6orxa cePnn KoHKPerHblx, ,r,rogenei (prc. 31) xa ocHoBe 6asosoi QopMbl r4enecoo6pa3Ha B ycrloBhex MaccoBoro npoh3BOACrBa. rAe npolr3BoAcrBo B cscreme 6urroaoro o6cnyxreaHne, tpOprt'ra u nnH)4vl c 3aKa3qhKarur, CArgaXO HenOCpeACTaeHHO MoAenh Aonx(Hbl coorBercrBoaaru xaxgoi QopMe ronoabl ],r qepraM nHqa AaHHOTO qenoBeKa.

x no caer(Hul Merog Pasr Hoil(erxr Qopn'ronogor fonosxule y5opu y-croivxsux Qopt* pllfepar*. rprlrrm (i xapxacxoi ocxosoi rnh QoPmoaaxxute) noryqapr nocne. xx orpa6orrh Ha (popMax-KorloAKax. K Qoplrara-kono4xaM nPeAbtBntlor nPexge acero rexHhqecxhe rpe6oeaHxe. hx noaepxHocrb AonlKHa ro''lHo coorBeTcTaoBarb aBTOpCKOMy3aMblcrly. Kono4xr AonxHbt 5utrr aunotlHeHbl h3 xopouJo n-poAne o6ecneqexxn xeo6xocyrleHHbrx nhnoBblx xpnxei gnxoi AonroBeqHocrh h crporo coorBercrsoBarb Pa3M-ePy' B nocneAxee BpeMe ace xacroiqhBee Be4yrct pa6orut hcKyccrBeHHblxMarephanoa Ann co3AaHHt no r43brcKaHl.rto QopM-KonoAoK. ' 'Cyr4ecreypr

h tcrerxqecKre rpe6oaaHlt: roqHoe coorBercTBhe yTBepxAeHxoi ^,roAenx; coxpaHeHhe xyAox(ecrBeHHbrxoco6enrocrei rrlo4enx nPh Pa3Pa6orxe SoPt*KonoAoK Bo Bcex pa3Mepax. llocneAxee peanh3oBarb cnoxHo 113-3aorcyrcrBht rexHhqecKoi 6asu. OAxaxo 3aAaqy Pa3MHox(eHht (poPM-Kono,qoK no cMex
}1 KoHbloHKTypbl

PblH-

v e G

G

ry O L7O VC)

V F

rnwdo$ Xo€oepg esoH)o 9H xlcHHgrogedeed'laueUow rxda3

.;,9

'rnvrv ou oxreh o.roxneeadrqa r axordex eH o.roxxer,det -rre 'edog{ oJoHEouoJ pUerxdu Aueao olatnotler:rearoo) 'rswdo$ rhHssoH)o ro rlreUe€ ele)tew errogedee4 'eHhul,ll

-)gnu Eh eer,{ur worxpU a slrauHuourse Srsdorox 'erexew a warpg clroretnouuo€ 'eghtr€ a erqHl'rexouee 'reU14 'er z8

sodog^ xHHgouoJ SrHv8oeydgoowdoo H:thHv8odhl)Bodu't t

l.r. xyAoxEcTBEHHoEnpoEKThpoBAHllE

,{,nr coe4xHeHhr ocHoBaHhr c renom eopr*ur Ha HeM Kpenhrcr no 6oaruromy H ManoMy AxaMerpaM oBana KaproHHat KpecroBhHa. Ans cHl,txeHxr Maccbt (popMbt BHyrpeHHrr ee qacrb 3anonHrercr o6peaxaran nexonnacra (rnx qeM-To Apyrrr,r), Koropbte cKpennr}orcr Mex(Ay co6oi KycoqKaMH nracrlnhHa. Hapyxcxan vacrs (1,5-2 cr,r) Sopr,rrr noKpbrBaerct nnacrhnhHoM. Pagmnrqexxuri a pyxax nracrhnxH xopoulo nphHr,lmaer Hyx(Hylo Sopr*y, Maxery npH4alorct onpeAeneHHure o6uem n nnHr n, nponopqhoHanbHa, nracTlrqecKar cornacoBaHxocrr o6teMoB h nunuil, qeM h o6ecneqrBaercr xapaKrepHar. F,nt gaxxoi MoAenx o6pasxae abrpa3xTenbHocrb. Myxcxxe ronoBxbte y6opur h KnaccxqecKhe xeHcKre utntnbt, KaK npaShno, chMMeTphr{Hbl oTHochTenbHo npoAonuxoi ocu. p,nn AocrhxeHhr xeo6xoglrr,roi cxir,rmerphr,l o6rer,roe u nunnil nesoi x npaaoi qacrh roroBKH no noBepxHocTh AoHbtuJKacnepeAh Ha3aA npoBoAhrce oceBat nrHrr, l,l KoHq,btee onycKapTcg AHh3 nO CTeHKeroroBt(x .qo ocHoBaHrt, oHH AOnX(HbtCoBMeulaTbct c ToqKaMr nepeceqeHls 6onuuroro AhaMerpa c oBanolr. 3arem xa BCIOnOBepXHOCTb rOnOBKl,tHaHocxTcr KoopANHaTHarceTKa. 3ro genaercr cne4ypr.qr,rr,ro6pasor,r. Ha KaproHHoM ocHoBaHH}t Qopr"rrr 6onauni' (npo4onrxsri) grarvrerp Aenhrct or qeHTpa K - 3arbtnorrHoi qacrr xa 3 paaxbre qacrh, or qeHrpa x no6xoi - xa 4 vacrx (nepe4Hrr qacrb ronoBxr,l hMeer 6onee cnoxruri penree). gepes nonyqeHHbreroqxh npoBoArr npeMbre, napanfleflbHble ManoMy (nonepevxor,ry) ArlaMerpy, Ao rpaHnqur Qoprvr, 3Aecb BoccraBntpr nepneHAhKynrpbt x npoeKrhpylor xx Ha creHKy eoprnst. 3aTeM HaHOC9T HyX(HOeKOrht{ecrBo ropH3oHTanbHbtxnprMbtx nuxuh, HanphMep 3 nnnnn, Ha oAhHaKoBoM paccrouHut Apyr or Apyra. Beprxxanuxbte n)4tnn, nepeceKarcb c roph3oHranbHsrmr, o6paaybr KoopArHarHyrc cerxy. llpn nonxoi cr,rrvriuerpr,tqHocrH eopuu ronoBHoro y6opa xoopAhHarbt nonyqeHHbtxroqeK nepeceqeHhr a nesoi x npaeoi ,.racrcxAorxHbl 6urru oAxxaKoBbrMH. flpopa6oranxan Qoprrra nogBepraercn o6r,repaM no BceM toqKaM KoopAhHarHoi cerxt. 3arelr no nonyr.teHHbrM KoopAhHaraM Ha MlnnHMerpoaoi 6y,r,rarecrpotrcr qeprexh nponpoerqxi rpoprrrut, orpaxalou4xe Qxnuxoi x Spoxranuxoi npoQxnuxuri n $poxranunuri a6prc h nonox(eHxe Beprnxanuxulx l,t ropH30HranbHbtx <popmoo6pa3ylou{hx nnnnh, C norrrouluro reprexei h Maxera 3aMbtcen aBropa Bonnou{aercr MacrepaMh B AepeBrHHoi eopme 6es ,craxexxi. 6.

'woeedgo wxlnor{Uaul rlrrtsoeodu xex(erdeh € eroged 'daweed 'dew /9 cl'lerhh) orcxrdu wrrxUoxrT -eed eadeh wdo$ arHaxoHweed qrxUoeodu oneedgoof,aueh 'ox?Idr qrrrewro xedaweed xtqHxewf e ^hhxeEd eodog{ xf.fHaouoJ wdo$ nutaudu>os wosquarxde ndu xex xel 'rqwdod arqxxceedats qrnx -uourqg esoH)o xrr BH ware€ e 'xexe.ldeh a oH.tuorxdeeUedu wedaweed w.rxledn h wrctHll (wlrxerrxe qHgho 'rodogoex 'tur wrqHspuu aauog sreuats) qlEHeweh 'eo$esued hr)oHwe
I.I.

XYAO)|(ECTBEHHOE

NPOEKT],IPO'AHTIiF

..

Sonuuroi AHaMerp oBana roloBHoro y5opa, aonycrHM 59 paar',repa,paaxuri 192 *t^/., Aenrr non,onan. Or nonyrexxoi roqxx (npoexr-1xr Maroro 4xaraerpa) ot*nag","arci rp, paBHbteqacrh K saturnoqxoi cropoHe h qerbtpe - x no5xoi, B roqrax BoccraBrrror nepneHAhKynrpbl. li,ne nocrpoeHh, roph3oHranei onpe4enrrcr Bbtcory ronoBHoro y6opa. Burcora or pa3Mepa K pa3^tepy yBenrqnBaercr nponopqhoHanbHo, F!1, " ronoBHoM y5op9 57 paer,repa6onuu.roi AhaMerp paBeH | 86 mr*, ablcora paBHa 153 rr,rm,ro B h3AenHn 59 pasr,,repanp, fll_aM9r_p_e .192 nx Bbrcora ronoBxoro y6opa 6ya.r'paBHa 1 5 3 . 1 9 2 / , 1 8 6 : 1 5 7 , 9 - 1 5 8 r a r * ; B r o n o a H o My 6 o p e 6 i p a s Mepa nph 6OnruO^,r AhaMerpe, paBHOM198 mr,r,ero BbtcOTa 6y.qer paBxa 153 . 198 /186--'162,8= i63,r,v* ,1 r. A. Axanorxqxo npoBoArr pacqerbt Ant rsAeil4i mexuutrx pa3MepoB. Onpe4enxa Ha qeprexe nonoxeHhe Bblcorbl ronoBHoro y6opa, AeillM paccrorHr,reor ocHoBaHheAo Bbrcorbl Ha rpx paBHbre qacr,r. llonyvaer,r Koop4hHarHyb cerKy, orHochrenbxo xoropoi HaHocrr ocHoBHbleroqKh eopr,,roo6_ pa3ypl{,xx nunnh, a no HxM phcyrcr h caMh n}iHnr4. flO ernr,,r nr4Hra^/.Bblpe3apT ura6nOxul An, KoHTpon, ,,r Koppexrhpoaxr $oprubr rl3 ,qepeBa rnr. rhncosoi garoroexr, Heroropue ror nogrqroHHbte npxer bt npoenhpoBanxq ro-noBHbtx y6opoa. fonosxrre y6opsr cnoco-6"ur "nrrr" "u o6pasxyro Bbrpa3rirenbHocrb qenoBeKa. Crporulrecr xa OqeHb qeTKIX nUHnAXUlrltnbt Thna (KaHOT!,e)r,tll'|tnbt, B KOropblx conocraBfleHbrnprMbte nnlnn nonei h qerKhe reo_ MeTPHqecKh nOCTpOeHHbte n,-Huu ronoBKh, Ha3btBatoT oSrqxanuxsrrvrl, norolry, qro, <<),rtHopnpyn) olAenbHbte rx4xal4yanrxire oco6exxocrlr cBoero o6na4arenr, oHr nprAapr qenoBeKy crporocTb, noATrHyTOCTb. Hexoropue KoMno3xr-lhoHHbre npheMbr nphBoArr K coBepUJeHHOOnpeAeneHHbtMpe3ynbTaTaM. TaK, non9, noAHrrbre y nhqa Baepx, Aenator caoero o6_ naAaTenr Monoxe. l'1onl, oco6exxo rul,rpoxhe, onyu4exHbre BHh3, co3garor caoeo6paaxyrc raxxpoceepy, 3ar,rXHyrocrb. C4enxyrocrr na6ox roroBHoro y6opa noqrr nro6oi eopmsr, KaK npaBrro, tBnterct nporBnexxem 6onuurero unl,t MeHbujero Ko_ KercrBa. <<6eccmexnuri>a6conprHo crMMerpxvxrri (ecnx 3ro He Qopmexxuri ronoexoi y6op, xoropsri HaAeBaerce B coorBercrqrn c npeAnrcaHheiu) ronoaxoi y6op cBxAeTenbcrByer o crporocrx, oexq,xanbHocrh cBoero o6naAa_ fenfl Ann o,ero npocToEaTOCTr,ecnr tTa MaHepa HochTb ronoExoi y6op xe BbrreKaer ra o6u4ero KoMno3hl4rloHHoro

.w) qlqg eHrxuoU edeweed oloxUo eradag t-g'O nvu xx*cedA$ xxxerr elo)tqa s phhHeed 'tqroflq€ loxeed qreueU owhUoxgoaH 'esouo.t x ahtnoteJauxdu oHlouu 'rsdogA arrxeorcll 'eodog{ xtqH€ouoJ ero)tqa ou xlqHhhu -eed crHausoroJah qr)owtitsoxgoaH ro{estsetse (w: Z oVl ato)rqa ou rq€ouoJ edawepd uhHegeuox grqHquerxheHg 'u)l,o{ehhueed ouew'lq€ouoJ wtqHrets wrxeerrrd.lewouodrxg h axHuoJ.ew EoHHesDUoeehodu ou arqxnenAuou 'rqgouot {reexgo ou txgxexdu etrxdawee6 '(7g 'rnd) Xer)ox XoHhoulqrPe x hoHgou wrl)eh wtquv{utqs eeuogheH ou rctsouoJxrlen laxxdee drawxdau reruetseduo rqsouoJ reaxgg 'tqsouoJ resxgo cflauuas aodogA xlqHsouoJ aaoUoeer,rodu g woxexexdu wtqxdaweed wntniUeg 'eereUoge!.todu € owruoxgoeH or€ '(eordeUxer:) oJoso))Pw xureou:I aouhr wou)hh wlcHHehxHedJo shHaue)eH esPr)o) oJox) -ahhrolrouodrxe ereedgooxeed qrxeenUadu lqgoJ.h'wol I lt,lor)o) xxheerrdeUHer) hox)ertstououodrHe heUce xlqH -6euJ eH eHUO 'lrueh atqHhrueed rotAUauredu h lqHHeufllh -oJoHw ewq)ea uxxadewex xrg 'euedah h lqsorol wdo$ tqxgUeeodu er}t)ehrJououodrxe xr{HmeHa rxxadawex hurqg psofot{owog 'g 'W 'wrr AJW xxlououodrHVVlr'114 'eodogA xrheexxeldo r xxheexxpxaw xrqHaouoJ esrrUoeerodu 'HxJouoxxel EHHgsoarrxamdeeo:{ rq:oduoe trxemad urrg .r.I.row ax o.todorox Ee9 'wotxewpUxl$ eUod oJeos) rhx -Av> n eodogA xtqHsouoJ oar)ehg)r rHauelf XoHcuerhheHg g raruatsaduoUedu eodog{ xtqHaouoJexxeeodrl(dr)Hoy

eodogl rnnaouoJ rhHesodx{dnrpx ruU enwxuorgoaH'nsouoJ txHodew€n')'l'J Eodogrt T|qHEOUOT trHCsOdXIdDnOx

HAOHTO

.2.]

'ehxu rddr, h tgsou -ol rswdo$ wur)oHHego:o re^gr:legloo) aodorox 'eouah eoHHoHhheouwox eoHtrtse xer 6)ro{eandrewered ex:er'xdu 'ex)e}.tadu u dogA EoHsouol 'do9A foi{souoJ - xx.r{du e xcuaovtA xhHUo I crtqg rexow wtqHsPuJexrgrrldu - do9{ 'rxeer,ndu dauedex r:recstqrrr.r( hoHsouoJ e{ver:nr g hdu oHcru3.Lee69oedogi oJoHsouoJ rrxeaodxrxeodu 'ex
1,?.9 Oco6exxo 3ro yqhrblBaercx npu KoHcrpyhpoBaHrh ronoaHbrx y6opoe no xHAr.rBhAyanbHblM 3aKa3aM. Axrponorr,reTphr{ecKhe AaHHbte ronorbt noATBep,qhnH pd3Hhqy BbtcoTbth lllhpxHbt nhqa npt,| oAHoM H roM X(e pa3Mepe ronoBbr, Bce rpynnu nrcgei pa3Aenhnh xax 6rt xa rph rxna: c MenKrMh r{epraMh nhqa N xe6onrutxm ero 32. Ocxosxrre

H3MepeHtrr roroBbl

(w' 77fr.

tNE,4

pa3MepOM, co cpeAHXM nhqoM h C KpynHbrr,rnxqOm. 3rO o6croltenucrao Bbr3btBae? xeo5xogri,,rocru x3roroBnrrb roroBHbre y6opu HecronbKlrx nonHor, llpx yreesraaHhh pa3MepoB geranei ronoBHbtx y6opoa c pa3MepaMh ronoBbt H onpeAeneHHh BenhtthHbtH pacnonox(eHh9 ocHoaHbtxKoHcrpyKTtaxutx nxxxi np,tMeHhrenbHo K pa3nh'.rHbrMBhAaM ronoBHblx y5opoa HyxHo noMHhrb, r.rToH3rvrepeHHrronoBbt no npoh3BoAcTBeHHOirr,reroArxe oTnhqaloTct oT aHTpononorhqecKhx TeM, qTo npoh3goAcrBeHHbreMeroAhKh yr.rHTbrBaror nocaAKy ronoBHoro y6opa, a aHTponoMeTphr{ecKhe AaHHbte 3aBhcrT ,tHuJb oT aHTponoMerphqecKlrx roqeK qepena. C rovrx 3peHhe xyAoxecrBeHHoro npoeKrlrpoBaHhr ronoBHbrx y6opoa xeo6xoAr,rMo 3HaTb Te n3 Hhx, KoTopbte noMoratoT yToqHrlTb xapaKTephcrhKr{, cnoco6crayrculxe nocrpoenrlo eopr,r A Koxcrpyxr{hi ronosxurx y6opoa. ,Q,nr xoxcrpyxpoBaHxr ronoBHbrx y6opoa xeo6xogrmo 3Harb Aeranyt, .n3 Koropbtx cocrohr ronoexoi y6op, ytx pa3Mepbl H Aonycxh npx o6pa6orKe; yMerb qeprhrb.Bce Aeranlr ucxoAq rs Qop,r,r/h pa3Mepd r.3Aenrgi 3aroroBr,trb h3 KaproHa neKana arrxpoixr't, T. e. Konrr' veprex<ei ecex Aeranei. Flpxcrynan K KoHcrpylpoBaHhp ronoBHbtx y6opoa, xe-

'eaotoHowou'

'g 'W .wh

fJW

hrJououodLHq4z|{

wtcHHeU olJ .

prHeu wore xdu '(noxrau{d uvu) 4oteau loeodrawxrxei edogA oJoHaouoJ xr:oxxdesou ou ro{euaU rxr+edawe14 .'(rsxruU) arqxquoUodu,(rsxrdxm) arsn -rradeuou '(tsdr.ewrdau) ersxreaxgo :rruu{d.r rdr eH qrhu -eUeedUou oHr(ow alqdotol,xwrxnedawEh hwlcHqueUlo rlror^equou eodogi xtrtHsouoJ ue)tsu hhHeuaeltror xdl 'edog{ oJoHaouor AdaweBd uuu 'tqaovo-t rrronx{dxo eneed redorox '(4enxnu loaoxxdrm loxdrrx eHeep)fou €€ .>nd eH) exUogo ru*ntr E)reruar qe)4Hnv loxUoxex hoHaoH)o eodog{ xlsHaouoJ nuxeeodnAdr)Ho}t g 'rceouoJ Xoro)lqs x wodaweed cero{ruatsaduo lqdeweed er.rxxadr{xg .rqdeweed ahxxedr^xe h orHmeHa qtphr,tu -eed ra,(tsau: eodogl xt.tHaoror xrxeeodn{doxox radg '(rrxedawen arsxr5dxm) weu{ydrh wtcHror)uor wtquew ' ( r n x a d e w e h a t s H l o t r t q e )x w e x x o H hwtqHHoHuuEA > wou{x -dxhxarxerm'(rxxedaweh etqHlsexgo) lorxau loeodrew -l,tlHs) {oHrHrouou EfrrUoealodu rqgouo.t yuxadawel4 .y ehnv eroftqs rex)ahrwoHolen6 \ iE drawenU (lrsxsrotsodu) lrxUeeexEedeu '.7 dtawenV lrrxr,adauou hxm.tuog,reH ihtto{ueh leHx(hn redx olexxxx {xrror or^tnoreu^orqe eouogheH eedart Aeun> 'vlu+uv foHcuer -lHJef, ou euadar' eUoar {xr'or ot^Bxamrqeeos eeuogheH eadart ^xdaer lqaouoJ quoUs oxqupxxrdae rrrecuEUaduo '9'ZE 'rnd 'wt) tesouor resxgo xrqxquexxrdee U :herfox xoHhoutqret A 1oHgov hxhor axtnoreu{rrrqe eauogheH eadelt .lrVoxodu H oHquelHoehdo.t crrecuaU -eduo (e'gg 'rxd .wr) rreouoJ resxgo rrqxquerxoeldol r.(Z 'u9er) lq€ouor cxHadewetr etqHheHXu elcHspuJ 'rswdo$ foHHeU€o) oHcuarxdeetsedu x exesoueh rqgouol r xldew etqlrH) oHhor qlawtr ownUoxgo €'LI 9 ' Vj 9'La z9 t9

I'L' 91 €'8t 99 99

Ptthu ?ro)tqa

l'g't 9 ' 9I z'6j 89 89

(

(( tqsouoJ

cextehhwoHo}lsho r4tqHhedeuoll

drawPru prrusuotsodg ( rtstsueXxrdeg rPexgo

XrqHquerxoexdo.l

wrcxt:edeoe ou'w)'dew€gd Z

p h h u 9 e l

1.2.ocHoBu KoHcTPyIPOBAHht

AOrx(Ha nnoTHo npHnerarb K rofloBHor,ry y6opy, Ho He geQopmxpoBarb ero. .Q,xamerp h3Meprpr caHThMerposoi nexroi unt ToncrorHbfM qlpKyneM. fny6nxy penueeoe onpeAenrpr AByM! B3ahr*Ho nepneHAhKyrrrpHbtMhnrxeixamr. O6xsar ronoBHoro y6opa h3Meprpr no ero noBepxHocru u ycnaBHo Ha3brBapr nephMerpoM h3Mepremoi 4erann 11 (puc. 34, a).

/'-l-tr ii

/----\

/

)i

[\_)-/

l-, 33. FlpocrpaxcrBeHHoe

i,,

pdcnonoxeHxe

h) IJ

Maxera

Hat QopMe

- %err,reprruMox(Ho no car*oi eulnyrnoi qacrh ronoBHoro y6opa, no nutrlt coeAhHeHrg AoHbluJKah creHxh. Benrvxxy npoAonbHoi qyru A, cm (pxc. 34, 6), xer,,reprlor or Kpar ronoBxoro y5opa cnepeAh Ao Kpa, c3aAh no qeHrpanutoi nnxnn ronoBHoro y6opa. Benxvrny noneper.tHoit gyrn E, cir,r (puc. 34, a), rer,,re_ prlor or Kpae ronoaxoro y6opa c oAxoi cropoHbt Ao lrpa, c 4pyroi nocepeAhHe excoqxoi '{acrl qepe3 qeHrp. . Burcory roroBHoro y6opa unA orAenbHbrx Aera neh B (puc. 34, rl hsMeprpr cneAypu4rM o6paaora. Burcory Kll4Ha H3MeprK,T no qeHTpanynoi nnnun or qeHrpa ronoB_ Kh Ao nurnn coeAhHeHhr unu no4rn6xr. Bslcory creHoK rorosHbrx y6opoa h3Meprrcr cnepeAh, c3aA, , c 6o*os. Burcory Ko3btpbKoB,HayuJHhKoB,Ha3arbrnbHllKoB,pacnonort<eHHbrxBeprtrKanbHo orHochrenbHo ronoBHoro y6opa, x3Meprpr raKxe nocepeAhHe coorBercreyroulei Aeranx, lny6nuy ronoBHoro y6opa l- (prc. 34, Ar r3Meprpr Boxpyr rofloBbt MexAy BhcoqHbtMHqacTrMh. llonepevxue H3MepeHhr onpeiqenrpr uJhphHy ronoB_ noro tllxpr,rxy rqoHbtrlKa LLla ^y6opa n ero geranei. (pxc._34, e) h3Mepercr no qeHrpanrxoi nulnn or xpan o4xoi cropoHbr Ao Kpar p;pyroi,. lllxpxxy Ko3btpbKa, pacnonoxeHHoro roph3oHTanbHo oTHoChreflbHoronoBHoro y6opa, r3Meprlor nocepe,qhHe. llJxpxxy nonei r3Meprrcr cnepeAn llJn, caa,qr W" n c6oxy lJJa.

uexeu nxied{:x$xox

ro edogi( oroHsouoJ rswdoQ qr)owxlhse€

'S€

srHeheHeogo etqHeorfr( xx x cxHadewe, 9t'lHhhueed ''€

v Nal \*7

l/

W

F-4a@

4us

'W.\.---r---Jl \t-Z

2g m

) -

I---:r

,V

V

a

'(9g ':rd) aaouor x rots:aurdu emquog werr 'rodogoEL 'n xHo amquog wsr 'soxqdtqtor 14 Heuou ccdr oJeHxedrr(xg rqHexsxdx :{xUed emqHew weh :rqHexaxdx xx otnnvtvex<xel roresrcrxhA eoxqdtqegr r.r Xeuou xxxeaodxr(dr:xol xdg 'hues) exmrqxots cedr oU xUedeu: exmtqnoU cedx ro nrtt4u 4oHsuedrxeh ou roruueUaduo 1 ermtqHoU Aunufil 'heuereU oJe h edog,( oJoHaouoJ AnuvV rotrueUeduo clrxadawer arixruoVodg ---,-_-offi

lrlHvaodhrxlo?u=T

06

I.2. OCHOBbI KOHCTPYI'rPOBAHH'

91

paAhyc KpnBh3Hblaxyrpexxei nurrn nonei rnll Ko3btpbKoB, reM Aanbure orxoArr oHlr or ronoBbt. Bxyrpenxri xpai poBHblx roph3oHTanuxrrx nonei noBroprer nutnto ronoBKtl no Pa3MePy.

1.2.7. Pacqerrui merog co3f,anxr rDopr* ro[osHbtx y6opoa B coapemexxoi rexxonorytyt nphMexrKrr ,qEa cnoco6a co3AaHhr o6te^^xoro A3Aenn, h3 reKcThnbHbrx MaTepltanoB: KoHcrpyxrxaxui cnoco6 c noMoulblo xpraonrreixlrx KoHTypoB et Bbrra'{er, h nnacrhqecxri nocpeAcrBoM Brar(Ho-rennoaoi o6pa6orxr. Ffp, KoHcrpyxpoBaHul,'t ronoBHbtx y5opoa lrleeixoi rpynnbr KoHcTPyKroPAon)KeH cTpeMhrbcr K MaKchManbHoMy hcnonb3oaaHhK, alexaxrqecxoi o6pa5orrx, TaK KaK npoqecc Qopmoaaxre u3Aenra nyreM BnaxHo-rennogoi o6pa6orxx 6onee rpyAoeMoK. Pasnrqator rexHHqecKoe h rBopqecKoe KoHcrpyhPOBaHhe. Texnxqecxoe KoHcrpyhpoBaHhe x nocne,qypu.lee pagMHOr(eHXe neKan hcnorb3yloTct npx co3AaHhh BeAoMcrBeHHbrxronoBHbrx y6opoa. KoxcrpyxpoBaHhe neKar B sroM cnyqae npoh3aoAHrct no rexHxqecKhM onhcaHnarv.,Koropbre parpa6aruraarorcr r yTBepD(AapTCt BeAOMCTBeHHbIMN OpraHh3aq,Hrr,,tx. B lrOm cryqae KoHcTPyKrop He l,lMeer npaBa ,qonycKarb KaKhenr.16oorxnoHaHAA 5eg cornacht 3aKa3qhKa. B npor.lecce rBopqecKoro KoHcrpyt{posaHhr KoHcrpyKTop co3Aaer Hoabre SopMbt reKan, BHocrr HoBble AeKopaThBHbfeh KoHcTPyKTrBHbre nAH)4n,huler Hyx(HbtenponopqUn

B COOTBeTCTAeHHO Bl4AOh3MeHteT

neKana.

flpx raop,recKoM KoHcrpyrlpoBaHlrN xcnonb3yrcrr pacqeTHble h Myflrll(Hbri ivrero4rr. K pacverxurm Mero,qaM TexHhqecxoro KoHcrpylpoBaHXt orHocrrcr pacqerHo-rpaQxrecxre h ceroqHbti r,rerogut. Pac,rerxo-rpaQrrecrxe MeroAbr xax6onee pacnpocrpaHeHbtB npoMbruneHHocrl. Oxx arntoqaror B ce6r 6onuuroe KonhqecrBo pasnrrrx6rx cnoco5oe nocrpoeHxr,reprexei. Cyulecraynu4he MeroAbr KoxcrpyhpoaaHhe ronoaxsrx y6opoB ornhr{aprcr Apyr or Apyra pac'{erHbtMr rpopmatrx x cnoco6ar'rx rpaQxvecxnx nocrpoexri. Pacverxo-rpa$xvecrri Mero4 nphMeHrercr B rex cnyqarx, Korga $opma ronoBHoro y6opa hnh orAenbHbre ero

-er,a>Edeu'nrxnv erqxenrx{drtHox u)lo{eerqeor}rdodu heH -Ueu)ou eg 'awdo$ ou {xrer xxtnor{eed9o FoHrexpw Xa)s '1nnnu xrqxquexxrdaa H xtqHqugrxoexdo.J w) €-Z erqUxcex eedar, eHHe)eHeH raeelrdrew:^Uedu gofou) XlctHhoreJ '(96':xd) d{.rxQ rxxlanrdrewoeJ xtqHquxeeduax {wdo$ xxlnorewr 'eodog{ xtqHaouoJ nuxeeodu(drrsox xdu rrrecxawhdu Uorew (lnxrarrxeaUoet uvxl htel{hore) 'xxHel) erqwcdu 1ou.r{dx oxmtcHoU xhtno{ewh x

nwdo$

XoHqreso uvn

xxrdaaeed au)ou pupxou ewdo6 rorlxawodu

-

E

lpHNu,

rrtsru

5sHts9dt -

Z

:roEm

ah{r!

'16 -

,

:xcvxeusedueg woxqrexxrdeg k woHquptnoexdo.r r AwruHnv kwHx)ehrEeuoeJ edogl ojoHsouoJ xrlosxdesou ahHeuab/ .g€

'eodog{ xtctHsouoJ x rxxed{$ puereu qreeodxldrrHox oHx(ow {Uorew {wore olJ 'xrEHeueeduex xrqxeed E r,tHexl qrlowxxrr:ed I AxUe:{ eH {xaeduou rg)oHs ,tqsm eH ryr{uxdu ro{cU waJ.eg .d{.rn$ xrre wedr(r.Hox ou qtlo)t) -ouu eH rswdo$ lore ,(rrdeeeEd rrtsoaexodu x rsd{.rx$ arrlenndrawoal lo{Eusbtcs edog{ oJoHaouoJ awdo$ g '('U'r x eda$rr(uou ')r(xox ,dtsxxurh) wedr(.rx$ Xrsxxar,et{ wxt>enxdrewoa.r wrqxqrxspdu x r.xl),tvg qHeho HueraU 8OdO9^ XnHSOltOl IhHYSO€Vd9OOWdOO ll :thHVgOdhI)t3OdU 'l

Z6

r.2. ocl@Bu KoHcrPvtPoBAts{,

Hxr Koropbrx c cerxoi orMeqaKrr roqxaMh. Ha pxc. 36 npxBeAeH nphMep AeneHhr noBepxHocrx tpopr,ru ronoBHoro y5opa, orpaHhqeHHoro nrHr,rtMx llJBoB,ceroqHbrMlr nrt'nnl.ax. 9tu nur'nn nepeceKapr cpeAHlolo nn*nlo aexana noA nptMblM yrnoM, Cte,qOBaTenbHO,l,l Ha nnOCKOCTyT tTl't nnHnn pacnonoxaTcr noA nprMbrM yrnoM K n|,1H)4n,Koropat 6yger ycnoBHo (rar xax neKaro Moxer 6urru xecxmr,rerprvxrr,r,r) cepe4xxoi neKara, At*,epue Annty npeMbtx nnnuh h paccrorHre MeD(Ay HhMh nocepeAliHe h Ha KoHLlax,\epexocrr hx Ha qeprex x nonyqanr reKaro (prc. 37), Cero.rxuti MeroA, xora n tBnterct 6onee cnot(xbtM, qeM pacqerno-rpaQnvecxni, no3Borrer 5onee roqHo nocrpohrb pa3BeprKH. Ox cpaexrrenbHo BepHo onpeAenrer Qppmrr h pa3Mepbl 4eranei H Aaer Bo3MoxHocrb cyAXTb 01 rex lrgmeHeHhrx, KoropbrM Aonx
1.2.3. IlpoerrrpoBaHxe rpopm-ronof,or Anr x3roroBneHHrronoBHbtry6opoe Ane lrgroroBneHlrr ronoBHbrx y6opoe xeo6xo4rmrr AepeBrHHbre Anu MerannhqecKhe Qopr*rr, Ha Koropblx npoh3aoAXrcr npaaKa h Bnar(Ho-rennoBae o6pa6orxa uegenui, Or raqecrsa Qopr,r 3aBhctrr Exeurxni BhA ronoBxrrx y6opos. Ocxoaoi MoAenrpoBanxn Qopmbt pa3nHqHblx ronoBlrbrx y6opoe tBnrercr AepeBrHHan <popr,raryr,r6a (pxc. 38), Bocnpoh3so,q,rular oqepraHhr h pa3Mep ronoabr. Ocxosaxxe ryr"t6ur o6urqno Aenalor roro pa3Mepa, qro E caMyp BbrnyKnyto ee '{acrb. 3ro 4aer Bo3MoxHocrb h.nonb3oBaTb ocHoBaHre ryrrrr6srB KaqecTBeura5noxa 4ne B\ repr{hBaHxr KoHTypoB rofloBKh I nonei ronoBHoro y6opa. Tyre5a Anr Aercxhx ronoBHbtx y6opoa hMeer 66nuuryro BbrnyKnocrbsarutnoqHoi qacrh, x nepHMerp ee ocHoBaHht He BcerAa p6BeH xax6onsure,r,ry o6reray ryr,r6sr. Ha ryr*r6ax Anr AercKhx ronoBHblx y6opo,e h3roroBnrror Kanopbr, utneMbr, KoToPbre Aonx(Hbt nnoTHo nprneraTb K uee (pnc. 39). Cosgaxxo HoBbrx AepeBrHHbtx rnyt MerannxqecKhx Qopr* npeAuecrByer npoltecc MaKerhpoBaHrr. Xy4oxrxxxMOAenbeP Ha ry,u6e cnoco6om HaKorrKh l,r3 MaKeTHbtx

qrxdaeodu oHcueretflr owxUorgoaH rerew 4nxxet(rog '('ts'r r rdog e'rr$aruad s xraouoJ eUoxadau uuuuvl edog{ oJoHsouoJ r'nHnv e)e rqxeepxr(oHhor quqg rcHxuoU eraxew eH .(0? .:xd) edog{ oJoHsouoJ lowdo$ loxxewr(Ueg I hhsr)lealoot I qHexl ts)teeahxrahodg 'woslx)€ f hlrsr)resroo) € xuetsow

+

l z l t l l t s / l

+TX,.'fiil w"@lworexew ) 9ro9Pd '0t xr.r{€ouo:

xHr)raU

ruts

rrgw{.r. (xeeoxr.rdrmee) xougem

eodogI r< xerde6 .5g

'Et 'Jl '6€.'rxd en H q)av€ .aodogt xrqHdorror il;:il""";"itfiT

::

atqxre{uxt x {wdo$ .laeelsregedro 4alnAVAg rrxerdar'o (xdrdeur'rudew'xuexer$ h o H H e u e w x e d r e n )e o u e x d a r e w sodogr xnHgou6l rtffi

npxmepxoi, B npollecce xoropoi yrortHelor $oprr,ry, o6ueM, nponoP|u'wt .'r nr{ril'|, flpxr,repra noKa3btaaeT TaKxe npaBXnbHocTb nocaAKx co3AaHHoro MaKeTa Ha ro'|oBe. l-locne BHeceHhe licnpaBneHhi maxer cryx(hr nporoThnoM Ant h3roroBneHhr AepeBrHHoi Qopmur unu Merannx.{ecxoi enexrpo$opr,rur. Flocne.qHrr h3roroBnrercr B ToM cnyt{ae, ecnh MoAenb nPocra h npe4Ha3HaqeHaAnq Maccosoro nPoH3BoAcrBa.Hanpxr,,rep,cyulecrEyrcr anexrpoQop-

<e,is19

ll. Lleprex x Lria6nox runcnur <5orpxrn, Mbf Anl uranKh-yuJaHKh, uranKt,l-(roronbD, Aercroro Kanopa, 6y4exoaxn. l-lpx r3roroBneHrh Soprr,rut Aenalor qeprex B rpex ura6noxsr, no KoropbrM cBeprrcT npoexqhtx, a rarxe npaBhnbHocrb KoHrypl{ux nnnuil (pnc. 41, 421. B xexoropux cnyqarx Qopmur Anr xeHcxt4x ronoaHbrx y5opoe cocrorr r,r3 AByx vacrei, HanpllMep ronoBxl.r n nonei (prc. 43). Taxne Qopr,rur r'toryr 6urru pa3HbrMh. Paa6opxure $op,r,rur H3roroBnrtor B Tex cnyqarx, KorAa hMeercr 6onuurar pa3Hxqa MextAy o5uemom ronoaHoro y6opa h ero pa3MepoM. 3ro nyxxo Anr roro,qro6ur xe geQopr,rrpoaarb roroaxoi y6op npx o6pa6orxe, Pa:6opHbre $oprau Aenalor Ann Ken!t pa3nht{Hbtx mo4enei,

xxxem{-xruem

ruv rqwdo$ xerda6

huex cuts ewdo$ (r{xtsouox) rrwdo$

'gg

ueudogeeS 'jg

leuou

xerde;.

'97

rrgw{r xou9e6 '1;

ffiw -eed x (eeadeU ex) errxsueh ro{esrcg 'loxex.ldou) '(Ee)t) -soyf,ow)r'rrrgmr(-rxuem dawxduex'eodog{ xtgHsouoJ xxHwr4e xtqxrtrueed uhHeuSoJ.oJeucvV tswdo6 xxrlx{w '(yy znd) c:rote.rxeUeed oxdewoxeed xrler' elqHqugrto ela querets ot^xquedrxah eH awrx<ex xdg 'loeruedrxeh h xtqeoxog xAets 'XEHUga 'SaxUadeu :leueraU ,Lau eA rhoJ,)o) ewdo$ bexer ore)s alneh 'U'r r xexced{$ '<xoxerhue)tD 'eoradag

[, 1.2. OCHOBU KOHCTPyI,IPOBAHTI'

I

1,,

IlBlrxHbre (var.r4eBcero Merannxvecxxe). Ans roro qro6rt cgen_arb AepearHHylo rPopr*y npaBhnbHo r ceprixo, xeo6xogrir,ro liMerb pa6o,rxe qeprex
p,nn ygo6crBa HaxoxAeHhr pa3Hocrei ocei Anr cMex(Hbtx,,pa3MepoBBBoArr noHrrhe ycnoBHoro 4rauerpa ,{y.,. Vcnoexuri AlraMerp onpe,qenrtor cneAyprqxi,,r o6pasolaI

Ar.n:(L+t)12, rAe L -

4nrxa

6oauu.roi. ocu; | -

4nlna

reanoi ocL

Ecnrapaaxocru ocei Anr. usAennr 56 pasmepa 10 um, ro l:.{r",{5; L:178 *5:183 r,v',r; | P,r.n- 51 I : 1.73 mr'r. '

Ana u3.Aenn, 57 paer,,repa l-,Qt,, *5i L : 186,r'r,r,r; | ,0,r.n- 5; | : 176 r.,rr*, Pasxocru ocei a:L-f;

a:183-173:lQ

sr.

Orcrc4a cneAyer, qro pa3Hocrb ocei Ane nsgenui Bcex pa3MepoB oAhHaKoBah paBHa 10 r,v'r. B saehcxl ocrr or MoAenh ronoBHoro y6opa pa3Hocrb ocei rrloxer 6urrs 4-4O rl'rt.. 7 - 3aK. 238

chJonoHxel l1eUoru esrfehruox olamquog ol{xow xel rr(xa srcdosraueoVA n tqr:odu oxquaUedu qJ.tcg tqHtrtuoUlodx r ewdo$ lSrxeeogedr ^Ucd Awoueh qrehesro tqxrxuots xhogt rdart xtqHhhuxl catxeln rueUoyl 'eoxxxxawgdeol -9o9o Er p 'exasouah ext,tugo oloxradxsox ah eH .lxUoxlx daquetsow 4nvaVeu rrr€ exrogedeed rdg 'xxhedauo elctH -quaVro ex e:rahodu oJox)ehhJouoHxgl erxeueUeed 'gU -^dr orrheehHexew orr(xcuewxlrsw'eougl.rderew axxpeoUox ->ed eoxwoHox€ :ef)ahodu o.toxHosr)Eoaelodu oJa)e xrl -oHHago)o qrggrqrxh^ Hex(uoU dequaUow esr:Uoeexodu o.roxlxdal n oroeo))ew 4uveVen rx xeaodxuao"*.r1"1?""" wrcxquelUxar.v+A ou x eerlUoeexodu oJosof)ew eodogl xtqHaouoJ Hr)oHHegofo rfctrelehol r{low eenUoae}aodu o.roxlxder xruveven g 'loxueUro x weodx t{wtqxr'xueed ) 'nwrxde) - rwrhl feuaEow xrqHr(our eauog YuveVeu org -deu hwhmquogex etqwaextr(urqg'laueUow rlqsurrosUo y wedogA wrqHaouoJ wnxlrder cnueVen r)rrroHro eartehlrro)r wogolu e ctto{gxe{urqs arcdorox 'leuaUow rrcu{uHroxEo rxuatser Bf,lorerhh) eerltsogerodu oJoeorrew xwedogA xwrsxaouo.l '6HHeue)gH weegxeg wtqxqucr(UneuVxu ou r psr)Uosexodu h oJoao)rcw qrtcg r{row rsdog{ et.txEouoJ

o.roxlxde:

e8rtuorsxodu olosottew h wcGexcs wnHruclu)Aanvila ou fxuaucn vuv upxeu ehHeurolole, , pxrogd€cd 'j'u'l

6La

s 8 , zsl

01

01

01

olz

otz otz

0i7 0t gLT

LgJ

06t

(.6J 681 981

961

i: 09

069

IBL 089

t8l 0L9

ott 0l €LJ €8t gll 09S

oiz 0t olt 081 9L} 099

o?2, 01 tgJ LLJ ZTJ 0t9

orz

g ero)tl€ rrwdo$ QUP'O 0 1 I Fefo qr)oHegd eupgo oroHdew t9J -eed ; s>o reueyy eueao o:ondew ? L } -eed 1 sro Eem.ruog uzl[, xuoxx
:': 6 s l s s

L 9 l e 9

9 9 t 1 9

€9 rrwdo$

s edeweed ee lo rl)owhfxsge tsuU'ww'wdo$ xxxgm^-xxuem 1ox:xlw

exxedewegl

dewee4 e c h r u 9 e I

80do9A xFHgolroJ thHVgoevd900wdoo r'r3NHv8odhl)llodu'1

1,2. ocHoBbt KoHcTpyhpoE^Hl'lt

99

xgroroBneHhr AorxHa 6urru npe4enbHo MexaHr3hpoBaHxoi; HopMbt pacxoAa MarepxanoB gonxHbt 6urru mxxxMANbHbIMH.

9ro5ur pasxoo6pa3hrb accoprxMeHr ronoBHbrx y5opoa MaccoBoro npoh3BoAcrBa, Mo)f(Ho nzAenre o4xoi r roi xe MoAenH (ogxoi u roi't x<e Qopubl) aurnycxarb h3 pa3Hbtx no (paKrype h qBery Marephanoa c nphMeHellheM orAenoK, T. e, r,lcnonb3oBarb MoAenhpoBaHhe no oAHoi xoxcrpyKrhBHoi 6asosoi ocHoBe. KoxcrpyrpoBaHxe roroBHblx y6opoa MaccoBoro npox3BOACTBaUBnrercn TpyAHbtM h oTBeTcrBeHHblMAenoM, TaK KaK MoAerH r3roroBnrpr 5es npeABapxrenbHoro c+ernt MepoK. h3roroenexhe ronoBHbrx y5opoe no lrHAXBxAyanbHbtM 3aKa3aM 3aKnloqaeTct B CO3.qaHn]' eAAHnqHOTO)''F,Aennt, Ero i,,rogenhpytor e flOr,rax mogenei (4nr arrcraBoK, x(ypHanoB MoA x r. A.) t,l arenbe. flpn nngnerAyanbHoM MoAenhpoBaHhx HcxoArr Ag KoHKperHoro o6nsxa qenoBera. 3,qecu yr{hrbtBaprc, oBar nhqa, nphqecKa, Bo3pacr, pocr, pa3Mep (ronoexoro y6opa), renocnoxeHhe, qBer Bonoc h Ko)rc.r, Ha3Har'teHhe,KocrtoM r Bce ero Aononxexxr. flpx oAHoM x roM )Ke pa3Mepe roroBHbre y6opur Anr pa3Hblr nrcgei hMeror KoHcrpyKThgxureoco6eHHocrl. O6ter,r ronoBHoro y6opa B 3aBrcrMocrl or oBana nrLla r,tox<er 6ulru 5onsu.re unr MeHbuJe.Or ogana nhqa, BbrcorbrronoBbl x pocra qenoBeKa 3aBxchr Bbrcora roJroBHoro y6opa. Or crenexl Bblnyxnocrx no6xoi qacrh Moxer h3Mexrrbct BHyrpeHHrr Ayra Ko3brpuxa, flpx co3gaHhh neKan ronoaHbtx .y6opoe no utAhanAyanbHbrM 3aKa3aM yqhrbrBapr oco6exHocrh x-x o6pa6orKl B arenbe: xe6onur.uoe pa3AeneHhe rpy4a, 6onee qacroe nphM€HeHhe pyqHHx pa6ou raxxe HecxonbKo 6onuutxi, qem npl MaccoBgM npoH3BoAcrBe, pacxoA Marephana. flpr KoHcrpylposaHryt ronoBHbrr y6opoe MaccoBoro npoh3BoAcrBa r no AHAnauAyanbHbrM 3aKa3au xeo6xo4xir,ro yr'lhTblBaTb nphnycKl,|.

