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06ecne4HBalOll.\I1X pa60ToH COTHH TbICIJLl, a TO H MHnnHOHbl JIIOAeH H Hy}f{.n:alOll.\HXC51 AJl51 HOpMaJIbHOrO 6ecnpepblBHoro epyHK1(HOHHpOBaHH51 B no-

MHJIb OKeaHCKI1X npOCTopOB. JII1Wb nyTeM CnO}f{HbIX 11 MHor03TanHbiX ne-

CT051HHbIX rocy.n:apCTBeHHblX 3aKa3ax. B 1(eJI51X epOpMHpOBaHH51 cnpoca Ha

peroBopoB Ha npOT51}f{eHHH 20-x fr. npOHlBOpe41151 Me}f{.n:y TpeMJI Be.n.Yll.\H-

pblHKax Boopy}f{eHHH BoeHHo-npOMbIWJIeHHbIH KanJ1TaJI HaJIa}f{I1BaeT Tec-

MI1 MOPCKI1MI1 .n:ep}f{aBaMI1 6blJll1 pa3peweHbl .n.l1nJIOMaT114eCKHM nyTeM.

Hble CB513H C BoeHHblMI1 H BoeHHO-MOpCKHMI1 BeAOMCTBaMI1 B CBOHX CTpa-

IbyyeHl1e 6Horpaqll111 a)J.Ml1paJIa )J,3BI1.n.a EI1TTI1 nOMO}f{eT MHoroe nOHlITb B MexaHH3Me nepe411cneHHbiX np01(eCCOB. EI1TTI1 5lBn51eTC51 O.n.HI1M

Hax, epopMHpyeT CBoe JI06611 B napJIaMeHTaX H T. A.

XX B.

AaeT KJIaCCWlec-

113 caMblX 5lpKHX npl1MepOB a.n.MHpaJIOB-nOJII1THKOB, nOp0}f{.n.eHHbIX nep-

KHH npHMep Bcex nepelJHCJIeHHblX np01(eCCOB. BoeHHO-MopCKoe Ben,OMCTBO

BOH Ml1pOBOH BOHHOH 11 rOTOBblX B3HbC51 Ha CBOH MaHep 3a peWeHl1e MHOrl1X

EpHTaHCKoe AAMHpanTeHCTBO nepBOH TpeTI1

AHrnHH y}f{e HMeeT MOll.\Hble nponaraHAHCTCKHe nOj(CTpyKTypbl, CBOH ne-

np06JIeM, BbIXOAI1BW~IX AaneKO 3a npe.n.enbl Y3KHX paMOK a.n.MI1paJITeHCTB

pl10AH4eCKHe H3.n:aHH51, BJIH5lTeJIbHOe JIo66H B namne 06ll.\HH. OTCTaBHble

H MOpCKI1X wTa60B. Ero Ae51TeJlbHOCTb HanO}f{l1na OTneyaTOK He TOJIbKO

aAMHpaJIbl Bce 4all.\e npl1rJIaWaJII1Cb Ha PYKOBo.n.51ll.\He nOCTbl H B COBeTbl

lIa BHyrpeHH10JO .n.e51TeJlbHOCTb BoeHHO-MopCKoro BeAOMCTBa BeJII1K06pH-

.n:HpeKTopOB KpynHeHwHX llaCTHblX cy.n.OCTpOI1TeJIbHbIX 11 opY}f{eHHbiX epYlpM.

TaHHH, HO H Ha BHeWHlO1O nOJII1TI1KY 3TOH crpaHbI.

"3noxa HOBoro Map11H113Ma" nopo.n.vlJla B AHrJIHH 11 OC06blH epeHOMeH aAMHpaJIOB-nOJIHTHKOB, TaKHX KaK tIapJlb3 Eepec¢opn" )J,}f{OH l1wep, BH.n. EI1TTI1. ITocne.n.HHe .n.Ba B TeyeHl1e HeCKOJIbKHX JIeT

·'.n.e

X:{3-

¢aKTO" oCYll.\e-

CTBJI51nl1 eAI1HOJIH4HOe pyKOBOACTBO BceH MOpCKOH nOJIYlTI1KOH HMnepHH H

Tpe60BaJIH

npH3HaHHJI

3a

HI1MII

3Toro

6ecnpe1(e.n:eHTHbIH B HCTOpHI1 AHrnHI1. B

npaBa

".n.e

nepBOH TpeTH

IOpl1".CJIY4aH

XX

B. nepBblH

MOpCKOH JIOp.n. Hel13MeHHO .6b1JI B 4HCJIe Tex, KTO "AeJIan" BHeWH1010 no-

8

Ell fi.n II 0 11l e /( l1

0/1/>-1/01/ l1 X 0

"Kopl16/111

.a. B

II cpo.)/eel/IUI

11

I1l1xapeB

"AAMl1pan /1,3BI1A

9

5I1TTI1"

KOH npJ1MeCblO <jlpaHUY3CKoil"'. O,nHaKO, KaK nOliCHlieT ,nanee JIecnl1, My "He Yl~anOCb o6Hapy)f{HTb, oTKy,na Morna B311TbCli <jlpaHUY3CKali KpOBb". Po,n bMTTH npOHcxo,nl1n 113 rpa<jlCTBa Y3KC<jlOp,n -

06naCTb B I1p-

JI, 11,n1111, B HaHMeHbweii CTeneHH COXpaHJ1BWa~ npHBep)f{eHHOCTb ra3nbC11M 06bI'IaliM H cnbIBwali caM011 "6YHTOBCKOH 11 He06Y3,naHHoii". bl1TTI1 )blJII1 nOTOMCTBeHHblMI1 BoeHHbIMI1, II HeCKonbKO nOKOJIeHHH My)f{llI1H I1X

P

J\a Tpa,nHUllOHHO cnYiI<J-IJIH B aHfJIIIiicKOH apMHI!. .uOCTOBepHO 113BeCT-

II ,"ITO npa,ne,n 3HaMeHHToro a,nMllpaJ1
I

H3,neneHl1eM B apMI1I'1 ApTypa Y3nneCJlI1 (6y,nyw,ero repuora BennHHrTO-

lilt), BoenaBweii B I1cnaHIII1. II ,n Tananepoii, a

18

B 1809

r. OH np"HIMaJI Y4aCTI1e B Cpa}l(eHHH

1110HlI J 815 r. py61tn HanoneOHOBCKHX con,naT npH

BaTepnoo. OTeu ,lJ,3BI1,na bl1TTH TaK)f{e He lIapywHn ceMeiiHOM Tpa,nIiUI111, OTl'JlY)f{IIB HeCKonbKO neT B 4-~1 rycapcKO~l nonKy B I1H,nIH1. IIpaB,na, TaM )l"lBI1,n bIlTTI1-CTapwHM. B OTJ1I1"IHe OT CBoero ,ne,na, no,nBepranCH onaCl-IO-

'rI! TonbKO Ha CKa4Kax l1 KOHllblX 06J1aBaX Ha Ka6aHOB C nI1KaMH. )1ocJIY)f(HBWI1Cb ,nO KaIlHTaHa, bHTTI1 BbIWeJl B OTCT
BbICOKOH, KpaCHBOM H

II CbMa Ha60}l,H0I1 6nOH,nHHKe C MHKIIM xapaK'repOM. IIocne CBa,nb6bl MOJlo,nble peWl1nIl nOKHHyTb I1'pnaH,n1110 H nepe6paTb'll B AHrn1110. CeMb~ KamlTaHa EwrTI1 060CHOBanaCb B He60nbWOM ylOT110M nOMeCTbe Xoy6eK JIo,n)f{ B rpacjlcTBe 4eWI'lp, Mono,na~ napa, no BceH IlIl,nHMOCTI1, pacnonarana ,nOCTaTO"IHbIMI1

Cpe)lCTBa~ll1,

"ITO n03BOnl1nO rnaBe

'MbH cpa3y )f{e 063aBeCTI1Cb CKaKOBblMI1 nowa,nb~H II 60nbW0l1 CBOpOH OTHI14bI1X c06aK. Ka"lecTBa HeycTpawHMoro HaC3,nHI1Ka, 3all,nnoro OXOTIlHKa 11 3HaTOKa nOWa,lleH, a TalOKe BHYWI'!TenbHbIM POCT

lJU18a I

(I

M.

90

CM. C

JllIllIHHM) CHHCKanl1 .LJ:3BI1,ny bI1TTH-CTapweMY aBTopHTeT 11 YBa)KeHHe CO, ~eH. BnpO"leM, He cne,nyeT ,llyMaTb, 'ITO oTCTaBHOI1 rycapCKI1H KanHTaH

MOPHKH, nOJIHTHKH H JJ:pyrHE (1871-1913rr.)

bill npOCTO orOllTenblM Hae3,nHHKOM 11 py6aKoH. OH 3Han 5l3blKl1 H B CBoe npCMlI nonY"1l111 BeCbMa COJll1,llHOe 06pa30BaHl1e -

Y"ll'IJ1C~ B rei,i,nenb6yp-

I I
I BrOH~n

Hac B nOT Xa~6epcK~~ nepeBan, Hac AYP~KOM. 3a M~ntO. wnenan 6yp, MOp03 nOA conH~eM 6~PMbl npo6~pan. n~xo~ 3ynyc oU\~nblBan. KaK Kyp ...

1IIII0CTb HeCKOnbKI1M HeMCUKlIM cTy,lleHTaM. Ilpe,nnonaran 1111 OH Tor,na, 'ITO MHOro neT cnYCT5I ero CblHOBbliM npH,neTCH Ha MOpliX 11 Ha cywe BblII 1l1lTb C HeMuaMl1 OTHOWeHl1l1 no 60nee cepbe3HoMY nOBo,ny? B cenbCKOM ye,n11HCHI1I1 Xoy6eK ]Jo,n)f{ K:nmIH bl1TTI1 npoH3Bena Ha 'II T lleTblpex CbIHOBeH. IIepBeHueM CTan qapnb3, PO,nHBllIHI1ClI B

I .u3BH,n bHTTI1

po,nl1nc~

17 ~HBap~ 1871

r. B ceMbe OTCTaBHoro ap-

MeHcKoro KanHTaHa .Ll.3BH,na JIoHnjlHn,na bl1TTI1, npOHcxo,nHBwero H3 I1pnaH,nCKHX ,nBOp~H. Bnocne~cTBHH a,nMHpan co06w,Hn cBoeMy 6y,nyw,eMy 6110rpa<jly W3HHY JIecml, 'ITO B ero )f{HnaX Te'leT

"HpnaH,nCKa~ KpOBb C

1870

r.

II CJIe,llCTBHI1 no CeMCI1HblM Tpa,nI1UH5IM 01'1 CTan apMeHcKHM ocllHuepoM.

J

Ball B IO)f{HOH A<jlpliKe BO BpeM~ aHrno-6ypcKoH BOHHbl

I 1~

npOllBl1n ce651 C caMOH ny4weM CTOpOHbl 11 6bln npe,ncTaBneH K op,neHy

l899-1902

rr.,

... a OTnH4HYl0 cnY)f{6y". Kor,na Ha4anaCb nepBali Ml1pOBa~ BOHHa, QapJIb3

I

IITTl1 BepHyJICli B ,neHcTByIOW,ylO apMJ1Jo. Bo BpeM51 ynopHblx 60eB 130

»Jlall.upHI1 nony"ll1n cepbe3Hbie paHeHll51, OT KOTOpblX CKOH4arrCH B

1917 r.

IV

EIIUJlIIOllleKll

llJlo,lI11llaXll

" K 0 P II (j JIll

11 C P II .1IC

e 1I1I JI"

BTOPblM CbIHOM, nOSlBHBWHMCSI ro,n cnYCTSI, KaK y)l{C roBopHnoCb, CTan ):(3BH,n -

YHllbSiM. OH TO

)KC nowcn no CTonaM OTua, H36paB CBOCH CTC3CI1 cny)l{6y 13 apMHH. TaK)I{c KaK H lIapnb3Y, CMy ,nOBCllOCb YllaCTBOBaTb H 13 aHrno-6ypcKoH BOI1HC, H 13 ncpBoH MliP0I30H. lICTBCpTbIH CbIH, ):()I{Op,n)l{ (po,n. 13 1882

r.),

HC MHHO-

Ban apMeHCKOH cny)l{6bI. OH 6bln KaBanCpHHCKI1M oqmucpOM 11 norH6 13 I1H,nI1H 13 1915

"A,llM"1pan t!3BM,ll OMTT"1"

11

1I\IlHCM C1'anH BC1'ynl11'cnbHblC 3K3aMCHbl, KOTOpblC CLl.aBaJJHCb no "epOPMC IIIITb" (np01'paMMa rocy.uapCTBCHHOH CpCLl.HCH WKonbl). B TOT 1'0)]. 3K3aMC-

6y,nym~1i1 3HaMCHHTblH a,nMHpan.

Emc llCpC3 ro,n, 13 1872-M, po,nHnCH TPCTHH CblH -

JI.B.J1"1xapeB

111>1 BblLl.cp)l{anH 99 llcnOBCK, HO npl1HHManH Ha

II

"1::'

.opI1TaHHK) " TonbKO

33 .

KOJJbKY 13 cnHCKC cornaCHO LJHCJJy Ha6paHHbix 6annoB ):(3BH)]. OliTTH

( 10$111 )].CCHbl M, OH 6bln 3a IHcnCH 13 4l1CnO KaLl.C1'OB <1>noTa Ee KopolleB' II 1'0 BCllH4CCTBa. YLJC6HblH Kopa6nb "OpHTaHHH" CLl.Ba nl1 MOl' C4HTaTbCH Kopa6nCM 11 06bl'IHOM CMblcne 31'01'0 cnOBa. OH COCTOHn 113 )].ByX KopnycoB, HCKor)].a

r.

CaMoH Mna,nwcii CTana ,nOLJb -

K3TnI1H, po,nI1BWaHCH 13 1885 r., y)l{C

IblBWHX napYCHbIMH nl1HeHHblMI1 Kopa6nSlMI1, -

Ll.ByX)].CLJHbIH "XI1H)].YC-

nocnc 1'01'0 KaK CCMCHCTBO ncpc6panOCb )lnlTb 13 ropo,nOK P3r6H. ):(eBOliKa

1'111" 11 TpCx,nC'IHaH "OpI1TaHIISI". 01111 6blnl1 nonHOCTbK) nHWCHbl MallT H

cpa3Y )I{C CTana Bcc06mCM JlI06HMHUCH. OC06CHHO npl1BH3anCH K CCCTpC

1l\I(Clla)l{a 11 Harnyxo CKpcnnCHbl MC)I{Ll.Y C060H umpOKHM nOMOCTOM. 31'0

):(3BH,n. 3Ty npHBSl3aHHOCTb K K3Tnl1H (nocnc 3aMYiKCCTBa K3Tnl1H KapH,n)l{)

Opy)l{CHHC CTOHno Ha MCpTBOM HKOpC Y caMoro 6cpc1'a 13 YCTbC pCKH ):(apT,

OH npOHCC 4CpC3 I3CJO )I
'1yTb HI1)KC 1'01'0 MCCTa, r)].c Tcncpb HaXO)].HTCH COBpCMCHHOC 3}l3HI1C Kopo-

Kor,na BbIna,nana B03MO)l{HOCTb, HaBe~an ceCTpy 11 perynSipHo C HCH ncpe-

JI BCK01'O BOCHHO-MopcKoro KonllcLI.)I{a 13 ):(apTMyTc. B Kopnycax "opu-

nl1CblBancSi.

1:1111111" 6blnH 060py)].oBaHbl Ka3apMa H yLJC6HbiC ay.1l.1iTOpHI1 )].nH K3)].CTOB. BOKpyr "opHTaHHI1" BCC BpCMH TCCHHnOCb orpoMHoc MHO)l{eCTBO BCC-

):(3BI1,n, KaK H Tpoe cro 6paTbeB, BOCnl1TblBanCSI 13 cnapTaHcKoH 06CTaHOBKe 11 BblpOC Hcyc-rpaWI1MblM HaC3,nHI1KOM H a3apTHbIM cnopTcMcHOM. OHTTH Ha ·BCK) )I{l13Hb coxpaHHn JlI060Bb K epH3H ' ICCKI1M ynpa)KHeHI1S1M 11 ,no npCKnOHHblX neT nOJl.L\ep)l{I1Ban ce6H 13 XOPOWCM CnOpTI1BHOH qJOPMC. fo-

II 3MO)l{HblX nnaBcpc)].cTB, 01' rpe6Hbix HJIHKOB H wmonOB }l0 )].OBonbHO I pynHblx napycHblx H napoBblx KaTcpoB, Ha KOTOpblX Ka}lCTbl ynpa)l{HHtlllCb 13 rpe6JIc H CY)].OBO)l{Ll.CHHH.B 80-x rr. XIX B. Ha 3TOM Kopa6nc U a pHJlIi

rcHMoB no,npH,n 6C3 ncpcpblBa.

YPOBblC HpaBbl. KaLl.eTbl BOCnl11'bIBanHCb 13 )I{CC1'KOH Mywrpe H 3a MancHwHc

Y4acTHc 13 COCTSl3aHHHX 11 CTpCMnCHHe 6blTb 130 I3CeM ncpBblM lIanO)Kl1nH

IIPOBHHHOC1'I1 nO)].BepraJIHCb 1'enCCHblM HaKaJaHHHM. Bcc Ll.Ci1cTBHH 6blJlH

BOpH, o,nHa)l{,nbl OH Cblrpan 13 TCHHHC

65

HCl13rna,nI1MblH OTnC4aTOK Ha cro xapaKTcp. Bnocnc,ncTBI1I1 0111'1'11 npocnbln

rporo pcrnaMcHTHpOB3Hbi 11 npoH3Bo)].HJIHCb no npHKa3Y· TaK, nocne y)].apa

caMblM y6C)I{,nCHHbIM HH,nHBI1,nyanI1CTOM Ha epnoTe, a cro epOPMCHHblH KI1-

" PblH)].y BaX1'eHHblH 06bHBnHn: "lIHCTHTb 3y6bl" linH "BCLJCPHSIH MOnI1T-

6 nyrol3HU BMCCTO 8, nOnO)l{eHHbIX no yCTaBy,

na". JIK)60C npOHBnCHHC opHrHHanbHOC1'I1, HC3aBHCHMOCTIi HJIH HHTellnCK-

Tcnb, Bccr,na 3acTcrHYTbIH Ha

CTan HacToSl~cA npl1T4CH 130 S13bluax. A,nMl1pan Y.

C.

qanMcpc nHWCT, lITO, no C,nHHO,nyWHOMy CBI1,nC-

TcnbCTBY K3TnHH Kapl1,n)l{ H MaHopa YI'lnbHMa OHTTH, 13 CCMbC ):(3BH,n 6bln

ra CBCpX npc)].nHcaHHoro HC npI1BC1'CTBOBaJIOCb. IIoMHMO BCCro npOLJcro II BHllKH 4ac1'O nO)].BcpranHCb H3)].eBa1'cnbCTBaM H npl1TCCHCHHSlM co CTO-

P

IIbl CTapWCKypCHI1KOB. TaKaH CI1CTCMa 06y l 1CHI1S1 HC Morna 6CCCJIC)].HO npOH1'H )].nH nCHXHKH

MaMHHblM nK)6I1M4I1KOM 11 MHCCI1C OHTTI1 TBCp,nO I3CpHna, 41'0 "13 AHrnHH o HCM C~C 3arOBOpHT". ):(CI1CTBI1TC11bHO, 130 BCCM OCTanbHOM, 41'0 Haxo,nH-

II )].pOCTKOI3. MHorHc npownH llCpC3 3TH )I{epHOBa Ha ncpBblH B3rllSl}l 6C3

110Cb 3a npc,nC11aMI1 cnopTHBHblX COCTSl3aHI1Hl1 CKallCK Ha nowa,nHX, ):(3BH}l

1I11jlHMbiX nOCJIc)].c1'BI1H.

3aMCTHO OTnH4anCH 01' CBOI1X 6paTbCB. OH 6bln rOpa3}l0 60ncc co06pa3H-

6HOH nCCTHHUbl. 113

TCJJbHbIM, HMcn )I{HBOH yM H 60raTOC Bo06pa)l{CHHC. 11 04CHb J1J06HJJ 4HTaTb. OC06CHHO KHHrJi 0 Kopa6nSlX, 0 MOpCKHX nyTcwccTBCHHI1KaX, 03HaMCHI1TblX nHpaTax H a,nMHpaJJax.

11:3 HHX

nOTOM nonY4Hnl1Cb BblCOKOKllaCCHble MOp-

I(He OepHUepbl. HeKoTopblM y)].aBanocb )].06paTbcH )].0 caMblX BCpWHH cny-

33

O)].HOKypCHHKOB OHTTII CCMCpO, BKnK)4aH cro

:IMOrO, )].ocnY)I{HllHCb Ll.0 LJHHa KOHTp-a,nMl1pana 11 BbIWC. A oHTTH H )l)l{.

)~.

KCJInl1 6blJll1 npC}lCTaBJIeHbl K BblCWCMY 3BaHHK) a)].MHpana ciJJIOTa.

Ha O,nHOH H3 }lCTCKI1X cpOTorpaepHH Ma11CHbKHH ):(31311,n 3anC4aTnCH

Ho npaB}la H TO, 41'0 MHOrl1e HC Bbl)].Cp)l{I1BanH. Ha)].nOMJIeHHbIC epH-

C H1'pywCLJHblM napYCllblM Kopa6nHKOM 13 pyKC. ):(CTCKOC YB11CLJCHI1C onpc-

'1II'leCKH H nCHxHLlcCKH, OHH BnOCJIc)].cTBI1I1 BCCH ,nYWOH HcHaBH)lCnl1 MOp-

,nCJJHnO BCK) ,nanbHcHwyK) cy}lb6y. Kor}la npHwna nopa Bbl6HpaTb )I{H3-

l
HCHHbJH nYTb, 6blllO pCWCHO, 41'0 6pa1'bH nOH,ny1' no nYTI1 CBOHX .uC}lOB H

Ha)lo )].yMaTb, lITO Y4CHHC Ha "opHTaHHH" Ll.anOCb OliTTI1 C cro CBO-

npa}lC}lOB ~I O,nCHy1' epOPMY apMCHCKHX oepI1UCpOB. BTOpOH )I{C CbIH, Ma-

I )].OJlI06HBoH HaTypoH TaK)I{C HcnpOCTO. B OTHOWCHI1HX C O)].HOKypCHI1-

MCHbKHH 11K)6HMLJHK, ynpocHn po,nll1'cncA onpencml1'b cro Ha BOCHHblH epno1'.

aMH np06nCM HC 6bIJIO. IIpaB)].a, nOHaLJany HCKOTOpblC nbl1'anHCb noLl.wy-

Cny)l{6y Ha epno1'c ):(3BHLI. OHTHI Hallan 13-nC1'HI1M Ma11b ' lHwKOH, 15 HHBapH 1884 r. Ha nany6y ylle6Ho1'o Kopa6nH "opHTaHHH", KYpC

lllIlIaTb HaLl. HHM: ):(3BHLI. 06na)].an Hl13KHM H ClinbHbIM ronOCOM H cro ry-

cTymlB

06y4CHHH Ha KOTOpOM np0Ll.On)l{anCH }lBa rOLl.a. IICPBblM CCPbC3HbiM J1Cnbl-

r III'

A 6ac

He BH3anCH C 06nHKOM

XYLl.O~aBOro no,npOCTKa.

Ho OH 6blCrpO

eK 3TH nonblTKH. OI1TTH HC O1'nHLJanCH BblCOKHM POCTOM I1nl1 Kpyn-

12

01/ fi .111 (J /lie" a

(J

n b .11 a /I a x

l/

., J( 0

Ii (J 6 n 1/

1/

('Ii l/ .JJC C Jill JI

"

.l!. B .I1HxapeB

13

"A.o.MMpan A3BM.o. 5MTTI1"

Hblitl TeJlOCflO)f{eHlielwt, OH 6bln XYJJ.OU(aB, HO KpenKI1M VI 3aKafleHHbllvl, OTJlI1 LjH~

50 KCl1pOBan.

Cl1flbHbl H, BoneBoii xapaKTep, Kpefll<JIe KynaKI1 11 pm-

6bl, HO Bce >Ke HX JJ.aHllble

llnil

Halfana 80-x rr.

XIX

B. BneyaTnillOT.

"AneKcaHJJ.pa" llBn51naCb TJ1JII1YHbIM npoJJ.yKToM "3nox~, np06 11 OWJ1-

BI1TblK HIITen.'leKr O'leHb CKOpO CJJ.e1lanK e,o OJJ.HHM 113 J1IiJJ.epOB. CnO)f{HCe 6brJIO c.a Cl(HTIJIHHOM. CTeepeH POCKl1nll T1l.laTenbHeHwHM 06pa30M H3Y'lJ1rJ

601<" -

cy,n:oBble )f{ypHanbl "opHTaIHiI1" 3a 1884- [885 rr. ITo ero n0JJ.CyeTaM. 3R l Bpe..u o6Y leHl111 Ka.u.eT OI1TTI1 25 pa3 1I0.lJ.BepranciI HaKaJaHHilM 3a "MeJl-

HOMy <jJnoTY, -

HIe npocrynKH" [1 rpmKJJ.bl 6bl1l Hellla.lJ.HO 6HT "3a cepbe3Hble HapyweHHA .lJ.HC!..J.HnnllHbl' .

3HepreniKa Kopa6nil. Ha "AneKcaHJJ.pe·' BnepBble B HCTOpJ1H 6pHTaHcKoro

HCl.aO 3ClMeTIITb, LITO KanJITaH

I

paHra PocKlwn 3Han 0 HpaBax Hit

"Op...'TaHllr1" He nOHaCflblWKe. B CBoe BpeM5J eMy caMOMy JJ.OBenOCb npOlITI'I

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4 aTMOC-

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14

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51

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51

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MH4MaHa. Y)f(e nOCJ1e Toro KaK OHH paCCTaJ1HCb, MapH HaOI1CaJla eMy He-

6y Ha ·'AJIeKCaH,ll.pe" B 'lliHe JleHTeHaHTa. 3TO 6blJl nepBblH onblT 06ll.leHHSI

KOTOpblH B 1888

npOXO,ll.HJI CJIy)K-

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HHK, KOTOpblH np04TCT 31'11 nOCJlaHI111, MOiJ<eT 6blTb HeCKOJlbKO 06ecKypa-

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04apOBaTeJlbHI>IM, cnoc06Hocni Jlen
CKOJlbKO

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BoeBaBWMe B CeBepHOM Mope no.a Ha'laJlOM DHTTI1.

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KpyrJlOJlHUbIH, nOCTOllHHO YJIbl6al0ll.ll1ikll IOHeu.

11

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6Y,ll.yw,He 3HaMeHHTbie 60eBbie a.aMHpaJlbl nepBoH MHpOBOM BOHHbl,

OTCJlY)KHB nOJIO)f(eHHbIH TpeXJ1eTHHH CpOK B 'IHHe MH'IMaHa, EvITTH,

r.

we Hac, no ero nocTynKaM If npHBbl'IKaM eMy HeJlb311 6blJlO ,ll.aTb no BO]-

Y)J{e n 3BaHHH MJla.awero JleiheHaHTa, B 1889

pacTy HH ,ll.HSI 60JlbWe, 4eM HaM; OH OTJlWlaJlCli 3aBH,ll.HbIM 3.aopOBbeM VI

KopneT "Py6H". 31'01' He60JlbWOH napYCHMK, TaK)Ke OCHall.leHHbIH napo-

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BOH MawHHoM, BblnOJlHlIJI qJYHKL\HH y Cle6Horo cy.aHa B COCTaBe BoeHHoro

nOJIYlJHJI Ha3HalJeHHe Ha

31'0 06ell.laJlo, 'no ,ll.eHb npOH,ll.eT B HeCKOH4aeMOM BeCeJlbe, npHKJlJOlleHJ1-

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18

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29,5%.

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B

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35

MHJlb BBepx no HHJlY ~I .D.OCTI1rJIa ]1,oHrOJlbl,

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npHHlIBWl1H YlIaCTl1e B 310M KaMna-

call 31'0 .D.eJ1CTBO B CBoeH K/-IHre

nep-JeHbl,

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23

aBrycTa Bce ceMb napOXO.D.OB npvl6blnH K MecTy CTOllHKH Hanpon-IE BoeHHoro Jlarepll y Kowexa".

