Английский язык: Учебное пособие для студентов специальности ''Теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика''

Федеральное агентство по образованию Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Ульяновский государственный технический университет

Е. А. Цыбина, В. А. Нудько

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ И ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ЛИНГВИСТИКА»

Ульяновск 2007

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УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ. Ц93

Рецензенты: Т. А. Полуянова, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков второй специальности факультета иностранных языков УлГПУ им. И. Н. Ульянова; В. А. Ятманов, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры гуманитарных, математических и естественно-научных дисциплин АНО УлВУ. Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом университета в качестве учебного пособия.

Цыбина, Е. А. Ц93

Английский язык : учебное пособие для студентов специальности «Теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика» / Е. А. Цыбина, В. А. Нудько. – Ульяновск : УлГТУ, 2007. – 127 с. ISBN 978-5-9795-0051-5 В пособии представлен материал, направленный на формирование навыков говорения, письма, чтения, а также на совершенствование грамматических навыков и умений. Используемые материалы могут иметь широкое применение при подготовке студентов по специальностям «Лингвистика», «Теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика», «Учитель иностранного языка», «Методика преподавания иностранных языков».

УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ.

© Е. А. Цыбина, В. А. Нудько, 2007 ISBN 978-5-9795-0051-5

© Оформление. УлГТУ, 2007

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PART 1. TV OR NOT TV? 1. Match an adjective (1–9) with a noun (a–i). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Appalling Charming fantastic funny gripping independent romantic spectacular popular

a science fiction film b documentary c sitcom d horror film e quis show f love story g thriller h musical i action film

2. What kinds of films do you usually watch on TV? NOTE Using a television/telly/TV You can turn it up (= increase the volume; opp turn it down) and turn over (= char to a different channel; e.g. from 1 to 3). You can use switch on, switch off, or switch o* in place of turn. (NOT switch it up/down) Types of programme Soap opera: a programme often on two or three times a week, which follows the lives of a group/community of people. The stories are often exciting, dramatic and hard to believe. Quiz show or Game show: individuals or teams (called contestants) answer questions or play different games against each other. The winner gets a prize, e.g. money or a holiday. Chat show: a programme where a presenter talks to famous people about their lives. Documentary: a film with factual information, often about a problem in society. Series: a number of programmes about the same situation or the same characters in different situations. This may be a comedy series (= programmes that try to be funny), or drama series. (= programmes with interesting characters and exciting situations) Current affairs: programmes about a social or political problem. Current means happening ‘now/at the present time’. TV in Great Britain At the moment there are five ‘terrestrial’ channels (or stations) on TV (BBC 1, BBC 2, ITV1, Channel 4 and Channel 5). If you pay extra, you can have a satellite dish and receive satellite TV; or pay to have cable TV (TV sent through wire cables underground). There are many channels available. Talking TV What’s on TV tonight? (= what programmes are shown on TV tonight?) Is there anything on TV tonight? What time’s the film on? (= what time is the film

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shown?) I quite like television commercials. (= the advertisements between programmes) Are they showing the game live (= as it happens) or just recorded highlights? (= parts of the game after it has been played, e.g. later in the day/evening) ‘Friends’ is on tonight, but it’s a repeat (= the programme has been on TV before). I’ve seen it. What’s your favourite programme? (= the programme you like most/best) *** 3. You are watching TV with a friend. What could you say in each of the situations be Stereo Subtitled 5500 low? 1 2 3 4 5

You want to watch a programme on TV. ...Could you turn the TV on? You can’t hear the programme very well. Could you................... ? You want to watch a different programme. Could you.................... ? Now it’s too loud for you. Could you ............................. ? You don’t want to watch any more. Could you .............................. ?

4. Complete these dialogues in a suitable way. 1 A: What’s .............. TV tonight? B: Oh, the usual soap....................... and stuff like that. 2 A: Did you see the game live? B: No, they just showed the recorded ............... 3 A: Ally McBeal is ........... tonight. B: Yes, it’s a good programme, but I’ve seen it before: it’s a..... 5. Answer these questions about TV in your own country. 1 How many channels approximately can you watch? 2 Do you watch a lot of satellite TV and/or cable TV? 3 In total, how much TV do you watch every week? 4 What are your favourite programmes on TV at the moment? When are they on? 5 Do you enjoy watching the commercials? 6. Look at the words in the box which describe different kinds of television programmes. children’s programmes documentaries drama series quiz shows soap operas wildlife programmes news sports programmes chat shows films current affairs Think about the following questions. a) What range of programmes would appeal to a wide audience? What kind of programmes are suitable for different times of day?

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b) Should TV be educational as well as entertaining? c) Do TV planners have a moral obligation to educate? d) Should sex and violence be censored, or at least restricted to certain times? 7. Write a review describing a film, play, TV programme, etc. that you’ve seen recently, or a book that you’ve read (it could be the one you discussed earlier). a) Organise your review something like this: I) Introduction (include factual information: title, writer, director, actors); II) The plot, setting, characters; III) Your feelings and thoughts (e.g. about the acting, story); IV) Conclusion (recommendation). 8. Match each title with the most appropriate kind of film. 1 Last Days of the Black Rock Gang; 2 Bridge over the Seine; 3 John loves Mary loves Tom loves Judy; 4 Born to be a Star; 5 Light Years from Yesterday; 6 The Blood of the Innocents in White; 7 The London to Glasgow Express; 8 Avalanche; 9 Goldilocks at the Teddy Bears’ Picnic; 10 Wildlife and the West; 11 Bonaparte and Alexander; 12 Casablanca to Cape Town in 20 days; 13 Life begins at Midnight in Amsterdam. a cartoon a western a science fiction movie a disaster movie a travelogue a documentary a war film a (Hollywood) musical a horror film a blue movie a thriller a historical film a romantic comedy

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9. In what situation might you say the following? Match each question with one of the situations on the right. 1 What’s on? 2 Who’s in it? 3 What’s it about? 4 Where’s it on? 5 What time does it start? 6 Where shall we sit? 7 Where’s the bar? 8 What did you think of it? You. You want to know whether the actors are any good. You can’t see a free seat anywhere. You need to know what time to get to the cinema. You’re thirsty. You’re leaving the cinema with a friend. There are three cinemas in town and you don’t know which is showing the film you want to see. You haven’t a clue what to go and see. It might be a horror film and you wouldn’t enjoy that. 10. Here are some of the categories for the annual Academy Award Winners. Each winner gets an Oscar. Look back over the past few years – not just this year – and note down who you would give your awards to for as many as you can of the categories below. If you don’t know the name of the person involved, then just give the name of the film. If you are working in a group, compare and discuss your notes with a partner. Best film Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Director Best Original Screenplay (script) Best Screen Adaptation Best Cinematic Photography Best Editing Best Special Effects Best Original Score (music) Best Costumes / Wardrobe Best Title Sequences / Credits Best Short (film) Special Award for Services to the Cinema Industry, the motion picture business, the dream factory, the movie world

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11. Look through the TV schedule and: 1. Find and read aloud: a. political programmes and news b. sports programmes c. music programmes d. soap operas 2. Say which programmes have more time given to them than others. 3. Which programmes are on at prime time (the best time)? Why do you think these programmes are on then? 12. Fill in the table. Think of the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV. Give your opinion. Use the following words and expressions: 1 to rest, to relax, to receive information, to watch operas, ballets and performances, sitting at home, to listen to famous people, to study foreign languages, to take part in shows and win prizes (money, cars…), to buy things for the comfort of your home, to travel round the world without wasting money, TV is a good friend for disabled and lonely people… 2 to become lazy, to have no time to speak to or see friends and relatives, to gain weight, to damage one’s eyes, to sleep badly, too much radiation in the room, to be too lazy to go to the theatre and cinema, to have no time to do one’s homework and to help one’s pare3nts around the house, to be too lazy to read books, to watch films for grown-ups… TV advantages

TV disadvantages

I relax when I watch soap operas.

I spend too much time watching TV.

…

…

13. Say whether or not you like adverts on TV. Why do you like or dislike them?

PART 2. GAMBLING 1. The man lost his money gambling in a casino. Read his revelation. ‘The first time I gambled, I just stayed for an hour. I didn’t get addicted until the next day. I can’t honestly say, from that day on, I was in the casino at two o’clock every afternoon, seven days a week, for the next five years, except when I was penniless. It was a complete obsession’ a) What other forms of gambling are there? b) Why do you think people start gambling? c) What kind of people do you think gamblers are (e.g. age, sex, background)? d) What kind of help or advice would you give them if they wanted to stop gambling?

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2. The text you are going to read is about a teenager who became addicted gambling. Write any questions that you would like to ask him. Read ‘Julian’s story’ below, and see if your questions were answered. A quarter of people who seek the help of Gamblers Anonymous are children addicted to fruit machines. Julian started playing fruit machines five years ago when he was 18. Since then he has spent more than £20,000 – money ha has earned, borrowed or stolen – on what quickly grew into a frightening addiction. ‘I was in a bowling alley with friends one day. One of them was playing the electric fruit machines and he kept pestering me to have a go. First I thought it was a waste of money, but somehow I couldn’t keep away. At the beginning I used to spend all my paper-round money on the machines, but then I started selling everything I owned – even my records and tapes. I took money from my parents and sold their things, too. I always told myself it wasn’t really stealing, that I was just borrowing and would pay them back.’ ‘By the time I was 15 I was already spending more than £30 a week on machines. They were my whole life. I used to skive off school every day and play the machine in the local café. I was in a world of my own where nothing else mattered.’ ‘Winning wasn’t even important; I always knew I was going to lose. There was just something about the machines. They became my friends; friends I didn’t owe anything to and who never and who never got annoyed with me. Whatever mood I was in it made it made no difference to them, we got on fine. I’d go into the arcade feeling tense and excited, but as soon as I started playing I came totally relaxed.’ ‘Sometimes I’d spend £20 on a taxi to get to one of my favourite machines. – the bigger and more complicated the better – and I would spend a solid eight or nine hours playing. When I ran out of money I felt completely shattered and was desperate to get more to carry on.’ ‘The crunch came the Christmas before I left school when I was 16. Ii was so frantic to get some money I stole my parents’ antiques and sold them. When they found out, they made me show them each shop where I had sold the antiques and they bought them again back. I left home after that, rented a room and found a job in an insurance company. After I’d paid for food and rent I spent every penny I earned on machines – at first it was £350 a month, then it went up to £700 a month.’ Julian is one of the lucky ones. He hasn’t played for five months now and is determined to keep it that way. ‘I had just split up with my girlfriend and was feeling very upset. Quit suddenly I realised how much pain I’d put other people through – it made me feel so bad I wanted to die. It was incredibly difficult but I stopped playing completely. I didn’t get any help – I did it on my own. Now I’ll have to live with all the damage I’ve caused and try to rebuild things. I’m tempted all the time but I now if I go back it’ll destroy me.’ ‘If you haven’t been trough it you can’t understand what it feels like. It starts off as a bit of fun, but it’s like a silent drug that eats you up from inside.’

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3. Read the text again and find out: a) how old he was when he started gambling. b) why he began gambling. c) where he gambled his money on. d) where he got the money from. e) why he liked it. f) why he gave up. g) how he stopped. h) if he misses it 4. What is the significance of these numbers in the story? Give as much information as you can. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

13 £20,000 5 years £30 £20 16 £700 5 months

5. Read the text again. Guess the meaning of the words and expressions in italics. a) pestering me to have a go (paragraph 3) b) a waste of money (paragraph 3) c) paper-round (paragraph 3) d) skive off school (paragraph 4) e) a solid eight or nine hours (paragraph 6) f) the crunch (paragraph 7) g) so frantic to get some money (paragraph 7) h) split up with (paragraph 8) i) put other people through (paragraph 8) 6. Interview each other. a) Work in groups. GROUP (S) A You are a television interviewer. Think of questions to ask Julian, using the cues below. Think of other questions to ask him about his family life. 1 When / start / play / fruit / machines? 2 How much / spend?

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3 How / get money? 4 How long ago / stop / play? 5 How / feel / while / play? 6 Why / leave home? 7 Why / give up? 8 How long ago / give up? GROUP (S) В You are Julian. Read the text again carefully so that you will be able to answer the details about your life. Discuss what kind of family life you had (use your imagination!) and be prepared to answer questions about it. b) Work in pairs to conduct the interview. There should be one member of Group A and one of Group В in each pair. 7. Which preposition do you need to complete the following sentences? a) b) c)

I am addicted _____ chocolate. They are obsessed _____ money. He is dependent _____ alcohol.

8. Find terms, connected with card games. She never liked card games, but we did finally graduate from snap to whist, to canasta, to bridge. We stopped short of poker; poker came later. ace of spades king of hearts queen of clubs jack (knave) of diamonds ‘You shuffle the cards, she can cut them, and I’ll deal them. Perhaps I can deal myself a good hand. It’s about time I won some tricks.’ 9. Underline two of the following which are not card games. poker pontoon chess roulette baccarat snap draughts 10. Choose a word from the box to fit each of the definitions below. They all refer to gambling. stake jackpot token dealer winnings

a) b) c) d) e)

The money you get when you win in gambling. ________ The largest amount of money to be won at cards. ________ Money that can be won or lost. ________ The person who gives out the cards. ________ A piece off metal, card or plastic used instead of money. ________

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11. Read the first part of a radio programme about Las Vegas, and answer the questions below. a) In which US state is Las Vegas? _________________________ b) How much money is made there each year from gambling in casinos? _______________________________________________________ c) What kinds of gambling take place at the airport? _______________________________________ d) What is the population of Las Vegas? ______________________________ e) Name three typical buildings you can see in Las Vegas. ____________________________________________ f) What does much of the city look like? ______________________________ 12. Read the second part of the radio programme, and underline the correct5 answers or complete the sentences below. a) Caesars Palace describes itself as a fantasy land / a theme casino. b) The gambling takes place ________ days a year. c) People sometimes gamble more than ________ dollars. d) The Alabaman woman is not winning anything / keeps winning. e) The Alabaman couple once won ________ dollars. f) A housewife from Detroit once won ________ dollars. g) She spent her money on ________. h) Next to the Colorado River there is a gambling place for older people / children. Part 1 A radio programme about Las Vegas ANNOUNCER: Last week Mike Davies visited Las Vegas, in Nevada, USA, and brings us this report from the land of the casinos. MD: Las Vegas is a casino empire with yearly revenues of over six billion dollars. This is where America lets its hair down, and gambling has the status of an official religion. The industry greets you like a salesman the moment you step off the plane. Fruit machines in the Arrivals Hall, the sound of the handles, reels spinning, and the sound of dollars cascading into trays. And in Departures video poker as far as you can see, as people wait reluctantly for their planes. Downtown, in the suburban luxury, the dominance of the big casinos is absolute. If you don’t like gambling stay out of Vegas, is the clear message. The city, with its swelling population of more than 700,000 is built on the proposition that every American likes to chance his luck. The city centre is in fact a collection of casinos, motels, souvenir shops, porn cinemas and pawnbrokers. Occasionally a spire intrudes – the churches are usually well-attended – but the wise clergyman knows which subjects are best avoided on

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Sundays. Much of the city looks like a parking lot – areas of concrete which mock the meaning of its Spanish name: The Meadows. Part 2 Mike Davies continues Caesars Palace, the most famous theme-park, describes itself as an opulent Greco-Roman fantasy land and the 85 acre complex is, in appearance, a cross between a re-creation of the Roman forum, with Greek additions, and a multi-storey car park. It’s approached by moving walkways of white marble, overlooking fountains and palm trees. Throughout, there are enormous reproductions of classical statues – especially of Julius Caesar. The actual gambling goes on 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Roulette, baccarat, craps, pontoon and poker are all played for stakes that can sometimes exceed $ 100,000, under the practiced gaze of dealers, bankers and security men. There are also a variety of different machines. ‘We pick our machines each morning and we stay on ‘em,’ one retired Alabaman told me. ‘I figure, by the end of the day, it owes me.’ His wife is doing better than him. She feeds in handfuls of dollar tokens and with surprising regularity the machine is sick over her, spewing out as much as $20 a time. A small tub is already three-quarters full of her winnings. ‘I just love Caesars,’ she confesses, needlessly. ‘We come here three or four times a year.’ It turns out that they once won $600 but their goal remains the Big One. Two years previously a housewife from Detroit won spectacularly. There had been no big winners for some time and the jackpot stood at $2 million when she pulled the lever. The money literally engulfed her, but she didn’t go crazy. She bought a mink coat, had champagne for breakfast and had her hair done at the casino salon. Then she went home to Michigan. These days there’s even a zone for the elderly, on the banks of the Colorado River. Here, senior citizens, with their wealth of savings and a reckless urge to ‘do it just one more time’ park their caravans and move inside to ‘work machines’. So far there’s no children’s version planned – but it does ever happen it’ll be in Vegas and nowhere else. You can bet your bottom dollar.

PART 3. BRINGING UP CHILDREN 1. Write down five characteristics of ideal parents. Think about factors such as age, personality and behaviour. Use the Present Simple and words like never and always. Example: They never lose their temper. In groups, discuss what you wrote and agree on five characteristics. 2. Read and discuss. Does Nanny know best? It is very difficult for a working couple to spend as much time as they should

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with their children. Take the case of a couple who work in the centre of London and live in the suburbs. Both will probably have to leave the house around 8a.m. and will be lucky to get home before 6p.m. Since school hours run from 9 a.m. to about 3.30 p.m., such a couple has no option but to pay for someone to look after their children, such as a childminder – that is to say someone who looks after the children whenever their parents cannot do so – or even a full-time nanny. Such services do not come cheap. A nanny, for example, will have to be paid a salary comparable to that of a receptionist or a typist, or even more. In other words, one of the partners in the marriage might well be working for practically nothing. Of course this is not true all over the world. In such countries as Brazil or Malaysia – in other words countries which have a great many unemployed or underpaid workers – nannies can be employed-for practically nothing. This can also have its disadvantages, of course, because these nannies are not always as reliable or capable as their famous English counterparts. Employing such people can also be extremely dangerous. A case in point was the Brazilian nanny who was overheard explaining the best way to keep her 6-month-old charge quiet for most of the day. Her method was to impregnate a cloth with gas from the cooker, then hold it over the mouth and nose of the baby. Another example was that of a nanny who took an exceptionally attractive baby out into the streets during the hottest part of the day and begged at traffic lights, using the child to arouse the pity of drivers. But such stories are always a possibility if one employs people from shanty towns for minimal wages. To put it another way, when all is said and done, ‘You get what you pay for’ 3. You are going to read a newspaper article which consists of six paragraphs. First read the opening of each paragraph. a) Guess how the paragraphs will continue. b) What do you think the article is about? 1) Perhaps memories of my own childhood have been coloured by time. I grew up during the war and without the father. 2) I know of no other country where so many crimes are committed against children. 3) The British tradition of boarding school will always remain a mystery for us poor foreigners. 4) In public, at least, the British arrear cold. 5) Women friends who travel to Italy with their children come back glowing with praise for the way their children (and they themselves) are treated. 6) How can I say that the British do not make good parents, when I happen to be married to an Englishman who is a wonderful father and husband, and have many English friends whom I consider to be excellent parents? 4. Read the whole article below quickly. a) Match the openings to the paragraphs (a-f). Example: a) = 6 b) What would be the best title for this article?

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• The British and boarding schools • A national lack of tenderness • Parents’ contribution to football violence • Children in Britain and Italy a) And yet every day the evidence before me in the streets and in the newspapers suggest that they are unusual. Where is the warmth and tenderness between adults and children which is so prevalent in my native Italy, among all classes and types of people? Is this the famous British reserve? b) And their, children certainly look as if they bear the brunt of this national characteristic. In my experience, children thrive on tenderness. I have looked, but there certainly does not seem to be a lot of it among the British. Perhaps in private they are warm and affectionate parents, but in public they seem to go to extraordinary lengths to hide it. c) It could almost be called the English disease. It seems almost impossible to turn on the television without some new crime toeing reported. Of course, there are similar horror stories in other countries, including Italy, but one does not hear about them with such appalling regularity. To what extent, I wonder, is football hooliganism the result of bad parenting? d) Not only are they not shunned, but seats are proffered, doors smilingly held open for pram-pushing mothers and tables miraculously appear in crowded restaurants. Why is it that children are so unwelcome – and so rarely seen – in restaurants here? e) In the course of our travels, my husband and I have often met British diplomats and foreign correspondents who, between gulps of pink gin at one party or another, would bewail the departure of their eight-year-old child, usually a son. Why were these distressed parents sending their children away? ‘It’s a beastly family tradition ... a high standard of education ... blah blah blah.’ And if they have to go, why on earth when they are-only eight? Of course some children like it. But what happens when children hate it? From countless melancholic memoirs, biographies and novels it seems that when it comes to tradition children have to do what they are told. f) What kept us going was the love and support of family and friends. There was always that feeling of tenderness which I so often find lacking over here. 5. Complete the following sentences. a) b) c) d) e)

The writer comes from ___. The British ‘national characteristic’ is. The ‘English disease’ is ____. The writer had a very ____ childhood. She thinks that being a bad parent can lead to.

6. Answer the following questions. According to the writer, what is the British attitude to children in restaurants?

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b) What is her opinion of parents who send their children to boarding schools? c) What does she think about the way her friends bring their children up? 7. This is the reaction of some British people to the newspaper article. In groups, discuss your responses. a) At least our children have some discipline and good manners and don’t demand attention all the time. Francesca’s kids think the world revolves around them. b) I think we are prepared to spend more time and money on our children’s education and extra curricular activities then many foreign parents are. c) Well at least we spend our summer holidays together and have our kids’ friends back to the house a lot, which is more than can be said for a lot of families abroad. d) British children grow up more independent and self-reliant because they are not over-babied and over-protected. Lots of foreign parents are much too possessive. 8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Discuss and give your reasons. a) Single people do not make good parents. b) Children of working mothers are disadvantaged. c) Fathers and mothers should have equal responsibility for looking after their children. d) Younger people make better parents.

PART 4. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 1. Look at the article below and make notes on: – what Pamela Megginson did. – why she did it. – what happened to her. Include only the basic facts of what happened. A woman scorned Pamela Megginson, 61, of The Bishops Avenue, Hampstead, was convicted at the Old Bailey in September 1983 of murdering her millionaire lover and sentenced to life imprisonment. Cold fear swept over Pamela Megginson as she sat in a candlelit-restaurant on the French Riviera. Across the dinner table was the elderly lover she now hated so much she could no longer even bear to look at him. Self- made millionaire Alec Hubbers, aged 79, had just announced that he was leaving her for a younger woman. Less than an hour later he was dead. The jilted divorcee had battered him repeatedly over the head with a champague bottle. Megginson, the daughter of an English country squire. and Hubbers, a Russianborn Jewish Immigrant, had fallen head over heels in love many years before. For t3

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years she shared his London mansion and lavish lifestyle until suddenly and unexpectedly there was a new love in his life. The life of luxury was about to end and Megginson felt humiliated and rejected. Many people who followed her trial were confident the jury would return a verdict of manslaughter, allowing the judge to deal leniently with the sad and defeated woman. But the jury of six men and six women found Megginson guilty of murder. The judge had no choice but to sentence her to life imprisonment, Her face crumpled and she wept as she was led away by two women prison officers. 2. On a separate sheet of paper, write a summary of the article in not more than 70 words. Organise it like this: PARAGRAPH A: The murder PARAGRAPH B: Background information PARAGRAPH C: The trial 3. These headlines accompany two newspaper articles which are both about ‘crimes of passion’. a) Make guesses about: — why the ‘houseproud husband’ snapped. — what he did when he snapped. — why he is called ‘Mr. Mustard’. b) In what situations might a son attack his father? Why do you think the boy went free? c) Make a note of any questions you’d like to ask about either of the stories connected with the headlines. 4. What irritating habits might provoke a partner or relative to violence? Discuss in pairs. 5. Do you think ‘crimes of passion’ should be punished differently from crimes which are planned? Give reasons to support your opinion. 6. Work in two groups. One group should read Text A and the other group should read Text B. While reading your text note down the answers to the following questions. a) How was the victim killed? b) Why was the victim killed? c) What was the victim like? d) What is the accused like? e) What was the punishment?

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KILLER SON GOES FREE Probation for youth who stabbed father ‘ ‘Mr. Mustard’ is jailed House proud husband snapped over supper Text A Mild-mannered Thomas Corlett, the houseproud husband who strangled his wife after a row over a tube of mustard, was jailed for three years yesterday after denying murdering his wife. It took the jury just ten minutes to find the 58-year-old balding civil servant not guilty of murder, but guilty of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility. Corlett, described as a man of ‘impeccable character’, had gradually taken over the household chores during his 26-year marriage, including cooking and cleaning. After his wife became ill with asthma, their relationship had deteriorated. Medical witnesses at the trial said Corlett was like a house- proud housewife with a craving for perfection. A pent-up rage built up in him over his wife’s untidiness. His wife started going on holidays with a friend, never asking if he wanted to join them and never telling him when she would be back. In 1985 she forgot to send him a birthday card for the first time. Five weeks later the trivial row over the mustard led to her death. The snapping point came when the couple sat down to a supper of sausages, green beans and mashed potatoes at their home in Middlesex on December 12, 1985. On the spot on the table where he 40 normally put his newspaper was a tube of German mustard. He moved it. His wife, Erika, 63, picked it up and slammed it down in its original place. During the quarrel Erika stood up and started flailing her arms. Corlett grabbed her by the throat and the couple fell to the floor. Corlett called an ambulance when she fell unconscious but minutes later Mrs. Corlett was dead. Defence counsel David Farrington handed over a glowing reference from Corlett’s boss. The barrister said that Corlett would be extremely unlikely to offend again, and asked for him to be sent home, Judge Gerald Butler accepted that Corlett acted out of character but said that he could not take the lenient course being urged upon him. (from the Daily Male) Text B Sixteen-year-old Peter Stone went free yesterday after admitting killing his father with a homemade knife. He stepped in as his were arguing one night and stabbed him through the heart. He told the police, ‘He hit my Mum in the face. When was younger he used. to hit her and I could do nothing.’ But after his arrest the catering student said of his father, ‘He always loved me.’

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Stafford Crown Court was told that there had been a strong bond between father and son, but this broke down as 49-year-old Leonard Stone tyrannised his wife for four years after losing his job. Stone, said to be ‘quiet, well-spoken and non-violent’ by police, is the youngest of six children. His father became violent towards his 40.year-old wife Sylvia after losing his lorry-driving job because of a drink-driving conviction nearly four years ago. He became depressed and made several half-hearted suicide attempts – but always when someone was close by. He frequently attacked his wife – although several months could go by without him raising his fists and he spent periods in a psychiatric hospital. Yesterday Peter Stone, from Walsall, was put on probation for three years after he pleaded guilty to manslaughter. Mr. Justice Kenneth Jones told him. ‘You are on the threshold of your life. This is the inevitably a burden you will have on your conscience and will have to carry over the years. I do understand the position in which you found yourself. I accept your father was a difficult man. Any father must understand nothing is quite so insupportable in the eyes of a son as violence offered by a father to a mother.” And the judge referred to his courage in admitting the offence, and said he was taking ‘a perhaps exceptional course’. He said, ‘I do it because I have faith in you. I hope you will in the future do everything in your power to justify the faith I am showing in you. (from the Evening Standard) 7. Read the text and then work out the questions which go with the following answers to both Text A and Text B. TEXT A Manslaughter. Ten minutes. 26 years Sausages, beans and potatoes He called an ambulance

TEXT B A home-made knife Quiet, well-spoken and non-violent Because the father was violent to Peter’s mother Because he was convicted of drinking and driving Four years ago.

8. Discuss the following questions a) Is it fair that the boy went free? Why do you think the court was sympathetic to him? b) Do you agree with the verdict of manslaughter for ‘Mr. Mustard? Why do you think he was not accused of murder? c) Do you think the law is too ‘soft’ where domestic violence, such as the ‘Mr. Mustard’ case, is concerned?

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9. Look at the phrasal verbs (in italics) and express them in another way. Refer to your dictionary if necessary. a) He had gradually taken over the household chores... (Text A) b) She slammed it down ... (Text A) c) He handed over... (Text A) d) He stepped in … and stabbed him through the heart.(Text B) e) (the bond) broke down as 49-year-old… (Text B) 10. Read the texts again and find an equivalent word or expression for each of the following: Text A a) b) c) d) e)

household Jobs strong desire anger took hold of something quickly gentle, not severe

Text B a) b) c)

something that unites people not really interested a heavy weight

11. Look through the texts again and underline all the words you can find connected with law and order. Compare with a partner. 12. Use the words you found to complete the following definitions. a) If you commit a crime the police _______ you. b) You have to go to _______ for a trial. c) You can_______ guilty or not guilty. d) A person who sees a crime being committed is a ________. e) For serious crimes the people who decide if the accused are guilty or not are the__________. f) The man who sentences the accused is called the _______ 13. In pairs, look at the words and expressions. a) Which are against the law in your country? b) Which are the most and least serious in your opinion? Give reasons.

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dropping litter jaywalking spitting in public suicide manslaughter treason

drug pushing arson libel

fraud kidnapping

14. In your country, which crimes are punished by: — a fine? — death? — jail? — some other method? 15. What do the following mean? a) to be given a suspended sentence b) to be put on probation c) to be out on bail 16. Decide whether the following words have the same stress pattern when they are nouns and verbs and then check with your dictionary. a) arrest b) produce c) contrast d) witness

e) debate f) attack g) permit h) appeal

17. Work in groups. Read the five court cases below. Imagine you have to make decisions about some or all of them. a) Decide what the people concerned should and shouldn’t have done, b) Decide what sentence you would impose, if any (e.g. jail). c) Present your opinions to the rest of the class. CASE 1 A teacher is doing project work with a class of ten-year-olds and gives a pair of scissors to each group. Unfortunately, one of the girls is severely injured by a pair of scissors and the girl’s parents claim compensation. Your decision Should the family get compensation? If so, how much and who should pay? Is the teacher in any way responsible? CASE 2 Mrs. Anderson is driving her car, keeping to the speed limit, when a dog suddenly runs across the road in front of her. She brakes to avoid the dog. A man in a Jaguar behind her, driving quite fast, crashes into her and causes a lot of damage. Both drivers are slightly injured. Your decision Who is to blame for the accident? Should Mrs. Anderson have braked to avoid the dog? Who should pay for the damage?