Flpxnycx Ha uJhpHHy uJBa c ogxoi cropoHbt 4eranx K, 3aBrchr or rexHonorr.recxoi o6pa5orxn ronoBHoro y6opa h Marepxana, N3 Koroporo llbKrr ror AnA xxoi ronoaxoi y6op, Fonoexrre y6opbl h3 nerKoocbrnapulhxct ,nn roncrbtx rKaHei ,qonxxrr hMerb 66nur.r.ryrouhphHy uBa. Flpxnycr Ha ronu{hHy MarepranoB K2 onpeAenrerct pasxrqei MgncAy BHeuJHhMl,t h BHyrpeHHrlMh pa3MepaMH roroBHbrx y6opoe rl BKnroqaer a ce5e ronulxHy rKaHn 7.

esxuU ou - hHExl etqxrudam 'eHruU ou 'orrgedu )te)l 'cfro{gglrxe:r( xxexr etgHqueuprm r arqxxcewAgorehuouX 'crro{r(dtawdo6sU Exo oJah ahar)tseuts 'hxf,oH arrahodu a ox<)tel g 'xxxego))adu r erxorrr( xdu tsdeweed xoee ro{rHewth oxJau loxUe:{ homquog I eouexderew eA rrdog{ ergHaouoJ :worler) -oUeH xu Ef,reruar eouexderew exUerl acHmnvel 'een -x(ou) oHguarhheHe 'xxUe:^ xhtno{ewh ex 'eouexderew Eh 'hxx<6uo n ruueanrrotr{r eodog{ xfsHsouoJ arxeeowdo6 we:.{u eodogr( xrqH€ouoJ wexrlgn{ wrqxquaUro rrwdo$ cxxeUrdu cuU pwitsoxgoaH exo xeuaUadu xrqwrr:{uoU g 'eodogA xrer{€ouoJ aqr)ehpx eH rerhua rHevl exUe:6 '{rUErA ot{aoxpxxUoeH ro{ewh hxUeur -odu n exdaa hHe)rl eUJox 'xgerr{ur xar I whUoxgoeH oH 'l,tHexr -Hego)o {xUe:{ HO ex xrr(urdu sreerqr}rhr(rqxxcuoU erqwhtsoxgoeH utr€wu SonUerA rqdorx(duxox'rqdaweEd homcuog I eouexdarew sh rsdogr( ercHaouoJ rcgorh xtsdorox ex 'eouexd.."* ;l:X:'"l erqHaouoJ ror'uaoroJ'x h ^xtser^ eH eox:^u ro lh)l,rspe h hHexr axxaxrrred -rdu rqww{r ex r)raeJerrtr ey {x-r.ogedr( ex xr{urdg .w) t-g' J resraer)oe eodog{ xtctHsouoJ eH xrr(undg xhHwhe vvV tquerdargw axlnotruuar{ '(7 'uger) lrHsxr rqxxtnuot dtewxuurw lrrUxcer ex w) g'O erenred eh rorpsrueexerlA oxeou)r( eH vr{uxdu eodog{ xrqHaouoJ eouExdarew {xxtnuor xnxeeodxAdrfHot{ xdg . 'rxUeuvUou 'rxUeuxodu 'exdee 9'(.-9'L 9Z'0

z'z

9('Z I

s'J sJ'a 9'a s'J L'0 L'O 9'0 9Z'0

'ruve?e,

e

xl^urdU

9'0-€'0 s0'0 st'0 9t' 0 z'0 €'0 EZ'O

s'0

€'0 I 1'0 I t'0 t'0 90'0

HOUeTHXJ HHUeEhUO HHJ'eg exdel xouodog

wosouodou lrsx neeodrug,(" .T:r""# H'tpuuoxetcs.)clog oxn{3 ,

qHexr cesetneull qHp)tt BeH.ruogwp){ rexrr>de;-1 qHe)rr geHxewAgorer,uory

wf,'hHPxl

u9hdsrew

9HXmuOl

t

e n H u g e l

1.2.ocHoBu KoHcTPyhPOBAHhT

)4 urnpnte. Hopr'rur pyrct4ne, /o:

ycaAKh

tot

C x r e q , m y c n x H , M a , q a n o n a M ,K o n e H x o p Srsu flnarsesal rraxu rerHqr rPynna AeMhCe3OHHat

rxaxei

pa3nhqHblx

cne-

He 6onee 3 4,5

3 4

r'

llecrporxaaar nnarbeBRr x py6auevxan rxaxs . no ocHoBe 3 no yrKy 2 O4exHar rnaAKoxpaurexarr MeraHr(eBae, ne- He 5oree 6 cTPOTKaHat Bopcoaar rxaxs (nony5apxar, aenbBer-KopA, 3,5 aensaer-py6vrr) Lllepcrnxan rxauu rpe6exxar qhcrouJepcrrHat 6ocrox 2,5-3 rprKo 3 KoBepxor, ra6ap4rx 2-3 rpe6enxal nonyulepcTrHan (cr,,reuraxnae) TPHKO

KoBepxor, ra6apgrx TOHKOCyKOHHaT

T{hCTOUlepCTrHat

T o H K o c y K o H H a rn o n y u l e p c r q x a r ( c r r , r e u r a x x a r ) Apan narbroBar cyKHo rpy6ocyxoxnac '+icroutepcrrnar (6o6pax) rpy6ocyxonnar qhcroulepcreHae h nonyuJepcTcHat no ocHoBe no yrKy

3-3,5 2,5-3,5 2,5-3 3-3,5 3,3_4 3,5 3-3,5

1,5 3-3,5

pacrnflo4 4eicrBheM Harpy3Kh rKaHb pacrrrhBaercq. xeHhe pa3rhrtHbtx rxaxei HeoAhHaKoBoe, Ho noqrh Bce TKaHh E 6onuurei creneHh pacrrrxBaprcr no yrKy, qeM no ocHoBe. Y4nxxexxe rKaHh B MoMeHT ee pa3pbtBa H63btBaerc, pa3pbtBHbt,vr yAnhHeHheM h Bbtpaxaercr I npoqeHrax nepaoxavanuxoi AnhHbt. Ecnx rKaHb He AoBoAhrb Ao pa3pblBa, To nonyqeHHoe noA geicranem rpy3a ee nonHoe qacrlrtHo yAnhHeHhe' aanaetcg o6parti,,rulr,,r. Pasnxqxrte TKaHh hMetor cneAylol{ee pa3pbtBHoe yAnHHeHne, /o: l-lo ocxoee

Xnonvaro5yr,rar(Har rKriHb cxreq apr. l8 carxx apr. 520 6rsu apr. 50

32 36,3 I

flo

yrxy

22 42,4 t5

rHHe)9HcH EUU gugxeu grqHguercJowouts llrxUeuxodu r hxUeuxUou Eodxfed EUU lerew )'tuv. nuexl- er edogr( olor -aouoJ pxdes rxHeusoroJen cuV :lqr{ouel€-euereu arqHquel -eJowou)€ x etqHsoHfo lctHaugoroJen n rqxeeodx{dr)Ho}l) crlctg tcHx(uou edog{ oJoHsouoJ huauow xoux(gx cuv 'wer{u wlqHquelHawxdauexe u)rarueUeduo 'eX {xro9ed9o or^x)shHHexew 9H xfAu xe{uxdu ror€ -hdu c:raeugU hwexhodp {tsxbw rhHsorf)ed H exxtert tqrol)ch ro 'rHg)rl igHhtnuor lo hr)owr)t.rgp8 I '6)qlSH€)w oror€ rO relr(ow xr{uxdu psxerrx{drfHox-oH€hrpdoxaU '{ltse:ou or{xecd ro{ewh wemlctroxo f, hrsouoJ rhHpgrherf ndu leueUow xredoroxax tqredag 'dewxdueH 'otcrtoHhor 'otqueu xoHhorPr)ots ) creJ,xhf)gd tsaqueH xn {woreou -ow UeH pdorx{drrxox x edequeUow-exhHxotsIx tsroged I clrotBuetsaduo hx)^u}rdu hr€ 1ox:ertdoer. af)ahodu 'w) ojoHHesr) 0J ou I ro rorc8r.r9 x xueuow rrxarwdo$o -exoU{x 'rqwdo$ oJa 'edogr( oJoHsouoJ eU}r€ ro rts)h€e€ vX n)t xxrAuxdu ,i erqxexrr^dllHox-oHaHredoxafi ,w) g'Z eH - xtqHhhr)pr€eH Eh 'w) J eH edogA oJoHeouoJ edeweed em'luog emlsu -oxo exdes esruU (xrnxxcewlgoJ.ehuoux'ltqxct)dem/(rou) 'w) haHexr xrgHhxl)Plt€ eeHew el4 J eH oJa emqHew r xrpnr(ul xtqdoroxax a e 'edog{ oJoHsouoJ {daweed exsed (oxx{r eoxHol 'oxxdr) XeHexr xtsHhHr)pu€ 8r,r 9m -f.fuorfo exrufl 'Exrrxuegd lau{9 'lexext xlqHeed eA nui{.€u -sedupH woxr'adeuou a oJoHHSodxtcs 'edog{ oJoHsouoJ pmfquovo PHruU 'dawrdue;1 'xueraU tqxxuU %9-Z eH aox -r{uxdu axxsttxuae{ eoHquelhHubuoU roteexdrewr{Uadu 'feHetu 'ene)spu xlqHUrrdamAuou %OS xxtnexdeUo) x (otsr:oxrrex) wahHaushroduo) dewrduex'otxxexrlfed wrqHHemrqgouxxtnote?eu9o 'aouexdetew era eodogl xtsx -souoJ rxxesodx^dl)Hov xdu orrt 'oHl)esex xxxrxedu e14 'cHesotsau))H eH rrxg)rl srfhoa) .lo exr{uxdu cr)owh)t.tset 'x:{urdu emsuog emquog wel 'puexdetew qoo:{du{ weh feodog{ xrrxeouoJ weuexau x whUoxgoax rr{urdu reuehderew ql)owHx(6rfed 3mquo9 wah xrmcHaw wgr

zu

6z U I'oz

t€ 9'Z€ 9'ez

€'02 S'6J

6'92 9'Z(,

--lodos^

rpeoxoduex seEalfleuU exUHgurom ( 7 9 y y ' r d e X e l r l H x r q H e o x ) h a€ H c e H -queuprm'reHeoxtHg) qHert reseqleug ( %0S - Hct -eev' o/oOS - qr)dom) 6eHwo{t)ox cHqill 'rde eoHHa.rtwoUeg oxY,(r totg 'rde oxndr. 7gg1 sxexr uexrr.>dag xFHEolroJ 3hHv8o€YdgoowJo@ h 3hHvsodrlx3odu

'1

'. t.2. ocHoBbt KoHcrPyhPoBAH,fi

KoHTponbHblx roqex n nunn!. Ant pacnoroxeHht or.qenoqHblx KranaHoB, peMeuKoB, 6norxoe, KHonor, noArh6a n r, A. Ha Aeranrx B npoq,ecce nourhaa ronoBHbrr y6opoe. Ha acex reKarax AonxHbl 6srru xaxeceHbl KoHTporbHbre HaAce'{Kh,yKa3blsa}oulre Mecra coeArHeHhr geranei hg4enra. Kpo^,re roro, cornacHo TexHXqecKhM ycnoB|tM H! pacrpoi orAenbHbtx geranei ronosHbtx y6opoa Ha ocHOBHbfeneKana HaHocrT creAybLq,re nn|Hr.r|'r,noKa3btEaKrullre3 HanpaareHhe H]tTh ocHoBbt h Bce AonycThMbte oTKnoHeHxt oT Hee npn o6r.lenKe fleKan )4 npn )l3roToBneHhh TpaQapera; AonycrhMoe MaKchManbHoe h MxHx,ttanbHoe KonhqecTBo nphcTaBoK Ha Aerantx n? M€xa corracHo cTaHAaPTy nnh TexHnl{ecKltM onhcaHrtM.. Bce nnxnn HaHoctr Ha reKara ryulblo. Tonrqxxa nnnnil 0r5 rvvvr.Ha xax4oi Aeranh ocHoaHbtx ]r BcloMorarenbHblx neKan (neran-aranoxoa) yKa3brBaror HaxrreHoBaHhe A€ranlr, HoMep Mo,qenh x pa3Mep usAennr.. Ha ocxosxux Aeranrx yra3brBaror raKxe nnoulaAb Aeraflr a m2. Ha oAHoM l,r3 KpynHbrx neKan oTAenbHo Ant ocHosHbtx, noAKIaAor{HbtI rxaxei h nphKndAa Aerapr onltcb neKar xa4enxr. 9ry onHcb noAnltcblBaer KoHcrpyKTop nph npoBepKe roroabtx reKan nepeA 3anycKoM r{r B npoh3soAcTBo. PacnoaoxeHhe nexan no orHoutelllto K l{l,trtM ocHosbl Marepxara npxaeAeHo s ra6n. 5. Jlexana-aranoHbtHaxogurcr a grcneptMeHTanbHoM qexe npeAnpkrTht h hcnorb3yKrrct TonbKo nph H3roToBne}{nnn npoBepre pa6ovrx neKan, Ocxoaxure H acnoMorarenbHbre nexana h3roroBnrlor l,t3 nnorHoro KaproHa ronr4xHof4 l1,5 MM. Iexana, npeAHagHaqeHHble Ana BbtKparaaHht 4eranei, h3roroanrlor l,t3 nrorHoro KaproHcl oK!HTo!!HHOrO Merarrlhqecx|Mr nonocxar,rx. Pa50qh€ neKana, HaxoArrqhecr B npo|3BoAcrse, npoBeprpT He p€x€ Asyx pa3 B Mecrr4, flpoaepxa neKar npoh3BoAlrrcr no JteKarar{SranoHau, a raKxe no ra6enp r,rep. B pa6oqhx reKarax, HaxoArr4Hxcr B nPori3BoAcTBe,.qonycKapTcr orKnoHeHht or neKan-sTanoHoB xe 60nee r{eM H! 0,5 mr,,r (no rparc). .Qnr ycrpaHeHxr HeroqHocrei nexan-eranoHoa (acnegcTahe ycaAKh xaproxa) cneAyeT npoBeprrb ,r€Kar! no ra6enp Mep He pexte oAHoro prsa a 2 mec. flocne npoBepKh neKar-3ranoHoB craBrr rneimo OTK, nognxcb KoHrponepa u Aary npoBepKh. ,{,nr xax4oi r,rogenr ronolHoro y6opa, npxHrroi K h3roroBneHhlo, Aonxxul 5urrr cocraaneHbt TexHhqecKhe ycnoBhr,

E,OT

-a

ltsxrxew,(9 -orehuonx lHeI

wrcEoxog €'0+ ou '6)rorexl^uots shHeHOU)lr.O eH oredx lwaxxdee I r(wexxnx oU

Fl

tadeg

4rsrxoxlt

rxey

exHer)

t'0+ t'07 €'0+ wrqs -oxogou't'0+ oredv ^wexxdee r r(wexrxxx oll

oxmreHob/

g'O

mrquoro

1oxttx[w'ex>odtpw'exHelruey,exxedlqp

€'0+ wrqsovogolJ

g'0

€'O+ wrqsoyog ou '1'0T ^weHxdas x {wauxrx oU Iwesmexe ,'O+ oredr ou'97'g; {wenxedr{xe og

9'0 I'Z

s'z

t'0+

mtquoro

V

qt

yedrcrol PxHAr)

e

,'0+

t'0+ ,uaN ,lHcxr foHao|tfo

U ah

H)lttrl

ormrgHoU

huetev

/o'exx(ttd €49 leHexr suU tg€oH)o AUH laLnH -9USeOUpH

'leuPrats

oJoH9UeW -dox ro

wcsdx

€hHoHouxro aowhrr^uob/

(rcsoH)o hlhH eHHousedueH IePgtqtexou 5!HHu quetet/ ueHdrrxH^u)

huetgU eNHeaoHawreH

s e n x u 9 e l

1.2. OCHOBU KOHCTPYTPOBAHhT

i^< flpo4onxexxe

Harmexoaaxxe AeTanh

,{,erans (nyxxrxpxat nhHX, noKa3btBaer HanpaBreHxe xxrl ocxoaur)

,{onycrrmoe or HoPManbHoro HAnPaareHn' Hufei

ra6n.5

orKnoHeHhe KparM Aeranel,

rxaxei 6e: ynxa, 7a |JJneN,

BoroeHe

qacrl

Cpe4xrn ul,|eMa

vacru

Cpe4rrn Kanopa

vacru

Ko:ulpex

xanop

09

!0,1

A)

G A

f1o axyrpenHexy xpan -F0,25, no BHeuJHeMy -f 0,, To xe

1

+0,1

2

10,1

FT1

2

t0,l

O

2

+0,1

2

'l- 0,1

2,5

10,1

o

v

------' \-L____2 ,/-l\. ( ) t----/---1

l-leauxoxpoerb,e

.{eranu

=0,1

nong*n

Lit

.!,ouururro

floan

c

/\

Knxx roaosxr.r

Cpe4xrr racrs

2

2,5 l]dnsnat

Boxosar qacrl

+0,t

2,5

6oprnr

Creaxa

2

{vti[t\A)

naHa,r,rbr

+0,t

t'07

HHUX

trr"-^""p IweHmeHs l'0+ ou '97'64 otedx Iwaxxad.r.Axe.og

.

I'Z

V

a

t'0+ 1'07 t'0+

I 9'Z

a

A

!'0+

!-,/

w4

xedneoy

mrcuoro exHarl

ovmrqHoUl

HXAOUOJ

rsxxux lruVed -eu H xoHsoH)o

1'0+

z

t'0+

Y;t]l

D

l'0+ t '

z

t'0+

9rlero,(

z

t'0+

'eluem

w

qr)eh

qrteh

xxsouol uEHUad) Hrsouol cesoxog

H)t60ltoJ 9)l -xar> rrxtsedeg

relexr.dou3

v

cuerey

/o'exnA>ud ea9 xaHpxr YUV rrH xerrH -eugpdugx '!suereU

WJ wredx

oJoH cupw -dox ro

(neoxlo rrrr axseugsduex fSP8tqe?xou 6xHxu upHdhrxH^u) queraU

exHeHouxlo aowxr)^uobl

NuereV ehH9eoHowxcH

I'u9pr orHexuouodu

m

'

r

f.2. OCHOBU KOHCTPYhPoBAHh'

to7 flpogonxexxe

.Qeranu (nyxxrxpxar thHEt noKa3btBae7 HanpaBreHle xxrx ocxotsr)

Haxrexosarre AGTANH

.[,onycrrmoe or HoPaanbHoro HanPaBIeanc xxtei ocHoabr rxaxei

ra6n.

orKroHeHho KparM Aeranai, CA

Ant 6eg

ynxa, /s

O

Ko*rper

10,1

n

Hayurxxx

+0,1

U rT-t

Hagarstnbxxr

I

o

t0,l

Wnnna ns 6apxara, uJenrdl |.uepcrtHoi .{oxrrurxo

/--T7aa \U

llonr

Crexxa Aeranr.t noAKnaAKh Renn

o A

floxrru.rxo

Crexra Hano6xnx h3 nogxnagorxoi rxa-

h

2

=0,1

2

+0,1

2

+0,1

n p o x r t A K n

+0,2

5

+o,2

2

+0,2

HA

Hano6xrx h3 AepMarHHa, raPHhTOnt

+o,2

florocra o6raqxx

10,2

Ant Kap-

TOHHOTO OKO,|bt-

uta

5

Q#

1'0+

(

r2-

l'0+

xrrdog

V

t'07

9'Z

3

srlen ruxVad3

fn

/\.1-l i\

t'0+ douex

rHHgoueH

l---i-l

(

.rI)eh Ec€oxog

waupl

w |-

t.i.l

z'0+

.cD

t'07 t'0+

exroD

xxxedlS ceuew

' xxxedl$ exfo.tf, sem.tuog voHer) H)ther -9o cuts extorrolJ

CD z'07

e)rHerJ

Q'

z'0+ r9de9

oxmrqHoD/ lex)odrsw'pxHplrupr'exxed,(6

V

z'o+

V

z'0+

h1)eh xoHhou -rqree exxorl cuorr,tHde.t 'PHHl'Pwdev Eh xrugouen{uog

yo 'e\HA)u ea9 !aHexr 5UV ttaoH tTstuH EnH -eugeduex

'XauPr€U w6pdt

oJoH9UPW -dox ro

eHHeHouxlo eowhr)AuoU

S'u9er

(resoH)o hrrH ehHau8pducH laP€rgE9)OU bNHNU spHdkrxHAu) srereb/

xuctev akHegoH9wheH

ohHaxuovodu

rodos^ xFHaouoJ :rhHv8oEvdgoowdoo N tHHvsodnllSodu'1

801

I.2. OCHOBU KOHCTPYhPOBAHI' flpo4onxexxe

'

Harrexoganre A€Tarh

.[eraau (nyxrrrpxar rhHha noKa3btaaeT HanpaBneHre xrrr ocxosst)

ra6n.5

,!,onycrxmoe orxroHeHhe oI HOPMarbHoro Hanpaarenus antei HOBbt Ant

rxarei

KpasM Aerarei,

6ea a, Yo

Unsna c nonaax

A

Knxn

=0,1

t i l

a^

.{oxururro

2

10,1

2

+0,1

2

+0,1

2

=0,1

2,5

10,1

\,

[a

Creuxa

O

Soxoeal qacrs

Cpe4xnn

r---t

'

l-___\-----r<---l

llonq .

-

U

!

\

U

@oproaarran

o

.Q,oxsrr.uxo

tulrna

+O,2

+0,2

Crexxa

floar

2

Cnopraaxae

Eoroear qacru

Cpegxrr

>

uanxa,

O,

!.0,2

t
2

+0,1

2

*0,1

-Uou 'exdes HHe)rl xur3 'deweed xrVo ex erdee xuereU emqHgw xxtseuxtsou cuerets or ,rqaorgxxUo 6hHgsrrhel) rgsm ,uff 'exdag trHHg€hherf,e€m emquog xotseuxUou xtqa -oxuem rhHcather) 80m hufe 'gxdes weug'|au ou ro{eu()u oJers aYflch xrtscuxUou puc)teu xedog^ xtqHsouoJ g 'loxUeuxUou : exdae laueraU xrnexrUaot xdu aox>Aurdu worer'r( : exdee weup)telu ou rotrusoroJgr xxupuxUou euexelr .xlUeuxuou utxou chHoutoroJtll '(ueeo) lr)raouoJ {wdo$ roree -lqr.rrtA'oxquerroexdoJ xrsxHer+cououred,lauou Huh sox .xUadaur edogA oJoHsouoJ -qdrqsor uexau xhxeUeol rdg ':.codt: 'exgouoJ x xxtnorp.leurdu otuHnv geeodlruoxl oHrouu 'eoxqdrqeox nvu eorlr.tdog euexeg .(.U .r x eox -mewad 'aoxpupux 'lxue?to rxtodrlex nalHru ,dewtduer) xehodr) xrqxrrouaUro n Huv rrtoHeH exdae puexau sH 'aoheedgo xrqnhodeeodu ahHeusoloJeh rwadg os tsHex( -Adexgo erqdorox 'crxeHawch ets tqHefeHs qrt.tg rcxx(uots xx<arder, s uergu wahHausoloJeh Ugdeu .xor.dex Avn {.rew{g or{xrouu eH exdea lexarder, ) tsxHssodhuol warAu rorerrr(uou exdaa crcxeu' .rrdcc u3'|3U SXHaUAOIOJGX

I'Z

1'0+

s'z

t'0+

-?-, 4J

V

o

l'0+ t'0F

V

t'0+

rXe["rgU

wf wspdx

erHaHouxro

9'u9er

Yo'er{A>rd €e9 xeHexr ruu rqaoH)o tTaLrH rUH -auaeoueH oJoHtu9w -doH ro eowrr)^uoU

(rcaoxlo rtrx axxeugpducg legglteelou tstHhu reHdrrxH^u) cuetav

xomewed xedrreo;

erHer) oxmrcHoU

t{l{ux

hu9rgU ahHc€oHawr9H

exHghHoxo

K'|aAK}|, npoKraAKr,t He AeKaThPoBaHbl,To ,q6loT nPhnycK c yqeToM ycaAK, rxaxei. Ecnx xa reKanax Bepxa hMerc,rct Bbrraqxh, ro hx Aenapr H Ha neKanax noAKnaAxx, HanpaeneHhe BbrTaqeKHa neKanax B€pxa )r no,qKflaAKh AonxHo 6rrru o4nxaKoBbrm. B sasrcxtvtocrlr or o6pa6orxn Bbrcora noAKnaAKh MOrXer 6srru 6onuure unn MeHbure. Ecnx ecru oxonbrur, To Aeranh noAKna.qKh AnrHHee (xanpnmep, y MarpocKh, 5epera x r. A.). A ecnr xpai aepxa nogorHyr

,i

{: l: f6. Pacnonoxet+re

5onuu.toil u rl.anoi croeK QyparrKrr

17. PacnonoxeHre

teKar

Bepxa x npoKnaAKh Ko3brpbKa

BHyrpb, To noAKnaAKa Kopoqe (xanprr*ep, e rr(eHcKt,tr uJntnax ,3 TKaHh h Mexa, B Myx(cKl{x ulrtnax, Ken[, cnoprriBHbrxr.uanrax). Kpai no4xnaAKl pacnorarapr Ha oAhHaKoBoM paccrorHlrh or Kpar Bepxa. 3ro paccrorHhe 3aBl,rchr or MoAenh ronoBHoro y6opa. Ecnn geranlr noAK[aAKh Toi x(e SopMbl, '{ro h Aeranh aepxa, To HanpaBreHhr HhTei ocHoBbr1,1yrKa coBnaAalor (cra. ra6a. 5), Ecnr npoxna.qKlr hMelor ror xe xpai, rrro N Bepx, lrx l,|3roroBflrroT no reKanaM Bepxa c cooTBeTcTByrc,ulhMh nprnycKaMh )'rnn yMeHbueHXrMh, Iexana npoKraAoK c KneeBbrMnoKpbrrheM h3roroBntror 6es npxnycKoB Ha uJBbr. I Myx(cKhx ronoBHbtx y5opax Ane rpopr,roycroiqxaocrx npoKnaAKy AenaKrr rrlxorocnoixoi. Hanpxr*ep, a $ypaxxe, KpoMe ocHoBHoi npoxnaAKx 5onuu.roi croixx craBtr eule npoxnaAKy Mano!' ctoirxu. llpoxnagxx e Qypaxxy h3roroBnrtor c yqeroM Bblcorbl creHKX h ee +opMur (pxc. 46).

'arqxnrueed rrroteexdrewrlUadu 1AHnv xrcrHcreleJowou)a '(rrAu) t't Hvtv ereHqueleJowou)g xare cuts rrxalnedrdg efs Eedah ..rcUoeodu (erlxo$) hxhol arqxexrx{dl)Hox eodog{ e)'r orh 'wol s llror)of r.rthol loxxauauaduo xlqHSonoJ lauerats uexeu crHexoHw€ed egorour oJoseh^u ':rd) sreoxtn{3 '(e'gt loear'{g' 9o)ouf, 'wrcxrer.:ed-oHcueHoxhdouodu x loreodruu{dr rotexoHwged 'woueHxJ 'wrqse]t^u

:hr rpgotout

rwadr

enexeu

-xdo r orsnaxeedl ou b)crpxrdl hHprr ex exqdtqeox exdae axd wr g'l-g'l e H _r o r e u a U oHhtqgo rqnreed rur exordBx ex xadlqsor e {xUeurodg

tl3

t . 2 . o c H o B b l x o H c T P y h P o B A H h t. _ _ _

noSToMy Anr pa3MHoxeHhr neKan trNM cnoco6o,n ycraH a a n h B a l o ro n p e A e n e H H b r en p h p a u l e H h r h r h y M e H b u r e H r n . Or xonrypa AeranH BAonb lrrx nyvei orxnaAbrBalor 3Ha'{eHhr nphpaqeHhi. llo xaiAexxstir,r roqKaM BbtqepqhBa€T cnocMe}KHbrx Pa3MepoB. 3ror KOHTypbr Aeranei c o 6 x a r a 6 o n e en p o c r o i , H o H e o q e H b r o q x u t i . H a r o v x o c r r ero Bnhrer aur6op nonox(eHraeQoxyca. flpx paexsrx nonort(en r r x Q o x y c a H a n p a B n e x r en y r e i n o n y q a e r c t p a 3 H b t M ,K o H -

K FM

18. flpr.rpau-1enhr KoHcrpyKThBHbtx ro'{eK neKdn pa3nhqxutmu cnoco6axs

npra rexHhqecKoM

pa3MHox(e}thr

crpyKThBHbre TOt{KH neKan cMeu.lapTcr, a KoHTypbl Ax hcKa>Kalorct. Iy,reaoi cnoco6 qau.le Bcero nphMeHrror nph pa3MHoxeHt,lh reKan roroBHbrx y6opoa, KoHTypbr Aeranei Koropbrx npoBeAeHbr r-lhpKynbHbrMl,|KPhBbrMh, notroMy nphPal4eHHt pa3MepoB t'rAYr B paAhanbHoM HanpaBneHrh.

C n o c o 6 r p y n n h p o a x x ( p x c . 4 8 , 6 1O. x c a o Aurce K nonyqeHxloneKan4eranei ronoBHbrxy6opoe pasnhqHbrx Pa3MepoB B pe3ynbrare coBMeu4eHhr AByx KoMnfleKroB nexan (cpegxero h cMexHoro H hnh cpeAHero

xpaixero). flo cnoco5y rpynnhpoarn 6epyr neKara AByx pa3MepoB, Koxrypur orxx neKan nepeHocrr Ha nl,rcr 6yuarn, coBMeulat oceBbre nAHAA. flocne 3roro coeAhHtpr nprMblMh nntr'awu Bce oAHohMeHHbreroqKh. Orpesxx Mex<,qy tfnrr.n roqxamh Aettr Ha cronbKo paBHbtr racrei, cKonbKo pa3MepoB B3cro 3a hcxoAHbre. Llepes ror{Kh AeneHhe npoBogrr nnHvtu KoHrypoB geranei nzgenui npoMexyroqHbrx pa3MepoB. OcxoeHoi HeAocraroK cnoco6a rpynnHpoBKh 3aKnroqaerct B roM, qro reo6xoAhMo crpohrb '{eprerKh He Ha o.qxH pa3M€p, a Ha ABa. Cnoco6 rpynnhpoBKh hcnonb3yror B ocHoBHoMAn, onpeAeneHrr 3Haqenxi npxpaqennh npn pa3MHoxeHr,rl neK6r ApyrhMx cnoco6ar*x, 8-

3ax. 738

-rqHr(ewf, {Urxew ehhHspd .edeweed o.loUxex ruts wr 1 ex u)rlepmqHewA nvu c:reeehhxugs^ hxHarf, eauufil .h )l -Her) loxeod x plmrqHoU tn Xetnbor)of 'tysouoJ .leuereu u p r e u e h H e x ( o H w e e d rnxdeweedxew rahrcd ;xxalnedrdu xnxrcd

ucxou

rqdr(rr+ox rorgelrlrdehrqe'lor6Hhueof x)rhor ","""""u^",li,l 'cnxetnedxdu arqxdeweBdxaw lo{eatcUpulto xAH eH , t'rnyFnlr etgHguareJowouf,s rrUoeodu xehol xrqxslrrx^dr:Hox x f < fH s o H ) o

EA

'n|,|H|,v

algaaJo

etqHHSOr)OU

eA

lotewhH

-rdu or{squexrrrdee AnVo u otntuv orr(xquerxoexdo.r IHU9 'xerdert pH rg)oHadau hxhe)UeH n unHAU e:e werrxdu 'A.tewAgsH rcloHeH eouexx:ndo rsdr(rxoy .woeedgo whtnol -{Uau: .h)o rctsoeexodu uereu ehHexoHweed loHquerHoa -ndol Soxeourl x - xhmqHew cuU e ,rrb 4oxsuerxoexdo.t loxeou:A ro rqxeueeduex eodaweed xtmsuog ruU rnxatned ,r.n+uu -xdu ,rodogo alqxcuexrrdeg rosa)o loxaour{ x -pH fxtmqHew uuU e 'rnlrv ro tqxeu Xoga)o loxeor:I -sedupH eodawepd xhmquog ruU rxsatnedrdu etqHquelHoe -ndo1 'w) I eHapd rrxafnedxdu ewwAr Eptngo .XeupreU xrre exxuts oxqrExolhdouodu edogr( oJoHsolroJ xuuerets xa)a eH 6)10{rueuedu>ed cxxe?nedxdu et.tHquelHoerdol

-r+oelrdo.r ou 'rroretnewadau,uexeu #""#ttffilJ";Ti

r)ertnrtsoxgx 'hyrror at.tHguel)o e)€ .ruexhrdaa ou ogru 'lretttoExdol ou ognv oHx(owaoa ,etqxUox)l ee xtq-rrx -udu'xynxnr eH rehor axxatnawedeg .(xUeer n ntsadaur. HrsouoJ erotrtqa ou w) t,0 ou n exmrqxoU {draw -pnU ou w) E'O) w) S'O htsee) cEdx oU xUadaur hxaou -o..r redx ro XeupraU xera lxxalnedrdu eww{3 .edeweed oJoUlKex cuU wl J rs6uas.t)or edog{ oJoHsouoJ {wasgo ou laueraU xe)s hlrHe?fledndu ewwA3 .edog{ oJoHaouoJ cody J.o lhtrrape lauerats xtqHx
-etned xdu exHeheH I rorparcue urr" t;;; ffi T;"il :"X2:::

xrqHquelHoerdot ex rxsaodreou oJoxer eu)olJ .U .r x Hxhe) -Uex 'tqutr( 'hrhol arctHgoH)o eedar, ruxUoxodu hHo lggorh 'xgr rorereuoufpd lqrexxUdool .puexeu ehxemsxaw^ ntru erHehuuae{ reUx wrqdorox ou ,lqrpxxUdoox erqxquer ,(sotr>o ee r{da9 edaw -eJowou)s rctsoeodu oJeh euf,ou -eed olaxUadr eupreu arsxxerogedeed agorour wdre xdg 'lrwpreh)ed hwhx)ahhHxer HegoHf,ogo Ho xe)t )ter ,xehol eeuogheH uereu uhHaxoHwEed gorour rorg .(e ,g7 .r r,rd) X t qH r e h ) e d - ox q u e H o x h d o u o d g 9o)o u) tn

-

8odor^

t.2.ocHoBbt KoHcTpyhpoB^Hht

il5

-_

MA pa3MepaMh no Bbtcore paBHa 0,,l cM (pxc, 49, a), Herpy4xo pacc'.rxrarb pa3HHr-lyMex,qy paAhycaMr oKpyx(Hocre, AoHbtuJKaAByx cMexHbrx pa3Mepoa (pxc. 49,6r. .[,nxxa oKpyxHocrh Ha Kax(Auri 66nuurxi pasr,rep roioBxoro y6opa yaenHqhBaercr Ha 1 cr,r. .Qnn ygo6craa 6epyr Kpyrroe AoHbru.lxo. Ecnn Ana 58 paar,repa paAhyc oKpyxHocrr Ao,HbrurKapaBeH 9,4 c*t (9,37r, ro AnhHa oKpyx(Hocr, 58,8 cM. Ana 59 pa3Mepa AnhHa oxpyxHocrlr

N

0J7

€

r

qtz

12 qt2

ct

4 qr7

I

E3

Ea q5

a5 I 2 i9. Pagr,rxorxeHre neKan orAelbHbrx 4eranei. AaHbr B c^^ 8t

34ecs x Ha pkc. 50 pas^repsl

-HBor)ou ee qrcxhdu -19 {xrUade) A gV xrereU ehHpsoHfo hu)e'rehol xrqxsxrxAdrlxox rxxalnedrdu wadagee; '(t'5y '>udl rGrHodor) 1otsxex ) w) g'0 ou .e .l 'w) J eH - eHhuu ou s 'wr SZ'O eH {dawepd x edaweed ro ulreemqxaw{ ,vn r:reegrhlruag^ hwerheltcs f h)taouoJ ero)t.tg .h w -exherrqa A v p r g U ) En hatntsor) l o x t so 'x)tgouoJ -of puexeu ehHex
--soa

I.2. OCHOBU KOHCTPYHPOBAHN'

xrre. flpxpauleHhr rJlh yMeHbueHrr B roqKax A, Au Az, As 6yayyr no 0,25 cM, a B roqKax E, E1, E2, Er, E4 no 0,f cM, TaK KaK Bbrcora BbtraqeK (unn paguyc 4oxultuxa) yBenxt{rBaercr. Ha 0,15 cr* or pa3Mepa K pa3Mepy. Ans Toro qro6br Aerarb creHKh nponopllhoHanbHo yBenHqhnacb hnh yMeHbuJhnacbno AnhHe, xeo6xogrrvro, vro6ut totxn p,, Ar, Az, At u E, Er, Ez, E3, E4 hM€nh rol(e ropl3oHranbltoe cMeuleHhe or Kpar Aeranh K qeHrpy Anu xao6opor.

A 50. Pa:mxorxeHHe

nexan

Kenx

Toqxa E, xaxo4rrcr Ha nocronxxoi nprr,roi x roph3oHTanbHoro cMeuleHhr He ],|Meer. Toqxx A, Al hMeror cMeu1,eHheno roph3oHranh no 0,37 cm, Toqxr Ar n Az hMeKrr cMeu4eHheno 0,12 cm, rovrx E u E2- no 0,25 cr,r. PasA Hox(eHrle neKala AoHbtuKa Kenh. fopxsoxranrxaq AE (pnc. 50, a) r aeprnKanbHar Bl ocn, npoBeAeHHbteqepe3 qeHTp AoHbtutKa, npl{HhMaloT 3a no-

,nrrHerr^ror Eo)tcehrHxerr ut)rgu Srrewtror oJehogsd erXeUgOrOJCJ'l

utteu SrnrxJrd,o an{auaoroJegl

rxgouc^ xrDtcehl,|Hxer B).rogsdcad

Bden8d oJeHfada e|,|uoYex SH rltptl ||doH ergoHBlc/(

gficBdgoojoHcuodrHor sxmou 'xl,|hx^dxrHoy txdesodU

ut,|eu Bxltauycad seHqugrxdt€UedU

z cweIJ

-eshr'xuael axmrcHoU e rqu^rlrqe xex xer) wt g€,0 rqxeed eodaweed xrcrHrt<ew)EuU huglHoexdo.r ou g h V xexhor s rrxalnedxdu 'fol{Hror.f,ou E)lapr)o (9 ,0S .rxd) gy rewrdg 'hue)t h)tH9I) uPrau aHHe,|(oHwted 'arqwudu tV 'erolt.t€ ou c)J.e u V xprhol 8 tcuJ6 's?.ror w) gl,0 ro{cuser)of, -exoxweed pxHeltr aH eUlox huexrrdae ou lJ'\tr'fl'3 xerrror a rxxetnedxdg.wr g1,g - tVJ n VJ eoxsedro axnerrruse^ aatngo 'exardar, clHeodrlou ruU oxquor xrerxoendoJ ou w) 1,g ou rorce -fcueur{ro tA u V xexhor g .w) gZ,0 - tf 'tV ,b/ ,3 xextror e xueyxrdag ou p 'w) g1'g rorruepr)ot huernoeradolou tg '3 xexr'or s cxxatnedrdg'(edrxah r.o) w) gJ,g rrxeed 1r.r g xehor ro xuexr.lde€ ou A g ,r V xahoJ. ro huetHoe -xdo.r ou eodeweed xtqHxaw) uuts bhHetnedxdg .erqHHtsol) sodogl xnHsouo.r itffih

811

JrHvsodxDgodu T

f .2. ocHoBbf KoH_cTPvu?oaAHut __

119

forcq Ha 0,15 c,r,rc xaxgoi cropoxut), a B ToqKax B u I no BeprhKanh cocraBnrrcrr 0,1 crr,r,flonoxrexne roqeK 6 u A ocTaerct nocTotHHblM. npoBeportHHx nexan nPn rgroroanerxrr Vroqxexxe o6paeqoe. ,Q,nr npoeePwr A yroqHeHht ocHoBHbtx neKarl Bepxa, noA,KnaAXH,npoKnaAKh h BcnoMorarenbHblx neKan r,r3roroBnrror npoBepoqHbre o6parqrr ronoBHbrx y6opoa. Erqe paa yroqHiror nerana, y'{r{rblBar ycaAKy x pacrtxeHhe rKaH!,fnpx BnaxHo-rennoaoi o6pa6orxe A Apyrne Qaxropbr. B npoq,ecce h3roroBneHhr npoBepot{Hbrx o6paar-1os yroqHrlor He ronbKo KoH+hryPaLlhro neKana, Ho h HeroqHocrh o6pa6orxx, AonyuleHHbre B npoqecce H3roroBreHht gThr o6pa3qoe. noaroMy oqeHb BaxHo orlBqarb HeroqHocrh KoHcrpyrqlh or Hero'{Hocrei o6pa6orxn. f'lpoaepo.rxure o6pasqbr urbpr co crporxM co6arcgerreM TexHHqecKHx ycrfoBuh u oco6exxocrei o6pa6orxx ,sAenne. hx nzroroBnrroT ,t3 TKaHei, peKoMeHAOBaHHbrxAnt MOAenh. l-1epeg pacKpoeM o6paaqoe rKaHb npornaxhBalor, a B cnyqae neo6xoAlr"rocTH .qeKarnpylor. [1pr pacrpoe o6paar4oB crporo co6np4ator rexH]lqecKhe ycnoaul Ha pacxpoi. OAxaxo xopouhe neKana Moryr 6urru xeyAoBterBophrenbHbrMh, ecrlr oHl,rxey4o6xur B PaCKPOeh HerexHonorhqHhl. ,!,nr 6onee 3KoHoMHoro hcnonb3oBaHhr rKaHX Aenapr npeABaphrenbHyro pacKnaAKy neKan , npn Heo6xoAhMocrrr corracoBblBaroTc KoHcTpyKropoM Bo3MoxHocTb hx h3MeHeHHr 6ea yrqep6a Ant MoAenh. Paspa6orxy KoHcrpyKt-lhi, rexxrvecKhx ycnoBhi x pacKraAKy neKar ocyr.qecrBntroTB nocreAoBaTenbHocTh,KoTopar nphBeAeHa Ha cxeme 7.

1.2.5. 3asxcxltocrb KonQlrrypaqhx nexan or cBoiGTBr arepxana h $opmrr rorroBHoroy6opa Bxgur h MoAerh ronoaHbrx y6opoa BecbMa pa3Hoo6paaxur. Koxcrpyxq,rt ronoBHbrx y6opoa h3MeHrercr no Mepe coBepureHcrBoeaHhrrexHonorhH, pa3pa6orxx HoBbrx MaTePXanoB l,l r3MeHeHht MoA,bt. Brr^ecre c TeM onPeAeneHHbre BHAbr ronoBHbrx y6opoe (xanprr,rep, uJanKayuraHKa, QypaxKa h r. A.) AoBonbHo cra6rnuxur, vt nprl paapa6orxe HoBbrxKoHcrpyKr-lhhna nx ocHoBe norb3yKrrce ThnoBbrmhKoHcrpyKq,hant,i. n yxxQrqrpoBaHHbrMh AerarrMltr uJHpoKo nPhMeHteMbrMrl B nPoMbluJneHHoMKoHcTpyhpoBaHxh.

uu5l''euexderew ro h har)oHHegof,o xtcHshrxidttxoy xr ro rhfhaee aodog{ xtgHaouoJxhxer qt)owaehlxoduexoUog '6HHeheH89H

,xr)ox oroxquexhaur rsdog{ etcHaouoJ ex
rxxeod'ou xdu rqxeeEx{r^o^9x":;td""or#t:,tT.:I;J8l

qreuetsl owhtsoxgoex edogr(- o.tox r tqsm eH rrrluxdu -aouoJ hue.lau xoux(px ruts xwedeweed r hksr)J.e8roof g 'rrwdo$ ,xxro9 oJe uvu edog{ oJoHsouoJ rxsadawet -ed9o fcUoraw 'onv?Eeu thortro) ,qrpxE XoueJ.aUxhxex eh owhVoxgoex eodog{ xtqHaouoJ shHeeodh^drexor uufi 'V't n rqhleol{u ,tymewad ,xuet -9U etqHhoraUro ,xr4Heueeduex x wdo$ xtqHeed xlqdrqe -ox crrcg r{.row rxaouoJ awdoS erx foL n loxtso xdg 'xrueraU xlqHHauer)odora oa qmhu ts)ro{ehewro hHO .Iau -erets xrqxgoHf,o hhhx{dr:Hox e rx}rhuepd xtqxxaeDetflIl ro{ewh eH tswaum nun tqdouex elxrraU ,dawxdue;1 0zt

sodog^ xnHsouo.t :lhHvsoEvdgoowaoo h illxveoaarxtodu

I

r . 2 . o c H o B b tx o H c I P y h P o E A H h t

l2l

roro qro6ur ronoBHbre y6opur 6srnx aoagyxonpoHhLlaeMbrMh, oTBeqanh rhrheHHqecxxi,,r rpe6oaaH lt9M, g Hhx npeAycMttTph; BaroT BeHThntqhoHHbte oTaepcTrt, a AeKOpaThBHO_ KoHcrpyKrhaxuri nprn_ycK Aator 6onuule, qeM nplr KoHcrpy,tpoe'a+ur ronoBHbtx y6opoe u3 Apyrtx rxaxei. He4ocrarrorl MarephanoB c noKpbtrheM h HeKOTOPbtx BhAoB xcKycqro creexHoi Kol$t ABnnetcn ro, oHn He BnhrbtBalor BOAeHbtX napoB h He nponycKapr hx qepe3 rKaHb, r. e. oHX npaKTHqecKh He nponycKapT Hn BoAy, Hn Bo3Ayx. Vlcnapnncv c noBepxHocrh rofloBbt, BoArHbte napbt Hacbtu4ator npocrpaHcrBo Me'(Ay ronoEoi h MarepkanoM. Koxcrpyrqrr ronoBHbrx y6opoa cnoco6craoaars AonxHa yAareHhKr BoArHbrx napoB, qro6sr oxl,r He KoHAeHchpoBanhcb Ha BHyrpeHxei cropone Marephana. BoAoorranxxBaloulle rKaHH, TKaHh c noKpbrrhem n hcKyccrBeHHar- Kolxa o6nagarcr prAoM oco6exxocrei, Koropbre Heo6xoAr,rMo yqhrbrBarb npH Mo.qenhpoB aHnu n KoHcrpyhpoBaHhh ronoBHbrx y6opoa. K Hrrz. orHocrrct BbtcoKar xecrxocrb rxaxei h Manar ApanhpyeMocrb MarepxanoB. FIp, H3roroBneHhh ronoBHbrx y5opoa u3 3Tlrx MarephanoB urBbl coeAlHeHhr geranei AonxHbt 6urru sacpxxcrpoeaxur Hacrpa'{hBaHheM paccrpaqhBaHheM. nnu 9tu Marephanbr l,tcKnlo'{arlor BnaxHo-rennooyr,o o6pa6orxy, nogroMy o6ueir,rxas eop,r,ra ronoBHoro y6opa ioprna 3roro nphMeHrror pa3nhr{crhraercr KoHcrpyKqtleil, Hbre BbtraqKx, pa3pe3bl. Koxcrpyxl4lKr ronoaxsrx Aerarei y6opoa paapa6arsrearor 6es yqera nocaAKh h pacrcxeHhr. [1px xoxcrpyrpoBaHhr xeHcKr,tx lllrrn ]r3 5apxara neyqhrbrBarb, vro nax6apxar o6xo4xmo xopouro pacrrrhaaerce B KocoM l,l nonepeqHoM HanpaBneHhex H Apanhpy_ erce. Xnonvaro6ymaxruri 6apxar hMeer MeHbulee pacTrx(eHhe, velr nax6apxar. Fonosxure y6opur cesoHa h3roroBnrlor Anr- nerHero h3 xnonr.{aro6yr*axxsrx h uretroBbrx rxaxei caernbrx roHoB, norToMy oHlr AonxHbt ,rerKo KpaxManrrbcr, crhpaTbct h AnhrenbHo coxpaHrrs Qopr*y, B 4ercxorrr accoprhMeHTe '{acro- nphMeHltor pacKnaAHbte KoHcrpyKr{hr (c,r,r. phc. 104,6) rhna (caMorerhK>, KocbrHKa c Ko3btpbKoM r,r Ap, llpx xoncrpyhpoBaHrh ronoBHbtx y6opoe h3 ulenKoBbtx rxaxei xeo6xo4xr,,ro yqhTbl8aTb To, r{To MHOrhe ulenKoBbte TKaHh rMeror 6onsuroe pacrrxeHhe, Oopr,ra ronoBHbrx y6opoa u3 Hr'x qaule Bcero Aocrhraercr He KoHcrpyKrhBHbfMh nhHltAl'l.r.' a anaxHo-rennoeoi o6pa6orxoi. 3Aecu r..ulpoKo nphMeHrlorcc xocoi xpoi x ApanhpoBKh.

'dtt,| gvHrqoov',,xxrdag -HOX,,",Xrleuora33.,

Ixhx^dli,Hox xrq€oeege€oHco lqrHgrdeE

errcx^n l,|e!4x3Hex rrucirm'rqn3Heu'hxuBm 'uvHBmA-x)ruBm 'rcrregm'xuex'tqredgg alqHHealctrova€'xxcodtBn 'rrHBl't,|UBr 'nxx9d^6 ,rt,tXgOHevAgt, 'ryutm erqHsrudouc'ttnBHBu 'tqweum'ltuat

('dtr lr mtquo)ro'xgdreeor'cuoul lxhx^drcHox rlr.lev ercEoxog |,| )ll4xluot ogollSo a ufio|€rrx 'uxhr^drcHox

Hl,rux ggoHco g I3lfio€nr{ 'Bxhx^dr'Hox uBgoegg

e)tUouo)l €ndoS BH srcrre9hAuou 'anueue|l,

nerrtu nerxeeocedgo -ondoo c Iexhv^drcHox

larqaouxr r,tu]{erraoG3g) le$hx^d-rcHox IoH

-HexSdrqg oHcBeH J

'3r)oH9Of,OUf -eHEhx( 9a ratsuaueduo x lswdo$ {er)eh g€us)owhe88 ot^H -qupxohhxH{$ chhx^dr)Hox reexedro beHHeerrexoUAy

wdo$ rnsoseg Exhcilx$x)tpu,l']'€'l Hwdoo loso€eg eaoHto PH Eodogl xnHaouoJXaueUowelrHesodxldonoy'g'1 --sodogT

xHHs6rroi:rxvsosvdgoowdodi-

EyrHveoahrx-todur

/

|.3.LOHCIPyhPOEAHhE MOA

t: t: t; 7

t^ '\d

9

123

--

(DyxxqxoxanbHar Qopr,ra r.3Aente xapaKreph3yercn npex(Ae Bcero ee crpyxrypoi. crpyxrypa $opr,,rsrorpaxaer Ha3HaqeHheBeu4h. Bgaxr*ocargb (popMbt npeAMera lt ero KOHcrpyKrlhx paexoo6pa3Ha. Hro6sr npoaHanh3hpoBarb cBr3b Qopmur h KoHcrpyKqhh, xeo6xogxr,ro pa3AeJrllrb BCe nPoMbrurneHHbren3Aennt Ha ABe rpynnbt. n31elr.4, reoMerpx3r,t, Ffepayro rpynny cocraBnclor poaaxxoi $oplrur c rpKo BblpaxeHHoi xoxcrpyxqxei; B Hhx KoHcrpyKqlr Bbrcrynaer KaK ?crernqecxnh SneMeHT. B try rpynny Bxo4rr n3Aenx, noBceAHeBHoro xapaxrepa, a raxxe cnoprhaHbter cneq,hanbHbleH r. 4. Hlcro paLlroHarbHar KoHcrpyK4hr Moxer 6urr coeepr.uexxoi u a SCTeT}lqeCKOrvt CMblCne,

Ko eropoi rpynne orHocrrcr AsAenna cnoxroi nnacrrsecxoi $opr,rrr c HercHo BbtpaxeHHoi xoxcrpyxr.lxei. B xei 6onuurxxcreo xsAenxi Ant ropxecrBeHHblx cnyqaeB. Acro4n tr3 rroro Bce MHoroo6paaxe ronoBHbrx y6opoe MO)f(HO KnaCCHCpl,|qhPOBaTb no KoHcTpyKTr,lEHO-TeXHOrOr!4qecKhM npx3HaKam (cxerna 8).

1.t.2. KorcrpyrpoBaxxe6arorur Qopm,

xMe|ol||xr B ocHoBe KnxHbt

lllnrna c nonrflh. Ocxoaoi nocrpoexlr veprexei cnyx(ar r,r3MepeHhiMaKera MoAenh, Nnh .qepeBrxxoi Soprr,rur, Ha ocHoBe xoropoi MoAerxpyercs ulnrna: AnrHa npoAonbnoi qyru A, gnuna nonepeqHoh 1yru 6, aurcora creHxh cnepeAX, c3aAh x c6oxy B-o4xxaxoBar. Fonoaxa uJrrrnbr hmeer Sopmy oBana, r vro5rr rnrxa (pxc. 51), xa.qo pdcc'{hrarb pa3Hocrb ocei a: a :

nocrpohrb

'{eprex

A-5.

,Qlr nocrpoexhr KnhHa npoBoAtr roph3oHTarbHyto ocoByKr nrlr'to. Or rroi oceaoi nrx r.u Ha paccrorHr{h af2 npoaogar napannerbHylo ,rt.txuto. At rovxx O, esrroi npoxsBonbHo xa ocesoi nxHxh, onycrapr nepneHAhxynep - BeprnKarbHylo o€eBylo nHHslo. flepecevexxe nepneH,4HKynrpa h acnoMorarensnoi nprr,,roi o5ogxaqapr roqxoi Or. At qeHrpa O, npoao4nr nonyoKpyxHocrb paAxycol R:

E/2 *

2R,

llepece,rexxe AyrH paAnyca R c aeprxraauxoi ocsto o6o:xaqapr rovroi Or, c ropxeoxraasxoi ocbro - roqxoi Or, Ha oAxoi xe qacrei tToro noryoBana crporl K,|hH, hs qexrpa O npoaogrr 6xccerrprcy yrna O3OO2. Haxo4rr paAyyc nocrpoeHhr AoHbrurKa rororHoro y5opa: Rr:6/2-8*l(r.

'gl(zx+ar: evzv :rxeegrdu h l.r€ouoJ ereexgo rqwwl: g/1 exeed ,(exxs pHriux exxdx;-p .qr>opx{dyo ruuoeodu ,OO: IU wo)^hu9d g edrxah eq '({xxrrnuea ea o{o{HUed) ri(deg erer'red eer:goV{ cuE ol 'EpHeed eoxog tr x htsee) rHVedeu) hrHer) ero)rqs awdo$ ou lura) g xxHar) ero)rqe rtqxsed 'zgt6 xoeedro rorpsrcupuxro lowudu ou Ig xxr'or rg 'orAwsdu ruVosodu drxeh r '16 loxr'or or{xxenexeogo '{xxt/eder ea eadex , ,erHr! lowrdu torbHrUeo) ,ty u y uxnol "v A v rorehPHEogo orqr.roxrxldxo I eodrewglrU cxxeheledeu Hxhol 'Her)eh qwe)on pn rldx xxtnaueu 'edrewplrtr adrqrar, rBUoaodu rr>oxxi(dxo. dtneh eade6

'(ZS 'rrd) "tO eur 'qr:osx{dro ruuoeodu Zln+ml: 'y 'Zl"'^O wrqHaed worlrtsed edrneh Eh rpx O ,r>thol er4 'g hxHer) ero)tse '1 ex -mt.tHoUexruU 'p.1 elmtrxoU eHhdhm :xuex rqwdo$ rex{u: ex<ardertcraxeodrlou XosoH)O .EoqHhu'thwq)oo €x hue1 (ueu.rrdnex.onor xu>a) .r{dxruou ntt' uegor(uou""","t'lii"uJ h:""r: -learoot'xxaouol r { o H H h u ) r h w q t o e r r- N r ) e m H n u x r c o d t l { u s h x r d u e x {woxer olJ 'uAHAv erqHquereu rrtsosodu Z A , AAhoL eada6 'w> g'O-1'0 | 4 o H 1 { U v / Z - Z n , 1 - 1 n t e a d t o . r . o t e s r q u e u r J , oe J ^ t s o u I H Z x e h o r r O ' h x a o u -o.r rswdo$ ro lh)hae€ oL€ 'rrHzu Hoseto lwrqxqueuuedeu srreg t{.low ,i Z-, erswrdg 'r.wvt4H|i.uxwrqwrdu rotcHeueotr Z tf 'E ' I h\hol ,-€ 'w) i e H 2 q g e ) t e a d r o e e H H H u VE e g x o e a d r g roresrgueuxro 'wtr t eH eHetnaw) qlo orh ,reHg .€sO A ,sO xygedro

rcu6um eHhux prxerder' exxaodrrog

'19

' t ( " H+ " H + ' r 8 + d ) : r - t . I

: e H H u y B H H e s o H ) o^ H h n V r b y o x e H .r-€ sg}6 eom es woy>r(uxdu I otrHt'tu or{wrdu rsuo€odu ',N+g: HrHer) erorrqa woHsed 'rxxcorlred eH Z-l lowrdu oxeuauuedeg 'w) t oHapcl ehHetnew) oJe h rto oHquerhloHro oxhxdtewwxlaH tstraeJ -euoured Htu)r olh 'waVua 'rnO A ZeO yoeadro 4o4e+ur axdaweT 'tg exrtor e qlo ori(xquedr.xeh reexeladau rpdorox '1erHr''.r lowrdu ro{tsHHtseof Nxhor xr€ 'Z u t h\hoL r.orenr(uou trwK^Ht4trHwrq€a)o ) ,J^V xxxaneledeu cH'Aer.Hr.v xoxquprxoendoJ Hosa)o ) XoHquere)ex ee ro{KH -hueof x l6 edrxah eu At/rV ori(xquere:owou:s rr?oaodu ly worlxtse; ttJ

80do9^ x|qHSoltoJ thHv8oEvdgoowdoo

h 3hHv8odhtx30du'l

1.3.KOHCTPYI1POBAHhE MOAEnEn

t25

3 r y a e n x s x x y o r K n a A b r B a r o rn o A y r e o r r o v x x O r , O2As :

OtAt,

flnr nocrpoexxn 6oxoeurx cpe3oB KnkHa or roqex A r A, exyrpr KrhHa no oKpy,r(Hocu orKnaAbrBaror no 0,3-0,4 cM H craBrr rorxu An I Ar: AAn = y',,rAu: 0,4 c,r,r. O r r o q e x A 2 u A s K q e H r p y K n H H ao r K r a A b r B a l o r n o 0 , 5 c r * x c r a a r r rouxx ,46 r 47: A'A6 :

6 8 L 9 q

t I \6 I

A^A, :

0,5 car.

52. flocrpoexhe Kenh H3 socbMh KnhHbeB T o q x r , lA , A 6 u A 1 , A , c o e g r x r r o , n p " r ' , " , ^ , n u H r l A r u uh. a c e p e 4 x x u t r r h x n p e M b r x a o c c r a B n e r o yn e p n e H A h K y r e p t t l - 2 : 3 - 4 : 0 , 2 c x . t { e p e : r o v x x O , A 4 , 2 , A u x O , A s , 3 , A 7 B b r q e p ' { h B a l o r5 o r o a o i c p e s xarxa. O2O3 : 0,3 cm, tlepea rovxx Au, O., A, aurvepvraaKrr He3 xnrxa, f'locne nocrpoeHrt KrhHa Aalor nprnycK Ha ulBbr x 6oxoeurl cpe3am u nr*r.r. Hr.e,a,

6eper h3 KnhHbeB.Ocxoaoi nocrpoeHrc qeprexa cnyxar h3MepeHhr MaKera. Paeir,repur 6epera: Bbrcora KnhHa B, xah6onuuac uJHphHaxnrxa IJJ*. I'locrpoexle qeprexa xnrxa 6epera noKa3aHo Ha pxc. 53. Burcora x n r x a 6 e p e r a 3 a B h c h r o r p a A , h y c aA o H b r u r x aH B b r c o r b tc r e x x x x n x x a . g e r v r a u r u r e6 e p e r , r e m 6 o n u u e B b r c o r a x n r u a . O n a c o c r o x r h 3 p a A h y c a o x p y l K HOCTh AOHbrUrKa

h

BbrCOTbl CTeHKh

C nPHnyCKaMh

Ha

uJBbt.