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25 JIeT bHTTH

npo,neMoHcTpHpOBaJI Bce

J
B

pe3YJIbTaTe bHTTH 6blJI Ha-

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13 ceHTlI6pll "cep.D.ap" KI1T'leHep Ha'laJI HacTyrlJ1eHHe Ha n03Hl.lHH Max,nHCTOB. I1poJ\BH)f{eHvle BoikK 1l0Mep)f(HBanH apnlJJJlepHHCKI1M orHeM

3 KaHOHepCKl1e

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napoxolla KOJIBHJlJIa. "3nb Te6", opeo,nOJIeBall

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1I0My BOI1HCKOMY 3BaHHIO. CJIylJaH lIBHO HeOp.D.HHapHbIH, nOCKOJlbKY JleHTeHaHTOB OLleHb pe.D.KO npe,nCTaBJlllJlH K CTOJlb BblCOKOH Harpa,ne. 3acnY)f(eHHblH ornycK 311MOH 1896-1897 rr. DI1TTI1 npOBeJl ,nOMa, 1I0CBlITVIB ero fJIaBHblM 06pa30M B~13HTaM K po,nCTBeHHI1KaM H OXOTe Ha J1I1CH1.1. B HJ{)JJe 1897 r. no cneL(HaJlbHoMy npHrnaweHHIO KHTLleHepa OH liliOBb oTnpaBHJIClI B CY.D.aH npl1HHTb Y4aCTHe B CJIe,nYIOIl.\ei1 KaMnaHHI1. Ha

24

., r< 0 JIG 6 JIll

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cp a .1/C e 1111 Jl

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25

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6 bIn

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B HayaITe MaJJ 1898

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HHR KaHOHepCKI1X JIOj(OK Yepe3 nopom. Ha. ceii pa3 J)HTTH J
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npa>KeCKOH TeppHTopHH. KaHOHepCKaJJ nOJJ,Ka nHTTH npHHJJna yyaCTl1e 11

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BonbCTBHJJ H CHapSl>KeHIIJJ, a CTOHKoe conponlBneHHe cy.n:aHCKI1X BOHCK npe-

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nJJTCTBOBaJIO H 6e3 Toro Me,!lneHHoMy np0,ll,BH>KeHyllO Bnepe,ll,. OT60pH8R

II 400 MHnJJX IO)J(Hee, Hel13BeCTHblX TY3eMHbix BoopYlKeHHblx epOpMHpoBa-

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10

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ClI lIaCTORIl.(HH LOJlO.LJ:, HO BOHcKa CTOMKO nepeHOCHnl1 nYlweHHJJ.

K H8Y8ny

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M J hlJln Hero npaBblWl npHTOKOM AT6apoH. XaJll-fep C'len He06XO,ll,HMbiM

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1\11l' Ii

26

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27

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30

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{/J/b,l{{/III1X(f

II

cp a,1/CellllJl

, ,J1I1XapeB

45

"AI1MMpan A3BMI1 5MTTI1"

Ha MblC ):(06pOH Ha)).e)f()).bl. BOCT04HblH cjJnOT C rnaBHOH 6a30H B CHHrarrype KOHTpOnHpOBaJI orpOMHble npOCTpaHCTBa K "BOCTOKy OT CY3ua".

B

ero COCTaB BXO)).Hffil ABCTpanHHCKa~, KHTaHCKa~ H OCT-I1H)).CKa~ 3CKa)).-

It IIII ,JIyH oaTTeH6epr liMen Ha cjJnOTe AOBOJIbHO BblCOKYI-O perryTaUI1I-O. I', KaK B cny4ae C YHnCOHOM 11 oepeccjJopAOM, 011TTH 04eHb CKOpO

I

pbI. IIpe.nrronaranocb, 'ITO Ka)f(.na~ H3 HIU B MHpHoe BpeM~ 6y.neT HMeTh

I III

caMOCTO~TenbHoe KOMaH.nOBaHHe. Pa3 B ro.n Bce OHH c06HpanHCb B CHII-

III 10 npeKpaCHble OTHOWeHI1S1. oaTTeH6epr Aa)f(e C4en YMeCTHblM Harrpa-

ranype )).n~ Y4aCTH~ B COBMeCTHblX 60nbWHX MaHeBpax.

II.

1111 LMO JIe)).H OHTTH, B KOTOpOM, B 4aCTHOCTI1, rOBOpl1nOcb: "BaM,

I" .. )).ocTaBI1T y)).oBonbcTBHe

Ilocne HHUH.neHTa y ):(orrep-6aHKH WHwep BHec cyU\eCTBeHHble H3MeHeHH~ B CBOM rrpoeKT nepepacnpe)).eneHH~ cl1n 6pHTaHCKoro cjJnOTa, C

aMOM xopoweM C4eTY y KOMaHAYI-OU\ero, H Me)f(AY HHMH yCTaHo-

y3HaTb, 4TO Baw cynpyr ocyU\ecTBnSleT

'111)\ Dal-me "KYHH" JlY4we Bcex Ha 3CKaApe". )\lIaKO OHTTH 6bln He CTOJIb BblCOKoro MHeHI1S1 0 CBoeM cjJJIarMaHe.

3Toro MOMeHTa A.nI'.1HpanTeHCTBO Ha4ano ·'Me)).neHHO, HO BepHO" KOHl.\eHTpHpOBaTb CBOH ny4wHe Kopa6nH B Bo)).ax MeTpOnOJ1J.1I1. KOJUl4eCTBO 3C-

" II 1111

Ka)).peHHblX 6pOHeHocueB Ha Cpe)).H3eMHOM MOpe COKpaTHnOCb C 12)).0 8.

11111 IIpll npOBe)).eHl1l1 TaKTJ1lleCKI1X y
K neTy 1905

r. Bce 5 cOBpeMeHHblx nHHei1HblX Kopa6neH, COCTaBn~BWHX

rnaBHyJO y.napHylO cuny aHrnHHCKOH 3cKa.nPbl B Bo)).ax KHTa~, 6blnH B03BpaU\eHbI B AHrJ1lHO H H3 HHX CcjJOpMl1pOBaHO OT.nenbHoe coe)).HHeHHe. OTe-

ero B03MyU\ano OTCyTcTBl1e 0pl1rHHanbHOCTH 11 WI1POTbI MbIW-

1111 I Boel'IHo-MOpCKOH CTpaTerH~1 11 TaKTHKe 6blno OlJeHb xapaKTepHOH

,"11 II JIO)f(eHHSI Aen Ha 6pHTaHcKOM cjJnOTe HallaJTa XX B. IIOSlBJTeHHe II '\11 yTa" VI rrOABO)).Hoi! nOAI
4eCTBeHHbiM cjJnoT nepel1MeHOBanH BO WnoT JIa-MaHwa. 'lIHcno 3cKa)).peH-

IIlll'BonaJTO llpe3MepHoMy YBne4eHl11-O 4HCTO TexHH4ecKI1MH np06ne-

HbIX 6pOHeHOCl.\eB B ero COCTaBe YBenH4HnOCb C 8.n0 J 7. 3aTeM 6bln ccjJop-

II, pa BI1THeM MaTepl1anbHOH '1aCTH. oaTTeH6epr TaK )f(e, KaK YHnCOH

MHpoBaH oT.nenbHblH ATnaHTH4ecKI1ii cjJnoT, 6aJHPYfOU\HHC~ Ha rH6panTap, B COCTaBe KOToporo H OKa3anc~ 6pOHeHOCel.\ OI1TTH. Ero ~.npo COCTa-

p.

11111

pa60Tan B Y3KOH TeXHJ1lIeCKOH ccjJepe, 11 ero B3rnSl)).bl 6blnH TI1-

BHnH 8 caMblX 6bICTPOXO.nHbIX 3CKa)).peHHbIX 6pOHe1-1OCueB. 13 3aBHCHMOCTII

'1I11,IMII )).JTSI apTHJTnepI1HCKO-Topne)).HoH WKOnbI. 1 ')f()).y TeM K 1910 r. TeXHH 4eCKaSi peBOJTJOl.\I1S1 B 06naCHt MOpCKI1X

OT KOHKpeTHoH cHTyaUHu OH .non)f(eH 6bln cnY)f(HTb CTpaTerH4eCKHM pe-

II' ,

3epBOM KaK)I.JI~ Cpe.nH3eMHoMopcKoro cjJnoTa, TaK II)I.JI~ <1JJIOTa JIa-MaHwa.

IlIlH 6Jl113l1naCb K KOHl.\y, Tenepb cjJnoTy Hy)f(HO 6blno BpeMSI, 4T06bl

II Jill)'\) IIOBYIO olTya l.\J1IO , HaY4HTbcSI nonb30BaTbCSI HOBblM rp03HblM III M, KOTopoe OH nonYllHn. 130 rnaBe yrna Tenepb CTOSln Bonpoc 0

Ka)f(.noMY H3 Tpex cjJJIOTOB B eBponeHcKHx Bo)).ax 6blJ1a npl1)).aHa OT.nenbHa~

1',1 IlHKC HOBOi! MOpCKOM CTpaTerl1J1 11 TaKTI1KH, a rnaBHoe -

3CKa.npa 6poHeHocHbiX KpeHcepoB. OT co.nep)f(aHI1~ 3CKaApeHHbiX 6poHeHocueB B Bo.nax CeBepHoH

He06xo-

III I),IJI

C03AaHI1e reHepaJIbHOrO MopcKoro wTa6a, KOTOpblH 3aHSlnc~

I ollpn

TKOH HaylIHoro rrnUHa COBpeMeHHOH MOpCKOH. BOHHbl. K 1910

AMepHKI1 H BecT-I1H)).I1H peWI1nH OTKaJaTbCSI, Tenepb cny)f(6a B 3TOM pe-

I

n10He 6blJla B03nO)f(eHa Ha 4-fO 3cKaApy KpeHcepoB, 6a3HpyfOwyfOC~ Ha

III Il1JloTC l-1a4ana CKJla)).bIBaTbCSI rpynna ocjJl1uepOB, TaK Ha3bIBaeMble

):(eBeHnopT. 13 MHpHoe BpeM~ 4-~ 3cKaApa BblTlOnHSlna ponb coe.nHHeHI1S1

I' '1111 PKI1', KOTopble BblCTynHJ1I1 3a peOpraHI13aUI11-O BoeHHo-MopCKO-

III I Tau, nepeCMOTp CHCTeMbl nO)).[OTOBKI1 MOpCKHX ocjJl1uepOB, pa3-

Y4e6Hbix Kopa6neH H "noKa3blBaJla cjJJlar" y 6eperoB 6pHTaHcKHx Bna.ne-

I'

HHH. Ha AMepHKaHcKoM KOHTHHeHTe. 13 cny4ae BOHHbl OHa )).on)f(Ha 6blJ1a MaHwa.

I

IIII I

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IlIlIi TaeHHylo xapaKTepHcTI1Ky:

TaKHM 06pa30M, cYTb HOBOH rronHTHKH nepe.nHcnOKal.\HH CHn BoeHHoro cjJnOTa cBoAHnacb K TOMy, 'ITO 3/4 OT 06wero 411cna 3cKa.npeHHblx

lIaY l IHOH KOHuenl.\1111 COBpeMeHl-IOM MOpCKOH BOHHbI.

( )\1111 1'13 I1HTenneKTyanbHblX J1I1)).epOB HOBoro nOKoneHHSI ocjJHl.\e-

rrpHcoe.nHHHTbC~ nH60 K Cpe.nH3eMHOMopCKOMy cjJnoTy, nH60 K WnoTy JIa-

III

"01-1

BblCKa3ancSI 0 BOHHe nl1Wb B

I, yrnCp)f(AaSl, 4TO OHa )).on)f(Ha 6blTb )f(eCTOKOH, liTO Bpara Ha)).o 611Tb

6poHeHocueB BenHK06pHTaHHH 6blJlH cocpe)).oT04eHbl I1MeHHO npoTHB rep-

11111 II ItaCTO, 11 MHoro )).pyrl1x aepOp113MOB. Bce 3TO He TaK y)f( Tpy)).HO

MaHI1I1. KOJ1l14eCTBo 3cKa)).peHHblx 6poHeHocueB H 6poHeHocHblX KpeHce-

I

cneAYI-OU\I1M 06paJOM: 1902

r. -

19, 1903

r. -

20, 1907

r. -

III pMyJTHpOBaTb. Ho JIOrHlleCKaSl 11 HaYllHaSl CHCTCMa BOHHbl 6blna

I

1'111 11110 Apyn1M )).enOM", OI1TTI1, 6bIBWHH pOBeCHI1KOM Pl1 l IMOHAa, l.\e-

POB, 6a3HpoBaBwHxc~ Ha nopTbl AHrn1111 B "3PY WHwepa", H3MeH~nOCb

I P,11)lCnSlJl B3rnSl)).bl "MJIaAoTypoK" 11 liMen BeCbMa KpHTJ1lleCKHH Ha-

64. "3rroxa

6necT~U\eH. 1130n~UI1I1" caMOH Cl1nbHOH. MOpCKOH )).ep)f(aBbl no.nxo.nl1na K

KOHl.\y, AHrnl1~ Ha4ana nOBopa411BaTbCSI nl1l.\OM K EBpone.

l

11111 OTllOWeHI1JO K CTapWeMy nOKOJleHi'I/-O. 16 anpenSi 1909 r. OH nJ1can )~ua )).HSI rrpownH 04eHb npo)).yKTI1BHO, npo)).eMoHcTpHpoBaB maB-

I

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I

II

III illtnCHI1~ 60nbWI1MI1 cjJnoTaMI1 ....Y Hac rrpeKpaCHblH cjJnOT 11 He-

pax H Y4eHI1S1X. 13 TO BpeM~ HM KOMaH.nOBan BHue-a.nMHpan rrpHHU JIyH oaTTeH6epr

-

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apHCTOKpaT

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cny)f(6e.

<1JnerMaTH4Hb1H 11 nO-HeMeUKH OCHOBaTenbHblH B CBOI1X nocTynKax H pe-

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I I If J\ IIl1aSl MaTepl1aJlbHaSi 4aCTb, ):(a nOMO)f(eT HeMl.\aM roenO)).b, eCJlH II

II

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H cpe)).H HHX HeT

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46

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AI'

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3

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24 nl1HeHHblx

cepa, Jl y)l{e He rOBOplO 0

8 JlerKHX

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22

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II11 dicTBe B KopHe nepeCMOTpeJlI1 TpaJlI1UHOHHOe npeHe6pe)l{l1TeJlbHOe

III 1111

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39

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1908 r.

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l' BOJlOH3MeweHlleM, nOCTpoeH-

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'I IlllblH KOHTp-aJlMl1pan CJlenaJl BeCbMa HeyMHblH nOCTynoK, 1I11TeJlbCTBY TeJlerpaMMy, B KOTOpOH npe,Unaran npOJlaTb eMy

lillo,

cneUl1anbHblM npl1Ka30M )J,3BH,U bl1TTI1 6bln npo-

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II II

011 B03BpaTHnC5I B A/I-

nonYLleHIIJl 3BaHI1Jl KOHTp- a,UMI1pana B TaKOM B03paCTe I1Men MeCTO TonbKO

MyTe eMy 04eHb nOHpaBl1naCb 113SlwHaJl JlXTa "TneHK3pH" -

11'11 BaTeJlbHblH Kopa6Jlb B

Ka3blBan TOJlbKO B nllCbMax K )I{eHe. Bnp04eM, a,UMl1panbl He CnpaWI1Banll

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100

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7

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I

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47

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a Jl He areHT no npOJlalKe CY,UOB".

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B

1797 r.

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I

paHra

II I ), 'ITO OH 6bln "60JlbWHM ,UpyroM CeMbl1". BCKope rpHHT HaWeJl

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npoH3Be,UeH 6bln BHe npaBHJl. C06blHIe 3'1'0 npo,Uon)l{aeT BonHOBaTb 06-

680 '1',1902 r.

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Mon paHeH BeCbMa cepbe3HO BO BpeMJl 60KcepCKoro BOCCTaHI1Jl 11 nOToMy I-Ie B COCTOllHl111 OKa3aJlClI BbmOJlHI1Tb nOTpe6Hoe KonWleCTBO MOpCKI1X KaM-

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38

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II" II

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2 anpeJlJl 1910 r.

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19 j 1 r.

II n 3MO)l{HOCTb 6blTb npeJlCTaBJleHHOH npl1 ABope. 3a nOMOIUblO

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npOCTHTb ee "3a OLleHb rnynylO H I-IeyMecTHylo Clla

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I

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CYI1TaeT, 41'0 OepHUepbl ,ll,OJI)KHbl CJIYlKl1Tb TaM,

Illlpe,ll,enlieT A,ll,Ml1panTeHCTBO, a He TaM, r,ll,e HM XOLleTC}!". CorJIaCHO

I'

\1I1\I1H, aJIbTepHaTI1BHble Ha3Ha4eHI1}! B TaKI1X cnyYaHX He npe,ll,JIara-

I I. I,. 11 bl1TTI1 nO LITI1 HaBepHllKa yrpOlKaJIO YBonbHeHl1e CO CJIylK6bl. Y. C. 11M pC C4I1TaeT, 41'0 OTKa3 bHTTH 01' nOC1'a BToporo epnarMaHa ATnaH-

ew,e j.l0 pa3BOj.la H LITO n03TOMY II

LlyBcTBa 6btnH "He TaKI1MH ylK 6e3ynpe LIHO YHCTbIMI1". IJ,epeMOHI1MeHCTCp TyT lKe 3aBepHn [OJ.lqlPI1-<1>occeTa, LITO caM OH "3TOMY He BepI1T", HO, KHK

'It . oro epJIOTa 6blJl "CMeJIbIM peWeHl1eM" H CBH,ll,eTeJIbCTBOM Toro, 41'0

II

1I0CTO}!HHO 6bln rOTOB I1rpaTb C cY.llb6oH". B CB}!311 C 3TI1M pe30HHO It 1 3aMeTI1Tb, 41'0 6e3 TOt! 06ecrre4eHHOH lK113HI1, KOTOpyIO OH I1MeJl,

j.lOnlKeH nOHlITb YBalKaeMblH aj.lbIOTaHT, j.laHllOe 06CTO}!TenbCTBO j.leJlael

t I III e,ll,Ba n 11 CTaJI npO}!BnllTb npHBepe,ll,nl1BOCTb H OTKa3bIBaTbC}! 01'

n03HUHI1 nej.lH bHTTH BeCbMa y}!3BHMbIMH. HaKoHeu B j.leno BMeWaJlC}! KOHTp-aj.lMHpan bHTTH. OH Hanl1CaJJ [0).1,-

I

HlIaraeMblX Ha3Ha LJeHI1H. flo 11 Ha 31'01' pa3 Ha nOMow,b bl1TTH npl1weJl ero BeJIH4eCTBO cny-

eppH-<1>OCCeTy npoCTpaHHoe nocnaHHe, B KOTOpOM 3a}!BHJl, LITO npl1 nocew,eI-lI1I1 CTapWIIX oepHUepCKHX KypCOB y Hero 6bInO "BpeMlI Bce 06,ll,YMaTb",

n n OKTH6pe

1911

r.

MaKKeHHy Ha nocTy MopcKoro MI1HHCTpa CMeHHJI

11\ I mlH YI1HC1'OH lIep4l1JIJIb. Ero 6ypHall ,ll,eHeJIbHOCTb Ha HOBOM no-

H OH npHwen K BbIBO,ll,y, LITO eMy CJle,ll,YeT OCTaBHTb BoeHHylo cnYlK6y. Dpll' ero "MaJleI-lbKOH ne,ll,H" I-Ie ,ll,alOT B03MOlKI-IOCTb npo,ll,c,

\till' 03HaMeHoBanacb MHor0411cneHHblMH Ka,ll,pOBbIMH nepeCTaHOBKaMH.

MOI-lCTpHpOBaTb npl1 ,ll,BOpe "naTpHOTH3M H BepHOnOJlJlaHI-IHyeCKHe 4yn·

III I raeHHylO ,ll,OnlKHOCTb ceKpeTap}! MopCKoro MI1HI1CTpa no ,ll,enaM epnOTa,

CTBa". 3Ta yrp03a B03blMena ,ll,eHCTBl1e. DpaB,ll,a, Ha KOpOHaUl1lO [eopra

111,1 0 'ITO oCB060lK,ll,eHHYIO Tpy6pl1,ll,lKeM, lJepYl1nnb npe,ll,nOlKl1n .ll.3BH,ll,y

YHI-Ia npOCTa}! -

V

1111. BnOcne,ll,CTBI1I1 MOpCKOH MI1HI1CTP TaK onl1can 31'0 C06b1Tl1e: "lIe-

ne,ll,ll bl1TTI1 npl1rnaWeHHe He nonYLIHna, HO BCKope eH 6bIna npe,ll,OCTaB-

II

neHa B03MOlKHOCTb "OT,ll,an nOKnOH" KoponeBCKOH yeTe. TaKHM 06pa30M. He06xo,ll,HMOCTb BblXO,ll,a bl1TflI B OTcTaBKy OTnana caMa C060H. B

I

1910-1911 rr. B03HHKno 11 ,ll,pyroe 06CTOJITeJlbCTBO H rOpa3j.lO

11111

UI1,ll,eTb MeH}!, HaXO,ll,HTCll KOHTp-a,ll,Ml1pan bHTTI1.

51

HI1KOr,ll,a He BCTpe-

II II C III1M ,ll,0 3Toro, HO y MeHll YlKe CnOlKl1JIOCb 0 HeM crre,ll,ylOw,ee npe,ll,-

60nee cepbe3Hoe, no npllLJHHe 1,oToporo bHTTI1 ,ll,eHCTBHTeJlbHO e,ll,ila lie

IS

J
11l\lInH, 41'0 cpe,ll,11 HeCKOnbKI1X oepHuepOB epnarMaHCKoro paHra, lKeJIa-

MeC}!ueB Ha 6epery

JI IIHe. Bo-nepBbIX, OH 6blJl caMblM MonO,ll,blM epnarMaHOM Ha epJIOTe.

H 3aBepwHB 06yYeHHe Ha Kypcax CTapwHx oqlHUepOB, B Hayane I1IOnll 1911

I I ( pblX, OH KOMaHj.lOBaJI 6enOH KaHOHepKOH Ha HI1JIe, KOTopali no,ll,O-

pacnpOll.(aJlCll C MOpCKOH cnylK60H. DpOBe,ll,}! nOYTII

r.

lIa caMoe 6JII13KOe paCCTOllHl1e, 4T06bl OKa3aTb nOJlJleplKKY 21-My ynaH-

bl1TTH Hamlcan nHCbMO ceKpeTaplO MopcKoro MHHI1CTpa no ,ll,enaM
I r.

KamlTaHY

I

pallra 3pHecTy Tpy6pHj.llKY (TOMy caMoMy, KOTOpblH B aBry-

1I0nKy, KOr,ll,a Mbl npOpblBanl1Cb K OM,ll,ypMaHy. B-TpeTbI1X, eMy ,ll,O-

ynycTI1T 'Te6eHa" 11 "EpecJlay"), B KOTOpOM HaMeKHyn, LITO

ItIl h 1I0BI1,ll,aTb MHoro CpalKeHI1H Ha cywe, H, cne,ll,OBaTeJIbHO, OH I1Men

lKenan 6bl nonYLIHTb Ha3HayeHHe KOMaH,ll,yIOIl.(HM I-M HJlI1 2-M ,ll,HBH3HO-

IlIl1hKO BoeHHO-MopCKylO no.urOToBKy, HO 11 onblT cyxonyTHoro ocl)l1-

CTe 1914

HOM J1I1HeHHbiX Kopa6neH cDnOTa MeTpOnOJll111

I

nl160 noCT HaLlanbHHKCI

OT,ll,ena M06HJlH3aUHl1 B A,ll,MHpanTeHCTBe. Tpy6pl1,ll,lK OTBeTHn, 41'0 MOP-

Illi lib MHoro paCCKa3b1BaJII1, Kor,ll,a }! TonbKO Ha4an CJIy)KI1Tb ....B-

CKOH MHHI1CTP Pe,ll,lKHHanb,ll, MaKKeHHa He BH,ll,HT B03MOlKHOCTl1 npe,ll,nolKHTb KOHTp-a,ll,MHpany bHTTII HH O,ll,HH 113 nepeYHCJleHHblX nOCTOB.

M

II •

31'0

Ky. Y

neT bl1TTI1

3aHI1MaeT caMylO Hl1lKHIOIO CTpOLI-

11,1 . O}!TenbHblM COBeTaM CBOHX MOpCKI1X JIOp,ll,OB. bl1TTI1 y)Ke Hayan

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noCT KOMaH,ll,ylOll.(ero 3-H 3CKa,ll,pOH B COCTaBe A'rnaHU1yeCKOrO epnOTa.

I J IITb

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5

6 Kopa6JleH,

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B

BoeHHO-MOpCKOM Be.llOMCTBe TaKHe KanpH3bl, M}!rKO rOBopll, He npHBeT-

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II I

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I
50

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51

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BOCHHO-MopCKoro BC,D,OMCTBa B napJIaMCHTC 11 npaBHTCJIbCTBC.

MOpCKl1X

1I 11. HOBblH MOpCKOH MI1HI1CTP C CaMOI'O Ha
y I3I1HKaTb "l

I

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t

..... peWeHl1e, KOTOpOC 1I 11MeJI lICCTb npl1HlITb B cro OTHOWCHI1I1, OK'13aJIOCI.

II

B BblCWCH CTCneHI1 Ha nOJlb3Y ,i.l,J[1I KOpOJIeBCKOro JIOTa 11 6pHT" 'fCKorO

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B 19121. lJep
I I u(cro epJIOTOM, nCpC,D,aBaSl CBOH npl1Ka3bl 113 YaHT-XOJlJIa no 6ec1I0
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B rO.llbl ncpBOH MI1POB011 B,)MHbl

,U3BII.ll 13111'1'11 OKaJaJlCli .1YllWI1M 60CBbIM a,D,Ml1paJIOM 6pl1TaHCKOro epnOTa.

A3BI1,ll

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cpa3y npOHI1KJlHCh 113aI1MHOH CHMnaTl1ei-i. BnOCJle.llCTBHI1 lJeplll1JTJlIO HI1 pa3y He npHWJIOCb nO)l{aJICTb 0 CBoeM

A,llMI1pan

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lIJUIJlOCb TCM, LITO ncpBblC MOpCKl1e nOp.llbl, C KOTOPbIMI1 lJCPLIl1JIJIlO

lJep
1111 h pa60TaTb nocnc ApTypa YHJICOHa,-p3HCYIC OpH,D,)f(MCH H JIYH

'~aHHo pbSIHO. HCCOMHCHHO, OH 6bIJI 60JIce TaJlaHTJII1B H no I1HTCJIJICKTy

I II} pr OKa3aJIHCb JIlO,UbMI1 CJIa60XapaKTcpHblMI1 11 n03BOJlSlJll1 MOP-

.llaJICKO npcnOcxOJ(HJl CEOCI'O npe.llWeCTBCHHHKa MaKKeHHy, HO CMY He,ll,O-

v

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'I

CTaBaJIO OCHOBaTeJIbHOCTI1 nOCJIe,D,HCro. MOJIO.llOH lIeCTOJII0611BCU 6bIJI CJIHLUKOM 3HCprl1l1eH, HClf\)Ce,D,JlI1B 11 HCnpC.llCKa3yeM B CBOI1X ,ll,CHCTBHlIX. 3a ncpBble nOJITOpa rO,D,a p ,~OJl>KHOCTH rJlaBbl BoeHHo-MopCKoro Be,D,OMCTBa lJeplIHJIJlb 60JIee

6

MeClIUCB npOBeJI B Mope C ueJIblO 03HaKOMJlCHI111 co CJIY)f(-

OOH Ha epJIOTe. OH JIl1l1HO nOCeTl1Jl npaKTWleCl
t M, KaK JIyllwe KOMaH.ll0BaTb BOCHHO-MOpCKHM <jJJIOTOM". BCKOpC

II K

r. npcMbep-Ml1HI1CTP rCp6CpT ACKBI1T H lJep
BOuap"JIaCb aTMOC-

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JII1, 6a311pOBaBWHeClI Ha nopTbl MCTpOnOJII1H 11 CPC.llH3CMHOro MOpll, 1912

ro MI1HI1CTpa CJIO)f(HJII1Cb Hanpll)f(CHHblC OTHoweHHlI nOllTI1 CO BCCMH

ilIH1MI1. MC)I{,D,y epnOTaMI1 11 A,D,~1I1paJITCHCTBOM

I

epl1 AHrn1111 H nO
Pl.JHJIJIlI Ha epJlOTC cpa3y HCB3J1106I1nH. A.llMHpaJIaM HC HpaBI1JIOCb

I '1I11'1BaTb 01' 6bIBwcro rycapcKoro JICMTCHaHTa "nOCTOllHHbIC nOY
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onblTHO 3aMCTI1Tb, LITO 3a ,ll,Ba rO.lla .ll0 Onl1CblBaCMblX e06blTI1H

II I03MO)({HOM Ha3HalleHI1I1 lJeplll1nJIlI Ha nOCT MopCKoro MHHHCTpa

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Jl II y)l{ac 11 ,U3BI1.lla 13I1TTI1, B cro nl1CbMe 01'

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3n1130,D,OB nOCC~CHl1l1 lJCpell1JIJlCM y4e6Horo Kopa6JIli "MCPKYPI1H". Mop-

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CKOH MI1HI1CTP Me.llneHHO npOXO,D,I1T B,D,OJIb wcpCHrH IOHblX Ka.llCTOB, npl1-

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CTaJlbHO Brnll.llblBaHCb B JIHua CTOll~HX HaBblTlI)I{KY 60COHorl1X MaJIh
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WCK B MaTpOCCKOH epOPMC. rJIaBa BOCHHO-MopCKoro BC.llOMCTBa BeCb no-

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'I'

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I J

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52

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53

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I I

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1906

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191 1 r.

