Практическая грамматика английского языка

ã. äìíìáéÇ

è‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl „‡ÏχÚË͇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇

åéëäÇÄ ÇÖóÖ 1998

é„·‚ÎÂÌËÂ. éÉãÄÇãÖçàÖ. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................1 ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ.................................................................................................................................................................................................5 êÄáÑÖã I. ÉêÄååÄíàäÄ. íÖåõ à èêÄÇàãÄ........................................................................................................................9 íÖåÄ 1: èéëíêéÖçàÖ èêéëíéÉé ÄçÉãàâëäéÉé èêÖÑãéÜÖçàü...................................................................................................9 ä‡Í ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ Ò ÙÓÏÛ·ÏË Ë Ú‡·ÎˈÂÈ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 àÁ ͇ÍËı ‰ÂÚ‡ÎÂÈ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚, Ë ‰Îfl ˜Â„Ó ÒÎÛÊËÚ Í‡Ê‰‡fl ‰Âڇθ..................................................................................................... 11 ä‡Í ÛÁ̇ڸ, Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ËÎË ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È?..................................................................................................................................... 11 ä‡Í ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ̇ȉÂÌÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ÂÏfl?....................................................................... 13 îÓÏ˚ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Îˈ‡ Ë ˜ËÒ·. .......................................................................................... 13 to be ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 to have .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 FUTURE (ÅÛ‰Û˘Â ‚ÂÏfl). ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. .................................................................. 15 á‡ÍÂÔËÏ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚È Ï‡ÚÂˇΠÔËÏÂ‡ÏË..................................................................................................................................................... 16 ä‡Í ‚˚·Ë‡Ú¸ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl...................................................................................................................................................................... 18 1. INDEFINITE. .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2. CONTINUOUS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 3. PERFECT........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Perfect Present........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Perfect Past............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Perfect Future......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Perfect continuous (Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏ˚ Passive)................................................................................................................................................... 21 Perfect Continuous Present.................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Perfect Continuous Past......................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Perfect Continuous Future..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ. .................................................................. 22

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 1: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ̇˜ËÈ, ‚ÎËfl˛˘Ëı ̇ ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. ...............................................25 è‡‚ËÎÓ 1: èÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. ...............................................................................................................27 è‡‚ËÎÓ 2: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ............................................................................................................28 è‡‚ËÎÓ 3: èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl..............................................................................................................................32 è‡‚ËÎÓ 4: åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ..........................................................................................................................33 è‡‚ËÎÓ 5: ÄÚËÍθ. ........................................................................................................................................................................34 íÖåÄ 2. èêÖÑãéÉà................................................................................................................................................................................38 ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 2: èÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë. ...................................................................................................................................................44 è‡‚ËÎÓ 6: èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó. ......................................................................................................47 è‡‚ËÎÓ 7: ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl.............................................................................................................48 íÖåÄ 3. åéÑÄãúçõÖ ÉãÄÉéãõ à àï ùäÇàÇÄãÖçíõ.....................................................................................................................50 åÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ „·„ÓÎ˚. ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 ùÍ‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚.................................................................................................................................................................... 51

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 3: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË „·„ÓÎÓ‚ shall / will / need / dare ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı. ..........................................52 è‡‚ËÎÓ 8: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı. ..................................................................................................................................54 óËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ ‰Ó·flı. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. ........................................................................................... 56

è‡‚ËÎÓ 9: ëÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë Ì‡˜ËÈ. ...................................................................................................56 è‡‚ËÎÓ 10: ì͇Á‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl. ..................................................................................................................................58 è‡‚ËÎÓ 11: ëÎÓ‚‡ every / some / any /now. èÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ ÓÚ ÌËı. ............................................................................................59 è‡‚ËÎÓ 12: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË. .................................................................................61 è‡‚ËÎÓ 13: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ-΢Ì˚ı / ·ÂÁ΢Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ........................................................................63 è‡‚ËÎÓ 14: è‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there + to be...................................................................................................................63 àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there+to be.................................................................................................................................... 63

è‡‚ËÎÓ 15: ÇÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚Â Ë ÛÒËÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl.........................................................................................................65 íÖåÄ 4. ÇéèêéëàíÖãúçõÖ èêÖÑãéÜÖçàü. ....................................................................................................................................67 鷢ˠ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 ëÔˆˇθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 ÄθÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚.................................................................................................................................................................................. 72 ê‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. .................................................................................................................................................................................. 73

êÄáÑÖã II. ÉêÄååÄíàäÄ. èéëíêéÖçàÖ ëãéÜçõï ÄçÉãàâëäàï èêÖÑãéÜÖçàâ.................................74 íÖåÄ 5: èêàÑÄíéóçõÖ èêÖÑãéÜÖçàü............................................................................................................................................77 WHAT ËÎË THAT?............................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

íÖåÄ 6: ëéëãÄÉÄíÖãúçéÖ çÄäãéçÖçàÖ........................................................................................................................................84 àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÙÓÏ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 1-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. .................................................................................................................... 85 àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÙÓÏ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 2-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. .................................................................................................................... 87 ëÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. ................................................................................................................................................................. 87

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 6: èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl. ....................................................................................................87 íÖåÄ 7: àçîàçàíàÇ / INFINITIVE.......................................................................................................................................................90 éÒÓ·˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ................................................................................................................ 91 é·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ................................................................................................................................................................. 92 ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ................................................................................................................................................................. 93 àÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ for........................................................................................................................................................... 94 çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ............................................................................................................................................................... 95

íÖåÄ 8: èêàóÄëíàÖ / PARTICIPLE.......................................................................................................................................................97 é·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ........................................................................................................................................................................ 99 ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 99 çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ................................................................................................................................................................. 100

íÖåÄ 9: ÉÖêìçÑàâ / GERUND. ...........................................................................................................................................................102 íÖåÄ 10: áçÄäà èêÖèàçÄçàü / PUNCTUATION MARKS. ................................................................................................................111 íӘ͇ (‡Ì„Î. fi Full Stop / ‡ÏÂ. fi Period). .................................................................................................................................................. 111 á‡ÔflÚ‡fl (Comma)............................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 ÄÔÓÒÚÓÙ (Apostrophe). ................................................................................................................................................................................... 114

êÄáÑÖã III. ............................................................................................................................................................................................115 I. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -s............................................................................................................................................................. 115 II. É·„ÓÎ to be (was/were; been). ..................................................................................................................................................................... 115 III. É·„ÓÎ to do (did / done).............................................................................................................................................................................. 117 IV. É·„ÓÎ to have (had). ................................................................................................................................................................................... 118 V. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ shall.................................................................................................................................................................... 119 VI. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ will.................................................................................................................................................................... 120 VII. Should (ÙÓχ „·„Ó· shall).................................................................................................................................................................... 121 VIII. Would (ÙÓχ „·„Ó· will). ................................................................................................................................................................... 122 IX. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ed..................................................................................................................................................................... 122 X. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ing..................................................................................................................................................................... 123 XI. ëÎÓ‚Ó one...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126 XII. ëÎÓ‚Ó for...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126 XIII. ëÎÓ‚Ó it....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 XIV. ëÎÓ‚Ó that................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127

êÄáÑÖã IV. ............................................................................................................................................................................................128 1. ç‡ ÛÎˈÂ.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128 2. ÑÓÏ / ‰ÓÏÓÈ / ‰Óχ. ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 128 3. á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸(Òfl) / ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl) / Á̇ÍÓÏ˚È / Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Ó....................................................................................................................... 129 4. ë͇Á‡Ú¸ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸. ........................................................................................................................................................... 130 5. ì˜ËÚ¸Òfl / Û˜ËÚ¸ / ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 131 6. íÂÎÂÙÓÌ / Á‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ.................................................................................................................................................................. 132 7. To call............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 132 8. To get................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 133 9. To take.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 135 10. ëÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / ‚ˉÂÚ¸ / ‚˚„Îfl‰ÂÚ¸ / ‚̯ÌËÈ ‚ˉ / ‚Á„Îfl‰. ......................................................................................................................... 136 11. ëÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ / ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 12. åÌÓ„Ó. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137 13. å‡ÎÓ / ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó / ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ....................................................................................................................................................................... 138 14. è‰·„‡Ú¸ / Ô‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ............................................................................................................................................... 139 15. çÂÒÚË / ÔËÌÂÒÚË / ÓÚÌÂÒÚË / ‚ÂÒÚË /ÔË‚ÂÒÚË / ÓÚ‚ÂÒÚË / ‚ÂÁÚË / ÔË‚ÂÁÚË / ÓÚ‚ÂÁÚË (ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÂ)........................ 140 16. ꇷÓÚ‡. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 140 17. á‡Ô·ڇ / ÓÔ·ڇ (ÚÛ‰‡)........................................................................................................................................................................... 141 18. ñÂ̇ /ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ / Ô·ڇ / ÒÚÓËÚ¸ / Ô·ÚËÚ¸ (Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡ / ÛÒÎÛ„‡)............................................................................................................ 141 19. 凄‡ÁËÌ. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 142 20. 燘‡Î¸ÌËÍ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 143 21. ïÓÁflËÌ / ıÓÁflÈ͇. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 143 22. ч‚‡Ú¸ / ·‡Ú¸ ‚Á‡ÈÏ˚................................................................................................................................................................................. 143 23. ÑÛ„ÓÈ / ‰Û„Ó / another / other / the others. ............................................................................................................................................. 144 24. Right. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 144 25. ÇÔ‡‚Ó (‚΂Ó) / ÒÔ‡‚‡ (Ò΂‡) / ̇Ô‡‚Ó (̇΂Ó). ............................................................................................................................. 145

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26. çÂωÎÂÌÌÓ / ÌÂÁ‡Ï‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ / ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò / Ò‡ÁÛ. ........................................................................................................................ 145 27. ó‡Ò / ˜‡Ò˚...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145 28. Time. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 146 29. First................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 147 30. èˢ‡ / ‰‡ / ·Î˛‰Ó. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 148 31. Å˚Ú¸ ̇ ‰ËÂÚ / ıÛ‰ÂÚ¸. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 148 32. èÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸/ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸...................................................................................................................................................................... 149 33. éÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl (ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó / ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ÏÂÒÚ / Û ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó)........................................... 149 34. éÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 149 35. è‡‡. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 150 36. Ö˘Â. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150 37. ä‡ÒË‚˚È - Í‡ÒË‚‡fl / ÔË‚ÎÂ͇ÚÂθÌ˚È –ÔË‚ÎÂ͇ÚÂθ̇fl............................................................................................................... 151 38. åÂÒÚÓ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 151 39. ë‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È / ÌÂÁ‡ÌflÚ˚È / ÔÛÒÚÓÈ. .............................................................................................................................................................. 152 40. á‡ÒÚ„˂‡Ú¸ / ÒÍÂÔÎflÚ¸. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 152 41. ÇÒ / ‚Òfi......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 153 42. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û / ̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ/ ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ / ... . .............................................................................................................. 153 43. ÜÂÌËÚ¸Òfl / ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ. ........................................................................................................................................................................... 154 44. ÅÓflÚ¸Òfl.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 45. ìʇÒÌÓ / ÛʇÒÌ˚È. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 46. Å˚Ú¸ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ. ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 47. ÇÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸(Òfl) / ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸(Òfl)................................................................................................................................................................ 155 48. Used to / to be used to smth. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 156 49. íÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊÂ. ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 156 50. ëÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó.................................................................................................................................................................... 157 51. ÑÂÎÓ. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 157 52. èÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ(Òfl) / ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸(Òfl). .......................................................................................................................................................... 158 53. ëÎÛ˜‡È / ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë / ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ / ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â.......................................................................................................................................... 158