O6urac BbrcoraKnrHa O O 1: 8 + 2 K r . llepx*rerp r*aKchMaJlbHoro o6xaara 5epera a aepxxei qacrx HaxoArr y m H o x < e H r r e mx a r 6 o l u u e i

u J r 4 p h H bKr r H H a H a x o n r r i { e c r B o K J l h H b e B : flg = lUxn,

'€V r{xhol 'reuHnu 'Aw6urr.u xwrqwgdu ro{sHhUaot g 'eg u loxeedgo V - o J r ( U r o { b H x V a o r e g ' 1 9 ' z g r l e V r t y ' z V n t h g L ' e g r , ru y s y r . o r r o r p r r ( u o u x aVtV wotlhUed hrha)ee ro{pueu 'gg , 'VV xeyeedro eH rrHs zgtg: tg , tV xehor rO 'tiw6t4*ru totcHrUao) zg ,O 'zV hrhol _rwtqwgdu '69 A 6v xPxhor. s erqwcctu ar.rHquerpJowou)s cedorox 'aX worln'ed ^r^U r.rtsoeodu 6 edrxeh e6 raexe:adeu 'huauow J"o rl')hspe ,(drHah ou et{mrqHov hl>oxfouu rlrtsed

''N(.+'m: '9'v 'tg h tV rxnor. rorgr'{uou rr 'rcem es rwext,(uxdu > rqxrdrm XemquogxeH z/, er<xeed 'Hxeedlo rorpstq?euxro rqnodor> a9o e e6 xxrtor rg 's6 ax - r ' o r a 1 9 6 1 c ) o X a t f l o r e r e > a d e u ' l o w r d u r o { B H X U a o r Z A L H y D h o l' f e r J e h xrqseed 9 er srroux<{dxo r6ueU etqwudu erqHquereJowou)A'Z t , xpxhor a erqwgdu etsHquereJowourg reexa)edeu uedorol 'eradag exmrcHou hr)oH -x<{dxo ^)It{ued wrqxsed 'y worlxred ,(r^V j.bt/osodu g edrxeh ey1 'eHhrr cHHeaoH)o rqsxdxm a/, errxaed 'xxeedro 'g h v lrxhor roretr(uou H roresrqVeurJ.o rqxodor> a9o e lg hxhor rO 'orqrrouixr{dxo f, tsrHehe) -edau oU or^wcdu rbUosodu x:o oHdculxxtsxaudeu tg ixnor eada6 'pHrur ero)tqa lrtqxged 'tgg xoeedro ro{palcUpuyro r , r x h o rr o w o d o r o l O eu 'ig dru,(rxUHeudeu ro{cueerfJos ru{U enx?eder x g edruah ep1 'O wodrHeh ) rorcH - h u e o ) h r ^ V r q h H o ) , '|g l t y i r l e x e e d l o d o r o x e H H U t s ' w ) 9 ' 0 + t ( ) g - t y I . r { U r r y o g o d u ' w ) 9 ' 0 ) o r u u e H l , r u va r o ) r q a w r q H s e d ' t y w o r l x v e d O e d r H e h oJoxquoeexodu eg1 'woeedgo whtno{^uaur r.codr) exrru xerde6

' 9 1 ( ' xr+r z t + u ): 9 v eredag pxrux axsaodrJog

'Ct

:{x.ro9ed9o r,r resm PH wox>{uxdu : eradeg pdeweed 9/, exaed eHxux csHe€oxlo euxdx111 'd -

IoO:

aoro eredeg r{xHer) gro)tqg

'trl

*ttZl"U

= A

pu wox>{uvtdu I exmtrHo? )INUed rrEoxeH 'eresxgo drewrdau epti(ul

woxxef

S

:Hem rerg ' 9 : u

'(g '9 'y
u etfJ

8OdO9AX|qHSOUOJ il,tHVSOeVdgOOWdO@ h ShHVgOdrl)€OdU'l

9Zt

1.3.KOHCTpyhpOBAHhE A{OAEIEB

127

Hu>xutixpai 6epera - ero gyroo6pa3Har nuluet sorHyrocrb Koropoi 3 a B h c H Tn p o n o p q r o H a r b H o o t y r r a H a K r o H a c r e x x x 6 e p e r a . O r r o l x n O 1 o r K n a A b r B € l r o ra a e p x 0 , 2 c M A o r o q r h O n . T o v x x A , 0 4 , B c o e A r x q r o i nr'nuei., Ayroo6pa:xoi

lflnem, cocrort4xi li3 KrrHbeB. llJner,,r cocrollr A3 Asyx nepeAHhx, 4ayx 6oxoebrx h AByx 3aAHhx KnHHbeB.flepx,r,rerp o6xgara uJreMa no nu+rn't o6o4xa no,qcrthrbrBaror no eopMyne

\l

51. lloctpoexhe

urreMa, cocrorulero

,3 K.,lhHbet

fl" : P* 12Kt+K2*Kr*Ko. BulcoraKnhHbeB onpe4ennercr MoAenbrcr: abtcoranepeAHero KnHHa8,, aurcota 3aAHero KnhHa 821Bbrcord 6oxosoro xnixa 83. flocrpoeHHe qeprex
oaedue ig xrrrol rO '(kue?ow ou) wt 4'g lrsneed 'g-g drulxrtsreudeu to{buapr))oa eaH eh'€ r(vhor rgeerl h weuouou rrrats 0lgtg xoeadtg 't h 0lg8g 'qg6g eoxeedro exruedarog '0lg ,(xhor rree.l: IX Z A > t h o Lr u e e o > tgeg nunnv Sowrdu rrxer,a>edeu e11 wo)^riVpd orqr:oHxr(dxo .uwrt4Hrtnwrqwcdu 99 ,69 h yg '89 Hxhol rorrHlveo) 'w) l:6919:899 '69 x 89 xrr'ot Ig x ! ou ro{esrqtseuxro lrowgdu ou ghHE 9 xer'or rg ,zgrg : sgg rrsplf

x w)

.lgsg hxhor rcserf, h wl S'0-Z'O ou ro{earqueurro xr>ourxr(d)to ou eHHux edr{xe Ig h g xehor ro eHhux eo€ed) xrcsoxog bxHeodr)ou EUV .eVO: o,gO

lZlegng: sgeg:

ogtg

. t t v z t V : e g ' g x x e e d r o a l { U o u r q s o d o r l e 9 o e r o t e s t c t s e u x . r .eo9 h x h o r r O '(t g .>rd'w r) e H h u x o J o s o x o 9 p ) r (e r d e n e h H a o d r > o g 'eHlux oJeHre€ EHx rorearhder.tra ely '€ 'zlv lrxhot eedeh 'wt 9'O : EolV 'g {xr'or rr€er) H wf, g'O ro{esrqUeurro 0lyg AAHAv ou oly xxrtot LO 'eHtrux oleHuee tqead> atqeoxog rotesHhdahlle etv 'Z 'lV 'O ^ "rr 'l 's,y 'O wprhol oal .Z 4 Hrhor rsaer> goxeodto eHhUode)ou A Awvulvtu Hwlcwcdu rotrHhvao) 9V'€'V H 6V 'zlV hxhol 'w) J:9V"V:uV'V a,y x sy utnot lsaerf r wJ J ou ror\pastreuxro lowrdu ou ehHa rry x ry'rer,o.r re 'w) tV,tV: 9V'V Z ' O*

!6vo:1vo 'lV 'nV hlhor rusert A w) ou eHxur Z'O ou ro{estcUpuxto rrroxx{dro rdrr(xa lly r ly xelor ro eHhu)r soeedl xrcsoxog rrxeodrrou rufi 'Zfetvztv :

'VcV :

erVolV:

ztv\tv

39VtV:6lVerV : e x x u x t q s l d x m e H h s o u o u o u J . o t e e t q y e u x r oa : { U o u rqnodor: a9o a oty Hxhor rO 'eHHux oJeHtsedeu {x<ardeh oHhHlou?HQ glrgodr> xx<erder' xn u 'Anxdnm or,{eorexxtso ro{awx 6
''Nl+

'rrtoxn<^dro roresrhdenlse 8y wot,(xved *ag = 0lVO:8g O sxhol €h '(lS'rxd'wr) eHhrrxoleHUee etxarder erHeodrrog 'eHhux oJaHVedeu erx roresrr'dehrqg nV 'E 'rV xxnor eede;..' 'w) '€ i(xt'or. r.csprr A w) Z'0 : 68V Z'O uwnv rofeofqUeuxro eyg ou €y rxr,ot LO 'pHhur o.leHUedau rqeadr ,O rxrror eede6 e f . f s o l o g . t o l g s x r r d 3 r r q 9e V ' Z , L V ' O u rV't'sV 'zhttr>thoLLg€eL)

asxuadarouA ,.w'rH'v rwrqwrdurorcHhvao) ,i:.;V;rI ,X,

iilln

,

8y xxrtor rrselt h wt ! ou roresrgtseuxlo Sowrdu ou EhHs ty x y xerr -ot rO '2V r ey rxr'or rbspl) H wr g'0-Z'O ou lote€lqtseuxro xr>oxxi(dxo

gu

-----sodog^

xFHSotroJ tffi3hHvsodhrxlodu

t

129

1 . 3 .X O H C I P

no Ayre orKtaAbtBarcr orpeiox 6a61, : I cm. Ha npogonxexrn orxraAbrBdror gnnxy 6oxoeoro KrkHa rr craBrr tovxy 812. 0612 :

OE3

Bs+2Kr.

Tovrx Eg r 5,, coe4xxnror nperaoi lr, pa3AenxB ee Ha rp, paBHbte qacrl, B ro,lrax 4 ,r 5 eoccr_agarrcrrnepneH.q,hrynepbr, Hd Koropbrx orrra_ Abroarcr-otps3xn 4-7 : 1,2 cm u 5-6:0,7 cra (no ^ ogeor.i. - r , u h p h H a y u r x a B H H _ 3 y( n o r " r o 4 e n n ) . g e p e a r o r x n 0 , 86, l, !,16,s 5 r o , 8 , 5 r , 6 1 3 .E r 2 , 5 , 7 , 2 , 6 r , O a u r r e p v r l e a r o r6 o x o s o h x n x n ,

51. flocrpoexre

ronoaKh uranKr Ha ocHoBe xoHcrPyxr4rr lr3 ulecrh xnrHbeB

rxna. lllanra cnoprnrxorq Flp, KoHcrpyhpoBaHHh BaPr,raHuJanoK cnoPThBHoro rrnb. yacro nPrMeHtloTcr Tbr xom5rxxpoBaHHbrx KoHcrpyKqhi xa ocxoae 6agogurx (c,ra. ra6n. 5). fonoera uanKh cocroht N3 t{erblpex ocHoBHbtxKnHHbeB, AByx nepeAHhx KnHHbeBh nepe,qHe, creHxh. Bsrcora KnHHa x nepe4xei creHKX onpeAenrercr no Mo4erx. Axanorxqxo nocrpo€r{hro phc. 51, 54 paccqhrbrBaror K,l,lH Ant ronoBKh ujanK'|. llepegxrorc creHKy 11nepe4xri KrHH crporrcr cnegyloutrm o6pa:or,t, Ha nprmoi AE (pxc. 55) crporrcn ABa KrsHa. AO:06:lJJx. Boccraantrot nepneHAhrynrp, ocbro O rarrou4xicn B roqxe chMr*erpHh Qlrypbr, hg ro.{xx O xax ra qeHrpa paAhycoM R1, paBHbtM roqxh nePer . u h p h H ex n x H a , n p o B o A A r A y r y A O l 6 , R t : A O ; O z - O 3 paAhycon R, c 5oxoaurm cpe3or rnrxa. Orpeaox ce'{eHhi oKpyxHocv O O , - o p H e H T r p o g o q H a g B b r c o r a c r e H K h , K o r o p a t 3 a B h c h r o r M o A e r t l , th paenaB.: OOr t 1;1,51 2 cm. h: roqxr A no gyre Blepx orKnaAbtBato? oTpe30x, AA,=OrQ,:OrOs:616. .{yra raxxa AO, paexa Ayre crexxx A'O,, Torxx Ar. O,6l coeAhnunreh, flnou-1agu nepeAHero nnuna ABO, rpxaoi HiK)r nerarfbxoi cocraBrT BerhqxHy, orc€qeHHyp Ayro!. AtO2 or ocHoBHoro KnhHa. 9 - 3ar. 738

,9v

e)unuu€ ewdo$

s exmlqHou exxaodrrog

'55

exmrqHou o.toxxexr(ee oloHqueso arneodr'rog'39 grmlqHou oJoHcueso exnaodrlog '19 P ) t m r c H o vo . l o u : r ( d l a x x e o d l > o g ' 9 9

: ell*ax* tHz*om:

6010 :{xro9ed9o

h tqam ex xwexl{undu r gxmlqHou d-tawexts roleElqlhh) 'ex)od -)ed 'wo€edgo wrYnor{Uau: r6odr) ('U 'r ! redeg-r"i1 "rrnt.riou orou.rr(dn xerda;. 'l9g 'rxdf rHehdc' I

Axxap x ormHHoU aaolto I xxlnolew'l 'wdoS xnoo€eg exHeoodhldpnol'€'€'] oir

-----i6Jilgrr

I . 3 . X O H C T P Y h P O B A H HM EO A E N E R

t3!

),1s roqxu O nepecevexxr ocei KoopAhHar paAxycoM 'l2O1O2 npoBoArr oKpyrxHocrb. ll sapxaxr. Flocrpoeuxe qeprex(a AoHbtuJKaoBanbHoi Qop,r,rsl(xanxraxxa, Qypaxxa n r. A.) noKa3aHo xa prc. 57. llJxpxxa AoHbruKa AE : Wa+2Kt*Kz*K' P :

.{,nxxa AoHbruKa O1O2:LA+2KtlKz*Ks. !,oxrrurro KanllraHKhooanbHoi (popmbt c He3Haqhrenuxoi pasxxqei laex<4y Anunoil n tttxpnxo!.. 9eprex AoHbruKarcrporr KaK ABa noryxpyra c pa3Hhqei Mer(.qyqeHrpaMh e 1 cm. AO:@f,-AEl2; OrOz:OOi:OtOzl2; O3O: OOn :0,5 t{epes nenbHbfe

rovrx ocn A6.

03

x

Oa

nPoBo.qrt

cm,

EcnoMoraTenbHbte

n}lHhN,

napar-

R:OsOz:OrOr, lll aapxaxr. .{,onycuM, r{ro AoHbtuJKo hMeer Sopr'ry oBana, 3ayx(eHHoro cnepeAh (pxc. 58). lJJrpxxa AoHbrurKaAE - Wa+zKv - Y{,211r. AoHbruKa Bf .Q,nr.rxa qeprex(a npoBoArr .Qnr nocrpoeHhq AoHbtuKa ABe B3aHMHo nepneH.qrKynrpHbte nAHAu, A,|xHa KoTopbrx cooTBeTcTaeHHo paBHa AIt4He H r.lrHpHHe AoHb|lllKa, llonoaxxy nprneraer K 3aAHei creHxe. crpoir, Aor",-*u)ibtopar KaK nolyKpyr. Or ro.{xr{ O eeqpx orxraAbraaror o?pe3ox, AnxHa Koro'/2 poro paBHa pa3Hocil ocei.

oo1 : @r-AEr/2. % a r o q r n O r p a A h y c o M R 1: I f z / 4 6 : O r f n p o B o A r r A , f r y , c o e A H H g K ) Te e c r o q K a M H A x 5 x a c a r e n u x o i . CnepeAx AoHbmJKo HecKonbxo yr(e, qeM caagl. lloeromy (e saaxcnMocrH or moAerx) qepe3 Toqxy B pa4xycola Rz : OzB npoBoArr Ayry, qeHrp Koropoi xaxogrrcr xa nprmoi 08. Hepes ro,rxy 6 paArycoM nposoArr Ayry, qeHrp xoropoi R3: KE (no xogenr) HaxoAhrcr Ha A6. Toqxa conprrxeHxr Ayr HaxoArrcr Ha npoAonl*eHhlr npnnprxoi qeHrpbr uoi, npoxognr.4ei vepes 02 x K, h nepeceqeHxH Ayr.

lV sapxaxr. Ecnu npeAnono)f(hrb, qro AoHbLlJKooBanbHoi SopMbt (plc. 59 urncna rhna (rox)r) c 6onsuroi pasHOCTbK'MeX(Ay 6OnuUlOi h Maroi oc',t^A, r0 crpohrb ero HaAO, KaK Snnrnc, Hepren< AoHblulKa crpoer cne,qyrcu-1lr.,ro6paaom. Ha npoBeAeHHbtr AByx B3ahMHo nepneHAhKynrpHblx oceBbtx nxlrrtx or roqxh O orxaa9t

/-

'exmtqHots qt>er' or{HqredrHeh t'rwrrtll -orleedgo 'xwaxtquu rwtqHs9uu ro{tsHrueo) eO'Z h € 'sO 't uaF'ol , ' 'w) g'g - g'l : tro :-€rO xxeedrg tao : t'O: 'w) : eOO : sOO xxeadr6 ?-€ 'i(watnlUrqUedu eot{hhlouQl{e 'enueodrlou oHeePxou e'99 '>xd eg 'toHHsouou xIeV elr exmtqHov rxneodtl 'Awv Httu rwtqHqueVow r)etltflo{Bugc -ou rxerdeg HeaProu wodrrxxlg 'r-Z )lahoL Lase-L) A g._1 errwrdu rc?oaodu h)lhol Hl€ eadaS '2'€'Z'l ' r u e l o w - c x x e m e d o : o s x o x l t h t o u w o x 1 o J . H ) x s e ex t q d o r o x p H l r u t s ' h t + e e d r o etqxsed rotestqUeurro e:{U ou 'O , 'O xahor ro oserg h oeedug .(9'gg 'tud 'wr) aOlO or{wrdu r.rt/oeodu PvmlqHoU drueh eade6 ',9 Sxhol s sHHehef 'eHhux XoHhmdea grretno{cuer -adau oU y.wvy.H|tv t wlqH€euu ro{sHHveo) 9 ', 'zO ,| I 'E '8O Hxhol '9 vr g uthol rotenluou h wf 9'0-9'0 'lhd) ou rorearqupuxro tg(; I rgg xexeadlo ex (9'09 O Hxhor rO 'r-Z 'w) , E-L €'0-Z'0 atqxaed rqdrulxxt/xeudeu totsuser)foa Z h I uxHeuav xerhul s H weuouou r6ueu '99 '>xd) rg 'nrler atqxged t eH oxmtqHoU rruaE (e O z O n O t O x r e a' d zO t iO 'rO edrewpHtt xrqxdrur(xxvxeudau oxwreee eafi x . O 'eYmtqHovoloHquego slth 'eld ep o.rou.r{dv esoHto eH 1r+r'u xtqHcueuow esueodrlou oHPEPxou 69 'rrwdoQ qr)oHwa.r9o ,urr qltoHquetxeedtqa semquog c)r.erussou wlqdor - o y c d e t s o . r p u g ' r ' t t ' t P . K ve l q H q u e u o w e l q w e e € l q E e H) { e r ' r h H a H a u h e t q H s H r
'G-t't-t

'ly ld 'J x ,9-S) I x e h o r € h t { w t q H H e t r e e o d uo x q u a r e e o u e u r o u €-S: wori(xtsed nweJr(v ywAeV 7 A g 'g n € vohot wahHeHhveo) e)uHuu€ axH exmrcHov

hrHhu

xrqHHore$

axHaodrlop

'69

t 7 0 t

-eocfl)ou 6)rapsrhHexe€ '9 '9 '? '€.xerhol. e hwtlwtsdu HwlqHquereJowou)e {xeadro wtcxeed 'U wo)^hts xr oU 'Z-g : o> rrsanaradau V | -ed r.r{U gsu .tBvoaodu oHqueresoveu>ou Z n I xahor ah werPg 'atqwcdu 'e h I xexhor. e otrHru otlee)o otr(xquerxoexdol extflolPro)edeu x o65 wou.r{ Vou eeueb/ ttuHult 1oae)o louruelnrdee rcuosodu ' e r m l q H o UP H h U U - J e u l

'€r*ax*'rlz+-l: Jg: gv -xhder,rqs rroluou

'JO '8O'9O fomquog atqseed

'eturuu€ olowoeg 'VO xreodro ro{PslcU tEhHYsodxlxsodu't

2iT-----'--*iroJo-qtx-nffi

1.3.KOHCTPYhPOBAHTE ,y\OAErE,

_

t33

_ ,Qnr npxAaxhr AoHbturKy BbtnyKrocTr i,,rOryr 5urru npeAycMorpeHbr xe5onsure BbrraqKlr. B rrom cnyqae or roqeK 1,2,3,4 orKnaAbtBatoo r rpe3Kr l_ 5, 2-6, , 3-7,4-8, p a B H b r €O , 4 - O , 7 c m . g e p e : r o . r x r 5 , O u , 7 u 6 , C 6 , g n p o B o A r r nlaBHbfe nxHuuj orAenttoulHe 6oxoasre '{acrx AoHbrutxa, hpxnycxx xa o6pa6orxy Aenaorcr nocne nocrpoeHxs,

Ilocrpoexre {eptex(a crexKx 6epera. Crexxy 5epera MO'{HO npeAcraBhTb KaK 6oKoByp noBepxHocrb ycetteHxor o K o H y c d , E e p x H h M o c H o B a H h e M K O T O p O T Ot B n r e r c t Ao-

61. flocrpoexle

'.teprex6 crexxr 5epera

Hb[lIKo 5epera, a Hhx(HrM- Kpyr, nepHMerp roropfro ' (4nxxa oKpyx(HocrH) paBeH paar,,epy oxonurura' lf-l_ (pxc. 61,a). [lepn,uerp AoHbluJKal1a: 2nR. Pa4xyc oKpyx(Hocrh, nepnMerp Koropoi l'l*, r:11*12n. Bsrcora creHKh paBHa Bbrcore no Mo,qenh c nphnycKaMlt Ha ulBbr.

. 4 1 6:1h : B

*2Kr

flnn nocrpOeHhr cleHKH xeo6xog1r,,rO onpeAenrrb paAlycur rt pa3Beprkx _6oxoaoi noBepxHocrr{ yceqeHHoro KoHyca. hr noAo6rri rpeyronbHlxoe OAA, n e66, cnegyer, qro

R1 n

R:Rr/(Rr-h), rge h -

o6paayrcr.r4ar yceqeHHoro KoHyca, paBHa, abrcore creHKX, orxyAa Rr: Rh/(R-r); rt:Rl-h,

Haxo4rr yro.n n (pr
i !

l,

'e>Isox xr>osxdeaou losoxog xxrdaeeed ll h lU rqr{xUed qrrueUeduo owrVoxgoeH H)lHer) shHaodrrou rufi

ex xwevrr{uvdu

'tyz rgrv I g: q: :t.tEm t ourE wogoroJ e ae alofltlg exeed xlxar) cro)l'lg .MTI,LJ =J crrHQ€oH)o oJEHtf(l1HXlrourx,(dxo )Axve d ''N*

-rdu

, I cmnnoxo

tH(.-gvt:"lJ

:aom gx exlr(uxdu €o9 oH '{xrogedgo ex xwpxllu i(dr'ewxdau Hssed rhHe€oHfo oJeHx
:tqsm 9H exr{urdu €e9 oH 'Ixrogedgo eH xwex){u -rdu l exmtqxoU {dr.ewxdau Hesed BhHesoH)o o"raxxdag drewndeg 'UuZ xeaed .exmrqnot/ dlewr4deg .(e'g9 'end) 'OO: U evr

'emrquo)lo ,(dewePd pHEcd Xodorox eHhuu 'qr:oxrx^dxo - whH'|(r,rHP 'xvx{ed 'g) -{Q oxrnrrxoU ts).letsugroJodorox waxHPaoHf,owhHxdaa -{xox oJoHHehe)^ .tr)oHxdasou re}l rolbueer)Uadu {xxar] 'xxHcrxusrl 'l{xil(cdlo rxHott {, exarderr alHaodrrou xpx rel

'Ixrogedgo

'xxneodrfou ,rdu qlnueetcrxtr( eg xxo ex tax)Auxdu roteu aoxog t exHert {oHHev X

hrHerrug)t

'xxxredr(6 utner'l

t f , exer.deh eHHaodr)oll

'!9

'I e:lsued xrcwcdu ro:lv ''O wodrHah-) e r)lo{IePdgo .r: lcVdox arerqu,{ead xxr€ rhHaha)odeu l'o{euau'rU 11 lsvdox exruU or,(xeed'{xxe:ee r l rxrror ro{cHsttao)'r-1-1 'J u\hor H IU xxYnot{e eA'lJ w'o>,thVed a.i^u eH oxqrosehodu fol6Es 'nJAv ?6v ruVoeodu lO edlHetl -ed9o rqrixtsed tqHsed xtqdorox axxrU quoserodu e4 .woeedn"*rr:ilii,:):r,r1?T, oro-x

;,,H:r. ff",ffF

' ( Z / t u ) u l s U Z : t - 1 1 : A . t i ( Vo t { m e u o 9 oJoHhor aeuo9 tqUdox ^HHuV rBUoxex rrHeodtlou 'ru uo.t^ 'xrHat) XoHUo ,(J^u Xrtnotesxtxxpd.ro

lotfloresrJur)'lJJ yvll 'u7l 1 xesed

't

r35

I.3. KOHCTPYhPOBAHhEAAOAE'EB

As noAo6uc rpeyrorbHhKoe O,AA, R/r : rge

x O,55,

R r/ ( R r -

h),

h - o6pasyror.qar yceqeHHoro KoHyca, paBHar Bblcore creHKh. Onpegeaelor paAhyc R, paaeeprxr yceqeHHoro xoxyca (pnc. 62,6): R(Rr-h) :

n17;

R R 1- R h : R t r ; R R 1- R ' r : R h , ' Rt(n-r):

Rh,

orKyAa Rr :

Rh/(R-r).

Haxo4rr paAhyc rt pa3BeprKh yceqeHHoro KoHyca: rt:Rt-h' 9ro6ur xalrlr Anr+y Ayrr. e n", xa4o cHaqara onpeAerrrb AnhHy gyru e 1", Ari .{ero ArNHy oxpyxHocrh Aener xa 350', a sarem noryqexxuri pe3ytbrar yMHoxalol Ha n: flo:

2 n R r n f3 6 0 ' : n R , n / 1 8 0 ' ,

rge flo - AnhHa Ayrx BepxHero ocHoBaHHr yceqeHHoro xoxyca (gnxxa A y r H c e x r o p a , o r p a H h q h B a K r u 4 e r op a 3 B e p r x y x o x y c a ) ; n - y r o n t o r p a H x vxaarcu4ni pa3Beprxy 6oxosoi noBepxHocrh yceqeHHoro KoHyca. hs npeAsrAyu4ei Qopmynur HaxoArr n:ffo.l80"/R,n. '/.n: Vron n1, orpaHHqrBalou4ni gyry, paaex nt: .{ar 6oaee roqHoro aarcu.1ei 6oauruyro 4yry:

nl4'

nocrpoeHhe HaxoAer ArxHy xopAbr f[r,

ctnrn-

rrtl(2R) : sin(ntl2l, orkyAa fft - zRt sin(n1/2). ,Qrxxa xop4ur rrl, crtrkaaroulei rry:

lanyro

gyry,

)7, sin(n'/2)'

Crporr croHxy cneAyrou.lrr* o6pasox, hg npor3BonbHoro qeHTpa O, npoaogrr ABe Ayrh, paAxycbr Koropbrx paaHbr AnrHe o6paaynu4nx x o x y c a R r r ' rr . hl roqrx f, asnroi npos3sonbHo Ha Ayre paAHyca Rs, Agndroy 3ice.{Ky, paBHyro 4nxxe xop4ur .l-f'. c o e 4 x x r r c r r o q x x f 1 4r t c q e H r p o r v r a r o q K € 0 1 . X o p g y r r l o r p a H h qhsafor ro,.rKx nePeceqeHxt tTkx npeMbrx c 4yroi'r PaAhycoM r,, Ee moxxo He croorrb, K gaxxoi cteHKe c 6oxoo 4aercn nphnycx Ha l-locne nocrpoelmt uloB.

.repretilei crexox c pa3HHAh yrnar x Hallocrpoerxe K,|OHacnePeAx x C3anr. .{,nr nocrpoeHhr nonoBhHbr 3aAH e i c r e H K h( p x c . 6 3 , a ) n p o B o A r r n p r M y l o A 5 , 4 a r x a x o r o po; pa8Ha AnxHe xopAbr, crnrhBapulei Many|o ,qyry creHxu A6.

-ruo9 lotsdox u)or^inoruusc'ori(wcdu

lnxerd

-tOzO

5rrxeed

-'OrO

'g-g

rbt/osodu

9 x 9 xxr.or eede;1

'wr

d v v A x u t r H e u d e u lorauecr)foa 9 Hxhor Eh 'wf

,g*y

d u u , ( x x u n a u d e u lorsuagl)toa 'r)rz 1060 * rg:

v

,xhor

9'9 €'g

€h

hf,o troxcrexnrdas ex a6 xxr,or. rg :1626 xoeedro roreanEeurlo 'w) Z'0 XoHhuU y-E dyvAxnVseudeu lo{uuser))oa lodor.ox exr?edel i 'ZeuHr'tu Xowudu ro{uHxvaor 926 xxr'o1 'w) €'0 4suaed '7-1 rorcnosltrroe 5odoro>r exx?ade: x '1er.Hlr.vnowrdu rotcH dru{lxVxeudeu aOO rrlori(x.ros exuedr.l exeed olod -huaor "O , V hxhol 'w) g'l: -orox pHHutr 'drui(xxtsxeudeu rorcuagrJ)oa gy lowrdu enrUeder y 'w) gl - gY 'i(xner: orr(rew 'rcudor erxuu esaed 'gV oriwcdu rc?ogodu lodorox pHHuts XatnolesrJ6rt (9'99 'rxd) l{vHa!) leHBedeu cxHeodDou uufl 'h)rHar) XeHuce sxxeodr.r -ou lo tsf,laehxulo oltcw rxHgr) {eHt/adau rqsxaouou axxeodr>o;-1 'wr 'V-g dsuAxnVxeudeu roluu 6'0 nrqxeed -aert)os asrVede: ee r x'IeHHXu lowudu ro{BHrEeot lO 'lV Hxhol nxxedl$

hxHe:,1 (9) {eHvedeu x (e) laxUee exardar' erxaodr>og

'99

g

to ''xz+ &,- 'o.o

.wrs xaaed Jil;;;'"?il" ;;?;"t, x#i&,"

- r q H q u e u u e d e ul V x c e w e x x c o r l l e d - r o r O xoeadr.6 'w) 9'll - e6ty tod -orox pHXt U 'gy orlxruauuedeu '{tsdox rsUoeodu 8g llr'or eede6 'v'teuHrlv loxeedgoo.rlts XoHseuu rorrnrUeol zg 'Z 'V r4xhoL'w) o.rodor.ox e|.{.ruu 'Z-t dcui(xxrxaudeu rotruaer)toE 9'0 'EahHhlr ;gy exeedro eHxtrede) X 5owudu to{rHruaof, ,O n V hxhol'hx -xarl xxdrewwx) qfo - 'OO t'Z:6OO xr.lorr(x.loa eluedrt exeed o.iod -oroy eH!,ruU 'dcui(vxUxaudEu rorsu€pr,)toe gy lowrdu aHhVade) X .-_--.'-i6aosn @irHvsbdrlrx]odu'r ,€l

1.3. xoHcTPyhPoEAHhE MOA€'Eti

t37

woh gyru, Tovxn A,, O,, 61 coe4nxqKrr nprMbrmh nHHAntAr',rr3 cepeAhHbl Koropbrx aoccraBnnor nepneHAxrtynrpu 7-8 : 9-10 : 0,5 cm. Tovrr A,, 8, Ot, 10, 5, coegxxnor nnagxoi aexanlxoi nzxneit.

qepror(a crentrh unrnu lcn. plc. 95, rl. _ llocrpoexxe creHKH npe.qcraBnrer co6oi npgMoyronbHtrK ,Q,eranu (prc. 64), AnhHaKoroporo onpeAerrercr no pa3MepEMAoHbrurKa h Heo6xo,qhMbrM AE : tAe Ayct -

ycaoexsri

np,,tnycKaM:

l-1":fiAt.a

Aramerp,

+ 2Kt + K2 + KB,

paaxuri noroarHe

Ay.^:

cyMMbt ocei

ulnnca.

(U + L')/2.

Brrcora crexxn I onpeAenrercr no r*o.qerlr c y'{GroM nphnycKog x no4ru6xx Hx)KHero Kpar BHyrpb (plc. 64, a), ,46:B*2Krffir*Ks. Crexxy npoKroAkr h noAKraAKs crporr no re^ xe pa3Mepa^ , ,{To qro 6oxosure cpe3bt qeprer noA yrnol f_pepx, c roi nrrus paaxxr.lei, 45", rar< KaK neranH noAKraAKt h npoxnaArr pacxparBapr no KocoMy HanpaBneHr,rlorxaxr,r (pxc. 64, 6), Ecax crexxa uJlrnbr xMeer Ayroo6pasxyro ,hHxK, Kparr To oHa crpo_ ,rcr cneAyKlrlnru o6paeorl (pxc. 64, e). Irnrro ,{6 gennr'nononau, noro,rxy 8, or rorrKh B enpaso r BneBo orKnlAbrBaroy orpe3Kl Ilqagl B|:BA paexoi paccrorHxto Anrxo!', or cepeAr{Hbt ronoaxh cnepeA}t Ao caMoi BbrcoKoi qacrr roroaxn c6oxy. hs rovex A, E, f , B, r{ onycxaror nepneHAhKynrpbr, ,q,nxHaxo?opbrx coorBercrBeHHo palHa Bbrcore creHKH cnepeAr, c3aAh x c 6oxoa c npxny
:

ff 1:

gr.u 2Kr *

Kz]- Rs;

68r.

lf 1: p9,.

qeprex(e )r notyi{apr rovxx A1, _ _.Q,axxureorpe3Kh orknaAbrBator Ha f ,, Br, 4r,6,, xoropsle coeAqHrtor BHaqrne nprr{blmh nn*}rrtln, a 3a?em KOHTyp nPO!OArT nO reKana^^.

llocrpoenxe qeprex(a cteHKX trrneaa, nGpcroArulel B yu|('l. ,Qnr nocrpoeHHecreHKh ujneMa H.rxoAcree nephMerp, Ko_rop_bti paBeHpa3Mepy ronoBbtc nprnycKaMr Ha llroB r,ro6pa6orxy (pr,rc.65). 11,:p*2Krl'K2+Ks. l-lpoeogrr ropr3oHranbHylo nprmyto A6, 4nxxa xoropoi paaHa noroBhHe neprMerpa creHKh. .Qnn nyvurero npnneraHrr LuneMa K roloae c 3 a A t r A e n a l o r B b r r a r { K h( r r y 6 x x a H r o n p e A e n n e r c r n o m o 4 e n x ) . 3 r r Bblraqxr{ (ao re6erxaxxe nHulHhx ueoe) nepexocrrcr B nJBbr coeAxHel0 - 3ax. 738

xxm{

g leYnutsoxedeu 'ewgum xrxerl rqucum

HyH€r)

exardan exerdeh

ar<xaodr:og ahHeoclrtou

'99 ''9

tg I

r

c

J

v

I

o

v

\ c 'rtz +'g :: |gg ltXZ+aA:.9r9 lt\z+ t8: tvv ' z 9 r g i o g g' r v v r q d u u l x -xUxaudaurotexr{uo 'g , g'V xehor €H 'rotcHrueo) lg r g xxr'o1 'rrr'er. -rqs exxdhm ltrxeed 'lgg loeadro roteslq?Puxto€rHe g rxhor rO '(lgV: gy roeadro role€rrUeurroV hxhor rO 'SlleuHewE}.

'Xguerev Et'rx eH ,irfehhl.xedu wore ndu leuer.au ewdo$ EeHwa*gO sl

*---eoa6-gn

xnffiV8o;xDi36Ju-I

1.3 xoEcllyr,tola_ur!_r

oaE4El____

__

r3e

r4e B,,Br, 8, - eurcora creHKr cnepep,rt csaAl I c6oxy. qeH?p Koro_ 1 . p " t r o v x y 6 , n p o B o , q i r A y r y p a A h y c o r , , rR , : , l r B B o , poi .O, HaxoAlrcr Ha npoAonxenxn nprr.roi E,Er. 9epee rovxy Bo npoao4r-r-npf,Myro, napanrrerrrxyro AE, xa roropoi orKna,AbtBapr urrtpu+y yurxa [U, : Ar5: (no r,,rogenx). Koxeq yr-uxa r.,roxer 6erru o(popMreH nexanlxoi rpxaoi nunnei. Llepe: rovxy 6, npoao4rr Kacarerb|ryto K R,. gepes Ayre ' B B opaAhycor,r ,' r o v x y A , n p o B o A r r K p H B y ] , op a A r y c o m R z : , l z t _ q e x r pg y r x 0 2 ' r a _ x o A x r c r H a n p o , q , o n x ( e H x xn p r r a o i . A 4 , , Koropa, qBngercq ocblo cxM_ MeTpI{h

AeranH,

6

I r 66. Maxerxuri cnoco6 nocrpoeHhc '{eprex{a creHKh uJrqnb,

I

I

nocrpoeHxe qeprex€ Grexrlt utnrnbt lpxc. 661. geprex

Mo)t(Ho nocrpohrb Or

roqKH

A

c no

nphMeHeHreM roph3oHtanH

MaKerHoro

orKnaAbtBato?

cnoco6a.

orpe3oK

AE:

,46_P+n". hs roqex A x 6 onycxaror nepneHArKyrrpbr AA, x 66,, orKlaAHBalor Ha Hhx gbtcory creHKh no MoAenH H craagT ro,.rxl rd, n 8,. A A 1: 5 9 , - B * 2 K t , rAe B-Bblcorti creHKrl. .{,.nlxa crexrx BBepxy paBHa nepxMerpy

AoHbtutxa:

flo :nrQr"n, Ycroaxuri AhaMerp Ayc,:(L+U)/2. Pa:xxqa Mer(Ay aepxHHM ,r Hxrt+r,ra ocHoBaHHrMh cocraBrr p a c T B o p o B B b t T a q e K r ' { h c n oK o T o p b t x n p o h 3 a o n b H o .

cyMxy

)a:{!-fl", rge X a-cyMMa pacrBopoB abrtaqex; pacrBop ogxoi esrravxx 2 sln, r a e n - K o n h q e c T B oB b t r a q e K , qro n:8, llpegnonoxxn, rorAa orpe3oK AE genrr Ha Bocemb paBlrbfx qacrei n nory{exHbte ror{Kh Ha nnxux A6 o6osxaqarcr qhepar,rlr 1,1,3,4,5,6,7, O r x a x 4 o i r o q x x n o o 6 e c r o p o H b ro r x l a A b t B a k T n o r / , p a c r e o p d B b r r a q K hh. g r o q e x 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 2 o n y c x a r c rn e p n e H l0r

'guex 'Puexderew 'qtHHuoulqg oJa btreeJeuouvedu o.todo.tox er 'alcaoxog oxclttortstl pwec.go weh 'emquog or€ lo rx)hseE x rswdo$ 'HUe€) 'eHluedalou lxr'prtqg nuel rtqdoroxaH I xEad5u> r PvJoHh eA 'Z 'g A>thoL 'hrherfss r.olsuwdo$o d{rnov 4arlnu foHquerau 'lr:therlqs ,uHHU ortew eourr(utqe dcur(rxtsxeudaLl eade;, 'wr E'O: Z-L 'teherlqs tqurmdag toter'Au xoeedr6 exhor 'wl g: eauogxen*, 1-g 'edolxet 9H edlcreh ,lcvx(e){ -og :rtre" dor.re> eEts eH rruav aiqxsed 'r{'O Hwgf,o Heuettecd ueeo lxxxadr'(xg , zgzy eueeo olgHmeHs

'8l'LJ: eAeg .

eeqmxdu

At'tHAu ou

'81(u. i(xxuU

'xwexrrel'tqa

hwexhgll'le

'ou):

^Urrew

erHror)tgd

t'tg

:eui(wdo$ ou rrtsoxen ,(ueao ou xeh?llq3

goxl.fPrtr(

xtqHePd cwe)o€

eH r6uev

ueso

lhHmoHg

''N+')t9l*u:'u PgxJuouotedl ou xuax drewxdeg (rOeO)Z+rUuZ:"oU Ity wor{xVed otoxsaUesodu'eueeodrawxdag

'iVV 'tleAHua * U : IoHquerP)ev ro{6Hriueo) JIU lqhHox '8OzO: 'OlO roeedro = ry worlrtsed l.ri(? tctsosodu '9 xxr'o.r .r1 ' s o x o 9 ) x x ? e d e u r r n r e r > l o u x d k m A t s x e w e h h H E e d- " O " O lU wo>IxUed ^.ri(V xr>eeodu €9 xxr'or foHHah^uou EX .tVV + U : owHUoxgoaH 'Hxsouol u tOzO xoeadro eH €hHs zp drxah qrlrtew) ueao xt>esodu tqgorh 'uodorl xtqgeed t ,lxHel) tqxxdxm wot xueJei: rufi -ar.r( > ueso ltqHquereJowou:e ruvosodu H)l6ouoJ rxxeodrlou .l)l * €g: I9g: IVV lrx + zg: Igg

xoHert

rJJ lrt *rg: '18 t{u.edauf :{xgx:Uou eg woxr,{uxdu I eg eoxog t u zg uVeet rufi owxuoxgoeH )l3hPltq8 rxxeodrrou ,(.rorrqs qrerxxlled

'z/(m- 'l): aoo: Ioo

'zlsv: ,um: gV exmnHou eHnuv u exndsm tqsacd olodolox N)o eueheHs huert t,rxaouo.t rxueodrrou uego rrodrl U woflxUed

"l:Jg '(tg '>rd) ru!/

'hue)r l.rruouox-lqwdo$ rsdaweed rex^ur Xex(erdeh EhH -eodr)ou XosoH)O 'HxUPuxUou h gxcdlgaox 'xwPxhertqe t pxmteHou th lhor)o) hue)l 'xwPxhellla ollwotoE t ruerl

rrHolt r exm|.|Hotr rxhxldunot Nososeg oaorto eH lxhxldnnox exHaodoog'?'€'l . xttilHeEodxHxgwo,| Htnowou 1er+nv loerdn XoHsPuu srr<wdo$o oxntr(x uexeu 'qrhHhueo) hr xdu ercdorov 'lxHesoHto tqdfuxov etqsox c)teir(uou or - l 6 r r q e e r q x x a r , { u o u n u l 3 ' w r S ' 0 e H l g l V H t ' t + r r to V c E o s o U a x ' t q d r u , ( v x U orl

_-

sodogn xr

oo t-hHvsodhit36du

T

67. flocrpoexle

qeprel(a

Kenll c BoceMblo Bbtra,{Kdr h

68. llocrpoexne

qeprexa

creHxh xenH

69, flocrpoenxe

AoHbtuJKaKenr

\

aHHeouousrqxsed','".a,o"i"lT";3;:::'1".:1'";g"j:;';,"j:r'1:lo" 'g Axxor. r.oter'r(uou or lowudu for€ kr.Hghe) loxruereJowou)s 5o.tIV -edeu er , 1eAHAv lowrdu rorBHHueo) Z A O ,r>tr..o!'7 A>tnot .r.orcr'Iuou AtAfr '1 Axr'or r.oren{uou '(99 'txd 'wr) rye-1 h weuouou rrue? ;-'g 6exe)p€ 'cur(vdxh o{ctflor.rou I rcUorer xxeedro nLe 'rJtJ erxcor.lled erqxsed 'xxeedro rore€rqtseuvro elIU ou rqxodorl e9o a 'g ryhor rO .,y * 69: sOtO :gsJtsou ex woxe{uxdu ) trUp€) lixHeo gr.orr.re oxaed r.rr(? XoHquelgJowou)€ oU etmtqHou ntltv to ehHBorfted '(69 '>xd 'w)) exmrcHoV e:,(ts ot{squauredeu 'IIIU ot,(}tcuer.eJow -ou:a rctsoeodu ,rlHet) cHHeodrfou cuUl'grhprrqs exexououled Xodorox exxvederou 'r(xHarr s rxuoxodau hup€) ormtgHou lorherrcs XoHUo ) Heu - : a d x u e yg ' e x d a s e v m r q H o V e x ( o r d a r r g x x e o d r . > o g '(hustsow ou) 0y worlxVpd ^JIV ruVoeodu tX wor{rtsed 'LJ teJ n 8J rsJ hxhor r.orer'Iuog x oHqueretel ailrV u s1 lowrdu 'xnueodr>ou rdu rqxarr'r( xulqg eH xHo rey xer 'i(xro9ed9o x rqsm

euxxr{uxdua'cwhuoxeoeH'.fl"""JJ1#'J""j:'Jt":l#:o:J jjg"r,,:

= zy lodorox rlxVed 'Xosxdx loxsu{xdxh rotcHr?oo) 9-r lr 9-rxxr'o1 'eJzJ voeadro ro{canueuxro ' tgzl u-1 rxrror 4owydu pH eHHs rO 'sJtJ yogadro J.orpsrqVeuxlol6t1 lowudu pH EHHo'1 nxr'or rg ',1 {xr'or 'U wor{nVed roter'{uou 4ot/tV t sxxar'e>adau exhol E Ig wodrrah ) rorsHxUeor t'l r(xr'o1 lowrdu for€ hrHexuoUodu gx x ')1n : r-f t r.ram eH cox:^uxdu €a9 hxherlcs ro xvp€) ,m xrHar) rqxxdrm ellts ex ro{csrqUpr)rlo €.r nxrtor rg eHrsonou lrrxeed 'loeedto 'tNZ

+.9

.srtJ

.

,lt9el

,|xHg.l') eloJtgg

,tNZ+tg:zJsr ' :HUgdeu) xxxer.> &.oxe tuUoxeH 'lg wodrxeh > "J, "J kxhor ro{6HHUEo) '8JzJ rqUdox exhuU or^HEed 'funalee tal hxhor eh eJItr eH oxqroaexodu r.ofeuoV 'ry e:IrUed XaLae€ ' l J h l U : e : { x o x x h t f l o { , ( e p d 9 o e H X U Ut q H a e d xrqdo.r.oxrq>{xUed '}rJlU e€U rcUosodu lg edrxah o.roxsuoerxodu e14 '(99 '>rd 'w>) woeedgo wxYnor,{Veur lxxerl ruod-r.3 '(29 '>nd r4orel Hu€x l{yHall aexeodrrou Uoregl .Zl(OnO u'ru atrr + 9V) =

'wr)

xxrodrew

H xer

'ex

' " " ^ E U g 7: , U

ermrqHoU dr.ewxdeg 'Gg':xd) wrru.r{dx weet}lh) oHsou)r( Huer oxmlcHo!/ 8t * tH +'N + tOcO pxmnHov eHhubr J : 'ty + zY + 'NZ I om: 9 v e x m r c H o t se x x d x J - 1 1 '{xro9ed9o lr tqsm eH xwex>Iuxdu > (rrwdoQ . w c x x e d e w e x o u ) p r m r q H o U A l . l . n v Vn , ( x x d x m r u E o x e H e x x a o d r l o u q r g r ? x exdes ,)rHerf w a r ' e U r + < a d' g exerdeh ekxaodrrog

'(99 'rxd) H)rHsr) 'foxheJ.tcts heuereU xAsU XoH -Uo e {xnar) € llUegf oJglngUoxedau 'gxmtqxoU oJoHcuego huax 'foxhcrH8 EA rholfof t HcuJad huax troHuo --ffir iraxVeodhrlicdu-t

r4OAEtEn 1.3.KOHCTpvl,llOSAHrE fJ = f13 :

t'r

t43 (UJ. -F 2K)12.

Pacteop Bbtraqrx frf, zaaucnr or MoAerH: qer,r 5onuure yron HaKnoHa cTeH*H c3aAH, Tert{ pacrBop 6Oasure. hs rOqrx 5 pa4rycor.^ R : OOg Ha orpe3Ke OO, aaceraer,r ro,rry Or. Toqxr Or, fr coeAhHilor npnr"roi nunneia, Or rOqxr f| eaepx no nPtr,toi orxaa4sraalor orpe3ox fsfl = O.Q5/J. 70. Paaeeprra qrrr]rApd 71. llocrpoexre

4erarei

roroBK, cnoprxexoi

uanrx

O r r o q x r I n o g y r e o r K n a A b r s d K ) ro ? p e 3 o K 1 - f , - f , ; f ; H n o r y q a t o r T o r { K yc o n p r } K e x t * F r . C o e 4 x x n r c r t o u x n f , f , r . l n p x y n u x o i l n n n e x a l u x o i KprBoi, Ilnnun ff , -BorHyrae, rny6nxa BorHyrocrr paexa 0,2 rm, Jlnxrl Oaf - aurnyxnaa, rny6nta BbrnyKrocylr 0,15 cr,r.

llocrpoexxe roxcrpyt(qnx cnoprnBxol urnrr.

B ocxoay

PacqeTa KoHcTPyK4}rh nororKeHa pa3BePrKa q,hnhHApa (pnc. 70) - nprMoyronbHhK (crexxa) x Kpyr (goxurruxo). nocrpoeHrrr qeprex(a ronoBXr a BrAe creHKX lr .qoHbturK6 flnr xeo5xogx*ro onp€Aethrb cn€Ayrolqhe Berri{hHbr: ronolbt h cyr*Mbl AnHHy creHKri L, Koropar 3aaHchr oy pa3lepa nphnycKoa flo xa o6pa6orry; Axaue?p .q,oHbu,!KaD, raaxcruqxi or npeAbrAyrr4ei aenxxrrur; Bbrcory ctexxr I no MoAenr{. - P * flp : AzEu .{,nnxa creuxx L : A6 ' r4e f'1" cxna4sreaercr' rr3 crreAyKxq,hx nphnycKoB: 2Kt, K2, K4, uranK, Kpyrnoe. flrxxa ero orpyxHoctx l1o ,Q,oxsrurro cnoprxexoi paBHa AnhHe crexxr A6 3a BbrqeroM roi aennqxnut, Ha Koropylo noca}}(xBae?ct cTeHKa no AoHb[,uKy:

rb erxcorr)sd - V iw) gg: "d :tqwdoQ tsrHadeweh rer+< -Iur laxardar' crxeodDou XosoH)O 'hhHeuapdueH wo)or 6 Oxquol rorcshedxred rqurum xeugreu xe)8 buu qHPxI .f tctr

-IU leuou Xpdv '(meux) erqHlosts rrou 'erquxAurqsoloxw -eH HXHalf ll oxmrqHou 'rrwdo$ xoHctuegotqurum exaouoJ ' hxsouoJ t]{ lhol)o) euEum .xwtuou .tsuou s lalnsuoxgdgu rxfl9rt er€rdeh exHoodrtou t nusum IorlHrroHt!9h

.-J;;H;"J"ii#':x"?;""'^1Tf; s uxxs.eszs:'eze roeedro

"t

',gg u tgg J,(U EhHeHhueo) gx -hol - eg exrrol '1en*rat loaxdx Xoalcuereu rorrHxtseo) zg x g utnol 'r{ueEor,r ro h.t'fow}r)xgee a crrer(drqdee agsg xoeadrg 'rxHerr sg'6 xxr.or eade6 1o:IU r cxxal'eredeu ots orlwrdu rr?oeodu .sO ,(rhor rorer'Iuou t{ wpuouou rrueU }OlO xoeedrg 'exmtrxo? ledn

letnorleedgo''9I99 xo:Iu : xrroxxr(dxo fi ffiff ""T ;il"'"?"::lt"I,

".

r.orencuoUodu t )TexHuv HoHquexeu ror6Hxttgo) rg x g ixr.o1 'rusert uedx eH afft PrmrrHor exxdsm Heaed lgly xoeedrg orexrdee exeodl ' I V I O : l g l g r r e e d . r o r o r e a r q t s e r r . t ol g x x r o r r . g .,rn: gv :HxHalf exeodl 9x l1.7lexmttxoU axrdnm xaeed gy xoeedrg 'gzo : VzO xleedro J.o{e€rqueuxro xugrxoevdo.r ou uufi € oretflrtsoxgdeu 'exmtqxots rxxaodrrou ced! oiexxxx ' z6

nxrtor ro

'Ixxare

'rcdAJhO

cl1atfl

-sodrr r,fhdrewwr) q)o - 6989 roeadrO '( tL 2ud, too 'fhd 'w)) foH.tuelhrdea oHquelr)oHro 5)rolPJeuou)Pd (oz vwruou ) rquurrn rxxer: 9

g

v

5

erxerdan erxeodrrog

'12

g

hrrhxldrf,Hox Huerafi 'llxen I rxtsoredau fodotox oxm|(|Hou'Nrucm foHghldout xxEouoJ gxHoodttoll . z l @ l s v - v l : 8 : r e e: r v v :h}|uprou erehl ea9 ermrqHots pdrawexu wdlehng pE ,rU9€t lxgouoJ rpdx oU x?€deu) h)rsouoJ redx ro chgcoo:ed lyy hxHer) ero)rqg aHHaouou execd xur rluevow ou cflecueuaduo ttl(X - gVl : V €xmrcHots drawesU etsorrr6 .rN-gV vlJ : Vrr:

rhHVgo€

trl

't

I'l 3HHV8odtr

|.3. I9IICTPyhPOBAHHE I O4EJIEF

Kpar norei cnepe.qh ,qo Kpa, c3aAh; B _ ro x(e c 6oKoB; llrphHa BneutHei cropoHbt none; cnepeAH lJJ,, Caa4r _ W2 c6o.xy - Uai uth.prHa B-HyrpeHHei cropoHbt norrei .nepeAH [U4, c3a.qh - Uu, c6ory - lJJoi tU; _ urhprHa ;o_ HbtriKa; l* - gnxxa AoHbtulKa. A6_uJo *2K,; O 2 O s : L A+ 2 K r - oopir,ra o6pa6orxoi,

urrrnH B ,qaHHoM Cryqae Aocrrraercg araxHo-yennoaoi a He KoHcrpyxrxBHbrnx nxHltnnrt norroMy creHxy ronoBKH Kax oAHy 5oxoeyro Aeranb 1in<. tZi. Burcora 2^::::.1"-1:?y1?yor ooKoBor{ AeTa,|r{ cnepeAr A6_8*u,*uJ1 Bucora roroBrr4 gaxxoi €e crreAypl4xr,,r o6paeor.r:

+2Kt+K$ rlnrnbr oAhHaKoBd co Bcer c?opoH. HaxoAer -

,{nexa 6oxos",

wt-lUz-|Uol/2'

o"t ;r(o B9'-P*2Xr'aKzIKs*Kq,

rAe Kn - npsnycx, xoropurx no3Bonrer Hhr(Hroro qacrs 60xosoi p a c r r H y r b A o A r r l H b t n o n e i , a B e p r H K r t o_ n p h n o c a A H r b , Ll,lxpxxa 6oxoEoi Aeranh c3aAh

gerann

BBa: I,l, :B*lJlz*tUs*2Kr

+K{. 4eranx c6ory E z B s: 8 3 8 6 - B * U , * l J ! 6 + 2Kt + K1. . . Anc nocrp_o-eHr{,creHKh npoao,qrr ABe B3arMHo nepn€HAxKyrcpHbte nprubfe AE x 88, c ro'{xoi nepaa""urr" 6. Orpeaxx EB, :EBr: 99,14. hs ro,{ex B, Bt, 82,8, onycxaror nepneHAhKynrpbr. Koropblx coorBercrBeHHo paBHa urHp'rH€ 6oxoaoi creHKh'c3aAr A r x H a r- c5ory. Tovrx Bo, 85, A, 86, B, coe4rxrrcr nrrasror a€ranuxoi nuu'|ei., LlJxprxa 5oxoeoi

t.3.5. l(orcrpyrpotamxe6asoeur OopH, ,raetoqlrr B ocHote cpeAHtotor 6oxoeue qactx IXocrpoenxe ronolrr ronoBroro y6opa, cocrorqei t3 Cpef,H€i r 6oroBbu qacrei. .enr noirpo€Hxe ,{epreD(ano

h3Mep€HhrM (popMbl hnh MaKeTa noAcqhrbt8atoT Anu+y n |J.Jnpxl{ycp6.qHei qacrh c nprnycKaMr Ha uBb! (pnc. 73i al, ,{nnra cpegxei qacrr,r

A5:f*2Kr111r. qdcrr B 3aBHcll,r{OCIl{ Oy rciAerx ll.lxpxxa cpe4xei r,,roxter 6urru o.qxHaxoEo; xnx pasnoi no ecei AnsH€, Kax a AaHHoM cnyqae. qa
2Kt,

'EeuHAU A tV'Z'lg xxrrol'wr 9'6-5'6 1or l o H c u e ) f e ur o r r H r { t s € o r ' V ' l ' 1 O -orrqe rqdculxxUxeudau ro{suaerftoo "VzO ulylp aoxeedro wBxxUedel x oL 'rrrxvu etquxr(utqs rotewx xtsadaut hr)Ph lexUedr trdfunox lu:3 'nw'yxxuu xwtqwrdu rotuHHueo) g 'zg 'zO tzv 'tV 'V 'lO '19 Hxhol 'nEet' , trr 'gdgul xrlpr feHued) enxdvm pxsed osxagr)le€root xtqwcdu xrr€ PHhuts 'UOIO r,rowcdu erqnqueuuedeu 'erqwgdu rrt/ogodu g x y r>rnor eede6 'ZlzOtO: i O O I O O rrernoeudo.r ou = :Z gV = gO: VO qupxqrdes ou

z g g t g

B 'hxsouoJ ahHeodr)ou 'fl ler)eh xtq€o)rogh faHvad) ex l4etnBor)o) 'O axhor a ufxrtflorexeredeu

:raxeedro rotP6tqueurro 'xc:o xtqxdculrruxeudeu oxwxese c11

''rz+trP:ag't htseer hr)eh 5extsed: exxdxgl

''il( +'m = zoto eusUede:ou gtl

xoer. 4extsedr eexdx;'p

'l SOdO9I XnHgOtfOl 3I'IHV8O€Vd9OOWdOO h 3hHvEOdlllXSOdU

!-Ll!-q!cr!yh_tor,{_!|E_-!{gaEnEa.