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CASE 3 Mr. and Mrs. Davies were married for 18 years and had one daughter. When they got divorced in 1977, Mr. Davies re-married and his new wife looked after him through his illness until his death in 1990. In his will he left to his daughter, to his first wife, to a lover in London and to his golf club. His second wife demanded that the will be changed. Your decision Should the will be changed in any way? CASE 4 Mrs. James is stabbed by Mr. Jordan during a row, and starts to lose a lot of blood. She is taken to hospital where it is said that her condition is not critical but she needs a blood transfusion. However, she belongs to a religious sect which does not believe in blood transfusions. She refuses to have one, and dies. Your decision Should Mr. Jordan be charged for murder or manslaughter? What should his punishment be? Are the hospital at all responsible? CASE 5 Mrs. Williams, aged 85, was terminally ill and in great pain. She was given an overdose of sleeping pills by her daughter, who could not bear to see her mother suffering. Your decision Should the daughter be prosecuted? 18. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence a) Sally didn’t realise that she had broken/countered/denied the law. b) The police have banned/cancelled/refused parking in this street. c) I must remember to get a/an agreement/licence/permission for my television. d) The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and crime/government/order. e) Jim’s parents wouldn’t agree/allow/let him go to the demonstration f) Carlos was arrested because he had entered the country falsely/illegally/wrongly. g) Talking to other students is against the law/orders/rules of the examinator. h) The two men were arrested before they could commit/make/perform any more crimes. i) I had to take the company to court/justice/law to get the money they owed me. j) Smoking is compulsory/prohibited/refused near the petrol tanks. 19. Match each person in the list with the description given. blackmailer forger hooligan murderer shoplifter vandal burglar hijacker kidnapper pickpocket smuggler witness a) This person takes control of a plane or boat by force _________. b) This person sees what happens during a crime or accident_________. c) This person brings goods into the country illegally_________. d) This person might steal food from a supermarket_________.

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e) This person kills someone on purpose_________. f) This person takes people and demands money for their return_________. g) This person makes illegal copies of paintings, documents etc_________. h) This person damages other people’s property_________. i) This person might steal your wallet in a crowd_________. j) This person steals from houses________. k) This person gets money from others by threatening to tell secrets_______. l) This person causes trouble at football matches________. 20. Complete each part sentence a) to j) with one of the endings 1) to 10). Use each ending once only. a) I decided to buy a burglar alarm after someone broke________. b) When Alan was stopped outside the supermarket he ended___________. c) As it was Sheila’s first offence she was let ________. d) After climbing over the prison wall, Peter managed to get_________. e) The old couple who live opposite were taken _________. f) At the end of the trial Hilary was found__________. g) My neighbours admitted denting my car but got away__________. h) The bank at the end of the street was held_________. i) Nobody saw Jack cheating and he got away with_________. j) The hijackers took fifteen people ________. 1) ____ in by a salesman who cheated them out of their money. 2) ____ away by stealing a car parked nearby. 3) ____ up at the police station, charged with shoplifting. 4) ____ it, although everyone suspected what had happened. 5) ____ into my house and stole my stereo. 6) ____ off with only a warning. 7) ____ with paying only damages. 8) ____ hostage and demanded from the authorities. 9) ____ guilty and sentenced to six months in prison. 10) ___ up by two masked men last week. 21. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only. accused evidence guilty lawyer statement charged fine jury sentence suspect a) The customs officers arrested Bob and ________ him with smuggling. b) The police spent all morning searching the house for________. c) Jean left her car in a no-parking area and had to pay a/an ________ d) Unfortunately at the end of the trial my brother was found ________ e) The trial took a long time as the ________ couldn’t reach a verdict. f) George won his case because he had a very good defence ________ g) The police visited Dawn and asked her to make a/an ________ h) Because of his past criminal record, Brian was the main ________ i) Pauline decided to sue the police because she had been wrongly ________

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j) The murderer of the children received a life ________ 22. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) Most schools in my country no longer have_____ punishment. A) physical B) capital C) bodily D) corporal b) The policemen following the robbers were in _____ clothes. A) plain B) ordinary C) normal D) simple c) The two old ladies were _____ of their purses. A) stolen B) attacked C) robbed

D) snatched

d) At the end of the story, the hero manages to arrest the _____. A) offenders B) villains C) wrongs D) evils e) I had to answer question A because it was _____. A) compulsory B) necessary C) a must

D) an obligation

f) Charles could not _____ having been at the scene of the crime. A) refuse B) object C) deny D) alter g) As there was no evidence, the judge dismissed the _____ A) trial B) witness C) court D) case h) If your dog damages your neighbour’s property, you could be _____. A) guilty B) liable C) payable D) illegal i) After ten years in prison, Stephen was _____ and set free. A) pardoned B) released C) innocent D) forgiven j) The detective inspector told the young_____ to make some tea. A) officer B) official C) guardian D) police 23. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. a) They said that John had stolen the money. They accused ____________________________________________________ b) Ian said that he hadn’t punched anybody. Ian denied _______________________________________________________ c) ‘OK, Andy, you can go now,’ said the detective. The detective gave Andy __________________________________________ d) ‘James Frogget, you will go to prison for ten years,’ said the judge. The judge sentenced ______________________________________________ e) ‘I forged the signature,’ said Mary.

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Mary admitted ___________________________________________________ f) Harry stole and was arrested. Harry was arrested ________________________________________________ g) ‘We saw the accused break into the car,’ said the witnesses. The witnesses stated_______________________________________________ h) Graham said that he wouldn’t go to the police station. Graham refused___________________________________________________ i) ‘It’s true,’ said Norman, ‘I murdered Alan.’ Norman confessed to ______________________________________________ j) ‘Can you come with me, please,’ the detective said to Helen. The detective asked _______________________________________________ 24. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. Arthur’s life of crime At his last trial, nobody believed in Arthur’s (1)_______. He had been accused of the (2) _______ of a valuable Chinese vase, and was also charged with ten other (3) _______. The value of the (4) _______ goods was said to be over Arthur said in his own (5) _______ that the vase had been put into his car (6) _______. He also pointed out that the Chinese vase was a fake, and was almost (7) _______. The judge did not believe Arthur’s story. He told Arthur he was a hardened (8) _______ and that he deserved a severe (9) _______. Then the judge sentenced Arthur to five years (10) _______. Arthur just smiled. He had spent most of his life in prison and so he was used to it.

INNOCENT THIEF OFFEND STEAL DEFEND ACCIDENT WORTH CRIME PUNISH PRISON

25. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. a) Harry was told that fishing in the lake was against/by/over the law. b) Catherine led a secret life for/in/of crime before she was caught. c) Having trouble with your phone? Send at/for/to Fix-a-phone! d) I regret to tell you that you are for/in/under arrest. e) I only attacked the young man from/in/with self-defence. f) David was often at/in/with trouble with the police when he was young. g) The robbers’ car was hidden below/by/from sight behind the bank. h) The kidnappers have been caught, and the child is no longer at/in/on danger. i) Tony was caught by a policeman who was off/out/away from duty and 4 cycling to work. j) The thieves took the wrong painting by/in/under mistake. k) The suspicious manager left the safe unlocked from/on/with purpose. l) The robbers met to plan the bank raid from/in/with secret. 220.

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26. Decide which A, B, C or D best fits each space. Inspector Crumb Investigates ‘I think I know the identity of the murderer,’ said Inspector Crumb, ‘and at (1)______ one of the guests in this hotel was a/an (2) ______ to the crime, probably by (3) ______. I believe that the same guest is also a (4) ______, and has been given money by the killer.’ ‘So whoever (5) ______ this terrible crime is still here,’ I said. ‘But of course. In (6) ______ he – or she – is in this room, and will soon be (7) ______ arrest.’ There was silence for a moment. I noticed that everyone was trying to look (8) ______, but they all looked guilty instead! ‘Do you have any (9) ______, Inspector,’ asked Lady Grimshaw finally, ‘or are you simply (10) ______ people for fun? If you intend to (11) ______ someone, you should do it now.’ The Inspector smiled. ‘I asked you here (12) ______ purpose, Lady Grimshaw. I have been reading your (13) ______ , you see, and it is quite clear that you have told several (14) ______.’ ‘How dare you!’ Lady Grimshaw spluttered. ‘Do you (15) ______ that you were with Tim Dawson in the garden on the night of the murder?’ the Inspector said? ‘You forgot about the security cameras, you see... 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

A) last A) witness A) now A) blackmailer A) confessed A) crime A) to A) accused A) evidence A) suspecting A) trial A) with A) statement A) people A) refuse

B) least B) offender B) damages B) hostage B) committed B) self-defence B) having B) suspicious B) witness B) suing B) charge B) for B) biography B) errors B) deny

C) the C) guilty C) law C) hooligan C) admitted C) fact C) under C) ordinary C) permission C) denying C) sentence C) on C) evident C) times C) contradict

D) school D) verdict D) accident D) forger D) performed D) danger D) my D) innocent D) body D) accusing D) confess D) by D) history D) lies D) suppose

27. Complete the following sentences with words from the box. burglary

robbery

mugging

pickpocket

a) When you steal money or a large amount of goods from a bank or a shop the crime is called_________ . b) Somebody who steals from your bag or pocket (usually in a crowded place) is called a _________.

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c) When somebody breaks into your home and steals something, the crime is called_________. d) When somebody steals money from you and uses violence it’s called_________ . 28. What is the person called who commits: a) a burglary?

b) a robbery?

c) a mugging?

d) a theft?

29. Read the comments made by three teenagers about their attitudes to stealing. a) Where possible, decide which of their comments you agree or disagree with and write down any comments of your own. b) Do you sympathise with any of the young people? Is stealing more acceptable if you’re poor? Discuss your views in groups. c) Read what the young people said again and find two colloquial expressions which mean steal. 30. Put the following crimes in order depending on how serious you think they are (1 is the most important, 6 is the least important). Discuss in groups. a) Taking clothes from a large shop without paying. b) Mugging an old lady and taking from her. c) Stealing from your mother’s purse. d) Taking home things like pens and sellotape from where you work. e) Selling stolen goods. f) Stealing million from a bank. Andrew: ‘If somebody pinches some thin from a big shop or a business or something like that and they get away with it, I say good luck to them. What does it matter? It’s not the same as stealing off a ‘ friend or knocking down a poor old lady and running off with her purse’.

Tina: ‘I’ve nicked. loads of pens, sellotape and things from work. The employers nick things and cheat, don’t they. If you don’t do it they will’.

Janet: My father was done for selling stolen goods and went to prison. But what else can you do when you’re unemployed and you’ve got a family to bring up?’

31. Look at the sentences below. Match the definitions of crimes to words from the box. blackmail kidnapping arson trespass hijacking manslaughter murder smuggling drug dealing forgery fraud mugging spying shoplifting libel bribery burglary speeding

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1 When someone kills someone else deliberately. 2 When someone offers you money to do something. 3 When someone steals something from your home. 4 When someone captures you and demands money for your release. 5 When someone attacks you in the street and takes your money. 6 When someone writes something false and offensive about someone. Find out what the other words in the box mean. 32. Work in pairs. Decide on punishments for some of the crimes in the vocabulary box. prison sentence fine caution service disqualification

life sentence

damages

community

33. Read Rules of law. Now work in pairs and discuss which law you find most amusing or strange. Rules of law ♦ In Lancashire, it is against the law to hang male and female underwear on the same line. ♦ In Saskatchewan, Canada, you must not drink water in a beer house. ♦ A transportation law in Texas, USA: when two trains approach each other at a crossing, they should both stop, and neither shall start up until the other has gone. ♦ In Waterloo, Nebraska, USA, it is illegal for a barber to eat onions between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. ♦ The town council of Widries, Lancashire, England introduced a fine of for those who made a habit of falling asleep in the reading rooms of libraries. ♦ Duelling in Paraguay is legal as long as both participants are registered blood donors. ♦ In New York City there is still a law which makes it illegal for women to smoke in public. ♦ The citizens of Kentucky, USA, are required by law to take a bath once a year. ♦ In 1659 it became illegal to celebrate Christmas in Massachusetts. ♦ In New York State you are not allowed to shoot at a rabbit from a moving trolley car. You have to get off the car, or wait for it to come to a complete stop, then fire away. ♦ In Malaysia it is against the law to dance on the backs of turtles. ♦ In Madagascar it is illegal for pregnant women to wear hats or eat eels. ♦ In Alaska, USA, it is illegal to look at a moose from the window of an airplane or any other flying vehicle. ♦ It is illegal to hunt camels in the state of Arizona, USA.

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♦ In Indiana, USA, it is against the law to travel on a bus within four hours of eating garlic. ♦ During the reign of Elizabeth 1, the wearing of hats was made compulsory in England. ♦ In 1937 in Hungary spring cleaning became compulsory. All lofts and cellars had to be cleaned. 34. Answer the questions. Try to do this in one minute. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Where can’t barbers eat onions during the day? Where and when did you have to wear a hat? Where and when did you have to clean out your lofts and cellars? What must two trains do at a crossing in Texas? What mustn’t you do if you’ve just eaten some garlic? What mustn’t you do from an airplane window?

35. Work in pairs. Here are some possible reasons why some of the laws were introduced. Match the reason and the law. 1. Because it makes their breath smell. 2. Maybe they’re an endangered species. 3. It doesn’t give the animal a sporting chance. 4. Because it distracted people from the true meaning of there religion. 5. Maybe because it was considered unsuitable behavior for a lady. 6. In case people snored. Can you think of reasons why the other laws were introduced? 36. Work in groups of two or three. Are there any laws you would like to introduce in your country? Think about: – use of mobile phones pollution – healthcare leaving age

– smoking in public places – use of cars – – housing – pets – language learning – school

37. Write some new laws for your country. They can be as amusing or strange as you like. 38. Work in groups of two or three. Look at the words in the box and use them to complete the gaps in the questions. innocent guilty prison offence weapon arrest lawyer suspect crime legal charged with confess custody magistrate trail sentence executed for jury judge bail 1. Are you innocent until you’re proved to be ____, or the other way round?

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2. If you’re convicted of drug dealing, are you always sent to ____or is there sometimes a fine? 3. Is it an offence to carry a____ such as a gun or a knife? 4. 4 If the police arrest you, are you allowed to call a____ ? 5. If the police____ you for a crime, is it legal to remain silent when they question you? 6. If you’re____ a crime, are you always kept in custody while you wait for a trial? 7. If you____ to a crime, do you always get a light sentence? 8. Are there any crimes which you can be____ ? 9. Is there always trial by____ for serious crimes? 10. Who decides on a sentence? Is it the____ or the jury? 39. Read the newspaper article and the letter in reply it. Who do you agree with – the judge or the writer of the letter? A judge ordered an 82-year-old man to pay £4,000 damages to a burglar who was trying to break into his house. Jack Lewis was asleep in his house in Maidstone, Kent when he heard noises. He picked up his shotgun and went downstairs where he found Michael Phillips in the hall with a bag full of electrical equipment. Phillips claimed that because he was unarmed, he put the goods down and raised his hands when he saw the shotgun. Lewis said Phillips had turned to run out of the open front door, so he shot him. Phillips suffered minor wounds to the legs. The judge said despite the fact that Lewis was defending his own property. The shotgun was unlicenced and in any case, it was not acceptable for people to take the law into their own hands. Sir, I am writing in disbelief at the judgement passed on Jack Lewis yesterday. In my opinion it is absolutely unfair to make him pay for his act of self-defence. In theory he has committed an offence by firing an unlicenced shotgun, and he should be prosecuted for this. But in practice the law should be more flexible. As far as I’m concerned, for a criminal to receive compensation for an injury sustained while carrying out a crime is quite outrageous.’ Yours faithfully Brian Forbes 40. Match the words below with the definitions. jury prosecution defendant court

judge

defence

lawyer

magistrate

1 The person who decides on a sentence. 2 The person who presents the victim’s case. 3 The person who presents the case of the person standing trial. 4 The person who stands trial. 5 The people who decide whether the person standing trial is guilty or innocent.

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6 The place where a trial takes place. 7 The person who presides in a court for minor offences. 41. Put these legal procedures in the order in which they usually take place. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

be convicted of an offence be charged with an offence be sentenced be arrested be suspected of an offence appeal stand trail be given bail or go into custody

42. Complete the news reports below with words from the list. You may need to modify the nouns and verbs. You may need to use some words more than once. forged lawyer innocent

sentence prison jury prosecution charge case

extradite suspended appeal guilty fine

convict court

1 A court ___________ the former boss of a first division football club to one year in __________ and another year __________ for rigging a soccer match. The sentence was harsher than the six-month term sought by the ____________. The former football boss is to against the sentence. 2 The mayor of a major town was found _________ of fraud when he was finally brought to __________ last month. He fled the country two years ago when an enquiry revealed he had been using taxpayers’ money to finance personal projects. The former mayor was ____________ from America in January. He received a twoyear prison __________ and was ___________. 3 A _________ sentenced one of Europe’s most wanted men to seven months’ jail for possession of ___________ documents. After serving the sentence he is likely to be _________ to Italy where he had escaped from jail after he was ____________ of murder in 1991. 4 A 40-year-old man was found not _________ of murder by a __________ in Birmingham this week. The man had been __________ with the murder of a neighbour in May 1993 and had spent over a year behind bars before his. ___________ finally came to court this month. The man was overwhelmed with relief as he left the ___________ with his wife. His ____________ is making a compensation claim for the months he spent in prison. 43. Read the following, paying particular attention to the words in italics. Discuss the meanings of these in groups, and use your dictionary for any which are still not clear. When someone is arrested for committing an offence, he is taken to the police station for interrogation. If the police decide there is a case against him, he is charged

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with the offence, that is to say the police formally accuse him of committing it. After this, the accused appears before a mastrate. This is a well-respected member of the public who is empowered to decide, with a lawyer’s help, what to do about minor cases. If the magistrate finds the accused guilty, he will sentence him to pay a fine, or some other minor punishment. More serious cases are passed up to the Crown Court, where the accused is tried for the offence by a judge, and usually a jury. Very serious cases are heard in the high courts in London. The accused may have to wait a long time to stand trial. Sometimes he can pay bail, as a kind of guarantee, and await the trial in freedom. In other cases, he is remanded in custody by the magistrate, and must wait in a cell, in a police station or a remand prison. At the trial, the accused pleads guilty or not guilty. If he pleads not guilty, the jury, composed of twelve ordinary citizens, has to decide if he is guilty or not. This decision is called their verdict. The judge directs proceedings, and decides what punishment to give, if any. The lawyers who try to persuade the jury are called barristers. In court, the one on the side of the accused is known as the Counsel for the Defence, and the one against him is called the Counsel for the Prosecution. Each barrister calls witnesses to give evidence in support of his case. The witnesses can be cross-examined by the other counsel, who tries to persuade the jury that the evidence is untrue or not important. When all the evidence has been heard, the judge sums up the case and explains legal points for the jury’s benefit. He must not try to influence their decision, however. The jury retire to another room, where they try to reach a verdict. If they find the accused guilty as charged, we say he has been convicted of the offence. The judge then passes sentence. He may sentence the guilty person to pay a fine, to a number of years’ imprisonment, or to some other punishment. If the verdict is ‘not guilty’, we say the accused has been acquitted of the offence, and he goes free. If the accused feels there was something unfair about the trial, he may appeal to the Appeal Courts, where three judges decide the case. 44. Cover the text. Which words on the left go with which word or words on the right? a plead b cross-examine c remand d commit e reach f stand g find h hear i pay j call k give l sum up m pass

I verdict II case III imprisonment IV sentence V witnesses VI offence VII evidence VIII guilty/not guilty IX trial X fine XI bail XII custody

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45. Which people are connected with which items in Exercise 43. In what way? the police witnesses

the accused the barristers

the magistrate

the judge

the jury the

46. Circle the odd-one out. 1 illegal unlawful offence crime prohibited truth 2 jury judge magistrate witness weapon lawyer 3 innocent prosecute sentence convict charge arrest 4 murder blackmail bail mugging burglary arson 5 fine trial prison sentence damages caution community service 6 thief burglar forger barrister drug dealer shoplifter 47. Match these definitions with a word(s) from activity 45. 1 A person who saw a crime being committed. 2 To deliberately set fire to a property. 3 Someone who defends the accused in court. 4 To sentence an offender to pay money. 5 Against the law. 6 Someone who steals from houses. 7 A group of citizens who decide whether a defendant is guilty or not. 8 To take legal action against someone.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

48. Complete the sentences. 1 He was c_______ of manslaughter and s_______ to two years in prison. 2 The j______ found the man g ______ of pre-meditated murder. 3 In Britain, it is a criminal o________ to carry a weapon. 4 There is always a t_______ by jury for serious crimes. 5 The policeman stopped the driver and a _______ him of dangerous driving. 6 The police dropped the c_______ against the woman because she had a good alibi. 7 The jury found the man i______ and he was released. 8 It is against the l________ to sell stolen goods. 49. Match the sentences with the replies. 1. Someone tried to break into my house in the night. I turned the lights on and they ran away. 2. Why can’t I fish in that river? 3. Should I bring a cake or something? 4. He was attacked by thieves and he fought back bravely. Unfortunately he is in hospital now.

a No, but you must have a licence to drive a car. b He should have given them his money without resisting. c No, you can’t drive until you are eighteen. d You don’t need to bring anything.

33 5. Do you need a licence to ride a bike in Britain? 6. Are you allowed to drive a car before you. are eighteen?

e Nevertheless, you should have called the police. They may come again when you are out. f Because you have to have a licence.

50. You are going to read about ten people who have been charged with different crimes and found guilty or not guilty. Guess what the court’s verdict was. 1 Joe a 15 year-old, broke into his neighbour’s house, burgled the house, locked the eighty-year-old woman a her bathroom and escaped in her car. At the trial, the defence pleaded not guilty to the charges with the reason of temporary insanity caused by Joe watching too much television. He watched more then six hours a day, loved come programmes and had just watched a film which contained scenes similar to the crime he had committed. Was Joe GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of burglars and false imprisonment? 2 Max went to a second-hand car dealer named Harry and told him that he only wanted a car that had air conditioning. Harry said OK and pointed out a car. Max took the car to the test drive and then bought it to see if it had air conditioning. When he got the car home, he discovered that the knob marked ‘air’ was for ventilation only. Max sued Harry for fraud and demanded compensation. Was Harry GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of fraud? 3 James had been unemployed for over two years and needed a new suit to wear at job interviews. However, he did not have enough money. He happened to have the same name as the richest man in town, so he went to a tailor’s and put a new suit on the other man’s account, simply by signing his own name. He was charged with forgery’, but he argued that he had not forged anyone’s signature by signing his own name. Was James GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of forgers? 4 Police began searching a suspected thief’s home but couldn’t find any of the stolen goods they were looking for. During the search, a police officer secretly took aside the thief’s five-year-old son and said he would pay him five dollars if he showed him where the stolen goods were hidden. The boy accepted the money and took the police to the hiding place. When the police charged the boy’s mother with burglary, she stated that the stolen goods should not be used as evidence and accused the policeman of bribing her child. Were the police GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of bribery? 5 The manager of a shop was informed by a customer that a woman had taken something off a shelf and put it in her bag without paying for it. When he investigated, the manager saw articles similar to those on sale in the shop in the woman’s clear plastic bag. At the cash-desk, the manager accused her of shoplifting. However, when the woman emptied her bag and the manager saw that she possessed no stolen items, he apologised. She pressed charges against him for slander. Was the shop manager GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of slander? 6 Sally reversed her car out of her drive and accidentally ran over her flat-mate’s dog which was sleeping in the car’s path. The dog was badly injured and had to be treated

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by a vet. Sally’s flat-mate Jane sued her for $1000 in damages to compensate for the vet’s fee. Jane argued that Sally had driven without due care and attention because she knew that the dog would often sleep on the drive and could not hear the car because he was deaf. Should Sally be ordered to pay compensation? 7 In New York in the l970s, a young woman whose surname was Cooperman went to court to have her name changed to Cooperperson. She was an active member of the Women’s Rights Movement and because of this, she wanted to have a name which reflected human equality. Should Ms Cooperman be allowed to change her name? 8 Diana consulted a plastic surgeon who told her that he could make her nose smaller and ‘more harmonious with her other features’. After three operations, it looked much worse than before. Diana sued the surgeon. Should the surgeon be ordered to pay compensation? 9 A male teacher who wore a small earring to work was sacked from his job. He claimed that he had been sacked because the school administration thought it was inappropriate for a male teacher to wear an earring and he accused the school of sexual discrimination. Was the school GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of sexual discrimination? 10 During local government elections, a newspaper printed profiles of all the party candidates, but the profile of the Green Party candidate was completely unintelligible. Margaret, a member the Green Party, thought that the newspaper had done it on purpose and so she wrote an angry letter to the editor. In order to make sure it was printed, she paid for it to be published as an advertisement. The newspaper printed it and then sued Margaret for libel. Was Margaret GUILTY or NOT GUILTY of libel? 51. Now read the court’s verdict for each case. 1 The court found Joe guilty, stating that there was no evidence that television was responsible for his inability to distinguish between right and wrong. 2 The court found Harry not guilty because Max should have checked the air conditioning for himself. 3 The court found James guilty of committing forgery. 4 The court found the police not guilty and stated that they pay for information all the time. 5 The court found the shop manager guilty and ordered him to pay the woman damages. 6 Yes, the court found Sally guilty of negligence. 7 No, the court ruled against a change of name, saying that they would have to accept all requests of this nature. For example, Jackson would become. Jackchild and Manning would become Peopling. 8 Yes, the court ruled that the surgeon had broken his contract to improve Diana’s appearance.

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9 The court found the school not guilty of sexual discrimination. Although the law prohibits dismissal based on gender, it does not protect against discrimination against an effeminate appearance 10 The court ruled against the newspaper because it needn’t have agreed to print Margaret’s advertisement. 52. Look at the definitions of some crimes below and circle words in the word square which make the name of the crimes. You can read forwards or backwards, across, down or diagonally. a) Breaking into a building and stealing something. b) Being married to more than one person. c) Getting money-by threatening to tell a secret about somebody. d) Taking things in and out of a country against the law. e) Going on to privately owned land without something permission. f) Attacking and robbing someone. g) Sexual assault. h) The premeditated killing of someone. T F O M U V S X N T Y

R L Z C H Y J P D Q B

E T B L A C K M A I L

S M U G G L I N G O S

P B R P D Z P A N Y L

A O G H P J M I I H E

S P L J Q Y E J G O A

S Z A C M P N U G R D

I U R Z A X L G U M F

N Q Y R E D R U M O R

G O L P X G S E K I T

53. Which verbs go with the nouns above? What is the person called who commits these Crimes? Complete the columns below. Crime burglary_______ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

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Verb burgle_________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Person burglar________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ 54. Guess which of the following statements about murder are true. a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Most murders are premeditated. _______ A lot of murders are caused by alcohol or drugs. _______ People who know each other do not often kill each other. _______ Murders usually are more violence than is necessary to kill someone. _______ In the USA there are more than 10.000 murders each year. _______ In Britain there are no more than 1.000 murders a year. _______ It’s quite difficult to get a gun anywhere in Britain. _______

55. Divide these expressions into P (for Premeditated) and U(for Unpremeditated). a) sudden fit of passion_________. b) in co/el blood _________. c) plan the deed_________. d) lose your temper_________. e) on the spur of the moment_________. 56. Below you see the story of an extraordinary case in British legal history. The affair started in 1949 and was finally closed in 1966. At the moment, there are a number of gaps in the story. Use the words below to complete it. trial convicted

confessed enquiry(x2)

court sentenced

custody jury

guilty execution

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arrested pardon suspect

innocent judges tried

charged plea executed

appeal apprehended statements

dropped hunt denied

The story began when a man called Timothy Evans was … for the murder of his wife and baby. He was … with the double murder, but a shot time later one of the charges was … and he was … for the murder of his daughter only. During the … Evans accused the man whose house he had been living in, John Christie, of the crimes, but no attention was paid to him. The … found Evans … and he was … to death. An … was turned down and he was … in 1950. Some time later, more women’s bodies were discovered in Christie’s house: two, three, four, five, six. John Christie was the police’s chief … and they started a nationwide … for him. He was soon … . Alleged … by Christie while he was in … cast doubt on the Evans handing. When he went to …, Christie … that he had murdered Mrs. Evans, but in private it was said that he … to that crime. His … of insanity with regard to other murders was rejected and he was … of killing his wife. Soon afterwards there was an … into the … of Timothy Evans. The … decided that justice had been done and Evans had been rightly hanged. It was only in 1966 that another … was set up. This time it was decided that Evans had probably been … and he was given a free … . Better late than never, as they say. 57. Now a quiz on some points of law – English style. The answers may well be different in your country. Simply answer the question Yes or N. The answers according to English law are printed at the end of the quiz. 1. Is it a crime to try and kill yourself? 2. Is it illegal to help somebody to commit suicide? 3. Can you be executed for murdering a policeman? 4. If, after a murder, all the victim’s relatives plead: ‘Please don’t prosecute!’ can charges against the suspected culprit be dropped? 5. If two armed thieves break into a house, guns in hand, and one of them shoots and kills the house-owner, is his accomplice guilty of murder? 6. If I surprise an intruder in my lounge at night stealing my millions, have I legal right to assault him with a weapon? 7. If I set a trap – a fifty-kilo weight just above the front door – for any burglars who might try and enter the house, am I breaking the law? 8. After a divorce or legal separation, can a wife be required to pay alimony to her ex-husband? 9. If I promise to marry my girlfriend and then change my mind shortly before the wedding, can she take me to court? 10. If you said to your teacher in the middle of one of his lessons: ‘You don’t know the first things about teaching!’ could he bring a civil action against you? 11. Would I be in danger of committing an offence if I put an advertisement for my school in the paper saying: ‘Male white teacher required’?