êÄáÑÖã V...............................................................................................................................................................................................160 1. ê‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌË (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËÂ) ÒÎÓ‚. ............................................................................................................................................................ 160 2. Will ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ shall............................................................................................................................................................................................. 160 3. 鷢ˠ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ·ÂÁ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·. ....................................................................................................................... 160 4. ä‡ÚÍË ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ Ó·˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚............................................................................................................................................................ 160 5. ä‡ÚÍË ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ. .......................................................................................................................................... 161 6. Don't ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ doesn't........................................................................................................................................................................................ 161 7. àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ. / èÓ¯Û ÔÓ˘ÂÌËfl...................................................................................................................................................................... 161 8. èË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ ÌËı. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 162 9. èË Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 163 10. èË ‡ÒÒÚ‡‚‡ÌËË. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 11. ëÔ‡ÒË·Ó. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 163 12. ç Á‡ ˜ÚÓ. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 163 13. èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 163 14. (ÇÓÚ) á‰ÂÒ¸. / (ÇÓÌ) í‡Ï. ........................................................................................................................................................................... 164 15. ÇÂÊÎË‚˚ ӷ‡˘ÂÌËfl................................................................................................................................................................................. 164 16. çÂÛÊÂÎË?...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 164 17. ü / äÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÚÓÊ (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ). ................................................................................................................... 165 18. ïÓÓ¯Ó (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ)....................................................................................................................................... 165 19. çÛ, ... / á̇˜ËÚ,... / í‡Í,... / àÚ‡Í, ... . ........................................................................................................................................................ 165 20. ü ‰Ûχ˛, ... / ü ÔÓ·„‡˛,... / ü Ò˜ËÚ‡˛,... / åÌ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, ... ................................................................................................................. 166 21. óÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸? / Ç ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ? ................................................................................................................................................................... 166 22. åÓÊÌÓ ‚‡Ò ÒÔÓÒËÚ¸? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 166 23. åËÌÛÚÓ˜ÍÛ. / èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó. ................................................................................................................................... 166 24. ëÍÓθÍÓ ÒÚÓËÚ?............................................................................................................................................................................................ 166 25. äÂÏ ‚˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚÂ?...................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 26. (àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ,) ü ‚‡Ò Ì ÔÓÌflÎ / Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛. / ü ÔÓÒÎÛ¯‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ Ò͇Á‡ÎË. ...................................................................................... 167 27. óÂÏ ÏÓ„Û ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓÎÂÁÂÌ? / óÂÏ ÏÓ„Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸? ........................................................................................................................................ 167 28. ä‡Í ̇ҘÂÚ ...? .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 167 29. ÇÓ ‚ÂÏfl ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ.............................................................................................................................................................. 167 30. é·‡˘ÂÌË Á‡ ÒÓ‚ÂÚÓÏ (̇ҘÂÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ)..................................................................................................... 168 31. ç‚ÂÊÎË‚˚È ÓÚ͇Á ‚ ÙÓÏ ‚ÒÚ˜ÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡. ................................................................................................................................. 168 32. ç‡Ë·ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ˝ÏÓˆËÈ.................................................................................................................................. 168 33. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ Ù‡Á˚ / ÂÔÎËÍË, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. .................................................................................................... 168 34. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë............................................................. 171

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35. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ Ù‡Á˚ / ÒÎÓ‚‡ / ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ„Ó (‰ÓÔÓÎÌfl˛˘Â„Ó /ÔÓflÒÌfl˛˘Â„Ó / ÍÓÏÏÂÌÚËÛ˛˘Â„Ó) ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡. .................................. 173 36. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. ...................... 176 37. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ / ËÒ͇ÊÂÌÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÌËÁÍÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 180 èËÏÂ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ËÒ͇ÊÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÌËÁÍÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl: .............................................................................................................................. 182

êÄáÑÖã VI.éëçéÇçõÖ ëèéëéÅõ éÅêÄáéÇÄçàü ëãéÇ Ç ÄçÉãàâëäéå üáõäÖ.....................................182 ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 182 ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 183 ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı............................................................................................................................................................................. 184 ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ „·„ÓÎÓ‚.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ̇˜ËÈ. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 èÂÙËÍÒ˚. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 185

àÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍË .......................................................................................................................................................................................187

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Ç˚‡Ê‡˛ ËÒÍÂÌÌ˛˛ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÌÓÒÚ¸ í˚θˆÛ Ç·‰ËÏËÛ çËÍÓÎ‡Â‚Ë˜Û Á‡ Â„Ó ÌÂÓˆÂÌËÏÛ˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ‚ ‡·ÓÚ ̇‰ ÍÌË„ÓÈ. Ä‚ÚÓ ÌËÍÓËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ Ì ÔÂÚẨÛÂÚ Ì‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡ÚÂˇÎ, ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚È ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ ÍÌË„Â, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ÔÓÎÌ˚Ï Ë ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚, ‚ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒڂ ӂ·‰ÂÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÏ flÁ˚ÍÓÏ. ÇÒ ‡Á‰ÂÎ˚ Î˯¸ ÓÚ‡Ê‡˛Ú ΢Ì˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰ ‡‚ÚÓ‡ ̇ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏÛ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ Í‡Í ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó Ë Î˘ÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔËflÚË ˝ÚÓÈ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ˚, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Îfl ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı, β‰ÂÈ ·ÎËÁÍËÏ ÔÓ ‰ÛıÛ Ë ÚÂÏ Ò‡Ï˚Ï ÔÓÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·Î„˜ËÚ¸ ‚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ëı ÚÛ‰.

ǂ‰ÂÌËÂ. ë̇˜‡Î‡ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ò‡Ï˚ı Ó·˘Ëı ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ Ó flÁ˚ÍÂ Ë ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ ÌËı. ëÍÓθÍÓ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚Û˜ËÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í? ã˛·ÓÈ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚È flÁ˚Í ÌÛÊÌÓ Û˜ËÚ¸ ‚Ò˛ ÊËÁ̸. èËÏÂÓÏ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÎÛÊËÚ¸ ıÓÚfl ·˚ ÚÓÚ Ù‡ÍÚ, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÏ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó Ó¯Ë·ÓÍ, ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ì ÔÓÌËχÂÏ ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡, Ó·˘‡flÒ¸ Ë Ì‡ Ó‰ÌÓÏ, flÁ˚ÍÂ. à ¢Â, ÌË Ó‰ËÌ Û˜Â·ÌËÍ, ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÔÓÒÓ·Ë Ì ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÂ‰‡Ú¸ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÓ·‡ÁËfl ÙÓÏ Ë ÔËÂÏÓ‚, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ‚ flÁ˚Í ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÂÊÂÒÂÍÛ̉ÌÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û Î˛‰¸ÏË Ë ‚ÓÍÛ„ β‰ÂÈ. àÚ‡Í, ÔÓˆÂÒÒÛ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËfl ‚ flÁ˚Í ÌÂÚ Ô‰Â·. ä‡Í Û˜ËÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ? ÇÓÔÓÒ Ó˜Â̸ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚È, Ë ÓÚ‚ÂÚËÚ¸ ̇ ÌÂ„Ó ÍÓÓÚÍÓ Ë Ó‰ÌÓÁ̇˜ÌÓ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ. åÌ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰˚È ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘ËÈ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Ò‡Ï Ì‡ÈÚË ‰Îfl Ò·fl ÔËÂÏÎÂÏÛ˛ ÏÂÚÓ‰ËÍÛ. ü Ê ÔÓ͇ ÏÓ„Û Î˯¸ ‰‡Ú¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÓ‚ÂÚÓ‚. ÅÂÒÒÏ˚ÒÎÂÌÌÓ ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚˚Û˜ËÚ¸ flÁ˚Í, ÚÓθÍÓ Á‡ÌËχflÒ¸ ̇ ͇ÍËı-ÚÓ ÍÛÒ‡ı ËÎË Ò ÂÔÂÚËÚÓÓÏ. ã˛‰Ë, ‚·‰Â˛˘Ë flÁ˚ÍÓÏ, ÏÓ„ÛÚ Î˯¸ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸ Ç‡Ï ÔÓÒËθÌÛ˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸, Ó·˙flÒÌflfl ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ, ÔÓ‰Ò͇Á˚‚‡fl Ë Á‡‰‡‚‡fl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË LJ¯ÂÈ ‡·ÓÚÂ, Ú.Â. ÔËÒÚÛÔ‡fl Í ËÁÛ˜ÂÌ˲ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇, ÌÛÊÌÓ Ì‡ÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ ̇ Ó„ÓÏÌ˚È ÚÛ‰ ÔÂʉ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó Ò·fl. ë‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌ˚ Á‡ÌflÚËfl Ê·ÚÂθÌÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ Í‡Í ÏÓÊÌÓ ·ÓΠ„ÛÎflÌ˚ÏË, ÎÛ˜¯Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸. çÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÂθÁfl ÔÂÂ‡·‡Ú˚‚‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì ‚ÓÁÌËÍÎÓ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó ˜ÂÁÏÂÌÓÈ ÛÒÚ‡ÎÓÒÚË Ë ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl Í flÁ˚ÍÛ. ü Ò˜ËÚ‡˛ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï ÔÓÎÛÚÓ‡-‰‚Ûı˜‡ÒÓ‚˚ Âʉ̂Ì˚ Á‡ÌflÚËfl. ç ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÈÚ ·Ë˜Â‚‡Ú¸ Ò·fl Ï˚ÒÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Û Ç‡Ò ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ë Ç˚ Ì ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ Í ËÁÛ˜ÂÌ˲ flÁ˚͇ — ÔÓ‚Â¸ÚÂ, ˝ÚÓ „·‚Ì˚È ÚÓÏÓÁ ‚ ÌÓχθÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚÂ. ç‡Ó·ÓÓÚ, ÌÛÊÌÓ Í‡Ê‰Ó ‚˚Û˜ÂÌÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ËÎË ÔÓÌflÚÛ˛ Ù‡ÁÛ Á‡ÌÓÒËÚ¸ Ò· ‚ ‡ÍÚË‚, ÔÓÌËχfl, ˜ÚÓ ÚÓθÍÓ Ú‡Í, ÔÓ ÍÛÔˈ‡Ï, ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ Á‡Ô‡Ò Á̇ÌËÈ — ‚Ò ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ ÒÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌÂÏ. ÖÒÎË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓ‚ÂËÚ¸ Ò‚ÓË Á̇ÌËfl, Ì ÒÚÂÒÌflÈÚÂÒ¸, ÔÓθÁÛÈÚÂÒ¸ ËÏË. ùÚÓ, ‚ˉËÏÓ, ̇¯‡ ‰Ó΄‡ "‡Í‚‡ËÛÏ̇fl" ÊËÁ̸ ̇ÎÓÊË· ̇ Ì‡Ò ÓÚÔ˜‡ÚÓÍ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÌÂÔÓÎÌÓˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚ ÒÏ˚ÒΠӷ˘ÂÌËfl ̇ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. å˚ ·ÓËÏÒfl ÓÚÍ˚Ú¸ ÓÚ ‰‡Ê ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ Ë Í‡Í. åÓÎ, ‚ÓÚ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ‚Ò ̇˜ÌÛÚ ÒÏÂflÚ¸Òfl ̇‰ ÏÓËÏ ÍÓfl‚˚Ï ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ Ë ÏÓËÏË Ó¯Ë·Í‡ÏË. åÂÊ‰Û ÚÂÏ,- ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË „Ó‚ÓflÚ ÛÊ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËÂ, Ô˘ÂÏ ÏÌÓ„ËÂ Ò Ó¯Ë·Í‡ÏË, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ‚Ò ÔÓÌËχ˛Ú ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡ Ë ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÛÏË‡ÂÚ ÓÚ ÒÚ˚‰‡ Á‡ Ò‚Ó ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌË ËÎË „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÌÂÚÓ˜ÌÓÒÚË. óÚÓ Ú‡ÍÓ flÁ˚Í ‚ÓÓ·˘Â? üÁ˚Í — ˝ÚÓ Ò‰ÒÚ‚Ó, Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Î˛‰Ë ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛Ú ‚Ò ÔÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘Â ‚ ÊËÁÌË, Ú.Â. Á‡ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ‚Ò Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ (ÒÚÓÎ / ÒÚÛÎ / ...) Ë ÔÓÌflÚËfl (˜ÂÒÚ¸ / ÒÓ‚ÂÒÚ¸ / ...), ÓÍÛʇ˛˘Ë ̇Ò, Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ‰Û„ Ò ‰Û„ÓÏ ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ‡θÌ˚ı ÊËÁÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ. ùÚÓ ÏÌÓ„ÓÒÎÓÊ̇fl ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚‡ ÏÂÎÍËı ‰ÂÚ‡ÎÂÈ (Á‚ÛÍË / ·ÛÍ‚˚ / ÒÎÓ‚‡), ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚÒfl ‚ ‡·ÓÚÂ, ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflflÒ¸ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Á‡ÍÓÌ‡Ï (Ô‡‚Ë·Ï). ÇÒ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ flÁ˚ÍË Ô˯ÎË Í Ì‡Ï ËÁ ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ„Ó ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó, ÌÂÔÂ˚‚ÌÓ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡flÒ¸ Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒÚ‚ÛflÒ¸ ̇ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÔÛÚË. ã„ÍÓ Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‰ÎËÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÛÚË ‚Ò flÁ˚ÍË ·˚ÎË Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó ÔËÏËÚË‚Ì˚ÏË Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ï‡ÎÓ ÓÚ΢‡ÎËÒ¸ ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡. çÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ËÁ ÌËı ¯ÎÓ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËË, ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ÔÓfl‚ÎflÎËÒ¸ ‚Ò ÌÓ‚˚Â Ë ÌÓ‚˚ Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ Ë ÔÓÌflÚËfl, ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÎË ‚Ò ÌÓ‚˚Â Ë ÌÓ‚˚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, Ë ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ˝ÚËı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ ‚ ͇ʉÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË ÒÓ Ò‚ÓËÏË, ‡Á‡·‡Ú˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ÏË ÚÓθÍÓ ÌÓÒËÚÂÎflÏË ˝ÚÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇, Á‡ÍÓ̇ÏË (Ô‡‚Ë·ÏË). ä‡Í ·˚ÎÓ ·˚ ÔÓÒÚÓ Ë Î„ÍÓ Ó·˘‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, Á‡ÏÂÌflfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÚÓθÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ËÁ ‰Û„Ó„Ó! çÓ ÌÂÚ — ÌÛÊÌÓ Â˘Â Á̇ڸ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚ ‰Û„Ó„Ó flÁ˚͇ Ë ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflÚ¸Òfl ËÏ. ü „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ Û·ÂʉÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ Á‡·ÎÛʉÂÌËÂÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÛÚ‚Â‰Ë‚¯ÂÂÒfl ÏÌÂÌËÂ, ·Û‰ÚÓ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚È flÁ˚Í ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚˚ÁÛ·ËÚ¸. ÑÓÒÚ˘¸ ÔË΢ÌÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl ‚ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËË ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡Û˜Ë‚¯ËÒ¸ ÔÓÌËχڸ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ˚, ÔÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘Ë ‚ flÁ˚ÍÂ, Ë Á‡ÍÓÌ˚, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË ˝ÚË ÔÓˆÂÒÒ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛Ú. Ä ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌÓ Á̇ڸ, ˜ÂÏ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÂÏ fl ÔÓθÁÛ˛Ò¸ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÂÏ fl ÒÓ·Ë‡˛Ò¸ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ. ä‡ÍÓ‚˚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÓÚ΢Ëfl ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÓÚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó? 5

èÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ ˆÂθ˛ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl β·Ó„Ó flÁ˚͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÈ ‚ ‡θÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌË, ‡Á„Ó‚Ó Ó flÁ˚ÍÓ‚˚ı ÓÚ΢Ëflı ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ÂÒÚË ÚÓθÍÓ Ò Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓÈ ˆÂÎË, Ú.Â. ÔÂʉ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ̇ۘËÚ¸Òfl ÔÓÌËχڸ, ˜ÂÏ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ‡θÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‡θÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ‰Û„ÓÏ. 1.

èÂ‚ÓÂ, Ò‡ÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ ÓÚ΢ËÂ, Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÓÔ‰ÂÎfl˛˘Â ‚Ò ÓÒڇθÌ˚Â: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ. èÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ ‡ÁÓ·‡Ú¸Òfl, Í‡Í ˝ÚÓ ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ Ì‡ Ô‡ÍÚËÍÂ. Ç ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ‰ÓÎ„Ó„Ó ËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‡Á‚ËÚËfl ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ‚ ÌÂÏ ‚˚‡·Óڇ·Ҹ ÒËÒÚÂχ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ, Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚‡ Í‡Í ·˚ ÒˆÂÔÎfl˛ÚÒfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÎۘ˷Ҹ Ù‡Á‡ (Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ), Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘‡fl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ËÁ ÊËÁÌË. Ç ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÏ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ͇ʉÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó (Á‡ Ì·Óθ¯ËÏ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ) ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Ì‡·ÓÓÏ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË Ï˚ Ë ÔÓθÁÛÂÏÒfl, ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ͇ÍÓÈ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ˝ÚÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ·ÂÂÚÒfl ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ.

ç‡ÔËÏÂ: åÂÎ ÎÂÊËÚ Ì‡ ÒÚÓÎÂ. å· ̇ ÒÚÓΠÌÂÚ. åÂÎ ÛԇΠÔÓ‰ ÒÚÓÎ. åÂÎÓÏ ÔÓÒÚÛ˜‡ÎË ÔÓ ÒÚÓÎÛ. åÂΠ̇¯ÎË ÔÓ‰ ÒÚÓÎÓÏ. Ç ˝ÚËı ÔËÏÂ‡ı ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚ ÔflÚ¸ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, Ë ‚Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ. çÓ ÔÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ "ÔÓË„‡Ú¸" ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËflÏË: åÂÎ ÎÂʇڸ ̇ ÒÚÓÎ. å· ÎÂÊËÚ Ì‡ ÒÚÓÎÓÏ. åÂÎÛ ÎÂÊ‡Ú Ì‡ ÒÚÓÎ˚. åÂΠ̇ÈÚË ÔÓ‰ ÒÚÓÎ. ÇÓ ‚ÚÓÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl ‚˚·‡Ì˚ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ, ÒˆÂÔÎÂÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË Ì ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ, ÒÏ˚ÒÎ (Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË) Ì ÔÓÒÚÓËÎÒfl. ч, ÌÓ Í‡Í Ê "ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ" ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÚÂı Ê ҇Ï˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ÂÒÎË Ú‡Ï ÌÂÚ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ? ä‡Í ‡Ì„΢‡Ì Á‡ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ? àÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍÓ ‡Á‚ËÚË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÏ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËË. èÓ͇ ̇¯Ë Ò Ç‡ÏË Ô‰ÍË ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡ÎË Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ, Ô‰ÍË ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ÍÓ̈ÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÎË Ò‚ÓË ÛÒËÎËfl ̇ ‡Á‚ËÚËË „·„ÓÎÓ‚, Ú.Â. ÒÎÓ‚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. ê‡ÒÒÛʉ‡ÎË ÓÌË ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ Ú‡Í: Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡Ú¸ ÌË Ó‰ÌÛ ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÛ˛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÔÓÒÚ˚Ï ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌËÂÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ÊËÁ̸ — ˝ÚÓ ÌÂÔÂ˚‚ÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, Ë Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ ‚ ÌÂÈ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ì ҇ÏË ÔÓ Ò·Â, ‡ ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓÏ ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË ‰Û„ Ò ‰Û„ÓÏ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl β·ÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÍÓÚÓÓÂ Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ‚Ò Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ Ë ÔÓÌflÚËfl, Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ‚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ ‚Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÚÛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚, ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl, ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ÔÓÛ˜ËÎË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ „·„ÓÎÛ. Ä ˝ÚÓ Á̇˜ËÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ‰Ûχڸ ̇‰ ÚÂÏ, ͇ÍÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ Ôˉ‡‚‡Ú¸ ͇ʉÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚Û (Í‡Í ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ). çÛÊÌÓ Î˯¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ „·„ÓÎ (‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ). í‡Í, ‚ ̇¯Ëı ÔËÏÂ‡ı Ò ÏÂÎÓÏ Ë ÒÚÓÎÓÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÒÎÓ‚‡ chalk Ë table ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı ·Û‰ÛÚ ‚˚„Îfl‰ÂÚ¸ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó. åÂÌflÚ¸Òfl ·Û‰ÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. ëıÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‚Ò ‚˚¯ÂËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÚ¸ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: v — ÔÓÒÚÓ ‚ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË (·ÂÛ ËÁ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl / „ÓÎÓ‚˚) ? — ‰Ûχ˛, Í‡Í ‚ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË (‚˚·Ë‡˛ Ó‰ÌÛ ÙÓÏÛ ËÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı). êÛÒÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË (10 ÒÎÓ‚): ?????????. ÄÌ„ÎËÈÒÍÓ (10ÒÎÓ‚): v?vvvvvvvv. 2.

ÇÚÓÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ ÓÚ΢ˠ‚˚ÚÂ͇ÂÚ ËÁ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó Ë Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ·ÂÁ „·‚Ì˚ı ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ — ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ڇÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó.

ç‡ÔËÏÂ: ëÂȘ‡Ò ÔflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚. åÌ ÔÓ‰‡ËÎË ÍÌË„Û. ë‚ÂÚ‡ÂÚ. èË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Ì‡Ï ÔˉÂÚÒfl ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË „·‚Ì˚ ˜ÎÂÌ˚. í‡Í, ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: ùÚÓ (ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ) ÂÒÚ¸ (Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ) ÔflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ÒÂȘ‡Ò. á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÌËχڸ, ˜ÚÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË „·‚Ì˚ı ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ ‚˚Á‚‡Ì‡ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËÂÏ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ — ÂÒÎË ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ó‰ÌÓ Ò ‰Û„ËÏ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ, ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ÓÌË Í‡Í ·˚ „ÛÔÔËÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ÓÍÛ„ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ÍÓÚÓÓ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Òӄ·ÒÛÂÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÌËÏ. àÚ‡Í, ‚ β·ÓÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ, Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: 6

ü ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ. - ÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ü ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ. —‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. àÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Î˯¸ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ˚ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, ÍÓ„‰‡ „·‚Ì˚ ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ΄ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl. 3.