111

flnr nocrpoeHHe qeprexa 6oxoaoi Aeranh (puc, 73,6) paccrxru_ B a t o r o c H o B H b t ee e p a 3 M e p b t : AnhHa AByx 6oxossrx 4eraaei paBHa pa3Mepy ronoBHoro y6opa c n p H n y c K a M h H a u J B b r M k H y c u J X p H H ac p e 4 x e i ' { a c r r c n e p e A x h c 3 a A h :

A 5 : [ P * 8 K ,a K r _ ( u , abtcora 4ayx 6oxoaurx 4eranei c oAHoro 6oxa go Kpac c Apyroro qacrh nocepeAhHe: cpeAxei

* wslll2i

paBHa paccrorl{hro or Kpaq ronoBxh c npHnycxal, Ha uJebt MHHyc urHphHa

O 1 O 2: ( 5 + 6 K r+ K 2 - w r r 1 2 . Ha aganA^xo nepneHArKynrpHblx nprMblx, nepecexalolt4xxcn e rovxe O, oTrnaAbrBaroT oTpe3Kh : no ropx3oHrann OA : OB - AEl2; no BeprlrKarhOO1 : OA u OOr: OrO:-OOr. h e r o q x r O p a 4 x y c o r . t , p a B H b r MO A , n p o a o g n r 4 y r y A O , . B s a E r c x MocrH or ^{oAenh Aerarb Mox(er 6urru cHMMerpNqHoi orrlocntenlxo ocx O,O. B gaxxom cnyqae Aerdnb cnepeAr 6onee rrrnyxaar, qer* c3aAh, no3roMy Anr ee nocrpoeHhe npoooArr KoHryp AByMn paAhyca^,rh. To.{_ xa E rdxnr xa 6xccexrpnce yrra O,O5, hs roqxx O, pagxycor,r Rr : OrO: npoBoAqr Ayry Ao nepeceqeHn, c nprr,,rOi OE, Toqrn 6 x E coegxxrrcr 4yroi, paAHyc roropoi Rs: Rr. Toqrn A, ()2, 6 coe4r,rxrror nexarbHoil nnnuei,

Ilocrpoexxe qeprexel ronoarx ronoBxoro y6opa, coc. rorqex lr3 cpeAHel h Ityr 6oroeur qacrel. Ocxoexrr^ x pa3MePaMH

9TOrO nOCrpOeHhr rBnrloTc, An' uJHp}|Ha ee ,qlNHa, uJlrphAeTanH no KparM t,t nocepeAhHe, qacrei. qacrlt MoHa N Bbtcora 5oxosoi llJxpxxy cpeAHei onpeAenreT a 3aBhchMocrll or utHprHbt Ko3btpbKa. Aenbep cpeAfiei

Ycnoexo 6ygem cvxrarb uthprlt{y cpe4aei qacrk B nobxoi x 3arHnoq,4acrsx o4xxaxoeoi (pnc, 73,e1, r, e. AAr : 55r. L l J x p x x a O , O , n o c e p e g r H e p 6 s H a A A r + ( 1 . . . , | , 5c u ) . MoAerbepoM r 3!Br{clr .{,nxxa cpe4xei qacrx A66q onpegenrorce or BbfcorbrronoBKH A. tlxnun AoSo x O,O2 esaxmxo nepneHAxKynrpxbr N rBnrrorcr ocrmr chMMerpxh (pHrypbt. Ilpn nocrpoetxx cpegxei vacrx rolxx A,, O1,61 x A, 02, E coeAuHcrol nnaoHbtrrx KphBbrMh nu+uatltr, Lllxprna 6oxosoi vacrx (prc. 73, r) xoi

'+l

A6:

(P_2uJal/2

*

np,

r4e flo :8K1 * K2 * Kr. Burcora 6oxogoi Aerarth

OO, -- (A -wrv2

+ 4Kt+ K2.

.Q,nn nocrpoeHr{r r.r€prex(a npoBoArr ABe e36hMHo nepneHArxylnpHble npeMbre O1O2 x A6, nanrrou4xecr ocrlH cr^ r*erpltr. Ha xxx orxnaAbrealor orpe3Kn OO2 u A6, O r r o q x x O s x r a o r K n a A b r B a r o ro r p e 3 o K O O 1 = | c r , r . T o . r x x A , O , , 6 coe4xxrtor nraexoi xpxaoi. Or roqxn O, exut otKlaAbrBator orpe3ox O2O3. paaxsri 0,7OOt. lyry 0116 npoaoAer Asy^ r paAhycar*x: R, : OzOs c rleHrpor* B roqxe O. x R2 c r4exrpor,,r s roqxe 2.

jP.iT:i":T:;; eresxeoo.rosquerxrde"..,"

j??1"j,;3"r"J:i:;

pdrseh E'r yex V hxhor ch .Xey.{ru lowrdu rotaHrueo) rg x y xxrrol ", r 1 t ) e h XsHVedf exnuV ltsueed ,uglg xoeedro rotestctspuxro tg xllor rg.'({raxew ou B)laruaUsduo) xueraV nrlor^xJos xrqsaed ,rf6 xoe -edro roreerqveuxro lowudu lor€ pH 'encardar xxdrewwur or.:o r-rir(tnor -cuec 'otr(wrdu orludru{xxUHeudeu rrVoeodu oeedue O rxhot LO -oror edeweed egraouou xrqHaed ,9y xoeedro ,."";gtg;3X;"";tr;':: ou V Hlhol rO .V urHehe)edeu Xoyhot > erqwcdu arcxdrur(xxVxeudeu oHwHces aeV ruVoeodg '(y7 .xd) aatno{r{Veu) exardar, exxeodrrog

'tyn enud - x m ' r ' l h l ) P h h o s o x o g e H h u t sl e m - H U e E ) ' z m - ' a H h u e d -ef,ou 'tfn l,|uedau) htfeh haHuedr Bxxdxm i1- xDen 1ax -Uadr eHhuU lg ntAV hoHhedauou eHnhhuasf(gg .rxd .wr) tgsouoJ rp€xgo rtctHquexhrdes:edogr( oJoHaouoJ g.lerl d -ew El,rHedawst.|..!ex(Irf pxetdeh 6hHeodJ.)ou fosoHfo d{rI9I

Heapxou les+uu

loaoxndrm)

(hxVpuytou .tI

ewsum erxerder ekHeodr)oLJ

I

V

-=:

tv

'rry*i / ///

z, eg-'--'(/-_______-l

zo

'n-j

ty z/

too

t0

.dU r
.gt , tzo JIU cxxexcduor ,(ynor rquetsaduo fg 4otAV r lowrdu Xor€ oHHehetedeg .lowrdu roruslv'eol A tO hrhor. oJor€ au)ol1 Z ,aU wo)^lrved 9 ltthor eh lotenef r(xhetpe or{dorg.rOaO ro peaur i(xhe]ee lo{puetr 'agtg wrrxeed ,zX wotlrtsed eg nxr.o1 ei 7-rr^o, EHHeUxoxeH bub/ 8tl

149

1.3, KOHCTPYhPOBAH],tE I{OAEIEN

Ha ro,axx 03 onycxarcr nepneHArKyrrp

h nonyqaKrr rouxy 6,

o35:(tur*w)12. Or roqxr A aaepx orKnaAbrsabr orpe3oK AA1, paexuri u.rxpxxe6oxoeoi 4eranx AAt - W4' O r r o q x n O , a x n a o r K r a , q b r a a r o ro r p e 3 o K O y A 2 - ! ! J r f } , Orpeaox A,A, rarrercr urrpxxoi BbrraqKl, xeo6xo4nmoi Anr ny'{utero nprneraHhg x nocaAKh ulneMa no ronoBe. t{epea cepegxHy orpe3Kd A'A, npoeo4rr npeMyro Ar5r, naparneasnyrc A5. O r p e a o x A r 5 , p a e e x 4 n x x e 6 o x o e o i g e r a n x ( n o , r , r a x e r y ) .A 3 5 3 : - Lr. 9epet rovxy 5, npoaogrr BeprlxanbHyro nprMyro x xa xei or toqxr 5, orxraguaalor orpe3xh 5351 :6152 : A3A2: AaAr. ctt. lny6nna abrra'{ex 7-9 Koxrypsr BbrraqeK o$opl,rngtotcr reKarbHbrur nrtrnr x, A3Aa : 5,50 - 7-9 cx'

Y

)

nexanrnoi nuntei. K cepegxxe orpesTo.rxx 02 e 6r coe4rxrtor xa AE aoccraBrcror nepneHAnrynepr nonyqarcT rovxy t. ,!,lxxa nepnexAr*yncpa lroxer 6utru 1; 1,5; 2 cm (no xaxery). Tovxa O,, A", At, A, 1, 6, 6, coe4rxnto? reKatbHbrM)l truHreall, flocne nocrpoeHhr qeprexa Aarcrct xeo6xogxmute nphnycKH Ha urBbr N o6pa6orxy, xoxcrpyxqxx r 6srru axaaorrvxoi Koncrpyxr.llrr no,q,Kta,qKr Moxet aepxa H3Aerxr. 9aule B ttHx BXAax ronoBHurx y6opoa hcnonb3yrcli rxnoByro noAKnaAKy, cocrotul,yro tr3 AByx Aeranei, hgrorosxrt ee Mo-xHo Ha ocHoBe neKa, Bepxa MyfltxHbrM cnoco6or,,r. Ha nexarax BbtraqKy AzAlAt nepeHocty B BbrraqKy xa aarstnoqxoi racrx 6r6n5,. Ha 6rccexrpxce yrna A orxna4uaarcr orpe3ox A-2, paauuh 3-4 cn, r q e p e 3 r o r x y 2 n p o B o A c r n e K a n b H y r ox n h q h f K y n b H y l o K p h B y l o , o Q o p M ,rrlou{y}o yrot noAKraAKr. Bsrcora Aeranx noAKnaAKr O.5 : 036 -2R,. LlJxpnxa AeranN noAKnaAKH paBHa AnhHe orpe3ra nycK Ha neperr6 eepxa.

ArSr r,rxxyc npx-

flocrpoexxe ronoBrlr cnoprxBHoi uanKx Ha ocxoBe xoHcrpyKqxx, coctoflqe, n3 GpeAHei h AByr 6oxoaur qacrel. FonosxacnoprhBHoi uanrx cocrohr x3 cpeAnei, AByx 6oroEurxqacrei h nepeAHei creHKr. p,eranr KoHcrpyKqxx(cr,r.p;.c. 73) pacnonaraprct raK, KaK noKa3aHoHa P,rc. 75. tlJnpxxa cpeAHei qacrh a AaHHoM cny!.ae Mor{er 6srru oArxaKoBoi no Bcei AnhHe, a cropoHbr 6oxoaoi Aeranh chMMerphqHbr.Bbrcora B. u wupnxa l-UcnepeAHei creHKr onpeAerrpTcr no MoAenH, B gaghch^ octx or gToro H3MeHrlorcr BbrcorbrcpeAHei Aeranh x 6orogoi CTEHK}.l. As torlxu O pagnycor,,r R, paanurt"r nonoahHe uxprHbr nepeAxei npoBoA,tr Ayry Ao nePece'{eHrc c npoAonxec r e H x x , r . e . R e: W r l 2 , HHeM cropoHbr cpe4rei qactx. Toqrn nepece'.reHni o6oaxavaor 6yxaar,ax A I 5'

'orxhed{.rn$Ho}t ae }| tqweHpu Xer)eh foHhoutqrea h haHuedeu exHamoHloo) eoHeugHoxhdouodu rotcueusduo ahHemad eoHHohhxeouwox ea ,hrx(ar)e8 darxpdgx ol)ph wahhdu '{wdo$ or{xwargo roreredgohdu lsdog{ e!.tHaouoJ

hl€ 'qf,rggl.tetsspE huh tghhgoJ^u eH qtrceghJelfeg .U .r h (xhrdeaHox>'<<xhlauowp)D atqweggtqgeH )tel or€ ro{rhxidtf -Hox or^r^Hdaeeed lo{awh tcuu^dJ hot€ tcdog{ alqxeouo.r 'ouxaedu xe14 'wwedJouauupdpu n \)4HqtroJ(ad.l - lcdIJNO ehx)eh|,ldr3woej lg'|(eu lxhxldrrxo)t xtct8o8eg gsoH)o g

xxhcdftrOxox xoHxcoutotquereu xoHuo u)rapsxhgutago rrqdorox erncao€edgoowdo$,eodogl rnnsoub.l xordaaeed rnaoeeg exxeaodrldnrol .g.€.1 'svsv $vev nt Afil,ry y = s vev "o""oro'Y3l,t;^"";";Z ;?1"9;r"r'l::

xxuem XoHahrdou) nneouo: exxeodrrog

'g1

-odro rotpatctscuxro hxHel) laxVadeu exerder, ) xr)eh fosoxog eH 'Ilxer> otorxUedeu rorr(eedgo gzOV , gtgy r tA[, 't/t€)ir,l.uvXoHquexeu ro{EHHVeo) g 'zO 'V xxhol 'hxHer) erott.ts xaeed z619 xoeadr.g .wt XtqH S,J-l -eed '600 xoeadro ro{earqUeuylo lrueyxrdea ou €sHa O Hxhor rO 't7at'tHt'tvhoHqupxeu roruuwdo$o ,wf rr.ren ledx xtqaoH !t s,o ' 8 O l O x o e e d r o r o { p € t c u e ulexuadr -g'g yro rdees rg xxr,or tg .rrJci lrrreed heHEed) xoxodorl or glOV x.r{V rrxane>edeu pyr,or-ly exlol 051

aodog^ xnH€otfol I|Hvgotvdgoowdoo

!i rr.txveodxJ.xtodu I

1.3.HOHCTPyhPOBAHhE MOAEIIn

..

_1:L

llocrpoxru KoHcrpyKLllto raxoro roroBHoro y6opa Mox(Ho Ha ocHoBe reomerprqecKoi
3

I ll/

1

76. flocrpoexne pacxn.tAHoi naxaxur no BeprrKanh O'O - OO2 : B,l2; OrO2 - ocb crMMerpr{}r grrypbt; no roplr3oHranx AO : OE : W,|2, Torrxx O1, E, 02, A coeArHrror npti brMl,t Alz.Hr.AlAn. Orpesox O,5 genrr xa 4 paexsre qacrr h B roqKax a, 6, e qenereua aoccraBnr],or nepneHAhKyntpbl, BerhqhHa rolopbtx 3italcrr or moAinx. flonyvexxrre roqxr coeAhHror rexanbHbt*u nrHAeMt\ Koropbre o6pasyror nepe4xxi xpai naHamur. Or roqxg 5 xa nprmoi OE orxnaguraapr orpe3or 68, paexsri OO2. To,{x}r Oil x B coe4xxror. hs roqxx I xa npnlryrc 026 onycxarcr nepn€HAxxynrp 88,, Ha Koropom orxrfaAbraaror orpe3K, r-A-e Arc o$oprlrneuta yrna O2BB, reKanbHbtmx r{phBbtMr, qHpKynbYrnsr 02 n 6 rarnte oQoplrnrtor HbIMX HnX nptl|^br^^h trllr{u9M A, H6 llrBbr AaKlrct t SaBhcxmocrl or MeroAr o6pa6orrx flprnycxl n a H a M b tn o c r e n o c r p o e H q t q e p r e x a . Ha prc. 76 nnxnaxu 2, 3, 4 AaHbr cxembt noclpoeHlr pa3nhqxblx BaphaHroB pacxraAHbrx naxaM no o4xoi xoxcrpyxrraxoi ocHoEe, noxasaxxoi nnnuei 1.

l"

Sauou axxdnm

nnlrepd

'xo€edro

lote€lqUeuxlo

'rqam PH rwpxtr(uxdu I xdaee y hxhor rO

zl(x + ex* rrz + d) : zl"u: tvv :1auou edr.awldeu o.lansadtAxa zf ,: 'w) l+VO=rVrO

lyy

e.rl[

xoeadro ro{eorcueuxro lowrdu Xor€ cH 'orlwudu Ig lrr,or eederr rctsoeodu x w) 'VO rl:o orlxdrulxxtsxeudeu J: : IOO xoeedr.o rorearcUgrxlo H)o ou etrHs O l,txhor' LO .euexeu lHxgouou ox.tuol r,codn lworeou 'VO h)o oHquell>oxro lqxr,ndtgwwn) ruolJ 'uzl"aJ: td

"t+ey+tNZ,+d:uu

.

'(91 'rxd) utltu x 'U:

VO orrxru

or^eero r.uVosodu lerou

ty wo>,(xUed urxeodr)ou cuy

'{raxew ou ro{uuetsed. -uo xeuou tcdewEed.meur xauou cxardoh anHoodrtou ' c r , t H e x ( 6 r . ) p do . r o x y < r ( x r e e y e H q H p x J , | l u ) e , l o t e x a ) U g H r n p r r l u : rrqdoroxex c 'hxrogedgo a))ehodu a rotgoHJarlo eglrJVou ledy 'e9x-t -Uou uuU w: g'1 xrlurdu rorBU leuou orcdx ^waxxedrlHs y'roreeadgo worou Srrdororl 'w) Z xrr(uxdu Efrecu keuou oredx x rxrogedgo eerrgov,( run rewdo$ pH rotcsHxo{l{ro cuU ,(woreou 'rt:ladu uuou wareg 'wlZ+'U:tU lw)S'l-U:aU 'lxrogedgo ex gx)Auxdu u ull.gnJVou rqxxdxm worer,l

t lufoHel

leuou

d{rxoy

'm+d:tU

".:: '' Le eA .uwv,HHv, *,";:'i 1T:, ffi :lil ffi ff :: ::':":1"":,'"J x,4 tO , cr{Hegxherxdu dlrnon rctsoaodu y worfuUed xahor e;,4 ' o l r H l t u o r l € a l o w x o r l x d c r ^ x n U x a u d e u r O, e : IOO oHsgd rwndorox lVxtew esxro.l>>ed 'hltHhu erqHquerxoeldo.r a€U r6Uo6odu

'\Z/PZ-'U):U

r

aulwdoQ ou rrUox -cH exoouoJ x Xeuou rrxexxtsaorxdu )lnHra ou rrlonxldxo )Il
l4raouoJ

euPEO^UOu

xaf,O

'e whheHaogo 'hXSOUOJ eUgEO ,(WdOs

Cr)OH€ed

'elqwgdu cr6doraou Hexuou Xeuou Xgdx XhHHgdrr(xe or tqutsum suou llufS 'xauou rHwrdu Pxordgh aHHOOdTtOU

xouereu

?sI

30du't

xE-iii6fdl-tFVE6evdsoowdd

te')

exHesodhldDrol' rHHquerxHuouots ---E6fdsi

!-r-_I€!crpvrpon4r{,ir moar

ts3 _A6=U"!2R,. hs qexrpa O pagrycorvrR2 npoeo4nr 4yry. Rz: Rr* A6' Or roqxn A, xa npogon)KeHhh nprMoi OlAr o?rraAbtaaKrr orpe3ox Ai6r : AE - 0,2 cr,,r. .hg roqxx 5, soccrasalrcr nepneHAlxynnp 6,6i = 1,5 cm, To.{xx A,6i coe4xxrtor nprmoi. Koxqurgaxxurxnonei nprMbte,nooromy xpai noaei caa4r r*ox<er6rrrs otorHyr KBepxyI 6lxxe nphneraer K ronoBxe, qeM cnepeAk.

2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9

luu

77, flocrpoexhe

qeprexa

npnxrrx

78. flocrpoexhe

qepr€xr

nonei

61

nonei ueu

7 9 . B o c r p o e x h e q o p r e x ( a n o n e i , x a n p a a n e H H b r xB H r 3

'tm:

zOlO !.{:

,OO

-rre lnxecd '196 xoeedro roresrctreurro rupxxrdas ", .grqdrqeoyrxdrewwxl to - z616ld";;::Ttl*tt esodor,l warrdu q+"m:aOO

! 1: V O

xwexodorl ol xxxquo.rlowrdu rrodrS

,r ",..r;l :L"i;i;1"":ilff;'Tr:l -qdrqeox pHHuu exxdrm,17exsdrreox

-ew cxxadewex r.exr(ut exqdrq€ol exerder, rlxeodr:ou .9Hrux FogoHtO ojaHvadou rcxndxm esu tesusertol exqdrqgox esrdlm ruauow loHHg? g

;(gg .rxd) tqusum exsouoJ x exedtqaox chHeJ -{'uhdu |'rHeuelf low€teuex lo - s6HHedr{xe e ,edequeuow pu)rqwea h tquow tlrHauscducH lo rx)]t8p€ ?xqd|cEox Egdx oJeHmeHa thhed^JHOHoI .(ruou{uou s rhtsoxedeu xad -rqeor huf,a) Aeuog h eHhux rqHhdhm lrdr resu ,lqdoruou qrru -sgl)o) 'eHHUxeHhdhm 6tqr5H8cd la,|(ow pHo .gHxux eHhd rHhux -hm gHdewepdof exqdtgeox hJ^ts XeHHedri(xe eHhuU rHxeu xtgdor.oy xhhx^di)Hox a€oH)o a ,xedOgl xtgHsou -or g 'edog/[ oroxsouoJ exqdnsox Ex(ardoh arHoodtrolJ 'eem {xrdrrm gx exdes upxeu amqkew rx6.exdee wexerdor, ou E)r.otEHuourq€ hwEuot ) xeuuum g xoueuxodu xrggeeux euexeu. 'leuou riupreV rr<xeodr>ou eu)ou qreV oHxow {xro9ed9o ex nx:Iundg 'uanll.rv xosxdy koHspuu to{tsHhUeo) ay x y gttnol ''gav-gv-zvtv :Htre€f}r xtsadeut xauou rqsrdnm ehxsegd xrqHaed 'zyly xoeedro rotpsrlUpuxlo tgtyr uunat ou ly xxror ro or 'eHrrueed ,UeE) h htsedaut xeuou exrdxm xur3 '(9'6L .rrz d) loaldx 1oHaeuu rorruwdo$o weueleu ou Xeu -ou cedx oleHmeHg x olexxedrr(xg rqdirxox ol.taoH H ro{rHhtseof lrxhgrng 'w) g'0 eH tyy xuxuu ots rlr rUo€oU eH ,tqdrui(xhUsaudeu rorexrr(uo erxe i 'rxhprrqa edosrrpd g'0 ou rotpstqUpu)tlo r{ahol rlt€ lo rexodor> a9o g ' u ' r x g ' ? ' € ,' Z ' l xrhoJ. rsaelt 'rarf,eh u pH LUugts tgg xuxna ou ruou ererr(xdaeeedep 'u/e 3 nxr'errsa doet:e6 u xehetlcs osr)ehhuox 'eoHquoeerodu

't99-"d:eK ,ghprlq6 aodogrred ewwr(> eseed leuou nwe:{ts lU,(ew ehxH€ed 'od erxuff Xeuou rJ^U ' g V o H c u e r u f , o n r o e s r x d r e w w l r ) q u e r e f i . 1 e u o uhoHHadtlxe lgty: exxdxm: gy '(1euou r(raxew_ ou). z : 'gg : Neuou x.r,{V larmaxa V'V xwerod / , -ortr o) rrxquo.r{owrdu rrodr.S .@'51 .>udl woeedgo wxtnorlVarr oHr{ow ego)out oJoHrexew wexxaxawldu f X€uou xarder, rrxodrrog 'xeuou eHErt^dx oHHeslfragroof h phhHsed pl€ emctHew wel

'hxsouo.r .eHqugllh ro rlol)ro Xauou Xgdx emqHew weh -eHseH oHquorou (rwuuOu hwrqw5du ) o{l,tHeHsedf, ou) Xeu -ou hweJIU XgHHedrAHsr heHmeHs {tsxaw phHHeedeirriur wor€ g '€xHs rl.tHHousSdueH.xauou ex(ardoh otHeodrtou

t55

t.3. KOHCTPyTPOBAHhEA{OA€nEq

Ha npogonrxe+J'*4 ocj't OrO orxnagsrBdror orpe3Kr O2O3 : AO = L u O"Oo: OsO:. Oz,4 npoaoAgr AyrYt Koropat hg roqxx O, pa4xycou Rr : OrOr: r B n g e r c r B H e u l H l 4 MK p a e l K o 3 b l p b K a . As roqxn On pagxycom Rz : OtOr : O1A npoaoAer Ayry, Koropat q B n t e ? c g a H y T P e H H H r {K P a e M K o 3 b r p b K a . Vcxoge h3 troro cxeMart4'.tecxoro nocrpoeHxl gxeurxxi h BHyrpeHxxi xpar Ko3btpbKa Mo)r{Ho Bl.rAoH3MeHntb (no r"rogenr) creAyrou4ril o6paaom, B nprr,royronunxxe 5O2OA npoBo.qrr AHaroHanb60, Croponur AE u OA npeMoyrorbHhKa npoAonxalor 3a roqKy A, cropony OO2 npo-

,-ttV

'-/

\* 80. flocrpoexre

qeprexa

Ko3blpbxa

sTlrr cropoH 14 no AraroHanx Aorlxalor 3a roqxy 02. Ha npoAorxeHhx or BHyrPeHHero h BHeruHero Kpaes Ko3SlPbKa orKnaAblBalor orpe3Kh' p a a H b r e0 , 3 ; 0 , 5 ; Q , 7 i 1 c x x r . 4 . ( a 3 a B r c H M o c r r . o r r , r o g e n x ) . flonyqenxsre rorxx (xanpxr*ep, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5l coe.qrHircrr q]rprytbxbltl,r Anvl reKanbHbrmh nurar'atl'r (xa ,reprerxe 4axul urrplxamx)' Bepxxri Ko3brPeK h3 rKaHh unr Apyroro Mareplana crPotr aHainoc cooTBetcTaylolrlhMn nphnycxaMH Ha utBbl: no BHeuHeMy KParo ' 0rxqlto ,3; 0 , 5 ; 0 , 8 c r , , rx a u t o a o 6 r a q H s a H H t K o 3 b l P b x a , 0 , 3 c r - H a n e p e K a r u r B a K B H y ? p e H H e M yK P a p c n P H n y c K o M 1 ; 1 ' 3 ; 1 , 5 c r . r . H x x n x i K o 3 b r p e x

->KhH n olesxdeg

x (e) radneor

(a '9) eoxrdrseox oJeH .gg s xxtscuxodu 1ex<e.ld-r, erxaodr:og

Iweum x exqdrqeox exerdar. exxaodrrog .6nveven -Hohhhaouwoy

wHtngo

Efrecuatsaduo

wehHemad pHr,thhuea oJe

.19

r.flqH ,otxh

-ed{lx$xox or{xrrxueed qlowx rex(ow rxuem foHahrdou) mtquoxo .edogr otoflrotrot 3|nrJo'|o E'tcrtd.h eneodDou (e 'gg '1nd.) wr g'O eH elqdrqeox emqHaw zgrg u zVuV ,1eh soxeedro t'tuHllntrou r oredx lwegmexe ou xedtqeox 1xa>xui orr. -xxEed qmxu for ) ,oHhxJouexe rgodrl eyqdrqeox oJeHxhH xarde;, 'rrwatlrru hwtqwgdu l'otrHqtsoo) eg ,zg zy 'by , utrol .w) ugtg: oVtV lw> egg: rVV xxeedrg J: 1: .U : uU wor{x?cd HJr(U rutsosod, z[ r,r 16 eodrxah el J+ .w) agtg : zVtV .rrtu xxxer|(]rorodu ex xxeedtg I : 'wt

J.uvooodu (e,gg .rxd'wr) sy wori(rved w: S,t - r{: "d.|.rlr:'yhfuiu O .(vtuuu reaoxrdrm) xadrqeox e xxUeuxodu xjrden . AsoHfo eE r,{deg (9 '7g .tudl exqdrqeox o-rasxdea uxxeodrtou ru!r, ior6Hh?€or zV xtV xxdo.y.utAV rruoaodu.zy worixued ,J7i;""3:;"3; 'rvzg l y l g p H h x t c w b d u B ) r o l e r s u o r > e d iO H tO tcd.l.Hah-.,gy 1od' -orox ),(xtsed'XoeNdx ry,y'"rlo1^ 5orsu,(rdnh lotsHhveo) g -n, " V r 'aV 'tV x zg ,tg xxnor rorerrr(uou erswcdu erqxqsairuedeu aEf rBtsosodu eeH ro w) Z'O ,rl*aot>red ex r,Hru Hose)o ro esedu: ,.t e€eu) .zU erlnUed o{ctnowou I rrodr: pxqdlqeox dirxox HrHmaHg

tr5;"1 axxdxm 5'x aed,xoeedro ,.o"".," v",rrrf,

;""J#ift:rt

;::1T:J

9 H V hxho"r totcHHueo) :O,JAV wodlHeh ratsi(g eodrui(xnuneudeu xxre exxaneledeg'rqdcul,xxtsHeudau qrxaeJ,))oa,xirror xr€ xlrlflo{cH,iueo) 'xrqwrdu wgxxtsadee x oxrr{x ,("06, amquog ,rrwprhol rwxre xrqwer(eed -9o 'voJA orh ,rrsoulr( rdu) loandx loxrrirtxdr.h crnHhtseo) xxr,or xd.l rcgoih oloJ. 6ub/ .loardl loluH|{uoo) g ,J ,V hxhol lonsu{xdxh 'y1 g'?: .m: 19 dauAtnVuaudau r.otruaerrf,os g xxrror-ey'lowrdi asxtsede:.. y .w). T.,gJ : "firf : gV orr+nu orr(rque]xoexdo.r rrioeodg '(e'Zg .lHd) wocedgo wrtnori(Ueur rcodr) xedlqeox a rrUeuyodu rrerde6 .etwgrHhu rwrqHquereu HwrqHseuu ,O , O J^E rwedrHeh l roraHhUeo) elqdoroy ,ig,lV,hyhor r.orerr(rou x ou) w, Z_J ou x h H p H l o { e s t q t t e u x t o , r q d c u , ( x x U x a u d a u r o r e x : r (luxou egU o, i V xehor sh .exqdlceox rqdr{ruoy erHm€Hs xxtnoruxivaot ,.rlf rwed'rxeh . B)l.ofcu€c endorox "O h gV xowrdu pH Hxhe)se -, O xxr,or rorcrr(uou r.otgueu .cxqdn€ox axrdlm wrqxaed ,ty wo:{xVel g B V xehor €h

exndxmk aHruu nwrqxasd ;[t"lJ3]":"-,rt ;,, ]f"l^"t;:

n

;::;1'"""'

-oxrqh Hox{ woreo u,0,"""!!t ;'J1}T;:rff Tl'"il' ;35; 'exsouoJ x reereuhdu .hr)eh oHlouu xadlcrol xol{got oHhdhm eHsed ash^u) woHHcU s exqdrqlox x.rr(r iexied -r^Hs eHrufi .lweum x exqdneox cil(ardah axleodl;og ou wox>,(uxdur pyqdrqeox nrueurodu ;;

*fijot^H:f:i":::::: I:nnVsodruxioau I

151

A A1

0.

----T--

tr\ \

I t/,

i..l

\, 4/ -'

z'-

/,:',fi,

\

.dg aox>r(uxdt h rqaouoJ eresxgo lqwwr() zl, Uan pH rotestqupuxro 'o$rrxtr ir;a) orlHquerroehdor osedus rrVoaodu (m rO O hxhor .HHHeaodruatsow goxr<xmr{ex n xdu u)tauustseduo .emtquoxo exqdneol ewdo6 oJaHr(hH f rotpHrheH axxeeodxld.ltxo; 'nAHrxuH x eEU f,gmtcuoxo xhxel .Hxupm hmtquoxo lxxxdae rorr(eed9o xedrqeox H yrHqutqleeex ,exxnm{en eay .rxxBmr(_xxu9m x a m t . t u o x o X o H s H r d o u r a r H e o d r r o g h e x ( a r d a r , 'Pmt9u -oxo rswdo$ ersnnrreed.tqHe€eIou g ,5g .rnd eH , ,€'7'l )lwr,uHnl! .retHew aH KUx(Dodu o.reoa: rgry emtquolo cedx o-rexxdee ejr{ts 'c)raemcHewr( oHHeuerfou ehHHaed pr€ emt.tuoxo oredx {woeoxog og 'w) rgrg:.zVtV,redx o.raxxrH tl,t+riv ou w, S,r... Z ig'l l,. 1 _ g V- emr.lroxo oJeHxdes enrdnm creed zgzy emtguoxo oJeHxrH exxdip

hlHem^-hxuem

loxalrdout

euoxo 4ex<erden er,rxeodoog

emr9uolo tcsoH)o pxatder,

f

exxaodrrog

.gg 'gg

rr

ry c ,€s .rhd eH .wf, uAHx.4H,

D

j,".X"J.."""T::,1:

,,,..,yilorfi:#iJ e x s e d ' O O e m t q u o r { o o : e H x { r . t He r o ) t c g . x r n H e d e w e k e x e h x x e e d 5od -oloxelt > oH 'eaoHto XoHtso ou tcodt) xmtquoxo HrHlt(xH I lxxxdeg . 9 r 9 r Vh r g r V V sonJr( tq:l1drxe)flrg B)rBtsoeodu luxeodr:ou xrqHquelxHuouov ruU 'Huei/ow ou Blrerue?aduo lodorox ruxoodu ,grgy otlexdx to{pstqfhus ,pmlquoxo aHhdtlm u oAAUv xwrqxapd ,hweHodoJ.l o, lVtggv xxrruo..rlowudu g ' ( € g. r r d ) e m r q u o x o r . r e o H ) o p x a r d e + i J r x e o d r . t o g

MOAEN€E I,3. KOHCTPYhPOSAH'TE

t59

ool:e+n;/2. Or roqex O vt Ol BB€Px no BeprrKatr orxna,qbrBaKtr Bbtcory Ko3blpbx a O , 0 3 r H a 3 a r b l n b H h x aO O 2 , n P h q e M o r p e 3 o x O , O , r , r o x e r 6 u t r u p a o c r orpe3xy OO2 nnn 6oruure, '{ro onpeAertterct MoAenbro. Or roqxr O, orxna4uealor nonoBhHy luhpxHbl Hl'ir(Hero Ko3blPbra, pasHyro r/n o5xaara rortoabt P r,urxyc nocrocHHat BerrqrHa 4,5 cn, n ctaBnt roqKy On; O,Oo : Pl4-4,5 cx. O r r o q x x O o e a e p x n p o a o A t t n p t M y p n H H H t o ,T o ' { ( y n e p e c e q e H r e OrO3 o6osrararor Or. Yroa O.O5O3 Ae,|lt nononaM, oree c npnroi ,|,25 cr,r. cM, craBqr roqxy 06' OsOo:1,25 K n a A b r B a r o rx a 5 r c c e r r p x c e gepea rovxx ot, oo, ou, oe ablqep'{rBalor nonoBxHy HrxHero Ko3brpbxa.flxxnr OrOl - ocb chMMGrpHh qePrex(a. l J J r p x e a H a y u l H H K o Be + n p r l 4 * 1 , 5 c m . '/, tLtxpxxst HayurHrrou craBlt ro'rxy Or: Or roqxn On orxnagrtaaror

oaoT: le + n1rl4+ 1,5112. h: roqer On n O7 orKnaAbtBator Bbtcory HayulHrxoB, PaaHylo norloBhHe paccrorHxt or KPat roroBHoro y6opa c o4xoi cropoHbl Ao Kpat MhHyc 1 ctll, nony''tator rovxr On x O,i. c gpyroi ' io,{xx On x O1s coeArHeKtr npnmoi nnxueh, Torxa Or - ro'{Ka nepece'{eHht auxn!. OrO6 n O2Os' Ha cepegxxe orPe3xa O,oOn craelr rovry O,,. Yrnrr 030'60'1 n OrrOsOs Aeter nonora,,r. Ha 6xccexrPHcax 3Trx ylnoB orKnaAblBarcr no 1 crr,rx crasqr roqxx I u 2. Ot ro,rxx O, orrnaAbtaapr BnpaBo 0,5 cm x craBtr rotlKy O,r. t{epea rorrx O12, Os, t, Oil,2, Oo auveplxBapr HayLlJHhK C Ha3aTblnbHhKoM' qeprexa BePxHero oKonblula yqH?blBaK)T' rllo Met nocrpoeHllr . flpx no3ToMy Bce AeraHxxsli oKotblllt' BepxHero oKorbrula Aonr{eH orr6ars nh yBenhqxBalor no sePxHeMy Kpap xa 0,5 cu. a no HHxHeMy KPato Ko3blPbKa xa t cr*,qnxHy Ha i,5 cM, flo eroi xe npx.lHHe yBethqhBalor rlxll.tb AnhHa Ha3arblnbHhxa. 14 HaytuHHKa, He i,rexsercc BepxHHM h ronoBHblM y6opera Mexgy ycroi'rlaocrh 4,nn npr.gaxrr Hl,l'|(HXM OKO,|brUlaMX BCTaBntlor 3aroTo6Ky x3 nPOX'|aAOtlHOrO Marepxajra' j4 paArr ycbt cKPyrneHxq Ko3blpbxa lr HayulHlKa paaHbl 3aroroBoK lUnpxxa t,t HayuJHxKa. Bstcory 3aroroBxrl HhlxHero Ko3btpbra H paAhycam irirphHe Ha 5 MM KoPo'{e Bblcolbl Ko3brpbxa, HayurHhKa h Ha3arblrlbHxKa Aeralor HX)|(HhX Ko3blpbKa h Ha3arblnbHhKa' oAHy Ae?anb' Ee gnxxa O5urqxo HayuHHK h Ha3arblrlbHr{K cocraBnttol gnxxe teKar HrtxHero Hayu.lHhxa x Ha3atblnbHhKa' p a B H a c y M m a p x o i ' Ha pnc' 85 noraaax 6utrs nptMoyronbHoi QopMbl. Oxonurr.r.r' xoxer qepre)K oKonbllxa! nPtMoyronbHoi AnxHa KoroPoro PaaHa pa3Qopmut' Bblcora-Bblcore Ha uBbl x o6pa6orxy,.a Mepy roroBbr C npxnycramx oKonsluJa B roroBoM ahAe c nPHnycKaMH Ha ulBbl h o6pa6orKy' ,!,nrxa

oronutura

A6:P+2Kr+K2. ButCora OKOnblU.lt A B 1= W s * 2 R 1 ' Kpai oxorutura Morr<er 6strr x 4yroo6paacutra (prc' 86)' qeprexa raxoro oKonblula npoBoAtr ropr3oHTanbflnr nocrpoexht nyro nxxxrc AE. A5:P*2K*KS.

r

'Hueuow ou Eflo{cueuaduo Xeuerau xxr€ eHhdhm H eH|{uu 'lrwdo$ XoHcuoJlowtsdu emtquoxo exardah othHeodt)ou ot{hhJoupHe roSeum,soxmawed xexerdeh axHeodr)olJ

',z,s,,t ,? rrhoL.,,w't H,.'"*::::!:T-:ilH:'j'[il';Ti,TXiJ"' ewnwcdu

''

. H r H h u x n H q u e J . p r o w o u r sr q s x t s e d e t _ ,, mho!.AwBaHnu l,g,g -utno1 xwnHquereJowouta lorbHr.rueor rg ,rt ,rZ-'ri ,ty

. t N Z+ e m : ,€_€ : ,t_,

,gg

emlquoxo exarder, axxeodrrog

.9g

weedx wrqxepdgoo.rlU ) emleuoyo exer.der eaxeodoog rrwdoQ

5ox
'

'9m -,(yo9)

' t Y z+ u m : , Z- z 'ufn -

emtquoxo exxdr;1

hEedeu) gmnuoxo exndx6

.tHZ+"m_r9g:rvv -xdu roruuem hup€)emrquor{o enxdxmrcHsedr99: ,oJlI#J"'^' '1 nxlor. r.oterluou

'rcdcur(xxvHaudeu ,7 rolcxrr(uo-e 'Z ;, "ano, qJ .g ,kr)ch etqHsgd y ex oxeoull rrueu- 9y o{'rH}{ll,

re

r

2. IlpomuuneHnar ternonorhr ronoBHbtxy6opoB

x3roroBne Hna

2.1. KnacchQnxaqhf,aarepxanol, npxteHlea brx nplr r3roloEreHlx roroBHux y5opoe 2.1.1. Ocmoexue r arepnanbl fonoeHoi y6op renrercr KoMnneKcHbtM h3AerheM. Ero BHeUJHhi BnA yt tKcnryaraqhoHHbte cBoicTBa 3aBhcrr oT KaqecTBa ocHoBHoro MaTephana. ,{,nr r.rsroroBneHrr ronoBHblx y6opoe nphMeHrror nanbroBbte qhcroujepcTrHbte h nolyulepcrf,Hbte rKaHh. ocxoe_ HbtMh T,pe6oBaHhgMh K nanbToBbtM MaTephanaM An' roroBHbtx y6opoa rBnrlorcr cooTBeTCTBhe hx BHeulHero BhAa coBPeMeHHOMy HanpaBneH!rto MOAbl, BbtcoKat H3HococTo;_ KOCTb, O6eCneqxaaKru4ar cTa6hnbHocTb BHeurHero BHAa n3Aen|', nph 3Kcnnyaraqhh, hs accoprxMeHra KocrloMHbtx rKaHei I npoh3BoAcrse ronoBHbtx y6opoB hcnonb3yKrTcr !il,tcToutepcrcHbte u nonyuepcTtHbte TKaHh Thna rB|,AoB, uJeBhoToE, nhAxaqHbtx. ).19 nanbroBbtx h KocrrcrMHbtx rKaHei H3roroBnrtor ronoBHble y6opur AeTcKoro h My)f(cKoro accopTrMeHra. ,Q,ercxxe ronoBHbre y6opur h3roroBnrror creAytoulhx ThnoB: |IlanoqKh An9 AeBoqeK (B ocHoBHOM KOM6HHhpOBaHHbte..c MexoM); uJreMbt Anr ManbqhKoB (B roM qhcne KoM6hHhpoBaHHbre); cnoprtrBHbre uranoqKtr Anr Manbr{hKoB; Kenh Ant ManbtthKoB, hs urepcrnxbtx,h KocrtoMHbtx rKaHei tgroroEnrlor MyxcKhe roroBHbte y6opbt Thna Kenyt, naHaMbt h cnopTHBHbtx uJanoK. BHeuHero BhAa h KaqecrBa ronoBHbtx ,{nn ynyvureHxt y6opoa KocrloMHbte rKaHh Ay6ntpylor npoxnaAoqHbtMx MaTePhanaMh. Mex, hcnonb3yeMu,i,t Anl- npoh3BoAcrBa hcxyccraexHbr; ronoBHbtx y6opoa, Moxer 6urru rxaxutM h rphKoralKHbtM (ore,recraex Hbt!' AnA hMnoprHbti). xeHcKhx h Myx(cKhx ronoBHbrx y6o,Q,nr rsroroBneHhr poB nphMeHrK)T oTeqecTBeHHbt; ycaAoqHbti h AnhHHoBopcoBbri Mex, a raKxe HcKyccrBeHHbli Mex 3apy6exHbtx pa3nh'{Hbte BHAbt HarypanbHoro, Qxpr*, hMhrhpytot4hi Ffpx rsrorolne*ur AercKhx ronoBHbtx y6opoe B ocHoBHOM hcnonb3ytor rphKoTalKHbti Mex c pa3rhqHoi gnunoi Bopca. ll -

3aK. 738

'(atreefncuu) Serrx xr,ltl)ehlll -arHX) Er hHgxl 'etqwaexxwreH x uferlnorldxuedts omodor 'rHgrl (aogwod 'ro)ouou 'xoreux xttruew 'pxmodo.t aUt,tae rwexxArxd xwtcxreshoHUo hwntnsrreug x hwlcsorew t) xrqHaouoJ alqsoUdcxvex('etq€eqUPuJ !r)rctoHro'eodo9{ xhHeugoroJeh g wtqwarxawxdu 'wtrHPxr wt.laoxuam X 'ndo9{ erqHaouoJ (ruex 'xxrroucm et.tH -exrdour) exxrreU x (ruex 'rrhouem atqxsxrdoul'lrwencu) axx)Hexc 'exr)x
-

qHP)ll

lea

-o:doe ex(rgr rlrar(equou)x XeHe)lr xtrxxcew{gorehuoux eh 'otqrJowgghnXOduOX^u8os fomcuog h olclr)oHhNuoxtodJxJ ' otnncgutex l.t otll!{etxrt:ed Awoxredxo.toxw rl olqr)ogxh1or -l{ 4oxr,orerroU 'otqr)oxlodu XoHquarxr.gxe '1ol)ew Xom -quogaH crro{Aexderxedcx xHO'r,rl{cx.r atrxxew{golPhuoux oxodrm eodogA xtqHsouoJ xxHleu rv[, rorriewrdu 'tsdog{ elqHaouoJ ar'rrl) -xlw r (woxaw I elqHHegodhHllgwox 'xxtrouem 'rugx 'tqted ey1 -a9) - axi:xex( ro{susoloJ€h hmwee xoHHeor:r(x:x 'rxrtqdxou oJoHHataHeH oHcucl,lheur rxxed{xm wer{u orlxxerox {eoxro wrr)ehhlel)odrxeu€ wln wogotouf -ndt wa.tAu uui ot{xexr eH c)do€ rt{HeteHeH llsxxar,{uou 'uexdetewxoeo)'":::;"i'ff.i:,T:",";"#1;;if !,r,

-xAw 'arxtteU e14 rotrusoloJgh xx(ox fol{}laeDr{xrx 'dU I rwrqxtst4wsxuou'xwtqsoxpled{drOexuou 'xwrqxUrdouxuht{xst.tuou qttqg rAlow rxrtrdxog'eucrdergw .Ioeehhu stoJatnoluueg 'rntlqdxou {sox:o ot{x loxodoo -xcroxxdr xur otAxexl 9H rxHe)axex werAu llrxxer,Iuou 'Pxcox gexxee.tllAxtx 'uerdersw 1ogo) reuu€cr)Uadu exg

ex()rcl c:rs^equou)x eodog,(,xrqx€ouor""rTrtrJJrPu"",

xaxuoU ex eodxou lrreo:doe 'xleug XlqHqucheHoedeur arrahodu I crrHed Uhs lhHmexa 'Awdo$ rxhere{uulte -xof Hexuots eodog^ xtqHaouoJ 5uts xaw ltsxxaere:fu:Y1 relfoJ

lrH:lltSotoJ€h Sl,tloltoHx:ll rvHH:lumFwodu'z

zt. xn^ccxohK^tlht

A ATEPMAToB

_____

t63

hb xarypanuxoi x hcxyccrBeHxoi conomxh B npoMbtutneHHoCTh BbrnycKapT B ocHoBHoM xeHcKhe h AeTcKre noarr*n). ronoaHble y6opur (unnnrr c Pa3rhr{Hbrr,,rx

2,1.2. OrgenornHe a arepharu ,Q,nr or4enKlr ronoBHux y6opoa rcnorb3ylor BceBo3MOXHble BHAbr ocHoaHbrx r{ oTAenoqHbrx MaTePraroB. K xxr"r orHocf,Tct: hcKyccrBeHHar H Haryparrbltar Kor{a, 3aMura N Mex, BenbBer; pa3nxr.rHbreno (paKType, urhphHe 11q,Bery pencoBbre neHTbr,recbMbr, pasxoo6pa3Hbre urHypbr, ar,,r5ner,,rrrlMeranJrhqecKar +ypHHTyPa, nnacTMaccoBbre h AepeBrHHbreyKpauleHHe. B eaaxcxl ocrr or Ha3HaqeH,rrna.Aenur.orAenxa Moxer 6urru c4epx
2.1.3. IlogrnanoqHbre,npoxnagoqxue x rreeBue A arepxanbl flo.qxnaAoqxure rKaHx npe.qHa3HaqeHbrAna yAo6crsa gKcnryaraqxr x oQopmnetuu axyrpexxei qarcrlrronoaHoro y6opa. floAxnaAra npeAoxpaHrer H3HaHoqHylo noBepxHocrb Aeranei eepxa or h3Hoca h 3arpq3Herrtr a cpe3bt Aeranei - or ocbtnaxle. B KaqecrBe noAxnaAoqHbtr MarepHanoB nph h3roToBneH^)'tronoBHbrx y6opoe nphMeHtpT uJenKoBbteh xnonqaro6yr"taxxsle rKaHh. l'lpoxnago,rHbre Marepharrbr nphMeHr]or Anr nphAaHht ronoBHoMy y6opy $opr,roycrohqneocru h ynyqueHr'e ero BHeuJHero exga. B KaqecrBe nporraAoqHbrx Marephanoa hcnorb3ylor 5esu, Qnaxenu, annperrpoBaH|rylo Maprlo, 5oproeyro rKaHb, Qnxaenxn, npoKraMenrH, chHrenoH, nonhtTlrneHoBylo nneHKy. AnnperxpoBaHHat Maprr o6ecne,{xgaer rerKocrb h ycroivxaocru Qoprrru. Eoproear rKaHb npeAoxpaHcer ronoaroi y6op or geQopmaqun. @nngenhH - Kneeaar rKaHb, nphmeHgercr 8 H3roroBneHrl llrlrrbrx ronoBHbrx y6opoa. ['lpornar,,renhH- Kneeaoi xerxaxuti ivtarepxan, nPeAcTaBnner co6oi cnpeccoBaHxuti eoaorxxcruti xoncrf cocrorulri ,3

CMeCh

pa3trqHblx

BotloKoH,

nPonHTaHHblx

cBt3yloul9|M

BeulecrBoM - nareKcoM. f'lpoxaaraenxx hMeer BbrcoKyK) ynpyrocrb, HecMhHaeMocru.[lpxr,reHterct npoKnaMen%HB Kaqecrae npoKnaAox B lltHTbreronoBHbre y6opur. B gast,tcxlocrlr or Br.qa H3Aenhr, crpyKTypbr rKaHh nPhMeHrloT Pa3rHtlHble TeKcrxnbHble H HerKaHble MaTep|attbl c |lr.

HaHeceHHblM

Ha

Hhx

KneeBblM

Torlet{HUM

noKpblTheM.