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54

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55

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1912-1913

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191 I r.

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1912 r.

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eM Bbl,[(aIO~I1XC~ cnoc06HOCTeH ero ceKpeTap~ no ,[(enaM
1913 r.

oCB060,[(l1nc~ noCT KOMaH,[(YJO~ero3cKa,[(poi1 nHHeH-

1 MapTa 1913 r.

Kor,[(a

TeM He MeHee DI1ITM 3TO BnOJlHC y,[(anOCb, 11 no I1CTe LleHl111 weCTH He,[(enb

OTLleT, 4TO B CJlyLJae 60JlbWOH eBponeHcKoH BOHHbl ero coe,[(MHCHHIO npe,[(CTOI1T cblrpaTb cOBepweHHo oc06Ylo ponb.

1914-1918

3,[(eCb npc,[(cTaBJl5leTCSI yMe-

rr. AHrJlM~ H fepMaHI151 pewanl1 Bonpoc 0 rocnO,[(CTBe Ha

I-IblX KpeHcepoB B Bo,[(ax MeTpOnOm1H, 1.Jep Lll1nnb 3Han, KOMy ero nepe;J.aTb.

13

MOP~X B XX BeKe.

T5I)KenO C YI1HCTOHOM, HO nOTOM npI1BbIKHeTe".

11

CTHbIM XOT5I 6bl KpaTKo CKa3aTb 0 TOM Opy)KHI1, npl1 nOMO~H KOToporo

C,[(aBaSl o6~3aHHocTI1 ceKpeTap51 MopcKoro MI1HHCTpa KOHTp-a,[(Ml1pany na,[(nl1 ,[(e Illepy, DI1ITI1 CK::13an eMy: "ITepBblH MeC5IL( BaM 6y,[(eT 04eHb

DI1TTI1 nO,[(H5IJl
KOM Kopa6ne 3CK;l,[(pbl JlHHeHHblX KpeHcepoB, OH npeKpacHO OT,[(aBaJT cc6e

XOT5I

cy~eCTByeT orpoMHoe

KonH4eCTBO ny6JlHKaUMH 0 POJlli cDH-

luepa B pa3pa6oTKe npoeKToB ".LJ:peUHoYTa" H "lIHBHHcM6na", B

HaCTO~-

".. 58

Ell 0.71/ um eKa

"KopaVllll

1I :7b.lIl1 /Ill Xli

1I

cpu;m.'CJllIJJ·'

'III

fl",xapes

"AAMl1pan ,ll3BI1A 5I1TTU"

59

mCC BpCMH nOHBI1JICH UCnb111 pHJJ. HOBblX n.aHHbIX no 3TOMy Bonpocy. B CJIy-

lOM '1 CXHI1KH Toro BpCMCHI1, 6bIJI BOOpy)f(CH Bccro 3~ O.llMH ro.ll 11 On.I1H

clac C ")J;pCn.HOyTOM·' 6blJIO 04CHb MHOfO cnopoB 0 BpCMCHH, 3aTpa4cHHOM

1111111. 06bl4HO Ha CTPOI1TCJIbCTBO 3CKan.pCHHoro 6pOHcHocua B TC rO.llbI

Ha cro BOopY)f{Clmc H 0 CBOCBpCMCHHOCTH cro CTpOI1TCJIbCTBa Bo06mc. KaK H3BCCTHO, nOHBnCHl1e ")J;pen.HoyTa" cpa3y )f{C cn.cnaJIo BCC cymecTBYJOmJ1 JIYlHCHHbIC Kopa6nH yCTapCBWI1MI1, HCJaBI1CI1MO OT cpoKa I1X CJIy)f{6bl.

Ho

I'rllOUaJIOCb HC MCHCC TpCX JICT, nOCKOJIbKY BCC .llCJIO ynl1paJIOCb B 113rOl'IIIIII'III1C 0pY.llHi-iHbIX 6awcH rJIaBHOrO KaJIl16pa, Ha cOOpy)f{CHHC KOTO-

II,I.~ I'pc60naJlOCb rOpa3.ll0 60JlbWC BpeMCI-II1, clCM Ha CTPOI1TCJlbCTBO KOP-

I

C n.pyroH CTOpOHbl, cro nOHBnCHYIC n.ano rCpMaHI1H waHC, 0 KOTOpOM OHa

n.cn:

HC MOrJIa 6bl H MCllTaTb npI npe)f(HeM nOnO)f{CHI1H

nocnc

1906 r.

B cny4ac C PCKOP.llI-lbIMI1 cpOKaMH

rOHJ
CTpOI1TCnbCTBa ")J;pcn.HoyTa" "Jlap-

MOpCKHX Boopy)J(eHHH Ha4anaCb C HOBOli T04KH OTCCICTa, H OHa OKa3anaCb

111 II I'KpblBaJICH npOCTO". ITo paCnOpH)f{CJ-ll1lO )J;)KCJIJlI1KO, 3aHI1MaBWCro

B paBHOM nOnO)f(CHI1I1 C AH·rnI1CH. TaKI1M 06pa30M, n.aHHylO np06JICMy npa-

1/1.1 1I0CT J-la4aJIbHHKa apTHJIJICpHikKoro 06ccnC CICHMH cjJJlOTa,.unH ")J;pC.ll-

BOMCpHO paCCMaTpl1BaTb I1MeHHO B KOHTCKCTC aHrno-rcpMaHCKoro MOPCKoro concpHH4CCTBa.

ItOY'iI"

Ponb nH4HO <1>Hwcpa B C03n.aHHH JIYIHCHHOro Kopa6nH, nOHBneHH KOToporo HapHn.y C non.Bon.HOH nO)lKOH 03HaMCHOBano "BTOpylO pCBomo

I II 11M 06pa30M, 6JIaron.apll paCTOpOnJ-lOCTI1 KanHTaHa I

"HIli

I.\HI{)" B pa3BHTHH BOCHHO- MopCKoro I1CKyccTBa, 6bIJIa CHllbHO npcyBCJlII-

lIMCIl.lCHI1C paBHHJIOCb 17 900 T, clTO Ha 2-5 TbIC. T npCBblllJanO BO.llO1I1Cllile 06bI l IHoro JII1HCHHOro Kopa6JlH .llO.llPC.llHoYTHoro Tl1na. K 411C-

Horo Kopa6JlH, Boopy)f(CHHOrO KaK MO)f{HO 60JlbWHM KOJlWleCTBOM T$l)f{e-

I JHlUllblX HOBWCCTB npI1HaLlJlC)f(aJII1

CHHblM HH)f(eHepOM BHTTOpl10 KyHH6cpTH. Ero CTaTbH "I1n.eanbHbIH JIll-

BOCHHO-MOpCKOM

<1>.

T.

CiKeron.HHKe,

BbIxon.HBweM

non.

1903 r.

pCJJ.aKuHcii

MM, CKOpOCTb xOJJ.a

21-22

17 000

T, 60pTOBylO 6POHIO

II" IlpCMCHI1 COCTaBJIlIJIH 'lCTbIPC

.1 lIocy H Ha KOpMC 11

Y311a H HeCTH n.BeHan.uaTb

305-

30

MC1ICI·II-IbIC KyHI16cpTH, OKa3anHCb 04CHb 6ml3KH K TeM, KOTopble 6bIJIH BOnJIOmeHbl B ")J;pcn.HoyTe". B TO BpeM5I
OC06CHHOCTI1 pa3-

12-16

305- MM

0PY.llI1H B .llBYXOPY.llHHHbIX 6aw-

nywcK KaJII16pOM

152

MM, pa3MemCHHbiX

IIl'PXIICH naJIy6c B 6awHHx HJIH Ka3CMaTax. rJIaBHOC apnlJIJICpHI1CKOe IPYiKClIl1C ")J;pC.llHoyTa" COCTaBJIHJIH n.CCHTb

MM Opyn.I1H 11

wccnl 6aLUHHX. rJIaBHblC pa3MepeHI1H H TaKTHKO-TCXHHClCCK~le n.aHHble, Ha-

npe)f(.llC Bccro

1Ill'HIIlI apTl1nJICpl111. 06bl4HOC BOOPY)f{CHI1C 3cKa.npcHHoro 6pOHCHOCUa

)J;)KeHHa. Kopa6nb, cnpocKTHpoBaHHbIH HTanbHHCKI1M KOHCTpyKTO-

pOM, n.omKeH 6bIJI IIMeTb Bon.OH3MemCHHC

CpOKM BBOn.a

1I0CIIHblC MOpHKH Bccro MI1pa 6bIJII1 nOpa)f{CHbI. Ero CTaHn.apTHOC BO-

JIbIX opyn.IlH cn.I1HOrO KaJIl16pa, BnepBblC BblCKa3blBallaCb I1TanbHHCKHM BO-

HeHHbIH Kopa6nb n.JIH 6pHTaHCKoro ¢JIOTa" 6bIJIa ony6JlHKOBaHa B

I paHra

HOBoro JII1HCI1HOrO Kopa6JlH COKpaTI1JIHCb B TpI1 pa3a.

l(or.lla CTaJII1 113BCCTHbi TaKTI1KO-TCXHWICCKHC .llaHHbIC ")J;PC.llHOY-

llCHa ero COBpCMCHHI1KaMH H n04I1TaTCJIHMI1. CaM a l1n.eH C03n.aHI1H JIHHeJ1

B

6blJIH nCPCn.aHbl y)f{C rOTOBblC 0PY.llI1HHbIC 6aWHH, npC.llHa3Ha4aB-

"":11I)JJl1l CTpOHBWI1XCH 6pOJ-lCHOCUCB "JIop.ll HCJIbCOH" 11 "AraMCMHOH".

305-

MM Opyn.~111 B nHTI1

"'llIlIIC I1x pacnOJIO)KCHl1e 6bIJIO, nO-B~In.HMOMY, HC.llOCTaT04HO xopowo 1If111HyM
ilYJlllii

113

10.

8

TaKIIM 06pa30M, npl1 60pTOBOH cTpcJlb6c ")J;pC.llHOyT" 6blJI

11I'lIllOyM JIHHCHHblM Kopa6JIlIM npC.llWCcTByJ{)mcro nina, a npl1 cTpeJIb-

J-1I1Ka BOCHHblX Bcp¢eii B ITopTcMyTe. OH, J-1eCOMHeHHO, 03HaKOMHJICH C 3ToH

HOCH II KOpMbl-TpCM.

CTaTbeH, H npoeKT KYHl16epTH OKa3aJI Ha Hero BJIHHHHe. C06blTHH pyCCKO51nOHCI
III'JIIIOYTC" I1MCJIOCb

l.\a. Tenepb ce Hy)f(HO 6bIJIO BOnJIOnlTb B )f{113Hb.

i (I

B KallCCTBC

BcnoMoraTcnbHOH apTI1JIJlCPMII Ha

nywcK KaJII16pOM

76

MM. OT apnlJIJlepl1H CpC.ll-

l,oJII16pa 6blJlO pCWCHO Bo06mc OTKa3aTbCH. 06ml1H BCC 60pTOBoro

1IIII H/l,PC.llHOYTa" B

ITo paCnOpH)KeH1110 nepBoro MOpCKOfO JIOpn.a 6bIJI C03n.aH oc06blil KOMI1TeT .llJIH pa3pa60TKH TeXHH4eCKHX .lleTaJleH HOBora JII1HKopa. KOMH-

27

1,5 pa3a

npCBblWaJI 3TOT nOKa3aTCJIb y CHJIbHCHWI1X

I !1I11lcKIIX 3CKa.llPCHHbIX 6pOHCHOCUCB THna "KI1Hr 3n.Bap.ll

VII".

TeT pa60TaJI B 06CTaHOBKe CTpO)f{aHWeH CeKpeTI-IOCTI1. B ero COCTaB BXO-

H.llPC.llHOYT" OCHaCHIJlH npl1Hl.\l1nl1aJIbHO HOBOI1 CIICTCMOH UCHTpa-

.llHJlI1 "ceMb caMbIX CBeTJIblX rOJIOB Ha ¢JIOTe": nHTb BOeI-lI-lbIX- Kanl1TaI-lbl

1I11.lIll1oro ynpaBJICHI1H apTlIJIJlepl1l1CKI1M orHCM. Ha6JlIO.llaTCJIbHbIH nOCT

I

paHra reHpl1 )J;)f{CKCOH, )J;)f(OH )J;)f{CJIJlI1KO, Pen.iKI1HaJIb.ll b3KOI-l, llapJIb1

jt'II1HJIClI Ha cjJOK-MCl1ITC II I1MCJI CBH3b co BCCMM 6awHHM~1 n.JI5I KOppCK-

M3.un.eI-l, YHJI¢PH.ll reH.llepCOH- H .llBOe rpa)f{.llaHcKHx HH)f{CHCpOB-fJIan-

1111111<11 CTpCJIb6bl. 3TOT Kopa6JIb CTaJI ncpBblM aHrJII1HCKHM 6pOHCHOC-

HblH KOHCTpyKTOp nopTcMyTcKHx BOCHHbIX BepcjJcH YHJIbHM KapJJ. H JIy'!-

IIll I
WHH KOHCTpyKTOp ¢I1PMbI "<1>3HP¢I1Jl.ll IllHnnl1J1r KOMnaHu" AJlCKcaHn.cp

11l1'IClllloro .llJIH TapaHHoro Y.llapa no Bpa)f{CCKoMy Kopa6JlIO. Ero KOH-

rpacl1.

1I'i1\ mpbl COBCpWCHHO cnpaBC.llmlBO PCWI1JII1 nOJlaraTbCH TOJIbKO Ha nyw")J;pCn.HOyT" 6bIJI nocTpoeH B 6ccnpCUC.llCHTHO KOPOTKI1H CpOK. Er

2

3

'1;J1,11 OJJ.apH TOMy, 4TO OCa.llKa ")J;pcn.HOyTa" HCCKOJIbKO npCBblCHJIa npo-

1906 r. JII'!HCI1HbIH KO.IlcKa6pc 1906 r. ")J;PC.llHO-

i, lllylo, Kopa6JIb OKa3aJlCH 04CHb YCTOHCIHBOH apnlJlJICpHHCKOH nnaTcjJop-

YT" BCTynl1JI B COCTaB (~JlOTa. 3TOT 3aMC4aTCJIbHblH Kopa6Jlb, HBJIHBWI1HCII

JlpYrIlM Ba)f{HCMWHM HOBWCCTBOM CTaJIH MaWI1HbI JII1HKopa. ·')J;pC.ll-

KlIJlb JaJlO)f{HJIH

OKTH6pH

1905 r.,

II

a

OKTH6pH

pa6JIb OTnpaBI1JICH Ha XOn.OBbIC I1CnbITaHI1H. B

1,It

'110 IIC MOrJIO HC CKa3aTbCH Ha TOlfHOCTI1 apTI1JIJlCPHI1CKOil CTPCJIb6bI.

1I/1xapeB

II

60

Ell 61/11 0 111 e" a al/".Il a /I a.'i: a

"J
IlcnblTaHI1H. TpI1HI1.D.a.D. 6blrr Bbl6paH He cJlyyaHHO.

HOYT" 6blJl nepBblM B Ml1pe 60JlbWl1M BOeHHblM Kopa6J1eM, Ha KOTOpOM 11

21

y3err-Ha Tpl1 Y3J1a 60nbwe 6pOHeHOCl(eB, OCHal.l.(eHHbIX nopWHeBbIMM !l;\POBblMI1 MaWl1HaMI1. Bo BpeM~ nepBblX I1CnblTaHI1H Ha MepHOH MHJle 011

22 Y3nOB.

Cyl.l.(eCTBeHHOe npl:

OrpOMHa~, 3aK-

IIPO) BaTb ero CKOpocTHbie KacleCTBa, MaHeBpeHHocTb 11 npOBeCTI1 apIIlIlJl pl1HCKl1e CTpeJlb6bl npl1 norrHOM OTCyTCTBl111 I

1I11111l1l1e,

npOT~)/(eHHOCTblO

BOnHeHI1~.

):(nl1TeJlbHOe

nOYTI1 70 TbIC. MI1J1b, Kopa6nb Bbl,n:ep)KaJl

IIIIHIIC ycnewHo. KOHKpeTHble pe3YJlbTaTbl I1CnbITaHI1HI1 TaKTI1KO-TeXHI1IIIIC Jl,aHHble "):(pe.D.HoyTa" Tl.l.(aTenbHo cKpbIBaJlI1Cb 11 ,n:OJIroe BpeM~ He

npeBblCI1J1 MaKCI1MarrbHYfO npoeKTHyIO CKOpOCTb Ha 3/4 Y3J1a. Bnocrre,n:CTBIIII ero HeO.D.HOKpaTHo Y.D.aBarrOCbpa30rHaTb.D.0

61

5I1TTt-l"

III III CO Bcex CTOpOH 6yxTa n03BOJl~Jla nO CIT\1 B l1,n:eaJlhHblX YCJlOBI1~X

Kal.[eCTBe rrraBHOH Cl1rrOBOH yCTaHoBKH HCl10Jlb30Barrl1 napoByIO Typ6HIIY MOl.l.(HOCTbIO 23 000 rr. c. 3TO n03Borr~rro eMy pa3Bl1BaTb CKOpOCTb XO.D.a

"A,o.Mt-lpan ,lj3Bt-l,o.

IIHII ony6JIl1KOBaHbl. IIocJle CBoero Tp3HcaTrraHTWleCKoro noxo,n:a HOII

I1Myl.l.(eCTBO B CKOpOCTI1 n03BO.l~JlO "):(pe,n:HoyTy" 3aHl1MaTb BblrO.D.HYlO .D.J1l/

JlI1HeHHblH Kopa6rrb CTaJl qlJlarMaHOM OTeyeCTBeHHOrO clJJlOTa. BCKope aHrJll1yaHe npl1CTynl1Jlli K nJlaHOMepHoMy CTpOI1TerrbCTBY JlI1-

Hero apTl1nrrepMi{cKylO n03Ml(HfO 11 HaB~3b1BaTb CBOlO I1HI1l(l1aTI1BY B cpa-

IIIII,IX Kopa6neH p,pe.D.HoyTHoro Tl1lla. IIepBaH TpOHKa HOBblX JlI1HKOpOB-

)/(eHI1H.

IIapOBa~ Typ6l1Ha .D.arra TaK)/(e 11 P~.D. .D.pyrHX Ba)/(HbIX npeI1Myl.l.(eCTIl.

I

JlJICpclJO H ", "CblOllep6" H "TeMepep"-BOWJla B COCTaB clJJlOTa B 1907

Iia

JIlO60H BoeHHblH MOP~K Haclana BeKa Mor 6bl nO.D.TBep.ll.lHb, "ITO MaWI1I1·

3TI1X

Kopa6JlHX

y)/(e

6blJla

YCTaHoBJleHa

BcnOMOraTeJlbHa~

Hoe OT,n:eJleHHe 3CK3,n:peHlIoro 6pOHeHOCl(a, H.D.yl.l.(erO Ha nonHOM Xo,n:y, npeJI-

11I11JlJlep11H-16 nyweK KaJll16pOM 102 MM. OHI1 I1MeJlI1 Bo,n:OH3Mel.l.(eHHe

CTaBn~no C060H HaCTO~l.l.(I1H a)l.. HecTepnl1Ma~ )/(apa, orJlYWI1TenbHblH WyM,

100 T, 60JlbWe, yeM "):(peJl,HOYT" 11 MeHbwylO CKOpOCTb xo,n:a. Cne,n:yIOl.l.(He

B TplOMe -

HaCTOlll.l.(ee 60nOTO H3 CMeCH BOJl,bl H MaWI1HHOrO Macna.

Ma·

WI1HHOe OT.D.eneHl1e "):(pe.D.HoyTa" lIBrrHrrO C060H pa3MTeJlbHblH KOHTpaCT. ):(a)/(e BO BpeM~ pa60Tbl napoBoii Typ611Hbl H3 nonHblX 060pOT3X OHO OC-

yTa" I1nl1 HeT, MO)/(HO 6blno TOJlbKO nOrJl~.D.eB Ha .D.aTYI1KH npl160pOB. KOHeCIHO, "):(pe,n:HoyT" He 6blJ1 cB060.D.eH OT KOHCTpyKTHBHblX HellO-

HKI1 J1I1HKOpOB -

)/(e apTHJlJlepl1lO rJlaBHOrO KaJll16pa, KaK H "):(pe.D.HoyT", 11, no CYTI1

Tl1na "CeHT-BI1HCeHT" H Tl1na "KoJlocCyc"-I1Menl1

Ill. IIl1yeM OT Hero He OTJlHcIaJlI1Cb, 3a HCKJIlOyeHHeM HeCKOJlbKO 60JlbWe-

J\OH3Mel.l.(eHI1~ (19

lit

TaBanOCb CII1CTblM H CYXI1M. IIepBblH KOMaH.D.Hp "):(peJl,HoyTa" Pe,n:)/(I1H3nb)\ D3KOH ,n:a)/(e YTBep)/(,n:3n, "ITO onpe.D.enI1Tb, pa60TalOT MaWI1Hbl "):(pe,n:HO-

Ip

yl

500 T H 20000 T cooTBeTCTBeHHO) 11 60Jlee MOl.l.(HOH

IlllMOraTeJlbHOH apTI1J1J1epI1H. Kal.[eCTBeHHO HOBylD cTyneHb

npellCTaBJI~nl1 c60HllpeJl,HoYTbl

HOBO-

IlIl1a "OPI10H" ("OPI10H", "KoHKBepop", "TaH,n:epep" 11 "MoHapK"),

CTaTKOB. HaH60nee nOCJlellOBaTeJTbHblH l-lX pa360p CJl,eJIaJl aMepl1KaHCKHii

1l111l1l1eC~ cne,n:CTBl1eM "MOpCKOH naHI1KI1" 1909 r. 11 BCTynl1BWl1e B co-

BoeHHo-MopCKOH TeOpeTI1K
lli

Kaml6pa, B pe3YJTbTaTe yero 113 10 Opy,n:I1H B 60pTOBOM 3aJTne yyaCTBOBaJlO TOJIbKO

8.

tP

JTOTa B 1911-1912 rr. BMecTo Tpalll1l(110HHblX 305-MM nyweK, pll Hbl" BOOpy)/(I1J111 OPY.D.11~MI1 KaJlH6pOM 343 MM. II03)lHeHWl1e I1CCJT:II I'CJlH C4I1TaIDT, YTO HJl,e~ OTOHTI1 OT TpaIlHl(110HHbIX ,n:BeHalll(aTI1Il10 H -

Ha "):(peIlHoyTe" He COBceM Y.D.aYHO pa3MeCTI1J111 apTI1J1J1epl1lO rJlaBHOrO

I\OK 11 yBenl1 l 1l1Tb KaJll16p rJlaBHOH apTI1J1J1epI1H npI1Ha)lJle)/(aJla ):()/(OHY

IIo~c 60pTOBOH 6pOHH OKa3anCll Crrl1WKOM Y3KI1M, 11 npl1 nOJl-

HOH 3arpY3Ke Kopa6rr~ OH npaKTl1yeCKI1 norrHOCTbID norpy)/(aJlcll noJl, BOLI,y.

l JlJII1KO. Bec

CHap~,n:a HOBblX

nyweK 6blJl 60JlbWI1M 11 npH CTpeJlb6e OHI1

Il\;UICb 60Jlee TOYHbIMI1. O.D.HaKO OTMeTI1M, l.[TO nepBeHCTBO B npe,n:Jlo-

He ~CHO, nOyeMY clJOK-MaYTa C l(eHTpoM ynpaBrreHI1H apTI1J1J1epI1HCKI1M orHeM

X. n3KOH: ".51 Jl,OJl)/(eH TaK)/(e opy,n:l1~ BHellpl1J1 He C3p ):()/(OH ):()/(eJlJlI1KO. 0.D.06peHbl, OH Haxo,n:I1J1C~ B Mope. B KalleCTBe

OKa3anaCb pa3Mel.l.(eHHOH n03alll1 nepBoH .D.bIMOBOH Tpy6bl, a He Bnepe.D.1I

11I11I HOBOH l1p,el1
Hee, Kal< 3TO 6blJ10 Ha Bcex Kopa6J1HX. ):(biM H3 Tpy6bl MeWaJl Ha6nlO.D.aTe-

Ml TlITb, "ITO 13,5-.D.IDHMOBble I 1 llpeM~ KOrJl,a OHI1 6blJll1

JTHM onpe.D.eJTI1Tb .D.I1CTaHl(l1lO apnlJlnepl1HCKOrO orHH. CYl.l.(eCTBeHHbIM

'1;IJlbIiI1Ka OTJl,eJla apTl1rrrrepHHCKoro

HellOCTaTKOM OKa3aJlOCb OTCyTcTBHe apnlJlJTepl1H Cpe.D.HerO KaJlH6pa. 76- MM nywKI1 "):(peJl,HoyTa" 6blJll1 CJlI1WKOM CJla6blMl1 ,n:JlH 60Pb6bl C HOBblMI1 3CMI1Hl(aMI1. MO)/(HO TaK)/(e OTMeTI1Tb, cITO
I

C06HblX npHHHTb TaKOH KpynHblH I
I lIa
IIoJl, KOMaHJl,OH P.

X.

D3KOHa "):(peJl,HOYT" OTnpaBl1nCH B ,n:JlI1Tenb-

HblH nOXOilyepe3 ATJlaHTHKy-B TpI1HHlla,n: H 06paTHO .D.rrll npOXO)/(,n:eHHH

HaCTO~JlH Ha CBoeM. TaKI1M 06pa30M, 3TO nOJlHOCTblO 3acJlyra

)\1\ I1X". "OPI10Hbl" OKa3aJll1Cb ropa31l0 60nee yJl,aYHblMH Kopa6J1HMI1, He)/(e-

Hecyl.l.(eCTBeHHble, oco6eHHO, eCJlI1 y'lecTb, "ITO "):(pe.D.HoyT" 6blJl peBOJllO-

yCTpaHHJlH Ha Kopa6J1HX .D.pe,n:HoyTHoro Tlma nocne,n:ylOl.l.(I1X Cepl1H.