íÂڸ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ ÓÚÎ˘Ë Ì ҂flÁ‡ÌÓ Ò ÔÂ‚˚Ï, ÌÓ fl Ò˜ËÚ‡˛ Â„Ó ËÒÍβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï: ‡ÁÌˈ‡ ‚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÏÌÓ„Ëı ‡θÌ˚ı ÊËÁÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ.

ç‡ÔËÏÂ: ü ıÓÊÛ Ì‡ ÍÛÒ˚. — ÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. ü ·ÂÛ ÍÛÒ˚. — ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. ì ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ ... — ÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. ü Ëϲ ... — ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. ü ıÓ˜Û ÔËÚ¸. — ÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. ü ÂÒÚ¸ Ê‡Ê‰Û˘ËÈ. — ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. ùÚÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl ·Óθ¯ÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ Í ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, Ú.Â. Í ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˲ ÚÂı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛Ú ‚ ÊËÁÌË Ì‡Ë·ÓΠ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ë ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ô‚‡ÚËÎËÒ¸ Í‡Í ·˚ ‚ ÍÎ˯Â, Ú‚Â‰Ó ÛÒÚÓfl‚¯ËÂÒfl ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË. 벉‡ ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÔÓ˘‡ÌËfl, ‚ÂÊÎË‚˚ ӷ‡˘ÂÌËfl Ë Ú.Ô. å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ Ú‡ÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ‡Á‰ÂΠ"ê‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌ˚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl". çÓ ‡Á΢Ëfl ‚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ Ôӂ҉̂ÌÓÈ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, ÓÌË ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂı flÁ˚ÍÓ‚˚ı ÛÓ‚Ìflı. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÏÓÈ ÒÓ‚ÂÚ Ú‡ÍÓ‚: ÒÚÂÏËÚÂÒ¸ ÌÂ Í ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÒÚÓ ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‰Û„ÓÈ, ‡ ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰‡Ú¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ì‡ ÚÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï Ç˚ ÔÓθÁÛÂÚÂÒ¸ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: ëÎ˚¯ËÏ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË: Remember me to your sister. Ñ·ÂÏ ÔÓ Ò·fl ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ (Ú.Â. Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡ÂÏ Í‡Ê‰Ó ÒÎÓ‚Ó Ë Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÌÓÒËÚÂθ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Î ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÂ‰‡Ú¸  ÒÏ˚ÒÎ), Ë ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ: ç‡ÔÓÏÌË ÏÂÌfl Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚÂ. ëËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÌflÚ̇, ÌÓ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË Ï˚ Ú‡Í Ì „Ó‚ÓËÏ. ç‡ıÓ‰ËÏ ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÌÓ ÛÒÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: èÂ‰‡‚‡È ÓÚ ÏÂÌfl ÔË‚ÂÚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚÂ. ùÚÓ Ë ÂÒÚ¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË, ıÓÚfl ÒÎÓ‚‡, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ Ó·ÓËı flÁ˚͇ı ‰Îfl Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ë ÚÓÈ Ê ˆÂÎË, ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‡Á΢‡˛ÚÒfl. íÂÔÂ¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÒÎÛı ËÎË Ì‡ ·Ûχ„Â. íÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÓ Ú‡ÍÓÏÛ Ê ÔË̈ËÔÛ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÏ Ë ‚ Ó·‡ÚÌÛ˛ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ, Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. Ç˚‚Ó‰ ÍÓ ‚ÒÂÏÛ ‚˚¯ÂËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÏÓÊÌÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ Ú‡ÍÓÈ: ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÌÛÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Í‡Í ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜Ì˚È ˝Ú‡Ô, ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Ê ˆÂθ˛ β·Ó„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. ïÓÚfl, ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı flÁ˚͇ı ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó, Ë ÚÓ„‰‡ ÌÓχθÌ˚Ï fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ. 4.

óÂÚ‚ÂÚÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ ÓÚ΢ˠ‚˚ÚÂ͇ÂÚ ËÁ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó: ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ˜‡ÒÚË Â˜Ë ‡Á΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËflÏË (ÔÓ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ — „·„ÓÎ, ÔÓ‰‡Ê‡ — ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ, ÔÓ‰‡ÊÌ˚È — ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ), ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ê flÁ˚Í ËÁ-Á‡ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ ‡Á΢Ì˚ ˜‡ÒÚË Â˜Ë Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ì ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡: like — Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl („·„ÓÎ) / like — ÔÓıÓÊËÈ (ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ); book - ÍÌË„‡ (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ) / book — Á‡Í‡Á˚‚‡Ú¸ Á‡‡Ì ·ËÎÂÚ, ÏÂÒÚÓ („·„ÓÎ); need — ÌÛʉ‡Ú¸Òfl („·„ÓÎ) / need — ÌÛʉ‡ (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ) Ë Ú.‰. é· ˝ÚÓÏ ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ËÁ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÛÍ·‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ LJ¯Â ‚ÓÒÔËflÚË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÔӇ̄ÎËÈÒÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ıÓÚfl ÔÂ‚Ӊ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ Í‡Í ·Û‰ÚÓ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÂÌ. é·‡ÚËÚÂÒ¸ Í ÒÎÓ‚‡˛. äÒÚ‡ÚË, Ó˜Â̸ ÏÌÓ„Ë β‰Ë, ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘Ë ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ flÁ˚ÍË, ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ì ÛÏÂ˛Ú ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÎÓ‚‡flÏË ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÎÂÌflÚÒfl ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ‚‚Ó‰ÌÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl, „‰Â ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓÎÌ˚ ÂÍÓÏẨ‡ˆËË Ë Ó·˙flÒÌÂÌËfl, Í‡Í ˝ÚËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÏ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl. à ¢ — ˜ÂÏ ·Óθ¯Â ÒÎÓ‚‡¸ ÔÓ Ó·˙ÂÏÛ, ÚÂÏ ÓÌ ÍÓÏÔÂÚÂÌÚÌÂÂ Ë Ì‡‰ÂÊÌÂÂ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ fl Ò˜ËÚ‡˛, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡Î˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ë, ÚËÔ‡ ͇χÌÌ˚ı, ‰Îfl ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌÓ„Ó ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl flÁ˚͇ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ÌÂÔË„Ó‰Ì˚. Ç ÌËı ÔÓÔÓÒÚÛ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÏÌÓ„Ë ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ Ë ‰Û„Ë ‚‡ÊÌ˚ ҂‰ÂÌËfl. ç‡ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ‡Á΢ËÚ¸ ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ˜‡ÒÚË Â˜Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÓ Ë Â˘Â Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÚ΢ˠ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÓÚ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÒÚÓ„Ó ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ë ÒÚÓ„Ó Òӷ≇ÂÏ˚È ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. ùÚÓ Á̇˜ËÚ, ˜ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰˚È ˜ÎÂÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ̇ Ò‚ÓÂÏ, ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÏ ÏÂÒÚÂ, Ë̇˜Â Ëı ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓ ÔÂÂÔÛÚ‡Ú¸ (‚‰¸ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ-ÚÓ ÌÂÚ!). ä‡ÍÓÈ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË? 7

ëÂȘ‡Ò Ï˚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. Ç ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı, ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Û„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÓÌ ËÌÓÈ, ÌÓ ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ ÒÚÓ„Ó Òӷ≇ÂÏ˚È. ùÚË, ‰Û„ËÂ, ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌ˚ ‰‡ÎÂÂ, ÔÓ ıÓ‰Û ËÁÎÓÊÂÌËfl „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚÂˇ·. àÚ‡Í, ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË: ÏÂÒÚÓ — ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â (Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÍÚÓ? / ˜ÚÓ?).åÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ ËÎË (ÂÊÂ) ÔÓÒΠ̄Ó: Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ. å‡ÎÂ̸͇fl ‰Â‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ. 2. ÏÂÒÚÓ — Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÏÂÌflÂÚ ÙÓÏÛ ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ): Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ. Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜Ëڇ·. 3. ÏÂÒÚÓ — ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl (Ó·ÓÁ̇˛Ú Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ Ë ÔÓÌflÚËfl, Ò ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË „·‚Ì˚È ˜ÎÂÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ) ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÂÚ ‚Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ; Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ‚ÒÂı ÛÒÒÍËı Ô‡‰ÂÊÂÈ, ÍÓÏ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó: ÍÓ„Ó? / ˜ÚÓ? / ÍÓÏÛ? / ˜ÂÏÛ? / ÍÂÏ? / ˜ÂÏ? / ...): Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û. ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Í‡Í Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë ·ÂÁ ÌËı. ÖÒÎË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÂÒÚ¸ Ë ÚÓ, Ë ‰Û„ÓÂ, ÚÓ„‰‡ Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌË ·ÂÁ Ô‰ÎÓ„‡, ‡ ÔÓÒΠÌÂ„Ó — Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ. ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡: 1.

4.

Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÌÓ‚Û˛ ÍÌË„Û. ÏÂÒÚÓ — Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ (·˚‚‡˛Ú ‡ÁÌ˚Â: Ó·‡Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl — ͇Í? / ͇ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ?; ‚ÂÏÂÌË — ÍÓ„‰‡?; ÏÂÒÚ‡ — „‰Â?). é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ò‡ÁÛ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌË ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÏ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ: Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó Ó·‡Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡, Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË:

Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ. (͇Í?) Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û ‚ ·Ë·ÎËÓÚÂÍÂ. („‰Â?) Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸. (ÍÓ„‰‡?) Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ ·Ë·ÎËÓÚÂÍ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸. ÖÒÎË Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ ·Óθ¯Â„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÒÎÓ‚, ˜ÂÏ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ Â„Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÔÓÒΠӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: Ñ‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸ ‚ ·Ë·ÎËÓÚÂÍ „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓ„Ó ÏÓÎÓ‰ÂÊÌÓ„Ó ˆÂÌÚ‡. é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÏÂÒÚ‡ ËÎË ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ. ùÚÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‰‡ÌÌÓ ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚˚‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË: ä‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸ ‰Â‚Ә͇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÍÌË„Û ‚ ·Ë·ÎËÓÚÂÍÂ. ëıÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÏÓÊÌÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÚ¸ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ 1 2 3 4 é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌË / ÏÂÒÚ‡ Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÒÎÓ‚ Ì ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ò Ëı ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËÂÏ, Ú.Â. ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇, „‰Â ·ÛÍ‚‡ ‚ β·ÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚Â Ë ‚ β·ÓÏ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó, ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ·ÛÍ‚˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚ¸Òfl ÔÓ-‡ÁÌÓÏÛ, ‡ ÚÓ Ë ‚Ó‚Ò Ì ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚ¸Òfl. ÑÎfl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ÒÎÓ‚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÒÔˆˇθ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ̇Á˚‚‡Âχfl Ú‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËÂÈ. Ç Î˛·ÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÏ (Ì ÒÔˆˇÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÏ) ‡Ì„ÎÓ-ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒΠβ·Ó„Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ Í‚‡‰‡ÚÌ˚ı ÒÍӷ͇ı ‰‡ÂÚÒfl ‚‡ˇÌÚ Â„Ó ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl (Ú‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËfl). ÑÎfl Ú‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ò‚ÓË ÓÒÓ·˚ ӷÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl, ÓÚ΢‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ÔÓ Ì‡ÔËÒ‡Ì˲ ÓÚ ·ÛÍ‚ Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ÚÓÏÛ ËÎË ËÌÓÏÛ Á‚ÛÍÛ. è‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚˚ۘ˂‡Ú¸ ‰‚‡Ê‰˚: ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ Ì‡ÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ Ë ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ. çÓ ÚÛÚ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÔӉ·¯¸. ä‡Í ̇ۘËÚ¸Òfl ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏÛ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲? ë Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó Ì‡˜‡Î‡ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÛ˛ ˜¸. ëÂȘ‡Ò ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ËϲÚÒfl Ò‡Ï˚ ‡ÁÌ˚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË: Ô·ÒÚËÌÍË, ‡Û‰ËÓ- Ë ‚ˉÂÓ͇ÒÒÂÚ˚ Ò Á‡ÔËÒflÏË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÍÛÒÓ‚, ‡‰ËÓ- Ë ÚÂÎÂÔÂ‰‡˜Ë, ÌÂÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ӷ˘ÂÌËÂ Ò ÌÓÒËÚÂÎflÏË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇. í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÛÒ‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ, ÌÓ Ë ËÌÚÓ̇ˆËfl, ‡Á΢Ì˚ ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ ÓÚÚÂÌÍË ˜Ë. óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl Á‡Û˜Ë‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ ÔÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡˛, ÚÓ ‚ ̇˜‡ÎÂ Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡fl, „‰Â ‰‡ÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËfl, ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌ˚ ‚Ҡ Á̇ÍË Ë ‰‡Ì˚ Ó·˙flÒÌÂÌËfl ÔÓ Ëı ÓÁ‚ۘ˂‡Ì˲. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ë ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ Ô‡‚Ë· ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘Ë ̇˷ÓΠı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‚‡ˇÌÚ˚ ‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ·ÛÍ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı. çÓ ‚ ˝ÚËı Ô‡‚Ë·ı ÒÚÓθÍÓ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÈ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÚÛ‰ÌÓ Á‡ÔÓÏË̇˛ÚÒfl. ü ÒÓ‚ÂÚÛ˛ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„ÓÒÎÓ‚‡ Á‡Û˜Ë‚‡Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓ Ú‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËË. äÒÚ‡ÚË, Ò‡ÏË ‡Ì„΢‡ÌÂ, ‚ÒÚ˜‡fl ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏÓ ‰Îfl Ò·fl ÒÎÓ‚Ó, ÚÓÊ ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ˚ ÛÁ̇‚‡Ú¸ Â„Ó ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌË ËÁ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl. 8