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12. If, as a defendant (or the accused), I am not satisfied with the way my barrister has handled my defence, can I sue him? 13. If you were in my house – uninvited – and the ceiling, which had had a large crack in it for some time, caved in and broke your leg, would it be a good idea to consult your solicitor? 14. Can a person suspected of and charge with rape be allowed bail? Answers 1. No, not any more. 2. Yes, even mercy-killing (euthanasia) is against the law. 3. No. Capital punishment was abolished in the 1960s. 4. No. Murder is a crime against society (this involves criminal law) and not just a civil matter between individuals. 5. Yes. Joint guilt. In the eyes of the law, both are guilty. 6. No – at least, only in self-defence. 7. Yes. 8. Yes. 9. No, not now. Some years ago she could have sued me for breach of promise. 10. Yes, he could claim it was slander (or libel, if you wrote it in a newspaper). He probably wouldn’t, though, because of the legal costs. 11. Yes, because of the Sex Discrimination Act and the Race Relations Act. 12. No. 13. Yes. You could sue me for negligence and I would probably have to pay damages. 14. Yes. 58. There are many crimes and offences apart from the few mentioned above. Explain, define or give examples of the offences listed below. driving without due care and attention blackmail mugging – robbery with violence kidnapping drug peddling arson espionage – spying trespassing shoplifting manslaughter treason smuggling hijacking forgery obscenity bigamy bribery and corruption baby- or wife battering ft conspiracy fraud Which of the above would or could involve the following? counterfeit money a ransom state secrets pornography heroin contraband hostages a traitor a store detective

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59. Here is a story of a very unfortunate, irresponsible man called Mr. N.E. Body. Imagine that he was stopped by the police at each and every point of the drama. Read about what happened and, after each piece of information you receive, decide what punishment he deserves. Here are some of the sentences you might wish to hand out: You might feel the death penalty is in order, or life imprisonment, even solitary confinement. You could put him on probation, give him community service or impose a fine – anything from to You might consider corporal punishment (a short, sharp shock), a shortish prison sentence or, of course, you could make that a suspended sentence. You might make him pay compensation, or would you like to see him banned from driving? No? Well, his licence could be endorsed. Or would you dismiss the case, find him not guilty of any crime, acquit him, find the case not proved? 1 Mr. Body drank five pints of beer and five single whiskies in a pub, got into his car and drove away. 2 He did not drive dangerously but exceeded the speed limit as he wanted to catch up with a friend who had left his wallet in the pub. 3 As e was driving along, a little girl ran into the road and he knocked her down. 4 There was no way he could have stopped, drunk or sober. 5 The little girl suffered only bruises and superficial injuries. 6 Mr. Body’s wife had left him two days before. 7 Six months later, it was clear that the little girl was to suffer from after-effects of the accident and would stutter for many years. 8 Mr. Body had never previously received any summons for traffic offences. 9 The little girl admitted that it was all her fault. 10 The passenger in Mr. Body’s car was killed outright as he went through the. 60. Write or discuss the answers to these questions. 1 Which aspects of the law seem unsatisfactory to you? 2 How have criminals been portrayed in films you have seen recently? Were the criminals portrayed as heroes, idiots or evil individuals? 3 What – in detail – would happen to you in your country if you were caught: a speeding in your car? b in possession of soft drugs? c with a gun in your pocket? d breaking into a house?

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61. Write a judge’s summing up after a trial, reminding the jury of the witnesses’ testimony and advising them on how to reach their verdict. NOTE A. Note the difference between the verbs: steal and rob. The object of the verb ‘steal’ is the thing which is taken away, e.g. they stole my bike, whereas the object of the verb ‘rob’ is the person or place from which things are stolen, e.g. I was robbed last night. A masked man robbed the bank. ‘Steal’ is irregular; steal, stole, stolen. B. The table below gives the names of some other types of crimes together with their associated verbs and the name of the person who commits the crimes. crime murder shoplifting burglary smuggling kidnapping

C.

definition killing someone stealing something from a shop stealing something from someone’s home taking something illegally into another country taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other favours, etc.

criminal murderer shoplifter burglar smuggler kidnapper

verb murder shoplift burgle smuggle kidnap

All the verbs in the table above are regular. Here are some more useful verbs connected with crime and law. Note that many of them have particular prepositions associated with them. Bill committed a crime when he robbed a bank. Someone witnessed the crime and told the police. The police charged him with bank robbery. They also accused his twin brother, Ben, of being his accomplice. The case came to court and they were tried. The trial did not last very long. Bill and Ben both pleaded not guilty in court. Their lawyer did her best to defend them but the prosecuting lawyer produced a very strong case against them. After brief deliberations, the jury passed verdict on them. They decided that Bill was but Ben was innocent. The judge acquitted Ben of any involvement in the robbery but sentenced Bill to three years in prison. He also had to pay a large fine. Bill served two years in prison [jail] but was released from prison a year early. He got time off for good behaviour. D. Here are some useful nouns. trial: the legal process in court whereby an accused person is investigated, or tried, and then found guilty or not guilty case: a crime that is being investigated evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not proof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence i.e. the punishment jury: group of twelve citizens who decide on the verdict i.e. whether the accused is guilty or not ***

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62. Put the right form of either rob or steal in the sentences below. 1 Last night an armed gang_____ the post office. They _____£2.000. 2 My handbag _____ at the theatre yesterday. 3 Every year large numbers of banks _____. 4 Jane _____ of the opportunity to stand for president. 63. Here are some more crimes. Complete a table like the one in B opposite. crime terrorism blackmail drugtrafficking forgery pickpocketing mugging

criminal _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

verb _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

definition _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

64. Fill the blanks in the paragraph below with one of the verbs from C opposite. One of the two accused men_______(1) at yesterday’s trial. Although his lawyer_______(2) him very well, he was still found guilty by the jury. The judge_______(3) him to two years in prison. He’ll probably _______ (4) after eighteen months. The other accused man was luckier. He _______(5) and left the courtroom smiling broadly. 65. Here are some words connected with law and crime. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you check that you understand what they all mean. Then divide them into three groups, in what seems to you to be the most logical way. member of a jury judge smuggling witness prison bribery detective hi-jacking community service probation warden death penalty rape drunken driving lawyer

fine traffic

66. Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper headline. Give some details about the crime and the court case, using as many words from this unit as is appropriate. Local girl’s evidence gets mugger two years prison

NOTE

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A Against the law If you do something illegal (= wrong / against the law), then you have committed a crime. Most people commit a crime at some time in their lives, e.g. driving above the speed limit, parking illegally, stealing sweets from a shop when they were children, etc. B Crimes Crime theft (= general word for stealing) robbery (= steal from people or places) burglary (= break into a shop/house and steal things) shoplifting (= steal from shops when open) murder (= kill someone by intention) manslaughter (= kill someone by accident) rape (= force someone to have sex)

Criminal (= person) thief robber burglar shoplifter murderer –– rapist

Verb steal (also take) rob burgle/break into shoplift murder –– rape

C Crime prevention What can governments do to fight crime (= take action to stop crime)? These things happen in some countries, although many people may think they are not a good idea. Police carry (= have) guns. Police are allowed to (= are permitted to) stop anyone in the street and question them. The courts give tougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences than in the past). There is capital punishment (= death, e.g. by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. What can individuals do to prevent a crime from happening (= stop a crime happening)? Here are things some people do to protect themselves and their property (= home and land), although you may not think they are all a good idea. Don’t walk along dark streets late at night (e.g. midnight) on your own (= alone). Lock all doors and windows when you go out. Don’t wear expensive jewellery. Leave lights on at home when you go out. Fit (= install) a burglar alarm ( a machine which makes a noise if someone enters your home). Make sure your money is safe, e.g. wear a money belt. Carry a mace spray. (This is a chemical and if you spray it in someone’s face, it is very unpleasant. In some countries you are allowed to carry this type of spray.) Put money and valuables (= valuable possessions) in a safe (= a strong metal box, which is very difficult to open or break).

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Keep a gun in your house for self-defence (= to protect yourself if someone attacks you). *** 67. Organise the words in the box into three groups: crimes, people, and places. murder thief prison barrister burglar cell criminal manslaughter judge prisoner

robbery court jury

rape shoplifting police station

68. Respond to these statements or questions confirming the crime in each one. 1 A: He broke into the house, didn’t he? B: Yes, he’s been charged with _______. 2 A: He killed his wife? B: Yes, he’s been charged _______. 3 A: She stole clothes and jewellery from that department store, didn’t she? B: Yes, and she’s been _______. 4 A: The man on the motorbike didn’t mean to kill the boy. B: No, but he’s been charged _______. 5 A: He took the money from her bag? B: Yes, but they caught him and he’s been _______. 69. How safe and secure are you? Answer these questions, yes or no. 1 Do you often walk in areas which are not very safe? 2 Do you often walk on your own in these areas late at night? 3 Do you wear a money belt when you go out? 4 Do you wear an expensive watch or expensive jewellery? 5 Do you check doors and windows before you go out when your home is empty? 6 Do you have a burglar alarm? 7 Do you leave lights on when you go out? 8 Is there someone who protects the building while you are out? 9 Do you have a safe in your home?

yes = 1 yes= 2 yes= 0 yes= 1 yes= 0

no = 0 no.=0 no = 1 no = 0 no = 2

yes= 0 yes= 0 yes= 0

no =1 no = 1 no = 2

yes= 0

no =1

Now add up your score: less than 3 = very, very safe; 3–5 = quite safe; 6–8 = you could take a lot more care; more than 8 = you are a dangerous person to know! 70. Fill the gaps in these questions with a suitable word.

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1 Do you think the police should .................... guns? 2 Do you think the police should be to stop and question people without a special reason? 3 Do you agree with capital for certain crimes such as murder? 4 Do you think it should be legal for people to carry a mace? 5 Do you think people should be allowed to use a gun or knife in self. 6 Do you think tougher punishments will help to crime? What is your opinion on these questions? Discuss them with another person if possible.

PART 5. MONEY MATTERS 1. Do you prefer to spend or to save money? Give reasons, and say: either what you spend your money on; or what (if anything) you are saving your money for. 2. Match the statements below with a word(s) from the box. building society cash cheque credit card currency, deposit Wee grant income tax in credit interest loan mortgage overdrawn pension rate of exchange receipt salary statement unemployment benefit (VAT) value added tax wages withdrawal 1 A word for a document, you receive when you buy something. 2 A word for an organisation which lends you r money to buy a house or flat. 3 A word for a document your bank sends you telling you what you have in your account. 4 A word for money you earn from a larger amount of money or pay on money you borrow. 5 Two words for money which is lent to you. 6 Two words for the action of taking out or putting money into a bank account. 7 Three words for methods of paying for things you buy. 8 Two words to describe the status of your account. 9 Two words for money the government takes away from you. 10 A word/an expression to do with money from a foreign country. 11 Three words to describe the payment you receive for work you do. 12 Three words or expressions to describe money which the government may pay you. Think about your answers to the statements 5-12. What’s the difference between the words? 3. Choose words from the box to complete the sentences below.

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wealthy broke

afford overdrawn

on

cost

lends

bargain earns

owe

a) An idiomatic expression for to have no money – to be_________ b) Another expression for to be in the red – to be_____________ c) I got a really good ______at the sale. A pullover for only 5 dollars. d) Another adjective for rich is ______. e) You can borrow money from a bank. In other words, a bank _____ people money. f) I can’t____to buy a new car. They’re too expensive. g) I ____ the bank £3,000. h) We spend lots of money ______ food. i) She’s quite rich now – she lots of money in her new job. j) I’d like a new coat, but they ___ too much. 4. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. a) I haven’t got enough money, I’m afraid. Could you borrow/lend me some ? b) It’s a good school, but the fares/fees are rather high. c) This car is too expensive. We can’t afford/pay it. d) It was a very good meal. Can we have the account/bill please? e) There’s a small flat to hire/let in Bridge Street. f) How much do you earn/gain in your new job ? She’s a good dentist, but she doesn’t charge/spend too much, h) I bought this coat in the sales. It was decreased/reduced a lot. i) Jack made his fortune/treasure buying and selling property, j) How much do you reckon/value that house would cost ? 5. Replace each word or phrase underlined with a word or phrase from the list which has the opposite meaning. cash generous profit save well off expensive poverty purchase takeout worthless a) I was surprised by how mean Charles was b) Janet says that she is very hard up at the moment c) Last year their business made a huge loss d)I’d like to pay in £100 please e) That part of Spain always seems very civilian to me f) Most people in the city live in great prosperity g) The manager insisted that I paid by cheque h) Some people manage to spend most of their money. i) Jean was able to make only one sale during the morning j) The old painting I found in the loft turned out to be valuable. 6. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only

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coin guarantee pension rent tip credit card loan receipt safe wealth a) The old couple had only a small ………to live on. b) My uncle Sam acquired his considerable …………….selling cars. c) David never carries cash with him and pays for everything by……………. d) I wouldn’t have been able to buy my boat without a bank………………… e) The shop won’t change any goods without the original …………………. f) Keith didn’t like the waiter so he didn’t leave……………………………… h) The food mixer has a twelve month ................................................................ i) We keep all our money and valuables in this ............................................................. in the floor. j) The five pence 7. Choose the most suitable response to each sentence a) to j) from the sentences 1) to 10). Use each response once only. a) Who do I make the cheque out to? ……….. b) We seem to be spending a lot of money lately. ………. c) The house has burnt down! What are we going to do?............... d) How much do you want for this drawing? ………………. e) Did you inherit this house? ………………. f) Your dog must have cost a lot of money. ................................ g) Do we still owe the bank any money? ………………………. h) How much do you make a year? ……………………………. i) Can we change money at the hotel to pay the bill? ... ……………. j) Why are you putting so much money in the bank? .......................... 1) Sorry, but it’s not for sale………………………….. 2) I’m saving up to buy a new motorbike………………………. 3) Perhaps we should try to economise a bit…………………….. 4) Yes, my Aunt Clara left it to me…………………………………… 5) Well, we’ve nearly paid it all back………………………………… 6) To JB Woolbury PLC…………………………………………… 7) Actually Г got it for nothing……………………………………. 8) I think they accept travellers cheques anyway. 9) I’ve got quite a good salary actually…………………………….. 10) Don’t worry, we’re insured…………………………….. 8. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) I bought these shoes in the sales. They were a real A)cheap B) economy С) bargain

D) purchase

b) If you put your money in the bank, it will earn ten per cent

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A) interest

В) profit

С) deposit

c) John asked his parents if they would pay off his A) rents B) debts С) accounts

D) investment D) credits

d) Adults have to pay £2.50 to get in, but children under 14 get in A) free В) nothing С) penniless D) open e) I’m interested in this old car. Is it ? A) selling В) a sale С) to sell

D) for sale

f) I’m trying to save for my holidays so I’m some money each week. A) putting in B) putting aside С) putting behind D) putting up g) Just a minute! You’ve forgotten to your cheque! A) mark B) make С) place

D) sign

h) I like your typewriter. How much did it exactly? A) pay B)cost С) afford

D) spend

i) The blackmailer asked for the money in used. A) notes В) cheques С) paper

D)cash

j) I gave the assistant £10 and she gave me four pounds A) rest B) money C) coins D) change 9. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the Space in the same line. Helen had always dreamed of becoming a (1) woman, and imagined living in a (2) mansion, and how her friends would praise her (3) when she gave them expensive presents. In reality she was usually hard up. She had some (4) and a small life (5)..., but her antique shop was not really very (6) ..... Every time she took money out of the bank, the (7) .....checked her account, and told her how little there was in it! Helen had taken out a (8) a month before. How could she repay it? Then one day she noticed an old painting in her shop. She had thought it was (9) but as she brushed away the dust, she saw the (10) at the bottom. It said ‘Renoir’! She was rich at last!

WEALTH LUXURY GENEROUS SAVE INSURE PROFIT CASH LEND WORTH SIGN

10. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase formed from pay. Each space

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represents one word. a) You can pay the full price now, or make six monthly b) If you lend me the money, I’ll.................next week. c) I haven’t got enough money to...... the suit now. d) We ................ a lot of money on the decorating for this house. e) Whenever Alan loses a bet he refuses to ..... f) Thank goodness it’s Friday today. It’s ..... g) I must do something about all these bills. h) Please make the cheque....’. R.D. Smith. i) Take this money and.................. to the bank. j) I like my job, and it’s very ....... 11. Match each person from the list with a suitable description. Use each name once only. accountant cashier heir manager pensioner agent investor miser swindler

customer

a) Someone who likes to keep money and not spend it……………. b) Someone who inherits money or property. …………… c) Someone who runs a bank ..... …………….. d) Someone who has retired ...... ……………… e) Someone who keeps or checks financial records. .. .. ..................... f) Someone who buys things in a shop .. …………………………….. g) Someone who pays out money in a bank…………………………. h) Someone who represents others in business…………………….. i) Someone who puts money into a business……………………… j) Someone who cheats people out of money.. .. …………………. 12. Decide which answer А, В, С or D best fits each space. Money Matters Are you always (1)…………….. up? Do you often have to (2)……………….money from friends, or from your parents, whenever you need a little extra (3)…………..…? If you (4)……….…. too much, and save too little, you will end up with more (5)………than friends. You know the solution, of course: just save a small (6)………. every month. Most banks will pay (7)……….…. on your savings, and you will soon be able to (8)………….. all those things which seemed to cost too much before. The trouble is, you’re a university student, and many banks treat you like a child. But not us. If you open a/an (9)…………...with Smith Fulton Bank before October 31st, we’ll not only send you your own (10)………………. book and credit (11)………….., but you’ll also receive a copy of our booklet’Putting Money (12)……………for Your Future’. Smith Fulton can pay your (13)………………., help you with special student (14)……………, and your friendly I branch (15)………can give you advice for the future. We believe in

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you. Why not believe in us and open an account? 1) A) shut 2) A) borrow 3) A) cheque 4) A) sign 5) A) owe 6) A) amount 7) A) receipts 8) A) lend 9) A) cheque 10) A) loan 11) A) plasticB) tip 12) A) aside 13) A) sales 14) A) coins 15) A) miser

B) hard B) lend B) pension B) spend B) loans B) number B) credits B) economise B) customer B) cheque

C) debt D) money C) save D) pay C) wealth D) cash C) cost D) cheat C) debt D) profits C) note D) rest C) rents D) interest C) afford D) spend C) bill D) account C) cash D) money C) card D) cheque B) up C) inside D) work B) bets C) bargains D) bills B) loans C) fortunes D) pensions B) swindler C) manager D) cashier

13. Here are some humorous sayings about money. Match the two parts of these sentences. 1 I’ve got all the money I need... 2 Money can’t buy you love... 3 Money isn’t everything... 4 Money can’t buy you friends... 5 Money doesn’t go as far as it used to... a. ...but it certainly goes faster. b...but it certainly puts you in wonderful bargaining position. c...but you can get a better class of enemy. d ...but it’s certainly handy if you don’t have a credit card. e ...if I die by four o’clock. 14. The dialogue below takes place in a bank. Complete the dialogue with the following words. You may need to change the form of some of the words. You may need to use some words more than once. cash commission credit card cheque note withdrawal exchange refundable amount currency transaction trip abroad withdrawal traveller’s cheque A. I shall be travelling (1) a lot over the next year and I’d like some advice on travel money, please. B. What countries will you be visiting? A. Mainly European countries but I shall be making a (2)______ to South

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America in January. B. It’s a good idea to have some foreign(3)____ for use when you arrive. You may want to make a phone call or pay a taxi so it’s useful to have same small denomination (4)________However, advisable to carry too much (5)_________ in case you lose it or it is stolen. A. What alternatives are there? B. All over Europe you can use your (6) ______to withdraw cash and even pay ret goods or services. A. Is there a (7) ______ on cash (8)__________ ? B. Yes, it’s one per cent of the total (9) _____ . A. What rate of (10)__________ will I get? B. The rate on the day your (11) ___ goes through. A. Can I pay by (12) ____ ? В. Only in Europe with a Eurocheque book and card. Otherwise, no. A. What happens if I lose my card? В. You should inform us immediately. But it is sensible to have some (13)___________. These are safer than (14) _______because they are (15)___________. 15. Read Tips from a mean millionaire and choose the best definition for the word tight wadding. 1 being imaginatively mean 2 saving as much as possible 3 living on bare essentials Amy Dacyczyn, the founder of The Tightwad Gazette -a monthly newsletter promoting thrift as a viable alternative lifestyle - is making tea. In her kitchen in rural name she Dons the kettle, pours the excess water into a Thermos, so she won’t have to waste electricity boiling more later, then opens her elderly fridge to get the milk She has a husband, six children and an income of over half a million dollars each year, but all the fridge contains are three old glass apple juice bottles full of milk, a wearylooking Tupperware box, a few covered bowls of leftovers and an apple with a few bites out of it. Welcome to the world of tight wadding, where super-creative hyper-frugality is the order of the day, nothing is ever bought new if it can humanly be found second hand, ordinary shops are visited only for special offers that extensive prior research has proved to be the very cheapest available. Amy Dacyczyn is a multi-millionaire, but if you saw her on the street – or diving into a skip for some discarded bargain – you certainly wouldn’t guess it. She has got rich by being imaginatively mean. Her monthly food bill is $ 180. Her yearly budget to clothe the children never exceeds $50. And it is her Tightwad Gazette, to which over 100,000 Americans have subscribed at $ 12 a year, and in which she imparts frugal hints, that has made her wealthy. When Amy got married, she and her husband Jim decided that there were three

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things they wanted more than anything else: a large family, a business they could run from home and a farmhouse. But their combined salaries could barely cover essentials. They decided they would have to be ruthless about cutting costs if they wanted to achieve their goals. First they divided all their expenses into essentials and optionals and cut out every optional: meals out, cigarettes and alcohol, magazines, junk food, new clothes. Then they looked at how they could pare down the essentials: utilities, groceries, petrol. Within seven years they had saved $49,000. Everything about Amy reflects the tightwad life. Her hair has been washed in cheap, bulk-bought shampoo and she is wearing minimal make-up. Since she is dedicated to frugality with time as well as money, her maroon blouse is unironed. The jeans were bought in a sale. Her sneakers have a three-year plan all their own. Today she’s wearing this year’s pair; last year’s pair she wears when she’s not seeing visitors and the year before’s she wears around the garden. All come from sales, at a maximum $ 15 a pair. The issue of surplus money is the core of tightwaddery. There’s no point in scrimping in one area if you’re wasting money in another and still not achieving the quality of life you really want. And the tightwad life is not only about spending less but spending in a way that reflects your values. 16. Write down four ways in which Amy saves money. She uses a Thermos to keep water hot in order to save electricity. 17. Write down six things which Amy considers as optionals. 18. The words in columns A and В have something to do with money. Match a word in A with its closest opposite in B. Use your dictionary to check new words. generous spendthrift luxury brand new

waste second-hand well-off loss

hard up stingy deposit(v) expenditure save overdrawn in the black penny pincher debt withdraw tight-fisted extravagant income priceless worthless millionaire beggar necessity profit loan 19. Complete the following sentences, including words from A or B.

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a. Tom couldn’t afford a brand new car ... b. Do you see that vase? We thought it was worthless. I paid only 50p for it in a jumble sale, but ... с. I think that nowadays a car is a necessity, but my grandmother says ... d. My two daughters are so different. One regularly saves her pocket money, the other ... e. Susie’s always getting into debt and then she has to go to her father ... f. I was so sure my account was in the black, but I’ve just got an angry letter ... g You’d never believe that he used to be a millionaire, now ... h. Ted’s so tight-fisted. He’s worn the same suit every day for work for 15 years, but his wife ... i. Anna’s always complaining about being hard up, but compared to me ... j. Mr. Micawber’s advice to his young friend, David Copperfield, in the year 1850: ‘Annual ____ £20, annual __ £19 and six shillings, result happiness. Annual_____ £20, annual __ £20 and six pence, result misery.’ 20. Would you be happy or miserable if you: - fell on hard times? - lived on a shoestring? - lived in the lap of luxury? - were living rough? - couldn’t make ends meet? - were rolling in money? - had to penny-pinch? - were made of money? - were down and out? - had to tighten your belt? - had a business that was doing a roaring trade? - lost a quid and found a fiver? 20. Below is an English family’s budget in pounds sterling for next month. Look at it to see where their money is coming from and how much is going out. Note down how you think they could save money and any differences between this budget and a family budget in your country. Income Outgoings Basic salary (gross National Insurance 335.00 Contributions: 380, after tax): Overtime payment: 56.50 Mortgage payment: Productivity bonus: 10.00 Rates (Direct Debit)

46.00 175.0 39.50

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Royalties on ‘Son of 35.50 Jaws’: Son’s wages (4 x 45 180.00 His tips and 25.00 commission:

Gas and Electricity -

Quarterly Bills: Alimony maintenance money to ex-wife: 642.00 HP installment on car: Basic Earnings: Road Tax: plus extras: Speeding fine: Jim’s college grant Life Insurance i on new 80.00 Deposit (240 - 3, tax-free): hi Freda’s scholarship machine:

164.0

173.5 88.00 80.00 35.00 48.00 45.00

(120-3): Child Benefit (7.50x2x4): Dad’s pension: Ted’s dole money unemployment benefit: Dad’s dividend on BP shares: Interest on Mum’s (bank deposit Tax Rebate (Tax 1980-81): Winnings on the

40.00

Accountant’s fees (3 months overdue): 25.00 60.00 Repayment on Credit 136.00 loan (Standing 60.00 Interest on overdraft 146.00 current account: 45.00

Total extras:

485.50 money: 60.00 Stake money for pools and horse-racing: 18.50 Church Collection: 1.00

13.00 3.50 4.50 2.50

Total Income (all sources): 1127.50

Other bank charges: Subscription to magazines Donation to ‘Help the Aged’: Contribution to Party funds: Jenny and Jim’s pocket

10.00 10.00 5.00 7.50

Total Expenditure: 1136 50

Balance: –£8.50 22. Act out or write a conversation between various members of this family, discussing how perhaps they could cut down and save a little money. 23. Below are a number of ways of saving or making money. Note down which you

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think are sensible and which you would not recommend. If you are working in a group, discuss your notes. If you are working on your own, write a brief summary of them. 1 buying in bulk to beat inflation 2 looking out for genuine reductions and real bargains in the sales 3 buying supermarket brands rather than brand-name products 4 buying economy-size packets and tins of things 5 collecting packet tops that offer discounts on the next purchase, have ‘5p off’ labels on them or contain forms for special offers 6 looking out for special HP (hire-purchase) deals at good rates of interest 7 delaying payment of bills until the final demand 8 taking your holidays out of season at cheap rates 9 buying second-hand clothes in jumble sales or charity shops 10 buying products that offer trading stamps or gift vouchers or competitions with once-in-a-lifetime prizes 11 using the telephone at off-peak, cheap-rate times 12 shopping only at places where money can be refunded rather than goods exchanged 13 changing your foreign currency when the rates of exchange are favourable 14 checking your bank statement and cheque counterfoils to make sure there are no errors 15 looking after receipts and guarantees 24. Which expression from the list of comments below would you use about yourself at the moment? Notice how many expressions we have for rich and poor, reflecting our obsession with money, and how we often refer to pence as p in everyday conversation. He’s a multi-millionaire. She inherited millions (an oil-heiress). They won a fortune. She’s got more money than sense. They’re made of money. He’s a very wealthy businessman. She’s extremely well-off. You’re looking very prosperous. They say we’re living in an affluent society. He’s comfortably off. Money doesn’t buy happiness, but it helps. I’m a bit hard up at the moment, actually. I’m down to my last ten p. He’s broke. They’re on the breadline. I haven’t got a penny to my name. I’m afraid we’re bankrupt, gentlemen.

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Now I know what it’s like to be poverty-stricken. I’m running into debt. I owe money everywhere. I’m heavily in debt. I’m a few thousand in the red. I’m up to my ears in debt. I wonder if it’s true that crime doesn’t pay! 25. Note down the various ways in which shops and firms in your country encourage you to buy their products. 26. Act out or write a conversation between a friendly bank manager and a newlymarried couple. They are asking for advice on financial matters: how to manage their salaries, savings, monthly outgoings, etc. NOTE Personal finance Sometimes in a shop they ask you: ‘How do you want to pay?’ You can answer: ‘Cash. / By cheque. / By credit card.’ In a bank you usually have a current account, which is one where you pay in your salary and then withdraw money to pay your everyday bills. The bank sends you a regular bank statement telling you how much money has gone in and out of your account. You may also have a savings account where you deposit any extra money that you have and only take money out when you want to spend it on something special. If you spend more than you have in your account you can have an overdraft. The bank allows you to spend more and charges you interest. If your account is overdrawn [you have taken more out of your account than you had in it] you are in the red (as opposed to in the black or in credit). Sometimes the bank may lend you money – this is called a bank loan. If the bank [or building society] lends you money to buy a house, that money is called a mortgage. When you buy [or purchase more formally] something in a shop, you usually pay for it outright but sometimes you buy on credit. Sometimes you may be offered a discount or a reduction on something you buy. For example, you might get £10 off perhaps because you are a student. You are often offered a discount if you buy in bulk. It is not usual to haggle ha about prices in a British shop, as it is in, say, a Turkish market. If you want to return something which you have bought to a shop, you may be given a refund, i.e. your money will be returned, provided you have a receipt. The money that you pay for services, e.g. to a school or a lawyer, is usually called a fee or fees; the money paid for a journey is a fare. If you buy something that you feel was very good value, it’s a bargain. If you feel that it is definitely not worth what you paid for it, then you can call it a rip-off [very colloquial].