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113

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CKHX cneUl1aJTij1CTOB. C pa3peweHHH nHTTH JlHHeHHble KpeJ1Cepa OCMoTpe-

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cMoTpeTb J-Ia nHHeJ1J-1ble Kpei1cepa BO BceH HX Kpace, B ,lJ,eHb OT6bITl151 aH-

II,

)KeJ1all J-IanOCJTe,lJ,OK no-

)10BaI-IHIO nO,lJ,p06Hble OT'IeTbl. Do Bcei1 BH,IJ,HMOCTI1, pyccKHe OqlHUepbl O)I
rJIYIHCKI1X Kopaonei1 BblWeJT Ha lIXTe "DonllpHaJl 3Be3,lJ,a" B Mope. 3CKa.upa

,l;aJ1l1 YB~I,lJ,eTb Ha ny'-lwHx Kopa6JTRX COI{)3HIIKOB He-ITO conepweHHO OCO-

BHTTH "He y,lJ,apHJTa JlIIIJ,OM B rp1l3b". "KOWKH aJ],Ml1paJia (DHwepa" npo-

28

6eHHoe, HO nOCKOJTbKY 31'0ro He npOH30wno, rJTaBJ-IblM neHTMOTHBOM HX

lIeCJTHCL MHMO I1MnepaTopCKOH lIXTbl Ha CKOpOCTI1

OTLIeTOn 6bIJTO, pa304apoBaHHe. KOJ-lTHHeHTaJlbHblX COl03HHKOB HHTepeco-

Ha nOJTHblJl WTI1JIb B Bbl60prCKOM 3anHBe, pa30rHaJTH TaKylo BOJTHy

BaJia npe)lc,lJ,e iBcero apTlInJTepHli rJlaBHOrO KaJTl16pa. 'TnaBHall apTltnne-

"DOJTRpJ-IaH 3ne3,1J,a" nO,lJ,BeprJlaCb H3Pll,lJ,HOH Ka-jKe. BbIXO,lJ,HBWaH B 3TO BpeMH

j;lllI

(13,5 ")

B •.l1ByxOPY,lJ,I1J1HbIX rH,lJ,paBJlH4eCKI1X 6aWJ-IHx. np0,lJ,eMOHCTpH-

Y3JTOB 11, HeCMOTpH YTO

113 Acm 3HaMeHHTali "ABpopa" TaK}I{e nonaJTa B 3Ty 3b16b, 11 ee KOMaH,lJ,a

80

Eu61l1l onl eKQ

lIll b.lIl1lJ U X

(J

.. K opo

fiJI II II cpO.JJCI!/IIIJI

.uonroe BpeM5I Tep5lnaCb B .uora.n:Kax OTHOCI1TenbHO np0I1CXQ)K.n:eHI151 :noro npl1po.n:Horo ~eHOMeHa. fIepe.n: OT6blTI1eM DI1TTI1 Hanl1Can Tennoe npo~anbHoe nIolCbMO fpl1rOpOBll'-1Y. "Bawe BblcoKonpeBocxo.n:I1TenbcTBo. To CO)l(aneHl1e, KOTopoe 51 I1cnblTblBalO, nOKI1.n:a51 pyccKl1e BO.n:bl, CM5Ir4aeTC5I MHOrIIMI1 C4aCTJll1BbiMII BocnoMI1HaHI151MI1 0 TOH 6e3rpaHI14HOH .n:06poTe 11 Hel13MeHHoil mo6e3HoCTI1, KOTopble HaM OKa3bIBami B npo.n:on)l(eHHe cnaBHblX

16 .n:HeH, npoBe-

.n:el-lHbIX B POCCI1H. 5I .n:omKeH Bblpa311Tb BaM MOIO np~I3HaTenbHocTb 3a TO, 4TO 6naro.n:ap51 BaM Hawe npe6blBaHI1e OCTaHeTC5I HaBcer.n:a He3a6blBaeMbIM. fIpowy Bac, .n:oporoH a.n:Ml1pan, Bepl1Tb, 4TO O~l1uepbl 11 KOMaH.n:a MoeH 3CKa.n:Pbl TaK )I(e, KaI< II 51 caM, He 3a6y.n:eM HaWI1X 6paTbeB-MOp5lKOB pyccKoro ~nOTa... ". Ho 3a 3TI1Ml1 Be)l(nYlBblMI1 ~pa3aMI1, HanI1CaHHbIMI1, CKopee Bcero, I1CKpeHHe 11 OT .n:YWI1 OCTaBanOCb MHoro He.n:OCKa3aHHoro. )l(enaeMoro COlO3a fIeTep6ypr TaK H He nony4l1JT. PyccKoro BoeHHO-MopCKoro aTTawe KanHTaHa I paHra H. A. BonKoBa, npl16bIBWero B JIOH.uOH C nonHOM041151MH Ha Be.n:eHl1e neperoBopoB 0 B3aI1Mo.n:eHCTBI1H BoeHHblX qJnOTOB, )I(.n:an XQno.n:HblH npl1eM. fIocne .uOJlrI1X npoBonocleK 11 O)l(I1.n:aHI1M OH 6bln npl1HHT nepBblM MOPCKI1M nop.uoM npl1HueM JIYll DaTTeH6eproM, KOTOpblH .n:on)l(eH 6bln npe.n:cTaBn5lTb Ha neperoBopax aHrmlHcKYIO CTOPOHY. O.n:HaKo BMeCTO 06cy)l(neHl151 neTaneH cOTpy.n:Hl1cleCTBa 13aTTeH6epr 06MIBI1n BonKoBy, 4TO c06HpaeTc5I BeCTH neperoBopbl B POCCHH, Ky.n:a oTnpaBHTC5I B aBryCTe non BI1.n:OM ceMeHHoro BI13I1Ta. Ha cIaBWaHC5I MHpOBa51 BOHHa OKOHCIaTenbHO noXOpOHl1na 3TY llnelO. LITO KaCaeTC5I DI1TTI1, TO ero .n:HnnOMaTWleCKa51 MHCCH5I Ha PO.n:I1He nony411na BblCOKYIO Ol..(eHKy: OH CTan KaBanepOM opneHa 13aHI1, a 2 aBrycTa 6bln np0l13Be.n:eH B 3BaHI1e Bl1l..(e-an~1I1pana. Ha npOT51)l(eHHI1 HIOn51 cHTyal..(l151 B EBpone nponon)l(ana Hal
15 111On51 Ha4anC5I nnal-lOBblH npH3bIB

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26

I1lOn5l, Korna Cep6H5I oTBeprna aBCTpl1HCKI1H ynbTH-

M~HYM, 11 3a .n:eC5ITb nHeH .n:o Toro, KaK aHrnl1HCKOe npaBI1TenbCTBo onpe-

.n:enl1JTO CBOIO n03111..(111O, LIepClI1nnb l13.n:an npl1Ka3, I1MeBWI1H orpoMHoe 3Ha4eHl1e.

26

I1lOn51 6pl1TaHCKI1J1 ~noT 3aKaH411Ban np06HylO M0611nl13aUI110 H

MaHeBpbl C 411cneHHOCTblO 3KI1na)l(eH no paCnl1CaHl1lO BoeHHoro BpeMeHI1. Ha cnenYIO~ee YTPO B

7.00

3cKa.n:Pbl nOn)l(Hbl 6blnl1 paccpenoTOLII1TbC5I -

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B CBOli nopTbl,

r.n:e 4aCTb 3KI1na)l(a Cnl1CblBanaCb Ha 6eper B y'le6Hble KOMaH.n:bl, TpeTbl1 B .n:OKI1 Ha peMoHT. Y3HaB 0 HOBOCT5IX 113 ABCTPI1H, LIep4Hnnb pewl1n nocTynl1Tb TaK, "4T06bl .n:l1nnOMaTl1yeCKa51 cl1Tyal..(l151 He onpe.n:enl1na BoeHHO-MOpCKylO 11 4T06bl aHrnI1HC!
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A.

bHTTH.

.LJ:3BH)J. EHTTu B )J.eTCTBe. npOHeHOCHbIH
KallOHepCKue JIO)J.KI1 BblX

)J.eHCTBHHX

1896 r.

Ha

HIIJI

(cjJOTO cnpaBa).

JleiheHaHT .LJ:3BH,[{ DI1TTH. 1898 r.

bpOHeHoce~ "KYI1H". B Te'ICHHe O,[{Horo ro,[{a (c ,[{ela6pH 1908 no ,[{eKa6pb 1909 r.) .LJ:3BI1,[{ DI1TTI1 KOMaH,[{OBan 3Tl1M Kopa6ne:vl, Iloene qero 1 HHBapH 1910 r. OH nonyql1n 3BaHHe OHTp-a,[{Ml1pana.

J
, •

JlIIIICiilll:>li'l kpeilccp ~J1ailOIl~' $JlarMaHCKllil Kopa6111. :JclCa.:lpl.I f1lt1lCnHbl'l KpciiccpOIl. K(>TOpOn ","",Ut,.J.oa....l ..:16;1TTII. Ha ~Tp. 7,8 II 9, .J.3aU;l IiIlTTll ao apuo aOOlna • KpoKWTa"llT. ).1.10_ 1914 r.

JII1HeHHbIH KpeHCep "JIaHOH" BO BpeMli JOTnaH,nCKOrO Cpa)f{eI-II'lli. Ha (POTO BHllHC' KaK ,nbIMI1T Cpe,nHJJjJ Opy,nHHHaJI 6aWHlI (6aWHlI "Q") nocne nOna,naHI1JI B Hee CHaplI,na. DoeBble nOBpC)f{,neHHJI "JIaHoHa". ITona,naHI1e B nany6y (cjJOTO BHIHY).

JI I1HeHHbIH KpeHcep "JIaHoH', EaWHlI "Q" BO BpeMli peMOHTa DoeBble nOBpe)f{lleHliSr "JTai1oHa". nona,naHHe B 60pT,

rpaH,Ll nHT Ha lIKOpHOH CTOllHI<e.

3CKa,Llpa nHHei'i:I'bIX Kpei'icepon B noxo.ne. A,LlMHpaJl .[1,. oHTTH. OTO C,LlenaHO nocne IOTnaH,LlCKOrO cpa)I(eH1U1 I monll 1916 r.

--

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M

))..6I1TTII II o$\IUC:Pbl c:ro UlTa6a till MOC'TIIKC: nJlHKopa MK)"IUl 3nJ1Ja6cT

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I".

IJ..B.fluxapeB

• AtlMupan 1J.3BUti bUTTU"

01

cne.n:OBaTenbHO, no B03MO)f(HOCTI1 ell.(e .n:o Toro, KaK Mbl CaMI1 npl1MeM peWeHl1e 06 3TOM". CnoBoM, 'tJeplfl1nnb Ha CBOM cTpax 11 PI1CK 113.n:an npl1Ka3 06 OTMeHe M06I1nJ13al\l1l1. 3aTeM OH I1HepOpMl1pOBan 0 CBoeM peWeHI1H rpell 11 C ero cornaCHlI nepe.n:an CBe.n:eHHlI 06 3TOM B ra3eTbl, Ha.n:ellCb, 'ITO 3Ta BeCTb np0l13Be.n:eT "OTpe3BnlllOll.(I1M 3epepeKT" Ha Eepnl1H 11 BeHy. PaHHI1M yTpOM 29 I1lOnll I-M epnoT, nOlfTI1 l\enI1KOM COCTOllll.(I1M 113 COBpeMeHHblX .n:pe.n:HOyTOB, BMeCTe C 4 nl1HeMHblMI1 KpeMCepaMI1 EHITI1 TI1XO Bblwen 113 IlopTneH.n:a H HanpaBl1nClI B CKana-noy. Bo BpeMlI BOMHbl 3TI1 Kopa6nl1 CTanl1 OCHOBHOH y.n:apHOH Cl1nOM rpaH.n: nHTa, rnaBHoM 3a.n:alfeM KOTOpblX 6blno y.n:ep)f(aHl1e rocno.n:CTBa B CeBepHOM Mope. 3CKa.n:pa EI1TTI1 npl16bIna B CKana-noy 31 I1lOnll, I1Mell B CBoeM COCTaBe "JIaHoH", "IlpHHcec POMlIn", "HblO 3enaH.n:" H "ilHBHHcH6n". il XOTlI BCKope K HI1M npHcoe.n:HHHnacb "KYHH M3PH", EHTTH OlfeHb nepe)f(HBan no nOBo.n:y lfpe3MepHoro ocna6neHHlI CBoero coe.n:I1HeHHlI. "ilHepneKcH6n", "ilH.n:oMHTe6n" H "ilH.n:eepaTHre6n" no.n: KOMaH.n:OBaHHeM EepKnH MHnHa Haxo.n:Hnl1Cb B Cpe.n:H3eMHOM Mope, r.n:e OHH .n:on)f(Hbl 6bInH HeHTpanH30BaTb 'Te6eH". "ABCTpanHlI" Hecna cny)f(6y Ha THXOM OKeaHe, r.n:e npe.n:MeToM ee 3a60Tbi 6bIna

KalOT-KOMnaHI1i1 JII1HKOpa "KYI1H 3JI113a6eT" A "Ml1paJI TT E K .,.... ........ I1TTI1 npl1HI1MaeT anl1TYJIJlUl1lO repMaHcKoro qJJIOTa. P03aih 16 HOil6pil 19 I 8 r. AHrJII1HCKaii .l1eJIeraUI1i1 BO maBe C .n:.EI1TTI1 BO BpeMJI pa60Tbl BaWI1HITOHCKOH KOH<jJepeHUI1I1.

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28 aBryCTa 9 HOBblX repMaHcKHx 3CMHHl.(eB

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B

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mICb. no BOHHbl HM HcnoCpC,TJ,CTBCIlHO CTanK~IBaTbCJI He npHXO,TJ,HnOCb.

HCMCUKOH

1904-1910

1'1'., BHOBb B351JICH 3a cTapblc npHBblllKH.KcraTYI

3HalJHTCnbHOH MCpC nC)Kano Ha cro COBCCTI-1. IInaBcocTaB 6blJI KpaHl-fC HC-

O,lJ,HaKO noCT KOMaH,IJ,)'10ll.(CrO 3CKa,TJ,pOH nHHCHHblX KpcficcpOB cpa3y C,IJ,e-

,TJ,OBonCH cro p)'KOBO,TJ,CTBOM. "Cnp,TJ,11 6blJI O,TJ,HI1M H3 npOKn5lTI1H qlJlOTa (B

JIan bHTTH 3aMCTHOH cjJHTypOH.
](aLICCTBe HaLlanbHHKa wTa6a), -

3Ha4cHHC pCKJIaMC H OCBCll.(CHI1IO ,TJ,CMCTBHH epnOTa B npcccc, no B03Bpall.(e-

nHcan bHTTH. -

OH HeCCT rJIaBHyIO OT-

BCTCTBCHHOCTb 3a BCC HaWI1 KaTacTpoepbl Ha MOpC, H
HHH .B A,TJ,MHpanTciicTBO paCnOp51,TJ,HJIC51 HanpaBHTb Ha "JIai1oH" 113BCCTHO-

,TJ,OJI)KHOC, BblrHan cro. bonbWC Bccro 51 CO)KaJICIO, 'lTO OH Bo06ulC rrpC,TJ,JIO-

1'0 )KypHaJlHCTa 11 BOCHHO-MopCKoro 0603pCBaTCn51 <1>l-1JICOHa 51Hra. ?OC-

)Kl1n CMy ,lJ,pyroe Ha3Ha'lCHHC". 3aMCTHM, 'ITO ,TJ,O 31'01'0 bHTTH HI1T,TJ,C He

JIC,TJ,HHH y)KC ,TJ,aBHO ,TJ,06HBanC}1 TaKOH B03MO)J(HOCTI1, HO bHTHI BC51Kf1H pa3

I1Mcn JIH'lHbIX CTOJIKJ-JOBeHHH CO Cnp,TJ,H, H IlOTOMy cro CBI1,1J,CTcnbCTBO MO-

HaXO,lJ,HJI npC,IJ,nor, LITo6bl CMy OTKa3aTb: "51 nOJI)'4I1JI 04cpcm-JOC nHCbMO

)KCT paCCMaTpHBaTbC51 KaK BIlonHC HCnpC,TJ,B35lTOC.
01'
96

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)l.n .) Bce B

nopll.uKe ... ". B TOT MOMeHT EHTTH ell\e He 3Han 06 I1C1'l1HHblX pa3Mepax

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97

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"JIaHoH" He Bbl,llep)f(aJl".

lInOHCKHX MaTpOCOB H 0
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X~Innepa, HaBJleKJII1 Ha HHX Kpl1THKY Bblcwero BoeHHO-MopCKoro KOMaH-

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,llOBaHHlI.
fmeM Ha JlI1l\e H Hel13MeHHblM MOHOKJleM B rJIa3Y, aHrJlHHCKHH 0
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Cl1rHaJlOB, eCJlI1 6bl B HeM 6bIJlO XOTb LITO-TO OT xapaKTepa HeJlbCOHa. KaK

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113 ITopT-ApTypa BO BJla,llI1BOCTOK, cpeiJ,11 rpOXOTa B3pbIBOB, CBI1CTa OCKOJlKOB H CHaplliJ,OB, IT3KI1HXeM np0iJ,OJI)f(an OCTaBaTbClI Ha MOCTI1Ke "Aca-

120

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B CBOeM 6:TOKHOTe. TIepe,ll. oT6blTHeM Ha pO.nI1Hy OH y.nOCTOHJIClI lleCHI 6blTb

)I(HOCTI1 113-3a HenpeKpamaIOw.eroclI e)l(eJl.HeBHQro (npaKT114eCKI1 e)l{ellaC-

npe.nCTaBJIeHHbIM lInoHcKOMy HMnepaTopy.

3 ¢eBpaJIlI 1915

Horo) pa36a3apHBaHl1l1 HaWI1X pe3epnoB C pewaIOmero TeaTpa BOHHbl. CaMoe

r ,. 4epe3 .neClITb .nHeH nOCITe Cpa)l(eHl1l1 y )lorrep-

xYJl.wee COCTOI1T B TOM, LJTO BMeCTO COCpeJl.OT04eHI111 YCI1JII1H AJl.Ml1paJITeH-

6aHKH, lbp4HJIJIb ml4HO nOCeTl1n "JIaHoH" 11 .npyme Kopa6nl1 3CKa,ll.pbl

CTBa Ha 60pb6e C pacTyw.eH onaCHOCTbIO co CTOpOHbl nOJl.BOJl.HhIX JI0Jl.0K

ITHHeHHbl~ KpeHcepOB.

OH 6blJI nOpa)l{eH e,ll.I1HO,ll.YWHbIM BOCToprOM oq)J1-

B B0Jl.aX MeTpOnOJII1I1, Mbl Bce npl1KOBaHbI K )lapJl.aHeJIJIaM, a MOpCKOH MI1-

l.\epOB, C 1::0TOPblM Te paCCKa3blBaJII1 eMy 0 EI1TTI1 11 nOBe,ll.eHI1I1 KOMaH,ll.y-

HI1CTP cBoeH HI1 Jl.HeM, HI1 HOllhlO He npeKpaw.alOw.eHClI Jl.ellTeJIbHOCTbIO

10mefO B fJoIO. KOf.na lJep4Hnnb y)l(e co611panClI nOKI1,ll.aTb Kopa6JIb, 06blllHO

06 ' II1w.aeT Bcex 11 BCH Ha cPJlOTe 11 Ha 6epery B I1HTepecax )lapJl.aHeJIJlbCKOH 3CKa.nPbl".

HeB03MYTI1MblH TI3KHHxeM B311JI ero 3a pyKaB 11 OTBen B CTOpOHKy: "MI1HHCTp, 1I XOTeJI 6bl CKa3aTb BaM Koe-4TO Hae.nI1He, -

CKa3an OH H nocne

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nay3bl C <.6comonIOH yBepeHHOCTbIO B fOJIOCe np0I13HeC,- HeJIbCOH BepHYJIClI".

nOTpe60BaBWI1H 113MeHeHI1H B PYKOBOJl.CTBe CTpaHbl. JII16epaJlbHblH Ka611HeT CMeHHJIO KOaJIl1l.\110HHOe npaBI1TeJIbCTBo. OJl.HI1M 113 YCJIOBI1H JlI1JI,epa

B I'epMaHI1I1 6blJlH KpaHHe He,ll.OBOJIbHbl I1CXO,ll.OM 601l JII1HeHHblX KpeH-

KOHcepBaTHBHOH Onn03Hl.\1111 3HJl.PIO EOHap JIoy 6blJIO Tpe60BaHl1e, liTO

cepOB. D(>Tepll "Emoxepa" CTOHJla I1HreHOJlIO nOCTa KOMaH.nYIOmero cPJlO-

B CJIyllae YXO.lla cDHwepa lJep4HJIJIb TaK)I(e Jl.OJI)I(eH yi1T11 11 B COCTaB HOBoro

TOM. Ero CMeHI1JI fyro cPOH TIOJIb, npe)l(,ll.e 6bIBWI1H HallanbHI1KOM reHe-

npaBv!TeJIbCTBa He BOH./leT HI1 no.ll KaKI1M BI1Jl.OM. CYJl.b6a lJeplIHJIJlH 6blJla

paJlbHOrc MopcKoro wTa6a. CMepTeJIbHO 60JIbHOH 11 eme 60JIee HepeWI1-

peweHa.

TenbHbli1, 4eM ero npe.llWeCTBeHHI1K, cPOH TIonb BC1I4eCKI1 CTpeMl1nClI 1136e-

YlM 06H3aHHOCTHM. ApTyp EaJIbcPYP CTaJI MOPCKI1M MI1HI1CTPOM, aJl.Ml1paJI

raTb H3JHlwHero pl1CKa. POBHO ro,ll. cnycTlI,

24

lIHBapll

19 I6

r., OH BbIHY)l(-

,ll.eH 6blJJ OCTaBHTb CJly)l{6y no COCTOllHl1fO 3./l0POBbH. TIPI1 HeM cDnoT OTKpblToro MOpH C./lenaJl nllTb BbIXOJI,OB, HI1 pa3y He OCMeJII1BWI1Cb y,ll.aJII1TbClI OT CBOI1X 6a3 60JIee lIeM Ha

120

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25

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1915 r.

feHpl1 )l)l{eKCOH -

HOBhlH KOaJII1l.\110HHhI11 Ka6HHeT npl1cTynl1JI K CBO-

nepBblM MOpCKHM JJOPJl.OM.

EaJIbcjJyp H )l)l(eKCOH -

cPHJIOCOcP, nOMHO)l(eHHblf'1 Ha YlieHoro. Pe-

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lJerblpe MeClIl.\a cnyCTH nOCJIe lIHBapCKI1X Co6bITI1H aHrJIJ1llaH )I(Jl.aJII1

Jl.ellTeJIbHOCTH, oCYl..I.\eCTBJIHeMOH Jl.ByMlI arpeCCHBHblMI1 Ii HanopHCTblMI1 JlI1-

eme 60JIt:e rJIy60KI1e 113MeHeHHH B BblCWI1X 3WeJIOHaX BoeHHO-MopCKoro

.nepaMI1, AJl.~1HpaJITeI1CTBO norpY3HJIOCb B JIeTaprH4eCKI1H COHo EaJIbcjJyp,

pyKOBO.l(CTBa. Me)l(Jl.Y nepBblM JIOP./lOM 11 lJep411JIJIeM CTaJII1 4aCTblMI1 pe3Kl1e H Henpl1l1THble CTbI4KI1. BecHoii

19 15 r.

cDl1wep OKOH4aTeJIbHO npl1-

B OTJIH4Y1e OT CBoero npe.llWeCTBeHHYlKa, HHTepnpeTHpOBaJI pOJJb MOpCKOro MYlHI1CTpa B TpaJl.Hl.\110HHOM Jl.yxe, KaK "nepBoro CpeJl.H paBHbIX". OH

wen K BbIBOJI,Y, LITO H.lleH "nepl1cPepl1i1Horo cPnOTa" nOTepnena nOJJHblH Kpax,

BblcTynaJI KaK npeJl.CTaBHTeJIb I1HTepeCOB cPJIOTa B npaBYlTeJIbCTBe 11 naJIa-

a )lapJl.aljeJIJIbCKall Onepal.\HlI, CTaBWall ee KOHKpeTHblM BOnJIOmeHl1eM, npeBpaTI1 JI a<;b B 6e3,ll.OHHYJ() liMY, B KOTOpOH I1C4e3aJII1 JJIO,ll.11 11 Kopa6nl1 6e3

Te 06mYlH 11 ocymeCTBJIlIJI JII1Wb 06W.HH HaJl.30p YI KOOpJl.YlHal.\HIO Jl.eHTeJIb-

BClIKOl1 1l0JIb3bl Jl.JIlI JI,eJIa. CTapblH a,ll.Ml1paJI pyraJIclI 113-3a Ka)l(Jl.OrO KO-

Bapl1BaJI OH, -

pa6ml, 113-3a Ka)l(.llOrO COJIJl.aTa. KOMaHJI,YfomI1H COJ()3HOH 3KCneJl.I1l.\110H-

AJl.MHpaJITeikYBOM 6e3 Y4eTa MHeHI1J1 np0cPeCC110HaJIbHbIX BoeHHbIX, npeJl.-

HOCTH nO./lpa3Jl.eJleHI1H A.llMHpaJITeHCTBa. "BaM CJIe.llyeT oc03HaTb, -

ro-

LITO MOpCKOH MHHI1CTP, KOTOpblH CTpeMHTbClI pyKOBOJl.I1Tb

HOH apMJ..teH B faJIJJl1noJII1 reHepan 51H faMI1JIbTOH nI1CaJI, lITO TeJIerpaMMa

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C npocb60H 0 npl1CblJIKe nO,ll.KpenJIeHI1H " ... 06113aTenbHO JI,OJI)I(Ha nOna,ll.aTb

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Bce nponaJIo ... Mopll-

TaKHM, KaKoe XOTeJIH JIJ()JI,H, HanpaBHBWl1e ero TyJI,a Ha cMeHy l.Jep4HnJIIO.

KH xonn-, lIT06bl 1I Jl.OCTaBaJI KaWTaHbl 113 orHlI, HO 1I He C0611paJIClI I1MeTb

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pa3rOBOp C I1X 60CCOM Ha caMblX C06JIa3HHTeJIbHblX ycnOBl1l1X, a CaMI1 OHI1

l.\eHoH! Ero BJIHlIHHe 6blJlO paCXOna)l(I1BalOml1M.

K YI1HCTc)HY; ecml OHa nonaJI,eT B pyKI1 cDl1wepa -

TeJIerpaMMy He nOCbIJIaJII1, 601lCb cD~lwepa". B TOT MOMeHT TPYJl.HO 6blJIO HaHTI1 Koro-JIl160 Ha cPJIOTe I1JI11 B npa-

BepJl.HKT JIJIOH.lla )l)l(opJl.)I(a 6hlJI a6COJllOTHO CnpaBeJl.JII1B: "Y Hero Ha411CTO OTCYTCTBOBaJIYI cPH3114eCKall 3HeprHlIHOCTb, TeMnepaMeHT H He-

BI1TeJIbCl:"Be, KTO )l{eJIaJI 6bl YXOJl.a cDl1wepa. HeCMOTpll Ha CTOJIKHOBeHHlI

yToMHMali pa60Tocnoc06HOCTh, CTOJIb He06xoJl.I1Mble .nJIH aJl.MI1HI1CTpaTO-

113-3a )lapJl.aHeJIJIbCKOH Onepal.\l1l1, lJeptll1JlJlb no- npe)l(HeMy XOTeJI, 4T06bl

pa AJl.Ml1paJlTeHCTBa BO BpeMH Benl1KOH BOHHbl. .. COBepweHHO OLJeBI1Jl.HO,

cDl1wep OCTaBaJIClI. O.nHaKO B CepeJl.I1He Mall TepneHJ.1l0 cDl1wepa npl1weJI

liTO OH 6bIJI COBepweHHO He TeM LleJIOBeKOM, KTO Mor CTI1MYJIl1pOBaTb YI

KOHel.\. 06CTOllTeJIbCTBOM, YCKOPI1BWI1M KOHcPJII1KT, nOCJIy)l(HJIa 04epeJl.Hall

OpraHI130BaTb Jl.eneJIbHOCTb cPJIOTa BO BpeMJ'l KpH3Hca". )lPYfHM cyme-

KpynHaH HeYJl.alla, nOCTHfwall 6pHTaHcKylo 3CKa.npy, 3aJl.eHCTBoBaHHYIO B

CTBeHHbIM HeJl.OCTaTKOM 6blJI cPl1ITOCOcjJCKYlH CKJIaJl. yMa HOBoro MopCKoro

)lapJl.aH(:JIJIbCKOH onepal.\l1l1. B Mae cDHwep Hanl1CaJI ACKBHTy: "51 )I(eJIaJO

MHHHCTpa. EaJIbcPYP He JII0611JI CI1Tyal.\HH, KOrJl.a Tpe60BaJII1Cb 6blCTPbIe

122

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123

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KOHKpeTHble peWeHI1l!, npe.n.nOlJl1Tall nopaccy)J(.n.aTb Ha.n. 60JIbWI1MI1 npo-

aJIbHOrO peWeHl1l1 npl1 HOBOM pyKOBo.n.CTBe 6blJl0 l-Iel1MOBepHO Tpy.n. HO .