'(9 'u9er) 'U'+ x l o x r ' o d n X o H U e hX o l { h o r -xxx^eU rr XoHhorhHoHUo f lqHrmew elgHcueghmtqa'redx 'worxat) wlqttuah ) bhHeStgrewgo N ShHPat,rhel) YvV ahtno{pgHhPlf, atqxhorhxx^eU h elgHhorhHoHtso'et,rtno{e€ -hhel) atqHcuoJhoJoHw h atqH.luoJltoHuo rolPglcg lgHhmew 'sorx(er) Aunt ou rotenxueed lqHhmew el'lHlesm 'rqwEhHexew x eer>1odo{ atqxrdourxedr ',4uuaVeu I eorexrdge$ -{uou xxrogedgo Xosouuer-oH}Ksu€ ruts ehxEsots{dogo !cxxeaoU{do9o aoxfahhJouoHxer eoHfesm lPsr)tsos -exodu o.tox4odxred-oxquerxsoroJuou exxeeoU{do9o :lquuAd.t edtqrat eH rotguaUepdUou ehHea -ots{dogo eoxfehhJouoHxel eoHsoH)o 3ts 'oJol ewody 'vAaL) -feu oJox)ahhrsworap{uou nxrogedgo loeoue^ou cuU ! ( s u a r a u t s h H e s t q r e w g o ' x o u a d x g et s H H e u a o t o l e x ' h r s -oJr(u rrxesxmndu YuVl Yuen4eU oJoxf,ehlreworee{uou flxhedeuo xhxquo)r)eH ,vu lotUo BAH. - e H u o u r q a6 u U a t c H H a r , e x e e x U e d u ' a t q x x e g o d t t e x u e l h a u l !lrhedeuo aomquog ehfnolsHltoulqa'e|,linoleahhglf ost)ahhuor :rquxr axtnor{Uau: eH rolsueUeedUou lqHhmew al'lH5asm ot^xrUosee rorcxewxdu are 1odorox ou 'o{hhexx$lr:erx huerhaoroJer-tqUogeg Hrheehrewer)h) oJe trff'6hHPg -oU{dogo oroH1esm wexeedgooxeed whmcuog reeJpuou -:ed cwadg eetntsor)PH a qlf,oHxarmlqwodu sPHXasm

erHe8ou/[dogoaoHsoHto'J'z'z aodogl xnraouor rlrn1asm rrHauaoloJ€x xdu enwol€quoutll'rrhe€xHeraw 'z'z louew eErttsod) h exHeaoutdogo 'xeux (rxarhsquou 'hWI '9-) PeolPaquo) 'rrqxrerehPuttxrleluou)hhrlehhrelHh)'(lrsxdruor)'ltse -odUeaw) XtqHrosH)f('(uewredx'xxreuex) rtqxquerxr:gd eodogr( xlqHaouoJ 6hHeusorol€l'l sW ror{equou:x '1oltseuxUou Aut.'l orqHerr foHsoH)o ) pHeJel)lqa qrlcg rexow exUeuxodu cpln -orruua.r6'eHrolroL.tetqxexmoduol)ltox'Hhl98 loxul:dam -iuou r.lrsxxew{gorehuoux rol^ecuouer eodogr( xlqHsouoJ xhHwl,te hhHeuaoloJEH rdu heuerhuuer^. eerlahpr g r';---EOdo-A

xtcHsouo J ut'lHllrgolol6h

rlloltoHxlr

r vHH3umFwodu'z

II

i : L i EEs l

r

l

l

o

l

ii i:3ilii

qiii' l*;:[: h sirsii $ * r EEs5; i 3

l a I

lt ' i! E ! f i i i[ [l l l

{ r

I

l

i

it

iuil$**i * iii

i I s

3

; i i 3 , $ l ; fl

@

:

o I

o o I

o

r

I I

o

:

o a

{

t

{

o o o t q

\o q (I

\o

4

i

o

;

F

I

o

l

F

I

X

l

r

:

o

r

r t : o l o : o l o x

\c) o

r o I t

l l I l

r O

l

{

!

r

i:t

ii r*i ii, i iii"

$[ is$si +y.P { $95? i i J i 6 e i > 6 i & !;3 :ggF; [i E tjs, - Sigi, F$

i ;t3: g1 i i : ; t s ;g;i -g E ffiUrlil i*r::i $ r s i I:.3 I F t l f i , i; [i B i$ E ! ; g E g s t ; E E I g s s s e s Pe r e $ [ E i J $ r

o

I

s$;iiFiEi!Fiii

,i ;,r fE Ui g; ii

Fii:Eil!i,=i ir ;i;; Ei;:

5il5i? 5iir ii iii3:ffEil igiiEiit

;igriE tl:;:itiEt:g lE B$ii5i

Fesiii ;^ : T

;! t: i

6 !

"

l

=

o I

:i:aiiiiiilibi ; - : ;* E ;$: ;i ; : : '

9

o I

o E

D r

i5-:t;iiE f ; n

€ S i E g i E€ ? iI:E:?'E N

o r I

o

-sfft;i

i iEii i':El 'i'iEiiiiiiilii o .tt o o g o o

'

! o

i o o r o t

q' FE iF :

6

i t r i

I

I

r F

: a

i ^€ E 'E; ? i

v !

r v

f

!

r < g I

o

!i o r f r O

g, il

F !

I

a d

g

9+

F !

l

i :

o = i

n

F:F

; i

"

; i ?

p 9 ;

S

!

r ! o o

E

q' x

o

F '

;

?

o x r X

!

5 , J

i

AI

I ! D

I

O

: F

{ X 3T 8 T

E

I :

O

!

?

t:? * i g

{

j

e 3

I i 3 :

< l Oro - T N O i

It oe ! I s

.

? o o o I

o 3 o I I g

: J (

U A - o t n

t c 1- O9 t O ! I f

o

o

I t

6 *

qD S

I

O, l s

t ! O E t r

6.D

s i o o

;* rr X;

*

a O

>

i

5 g

I I

sQ

o

-u

.lt o D o 5 I o

\

\

o

r i 3;

o o\ P

f

I

I

6

r: ii 3 ; O

I

i9

Is E E;,i sa i E

|

|

E lJI: t : s +|

o-m r=16

iliiiiiiiiiliiiiiii

ii,liiliii

l,iii$iiiiririllii

iliiffi llg' iiiltuiltu i{:ii:

tili$EiEiEiE;Ei$ Eisi; B ; $= t sq E H i i l i * ; $ ; g g E c ' i E t 't il r l F; : : , l g . E r : i ! * i l s: = E xs E g 6 $ ; sl i ;

I ;g ;H 4 * * * E g $ s i i

4J r

; id

!e

I

i3

i

I

E EF r o e :

!

$ ; 6 T=

$ ;+

6

5

fr

s

x o

.g $l ; d 5i F

f;

ii

*;

I

Ai

"' r

; e 6 E

$ i# 6

d =

3

o I E

o I

o U o D I

o o I I

o t

o

o\ o q\ o i o o !

z

o

! o o ! I o

F i F i 5 3 5 * F H FF E F E F I

Eigilli;'"ig t

I g

o

i;;i

I

:l; $ g g i i n i € i i- ;! i;I; e: it

o

! o E x E

!+ i e

:i ' $ I'i:E : i r5 ii5: i , , ,

-

1t

iEil I rls

I

I

i o o I

o

x o o x o I

o o\

: $

2.2. OEOPyAOSAHhF H CPEACTBAMA,|OR ME_llAHh3Aqhn

2.2.2. BcnoHorarenbnoeo6opygoaamhe Kpor,,reureeiHsrx MaulHH B npoqecce h3roToBreHue ronoBHbrx y6opoe nphMeHrerct cneAyprJ4ee BcnoMorarenbxoe o6opy4oaaHlre: nonyaBroMaThr.tecKarMauJhHa Arn onpeAereHhg pa3_ Mepa ronoBHoro y6opa MhF xa cKopHe)r(Ho-nourhBoqHblx npeAnpxrrHrx; cocrohr h3 craHhHbt, Ha Koropoi lrrrercrcr H3MephTenbHar ro'oBKa c noABhxHbtMh ceKTopaMt4 Anr aBroMarhqecKoro hsMepeHhr ronoex5ro y6opa h MexaHhgM ner{ararcru4eroycrpoicraa An, aBToMarxvecxoi r,,rapKhpoBKH ronoBHoro y6opa H HaHeceHhr rr.rraMnaKoHrponepa OTl(; MauJr,tHbt 4nr o6xarxt 5opra utanKh; BbtnoIHreT onepaqhp
2.2.r. Ilpxcnoco5nexxn Ana ilaurxHHbtr pa6or ,{nr no:urureHhr npox3BoAhrerbHocrH Tpy,qa h ynyquleHhr Kaqecrea nzgenuh B npoh3BoAcrBe ronoBnsrx y6opoa Hcnonb3ylor pa3flHqHbrenphcnoco6neaus. Ocnoexue ar4sr peKoMeHAyeMbrxnphcnoco6nexxi c yKa3aHrreMxapaxrepa abtnorHteMbtx onepaq,ni nprae4exur e ra6n. 7. T a 6 n r r 4 a7

f l' p x c n o c o 6 n e x x re l H a a x a q e x r e l fl i p x . e v a x r e

Jlanxa c noAnpy,t(hHeHHbt*r 6oprxxor.r (npaaocropoxnan) 916715 Orxxgrar AByxpox(KoBar HanpaBrtroulat nrxeixa t-7 Flpxcnoco6neune

t-8

, { , r r a u r n o a x e H H t o r A e - Paccrorxxe or. crpo.rxr [6,roqHbrx cTpoqeK, Ha- Kpar Aeranh 0,1-0,5 cr,,r cTporlHbrx utaoB, rrBoB craqhBaHhr x AP. Toxe To xe 0,5-2 c*r

fl,nr aravxsaHlrr orAenoqHoro sstoxqr4xa 6eg

[lprcnoco5nexhe no38orreT

alaqHaaTb

BbtoHqhK.

9rH9I ul'tHpEhhera cuy xxxedr($ r{,|Hel't h oxmtqHou eH Pt -Hgx lrreEhhgdrrex uufi

er.xgl redx o:orix-toUou ro ehHtsor) oE lxrrodrr -)cd 'wt ?'O erHex ucdx ots vlrrodr: ro ehHror)f,cd wl g9'0-9'0 eEr46 wo.o1 -oJ a gr.HPxPHldhm 'w' €'J aodx a elHc)r enldx;-p

!euereU soeedl areorxexo rufi ( r c s o H t o -w r I -r1l{ x o5t wouJ^ tsottB)J.e -egredrrqa exrouou) Hw -cxtouou aoeed) !o',g,'J -Uou t leuou 'soxqdrceox goeedr xrsorxexo ru!|

-or g HxaorH?lo exxdr6l '*) g'l-/'l t+xau exxdx;-1 w) l'0 huerets rPdt oU sxxodrr ro e}{Hcor))ed 'w) 6,'0 eU -lle wo€ol.oJ s qlsorHPtto g eodx exxdx;'11 'w) € hHe)rl xr)ouou exxdrgl wt l'0 hu -ereU cgdx oU rxr.odtt ro arHUor.))Bd'w) t'0-€'0 ,trl.gnJ Hx)olrou aoeed: -Uou exrdrrfl 'wt 6'Z-9'7 eodr e Hx)ouou eaxdxgl

loHeec€osoH>o leuereu eoeed: rxrorxcxo rufl

J J-t exrougorourrdg

8-t

axxaugorourxdg

€'t enxaugorouerdg

rdt sz'0-z'0

w) z'0-1'0

xucleu rcdx oU xrr'odr> 'w) ro ahHcolr>gd Z'0 eoeedr HxghlUou exxdrgl

5hl{?g}lhel)

oJoHquer

-hdceUedu se9 leupl -ets EhHcahhedrrex uufi

€9-€, exxeugotou:xdg L9-€.. axxeugorourrdg . '9.€ z9-€ rnxargorourndg

w) z'o-91'o

trucreu cedx o? xxrodr,r 'rY> ro erHsolflcd I l,iw -eulx r(Uxew ahHuor)lcd 'wr l'l*€' ! eEhs wosoroJ E prmewed exxdxp 'w> L'Z eodx F rrl>onou enrdrpl

hue'|

9x

-mewad rrrogedgo ru!|

,r, g,O*r,O

eEad) xxglrrtrou cHhdrm 'wr g aodx e xltouou exrd -hm 'wt J aurs woaoror hHexl '|ofouou rtqeau s l,tHgrar,hrt)ouou exxdx1'11 -oY rxHeahrrco{rlee uu!/ w) l,'0 coeedl hxgrJtsou exxdn;.1l 'w) I ettrrs woEoroJ a l{x -Fe9 loHhoueho cHhdhm wr 7,6 ucdx o? nxhod.rt ro eEHUortfcd c:reldxu^Jed ghHearhers eam cxrdlJyl

l'u99r

aorHPg BUU 'r9eg xo)ouou xrqHholt -eulo rr{HeuaoroJer guE 'dU h rhHcr -hhell eoam'soam xrca{h -odrlcx'xartodr,l xlqHhoU -etslo urlreHuourre ruD| .tutl -ets cH oJe cxxeerlgdrl -PH o.toxquerxdceUadu

8Z-Z exxeugorourrdg

gl-Z olr)Eodrr^ 8-Z anreugorourrdg 13-; (uuxxod -or:oeeu) woxndog wrrxxelxxlduUou r uexdxxex exucg'

oHHexuouodu

04-

2.2. O6OPyAOBAHTE h CPEACIBA MATOR I EXAHh3AUfi

l7l

Oroxqaxxc flpxcnoco6ncxre

t

raaaxrepeixoi

flpxcnoco6aexne 6-11

lUa5nox 7-5

_L

Ha!xaqcxxc

ra6r.7

[lpxmercxre

roBoM BxAe 0,6 cr,,r. PaccTorHxe oT cTPoqKh Ao xpan nexru 0,1 cm .!,nn cravxaaxua , oAHo- LlJnprxa norocKh rKaHh BpemeHHoro Bbt6ePTbtBa- npr pa6ore 5ee axna4srHhr PyrnKa Lua 2,6-3 cl*, npr pa5ore c BKrfaAbr.ueM-2,4 cn .{nr erreeprsrB!Hhr nt,lnexroi

JIOTOK

flpncnoco6nexre nP6-l

t'13 Ann pe3KH 6eixx xnonvaro6ymarrxoi rxa-

llpncnoco6nexre 1-56

,Qnr npxravnaaHlie AeKopauaxoi xpyrnoi rr,16neArbr Ha AeTcxre ronotxsre y6opur

HH

llpxcnoco6neHNr Anr HanpaBneHhn nonytpa6pnxara K hrraM uaeixutx MaUJXHB 3aBrcriMocrh or rhna BbrnonxnaccxQxxar4xx, HreMoro uJaa no npe4noxexxoi L{HhhtUflor,l, paa5xru Ha urecrb rpynn'. Ipynna L flpxcnoco6Aernr- Ana coeAhHeHhr Aeranei x rbrnorHeHrr orAenoqHbrx ctpo'{eK (6ea nogrx6axrr marepxana). flpxcnoco6nexHe Mapxh l-8" (pxc, 87, a) npxneHrercr Ann BraqhBaHki recbMbr ^^e't(Ay llByr t ,qeTattMr, HacrparlhBaHhf, (BbKtHr.ltlKarr' MapKh l-56 anr nphraqsBaHhs Kpyrrbtx lr,,r6ner,r flpxcnoco5nenre (pnc. 87,6) nosaonrer npotoxhrb crpoqKy no oKpyxHocrH. cpe3! nory(pa5pxrara Ipynna 2. flprcnoco6reHhr Anr nogrx6axrr (6ee coegrxexrn Aeranei). 2-28 (pnc. 87, e) aunonxnerct oAhC nor,,rou.1uronpxcnoco6nexut HapHoe nogrx6axxe cpe3oB nonocxx rKaH, c AByx cropoH. [1px o6pa6orKe roroBHbrx y6opoa hcnonb3yprcc rraBHbrm o6paaor Arr h3roroBneH'lt peMerllxoB. Flprcnoco5nexNe MapKx 2-8 (pnc,87, r) npe4xa3Hrq6Ho Anr Aeoixoro no4rx6aHxr cpe3oB nonocKh rxaHr .qnr H3roroBreHrr 6eer, saarrox, 6axrrxoB x r. n. fpynna 3. llpncnoco6neHhr Arr coeAHHeHHr Hecxorbxhx 4eranel c oAHoBPeMexxur,r no4ru6aH''|eM cpe3oa (xpor,,re oxaxroasraareTrei), gae r*apKH 3-62 (pxc, Al, el npe4xaaxavex6 ffprcnoco6nexxe npxra'{rBaHHr o6ra,.rex. ' Ocxogur npouuunexxoi TexHonorrh noysnoroi o6pa6orxn ronoexrrx y6opor (uaeirux). M., LlHVZ'l 3A nernpom, 1978, " flepsar qrQpa B o6osxaqexxr eapKx nPhcnoco5nenxr, nPxHgroi MocKo!cxhM onbrrxo-MexaHhqecKxM SaaoAoM {HhhtlJfla, yKa3btBaer Ha xoleP rpynnur r xorcipoi orxocxrct AaHHoe nphcnoco6nexe, ocratbHbl6 qr(PP5l - nopr4roesti HOMeP BHyTPh rPynnbl.

2 2. oBoPvaOBAHl,lE l,t CPEACTBAm^non

flpxcnoco6nexhe I{TBAH],tX

t73

,$EXAHr3AUllh

MapKr. 3-63 (pnc. 87, e) rcnonb3yerct

Ale

Bra-

XAHTA.

Ipynna rl. llpxcnoco6nelxa Ana oKaHToBbrBaHrgcpe3oB. xapxn 4-1 | (pnc. 87, x) npe4xarxaqeHo ,q,ne flpxcnoco6nexxe Cg p e 3 O BA e r a n e i r e c U r , , r o i . oKaHTOBbrBitHH Flpxcnoco5nexhe MapKh 4-3 (pxc, 87, :) npe4xa3HaqeHo Ant oKaHT o B b r B a H Hct p e 3 o B g e r a r e i n o n o c x o i r x a n x , fpynna 5. Flpxcnoco6ll'e+:r.e An* o6l,retuleaHrn ner€nb. f'fpxcnoco6nexhe MapKh 5-2 (pnc. 87, n) npe4xa3HaqeHo Anc nererbHoro nonyaBromara 25-A xn' flM3.

87. flprcnoco6nexsr,

nprMeHtemble nPN r3rorooneHHh ronoBHbrx y6opoa

Ipynna 6. flpovre npxcnoco6aexrq r utgeirtstt* MaulrHaM. (pnc' 87' x) npegxasxaqeHo Arrt ,r,rapxx 6-lt flpxcnoco6nexre igrorogneHxq pyrhKa.

o6opyna6oparopxoro Ha 6ase rexHonorhqecxore-!,r AOBaH]rr, pexoMeHlqyeMoro rHcTxTyraMh no npoeKrhPoEanerxoi nPoMbtlrJreHHocrh, B MocKoBHhlo npeAnpnntui cKoM npoh3BoACrBeHHOrrr O6UeAlHeHHh rOnOBHblX y6opoe nprcnoco6nexxr paapa6oraxrt cne4ytotqre o3apxxqal rr,ranoi MexaHh3aqHr. (pxc. o? BblnonHteMoi 88) a aaaxcxMocrh nanxx Cneqraausure paccTpaqkBaHht ulaoB h HacTPat{hBaHxt npr,t{eHlloT Atlt onepaqh]{

re,1

b

ffi
itr--

175

2.2. OBOPYAOBAHHE }l CPEACTEA 'VIATON T^EXAHU3AII,,,.

88. CneqranuHbte nanKr: pcccrparr_ 6-gar GooANtslHNt Acrancl Hc oAHy cropoly; ula Hlcrpacrraxrt r-Arl pacctPa{hlaHrt uaa Ha Aayrhrothxoi 03-001); r-Att alHhr uaa inprcnoco6nexxe (nprcnoco6r-acnx. c orPallqrrgnlxslr.6oprxtor 03-012); (nprcroco6nexre .r-rxe (npxcnoco6acxxe 0101 4); e - tant' Hlcrpacrr.Hrr cylexa nexrc 03-0t t ); A - A^, 03-006) Ko35rPbNa (nprcnoco6nctxc arr rlrrxxx

89. OrpaxxvxrerbHble nnxeixx: 03-018); (npxcnoco6rcxxc tlxta Ha o{otuuo gatbutloro lLrcrpacraanri r - arr N H'troox'*' noarnaAxl tPat ffa (o3tlpaK N noAoa{yroro xenl 6 - 4nr recrperxlaxrt H'crot5, cttqtaaHht xcnx; ! orcrpocxr art asYarc,i trpai rotolxx att Ha tsrxHhi (nprcnoco6acxre 03-013); r-olx' axlt aaulx.r HadyxrlcpcatrHrx r{axci croer xrr

F

tt++f

ryL

/1

@

rxxcixa x y{hrepcarbBlM AryrpoxKoaar MauraaM (nprcnoco6ncxre 0}0i5); e _ olxrAH!, p€rynrpo.xoi c nra.Hoi no4rx6axrr tsN3! okorbruc (npxcnoco6noxre Anr Mq;,Ia pcccrpaqx!!{rr {orsprK. 03-016); c-Arr nlplnrcrLxbrMN (nprcnoco6neere ctpocKaM| HlcrpaqrlaHrr 03-007); x - Atr oAnoaPelcsHoro oxonbtua H. A€prarrsotbti xaro6xxx roarrpcr (nprcnco6ncrrc N gr6po.ui 03-0ll)

r AnOR MEXAHN3AIII'|h ' CPEACTBA 2.2.OEOpyAOBAHh€

177

HacrpaqHBaHr4l orcrPaqrBaHrt xpat coeAnHeHXr 4eranei, Aeranei, orAenKh, 3artlt(KH KO3blPbKa. (pxc. 89) nPhMeHttor ,qnt nonyrleHxt Orpaxrvrrensxute nrxeixr p o B H o r o u J B a o n p e A e n e x u o i t t t l p n x b t n p l r c r a ' { h B a x n r
2.3. IlogrotoBhrenbno-pacrpoixoe' npolr3Bof,crBo Marepxanur, nocrynaKlqhe Ha urgeixute nPeAnphtrht Anr h3roroBneHht ronoaHbrx y6opoa, npoxo.qtr HecKonbKo tranoB noAroro8Kh: onPeAeneHhe cooTBeTcTBht nocTynhBulhx MaTepra[oB, 3aKynreHHbrxHa tpMapKe, nyreM cpaBHeHht rx c o6paaq,aMh B KoHTPottbHbtxanu6oi,rrax; npoBepKa KaqecrBa Marepraroa (onpegeneHhe coprBbltBneHxe 4e$exroe x r. n.); HOCTl,r, xpaHeHre paa5paxoeaHHoro Marephara; nog6op Mareplara B Hacrxttbl; HacrhnaHre, pacxpoi, KoMnneKToBKaKPot; xPaHeHne h rPaHcnoPrxPoBKa KPot. , Ann noAroroBhrenbHbtx x pacxpoiHbtx nPoqeccoB, nPh Koropbrx npohcxoAlr nepepa6orKa Marepxanoa B Aeranx xpon, 6onuuroe 3Har{eHhexMeer hx paqhoHatbHoe hcnonb30BaHhe.

,{,nn pacxpoe MarePhana B MaccoBoM npor3EoAcrBe ronoBHbrx y6opoe cHaqana BbrnonHtlor PacKnaAKy reKan' HaHeceHbt co6oi paMKy. e xoropoi npeAcraBntprqyp *b"typ"' Aeranei A3Aenna c yqeroM rexHhqecKHxrpe6oeauuh, 9acru MarePhara MexAy AerantMh B pacKnaAKe, HMeroulhMh cnox*yfo Sopr*y, Ha3blaalor Mex(neKanbHblMH orxoAaMx. Konx,{ecrso Mer(neKanbHbtxorxoAoB cocraBnter 18-27o/o nnoulaAx PacKraAKX. (npxcnoco6nexxe 03-020) 90. Orpaxx.l,rrens 91. Craqneaxxe geranei

AercKoi KanhraHxh

92. Poasnpecc (nprcnoco5aexre

03-021)

91. CneqnanuHoe nPhcnoco6nexse 12-3ax.78

03-005

-exodu

woso))gw

a

EouPxdercw

']86, evor)Pd

"W 'Xhreu€h xrqHxeam asrlvo€ ou Brhxldr)Hh .

otxHeeodrwdox

'.euerdetew axxdxm XoHHeueUeduo xdu 1nueveu fauprou rexau EhHexououted oloxquexoxhcd aeuogheH tqwax) alqsouhl nxerogedeed rwade aetn6or)eH g 'uw 'uerau qEetnouu -

uS lzw 'Hxteuxred

'os/ool('s-os):g

cEetflouu -

oS aUJ

:woeedgo wnlnor{tseuf 6)lee6rqrum>ed'/o 'g souoxro xlqHque)teux(aw oarf,ehhuox eox)ahhrxPo , 'souoxro xlqHquprgux(ew ogr)ehhuor eH enHvnale €omquog ree€tggpxo extseuxled a ugxau exHe)Kouou)ed 'ixUeuxred ot{x.uauuwox -oxUo roruxewxdu woHaoHro I 'uexeu Plxeuuwo't EhHeN( -ououred oJoHhhwoHox€ aauoghex xhxeuaUeduo e 6)raeh -ofuxp€ uerau xxtseuxred lorsuexorhed erxaugoLoJelA 'Z-llJ4 tnr.rmew o{qtnowou f wo9 loxxodueueoro$ -o)ou) wrqxxeeodrehHexew rotcdeweh upler cUetnouu 'axlarmxod)r woHHeaodrerxexew eH hwtqH -xemeeUou rrxedx euexeg' '(xexxmew xrqHholltou pH fauP! -eU rodx:ed ruts) euuelew Evt Auu eHhmew Soxruexheue 'er lorcu€oroJax erexay 'xedruuwaexe xadt ex exo.ldex a Eus)rau axroged roreeedrqe weHouel€-wsuexau olJ 'tlvlHAU

xrqHcruereJowouta n xene:Uex 'gouexderEw aou{trrde 'euprdarew s tqgoH)o 'rodx XerhH leuereU ear)ehlror rrxareeduet 1nlnv xvtH eH waHHe)eHpx r adruuwga)t€ woxUo a rortsHlrourqa rqHouer€-guexeu' 'exordex oJol{ -tsdexxex xux oJoHmrquoro Eh roruusoloJel euexau' 'gL-g€g-Ll ol{)surof, quatsow otlUx<ex ffg eH rorEuaoloJex eodog{ xrqHsouoJ XeueraU euexay' 'wogo)ou) wrcHh^d r.oreehedrred w ;, ou loxruu rxret -)o arqsehHoy 'euexdarew aox:lx ro hrlerf,o etqeehxox ehmquogeH lore)rhHeoa nr.Heur.L)e)r rdu pr{xrou awody '.1{xrou rot{e -ed9o euexderew Herouou xodorr xrssoxog : rwexwodx 'tweUoxto hwrgHqup)teult<ew ) elfews etqdor.ox 'guexdarew axxdxm ou rqtsoxro rotgr,{uou tcHhhhuea loxrdeUxerr .lo an:Ar woxUo g ae hhHaxouxlo xdu axxer e 'tsxxdrm lox -egd eouerderew euhrf,pH woxUo a hxHBaoequourr ndg 'u

'l

h uhl)eH

a oJa rxxesrqUeur{ xdu euexderew pHrouou {xxgeur ex eoxr^urdu ee-EH euhr)px exxuU ou tgUoxro x xdarou rotex -hHaoa uexeu wexUeux:pd ou euexderew aodxeed rdg slt

SOdO9I XnHSOlfOJ lrHSlt€OlOJeh

rhJOltOHXSI SvHH3UmnwOJU

'a

2.3.noAf oToBhTEnbHo-PAcKPo6HOE ElOr,t3BO4CTBO

179

Pacxnagxy neKan QhKchpytoT xa 6y^,rare Hnh KneeHKe. 6yr"rary hnh KneeHKy c xao6paxeHheM pacxfla,qxh neKan c yxa3aHheM utt,|phHbt u Ann'dbt pacKnaAKh Ha3btBaroT aaprcoaxoi. Pacxnagxy reKan, BbtnonHeHxyrcr Ha KneeHKe c nocnegyroulei npo6rar
Hp : Bo rAe pacKraAKh

KonHqecrBo ,reKal, M.

I 005,/[(100-B")tlJe], orroAoB,

o/oi

lJJo -

urrpxra

Hopr*y pacxoAa Marephana, M, Ha Hacrhn paccqhrbrBapr no (popMyne 12.

'dawox htqaox -Urdou ex( rol n xnVo rorgexgslrdu cruaUex o.toxUo wcu -ereU we)E 'ardogr xdu xupreU qreriuedau aH lqgorh '1odx 9l{ rotruegduex 4erherxaw{xoU aU.l 'Ueult r:rlxedx ) h ro{eatcatsat hrheu elqHHeaorxeuu loxsuarxUoeoduor -wox) 'edeweed oJoHUo 'xuatsow loxUo 1arerau xe)E xrheu roredxgUou codv XaueraU e)lsolxeuuwox xdu 'daweed 'eUeuxxdu x xxUsurUou 'sxdas leuereU rodx>ed qlfor{hor rr errhrrrPHracdaaodu rg 'exah o.toxlodx:ed dau -odrxox letsHuoulqa rodx lauerau e€rf,ahsx ruodrxoy 'worxew{dtlHH wtqHqrerheul x wtqxqug:das -hx^ :eouexderew rodxeed ego)ou) peU reA€r)efn{3 'xuereU roteeredxtcg h hr)eh PH lotgxe))gd lqulrfgx xwtqxxcraUedeu r.rwtqxr,r(dwal.eg hwgHxmgw rwtrnlodlrgd 'fquhrfex ro{Eugeltot rtqdorov en 'gHlouou elsxquaUro px rorpsadeed euehdarsw rol{x axah woxlodx:ed g 'wo9 -o)oul wrcil'rHhmewxux wtqxrt{d roteurr:ex uerdereyl '(lrwaum) rwuuereU xwtqxdeu I xexUeux:ed xdu ro{rxew -rdu ola 'xauexorhed eexew :chHglthl)eH ego)ouf psU rotr(aquou:x eouexdarew aodxred hdu 'ex(euuelf aoHHsort eH orf€)w -ou eo€) reawlr eu{xtrde uexdereyl oloxxareUaduo 'xgupurt) gt{ hrreuuer) ?H rotggrqUeun{ r tqxouAd € lorealqrew: '{uuld.t g rot{rxauuwox aouehdarew rxr{n aodeweed xrcHXaHl.tuchxadawex x xxwaxdu eulolJ 'gugrderew olowa{g -qroufl.r exr{x {xxdxm ot{xquewr:xew H ot{xqupwrnrw rorphewro tqxxdtm (r:latnorerredr:a or:er,) 4orratxrxeS awody 'euorf woxrtodawodu woeodrawradr ex eugrdetsw xxaoxedgeed eu)oll ,(xxdxm u AunvV rotrueUeduo '(sr:oHrtoHatro -oxeed 'dewrduex) rqrxe$eU ror{dnhxSx))eux l,rlotcusElqs 'qrloxtdor roturatsaduo atsl'eHhmQw loxnoeoxedgeed ex swedauodrxox r:rerdeeodu eouerdarsw osrtehe)'l 'o/o 'euexderew tquuld.t IoHHPE rutr eHl.uts ou eouor -ro grrewdox - uU leuhrf,ex e euexdarpw Herouou osl)ehHuox - 9 ot-l 9H euexdarew etsoxJed pv16l9s- rdH eUJ lw 'uexeu lxucurred ] = !

'(ool/ou+ l)g'dH :'H K

ffi

2.3.nOArOrOBr4TEtbHO-pACKpORHoE__Uqh3qo_aclgo___

t8l

Kpoi xa crnaA nocrynaer c MapuJpyrHblMh nhcrauh, npeicxypaxral.l.A A KanbKynrl4hoHHbtMhrpnbtKaMx, t43roroaneHHbtMt.t8 pacKpoixorrr qexe Ha neqarapull,tx aBToMarax fl9-3 x YAfl. llaqxx Kpot xpaHrr B ceKqhrx crennax<ei. B u.raeixure qexx xpoi nocrynaer no yKa3aHhp Axcnerqepa npeAnpnlT)it Ann no 3arBKaM HaqarbHhKoa Llseixurx qexoB. Brvrecre c KpoeM co cKnaAa $ypxxryprr B qex nocrynapT oTflerroqHbteMaTephanbt, Merant|qecKat hlh flflttcT_ Maccoaar Qypxxrypa, uraeixure Hr'rtn, flpx pacxpoe Hcnonb3yerce creAyrolr4ee o6opy4oeaxxe: nepe,qBh)fiHaepacxpoiHag MauthHa c AxcKoBbrMHoxoM 33M-3; npxMeHrerca Ana pacKpor Hacrxfla rxaxr asrcoroi 4o | 00 r,,vvr; nepeAahxHar MauJXHac AhcKoBbrM HoxoM 93AM_3; nphMeHrerca Ana pacKpor Hacrhna aulcoroi Ao 20 r"t,r,r; craqhoHapHar neHroqHar pacxpoiHar MauJhHa pll-6 _ qeTbtp€xujK}!aHarMauHHa Arr pacKpog Marepltanoa. ,{,eranx u3 xcKyccreeHHoro }r HaryparbHoro Mexa BblKpaHBatoT c noMou4blo HO)Ka, Hoxxrqur nphMeHrprca Ant o5pesxr HliroK, pe3aHlu ?KaHh,noApaBHhBaHHrcpe3oB 4eranei h r. n. .Qne eurpy6aHhr Aerarei (xoaurpuKoB,or4enKn) npnr,reHr|or Pe3aKh.

2.4. HsrotoBneHre ocmolHrtr ?xnot useirux n3Aennr 2.1.1. Knacctrpxxaqxr ronoBHbtxy6opoa no npr3HaKamKoHctpyrrxBHo-TerHonorxqecrox of,Hopof,Hocrlr Bce paaxoo6pasxe r,ro4enei ronoBHbrx y6opos crpolrHa xor,r6xxaq,rh Tpex ocHoBHbtx BxAoB XoXCrpyxr4ni: nocTpoeHHbtxHa KrhHbrx; nocrpoeHHbrx xa ocxciEHbtxAeranrx AoHbtujxa l,t creHK)t; nocrpoeHHbrx Ha cpeAHrx x 6oxoabrx Aeranrx. B mogenxpoBaHhh ronoBHbrx y5opoe Ncnonb3ylor rt€Taeprsti BhA KoHcrpyKql'ttr- KoHcrpyxqrlo, cocrorlLlyto H3 o4xoi-4eyx 4eranei. Ha y,x ocHoBe crporrcr reKana pacxnaAHbtxnaHaM, nrnoroK. Tpa4rqnoxHo cnoxHnhcb ocHoBHbre rrnbr roroBHbrx y6opoe: cnoprlrBHar uranoqKa, cr

,€ffi e -

ry

ffi

\r: e ffi>

Lq

, r=-T<)

t#

@@d

ryw@ !ft5'>ndl seqHhux ex xxhx{drf,Ho}r EH ar9lrxeoduou 'huev 'ruadag 'rqweum 'rqweHgu 'xxlexox< 'rlnouem atqxehrdour - euuAd.t I :eodogr( xrqHsouoJ rquu{d.r elqHaoH)o crhuetsrqg oH)+(ow'rrloxUodoxtso fov)ghhJouoHxer-oHahu{drlxon w p u e x e x d u o u e o d o g { x r c H s o u o Jr q u h r h r € r s H h U a q . g g 'E 't u exxem{-exuem 'el:od.tew 'erserruex 'erlounu rweum 'radeg 'hltex 'pweHgu 'exlelox< 'exxed{$ Al

--C6do9,r

xnxeo

2.4.h3toToEnEHhE ocHoBHbrxTHnol_utEritlbll_!,gaE4!1!_____---lg1 ll rpynna - cnoprhBHbte utanoqxh, utreMbt, Kenlt, naHaMbrr 6eperur, MarpocKr,r, KanhraHKtr, Qypaxxx, nocrpoeHHbte Ha Aeranrx - AoHbtulKo 14creHKa (pnc. 95); lll rpynna - cnoprlrBHbte LrJanortKh, utneMbt, naHaMbt, nocrpoeHHbre Ha cpeAtux u 6oxogrrx ,qeranrx (pxc. 96). }1cxogn h3 groro c6opxa ronoBHbrx y6opoa pa3Hbrx TfinoB, xo o,qxoi rpynnbt, r, e. TexHonorhqecxar o6pa6orxa ronoBKr,r, oKonbluJa A Apyrnx geranei, 5yger aHano-

@pa 91, Ocxoaxsre

rlnbr

roroBHbrx y6opoe,

nocrpoeHHbre Ha KoHcrpyKr.f,hrt

1{3 KIhHbeB

95. Ocxosxure rhnbt ronoaHrrx y6opoe, ,qoHbillKo

96. Ocnoexure rrnbr 6oxoaurx Aeratrrx rr,{xoi.

nocrpoeHHble Ha Aeranrx -

N cTeHKa

PasnhqHurl

ronoBHurx y6opoa,

u

6yqyr

nhuJb

nocrpoeHHHe Ha cpeAHxx h

ruhphHbr

Ao'{Hbre,npoKfla4oqHbre h ny6nrpyror4re

llJBoB, noAKna-

Marephanbr.

2.4.2. Ocnogrue r erogbt coeflhHeHrr f,e?anera B npor,,rrrurneHHoM npoh3BoAcTBe ronOEHbtX y6OpOa pa3rx''{Hble cnoco6ur coeAxHeHhr cyqecrBylor Aeranei: xrrovxuri, rneeaoi, saxaenoqxuti. Hrtoqxue <nocoSu coeghHeHxg. Oxx rBnerorce caMbrMr,r pacnpocrpaHeHHbrMh B H3roroBneHhh roroBHbrx y6opoa. floA xrroqxurr"t cnoco6oM coeAhHeHhr Aeranei noxlmarcr nnn HecKonbKhx coeAhHeHhr cnoe8 Marepha,|a AByx cKpenrtrou-lr,rMh crex(KaM h. MarephanoB Moxcer npoh3BoAhrbcr Coe.qxxexxe MalrJhHHbtM h pyqHbtM cnoco6ai,,rx.

Kneesue cnoco6u coegxxeHxn. Coe4rxexne geranei ronoBHbrx y6opoe KreeBblM cnoco6oir,r ocyulecrBnrerct c noMoulblo repMonnacTlrqHoro Knet. Kneeaoi cnoco6 coe4hHeHHr hcnorb3yercr I ocHoBHoM gnn $poxranbHoro 4y6nrpoaaHHr Aeranei, xoropoe no3Bo-

2 g?-g - e1lsdg 'r rerueer)or plou{ qreox Ot-O J -xdaeou or{r'oged rxereleUeoe eH rwadg .f,.gg l-02 I ')"002-0?l -erredu c.l.tg rsx(ow elorrr( hr:oxxdaeou loxsuxtserl edAredauwer'edog{ oroHaouoJ EHHeueoroJsx cvV oJowe^equou:x 'guexdarEw lo xr)owhtheee g 'Jx 9'C Xo))ew Jorr^ rorcxewxdu xcrhedauo xrrurunrrorr{ e11 'warsatsorugo) xh ee uuodrxox oJol{H6ol)ou x rxroged -9o Xosouuer-or{x(pua aodrawedeu edogtsou olosquaretnr raAgadr rexxdgeSluou eH crxargeU r rqd{redauwer 'l'tJeus exsr)XeUeoa eoxHewedaoxUg .eoueldar.gw alfhosf ,wcxhedauo xhr{)ahhHexaw-oxxex$ exxexedxo: wlsH -cueUro y xrqweurscc.tsadu'lnxeeogadl xr,t)t)ahrJouoHxel ehHatso{u9o) qrxhou)ego teHxuoU xxrogedgo hosouuer-o}l -xBuE rqwxx
'a'.xegxdeuro :hxro9ed9o loeourt#::ffii'J,

:';:f

lti

-rxewxdu eodog{ xrqHsouoJ xtqHhesm ear:Uoeerodu g 'weeux wrqHhxl)euuowder laueraU 6hHeHhtseor xrxhEdauo a errxer c:J.auxawhdu exrogedgo Ee)€l 'rqam r)loteaxxou{eed x hxexr ryrlen{ atqlrwf crrotcuwcdured 'ewdo$ rexx{x rrraeUxdu wed -o9{ wrsxeouoJ lrxrogedgo loeouuet-oHx(eus o{ctnowou J '4uveUeu osl)ghey eH ehxtst4ua gomcuog r.eegrqeexo red -orol 'exrogedgo bgaouuel-ot{x(eus raewhHpE or)aw eoH -querhheHg eodogr( xrqHaouoJshHeuaoloJex arrahodu g

xxuatssx Errogedgo teaouuel-oHr(eug .9.?.2 'rqd{uxd{6 rxeoxerll cuU xe:redu xtqHquerhau: ex XhHeHhUeo) xtqHhoueu)teg o{qtnowou I rotguuedxpe (xlrroug ,ntruoHr ,rshxeol{u) {dr(rxxd{$ orr(eollewrleuu r oriyrar,ruuelaw eodogi xlqHaouoJ HhHeusoroJax g .rrHexxUeo> anmhoueuxe€ 'ar4u -eUsx ('u 'r r foweugw€ 'lowsrar) enxauwdo$o eoxgrred -oxeU rorcuuadxxdu wogo:ou) wrqaeeuy .erexdeg ,pruem 'exew pH eA esoHro eodogl xlqHaouoJ unl lorrexdex -euaoloJgx I LotuHawhdu rlxaxlUgo) gofou) Ioaaeux 'aouexderew rxhexxgwol 'eregque€ 'lexelt xtqHwo{t)ox h xtqsorqueu sh eodog{ xrqHsonoJ rueraU r.ot AdnvgAV rwade aatnconex g 'worah e edog{ oJoHaouoJ h srxxedxo) r,r cretsEo) reEU XerereU Awdo$ r8r

otAarnloor(

80do9^ xnHSoltol chHlltSoloJ€t tltJouoHx3l rvHHlumFwodu

'e

z.Ll4sroToBnEHhE ocHoBH

grtEEt!'lllgAlu

Flpr npeccoaaHhh xeo6xo4rrr,ro yqhrbtBarb, qTo qpe3MepHoe AaBneHhe Moxer nphaecrh r o6paeoeaHhro nnoxo yAarreMbtx nac h rpyAHoycrpaHhMbtx 4eeexroe, Ae$opMhpyrorr4hxMarephar. lloautureHr,rereMneparypbt Harpeaa rflaAl,rnbHbtxnoBepxxocrei yrloroB l,r npeccoa h qpe3MepHoe yBnax(HeHxe nphBoArr K yxyArueHlrlo Qxsr.rxo-mexaHllqecKllx caoicra MaTePXanoB, K hx ycaAKe h OnnaBneHhlo cxHTeTltqecKrx

97. Marurna PKO-I 4nr pa3yrloxhBaHre BOnOKOH,

K

Eenure

cBernbrx

Typax

)

h

KprBbtx n Koportrhx urBoE

hCr{e3HOBeHX|o BOpCA h roHoa rKaHh nph

r(enrelor,

K

rKaHrM

co

notBneHHto BbtcoKt{x

ntTeH. reMnepa-

cneq,hanbHblMr

BhAaMh

orAenoK orHocrrcr rrcHeHbte carrHbt, chl-lbt. flp, ux Bnar(Ho-rennoeoi o6pa6orre reMneparypa rna4xnuxoi noBepxHocrx He AorxHa npeBbluaru l40oC nph AnhrenbHocrr.r Bo34eictene xe 5onee 30 c. YanaxHeHhe npoh3BoArr ronbKo no yt{acrKaM uJaoa. O6xnuxoe yBnaxHeH}re nprBoAlr K yxyAureHxo a
-em{-xousm

xoH cxxeodrloxrmew oloHr(eroxldr etsoeee xxesdu Buy olox)soy)ow Zl-1p€V wdo$odrxaue re.red.ry 6hHOOOI)

sod -oxxmew oJorJeu e?osee oloxreoxsdoj g-41 -o9{xlsxeouo:rnrogedgo lx g'l Xo)lew 1-916 wo.rotr{ I wodor.edene.r rufi -odeu wtqnquer(UxglvHH ) uol.r hlcHcuHxotr^ fosouuer-oHx(eua HUex hxro9ecr9o (yuue44l

""o xo€ouuer-oHl*eus :;"::""::':"""" (

,

(

::,::j::i:,x*l

'ur ,t-^UU p x { t s eo e loxmr(tsou ) l-fJU oJorer{t x edeu lgr:Vosehodu ou xoaoHerll xrqxxesoexuedrHeh lo lxtnoreroged,wotsosHdu whx)ahrrewseHu h wht)ehtuspdt/hl f, )JadU (dHg) (6HHoHH9UD rswdx$ 'u)r OZ-Zl-s) lonm{tsou ) .ux !/€-s) ex^Veoe oJoJ.px>edg l-)lglJ

rpworsei(uog

.95

E ?

F" o

o

(6pg) rewdr$ 'ux .ux 0Z-Zl-s) Xoxm^tsou ) €l€-s) worolro -w^^xes x wodorpdexa.rodpu wrqxque(vrahv ,/ er( oI -Hh ,woUoeNdu why)ehhHexewodrxeue > rredl (dHg) (uhH rnxeeodnrglu xr -oHHeU" rswdx$ .ux JIE-s) edoredexe.rodeu x XeuereU xxrxotrl sut, ee9 woUoslrdu w5r)ahgHexewodryeue r r:adg a

ar-oH xeuI "ntsr, """oil::# X""?Ii:Jl::?io * xosouu 9st

-------sdJ6E,t

xr+rsotroJ 6hHr

2.4.l!_3roTOEnEHhEOCHOBH

!llE4t!_b.!I_!34E1Hn

_____187

Arperar tneKrpoQopM c nHeB,'{arhqec(r M hx npaBkh roroBHbtx Ann pa3.qaHxeHhem A3flLLl Mocxogcxoro 3aBoAa y6opoa' rphKoTar(Horo ^^atuhHoctpoeHHt M a u r x a A n r p a 3 y r l o ) t ( r a a H h eK p h B b t xh K o p o r - , { r a p a e y r r o x r B a H H , Khx urBoB PKO-I M3M3 Mocureeinpoma uBoa 3nexrpoQoprasr flOK-l M9M3 MocruEeinpoma ,{,nr npaexr r.uneMh(oB Paa4anrxxae rneKrpoQopMa I1OK-1' M3M3 .{nr npaexr cnoprrBHbrx Moculeeinpoua ruanoK Cyurxnsxuri arperar c aBroMarr'{ecKrM ynpaB- .enr npocyr,uxx npoKnaAoK n e H k e M K o H c r p y K q h h_ B c e c o r o s H o r o h H c r H T y T aB X e H C K k Xr O r O a x u r x y 6 o nerKhx cnnaaoa (BhnC) pax -

*fhr*rr*d

I

"

)

f

,

ffiffi

99. Kom6aix Anr Brar(Ho-renaoaoi o6pa6orxx 100. Pae4axxHar sfleKrpoQopMa Arr npaeKh cnoprhBHbtx uJanoK l0l.

Cyruxnuxeri arperar c nonyaBroMar|qecKhM ynpaBreHHeM

.orquaUow oxedrow:{Uedu 5o.r{dts ) ro{cHrUeof wereg lu)e 'roregrredn:ed n ro{pahx
rr,|Jtw

aodogl rHHeouoJ r|.|Hxesm exHsusotol€n .j.j.z

'awdogodr)teu€ eH - rrxed{g ladAred -euwer XoHreHwox udu nvn (gg1 .rxd) xedawex rrqxcuxm^: s wehHeaxm{rodu wxtnor{Uarnou ) xewdo$ xrqxxreadeU err worour( xux (gg1 ':rd) ewdo$odrxeue eH - hxhouem alqxsrr.doul 'xx)odrew 'hrHprhuer !(6,6,.:nd) etredu pH - h)l -louxu 'rgweHpu erqxeodxoxqueh fxewdo$ xrqxxceedeU ex uvn (95 'exd) 1-ygll areworspr(uou ex - t.lxlexox< ,lewsH -eu 'rqdouer 'rxxwaum lxewdo$ xrqxxrgedsV nvu l-1qgg (huoqHpquexhWr} axeoHer)^ loxm{Ueoeodeu'lynve4tll rswdrS lg huaUow aHrmew sH - huex l.r,uUoeexodueodog{ xrqHsorroJ{xro9ed9o orr(aouuar-oHrfieuEorlx ruererrxoxg

-chuoux r {xxr{deu'suexeuS ax.rrdu fiil;'"":fili?3; oxeedgooeeuah aeuogxpH exhHquxxou{odu eer)ehcx g 'soxxwge h ht{g)tl exx{rrd ,sosm UAHrU UAH -ett aodogi( xtqHaoroJ 6rH -ecl9o foeouuer-oHxeus -aHhueago oJoHHgsrtuo€exodu o.rox)gox>ow XoHquerehlioxo ru!/ rlhx{dr)Hox J-AglJ pxeoxeol seHm^Uaosodeu hytteux -Uou crHeeodrd$o: uufl HrVenrUou rnxeaodr
,iJi::::::'"ff#;.11l?: xorour,iu",J:::l,t;*;:ff

xxxldexoru

xxasdu

uu!/txlrogedgo

fosouuer-oHxpue

uuu

HFegwo)l

88r

a lUxpxxa ulaa craqrBaxxr 0,5-0,6 cn. llJasr paayrtoxrBator (pxc. 105, a). Ecnx xa KnhHe Aonx(Ha 6rrrr orgenxa (er,r6neMa, HacTPOqHar recui,,ra), To ee HacTpaq|sator unu coeAlrHrtoT KneeabrMMeToAoM no pa3MerKaM AO COeAhHeHhrKnhHbeB. flpyrne Aeranh orAenxr (per*eulox, narbt, recbma lr Ap.) BTaqxBaKrTnph coerqhHeHhhKnhltbeB.

6

102. Myxcxre a -

xenx;

6 -

roloBt{bre y6opsr xs xaonvaro6ymaxxux

gypaxra;

r -

cnoprrlxua

uanoctt;

a -

nalaMbr

rxaxei:

'seedx xtqr{x.roUou ro wf Z'g1g1,'O )'r'tHsol-)rpd ex w: 9,g-g,g ex qdr^xe hrfouou aoead: x{ets wogxltsou wrrxxewadaohUo ) eliHearhedr:ex qrxtsoeexodu reguoscou eodorox ,rlx -eu9o)ou)l,rdu olqlnowou ) hHerr r(ltouou roreexrredrles x roreehxo{r^ged rqsm 'w) 9'O-g'g eem exxdrm 'rqgadf reeraHeedl 'wosm wrqHher) ro{EHxtsao) x qdr{xe fo)tHpHah ro{esrcueuxf, hr{aouoJ Huereu oJol€ rub/ .rreoxro wrlhH x

B WD

w tr**T=*\

V V

v M

-r,:"*1T:T grcts.rrdour- u lrxroHg'lg - J thr!.rox - i :Fwp'eu "r*o"r"""0'1t| :leHpxr xrrxxewlgorehuoux .?Ot, Gh rsdogl enxaouoJ erxrre!,

,rHBr{r "gy woulA Uou XoHHeodxrqe Xoxtrouou ro{estqrpg -ed9o xxaouoJ chHeHhUaotrtqsm (exr,ouemouae ,dawtduex) hHeyr loxxew{gorehuoux ex xxhuaUex xrqdoroxeH g 'rqeadl lo{earqJ.aw -9o u loreahhprf xur{ soeadl wehHeatqlewgo wrsrxawade

z

2.4.,3rOTOB,EHhEOCHOBHUX trBOB UJBERHb|X l,t3AEnrA

d

t93

-Uou Ee9 x5rueu€h

s roHerf

rxxesxtseol

Hvt/eux xdu eosm exro9ed96 '991

aecHhur eN hetnsorlor'hxsolroJ

exrogedgg'gg1

z?-sb

'leuereu ShHeHhueo) wlq€eeur Lo{rqnueo) AvH oU rofeahmtqe 1,,UA'wogo)ou) 'totearnedrlex aa or '(exetmtse huh ewq)er 'ewergwe) exuauro exedrowrAUadu axeouor Pl{ hu)3 'wr 9'g-9'g eem lo{eahhPla wosm wlqHhel) hraouoJ exrdr,r;11 'IxueVro hxHeHhuaor ndg 'wo€m wtgHhoaolHexo nur wlcHhergo 'tleueL"V 'wfqHhpl) xuerafi h)lsouoJ totcnlrUaof exrc9ed9g xr4lnsoL)oJ 'xoeouot en xAeV-4onVo -t6t

sOdOgA xlCHgOuOJ Bl1

?.{-4lgrouE!!rae-glnqarUUA

nor _llrgElltlb_ll_l !Illil!_____

\ \'. \. \..