ê‡Á‰ÂÎ I. É‡ÏχÚË͇. íÂÏ˚ Ë Ô‡‚Ë·. íÂχ 1: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÔÓÒÚÓ„Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. ùÚ‡ ÚÂχ — ҇χfl ‚‡Ê̇fl ‰Îfl ÔÓÌËχÌËfl ‚ÒÂÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇. é̇ ̇ÒÚÓθÍÓ ‚‡Ê̇ ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Í Í‡Ê‰ÓÏÛ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲, Ú.Â. ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÌÂθÁfl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸, Ì Á̇fl χÚÂˇ· ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÂÏ˚. ÖÒÎË ˝Ú‡ ÚÂχ ÔÓÌflÚ̇, ‰‡Î¸¯Â Ò ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËÂÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ — Ë Ì‡Ó·ÓÓÚ. àÚ‡Í, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ β·ÓÏ flÁ˚Í — ˝ÚÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ‡θÌ˚ı ÊËÁÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ. óÚÓ·˚ . Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡Ú¸ ͇ÍÛ˛-ÚÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛, ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÁflÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ (̇Á‚‡ÌËfl Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ Ë ÔÓÌflÚËÈ), Á‡‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ë ÒÓ‰ËÌËÚ¸ Ëı Ú‡Í, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ËÁ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÓ‚ ÔÓÎۘ˷Ҹ ͇ÚËÌ͇ ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ. ëÓ‰ËÌËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ, Á̇˜ËÚ, ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Â Û ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇ ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÂÚ ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ú‡Í‡fl Ê ͇ÚËÌ͇, ˜ÚÓ ·˚· Á‡‰Ûχ̇ ̇ÏË. ëÓ‰ËÌËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ — Ë Í‡ÚËÌ͇ ·Û‰ÂÚ ËÒ͇ÊÂÌÌÓÈ. íÓ„‰‡ ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÛ ÔˉÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÏÓÏÛ ÍÓÂÍÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÂÂ, Ú.Â. ÔË·„‡Ú¸ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ ÛÒËÎËfl ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÓÌflÚ¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÛ˛ ̇ÏË. àÌÓ„‰‡ ˝ÚÓ Û‰‡ÂÚÒfl (ÂÒÎË Ó¯Ë·ÍË, ‰ÓÔÛ˘ÂÌÌ˚ ÔË ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËË ÒÎÓ‚, ·˚ÎË ÌÂÁ̇˜ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË), ËÌÓ„‰‡ — ÌÂÚ (ÔË Ó˜Â̸ „Û·˚ı ӯ˷͇ı). ç‡ÔËÏÂ: ǘÂ‡ ÏÓË Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍË ÔËÂı‡ÎË ËÁ åÓÒÍ‚˚. — Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ Ç˜Â‡ ÏÓÈ Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍË Âı‡Ú¸ ËÁ åÓÒÍ‚˚. — ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ, ÌÓ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ Ç˜Â‡ ÏÓfl Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍË Âı‡Ú¸ åÓÒÍ‚‡. — ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ, ÔÓÌflÚ¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ. àÁ Ô˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÏÂÓ‚ ‚ˉÌÓ, ̇ÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‚ flÁ˚Í fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÔÓÒÓ·˚ ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ˝ÚË ÒÔÓÒÓ·˚ ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı flÁ˚͇ı ‡ÁÌ˚Â, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË ÒÚÓËÚ¸ Ù‡Á˚ ̇ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‡Ì‡Îӄ˘ÌÓ Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ·ÂÁÂÁÛθڇÚÌ˚ — Ï˚ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ÔÂÂÌÂÒÚË Í‡ÚËÌÍÛ (ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛) ËÁ Ò‚ÓÂÈ „ÓÎÓ‚˚ ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Û ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇. å˚ ÛÊ Á̇ÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓ ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌ˲ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ËÌÓÒÚ‡Ìˆ˚, ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘Ë ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í, ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ˚ Á‡ÔÓÏË̇ڸ Ó„ÓÏÌÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÛÒÒÍËı ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËË. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ê ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ ÌÂÚ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â. éÌË Ë Ì ÌÛÊÌ˚, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ‚Ò˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓ ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌ˲ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ — ‚ÓÚ ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ÔÂʉ ‚Ò„Ó, ÂÒÎË ıÓÚËÏ „‡ÏÓÚÌÓ Ë ÚÓÎÍÓ‚Ó ËÁ·„‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓË Ï˚ÒÎË Ì‡ ˝ÚÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. çÓ ‚‰¸ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÚÓÊ ÂÒÚ¸ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. ч, ÂÒÚ¸, ıÓÚfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ Á̇˜ËÏÓÒÚË ÓÌÓ ÒËθÌÓ ÛÒÚÛÔ‡ÂÚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÏÛ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Ó„ÓÏÌÛ˛ ‰Óβ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ·ÂÛÚ Ì‡ Ò·fl ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl. èÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ Í‡Í ·˚ ‚ Ô‡Â Ò ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËflÏË, ‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ, ıÓÚfl Ó·˙ÂÏ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÏÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚. á̇˜ËÚ, ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÏ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚÒfl ̘ÚÓ Ú‡ÍÓÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÍÓÏÔÂÌÒËÛÂÚ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ, ˜Â„Ó ÌÂÚ Û ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. ùÚÓ "̘ÚÓ" — ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl! á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÌflÚËÂ. èË ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËË ÛÒÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÓÌÓ Ì‡Ï ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ê β·Ó„Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. ÅÂÁ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÌÂθÁfl ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÌË Ó‰ÌÛ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÛ˛ Ù‡ÁÛ.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ 7 ÙÓÏÛÎ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó (‚ÒÂ„Ó Î˯¸ ÒÂϸ!); ÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÌË, Ë ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÌË ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl ‚Ò ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌË „‡ÏχÚËÍË; ‚ β·ÓÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ó‰Ì‡ ËÁ ÒÂÏË ÙÓÏÛÎ, ËÎË ÊÂ, ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÌÂθÁfl ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸, Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛfl Ó‰ÌÛ ËÁ ÒÂχ ÙÓÏÛÎ. ëıÂχ ÙÓÏÛÎ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. 鷢ˠÔÓÌflÚËfl, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ ÒıÂÏÂ: 1.

á‡ÎÓ„ (ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ). Active (‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚È) — ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â („·‚Ì˚È ˜ÎÂÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl) Ò‡ÏÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: ì˜ÂÌËÍË Ô˯ÛÚ ‰ËÍÚ‡ÌÚ. — ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ۘÂÌËÍË Ò‡ÏÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë =>Active Passive (ÒÚ‡‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚È) — ÍÓ„‰‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ̇‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ: 9

2. • • • • 3. ® ® ®

ÑËÍÚ‡ÌÚ Ô˯ÂÚÒfl Û˜ÂÌË͇ÏË. — ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ‰ËÍÚ‡ÌÚ ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡ÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ ÒÓ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl (Û˜ÂÌËÍË) =>Passive ï‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ). Indefinite — ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË Í‡Í Ó·˚˜ÌÓÏ Ù‡ÍÚÂ. Continuous — ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ú·ÛÂÚ Á‡Ú‡Ú˚ ̇ Ò·fl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË. Perfect — Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ) + ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl ‰Îfl ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇ + ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰Îfl ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂÏ Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË. Perfect Continuous —ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË, ÔÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘ÂÏ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ËÎË ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl). ÇÂÏfl (ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ). Past — Ôӯ‰¯Â Present — ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â Future — ·Û‰Û˘ÂÂ

ACTIVE 1. to ~ ~ ~ ~ 2. to be + ~ ~ ~ ~ ing 3. to have + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3-fl ÙÓχ) 4. to have been + ~ ~ ~ ~ ing îéêåìãõ: PASSIVE 1. to be + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3-fl ÙÓχ) 2. to be being + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3-fl ÙÓχ) 3. to have been + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (3-fl ÙÓχ) 4. Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Indefinite (1) Active Past Continuous (2) Present Perfect (3) Future Passive Perfect Continuous (4)

4 7

3

ä‡Í ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ Ò ÙÓÏÛ·ÏË Ë Ú‡·ÎˈÂÈ. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Î˛·ÓÈ Ù‡Á˚ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ì‡Ï ‚ÒflÍËÈ ‡Á ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ‚˚·‡Ú¸ Ó‰ÌÛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Û˛ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. èÓÒÚ‡‚Ë‚ ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ, Ï˚ ̇˜Ë̇ÂÏ ÔÓËÒÍ ÌÛÊÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ — ˢÂÏ Ó‰ÌÛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ËÁ ÒÂÏË. é·‡˘‡ÂÏÒfl Í í‡·ÎˈÂ: 1.

ACTIVE ËÎË PASSIVE? èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ҇ÏÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (Active), ËÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ̇‰ ÌËÏ (Passive)?

éÔ‰ÂÎË‚¯ËÒ¸ ÔÓ ˝ÚÓÈ ÍÓÎÓÌÍ ڇ·Îˈ˚, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ ÛÊ Ì 7, ‡ 4 ËÎË 3 ÙÓÏÛÎ˚. íÓ ÂÒÚ¸, ‚˚flÒÌflÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ Ó‰ÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: å‡Ï‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ. — ҇χ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ËÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ̇‰ ÌÂÈ? — ҇χfi Active îÓÏÛÎ˚ Passive ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ì‡Ï Ì ÌÛÊÌ˚, ‰‡Î¸¯Â ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÂÏ ÔÓËÒÍ ÚÓθÍÓ, ËÁ ˜ÂÚ˚Âı ÙÓÏÛÎ Active. 2.