6JIeMaMH B rJI06aJIbHOM MaCWTa6e.

bWfTI1 npl1WJIOCb y6e.n.I1Tbcn B 3TOM Ha c06CTBeHHOM onbITe.

C fe/-lpl1 )J:)J(eKCOHOM Ha nOCTY nepBorO MOpCKorO JIOp.n.a .n.eno 06CTOl!JIO /-Ie JIy4we.

lib

Bcex aHrJIHikKI1X a.n.Ml1paJIOB Toro BpeMeHH )J,)l<eK-

CO/-l I1MeJI Hal1MeHbWI1H onblT epJIarMaHa, KOMaH.n.OBaBwero coe.n.I1HeHl1l1MI1

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3 epeBpaJISI 1915 r.

01-1 npe.n.cTaBI1JI npeMbep-MI1Hl1cTpy .n.OKJIa.n.HylO 3anl1CKY

o TaKTI1KO-TeXHl1lJeCKOM npeBocxo.n.cTBe I-1eMel.(KI1X JII1/-1eH/-IbIX KpeiicepoB 11

Kopa6JIeH. E.n.I1HcTBeHHbIM 3n1130.n.OM B ero BoeHHOH Kapbcpe, Kor.n.a OH

npl1HlIJIC5I 60M6ap.n.l1poBaTb A.n.MHpaJlTeHCTBO 11 KOMaH.n.YI01l.lerO epJIOTOM

I1MeJT B03MO)J(HOCTb Ha6paTbclI TaKoro onblTa, 6blJI noCT KOMaH.n.YlO1l.lero

panopTaMH C npocb60H nepe.n.aTb no.n. ero KOMaH.n.OBaHl1e "6bICTpOXO.n.-

1908-1910

HbIH .n.I1BH3110H" Jll1/-1eiiHblX Kopa6JTeH Hma "KYI1H 3JII13a6eT". B KOHe4-

rr. C Tex nop OH HH pa3Y He BbIXO.n.HJI B Mope, He B nOCJIe.n.HlOIO 04ep e.n.b no npl14HHe CJIa60CTH 3.n.OpOBbll.

HOM I1TOre bl1TTI1 CBoero .n.06I1JlC5I. O.n.l-laKO BToporo CJIy4an nOMepl1TbCSI

3cKa.n.POH KpeHcepoB B COCTaBe Cpe.n.113eMHoMopcKoro epnoTa B

CI1JIaMI1 C 3CKa.n.poii Xl1nnepa npl1WJIOCb )J(.n.aTb ro.n. 11 lleTblpe MeC5Il.(a. 31'0

CTpaTerl110 11 TaKTI1KY )J:)J(eKCOH 113Y4aJI TOJIbKO B TeOpl1l1, .n.06I1B-

6bInO HeJIerKOe BpeM5I Hanpl!)J(eI-lHbIX BaXT H TlI)J(eJIblX noxo.n.OB B CypOBbIX

1911-1913 rr. Ol~ 6bln 1913-1914 rr. B03rm1B-

Bo.n.ax CeBepHoro MOp5l, KHwa1l.lI1X MI1HaMH 11 Bpa)J(ecKHMH no.n.Bo.n.HbIMH

WI1Cb Ha 3TOM nonpl11l.le 60nbwI1x ycnexoB: B Ha4aJIbHI1KOM BoeHHo- MOpCKOH aKa.n.eMI1I1, a B

JTo.n.KaMH.

JTlIJI reHepanbHbIH MOpCKOH wTa6. B /-IaY4/-1oM Ml1pe a.n.Ml1paJI I1MeJT BbICO-

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HOM Mope, CTaJIO /-Ia3Ha LleHl1e a.n.MHpaJIa PeHHrap.n.a lIIeepa KOMaH.n.ylO-

I1CTOpHIO 6pl1TaHCKOro epnoTa MOrJII1 n03BomHb ce6e CTaBI1Tb nepe.n. CBO-

1l.lI1M
ei;j epaMHJIl1eH a6peBHaTypy

F.

R. S. (Fellow of the Royal Society -

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TI1BHOH HaCTynaTeJIbHOH CTpaTefHI1. Ilpl1 3TOM He CJIe.n.yeT .n.yMaTb, lITO

pa3BI1TI1e Topne.n./-Ioro .n.eJIa H 6ecnpOBOnOlJHOrO TeJIerpaepa.

repMaHCKHH a.n.MHpaJI Bcepbe3 C06HpaJICl! npHHl!Tb peWI1TeJIbl-lbl11 6011 C

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Y )J:)J(eKCOHa

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rJIaBHblMH CI1JIaMH fpaH.n.
1916 r.

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2.

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I1pJ1MepHO C cepc}],HHbl I110HlI 191 Gr. Ha
BblllCHI1Tb, KTO )f(e BCe-TaKI1 BI1HOBaT, 4TO TaK

Ha Jl,Be Bpa)f(}],e6Hble rpynnHpOBKH. KorJl,a B aBrycTe 1916

r.

3CKa,ll,pa DHT-

TH npH6blJIa B CKana-<1>l1oy, ll,)f(e1111HKO pacnopSlJl,HJICli yCTpOHTb HM ca-

nOJlYLIHJ10Cb. Oc06eHHO OHO YCHJII1JIOCb nOCJIe ony611I1KOBaHI111 "PanopTa

MylO TenJIylO BCTpe4y. I1011YLIl111acb Jl,OBOJIbHO HeJIOBKall CI1TyaUHSI, KaK 6y}],TO

a.nMl1paJIa .LJ:)f(eJIJIHKO 0 IOTJIaH.uCKOM Cpa)f(eHHH". I1epBoHa4aJIbHblH TeKCT

B rJIaBHylO 6a3y npH6bIBaeT He nO}],LIHHeHHoe eMy COe,ll,J1HeHHC, a r\J110T CO-

"PanopTa", }],anlpoBaHHblH 18 HIOHlI, 6bl11 CHJIbHO nepe}],e11aH H no.npe.uaKTl1pOBaH "}],JIlI 06ll(ecTBeHHoro nOJIb30BaHHlI".

11'3

T03HOH ,ll,ep)f(aBbl. CaM DHTTH TaK Onl1Ca11 nOT 3n1nOJl,: " ... Ha JII1HeHHblX

Hero 6blJIa y}],aJleHa HH-

Kopa6JIlIX HaM yCTpOH11H rpaH}],H03HylO BCTpe4y H rpOMKO KpH4aJIH "ypa"


B 4eCTb Hawero npH6blTHlI. I10CJIe 3Toro Bce O
HblH Jl,pyroH }],aTOH -

24

11I0HlI. I10JIHbIH TeKCT nepBOHaLlaJIbHOrO "Pa-

weHHe Ha 06e}]"

npHlfeM B TaKOH <popMe, LITO H36e)KaTb YLlaCTHlI B HeM

nopTa" OT 18 I1IOHlI yBH}],eJI CBeT TOllbKO B 1920 r. B "IOTJIaH}],cJ
6blJIO HeB03MO)f(HO, H 1I He yBepeH, 6blJI0 JIH 3TO BnOJllle I1cKpeHHe HJIH no

B Cyll(HOCTH, Bce "3a" H "npoTHB" BepTeJIHCb BOKpyr }],ByX HMeH-

KOMaHJl,yIOll(eMy
npHKa3y.

B

BocKpeceHbe Bcex a)1,MHpa110B 06113311H npl16blTb Ha 06e)], K

DI1TTH H .LJ:)f(eJIJIl1Ko. BCKope BeCb
lIBHO 6blJIO 3anpeTHOH TeMoH. CTapblH I13J< (I13KHHxeM. -.LJ:. n.) HeO)f(II-

-

Tex, KTO 6blJI Ha cTopoHe DHTTH, H Tex, KTO nOMep)f(HBaJI .LJ:)J{eJIJIHKo.

}],aHHO nycTI1JIClI paccy)J{}],aTb 0 KaKOM-TO ero 3nH30Jl,e, H3-3a Llero cpa3y

qacTb o
BOUapHJIOCb Hanpll)f(eHHOe MOJILlaHHe. KOTopoe CMeHIt110Cb HaTlIHyToH 6011-

142

E1I6RlIOllleKa

aRb,'>fallaXa

"KOP1l6RlI

U

Cpa.JICeJlUR"

~.B.nI1XapeB

"AIl.Ml1pan

~3BI1Il.

143

5I1TH'"

TOBHeH Ha OTBJIe'leHHble TeMbl".

)l(CHHlI. B03rJIaBHJI KOMI1CCI1JO KamnaH

HMeHHO C :3TOro BpeMeHI1 6epeT Ha'laJIO O)l(eCTO'leHHall nOJIeMJ.fKa Me)l(.n.y np:.n. CTa BI1TeJIllMI1 .n.ByX JIarepeH, npO.n.OmKaBWallCll OKOJIO TpeX .n.e-

WI1H 3KcnepT Ha BceM 6pHTaHcKoM epJIOTe B 06JIacnl HaBHraI..{HI1 H KapTor-

CllTI1JIeTI1I1, .n.a)l(e nocnc CMepTI1 .n.ByX epnOTOBO.n.l..(eB. A.n.MlipanbI Ii oeplil..{epbl, BOeHHO-MOpCKl1e TeOpeTI1KI1 Ii I1CTOpI1KI1, nOJIHTI1KI1 11

~pHaJIHCTbl,

Te, KTO HenOCpe.n.CTBeHHO Y'laCTBOBaJI B Cpa)l(eHHI1, 11 Te, KTO B )l(113HI1 He cTynaJI Ha naJIy6y BoeHHoro Kopa6Jlll, pa3.n.eJIHJIHCb Ha CTOpOHHI1KOB OI1Tnl'li CTOpOHHI1KOB JJ:)I(eJIJII1KO. OHI1 ony6JII1KOBaJII1 nyXJIble TpaKTaTbl, 6po-

I

paHra .LJ:)I(. E.

T.

Xapnep -

JIyLJ-

pa¢HI1. HI1 Xapnep, HH LJeTblpe ero nOMOI.J.(HHKa B IOTJIaH.n.cKoM Cpa)l(eHHI1 He yLJaCTBOBaJIIi. ITo MHel-Jl11O ylJpe.n.HTeJIeH KOMHCCHI1, .n.aHHoe 06CTOllTeJlbCTBO .n.OJl)l(HO 6blJIO cnoco6cTBOBaTb 60JIec 06beKTHBHoMy no.n.xo.n.y aBTOpOB TpaKTaTa. KOMHCCHlI HaLJaJla pa60Ty

6 epeBpanll 1919

r. HMeHa Xapnepa Hero

nOMOI.J..(Hl1KOB 6blJlO peweHo .n.ep)l(aTb B ceKpeTe C TeM, LJT06bJ orpa.n.HTb I1X

wmpbI, CTaTbH, MeMyapbl, Bbl.LJ.BHHymI apryMeHTbl H KOHTpapryMeHTbl. CBOIO

OT B03MO)l(HOrO .n.aBJleHHll H BJIlillHI111 npe.n.B311TbIX MHeHHH. Ho TaHHa xpa-

JIenTy B pa3)1(I1raHHe CTpaCTeH BHCCJTH YHHCTOH qeplJliJIJIb, JJ:)I(yJIHaH Kop-

HI1JIaCb He .n.oJlro. ITo CJIOBaM Xapnepa, " ... BonpeKI1 BceM npel..(e.n.eHTaM 11

6e~T,

Pe.n.)I(I1HaJIb.n. b3KOH 11 MHorHe .n.pyrHe aBTOpl1TeTbl. llT06bl B .n.aJlb-

Hel1WeM y)l(e He B03BpaU\aTbClI K TeMe IOTJIaH.n.CKoro Cpa)l(eHl1l1, 3.n.eCb npe.n.-

MOVIM YCTHblM npOTeCT<1M", ero I1M51 6blJIO pacKpblTO.

26

MapTa 01-1 npell--

CTaJI nepe.n. naJIaTOH 06U\I1H, r.n.e no.n.Beprcll CypOBblM 11 no.n.LJac BeCbMa

III

CTaBJIlleTCll YMeCTHbIM 3a6e)l(aTb HeCKOJIbKO Bnepe.n. Ii c.n.CJIaTb KpaTKI1H liC-

HCll-06pO)KeJIaTeJIbHbIM paccnpocaM. OTCTaBHOH KanVlTaH

TOpl10rpaepl1'leCKl1i;J H HCTOlIHI1KOBe.n. LleCKI1H 3KCKypC B "IOTJIaH.n.CKl1e KOH-

JII10H beJIaepC, B CBoe BpeMlI ll-eM06I1JIH30BaBWHHClI no COCTOllHI11O 3.n.OPO-

TpaBep3bl", BOJIHOBaBWHe YMbI 6pHTaHCKOH 061.J.(eCTBeHHOCTI1 Ha npOTll)l(eHHH

20-x

H nepBOH nOJIOBHHbl

30-x

rr.

IToCJIe OKOH4aHI111 BOHHbl 061.J.(eCTBeHHoe MHeHl1e AHrJII111 npo.n.OJI)l(aJIO B03MYl.J.(aTbCll OTCyTcTBI1eM 06beKTI1BHOH HHepopMal..(HH 0 IDTJIaH.n.CKOM Cpa)l(eHHH, e.n.I1HCTBeHHbIM I1CT04HI1KOM KOTOpOH MOrJIO 6blTb TOJIbKO A.n.MHpaJITeHCTBO. HHepopMal..(110HHblH BaKyyM, CCTeCTBeHHO, 3anOJIHllJICll

paHra Kap-

Bbll 11 Tenepb BblcTynaBwl1H KaK .n.enyTaT napJIaMeHTa VI lIpblH CTOpOHHHK blUTH, nOTpe60BaJI, LJT06bl Xapncp Ha naMllTb Ha3BaJl TOLIHble KOOp.n.HHaTbl rH6eJIH JII1HeHHOro KpeHcepa "HHBHHCH6JI". Xapnep Ha3BaJI. Ero npo¢eCCHOHaJIH3M 6bIJI COLITeH y.n.OBneTBOpI1TeJIbHbIM. KOMHCCl1l1 Xapnepa npopa60TaJla BCIO BecHy H JIeTO. B oKTlI6pe

1919

r. TeKCT o¢Hl.(HaJIbIlOrO "OnHcaHHll IOTJIaH.n.cKoro cpa)J{eHI151" 6blJI npe.n.-

caMblMIi pa3HOpClJHBblMH cnyxaMI1 Ii .n.OMbICJIaMI1, no.n.LJac HaHOCI1BWHMH

CTaBJIeH .n.JIlI 0.n.o6peHHll B COBeT All-MHpanreHCTBa. B TOT MOMeHT Y3CTep

yl.J.(ep6 aBTOpHTeTy epJIOTa 11 BoeHHO- MOpCKOH CJIy)l(6bl B 06l.L\eCTBe. B KO-

Y3MHCC Haxo.n.I1JICll B TIapl1)1(e, H pYKonl1Cb Lll1TaJI BHl..(e- a.n.Ml1paJI OCMOHll-

HeLJHOM I1TOre pyKOBo.n.HTeJII1 BoeHHO-MopCKoro Be.n.OMCTBa C0'lJII1, LJTO

.a:e OpOK. OpOK B CBoe BpeMlI CJIy)l(l1JI Ha 3CKa.n.pe JIHHeHHblX KpeHcepOB, a

XpaHI1Tb MOJILlal-Jl1e .n.aJIbWC Hel..(eJIecoo6pa3HO. K KOHKpeTl-JblM waraM HX

~O.n.TOJIKHYJII1 CJIyXH, 6y.n.TO JJ:)I(eJIJII1KO, K TOMy BpeMeHI1 y)l(e Bbl-

TaK)I(e

3aTeM, Kor.n.a bHTTH B

1916- 1918

rr. KOMaH.n.OBaJI fpaH.n. JII1TOM, OH

3aHI1MaJI nOCT Ha4aJIbHHKa wTa6a ¢JIOTa. OH y)l(c C06HpaJICll no.n.nl1CaTb

we.n.WI1H B OTcTaBKy, 3anOJII-JlIeT CBoe cB060.n.Hoe BpeMll Hanl1CaHI1CM Me-

CBoe I1M51, ynoCToBepllBwee 0ll-06peHl1e COBeTa, KOrll-a Bll-pyr nepenyMaJI 11

MyapoB 0 BOHHe, B KOTOpblX 6y.n.eT CTOJIbKO KpI1TI1KI1, lJTO HI1KOMY MaJIO

CKaJaJl: "ITOCKOJIbKY JIOp.n. bHTTI1 B 6JIH)I(aHWI1e HeCKonbKO .n.HeH npl1MeT

He nOKa)l(eTCll. MeMyapbl .LJ:)I(eJIJIliKO .n.eHCTBliTenbHO yBH.n.eJIIi CBeT B I1IOHe

noCT nepBoro MopcKoro flOpll-a, HaM Cfle.n.yeT nOll-O)l(ll-aTb ero 0.n.o6peHHlI".

1919 r.

" ...ECJIH 6bl a.n.Ml1paJI bpOK B TOT MOMeHT nOCTaBHJI CBOIO no.n.nHCb 11 "Onll-

O.n.HaKo OHH nOKaJaJIH, 'lTO 6blBWlil1 KOMaH.n.ylOl.J..(liH epJIOTOM 6bIJI

He HaCTOJlbKO MeJIOLJHblM LleJIOBeKOM, LJT06bI onYCTI1TbCll .n.o CBe.n.eHHll C'lCTOB.

23

llHBapll

1919

r. nepBbll1 MOpCKOH JIOp.n. P03J1HH Y3cTep-Y3MI1CC

n pe .n. c Ta_BI1JI MOpCKOMy MliHliCTpy YOJITepy JIoHry .n.oKJIa.n.HylO 3anI1CKY, B KOTOpOIi rOBopl1JIOCb 0 He06xo.n.HMOCTI1 no.n.rOTOBHTb 11 ony6JII1KOBaTb .n.e-

CaHl1e" BCKope BblWJIO 6bl 113 neLJaTH, He 6blJlO 6bl HI1KaK~IX "IOTJIaH.n.CKI1X KOHTpaBep3" B npecce, H TblC1l411 ¢YHTOB CTepJII1HrOB rocy.n.apCTBeHHblX .n.eHer 6blJIH 6bl C3KOHOMJIeHbl".

1

Ho~6pll

1919

r. bHTTH BOWeJI B YaHTXOJIJI B KaLJeCTBe nepBoro

MopcKoro JIop.a:a. He3aMeHI1MOrO q3T¢I1J1ll-a OH c.n.eJIaJI 3aMeCTI1TeJIeM Ha-

TaJIH3HpOBaHHblH I1CTOPl1'lCCKliH OT4eT 0 IOTJlaH.n.cKoM Cpa)l(eH 11 11, OCHO-

LJaJIbHHKa reHepaJlbHOrO MopCKoro wTa6a. TIonOJI3JJ11 CJlyXI1, LITO "JIHHeH-

BaHHbIH TOJIbKO Ha .n.OCTOBCpHbIX epaKTax. Cnel..(I1aJIbHbIM npl1Ka30M 6blJIa

HO-KpeHcepCKall 6aH.n.a OKKynl1pOBaJIa AnMl1paJITeHCTBO". KaK nepBblO MOP-

Ha3HalJeI-Ja MaJIeHbKall KOMI1CCHll, B paCnOpll)l(eHl1e KOTOpOH 6blJIIi npen-

cKOH JIOPll-, bHTTIi Hec OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a co.n.ep)l(aHHe "OnI1CaHHlI". OH

CTaBJIeHbl nOJIHble TeKCTbl panopToB epJIarMaHOB, KOMaH.n.I1pOB Kopa6JIeH

np0'leJI pyKonHcb, H MHorHe CTpaHI1l..(bl, KacalOl.J.(l1eCll .n.eHcTBHH JII1HeHHblx

Ii oepl1l..(epOB, Y'laCTBOBaBWliX B IOTJIaH.n.cKoM Cpa)l(eHI1, cy.n.oBble )l(ypHaJIbI

KpeHcepoB, eMy He nOHpaBHJII1Cb. TeKCT "OnI1CaHI111" BepHyJII1 "Ha .n.opa-

Ii Bce np0'l11e I1CTOlIHI1KI1. Ha OCHOBe 3TH X .n.OKyMeHToB KOMI1CCI111 .n.OJI)I(Ha

60TKY". ITepBblH MOpCKOH JlOP.n. HaLJaJl nOCTOllHHO ".n.epraTb" Xapnepa.

6blJla no.n.rOTOBI1Tb I1CTOpH l leCKI1H TpaKTaT, co.n.ep)l(al.J..(l1H TOJIbKO epaKTbJ,

OH TO Bbl3blBan ero K ce6e ll-flll naljl1 HOBblX YKa3aHI1H, TO, BOCCTaHOBHB

6e3 KOMMeHTapl1eB, a TaK)I(e cxeMbl 11 KapTbl, .n.eMOHCTpl1pylOI.J..(He B XpOHO-

no naM51TH KaK11e-JI1160 ¢aKTbl, KOTopble, KaK eMy Ka3a.10Cb, I1Menl1 MeCTO

JIOrHLJeCKOM nopll.n.Ke, LJTO )l(e Ha caMOM .n.eJIC np0l130WJIO BO BpeMll cpa-

B ll-eHCTBI1TCJlbHOCTI1, HanpaBfl51JI rflaBe anTopCKoro KOJIJIeKTHBa 3anHCKI1

144

Ell

6 n II () /11 e,," u a.'Ib _II a II U .Y U

"/{opa{lilll

II

cpa.JICellllJl"

,Q. B.n",xapeB

C "HOBOH I1HQ)Qp Ma Ul1eli".

II

¢eBpaJIli

1920 r.

145

IIO,ll.rOTOBKa "OnHCaHl1l1" npeBpall(aJlaCb B Hepa3pewl1MyIQ np06JleElITTH 04epe,ll.HOH pa3 Bbl3BaJI Xapnepa 11 no-

MY. JIoHr 06paTI1IJClI K .ZJ:)J(eJIJlI1KO, npe,ll.nO)J(I1B nOCJIe,ll.HeMy TaK)f(e BHeCTI1

TP:60BaJI BHeCTH ,lI.OfiOJIHeHl1l1 B TeKCT no nOBO,ll.y TOLIHOCTH CTpeJIb6bl opy-

CBOH nOnpaBKI1 11 3aMe4aH11l1. O,ll.HaKO nOCJle HeKOTopblX pa3MblWJIeHHH

,lI.I1H rJIaBHOrO KaJII16pa JIHHeHHblx KpeHcepoB. PaCCTpoeHHblH Xapnep, Bblfi,ll.lI

MOpCKOH MHHI1CTP npJ1weJI K BbIBO,ll.y, 4TO nO,ll.rOTOBI1Tb TaKoe "OnHca-

~a6l1HeTa

H3

nepBoro MopcKoro JIop,ll.a, HaTKHYJlCli Ha .ZJ:)KeJiJlHKO, KOTO-

Hl1e", KOTopoe Y,lI.OBJleTBOpllJlO 6bl O,ll.HOBpeMeHHO H EJ11'TI1 H )l,)KemHlKO,

pblH pewl1JI 3arJlllHYTb B A,lI.Ml1paJITeficTBO, B03BpaTJlBWHCb 11,3 ,lI.JIHTeJIb-

HeB03MO)f(HO. EMTTH lIBJlllnCli nepBbl M MOpCKHM JIOp,ll.OM, ¢aKTI14eCKI1M py-

Horo BOll)Ka no 6pl1TaHCKI1M ,lI.OMIHIHOHaM. IIepBOHa4aJIbHO, KOr,ll.a Y3MHCC

KOBO,ll.l1TeJleM MOpCKOH nOJlI1TI1KI1 HMneprlH. 3aHI1Mall Bblcwee KpeCJIO B

paCnOpll,ll.l1JICli HaLlaTb pa60Ty Ha,ll. "OmlcaHHeM", 6blJIO peweHO, 4TO HI1

BoeHHO-MOpCKOH l1epapXl111 BeJII1K06pI1TaHI1I1, OH COCpe,ll.OT04HJI B CBOI1X

.ZJ:)KeJIJlI1KO, HI1 EHTTH pYKomlCb LIHTaTb He 6y,ll.yT. 11 OHH ,lI.OJl)KHbl YBH,lI.eTb

pyKax Bce pbl4arl1 BJIaCTI1 11 naTpOHa)J(a . .!J:)J(eJInI1KO 6bln OTCTaBHblM a,ll.-

TeKCT TOJIbKO nOCJIe ero cny6JI11KoBaHWI. Tenepb 3TOT 3anpeT TepJ/JI CBOi:f

Ml1panOM. K TOMy )J(e OH c06Y1paJIc~ OTnpaBI1TbClI C ceMbeH B HOByJO 3e-

CMbICJI. Pa303JIeHHblii Xapnep Bce paCCKaJaJI .ZJ:)J(eJlJII1KO H npe,ll.JlO)KHJI 6b1B-

JIaH,lI.1110, 3a MHOrl1e TblClI LII1 MI1JIb OT JIoH,lI.OHa. Ho c6paCblBaTb ero co

weMy KOMaH,lI.yJOll(eMy ¢JIOTOM BHeCTH CBOI1 ",lI.OnOJIHeHHlI", KaKlle TOT

CLleTOB 6blJIO 6bl OWI16KOH. ,[I,)J(eJIJII1KO I1Men MHOrO Lll1CJIeHHblX CTOpOHHJ1-

COLlTeT HY)f(HbIM. IIo B03Bpall(eHHH B AHrJlHIO,ll.O .ZJ:)J(eJIIIHKO CTaJll1 ,lI.OXO-

KOB 11 B A,lI.Ml1paJITeHC1'Be, 11 Ha ¢JIOTe.

,lI.HTb CJlyXH, LITO rOTOBIITCli K ny6Jll1KaUl111 BeCbMa npe,ll.B311TOe "OnI1CaHHe

JIOI-Ir JIl1xOpa,ll.OLliiO I1CKan BblXO,ll. H He l-IaXO,ll.l1JI ero. B KOI-Iue KOH-

IOTJIaH,lI.cKoro Cpa)f(eHlll1". IIpowno HeMHoro BpeMellH, 11 OH nOJlY LlI1JI TOMy nO,ll.TBep )J(,lI.:Hl1e LITO H33bll:laeTCJ/ "113 nepBblX PYK". KOHlPPOHTaUHlI C1'aJIa

UOB 01-1 npl1weJI K BbIBO,ll.y, 'ITO OT ny6nl1KaUI111 "OnI1CaHl1l1" npl1,l1.eTCli OT-

H e1136e)f(1I0 11.

Ka3aTbC~. O¢I1l.~epbl reHepaJIbHOrO MopCKoro wTa6a nOMep)J(aJII1 ero. Ho EUTTI1 BblcTynl1JI npOTI1B. IIepBblH MOpCKOH JIOp,ll. YKa3aJI Ha TO, LITO 06-

B Cepe,ll.HHe ¢eBpaJlll

1920

r. Ha KHH)J(HbIX npl1JlaBKaX nOllBHJIaCb

ll(eCTBO H ne4aTb np0,ll.OJI)J(aT B03MYll(al bell OTCyTcTBl1eM 06'beKTI1BHOH I1H-

6p0wIQpa KapJIHOHa IieJIaepca "I01'JIaH,lI.CKOe Cpa)f(eHl1e: 3aBlI3Ka 11 pa3-

¢OpMaUHI1. IiI11'1'II npe,ll.IlO)J(I1JI 113bllTb TeKCT, nO,ll.rOTOBJIeHHbl11 XapnepOM,

BlI3Ka". Ero onyc HOCHJI onpe,ll.eIJeHHO npOBoKaUI10HHbllJ xapaKTep. tIero

11 ony6nHKoBaTb TOJIbKO KapTbl, cxeMbl, a 1'aK)J(e TeKCTbl ,lI.OHeCeHHH

CTOHJIH O,ll.HI1 TOJlbKO Ha3BaHI1l1 rJIaB ('TpaH,lI.
a,ll.Ml1paJIOB 11 KOMaH,lI.l1pOB Kopa6JIeH.