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Public finance The government collects money from citizens through taxes. Income tax is the tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance tax is collected on what people inherit from others. Customs or excise duties have to be paid on goods imported from other countries. VAT or value added tax is a tax paid on most goods and services when they are bought or purchased. Companies pay corporation tax on their profits. If you pay too much tax, you should be given some money back, a tax rebate. The government also sometimes pays out money to people in need, e.g. unemployment benefit [also known as the dole, informal] disability allowances and student loans [money lent to help pay for studying]. Recipients draw a pension / unemployment benefit or are on the dole or on social security. Every country has its own special currency. Every day the rates of exchange are published and you can discover, for example, how many dollars there are currently to the pound sterling. A company may sell shares to members of the public who are then said to have invested in that company. They should be paid a regular dividend on their investment, depending on the profit or loss made by the company. *** 27. Answer the following money quiz. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What currencies are used in Japan, Australia, India and Russia? What does the expression ‘hard currency’ mean? Give two examples of imports that most countries impose customs duties on. Give three examples of kinds of income that would be classed as unearned. What is the Dow Jones index and what are its equivalents in London and Japan? Give an example of something that is priceless and something that is valueless. Name the coins and banknotes used in your country and one other country.

28. Match the words with their definitions. 1 interest 2 mortgage 3 an overdrawn account 4 savings account 5 current account 6 pension 7 disability allowance 8 child benefit 9 inheritance tax a bank account with a negative sum of money in it money paid towards the cost of raising a family money paid on what is inherited after someone dies an account that is used mainly for keeping money

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money paid to people after a certain age an account for day-to-day use money chargeable on a loan money paid to people with a handicap a loan to purchase property 29. Complete the sentences with words from the opposite page. 1 2 3 4 5

If you get something more cheaply, perhaps because you buy in bulk, you get a If the bank lends you money, you have a bank ....... If you have some money in your account you are in the..... I paid too much tax last year so I should get a .......soon. If it’s no good, take it back to the shop and ask for a ..... PART 6. HEALTH

1. Complete the gaps in the following dialogues with words from the boxes. For speaker A, choose words from box A. For speaker B, choose words from box B. Use a dictionary if necessary. A Symptoms diarrhoea pain temperature cut

sneezing

sick

cough

faint

sore

bleeding

B Illness food poisoning

flu

tonsillitis

infection

heart attack

a) A: My throat’s ………….. .It hurts to swallow. But I don’t ………….. at all, even though I smoke fifty cigarettes a day. B: It sounds like …………………… to me. b) A: My nose is running and I can’t stop …………………….. . I’ve also got a very high …………….. . B: It’s probably ……………. .There’s a lot of it about. c) A: My mother feels very after eating at that new restaurant. She has had terrible …………………….. for twenty-four hours! B: Oh no! That’s the third person who’s suffered from ….....…. after eating at that place. d) A: I had this ……………………..… in my hand last week. It was very deep and the wound wouldn’t stop ………………… . Now it’s very painful again. B: I expect you’ve picked up some kind of ……………………………… . e) A: At the match yesterday, Brian felt very ………………………. and nearly fell over. He said he had a terrible in his chest. B: Oh no! He didn’t have a ………………………. , did he?

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2. Look back. What advice would you give to each person for their illness. Use some of the words in the box if you wish. Example: ‘Take an aspirin, and lie down and get some rest.’ pastilles hot lemon suck plaster tie keep warm

rub aspirin bandage

antiseptic lotion

doctor

3. Put these words under the following headings people, places, medicine and medical complaints. sister dentist pill tablet nurse hospital wound chemist cut pain ointment ward diseasel temperature patient surgeon injection blood pressure heart attack consultant clinic

matron surgery

4. Work in pairs. Here are some more words to do with medical matters In what circumstances would you use them in English or in your own language? bandage ambulance appointment dizzy shiver outpatients wheelchair disabled sedative

prescription limp plaster

emergency stick

casualty crutches

5. Match a person in A with suitable lines from B and C. Make at least one sentence about each person. Example: The nurse took the patient’s temperature. A

B

C

The nurse The surgeon The accident victim The toddler The teenager The pregnant woman The old man The tennis player The racing driver The soldier The gardener The ferry passengers The holidaymaker

performed suffered had took fell over and grazed felt faint felt sea-sick sprained was wounded was carried was stung was lucky to survive

his knee. her wrist. in the smoky atmosphere. during the crossing. the patient’s temperature. a difficult operation. in the attack. on a stretcher. a heart attack. from sunburn. the crash. by a wasp. spot’s on her face.

6. Choose the word or phrase which best completes the sentences. a) wounded injured damaged Footballer Jimmie White was _______ in the second half of the match in a tackle with the goalkeeper.

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b) sprained sore dislocated. He’ll be out of the game for several weeks with a ____________________ shoulder. c) a bandage stitches a sling My daughter fell off her bike and she had to have _______________ in her leg. d) pain ache indigestion Suddenly Tom felt a sharp _______ in his stomach. e) bruises a rash warts Whenever I eat shellfish I get __________________ all over my body. f) allergic to allergic with allergic from Lots of people are shellfish. g) a blister a blemish a boil Ouch! I’ve got ______________ on my heel from these new shoes. h) drowsy tipsy dizzy My husband hates heights. When he looks down he feels ___________. i) run in run over run down There’s nothing seriously wrong with me. I’m just a bit _____________ because I’ve been working so hard recently. j) damages hurts injures There’s no doubt about it. Smoking ______________ your health my body. 7. Circle the odd-one-out. 1 surgeon doctor patient consultant nurse 2 dizzy shiver faint limp prescription 3 outpatients casualty surgery maternity hospital 4 bandage ointment hurt tablet plaster 5 cut wound pill injury sprain 6 cough heart attack sore throat accident flu 7 wheelchair pain crutches stick stretcher 8 blood heart anaesthetic throat stomach 9 death burial undertaker autopsy emergency 10 ears sight touch smell taste 8. Complete the sentences with the following words. There are five extra words. outpatients casualty toothache disabled plaster sedative operations appointment pain injection prescription disease thermometer emergency ambulance 1 He’s got a broken leg and he has to keep the _____________ on for six weeks. 2 I went to the dentist’s yesterday because I had a dreadful __________ . 3 If you don’t want to waste too much time it’s a good idea to make an _____________.

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4 They gave her a ______________ to calm her down. 5 The doctor made out a _____________ for pain-killers. 6 He cut his finger so badly that I took him to ______________ to have stitches. 7 He is so severely ________________ that he has to have a wheelchair. 8 He caught some strange tropical ____________ when he was abroad last summer. 9 I couldn’t take my temperature because I couldn’t find the ___________ . 10 Nowadays many _____________ are performed under local anaesthetic. 9. Read and translate. WASHINGTON. – Because medical costs are rising so fast, more and more people are diagnosing their own illnesses or, worse still, those of their friends. The government would do well to make a study of how these non-professional diagnoses are affecting the nation’s health picture. The other day I had a cold. It was just like the ones you see on television. I was sneezing, coughing and looking mournfully at my wife. I called my secretary at the office and said I wouldn’t be in because I felt lousy. “You must have one of those “eight-hour things” that’s going all around town,” she said. “You’ll feel perfectly well tomorrow.” Eight hours seemed to be a reasonable time to have a cold, and I was looking forward to staying in bed, particularly since the Yankees and Red Sox were playing a crucial game to get into the American League playoffs. My sister called, and I told her I had one of those “eight-hour things that’s been going all around.” “Are you sure it’s only an “eight-hour thing”?” she asked. “It could be the “24-hour bug” Harold had last week. Do you have any fever?” “A little – maybe 100.” “That’s the “24-hour bug” for sure. Drink lots of fluids and take aspirin, and you’ll be able to shake it off.” I really hadn’t counted on staying in bed for 24 hours, but it’s stupid to fight a bug. My other sister called up 10 minutes later. “Edith says you’ve got a 24-hour bug.” “I don’t know if it’s a bug or just a cold.” “Is your nose red from blowing it?” “Yah, sure it is. Why do you ask?” “Then you don’t have a “24-hour bug”. You have a “48-hour virus.” “My secretary said all I had was an “eight-hour thing”. How come you moved it up to 48 hours?” “The “eight-hour thing” is entirely different. You feel funny but your nose doesn’t get red when you blow it. The “24-hour bug” has all the symptoms of the “eight-hour” one, except that you cough a lot. The “48-hour virus” makes you

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sneeze, cough and perspire while you’re sleeping. You have to stay in bed for two days.” “But I can’t stay in bed for two days.” “Look,” my sister said. “If you don’t want medical advice, don’t ask me.” I think I might have been all right except that my secretary told Healy I was home with the flu. NOTE Wealth is nothing without health. – Однажды укушенный вдвойне боязлив. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. – Посмотри, прежде чем прыгнуть. Never say die. – Богатство – ничто без здоровья. Look before you leap. – Хорошее здоровье выше богатства. Good health is above wealth. – Яблоко в день заменит доктора. Once bitten, twice shy. – Никогда не говори – умираю. A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is old as she looks. – Чтобы стать здоровым, богатым и мудрым, надо рано ложиться и рано вставать. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. – Старость мужчины – в его самочувствии, а женщины – в ее внешности. What’s the matter? I’ve got a cold I’ve got flu (U) (more serious than a cold) I’ve got hay fever (U)

How do you know? (the symptoms) a sore throat, sneezing, a cough symptoms for a cold + aching muscles and a temperature, e.g. 39.5 sneezing, runny nose, sore eyes

Cause of illness a virus a virus

allergic reaction to pollen I’ve got diarrhoea (U) I keep going to the toilet often food, or a virus I feel sick I want to vomit (= be sick) many e.g. food, alcohol I’ve got a hangover headache, feeling sick too much alcohol Note: For these illnesses, you can either buy something from the chemist, or go to your doctor, who may give you a prescription (= a piece of paper with an order for some medicine) that you get from the chemist. Aches and pains Nouns: We only use ache with the following: I’ve got toothache (U), a stomachache, backache (U), earache (U) and a headache. For other parts of the body we use pain, e.g. I woke up in the night with a terrible pain in my chest. Verbs: You can use ache for some things, e.g. my back aches; but hurt is more common to describe real pain, and it can be used with or without a direct object: She hurt her foot when she jumped off the bus and fell over, (also injured here) or She hurt herself when she jumped off the bus and fell over. I hit my leg against the table and it really hurts. (= gives me a terrible pain) Adjectives: The only common adjective is painful (≠painless): I had an injection yesterday and it was very painful.

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A.: Did it hurt when you had your filling? (= when the dentist fills a hole/cavity in the tooth). B: No, it was painless. Serious illnesses Doctors believe smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. He had a heart attack and died almost immediately. Hepatitis is a liver disease. Asthma (chest illness causing breathing problems) has become more common. Note: Illness and disease are often used in the same way, but disease is used for a serious condition caused by an infection e.g. a liver disease. Illness is a more general word. *** 10. Write down the main symptom or symptoms for these conditions. 1) a cold: .................................................................................. 2) flu: ................................................................................... 3) hay fever:............................................................................. 4) a hangover: ........................................................................ 5) diarrhoea: ......................................................................... 6) asthma: ................................................................................ 11. Look at the underlined letters in these pairs of words. Is the pronunciation the same or different? Look at the examples first. Examples: ache pain same constipated stomach different 1 disease diarrhoea 4 virus 2 chemist ache 5 flu 3 hurt allergic 6 cough

illness muscle enough

12.Fill the gaps with a suitable word. 1. I hit my hand on the desk and it really………………… . 2. They say she died of a heart……………………….. . 3. She had some apples that weren’t ready to eat and now she’s got stomachache-…………………………. 4. I’ve got this terrible ………………………… in my neck from sleeping in the wrong position. 5. He died of ……………………. cancer even though he never smoked a cigarette in his life. 6. I went to the doctor, and she gave me a ……………………..for some tablets. 7. Pollution makes her ……………………..worse and it’s difficult for her to breathe. 8. There are different forms of hepatitis; one is a more serious

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……………………than the other. 9. I hurt ………………..when I fell off that chair. 10. My back ……………….. from sitting at that computer all day. NOTE Common injuries An injury is damage to part of your body, usually caused by an accident in the home, on the roads, or during a game, e.g. of football. Here are some common injuries: What’s the problem? 1. I cut (v, n) my finger 2. I cut my leg quite badly 3. I twisted my ankle

How did it happen? using a knife I fell over

4. I broke my arm

I fell off my bike

5. I’ve got concussion

playing football

6. I burnt my hand

taking something out of a hot oven I hit it on the side of my desk

7. I’ve got a bruise (n, v) on my arm

running for a bus

Result it’s bleeding a bit it’s bleeding quite a lot I can’t walk on it easily I can’t use it

Solution a plaster a bandage (n, v) rest plaster (U) and a sling rest

I’m confused; don’t know where I am it’s very painful special cream it’s swollen and blue/black in colour

ice pack

Hospital treatment Look carefully at the key words in these texts. John fell off a chair, hit his head on the floor, and knocked himself unconscious. His wife called an ambulance but John was still unconscious when it arrived. He was rushed to hospital (= taken very quickly) where they kept him for two days for blood tests. I jumped for the ball and collided with another player (= we ran into / hit each other). We both had cuts on our head, but I had to go to hospital for eight stitches. Wounds and injuries Wound (n, v) and injury are both used to describe damage to the body, but a wound is generally caused by a weapon (e.g. gun or knife) and it is usually intentional. He shot the man in the chest. (= a bullet wound in the chest) [from a gun] He stabbed the boy in the back. (= a knife wound in the back) He got into a fight and got beaten up. He had a black eye and two broken ribs.

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13. Complete the table with the correct verb forms. Noun cut wound injury shot

Verb

Noun blood bandage bruise treatment

Verb

14. Complete these conversations in a suitable way. 1. A: ... bleeding quite a Bit, so I had to put a plaster on it before I could finish. B: How did you do it, anyway? A: Oh, I was ................................................... : ................................................... 2. A: ... the next day the eye was really swollen and he had bruises down both his arms. B: My goodness. What did he tell his parents? A: More or less the truth. He said ..................................................................... 3. A: ... tried to get up again but I couldn’t move. It was incredibly painful, but fortunately there were a few pedestrians around to help me. B: That’s lucky. But what were you doing? A………………………………………………………….… 4. A: ... my face was cut and he had a terrible bruise on his head. B: Sounds very unpleasant. How did it happen exactly? A: ......................................................................................................................... 15. Answer these questions about yourself. If possible, ask another person the same questions. 1) Have you ever broken your arm or leg? 2) Have you ever needed stitches ? 3) Have you ever had concussion? 4) Have you ever been unconscious? 5) Have you ever had a blood test? 6) Have you ever been in an ambulance? NOTE What are your symptoms? I’ve got a cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature [a higher temperature than normal] / a stomach ache / chest pains / earache / a pain in my

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side / a rash on my chest / spots / a bruise on my leg [e.g. after playing football] / a black eye [e.g. after being hit in the eye] / a lump on my arm / indigestion [after eating too fast] / sickness and diarrhoea [an upset stomach which makes you vomit and need to go to the toilet frequently] / sunburn / painful joints [e.g. ankles, knees, wrists, shoulders] / blisters [after wearing new, tight shoes]. I feel sick / dizzy [my head is spinning] / breathless / shivery [cold and hot] / faint [light-headed]. I am depressed / constipated [not able to go to the toilet] / tired all the time. I’ve lost my appetite / voice; I can’t sleep, my nose itches [I want to scratch it], my leg hurt! What do doctors do? They take your temperature, listen to your chest, look in your ears, examine you, take your blood pressure, ask you some questions and weigh and measure you before sending you to the hospital for further tests. What’s the diagnosis? You’ve got flu / chickenpox / mumps [singular noun] / pneumonia / rheumatism an ulcer / a virus / a bug / something that’s going round. You’ve broken your wrist and sprained/dislocated your ankle. You’re pregnant / a hypochondriac. He died of lung cancer / a heart attack / a brain haemorrhage / AIDS. What does the doctor prescribe? a) Take one tablet three times a day after meals. b) Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night. c) Rub this ointment on you and don’t spend too long in the sun without suncream. d) We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on your wrist. e) You’ll need to have some injections before you go to the Amazon. f) I’ll ask the surgeon when he can fit you in for an operation. g) You’ll have to have your leg put in plaster until the break mends. h) I think you should have total bed rest for a week. What might the doctor ask you? What would you say if the doctor asked you the following questions? Do you have health insurance? Have you ever had any operations? Are you taking any medication? Are you allergic to anything? *** 16. Match the diseases with their symptoms. 1) flu swollen glands in front of ear, earache or pain on eating 2) pneumonia burning pain in abdomen, pain or nausea after eating

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3) rheumatism 4) chickenpox 5) mumps 6) an ulcer

rash starting on body, slightly raised temperature dry cough, high fever, chest pain, rapid breathing headache, aching muscles, fever, cough, sneezing swollen, painful joints, stiffness, limited movement

17. What does the doctor or nurse use the following things for? EXAMPLE stethoscope For listening to a patient’s chest. 1 thermometer 2 scales 3 syringe 4 scalpel 18. Look at the statements (a) to (h) in D opposite. Which do you think the doctor said to each of the following patients? 1) Anne with bad sunburn. 2) Jo who’s broken her leg. 3) John who’s off to the Tropics. 4) Paul with flu. 5) Liz with a bad cough. 6) Sam who needs his appendix out. 7) Rose suffering from exhaustion. 8)Alf who’s sprained his wrist. 19. What medical problems might you have if ... 1) you wear shoes that rub? 2) you eat too fast? 3) you smoke a lot? 4) you play football? 5) you go skiing? 6) you stay out in the sun too long? 7) you eat food you’re allergic to? 8) you run unusually fast for a bus? 9) you eat food that is bad? 10) a mosquito bites you? 11) you get wet on a cold day? 12) you think you’re ill all the time? 20. Study the ‘case history’ below. Then write ten headlines for the President’s tenday illness, from President taken ill to The nation holds its breath. ‘You’re in perfect health ... as fit as a fiddle ... there’s nothing wrong with you.’ ‘I feel a bit off-colour ... rather under the weather ... I do feel funny ... I really don’t feel well... I think I’m sickening for something ... I feel feverish ... like death warmed up.’ ‘He’s been taken ill... he’s in a coma ... fighting for his life ... still critically ill... in a very critical condition ... no change ... still seriously ill... still hasn’t

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regained consciousness ... is responding to treatment ... off the danger list... showing signs of coming round ... making progress ... his condition is satisfactory ... he’s come out of the coma ... he’s as well as can be expected ... comfortable ... no change ... he’s turned the corner ... he’s on the mend.’ ‘We all wish you a speedy recovery ... get well soon ... we’re glad you’re over it.’ ‘The worst is over ... he’s almost completely recovered ... he’s practically cured ... he’s convalescing ... coming along nicely ... he’ll be on his feet again soon ... he’ll be out and about again in a few days.’ ‘He’s had a relapse ... he’s no better ... he’s getting worse ... his condition is deteriorating ... he’s getting weaker ... he’s slipping away ... fading fast... his life is hanging by a thread ... it’s just a matter of time ... he could go at any second!’ ‘He’s made a miraculous recovery ... he’s as good as new ... as right as rain ... he’ll live till he’s a hundred.’ 21. Without looking back at the previous two texts, try to supply the missing word that completes these expressions: 1) under the ... 2) it’s just a ... of time 3) …the mend 4) suffer ... hayfever 5) to go ... with ‘flu 6) turn the... 7) as ... as a fiddle 8) a bit...- colour 9) fighting ... his life 10) allergic ... dust 11) as right as ... 12) just a ... attack of nerves 22. Here, on this rather unpleasant page, are some of the best-known and leastwanted diseases and conditions, arranged according to where they strike or what causes them. However, in each group there is one that should not be there. Can you identify it? The heart and blood vessels poor circulation high blood pressure a stroke heart attack jaundice cardiac arrest heart failure

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The liver gallstones cirrhosis of the liver hepatitis cancer of the liver coronary thrombosis The stomach and intestines appendicitis stomach ulcer polio a hernia constipation The blood anaemia pneumonia leukaemia a haemorrhage a blood clot Infectious fevers measles chickenpox german measles (rubella) smallpox pleurisy glandular fever yellow fever scarlet fever whooping cough influenza leprosy malaria Food poisoning typhoid dysentery diarrhoea and vomiting salmonella mumps The joints rheumatism enteritis arthritis

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fibrositis The lungs and respiratory system diphtheria catarrh sinusitis tonsilitis laryngitis asthma angina cholera bronchitis tuberculosis (TB) lung cancer The nervous system migraine epilepsy (epileptic fits) Parkinson’s disease multiple sclerosis muscular dystrophy Mental disorders Schizophrenia manic depression neurosis paranoia 23. This is a section on symptoms, possible diagnosis and remedies. These six exchanges between doctor and patient have been mixed up. Decide which response should follow which question. 1. I’ve been suffering from insomnia lately. Do you think I might be heading for a nervous breakdown? 2. I seem to have some sort of stye or infection in my right eye. Do you think I might have conjunctivitis? 3. I can’t stop scratching this place on my foot. Do you think it’s athlete’s foot? 4. I’ve got a rather sore throat, and I keep feeling a bit flushed. Do you think it could be ‘flu? 5. I’ve got a big bump on the back of my head. Do you think it might be more than a bruise? 6. I keep getting shooting pains down my shin and ankle. Is it possible that I’ve broken or sprained something? a) Possible. Try this lotion for a few days to stop the itching, then start putting on this powder at night.

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b) Unlikely, but I’ll let you have some cough mixture to relieve the symptoms. You can get yourself some lozenges, if you like. c) I would doubt it. Here, rub this cream in for the next few nights to help reduce the swelling. d) No, of course not. But I’ll prescribe some barbiturates – sleeping pills – to help you get a good night’s rest. OK? e) l wouldn’t have thought so. But I’ll give you a prescription for some drops to try and clear it up. f) Well, the X-ray didn’t show anything. If it’s so painful, you’d better have some crutches to walk with and some painkillers to ease the pain. 24. Rearrange these six paragraphs in the same way. 1) I’ve got a dull ache in my arm and occasionally I get a spasm. Could it be a minor fracture, a chipped bone or something? 2) I’ve got these tiny little bumps all over the back of my neck. Do you think it might be gland trouble? 3) I’ve come out in a rash on my chest. Do you think it could be a skin disease like impetigo or dermatitis? 4) I keep getting short of breath. Is there any way I could be suffering from asthma? 5) I think I’ve got an ulcer in my mouth. Do you think it could be a sign that I’m run down? 6) I feel so feverish, and I’m sure I’ve got a temperature. I’m so afraid that there’s something wrong with my heart. a) Mm, sounds a bit like it. I’ll make you out a prescription for some penicillin, and some menthol inhalations might speed up the recovery. b) It’s just possible. I’ll strap it up anyway and put it in a sling. That should reduce your discomfort quite a lot. c) Oh, I shouldn’t think so, but I think perhaps you ought to start taking these tranquillisers, to at least get your blood pressure down. d) Oh no, no, no. You’d know if it was. I’ll give you some ointment to rub in to get rid of the inflammation. e) Probably not. I’ll put you on a course of tablets to prevent them from spreading. They should go soon. f) It might well be. I’ll put you on antibiotics for a while anyway, to lessen the risk of serious infection. 25. Complete the text below by filling each gap with one of the following verbs: dressing setting giving taking saving fitting sterilizing taking out transplanting taking off performing Well, don’t you think it’s unfair? There they are upstairs,... bones, ... skin grafts, ... pacemakers, ... organs,... lives and exciting things like that. And here I am

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spending the whole of my day ... people’s pulse,... injections, ... bandages, ... stitches, ... wounds and ... bottles. And to think they earn four times as much money for all the fun they have! 26. Write or act out conversations in a doctor’s surgery – rather longer than the ones you read earlier – in which a doctor, a patient and the patient’s mother, wife or husband discuss how the patient should recover from the operation he or she is about to have. 27. List and give reasons for five golden rules for keeping healthy. 28. Describe the remedies or treatments you have heard of for the complaints and accidents listed below. 1) a bad burn 2) nosebleed 4) hiccups 5) a hangover 6) a fish-hook in the finger 7) a cold 8) a person who’s fainted 9) a person who’s nearly drowned 29. Write, in dialogue form, a conversation between a GP (General Practitioner or family doctor), a parent and a very spotty child. 30. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. a) There were ten people waiting in the doctor’s office/surgery/ward. b) After I ate the shellfish I experienced/fell/happened ill. c) George’s cut arm took over a week to cure/heal/look after. d) David fell down the steps and twisted his ankle/heel/toe. e) Everyone admired Lucy because she was tall and skinny/slim/thin. f) I’ve been digging the garden and now my back aches/pains/injures. g) Whenever I travel by boat I start feeling hurt/sick/sore. h) The doctor can’t say what is wrong with you until she cures/examines/recovers you. i) Use this thermometer and take his fever/heat/temperature. j) I seem to have caught/infected/taken a cold. 31. Replace the wards underlined in each sentence with one of the words from the list. Use each word once only. agony heart

body spine

breath tongue

look

stomachache

beard

brains

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a) Janet fell from her horse and injured her backbone. ………………….. . b) I had a very bad toothache, and was in great pain all night. …………… . c) The police discovered the dead person buried in the garden. ………….. d) One thing you can say about Ann, she has certainly got intelligence. ………… e) They have a new house right in the centre of the countryside. …………….. f) Italian is actually Mary’s native language. ………………….. g) Before I dived in the water, I took a deep mouthful of air. ………………. h) After dinner, Jack had a pain from eating too much. ……………………… i) Shirley had a strange expression on her face. …………………………. j) David managed to grow a lot of hair on his face. 32. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only. cheek knees neck throat waist chin lips nose thumb wrist a) After speaking for two hours, the lecturer had a sore. ……………… b) Terry was on his hands and ……………., looking for the fallen coin. c) Paul gave his aunt an affectionate kiss on the……………………….. . d) There was such a terrible smell that I had to hold my……………………. . e) Stan is deaf, but he can understand people by reading their ……………....... . f) I never wear a watch because I don’t like the weight on my ……………. . g) One of the boxers punched the other on the …………………… and knocked him out. h) When Diane was a baby, she used to suck her ……………… . i) I’ve lost a lot of weight, especially around the ………………….. . j) Norma wears a heart on a gold chain around her ………………… . 33. Complete each sentence a) to j) with one of the endings 1) to 10). Use each ending once only. a) I think we should send for an ambulance .................................... b) Some people go jogging every morning ..................................... c) It would be a good idea for you to go to the dentist’s ................. d) The doctor gave Andy an injection ............................................. e) I’m going into hospital tomorrow ............................................... f) We took the cat to the vet............................................................. g) Susan took two aspirins ............................................................... h) Nobody could find a stretcher ..................................................... i) The doctor gave Helen a prescription .......................................... j) I bought some special cream ........................................................ 1).................... to have that bad tooth of yours taken out. 2).................... to check whether it had recovered from its accident. 3).................... to take old Mrs. Jones to hospital. 4).................... to put on my sunburnt arms and legs. 5).................... to get rid of her headache. 6).................... to reduce the pain and help him sleep.

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7).................... to take to the chemist’s. 8).................... to keep fit, or to lose some weight. 9).................... to carry the injured man out of the building. 10).................. to have an operation on my foot. 34. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) Martin hasn’t quite …….. his illness yet. A) recovered B) got over C) looked after D) suffered b) Pauline ……… birth to a baby girl yesterday afternoon. A) was B) put C) had D) gave c) Your leg isn’t broken but it is badly ……………….. . A) fractured B) bruised C) bandaged D) bent d) Several angry drivers shook their ………………… at me as I drove away. A) fists B) arms C) hands D) elbows e) That was a bad fall! Have you ……………… yourself? A) harmed B) damaged C) wounded D) hurt f) Each time I sneezed, everyone said, ‘ ……………. you!’ A) cough B) bless C) cold D) thank g) Stop making that noise! You re getting on my …………….. ! A) muscles B) brains C) nerves D) blood h) As the little boy cried, large ……………….. rolled down his cheeks. A) drips B) tears C) puddles D) streams i) I had severe toothache and half my face was badly ………………… . A) swollen B) rounded C) exploded D) injured j) I’ve got a headache, and I don’t feel very ………………….. . A) healthy B) fit C)sane D) well 35. Use the wards in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. A visit to the doctor’s. Jim decided to visit the doctor after his trip to the jungle. He was normally a tall (1) ….. person, but over the past month he had lost a lot of (2) ……… He had also noticed that his ankles and knees had become rather (3) ………… He thought that he might have eaten or drunk something (4)….

MUSCLE WEIGHT PAIN POISON

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or caught some kind of (5) ……… disease. The doctor took some blood for tests and told Jim to go back a week later. This time the doctor had an optimistic (6) ……. on her face, and Jim felt quite (7) ……… .’Don’t worry,’ said the doctor, ‘it’s nothing serious. You haven’t caught an (8) …… disease, or anything terrible like that. It’s a simple virus, and you will need some (9) ………….Take these tablets twice a day for two weeks, and you’ll make a full (10)……………..

INFECT EXPRESS HEART CURE TREAT RECOVER

36. Match each sentence a) to j) with a sentence from 1) to 10) which has the same meaning. a) Henry s heart was in the right place. …………………. . b) Paul held his tongue. ……………………… . c) Richard jawed away for at least an hour. ……………….. . d) Dave had a lot of cheek to talk like that. ………………….. . e) Keith couldn’t stomach his new boss. …………………….. . f) Harry backed his boss. ……………………. . g) William kept poking his nose in. ………………… . h) Graham thumbed a lift to work. ………………. . i) Charles put his foot in it. …………………………. . j) Jack’s heart ached to be where he belonged. ………………….. . 1) He talked. 2) He supported him. 3) He said the wrong thing. 4) He was kind. 5) He was rather rude. 6) He didn’t say anything. 7) He interfered in other people’s business. 8) He hitch hiked. 9) He missed home. 10) He didn’t like him. 37. Complete each sentence with one suitable word. a) I am afraid she is suffering ………… an incurable disease. b) I was ………………. agony all night with earache. c) I think you’ve put ……………….. a lot of weight lately. d) The effect of this drug will slowly wear …………………… . e) You really get ……………………. my nerves sometimes! f) After Jack fainted it was several minutes before he ………………………. round. g) Is Coral being operated …………………………… tomorrow? h) Harry went …………………………………. with flu during his holiday. i) Peter was treated ………………………….. minor injuries and shock. j) Don’t worry. I’ll take care ………………….. you myself.