ï‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. Ç˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl — Ò‡Ï˚È ÒÎÓÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ‚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ï˚ ˝ÚËÏ Ì Á‡ÌËχÂÏÒfl, "ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, Ì ËÏÂÂÏ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÔ˚Ú‡. ÅÓΠÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÌflÚË ‰Îfl ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌÓ ÌËÊÂ. èÓ͇ Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‚ ̇¯ÂÏ ÔËÏÂ ÔÓÒÚ‡fl: å‡Ï‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ. — ÔÓ͇ χχ ÒÔËÚ, ÔÓıÓ‰ËÚ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl fi Continuous. ç‡ıÓ‰ËÏ ‚ „ÛÔÔ Active ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ÔÓ‰ ˆËÙÓÈ 2. (Continuous) — to be + ~~~~ ing. á̇˜ËÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË Ì‡¯Â Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í, ÌÛÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˝ÚÛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ‰Îfl ̇ıÓʉÂÌËfl ÌÛÊÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔӇ̇ÎËÁËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‰‚ ÍÓÎÓÌ͇ ËÁ Ú‡·Îˈ˚. ÑÎfl ˜Â„Ó ÒÎÛÊËÚ ÚÂÚ¸fl ÍÓÎÓÌ͇? 10

íÂÚ¸fl ÍÓÎÓÌ͇ ÒÎÛÊËÚ ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ̇ȉÂÌÌÛ˛ ̇ÏË ÔÓ ÔÂ‚˚Ï ‰‚ÛÏ ÍÓÎÓÌÍ‡Ï ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ÑÂÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ÒÂϸ ÙÓÏÛÎ ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ (ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Infinitive), Ú.Â. Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ڸ? / ˜ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ?. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ì‡Ï Ú·ÛÂÚÒfl ÔӉ·ڸ ͇ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚˚·‡ÌÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl, ÍÓÚÓÓÂ Ë ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÚÂÚ¸ÂÈ ÍÓÎÓÌÍÂ. äÓӘ „Ó‚Ófl, ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ̇ÈÚË ÌÛÊÌÛ˛ ‰Îfl ͇ʉÓÈ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ ÔÂ‚˚Ï ‰‚ÛÏ ÍÓÎÓÌÍ‡Ï Ú‡·Îˈ˚, ‡ Á‡ÚÂÏ, ÔÓθÁÛflÒ¸ ÚÂÚ¸ÂÈ ÍÓÎÓÌÍÓÈ, ‚˚·‡Ú¸ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ‚ÂÏfl Ë ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ùÚÓ Ë ·Û‰ÂÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. à Ú‡Í Ò Í‡Ê‰˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ì ÒΉÛÂÚ ÚÓÓÔËÚ¸Òfl. èÓ̇˜‡ÎÛ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ÓÚÌËχÂÚ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË. à ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ Ê·ÌË (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ, ÂÒÎË Ù‡Á‡ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒÚÓÈ Ì‡ ‚ˉ) ÛÒÍÓËÚ¸ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡, Ì Ú‡ÚËÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl ̇ ÔÓÎÌ˚È ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. Ç ˝ÚÓÚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ë ‚˚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú ËÁ ÔÓÎfl ÁÂÌËfl ͇ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË, Ú.Â., ̇ÔËÏÂ, Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl Ë Á‡ÎÓ„, ÌÓ Á‡·Û‰ÂÏ Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl; Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl, ÌÓ Ì ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ Á‡ÎÓ„ Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë Ú.‰. èÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ̘ÚÓ ÔÓıÓÊ ̇ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÌËÂ. Ä ˝ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÌÂ̇‰ÂÊÌ˚È ÒÔÓÒÓ· ‰Îfl Ó·˘ÂÌËfl ̇ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. èÓ ÏÂ ̇ÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ̇‚˚ÍÓ‚ ‚ÂÏfl, Á‡Ú‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÏÓ ̇ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ÒÓÍ‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl, ÔÓ͇ ‚Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ì ÒÚ‡ÌÛÚ ÔÓ˜ÚË ‡‚ÚÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË. íÓ„‰‡ ̇ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌË Ù‡Á˚ ·Û‰ÛÚ ÛıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÛÊ Ì ÏËÌÛÚ˚, ‡ ‰ÓÎË ÒÂÍÛ̉˚. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ: Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ̇‰Ó Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl ‰Â·ڸ ‚Ò Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ, ‡ ÛÊ ÔÓÚÓÏ — ·˚ÒÚÓ. ÇÂÌÂÏÒfl Í ÙÓÏÛ·Ï.

àÁ ͇ÍËı ‰ÂÚ‡ÎÂÈ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚, Ë ‰Îfl ˜Â„Ó ÒÎÛÊËÚ Í‡Ê‰‡fl ‰Âڇθ. to — ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡; fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÓÏ ÛÒÒÍËı ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ -Ú¸ / -Ú¸Òfl / -˜¸, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ „·„Ó·. ëÚÓËÚ ÔÂ‰ ͇ʉÓÈ ÙÓÏÛÎÓÈ, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡fl, ˜ÚÓ ˝ÚÓ Infinitive. èË ‚‚‰ÂÌËË ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ËÒ˜ÂÁ‡ÂÚ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÙÓÏÛ· ·Óθ¯Â Ì Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ڸ?, ‡ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl. ÇÒ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË „·„ÓÎ˚ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÚÓÊ ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive, Ë ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ to Ì ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÌËÏË ÔÓÒÚÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËË ÏÂÒÚ‡.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË to ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ËÏÂÂÚ Ú‡ÍÊ Ô‰ÎÓ„, ÌÓ ÓÌ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ‡ Ì ÔÂ‰ „·„ÓÎÓÏ. é·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË ~~~ — ÒÎÓ‚‡ÌÓ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌË „·„Ó·. èË ÔÂÂÌÓÒ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ~~~ Á‡ÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl β·˚Ï ÌÛÊÌ˚Ï ÔÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË „·„ÓÎÓÏ, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚Ï ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ·ÂÁ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl ÙÓÏÛ·ı ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓÒΉÌËÏ. ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚Ï. ~~~ing — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Í Î˛·ÓÏÛ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏÛ „·„ÓÎÛ ËÁ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÏ -ing ‚ ÍÓ̈Â. á‰ÂÒ¸ ÔÓÌflÚË Ô‡‚ËθÌÓÒÚË Ë ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓÒÚË „·„Ó· Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, Ú.Â. -ing ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÏ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ËÎË ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È. ~~~ed(3), „‰Â (3) — ÚÂÚ¸fl ÙÓχ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰‚‡ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó·: 1. 2.

ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È — ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÏ Í ÒÎÓ‚‡ÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ -ed. ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È — ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ Â„Ó ÚÂÚ¸˛ ÙÓÏÛ.

ä‡Í ÛÁ̇ڸ, Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ËÎË ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È? ÑÂÎÂÌË ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ̇ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚Â Ë ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚ ˜ËÒÚÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌË͇ÍÓÈ ÓÒÏ˚ÒÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÏÂÚÓ‰ËÍË Ëı ‡Á΢ÂÌËfl Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ. ùÚÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl, ‡ ÙÓÏ˚ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ÔˉÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔÓÏË̇ڸ. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: to want ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â: Want [wont] ıÓÚÂÚ¸ 1-fl ÙÓχ í‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËfl èÂ‚Ӊ „·„ÓÎ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È, Á̇˜ËÚ, ‚ ÙÓÏÛΠÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÏ -ed; to give ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â: Give

[giv]

(gave, given)

‰‡‚‡Ú¸ 11

2-fl ÙÓχ, ÔÂ‚Ӊ 3-fl ÙÓχ „·„ÓÎ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È, Á̇˜ËÚ, ‚ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ ÚÂÚ¸˛ ÔÓ Ò˜ÂÚÛ ÙÓÏÛ ËÎË ÊÂ:

1-fl ÙÓχ

í‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËfl

to send ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â: Send 1-fl ÙÓχ

[send] (sent) ÔÓÒ˚·ڸ í‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËfl 2-fl ÙÓχ, ÔÂ‚Ӊ 3-fl ÙÓχ „·„ÓÎ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È, ÌÓ ‚ÚÓ‡fl Ë ÚÂÚ¸fl ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú (Ó ‚ÚÓÓÈ ÙÓÏ — ÌËÊÂ). àÌÓ„‰‡ ‚Ò ÚË ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ÏË: to put ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â:

Put 1-fl ÙÓχ

[put] (put) Í·ÒÚ¸, í‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËfl 2-fl ÙÓχ, èÓÎÓÊËÚ¸ 3-fl ÙÓχ ÔÂ‚Ӊ í‡Í Ï˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÏ ÔË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ, Ú.Â. ÍÓ„‰‡ Ò‡ÏË Ë˘ÂÏ ÌÛÊÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ. ÖÒÎË Ê ‰Â·ÂÏ ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó, ÚÓ ‚ ÙÓÏÛ·ı ÛÊ ·Û‰ÛÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ÚÓ‡fl ËÎË ÚÂÚ¸fl ÙÓÏ˚, ‡ Ì Infinitive. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ï˚ Ì ̇ȉÂÏ Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ‰‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í ÔÂ‚ÓÈ (ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ) ÙÓÏÂ. çÓ ÔÓ‰Ò͇ÁÍÛ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÏ. Ç˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ˝ÚÓ Ú‡Í: ....[..] past ÓÚ .... — ÒÎÓ‚Ó past ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÌÓÈ Òڇڸ ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ‰ ̇ÏË ‚ÚÓ‡fl ÙÓχ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ „·„Ó·: gave [geiv] past ÓÚ give — ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÌÛÊÌÓ ËÒ͇ڸ ‚ Òڇڸ give ....[...] .. ÓÚ .... — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË .. ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÚÂÚ¸ÂÈ ÙÓÏ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·: given [givn] .. ÓÚ give — ÔÂ‚Ӊ ˢÂÏ ‚ Òڇڸ give é·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ÍÓ̈ ‡Ì„ÎÓ-ÛÒÒÍËı ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÈ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÚÒfl Ú‡·Îˈ‡ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚ı (ÌÂÒڇ̉‡ÚÌ˚ı) „·„ÓÎÓ‚. íÓθÍÓ Ò‡Ï‡fl ÔÂ‚‡fl ÙÓÏÛ· ËÁ ÒÂÏË ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (˜ÚÓ, ÍÒÚ‡ÚË, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ Ó˜Â̸ ΄ÍÓ Ë ·˚ÒÚÓ ÓÚ΢‡Ú¸  ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ‰Û„Ëı), ÓÒڇθÌ˚ — ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ÚÂı. Ç Ú‡ÍËı ÙÓÏÛ·ı „·„ÓÎ˚ ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ (ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÓÒΉÌËÏË) Ë ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ (ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ÏË). ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ·ÂÂÚÒfl ͇ʉ˚È ‡Á ËÁ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl Ë ÒÚÓ„Ó ÔËÓ·ÂÚ‡ÂÚ ‚ˉ, Á‡‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÂÏÛ ÔÓ ÙÓÏÛÎÂ: ~ ~ ~ ing; ~ ~ ~ ed / 3-fl ÙÓχ. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËÈ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ÙÓÏÛΠ(to be ËÎË to have) ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡fl Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl. ÇÚÓÓÈ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ (‚ ÚÂı ÙÓÏÛ·ı, „‰Â ÓÌ ÂÒÚ¸: been / being) ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl Ë ÒÎÛÊËÚ Î˯¸ ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰‡Ì̇fl ÙÓÏÛ· ÓÚ΢‡Î‡Ò¸ ÓÚ ‰Û„Ëı.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ‚Ò ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ̉ÂÎËÏ˚, Ú.Â. ËÁ ÌËı ÌÂθÁfl ‚˚·ÓÒËÚ¸ ÌË Ó‰ÌÓÈ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË, ÍÓÏ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to; Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ Ëı Í‡Í Ó‰ÌÓ ÛÒÒÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó; ‚ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ÌÂθÁfl ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÌË͇ÍË ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË, ͇ʉ‡fl ÙÓÏÛ· ÛÊ ËÏÂÂÚ Ò‚ÓÈ Á‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌ˚È ‚ˉ; β·Ó ÒÚÛÍÚÛÌÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ËÎË ‚‰ÂÚ Í Â ‡ÒÔ‡‰Û (ÂÒÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ‚˚·ÓÒËÚ¸), ËÎË ÊÂ Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ-ÚÓ ÌÓ‚ÓÏÛ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˲ (ÂÒÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ‰Ó·‡‚ËÚ¸), ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ÂÚ Â ӉË̇ÍÓ‚Ó ÌÂÔÓÌflÚÌÓÈ; ‚ ͇ʉÓÈ ÙÓÏÛΠÛÊ Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ͇ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ÔËÁ̇ÍË ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, Ë Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÌËχڸ Ëı, Í‡Í ‰Â·˛Ú ˝ÚÓ ÌÓÒËÚÂÎË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: to be ~ ~ ~ ing Active Continuous — ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë ÔÓ ı‡‡ÍÚÂÛ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÂ. àÁÏÂÌË‚ ÙÓÏÛ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (be), ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÏ ‚ÂÏfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ˝ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÎÓÒ¸, ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚÒfl ËÎË ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÓ‚Â¯‡Ú¸Òfl. àÚ‡Í Ò Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ÙÓÏÛÎÓÈ. íÂÔÂ¸ ÓÔflÚ¸ ‚ÒÔÓÏÌËÏ Ì‡¯ ÔËÏÂ: å‡Ï‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ. èÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË ˝ÚÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. 12