B

npl1weJl, yBH,lI.eJl, nOBepHyJIClI 11 yweJl"). KaK y)f(e ynoMIIHaJlOCb, EeJlaepc

pe3YJIbTaTe B ,lI.eKa6pe

1920

r. yBH,lI.eJII1 CBeT 3HaMeHHTbie "IOT-

BblCTYnl1JlllPblM CTOPOHHllKOM IiHTTH. Ha C1'paHHuax cBoei! 6POWJOpbl OH

JIaH,lI.CKl1e ,lI.enewl1" . .ZJ:JIli I1CTOPI1KOB OHI1 CTaJII1 6ecueHHbiM I1CTOLIHI1KOM

)f(eCTOKO Kpl1TJ1Kye1' .ZJ:)KeJlJIllKO, mOll(pllllcb B aJIJlerOpWlecKllx cpaBHeHH-

I1H¢OpMaUHI1. Ho OHI1 npe,ll.CTaBJIlIJIl1 C060M rpy,ll.y cblporo ¢aKTHLlecKoro

lIX 11

npOLlll~. JII1TepaTypHblX npHeMax. ABTOp Ha3blBaeT KOMall,ll.yJOll(ero

¢IJOTOM TO

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npl1JlO)/{eHI151 H B CB010 OYepe,n:b cOnpOBO)/{,llaJII1Cb no,n:cTpOYHblMI1 KOMMeH-

BOH n0J10BHHe 30-x rr. JII060nbITHO, liTO tla)/{e CJIY)/{HTeIlH l..lepKBl'I COllJ1H

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cjJHn,n: npe,n:llo>Kl1J1 Ha cy,n: '-lHTaTeJIeH CBOI1 "He3aWOpeI-lHbIH B3rnJltl" CTO-

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B 1933

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1917 r. Ha BeptPlIx

eLUe 200 no,nBo,nHbIX JTOnOK. E)J(eMeCJl4HO repMaHc-

5

aBJ1aLtI10HHbIX 3aBo,nOB H ManeHbKall npl1nl1CKa: "MaIlblw mllueT, 41'0 y

KIiH epnoT nOnOnHJlnClI

Hee y)J(I1Han )l3BI1,n bI1TTH". E):(Ba JlH 31'0 6blIl npOCTO CKpOMHblH TI1XHH

Ll.OH3MelI\eHl1e OT 550 ,no 850 T H 3Ha l IHTenbHO npeBOCXOLl.HnH pa3MepaMI1

y)J(I1H ):(nll .L\BOI1X. B03BpaTHBWI1Cb I-Ia "KYI1I-1 3nI13a6eT", OH 6yKBanbHO Ha

Te cy6MapHHbl, C KOTOpblMH [epMaHHlI I-1a4ana MHpOByIO BOHHy. OHI1 I1MeIlH

O,nHOM ,nblXaHI1I1 nHweT eH nHCbMO: "IO,n)J(I1HH, ,noporall, COH 3TO I1nl1 lIBb!

rOpa3,ll0 6onhwyJO aBTOHOMHOCTb nnaBaHl1l1, Boopy)\{aJIlICb HOBhlMH

Bcero O,nI1H ,neHb Bblcwero 6na)J(eHCTBa, 1I e,nBa Mory nOBepl1Tb, 41'0 3TO

weHHblMIi nmar.m Topne,n, HX CpeLl.CTBa 60Pb6bl 3a )J(I1BYLleCTh nOCTOllHHO

6blno Ha caMOM ,nene ...

5I

y)l(e LlyBCTByIO, 41'0 ,nyMaIO 0 Te6e TaK MHoro,

JIo,nKaMI1. Honble nO,llBo,nHble 1l0,nKIi HMemr BO-

yny4-

cOBepweHcTBoBallHcb.

41'0 ,na)l(e He Mory npHcTynl1Tb K pa60Te". TaK pa3BI1BanaCb 3Ta CTpaCTb,

)llliJ 60Pb6bl C nO,llBo,nHbIMI1 no,nKaMH 6pl1TaHCKOe MopcKoe KOMaH-

KOTOpylO )l3BI1,n bl1TTI1 11 1O,n)l(I1HI1 fo,nepPI1-
,nonaHlie pacnonarano B 06w.eH CnO)l(HOCTH 280 3CMHHuaMI-I. OLl.HtlKO He

11 Tw.aTenbHO CKpblBalll1 01' OKpY)l(aIOLUI1X.

MeHee 100 H3 HYlX 6blJll1 3a,neHCTBOBaHbI ,nnJl 3CKa,npeHI-IbIX Hy)l(L1. -

C epeBpanll 1917 L xapaKTep MOpCKOH BOHHbl B eBponeHcKHx BO.L\aX

,nnll

conpOnO)l()I.eHIHI TlI)I(enblX Kopa6neH, nOCKonbKY bl1ITI1 He I1MeJT npaBa c6pa-

$no-

Kap.L\HHanbHO nepeMeHI1JTClI. 31 lIHBapll [epMaHHlI oepl1LtHanbI-lO 06bllBHJIa

ChlBaTb CO C4eTOB n03MO)l(I-10CTb CTOJTKHOBeHl1l1 C rnaBHblMH Cl1nal;'1i

o Ha4ane "HeOrpaHI1LleHHOH no,nBo,nHOH BOHHbl" npoTHB ToproBoro cy,no-

Ta OTKpblToro MOpll. OXOTOH 3a nop,Bo,nHbIMH nO,llKaMH B npl16pe)l(HbiX

xo,nCTBa cTpaH AHTaHTbI. Y)I(e B OCeHHl1e MeClILtbl 1916 r. ):(a)l(e B ycnoBl1l1X "OrpaHI14eHHblx" onepaLtI1H repMaHCKI1X no,nBO.L\HbIX no,nOK nOTepH 6pH-

BO,llaX 3aHliMaJII1Cb MHOrO 'Il1CneHHble Tpanbllll1KIi, CTOp0)l(eBble Kopa6nl1 H np0411e Bcnor.lOraTenbHble BoeHHble cY.L\a, HO IiX ycnexl1 6blnli BeCbMa

TaHCKoro ToprOBoro epnoTa CTanl1 yrp0)l(aIoLUe paCTH, COCTaBI1B 146 000

CKpOMHbI.

l' B oKT1I6pe, 145 000 l' -

B H01l6pe 11 109 000 l' -

B ,neKa6pe. Ho 3TH

AHrJIl1HCKlilt rl1,npoepoH npeMeH nepBoH MlipOBOH BOHHbl npe.L\CTaB-

LtHepPbI OKa3anHCb npOCTO CMeXOTBopHblMH no cpaBHeHI1IO C TeMI1 nOTepll-

nJln C060H BeCbMa npl1MI1THBHOe yCTpOHCTBO, Ii C ero nOMOlllbIO HeB03-

MH, KOTopble ToprOBoe cy,nOXO,nCTBO COI03HI1KOB nOHecno C epeBpanll no

MO)l(HO 6blJlO onpeLl.eJII1Tb HI! paCCTOJlHIiJl ,nO 06beKTa, HI1 HanpaBneHHe

HIOHb 1917 r.

ero ,llBI1)1(eHIiJl.

BeJll1K06pl1TaHI111 OKaJallaCb 3a)J(aTOH B TI1CKaX 6ecnow.a,nHoH no,nBO,nHOH BOHHbl. K anpemo 1917

r.

bonee COBepweHHblH "ACLl.I1K" CTaJl nOCTynaTb Ha BOOPy-

)J(eHHe CO BTOPOH nOnOBI1Hhl 1917 r. JIa-MaHw 6hlJl npaKTI1LleCKI1 nonHO-

nOTepl1 ToproBoro eplloTa COlO3HI1KOB

CTbJO neperopo)J(eH MIiHHblMH nOllllMYI 11 MOLUHblMI1 npOTI1BOnO,ll04HbIMI1

11 HeihpaJlbHblX cTpaH 01' ,nei1cTBI1H repMaHcKHx no,nBo,nHbIX no,nOK ,nOC-

CeTJlMH 113 eTaJIbHbIX TpOCOB. Ho 11 3Ta Mepa He npHHecna cyLUecTBeI-lHoro

Tl1rnl1 250 000 l' B He,nemo, 3Ha4HTenbHO npeBblcHB ,na)l(e TOT nOKa3aTenb,

06ner4eHIHI eOI03HHKaM. bonee Toro, TaK Ha3bIBaeMhlH ")lyBpCKHH bap-

KOTOpblH HeMLtbl nepBOHa4anbHO ,nnll ce611 HaMen1J1H. B Te4eHI1e o,nHoro

pa)l(", KapayIIl1Bwl1H 3TH eeTH H MI1HHble noml, nOCTOllHHO nO,llBepranCJl

TonbKO anpenll aHrnl14aHe nOTeplllll1 373 ToproBblX cy,nHa, cyMMapHblM

HanaLl.eHHlIM repMaHCKI1X 3CMHHl.(eB I! no,nqac Hec 0W.YTl1Mble nOTepl1.

TOHHa)l(OM 869 103 T. bOnbWI1HCTBO Cy,nOB YHI14To)l(anocb Ha 3ana,nHblX

B JlHBape 1917 r. bHTTH npe,nnO)l(Hn MOpCKOMy MIfHI1CTpy KapcoI-lY

no,nxo,nax K bpl1TaHCKI1M oCTpoBaM, B JIa-MaHwe, Cpe,n113eMHOM, I1pnaH-

oCYLUecTBI1Tb nocTaHoBKy rpaH,ll1103HblX MHHHblX noneH B [eJIbrOJIaH,llC-

,nCKOM 11 CeBepHoM Mopn. ITo no,nC4eTaM 3KcnepToB npo,nyKToB nJnaHl1l1

KOM 3anHBe 11 TeM caMbIM nOJTHOCTbIO 3a6nOKI1pOBaTb Kopa6nH npoTHBHH-

160

Ell

6 JIll" 111 ega a JI b.1I {; II a x a

"KopafiJlII

II

cpa.JICelltl51"

Ka B er~ nOpTaX. O~HaKO .L!:)KenmtKO 6blCTpO OXna.llHn ero nbln. IlepBblH MOpCKOM JTOP~ COBepweHHO cnpaBe~m!BO yKa3an, lITO ~n~ 3Toro nOTpe6yeTC~

He TonbKO

lfY~OBM~Hoe KOJTMlIeCTBO

MI1H, HO M

nOCTO~HHoe

naTpynM-

pOBaHl1e MHHHblX noneH CI1naMI1
nO~BO~HbIX JTO~OK.

CHI13111'b nOTepH ToprOBoro TOHHaiKa 01'

IlepBblH "np06HbIH" aTnaHTl1lfeCKHH KOHBOH, COCTOllll.lMH 113 17 Kopa6neH, BbIlllen 113 fH6panTapa

I0

Ma~ 1917 r. 11 12 ~HeH cnYCTH 6narononylfHo

npH6blJT B AHrnmo, He nOTep~B 1111 O~Horo CY~Ha. fl16panTapCKI1H KOHBOH cTan, no BblpaiKeHMIO aMepl1KaHcKoro a~Ml1pana Yl1nb~Ma CHMca HMM 113 BaiKHeHWHX nOBopOTHbIX nyHKToB B :nOH BoHHe".

"0;:;''

KaKMX Tpy,nOB CTOl1nO EMTTI1, PHlfMOH~y M [eH,nepcoHy .n06HTbC~ npllKaJa 0 KOHBOMpOBaHIHI rpynn ToprOBbIX

CY~OB

-

OT~eJTbHa~

MCTO-

pM~. fnaBHblM npOTI1BHI1KOM CI1CTeMbI KOHBOeB BbICTynMn nepBblH MOpCKOl1 JTOp,n a,nMHpan .L!:)f(eJ1nI1KO. Ilpe,noCTaBHM cnOBO nepBOMCTOLIHHKaM.

IIpOCTpaHHa~ UI1TaTa 113 3anl1CeH B ~HeBHI1Ke f. PMlIMOH~a 01' 15 Ma~ 1917

r.

3acnYiKI1BaeT Toro, LIT06bl ee 3~eCb npl1BeCTI1: "HbIHewHHM yTpOM no-

6bIBan Ha "KyHH 3nM3a6eT", r~e BCTpeTMnc~ C EpOKOM (KoH1'p-a~MMpan

OCMOH~ one bpOK. -

.L!:.

11.). 51

cnpoCl-IJT ero, npOlfen JTH KOMaH)J.Ylo~MH

MOH npe~no,loiKeHH~ no 3TaKe CHpllHcKoro n06epeiKb~. OH OTBeTMn, lfTO

np~lfen. OH ,n06aBHn TaKiKe, lfTO B nocne~Hee BpeMll rOTOBHnH aTaKy CMpMHCKoro n06epeiKb~, HO .L!:iKennMKO OTBeTMn
~OK. qTO 3a ~eTCKHH neneT! CTpax! CTpax! Mbl Bcero 60HMC~.... KaK iKe MOiKHO BblHrpaTb BOHHy, I-IMLJeM He PIICKY~.... KOMaH~YIO~110, npocnblwaB, LITO ~ Ha 60pTy, npHfnaCHn MeH~ 3aHTM. 01-1 npOllen MOIO pa3pa60TKy no KOHBOHM 11 3a~I1Te ToprOBnH II nonHOCTblO C HeH cornaceH. OHa co~ep­ iKHT, rOBopHn OH, Te iKe caMbIe

B3rnH~bI,

KOTOpbIX OH

npM~epiKMBaeTCH

M

KOTopble B TelfeHMe HeKOToporo BpeMeHI1 6e3ycnewHo nbITaeTC~ BHe~pMTb B iKH3Hb .... OH CKa3an MHe, LITO HeBeiKeCTBO .L!:iKennHKO B Bonpocax Be~e­ HMH BOHHbl npOCTO nopa3HTenbHO. OH B iKH31-1M He npOlfen 0 BOHHe HH

O~H~i1 KHHrJI. ,?ocne~HI1H pa3 OH 3aCTan ero 3a LITeHHeM "BnI1HHH~ MOpCKOH MO~~ ...

M3xeHa. bOiKe MHnOCTI1BbIH! OH LIMTan ee B nepBbIH pa3.

OH C TaKOl1 pa~OCTblO nOKa3blBan bMTTM HeKOTopble UI1TaTbl 0 HenbCOI-le, KaK 6y,nTO :no 6btJ10 COBepWeI-lHO HOBoe OTKpbITYle, Ha liTO EvlTTH CKa3an eMY, 1·11'0 ecnl1 OH np04TeT ell.(e LITO-HI16Y~b M3xeHa I1nH ~OHeCeI-lH~ (HenbCOHa. -

Hanpl1Mep, ")J{113Hb HenbCOHa"

.L!:. JI.), -

OI-l HaH~eT TaM Ty iKe

l1~elO, nOBTopHeMyFo MHor·OKpaTHO. KaKl1e ~eTCKl1e pa~OCTM no nOBO~y HOBblX OTKpbITHH. 31'0 BOCXI1TMTenbI-lO -

I-Ia4aTb 'HITaTb 0 BOHHe nocne

Toro, KaK caM CTaHOBI1WbC~ KOMaI-l~YIO~MM
/l..B.f1wxapeB

'AAMl1pan

/l.3BI1,1l

161

E5/1TTI""

BCTpeLlalO1' npo1'MBo~ei1cTBl1e.31'0 '~HeB03MoiKHO".Bce "HeB03MoiKHO". fIblTaTbCH npoTonKHyTb KaKYIO-JTJ160 l1,nelO, rOBopm bl11'TI1, 31'0 Bce paBHO, liTO "5HTbC~ ronOBOO 0 KI1pnM4HYIO, HeT, rpalll1THylO CTeHy". COnpOTI1BneHHe nepBoro MOpCKOf'O nop.ua BHe,npeHHlO CHCTeMbl KOI-IBoeB y~anocb cnOMMTb nUWb npl16erHyB K COAcflCTBl11O npeMbep-MI1HI1CTpa. 30 anpeJI~ J1JlOH~ .L!:iKOP~)K Jll14HO nOCeTI1Jl A~MHpanTeHCTBO H CBOeH BnaCTblO npIIH~JI pewel-ll1e 06 OTnpaBKe nepBoro KOHBO~. KOHBOHpOBaHHe ToprOBblX CY~OB B Cpe~M3eMHOM Mope, ATnaHTI1Ke, a TaK>Ke nepe8030K 113 CKaH~MHaBCKI1X CTpal-I cnoco6CTBOBaJIO nOCTCnel-IHOH cTa6I1JIM33UIIYI Ha MOP~X II CHlliKeHHJ{) nOTeph ToprOBoro
r.

nOTepl1 ToproBoro TOHHa)l(a COCTaBllJlI1 B cpe~HeM 300 000-

400000 l' B MCC~U (OKOJlO 150 r.:y.n.OB e)l(eMeCHlIHo). ITo CpaSl-IeHHJ{) C nHKOM Kpl1311ca B anpene (869 0001') 31'0 03HalfaJlO coKpallleHl1e nOTepb B 2-3 pan. 3aTo Hana~eHMH Ha KOIIBOI1, we~wl1e B conpoBOiK~eHHI1 3CMMHueB, 6blJlI1 lIpeBaTbl ~nH nO~Bo,nHbIX J10~OK ropa3~0 60JbWI1M pMCKOM. no ~eKa6pb 1917 r. repMaHCKI1H
58

43

C

vUOJ1H

nO,lJ.BO~l-IbIX JIO.n.KH (no

3a Bce npe,nwecTByJoUl,l1e 2,5 rO)l.a BOHHbl) .

.L!:n51 Toro lITo6bl nOH~Tb HCTOKH CTonb ynopHoro HeiKenaHH~ BbICwero BoeHHO-MOpCKC

) PYKOBO!l.CTBa nepCXOAMTb K HOBblM MeTo~aM MOp-

CKOH BOOHbl, Cj1e~yeT BtpHyTbCH Ha 25 neT Ha3a~. B HaLlane 90-x rr.

XIX

B. 113-3a OKcaHa npl1wen MO~HbIH HMnyJlbC, CTI1MYJTHPYIO~I1i1 HHTepec eBponenCKMX aKUMH K MOpCKOH nOJlI1TI1KC. 01-1 6blJI CB~3aH C nO~BJIeHHeM aMepHKaHcKoro BoeHHo-MopcKoro TeOpeTI1Ka H I1CTOpl1Ka

A. T.

M:neHa.

Ho Hllr~e y'leHHe M3xeHa He I1MeJIO TaKoro OWenOMJlHIO~erO 11 6e30roBopOLIHoro ycnexa, KaK B AHrnIlM. Be,lJ.b, B CY~HOCTI1, ero KHMrM 6blJTl1 0 TOM, KaK EpHTaHIUI CTana BeJlI1KoH. IIOnl1T11Klt M BOeHI-IO-MopCKHe 3KcnepTbl npO~BMJIl1 elI,HHo~ywlle B CBOIIX BocToprax. B KOHue

XIX

B. I-IH O~Ha

~HCKYCCIUI B CTeHax KOpOJleBcKoi! BoeHHoH aKa..'leMHI1 He 06XO~MJ1aCb 6e3 Toro, llT06bl CTOpOHbl lie npH6eraJTJI K aBTopl1TeTy lIMeHI1TOrO aMepl1KaHua, a MeMopal-l~YMbl VI WTa6Hble pa3pa60TKI1 A~~MpanTeHCTBa B 1130611JlMI1 co~epiKanl1 L\HTaTbl ~13 ero Tpy.n.OB. I1MeHl-lo C 31'0ro BpeMeHH 6epeT Ha4aJTO nOneMI1Ka ,nByX WKOJI BOeHHo-MopCKOH TeopeTI14ecKoH MblCJTJI B AHrJlHYI. YCJIOBHO MX MOiKHO on-

pe~eJlHTb KaK "wKony pewalOu.;cro MopcKoro cpmKeHHH" M wKony 60pb6bl 3a MOpCKI1C KOMMYHI1J
T.

M3:ceHa HBnlleTC~ cnHWKOM

O~I-IOCTOpOHHeH, a HCTopHLleCKHe npHMepbl, Ha KOTOpblX OHa nOCTpoeHa,

CJlHWI
Kanl1TaHa LJ:iKoHa

KonOM60 Hero 6paTa a~lvtl1pana
peWa}()~HX 6111'B JTYIHeHHblX Kopa6neH 11 repoilcKI1x nOCTynKoB a.llMl1pa-

162

Eu611UOllleKO

,. K 0 p a 6 II U

OllbJ1/1110XO

U

cpa :lIe e

11 lUI

JIOB 11 oqH1L\epOB, 11 He OHI1 B KOHelJHOM I1Tore JlBmllOTCJI rJIaBHbIM, LITO

,l/.B.fluxapeB

U

163

A.o.Mupan ,l/3BU.o. 5UTH1"

TonbKO C ew.e 60nbwHMI1 LlenOBe LleCKI1MI1 )f(epTllaMI1. B H04b C 9 Ha 10

r.

onpe,lJ,eJIJleT XO,lJ, 11 HCXO,l:( 60Pb6bl 3a rOCnO,lJ,CTBO Ha Mope. rJIaBHOH JlBJIJI-

I1IOnJl 1917

eTCJI 60pb6a 3a MopcKne KOMMYHI1KaL\I1H. YcnewHo <jJYHKL\110HHpYIOll(He

rap.ll.". "BJHrapn" 6bln TpeTbl1M B Cepl1l1 ,lJ,pe,lJ,floyToB nma "CeHT-BHH-

MopcKHe nYTH -

ceHT". OH I1Men BO,lJ,0113Mew.eHl1e

BOT 3anor 3KOHOMI14eCKOro 11 BoeHHoro Moryll(eCTBa

Ha peH,lJ,e CKana-
19

250 T 11 6blJI Boopy)f(eH ,lJ,eCJlTblO

HaL\l1l1, ee cnOC06HOCTl1 np0,lJ,On)f(I1Tb 60pb6y. Kap,lJ,I1HanbHaJl 3a,lJ,a4a BO-

305-MM 0PY,lJ,HJlMI1 rnaSHoro Kan116pa. CT051JIa TI1XaJl I1lOnbCKall HOLlb, 11

eHHoro cPrrOTa -

H114TO He npe,lJ,BelL\aJIO HeCl.JaCTbll, KOr,lJ,a B 23.30 pa3,lJ,anCli B3pbIB Konoc-

3all(I1Ta MOpCKI1X KOMMyHI1Kal.l,HH, HCT04Hl1Ka Moryw.e-

CTBa Hal.l,l1l1. Ba)f(HeHW~le Tpy,l:(bl
canbHOH Cl1nbJ, Bbl3BaBWI1H ,lJ,eTOHalJ,l1lO 60M60BbiX norpe6oB. C "B3Hrap-

KOH 6nOKa,lJ,bl, cTpaTerl111 CI1CTeMbl KOHBoeB y6e,lJ,I1TenbHo nOKa3b1BaJII1, LITO

,lJ,OM" 6blJJO nOKOH4eHO B 25 ceKyH,l:(. B O,lJ,HO MfHOBeHHe norJ16nl1

B MOpCKOM BOMHe Tpe6ylOTcJI He CTonbKO rep0l13M 11 CaMOnO)f(epTBOBaHl1e,

1 000 MaTpocoB 11 o<jJl1l.\epOB 3Kl1naiKa.

CKonbKO 6eCKOHe4Hoe TepneHl1e H ynopCTBO.

60nee

BO,lJ,bl nO)J.06paJIl1 TonbKO ,lJ,ByX

MaTpocoB H O,lJ,l-loro 0cPI1l.\epa, HO nOCJIe,lJ,HI1H BCKope CKOH4aJJCR. IToBe3no

YBbl, npl1Mep 6paTbeB KOJIOM60 JII1WHI1H pa3 npO,l:(eMOHCTpl1pOBan I1CTI1HY "HeT npopoKa B CBoeM oTe4ecTBe".

1'13

I1x

nl1Wb HeCKOnbKI1M C4aCTJII1B4J1KaM, KOTopble OK33anl1Cb B TOT MOMeHT Ha

Tpy,lJ,bJ I1THOpl1pOBanl1Cb

6epery B YBOJIbHeHI1H. KaK BCer,lJ,a 6blBaeT B 1aKI1X cnYl.JaJlX, nOn0J13JI11

A,lJ,Ml1paJITeHCTBOM 11 npe3l1panl1Cb ".LJ:)f(eKI1"
cnyxl1 0 repMaHCKOH ,lJ,I1BepCl1l1. OnHaKO KOMHCCliJl, paCCne,lJ,OBaBWaJl 06-

pOMHoe Bnl1J1Hl1e Ha cPOpMl1pOBaHl1e MOpCKOH nOnl1THKI1 11 cTpaTerl1H BeJIl1Ko6pl1TaHl1l1 B Ha4aJle

XX

B.
CTOJlTenbCTBa B3pblBa, npl1wna K BbIBO,lJ,Y, 'ITO OH CTan Crre,lJ,CTBHeM HeC4aCTHoro cnY[Ia51, CKopee Bcero, He6pe)f(HOrO 06palL\eHl1J1 C 60enpl1naCaMH.

Tpy,lJ,ax MJXeHa 11 6blJIH a,lJ,enTaMH "wKonbl pewalOw.ero MopcKoro cpa)f(e-

He,lJ,enlO cnYCTJI nocne KaTaCTpOtPbI "B3Hrap,lJ,a" B BoeHHO-MOpCKOM

HI1J1". He CJIyLIaHHo, LITO I1MeHHO
Be,lJ,OMCTBe BHOBb np0l130WJIa CMeHa pyKOBO,lJ,CTBa, npH4eM nOBneKWaJl 3a

KI1 Boopy>KeHHH B 06naCTH TJI)f(eJlbIX apnUInepl1HCKI1X Kopa6neH, OT,lJ,aB

C060H rOpa3,lJ,0

npHKa3 B 1905

r.

60nee

rny60KI1e 113MeHeH1111, l.JeM Bce npe,lJ,bl,lJ,yw.l1e nepe-

0 3aKJIa,lJ,Ke ".LJ:pe.ll.HoYTa". Oml 6blJIl1 y6e)f(,l:(eHbl, LITO

CTaHOBKl1. 3nBap,lJ,a KapCOHa Ha nocTy MOpCKOro MHHl1CTpa CMeHI1JJ 3Pl1K

rnaBHOH 3a,lJ,a4ei-! BoeHHoro cPnOTa CTaHeT nOI1CK H YHI14TO)f(eHl1e cPnOTa

re.llJJ.ec, BMeCTe C Ha3Ha4eHl1eM KOToporo nOCJIe,lJ,OBana peOpraHI13al.\l1J1

npOTI1BH I1Ka.

CJ1CTeMbl ynpaBneHI1J1 <jJnOTOM, JIHKBI1,lJ,l1pOBaBwaJl Llpe3MepHYlO ueHTpa-

TaKl1e B3rnJl,lJ,bl HeO,lJ,HOKpaTHO nO,lJ,BepramlCb CypOBOH 11 3aCJIy)f(eHHOi-! KpI1THKe. B 1911

r.

nI13al.\111O. TaKHM 06pa30M, CHCTeMa "3pbI cDl1wepa", KOr,lJ,a O,lJ,HH "Benl1-

.LJ:)f(ynl1aH Kop6eTT ony6nl1KoBan CBOH 3I-IaMeHH-

KHH 4enOBeK" 6bIJI caM B Kypce Bcex ,lJ,en 11 e,lJ,I1HOJIH4HO OT,lJ,aBan npl1Ka3bl;

TbIH Tpy,lJ, "HeKoTopble npl1Hl.\l1nbl MOpCKOH cTpaTerl1l1", fOpa3,lJ,0 60nee

CI1CTeMa, KOTopali COBepweHHO He nO,lJ,XonJ1na ,lJ,nll ycnewHofO npOBeneHI1J1

rny60KI1H 11 OCI-IOBaTenbHbIH, He)f(eJIl1 onYCbl M3xeHa. Kop6eTT C BblCOKI1M

CJIOiKHblX MOpCKI1X onepal.\l1H B BOH.HaX

np0cPeCC110Han113MOM 060cHOBan OCHOBHble npl1Hl..(Hnbl 60Pb6bl 3a MOpC-

B npownoe.

Kl1e KOMMYHI1Kal.\11I1 11 I1X pewalOw.yw ponb B ycnOBI1J1X npl1MeHeHI1J1 npen-

B neKa6pe 1917

r.