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38. Decide which answer A, B, C, or D best fits each space. A Disastrous Holiday The day Gerald arrived at the Almara Beach Hotel, he fell (1) ……….. the stairs. The manager called a/an (2) ……………………. , but fortunately Gerald’s leg was only badly (3) …………………………….. , and not broken. The doctor (4) ………………………… swimming as further (5) ………………… but gave Gerald a/an (6) ……………………….. for some tablets in case his leg became (7) ………………………………. The next day Gerald sunbathed by the pool, and then took a deep (8) …………………………………. and dived into the water. There was not very much water in the pool, and he (9) …………………. .one of his arms when he hit the bottom. This time he complained to the hotel manager, who sent a special meal to Gerald’s room. Later that night, Gerald was (10) …… . from a (11) ………………….. back, the injuries to his arm and leg, and also had a terrible (12) …………………………….. . He had a high (13) ……………… and felt terrible. Luckily he had the tablets the doctor had given him to (14) ……………….. the pain. As he reached for them, he fell out of bed and broke his (15) …………………………. He spent the rest of his holiday in bed. 1) A) down B) to C) with D) for 2) A) stretcher B) prescription C) ambulance D) emergency 3) A) sick B) bruised C) hurt D) infected 4) A) went B) prevented C)said D) recommended 5) A) medicine B)cure C) drugs D) treatment 6) A) recipe B) paper C) prescription D) order 7) A) painful B) pained C) painless D)pain 8) A) end B) breath C) mouthful D) water 9) A) hurt B) injury C) ached D)sore 10) A) ill B) injured C) suffering D) damaged 11) A) sunny B) sunburnt C) sunshine D) grilled 12) A) agony B)hurt C)heat D) stomachache 13) A) pain B) temperature C)ache D) degree 14) A)hold B) check C) rid D) reduce 15) A) waist B) lips C) wrist D) throat

PART 7. VEHICLES AND TRANSPORT 1. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. a) I enjoy taking the baby out in its cart/pram/trailer. b) The train fare is expensive, it’s cheaper to go by carriage/coach/waggon. c) Terry and Bill rode around the island on their bicycle/trolley/tandem. . d) A farmer gave me a lift across the muddy field on his dustcart/lorry/tractor. e) Cars made between 1916 and 1930 can be called racing/sports/vintage cars. f) The first person who arrived at the scene of the accident phoned for a/.in ambulance/stretcher/trolley.

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g) Lorries, motorbikes and sports cars are all kinds of cars/motors/vehicles. h) Jack was nearly run over by a fire engine/hosepipe/tanker on its way to a put out a serious blaze. i) You need a powerful car to tow a camping/caravan/sleeper in the mountains. j) Most buses in London are double decks/decked/deckers and you can see the sights from upstairs. 2. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only. captain crew guard pedestrian chauffeur conductor driver motorist traffic warden

cyclist

mechanic

a) The company chairman has a Rolls-Royce driven by a............................. . b) When my car broke down a passing………….towed it to a garage. c) The police wanted me to describe the……………of the car. d) The four passengers on the ship had dinner with the.................................. . e) The train couldn’t leave until the ……………waved his green flag. f) Hilary was given a parking ticket by a …………… . g) Before take-off, the………….told me to fasten my seat belt. h) When I got on the ship, one of the……………helped me find my cabin. i) There isn’t a…………..on this bus, you pay the driver. j) Eddie is a keen……………and rides his bike to work every day. k) The bus mounted the pavement and injured a ..... . l) Jim works as a…………….in a local garage. 3. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) The ship stopped because two passengers had fallen………….. A) upside down B) overboard C) underground D) inside out b) The…………was crowded with passengers waiting for the train. A) platform B) quay C) runway D) pavement c) We had to stop for petrol at a filling……………. A) garage B) service C) pump

D) station

d) Mary looked up the fastest train to Glasgow in the …………. A) catalogue B) timetable C) dictionary D) programme e) The train was very crowded because there were only four……..... A) coaches B) wagons C) trucks D) cars f) Peter’s car ……….off the icy road and fell into a ditch. A) crashed B) collided C) hit D) skidded

steward

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g) I dropped my wallet from the boat but luckily it …....... A) drifted B) floated C) sank D) rescued h) Everything went dark when the train entered a/an ............ A) underground B) tunnel C) tube D) metro i) David missed his train because of the queue in the ticket .......... A) office B) agency C) room D) lounge j) To get to our hotel we had to cross the railway……….. A) road B) route C) rails D) line 4. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. A letter of apology I am writing to apologise for the (1)………… of your Happy Holiday Coach Tour to Aberdeen. (2)………..our luxury coach was involved in a (3) …………..in France a week ago, and our driver has been (4) …………..obliged to remain there for the moment. The coach was travelling on a road (5) …………for heavy traffic, and the accident was (6) ………… Luckily none of the passengers suffered any (7) ……….., and we have complained to the authorities that the road needs (8) ………….Our new coach will be fitted with (9) ………….seat belts for the safety and comfort of passengers. We will of course return the (10) …………. you have made for your holiday as soon as possible. CANCEL FORTUNE COLLIDE EXPECT SUIT AVOID INJURY ADJUST PAY

WIDE

5. Complete each sentence with the word sail or ship, or a word formed from one of these words a) Jack has been working as a………….for ten years. b) We’re all flying home but our furniture is being ………… . c) What time does the ferry set ……….... . d) We are expecting a .............. or coffee from Brazil this week. e) We have decided to go for a …………..tomorrow afternoon. f) When Paul was young he ............ round the world. g) It’s time you were aboard ………….. . We’re leaving soon. h) Do you like …………. ? Or do you prefer water-skiing? i) Graham works in the harbour as a …………. clerk. j) The boats on the lake had brightly coloured ……………. .

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6. Match these words with the description given. accelerator chain gear parachute bonnet cockpit handlebars reverse brakes deck oars wings a) An aeroplane has two of these. ............. b) Change this in a car to change speed ……….. c) Hold these when you ride a bicycle. ……… d) This will save your life if you fall from a plane. ……… e) You need these to row a boat. ............ f) This might be on a bicycle or around your neck. ……… g) Put these on if you want to stop. ……… h) Your car engine is usually under this. ……… i) Walk on this when you are on a ship. ……… j) The pilot of a plane sits in this. ………. k) Put your foot on this to make the car go faster. ……… 1) Go into this if you want to go backwards. ……… 7. Complete each sentence with one suitable word. a) I’m really ……… forward to sailing in Jean’s new yacht. b) In cities, cars and other vehicles ……… up most of the space. c) We’ll come with the van and ……… up the rest of the furniture. d) When the storm began, the small boat ……… for the nearest harbour. e) How can you ……… up with all those exhaust fumes! f) We can’t ……… up with that speedboat in this rowing boat! g) Jane likes ……… off by driving her sports car at 100 miles an hour. h) A fire engine arrived and soon ……… out the fire. i) Little Johnny is in the garden ……… out his new tricycle. j) One way ……… with the pollution problem is to use unleaded petrol. 8. Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. Past, Present and Future A hundred years ago, most people traveled (1) ……… foot, by train, or on horseback.. (2) ……… had made it possible to travel rapidly over long distances. Bicycles were also becoming (3) ………, after the invention of the air-failed (4) ………, which made cycling a lot more comfortable. Buses, trams and (5) ……… railways had already been invented, and cities all over the world already had traffic (6) ……… . There were very few private cars, and city (7) ……… were still full of horses. What a difference a hundred years have (8) ……… ! (9) ……… we have got (10) ……… to the problem of private cars, and some cities are so noisy and (11) ……… that in many places (12) ……… have been banned from the city centre. How will we be traveling in a hundred years’ time? Perhaps (13) ……… then there will be only personal helicopters. There may be no need to (14) ……… to work or

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school in the future, since everyone will have a computer at home. There might even be more people walking and horse-riding, for pleasure and (15) ……… . 1) A) by 2) A) Tracks 3) A) popular 4) A)boot 5) A) metro 6) A) blocks 7) A)streets 8) A) taken 9) A) Presently 10) A) more 11) A)even 12) A) vehicles 13) A)cars 14) A)have 15) A)exercise

B) on B) Lines B) invented B) brake B) buried B) sticks B) pavements B) done B) Nowadays B) them B) polluted B) traffic B) by B) transport B) keep fit

C) with C) Ways C) then C) tyre C) underground C) knots C) lawns C) made C) Then C) motorisrs C) so C) transport C) even C) decide C) energy

D) to D) Railways D) handlebars D) engine D) submerged D) jams D) carts D) got D) Later D) used D) poisoned D) trips D) transport D) commute D) healthuy

9. Read and discuss. Crawlers, winkers, flashers The crawler is that irritating individual who sticks rigidly to the centre lane of a three-lane motorway, driving consistently at around 50 to 60 miles per hour, and who refuses to move from his comfortable middle road position even when the inside lane is completely clear. He thus effectively blocks two lanes, since British motorway regulations prohibit overtaking on the inside. The winker is protected from reality in his belief that a couple of swift winks on the right-hand indicator will keep him safe when he blasts straight out from a sliproad to join a heavy stream of traffic on the inside lane. The same individual often changes lane in a similarly thoughtless manner. The flasher is that pushy individual who regards the ‘fast’ lane as his personal property, and insists on staying there, usually with liberal flashing of headlights at those who dare to be in the way at the legal maximum of 70. 10. Additional reading. Female drivers making right turn In the prevalence of western countries, a woman at the wheel is a sign of a civilized society in which she uses cars as routinely as mobile phones. This fact does not stir surprise, concern or negativity amongst male drivers. In Moldova, however, the picture and attitude are different. One of my friends, who rode with her husband from Germany in their car, had long been bewildered to

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see many Moldovan drivers turning back to look at her. Her husband also had problems understanding our drivers conduct and the mimicry they performed with their facial muscles. A lot of men in this country came to admit that women with a driver s license is a valuable and comfortable possession that can be resourcefully used while intoxicated heading back home or busy with a notebook and mobile phone, unable to hold the wheel. Modern Moldovan husbands, however, would drive intoxicated or deep in thoughts, rather than let their wives drive. ‘Honestly, I fee! uncomfortable whenever I see a women at the wheel,’ said Oleg, 32, a businessman. ‘I do not intentionally try to cause accidents, but I always keep women far from the wheel. Men, on the other hand, are genetically good drivers.’ There are many stories about women exploiting their charm and beauty while confronting police officers or paying fines. Statistics show that women, however, are fined less in comparison with men, as the first tend to break traffic rules less often. Those women who do not want to learn to drive cars account their unwillingness for female fears, prejudices and mechanical problems that can arise while they are on the road. Women are predisposed to panic whenever a car accident occurs. Surprisingly, men causing traffic accidents are usually sympathized with, whereas women charged for accidents run the risk of being verbally attacked and humiliated. Presently, the majority of students at driving courses are females. Women should certainly be encouraged to learn how to operate a car. They will additionally command men’s attention as soon as they start attending driving courses and secure themselves altruistic instructors willing to help them navigate a car. Female drivers will also benefit from the service at filling stations and parking lots supervised by male staff. A private vehicle is definitely a priceless purchase capable of beautifying women just as remarkably as a chic haircut or stylish shoes.

PART 8. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 1. Read and discuss. The Changing Family The family is changing. By the year 2020 there will be fewer married people than single people. In the past, people got married and stayed married! Divorce was very difficult and took a long time. The only reason for a short marriage was usually the death of the husband or wife. But today people’s views on marriage are changing. Many couples, mostly in their twenties or thirties, live together without getting married. About 60% of these couples do get married in the end. People get married at a later age now and many women do not want to have

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children immediately. They prefer to do well at their jobs first. So they often decide not to have a baby until they are in their late thirties, or even forties. In the past, people married before they had children, but now about 40% of children are born to unmarried parents. The number of single-parent families is increasing. Single parents are usually divorced women (2/3) or women who have never married (1/3). The government gives help to single parents, but money can still be a problem. And studies show that, in general, children are happier and more successful in traditional two-parent families. Divorce The number of births in Britain is falling. There are fewer marriages, but more divorces. The divorce laws were changed and divorce became quicker and easier. But can people walk away from marriages too easily now? Do couples not try hard enough to stay together? The great divorce discussion A popular newspaper described Britain as ‘the divorce capital of Europe’. There are 3 10.000 marriages a year, but 161,000 divorces. Why? A professional British woman in a top job wrote this surprising letter to the newspapers Women’s Page. Why do so many people get divorced? The reason is very sad. Women are destroying their marriages! In the past women stayed at home, did the housework and had babies. When a husband came home from the office, his wife welcomed him. She looked nice, and dinner was ready. She asked him about his day and listened to all his problems. So husbands were happy with their wives and marriages were very successful. But now – women want good jobs like their husbands, and they also war their husbands to help with the children and the housework. If a husband has a bad day at work, his wife doesn’t want to know about it. She wants to talk about her own day. She often gets angry because her husband doesn’t help her more. In the end, the husband doesn’t enjoy being at home. He leaves his wife for another woman, and the marriage ends in divorce. The newspaper asked its readers for their views! 1. I agree with the letter. Women must do something about their marriages. When your husband comes home from work, cook his dinner. Ask him about his day. If he helps you, thank him. Don’t tell him about your problems the office or at home. Talk about things that are interesting to him. Then he’ll want to come home to you. 2. This woman can’t be serious! Women aren’t destroying their marriages - men are! A working wife works hard all day. At night she’s tired, too. But she has to cook, wash clothes and put the children to bed. And what does her selfish husband do? He sits down and watches TV! 3. A clever wife cooks her husband’s meals, washes his shirts and makes his home life comfortable. Men want us to be like their mothers. What’s wrong with that?

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4. A wife isn’t very interesting if she stays at home and does housework. Her husband will get bored and run away with his young secretary. 5. You don’t like housework? Your husband doesn’t like housework? Get a cleaner and. save your marriage! 2. How much do you know about different wedding customs from around the world? Answer these questions by matching each custom to a country from the list below. In which country … is a song or poem specially composed for the bride and groom? do the bride and bridegroom feed each other cake? does the bridegroom pay money to the bride’s friends and relatives before passing through a cloth barrier to his bride? do the bride and groom stand under a canopy? do the bride and groom give presents to the wedding guests? do the wedding guests pin paper money to the clothes of the bride and groom? do the bride and groom walk seven times round a sacred fire? are the bride’s family seated on one side of the church while the groom’s family are seated on the other? 3. Read the text. The Night of Henna Weddings in many Egyptian villages take place traditionally after the farmers have sold the summer harvest. This is the only time of year when they have enough money to go into town and buy a trousseau for the future bride. The wedding festivities begin on the eve of the wedding which is called the ‘night of the henna’. During the ‘night of the henna’ the bride’s hands and feet are painted with henna. This ceremony, which takes place in the privacy of the bride’s home, marks the beginning of the wedding festivities. But the highlight of the day is the arrival of the poet. Although today many families have abandoned this traditional form of entertainment, the few remaining poets always receive an enthusiastic welcome. The poet and his musicians usually arrive during the early afternoon, before the henna ceremony. After greeting him at the entrance to the village, a few local dignitaries take him to the house of the host family. There, he takes refreshments before having a sleep to prepare him for the long evening ahead. After having an early supper, he and his partners tune their instruments. During the day, he village square is prepared for the evening performance. A platform is set up for the poet and his musicians. Mats are placed around the platform for the guests, and seats of honour are reserved for the local dignitaries. The children are the first to crowd into the square and sit as close to the platform as possible. Alter going to the mosque to pray, the wedding guests make their way to their seats. Finally, when everyone is settled, the poet appears on the platform. He is greeted with cries of joy, the entire audience is attentive to his slightest change of expression.

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Every poet always tells the same story, the epic of About Zeid El Hilali. The poet never begins the story at the beginning, just as he never reaches the end. His art lies in his ability to catch the listeners’ attention and control their sympathies and emotions. There are a number of interruptions during the narrative for the musicians to play and the whole evening’s entertainment lasts for several hours. The wedding ceremony takes place on the following day. The musicians play all afternoon during the presentation of the bride’s trousseau to her groom’s family. 4. Read and discuss. Between 1971 and 1975, a researcher called Mark Abrams, at the Social Science Research Centre, conducted a complicated series of studies designed to gauge people’s satisfaction with various domains of their lives. Throughout the series, marriage emerged as by far the greatest source of satisfaction -ahead of ‘family life’, health, standard of living, house, job and much more. The obvious inference, that marriage makes you happy, is widely accepted among those who specialise in marital studies. So is the view that marriage, like happiness, is good for your health, a view borne out by a number of studies. Some of these studies present a confused picture because they compare the health and life expectancy of married people with the health and life expectancy of the divorced, separated and bereaved. (The latter group invariably come out worse, but should that be blamed on the termination of their marriages or on the fact that they married, perhaps unhappily, in the first place?) But other studies have specifically compared the married with the single and reached similar conclusions. Even these are slightly ambiguous. Are single people more susceptible to serious illness because they are single? Or is their single status a result of their susceptibility? None the less, the general message seems incontrovertible: marriage is not as bad as it seems. It is certainly not bad for you and almost certainly good for you. Few sociologists, doctors or statisticians would dispute the statement that married people live an average of five years longer than the unmarried and are significantly less susceptible to strokes, ulcers, cancer, heart attacks, depression, mental illness and high blood pressure. Nor is the institution of marriage as beleaguered as it is sometimes made out to be. As well as having the second highest divorce rate in Europe (Denmark’s is highest), Britain has the equal-highest marriage rate (along with Portugal). The divorce rate seems to have leveled out since 1985, and the huge long-term increase in the twentieth century probably owes as much to changing legislation as it does to worsening marital relations. The total numbers of marriages and of married people are much the same today as they were in 1961 (although both increased briefly in the early 1970s). Since 1891 the proportion of the population who are married has increased significantly, while the proportion who are single has decreased. Today, around 85 per cent of men and 91 per cent of women will marry at some point in their lives.

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That said, marriage is clearly under threat, both from divorce and from the growing trend for unmarried cohabitation. The divorce rate is increasing, even since the last significant changes in the divorce laws: from 11.6 per thousand in 1978 (143,667) to 12.8 per thousand in 1988 (152,633). The marriage rate is declining, from 14.9 per thousand in 1978 (368,258) to 13.8 per thousand in 1988 (348,492). And a growing proportion of marriages - about one in three -are remarriages (partly because the number of people in a position to marry again has increased so much). Unmarried cohabitation has never been more popular. The proportion of women aged 18 to 49 who are cohabiting almost tripled between 1979 and 1988, from 2.7 per cent to 7.7 per cent. The proportion of children born out of wedlock in the UK has increased from 5.8 per cent in 1961 to 26.9 per cent in 1989. And according to Gallup three adults in four no longer think that becoming pregnant is a reason for a single woman to marry. One problem is that marriage is increasingly perceived, in popular culture, as lacking the spontaneity of unstructured love. Does reality bear this out? According to the Observer/Harris poll, people who cohabit are two-and-a-half times more likely to be ‘madly in love’ with their partners than married people (25 per cent to 10 per cent). Yet most other indicators suggest that married couples derive more happiness from their relationships than non-married couples, and people’s perception of their own marriages remains optimistic. The 1991 Observer/Harris poll showed that 91 per cent of married people expect their own marriages to last until death. Their negative feelings about marriage are reserved for other people - 66 per cent rate the average marriage’s chance of succeeding as 50:50 or worse. Last year the Family Policy Studies Centre caused a great stir by predicting that, based on existing trends, 37 per cent of new marriages would end in divorce – an alltime high. Another way of looking at this, as several advocates of marriage have pointed out, is to say that nearly two-thirds of marriages will succeed. NOTE Talking about family and friends I’ve got two brothers and a sister. My brothers are twins (= two children born to one mother at the same time), and they are three years younger than me. I’m the oldest and I take after my father (= I am similar to him in appearance and/or character). My sister takes after my father in some ways, but she looks like my mother (- her appearance is similar to my mother’s). We’re a close family (= we have a good relationship/see each other a lot). My best friend Pete is an only child (= without brothers or sisters); he spends a lot of time with us and he’s almost one of the family. Family names Your parents give you a first name, e.g. James and Sarah are common first names in Britain. Your family name, usually called your surname, is the one that all the family have, e.g. Smith and Jones. Your full name is all the names you have, e.g. Sarah Jane Smith.

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Changing times In some parts of the world, couples may live together but do not get married. In this relationship they often call each other their partner. Where the child or children live(s) with just one parent, especially after the parents have separated (= they don’t live together any more), these are sometimes called single-parent families. Friends an old friend (= someone you have known for a long time) a close friend (= a good friend/someone you like and trust) your best friend (= the one friend you feel closest to) classmates (= other people in your class) flatmates (= people you share a house/flat with, who are not your family) colleagues (= people you work with; they may or may not be friends) ExWe use this for a relationship that we had in the past but do not have now: The children stay with my ex-husband at the weekend. I saw an ex-girlfriend of mine at the disco last night. *** 5. How world deals with divorce. IRELAND Divorce does not really exist in Ireland. Legal separation is permissible, but separated couples cannot remarry. BRITAIN To divorce after less than two years separation you must prove unreasonable behaviour or adultery. FRANCE Qiuckie divorces by mutual consent have been available since 1975. If one party contests the case, divorce will only be granted in case of unreasonable behaviour or separation lasting more than six years. RUSSIA Legally, divorce easily obtainable. In practice, the divorce rate is kept down because the severe housing shortage means couples that break up have to continue living together. CHINA Divorce instantly granted by marriage registration office if both parties agree. If just one partner wants to end the marriage, divorce is granted after the failure of mediation attempts. AUSTRALIA Australian law has abolished the term divorce to make the procedure less painful. Divorce is now a straightforward question of changing your civil status. ISRAEL Under Jewish law divorce is easier than marriage. Before the wedding the husband must set aside a sum of money, that will be used to care for his wife in case of divorce.

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6. In which country: a)can men divorce their wives by saying they want to? Iran b)is it hard to get divorced in less than two years? c)is it possible for couples to separate legally but not get divorced? d)must you normally wait six years if only one party wants the divorce? 7. Answer the following questions, according to the text. Use your dictionary to help you if necessary. a) Why do couples in Russia often continue to live together after a divorce? b)What do Chinese couples have to do if only one partner wants to end the marriage? c)Why is divorce in Australia now easy? d)How do couples in Iran have to try to improve their relationship before getting a divorce? 8. Work in groups of two or three. Are there any unusual weddings or alternatives to traditional weddings in your country? Is marriage in your country as popular as it was fifty years ago? What reasons are there to get married? 9. Write down the different stages of preparation, ceremony and celebration in traditional or alternative wedding ceremonies in your country. In Britain, the groom arrives at the church with the best man. They sit on the righthand side. The bride arrives with her father Join your notes with any other ideas from 1, and write a paragraph about traditional or alternative weddings in your country. After arriving at the church, the groom and the best man sit on the right-hand side. The bride arrives with her father... 10. В КАКОМ МЕСЯЦЕ ЖЕНИТЬСЯ. ПРИМЕТЫ. Wedding when the year is new? He’ll be loving, kind, and true. When February birds of made, You wed nor dread your fate. If you wed when March winds blow, Joy and sorrow you’ll both know. Marry in April when you can, Joy for maiden and for man. Marry in the Month of May, And you’ll surely rue the day. Marry when June roses grow,

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Over land and sea you’ll go. Those who in July are wed, Must labor for their daily bread. Whoever wed in August be, Many a change is sure to see. Marry in September’s shine, Your living will be rich and fine. If in October you do marry, Love will come, but riches tarry. If you wed in bleak November, Only joys will come, remember. When December snows fall fast, Marry, and true love will last. 11. Discuss the following. The mayor has nine wives Elizabeth, 38, is a smart, bright, modern-looking woman, and the town attorney. She lives here in Big Water with her husband, Alex Joseph, most of his twenty children and all of his eight other wives. ‘It’s an ideal arrangement for a career woman,’ Elizabeth, a Mormon, says ‘Most American women trying to juggle their CE lipstick and marriage not succeeding very well ‘In a plural marriage can have it all. You never have to worry about who’ll look after the s. You can be fully a mother, fully professional and fully woman.’ 12. The big question is… IS MARRIAGE OLD-FASHIONED. What does marriage mean to you? Just a piece of paper or a deeper and more secure relationship? CHRIS O’BRIEN ‘Yes, it’s no different to living together, apart from a bit of paper. I wouldn’t bother with getting married, unless my girlfriend wanted to, or we were going to have kids. I think it’s important then.’ ANNE McLEAN ‘No, it’s not old-fashioned – I’m married and I highly recommend it! It’s rubbish to say that marriage is just a bit of paper, and it’s certainly a lot more than just living together.’ In groups, discuss the following questions and give reasons for your answers. a) What are the main reasons for getting married and what are the drawbacks? b) What is the best age to get married? Why? c) Is there too much social pressure on people to get married? Should other kinds of partnership be more acceptable? d) Should weddings be religious?

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e) Is it acceptable to have more than one partner at the same time? f) Why do people get divorced? Is it too easy? g) What problems are there when people decide to get divorced? 13. You have been going out with someone for a while and you have decided to live together. However, before you do so you wish to draw up a personal ‘contract’. In groups, discuss the kinds of things you think it is a good idea to include in such a ‘contract’. Things to think about might include: - when to use the bathroom. - who cooks the meals and when. - what happens if you want to go out with other people. 14. The text is about a Balinese marriage, but the paragraphs have been mixed up. Read the text and put the paragraphs in the correct order. Discuss the following. a) What helped you decide on the correct order? (e.g. Which words or phrases refer back to a previous paragraph?) b) How is the text organised? (e.g. How do you know which paragraphs come at the beginning and end of the text?) A. Discovering what has happened, the girl’s family then pretend to be very worried. The angry father is supposed to search the surroundings, asking everyone in the household who took his daughter. Of course, even a close friend who may have helped the daughter pack her clothes, innocently denies any knowledge of the affair. B. First, the couple secretly decides to run away, usually to a friend’s house a good distance from the girl’s village. On the appointed day, the girl is suddenly carried off by her young man. C. No matter how couples are married, divorce is not difficult. A man merely reports to village authorities that his marriage is finished; or if it is a woman, she simply returns to her home and the children are cared for by the man’s family. However, divorce does not often occur. If the situation arises, it is likely that a man takes a second wife, and the first remains as head of the household. D. In Bali, there is one form of marriage, the negerorod -marriage by elopement – which is considered exciting for it is preceded by the honeymoon and the man is considered heroic. E. Sometimes even a search party is organised, but the shock reaction is all in fun. Generally the family is well acquainted with the young man and understands that if their daughter took some clothes, she left by her own choice. 15. Read the text quickly. It is about a couple called Clifford and Annie, who are planning to get married. Answer the questions. 1 What are your impressions of Clifford and Annie? Which of the following words best describe your opinion of them? Why? sensible weird ridiculous romantic spontaneous easygoing warm and loving cold and calculating unbelievable

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2 Do you think their marriage will last? 3 How many of their rules can you remember? ‘I’ll marry you but only on a few conditions...’ When Clifford met Annie, they found one thing in common. They both love lists. So together they have written the ultimate list, a list of rules for their marriage. This prenuptial agreement itemizes every detail of their lives together, from shopping to sex. Timothy Laurence met them in Florida in the apartment that they share. The living room is neat and tidy, with a dining table already laid for a meal that has yet to be cooked. All the ingredients for the meal are in the kitchen, prepared, weighed, waiting in a line. It is his turn to cook. Annie is chatting over a cup of coffee by the pristine kitchen bar when her fiancé pours himself a cup and joins her. He touches her arm. She tenses, looks at him anxiously, and asks, ‘Oh, sorry. Did I say something wrong?’ ‘No, no. I was just showing affection,’ Clifford explains ponderously. ‘Oh, I see,’ says Annie. His hand returns to her arm, and this time she relaxes. It is a significant moment, because spontaneity is not at the heart of this relationship. Love, for Clifford and Annie, means following a book of rules. A signed, legal document They have become curiously famous since details of their prenuptial contract were publicized. They wanted a legal contract, signed and witnessed by lawyers. Their agreement is intended to regulate the chaotic heart, and smooth the path of true love before the journey of marriage has begun We will have healthy sex 3 to 5 times per week’ ,it declares, and continues through every aspect of married life, from the wedding itself, to a trip to the supermarket: ‘We will spend $400 a month’, to who is boss when it comes to the big decisions. They are getting married in six months’ time. The ceremony will last twenty minutes. The reception will be held in a restaurant on Miami beach. We will invite a twenty guests each, who will be served two drinks, one of which may be alcoholic’. List of rules So what are some of the other rules that will lead to married bliss? • Once we are married, we will each receive an allowance of $70 per week to cover haircuts, eating out, gifts for friends and spending money. • We won’t raise our voices at each other. If we get angry, we will count to 10 and take a deep breath. • We will not use tobacco products. • We will go to bed and turn out the lights by 11.30 pm. • Family leadership and decision-making will be Clifford’s responsibility. Annie will make decisions in emergencies and when Clifford is not available. • We will buy unleaded fuel, and we won’t let the fuel gauge get lower than half a tank. If any of these rules are broken, a fine will have to be paid out of personal savings.