107. O6pa5orKa q,enbHoKpoexoi nasar,rsr

__'t

es

eH elrHs loxodoo hoseeur ro{estctseur{ {nUeunodg 'e:otr{ nvr e:radu o{Grtnowou I rc?osehodu loxtseulodu loee -eux ) euexda.lew oJol{goH)o et lauereU exHaHrtsao) 'r(xxeuu or^eoxauxt€huou,(orudew,or{a -oxrrxxrodoe 'serg) xHexl elsaeeuxeH r{ grqsagux rot5Haw -ndu snvaUel ercHx(ew{gorer,uoux E xoUeurodu rufl 'aeH ga9 nvu uoxUevx -odu r ro{esrqregedgo xrxl.dog )'t Bvou'rxqdtqeox euEnder -ew u xveVow lo trl)owh)r48e€ g .g o x x I oJowarsawxdu -do9 A lTevou'sorqdrceo)t 9)trogedgO 'rqem cElnaweo) 'xedauou h quotss {xeouo.r EestcU -eur) 'xerfaw xadrqreh s rotehaweed 'SaueraU xtssoxog l,l xxnUede ex orAtncor)of 'r(xsouoJ 'xoHer) xxrogedgo au)ou rutsoeehodu 'xoHel) r exmrqxoU Eh fetnuorfo) 'r,txgouol {xrawee4 'e.r{dU ro r{dU xrxror:red woxeed ex (wexog ou h htteef 'xUedeu:) hwexho)UeH cwqdrqrer, rorgr,aweEd 'Eaqxhul x t q x r t r d r e w w h ) a H e u ot{tnrorlor'{xeouol 'sosm ro r,rhHrolfred wox -eed en aa.rHhux xrcsoxog anrUederou rweyha:Uex cw(qU rorehewepd seqHlru)r lrlfgm eA or{tnuorror '{xeouol '809m

6l,|H

-eerxo{r^egd x cxxeehher) eu)ou ro{ehawged xleouol 'rc€ad) roreercrewgo h rolpahhel) nun eoeadr wexHgg -r.rrewgo wtqxxawedsoHUo ) eHhmew hoHqughhauf eH roreg -rsregedgo tshHeaxhel) rssm lrxUeuxUou ee9 xrxueUeh g 'cedx oJorlx.roUou ro wr g'g -gl'O r,o,txcor))9d ex {xr,odr: ro{ealq?eurodu x wf g'0 -t,O eH aa roregx.rUou 'rqwexeu xrer.eU ead: uegx.to ,{xod -orr or^eshhu eH rorearqrdaero {x:ouou waret 'h}rfouou ol rotBexrterxdu r 'r,rrpreU {xodorr rqrodorl o{o{HxlH eH rHexr {rrouou cgsrqueuxeH 'qdr^xe loxHeHeh rotggrqU -eux) rqweHeu ruereU chHeugo)oulxdu. xxgrlr{:ro xdg (a'l01 ':rd) rrxeu -gorou>r,rdu orctnowou ) eHhme$, lelnoreexren ex .lrtsogex -odu woem wreHhosorHexo rqweHpu eoeadr {xro9ed9g 'rrd) xer'odlt orctuor)eH ,vh r(xUo rorea '(9't1l -rqUeuxodu rqweHeu oredx ou huetsow ro hlf,owl)r{€ge g 'cHr)desro tqeadr roteextgdoee wereg'roreehxo{rAxdu rqam rr rqurr( '{xodorr or^eehhu pH roreerqrdesrre {wexeg 'rxd) '(e '/0 w) Xot.'tvv rrxearqrdaerqe svV I ZL-OI woam loteg axr>deero Eau€Br)o 'w) 9'0-g'g loxldxm -hhergo x qdr^xg xwExodorl ryngsehhu ro{pstcUeuxf rqweH -eu hueraU wosm wrqxhergo XeueraU ex-to9ed9o rdg ,61

rx ThnoEurBERHblI r3AErhR

le7

h3HaHoqHyro cropoHy xrxxei .qeraflh Ko3brpbKa nonei nnn 6oprrxa h nphKnehaaKrr .qo o6ra,{hgaxrr ,qeranh. llporna4xy BblKpaxBapr no Qopr,re xxx<xei ,qeranx 6eg nphnycKoB Ha uJBbr)4nu rat, qro6ur o6raqreaei,,rbre cpe3bl npoxnaAKlr nonaAanx B utoa xa 0,1-0,2 cu. Llacu 4eranei nonei x 6oprrxa coe4hHrKrr craqHbrM urBoM. lJJsur paayrro}(}rBa|or h noAPe3apr y cPe3oB. ,Q,eranxKo3brpbKa,nonei x 6oprxxa coe4hHrtor o6ra,aHbIM

lIIBOM

Ko3blpbxa. Bepxxri Ko3brpeK O6pa6orxa o6tsxnoro cKnaAbrBalor c Hhx(HhM nhqeBbrMh cTopoHaMh BHyTpb, ypaBHhBar cpe3br, H coeAhHrror Ha craqhgapulei MaurhHe o6raqxurr* uJBoM, Aenae paBHouepHylo nocaAKy BepxHero Ko3brpbKa.Crporxy npoKnaAblBarcr co cropoHbr HrxHero KO3blPbKa.

Koeurpex BbrBeprbrBalorHa nrq,eByp cropoHy, BKtaAbtBaKrr npoKflaAKy (nonrerrneHoByro nnexry), o6paayrcr KaHTurhprlHo!' O,1-Q,2 cM co cropoHbr HhxHero Ko3blpbKa, Koxeq Ko3brpbra 3aKpenntpr h npoKnaAbrBaror crpoqKy oKono BHyrpeHHero KPat npoKtaAKH. O6pa6orxa Ko3brpbxa, nonei n 6oprnxa oraHroBorfHbfm rrrBol . !,eranr Ko3brpbxa, nonei x 6oprrra cxra4brBapr BHyrpb, ypaBHhBat cpe3bl, A h3HaltortHbtMH cropoHaMh MautxHe coeAHHrlor no BHeulHeMy Kpato Ha craqlrBanqei 0,2-0,3 cM or cpe3a. r.rJBoM r.urpxxoi us rKaHh Ha craqhBa3arer,r oKaHroBbrgaror nonocKoi roulei MaurhHe c npxcnoco6aexxer* Ant oKaHToBKr{ cPe3oB noA BblKpalrBapr flonocxy Ana oKaHroBKh Aeranei, yrnoM 45o x xlrsM ocHoBbr r.nr. yrta. nonocKy rKaHh yKnallpn orcyrcrBhh nphcnoco6nexrr h nphTaqhBapr cropoxoi Ha Aeranl Abraaror nxqeaoi 3arer,r nonocKy orBeprblBaKrr Ha co cropoHbr norocKr. r'nr' orn6az cpe3 Ko3brpbKa, nonei cropoHy, nhqeByp Ha 0,4-0,5 cM H nPoKnagbtBalor no4rr6aror 6oprxxa, 0,15-0,2 cM or noAorHyroro crporfKy Ha paccrotHxh Kpat. KaHToM. orAerot{HbfM Ko3btpbKa, 6oprnxa O6pa6orxa Ha Aeranu Ko3brPbKa unu 6optnxa Hacrpar{HBator KaHT Ha npxcnoco6noMoulbKt MauJriHe c craqxsapulei KaHT BAOnb cKraAblBaTb neHH9, KOTOpOe no38orteT nPoKrlaAblBapr nocepeAhHe, ypaBHhBat cpe3bt. Crpovxy or cM 0,4-0,5 KaHTa Ha PaccrotHhrl co cropoHbr norocKy rKaHh cpe3oB. flpr orcyrcrBhlr nPxcnoco6nexrc rgxaxxoi BAonb nocepeAhHe Ana KaHTa cKnaAbtBapr

-ou f, rrUoeexodu XoxaonoJ ) feuou x exxrdog ,erqdrqg -o)t ehHeHrUaor rxUeuxUou ee9 xedog{ xrrxeouo.t g 'rqesdr roreexxeed^ 'xxrawged ,qdr{xa ro{etnewso: rwesodorl xwrqgehxu roteatsUeuxr rueraf ,w) rhHeshherf psm exr.rdx;-1 /,0-9,0 'wogm .XoysolroJ w f g H h p l ) e H H a H H V e o ) ) hau - o u ' e x r r d o g ' p x q d t q s o x e h H a x x t s a o 3

lrxhe) ueH r euau' r orenaweed ^r, on5I

"r"rlJJ""rT"il";i o" 5, 'lo{Pah}|(

-erou .w) oxdewoxepd cnvaVen ,(xeouol EhHes .psm Axudum eH w) t,O-€,g x -xr,erxdu esm exhdram euexd Z-g', -erpw {xxtnuor eH w) 7-1 wo>ttAuxdu I rxionol-Ideweed poxeed '4oxnvV Axwodx nun hHeyl lonrroUeuxodu En Iyrouou roreelrterxdu hxaouoJ oredx {wexrt
8odog^XIqHSOUOIghHEUSOrOleh6hJOUOHX3IrvHHtrmFWOdU'Z

rhnolgrJEritLb_lI_X3AEnUA_-_.__ 2.4. h3rOTOBnEHhEOCHOBHbIX

| 99

Mou4brcro6raqxl unu 6eixn Cpeau ronoBKh h nphraqhBaeMblx Aeranei coeAHHrlor nhqeBbtMh cropoHaMh BHyrpb h craqhBator luBoM utnpnnoh 0,5-0,7 ci,r. O6ravxy noArx6apr xa 0,5-0,6 cM I cropoHy h3HaHKh,orr6an cpe3bl, h npornaAbrBaK)r crpoqKy Ha paccrorxxr 0, 1-0,2 cxt ot xpan o6ravKh h crpolxh craqhaaHhr. HaKraAHbrM Coe4nxexne ruBoM.

B ronoexrrx y6opax 6eg noAKnaAKh nph coeAnHeHHn ronoBln c nonrMlr cpe3br roroBKh no4rx6aror xa 0,5 cM B cropoHy h3HaHKh, 3axpbrBar na 1-1 ,2 cM o6raqaxruri xpai nonei, h npoKla4btBalor crpo'{Ky no ronoBKe, coBMeulat Ha,qceqrx. B gaehchMocrh or Mo4enh ronoBKy HacrpaqhBaror o4xoi ,4nu Aayr.i.acrpoqxaMH. CoeAllHeHre noAKnaAKH c ronoaHbtM y 6 o p o ra. Coe4xHeHhe Aeranei noAKnaAKh npoh3BoArr TaK r(e, KaK h 4eranei h3 ocHoBHoi rxaxt. LlJxprxa uraa craqhBaHhr 0,5-0,6 cm. UJeur craqhaaHhr sayrroxrBapr. Ha o4xoi ra geranei noAKnaAKh nepeg rx o6pa6orxoi craBrr roaapxuri axax. llJgu Aeranei ronoBxh, xMeloulHx rDopr*y KnhHbeB, Aonx(Hbr cxoAhrbcr B qeHTpe, oAhH uroB Aorxex 6urrs npoAonxeHheM APyroro. Coegxxexre creHoK c AoHbtLtxoM ,nA oct{oBa}theM nPoH3BOATTCTaqHbrMurBOM,paBHOMepHOnocax(hBar CTeHxx. LUoa 3ayrto)f(lrBaKrrh HacrpaqhBalor, llogxnagxy BxnaAbtBaror I ronoaKy nl,lqeBblMh cropoHaMh BHyTPb,yPaBHhBar Cpe3bt h coBMeu4ar uBbt h HaAceqKh, o6ra..raaalor ulaoM utnpnnoi 0,54,7 ci,,r. Crpovxy npoKnagbraaloT co cTopoHbt noAKnaAKh, OAHOBpeMeHHO BKraAbrBar 3aBt3Kh, ecnh tTo npeAycMorpeHo MoAenblo ( p r c . 1 0 8 ,a ) . B orAenuxurx MoAenrx 3aB93Kh , nernr npxKpenntpr K AeranrM x3 ocHoBHoi rxaxx no HaAceqKaMAByMr-rpeMc o6parxrri,,rncrpoqKaMx Ao coeAhHeHhr noAKraAKx c ronoBxsr,r,ry6opou. llpr coeAhHeHrth noAKnaAKlr c ronoBHbrM y6opor,r ocraBntror orBepcrhe Anr. BbrBeprbrBaHhr Anuaoi'r 1012 cy, a aa4xei qacrh ronoBHoro y6opa. fonoaxoi y6op asraeprbrBarcrHa lrqeByp cropoHy, BbtnpaBnrr uroa. Ha HecraqaHHoMyqacrre cpe3br ocHoBHoro Marephana h noAKnaAKx no4rn6arcr BHyrpb h npoKndAbrBapr crpoqKy Ha paccrorHhh 0,15-0,2 cM or Kpar noAKnaAKh. Buraepruraarb ronoBHoi y6op Mox(Ho h qepe3 oraep-

'hwgxx(er) xwtqsrr{d huh aHhmgw hoHqughheu) eH lo{eahm -rdu lshneol{g .hueUow oH)puJo) welreweed ou lot6u -uadxrdu (.dts I tcUsesa ,gdoxc ,lshr,reolr(u){d{rnnd{6 ,eHhmew loxsuexheu) eH lotpslqrewgo hurelJ 'nd{rrxd{g x rxriUro uniavu - e d x x d u h q u e r e u h r H e u s o r o J e h s E ) J . e e h o { r x e ee o d o g { xt.tHaouoJ pluaUro beHGtualphHoxO

rrueuxtsouredx ro w) Z,O-g 1,gn n>taovo, ""j""':3';??

-€'0 rhHEor:red ex exUeuytsou ou {xr,odu rorealqtseuxo-di ,wf h w) eH AxUeurtsou 9r9-g'0 J-L'O pt{ HlHeHEh ,(xodoo e roregx.rtsou edog{ oJoHaouoJ lEdn lr,,xxr,rg .EhHaugo)ourtdu o{qtnowou f xerrou}tu e uyuotA crueEdurcg 'nxreweEd h tqam retnawgo: ,qdrr(xe hox -xewlgor.exuourex wodogl wrqxgouor) rrtseuxuou"r".";;::l

'i$r;1

{;;

ffi

ffi-*fsV,

ffiffi -HeHeh (exr.oulu ,pweHeu ,exlaxox) ^ysouo.t I ro{eetcUeuxs ee woam wlqHUeuxeH hxUguxEou xrxexrUeo: rdg '(9'90 'rxd) axUeuxUou a eoHHeuse.llo ,arr:desro Beg 1 -lqlpsxpe r edog{ oJoHsouoJ exqdrqgox ro 6gHlher{ ,wogm wrqxrtOdr:gx rorruuedxeg {nueuxUou wot{soH)o g .wf Z,(Fg1,9 loxxdxm woam wrqxUeuxsx rrregexrredDee,exUerxUou g eoHHeuger)o,exr>deerg 'rxtseuxUou leuerets hhHeerhplt ldu aoxxeuger)o ,arr) 00.

tO.

2.4.r,t3roToBnEHhE ocHoBHbtxThnoBUJBEnHUX }43AE,ll,lR

2Ol

Yxpautexln nphKpenntpr pyt{HbrM5 crexKaMh cornacHo rexHhqecxoMy onhcaHhto MoAenr. yAaneHxr llocne HrroK, Koropbte o6pesarcr Hox(Hr,rqaMh, nporsBoArr Bnar(Ho-rennoByro o6pa6orxy Ha cneqhanbHbrx ycTaHoBKax, npeccax hnh yTtoroM.

O6pa6orra ronoBrbtr y6opos rg rxaxel KocrtomxonanbroBoroaccoprnr enra lprc. lO9 n ll0l. O 6 p a6 o r-

h

t'

,-t l

II

l r

Ka ronoBoK h3Aenxi. O c x o B H b l Ae e r a n h r o n o B x h x cnoco6sr Hx r,t3roroaneHnaonhcaHbt e n, 2.4,4. B hsAenn'.x )'t3 utepcTtHbtx rxaxei uBbt cTaqhBaHht i,,roryr 6utru r.uxpxxoi O,7-1 ,2 cxr, ecnh rKaHr cbtnyqhe. Lllxpr,rxa uea npeAycMarpHBaeTcr TexHrqecKhM onhcaHHeM. .Qnn npxgaHre A3AennrM A3 ulepcrrHbtx rxaxei xeo6xo4rr*oi Sopmur x o6ecneqexrae $opmoycyoivxeocrr e 3KCnnyaTaqhh Hcnonb3ytor npoKnaAoqHbte MaTephanbt. CoeAt,tHeHhe4eranei u3 ocHoBHoro Marephana C npoKnagxoi. B nponaaoAcrBe ronoBHbrxy6opoa uJhpoxoe nphMeHeHxe Haurno hcnonb3oBaHhe KneeBbrx npoKnaAoK, Ana npoKnaAox B AsAennr. h3 ulepcrrHux rxaxei nphMeHrror KneeBbte h HeKreeBbte npoKnaAKh h3 HerKaHoro Marepxana (npoxnauenrx, Qnxsenrx). Coe4xxexxe ocHoBHoro Mareprara c xneesoi npornagxoi npoH3BoAer c noMorJ-lblonpecca AnA yrtora, HaKnaAblBae npoKflaAKy xneeaoi cropoxoi Ha h3HaHoqHyp cropoHy Aeraneh us ocHoBHoro Mareplara. Herneeayp npoKnaAKycoeghHrlor Ha crar{rBaroulei maurtxe Ha paccrorHhr 0,3-0,4 cM or cpe3a Aeranh. Cpeaur KneeBbrx npoKnaAoK AonxHbt BxoAhrb B uJBbl coeAhHeHht Aeranei xa 0,1-0,2 cr,,r. K o 3 b r p b K o B . B s a e r c r ^ o c r xo r O6pa6orxa MoAenh, nnorHocrh h crpyKrypbt uepcrrHurx rxaxei ro3brpbKh o6pa6aruraarcr c npoxnagxoi B ocHoaHoM n3 nrorHbrx Marephanoa (cnoprxaxure utanoqKH, $ypaxrxx, xenn). ,{,nr npoxnaAoK nphMeHrlor KaproH, pe3xHy, hcKyccr8eHHylo Koxy. x<ecrroi O6pa6orxa (xenx, npoKnaAKx Qypaxxa, (KanhraHKaD,MarpocKa). Coe4xxeHhe npoxnaAKh c nonocxoi ytg rraHr. unn HerKaHoro Marephana B Kenhr MarpocKe, $ypaxcxe npohgBo.qrr Kneeabtl rnh MaulhHHbtM cnoco6oi,,r. CoeAxxexxe npoKnaAKt4KneeabtM cnoco6oi,,r npoh3BoArT C nOMOr4btOnPeCCannu yrtora, HaKnaAbtBarnonocKy rneeeoi cropoxoi Ha npoKna,qxy.

:rrfodrew-t

lpxHcrruex-J

:Nxhougm esxerrdoul-s

j.we[m-,

1;:::Y3

: l , r e H e ) t tx r q x r r l d e m e x r r d o g { e t c H s o u o J e s x ) r e b / . O l J tqwcHpu

:fexexr

_

J

:rthouem

etqHlNtdou)

_

€

jNrxed,{6

_

9

lrugx

xrqHsJ.ldam ex rqdoo^ erqxeouo.t axxrx{ry

ffiffi W

_

c

.5g1

e""=t

@@ffi

sodor^ xrqHsouoJrhHrrrsolblffiZ

z0z

2.4. h3rOTOBtEHhE OCHOBHb|X ThnOB UIBERHb|XT3AEIn'

pp p'p ffiffi

_

203

'emlquoxo {godoo or^xhoxeHer eH loxodou Xo€eaux {xtserxodu reatcUpuxeH ,gtoul rur elladu orqtnowou : rcUoeexodu wogotou) wtqaeeu)t emtquo)to ahHeHt,lUgoJ .emtquoxo aohxol cr4HaxxUeo) ots wogo)ouf, wfgHHxmpw ,vn wtqaeeu)t rrUoeenodu 6olUeuxodu -Jrw ) euexderew oJoHsoH)o eh emtguolo erxaxxtsao3 Xox 'rolgexhgdrlex ,'tvu roreaxr,edJ.:red xuetsow ro xr:owxl -lfaee s h lotpahxo{r{eed tesm .wr L'9_,1'O loxxdrm woam eHHmew XelfloteehhpJ.)et{ lo{sxxUao) x ,rqged: ceexxeed{ 'sdr^xa loxodorr loeahxu rotpatcUeuxf,gmlquo)to tchHoy .(erseaauxeH h etctsaaux) rrrexder.ew etqH -prreH u r.HexL 'r(xoy ot{xxaer:rr(t)l ,xotdgr ,nxUeuxodu a h x J r w r e h l r f e x < r o r r x a w x d u m l q u o x og . e u e l d e r e w oroHsoH)o En emtquoxo pxrogpdgO

-euued' eurou nvnov.loxueuxod""IlH#"::: ;L:ll

'6 xxtseuxodu eHhUadefou exr(or) oJoHUeh elHhmew .rqeed> eH xx1or) rqxodor: o) ro{e€lcUEuxodu {xrrodrl rEexxeed^ 'xxUeuxodu gohxox lo hhHgorfred w6xeed ex .lorsshr,sd-DeH, lxueuxodu ex roregrqUeuxpH1 {x1or1 Z 'ud) pmtctroro arrogedgo rdu rorrxrtseo) €x, b, ,eao97 { t 11 oJoHaouoJ Hlf,eh rroHhoutglea s {oxHerf ot oHsuerxd - e a U e d up H e H h U a o te H e x 5 o r f , u ) J . t l o x X o r ) o) nu

:feHexrxrqxc'dem"r r"";:;;

"#;:Hl,-; ;u:";l":;;;n

l;j

-er xxUeuyodu Ioxlfs)f( ehHeHntseoJ 'w) L-g xxr,odr: exrufi .xxUeurodu eeedx to wJ 7'1 -g'O hxHroored ex xwexrrodrr hwtqHcueuuedeu cwAiU uv, eHrVedarou loxr,odo loxUo w) S,€-S, g loxxdxm wosm rrtsoeerodu lnUeulodu EohHox elxaxrUeo3 '1o.r{dU eH HxUo xlUeuyodu tshHox rpstcUpuxeH oxxeiede -oHUo 'eHhmgw ex guerdalew oJoseeureH eH fox)ouou ) ro{rHhUeol {xtseuxodu ago)ou) woHHhmew hdu

2.4, h3rOTOEnEHxE OCHOSHUX TInOB UJBERHbTXT3AEnhA

Z0S

Cpessr xneesoi npoKragKh Aonx(Hbl Bxo4rrb B urBbrcoeAh-' HeHht oKonbluJa. Herneeayrc npoKna4xy coeAhHrror Ha cravxsarcqei MaurhHe Ha paccrorrrr 0,3-0,4 cm or cpe3a Aeranh. B neroropbrx MoAergx oKonbruJ xg ocxoaxoi rKaHh neperx6aror BAonb Aerarh nocepeAhHe c npoxnagxoi xgxaxo,'rxoi cropoxoi BHyrpb, ypaBHXBarcpe3b!, t,t npoKnaAbtBaloToTAenoqHbrecTpoqKh cornacHo MoAerrh. ^ crroi npoKnaAKu O5pa6orxa Anr. K e n H. flonocxy rKaHh, paBHylo pa3r"tepy ronoBHoro y6opa c nprnycKop, 1-2 cM Ha ronulhHy MarePxana n 1,5-2 cm Ha uJhPlrHy urBa, cTaqhBaroT,coeAhHtt KoHqbt HaxIaAHblM lltBoM, Pag^,reqapr oKo,lbllll }r MtrKylo npoKnaAKy. flpr o6pa6orxe oKonbrura,cocroru4ero h3 oAxoi Aeranh, nepByp HaAcet{Ky Aeraror nPorxB lrlBa craqhBaHxr, ABe Apyrxe - Ha paBHoM paccrotHnr or rrtBa h nepeoi HaACeqKh.

paar,rerry oKonbrura h3 Asyx qacrei l-lpx o6pa6orxe cKnaAbrBar ero BABoe nxq,eaoi cropoxoi npor3BoArr, uJBbr craqhBaHHr. Paemerxy mrrxoi BHyrpb, coBMeular npoKnaAKh EbrnonHrror aHanorsr{Ho Pa3MeTKe oKonbluja. paar,repxoi nonocKh c HHx
xoro y5opa. C o e A l , l H e H r , t xet e c r x o i

npoKnaAKh co

c oKorlbluJeM cTeHoK lrJBoM coeAnHeHua M, a r TKaHr.r (Qypaxx!, (KanHTaHKaD A3 ocHoaxoi y6op c BHyrBxraAbrBapr B ronoBHoi pocxa). flpoxna4xy KoHl4oB uloB coeAxHeHht pexxei cropoHbr, coBMeulat npoKnaAKX co ulBoM craqhBaHht oKonbtuta xg ocxoaxoi npoKnaAblBapr co crorKaHr, ypaBHxBat cpesbr. Crpovry poHbr cTeHoK Ha MauJNHe c qenHblM crexKoM Ha paccrotHxh cM or crpoqKh coeAhHeHht creHoK c oKorbruJeM 0,1-0,2

(prc. | 12).

t-eb

cpdx

o.Jexlxrx

e].Hest.treweg

.tt,!,

-oxo ee9 xuex weedx whHxrH r xrueuxodu Hoxr)e,* .r"."rv"o3"!lf

) roHa' E,HeHhveor wosmo) r"o",r"oll"|'of.tr:";"I"t"ir;:T5?l; roreexr,edr:ex huox eedr t4rrHx
odoeFxrcFtsouo J rltr:-nsoroJffi

2.4. h3TOTOBJ|EHhEOCHOBHbIX TrnO!

I

I I [:

i

UIBE|ZHHXh3AEIhR

207

cM Ha xpai npoxnaAKh, paBHoMepHo pacnpe4exa 0,8-l nrr nocaAxy HHxHero Kpat Kenh (pnc. 113). KoHu,oB npoKnaAKh pacnoflaraor LlJoe coegrHeHht Ha urBa )4n, nepeAHero ypoBHe nepeAHero urBa KnhHbeB, rKaHh Ha npoKnaAblBaror co cropoHbr ocxoaxoi Crpovxy paccrorHhh 0,3-0,5 cM or cpe3a xenh Ha cneqranunoi MauHHe u,enHoro creD(Ka. 3artrerUlAaxle Hhxxrrr'!' xpai npoxnagKh B xenx 6es oxonbrua nrorHo rxaHbro h 3aMerbrBapr Ha paccrorHxH ocxoExoi orr6apr l-1,5 cM or xpae, Crpo'{Ky npoKnaAbrBapr c nxq,eeoi cropoHbr Ha MaulrHe qenHoro crer(Ka (prc. 114, 6r. Ko3brpbKa, 6oprxxa c roCoeAlrHeHhe B uJepcrgHbrx rofloBHblx y6opax noaxoi npoh3BoAHTcr aHanorhqHo xnonqaro6yi*axnrrm. (KanhraHKaxD Ko3brpex c oxonbtuJeM coB Qypaxrax, eAhHtrc)T OAHOBpeMeHHO C nPhTaqhBaHne,r,t xanO6nxXa. f'lpn coegxxeHhh Ko3brpbKa c Kenh nnx xvri' rpai ronoaxn xpai Ko3brpbKa, coBMetqat HaAHaKnaAbrBanr Ha o6pesxoi c,r,t ceqKh, h npoKna,qbrBapr crpor.rKy Ha paccroaHu'z. 0,3-0,5 oT l.fh,|(Hero KPar roIoBRu u no Kpap nPoKnaAKh Ko3brpsKa. H a n o 6 x x x a , n o n y x a n o 6 O 6 p a 6 o r x a B s a a x c x l o c r r ao r M o A e r h H noAKnaAKh. HhKa xano6xxroroBHbre y6opur h3roraBnhBalor c noAxnaAKoi, KoM hnh nonyxano6xhKoM, nonyxano6xxxx us unu BbrnonHrK)r Hano6xxxr noghnh nonyHano6xrx xcKyccrBeHxoi xoxx, Hano6xrx rx6aror B cropoHy h3HaHKh xa 0,5 cM h 3acrpaqhealor Ha craqxeapulei cM or noAorHyMaLlJhHeHa paccrotHunO,lS-0,2 craqHblM nnrl coeAhHttor roro Kpar. Koxt-lur xano6xrxa cM, rlea 0,5-0,6 LlJrpnxa craqHoro HaKnaAHblM uaoM. HaKnaAHOTO- CornacHo TexHHqecxoMy onHcaHHlo MoAenh. B rpex Kenh Pa3Meqator Bepxnr,ri cpe3 xano6nxxa tltBat craqhBaHht, pasuerKy nporHB craBtr O4xy Mecrax. ABe Apyrhe - nocepeAhHe, Ha paBHoM PaccTotHhh or ulBa n nepeoi pa3Merxh. ,{,eranr noAKnaAKh Moryr 6urru o6pa6oraHbt c nPoKnaA-

otqtnowou : xxUeuxtsou ead: aodorox 'urxeugolourrdu eH ro{PaNhedDex rxox hoHHeerllfuer €}t xr{l{gouEH 1nHXO'rH ' 1o x U e u x U o u ) e \ | , H g o u e H a h H o H h U e o ) 'rHexr foHsoH)o eh Xeuerets rgr 'ex< xer rrUoeerodu rxUeuxtsou leue.laU {xrewee4 'ehHeraoroJ€h 9e ex tcredree taem -qxaw{ 'eodog{ xrqHaouoJ ealfehpx ehHamtqaou reegxheu -)e9o redorox 'exUeuxodu aHouelHr,tf,eH reHHeJer) rhUoxeH aodog{ xrcHEouoJ}rrHeuaoloJex a anHaHawxdu aomsr.rog .w) xnoxx{dxo eead: rxUpuxUou emqHew ex t'O-€'g '{uprau r(woxquets.t eedl ou rxUeurodu latnorruuerl -owoufs ou g)J.htsogerodu bhHeahJerfrqe cuts exreweH 'rxUeuxtsou axodor.: Xosehhu ou l4wetl -r'odr: hwrcHcueuuedEu.r.oresxJer)rqgx rxUgurVou {xodor: or{xttoxeuerr eH ro{earcueuveH (xxrea) {xtseurodu otl(tnoruu -uar6 'wogofou) wlqHHHmEwrcUoeexodu axHeHXUeo) '(h x - hou em' hxh we u m a h x)ra U ) X o x U eux odu I e t n o {6 u u e r A > u x U p u x U o u e } 4 H a Hh U e o J 'xueUow orrrHp)huo {woyrarrxxxer ) of,ou).(e,Sl1 .rnd) ax o H f , e u J o )r r r a e d r g r s e t s x H e H h U a o g -hmew ex xwexrtodlr ro{eahJeL)tca AUA(9 ,gl .:xd) aoeadr l ro w)l Z'O-J'O rxxro.l>gd ex woam wtqHtspuxpHrotrH -rUeo) r 'eerr{ul watn{UrqUadu e xex ,hoxxer) o) ro{estqts - e u x : { x l o o e g o ) o u t r w o H H h m e wx d l . ( e ' g 1 1 . r r d ) a r r a d u gH rcUoeerodu ehHeHt,tVao) 'rqeedr ehHn(hH ceexxeedl 'rxxpxer.r rcxodorl ol xxtseuxtsou lxxer) eH lo{patgUgrx -ex loxodol) Xo€eeux {x1on ago)ou) woeaaux xdg 'wogo)ou) wrgHHr4mew huH wtqaaaur rrUoeexodu e H H e H x U a o' Jh l r e h s lt,{Ueux XoHhonrqrpg -U ou Xo xH er) o r h xXo r) e h H e HhU eoJ 'nxtseuxodu soeadr ro wf Z'O-tr'O xxxrorl:ed eH eHhmew Xelnoresrher) eH ro{EHxUoor {xtseuxodu or{eaeuxeg 'xxtseuxtsou laueraU {xod -or> or{xrtoHeHgh er lonodor) ,osaaux ilUeutodu reerqU -euxpH 'erorrA xux e:ledu orslflowou : rorrxxUeof fovUprx -odu 4oeaaux : rxUeuxUou ormrlrofl '(e x r o dl e w'e rl -H el h upx 'e rx< e d {S'xu e x) h o xts eurodu n'dUeuxUou et{mtcHoU eHHeHhUeo) ) 'reHe lrsxdpsor ruael) lorrogedgo Uedeu hyUeuxuou Sauerau €h hoHuo eH 'U'r h HouarHx) 'xnr.ga - r,rxtseuvodu fgtno{uuuar^ aerlahex s 'orudew 'qHerr orlxrtoUerxodu'uxueeru$'Hhuawguvodg-lqugldarew erqaeeu)reHh arcraegur rotrxewxdu XaHexr xrcxrDdam ex rrdog{ erqHaouoJ e xoUeurodu ru!| 'eax Eeg utrn Xorl --6d6'i,r soz

2.4. h3rOIOEIEHHE OCHOBHbIX TrnOB UlBEnHblX

no3Bonrer HacrpaqhBars 6es nPeABapllTenbHoro craqxBaxxr. Hacrpar{raaHxe xano6xxra npoh3Eo.qtr nocne craqhBaHhr oAHoro xg 6oxogstx lrtBoB creHor. Crpo.rxy npoKnaAbrBalor no xano6nxxy Ha paccrotHhh 0,15-0,2 cM or noAorHyroro cPe3a' B urepcrenurx ronoBHbtx y6opax B KaqecrBe noAKnagKh hcnonb3ytor xnonqaro6yr,raxxyro caPxy An)'t uJent, P'eranr noAKnaAKh (crexxl, KrthHbt' 6oxoeute h cPeAHhe 4eranx)

llt.

CoeAxxexre

ctoixx

co crexxoi

noAKnaAKtl B 3arblnoqHoi '{acrh

coe4hHrlor crar{HbrMurBoM tr.rxpttxoi 0,5-0,6 cl,r. LUeutsayrrox(hBapr. B aaaxcxir,rocrhor MoAenh urast moryr 6utru HacrPor.lHblMh. noAKflaAKh rr Hano6xrxa craqHbtM tltBoM Coegxxexxe npoh3BoArT aHanorht{Ho 9T]rM onepaqhtM npx h3roroBneHhh x ugAe nu!., xnonvaro6ymbxxut nonyxano6noAKr€rAKr, xano6xnra, flpx coe4xHeHhr KanhraHKa' Ht,tKa HaKnaAHbrM lltBoM (xcoxeixa, Qypaxxa, hnh KanhraHKy BKnaMarpocKa, xenr) no4xnaAKy a $ypaxxy BHyrPb h BbrBePTblBarcrl. AbrBapr xsxaxxoi Oxonrrur h3 ocHoBHoi rxaxx orrx6aror BHyrpb roroBHoro y6opa. Crexxx noAKnaAKh HacrpaqhBdK)r Ha xecrKyK, npoKnaAKy, coBMeulat ulEbl noAKrla4Kx co ulBaMh xg ocxoaxoi TKaHh, x Hacrpa'{hBator Ha yHhBePcanbxoi ir,raulrxe qenHoro 0,4-0,5 cr,,r or cPe3a noAKaaAKh H crex(Ka Ha paccrotnnu 2*2,5 cM or Hhr(Hero KPat npoKnagxn (pxc. 1 16). Crpovxy npoKnaAbrBapT co cToPoHbl creHoK noAKtaAKh. Flogxna4xy B MarPocKy BKnaAblBaorr coBMeulat ulBbl creHOK nOAKnaAKh C HaCeqKaMh Ha oKonbluJe. l4 - 3aK.738

-iWfu:@ sodo9^ xt9Hsoro.lrhHrusoro@

2.4. h3fOTOEIEHl,tE OCHOBHUX lt1nOJ

Cpesur noAKnaAKrrnoArr,r6apr xa 0,5 cM B cropoHy h3r a xxxxxi xpai oxonurua Ha craqhH a H K hh H a c r p a q h B a K t H Eapulei MauJHHe. Crpo,rxy npoKra4blBalor c axyrpexxei cropoHbr oKonbluJano noAKnaAKe Ha paccroeHnu 0,15-0,2 cM or noAorHyroro Kpar noAKnaAKh r xa 0,5 cM or Kpae oKonbrua (pnc. 1171. Marpocxy BbrBeprbrBalorHah3HaHKy,oKorbrur orBePrbrsaKrr BHyrpu rax, uro6sr creHKh noAKnaAKh(pxc. I 18) nnorxo oru6anu x(ecrKyK, npoKndAKy, h npoKnaAbrBalorcrpoqKy no BepxHeMy Kparo oKonbtuld Hd cTar.thBapulei ivraurrxe Ha PaccrolHu)'t 0,4-0,5 cM or Kpae oKonbtuta. B renr c xano6xrxor,r (pxc. I 19) nogornyruri xpai xano6HhKa HacrpaqhBaror Ha noAorHyruri xpai ronoBKh. Crpo.rxy pacnonarapr xa 0, ,|5-0,2 cM or xpar xano6HnKa h xa 0,40,5 c,r,ror Kpar xenx. CoeghHeHhe nonyxano6HhKa c Kenll npoh3BoAgT aHanorhqHo coeAxHeHl,tp xano6xrxa. flpx xacrpaqrsatnL nonyxano6Hr,rKcrerxa HarrrhBaKrr, pacnonarar ero KoHLf,blHa oAhHaKoBoM paccTotHhh oT KOHqOBKo3brpbKa. CoeAhHeHhe Hano6xxxa c oKonbrLlJeM (prc. 120). CoenxHeHhe npoh3BoArr c oAHoBpeMeHHbrM BTA'{HBAHHEM KO3bIPbKA.

Oxonurur I xaxnagureator Ha o6peaxoi xpai xano6nuxa 2 x nphrar{hBaror,HaqhHaror uJBa oKonbtua. Koeurpex 3 exnaAbtBapr MexAy nano6xlxor"r h oKonbrtueM, coBMeu4ar HaceqKh Ko3brpbKah oxonblua Qypaxxx. Crpovxy npoKnaAbtBalor co cropoHbl oKorb[.ua Ha paccrorann 0,4-0,5 ci,,r or noAorHyroro Kpar oxonbrura n 0,5-0,6 cM or o6peanoro xpar xano6l.nta , Ko3brpbxa, OxoxqarenbHar orAenKa H3Aenr'i. Bpe. MeHHyrocTPoqKy3aMerbrBaHhrHh3a A3Aenre yAaflrlor, KoHqbr HhroK o6peaaror. Ocrasulxecr cneAbr Mena h npox3BoAnbub otrhularor Me)(aHxqecxoi tnl o6uxxoaeHcrBeHHyro 'xoi u{erroi. l16. CoenxxeHhe noAKraAKr h npoKra,qxh B Sypaxre | -

noAxnaAxa;

2 -

xn,

KanhraHKe:

npoxacgxa

CoeAxreHr,re noAKnaAKr c oronbrttrem MarpocKx:

',117. | - noAxnaAra; | -

ll8. i{9. l -

6a6n6p

O x o x q a r e n b H a t o 5 p a 5 o r x a n o A r n a l A K r 4M a r p o c x x co"ar".xxe ocroarar

sano6xxxa c Kenh:

rxaxu; 2-

120. Coegxxesre

xaro6xxx;

xano6rxxa

3 -no4xaa4xa

c oKorbruJem cpyparxxx, Marpocxh

fqam Hxo)r noHxeerf)Ix)A en )1rvetlen axrogedgo xdg 'snvaVen rxxauwdo$o oJoHshlgdoxeU quod qredrr,r rr(row hxhoug '(xxr,ou9) cxr:deero rorereU xcuErats ex exewgoox{Ueos 6uV hx(ov hoHHeer>>{y>xel xrxuaUen g 'eodog{ rxx xrqHaouoJ xrqxr-rrdam -euaoloJeh xdu wrnhedauo wxre eHhhJonpHeemlqroxo 14, ex -qdrqeoy Seue.leUu A\eovoJ nxdogr qrtot{quereEoUeu)olJ 'axUeuxodu hetnortsuuar{ r axUeux -Vou uuu axUeuxUou eH rorgaruaeroJgx rrdog{ erqHaouoJ 'EZl .rxdl xxrox huaUow ro xr)owH)hsee g 'lltl foHHeart -:Ixrx x lonruedlleH ar aodogl rnxaouoJ exrogedgg 'rxrogedgo hosoruet-oHxeus eutrou rol -EHhUeo) wemrquo)to r fusau ot{xrrouaU.lo 'emrquoxo wo€m o) rcrHeu bhHeahhel) som Uetnew8o) 'mtguoro eH ro{egau -ex {rxau wereg 'rqrHeu cEdx o.lexxxH lo w) Z'9-9}'O AAH extHqtorredr "i;:1T:n;il:il'"'#:;r";';; !o'hodr'f ernoruuedx.E "Jt**"ur

:lodewwrun

-

€ :cHexr -

t

Jchxeoi,tu -

t

r Hxueuto enxeuuadxxdg ';,11

-rorrred ex rorcuuadx) A (ZZtr.rnd) errxquol{adr loxr'odrr aUxee {sm ou ro{e€tcUeuxf tqlHeulchHoy.IZl.>rdl eHhmew Fatnoreshherf pH lotbHr,tUeo)h qdr{xe XoxHeHehrotestqUeu}) {rxa6 'gmtquor{o xr:oxx<{dxo exrrU exaed rrrrg exxuoU rqlHglr foHhoueUro exluU XorHeu tx:odrew enuaUro rdg .5hHPJ

-auxdu oJoHnou oU rorrxrUaqeed x crrldeero erqtouoxodu a lotuuael)e xwedewwrult I lqUgeee ,gdoxr ,trhleol{g ztz

godogx xrqHSouoJrhHaus6roJE

EulotroHxlr EvHHlumtgwoJu z

2.4. h3rq,JoBnEH4e-qC,!9grullhn_oB.g-qEmux_!34!nrn_

;

2t 3

@@ffi

I $ H !:

G@ffi

e@G

s@ r{ Myl(cKhe 123. flercxre crBeHHoi Koxh 124. Xexcxne

ronoBHbte y6opur

xs xarypansxoi

roroBHbre y6opur xe xarypanuxoi

,

uctyc-

N hcxyccrBeHHoi xoxx

-t

-J :{prrowkxr€^uouD -" :(errowrx)€' ::ff;:1"t"::;iY;,"t-;1H"Tl;"J:T :exew oJoHHeerf)r(r)x er rrdogl etqHsouoJ9rx)Iob/ .gtJ hr(ox loxsued{rex eh rrruever. s aoam exr.ogedgg .g11

p

?

' "if'r'.:!:

_\ '-'

g

v

n

'wou)ew wrqHHhmgwlo,tggtqeew) {xox orlxxeer:l{x:x wou - e r d a r p w ) l r H h m e w n n l a d r r x a d r E h H a m q H e w Av v f i l . e H h m -ew EoHhoUe)ouf,eg eH 6)J.hUoeexodu eoem enrogedgg 'w) w) €'0-Z'O (axueseHp xdu 9,0-9,0 iwr g,g-7,g ((exupsEHD ldu egm egndr,rm ol'egm <<exueges>> esad 6,'9-9'0 -rowr{Uedu xuaUow ou xu)l .w) 9,0-g,0 chHgahherf,esm eH -xdr;-11'exrogedgo hoaouust-oHxpua rore.rdaeUouen rsdog{ etqHaouoJ hl€ xet yet 'toteaxr,edrrex hux roteshhedpred ttz

aodo9A

x|9HaouoJ s],lHrltsoloJE,|

chlottoHxSl

SvHH3um|qwodu'z

\

=-=---21:

LLrcrw-ugErzrul-t'rsiEnun

i\

l n

I

ffi#w

w

ffi

ffi# h-fflt-'

Wwffi

-'rou''u!um ;gi*h*;#rr.u

"j;:l**k'l;;

'adr(xm huh elHau loeorued eH oJa qreueUr ?x< uvu xueUow x oHJ.oru qrxmldu oHxow exew eh Houwoll 'hwe)l -x(er) H w h x q u o ) t ) a x e x x U e d e ) a . r o {Euuadxr r {lrxx roreg -xJEleE welpa 'exlles xartor{l f om.tuogeH ceerqtseuxe xrroux^urqe ruU qdr{xe 'A>ttun ex ledx eader, roredxgor el{dx aUre e eHouwou suerafl 'eHouwou exrogedgg 'eHhmew loxxrxdoxr ex ,pxqdrcsox exrc9edg6 rlrxUosesodu 4euou n exntdog 'axUeuxodu er ro{eueE mrcuoro ol 'lrxxot xew rt.tHHeeD:r(lrx xu:3 '{xrrodrr or{xnoraU.lo ?mrquoxo oredx ^waxxadrAxs ou rorpglqUeuxodu ,oUEx rruf,e 'rr xdeee loxodorr Eosehhu axxrts ou roregr,uad .wor{hotonow Loteahgsed uvu lo{Bgtqt -eu mf.ruoxo wereg -ex9o som 'wf, 9'g loxlrdxm woam eHhmew latnoteexnerr eH HUU wt €'0-Z'0 4oxndnm wo€m eH,tmpw loxxeuhr hrhouem ,rsredag ,rqdouet ,tgweum exxlrets rof es h uEer oJeH exew oJoHHeaof At>n ey.lgt l' tt I' ga) .>ndl exow oJoHrasrlllrrt sx oodog{ rnHsouoJ elrogedgg '(v 't 'gzj 'rnd) lauereU rsxodorf hoHhoHgl{Eh) pwq)ar cfrar(equou - ) n A v ) e ' x w e l n o d t ) h w t q H q u e u u e d e uc w ^ e U r u x x o x r r o d p loxeedgooJeeJhe aHhmsr.{Xatno{eshhet) eH HaHuoutqscrtqg rexow som 'xrcr)s aom lo{cHewrdu txot loxsued{rex ex eodog{ xrqHsolroJ hhHauaoroJe, a HlfowxUoxgoex xdg '(s'9'e'gZJ Dud, l a u e r e U x t q H h o u e U r oe x r o g e d g o h ) t a h -ertqs hhHeahhpr) rdu exxer e ,eoxlrdog ,exqdtqeox ,Nxeou -ol laueraU hhHeshheJ.trdu woeadt wrqrrsdxJ.o) ts€m etqH -Ueuxex ror{gquouth xx
o-rr nqneo u-oJ r hrtr ueoro J€t rhJouoHx]I r vnxr rnrnwolET

2.4, h3rOTOBnEHhE OCHOEHb|X ThnOB UJSERHb|XU3IIEt|,/'n

qffi ffi # @

l'

ffi ffi

-uourqa .ttrqg rex(ow rwguou ) ,xgouoJ cxxexxUeot gom '$71 cndl hwruou xwtqr{xloro rrqdx: h hxaouoJ rqxodor: loeehru I rxtsorodu exsouol x heuou rxr{cshherhdu eo;'1 'xxUcuxUou x pxdag er Setn -bor)o)'axgouoJ x loteahmhdu ruou etqHHgugorotUouor'rt -re{dxwdo$eU rxer'o ax edog{ oJoHsouoJ ewdo$ xur3 .w) 1,0-S'g Soxrdxm wo€m eHxmcw ex rorrxrtsao) xtqHaouoJ x}rx h w s u o u) r q u c u m{ r e o u o l ' x E d o 9 ^ -Jsw I IoxaouoJ t X€'uou eHHeHhUeoJ 'wf z'0-9'0 eem enxdxp 'eHrrmcv{ loxsueedeaxxr( es XorsouoJ r tor6H -Hueof xadneoy '{xlouou orixdeweed roreexheudu cupt -ndu nunnu ou or 'e'|qdtqEox h N)tgouoJ e, t'tvn hraouoJ th oxcuol rxor)o) pxew oJoHHasr))^x)h er do9{ foHsouoJ hrt rxatml-xruem

:exew oroHHeu:llx>r

eurt _

a lktutm

ex rrdog{

eRHarldout*9

:ruaa _t

arqHaoroJ exx>xlg1

'911

WW -tl'f oraouoJ f 9)tqdlqeox ehHOt{HU9o) 'rBHegl,lhelrdu aH -uuV Ue)e ou londawoxeed qrlqg cHt+(uoUexo or '1oxtselou f, rorpehmhdu ^xeouoJ Hu)f 'w) Z'O-g'g loxxdrm woam ex roreehr'erldu r emtcuoxo h aHxmpw loxsuerdaerxl H)raouoJxodor: tqxxUedet rotruuedx: h lcxghewro 'qdr.Axs rwrqeahru foxsouoJ Hwexodot) t rotgslcUcuxf mtqu - o x o ' Xo ) r a o u o J ) s m r . r u o x o e h H e H x U a o ) 8tz

xnneoror srHilrsorffiwoau'z

TXnOE UBEnHbtX 2.4.r43rOTOEnEHrE OCHOBHbIX '3AEW_

21e

HeH Ha cKoPHtx(Hoi ivraulrxe, ecnh ocHoBa HcKyccTE€HHoro Mexa cbrnyqa9. y6opa ronoBHoro h3 )'tc' CoeArrHeHhe B e p xr Mexa c noAKnaAroi. KyccrBeHHoro noAKraAKy cKnaAbrBapT nhqeabrMN cToPoHaMH BHyTPb, coBMeular uj8br cTat{rBaHht ronoBKh Bepxa h noAKraAKh, h nphraqhBaror tax, vto6ur uJoB npnraqHBaHht noAxnaAxx 6rtn xe 6onuure uJBa nPhraq) sar.t ua oronbtura, nonei, Ko3btpbKa

0 I

t il.

I 2 I

1 2 9 . C o e e x x e H r e r o . r r o B H o r oy 6 o p a , 3 r c r y c c r B e H H o r o M e l a ( l ) c n o a xna4xoi (lf): (uor oaHoBpolel{o npNuNlaorcn c norra, eaxprrr_ororxyrsrxr noarxr): o - noaxraAka Mauktse; 2-uoE aunorHes Ha Mlurig 22 xa.; 6asrnoareH ha c{opatxtsoi | -uol nocre npHUraaercr coeAaHeHx, norei t - uor npxtcrraaxrr c roroBioii noA(raAxd 2-wog c nonrah; nprracrlaHrt none; { roro!(o; 3-npanoAKnaAKr K rorotxe r lotrogKe Rocslx ciexxoM KpenteHtc noa(trtaxl

yt r. A. (cra. prc. 129). Cza1u ocraBnrror xesacrpoverxui yqacroK gnnxoi 10-12 cM Anr BbrBeprbtBaHhrroroBHoro y5opa. lJJoa npxraqr4BaHlr noAKraAKX K ronoBKe nplKpenngtor crpoqroi rocoro crexKa. fonoexoi y6op auraeprbrBalorHa rrxqeBy]o cropoHy, noAuhBaror h npxKpennrror noAKnaAKy B qeHTpe. B Aercrxx ronoBHbrxy5opax lr3 hcKyccrBeHHoroMexa noAKnagxy 4y6 nhpyror yrennrpu4ei npoxnagroi. .{,nn rroro noAKna.qxy BbtcrerhBapr c oAHhM cnoeM BarhHa no rpa(papery. ronoB H brr O xoxqaren b Ha t o rA e n K a y6opoB x3 hcKyccrBeH Horo Mexa.LUeurcraqxBaHlrr Aeranei BbrqecblBarorMeranrhqecKhMX u4erKaMh. Onpaanrnr ronoaxoi y6op xa 3nexrpo(popMe xnh .qepeBrHxoi ry,r,r6e.