XX B., Tenepb

OKOHLlaTenbHO ywna

HaCTana 04epe,lJ,b L()f(errnI1Ko. ITepe,lJ, TeM KaK 3a-

HOyTOB, HOBeHWI1X Tl1nOB KpeHcepOB, 3CMI1Hl.\eB, Topnen 11 nO,lJ,BOnHbIX

HJlTb nOCT nepBoro MopCKoro JIop,ll,a, OH 27 MeCJll.\eB Hec TJI)f(eneHWI1H rpY3

nonOK.

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTl1 KOMaHnYIOw.ero cPnoToM B BO,ll,aX MeTpOnOnl1l1. 3Ta Howa

,IJ,3Bl1,lJ, EI1TTH, KaK Ii Bce ocP~lI..\epbl "Jpbl
Ha,lJ,JJOMHJIa ero MopanbHo 11 tPH3Hl.JeCKI1. )],)f(eJIJlHKO 11 paHbwe 6blJI l.Jeno-

Ha Tpy,lJ,aX M3XeHa. YCBOel-Il1lO 11M l1,lJ,eH WKonbl pewarow.ero MopCKoro

BeKOM OCTOP0)f(HbIM 11 HepeWI1TenbHblM no Ha,ype, Tenepb 3TH CTOpOHbl

Cpa)f(eHI1J1" cnoc06CTBOBan II TOT cPaKT, 4TO nepe,lJ, BOHHOH OH KOMaH,lJ,OBan

ero xapaKTepa OKOH4aTenbHO B0306na,lJ,aml. OH MHoro 6eCnOKOHJJCJI no

TJI)f(enblMI1 apTI1JIJIepl1HCKI1MI1 Kopa6nJlMI1, nepe,lJ, KOTOPbIMI1 11 CTOJlna 3a-

nycTJlKaM, ero cPI13H4eCKoe COCTOJlHl1e YXY,lJ,WaJlocb . .ll)f(ennl1KO OKannCJI

,lJ,a4a Bbll1rpaTb :31'0 cpa)f(eH",e.Ho, B OTnWll1e OT .ll)f(ennI1KO, npaKTWIeCKI1

He ,eM l.JeJIOBeKOM, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI B COCTOJlHHI1 pewaTb CJIO)f(HeHWl1e npo-

HeBe)f(eCTBeHHoro B TaKoro p0,lJ,a nl1TepaType, El11TI1 04eHb BHI1MaTeJIbHO

6neMbi BepXOBHoro KOMaH,lJ,OBaH11J1, B oc06eHHOCTH nOCJIe Ha4ana Heorpa-

cne,lJ,l1n n

Hl14eHHOH nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HOH BOHHbl npOTI1B AHfnl1l1. ITepBblH MOpCKOH J10P,lJ,

BceMH HOBI1HKaMH. Ero rny60KI1H, CKenTH4eCKI1H yM 11 3HaHI1e

HOBeHWHX I1neH B 06naCTI1 BoeHHO-MOpCKOH CTpaTeflHI H TaKTI1KH n03BOJII1JII1 eMy 6blCTPO nepeCTpOI1TbCJI B 1917

r.,

KOr.ll.a xapaKTep BOHHbl Ha

ynpRMo npOTI1BO,lJ,eHCTBOBan BHe,lJ,peHI1IO CHCTeMbI TpaHCaTJlaHTI1LleCKHX KOHBoeB, C4I1TaJl, LITO OHI1 He 6y,ll,yT cnOC06CTBOBaTb CHI1)f(eHI1IO nOTepb

Mope 113MeHl1nCJI: Kap,lJ,I1HanbHblM 06pa30M.

ToprOBoro cPnOTa OT ,lJ,eHCTBHH repMaHCKHX cy6MapHH.

B caMblH pa3rap c'HeOrpaHI1l.JeHHOif' nO,lJ,BO,lJ,HOH BOHHbI 6pHTaHCKI1H cPnOT nOCTl1rna KaTaCTpOcPa, aHanOrl1l.JHaJl TOH, KOTOpaJl cnY Lll1JIaCb

MaJl 1917

7 OKTJl6pJl 1916

r.

o npe,ll,CTOJlw.ei1 OTCTaBKe .ll)f(eJInI1KO Ha'Janl1 r.

norOBapHBaTb y)f(e C

IIpH 310M Hal160nee BepOllTHblM npeeMHI1KOM Ha3bIBaJIH EI1T-

C PYCCKJ1M "tJ:epHoMOpCKI1M cPnoToM, KOma no He113Be-

TI1. CJIYXI1 ,lJ,OXO,ll,HJII1 11 ,lJ,0 Hero J1 6blJII1 HaCTOJIbKO ynopHblMI1, LITO EI1TTI1

CTHblM npWII1HaM B30pBanCJI 11 norl16 nl1HKOp "I1MnepaTpHl.\a Mapl1J1",

caM yBepoBarr B TaKylO B03MO)f(HOCTb B 6nl1)f(aHWee BpeMJI. E,lJ,I1HcTBeHHo,

164

Eu6nuOlneKCl

4T~ ero

U/lb.lIGlttJXlI

" K (J p a 6 Jill

II

cpa .JI(' e /Ill 51

..

!J..B.J7uxapea

165

"A/1,MUpan !J.38U,lj GUTTU"

y.n:ep)f(I1BaJIO Ha "KYHH 3nH3a6eT",:n0 npe.n:CKa3aHHe Ma.n:aM .D;Jo6ya,

CKaJaHO. Me)f()l.y 3pl1KOM feMeCOM 11 Y3MI1CCOM HMenl1 MeCTO onpe.n:e.1eH-

K010pan Hara.n:ana KOMaH.n:ylOll.(eMy, 4TO B 6nH)f(aHWee BpeMn npe.n:cTOI1T

Hble pa3HOrnaCI1$!, oc06eHHo no nOBo.n:y cy.n:OCTpOI1TenbHoH nporpaMMbl.

reHepanhHoe Cpa)f(eHHe C repMaHCKI1M QJnOTOM. B TaKOM .n:ene DI1THI He-

Ho OHI1 .n:eHCTBHTeJlbHO )J.OBepnJlH .n:pyr .n:pyry 11 IlCnblTblBanl1 B3al1MHYlO

npeMeHHO XOTen Y4acTBOBaTb nH4HO.

16

Man OH nncan )f(eHe:

"B

HaCTO-

CI1MnaTl1lO. 3TO 11 CTaJlO 3aJlO['OM ycnexa B COBMeCrHOH pa60Te )J.ByX )(JIlO-

$!ll.(ee BpeM$! Hawa .n:06neCTHall apMH$! )(06l1BaeTcn onpe)l.eneHHhlX ycnexoB

4eBblX QJl1ryp B BoeHHO-MOpCKOH HepapXl111 BeJll1K06pl1TaHHI1 Ha 3aBepllla-

Ha 3ana.n:HOM QJpOHTe H YHH4TO)f(aeT raHCOB B orpOMHOM KOnI14eCTBe. TIpo-

lOll.(eM 3Tane Ml1pOBOH BOHHhI.

THBHI1K I1cnonb3yeT CBOI1 nocne.n:Hl1e pe3epBhl, 11 Bce 6nl1)f(e .n:eHh, Kor.na

OTHoweHHn Me)f(.n:y Y3MI1CCOM 11 DI1TTI1 C caM oro Ha4aJla yCTaHoBH-

~Ihl npl1.n:eM K HeKoMy onpe.n:eJleHHoMy QJI1Hany. 3x, eCJlI1 6bl Mbl MOrJlI1

JlI1Cb BnOJlHe .n:06p0)f(enaTeJlbHble H OCTaBanHCb TaKOBblMH .n:O KOHL{a BOH-

XOTb B 4eM-TO nOM04b, 1-10 B HaCTO$!ll.(ee BpeMn Mbl He MO)f(eM 11 .n:OJl)f(Hbl

Hbl. "OTHOWeHH$! Me)f(.n:y EWITH 11 .D;)KeJlnI1KO, -

.n:ep)f(aTb HaWI1 .n:YWI1 B CMl1peHHH. Ho Ma.n:aM .D;106ya yTBep)f(.n:aeT, 'ITO Hawe BpeM$! np l1 .n:eT, 11 Tor.n:a Mbl CMO)f(eM nOKOH411Tb C HMMI1pa3 H HaBcer-

nocne BOHHbl,- HHKor)J.a He 6hlJIl1 cepJJ.e l lHhlMI1 -

.n:a. BOT nOCJJe :nora $I rOTOB I-I.n:TI1 B A)(MHpaJlTeHCTBO IlnH eme Ky.n:a, ecnl1 MeHn nOnpOC$!T... "

BCnOMI1Han Y3MI1CC y)f(e nepBblH BCer,ll.a C41H3n,

4TO nOCJle)J.HI1H C03HaTenbHO YKJlOHHJ1Cn OT IOTJlaH.n:CKoro CpaJKeHH$!, 11 Bo06li(e 6hlJl 0 HeM HeBblCOKoro MHeHYI$!; 11, KOHe41-10 )f(e, OTHoweHHn l-feJK.n:y A,ll.Ml1paJlTeHCTBOM 11 [paH)J. <1>JlI1TOM CTanl1 60nee .n:OBepHTeJlhHbl.V111 11

O.n:HaKO B 1917 r. £I-ITTI1 He cy)f()(eHO 6bIJIO nonaCTb B A.n: M1 lpanTeI1CTBO . .D;)f(eJlJlHKO c.n:aJl .n:eJla TOJlbKO B .n:eKa6pe, a HOBblH MOpCKOH MI1HI1CTP

)J.06pOJKeJlaTeJlhHhlMI1 C MOI1M npHxonOM". )XeikIBI1TenbHO, Ha npOTH)f(e-

3Pl1K feMec OCTaHOBHJl CBOH Bbl60p Ha a.n:MllpaJIe P03JII1He Y3CTep-Y3MHcce.

¢JlOTOM OCTaBaJIl1Cb Ha KOpOTKOH Hore. I1x nl1CbMa .n:pyr .n:pyry HaLJI1Ha-

Y3MI1CC 6blJl Ha

7

neT CTapwe DI1TTI1, HMeJl 60JlbWI1e CB$!311 npl1 .n:Bope H

HI1H nocne)J.He['o BoeHHoro ro.n:a nepBblH MOpCKOii JlOP.n: H KOMaH.n:yWll(HI1

JlI1Cb 06pall.(eHHnMI1 ·'.D;oporoH .D;3BHJJ." 11 ")J,oporOH P03H". YBbl, cpa3Y

.n:oBonbHo 6blCTpO npo.n:Bl1raJlC$! no CJly)f(e6HOH neCTHl1l1e. HallaJlo BOHHbl

nocJle OKOH4aHI1$! BOHHbl OTHOWeHI111 Me)f(.n:y ".D;3BH.n:OM" H "P03H" 6bICT-

3acrano ero KOMaH.n:ylOll.(I1M 3CKa.n:POH 6pOHeHOCHblX KpeHcepOB B COCTaBe

po H3MeHHJlI1Ch B Xy)J.WyIO CTOPOHY.

OTe4eCTBeHHOrO QJnOTa. 3aTeM ero nepeBenH Ha Cpe.n:113eMHOe Mope, r.ne

~blJl

B Hallane 1918 r.

y)f(e Oll.(yll.(anOCh, 4TO BOHHa 6m1311TC$! K KOHL{y.

KOMeH.n:aHTOM BOeI-lHO-MOPCKOH 6a3bl Ha JIeMHoce, 06eCne l Il1BaJOll.(eH Onep a lll1lo no ¢OpCl1pOBaHHIO .D;ap.n:aHeJlJlbCKOrO npOJlHBa. KOMaH-

DhlJlO nCliO, 4TO Benl1K06pl-1TaHHH B 04epe.n:HoH pa3 y.n.anOCb OTCTonTh CBOI1

.noBan Kopa6Jl$!MH, npl1KpblBaBWI1MI1 Bblca)J.Ky .n:ecaHTa B fanmmonl1 B

y)f(e 3apo)f()J.aJlaCb HOBa$! yrp03a, HOBan np06J1eMa, HCKaTb BbIXO.n: 1-13 KO-

01-1

anpeJle

1915

r. Hey.n:allHblH WTypM tIepHoMOpCKI1X npOnl1BOB HHKaK He

orpa311nClI Ha Kapbepe 'Y3Mllcca. HanpoTI1B, OH nOJlY411Jl 3Be3,lIbl Bl1uea.n: Ml1 paJla 11 nepenopxHy.l Ha BeCbMa TenneHbKoe MeCTellKO (B npnMOM 11 nepeHOCHOM CMblCJle) Hhl

1917

Ha npOT$!)f(eHHI1 Bcero

1916

r. 11 nepBoH nonOBH-

r. KOMaH.n:OBan BoeHHO-MOpCKI1MI1 CHJlaMI1 B I1H.D:I'IHCKOM OKeaHe.

n03HL{1111 "BJla,ll.bl'lHL{bl MopeH". Ho B rOpHl1ne nepBoH Ml1pOBOM BOMHbl

TOPOH Ha npOT$!)f(eHI1I1 ncpBoro nocneBoeHHoro )J.eC$!THJJCTI1$! npl1WnOCb I1MeHHO .D;3BI1.n:y EI1TTH.

KOH~enL{H$! 3KOHOMH l leCKOH BOHHhl npOTI1B [epMaHI1H 1-1 HaHeCeHI1$! eH nOpa)f(eHI151 nocpe)J.CTBOM HenpOHlll\aeMOH. MOpCKOH 6J10Ka)J.bl pa3pa6aTblBanaCh B 6pl1TaHCKOM A.n:Ml1paJlTCikTBe Ha npOU)f(eHI1H

1906-1908 rr.

EMy y)f(e npl1weJl npl1Ka3 npl1HHb KOMaH)J.OBaJ-lI1e Cp e.n:l13eMHoMopCKHM

3aHHManl1Cb )l.aHHOH np06ner.lOH Ha4aJlbHHK OT)J.eJla BoeHHo-MopCKOii pa3-

QJnoToM,

Be.n:KI1 KOHTp-a.n:MHpan tIapnh3 OTTJJH, a 3aTeM CMeHI1BWI1H ero Ha 3TOM

K~r.n:a

BCKope nocne.n:OBano npe.n:nO)f(eHl1e MopCKoro MI1HI1CTpa

cpa3Y nepel1TI1 B A)J.MllpanTeHCTBO, 11 Y3MI1CC He OTKa3aJlC$!.

nocTy KOHTp-a)J.Ml1paJl 3.n:MOH)J. CneH.n:. B pe3YJlhTaTe CBOI1X 113blCKaHHH

Bbl60p [eMeca OKa3aJlCn y)J.a4HbIM. "BnepBble C Ha4ana BOHHbl _ nl1can npo¢eccop Map.n:ep, BOL{apHJlaCb rapMOl-ll1n B OTHOWeHl1nX Me;.n:y

OHI1 npl1WJIl1 K BbIBO.n:y, 4TO npOM blwneHHOCTb repMaHHH 11 06ecne4c~lI1e ee HaCeJleHl1l1 BceM He06xo)J.HMh1M 3aBI1CnT OT MOpCKI1X nepeB030K He B

A.n:Ml1paJlTeHCTBoM 11 BblCWI1M KOMaH)(OBaHl1eM [paH.n:
MeHbUleH

)f(eM CMeJlO )l.06aBI1Tb -

Ii BHYTpl1 A.n:Ml1paJlTeHCTBa. DpaT MopcKoro MI1-

P.MaKKeHHe .n:OKJla)J.HylO 3anHCKy, KOTOpa$! Ha4~IHanaCh n04TI1 n03T1-14eC-

HHcTpa, 6y.n:yU(I1H nOCOJl Benl1K06pl1TaHHH B CilIA OKJlaH.n: [eMec 3aMe-

KI1: 'Teorpa¢WleCKoe nOJlO)f(eHl1e HaweH crpaHhl B cOBoKynHocTI1 C ee npe-

Tl1n B CBOI1X MeMyapax: "BJaHMooTHoweHHn, YCTaHoBHBWl1eC$! Me)f(.n:y MOp-

06na.n:alOll.(eH MOpCKOH MOll1blO .n:aeT HaM BepHoe 11 npOCToe cpe)J.CTBO y.n:y-

CTeneHI1,

lIeM

caMa

BemtK06pHTaHI1$!.

OTTnH

npe.n:CTaBI1J1

CKHM MI1HHCTPOM 11 HOBblM nepBblM MOPCKI1M nop.n:oM, 6blJlH nO'!T11 H)J.e-

WeHI1$! [epMaHHH C MOP$! ....B xo.n:e npo.n:OJl)f(I1TeJlbHOH BOHHhl MeJlbHI14-

aJlb~bIMI1,11

Hble )f(epHOBa HaweH MOpCKOH MOll.(H (xoTn H He TaK 6bICTpO, KaK XOTenOCb

OHI1 pa60TaJll1 60K 0 60K C nonHblM B3al1MHblM .n:oBepHeM. Mop-

CKOI1 MI1HHCTP orpa)f(.n:aJl

MopnKoB OT BMeWaTeJlbCTBa nOJlI1THKOB

P$!KH C nOJlHOM oT.n:alJeH npeTBopnnl1 B JKH3Hb peWeHl1n

a MO-

BocCTaHOBJI~HHOrO

B CBoeM aBTopl1TeTe COBna A.n:Ml1paJlTeHCTBa". OTHOCHTeJlbHO '·H.n:eaJTbHblX oTHoweHHH"

B MeMyapax O. [eMeca, nO)f(anyH, CJlI1WKOM rpOMKo

6bl) COTpyT B nopOWOK npOMblWJleHHOe HaCeneHl1e [epMaHI1I1. B KOHL{e

KOH~OB CKB03h MOCTOBble faM6ypra npopaCTeT -rpaBa, nOBClO.n:y BOUapHC$! CMepTb H pa3pyxa". O.n:HaKO 6J10Ka.n:a [epMaHI1I1 MOrJla 6blTb 3cjJcjJeKTI1BHOH TOJlbKO B

166

EII6nllomel':a anb,llallaXa

"Kopa6J1I1 II CpaJICel/lIR"

IJ. . B. n 11 x ape B

"A Il. M 11 pan

IJ. <3 B I1Il.

167

511 T T 11 •

CJIylJae npeCeyeHl1l1 BCeH MOpCKOH TOprOBJI.I1 3TOH CTpaHbl, B TOM Y.I1CJle

HanpOTI1B, OTBeTI1J1I1, 4TO OHI1 npl1HI1MaJOT npaBI1JIa JIOH)l.OHCKOH AeKJla-

nepeB030K nOtl ¢JIarOM HeHTpaJlbHblX CTpaH. TaKl1e MepOnpl1l1Tl1l1 MOfJHI

palll1.11 npl1 ycnoBl111 I1X co6mOJJ.eHl1l1 tlpyroH BOIOlOlUeH CTOpOHOH.

npl1BeCTI1 He TOJIbKO K nOnpaHl11O npaB HeHTpaJIbHblX rocytlapCTB, HO H

OtlHaKO y)Ke B nepBble HeAeJlI1 BOHHbI 06e CTOpOHbl Hal.JaJlI1 CfoICTe-

WJIH Bpa3pe3 C O¢Hlll1aJlbHOH n0311lll1eH BeJII1K06pJ1TaHI1I1, 06bllBI1Bweii

MaTH4eCKI1 OrpeKaTbClI OT np.l1Hlll1nOB Me)KAYHap0JJ.HbIX corJlaweHI1i1 no

ce611 OtlHI1M 113 rapaHTOB Me)KtlYHap0,l(HbIX 3aKOHOB MOpCKOH ToprOBJUI

MOpCKOH TOprOBJIe 11 non.l1pan I1X OJJ.HO 3a JJ.pyr.l1M nOtl

nOtl HeHTpaJIbHblM ¢JIarOM, npOB03rJlaWeHHblX B IlaplUKcKoH tleKJIapallJUI

weHHlI 3T.I1X np.l1Hlll1nOB npOTI1BHI1KOM. Y)Ke

1856 r.

JII1KOBaJI 3allBJleHl1e, 4TO Bce cYJJ.a, HanpaBJlllJOll\l1eClI B POTTepJJ.aM, 6YJJ.yT

11 nOLI.TBep)KtleHHbIX B raarcKoH tleKJIapalll1H

KOH tleKJIapaL\1111

1907

r. 11 JIOHtlOHC-

nOtlpa3AemlTbclI Ha TpI1 KaTeroplil1:

1909 r.

IlpaB,l(a, BoeHHbIe MOPllKI1 He licnblTblBaJII1 HHKaKI1X COMHeHI1H l1e-

1)

npetlJIoro~ Kapy-

13 aBrycTa 3JJ.Baptl fpe.l1 ~ny6­

cYAa no,n: ¢JIarOM npOTI1BHI1Ka;

cYJJ.a, CJIeJJ.YlOml1e 113 Coetll1HeHHblX iliTaTOB;

3)

2)

OCTaJlbHble. DOJIbWmCTBo

1914

petl JlI1ll0M BblweynoMlIHYTblX OCJIO)KHeHI1H. "BOHHa He I1MeeT npaBI1JI,-

6p.l1TaHCKI1x rocYJJ.apCTBeHHblX tlellTeJIeH K KOHUY ceHT1I6pll

mlCaJl 11111ep, -

HaCI1JIl1e. CaMOOrpaHl1yeHl1e B BOHHe-

WJlI1 K y6e)KAeHI1IO, 4TO I1MeHHO 3KOHOMI14eCKall 6JIOKaJJ.a nOMO)KeT Bbll1r-

CYTb BOHHbl -

r. npl1-

I1tlHOTJ13M. neH nepBblM, 6eH CliJ1bHO, 6ei1 6e3 nepetlbIWKI1"! l1wep B CBoeH

paTb BOHHy. JII1Wb 04eHb HeMHOrl1e tlOnycKaJII1 B03MO)KHOCTb KOHqlJJ.I1KTa

npOCTOTe nOJlaraJl, llTO Me)KAYHapOtlHOe npaBO "He I1MeeT 3y60B". lITO

C ClllA Ha 3TOH n04Be. ACKBI1T 6bIJI, nO)KanyH, eJJ.I1HcTBeHHbIM lIenOBeKOM

KacaeTCli nOJIO)KeHl1l1 HeHTpaJlbHblX rocytlapCTB B 6y.n;ymeH 60JlbWOH eB-

B npaBI1TeJIbCTBeHHoM Ka611HeTe, KOTOpblH CI.JI1TaJl, I.JTO AHrJIl1l1 He MO)KeT

poneHCKOH BOHHe, TO H3 HI1X TonbKO COetll1HeHHble lllTaTbI MOrJIl1 B cny4ae He06xotll1MOCTI1 nOtlKpenl1Tb CBOI1 npaBa Cl1noH. K

1914 r.

BoeHHbIH

ce6e n03BOJll1Tb yTpaTI1Tb A06poe pacnOJlO)KeHl1e AMepl1KI1 11 tlOJI)KHa CTapaTbclI COXpaHI1Tb ero JIl060H lleHoH. fpeH, lIepl.Jl1J1J1b,

JIJI~oHA JJ:)K

Ptl)K:

¢JIOT nOH cTpaHbI y)Ke nepeMeCTI1JICli Ha TpeTbe MeCTO B Ml1pe, no Yl1cny

KI1T'-IeHep 11 Apyme Tpe60BaJII1 y)KeCT04eHHlI OrpaHl1l.JeH 1111 no MOpCKOI1

Kopa6J1eH npaKTl1lleCKI1 He yCTynall repMaHcKoMy.

TOprOBJle. Ha BBe.neHI1I1 HenpoHl1llaeMoH MOPCKOH 6J10Ka.nbl

HaCTa~BaJIO

POBaJJl1 np06JIeMy MorymeCTBeHHbIX HeHTpaJlOB. 06meHI1e C aMepl1KaHC-

11 ¢paHllY3cKoe npaBI1TeJIbCTBo. HOBblH nan B nOnpaHl111 npaB HeHTpaJlbHOH TOprOBJII1 Ha4aJlClI C

KI1MI1 MOPCKI1MI1 O¢l1llepaMI1 11, npe)K,l(e Bcero, C KOMaHAl1pOBaHHblM B

B03Bpam eH .I1eM

HeJIb3l1 CKa3aTb, 4T06bl MaKKeHHa 11 l1lliep nOJlHOCTbJO HrHopH-

30

OKT1I6pll

1914

r. B A.nMl1paJITeHCTBO C1>l1wepa. C

3

HO-

paHra YI1J1bllMOM CI1MCOM, KOTOpblH 6blJI BXO)K K

1I6Pll BCliKoe HeHTpaJIbHOe cy.nHO, HanpaBJIliBWeeCli B CeRepHoe Mope 6e3

caMoMy npe311tleHTy Teotl0py PY3BeJIbTY, HaBOtll1JIO nepBoro MopcKoro

aHrJII1HCKI1X HaBI1ralll10HHblX .nOKyMeHToB, pl1CKOBaJlO B3JIeTeTb Ha B03.nyX

AHrJlHIO Kanl1TaHOM

III

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1908 r.

l1wep BblCMellJl BoeHHbIe nJIaHbl CJleHAa

no o6opoHe KaHaAbI Ha cnylJaH BOHHbl C ClllA. B tleKa6pe

1910 r.

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Ha 6pl1TaHCKI1X MI1HHblX nOJIlIX, BblCTaBJIeHHblX B Me)KAYHapOAHbIX

Bo.na~.

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B npl1cyTcTBl111 MHOrl1X O¢l1lll1aJlbHbIX JIlill Ha 6aHKeTe B rl1JItl-xonne npo-

lIBJIlIeTClI

B03rnaCI1n TOCT 3a JlOllJlbHble OTHOWeHl1l1 Me)Ktly tlByMlI aHrnocaKCOHCKI1-

Henocpe.nCTBeHHO JII160 OKOJIbHblM nyTeM. BoeHHoH KOHTpa6a H.n oH 6blJII1

MI1 Aep)KaBaMI1. 11111ep nOMep)KI1BaJl nepenl1cKy 11 cA.

T.

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11

He

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B

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HOH ToprOBJIH, BKJJI04all XJIOnOK 11 npoAyKTbl OIiTaHl1l1. TIOJIb3YllCb

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CI1JIbHO

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np06JIeMa "cB060-

06blI.JHbIM ·.neJIOM. Ilol.JeMy )Ke ClIlA y)Ke B nepBbIe TpI1 MeClIlla BOHHbl He npe.nnpI1HlI-

,l(bI MopeH" H TeCHO cBlI3aHHblH C HeH Bonpoc 0 npaBax HeHTpaJlbHblX CTpaH

JlI1 HI1KaKI1X AeHCTBeHHblX warOB, llT06bl OTCTOllTb CBOH npaBa? AMepl1-

npl106peJII1 rpoMaAHoe 3Ha4eHl1e. B caMOM HayaJIe nepBoH Ml1pOBOH BOH-

KaHUbl BnOJIHe MOrJII1 HaJIaAI1Tb 3CKopnipOBaHI1e KOHBoeB 113 HeHTpaJlb-

Hbl npaBI1TeJIbCTBO ClllA 3anpOCI1JIO BOlOlOml1e CTOpOHbl, 6ytleT nl1 I1MI1

HbIX CYAOB CBOI1MI1 BoeHHblMI1 Kopa6JIlIMI1, KaK 3TO OHI1 y)Ke AemlJlI1 B

tlenapTaMeHTa

ClIlA,

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r.

1914 r.

11 peKOMeHtlOBaJIO 11M npH-

1798 r.

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Aep)KI1BaTbClI nOCJleAHeH. npl1TaHCKOe npaBI1TeJIbCTBO JJ.aJIO OTBeT, 4TO OHO

caJICli 60JIbwe, 4eM JII060H ApyroH ¢OPMbl npoTecTa CO CTOPOHb! ClIlA.

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Hbl, pll.n rocy.napCTBeHHblx AellTeJleH CiliA, Hanpl1Mep, YOJITep TIeH.n)K,

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onaCaJII1Cb, 4TO paAI1KaJIbHble Mepbl npOTI1Bo.nei1cTBl1l1 BenHK06pl1TaHI111

168

bll fj il U () 111

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169

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peM

1914 r. -

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1915 r.

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neHJJ,)f(, P. JIaHcHHr, 3. XaY3 H, H3KOHeu, caM npe311JJ,eHT

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Y.

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Ba)f(HeHUlHH py6e)f( B HC1'Opl1H MOpCKOH nOJIHTI1KH", -

1915 r.