ÇÒ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÏ ‚ ÒÚÓ„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË: èÓθÁÛflÒ¸ Ô‡‚ËÎÓÏ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ Ì‡ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â Mother (·ÂÂÏ Â„Ó ËÁ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl ËÎË „ÓÎÓ‚˚). 2. ç‡ ‚ÚÓÓÏ ÏÂÒÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‰Ûχڸ, ͇ÍÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ë Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. è‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‚ β·ÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÂÂÌÂÒÚË Í‡ÚËÌÍÛ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ËÁ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó — ˝ÚÓ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ ‚Ò„‰‡. 燘Ë̇ÂÏ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÔÓ Ú‡·ÎˈÂ: 1.

Active ËÎË Passive? fi Active 1, 2, 3, 4 — ? — 2 (Continuous). èÓÒΠ‚ÚÓÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ̇ıÓ‰ËÏ ÌÛÊÌÛ˛ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ‰Îfl ̇¯ÂÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ë ÙËÍÒËÛÂÏ ÂÂ: to be + ~ ~ ~ ing ç‡ıÓ‰ËÏ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ / „ÓÎÓ‚Â: sleep (slept) — „·„ÓÎ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È, ÌÓ ‰Îfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ˝ÚÓ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ Í Î˛·ÓÏÛ „·„ÓÎÛ ÔË·‡‚ÎflÚ¸ -ing. ÇÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ: to be sleeping çÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ̇fl ÙÓÏÛ· ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓ͇ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive, Ì ӷÓÁ̇˜‡fl ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË. Ä Ì‡Ï ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ, Ú.Â. χχ ÒÔËÚ (‡ Ì Òԇ· ËÎË ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÔ‡Ú¸) — Present. è‡ÛÁ‡ ‚ ‡·ÓÚ — Ï˚ Ì Á̇ÂÏ, Í‡Í Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl.

ä‡Í ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ̇ȉÂÌÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ÂÏfl? óÛÚ¸ ‚˚¯Â Ï˚ ÛÊ „Ó‚ÓËÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (‚ Ó‰ÌËı ÙÓÏÛ·ı — to be, ‚ ‰Û„Ëı — to have). á̇˜ËÚ, ÔÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Í‡Í-ÚÓ ËÁÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl. ä‡Í? á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ÓÔflÚ¸ ҉·ÂÏ Ì·Óθ¯Ó ÓÚÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËÂ Ë Ó·‡ÚËÏÒfl Í ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ flÁ˚ÍÛ. Ç ÛÒÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ‚Ò „·„ÓÎ˚ ËÁÏÂÌfl˛Ú Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÚÂı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚: ‚ÂÏfl (ÔÓÒËÎ, ÔÓ¯Û, ÔÓÔÓ¯Û); ÎËˆÓ (fl ÔÓ¯Û, Ú˚ ÔÓÒ˯¸, ÓÌ ÔÓÒËÚ); ˜ËÒÎÓ (fl ÔÓ¯Û, Ï˚ ÔÓÒËÏ). Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÚÓÊ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ˝ÚË ÚË ÔËÁ͇̇, ÌÓ ËÁÏÂÌfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÌËÏ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÂ‚˚ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚, ‚Ò Ú Ê to be Ë to have. ¸ ¸ ¸

îÓÏ˚ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Îˈ‡ Ë ˜ËÒ·. ç‡Ï ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ‡ ‚ÓÚ ˜ËÒÎÓ Ë ÎËˆÓ — ˝ÚÓ ÔËÁ̇ÍË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË Ó·Î‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ, ‡ ‚‰¸ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Òӄ·ÒÛÂÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ ËÎË ÔÓÌflÚËfl, Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Óڂ˜‡˛˘ËÏ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ äíé? ËÎË óíé?) ËÎË Ê ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ (ÌÓ ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Óڂ˜‡˛˘ËÏ Ì‡ Ú‡ÍÓÈ Ê ‚ÓÔÓÒ). åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ÓÎË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, ̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ΢Ì˚ÏË Ë ‚˚„Îfl‰flÚ Ú‡Í: ãˈÓ

‰. ˜ËÒÎÓ

ÏÌ. ˜ËÒÎÓ

1

I (fl)

We (Ï˚)

2

—

You (Ú˚ / ‚˚)

3

ç (ÓÌ) She (Ó̇) It (ÓÌÓ)

They (ÓÌË)

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË: ÚÓθÍÓ ˝ÚË ÙÓÏ˚ ΢Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl; Û Î˘Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Û„Ë ÙÓÏ˚ (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ 4), ÌÓ Ëı ÌÂθÁfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó; ÙÓÏ˚ 2-„Ó Îˈ‡ ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ̠ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÛÒÒÍÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË Ú˚ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ë ‚˚; he (ÓÌ) Ë she (Ó̇) ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í Î˛‰flÏ (Á‡ Ì·Óθ¯ËÏ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ), ‚Ò ÓÒڇθÌÓ ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ— it: ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ: ÒÚÓÎ — ÓÌ / ·ÏÔ‡ — Ó̇ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ: 13

table — if / lamp — it

to be Present

Past

1 I am

We are

1

I was

We were

2 —

You are

2

—

You were

3

He was She was They were It was

He is 3 She is They are It is

to have Past

Present 1 I have

We have

1

I had

We had

2 —

You have

2

—

You had

3

He had She had They had It had

He has 3 She has They have It has

FUTURE (ÅÛ‰Û˘Â ‚ÂÏfl). ÑÎfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ ·Û‰Û˘Â ‚ÂÏfl, ÌÛÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ shall (‰Îfl 1-„Ó Îˈ‡) ËÎË will (‰Îfl 2-„Ó Ë 3-„Ó Îˈ‡). é·‡ ˝ÚË „·„Ó· ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ‚ÒÂÈ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚; ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ to ËÒ˜ÂÁ‡ÂÚ, ‡ ‚Òfl ÓÒڇθ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÂÁ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ: 1 2 3

I shall ---

We shall ---

-

You will ---

He will --She will --It will ---

They will ---

„‰Â ~~~ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì ÔÓÒÚÓ Ó‰ËÌ „·„ÓÎ, ÌÓ ‚Ò˛ (β·Û˛ Ó‰ÌÛ ËÁ ÒÂÏË) ÙÓÏÛÎÛ. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: ç will be ~~~ ing. We shall have ~~~ ed (3).

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: ÙÓÏÛ· Passive Continuous fi to be being ~ ~ ~ ed (3) Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏ˚ Future; ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÙÓχ ·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ÒÎÓ‚: ·Û‰Û + ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ÙÓχ (·Û‰Û ÒÔ‡Ú¸ / ·Û‰Û ʉ‡Ú¸ / ...); ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ڇÍËı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÙÓχ Infinitive ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to (·Û‰ÂÚ ÍÛËÚ¸ fi will smoke); „·„ÓÎ to be ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÓÓ·˘Â. ÇÂÌÂÏÒfl ÒÌÓ‚‡ Í Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲ å‡Ï‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ. è‡ÛÁ‡ ‚ ̇¯ÂÈ ‡·ÓÚ ‚ÓÁÌËÍ· ‚ ÚÓÚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ‚ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ ÌÛÊÌÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. íÂÔÂ¸ Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ. á‡ÏÂÌË‚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â Mother ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ (She), ̇ȉÂÏ ÙÓÏÛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be fl‰ÓÏ Ò ˝ÚËÏ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Present) — is. á̇˜ËÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ËÁ ÙÓÏ˚ Infinitive ‚ Present, ÌÛÊÌÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÚ¸ „·„ÓÎ to be ÙÓÏÓÈ is. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „ÓÚÓ‚Ó — is sleeping. íÂÔÂ¸ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÓÌÓ Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Active Continuous Present, ˜ÚÓ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ: Ac-five fi ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ҇ÏÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË); Continuous fi ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÓÚÌËχÂÚ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl (Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË); Present fi ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ (Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË), Ú.Â. ‚Ò ÚË ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÒÓ‚Ô‡ÎË — ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ. 14