-9o wntnor{tsarr rorcueoroJer {xUeutodu oritnorruuer6 'eodog{ xlgHaouoJ rhHeuaoroJen x$lJou -oHxel e xrqxxedrow:AUadu r xwerdetsxp.tl xrqxxaUxdeerA 'xtshHereho: xrqxr,xuepd g rquEndargw arqxnoUeuxodu jr ahtnorcuuet{ rorgxewxdu roUeuruou hhHeusororel xdg 'dU r nrdew hoHHesodxraduue'psruewguxodu 'esxu -aexu$ er xxUeuxodu rorcxawrdu xxeouor xrroexrtlooA 'loxrrldem cuv 'oror ewody 'Hlrps loxenmoduor)uox -{uou'1rrxx<ewr(gorehuolrx qrrqg re)(ow weuerhuuer6 '(eodo9,( xrqHaouoJ xhrfHex ruU) xxUeuxodu letnoruuuar{ ea9 i(eodog{ xrqHsouor xxxlreU r xrqeoxreodUou ruV) loxHeJer)rcra eH oH 'loxUeunodu letnolruuerA :

xt.tH€otroJ xrrrrHex

ruts xltseuxodu

aodogl €a9 hxtseuxtsou ahHausoroJEh '0€]

:(eodo9{ xrqHaouoJ xrqaoxhhquew rvv x xrxlx<{w ruU) rwexrrodrl xwx.t{dts n uwqnvnaogwod 'xwrqrgnxeuor{ 'hw -rqxquauuedpu EoHHeJatltqs'roxUeuxodu latnorruuar{ > :eoUxa xadr l.eesrcrg bhHghgHSeH ee lo r,rr)owhf,hseE s exueuxuog 'exew oJoHHesllr{x:r xrqH eA aodog{ -solroJ cvV xoUeuxUou ehHeusoroJsh ozz

80do9^ xFHSorIoJ EhH:lltsoloJ€l.trhJorloHxSl cvHHSumtqwodu'z

2.4. h3|'OTOBTEHhE OCHOBHb|X ThnOB UJEEnHUX H34Enrq---_

22t

pa3oM. Ha geranr npoxnaAKh (ns SnraenhHa, KpaxManuxoi , Mapnh H Ap.) HaKnaAbtBapryrenr|renu (xanpxr,,rep,aarxx) h cBepxy yTennuTene HacThnaroTAeTanh noAKnaAKh,BbtKpoeHHbtet,l3 uJerKoBoi rxaxx hnh xnonr{aro6ymaxxoi capxor. fleranx noAKnaAKrrH yrenngloulei nporna4xh npocrpaqhaafoTAByMr B3ahMHonepeceKalolJ4'n,,^rc' crpoqKaMh TaK, lll, ! -

Myxcrne cf,oprrllso

xom6xxxpoeaHHbreroroBHbre y6opsr: ulnocxr;

6 -

rxnr

xenr;

! -

urot

f f i 4 ffi

@ryffi qro6ur B qeHrpe o6paeosancr KBaApar. Cpe4xr,or,oAeranb p a c c T P a q h B a p r A B y M t n a p a n n e n b H b t M hc T p o q K a M HB A O n b . ,{,erant noAKnaAKH craqhBalor llBoM r.uxpxxoi 0,50,7 cm. lllos craqxBaHhr pa3yrtox(hBapr. [1o4xna4xy, cocrorlqy]o h3 qerbtpex KnrHbeB,paccrpaqhBArcr AByMr naParnenbHbtMh cTpoqKaMh c paccTorHHeM Melx.qy xrmx 3-3,5 cm.

enrtouoJ enrncsodrrxgwo1 AuuAd.r orAmruog'ndogt 'roleatt)f(o{rAee rxxeexher) som .w) loxrdxm wosm lcxeaxher) xxUeulUou rueraU /'g-gtg rxUEuxodu Xetaotruuarl ea9 4onUeuxUou r xrxueUex g '(edrnah) axhol SoxUo s r)qrhUoxt tqxxroU hrsouoJ adrxeh I lqsm 'ro{pahx(o{r{epd xxUpuxUou €eqH}'lu)l rhHeshhgr) aom 't{xueuxuou lqHXaouou 'etnvrt PaU rolrHhUeof e9o ax<{ wetPe P 'PeU elne worou eueheH) ol 'eeqHhur xadtqrert elr rrorfot elUeulUou xu:3 'eHhmew XoHquerhguf PH otque.taUloxneeodrd$o.r r ^xUeuxUou ror{drdSoJ'l4xHarf rorearmE psr)ehex trdolerex hemtlcs ndog{ elcHaouoJI '(e '0€ ')hd) cedx to wf ?'0-E'0 nxxrorl:ed eH 'ee 6PH I -irwtJ ax 'emotd tqxodop o: Iwen r lo{eshhgrrdu x ormlqH -oU eH ro{satcUeuxsx {xxar: wareg '(9'Ogt 'rxd) or{xr,(de

worrrdog

) athou?m

-r

iFw?Hlu

guhr -9

l'thou?m

:rrdogA alqHaoroJ atrxHeeodlxrgwox

tllH"lclout

-

I

elrx)Heg'Z€J

'(e'gg1 ':xd) 'ux 9-0t x HeusoroJaH qrtqg lex(ow mor4 eHrmew XoHXesm lonxeeodxexxdeUow ex motd role€Hd -e9:r.rdu n wl 7'g-g'g loxndrm wogm wlqHherf,ro{rHhUeof xrixerr tqhHoy'woeedgo wxlnolAUeut ro{slrsorolex nxUeux -odu ee9 exaw oroHHaen:Axtra ex rnwdo$ Xoxr)ax u 4o'r -$axr(uou eodog{ xlqHaouoJ xl,|xtHex( uuu {xueuxuog z

A xtqffiVHHslJmlqwodu

2.4, h3TOTOBIEHITEOCHOBHbIX TrnOB UlEEtHbtX U3AEn,,n

ronoBHbtey6oprr (qa. Qoro cocraanrtor ror,r6xnnpoEaHHbte l-6, 24-36). i

l-1o

Ha3HaqeHhlo

nx

noApa3Aerrpr

Ha

Myx(cKhe

(pxc. l3l), xcercxxe(pxc. 132) x 4ercxxe (pxc. 133). lll,

flercxxe rom6xxxpoeaHHbr€ ronoaHbre y6opur:

6 - ungr a - uanoqrN Arr AGtoce{; cnoDrrlHUc uanoqFh ant &ttbqrkot

Arr

AetocKx;

| -

urorl

A

W

'$ H '{

Art

danbcrxor;

ry #

ru@

a -

r loreshm^rodu 4onUerxodu > Iwdo6 'Eeux Xou) rrfoHgt{ eed elna n laudew ro{pshJrrgo {xUeuxodu weree 'rotedxts ole omodox 'seur fou) r6)oHex Axdeer fuUeuxodu eg 'eUerrdu unHnv ou nwereeu{g rorruuadxpe r.rewdod ex woSarued r wormrqxoU : H)rHer) tshHeahherf aom (xueUow ou urraAgedr rura) roretnaw -eol '{wdo$ or{wxUoxgoeH eH ro{esetsex {xUeuxodg 'rore8 -xredr:>ed som 'wf 9'(FS'O 4onndnm wosm roreshhelf h 'rqxxUadar 6pfnew€o) 'sdr^He rwexodop hwrqaehru wotl -mlqxots : {xxere roresrqUeur) 'pxmrqHoU h hxHer) xodou rcxxUadar ro{ehewro 'roreerhednred eo;'11 'w) 9'0-g'0 'cdrAxg 4onudnm woam loreshherl r rqeedl .roreexxaedl Soxodor.r hoaehxu rorssrqtseux: xraxeu$ ex xxUeuxodu HxHerf, xrereU rqhHoI 'exmtqxoU h !{xHel) e}i rholfo) lody'xrqr{xbroHcuoh h rehouem'r(souor x H t n o t e J e u g o o H r o u u ' < < x o l le u h r e o d o g { x fe Ha ouor cvV xrU e u xo d u e xr o g edgO '(79 'rr,rd) eodog{ xrqHaouoJ xh)rfHex woHsoH 1 -)o g auV v)Lotvxewxdu hHexr erqsoxuam rhHetrsoroJeh 'faxexr rnsoxuem Gh eodogA xrqxaouoJ exrogedgg

aEoHto xoHtexdgx eH sOdOgA rrrHEOuoJ rHHfoEm exHeu8oloteyl'9'j'a 'aouexdarew xrqwa{equoulh eodog{ irqxeouo.r

ra{Ueur

lo hl)owrlf,haeg xhxer hvrogedgo

a qrcrawrdu rsgo>ou1

-uou r roresrsg rsdog{ er.rHaoror.,;:::"::?;;;:X"""

'woHrouou wrqHx(elo)rhd.tl xrxerer,ol 'rHg)u etqg g rqueradatew etggetneuu 'xaw ltsxxeaDr{x)r -olqueu ihweHrouou hwt.trphrel 'wolagqueg 'woxew wtqx -xaa.ler{xlx tr r,rxHelohol e tqugxderew arceatnpuu lworeg -quag 'woxew wtqHHeatrr{x:r f hhHeleho) a bqHouog euhr qxexr lworegqueg 'woxaw wtqHHesr)lAv>u > hhHereho) I {xcox or{xxaerrrAx)x fwoxew wrqHHaer:llx)h ) hHHpr,ohoJ a hHexl arq€olcueu :tquerderew artnor{Ueue ror{eqroulr aodog{ xrqHaouoJxtqxxeaodxHhgwox EhHeuaoloJen yvfil 'sor{hhcuew cuv ux -houpm erqxanrdou) r rqwaum 'rehoaaU suu hxhouem fehx) -Hex wo)thrdog r hxhouem 'rqweHeu 'h)rhouem elqxexrdoul lexxrrx{w rcweum 'truer 'hxhouem ercHehrdou: :xeeedgoox -eed sodogA xrqxeouo.rxrqxxgeodrHhgwox rxewxrdor:y ,zz

8OdOg,{XFHSOUOjKhHtUSOIOtehshJorroHx3lrvHHlumtqwodu'z

tscr{l.ru}l'eem l(xldxm etr exdaa rHe)ll eh ruerats emqHew xuerefl 'wo.rotr{ xux a::adu eH lo{sHrUaor rlUeurodu t,t werr.tcdxou wrqgeeux I xxUeuxodu en rqHhur rolpslqU -euveH exdee hHe)lr €H tsqHrruxPH 'rxsoltot exrcgedgg 'Xeuou rr hxsouoJ Eh lhol)o) dogA loxeouoJ 'tr w -Buou I aodog{ xlqHaouor et{lo9Pd9O 'AluaUro rotruuadxrdu'AxUeuxUou roles -hms r .Lorcusoro.tUoll 'rolPwrxl x tqwdo$ loxrraadeU ro rbUosro dogA loxaouoJ hxUo€ro Xov)ahhuuerew o{clnow -ou ) 'roteinmrbodu Awdo6 '(9'9€1 'rr'rd) loxeodruedU rorestqdxee etse)hdu nnlrv ou rrHe)ll god) XlcHHaeuvxolJ 'hwgrx(al) xwlcHferou -rorr(drelx$ hxuplrx) weJ'eg 'Iox -Ueuxodu : Awdo$ otAxxeusoLorUou eH hwexusux) hwhm 'sxex1 -cuogeH lo{eatsuerpH 'ALAH hofox ou ot{nxaodxtse 'r,rxhoupm HxsoupJ AxeodruedU ruuoeelodu wereg '(e'9€1 'rrd) eUe:xdu Ar.Hr U exdas rHexl ex Alrou ou lo{eaheuxxdu

huh loleshmxdu

hHerr Xosovuem en eodogA xtqxeouo.t xtqsseaodxupdu exro9ed9o

'9gl

-og 'orxhedauo rotcdoreou eed atne x qrlxrolUou oteul 'Exdes hHe)ll th hxfou rorey 'Xeux Xtcsoxxeed lr)oHeH -ou 6xrdxm 4oxeed 'loxxdxm eUe:xdu Al,Hvrvou Axtseux -odu or{Hxeueoro.tUou sH 'lolesHxotrleed tshHegxher)gom 'roleahher) x)l)ouou nhxoy .w) 9,0-grg esm exndrgl 'edoii euprxdu rrxeuwdo$o suu (hueuow ou) o.r6iaono.r w) g-t Soxxdxm {v:ouou rorcueoroJUou xrhH XoJox ou --

soToII

xlfHsouoJ tt-H3usoroIth Bhi6lJoHx3r svHHrtrnttqwoau z

2.4. hQTOTOBIEHhE OCHOBTIUXr{nOB

227

UTBEBHbIX

cr'r. Lllgut 0,5-0,6 ronoBxh coeAhHtlor lllBoM utrpxxoi paccrpar'thBalor c nrrleaoi cropoHbl.h pa3yrrox(hBalor ' Aeranr noAKnaAxrr craqxBaKrr lllBoM urnprnoi 0,50,5 cm. tUert pasyrrcrxhBalor. O6pa5orxa nonel. B nonn B KaqecrBe npornaAKh Hcnonb3ylor npoKraAoqHylo rKaHb rnr tpnxaenHH c KneeBblM noxpbrrheM. Mex<4y AByMn AerartMh nonei BxnaAblaalor nPoKnaAKy H cKnehBalor Ha nPecce.

116. O6pa6orxa

't -

AepearHHar

roroBHbrx y6opoe

Qopra;

2 -

nonr

rororxHx

c nontmh

rlg ulenroEoi

rxanr:

y6opor

C npoxnagxoi xs npoxnagoqxoi rraxx nont coeAxHtrcrr Ha craqhlalou-lei mautrne naparlrlerbHblMh crPoqxaMh' coBMeular urBbr craqhBaHht qacrei Aeranei. Konrtt{ecrao cTpoqeK h paccTotl{he Mex(Ay Hl,lM}43aBXCtT OT MOAenx. Bxeuxxi xpai nonei oxaxrogulaalor nottocxoi xg rxaHll Bepxa Ha MaurhHe co cneqhatbHbrM nprcnoco6neHneM. Bxyrpexxxi xpai nonei garx5apr Art nPlraq]tBaHht ronoBKh Ha npecce Hnh yrroxKoi nonei yrtorom xa Qopue ( p n c . 1 3 6 ,a ) . Coe4nnenne ronolrn c nona*n, fonoaxy HaKnagbtBapr Ha nonr Ha paccrotxnx 0,5-0,6 cr,,r or nphcaAa nonei x nphraqxBapr qenHbtM crexxoM Ha paccrotxxx 0,3-0,4 cm or Kpat ronoaKx (prc. 1 36,6). y6opH lr3 xct(yccrBexroro rlert Ha rtPrac' fonorxue rol octtooe lPxc. 137' 1381. Ha hcKyccrBeHHoroMexa x3rol6r

szz

ao@

wffi 8odogn XnHSOttOl5hHilf8o.toJeH rrlot oHx3r SvHHtumFwodu .z

Hx ThnoB urBEqHbtxn3aEnn

229

,.r"* ,6"4--r, ;" t Ma)r, (ToKnr 6eperut BceBo3Mox(nstxSopivr, xe6onrruxe utanoqxh c 6oprnxor,t, llrrtnbt c nontMH. O6pa6orry npoKna.qKx ocyulecrBnelor raK lxe, KaK h Artt ronoBHbtx y6opoa re utenKoBbrxrxaxei. ,{,eranr Kpot hcxyccrBeHHoro Mexa, cocrotudhe n3 KrHHbeB Xn]r AoHblurKa x cTeHKh, cTaqhBaloTHa cKopHtxc^r. llloe o6xarutxoi ir,raulrre uJBoM wnpuxoi 0,2-0,3 Baror hnh pas6xsarcr MonoroqxoM. Ha noAroroBreHHyK, npoKtaAry cBePxy xaxocnr cnoi r{ner. fonoaxy h3 Mexa HaAeBaKrrxa Qopray c nporna4xoi nxqeeoi cropoxoi BBepx, pacnonaran utBbl c,lMMerPhqHo orHocxrerbHo cepeAxHbt Anh crPoro no qeHTpy ronoaKr c3aAh (a xoxcrpyKqHh AoHbruJKoh crexxa). 3arer,,r PaBHoMePHO HaTtrHBaloT h 3aKpenntpT no nnHAA nPHCa,qa' tDopr,ry npocyuJhBaK)r, npNcaA ocgo6oxAalor or 3aKpenrlenxi. Bxyrpexxxi xpai noAPe3apr, ocraBntt nPhcaA urrtPhxoi 1,8-2 crr,r.C noMoulblo orBoAKh ronoexoi y6op oreo'or AepeBrHHoi $op,r,rur A, HaqhHar c sarutnogxoi Arr qacrh, cHt,tMalorc Hee. l-lpnxpennrlor orAerKy. Coegxxexxe noAKnaAKE c BepxoM onhcaHo na c.225. Oxoxqarenunar o6pa6orxa ronoBHoro y6opa cocrorr B nphqecbtBaHl,|uA tll,rcTKehcKyccTBeHHoroMexa. O6pa5orra ronoBrHx y6opoe rt 6aprara na rapracrol ocHoBe. 3aroroexa npoKnaAKh npox3Bo,q,hrct rax xe, KaK h Anr ronoaHurx y6opoa h3 luerKoBoi rraxr. 7'sroroareHHe Bepxa ronoBKH lltrtnbl r h n a (r o KD (prc, 139, a). !,eranr rotoBHoro y6opa craqhBalor uJBoM vtupuxoi'r 0,5-0,6 cm. llloa craqhBaHht paculoB craqr,rBaHrt paccrpar{xBarot. flpx xeo6xogxt*ocrx npaBnrrcrr lr nphKnehBaror, cneAr 3a reM, qro6ut xnei xe npouJer Ha nrq,eBy|o croPoHy. Fonoaxy rs 6apxara c npoKraAxoi coe4rHtror cneAylor4rlM o6pasor*. Ha tDopr*y c npoxtaAKoi. paeromepHo HaHoctr pe3x,'xosuri xneh n Aator npocoxHyrb. 3are,r,r HaHoctr aropoi cnoi xner. l-logroroaneHHyp ronoBKy h3 5apxara Hartrh, pacnpaBBalol Ha npoKnaAKy, coBMeular uBbr cTat{hBa}{}/ta l17. Xexcxxe ocHoBe: a-rrna

r6orpxar;

138. Xexcrre a-

roroBHble y6opur le

Trna arorr;

5-uanoqxa

c

H c K y c c r B e H H o r oM e x a x a x a p x a c x o i

6oprrxom;

t-6cpcru;

r-rxna

qqctMat

ronoBHbre y6oprr xs hcxyccrBeHHoro Mexa (nnrcua): 5 -

6epcr;

t -

unida

c trotrMl;

r-

lxn!

(qatMlt

'olAxr,Ide oe loreat,lmg lr ^xUervUou ro{ee}rm) '{xuaUro rorgsxmndu 'xxUeuxf .r.orcuuadree 'rrwdo$ r rotgwHH: do9{ XoHsouol 'ro{5u -uadxBe cxxexhUao) som 'rorr(drrxx$ xrUeuxS .prmrqxoU cedx ceerqdxpx 'r(xxErf xwgxUeuxt totestqUpux{ wer.eg 'exmrsHoU oredx ou anUeulodu x oxmrqsots roreermrdu rorruuadx6 .oxmteHoU rorAdxuedU sueheH) r xrUeuxl

ou euexdarew en roreeredxrqa edog{ oro""o,lo^l"r#:tit; 'r{xHert qltsot)of gH r,r exmtqHoU le}Kow tqutsum exgouo1 '{xUeuxUou roreshma x ro{tsugoroJ -e7 'rrwdo$ : rsuuum aALBH) er)ou rrUoserodu xxeodxu -edU arxeuuadxce eoH.rugrshHoxO'Foxr:lUro roresrqdxee r edog{ oloHaouoJ hlteh XoHhourqlee a lcxsJpuoured xueraU sohHox crraxrtseo) Eom 'Hwgy)|(elt HwlqHHerou glueux -odu x exdes .rHcr{l ggermxdu 'rorldx:xx$ hxUgux) .rotpa -ed9o hHexr nxmr.ue)A'rwexeeulg rorcruedxee rtxUeux) 'nuetsow 1oxxew{Uee oH)euJof, Hwextteuxl roreelqtseux{ qHexl 'exxHquo.rdadr etsrc s Fof,ox ou xosxaodxrqg 'xrlpx.t exr{x er roruuaoloJEx ltrucum loxxeeodxuedU lxeouo.l 'hHer{l

'ert<xpl r)raru Xosoxusm ex aodog{ xrqHsonoJavtl n xsx -arratn{ro xxtssuxodu exHeusoloJen .(g'6EJ .rrd) <e w eroH)o

Torrcxdex

cH erexdeg er ndogl

etqHaouo: elrxrHey

.6€l

-uehn euhl h erexdeg ex edogA otor{sou -oJ oJor{HeEodruedU ohHeusoloJe14 '{xtseux. -Uou rorg€llma h loruu€oroJeh .lotetlrxrotl{tsou x roleexd -euUou erJauf xr 'rqHrwg€ r:ruesogedgo rhrrH) xdu ru:3 'rswdo$ ) rorewhH) x 4oxtsoero do9{ XoHsouoJ rrUoa -ro ware€ 'roreerm{fodu Awdo6 .rwexeeulg rorruuadxee x rswdo$ ledr XxxxchH rotgglrJg .rqxxtndow x nxUsuxl Etsu

lhnoB UlBEnHbrX_llC.gu 2.4.r3rOTOBnEHhEOCHOBHbIX

2.1.6. hrrorosnerlie ronoBrHr y6opoa x3 HaryparbHol x xcKyccrBeHHoi conol rll Anr rsroroBneHlrt nerH,tx ronoBHbtx y6opoe nplrM€Hrlor phcoByro n 6ar,r6yKoByloconoMKy. Lllnnnst x3 conomn3 oAroi Kh Moryr 6urru qenuHortHyrblMh, cocrotl4rwr roroBKh (c nprca4oul nnu H3 rortoBKh' nePexoAtulei _e 6opr, nonr A f. A. Cono,r,rxy craqhBaKtr na maurrxe 45, 25' xn. no coorBercreyrcu.lei AepeBtHHoi Qopr"re. lJJrpxxa conoMKr,rB nflereHgM BhAe Moxer 6uru 3-10 mr,r. flepeg crat{hBaHreM corloMKy npeABaPHTerbHo cMarblBafor Ha cneqhanbHoM nPrcnoco6nexnn. Flpx crarxeaxxr ronoBHbrxy6opoe conoMeHHaq recbMa paBHoMePHoPa3MaTblBaeTcg,qTo no3BonteT nPolr3aoAhTb onepaqhKt HenpepbrBHo. CraqxEaxxe cottoMKh Haql4Halor pyqHbtM hnh MaulvlHHbrM cnoco6or*. .Q,onurrlxo h3roroBntlor, nPhnocax(xBat axyrpexxxi xPai conomxx. flocaAxa h HarsxeHre cotloMKtl 3aBhctr or Qopmut roroBHoro y5opa. flpx rsroroBnelnu creHKt,lcortoMxy nycKanr cao6ogmo, 6es xarrx(eHxt croPoH. r{yruti xpai ronosKh' nePexoAtulri a nphcaA, crpoqar c xe6onuu.rhM HartlKeHheM. CraqxBaHhe npoh3aogtr HaKtaAHblMulBoM urxprxoi 0,1-0,2 cra. Fonoaxy h3 conoMKh yBnarfiHtlor c BHyrPeHHei croporrut x HarrrhBaror Ha no4orperyo .qePeBtHHyrc $opray. 3aKpennrror nphcaA. llonyvexxyrc Qopt"ty xoPollJo oryr]o]KhBaror H cyuJar B cyulrnbHom utxaQy Ao nonHoro BblcblxaH|,l.

f-focne cyu tt untny cHhMaPr c $oprurr' ,{,nr orgenxr urnrnbr hcnonb3ylor nPtMylo nonocKy H3 conoMKll. flonocKy npoyrKrlt(hBaKrr qepe3 anaxxuti nPoyrloxhnbHhK Ao norHoro BbrcbrxaHht.hs nogroroanexxoi nonocKh Aerlalor oQopivrnexxe ronoBHoro y6opa. Hano6xrx Bu.lhBapr BpyqHylo no nrH}it' nPhcaAa'

2,4.7. Orgenxa uBeXHblr ronoBlux y6opor '

Bxgu otgenoK. .{nn oQopMneHHt ronoB}lblx y6opos nphMeHrlor BceBo3MotKHbte orAenKh. OrAenxa MolKer 6urrr gurnonHeHa h3 ocHoaHoro Marephana' H3 KoroPoro h3roroBneH ronosxoi y6op, or4enoqHbtx MarePxanoa n rxaxei, a raKxe tr3 nnacrMaccoBblx, AePeBnHHblxyKPauJexnh n Merannhqecxoi QYPxrrYPbl.

-aoH)o yvll.xouetsro a xouatsro chHeusoloreu rnmlxueed shxeuoolol€x uuU thxaugotourxdu r nrnewldnxS .u .r ,xerro9e9 ,lamedrew h eeqeadaU eoUouu 'eodpm .eodogr( xrsieouoJ xhx) etsre e srrsg r{low rxg -rets HxuaUro ruU rorceewhdu crxemedxA enxxreadefi 'nwdo$ Soxeed hxeo:Iu rut xaxcrdu eUhe s to{pstcg crxamedx^ alc€o))ewr)eull

'Qvt-ovt

'rxd) adewwrur eH rrxampdx{ ,xxrroug ,rqxarrxitrox lxi -uoHx 'xxxrdu E)rs)oHlo ad{rxxd{$ hoxfahruuerew X 'cxHamedx^ a r q x H r e a d a Uh e t q s o ) ) e w r f B u u , e d f u x H d A $ u e x ) e h h u u e l e w eodog{ xtqHaouoJ nxuaUro ruU c:ro{Ieeuou)h oxodn;-1l 'rswaugw€ loHUo wor.douued ) tctwg)or loeoUdenxex< eEhs s exraU loxerr.douf rflo{sHew}rdu aodogA xr.rHsouoJ rrrr5o nxveflto avfil 'Eorggh xtqxexredoxaU shH€uaoloJeh 6uts Efro{6xawr,rdu rHert elqxrroueuro .HoxouoS xHx)ehhrerHhf h ,tothH xtqaorl -uam'xlqHlxew{gorerruoux €h elgHHeHuoutrsrtcd^xm rtqlHeu 'gwqfgl v)Lot6ue6 .rxmawed rtqlHgr rot6Huoutcts XoxuaUrg r,rvxudu erqsof)pwlteuu

h exr)ahhuuprew

.0?J

ffiffi

treEffi 'xaHexr xlcwetrHewhdu en extso rxxr(ut ol)eh 4odorol gt cHgho eodog{ xtqHaoroJ xrqxxseodraHhgwox loxueUrg

-{xm eadan nvu wodogawrcxsorro,, ";1;r:tt;1t#;l::

'erqnresholoHw,erqrueshoHtso roteslqg lqHouwog .t4weHou ,axx:rats -wou ,fiuaUe, erGoxeyrl ro{smedyl oHHegoro .xedog{ xtqHsouoJ xneodra$ xnx>rets h xhx)Herx a E)lecHewxdu exdee hHer{r gh eluaUro woHsoHfo g z€z

roJ*^ ot

2.i1.I3TOTOBIEHIIE OCHOBHbIX THnOB UJBEnHbtXh3AEnrn

233

HOM nphMeHtloT l,lro'|Xy, HanepcroK, HO'(HhLlbt, caHThMerpoBylo neHry, nnneixy A Apyrue hHcrpyMeHrbl, npeAHa3Ha_ '{eHHble Anr py'{Hbtx pa6or (pxc. i43).

B

14l. fonoExurey6oprr, o+opMneHHbte KHonKaMh: a - Arr xpenrelrr xo3rrplxa; crexx|;r-Haun€axal

142, forosxsre a -

5 -

4ar

xpcnaexry

oxorrrua;

B_

Ha pemguxar

y6opur c 6noqxar,rxl

Anr ro3Ayxgo6rerc;

u

5 -

An, AeRoparrtHoro

oooparcHrr

^ f f i c,U

uJ

@ m I

6

Ar,

3!_

dawahruox - ! irqgwlr -, -)ed-X lFhurlna jrxoH-Y

:rxlelfl gtiH!)ouos -, itqrHauoud?r €k 9xr€tfl - E :pr)gh lsttouow-r :erVOstO--s :heGad-p :xemtcuor-9

:ro9ed xrsrr'Id cuts arqwecxewxdu 'rxxeugorou>rdu

r ntxewldrrrl4

.6y;,

)l(

ffi w

e

T t

te?

D

8OdO9A XrlHgO,lIOJ SHHllfgOlOJeH rhJOlfOHXll

'Z BVHHEUmF|WOdU

2,t. H3TOTOBnEHhEOCHOBHbTXlhnoB

UJBEEHbIXr3AEthti

_

235

f-fpx aurnonxeHhhKhcreh n orgenxn (4exoparxaxuri noMnoH h3 pa3Hblx Marephanoe) xcnonrsytor cneqranbHbre npr,rcnoco6netnA h3 Kaproxa (puc, 144). ffpr xsroroBneHr.r' AeroparhBHbrx l-lBeroBAnr nphAaHht o6ue,r'raQopr,rar* nenecrKoB h nhcrbea npllMeHrpr 6ynu K cranbHoMy MerannhqecKhe urapHKh, nprxpinnexxsle crepxHro Ha pyqKe. ronoBHbrx y6opoe, BblnonHeHHbrx Ans oQopmnexxr 0

lll. a -

flprcnoco6nexxq Art

{uyr;

6 -

H3 KaproHa Anr H3roroBreHhr orAenor

Anr rrcrr;

a -

Anr noMnol!

13 HNToK

roroBble AeKopanpoMbruJneHHbrM cnoco5om, nphMeHtpr B BhAe 6yxeroe, rhBHbre yKpauleHht BeroqeK. Orgenxy Ha cneLlxanbHoM KaHrom BbrnorHrror nprcnoco6nexrx.

2.1.8. Konrponr KaqecrBauBeiHux roroBHb|x y6opoa Forosure urgeixure r'3Aenua Aonrr
-hergo errpx 'erxe)t oJoHhoueUro r,rxrogedgo oer:eney 'l/lAHl/lV

AOW

-rdu ro xpxrlert{ xrqxquetsro eH XhHeHorxro waxxedew€}r }t xuereU ledx ex ux)'te+Avredx wetxgstgUeuxeH rorcdaeodu .woHouel€-woheedgo r leuete? aeedx xlqwrdu {roxeo; walHeuaelf,ouo)xrlowtUoxgoax aerr{ur g I wodrow:o wrlHmeHa rorrdasodu naue.leU eaedx ^roxgod x Awdoq3 'amlga hwt.tHHexou -e, 'nwrnuedawex f khar)resroo) s rorcdasodu BuveBerr aacdx qr:oHclrxeedg h aosm ro rhHexououled lauerats '(exrtsaderou ore regrledau,roreerqUeuyr dogl ,laueteU xrqxdeu shHs)f(ou) foHeouoJ wore tdu Avu AoL -xau 5oeodrewrrHef cxxedawera werAu rorcdeeodu; rniea -hhelf xpam € xtqHHexououled ,laueraU orqrloxrrrdrawwtl rrre^eradarxedex 4eueraU bhHar(ouou:ed qrroHcrxeedg

arqHHehers x rqhsoxrx retnews"t,rJ1""r"."J""#l:lT"tn:

-r(u ,dew qr>oxr,xdrewwrl rorrdeeodu emrquoxo Xaueref -rdueg 'Eeueretr xrqsdeu wersatnewaoe rorcdeeodu leuer -eU xrsxdeu EhHer(ouourEd x lrwdo$ qnoxr,ldrewwhJ 'XaueteU EhHeshhel) eoem xxapdu -rqa otql)oHquneedu qrlqg oxxuots t(aoroxedeu x xrtndow eH xhHeHhUEor woxquxeedu rdu) edogr( oJoH€ouor woxdee ) xxUeuxUou urHeHhUeol orqr.loxiureEdu lnwBx -Helf rwrqaoxog h uwyqrrvl: edog{ oJoHsouoJ tshHpaoH)o cxHaHxtseo) cxqlroHquneedu !(eUadau loxxUade: f qreU -puao) exxuoU pyqdrcgox exx?eder) wemtquo)to I exqdlqe -o't rxraxcououred orqrloHqungedu :wltnotr(Uautr 6)qlpg -oehderyedex osx r>qresoaradarxpdex eHxcuoU edogl oJoHaouoJ NxUefou ql)oHquhsedg .euor: ex rorcdasodu rqwpHcu loxUeuxred AUU ulLoul,ru euhl dogr( loxeouol '{wdoS orAxxceadaV nvn exxtnxexerpw eH edog{ o.rox -aoroJ gHHeseUpHwotsorew rorudaeodu rqHeuaoroJeh oJe oalfehex x edog{ oJor{€ouoJ hxuEfou uroxsuxaedg 'enveue|,i. eoHHeU eH XahherHew -AyoU fox)ahhHxar xwrqxxadtowr{Uadu,hwchHeaogedr r r.r wol{olrpr€-woheedgo ) wehHeuael)ouor ,wodrowjo wnx -meHs .Lorcdeeodu ardex foHHohhxe$xox e weusxdarew xr eral)realool r lqd{rnxd{Q ,xxueUro ,rxtseuxUou x exdea eouehdeJ.ew edogUou qrloHquxaedu ,{xouere-{heedgo {woxxaUxdasrA c}rueUex eUre oJeHmeHs ehsrfresroo) 9EZ

rhnoBujBERHux 2.4.h3roroBJrEHhE ocHo8Hbtx u3AEArn

t

II' t I

237

Hbtx AeTanei, peir,reulxoBh T. .q. npoBeprloT BHeuHhM ocMorpoM h H3MepeHHeMUll{phHbt KaHra x peMeutKa Ha oT_ AenbHblx yt{acrKax. l-lpaarnsxocrb HanpaBneHhr pxcyHKa B Aeranrx h3AenAt, coBnaAeHle phcyHKa npr coeAr,tHeHhh Aeranei B Mecrax, npeAycMorpeHHbtx rexHrqecKoi 4oxymexraqxei, npoBeprpr aHeuJHhMocMorpoM x (e cny,rae xeo6xo4nrrrocrr) h3MepeHheM. Kaqecrso crer(Koa, crpoqeK ,l tuaoB npoBeprlor aHeulHhM OCMOTpOr,r. crpO\K)4 n LlJBbtAonx(xur 6srru poBHbtMh, 6es ncxpnenenuil. flpaernuxocru HarrxeHhr nxrei B cTpoqKax yHl.|EepcanbHblx MauJhHnpoBeprloT pacTrxeHreM crPoqKh pyKaMh B noneper{HoM h npoAoflbHoM HanpaBnexxrx. flpx HenpaB]tnbHoMHarexeaxu nnreh npn pacrrx(eHhh urBa nonepeK crpoqKh 6yp;1rn BHAHbTHr,rrr crexxoB, nph pacrrx(eHr% uJBa EAonb crpor{Kr H,f-|/. pa3opByrcr. 9acrory MauJHHHblxh pyr{Hbrx crer(KoB npoBeprpr noAcr{eroM KonHqecrBa crer(KoB na 10 MM crpoqxr, Pe3ynbrarbr npoBepKh cpaBHhBalor c rpe6oBaHrrMr,r ,qeicrayrcu4ei TexHnqecKoi 4oxyr,rexraqrh Ha crexKhr crpoqxh x uJBbt. [lpo.rxocrs BHyrpeHHero KpenneHhr .qeranei npoBeprlor orrcrhBaHHeM cKpenneHHbrx4eranei. Kaqecrso KneeBoro coeAhHeHxn geranei npoBepsror cneAylorruM o6paao,u: npoqHocrb KneeBoro coeAlrHeHht 4eranei npoBeprrclr yuepeHHbtM orrrrhBaHl,teM cxpenneHHbtx cfloeB TKaHlt; creneHb x(ecrrocrh npoxneixr eoplroBaHHbrxronoBHbrx y6opoa onpeAenqtor opraHorenrrqecKh; KaqecrBo npoxneixr Qerpoeoro KonnaKa eopruoaaxxoro ronoBHoro y6opa npoBeprKrr BHeuJHhMocMorpou. flpaexnrxocru o6pa6orxx 3acrex<eK, nprrKpenreHht Qypxxryput npoBeprlor 3acrerlrBaHheM geranei yueK. flpx npaaxnuxoi o6pa6orxe 3acreD(eK xe 4onxxo 6rrru cna6rxur, n€pexoca rKaHh. flpovxocrs nplKpennexrr $ypHr{TypbrnPoBePrpr orrrrhBaHheM. Kaqecreo crexKh yrenrrplqei npoxna4Kh npoBepepr BHeU|HX^^

OCMOTpOM.

Hanxqxe BHyrpeHHhx npoKnaAoK npoBeprrcr opraHonenThqecKr. flpaarnrxocrr nphMeHeHxr AonycKoB npH pacKpoe npoEeprtor, pyKoBoAcrByrcb geicrayroulei rexxrr.tecxoi AoKyMeHTaqnei xa uJseixule ugAen|4e, Kaqecrso o6pa6orxn cpe3
aodogl

xfqHeouoJ p€r)eher

xxneueUeduo

xdu l4uefer

vuxadewtl4

.gj1

,T-l,

l:Ltll-

@6g fR

F=+" w bH< 5 I

@@o 'g 'u9er e wrqxxeUeexdu ,lauereU wexxedaweh btre6retsaduo aodog{ xrqxeouo.ro8r)ehey 'auvaven etg€oxew eH fehhprHewr(xou xo)tfehhHxer hetno{ -{ar:1eU pxew osrf,ehel r}rsl)tealoof ) s rorruaUeduo 'wodrow:o whHmars rorrueUaduo xrrogedgo lloaouuel-oHx(pus osr)elheX 'xrUeuxUou h exdae tqrodorl o) cr
2.4. h3rOrOEnEHllE OCHOBHUXThnol -tttlgEIUL

har*epexxe nz4enuil nphBeAeHo xa pnc 145. T a 6 a r q a

8

Homep h3MePeHXt no prc. 145

143MepeHke

Mecto

{axxa rnyrpexxei oKpylKHocTh

t

LlJxpxxa xano5xxra n nonyxaro6xrra

3

Burcora oKolbtuJa

4

,{,nrxa xoeurpuxa

LUxprxa Ko3brpbKa

Bsrcora nepeAa xenx, (pypa,l(xx LlJxpxna peMeurKa ,{,axxa pemeu:xa

lo

,[,nxxa xnrxseB KenH, cnoprnexoi uJanKk, x
l1

Burcora 6epera

l2

Paamep AoHbrurK! (ocxoeaxrr)

t3

Butcora ronoBKr naHaMbl

l4

LlJnprxa nonei

t5

,4,rrxa raaarurrtbHrKa

l6

Burcora Ha3atbrlbHHKa

naxaxsr

h3Mepexkt

Bnyrpx ronoBHoro y6opa cneqrarbHbt/v{ qoM

H3MephtenbHStrv{

KoJlb-

Merx4y BepxHhM x HrlxtHhM Kpacmx Haao6Hxxa xrr nonyxano6H NK A Ot xxxxero Kpaii Ao urBa nphra.lUBaHrA O|{O,|btUra llo xrrxxemy Kparo oKonbtula or oAHoro KPar Ko3btPbKa Ao Apy-

roro llocepe4xxe Ko3brpbKa or HnxHero Kpar oKo,rbruja hnr ronoBKH AO Kpae Ko3brpbKa Ha4 cepe4rxoi xoaurpuxa or urea nphTaqhBaHrr Ko3brpbKa Ao rrlBa nPhraqraaHH9 AoHbrt!Ka peMeurxa B xoxr{e tl nocepeAhHe Bgonu pemeu.rxa MelttAy qeHrpa,vth nyroBHq, Hnh oT oAHoro uJBa BraqhBaHhe Ao Apyroro flocepe4xne KrhHa oT Hn3a Ao yrJra KnhHa EBepxy hnH Ao qeHrPa nyroBHr.lbl flo xxrxxerr,ry Kpitp Mer{Ay urBa,Y{h cTaqraaHht KnhHbeB Or xrxxero Kpar Ao uJBa nprraqhBaHNt AoHbrulKa H:nepnrcr no AByM B3aHMHo (4xanepneHAhKynnpxurm nrrrrm r,rerPar,a) ['lo Lueam craqhBaHxt KnHHbeB or qeHrpa roroBK]{ Ao u.tBa nphrai{haasrq nonei Cnepe4x, c3aAh H no 5oxam or Kpac nonei Ao uiBa npxra'{rBaH}1C X rOnOBXe flo urey npHTaqrBaHhr Ha3arbrnbHr{Ka K roroBKe or oAHoro KoHqa AO Apyroro flocepe4xxe or urBti nphraqhBaHh9 Hd3aTbtrbHhKa K ronoBxe AO (e ragenrex 6es Kpae Aeranr aopca)

'ao)tsuuox xrreodraS axrog -ed9o rdu lownr>Iuo? qreaosrrresroo) eHxuoU edeu Ed{i -edauwal'wxrtoged u)rbUosahodu o.rodoror{ eal)ehhuox exeodrul.red x x:{uee 'dsu clrxVosuou exsoHer:{ y .pxrfn -eowdo$ wol)ew wxr.oged r woUrd euol) woHqusxhgut gH rtroteJeuoueEd xyeoxeoi erqxqurdeu etqHquexheuJ -eed roreerqg soxhpg rqdaweed x ewdo6 .soyeuuolr ;H:T -ra$ rrxeerdeured ruU rorcxawndu xxrrpg arrxrurdeg

,r""o;fi:;ffi#il:; -rruepdr rrsexmarqxqurm{t

:H

,rrwdo$ 'utottA rorrxawxdu -quehheuf yr H\heg arqxquxdpu eodogr( xtqHaouoJ rtqrxesowdo$ xxxaueorolex xdg

aodogl XHHEOUOJ rFtHHpEOWdOs rrrausoroJgh xdu 'nrrowldrtu aFwoltquoutlt )t rrhpGhHexew xouew esDuedr .exreaouldogo .J.s.L .l|4ueuen rrr HHeEowdoo EOUltl TH|qHEOHTO srHeUSOlOlAyl

)1){LOU!4Urrt"h leH -xt{r{ ou {orHeu loeod.lawxrneS hlJ.oullu daweeS olesxdas oU huer -aU Eedx oJeHx(ht{ ro wgxodorl wlqsoxog ou h hUeef 'rUedeu3 Nrrouhu ero)r.rg eUka wor.rHeueeduted a rrecaee etl -Hor oV chxear{xerldu pt)gw rO hxuem roeBaee eHHrbf r(xxsqutqteepx )t !HHeEhher rxseml - r d u e e m o U x r € o u o J e d r x a h 1 6 -H,|Uem ht|sottoJ ero)tqg (erdoe ee9 xuhuets€x e) o.ro.r{dU oU hueretsspdy oJoHVo to exHHqut.tt -eeex cedx oJaHxdaa auaod{ e;-1 goxrnmr(eg exr,rdn;11 (erdoe Ee9 xbquaugr s) xuereu updx , llxuem oE exsolroJ x cxHeerr'erndu S o x e r . l d o u r ' n x x e m r ( - l y Psm ro goyr{Hmi(gx eHhtsadE)oll - u e m € o r r H m l e x exlufi

971

.g.Z

ZZ 'Z OZ 6t

It

It ':xd ou

cxxedewel

rhHedowex 8'ugcr

o!)ew

oxHedewEh

d€woH

etHehHoxo

ota

rxnoBooll^9!A!!bu_!-14E4!!_ ocHoBHblx 2.s.h3roToBrEHh€

211

Cyurnuxue ulraQrt nphuextpr Ana cywrr'r roroaHbtx y6opoa, npr,r Koropoi y4anrercn xs6stror Brarlt, Qnxcnpylr!6. hxcrpymeHtbt Ant h3roroBrteHrin Qoploaaxxstx H3 +erpa h hcKyccrBeHHoro Mexa:

ronoBHblx y6opor

6 - ronorq xornarari f,oAlttxt aopca H! Oorp,otxr att a - u4erx! t3 xaPAoraHru - orroA(c AOP'ltHXtt, ,tr MgtarrrqecKr; Ant acnotorlT6tr5Htlt Pa6gr; | A6periHHbri - p'ccocr' r y5opoe c OopM; rotoaHUx cflttki Nnx nnacltaccoalt Att reranrkcecKlr - rao3AoAop, np'r'H'' Mcll no uaaM ciaYlaiHrt; sstqocllla(Nt .4 MetarnrqecKat art c gcpcaexxol y6opl rotolHoro rnr rlotArxo! npN clttil yAlrqHrr 6ynaror eMbri arr QopMu

2

16- 3eK. 738

,rxxcrdr) xadrqrer - wedeweed ou ierqaoldoeoxunvV ,erqxxeeodrrxes$e erqeordoe 'arqso)doeoxrodox ee9 'exxUpul - (xrroxxdaeou rtrogedgo euxs x cqdrqr eE -erf,ol .to hrfowh)xeee e) weu{xr.ldB ou :6)rotgx:^urqe elqa -or{u arqeodra$ arx:Hex( hreuuoy .ndeweed x nUtg -ro9ed9o letnor{ua'f,ou ) hxue€ h EhHeahheu1es) *.iil rofcuaoroJgh Ho)rouoa xntAdV h xhl)ehxwhx wexHex(deUor I arqxcJ.:dem H elqxrtldemor)l{h hxeuuo}t arreodre6 '1oxro9ed9o iatnor{tseurou ) Hoxouoa xntAdf h xrl)ahhwnx- ,xtqH -rr:dam'eet:Uoagxodu o.roxsuuueg eorBdgo wexHaxore f efouos oJeghbee h oJeghlruodtt uvn oteqrtxuodx !e)aw) ah ett<xer e 'pfouo€ oJeqhree h oJacthhuodx ,oleqr.luodx lr)ew) eh r.o{6usoloJel,l hxguuo)t arqgor^u elsaodraql erqxur>dem r arqxrrrdamol)hh ersaodres , .,""":l:'5,:: -odta$ ror{equourh esr)Uoeexodu woxxeumrqwodu e eod -o9{ xnxeouoJ xtqeodr,e$ xxl:na)fi shHeuaotonn vuf

whH I enwetuateuedu ,rrteaogedr n Eoreuuox rFsodreo rhhexxoxrreu,| -t g-t, 'aodog{ xreHaouoJeUerxdu 'sonhwpe 'eoQasrad crxauuedxge cvU ,ewdof ou pxeuuox cxxauuedxee cvV rorcxawxdu xtseoe.t ,xxeeu{9 ,rxuoxy '9rtr 1rid eH etqHHeserou ,lqrxewr(dr:xr clro{Aecuou:x ar(rpr Exaw o.roxxeerll{xlx x edra$ ex aodog{ xrqHsouoJ xrqxHegowdo$ rnxeuaorolex xdg 'edo9{ oJoHsouoJ uedx rxeedgo suU ehHeugorouexdu ltsouf oJeHmru cxxauetsr( h Eeur rxxauaUadurBd o.roxdawoxapd ruU rqhqueearrxwxxro i({x -AvV e 'Aundum e) exeuuox l,rxxcrrled 6uU ehHaugo:ourxdu tedeweed xxhe:xn$ x eodog{ xtqHsonor xrrogedgo ruU rrgw{r teodog{ xr.rHaouoJxreowdo$ cuU whx )t }rrael)Uou h lswdo$ arqxxreedaU :rxxaugoroutrdu axtno{^Usuf rotuH -ewxdu eodog{ xrqHaouol xrraodra$ rhHauaotoJex yufil 'aodog{ xr.rHsolroJ axrogedgo xdu rorrxawldu hJotr4 XoHcuelehHoxo 'vx gZ eHrmsw ulracxewrdu hoyUeuxUou > Bxdee 'woxqdtqeol uvw t,lwcuou I hrsouoJ rxxaxrUeo: ru!/ '(191 'rrd 'wr) rrdawex hoHquhm{r x edardourxedr eodog{ xrqHaouoJ xxmr(: ruU reled.re XtcH eA llor)of, 'edog{ oJoHaouoJ ewdo$ cl.recuuadxea h c)lo -rrrm{3 €odogn xrcHgouo.rrnx:usoroleh

shJoroHxil

cvHHtumnwdlu z

ge.ll1a!4_!!!bll-!!n!nlq- -.-.-*--?1! rpynn (1, 2, 3, 4-rl; no oKPacKe- rnaAKorpaueHble h ABycroPoxxxe), MenaHxeBbte, Hary(o4xocropoxxxe parbHoro LlBera cblPbt, c PhcyHKoM Ha noBepxHocTh; no Karerophr,r KaqecrBa- autcuei x nepaoi; no coPraM I r . rl l . Konnaxx xeHcKhe lr AercKhe (perPoBble ulepcrtHble BbrnycKalorct: no aPrhKynaM (e saexcrr*ocrH or coctaBa c"'plr n il'rAa o6pa6orxx noBePxHocru - rnaArne, eQQerrhpoBaHHbre, BopcoBble, AnhHHoBopcoaute);^ no Pa3tr,reno oKPacp a M - a o c b M , r p y n n ( 1; 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , $ ' e l i Ke - rnaAKoKpauleHbte(o4xocropoHHhe h gaycropoxxxe), MenaHr(eBble, HarypanbHoro qBeTa cblPbt, c PhCyHKOMHa h nePnoBepxHocrh; no KareroPhtM KaqecrBa- 35191119i x ll. aoi; nocoPraM-l tPe6oBarxr. l-lo xyAoxecrBeHHo-scterr qeTdruqecrxe cKHM noKa3arentM KornaKx SerpoBble nyxoBble ll lrtePcrtHbre Aonx(Hbt coorBercrBoBarb o6pasr4ar,r-tranoHaM, h3roroBreHHblM l,r yTBepxAeHHblM B noPtAKe' ycraHo-3n€HHOM MeroAhr{ecKhMh yKa3aHrgw) no yrsePxAeHhrc o6paer4oetTanoHoB Ha nr,Aenna BafltnbHo-Boino''lxoi x Serpoaoi npoMbnrJJr€HHocrhB coorBercrBhx c FOCT' 15'007-81 ,.ilpogyxqrn nerroi nPoMbluneHHocrh. Ocxoaxule notloocHoBH ?.s.]:rorognEHhE

N(eHl,ltrr,

]l

rexHHqecKxM

onhcaHht,vtr

yTBePxAeHHblM

B

ycraHosneHHoM nOPeAKe. Jlxxeixute Pa3MePbl KornaKoB, Qrerxo-uexarxqecKhe . H rHMrqecKlre, xyAoxecrBeHllo-tcrerltqecKhe rpe6oaaxrr yKa3aHbfe OCT 17'281-77 r.rOCT 17-282-77 <
nPoqecc Qopmoerx2.5.3. Tirronorxqecrri X AeTGXXX l|(eHGKrlX Qerpoeux fonoBHblxy6opoB llepeA Qop,rroaxoi KonnaKh rularenbllo npoBePttor' Qopt"tut' Oxn Aonxxst 6utru npaaxnuxoi clMMerpxqxoi Konnaxx c BopcoM AonlxHbl hMerb rycroi PaBHoMePHo saqecaxxrri aopc. He AonycKaerct pa3PetxeHHocrh B KonnaKax, oHx Aonx(Hut6utru paBHoMePHocBa[tHHble' xopotllo nPoKPauJeHstno ecei noBePxHocrH N ronulxHe' h poaHo '.{nr nprgaHht ronoBxutm y6opar* 6onuurei ycroittt'tBocrh KonnaKH npoKnehBaKrr.B xaqecrse Ktet hcnonb3ylor cenbBtrTo3Hrti xneicreP. KonnaKoa nPorl3BoAhrct Ha nprcnoco6ne-poxneixa Konnax BblBePrblBapTHah3HaHKY"t noBpyt{Hylo. H)AAnnu 16.

loxsuerdeerx{

'or{xr,{de rur wox(ox ) eHhmcw ex EUe:xdu AAHnv ou rorBeedgo ledy

'lowdos 4oxxreade? , *J"^ff;#T:"::::;

?f.";

r.oretnewedeu or{dorox,rxuoero Xoxfghhuuprew o{qtnow -ou r rswdo$ f lo{ewHHf xeuuox tlqxsgsowdo$rg 'xxmAe yvV rosquarluuouoU g roretnEwou $exm lltxruxm{e .nxuadlf hoeorph {urum ot{xxeeod{ug errodu h)o Xeos) J^dyoe o:e rBtnede ,edraS o.rorad.louou woxr{x i ,1o, -reln rotpahxceuJpatr lotsHxeuel eyleul ee ,orqr>oxxdeiou XetnEr)eug FoxUpuJ ) qrtqg exxcuou quetsow htr)3 'eaH aurou u 1oxm(> Uedau rorEarqUeurl ldoe 'wo:eheH I xeuuox r,tu)J .loxteyn Xox)ehxuuelew ruh XoHc)ouo8 roreUxdu xerpuuor e ,(rdos exxeueedueg 'roreerm{lodu oxquerrHuouou r(wcio6 .roreerdsuro XeUeoEJ ro rsUeu) E)ehmEer)O .xoeeu$ lo tsHhwee 'rrSeruad ,Uglldu EeUxogog)o ,e$exm oloi -qurm{r eh rorewrHrre {wdo$ xxm{5 nhHehHoxo olJ 'edog{ oJoHsouoJ {xmAr rrUoeehodu h lo{salqlehee iaog .6uou worou ,r(xsouoJ lotsuaoloJgh eueheH) .ewardu eeE e rorlwdoS hwcuou xwrqxeedro r rrdogAeteHaouoJ '(egaruad ewdog ou) exorden . rul edre$ nxr.o:r(x eeder, xwexnUgosJ ),uru rweleeulg .xhHquhxoulodu .rorruuadrEe rs$erued exxog{u1 4ttit -nexxeue{ eadart roreerxotr^ndu u lotestqUeuxl xoUoaro o{l?nowou : xewdo$ xtqHxou) e rxUeux: x neerua3 'hwruaoal nvn nw -E)tuoHx oJe rotruuadxee s atse>xdu a roreerqUcux{ exguuox 'rswdo$ ledx or Sorrodu porr(xrroxsueh exuaUe,,rnv)f 'exeuuox ledx l.nHr+rt/tH rorldn:xx$ I ,(awdo$ eH s)lotew ],t yt$o ruee) rr$ -aqued en xrAuxdu sruael)o ,{wdo$ sH rotsseUeH )teuuox .trtulru rqxxraeedts ax ro{ru€oto:ex arqdorot lrrxxedeured 'xewdo$ xrqxxcsadeU ex torAwdo$ rrdog{ arrxeouol 'hrHeugo)ourxdu Bx ohHpahJrl)ed x gxHeexdeured o.te rorcuerretnllo xr:oxrrlt)eu€ ixeuuox uxxetsxdu av| .eHrcu u)lotpr)o tshHextqftqa au)ou xex xet ,gxgu -uox {xodon orr(eehxu ex qrrUoxodu xexcuoU eH IauX

rorex:r(uodu xeuuox""r" or.,rrrJ;X"fi""il;:'Ir'f, ::r*

xrqHHeeuxoduax qrouerJo eH tqgorh ,rorcdxre oxdewoxeed .hxsouoJ hr)eh heHxdee heux wereg r {x4auxodu rorex -hheH 'xpuuox ceexhedosou ,ueur Xou) rsfot{pH {oxhor?u trz

8odogA x nHSottol 6xHiltgo.rolEh rl:ouosx:r

rwrtrtrnttqwoaE-z-

2.5.r€roroBnEHHE ocHoBHbrxrHnoB @opMoBAHHbrxrl3AEtxB _

21s

Oxox,{arenbHar orAenra ronoBHbrx y6opoa BKnroqaer B ce6s q,enuri pr4 onepar4ni no 3aroroBxe h BUhBaHhK, Hano6xhxoe h noAKnaAKN, no x3roroBneHhp H nphKpgnneHrlo oTAerK}r,

[enrrorrxyrue

ronoBrue y6opu npocrbtxrlropn lqr.

g o r o 1 5 , l 9 l . A n c Q o p M o B K h n p o K n e e H H s r ir p a c n a p e x x u r i Konnar HarrrhBalor xa Qopr,ry, npeABtpkrenbHo no.qorpeTylo B cyurrnuxoi KaMepe. Ecnx xeo6xoghMoi Kolnax pacrrrHBapr e Annly nnn ulhphHy Ha cneqranbHoM nphcnoco6nexrx. 3are,n Qopr*y HaAeBaKrr Ha AePeBtHHyP nOACTasKYnn|' r,reraanxqeCxxi crepx(eHb. Konnax paBHoMepHo HartrrrBalor Ha
:il'qtr

w@ aodogA xFHaouoJ

shHruSololgh

KhlouoHxtl

S.VHH3umFwodu'z

247

yxnaAbrBalor aopc (prc. 149, a). 3areu
lf7. ,QepeanxHbte QoPMbl (PoPM y6opoe ctot(Hbrx

I I

Ant

ronoBHbrx hsrorosneHhe lf8. Pe3HbrMh OKOrlblutaMH ll9.

haroroeneHhe

ronoBHoro

r3roroBneHht

y5opos

y6opa

c

qerbHortHyrblx

nontt.lrh,

c noreMh,

Ko3blpbrom

noAHcrbtml'l

ronoBHblr

xnx

BBepx

Heor-

-o)ouf

[!f .1gj

Hwclrou xwrqxrerrdu ) dodogr( xnHeoroJ exrogedgg

.gg1

oJoH€ouol exrogedgg

wonqdrqeox wrqxxetxdu r edogl w*HHhmpw

woxqdrqeox hus l.tw,uou t hxsouoJ .rr.*ru"o3

-tsou lauou 1ed1 .loxrtodn xeuwdo$o srlrg 1oxrroueUro .wrqxsod rexow srrsg fauou ledr loxeadgf .Nwegorouf xwlqxr,rueed_HaxuoU rotest.upgedgo lauou xgdx .wr 9,(FS,0 psm exxdrgl .roreexterrdu x ,pUelrdu rqxodorl rsxhuede: lotetflewsol or lauou ledx eH rot?stqueureH hr{aouoJ ledy 'goeou) htqHHhmew rotrH -ewxdu xrer,{ur xtqHquelfo g .or{xr.{de ho)tsouoJ ) ro{trH -hUeo) xh ol 'lswdo$ FoHxcoul hlrr (eqroHcrn guxr ,etql -^U 'exeouo.r x .tctsoxUou oygnug ,ehxo)tso ruou hrr)J .or^xr,^da nvn (791 .rrd) prx<elr o.toxueh eHhmew cH rotuHxUaor edog{ oJoHaouoJ r,tl)eh elsHHem{:odg .,(wdog re;tAr x rdoe rorEsrqtspux ,1g1 '5xd) A.(g AAHnv XoHHshaweH ou edreS urrmnven roreeedgg - 'orpdx ^wexmexe ou x eUe)xdu s tsuou rotauuedxeg .{wdod eH oJe ro{egt,tJcrpH x Eeuou rrwdo$ ro hl)owh)rtaes s roreglJrr)pd dre$ 6)hhmael)o feuou rrxarr{uou rufl trwdog

Soxeedgoodouex

edogi( oroHaouor rxrogedgg

.gg1,

'(e 'gg1 'rrd) ewdo$ clt foHHghgwpH ,rxaouot oredx ou edre$ n\mrven roeeadgg ':doe roteetqx)heg 'rorruusdxEe s roreetqUeuxA xx €oHt,twge uuyt e$arued arlouoJ 9H rllhhueH rdg .xx -aouoJ {wdo$ eH loteahJcrgH )teuuort rrqxxedguled r nlqx -xaauxodu'eushpHg'pupr€ e a u a , r . , . . l , r"rr.tn{:o eodigr( ,e)')),g1 oro$.ah1 x r q H s o t r o Jx x x e l e h H e e o w d o 6 . l g l - f l xwruou rwnxterxdu r eodogl lnxsouo.r ouogrdgg 8t z

----n-o

do 9^ x rq-xao u o J 6hHaus o l.o i €hlTJ ouoH x tr rV HHEt m tcw o du-

2.5.h3rOTOBnEHxE OCHOBHUX ThnOB'eOprrtOBAHHbtx h3AErhn

I I

p

(

)

l

249

'(17 'gi 'lV '97 oro$ 'eh 'wr) Xox)ahhuueraw 1od{rrxd{$ hwewougw€ ro{patqueuro euhl oJoHehrdoue rsdog{ atrx -souol '(Ll 'El 'ZJ'6 oro$ 'eh 'we) 1od{uxdi$ loeor:ew -r)etru u tTor.)enavuPrew 'rwelxex 'lwevmowed 'twetxeu q.legrquetsro crre^tsHewo)tad tqusum atrneaxUa:eog 'edo9{ oJoHsouol BhHoheHgeH J.o hrf,owh)hsee s sredxgVou owhUoxgoeH hxueUrO 'ts 'r u rxmawad erqHeraru 'rtHouwou 'y,L)t'tv 'tcd^xm ror{gquou:r eodog{ xrcHsouoJ xxx:reU rxreU.lo uu[/

'(ot-s t

'eoxmawed 'eh 'w:) '€J-L wdo$ xt.tHxou) soresh oro$ 'eoxhw(d 'eorxeg xtqHr(owEogere eUhs I hovuaVro lgHam -edxr( srrsg r(low rsdog{ elqHaouoJ ahx)Hex< atreodra6

aodogl xnHeouoJ rrrnHeaowdo$ exuaUrg 'l'g'Z lqrHeu loxxawdr$ wehHpshhprxdu wtqxxewedeoxUo : rlrxUoegxodu xxUeux -Uou loxxeeodxhu$naA eHHeshherg 'eUerldu Brwtu v) -reeeadgo r rqwdo$ r rexxdge${uou ulraewxxl 'lsrougem u)lorpwt,tt{) xx)ehhHexeyl'edoreexdaequ^u eh wor^Ueoe wrqHtsouox hxsoroJec HrloHxdegou ee{u9o war{u u)reeJ -xrroU awdo$ ex erexxdge${uou axHsslqr)O 'hwe}lottg -em cualdu>tn$ x ,(wdo$ oti(eaxHrwo{ue eH r)leesaUeH pxsoroJeg reredloee4't,trloHxdaaou woead.lotsou wtlv) -ehxdrxeue r adUxeuex woxfehhuuplew eH urrxUoeehodu 'exew o.lox xtqxcodam 'eH.louou oJoHxeroxhdr (laxelr -neer:rlxlh th gxeuuox olorrmr) hlaoroJea eadloee4 ' eouexdarew xlqHht'lJ')guu -owdar ex eodogA xlqHaouoJ xtqxxesowdo$ erxaueoloJgh rerueerrUedu radarxx Xomquog lqtso.l ehHUau)ou I 'eodogr( xlqHaouoJ xrsaodre$ xxxrxAw hhHguaoroJtx e ovsuor clrollequoufh hltorou atqxxeeodxe -hreworae H gl.rHHeaodxexxexeyl 'wogoloul wtqxrt{d xew -do$ xrsxxraadats eH XrrueUth ehxeeowdo$ r errogedgo cero{^equou)H woHaoH)o s edra$ ex aodogr( xlsxeouo-t xxx)reU h xtrr)Hex aerlUoeelrodu wousaumtrwodu g '(gg1'ud) PHhrJoueHe Xa?n^UtcUadu woxqdrqeor wtqxr,erxdu r edog{ oJoH€ouoJ exro9ed9g 'xlHgoueH uul AxVevxuou ro{eghme '(xuatsro .r.orcuuedrxdu hw6uou f 14)taouoJrhxexlrUeo) eu)olJ '6hHeugolourxdu oJoHcuehheuf olqtnowou ) Glrlcg lat|
- ---e-o

do 9F xc-HI o uo J ch rrr us-or o I Eh-ct I o uoH x I r c v HH3u rn lcw o du "

-__--J5r (c,r,r.qa. Qoro 6, 14, 38, 43), recur"toi, 6onuurnm KonhqectBOM CTpOqeK B TOH OCHOBHOTOMaTephana hnk KOHTPaCTHOrO qaeTa. urnrnax orgenKa Mox€T 6urru axqexrol,r B xapr4xsrx KoMno3hq,hoHHoro peureHht ronoBHoro y6opa (cr,r. qa. Qoro 7, 1O, 18, 19). B aror,,r cny'{ae Qop,raa ronoaHoro y6opa rorbKo noAqePKhBaeT oTAenKy, BbrrBn99 ee nepBocTeneHHOCTb.