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C CoeJJ,HHeHHbIMH IllTaT
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eJJ,HHCTBeHHoe opy)f(He, KOTopoe B TO BpeMli Morno 6blTb 3
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HCrlOJIb30BaHO npOHlB fepMaHI1H, -

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HblM KOHlV1TI1KTOM H He3all.\I1ll.\eHHOCTbfO CiliA. npe)f(JJ,e Bcero 3TO OTHO-

aMCpl1KlIHCKYlX CYJJ,oBJIa.ll.eJlbl..\eB, TBepJJ,I1BwHX, '11'0 BHJIbCOH H MHHIlCTep-

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1914 r.

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npe~e6pe­

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c0611palOTCli 3all.\l1ll.\aTb CDOH npaBa H I1HTepCCbI, HO I1MeTb pewaj()ll.\HH

06eCne411Jla 6bl CIliA BoeHHblM
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I

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HHTepeCbJ H OJJ,HOBpeMeIIHO nOCJ1Y)f(I1Tb B KalleCTBe "60JIbWOH

KaMnaHlIlO TaKl1e BJIHHTeJlbHble JIIOJJ,H, KaK 6blBWHH npe3HJJ,eHT TeoJJ,0p

6Y.ll.Yll.\eH .ll.HnJlOMaTI1H. ECJIH .lla)f(e

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HOBO~1

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apMI1H H HOBOMy
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B

1916 r.

CiliA, y6e.ll.HBWHCb B HeB03MO)l{HOCTI1 CM1Ir4eHI111 al(rJlI1I1-

KHX TpeHHH B H:lllaJle nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbl JlBH.1HCb BoeHHble Mepon-

CKOH 6JIOKaJlbl, CTaHODJlTCH Ha nYTb C03JJ,aHHH MorYll.\eCTBeHHoro B
pHHTHH AHrJIHH, HMeBWHe l..\eJIbfO 6JIOKaJJ,y cTpaH TpoHcTBeHHoro COI03a,

ro

C OJJ,HOH CTOpOHbl, H CTpeMJIeHHe aMepHKaHcKoro Kanl1Ta1Ta K HeorpaHH4eHHoH TOprOBJle co BCeMI1 BOIOIOll.\I1MH cTopoHaMH, C JlpyroH. AHrJIHHCKoe npaBI1TeJIbCTBO 06bHBHJIO nOllTH Bce CKOJIbKO-HI16YJJ,b cYll.\eCTBeHHble npeJJ,MeTbl Me)KJJ,yHapoJJ,HoH TOprOBJIH BoeHHoH KOHTpa6aH.ll.oJ1. CeBepHoe Mope 6blJIO 06bHBJIeHO BoeHHOH 30HOH H 3aMI1HHpOBaHO. TOprOBJIH CiliA C fepMaHHeif H ABcTpo-BeHrpHei1 y)Ke K

1915 r.

npaKTII4eCKI1 npeKpaTH-

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3


1916

r., BI1JIbCOH 3allBI1JI: "HeT JJ,py-

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Henpl1KOCHOneHHocTb 60JIee 06WHpHOH Teppl1TOpl1H, 'IeM npl1XoJJ,I1TCSI aMC-

no nOBoJJ,y MOpCKOH 6JIOKaJJ,bl. HeKOTopble 113 3THX HOT 6blJII1 COCTaBJIeHbl

pl1KaHcKoMy
liCCMOTpH Ha TO 'ITO MHOrJ1e pyKOBO.ll.H-

no cBoeH MOll.\I1". 3TO 6blJI y)f(e npHMoH Bbl30B 6pHTaHcKoMy MOpCKOMy

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11 He JJ,OBOJJ,I1Tb ,n:o KOH
nJIaHbl MopCKoro JJ,enap1'aMeHTa B

B BeCbMa pe3KHX Bblpa)f(eHHHX.

11,

1916

r."

TaKHM 06pa30M, nporpaMMa C03JJ,aHHH "
,n:OHOM Bce YBeJll1 l Il1BaJIHCb. B BaWI1HITOHC Tll.\eTHO O)f(H.llaJIH OT-

HHKaKoMy JJ,pyrOMY", BnepBble B03HI1Kna BCJIeJJ,CTBl1e aHrJIo-aMepI1KaHC-

BeTa OT COlO3HYlKOB Ha nOCJlaHHble npOTeCTbl. K TOMy npeMeHI1 JJ,BH)f(eHHe

KHX npOTHBOpC4Y1H no Bonpocy 0 npaBe 6JlOKaJJ,bl H "cB060.ll.e MOpCH".

B Te4eHI1e Bcero JIeTa

1915 r.

170

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" K OD a 6 n 11

U

cpa )/(' e /I lUI

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Ban Ha WeCTImeTHIOlO nporpaMMy, no 38BepweHHH KOTOpOH B 1925 r. ClllA 6Y~YT pacnonaraTb BoeHHblM epnoToM, paBHblM 6pHTaHcKoMy. O.n.HaKo BHJIbCOH nOTpe60Ban cOKpaTHTb CpOKH. ITporpaMMa, BOTHpoBaHlIa~ KOHrpecCOM 29 aBryCTa 1916 r., 6bIna paCCLIHTaHa Ha TPexneTHHH CpOK, H
):(eHcTBHTenbHo, nporpaMMa npe~ycMaTpHBaJIa CTpOH reJIbCTBO B Te4eHHe TPex JIeT 10 JIHHeHHblx Kopa6JIeii, 6 nl1HeHHblX KpeHcepoB, 10 JIerKJiX KpeHcepoB, 50 3CMHHl..\eB, 66 nO~BO~HbIX nO~OK H 14 BcnoMoraTeJTbHblX CY~OB. Bcero 156 BoeHHblX Kopa6neH, H3 KOTOpblX 16 - KpynHeHwHe JTHHKOpbr H nHHeHHbie KpeHcepa, BoopY)KeHHble 406-MM 0PY~H~MH. CyMMapHblH TOHHa)K BoeHHblX Kopa6neii nporpaMMbl 1916 r. COCTaBHn 813 000 T, 'ITO 3Ha LIHTenbHO npeBblWaJIO cyMMapHblH TOHHa)K BoeHHblX l(Opa6neH, nOCTpoeHHblX B paMKax 10 npe~weCTBYlO~HX MOpCKHX nporpaMM. ITo cpaBHeHHIO CaMepHKaHCKHM pa3MaXOM "repMaHCKHH Bbl30B Ha MOPllX" M Bce MopCKHe nporpaMMbl THpnHl\a npe~CTaBnllnHCb cy~eH MenOLJbfO. C peaJIH3 a UHeH nporpaMMbl K 1921 r. BoeHHblH epJTOT ClliA .n.OJDKeH 6bln HMeTb 29 JTHHKOpOB, 6 nHHeHHblX KpeHcepoB H 350 nerKHX Kopa6neH H nO~BO~HbIX JIO~OK. 35 TlI)KenblX Kopa6JIeH HMeJTl1 6br CpOK cny)K6bl He

60nee 10 neT H no Becy 60pTOBoro 3anna H HeKOTopblM ~PYrHM Ka4eCTBeHHblM xapaKTepHCTHKaM HMenH 6bl npeBocXO~CTBO Ha~ 42 aHrnHHcKHMH

~pe~HoYTaMI1. OCBoeHHe 377 000 T HalJanOCb y)Ke B 1917 r., 6blnH 3ano)KeHbl 4 nHHeHHblx Kopa6ml THna "Konopa~o", 4 mlHeHHblx KpeHcepa THna "CapaTora", 20 3CMHHueB H 30 nO~BOAHbIX JIO~OK. ITpHHlITali MopcKali nporpaMMa Bbl3Bana pe3KHH CKaLIOK B e)KeronHblX OTLJHCneHHlIX Ha cO~ep)KaHHe epnoTa: 1915 r. 149 661 864 ~on., 1916 r. - 312 678 071 ~on., 1917 r. 1 771 083 000 ~onn.

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Bonpoc 0 TOM, Kor~a Ha4anOCb aHrno-aMepHKaHCKoe conepHWleCTBO B MOpCKHX BoopY)KeHHlIX, ~onroe BpeMlI OCTaBa.TCli cnopHbrM B 3apy6e)KHOH HCTopHorpaepHH ~aHHOH TeMbI. Pll~ aHrnHHCKHX H aMepHKaHCKl1X HCTOpHKOB (feKTop EaHyoTep, fapoJTb)1, H MaprapeT CnpaYT) Cll.\e B 3040 rr. CTanH YTBep)K~aTb, 'ITO nporpaMMy 1916 r. Henb311 paccMaTpHBaTb

/1,. B./Il1xapeB

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184

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1916 r.

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30

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1918

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1918 r.

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16

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C H01l6p51 1919 r. no I1JOJIb 1927 r. -

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199

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r.

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B

1930 r. neH60pl1CTCKOe npaBI1TeJlbCTBO

Mano.uyw~o nOllJJlO

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Ml1pe 11 oc06eHHO ee 060pOHocnoc06HOCTI1". B HHBape 1924 r. BnepBble B HCTOpl111. AH[J11111 K BJlaCTl1 npl1weJI

KHX npHHl.(l1nOB H He06xOAI1MOCTI1 COOTBeTCTBYIOll.\ero MaTepHaJIbl-IOrO 06ecne4eHHlI .D.Jl51 npeTBOpeHl1l1 HX B )I(H3Hb. 3TO 6bIJla cyry60 nOJlI1TH4eCKa51 c
MOpCKHM MHHHCTpOM. B A.D.MHpaJlTeHCTBe OI1TTH

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CTp0Jll.l..lI1MI1CJI, T. e. 60JIbWe, 4eM I1MeJIOCb y repMaHI1I1. K HblH TOHHa)l{ BoeHHoro
ClllA

cYMMap-

npeBblCJ1n cyMMapHblH TOHHalK rep-

Q>JIOT, B TOM BI1,lJ.e, B KaKOM OH CYll..\eCTBOBan B HaLJane XX B., He Mor npe.l\CTaBJr5!Tb HenOCpe.l\CTBeHHoH yrp03bl BeJIHK06pHTaHHH.

Donee

Toro,

l3pJ1TaHCKa5! I1MnepH'I 6blJla nonpOCTY He B COCTO'lHI1H OTBeTJ1Tb Ha "aMe-

B

MaHCKoro aiiHlHr IliJ1nc" BnepBble 6e30roBopoLIH0

PHKClHCKHH Bb130B" nepe,lJ. JlHl..\OM paCTYll..\eH repMaHCKOH yrp03bl.

OTBeJI eMy BTopoe MeCTO B Ml1pe.

Jle XX B. YCHJ1H5! CIliA no Hapal.l..lHBaHHIO CBoeH MOpCKOH MOl.l..lI1 npowJII1

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XX

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BB., B OTnH411e 01' "TeOpl1J1 pHcKa" cjJOH

Haya-

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Tenb

1907 T.:

IT. XHCJlaM nucan B

"ITo,UueM COe,1J.HHeHHblx lllTaToB Ha

nTopoe MeCTO Cpe,lJ.H BeJII1KI1X MOpCKHX .l\ep)KaB MHpa, OTHOCHTeJIbHblH

TJ1pnl1l.(a, He 6blJIa (TOJIb aM611l..\H03HOH J1 He HOCHJIa CTOJIb 5!pKO Bblpa-

yna.l\OK

)J(eHHOH aHTI13HrJII1HCKOH HanpaBneHHOCTI1. XapaKTep aMepHKaHCKoro Bhl-

npeBOCXO,lJ.CTBO 5l1l0HCKOH MOpCKOH MOl.l..lH Ha THXOM OKeaHe -

BoeHHoro

QJJlOTa

HaWI1X

,npy3eH-
nO,lJ.aBJI'IIOl.l..lee

30Ba 6bIn npaKTl14eCKH l1.l\eHTJ14eH repMaHcKoMy. Ha4HeM C Toro, 'ITO .l\JUI

npOXO,lJ.I11' npaKTJ1lleCKH He3aMel.JeHHb1M He TOJIbKO ,lJ.JIJI "lleJIOBeKa C ynl1-

Bce 31'0

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l..\bl", HO H ,lJ.m JIIO,lJ.eH, 06ne l leHH blX BnaCTblO. )J.JI5! 60JIbWHHCTBa 0611TaTe-

M3xeHa, H J1MeHHO l1~eJ1 M3xeHa ne)l{aJll1

JleH HaWHX OCTpOBOB CerO.l\H5! CYl.l..leCTByeT TOJIbKO O.l\Ha MOpCKa5! ,lJ.ep)l{aBa

MI1 KHl1raMI1 6blJII1 Tpy,Ubl A. B

OCHOBe

aMepl1KaHCKOH

T.

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nOJIJ1THKI1

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-

rep M aHI1 'I , TOJlbKO O.l\HH BoeHHblH QJJIOT, ,lJ.OCTOHHbll1 BHI1MaHH5!, -

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MOpCKa5! CTpaTerJ15! ClllA TaK)I{e, KaK H MOpCKa5! CTpaTerl15! repMa-

IlIJIaXTQJJlOTTe

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H

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HI1J1, HOCI1JIa npe)f(.l\e Bcero aHTJ1aHrJlI1HcKYIO HanpaBJIeHHocTb. KaK H HeMUbl.

JIJ1Wb C yCTpaHeHl1eM repMaHHH B Ka4eCTBe rJIaBHOrO conepHI1Ka

aMepJ1KaHl..\bl CTpeMHlll1Cb npl1HY,lJ.I1Tb Bem1K06pl1TaHHIO K yCTynKaM nyTeM

Ha MOpHX aHrno-aMepHKaHCKJ1e MopCKHe npOTHBOpe4J15! BblCTynHJIH Ha

C03,UaHIIJI TaKoro
B

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CTpaTerHYeCKHe

nOp33HTeJIbHOe CXO,QCTBO.

nepBblH llJlaH. Tenepb ClllA npeTeH,1J.OBanH y)Ke Ha napllTeT BoeHHblX cpnoToB. )lonroe BpeM5! C,lJ.ep)J{I1BaeMOe pa3.l\pa)l{eHJ1e aHrnHI1cKHx a,lJ.MHpa-

J1.l\eH

J1

THpnJ1ua

Y1'O HM HeT Hy)l{,Qbl C03,lJ.aBa1'b
Mbl KOr,lJ.a-HJ16Y.l\b 6Y,lJ.eM BoeBaTb, a AMepHKa 6Y.l\eT HeHTpaJIbHoi1, H

CKJ1M", B CJIyLlae BoeHHoro KOHQJJIJ1KTa AHrnJul Bce paBuo 6y,UeT He B

aMepHl
COCTOJlHHJ1 COCpe,lJ.OT04HTb npOTI1B ClllA Bce CHnbl CBoero rpOMa,lJ.HOrO

'1Tb CBOIO ToproBnlO H CB060,lJ.y MopeH ,lJ.JlJl HeHTpanoB, 51 MOJIIO rocno,na, 4T06bI y

npOTJ1B n06epe)l{bll COe,lJ.HHeHHbIX IliTaTOB aHrJ1WlaHaM npHWJlOCb 6bl CO-

npJ1TJl3aHJ111 J1 n03BOJll1Tb 6pl1TaHcKoMy QJnOTy pewHTb 3TY np06neMy. HWITO

Cpe,lJ.OTOLJJ1Tb B 3ana,1J.HOM nOJIywapl111 He MeHee "Ho KaK ,UOJIro, -

30

JII1HeMHblX Kopa6neH.

Bonpowan aMepI1KaHCKJ1H a,UMJ1paJI, -

CMO)l{eT AHrnl1H

06XO,lJ.J1TbC5! 6e3 31'0ro KOnJ14eCTBa, He yTpaTI1B CBOJ1X n03J1l.(J1H B EBpone"? ITepBoH peaKUJ1eH JIoH,lJ.OHa Ha YCHneHJ1e aMepJ1KaHCKOH MOpCKOH MOl.l..lJ1 6bInO CTpeMJleHl1e pa3peWI1Tb npOTI1BOpe l1l15! nyTeM yCTynoK J1 )(IW-

1896

npaBHTeJIbCTBa

Tex

QJJIOTa. ITo nO,lJ.CLJeTaM AJIbQJpe,lJ.a M3xeHa ,lJ.nJl" ycnewHoH MOpCKOM BOHHbl

)(HeJ1 .l\OCTanO Bbl,Uep)KKH oTBeprHyTb HX

B MHpe He ,nOCTaBHT MHe 60JlbWerO y,lJ.OBOJIbCTBH5!, lleM KOMaH,lJ.OBaTb 31'011 onepaUHeH. " DI1TTH, KOHeYHO, He npHHa,lJ.JIe)KaJI I< LlHcny 3KCTpeMHCTOB BpO,lJ.e KeHca, HO OH J1 ero nO.l\411HeHHble B

1919-1921

rr. Hanp5!)I{eHHO pa60Ta-

JII1 Ha,lJ. np06JleMOH, LITO npOTMBonOCTaBHTb "BbI30BY" aMepHKaHCKOH

r. BeJII1K06pl1TaHI1l1 llpl1-

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WJlOCb nocTynl1TbC5! B 3ana.l\HOM nOJlywapl111 uenblM pH,lJ.OM CBOUX CTpa-

MO)KHOCTb HenOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHO n03HaKOMI1TbC5! C KaLJeCTBOM 60eBOH BblyLJKH

JIOMaTI1l.JeCKI1X neperOBopOB. HaYHHaJi C

B

XX

B. AHrJIHH

aMepl1KaHCKHX MOpJlKOB, a TaK)Ke CHnbHblMH H CJIa6blMH CTopOHaMH aMe-

He npHH5!Jla "aMepI1KaHCKHH Bb130B" no pll,lJ.y np114HH. Bo-nepBbIX, rOTOB-

pJ1KaHCKHX BoeHHblX Kopa6Jlei1. AMepHKaHCKa5! 3CKa.l\pa nl1HeHHblX Kopa6-

HOCTb a,lJ.eKBaTHO OTpearHpOBaTb Ha BoeHHO-MopCKMe aM6Hl..\HM CIlIA

neH, BKJIlOyeHHall B COCTaB rpaH.l\ JII1Ta C ,neKa6p5!

TerHLJeCKHX npel1MyllJ,eCTB no.l\ ,lJ.aBJleHHeM ClllA.

HaLJaJIe

1917

L, C411TanaCb

216

Ell 6.7 II 0 m e K a a /I b .\1 a II {/ X a

"Kopa6/l11

II

cpa.?/ceIlIlR ,.

JIy4WHM 60eBbiM COe)J.HHeHl1eM ¢nOTa ClllA. DHTTI1 npH3HaBan, 41'0 aMe-

fl.. B.n14XapeB

217

"AIlM14pan fl.3B141l 5I1TTI1"

SI CLJHTalO, lJTO coe)J.HHeHHlI TlI)f{enbIX Kopa6neH, KOTOpblMH Mbl B HaCTOSl-

pHKaHl\bl "C006pa3HTenbHbl H 6blCTpO Y4aTCSI", HO B l\enOM 6bIn HeBbICO-

U\ee BpeMSI pacnonaraeM, npH yMHOM H CTpaTefl14eCKH rpaMOTHOM Hcnonb-

KO,O MHeHHSI 0 60eBblX Ka4eCTBaX C0103HMKOB. ITo CBM)J.eTenbcTBy a)J.MM-

30BaHHH n03BonHT He TOJIbKO 06ecne4H1'b 3¢¢eKTHBHYlO 3aU\HTY HaWHX

L, nocne nony'O)J.M4HO'O

n03Hl.(HH, HO M nepeHeCTH B0l1HY Ha TeppM1'opHIO npOTHBHHKa". A)J.MMpan

npe6bIBaHMSI aMepHKaHCKHX Kopa6neH B COCTaBe 6pMTaHcKoLO ¢noTa, DI1TTH

):{)f(eJlnHKO C4H1'an, 41'0 )J.nSl Be)J.eHI1S1 ycnewHoH MOpCKOH BOHHbI npOTHB

6bIn CKnOHeH paCl\eHMBaTb HX CKopee "KaK 06Y3Y )J.JISI rpaH)J. cDnHTa". "ITo

AMepHKH AH,nHH 6y)J.e1' )J.OCTaT04HO MMeTb JIHHeHHblH ¢JlOT B KOJIMlJeCTBe

Ka4eCTBY 60eBoH BblY4KI1 OHI1 TaK H He nO)J.HSlnHCb )J.O TOlD ypOBHSI, KO-

70%

pana CM)J.HeSl cDpHMaHTna, )J.a)f{e B MlOHe

1918

TOPblH n03BonHn 6bl MM C4HTaTbCSI 3KBI1BaneHTHbIMM aH,nHHCKHM )J.pe)J.HOYTaM, XOTSI no nonHTM4eCKHM npH4HHaM OH (DHTTM -

):{.

n.)

npH3Ha-

01' lJHCna nMHKopoB B COCTaBe ¢noTa CIIIA. K

AH,JII1M

1920 L

B A)J.Ml1paJI1'eHCTBe OKOH4aTenbHO npHwnH K BbIBO)J.y, 41'0

)J.OCTaT04HO HMeTb napMTeT C CIIIA no nHHKopaM H nHHeHHblM

Ban He06xo)J.HMOCTb COBMeCTHblX BbIXO)J.OB B Mope". llx apnlnnepHHcKall

KpeHcepaM, 4T06bl coxpaHHTb CBOI1 n0311l.(1111 Ha Mopn He3bl6neMblMI1. Be-

nO)J.'OTOBKa H CH,HanbHaSl CI1CTeMa "Haxo)J.l1nHcb B nna4eBHOM COCTOllHI111

nl1K06pl1TaHHSI MMena nocne BOMHbl caMblH MO,YlII1M BoeHHblM ¢noT, 01'-

H npOI13BO)J.l1nH y)J.pY4alOU\ee Bne4aTneHl1e".

nM4I-l0 c6anaHcI1poBaHHblH 11 YKoMnneKToBaHHblH 3KMna)f(aMH, HMeBWHMH

CpaBHeHHe Me)f{)J.y aH,JllIHCKHMH M aMepHKaHCKHMH nl1HKOpaMH npo-

orpoMHblH 60eBol1 onblT.

BO)J.HnOCb 3a)J.on,o )J.O 1'0,0, KaK 3CKa)J.pa XblO PO)J.MaHa npM6blJla B CKa-

AH'JlHSI pacnonarana KpynHeHwHM B MHpe 1'OPlDBblM cjJnoToM H

na-cDnoy. AH,nMHcKHe Kopa6Jl11 I1MeJlM Ka4eCTBeHHoe npeBOCXO)J.CTBO no

ceTblO BoeHHo-MOpCKI1X 6a3, OTnl1 l IHO 060py)J.oBaHHblx H pa36pocaHHblx

KOHCTPYKl\I1H KopnycoB H Ha)J.CTpoeK, CHCTeMaM l\eHTpamnOBaHHoro yn-

no BceM KOHTI1HeHTaM. B

paBJleHHSI apTI1nnepMHCKI1M orHeM 11 pa3MeU\eHHI1 apTHnnepMI1 ,naBHO,O

3TMX ycnoBMlIx KpaMHe )f{enaTenbHblM 6blno

H BcnoMO,aTenbHO,O KaJlM6poB. DpH1'aHcKHH ¢no1' O1'nHLJanH npeKpaCHO

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KylO KOHcjJepeHl.(HIO.

)J.eMOHCTpHpOBanH 60JlbWYI0 WHp01'y Kpy,030pa H, COOTBeTCTBeHIlO, no-

Tenepb HaCTano BpeMSI nepeHTH K aHanH3Y ")J.o,oBopa nSlTI1 )J.ep-

Mo,na

)f{aB" no OrpaHJ.ollleHHlo MOpCKHX Boopy)f(eHHH, nO)J.nHcaHHoMy Ha BaWHH-

KOHCTaTHpOBaTb TonbKO )J.Ba HeCOMHeHHblX npeHMyU\eCTBa CBOJ.oIX )J.pe)J.HO-

rTOHCKOH KOH¢epeHl\1111, KOTOpblH OKa3an rny60Koe Bnl1S1Hvle Ha BCIO

yTOB: OHM HMenH 60nee KOMqlOpTa6eJIbHble ycnoBHSI 06HTaHMSI )J.nSl KOMaH)J.

nocne)J.YloU\ylO MOpCKylO nonHTI1KY BenHK06pHTaHHH.

BepXHOCTHOCTb

3HaHHH.

B

l\enOM.

aMeplIKaHCKaSl

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H Mo,nM 06XO)J.H1'bCSI 6e3 npoqmnaK1'H4ecKoro peMoHTa B TelleHHe 60nee

rTOHCKyIO KOHcjJepeHl\MlO B Ka4eCTBe O)J.HO'O M3 Ba)f(HeHWMX C06blTI1M co-

)J.JlI1TenbHOro cpOKa. Cne)J.yeT y4ecTb, 41'0 nHHKopbl C4HTanHCb caMOH CHnbHOH CTOPO-

BpeMeHHoM MCTOpl1l1. AMepMKaHcKMH I1CTOpMK M3pl1 Kna4Ko B cBoeM )J.OK-

1962

HOH ¢nOTa CIIIA. KOHCTpyKTHBHble )f{e oc06eHHocTH aMepHKaHcKHx KpeH-

TOpCKOH )J.HccepTal.(HH,3aU\HU\eHHoH B KonyM6HHcKOM yHMBepcHTeTe B

cepOb, 3CMHHl.(eB H nO)J.BO)J.HbIX JIO)J.OK BpeMeH nepBoH MHpOBOH BOMHbl

1., yTBep)f()J.aeT, 41'0 BaWMHrTOHCKl1e orpaHH4HTenbHble cornaweHHSI no

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MOpCKHM BoopY)f{eHHlIM nOJIO)f{IUlH npe)J.en aHrno-aMepMKaHCI
yCTynanH aHrnHHcKHM Kopa6nllM aHanO,H'mblX KnaCCOB. AH,nHHcKHe a)J.-

KOMy COnepHl1lJeCTBy. IT03)J.Hee 31'01' Te3MC nOBTopHn Ha CTpaHHl.(aX CBoeM

MHpaJIbl H O¢Hl.(epbl, cny)f{HBWHe Ha Kopa6nSlx, 6a3HpoBaBwI1xcSI Ha Ky-

MOHorpacjJMH npocjJeccop llTaH 3nJIMC. B pa60Te KpHCTocjJepa XOJIna "Be-

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nMK06pHTaHHSI, AMepHKa H KOHTponb Ha)J. BoopY)f{eHHSlMH.

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( 1987

1921-1937"

1. ) BaWHHrTOHCKHH ")J.O'OBOp nllTM )J.ep)f{aB" paCl.(eHHBaeTclI KaK

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Ho rnaBHoe 3aKJU04anOCb He B 3TMX 4aCTHOCTliX. "):{O,OBOp nSlTM .uep)l(aB" 03HaMeHOBan, no MHeHHIO aHrnl1HCKO,O HCTopHKa X.

K.

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Bce nepelIHcneHHble 06CTOSlTenbCTBa 6bIJlH npeKpaCHO J.ol3BeCTHbi B

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nepe)J.ana Tpe3y6el\ CBOHM aH,nocaKcOHCKHM c06paTbSlM 3a OKeaHOM".

nnaHHpOBaHHI1. K SlHBapIO

1921

L 6bln ,OTOB nnaH MOpCKOH BOHHbl npo-

"MO)f{HO CMeno yTBep)l(.uaTb, -

nHweT AnneH, -

41'0, ecnH 6bl 31'0 6bIna

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Jl106aSl )J.py,aSl )J.ep)l(aBa, a He AMepHKa, eH npHwnOCb 6bI Cpa)l(aTbCSI 3a

nI04eHHe aBTopa C1'paTerH4eCKOH pa3pa60TKH rnaCHno: "TaKHM 06pa30M,

MopCKoe npeBOCXO)J.CTBO H 3Ta 60pb6a 6blna 6bl )J.nI1Te.lbHoH H )I(eCTOKoH".

218

bll6J1l1om

CK

a all b,lla lIax a

"Kopa6J1L1 LI cl'a.JICeIlIlJl"

u

A/1,M/Ilpan 1l.38/11/1, 5/11TTU"

219

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orOBopKOH, lJTO nepe.u:alJa "Tpe3y6ua HenTyHa" 6bIna He ".u:06pOBOJIbHoH",

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a BbIHY)f(.u:eHHoH.

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.u:pyrl1X 6aHKeTax, 06eAax 11 OepI1UI1
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