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*** Everyone wants to know whether they are the saviours of modern marriage, or the butchers of romance. ‘Did we put anything in the contract about love?’ asks Annie, a little uncertainly. 1 think so,’ says Clifford. Ah, yes, they did: ‘We will provide unconditional love and fulfill each other’s basic needs.’ Oh, good. So that’s all right then. Their prenuptial contract is a response to uncertainty, and a plan for emotional and financial security for the future. At 39, Clifford has been through two divorces and has, two sons. Annie, 31, was married briefly and disastrously in her early twenties. As Clifford likes to point out, the divorce rate, for first-time marriages is now 54 per cent. ‘Nobody plans to fail,’ ‘ he says, ‘but a lot of people fail to plan. I’m going to write a book about our experience of a fully planned and programmed marriage. I just know that it will be a bestseller.’ When Clifford met Annie Clifford and Annie met at a dance, and started a cautious romance. He took her out to a movie and dinner, and gave her roses with a card signed with affection that she still keeps in her handbag. They started their own small marketing business, and in the running of the business discovered that they were both ‘goal setters’. One day, not having anything else to talk about they decided to create the perfect budget! We were really excited that we could agree on something so vital and fundamental to any enterprise, whether it’s a business or a marriage,’ says Clifford. With so much romance in the air, their relationship deepened,, and as, the weeks passed, they began to make lists of increasingly personal concerns. From the start, they agreed that the big marriage breakers were money, behaviour, sex, and 85 children. ‘Nothing is going to make this marriage go wrong,’ says Clifford. ‘Everything has already been planned.’ ‘In five years, we will have moved from our present address, and we will be living in a beach house overlooking the ocean.’ When Annie met Clifford Annie sees their arrangements slightly differently. For her, the prenuptial contract, was a way of getting to know Clifford - a kind of courtship, just probing and asking questions. If we don’t like and respect each other, this union won’t last.’ She liked what she found, including a mutual fondness for lists. I’d made a list of what I wanted in a man, what I liked, and what was unacceptable. I had prayed to God to find a man who was my father, only 30 years younger.’ She is very keen to have children, but Clifford admits to ‘having problems’ with the prospect of more kids, more 100 college fees! Their contract states: We will not start a family for the first two years of our marriage.’ ‘So I’ll be pregnant in three years,’ Annie says, and then pauses. ‘No, sooner than that. I’ll be pregnant in 30 months ...’ Such is the wild intensity of passion in the heat of Florida.

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16. Read the text more carefully and answer the questions. 1 Find some things that Annie and Clifford have in common, and some things that they don’t have in common. 2 Annie and Clifford say, that marriages fail because or arguments about money, behaviour, sex, and children. Which of their rules refer to these four things? 3 Are the following statements true (V) or false (X)? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers. a. Clifford does all the cooking. b. He prepares everything very carefully. с. Their apartment looks messy but comfortable. d. Annie misunderstands why Clifford touches her. e. They want the contract to ensure an uncomplicated divorce if they split up. f. There will be no alcohol at their wedding. g. If any of the rules are broken, they will divorce immediately. h. Clifford has no doubts that both his book and his marriage will be successful. i. On their first date, Clifford took Annie out to a dance. j. Annie had no idea what her perfect man would be like until she met Clifford.

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GRAMMAR SECTION MODAL VERBS CAN Translate the sentences into English. A) 1. Он сможет говорить по-французски свободно (fluently), когда вернется из Парижа. 2. Можно мне взять твою ручку? – Да, пожалуйста. 3. Вы умеете кататься на коньках? 4. Когда он был молодым, он мог пройти 20 километров в день. 5. Никто не мог мне помочь. 6. Ты сможешь сделать эту работу завтра? 7. Я умел плавать, когда мне было пять лет. 8. Ты мог бы перевести этот текст? 9. Эту книгу можно купить в любом магазине. 10. Мы сможем поехать в горы в следующем году. B) 1. Я хорошо знал эту страну, и поэтому я смог посоветовать ей, какие достопримечательности посмотреть. 2. Несмотря на шторм, он смог доплыть до берега. 3. Он не мог показать нам расчеты, так как они не были готовы. 4. В комнате темно, я не могу найти свои вещи. 5. Можно мне чаю? 6. Я могу вернуться на автобусе. 7. Морис был настолько безграмотный, что он просто не мог написать ни одного слова этого доклада. 8. Он даже не представлял, что она может так хорошо рисовать. 9. Там было так душно, что мы едва могли дышать. 10. Почему ты не можешь признать, что ты был не прав? 11. Вы можете доказать его невиновность? 12. Можно повесить это объявление в коридоре? C) 1. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 2. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 3. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом ей напоминала только вчера. 4. Неужели вы не помните, что возвратил вам эту книгу? 5. Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что эта команда займет первое место? 6. Неужели они проиграли? 7. Не мог он этого сказать. 8. Неужели было так холодно? 9. Не может быть, чтобы он был дома сейчас. 10. Неужели он так хорошо знает китайский язык? 11. Неужели он отказался поехать туда? 12. Не может быть, чтобы он потерял эти документы. 13. Не может быть, чтобы они уехали, не попрощавшись с нами. D) 1. Ты можешь говорить по-французски? – Нет, только по-английски. 2. Ты можешь кататься на лыжах? – Да, но я не смогу принять участие в соревнованиях (competition).

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3. Я не смог перевести этот текст, хотя вы объяснили все правила (rules). 4. Ты можешь починить мой телевизор? – Нет, я не умею чинить телевизоры. 5. Ты представляешь, моя мама сама смогла починить утюг. 6. Здесь нельзя останавливаться. 7. Можно задать тебе вопрос? – Да, но боюсь, я не смогу на него ответить. 8. Когда мы сдадим экзамены, мы сможем поехать в деревню. 9. Он не смог сдать последний экзамен, он заболел. 10. Вы не можете идти домой, вы не закончили работу. – Я старалась (try hard), но не смогла ее закончить. E) 1. Я не могу закончить работу сегодня. 2. Можете ли вы перевести эту статью на французский язык? 3. Я думаю, что я смогу помочь вам. 4. Он смог починить свой велосипед. 5. Когда он приехал в Лондон, он смог обойтись (manage) без переводчика. 6. В прошлом году он не мог бегло говорить по-английски. 7. Мы смогли закончить работу в пять дней. 8. Не может быть, чтобы там сейчас было холодно. 9. Я боюсь, что он не сможет вернуться вовремя. 10. Неужели они отправили груз пароходом? 11. Я очень рад, что смог помочь ему. 12. Вряд ли он забыл о своем обещании. 13. Я знал, что он сможет сделать эту работу. 14. Разве вам не сообщили о заседании? 15. Эту работу нельзя сделать в такой короткий срок. 16. Неужели вы не узнали меня? Мы учились с вами в одной школе. 17. Эти цифры можно найти в любом справочнике. 18. Не может быть, что он так и не появился (пришел). 19. Mы могли бы отправить этот груз в конце месяца. 20. Неужели твоим родителям не понравилась эта милая девушка. 21. Bы могли бы найти эту книгу у нас в библиотеке, если бы пошли туда вчера. 22. Почему вы не пришли вчера в контору? Вы могли (могли бы) поговорить с директором по этому вопросу. MAY Translate the sentences. A) 1. Вы, возможно, встретите его на станции. 2. Может быть, он оставил нам записку. 3. Вы, возможно, забыли свои перчатки дома. 4. Она, возможно, поймет это позже. 5. Может быть, дверь была не заперта.

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6. 7. 8.

Возможно, они не хотят видеть нас. Она, может быть, напишет вам. Она, возможно, все уже забыла.

B) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Можно мне здесь подождать? – Да, конечно. Ты мог бы остаться дома хотя бы на один вечер? Может быть, он уже ушел. Может быть, он еще ждет. Студенты могут получить эту книгу в библиотеке. Иногда отсюда можно видеть море. Могу я помочь вам? Можно мне пользоваться словарем? Нельзя пользоваться словарем во время контрольной работы. Вы могли бы приходить вовремя. Вы всегда опаздываете. Я не могу вспомнить его адрес. – Неужели ты даже улицу не помнишь? Здесь нельзя купаться. Давай позвоним Майку, нам может понадобиться его совет. Они, может быть, приедут завтра. MUST

Translate the sentences into English. A) 1. Мне надо видеть его сегодня же. 2. Мне пришлось идти туда самому. 3. Вам придется немного подождать. 4. Когда же он должен прийти? 5. Сейчас же отдай ей мяч. 6. Не смей с ней играть. 7. Вы должны вставать рано каждый день? 8. Мы должны были встретиться в театре. 9. Мне не пришлось ждать его долго. 10. Вам придется поговорить с ней. 11. Им пришлось очень долго идти пешком. 12. Ему надо переписать сочинение. 13. Когда вы должны быть в институте завтра? 14. Мне надо идти туда сейчас? B) 1. Он должен был стать музыкантом. Это было решено еще до его рождения. 2. Вам придется написать ему еще раз. 3. Им пришлось долго ждать автобуса. 4. Я должен был окончить работу вчера, но не смог этого сделать. 5. Чья очередь? Кто должен идти за водой? 6. Тебе придется взять пальто. Становится холоднее. 7. Я должен отвезти брату его вещи. Так мы договорились, когда он уходил. 8. Было уже поздно, и нам пришлось поехать на метро. 9. Подожди немного, я должна дочитать главу до конца. 10. Мне пришлось оставить все и поехать в больницу. 11. Вам придется зайти позже. Ее еще нет. 12. Тебе обязательно надо ехать сегодня? 13. Когда он должен приехать? Мы договорились встретиться в восемь. 14. Отец не разрешает ей приходить домой

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поздно, она должна быть дома к девяти часам каждый вечер. 15. Вчера вечером автобус был полупустой (half empty), и мне не пришлось стоять. C) Translate the following negative sentences into English. Model 1: Она, должно быть, не дала ему возможность возразить. She must have given him no opportunity to object. 1. Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки. 2. Должно быть, они не обедали. 3. Должно быть, она не имела опыта. 4. Должно быть, он не дал ответ. 5. Должно быть, они не принимают мер. 6. Должно быть, она не обращает внимания на это. 7. Должно быть, у них нет книг. 8. Он, должно быть, не получил ответа. 9. Должно быть, денег за работу они не получают. 10. Она, должно быть, не старалась (make attempt) сделать это правильно. Model 2: Должно быть, он об этом не знал. Probably, he didn’t know about it. 1.Должно быть, они еще не пришли. 2. Вероятно, они этого не знают. 3. Повидимому, это не было сделано вовремя. 4. Вероятно, это не здесь. 5. Это, должно быть, не заняло много времени. 6. Должно быть, он придет завтра. Translate into English using the verb “to have” in its modal meaning. A) 1. Мне сейчас приходится много работать, так как я болела и отстала от группы. 2. Вам придется поговорить с ним лично. 3. Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции. 4. Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне было это неприятно. 5. Книгу необходимо переплести, иначе некоторые страницы могут потеряться. 6. Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли? B) 1. Я должна прочесть эту книгу. 2. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 3. Мама была больна, и мне пришлось готовить обед. 4. Должно быть, она готовила обед, когда пришел брат. 5. Я должен был зайти в деканат. 6. Должно быть, он заходил в деканат. 7. Вы должны поговорить с ней. 8. Должно быть, он разговаривает по-английски. 9. Мне пришлось написать об этом сестре. 10. Она, должно быть, написала сестре. 11. Она, должно быть, писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели.

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C) 1. Она, должно быть, ждет вас в институте. 2. Она должна ждать нас в институте. 3. Доктор сказал, что он должен жить на юге. 4. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 5. Он должен много читать вслух, чтобы исправить свое произношение. 6. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 7. Я должен оставаться здесь до зимы. 8. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет отпуск у них. 9. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе. 10. Книга распродана; надо ее поискать в букинистических лавках. 11. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал прийти. 12. Они, наверное, пишут сочинение около двух часов и скоро должны кончить. Translate into English using the verb “must”, “to be (to)”, “to have (to)” A) 1.Сказал ли преподаватель, что мы должны выучить этот текст наизусть? 2. Я не знал, что этот текст не надо учить наизусть. 3. Не шумите: дети, должно быть, спят. 4. Никто, наверно, не сказал ему об этом. 5. Они должны были прийти в 5, а уже 6 часов. 6. Они, наверно, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. 7. Надеюсь, вам не пришлось долго ждать, да? 8. Надеюсь, вам не придется ждать. B) 1. Спектакль должен был начаться в шесть часов, но его пришлось отложить, так как один актер заболел. 2. Мне надо было (пришлось) остаться дома вчера, так как у меня было очень много работы. 3. Вы должны вставать рано каждый день? 4. Мы договорились встретиться в театре. Он должен подъехать к половине восьмого и ждать меня у входа. 5. Он вчера был дома, так как ему не нужно было идти в институт. 6. Я вернулся домой раньше обычного, так как мои друзья должны были зайти ко мне в семь часов. 7. Я должен был закончить эту работу вчера, но не смог этого сделать. Мне придется закончить ее сегодня. 8. В котором часу вы должны быть в институте завтра? 9. Вам долго пришлось ждать его? – Мне пришлось ждать его недолго. 10. Директор еще не пришел. Он должен быть здесь в 11 часов. Вам придется подождать немного. 11. Ей пришлось перепечатывать письмо несколько раз. Она, должно быть, устала и сделала много ошибок. 12. Это, должно быть, магазин, там много людей. 13. Вы бледны, вы, вероятно, устали. 14. Вода холодная, озеро, должно быть, очень глубокое. 15. Мне придется выучить это стихотворение к среде. 16. Выхода не было, и ему пришлось заплатить штраф. SHOULD AND OUGHT TO Translate into English using the verb “must”, “to be (to)”, “to have (to)” or “should”, “can”. A) 1. Ты, должно быть, пропустил его. Ты должен был быть более внимательным.

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2. Вам не надо было так торопиться; нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти. 3. Вы, должно быть, с ним уже поговорили. Я вижу, вы все знаете. 4. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. Это могло обидеть его. 5. Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро, надо было проветрить комнату получше. 6. Это должно было случиться. Всем известна его рассеянность. 7. Тебе надо было прочесть свое сочинение еще раз, там, должно быть, есть ошибки. 8. Нам не пришлось тащить вещи на себе: нам попалась попутная машина. 9. Вы не должны так расстраиваться по пустякам. Надо держать себя в руках. 10. Простите, что я опоздал. Вам долго пришлось ждать меня? 11. Надеюсь, ты не должна теперь так рано вставать; ты ведь теперь работаешь в десяти минутах ходьбы от дома. 12. Она, очевидно, была очень приятной женщиной. Все говорят о ней с такой любовью. 13. Я никуда не выходил в тот вечер, так как после работы ко мне должен был зайти Джордж. 14. Это лекарство можно получить только по рецепту врача. 15. Там, наверно, идет дождь: смотри, какое темное небо. 16. Тебе не надо сегодня готовить обед, так как мы обедаем в гостях. 17. Они, вероятно, что-то горячо обсуждали; они даже не заметили, как мы вошли. 18. Вам следовало бы найти специалиста, который мог бы дать вам хороший совет. NEED Translate into English using the verb “(don’t) have to”, “needn’t (have)”. 1. Можете сегодня туда не ходить. Товар еще не доставили. 2. Вам незачем идти на улицу: у соседей есть телефон. 3. У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не придется ездить далеко. 4. Им незачем ездить так далеко, можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале. 5. Можете не оставаться, если не хотите. 6.Необязательно вам ходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь. 7. Я мог это сделать только потому, что мне не надо было идти в институт в среду. 8. Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. 9. Ни к чему было покупать эту книгу, она есть в библиотеке. 10. Те, кто сделал эту работу, могут не оставаться в аудитории. 11. Оказалось, что у меня есть этот словарь, так что не пришлось покупать новый. 12. Вам не нужно было покупать этот словарь, у меня есть лишний экземпляр, и я с удовольствием дал бы его вам, если бы вы попросили. 13. Он мог и не приходить, все уже было сделано. 14. Ему не к чему было вдаваться в подробности: это все равно не помогло. 15. Все слова в тексте были знакомы и ему незачем было пользоваться словарем; это только отняло у них больше времени. 16. Все слова в тексте настолько были хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем.

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REVISION Translate into English. A) 1. Mне очень жаль, но я должен идти. Я должен встретить Бетти у кино. Уже без четверти семь! Она, должно быть, уже ждет меня. Мне придется сесть на автобус. 2. Их дом должны были снести (knock down), и ему пришлось переехать в другой район. 3. Вы могли бы предупредить меня, что не придете; мне не пришлось бы так долго вас ждать. 4. Незачем вам было ходить туда, они могли бы сам прийти. 5. Не надо было так разговаривать с ним: все же он постарше вас. 6. Надо было подумать об этом раньше; теперь этого уже не исправишь. 7. Ты зря заказал номер в гостинице. У нас есть комната для гостей. 8. Нельзя ли мне задать вам несколько вопросов? 9. Погода хорошая, и мы могли бы прокатиться за город. 10. Неужели вы им поверили? Они скорее всего пошутили над вами. B) 1. Он должен был подвинуться поближе, чтобы услышать ее. 2. На следующий день брат взял меня с собой на прогулку, а вечером мы должны были обедать с Гринами. 3. Тебе придется много заниматься. Если бы ты мог приходить ко мне по воскресеньям, я бы с удовольствием занимался с тобой. 4. Он, должно быть, не сказал им ничего, и они, возможно, упаковывают вещи. 5. В прошлом году я жил близко от института, и мне не приходилось вставать так рано, как сейчас. 6. Я думаю, что вам не следует обращать на это внимание. Стоит ли беспокоиться о пустяках? 7. Вы, должно быть, все читали эту книгу. Если нет, то вам следовало бы ее прочесть как можно скорее, чтобы вы могли обсудить ее на занятиях нашего кружка. 8. Зря ты так разговаривал с ним. Он мог обидеться. 9. В понедельник я еще не смогу дать вам определенный ответ. Translate into English. A) 1. Вы, наверное, положили ключ не на то место, и я не смог войти в дом. 2. Я был удивлен, увидев так много народу в зале, где я должен был выступать. 3. Может быть, она и была на концерте, но я ее не видела. 4. Ваше лицо кажется мне знакомым. Мы, должно быть, где-то встречались. 5. Напрасно ты сказала ей об этом. Тебе надо было помолчать. 6. Не может быть, чтобы он не слышал о нашем решении, но я все же скажу ему об этом сама. 7. Он, должно быть, не успел прочитать эту книгу или, возможно, не достал ее. 8. Он просил предупредить, что вам, возможно, придется подождать еще два-три дня, прежде, чем он сможет вас принять. 9. Операция должна быть сделана 10-го, но ввиду плохого состояния больного ее пришлось отложить на неопределенное время. 10. Не может быть, чтобы она этого не знала. 11. Он, должно быть, приготовил перевод заранее. 12. Он, должно быть, не готовил перевод заранее. 13. Он, вероятно, не успел подготовить перевод и был (будет) вынужден

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потратить на него все воскресенье, так как его нужно закончить к следующей неделе. 14. Не могли бы вы помочь мне закончить работу? Мне, может быть, придется уехать завтра вечером. B) 1. Я должен сделать это сегодня? А.) Нет, вы можете сделать это завтра, если хотите. Б.) Да, это нужно сделать сегодня. 2. Можно мне посмотреть вашу работу? А.) Пожалуйста. Б.) Нет, она еще не готова. 3. Доктор, можно мне купаться в море? А.) Нет, нельзя: вы можете опять заболеть. Б.) Конечно, можно. Это принесет вам только пользу. 4. Мне можно переписать свою работу или мне можно только исправить свои ошибки? 5. Когда мне можно прийти за основным материалом? – Вам незачем приходить самому. Мы вам пришлем его, когда он будет готов. 6. Не можете ли вы зайти ко мне вечером? 7. Нельзя ли попросить вас зайти ко мне вечером? 8. Не могли бы вы зайти немножко попозже? Translate the words in bold type into English. Молодой Луне пришла в голову прекрасная мысль: «Почему бы мне не сшить себе новое платье? Я могла бы в нем гулять по небу», – и она отправилась к портному. «Не могли бы вы сшить мне новое платье? – спросила она. – Но оно должно хорошо сидеть». «Можете не беспокоиться, – ответил портной. – Оно будет прекрасно сидеть. Вы такая молодая, такая тоненькая. Позвольте мне снять мерку». Когда он снял мерку, Луна спросила: «Когда мне приходить на примерку?» И он велел ей прийти через неделю. Однако платье оказалось слишком узким. «Должно быть, я плохо снял мерку, – подумал огорченный портной. – Теперь придется все делать сначала». Он опять снял мерку и велел ей прийти через десять дней. Платье снова оказалось узким, да и Луна выглядела совсем иначе. «Неужели я опять ошибся? Или, может быть, она так потолстела? – огорчился портной, снимая мерку в третий раз. – Ну теперь все должно быть в порядке». Когда луна пришла опять, это была уже полная луна. «Это безобразие! – завопил портной. – Надо было предупредить меня, что у вас такая

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неустойчивая фигура. Не стану я для вас работать!» Так пришлось Луне обойтись без нового платья. Персики Это был их медовый месяц (honeymoon). Молодая жена сидела в кресле в своей уютной квартирке и думала, что, вероятно, сейчас все только и говорят об их свадьбе. Свадьба Малыша Мак-Гарри – лучшего боксера Нью-Йорка – была, возможно, самым замечательным событием в жизни их соседей. «Милый, – сказала она, – я бы, пожалуй (I’d rather), съела персик». Разве мог малыш отказать ей? Он даже не подумал о том, где он может достать персик в самом начале весны. Он должен был его найти. Он, вероятно, забыл, что персик – это дар (gift) золотого лета. Он начал с лавки итальянца на углу, но там были только горы (pile) золотых апельсинов. Затем он побежал к своему другу в ночной ресторан. Они, должно быть, едят такие фрукты круглый год (all year round). Но ему опять не повезло (to be unlucky). Правда его друг предложил (to offer) заменить персики на замечательные апельсины из Испании, но Мак-Гарри не хотел об этом и слышать (wouldn’t hear). «Не может быть, чтобы в Бродвее не было персиков», – подумал Малыш. Неужели чемпион Нью-Йорка не может забыть о сезонах, календарях и климатах? План родился мгновенно. Персики, несомненно, есть в клубе его врага – Денвера Дика, – и он добудет их любой ценой (at any price). Не может быть, чтобы Дик отказал своим богатым клиентам (visitors) в персиках в марте. Малыш ворвался в клуб вместе с полицейскими, которые давно мечтали заполучить (to get hold of) Денвера Дика и его клиентов. Как только Дик увидел Малыша, они начали драться (fight), но Малыш должен был победить: ведь его ждала самая красивая девушка в мире. И он победил. Но нашел только один случайно оставшийся персик. Счастливый Малыш помчался домой. Он заскочил в аптеку почистить костюм. Аптекарь испугался: – Вы, должно быть, упали с небоскреба (skyscraper), – сказал он. Она ждала его. А он, довольный победой (victory), вкладывает в ее руку персик. – Разве я просила персик? Я бы гораздо охотнее съела апельсин.

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THE VERBALS THE GERUND FORMS. TENSE/VOICE DISTINCTIONS Indefinite Perfect

Active Writing Having written

Passive Being written Having been written

Translate the sentences using the models. A) Model 1: mind/like/hate/avoid doing smth 1. Я не мог избежать разговора с ней. 2. Я хочу поблагодарить вас за помощь. 3. Его обвинили в работе на конкурирующую (rival) фирму. 4. Терпеть не могу ждать. 5. Стоит это читать? 6. Я не могу себе позволить тратить столько времени зря. 7. Она ничего не имела против того, чтобы зайти еще раз. 8. Он избегал выражать свое мнение. 9. Мне так неприятно оставлять тебя здесь. Model 2: way/intention/purpose/difficulty of doing smth 1. Это хороший способ уйти от ответа. 2. У него не было ни малейшего намерения обманывать вас. 3. У меня и мысли не было разрешить ей остаться. 4. Он приехал сюда с целью помочь вам. 5. Наши шансы получить обед были очень малы. 6. Здесь переходить реку не опасно. 7. Вреда в том не будет, если мы скажем ему правду. 8. У нее была привычка ложиться спать рано. 9. У меня не было намерения поговорить с ней об этом. 10. Не будет никакой трудности в том, чтобы найти место, где остановиться. Model 3: think of/object to doing smth 1. Я не привыкла готовить себе завтрак. 2. Наконец, мне удалось найти дорогу. 3. Он настаивал на том, чтобы оплатить счет за обед. 4. Мы извинились за опоздание. 5. Я думаю о поездке в Америку этим летом. 6. Он был благодарен уже за то, что вы его слушали. 7. Она была занята работой над докладом. 8. Она настаивала, чтобы ей показали все. 9. Вы подозреваете, что я вам лгу? 10. Его обвинили в краже автомобиля. Model 4: on after before by through (because of) without in spite of

doing smth

1. Он работает без остановки целый день. 2. Ты ничего не добьешься, если будешь возражать. 3. Все это надо обсудить до того, как принимать решение.

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4. Вы можете исправить фигуру, делая гимнастику. 5. Он даст ответ, посоветовавшись со своим юристом. 6. Он прошел мимо, не заметив нас. 7. Он упустил возможность поехать туда, потому что заболел. 8. Не делайте этого, не обдумав все, как следует. B) Translate the following into English using the Gerund after the verbs in brackets. Fill in prepositions where necessary. 1. Я не виню тебя за то, что тебе так хочется уехать из города (to blame). 2. Тогда я заподозрил его в том, что он меня дразнит (to suspect). 3. Нам было не трудно работать вместе (to have difficulty). 4. Он настаивал на том, чтобы научить ее работать на ЭВМ (to insist). 5. Не было ничего, что могло бы помешать ему вернуться в Лондон (to prevent). 6. Он извинился, что не пришел вовремя (to apologize). 7. Мне удалось заставить говорить (to succeed). 8. Отец часто обвинял меня в том, что я отношусь к дому как к отелю (to accuse). 9. Она настояла на том, чтобы заплатить за такси (to insist). 10. Дэн уговорил Беллу остаться на обед (to talk into). 11. Доктор начал с того, что пощупал его пульс (to begin). 12. Он настоял на том, чтобы Анну немедленно пригласили сюда (to insist). 13. Я спросил его, как ему нравится быть отцом (to feel about). 14. Как ты объяснил покупку этого автомобиля? (to account). 15. Он упрекал себя за то, что не попытался поговорить с нею (to reproach). С) Translate the following into English using the Gerund after the adjectives in brackets. Fill in prepositions where necessary. 1. Я гордился тем, что работал с ним тогда (proud). 2. Я знал, что он не способен так поступить (capable). 3. Доктор привык выслушивать всяких людей (used). 4. Мне жаль, что я причинил вам так много беспокойства (sorry). 5. Я больше, чем ты, заинтересован в том, чтобы найти ее (interested). 6. Я уверен, что ты вполне способен решить эту проблему (capable). 7. Мне надоело пытаться делать то, что мне не нравится (tired). 8. Я удивился тому, что он вообще женился (surprised). 9. Я был немного разочарован тем, что не встретил Чарльза (disappointed). 10. Она была благодарна ему за то, что он понял, что ей не хочется говорить о себе (grateful). 11. Он был раздражен на нее за то, что она втянула его эту ссору (annoyed). 12. Он любил смеяться над теми, кто был робок (fond). D) Translate the following into English using the Infinitive or the Gerund. 1. Вам повезло, что вы живете в таком красивом месте (lucky). 2. Ее нижняя губа дрожала, словно она готова была разрыдаться (ready). 3. Мама была занята приготовлением еды на кухне (busy). 4. Он попрощался со мной за руку: «Мне жаль, что приходится уходить» (sorry). 5. Песню стоило записать на пленку (worth). 6. Он быстро сообразил, что случилось (quick). 7. Об этой новости стоило написать его отцу (worth). 8. Он был очень доволен, что застал брата дома (delighted). 9. Мне было не интересно (не был заинтересован в том, чтобы) продолжать спор (interested). 10. Работу все еще было трудно найти, и мне не

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очень-то везло первые несколько дней (hard). 11. Его жена была в Лондоне. Она была занята тем, что искала для них новое жилье (busy). 12. Я удивился, когда мне позвонил Чарльз (surprised). 13. Я глубоко уважал ее и гордился знакомством с нею (proud). 14. Я был волен уходить и приходить, когда хотел (free). 15. Я очень огорчился, найдя его таким больным (distressed). 16. Этого человека легко было понять (easy). 17. Он был теперь полон решимости остаться там (determined). 18. Дорис не так легко было принять это предложение (easy). E) Translate the sentences from Russian into English using gerundial phrases. 1. Я слышал о том, что он назначен директором большого завода. 2. Я не возражаю против того, чтобы они приехали сюда. 3. Я помню, что он мне говорил об этом несколько дней тому назад. 4. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы вы ответили им немедленно. 5. Я слышал о том, что его посылают на юг. 6. Вы можете рассчитывать на то, что он даст вам точную информацию. 7. Нет надежды, что он закончит свою работу к вечеру. 8. Извините, что я позвонил вам вчера так поздно. 9. Вы не возражаете против того, чтобы я прочел этот рассказ вслух? 10. Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я курил здесь? 11. Мы настаивали на том, чтобы они начали переговоры немедленно. 12. Он возражает против того, чтобы собрание было назначено на понедельник. 13. Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы он зашел к вам сегодня? 14. Доктор настаивает на том, чтобы он провел осень на юге. 15. Он отвечает за то, чтобы работа была закончена вовремя. F) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. I. 1. Мне не хочется спорить. 2. Он продолжал курить, не говоря ни слова. 3. Я не видела смысла в том, чтобы продолжать этот разговор. 4. Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос. 5. Я была против поездки туда с самого начала. 6. План нуждается в доработке. 7. У нее не было надежды когда-нибудь поехать в Самарканд. 8. Одними разговорами результатов не получишь. 9. Теперь назад уже не повернуть. 10. Мы были благодарны ему за то, что он пришел нас встретить. 11. Она не пропускает ни одной возможности поговорить поанглийски. 12. Научиться говорить на языке можно только, если много говорить. Только читать недостаточно. 13. Кто за то, чтобы пригласить ее? II. 1. Я возражаю против того, чтобы вы завершили это исследование. 2. Вы не будете против, если я открою дверь? 3. Недавно он бросил курить. 4. Я хорошо помню, что встретил его пять лет назад. 5. Попробуйте бегать по утрам (to jog). Вы почувствуете себя намного лучше. 6. Я люблю читать. Чтение – мое самое любимое занятие. 7. Перестаньте разговаривать. Я совершенно не слышу лектора. 8. Мы остановились, чтобы рассмотреть витрину. 9. Я предложил поехать туда на машине, но мои друзья не согласились. 10. Как насчет того, чтобы пойти в кино? 11. Избегайте читать при плохом освещении! 12. Бессмысленно давать ему советы, он все равно не принимает их к сведению. 13. Машина очень грязная; ее необходимо вымыть. 14. Я очень сожалею, что