KoMno3l,tt-lhh ronoBHoro y5opa orAenKa Arq,exrom Moxer 6utru sa c,.ter csoei crpyKrypbr )r qBeroBoro 3ByqaHht (o'r. r4a. Qoro I 1' 16). B ocxoexor* orAerKa qBflrercr AononHeHlreM K ronoaxor"ry y6opy, HaqxHaeT unn 3a8epuaeT ero KoMno3hr-lhro. B Aercrxx ronoBHbrx y6opax orAenKa 4onxxa 6urru npocroi, naxoxrqxoi, co3AaBar onpegeneHxsri o6paa, rxn ronoaHoro y6opa (qa. $oro 25,30,32,35, 461.

2.5.5, Konrponr raqecrBa Qopmora[HHr rono3Hbrx y6opoe foroarre $opuoaaxxbre ronoBHbre y6opul Aonxxst 6utrs paccoprhposaHsr h 3a,vrapKnPoBaHbrnpe.qnPhrTxeM-h3roroBrTeneM. Kaqecreo roroBbrr ngAenuh AonxHo npoBeprrbcr nyreM BHeUlHerOOCMOTpaHx CO CropoHbl BePXa l,l nOAKtlaAKh N nyrem x3r,repelrrrr ngAenni 8 Mecraxr npe4ycMorpeHHbtx Ha AaHHoe x3Aenhe (craxrexHr,rq€cKoi 4oryr*exraqrei ycnoBht, TexHhqecKoe TexHxqecxhe onxcarxe). AapTr Kaqecrao ronoBHbrxy6opoa npoBepeerct Ha cronax hnh xa tpoptr,tax coor8ercrBypulhx Pa3MepoB. Kaqecraa $opmoaaxxbrx ronoBHbtx Merogu'npoBepKh y6opoe o*. e n. 2.4.8.

2.6. l(omnltercrat chcter*t ynpaBnenltt xaqectBom nPoAyKqhh 2.6.1. Ocxosxue nonoil(eHht Vnyrurexr,re KaqecrBa npoAyKr-thh rBnterct qacrurc o6qei npo6nerr'ru noablueHht eQQexrxexocrx HaPoAHoro xosnicrsa. Llenu nnaxrpoBaHxt ytyquleHrt KaqecrBa nPoAyK5n cocrohr B BbrgBneHxxx 6onee noJrHoM hcnotb3oqnn goBaHhh pe3epooB h Bo3MoxHocrei npeAnphtrri

-raduUedu) rrHeHnUaq.go rrxereedu^ rwcseldo 6)resu -er)aln^)o x woer:tsoeexodu chHeueedu^ otqr)eh foweu -weclloeH E)retrrats rxhy{Uodu woat)ahex arxeueedu6 'llhl{tsodu wosrtehex vn+av -eedu{ tgwgrfhf l{oH)reuuwo}t o{l4Hesoerlxemdeeor ou irrhx{tsodu XoHHesr)ah -exodgoUex xl{ulqa h ehHeusoroJet ea xr)oHHesrf,resro ouxavn>A 'lxhxr(tsodu loweexe{utqa gsttahpx n uxeod^ oJor{)ehhHxel ahHamt.tgou ee cxxeeodnvAwut> olosqued -ow n oloxquexderew lqwelfh) othHeaoa.!:xemdagol ou !xrhx{Uodu earfehe)t uxxamrt{u{ wgUorgw x wewdO$ wrqxg}a)led.l -odu eoxrxroged xhx)ehhHxer-oxdaxaxc+n A xwhoged cxx -en{go xrheerxeldo n unfiew$xreex othHamtqsou oll ihhhx^Uodu Ehxesogguou)el u loweelr{urqg garfehpx o rxhewdo$xx eehupHE'edogr o { } r H e s o a r ) H e m d a e o : x rxhesxxeldo ou !nrhllUodu fowoex -r^urqe woaltraher r eorrahodu xrix)ahhJouoHxer woUox ee ruodrxox othHesoarlHamdaso: x xxhggtxe:do ou f eerrtsoaexodu cnxeehD(Autgo oJor)ehrHxel x oJoHHohheexxeldo orrxamr,{uI,lqd{rqu{x XoHHesrtUosalr -odu orxxemrqgou'hlJouoHxer o { h H p a o s r : x a m d e g o eo u !nntuAV oJor{fahhHxel o{xHamtqgou ou

-odu pgpahex h rxeod{

-rxduodaw all)t)ehhJou oe|r),1nerqHquehhof ,arxfehhw;#: 'exlfenlxxar'etqxxoxhegrxeldo E ) l o t 6 H u o u t c gh E ) l o t e s t q l -egedeed xhhxlUodu woal)oher cxxsueedur( a:>ahodu g 'rlhx{tsodu ssl)ohpx EhHem -rr{u{ olondgwets ruU cxxeraedur( rqd/txr(dn lonxohhearH -erdo arxegoerlxemdeao) ex<xgl e ,(uxherHaw{xoU ,eU{dr rsrewUedu 'eUr(dr eerrUedr ,?{dr) solHeweu€ oJe h psr)Uos -enodu xxheexreJdo eoUorew x wdoS xrqaoUedau ehHea -osquourr't eoxeruxa$$e srearnaufego exxfler' nxl -etnedgo 'hhHeusololer ,ex.logedeed ee rdu xxhx{Uodu p€r)ehpr cxeodr( o.rowxUoxgooH ahHex(deUUou h exHehau - ) e 9 o ' e r H e u s o H e r r { e x x r s x x a u g e d u e x, a r r V a d l x e o U o r e w '4utvnduodew qnoxu{rosof, .(UXA UIA fX 3y) xnhx{ts -odu woer)eher{ sxHaueedur( tgwalf,hf foH)xeuuwox xrhr -rrdutsedu xtgHHeumtqwoduex rxredUexe.werr(u gr{xlxrl -oU srng rax(ow quah et€ .nxhylUodu rosxaumrqwodu egrfehey Xeueleapxou xtqahh1ot>A n xh)tof,tqa cnHexcrl) ZSZ

8OdO9A XTIHSOI'OJ UhH:IUSOIOJ€h EhJOUOHX:II gVHHtUm|qwOdU

Z

2,6. KOI^nnEKCHA' ChCTEMA ynpAStEHIt

KAqECTEOI^ npOAyK|Irl,|

253

rxr). KC YKFI 6aaxpyercn Ha craHAaprax npeAnpxrrrr, paspa6arrraaeMbrxB nonHoM coorBercrBhr,rco craHAapTaM)'t u APYrr'rtr^l-dHOPMaThBHO-TeXHHqeCKxMh AOKyMeHTAMh. flpx paspa6orxe h BHe.qpeHhh chcreMbr Aonx(Hbr yqrTbfBarbct xoaeiuxe HayKh u rexlntn, nep€,qocrhxeHht npoMbtuJneHHbtx npe4npreui onblr crpaHbt no Aoeoi ynpaBneHhlo Kar{ecrBoM npoAyKlt}iH h noBbtuieHHKr atpnpoh3BoAcrBa, aapy6exxuri onurr no ynyquJeQexrxaxocrl Hr,rrc KaqecrBa npoAyxq.nu n noBbtuteHhlo a$eexrxaxocrx npoh3BoAcraa, Bo3Morf(Hocrl tulpoxoi aBToMarr3dqnn n MexaHr3tqhh Bcex npoqeccoB h Ncnorb3oBaHht ablqltcnrrenunoi T€xHlrKr. Crpyrrypa h cocraa clcreMbl AonxHbl npeAycMarphBarb Bo3Mo)r(Hocrb ee AanbHeiu.lero coBepueHcrBoBaHrt xa 6ase chcreMarrqecKoro nsy.reHut rpe6oaaxri norpe6rrenei K KaqecrBy usgennh, AaHHbtx Hayr{Ho-rexHhqecK}tx nPorHo3oB pa3BhThr rexHhKt h TexHonorhh a cooTBeTcrayrcqei npoMbtuneHHocrh, orpacrl )l3yqetre onbtra 3KcnJlyaTaLlnn, aHanuSa AocTrrHyToro nepeAo8oro onbtTa B oreqecrBeHxoi npomuuJneHHocrh x 3a Apyrnx orpacnnx py6exo,r,r, cBoeBpeMeHHoro BHeApeHhr nocreAxxx Aocrhtxexnil, opraHh3aqrH H ynpaBneHHr npoh3BoAcrBoM. KC yKn npeAHa3HaqeHa Anr coaepuleHcrBoBaHr{r opraHh3aqrh npoh3ao4crBa c qerbro nocrorHHoro o6ecne,{eHht cooraercrBhr Kaqecraa npoAyKr4hh norpe6xocrrM HapoAHoro xognicrea ,l HaceneHrr h chcreMarhqecroro noabruleHhr na aroi ocHoBe a$Qerrxexocrh npoh3BoAcrBa. 3ra q,enu .qocrHraerct: co3AaHheM h ocBoeHreM B 3aAaHHbre cpoKh HoBbtx BhAOB npoAyKLlhh, KoTopar no KaqecrBeHHbtM r TexHhKo3KOHOMXT{eCKhMxapaKTephCTHKaM COOrBercrByer AOCThx(eHhrM Mhpoeoi xayxx h rexHXKl Hrr npeBocxo4nr Ax n Mor{er 6rrru orxeceHa K npoAyKl-lhh ssrcuJei Karerophx Ka!ecrBa; yBerh'{eHheM yAenbHoro Beca npoAyxl.l,hx aurcluei xareroPun KaqecTBa s o6ule^ o6uerr^e npoh3BoAcraa roeapxoi nPoAyKqxh; nnaHoMepHbtM ynyqtrleHlteM noKagarenei KaqecrBa Bbtnycxaeir,roi npoAyKqhh; noBbnueHlrem KoHKypeHrocnoco6xocrr npoAyxr-thh Ha BHeUtHeM pbrHKe; cBoeEpeMeHHbrM cH9TreM c npoHgBoAcrBa, sal exoi xnh MoAepnreaqrei npoAyKr-lhh xrgroi Karerophh KaqeCTBA;

,xwgrdgUxelf xwrx) 1ol{dU n uw6r,'teou>{ xwxx>ehr,tHxer -xexxug{u>ed'rwrqsau>edro'hwrsHHaglfdeUl(Jol rlrorrueU -aduo tsrHehEHExu n nnhtAUodu eeoahel huoreapxog 'aorxew{xoU xxx:ahhHxell-or{EhlewdoH grxafnedgo n cuned -Uexe 'xxrogedeed xotsudou 1etnotpsruseHerr{ n nnlteen+ -eldo ore h wosrlUoserodu chxauaedu^ ht)eugo e euxeedu I rqwdox letnor{drrxaweulad'xrheexrde?Her) howal)x) E)lepahheu)e9o U)ln JI hwerHewaue {Uxaw cre6s)owheag 'Xar)oHHego)o xxxrerx$rheu: xu.tAdV x rxhx{Uodu rqd{reuxxawox I ederxedax 'rqd{rx{dr: lowaex:{urre worar,{ I exxexdetsor aoxredxxox loxxorheerxerdo 'nlf,osHarmlqwodu rorawll ruredro XoUrfipx s lau:ed -lo xrgHhr{ueed xcxxaHht/eq.9o a woal)ehp}t cxxaugedu{ wewerlhl extn{rrdu 'rqrnawau€ rr€ .tcwer)xl arxeeodtx -oxhxnl$ artnoreshheufego x ex?nor{dxwdo$'rqrxawr(x -oU err)ehhHxer-oHaxrewdox x egpUadr elx)arrxxxet 'lq) -rehodu 'yntcnduodew crrorrusu lJIn )){ hwprHeweu€ 'XoVeudg'woxrtehl('woxeh 'wexrrrduUadu'wexxeHhUelgo rxxauepdul orxheerxeldo orleeHaodr(oJor{w raeaxdrewl{Uedu UIA fX ed{rxld.tl 'rr,rhewdoSxn srrUedr rxsnxar.ldo , l:1"; rr.euedeu -ed9o'edog: srrUed:'rrhe.lxew{xotr 1ox)ahhHx3l-oHshr -ewdox plxeuuwox) er:Uadr tshHeHuoutgexx ruts xrqwrU -oxgoeH n nxixAVodu woar>ahex uhHeuaedu{ lxhxxl$ n hpues nwxx {tsxaw wahHeueUadu:ed h woaer)o)'lxxeuaU -eedUou u gxttogedeed xyuVer> ex nxhrAUodu aar:Uosexodu tr t4xHaueedu{ e extTl -or^erreh^ '(ynuudu?adu) rxxaxxUargo trgxAur n EnHev -aUeedUou e)8 b9e) € roeho{u}rs UIA 3y edArx{dr3

U)lA )I

xxhxxlS x edturldr) 'Z'l'Z

'xrherer(uu)x€ h chHetnedgo hh?erf eH gal)ehe)l (erxeuaoHsrf,)oa x arxexedxor) arx rneodr( oror{xrxrloU -exdaUUou x xrhx{Uodu erHeaoequou)h eoxarrxe$Se ieeretsoeexodu ea xdu xxh -x{tsodu eer)ehex rxeod^ oJoHHausoHer:^ exxehau)ago

tJ;:3:Sfi i;to"" nxhx{uodu ear)ehp)rcxeod,(o.,o"or,"" -querraU

:U)lor5ua6 UXA ))l hweheuea xwr.rHsor{)O 'cutcnduVadu xrlox xr,r)r)ehhwoHox€ waxxamrr{u{

Xeuere8exou

I oJb sA x tEHI otto J Bhr+ ueoro-lgh rN JouoH-xrt r vlrx r rntnil-o au z

cH 2.6.Kol{nnEKcHAt

lq4_q4Er!1!_[A,1Eg]!o! _nlqaylq!]'t

__ 25s

HOpMaThBHO-TeXHhqecxoi 4oxyr"rexraqxei. B par,,rxax KC yKn craHAapraMh npeAnphtrht Moryr ycraHaBnhBarbct rpe6oeaxxn K HoMeHxnarype N 3HaqeHhtM noKa3arenei Kaqecraa nonyQa6pxKaroB, Aeranei r c6opovxurx eAhHh14, paspa6arbrBaeMblx hnh cBnrlou{hxcr ocHoBHbrMHqacrtur h3roroBnneMbrx rr3Aenxi, rexxonorxqecxoi ocHacrKh l.r hHcrpyMeHra. Yppaaneane KaqecrBoM s KC yKn ocyulecrBtterct BbtnorHeHheM cneAylolqxx cneqxanbHbtx Syxxtl,xi: nporHo3rpoBaHHr norpe6xocrei, rexxrvecxoro ypoBHt ,r KaqecrBa npoAyKtlhh. Hanpasnena Ha ycraHoBneHHe nepcneKrHBHOrO rexHhqecKoro ypoBHt h Kat{ecTBa npoAy)
e rorldruu Adt n wrxhxx{$

wers ou roruueUrce,ets{dr

oal)ahex tsfreguar xrqdorox woJ.xaqgo,erxth oJo)ttahlteu -eedui( so))ehodu qrteh .lnerrletieoe xnlnor{dxr{wrr: ehHcecxo 'lrxemad exrrxxdu x ^xeoro.lUou ,r,rl)oxquar ,xxhewdoeHh -uaU Eorelquleed {nxeho N lot{HouuoxeH ,Hl)oHqualtrats sorerqu{eed loxexrcdeuo erueH? rarrl ,rog -ed quodrHox ,toged yui xtqxxeeodxxcuuee rrHeHuoutqs -eHuoutea orrheexxp.ldo,xrhxx{$ ou roged or}rhee}aHe.Jdo 'xlhxx{$ ou roged exxcaodxxpuu lrtnorer,oruxa ,uxNh crrecuer)aln^lo l{hhx^uodu woarfehex lxx:ar'xereedul chxeueedu^ xxhxr{$.loHquehheu) X o U x ( p x xexwed g .xxhewdoQtr uowAVoxgoeH 1a:e xrreUedeu h cetrue.He'lxrogedgo ,cxxexedx ,edogr orrhEelxeldo ex exaueedue;.;'UIA ly shHeheu)ago o:6xxonhewdoSxn jdf,)) woal)quglpUoxotrss ) hhsl)realoo: wolodrl s sor U)lA JI-pxEu -Hewau€ xef€ rxHcaodxxolhxr{$ orxheexxe.rdo ex -eedue;1 .rxhx{tsodu psr)ahex cxHeheurego oJoaoeedu iedoeUex o.rox -xeetrdets^:o.t xxxa?aeodu xdu xl.tHHeuggtcts,gotre.lfoUax x unandu orxxexedr>A ou xrxeuerralnl:o 4xtyxduodew .xxrrxdutsedu xdu r)re{eruse6 pH lxxedewex anUed: ,sordpUHerf, waxxaU wahHrol)o) n Ureovl{ xxx:anlxxer -olrgor x waxxedUeHs ea edoeUEx o.toxxaerrdpU{ro.t fXxHeHouxro xxr€ xxt xdu et,tHgusctqg pH ar(xpr e tnni -prxew{xots lo)tfehhHxer-oxexrcwdoH wtsrHcEogedr re{er: -raaroo) ex xtqdorox oar)ehex ,gorrehodu xlqxxagpUoe -exodu x uuhlA?odu exxsuertq€ sH exaueedueg .nnl:rr,Af -odu h palfeher cuodrHox oJoHHeEt)wouos lxxerlgu)h !p€r)ehex oJoxoft.ts xxhx{tsodu tshHeUso) orqueh r rxrcxduUedu eoxxxroged exxcsodxu{wxrr eoxqusdow ex exaueeduepl 'trhhx^Uodu csrfahex uHHemtqaou cxxeeodrulwHrl lxxh>r{tsodu egl)eher rxeodr( gtrHeuaoH . -er))o! I rxxgxedrot oJoHxoweoa yvV )4Ae oHquewh)rpw -our{ ar4xeU€o: ,goltehodu xnsoU{dr x eowxxad ,r"3a" -hHxer xlcxxcUee ehHeUotugo),perfUosenodu rr:oxtrxwrxd exxcncdetsUou h ehHenedxor ,aer)Uoe€xodu s xxhxr(tsodu ,eat)ehex l,l cxaodr( For€ ehHeos)o oloxrerxHxgr oJoxotr -rqe rxhx{Uodu eoheedgo xtqHrtquo h hhhprHew{roU loxt -dorxAdoxox exHcUeo) et{ exaueedue;1 .(xxtrerer(uri:xe) rxxaugedrou t,l ertqg),exgodrrdou:xedi,xxxeeodxUeuxj 'rrxeusorotet ,axrogedeed ea xdu rthx{Uodu ealfehcx uxeod{ o:osxeeodxHeuuea hr)oHcuhgerf EhHeheu)ego 80d09^ xnxsouoJ ShHSUso-rOlelt rxtouoxx:r wunaunrrqwoauz

t

^.

\

I

;i

db.t;iton6i

Elnotu(ii

'

r r. ri .) f1.1'r.'d:''".\:l

@

2.6.Koi^nrEKcHAr chcrEAA vnpABnEHhrHAqEcrBoM r!-poqv\:Uuit4

27'I

caMocrorrenbHylo noAcllcreMy. B npaxrrre raxhe noAchcreMbr nonyrrhnh HahMeHoBaHhe crcreM 6esge$exrxoro rpyAa (CET).

2.6.t. Opranxraqxt YnPaBneHrt O6uree pyKoBoAcrBo KC VKI-I ocyulecrBrlterct ArPeKTOpOM, rnaBHblM hHx(eHePOMnPeenptrqrht h 3aMecThT€neM AhPeKropa. KoopAxxa4xe pa6or, cBt3aHHblxc Qyxxt4xoHxPoBaHHeM h pa3BrrreM chcreMbl ynPaBneHxt KaqecrBoM nPoAyKtl|l'|, BO3naraeTCt Ha cneqHanbHoe noApa3AeteHhe, noAt{}lH€HHOe HenocpeAcTBeHHO AhPeKTOpy Xnh rnaBHoMy r'lH'r(exepy o6ue4r+e*ltt (npegnpxnrxr). B gasrcxl ocrtt or creneHl u,eHrpanr3aqhr ynPaBneHht orAenbHat KoHKPerHat Qyxxqxe Morxer BblnonHlTbct oAHnri rnu HecKonbKltMh noApaSAeneHxtmt'l (xcnonxrrennxn) xnn oAHo noApa3AeneHHe (ncnonxrrenu) r,rox<er eutn o r H c r b o A H o B P e M e H H oH e c K o n u r o Q y x x t l x i y n p a a n e x x n KAt{ecTBoM. h BHeAPeHxr KC VK[l cnegyrcIlopngox paspa6orrr tr,,nr. Paspa6orxa h EHeAPeHre KC YKFI cocrohr h3 -rPex tranoB: noAroroBKa x paspa6orKe chcreMut, paspa6orra nP ' OeKTa CtlCTeMbl' BHeApeHhe chcTeMbl. Ha erane noAroroBxh x paspa5orKe chcreMbl x3gaerct nplKa3 no o6regxxexxp o6 oPraHr3aqhx pa6or no pa3Pa6orxe crcrer"rbt x co3AaHhlo KooPAhHaqhoxxo-pa6o'rei rpynnbr Bo rnaBe c rnaaHblM hHxeH€PoM, opraHh3yeTcg rexHlrqecKan yre6a pyKoBoAhreneil u seAylqhx cnellhathcroB noApa3genexxi, Koropbte 6yep yqacraoBarb B Pa3pa6orxe AoKyMeHTaqHhno crcreMe' a raKxe x3yt{eHre-onblra ynpaaneHHt KaqecrBoM BceM KontteKrhBoM, parpa6arureaercr nporpaMMa aHanh3a cocrotHhg ller no KaqecrBy qenecoo6paaxo nPeAycMorPerb npoAyKr4Nh, B xoropoi aHan,f3 noKa3arenei 4eerenuxocrh npeAnPy grne e o5nacrh ynyqueHrt KaqecTBanPoAyKqrh' a TaKlKe Hx Mero,qhqecKoe x MarephanbHoe o6ecneqeHlle, npoBoAhrct aHarlt3 cocrorHht .qen no KaqecrBy BblnycKaelloi npe4nphtrheM nPoAyKqhx. Pesynurarur aHarh3a tBntlorct ocHoaaHheM Art pa3Pa6orxx rexHxqecKoro 3aAaHht xa KC YKFI, axnroqalou4ero nnaH Meponpuatnh no noBbluleHhn opraHh3aqhoHHo-TexHl,lt{ecKoroypoBHt npeAnphtrht'

-1eU exodr rrxeutsodu o ,{rdetsxel) x XhHaHeWEhsxrog -edeed 'erdeUxcr) edrowredeu o exHemad orrxrdu s.lrsg tex(ow xxdeeodu erErqur(ead g .e:eadlodu o.loller,hHxar -oxrrr(px pH wuhHar{hl)ou ahar)reatoo) exrer c rrdcUxer.: a rqHex(ouee erqdorox 'xulxeroged"r xer r.rdu Uotdau eH eal)ehp)t xr:eugo e crrrxduUedu neUee lxtnorlUeu)ou 6rHeHuourqa rr)oHx(owaos rxxede !t)thol r qrrdeeodu oxUorex UIf rxrcrduUedu nrdeUxer3 fI 'hr)oHquelreU loeoUldr crhcexxeldo I HhhxAUodu woer)ahex rnxeuscdur( lxhrx{$ urHeHuoutqa rxaweured 'hxHeho n cnxeueVeduo xx lguorew ,hrxrUe xrsnr'odo9r x 1aue.lets 'eorextdge${uou esr)ahpx wbuel -eepxou )t 6hr{psogedr rrrex(deUor xerdetsHprf xtqHguphh -guf, g 'eordeUxeo xtqHcusr,lheu) rcuuld.t uvV shHexc -ouou ahtngo ehtnoteshuaexeoA ,tqrdeUxert er(rer r)lr) .{h)thwox xtqHhhuacd {roged -oHlo werdetsxer: wntngo I 'psrtreher ,aor.deUxer: xrqeeulpdlo h xlqH lar? axxatsagodu -xaeodeU^rol rxxedUaHs arfixel 9 ,lJlJ rnxadUaxe n aul -eUxdaerA'rxxauwdo$o,rxrogedecd xotscdou :tq:oduoe elqHwer)9r)etn9o rorl(dxrxeweu.tad rrtrrrduUedu rqrdeUxerr ehtngg 'sorHeweu€ ee xlqHqueUro x woueh E U)lA )I orxxaodr:ou ou uhHex(olrou etctHgoH)o whlnoteshuseHerl^ 'worxewr(xoU ts)raEUsts rdeUneD .elsxquerh foHsoH)O -eu) h arlngo 'r.toxeoxlo ex roruueUeedUou rlhx{tsodu wosr)eher orxseuaedur( ou rxrcr{duUadu nrdeUxer3

UIA tI uxrtrdutsadu eordpuHeD xxrogedged rr'oHHggoro .t.9.2 .(Aener -er quelhl)ewee ou Edorxadrts nuul daxexxr lirxeer-r reruenaln^:o wexxaduexe x loxrogedeed UIA ))l oereUoeox^d .lcwertrr hxxedtsaxs o rxe r)raEuscr)of UXA )X eordeUxerl reee chxadUexa xxxehHoxo olJ wehHeuorugof lr wehHedtsexe ee quodrxo" "r..r"r*"113 'g13 orxnadUexe ou rrrrr,rduodew gfrotuHuoutqg ,o{tlxed -Uexe xr ou 4nlrnduodew hytHeHuoutcteh (Uff) yutyudu -Uadu eordeUxerl xlqxxeUxdeerr( exurla? i'xhxatsaae o rseexxdu clro{pVeh tqwel)h) rxxedtsaxe eucr€ eH

exrogedeed i u r A lr

[J,#r'Jjt-::t:r:;::?:: "r" "o d,.,

IUIA JX_ eH tshHeUee oJoxfehxHxel exrogedeed tr)rot -ruaoatn{ro UIA 3y erxeodu rxrogedeed euere e11 godoglt xnHsolfol cr4HrueoroJm

\

nPoAv!!gl2!----?t x^qecrBom z.c.xo,tnrexcHlircxcternovnpoenext4r CTI-I I crBht craHAaprt. Ha xaxAor,r nPegnPhtrrx cocrae nepe''lHt yqeToM c onPeAenterct -PeKOMeHAOBaHHOTO orpacneaoi AoKyMeHraqxx. Hanpxr'rep, Qyxxt4ht rexHonorxqecroi no4roroBKr npoh3BoAcrBa Moxer 5uru 4oarpoEaHa no BXAaM pa6or (paapa6orxa rexHonorhqecKxx nPOTPyAOeMKocTh TexHonorl' lqecKHr qeccoB, HOPMt,lPOEAHhe pacxoAa MarePXaToB n , nPou,eccoB,HopMhPOaaHr4e l?Yrnx cneqhanbHoro ooopynPoeKrhpoBaHhe rPYAa, npeAMeroB cn€q}1a,|bAOBaHht, ocHacTKh'HHcTPyMeHTa;h3roro8neHlre g')' ocHacrKh, hHcrPyMeHra r r' ;;;;;5;pyAoBaHht, (Dyxrqr.rr KoHTPon, Moxer 5urrs 4eranh3rPoBaHt no KaqecrBa npoAyKqHh' KoHo6rexry- s ynPaBneHht i ' c o 6 n p A e H h(xoxrponu eM r e x H onorhqecKhx nPoqeccol' rponb KaApoa, Kollrpotlr o5oxaanxsxxaq'hh ypoBHt KoHrponb ocpyAoBaHtlt Ha rexHotlorhqecKylo rorlHocrb' KOHTPOnb KOHTPO'b KoHTponb AOKyMeHTaqhr' HacTKl,|h hHCrPyMeHTa' 'ycnoaui rPYAa t1 r. A.). CneqnanbHbrecraHAaPrbl nPeAnPAlruApaspa6arutaarorKC yKn h npeAycMarphBapr ca no BceM Qyxxqrrm x BonpocoB' 3aAaq cneq'hanbHblx peureHre

2.6.5.Konrponr rpyxrqlonxPoBaxxtKC O6uexrar,rs KoHrpont cBJttlorct: Aocrlrx<eHrre qenei KaqecTBa nPOAyKll'hr{; AocrttlKeHHe qenei

Qyxxr.lloxrPoBaHrt

l,t 3aAarl $Yxxr4ri

npeAnphtrrr

yKn KC

yKn

E o6nacrx

ynpaBneHHt KaqecrBoM

nPoAyKqllh. ' Ko"tpon" AocrhxeHhr r,4enei lr 3aAa'{ nPeAnPhtrht B cnyvae ocyl'q'ecrBnterct pyKoBoAlrretleM npeAnPtrrrxr' oPraHh3yer npeAnPxtrrt pyKoBoAhrenb "ab6ro,qr^o.t,

nOCTaBneHaHanh3 npr,lt{h}l' npengTCTBylOlJ4hXAOCTXXeHhIO BblnotlHeHhe h paepa6orry raKxe a 3aAat{' h xurx qenei HanPaBrteHHblx Ha noBbluJeHhe oPraHtr34r*eponpxrrxi, B qentx Peulet-u.ioHHo-rexHhqecKoro yPoBHe nPeAnpr'rtrHt qenecoo6pasxo' KaqecrBy' no 3a.4aq Hvta nocraBneHHblx A-o*l:nePhoAh'{ec1'npeAnpnnrna qro6ur pyKoBoAhrerb 'o B OOnPeAnphtT'lt Pe3yrlbTaTax AegTenbHOCrh AbrBan Ha nPeAnpl'rtTht KorneKTh8y Ka'{ecT8a ynyquJeHht nacTh 3a Kortrponu co6paxrrx' nPoh3BogcraeHHblx o6ulrx' yKn x HanhqhKC craxAaProB rpe6oeaxri ."0]oc.";.er,,r pyKoBoocyl4ecrBnterct F,na Hx co6nrogexrt eir,r ycnoali pern'' Koropblx 4erre'lbHocrb noAPa3Aetexxi, AxrentMh

-roorHer..uotsrcwer)rr"r"""ot"1l"3tnllgtn-.u"t":;;:l;tt" -odu wehHeHewer f xrqHHeeraf ,lrrrrduodew "#;; htrHeHuourq€ k errogedeed ; h;;; -Eh rhHe)eua Avr't cnl'rxduVedu.,axhdleole? eordeuxt' xrsedH exrog -edeEd e ulqrexedtqa lexots rawar)hf xxfnor{eruruedu a aorler)oUeH wehhhueH loHHror)ou qrpsosr)FeU raxow dorxed rorc 'xxhx,(Uodu woarrehpx cxxaueedur( ge'Uad: , ,+;;.; cu$nduVedu wtshsou)^ ahfnorehaero l,tHauor) xemcuoo a AvA arqHxemdeeof eeuog xritnoreJeutsedu ,cu$)duuadi aoxlxroged loexrethxxx x orcooH€r,rlxp loxrar,doer iwo€l)ehex rrxausedu^ rq:oduog arsxquaUro huh woueh e {waorl qreex.tedree h oHHEot, -ou qleaosrl{eU .wosr)ehex vuHeu rexow dorxe$ ror€ -aedu{ eeouad: I lqUorew a,"r"a.ia"o, ."uo9 ;.; -o{eJxsUlqs,e:redlodu oJox)ehhHxar_oxnAex walrx6eed

-oueue'edouesoror€Elral);f i;"iT;"":ffi

':;r";;;

-tsadu hwef{puu AwnHJ.evnLcu ) creatqerer( x ,(x;eurr", "" qrpshuagHetr{ re{Ueuf ear)eher t,lr)eugo s cxrghduUedu lneuee x tuafi ,l.twel)r) cxeodr( oJort)ahhHxer_oHHohhee -xxeldo oJoxo)rcta eeuog xrtnor{gadr ,eer)ehpx hr)eugo -x,qeor e cxrchduUedu npUee x lauah XoxsoHpr)ou

eh€r)rearoo> a nntsAd""#:'J ?"H"rlr';Jfi il:ff::* tax(ow

UIA

)X

t

:rwedorxe$ twrlnor{Ueu) pHgsatqE.ulg9 rrHeaoslft{amdaeor cr)owhUoxgoeH

.g.g.z uIn )x axHPEosrrHomdoro) 'xxhx{Uodu woglfehp)t o{rHeu -eedu{ ou wehHeueUeedtsou wrqxsgsodxrhupxhau) u unh -eehrdetsxetr wehHaueUepdUou,wordeUxerl crra^dxrHew 082

to.ot^

*

2.6.Ko@!!1!_{^!ESI!oe_!lq4yKLt,h__

281

9ranar*x coaopureHcrBoBaHXrKC yKn rBnrlorce noAroTOBKa K COBeput€HCTBOBaH14}c ChcTeMbt.

coBepuJeHcTEoBaHHe

npoeKra cytcrcMbr, lbtnonHeHte nraHoB Meponpxrrui no coBePugHcTtolaHh|o ctcTeMbl. Ha eranc colopureHcTBoBaHht npoexTa chcreMbr ocyulccrBncprct: parpa6orra rexHxqecKoro 3arqaHxr Ha coBepuJeHcrBoBaHreKC YKI-I, paapa6orxa rexHhqecKoro npoeKr! KC yKn, paapa6orxa x Qopr*rpoBaHhe pa6overo npoeKra

KCvKn.

B rexxxqecKoe 3aAaHhe cneAyer BKnroqhrb Becb nepeqeHb craH4aproE npeAnp]1rrrr KC yKn c yKa3aHH6r,r craH4apros, Koropbre paspa6aruaarorcr BHoBb nnr' nonHOC-rblonepecMaTphBaloTct, craHAapro8, K KoTopbtM pa3pa6arsraarcTcr h3MeHeHrr, craHAaproa, Koropbre ocrarorcn 6es xel exeuna a4nr oTMeHttorcr c BHeApeHheM ycoBepUJeHcTBOBAHHOTO npoeKrA. flpereopnr a xrr3Hb peureHxr XXVII cbe3Aa KflCC, xeo6xoAxi,no nocTorHHo hcKarb HoBbte MeTo.qbtpa6orH, 6oporbcr 3a tKoHoMh}o MarepharoB, 3a coKpauleHre BpeMeHh noonepaqhoxxoi o6pa6orxr nzp1enu!., noBbruJarrb Kaqecrao nPoAyKqhh. qerblo lxoxor*rqecxoi Ocxosxoi crparerHh napr],rt 6un n ocraerct HeyxnoHHbri no4rer* MarephanbHoro h KynbrypHoro ypooHr )r(h3Hr,t HapoAa. Peanx:aqxr rroi qenr B Hacroqu{ee EpeMe rpe6yer ycKopeHhr coq,hanbHo-3KoHoMhqecKoro pa3Bhrxr crpaHbt.acemepxoi xrrexcrQrxaqrn npox3BoAcrBa, noBbnrJeHhnero aQ$exuaxocrx xa 5age l.rqecKoronporpecca. Hayt{Ho-rexH 6ypxoe pa3BhrHe HayqHo-TexHhr{ecKoronporpecca n HenpepbrBHoe paculnPeHxe HayqHo-TexHhqecKrrru SKoHoMhqecKHx caceei nphBneKapr K craHAaprh3aqhlr Bce 6onsuree x 6onsuree BHhMaHhe ecex (6ea rcxnrcrexnn) H Pa3BhBaloulHxct cTpaH Mhpa, TexH1,lqecKhx h 3KOHOMSqeCKhX MeX(.qyHapOAHbtX, perhoHalbHbtx h Haq,h-

pa3BHrbrx

oHanbHbrx opraHh3aq,hi, Qrpm h npegnphrrxi. 3ro o6rccHrercr o6uerrxexoi xeo6xo4hMocrbto craHAaprH3aqhh Anr ynpaBneHhr rKoHoMhqecKhMh h npoh3BoAcTBeHHblMr npoqeccaMh. foccrax4apr coBMecrHo c MhHhcrepcrBaMh 3HartxrenbHo ycKophn pa6ory no nepecMorpy craH4eicrByptqhx c q,enbp ycraHoEreHhr B H|,|x Tpe.qaproB Ha npoAyKqhp 6oeaxri, coorBercrBylor.4hx BbtcluhM MhpoBbtM AocrhxeHvtxM u Mex(AyHaPoAHbrM cTaHAapTaM. B 1987 r, AonxHa 6urru a ocHoBHoM npoBeA€Ha h B

iIl"

$

vvV rorr(equoulx rudeUner3 XosgH rxxeeodxrxaodu 'rcdeweed h rqdrawedsu - hutl -xAVodu psr)Xos) ehr{trctuerhgadrou }r etqHHohhere{irulxe rorruaUaduo lrlf,oHHaumrqwodu royJau e rwerdeUner3 'xxheerJ.deUxerl EhHesoequou)h Ee9 rs9 sreuxtsoeodu xtah -x{?odu ear)ehe)r x cHsodr( oJo}t)ahHHxar ,psr)Vogerodu rarroxexrxa$$e o{r.rHemtctsouou eroged eUl 'eutcndu -Uedu anedrr s hrxeH oHxowEoaag .rrlouodlaw h rxhee -xrdeUxen ou nxhgexseJdo erqeoeeg h etqHsouoJ- uuuaV -xedrt{ ehr)GrueresoUeul:r,r-oxrt{gx arcHxeaodHgxuexheul rrxeeoeedgo hrtoHHaumrqwodu Xoxrau g ,odorg woxrdor -xldr:xox'g tAtut)an woyfqrereaoUeul:tr-oHtr^ex'yl4+eH -xUargo woUx<ey s 'esrlderlrxrw wotsxrel a h)t)ehxrxedu cf,lorewh nlheexrdeUHer) ou cxxauaUeedUou rxUo.re3 'X!.'.veuEl,txrqaoroJ eJ.fhog) xrx)ahhHexew-oxxexQ h xhx)ehunentut-'oxneu$ sr+ -eraUeduo sotsorew erHe€o€r)Hemdaeor eemxaxsueU :4uvev€u Psrf,ehPx heuareeexou {d{reuxHewoH pH erdeUHpn axxeUeor i4nveuen hauereu chHeHhUaol rqgofou) h o{hJouoHxwder ex eoJ.deUHeo enrogedeed : 6 ) r o { E u a 6 h r ) o H H e u m r q w o d uX o H X e s mE xxheexrdeUHeu 6hrhseed rwuxxarseduex hwrcHsoH)O 'esrrUoeerodu H r f , o H a h l x e $ $ e r x x e m t q e o u ' o { x h x I U o d u o r { w a e y r l u r c r se H redrpe hhHat+(hHtr'hrhHxer XosoH shHgoa)o r rlrogedeed eoxod) rxnatnedxol 'rxhxiUodu eeperter ylrxemr,Au^ s 'sotdeUxptl xuod htrHamrqaou a E)us?no{eho{u}tee 'uuqn -eehrdeUxerr quah ueH€oH)o exeaodxu^wdo$r arxaw{xoU wor€ I 'rxheexrdeVHer) aepg pH wosr)ahpx rhHeuaedu^ 6hHpaosr)Hemdaeo: u yutuaeed chxeueedues ourueUaduo "J '<<xxhxr(Uodu OL6;, udgron g1 aorrxxdu lowaexr{urqe par)ehgx xxxemn{u{ a sordeUxere ruod hhHamtqgou Or} eodrrxxxyl preso) h ))llI yfi anxeuaoHer)olJ d)fl 'vutcuduVedu er+eod{ ex cxheexrdeUnerr ?rl.,y.a -eed eemlexqueU euxn{rou cwade eeuVau:ou g 'rsrdeU -Hpr) ar4xtrHexxug{urad r arqeeu)pdro rlrotr(equourx oxod -xm qdeuer xwerdeUser) hwtqHHeerrdeV^roJ r ,(tsrdeg 'rrheerrdeUxerr ou hr)oHquarraU lqUor -ew h rswdo$ 'rsgetmtew 'qr)oHHauseduen cexrar,nrxedu q)hrhHeweh woeedgo wrqxxadol cwade eatnrotrex g 'axhx{Uodu rcUre ehmheH)+(ps eH lxueeogadr xht)ehhHxer xxtngo eordeUHer) exrogedeed eHemdeeeeoHqrerphHoxo .J 996l ---8OJOTA z8z

X|CHSO

-

!^r_€l!s_r-f{,a" .v!14-8_!E!!1!K^ !!.gIBoM ?:6j_Ko-!!n4E.r(! n npoqeccoB parpa6orxx rexHonorhqecKhx npoAyKr{xh, I Hapo4Bce, xro pa6oralor opraHh3aqxx npox3loAcrea. cBolo nPoh3BoAcrBeHHylo ocyLqecrBntlor xo^rr xosnicTlc, u nPaB!c rpe5oeaxtewvt t cooraercrBrill Aerrenbxocrb naMh, ycraHolncHHblMh cTaHAaPTaMh. Pa6ora no craHAaprx3aqxh npoAyxl-tllh a xaulei crPaHe Focygap! cooTBeTcrBnvt c nonoxeHrri,,rx oPraHH3yerct (fCC)' 3ra oacrer,ra cr.tcreMbt craHAaprh3aqrh creexxoi pa6ory no craHAaprhh pernaMeHrhpyer ynoprAoqlraaer 3aqxh Ha Ecex ypoBHrx ynpaBneHht HapoAHbtM xoscicraoM. Kor,rrnnexc rocyAaPcrBeHHblx craHAaPToB, ycraHoBneHHbrx fCC, pernaMeHrhpyer E3ahMoyBt3aHHbte nPaBltna l. nonolKeHrt, onpeAentloll4hel ocHoBHbre r.{enh h 3aAaqh cTaHAapTh3aqlh, oPraHH3af-lhlo h Mero,qhKy npoBeAeHhr pa6or no craHAaprr3aqrrti noprAoK nnaHHpoBaHnr pa6or no craHAaprh3aqhh; nopc,qoK paspa6orxx, BHeApeHhr, o6pau4exht rocy.qapcraHAaproB, craHcrBeHHbrx, orpacneBbtx, pecny6ntxaHcKhx gpyroi n nopuarhBHo-rexHhqecxoi npeAnphtrnh AaproB ll BHeceHht B HAx AOKyMeHTaq,h!l no craHAaPTh3aqhh r,rgmexexxi; o6rexrut craHAaprh3aqhh, KareroPrth u BAAbt craHAapTOB; n o$opir,tneh3noxeHhr eAr,rHbre nPashna nocrpoeHht, Hhr craHAaPTOE; noprAoK rocyAapcTBeHHoro HaA3oPa h BeAoMcrBeHHoro craHAaproB. KoHrpont 3a BHeApeHnerl. u co6nrc4exxeM nPhroAbt pa6ora no craHAaprh3aqhh 3a nocnegHle o6pena KaqecrBeHHo xoguti xaPaKrep. flprnqrnor,,r opraHrcran pa6or no craHAaprh3aq,h, 3aqhh h npoBeAeHxt nnaHhpoaaHht craHlrerog KoMnreKcHoro nporpaMMHrti AaPrh3aqh}l. cornacoBaHHble no cpoxaM B nporpamMbr Brnroqalorct nepecMorp craHAaproB h rexHh3aAaHlrr xa paspa6orxy, qecKhx ycnoauh, B KorPPbtx Aonx(Hbl 5srru ycraxoBfleHbl x KaqecrBy nPo.qyxqhr,|. B3aHMoyBt3aHHble rpe6oaaxln eBra' rpe6oaaxxrmx c onPeAentror4hMh Crax4aprrt nporPecca Krrcr cBoeo6pasnutm nporHo3oM rexHhqecxoro nPoAyKqhrr; nPrr hx paapa6orxe Aonx
'rrhx{Uodu hoHHasr)eheyoyoilqg e x e A u r q g e h H e h e u ) e g o e H x t g H H e u e p d u e H, d a w x r q e o e e d u u xrrl)ehnwoHox€ 'xtqxxorheexxc.tdo )xeuuwox seuaV .(hhhx{Uodu ear)ehex othHam -eduo wehHarsoHerrou whr€ -rqsou Awonxedox ou xedew On exxeueoHpl)ou uvanndu df,ff, eodrl,rxryl reso) l f,)Lly Hh .r gg6J 6ew ZJ 'uullxltV -odu eerrahpr o{hHemrr^u^ re^er)gotrou) ntheerrdeUxeo 'hhJouoHxer xtgH eHHeaoalfHemdagor ,oxruateeoUau3 -ere:adlodu oer:tsoaetodu e arxadUene raeerx(daU) BnH -eeodxu^rad oloeoaedu eepUadl xey o8l)HemdeeolaH o.ta 'hisoxgx :rqHt,tuuhh)hU Soeoeedu h hox)ehxJouoHxar wrrH -am{dex x raUes eexrewdox oJo)t)ehhwoHox€ }ter ogl)Hem -dasorax oJa icxHaugadrou rqdew eerrewdox xex exxer I 'rqwdos loaoeedu r{er hl)oH€xrxaS$e oJe eH Eflo{eatgee)tt eerrewdox oJox)ehrHxet rpx erdeVnpn hxrpr)otsgH

ea'xamdaso) ro rhf,hse., " r., oor"i:l.,fi ;fi J".t; ffi :

-ehhHxer eeoUadr xex exHeeo"",roiu eoxerrxaS$e ore {woreog 'uuy>enuVndot u r7u>tterr'xwoxoyeer(xer ox ,lrxf -ehhHxel oxcuor eH psl)ohex er.lpwdon - rdeUHer3 'V .t n xrhere{uulxe ldu cuueVeu <r o rrhewdo$nu !4nueuquf,h h ruodrxox xxheexx -eldo lxt.touoHxel Hr)oHcuhgprl h cxaod^ feenVoaexodu xxeoro.iUou Xox)ahlrJouoHxel gerlxemdaeo: ieoheedgo xrqHlrquo xxrogedgo ixorogedeed xrqxr+aumrqwodurxeodr( :eodorxe$ xhJoHw ro rq)hseE rxhx{Uodu osr)ehEI 'eerraingo oJemeH 4oweugodu hox)ahhrHuou H 'noyfghnwoxox€ ,4ol)el loxsuenho> XgmfeHxcee h oH -hHxer h hox)cuerxgadrou oxquor aH Xoweugodu rlresugc rg1

8OdO9A xFHSOlfOJ 6hH3t 8OlOJSl4 rhlOttOHXSr BvHHlUm|9wOdU 'Z

Cnxcor n,t?epatypbl

foporor h. K. n 4P. Coapemerxoe o6opyAoeaxre utaeixoro npoh3BoAcrBaffopoxoa l'1. R,, Jlexanos 6. H., f6noxoe B. A' M., 1977' H. 9., fpxx5ePr B. H. 3alopcrar Mogenxpoeanxe, KoHcrpyxpoBaHH€, x3roroBneHhe rono!Hbrx y6opoa' M., t971. Kouoaa T. B. Xygoxecraexxoe npoeKrrpoBaHre KocrK)Ma. M., 1982, Xyrbr xqer O, h. x .qP' (perpoBbrr nyxoabrr y6opoel rorolHbtx npox3BoAcraa Texxoaornq f K y s t n u x e a c D . h . , n e e u x M . l ; 1 . ,f l n y > x x n x o s I l . n . M . , 1 9 7 7 . MepqanoBa M. H. l.lcropue KocrroMa. M', 1972. Hrxxrxxa 14. f. x 4p. 3roxomxxa, opraHh3aq,st r nnaHhpoaaxxe uiaeixoro npoxrsogcrsa/ fHuxntxxa 1.1.1., Mxxailnoaa O. 8., Kaxaveea n. n. M.' 1978' Puraxrcrar ll, 5. Xy4orxecreexxoe npoeKrhpoBaHre ronoBHutx y6opoa. M., 1984. Purarxcxar n. E. r gP, Mo4enxpoaaxlre, KoHcrpyxpoBaHHeh rexHonorhc o5pa6orxr ronoBHblx flnyx<xxxoea 11. h., Mepxynoaa Il. A., Cnoy6opozl Psnaxxcxan Il.8,,

pap.uHa h. f . M., 1985. Casocrxqxri A.8., Menrxo: E. X. Texxonorxc ueeinutx ua4enuia,M,, 1982.

t