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опоздал. 15. Я вовсе не намеревался сегодня идти в кино. 16. Ребенок шел очень осторожно: он боялся упасть. 17. Перед отъездом на юг не забудьте мне позвонить. 18. Почему вы пошли туда пешком вместо того, чтобы поехать на автобусе? 19. Все дети любят, чтобы их водили в цирк. 20. Он занят подготовкой к докладу, у него сейчас очень мало свободного времени. G) Translate the following into English using infinitival or gerundive forms as direct object: 1. Она стала плакать (to begin). 2. Я хотел что-нибудь выяснить о нем (to want). 3. Он совсем проснулся и был склонен почитать, но единственной книгой в комнате была библия (to feel like). 4. Поль не нуждается в защите (to need). 5. Он любил находиться в обществе своих родственников (to like). 6. Он непрерывно поглядывал на часы, и когда он выпил чай, он сказал, что должен возвращаться (to keep). 7. Теперь я начинал понимать кое-что (to begin). 8. Вскоре я перестал быть полезным им (to cease). 9. Дэн не мог устоять и не показать своей работы (to resist). 10. Даже в затемненной комнате я не мог не видеть, что лицо миссис Джоунз распухло от слез (to help). 11. Все то январское утро в моем кабинете настойчиво звонил телефон (to keep). 12. Я предложил найти доктора и привести его к Эдду (to propose). 13. Я не думаю, чтобы он упоминал о том, что навещал их. (to mention). 14. Они позабыли пригласить меня (to forget). 15. Я никогда не забуду, как я гостил в вашем доме в Кенте, (to forget) 16. Я пытаюсь читать (to try). 17. Мне не хотелось оставлять его одного в горе, и я предложил отвезти его к себе домой (to want, to offer). 18. Я отложил письмо к нему на завтра (to put off). 19. Я не мог вынести, чтобы со мной обращались так холодно (to endure). 20. Она не возражала против того, чтобы быть одной в коттедже (to mind). 21. Я всерьез принялся писать короткие рассказы (to set about). 22. Он был рад, что она потрудилась написать ему (to take the trouble). 23. Ты помнишь, как ты доставлял виноградный сок в этот дом в то утро? (to remember). 24. Ты не забыл послать деньги в Лидс? (to remember). 25. Я решил не беспокоить Роджера этим делом (to decide). 26. О, я думаю, вам понравится жить здесь, когда наступит лето (to enjoy). 27. Он пробовал выращивать там картошку, (to try). 28. Я знал, что он старается накопить денег (to try). 29. Мы не собираемся проситься пойти с вами (to ask). 30. Я устал притворяться, что я пишу или читаю (to pretend). 31. Мне не хотелось шутить (to feel like). 32. Я отказываюсь принять ответственность за твои действия (to refuse). 33. Он старался избежать встречи с кем-нибудь, кого он знал (to avoid). 34. Несмотря на дождь, мы продолжали ждать (to go on). 35. В эти дни он не мог позволить себе опаздывать (to afford). 36. Хью прочитал в одной американской газете рецензию на эту книгу и предложил купить ее для их библиотеки (to suggest). 37. Когда я вернулся в дом, я не забыл открыть окно (to remember). 38. Я помню, что как-то говорил тебе об этом, Льюис (to remember). 39. Возможно, что Молли пожалела, что она так много болтала (to regret). 40. Она все больше и больше боялась оставаться одной с детьми (to dread). 41. Остальные, без суеты, согласились принять участие (to agree). 42. Ее друзья

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обещали прислать ей работу (to promise). 43. Она села у камина и приготовилась рассказывать свои новости (to prepare). 44. Смиты все уладили, чтобы взять на себя заботу о детях (to arrange). 45. Он продолжал упорно звонить в гостиницу, спрашивая, нет ли для него каких-либо сообщений (to keep). 46. Вы хотите взглянуть на него? (to care). 47. Он не позаботился о том, чтобы ответить (trouble.) 48. Утром он начал переезжать в комнату внизу (to start). 49. Жильцы этого дома предпочитали не интересоваться чужими делами (to prefer). TESTS I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Когда я прибыл, он был занят стрижкой (to mow) газона. Доктор настаивает на том, чтобы он провел лето на юге. Нет никакой возможности найти его адрес. Я помню, что меня уже спрашивали об этом. Он вошел в комнату, не постучав. Вы не возражаете, если я буду курить здесь? Не забудь позвонить мне, когда приедешь в город. Я терпеть не могу одалживать вещи у своих подруг. Я не могла не рассмеяться. Я отложил отправку письма. Надо проверить все эти факты.

II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Его коллекцию марок стоит посмотреть. Я имею удовольствие представить вам этого известного писателя. Я не могу перевести это письмо, не посмотрев несколько слов в словаре. Я не люблю, когда меня провожают на вокзал. Он не мог не попытаться объяснить, как это произошло. Она продолжала умываться, хотя видела, что я сержусь. Бесполезно звонить ему, он в это время никогда не бывает дома. Простите, что я опять напоминаю об этом. Он попытался найти предлог (pretext), чтобы уйти пораньше. Вы должны упаковать эти пластинки, чтобы отправить их почтой.

III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Шторм помешал пароходу прибыть в порт вовремя. Нет никакой надежды скоро получить от них известие. Я слышал, что ваш сын получил приз за лучший рассказ. Он очень любил спать на воздухе. Я люблю ремонтировать свою машину самостоятельно. Мы с нетерпением ждем вашего приезда. Перед подписанием контракта я посоветовался с юристом.

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8. Он отрицал, что видел этого человека. 9. Я бросил делать зарядку по утрам. 10. Сон на открытом воздухе очень полезен. IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Вы ничего не имеете против, чтобы он зашел к нам сегодня? Она простудилась, так как не привыкла спать в палатке. Полиция обвинила его в поджоге (to set fire to) здания. Я надеюсь, вы извините мое опоздание. Моя работа предусматривает встречи и переговоры с людьми. У меня нет причин ненавидеть этого человека. После сдачи экзаменов я поехал к своим родителям. Когда вы закончите одеваться? Ведь мы можем опоздать. Переходить реку в этом месте опасно. Прежде чем писать об этих событиях, он решил съездить в те места, где они происходили.

V. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Мой друг настоял на том, чтобы оплатить счет. Я помню, что говорил об этом несколько дней назад. Я пытался вспомнить, где я встречал этого человека. Какова цель вашего приезда сюда? Я не люблю, когда мне читают вслух. Он вышел из зала, не дожидаясь окончания спектакля. Не полагайтесь на то, что достанете билеты перед отправлением поезда, закажите их заранее. 8. Его опыт вождения машины пригодится ему в будущем. 9. Секретарь сейчас занята перепечаткой писем. 10. Спорить с ним - только понапрасну терять время. VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Нет смысла делать перерыв. Работы очень мало. Он настаивал на том, чтобы товары были упакованы в ящики (case). Он не выносит, когда ему лгут. Он начал с рассказа о том, как нашел нас. Он никак не мог привыкнуть к мысли, что ему придется остаться там еще на полгода. 6. Забудьте об этом, не стоит из-за этого так огорчаться. 7. Она не возражает, чтобы вы присутствовали на ее уроке. 8. Он никогда не упоминал, что встречался с вами в Лондоне. 9. Оставалось очень мало надежды найти его. 10. Дождь прекратился?

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THE INFINITIVE FORMS. TENSE/VOICE DISTINCTIONS

Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Active to write to be writing to have written to have been writing

Passive to be written to have been written -

A) Translate the sentences. 1. Мягко выражаясь, она была невежлива. 2. Сказать по правде, я не люблю бокс. 3. Начнем с того, что я занят. 4. Короче говоря, он не сдал экзамен. 5. Мы все были рады, не говоря уже о маме: она сказала, что это самый счастливый день в ее жизни, 6. Это очень странно, по меньшей мере. 7. Для начала она открыла все окна. 8. По правде говоря, я очень устал. 9. Мягко выражаясь, вы меня удивили. 10. Короче говоря, они поженились. 11. Самая известная книга Джерома – «Трое в лодке, не считая собаки». 12. По меньшей мере, мы были удивлены. B) Translate the sentences into English using the models. Model 1: to do smth is (was, will be) necessary (a mistake) То tell her the truth now is not at all necessary, (would be a mistake; means to ruin her chances) 1. Знать грамматику – значит писать без ошибок. 2. Подумать так было просто смешно.3. Сказать «да» было невозможно, сказать «нет» было бы невежливо. 4. Объяснить ему, что это такое, было делом трудным. 5. Помогать ей – значит делать все самой. 6. Рассердиться было бы глупо. Model 2: It is important to do/be done/be doing smth It is necessary to explain everything to her. It was strange to meet him here of all places. 1.Трудно переводить этот текст без словаря. 2. Очень было приятно поговорить с вами. 3. Очень важно, чтобы нас не заметили. 4. Трудно будет объяснить вам это. 5. Приятно быть опять в Москве. 6. Так странно, когда с тобой так разговаривают. 7. Было очень трудно делать вид, что ты все понимаешь. 8. Правда, хорошо сидеть здесь и пить кофе? 9. Ошибаться легко, гораздо труднее понять свою ошибку. 10. Вовсе не нужно все это учить наизусть. C) Translate the sentences into English. 1. Главное – это закончить эксперимент вовремя. 2. Вашей работой будет уход за больными. 3. Моим единственным желанием было добраться до дома. 4. Его

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хобби – коллекционирование марок. 5. Единственный шанс не опоздать на поезд – это найти такси. 6. Единственный выход из положения – это сейчас же все рассказать. D) Translate the sentences using the models. Model 1: The first (last) to do smth She was the first to see the danger. He was the second to cross the finish line. Model 2: smth/smb (nobody) to do smth Have you anything else to say? There was nobody there to show him the way out. Model 3: the man (time) to do smth He is just the man to do it. It is not the right time to discuss this subject. 1. He такой это был человек, чтобы предать друга. 2. Ему больше нечего было сказать. 3. Думать было некогда. 4. Кто последним выходил из дома? 5. Я теперь не помню, кто первый это сказал. 6. Дайте мне время подумать. 7. Это свитер, который можно носить с брюками или широкой (full) юбкой. 8. У меня нет времени играть с тобой. 9. У ребенка нет никого, кто мог бы о нем позаботиться. 10. Вы третий человек, который мне это сегодня говорит. E) Translate the sentences using the model. Model: do smth (in order/so as) to get smth I have come here to speak to you. She pretended to be quite well not to be taken to the doctor. 1. Он бежал всю дорогу, чтобы успеть (to catch) на поезд. 2. Он принес в класс карту, чтобы показать нам маршрут экспедиции. 3. Они всю ночь жгли костер, чтобы их заметили проходящие мимо (to pass by) суда. 4. Мальчики стояли во дворе и не уходили, чтобы их тоже взяли с собой. 5. Я еще раз прочел письмо, чтобы лучше его понять. 6. Я все это говорю, чтобы меня правильно поняли. 7. Она ничего не рассказала, чтобы ее не наказали (to punish). F) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. I. 1. Я не настолько хорошо себя чувствую, чтобы встать с постели. 2. Она достаточно хорошо говорит по-английски, чтобы не нуждаться в переводчике. 3. Рано читать тебе книги. (Ты слишком молод). 4. Я стоял слишком далеко, чтобы слышать, что она говорит. 5. Слишком она молода, чтобы принимать ее всерьез. 6. Вопрос слишком сложен, чтобы на него сразу ответить. 7. Слишком он ленив. Не читал он книги в подлиннике. 8. Задача слишком сложна, чтобы ее уже решили. 9. Ты теперь слишком большая, чтобы играть в куклы.

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II. Model: She is nice to work with. His story was hard to prove. 1. С ним трудно разговаривать. 2. С ним приятно иметь дело (to deal with). 3. Его рассказу трудно поверить. 4. Птицу было очень трудно поймать. 5. С вами сегодня легко разговаривать. 6. Эту книгу невозможно достать. 7. С ним опасно ссориться. 8. Результаты невозможно проверить 9. Этому легко поверить. 10. Ее нелегко было остановить. 11. На нее приятно было смотреть. G) Translate into English. Mind the syntactical functions of the Infinitive. I. 1. Этому трудно поверить. 2. Он достаточно хорошо знает грамматику, чтобы не делать таких ошибок. 3. Вопрос слишком сложен, чтобы его сразу решить. 4. Я принес книгу, чтобы показать вам эту фотографию. 5. Слишком жарко, чтобы идти гулять. 6. Он говорит о новом здании школы, которое будет построено в их селе. 7. У меня нет времени читать такие книги. 8. Ну, я рад, что сдал этот экзамен. 9. Правило легко понять. 10. Необходимо пойти туда сегодня. 11. Кошку нелегко было поймать. II. 1. Он требовал, чтобы ему предоставили возможность доказать это. 2. Она попросила, чтобы ей разрешили осмотреть новый цех (workshop). 3. Я прошу, чтобы выслушали. 4. Он сказал, чтобы ничего никому не давали без его разрешения. 5. Мы потребовали, чтобы нам дали выслушать всех очевидцев (witnesses). 6. Они попросили рассказать им о случившемся. 7. Я попросил разрешения остановиться (to stay with) у них на несколько дней. 8. Почему вы не потребовали, чтобы вам дали копию документа? 9. Он попросил, чтобы ему дали прочесть это письмо. H) Translate into English, using appropriate form of the Infinitive. I. 1. Я рад, что дал вам эту книгу. 2. Я рад, что мне дали эту книгу. 3. Мы хотим проинформировать вас об этом. 4. Мы хотим, чтобы нас проинформировали об этом. 5. Мы рады, что встретили его на станции. 6. Мы рады, что нас встретили на станции.7. Они очень довольны, что их пригласили на конференцию. 8. Они очень довольны, что пригласили вас на конференцию. 9. Я не думал (to mean) прерывать ее. 10. Я не предполагал, что меня прервут, 11. Мне неловко, что я причинил вам столько беспокойства. 12. Он будет счастлив повидаться с вами. II. 1. Он был счастлив, что повидался с вами. 2. Он, казалось, подыскивал слова, чтобы точнее выразить мысль. 3. Как ему повезло, что он побывал в такой интересной поездке. 4. Он терпеть не может, когда над ним шутят. 5. Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки. 6. Мы притворились, что не заметили его ошибки. 7. Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю. 8. Я рад, что мне рассказали эту историю. 9. Я хочу познакомить вас с этой артисткой. 10. Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с этой артисткой. 11. Он будет счастлив посетить эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 12. Он был счастлив, что посетил эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 13. Я рада, что дала вам нужные сведения.

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I) Translate the sentences from Russian into English using: the Infinitive as subject 1. Пить из этого источника в жаркий день – одно удовольствие. 2. Сказать ему правду начало лишить его последней надежды. 3. Не предупредить его об этом было бы честно. 4. Нам понадобилось немало времени на то, чтобы убедить его, что он не прав. 5. Побывать в Крыму и не видеть моря было очень обидно. 6. Вздремнуть в своем кресле после обеда было его давнишней привычкой. 7. Неплохо бы поехать за город завтра. the Infinitive as predicative 1. Наш план заключался в том, чтобы закончить работы к началу мая. 2. Все, что ей удалось сделать, – это узнать номер их телефона. 3. Пользоваться телефоном – значит экономить время. 4. Единственное, что ему хотелось, – это поскорее добраться домой. 5. Первое, что необходимо было сделать, – это посоветоваться с врачом. the Infinitive as object 1.Они решили больше никогда об этом не упоминать. 2. Мне было досадно, что я забыл поблагодарить его. 3. Где вы научились так хорошо говорить поанглийски? 4. Я постараюсь не забыть послать им телеграмму. 5. Клайд был рад познакомиться с друзьями Сондры. 6. Клайд был счастлив, что ему дали новую работу. 7. Клайд очень не любил, когда ему напоминали о бедности его родителей. 8. Мы не боялись попасть под дождь: у нас были плащи. 9. Я притворился, будто не заметил его смущения, и продолжал говорить. the Infinitive as attribute 1. Она всегда найдет, над чем посмеяться. 2. Не о чем было беспокоиться. Больной чувствовал себя лучше. 3. Пьеса оставляет желать лучшего. 4. Вот статья, которую надо прочитать. 5. Пятиэтажный дом, который должен быть построен на углу улицы, предназначен для рабочих нашего завода. 6. План нашей работы будет обсуждаться на заседании, которое состоится завтра. 7. Ему нечего было сказать. 8. Он тяжелый человек; ним трудно иметь дело. 9. Кто вторым пришел к финишу? 10. Есть ли в доме кто-нибудь, кто мог бы присмотреть за больным? 11. Вот человек, с которым можно поговорить на эту тему. the Infinitive as adverbial modifier of purpose. 1. Я встал в 6 часов, чтобы не опоздать на утренний поезд. 2. Я написал ему письмо, чтобы напомнить ему о его обещании. 3. Ребенок выбежал навстречу матери. 4. Вы приехали для участия в конференции? 5. Все было сделано для того, чтобы спасти его. 6. Он вызвал машину, чтобы отвезти нас на станцию. J) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. Он спокойный и сдержанный человек. С ним легко иметь дело. 2. Врач остался еще на час, чтобы убедиться, что жизнь ребенка вне опасности. 3. Я старался много работать, чтобы не думать о том, что случилось. 4. Дети

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были слишком возбуждены, чтобы вести себя спокойно. 5. Ей нелегко угодить. 6. Он первый открыл это удивительное место для отдыха. 7. Первое, что надо было сделать после приезда, это забронировать комнату в гостинице. 8. Я вам сказал всю правду. Мне нечего скрывать от вас. 9. У меня достаточно времени, чтобы зайти к друзьям. 10. Поздно спорить об этом. Уже ничего нельзя изменить. 11. Нам повезло, что мы застали его дома. 12. Ей есть, чем гордиться. 13. Они уехали последними. 14. Интересно, кто первый обратил наше внимание на эту ошибку. 15. Она сказала, что ей не к кому обратиться за помощью. 16. Единственное, что нужно сделать, это позвонить ему. THE COMPLEX OBJECT A) Translate the sentences using the phrases: let smb do smth – позволить; пусть (они)...; дайте (мне)...; make smb do smth – заставить; have smb do smth – распорядиться, чтобы ... I. 1. Мама не позволяет мне играть в футбол. 2. Не заставляйте меня лгать. 3. Распорядитесь, чтобы кто-нибудь принес мел. 4. Не позволяй им так кричать. 5. Заставь его выпить лекарство. 6. Пусть они напишут диктант еще раз. 7. Я не могу заставить его бросить курить. 8. Он посторонился, чтобы дать ей пройти. 9. Не смешите меня. 10. Позвольте мне помочь вам. 11. Дайте мне подумать. 12. Распорядитесь, чтобы дети надели плащи. 13. Дайте мне знать, когда она придет. 14. Я велела ему объяснить, что это значит. 15. Не позволяйте ему есть столько конфет. II. 1. Дай мне знать, когда все выяснится. 2. Надеюсь, я не заставил вас долго ждать. 3. Пусть он курит здесь. 4. Что заставило его сделать этот шаг? 5. Отпустите его. 6. Мы заставили его сдержать обещание. 7. Не давай ей носить тяжелые вещи. 8. Мы не могли понять, что заставило его солгать нам. 9. Разрешите мне зайти к вам сегодня вечером. 10. Мы заставили его прекратить этот глупый спор. 11. Он заставил нас сделать работу снова. 12. Не разрешайте детям играть на улице (на открытом воздухе). Сегодня очень холодно и ветрено. 13. Он сказал, что ничто не заставит его изменить свое решение. 14. Не позволяй ей читать лежа (в постели). B) Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the models when possible. Model 1: see (hear) smb do smth I heard somebody call me. Model 2: want (expect) smb to do smth I want you to repeat the sentence. I. 1. Мы слышали, как они спорили. 2. Она видела, как мальчик поднимался по лестнице. 3. Никто не заметил, как я открыл дверь и вышел. 4. Я видел, как какой-то человек показывал ей дорогу на станцию. 5. Я никогда не слышала,

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чтобы он говорил неправду. 6. После захода солнца мы почувствовали, как температура воздуха начала быстро падать. 7. Когда я садился в поезд, я вдруг почувствовал, как кто-то коснулся моего плеча. 8. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали дорогу. 9. Я слышал, как кто-то окликнул меня. 10. Он заметил, как она побледнела. II. 1. Я видел, что ему не хочется идти домой. 2. Она слышала, что профессор болен уже неделю. 3. Она слышала, как кто-то упомянул мое имя в разговоре. 4. Мы чувствовали, что он нам не верит. 5. Вы слышали, что он бросил занятия музыкой? 6. Я увидел, что все смотрят наверх. 7. Мы чувствовали, что он не заметил нас. 9. Она видела, что он ее не понимает. III. 1. Я считаю, что это был смелый шаг (to move). 2. Я хочу, чтобы вы поближе узнали друг друга. 3. Мы не ожидали, что он примет такое решение. 4. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы поехал с нами на озеро. 5. Она не ожидала, что ее сын будет изучать архитектуру. 6. Дама попросила носильщика отнести ее вещи к такси. 7. Он хочет, чтобы его секрет договорился о встрече. 8. Мы не предполагали, что он приедет так рано. 9. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы сообщили нам о своем решении. 10. Мы считаем его большим специалистом в этой области. 11. Мы не ожидали, что обсуждение будет таким интересным. C) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. I. 1. Они хотят, чтобы мы послали им телеграмму. 2. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы подождали меня здесь. 3. Он хочет, чтобы его дочь стала архитектором. 4. Она хочет, чтобы ее пригласили на вечер. 5. Хотите ли вы, чтобы я позвонил вам? 6. Я хочу, чтобы его статья была опубликована. 7. Мы не хотим, чтобы нас прерывали. 8. Доктор не хочет, чтобы я принимал это лекарство. 9. Он хочет, чтобы его послали в Петербург на конференцию. 10. Мы хотим, чтобы вы объяснили нам свое поведение. 11. Где вы хотите, чтобы я подождал вас? 12. Хотели бы вы, чтобы мы пригласили Джона сюда? 13. Я бы хотел, чтобы вы узнали время отправления поезда. 14. Я хочу, чтобы вы пошли сегодня в театр. 15. Хочет ли он, чтобы мы были здесь в шесть часов? 16. Я не хочу, чтобы меня посылали туда. 17. Никто не хочет, чтобы собрание откладывали. 18. Я хочу, чтобы вы написали эту статью. 19. Я хочу, чтобы мне показали эти журналы. 20. Она любит, чтобы обед был вовремя. 21. Она не любит, чтобы дети гуляли одни. 22. Он не любит, когда ему задают много вопросов. 23. Она любит, когда дети приходят к ней. 24. Он любит, чтобы ему делали комплименты. II. 1. Я знаю, что он очень опытный врач. 2. Мы ожидаем, что договор будет подписан в ближайшем будущем. 3. Я ожидаю, что меня пригласят туда. 4. Я считаю, что я прав. 5. Я считаю, что он прав. 6. Они не ожидали, что их пригласят туда. 7. Я знал, что он в Москве. 8. Я полагаю, что он очень честный человек. 9. Когда вы ожидаете, что эти товары прибудут? 10. Я считаю, что он скромный человек. 11. Никто не ожидал, что это случится.

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D) Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Complex Object wherever possible. 1. Я никогда не слышал, как он поет. 2. Он не слышал, как я открыл дверь. 3. Я слышал, что он сдал все экзамены. 4. Я слышала, что он уже уехал на север. 5. Я слышал, как она сказала это. 6. Я никогда не видел, как он танцует, но я слышал, что он танцует очень хорошо. 7. Я видел, что она не понимает меня. 8. Она видела, что он вошел в сад, и вышла, чтобы встретить его. 9. Я увидела, что он взволнован, и спросила его, в чем дело. 10. Я увидел, что текст очень трудный, и опасался, что не смогу перевести его. 11. Я видел, что такси остановилось у двери. 12. Я видел, как она вышла из дома. 13. Я почувствовал, что кто-то дотронулся до моей руки. 14. Я увидел, что в коробке ничего не было. 15. Я увидел, что стекло разбито. 16. Вы слышали, как он спросил меня об этом? 17. Я бы хотел посмотреть (увидеть), как она танцует. 18. Никто не слышал, как он сказал это. 19. Я слышал, как профессор упомянул об этих фактах в своей лекции. E) Translate the following sentences. 1. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы объяснили мне эту задачу. 2. Что вы хотите, чтобы я сделал для вас? 3. Вы слышали когда-нибудь, как он говорит по-французски? 4. Я слышал, что он переехал в Москву. 5. Они не видели, как я взял кольцо. 6. Никто не ожидал, что они уедут так скоро. 7. Я знаю, что он честный человек. 8. Я увидел, что письмо не было подписано. 9. Хочет ли он, чтобы мы помогли ему? 10. Вы слышали, как он выступал (говорил) вчера на собрании? 11. Я видела, как она подошла к окну и открыла его. 12. Я считаю, что он лучший инженер на нашем заводе. 13. Он не хочет, чтобы его дочь поехала в Кострому. 14. Я бы хотел, чтобы его пригласили на вечер. 15. Я думаю, что сегодня вечером вы услышите, как она поет. 16. Она чувствовала, как дрожит ее голос. 17. Я не ожидал, что меня пошлют в Лондон. 18. Я не люблю, когда мне напоминают несколько раз об одном и том же. 19. Мой сын просил повести его в зоопарк. 20. Я слышал, как его имя было упомянуто директором. THE COMPLEX SUBJECT A) Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Видели, как она писала письмо. 2. Думали, что это она пишет эти письма. 3. Предполагали, что она написала это письмо. 4. Наверняка, она и сейчас пишет письмо. 5. Конечно, она написала это письмо. 6. Вряд ли она пишет эти письма. 7. Вряд ли она написала письмо. 8. Конечно, письмо уже написано. 9. Конечно, она его уже написала. 10. Оказалось, что она написала стихотворение. 11. Случайно она написала хорошее стихотворение. B) I. 1. Он, кажется, сердится на меня. 2. Он, кажется, болен. 3. Он, кажется, болел. 4. Они, по-видимому, пользовались этим словарем. 5. Он, кажется, знает ее

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хорошо. 6. Они, по-видимому, очень хорошо поняли это правило. 7. Кажется, все студенты читали эту статью. 8. Она, кажется, знает три иностранных языка. 9. Кажется, эта статья была опубликована в «Правде» на прошлой неделе. 10. Он, по-видимому, удовлетворен результатом своей работы. 11. Он, кажется, уехал на юг. II . 1. Говорят, что он в Москве. 2. Ожидают, что договор будет подписан на этой неделе. 3. Сообщают, что экспедиция выехала 15 мая. 4. Известно, что он придерживается другого мнения по этому вопросу. 5. Считают, что он один из лучших летчиков нашей страны 6. Говорят, что этот дом был построен около двухсот лет тому назад. 7. Он, кажется, знает этот предмет очень хорошо. 8. Он, по-видимому, очень много читал по этому вопросу. 9. Эта книга, по-видимому, очень интересная. III. 1. Эта книга, по-видимому, была переведена очень опытным переводчиком. 2. Коробка, кажется, пустая. 3. Этот вопрос, по-видимому, представляет для них большой интерес. 4. Казалось, что он доволен нашей работой. 5. Все, казалось, были удивлены, когда услышали это. 6. Дмитрий, кажется, сидит в читальном зале. 7. Он, кажется, ждет вас внизу. 8. Он оказался очень хорошим спортсменом. 9. Они оказались очень опытными преподавателями. 10. Эта задача оказалась очень трудной. 11. Я случайно встретил его в Сочи. 12. Я случайно слышал, как он спросил ее об этом. С) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. I. 1. Очень вероятно, что делегация уже уехала из Москвы. 2. Самолет, вероятно, уже прибыл в Прагу. 3. Он, наверное, придет вечером. 4. Они, наверное, согласятся принять участие в этой работе. 5. Они, наверное, согласятся на ваши условия. 6. Вы непременно получите ответ от него на этих днях. 7. Он непременно получит приз за свою картину. 8. Его книга будет непременно напечатана в России. 9. Они, вероятно, не приедут в мае. 10. Они, вероятно, не получили зарплату сегодня. 11. Театр, вероятно, не поедет в Лондон в этом сезоне. 12. Этот вопрос, вероятно, не будет обсуждаться сегодня. II. 1. Правила, вероятно, изменятся. 2. Очень вероятно, что эта проблема будет обсуждена на заседании правительства. 3. Вряд ли он придет сюда. 4. Очень вероятно, что собрание закончится через час. 5. Он, вероятно, будет дома в шесть часов. 6. Эти меры будут, вероятно, приняты. 7. Они вряд ли скоро вернутся. 8. Очень вероятно, что он знает, где работает Андрей Иванов. 9. Товары, вероятно, будут доставлены без опоздания. 10. Очень вероятно, что завтра будет хорошая погода. 11. Маловероятно, что они кончат свою работу до конца мая. 12. Этот опыт, вероятно, будет успешным. REVISION A) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. Как известно, Макаренко был прекрасным педагогом. 2. Говорят, что экспедиция собрала очень интересный материал. 3. Сообщалось, что в Сибирь была послана большая группа исследователей. 4. Предполагается, что в нашем

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городе будет построен новый завод. 5. Полагают, что она уже доехала до границы. 6. Никак не ожидали, что зима наступит так рано. 7. Как сообщают, средняя (average) температура в этом году была значительно ниже, чем в прошлом. 8. Известно, что это вещество поглощает световые лучи. 9. Вряд ли его можно заставить совершить преступление (to commit a crime). 10. Полагают, что это изобретение поможет нам в нашей работе. B) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. I. 1. Кажется, кто-то стучит. 2. Известно, что он один из лучших врачей в больнице. 3. Он, наверное, получит удовольствие от этой поездки. 4. Оказалось, что он прав. 5. Этот вопрос вряд ли будет обсуждаться на собрании. 6. Они, наверное, помогут нам. 7. Считают, что Иванов лучший рабочий в нашем цехе (shop). 8. Лекция, наверное, будет интересной. 9. Оказалось, что он большой специалист по этому вопросу. 10. Он, кажется, не понял этого правила. 11. Она, по-видимому, не любит музыку. 12. Он, кажется, ничего не знает об этом. 13. Товары, по-видимому, не были тщательно упакованы. 14. Он, казалось, не был удивлен этим сообщением. 15. Он, кажется, не понимает значения этого изобретения. 16. Никто, по-видимому, не обратил внимания на его слова. II. 1. Известно, что Лобачевский был самым крупным математиком своего времени. 2. Ожидают, что делегация прибудет завтра. 3. Они, вероятно, вернутся осенью. 4. Вряд ли он примет участие в этом спектакле. 5. Он, кажется, очень добрый человек. 6. Она, по-видимому, забыла о своем обещании. 7. Говорят, что он написал очень хорошую книгу. 8. Он, повидимому, забыл номер вашего телефона. 9. Этот договор, вероятно, будет заключен в ближайшем будущем. 10. Я случайно был в конторе, когда он пришел. 11. Сообщают, что экспедиция уже вернулась в лагерь. 12. Он оказался одним из самых способных исследователей нашей лаборатории. 13. Он, повидимому, устал. 14. Говорят, что переговоры уже закончены. 15. Я случайно знаю об этом. 16. Я случайно был дома, когда он зашел.

The FOR-TO-INFINITIVE Construction A) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. Вам полезно есть фрукты. 2. Мне легче сделать это сегодня. 3. Им будет проще поехать туда на метро. 4. Ей было бы трудно решить эту задачу. 5. Нам было приятно снова встретить наших друзей. 6. Нам будет полезно отдохнуть. 7. Вам вредно столько курить. 8. Ей было трудно молчать. 9. Не мне давать вам советы. 12. Не им обсуждать этот вопрос. B) Translate the following sentences. 1. Вы думаете, мне легко отказаться от этой мысли? 2. Я считаю (нахожу необходимым), чтобы ты кончил школу. 3. Нам было трудно понять, чего ты

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хочешь. 4. Мама испекла пирог, чтобы мы съели его за ужином. 5. Он оставил дверь открытой, чтобы мы могли войти. 6. Я привезу книги, чтобы вы могли читать летом. 7. Я оставил записку на столе, чтобы все могли ее видеть. 8. Детям там негде спать. 9. Мне здесь больше нечего делать. 10. Не такая это игра, чтобы дети могли в нее играть. С) Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. Машина шла слишком быстро, чтобы я мог рассмотреть лицо водителя. 2. Она говорила так медленно, что мы понимали каждое слово. 3. Я был слишком расстроен, чтобы мама этого не заметила. 4. Он говорил по-английски настолько хорошо, что мы поняли, что ему надо. 5. В пещере было так темно, что мы не смогли найти выход. REVISION A) Translate the sentences. 1. Я оставила письма на столе, чтобы мистер Питере подписал их. 2. Вам необходимо быть здесь завтра в 5 часов. 3. Нам трудно сделать эту работу в такой короткий срок. 4. Детям там совершенно нечего делать. 5. Ей очень трудно перевести эту статью. 6. Очень мило, что вы пришли. 7. Сейчас слишком поздно, чтобы дети шли гулять. 8. С его стороны было нетактично опаздывать. 9. Необходимо, чтобы документы были отосланы сегодня. 10. Ему легко это сделать. 11. Очень важно, чтобы он получил документы на этой неделе. 12. Надеюсь, вы понимаете, что мне очень неудобно оставаться в Лондоне летом. 13. Ему очень легко сделать эту работу. 14. Вашей сестре необходимо повидать его. 15. Все это настолько просто, что каждый может сделать это сам. 16. Текст был слишком трудный, чтобы он мог перевести его без словаря. 17. Нам очень трудно полнить эти сведения. 18. Ему будет проще показать вам дорогу туда по карте. 19. Сегодня достаточно тепло, чтобы он шел в школу без пальто. 20. У нас слишком мало времени. Я не смогу тебе все рассказать. B) Translate into English using infinitive attributes. 1. Мне надо вам кое-что сказать. 2. У меня есть хорошая новость, которую я должен вам рассказать. 3. Он первый прервал молчание. 4. Мне надо о многом поговорить с вами. 5. Он ушел из лаборатории последним. 6. Вот книга, которую хорошо почитать в поезде. 7. У меня не было времени прочитать эту статью. 8. Он не такой человек, чтобы забыть о своем обещании. 9. У нее есть ребенок, о котором ей надо заботиться. 10. Вот статья, которую вы должны прочитать. C) Translate the following sentences using Infinitive Constructions. 1. Я думаю, что он хороший инженер. 2, Я хочу, чтобы вы, наконец, меня поняли. 3. Мы наблюдали, как дети играли в саду. 4. Она слышала, что они вернулись поздно вечером. 5. Я полагаю, что он аккуратный и пунктуальный

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человек. 6. Они не хотели, чтобы я делал эту работу один. 7. Никто не заметил, как он ушел. 8. Позвольте мне помочь вам. 9. Он позволил мне звонить ему в любое время. 10. Я не ожидал, что они вернутся так скоро. 11. Я почувствовал, что кто-то внимательно смотрит на меня. 12. Что заставило вас сказать это? 13. Я видел, что он подошел к ней и что-то сказал. 14. Мать заставила маленького сына сделать уроки перед тем, как идти гулять. 15. Я слышал, как он что-то объяснял ей. 16. Все родители хотят, чтобы их дети были сильными и здоровыми. 17. Кто велел ему (сказал ему) прийти сегодня? 18. Преподаватель посоветовал нам больше читать на английском языке. 19. Она посоветовала мне посмотреть этот фильм как можно скорее. 20. Мы не ожидали, что он опоздает на лекцию. D) Translate into English using the Complex Object (Objective-with-the-lnfinitive Construction) where possible. 1. Пеготи знала, что мистер Мердстон черствый и жестокий человек, и не хотела, чтобы миссис Копперфильд выходила за него замуж. 2. Мистер Мердстон заставил жену повиноваться ему. 3. Дэвид чувствовал, что рука его матушки дрожит. 4. Мистер Мердстон и его сестра считали Дэвида ленивым и упрямым мальчиком. 5. Мистер Мердстон приказал, чтобы Дэвида заперли в его комнате. 6. Дэвид проснулся, услышав, что кто-то шепотом зовет его. 7. Пеготи слышала, что мистер Мердстон собирается отдать Дэвида в школу. 8. Мистер Мердстон не хотел, чтобы Дэвид жил дома, и добился того, что миссис Копперфильд отдала его в школу. 9. Пеготи видела, что миссис Копперфильд несчастна, но не могла ничего сделать, чтобы помочь ей. 10. Мистер Мердстон хотел, чтобы Пеготи отказали от места (to dismiss), но миссис Копперфильд не могла допустить, чтобы ее верная служанка ушла от нее. 11. Мисс Бетси увидела, что в сад вошел грязный оборванный мальчик. 12. Мисс Бетси чувствовала, что Дэвид говорит правду (что рассказ Давида правдив). E) Translate into English using For-to-lnfinitive Construction where possible. 1. Каждый вечер мистер Пеготи ставил свечу на подоконник, чтобы маленькая Эмили знала, что он ее ждет. 2. Когда мистер Пеготи нашел Эмили, он решил, что самое лучшее, что они могут сделать, – это уехать в Австралию. 3. Дэвид купил поваренную книгу (cookery book), чтобы Дора пользовалась ею. 4. Дора сказала, что первое, что она должна сделать, - это приготовить Джипу хороший ужин. 5. Дора понимала, что Дэвиду необходимо поехать с мисс Бетой в Кентербери, и сказала, что ей будет даже полезно (beneficial) побыть одной. 6. Мистер Микобер попросил Трэдльса помочь ему, так как разоблачение (exposure) Урии Гипа было слишком трудным делом, чтобы он мог с ним справиться один (to соре with). 7. Мистер Микобер попросил, чтобы принесли бумаги и конторские книги (account-books) Урии Хипа. 8. Урии Хипу ничего не оставалось делать, как сознаться.

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F) Translate into English using the Infinitive or Infinitive Construction where possible. 1. Когда Джордж бежал от своего хозяина и пробирался в Канаду, он случайно встретил мистера Вильсона, владельца фабрики, где он раньше работал, и рассказал ему всю историю своей жизни. 2. Говорили, что покойный отец Джорджа был богатый знатный джентльмен. 3. Казалось, он любил своих детей, но он был слишком легкомысленным человеком, чтобы подумать об их будущем, и после его смерти все его дети были проданы, чтобы уплатить его долги. 4. Джордж слышал, как кричала и плакала его мать, когда его забирали от нее. 5. Джордж и его старшая сестра были случайно куплены одним и тем же рабовладельцем, и первое время ребенок не чувствовал себя очень одиноким. 6. Но он часто видел, как хозяин бьет его сестру, и от этого ребенок жестоко страдал (и это заставляло ребенка жестоко страдать). 7. Он не мог не плакать, когда слышал стоны и рыдания несчастной девушки. 8. Вскоре хозяин приказал отвезти сестру Джорджа в Новый Орлеан и продать ее там на рынке. 9. Мальчик остался один: не было никого, кто мог бы позаботиться о нем, кто мог бы сказать ему ласковое слово. 10. Когда Джордж вырос, его послали работать на фабрику мистера Вильсона, который оказался очень добрым человеком и хорошо обращался со своими рабочими. 11. Джордж изобрел очень ценную машину, которая, как было известно, приносила его хозяину большую прибыль. 12. Вскоре Джордж встретил Элизу и женился на ней. Она была очень красивая и добрая, и Джордж считал себя самым счастливым человеком на земле. 13. Но счастье его было недолговечно (to be of short duration): его хозяин был не такой человек, который мог бы допустить, чтобы его негр был счастлив. 14. Джорджа заставили уйти с фабрики, бросить работу, которую он так любил, и вернуться к хозяину. 15. Чтобы унизить Джорджа еще больше, хозяин приказал ему бросить Элизу и жениться на другой женщине. Этого Джордж уже вынести не мог, и он решил бежать в Канаду. G) Translate into English using the Complex Subject (the Nominative-with-theInfinitive Construction). 1. Вальтер Скотт считается создателем исторического романа. 2. Сообщают, что экспедиция достигла места назначения. 3. Едва ли его назначат главным инженером, ведь он кончил институт всего два года тому назад. 4. Он, повидимому, хорошо знает английский язык; наверное, он изучал его в детстве. 5. Я случайно знаю номер его телефона. 6. Он оказался хорошим спортсменом. 7. Шум, казалось, все приближался. 8. Я случайно проходил мимо вокзала, когда в Петербург приехали артисты Шекспировского мемориального театра (Shakespeare Memorial Theatre). 9. Он, кажется, пишет новую статью; кажется, он работает над ней уже две недели. 10. Его статья, несомненно, будет напечатана. 11. Я случайно встретил его в Москве. 12. Обязательно прочитайте эту книгу; она вам, несомненно, понравится.

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TESTS I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

По правде говоря, мне не нравится его предложение. Чай был слишком горячим, его невозможно было пить. У вас есть что добавить? Плохая погода заставила нас вернуться домой. Мы ожидаем, что товары будут доставлены через три недели. Мы стояли у ворот, ожидая, когда прибудет такси. Учитель видел, что студенты не знают, как выполнить это задание. Он оказался не очень хорошим спортсменом. Я случайно встретил его на выставке. Говорят, он недавно вернулся в Москву.

II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Мягко выражаясь, она была не очень красива. Он был достаточно умен, чтобы понять все сразу. Есть еще одно дело, которое надо сделать. Она была настолько легкомысленна, что пошла туда одна. Мама не разрешала сыну играть на улице. Преподаватель любит, чтобы студенты записывали его лекции. Я слышал, что товары погрузили (load) на пароход, но я точно этого не знаю. 8. Вероятно делегация пробудет в Москве несколько дней. 9. Он отправился туда, чтобы проверить все факты. 10. Он, казалось, был недоволен результатами своей работы.

III 1. Короче говоря, они поженились и переехали жить в другой город. 2. Проблема слишком трудна, чтобы решить ее немедленно. 3. Архитектор показал мне проект памятника, который будет воздвигнут на площади. 4. Дайте мне знать, когда он позвонит. 5. Я хочу, чтобы мне показали эти записи. 6. Я видел, что он злится, и решил поговорить с ним. 7. Кажется маловероятным, что их предложение будет принято. 8. Товары непременно будут доставлены вовремя. 9. Никто не слышал, как она вошла в комнату. 10. Начнем с того, что я никогда не был знаком с этим человеком. 11. Вы достаточно его знаете, чтобы рекомендовать его на эту должность? 12. На этой неделе у меня много дел, которые я должен обязательно сделать. 13. Не давайте ему разговаривать с заключенными. 14. Считаете ли вы, что он опытный врач? 15. Я слышал, что о нем говорили на последнем собрании.

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16. 17. 18. 19.

В этом семестре вряд ли будут какие-либо изменения в расписании. Чемодан был слишком тяжелый, чтобы она могла нести его. Я видел, как он подошел к ним и сказал что-то. Мне очень жаль. Я пришел, чтобы сообщить вам неприятную новость.

IV. 1. В довершение всего, она разбила любимую чашку мамы. 2. Она знает английский язык достаточно хорошо, чтобы поехать в командировку без переводчика. 3. Она знала, что не виновата, ей нечего было бояться. 4. Не разрешайте детям купаться в ручье. Вода очень холодная. 5. Я думаю, что этот вопрос имеет большое значение. 6. Я видел, что он очень расстроен. 7. Говорят, что это здание было построено в XVII веке. 8. Кажется маловероятным, что они придут к соглашению. 9. Он не ожидал, что его спросят об этом. 10. Я видел, как темные тучи покрыли небо, и слышал, что поднялся ветер.

THE PARTICIPLE

RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS OF PARTICIPLES USED AS ATTRIBUTES ACTIVE Russian 1. Читающий, который читает

English READING

Examples Look at the reading boy!

2. Читавший, который читал (тогда)

READING

We looked at the reading boy.

3. Прочитавший, который прочитал (раньше)

WHO HAD READ

The boy who had read the poem now was taking part in the discussion.

4. Который будет читать

WHO WILL READ (is going to read)

We have never heard of the actor who will read the poems.

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PASSIVE 1. Применяющиеся, применяемые, которые применяются (обычно)

USED

These are the methods used for it

2. Применявшиеся, которые применялись раньше

USED

There were several methods used before the invention

3. Примененные, которые были применены (тогда)

USED

This is the method used in the first experiment

4. Применяемые, которые применяются (в момент речи)

BEING USED

What do you think of the method being used?

5. Которые будут применяться (в будущем)

to BE USED

The methods to be used in our new project are quite modern.

RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS OF PARTICIPLES USED AS ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS Russian Читая Когда читаю Когда читал

English (When/while) reading

Examples (While) reading the book I always remember my cat. (When) reading the book I wrote out a lot of words.

having read

Having read this book I learnt a lot. Having read this book I can tell you my opinion of it.

Прочитав Когда прочитал Потому что прочитал

Translate the following participles. A) Покупающий, покупая, купленный, покупаемый Получающий, получая, полученный, получаемый Переводящий, переводя, переведенный, переводимый

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1. Написанный; 2.принесенный; 3. давая; 4. разговаривающий; 5. спрошенный; 6. отвечая; 7. читаемый; 8. рассказанный; 9. издаваемый; 10. работающий; 11. читая; 12. открывающий; 13. берущий; 14. потерянный; 15. сделанный; 16. стоя; 17. идущий; 18. входя; 19. смотрящий; 20. построенный; 21. видя. B) 1. разбитая чашка; 2. проигранная игра; 3. разорванный конверт; 4. проигравшая команда; 5. проигрывающая команда; 6. кипяченая вода; 7. кипящая вода; 8. забытый метод; 9. человек, забывший (раньше) 10. лающая собака; 11. испытанный метод; 12. жареная рыба/ C) Translate the following sentences. I. 1. Гордясь своим отцом, он часто говорит о нем. 2. Выступая на собрании, я забыл упомянуть об этом факте. 3. Как зовут человека, говорящего сейчас по телефону? 4. Наконец она увидела человека, спасшего ее сына. 5. Некоторые вопросы, которые затрагиваются в докладе, заслуживают серьезного внимания. 6. Они усыновили (adopted) мальчика, потерявшего родителей в авиационной катастрофе. 7. Не найдя нужной книги дома, я отправился в библиотеку. 8. Не выполнив работу вовремя, я вынужден был извиниться перед ними. 9. Пробыв в Лондоне около недели, я мог рассказать им много интересного. II. 1. Путешествуя по стране, мы познакомились со многими достопримечательностями. 2. Поняв, что не сможет выполнить всю работу одна, она попросила меня о помощи. 3. Зная, что у меня достаточно времени, чтобы дойти до кинотеатра, я не спешил. 4. Приехав в тот вечер к своему другу, я узнал, что его еще нет дома, но что он придет с минуты на минуту. 5. Увидев, что такси подъехало к дому, он взял вещи и быстро спустился вниз. 6. Как часто вы делаете стрижку? 7. Мне необходимо срочно отремонтировать часы. 8. Мы отремонтировали квартиру до того, как уехали на юг. 9. Вы хотите сшить новое пальто? D) Translate the following sentences. 1. Это была одна из историй, которые часто рассказывала нам мать. 2. Он не мог забыть грустную историю, рассказанную ему старухой. 3. Он внимательно слушал историю, которую рассказывала одна из девочек. 4. Девочка, рассказывающая эту историю, уверена, что это правда. 5. Обещанная помощь не приходила. 6. Где человек, обещавший вам помочь? 7. Говорившая по телефону девушка, наконец, повесила трубку. 8. Говорившая с моим братом женщина улыбнулась мне. 9. Это один из студентов, принимающих участие в конференции. 10. Я поговорил с одним из студентов, принимавших участие в конференции два года назад. 11. Мы шли по дороге, ведущей в город. 12. Здесь уже давно нет дороги, которая раньше вела к озеру.

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E) Translate the sentences. I. 1. Секретарь отправил подписанные директором письма. 2. Мы внимательно прочли присланную Иваном статью. 3. В этой комнате есть несколько сломанных стульев. 4. Он показал нам фотографию восстановленного здания Русского Музея в Петербурге. 5. Разбитый стакан лежал на столе. 6. Все полученные товары были немедленно отправлены на склад. 7. Он принес мне несколько иллюстрированных журналов. 8. Мы послали каталоги по указанному адресу. 9. Его неожиданный ответ удивил нас всех. 10. В настоящее время мы имеем очень ограниченное количество этих машин на складе. 11. Прочитав много книг по этому вопросу, он смог сделать очень интересный доклад. 12. Войдя в комнату, он увидел нескольких приятелей, ожидавших его. 13. Проработав над докладом весь день, он чувствовал себя очень усталым. 14. Он ушел, сказав, что скоро вернется. 15. Сняв пальто и шляпу, он пошел наверх. 16. «До свидания», – сказал он, посмотрев на меня холодно. 17. Проспав несколько часов, он снова почувствовал себя хорошо. 18. Увидев отца, дети побежали ему навстречу. 19. Он сказал эти слова и улыбнулся. 20. Он сидел, облокотившись на стол. 21. Увидев меня, он сказал улыбнувшись: «Я очень рад вас видеть». II. 1. Картина, висевшая здесь в прошлом году, сейчас находится в музее. Картина, висевшая в вестибюле, привлекла мое внимание. 2. Я вчера разговаривал с одним инженером, работавшим несколько лет тому назад в порту. Мальчик, работавший в саду, не видел, как я подошел к нему. 3. Студенты, переводившие эту статью, говорят, что она очень трудная. Я подошел к студенту, переводившему какую-то статью, и спросил его, нужен ли ему словарь. 4. Я хочу прочитать эту книгу, так как мой приятель, читавший ее, говорит, что она очень интересная. Я спросил у молодого человека, читавшего газету, который час. 5. Он не заметил письма, лежавшего на столе. 6. Ученый, написавший эту статью, сделает доклад в нашем институте. 7. Все студенты, получившие приглашение эту лекцию, присутствовали на ней. 8. Мне сказали, что женщина, сидевшая в коридоре, ждала директора. F) Translate the sentences. Use the Present Participle instead of the italicised verbs. Model: Он стоял у окна и курил сигарету. Не stood at the window smoking a cigarette. 1. Мы оставили ему записку и отправились на прогулку в парк. 2. Он открыл книгу и показал мне подчеркнутое место. 3. Она улыбнулась и вышла из комнаты. 4. Она тяжело вздохнула и налила себе вторую чашку кофе. 5. Она открыла зонтик и храбро пошла под дождь. 6. Мы оставили чемоданы в камере хранения и отправились на поиски комнаты в гостинице. 7. Он еще раз посмотрел на карту и сказал, что мы свернули не там. 8. Мы не застали его дома и оставили ему записку. 9. Я не был уверен, что она права, и ничего сказал. 10. Она медленно печатала что-то на машинке и иногда спрашивала меня, как пишется то или другое слово.

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G) Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Я еще не просмотрел всех журналов, присланных нам из Петербурга. 2. Я уже проверил все сочинения, написанные студентами моей группы. 3. Все студенты, принимающие участие в этой работе, должны придти в институт сегодня в 6 часов вечера. 4. Так как у него было достаточно времени (имея много времени), он пошел на вокзал пешком. 5. Переходя через мост, я встретил Дмитрия. 6. Вы должны быть очень внимательны, играя в шахматы. 7. Будучи очень усталым, я решил остаться дома. 8. Мы долго сидели в саду, разговаривая о нашей поездке на юг. 9. Он положил спящего ребенка на диван. 10. Они быстро шли, разговаривая о чем-то с большим интересом. 11. Я вчера прочел очень интересный рассказ, описывающий жизнь шахтеров. 12. Читая этот рассказ, я встретил несколько интересных выражений. 13. Будучи хорошим инженером, он смог выполнить эту работу в короткий срок. 14. Он сидел за столом, просматривая корреспонденцию, полученную накануне. 15. Ожидая трамвая, я увидел Анну. 16. Железная дорога, соединяющая эту деревню с городом, была построена в прошлом году. 17. Рассказы, напечатанные в этом журнале, очень интересные. 18. Я надеюсь, что вы не повторите ошибок, сделанных в прошлом диктанте. 19. Человек, сидевший у открытого окна, смотрел на детей, игравших в саду. 20. Потушив свет, он лег спать. 21. Прочитав письмо, он положил его в ящик стола. 22. Войдя в комнату, он зажег свет, сел за стол и начал работать. 23. Услышав шаги в коридоре, я вышел из комнаты. TESTS I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Прибыв до открытия конференции, они успели осмотреть город. Она сидела и улыбалась. Этот человек, сидящий у окна, вчера сделал интересный доклад. Когда я смотрел этот фильм, я вспоминал свое детство. Я прочел несколько книг этого автора, переведенных на русский язык. Люди, ожидавшие вас, только что ушли. Узнав его поближе (got to know), я понял, какой это хороший человек. Человек, только что стоявший здесь, ушел. Внимательно прочитав доклад, я нашел в нем несколько ошибок. Будучи очень расстроенным, он решил уйти, не прощаясь. Дома, построенные много лет назад, не столь удобны, как современные. Подумав, что он может заинтересоваться этой книгой, я посоветовал ему прочитать ее. Постучав дважды, они решили, что дома никого нет. Не чувствуя себя виноватым (guilty), он отказался извиниться. Некоторые марки, собранные им, очень интересны. Будучи опытным врачом, он сразу понял, что случилось.

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7. 8. 9. 10.

Женщина, открывшая мне дверь, выглядела очень мило. Он показал мне список товаров, экспортируемых этой фирмой. Он лежал на диване и читал книгу. Подумав, что она сказала это в шутку, я рассмеялся.

III 1. Проработав целый день на солнце, я чувствовал себя очень усталым. 2. Приехав в гостиницу, он обнаружил телеграмму, ожидавшую его здесь. 3. Они стояли и громко разговаривали. 4. Опаздывая на переговоры, они ушли до окончания вечера. 5. Сочинения, которые пишут современные дети, очень отличаются от тех, которые писали дети 20-х годов. 6. Она показала мне письмо, написанное в 1941 году. 7. Я купил книгу, содержащую сведения о системе образования в США. 8. Услышав шаги, он поднял голову. 9. Моя бабушка, рассказавшая мне эту сказку, живет в городе. 10. Купив билеты, он поспешил на платформу. IV 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Сказав это, он вышел из комнаты. Полученные вчера известия произвели на всех большое впечатление. Я не мог переодеться, так как оставил свои вещи на вокзале. Не зная причины ее отсутствия, я решил позвонить ей. Плачущая девочка была голодна. Сказка, рассказанная мамой, испугала (scare) ребенка. Будучи занят, он не сразу услышал меня. Прочитав много книг Диккенса, он хорошо знал этого писателя. Бабушка смотрела на детей, играющих во дворе. Как вам нравится книга, которую сейчас обсуждают?

V 1. Ученые, принимавшие участие в этой экспедиции, были награждены нашим правительством. 2. Потеряв ключ, я не смог войти в комнату. 3. Лежа на диване, он смотрел телевизор. 4. Мальчик, бегущий мимо дома, вдруг остановился. 5. Поздоровавшись со всеми, он вошел в свой кабинет. 6. Будучи ребенком, он не смог понять, что случилось. 7. В доме, который строится на площади, будет большой магазин. 8. Очень интересно читать сочинения, написанные детьми 9. Повернув налево, мы увидели большое белое здание. 10. Я показала ему список книг, прочитанных в прошлом году.

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VI Translate the following into English. 1. Жена фермера приходила каждый день, чтобы убрать комнаты (to clean). 2. Ему посоветовали не рассказывать им историю своей жизни (to advise). 3. Девочке велели разлить в чашки чай (to tell). 4. Слышали, как несколько минут тому назад они спорили на террасе (to hear). 5. Фил сунул деньги в карман, не сосчитав их (to count). 6. Полагают, что он глубоко привязан к своей семье (to believe). 7. Было известно, что он пишет книгу о нравах (to know). 8. Через окно можно было видеть, что водитель ждет у машины (to see). 9. Я был слишком возбужден, чтобы есть (to be excited). 10. Сообщили, что он изменил свое решение (to report). 11. Я знал, что он не способен принимать решения (to be capable of). 12. Он любил смеяться над теми, кто был робок (to be fond of). 13. Ему разрешили оставить у них свою фамилию и адрес (to allow). 14. Симон и Дик остались разговаривать в гостиной (to leave). 15. Он без труда найдет себе работу в Нью-Йорке (tо have difficulty). 16. Может быть, вам интересно посмотреть, что за человек этот Роберт (to be of interest). 17. Нас оставили, чтобы мы посмотрели фильм (to leave). 18. Его не видно целую неделю. Говорят, что он в отпуске (to say). 19. Ему велели прийти сюда к мистеру Эбботу (to tell). 20. Мы нашли Фокса. Он ожидал нас на террасе. (Фокса нашли ожидающим нас на террасе) (to find). 21. Он наблюдал, как люди торопились к поездам (to watch). 22. Я слышал, как он звал нас (to hear). 23. Его присутствие было неожиданным, потому что говорили, что он путешествует на востоке (to say). 24. Я посмотрел на свою мать, которая счастливо смеялась над шутками Тома (to look at).

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ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ Part 1. TV or not TV? ............................................................................................. Part 2. Gambling ..................................................................................................... Part 3. Bringing up children ................................................................................... Part 4. Crime and punishment ................................................................................ Part 5. Money matters ............................................................................................ Part 6. Health .......................................................................................................... Part 7. Vehicles and transport ................................................................................ Part 8. Marriage and divorce ...................................................................................

3 3 7 12 15 44 57 75 80

Grammar section ................................................................................................... Modal verbs ............................................................................................................. Can...................................................................................................................... May..................................................................................................................... Must.................................................................................................................... Should and Оught to........................................................................................... Need.................................................................................................................... The Verbals.............................................................................................................. The Gerund......................................................................................................... The Infinitive...................................................................................................... The Complex Object .......................................................................................... The Complex Subject ......................................................................................... The For-to-Infinitive Construction..................................................................... The Participle ..........................................................................................................

92 92 92 93 94 96 97 101 101 107 111 113 115 120

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Учебное издание ЦЫБИНА Елена Александровна Нудько Вилора Алексеевна АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебное пособие для студентов специальности «Теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика» Редактор О. А. Семёнова Подписано в печать 30.07.2007. Формат 60×84/16. Усл. печ. л. 4,42. Тираж 150 экз. Заказ Ульяновский государственный технический университет 432027, г. Ульяновск, ул. Сев. Венец, д. 32. Типография УлГТУ, 432027, г. Ульяновск, ул. Сев. Венец, д. 32.