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÂÒÎË ıÓÚfl ·˚ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÏ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰ÓÔÛ˘Â̇ ӯ˷͇, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓȉÂÚ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ flÁ˚Í Ò ËÒ͇ÊÂÌËflÏË; ‚Ò ÚË ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ‡ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÒÓ‚Ô‡ÒÚ¸: å‡Ï‡ ÒÔËÚ. fi Mother is sleeping. èÓÒΠÁ‡‚Â¯ÂÌËfl ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ì‡Ï ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‡ÒÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚Ò ÓÒڇθÌ˚ ˜ÎÂÌ˚, ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflflÒ¸ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ ÒÎÓ‚. ÅÓθ¯Â ÌË͇ÍÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚ Ì Ú·ÛÂÚÒfl, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÌÂÚ, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ‰Ûχڸ ̇‰ Ëı ‚˚·ÓÓÏ. Ç Ì‡¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÔÓ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰ÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó: now (ÒÂȘ‡Ò). éÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡: å‡Ï‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ. fi Mother is sleeping now. Ç ÚÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ÍÓÚÓÓ Ï˚ ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ‚ÂÎË, ·˚· ÓÔË҇̇ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl, ÓÚÌËχ˛˘‡fl ‚ÂÏfl, Ú.Â. ÔÓ ı‡‡ÍÚÂÛ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ·˚ÎÓ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï fi Continuous. èÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛. å‡Ï‡ ÒÔËÚ ıÓÓ¯Ó, (‚Ò„‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ χχ ÎÓÊËÚÒfl ÒÔ‡Ú¸, Ó̇ ÒÔËÚ ıÓÓ¯Ó) Ç ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ó·˚˜ÌÓ / ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÏÓÂ; Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‚Ó‚Ò Ì ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍË‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Á‡Ú‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ÂÏfl, ÓÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓ ÔÓ‰‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ù‡ÍÚ fi Indefinite. Ñ·ÂÏ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ҇χ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë fi Active; ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ù‡ÍÚ fi Indefinite. Ç „ÛÔÔ Active ̇ıÓ‰ËÏ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ÔÓ‰ ˆËÙÓÈ 1 (Indefinite): to ~~~. èÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Û Ì‡Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Present (‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË). àÚ‡Í, Ï˚ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎËÒ¸ Ò ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ÏË ÔË̈ËÔ‡ÏË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓÒÚ˚ı ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ. èÓ‚ÚÓËÏ ÍÓÓÚÍÓ „·‚Ì˚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ˚. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

èÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ÔÓÏÌËÏ: ì ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ÒÎÓ‚ ÌÂÚ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í „·‚ÌÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓ ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡Ì˲ ÒÏ˚Ò· ËÁ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ, ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇, ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‚ ͇ʉÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ. ëÎÓ‚‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÒÚÓ„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÏ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ. ÇÂÒ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚ı Ó·ÒÎÛÊË‚‡˛Ú ÚÓθÍÓ 7 ÙÓÏÛÎ. çÛÊÌÛ˛ ‰Îfl Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚˚·‡Ú¸, ÚÓθÍÓ ÔӇ̇ÎËÁËÓ‚‡‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÔÓ ÚÂÏ ÔËÁ͇̇Ï: Á‡ÎÓ„ / ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl / ‚ÂÏfl. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÛÏÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ÛÒËÎËfl ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ̇ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ‡·ÓÚ‡ Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÌÂÒ‡‚ÌËÏÓ Î„˜Â.

èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. 1.

ëÚ‡‚ËÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â (ÂÒÎË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ËÏÂÂÚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÚÓ ÓÌË ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ; Ò‡ÏÓ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ / ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË Ì‡Á˚‚‡˛Ú „ÛÔÔÓÈ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó). A man is smoking now.fi åÛʘË̇ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÍÛËÚ. A big man is smoking now.fi ÅÓθ¯ÓÈ ÏÛʘË̇ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÍÛËÚ. A good big man is smoking now.fi ïÓÓ¯ËÈ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÏÛʘË̇ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÍÛËÚ.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË:

Ä — ‡ÚËÍθ (·Û‰ÂÏ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ ÌËÊÂ); ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ smoke (ÍÛËÚ¸) Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ -Â; ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í Ú‡ÍËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï -ing ËÎË -ed ÍÓ̘̇fl - ËÒ˜ÂÁ‡ÂÚ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ smoking (smoked). 2. ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ 3.

Ä̇ÎËÁËÛÂÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: ‚˚·Ë‡ÂÏ Active ËÎË Passive; ‚˚·Ë‡ÂÏ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (1, 2, 3, 4) — ̇ıÓ‰ËÏ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ; ‚˚·Ë‡ÂÏ ‚ÂÏfl (Past / Present / Future); ËÁÏÂÌflfl ÙÓÏÛ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÙÓÏÛ·ı, ÍÓÏ Active Indefinite), ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ ‚ ÌÛÊÌÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ Â ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ê‡ÒÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ ‚Ò ÓÒڇθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ Á‡‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ. 15

á‡ÍÂÔËÏ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚È Ï‡ÚÂˇΠÔËÏÂ‡ÏË. ꇷÓÚ‡fl Ò ÔËÏÂ‡ÏË, ·Û‰¸Ú ӘÂ̸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ‚ ÌËı ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ÍÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË Ë ÔÓflÒÌÂÌËfl, ͇҇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÏÂÎÍËı ‰ÂÚ‡ÎÂÈ, Ì ÚÂ·Û˛˘Ëı ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ Ô‡‚Ë·. èÓ˜‡˘Â Á‡‰‡‚‡ÈÚ Ò· ‚ÓÔÓÒ: "èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ú‡Í, ‡ Ì Ë̇˜Â?". ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ò‡ÏË ÒÚ‡‡ÈÚÂÒ¸ ÓÚ‚ÂÚËÚ¸ ̇ Ì„Ó. ÖÒÎË Ì ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, ÔÓÏÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ì‡ÈÚË ‚ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÏ ‚˚¯Â χÚÂˇÎÂ. è‡Ô‡ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ „‡ÁÂÚ˚ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸.fi Father reads (Active Indefinite Present) papers every day. è‡Ô‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÍÛËÚ.fi Father is smoking (Active Continuous Present) now. çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ χχ Òԇ·.fi Mother wax sleeping (Active Continuous Past) several minutes ago.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ Í ÒÎÓ‚Û minutes:

‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÛÚÂÏ ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËfl -s ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡ (‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ minute fi ÏËÌÛÚ‡); ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËflÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı, Ëı ÙÓÏ˚ ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ì˚ı ÒÚ‡Ú¸flı; Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï (ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï) -s Ì ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl, Ëı ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÛÁ̇ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÙÓÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó. ÅÓθ¯Ë χθ˜ËÍË ˜ËÚ‡ÎË ÌÓ‚˚ ÍÌË„Ë.fi Big boys were reading (Active Continuous Past) new books. ᇂÚ‡ fl Û‚ËÊÛ Ï‡ÎÂ̸ÍËı ‰Â‚Ó˜ÂÍ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ.fi I shall see (Active Indefinite Future) small girls together tomorrow. çÂÒÍÓθÍËı χÎÂ̸ÍËı χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ ‚ˉÂÎË ‚˜Â‡ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÌÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, Ú.Â. ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó Ì Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÍÚÓ? / ˜ÚÓ?; ÌÓ Ï˚ Á̇ÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó;

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ó‰ËÌ ËÎË Ó·‡ „·‚Ì˚ı ˜ÎÂ̇ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ Ë / ËÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ), ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ÓÌË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ; ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ì‡Ï ÔˉÂÚÒfl ‰‡Ê ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ Ëı ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, ÌÓ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓÁÊÂ; ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ ‚ ̇¯ÂÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË „·‚Ì˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl (χθ˜ËÍË), ÚÓθÍÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚ Ì ÓÌ Ò‡Ï, ̇ӷÓÓÚ, ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚÒfl ̇‰ ÌËÏ fi Passive; ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÎÓ‚Ó Ï‡Î¸˜ËÍÓ‚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ÓÌÓ Ì ÒÚÓËÚ (‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË) ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ; Ì‡Ï ÛÊ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ԇ‰ÂÊÌ˚ı ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, Ú.Â. ‚Ò ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı, ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı, ̇˜ËÈ, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ‡Á΢Ì˚Ï ÛÒÒÍËÏ Ô‡‰ÂʇÏ, ‚˚„Îfl‰flÚ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó: ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ \ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı \ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏ fi several ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏË / χθ˜ËÍË \ χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ \ χθ˜Ë͇ÏË fi boys ( -s Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ) χÎÂ̸ÍËı \ χÎÂ̸ÍËÈ \ χÎÂ̸ÍÓ„Ó fi small ÔÛÒÚ¸ Ì‡Ò Ì ÒÏÛ˘‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÎÓÒ¸ ̇‰ χθ˜Ë͇ÏË, ‡ Ì ËÏË Ò‡ÏËÏË; ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ÂÚ ÙÓÏÛ· Passive. àÚ‡Í: çÂÒÍÓθÍËı χÎÂ̸ÍËı χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ ‚ˉÂÎË ‚˜Â‡ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ.fi Several small boys were seen (Passive Indefinite Past) together yesterday. (ÏÓÊÌÓ: Yesterday ......... together.) àı ‚ˉÂÎË ‚˜Â‡.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ:

ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ÓÔflÚ¸ ÌÂÚ, ÌÓ Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ̇‰ ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ‡ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ; ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ Ëı (them), ÌÓ ˝ÚÓ Ì ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ; ‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ (!!!) ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ; ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı (΢Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ) Ï˚ Á̇ÂÏ; ÔÓÌËχfl, ˜ÚÓ Ëı Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÓ ÓÚ ÓÌË, ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË they: àı ‚ˉÂÎË ‚˜Â‡.fi They were seen (Passive Indefinite Past) yesterday. Ö„Ó Û‚Ë‰flÚ Á‡‚Ú‡.fi ç will be seen (Passive Indefinite Future) tomorrow. äÌË„Û ÒÂȘ‡Ò ˜ËÚ‡˛Ú.fi The (‡ÚËÍθ) book is being read (Passive Continuous Present) now. äÌË„Ë ÒÂȘ‡Ò ˜ËÚ‡˛Ú.fi The books are being read (Passive Continuous Present) now. å˚ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: 16

‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÌÂÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸; Ò͇ÁÛÂÏӠ΄ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl: ÂÒÚ¸ — ÙÓχ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÓÚ ·˚Ú¸ fi to be;

áÄèéåçàíÖ: „·„ÓÎ to be ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Í‡Í ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È, ÌÓ Ë Í‡Í ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó‰ËÌ (Active Indefinite), Ú.Â. ÔÓÒΠÌÂ„Ó ÌÂÚ ·Óθ¯Â „·„ÓθÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ, Ó·‡ÁÛ˛˘Ëı ͇ÍÛ˛-ÎË·Ó ÙÓÏÛÎÛ; ÓÌ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È, ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏ˚: was / were, been; ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ·˚Ú¸ / ̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl; é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: „·„ÓÎ to be— ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, „‰Â ‚ÚÓ‡fl ÙÓχ ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl Â˘Â Ì‡ ‰‚Â: was — Past Indefinite ‰Îfl ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·, a were — Past Indefinite ‰Îfl ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó; ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ to be ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ú‡ÍÊÂ, Í‡Í to be ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È, Ú.Â. Òӄ·ÒÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ ÔÓ ÔËÁÌ‡Í‡Ï ˜ËÒ· Ë Îˈ‡: å˚ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚.fi We are (Active Indefinite Present) students. å˚ ·˚ÎË ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ‡ÏË.fi We were (Active Indefinite Past) students. ü ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ.fi I am (Active Indefinite Present) a student. ü ·˚Î ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓÏ.fi I was (Active Indefinite Past) a student. ü ·Û‰Û ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓÏ.fi I shall be (Active Indefinite Future) a student. å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ‡ÏË.fi We shall be (Active Indefinite Future) students. éÌ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ.fi He is (Active Indefinite Present) a student.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ì ÏÂÌfl / ì ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ÂÒÚ¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Í‡Í ü Ëϲ / äÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ËÏÂÂÚ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó.; ËÏÂÚ¸ fi to have; ˝ÚÓÚ „·„ÓÎ ÚÓÊ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ÌÓ Ë ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï; Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ò to be, to have fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó‰ËÌ (Active Indefinite); ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È; ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È — to have (had). ì ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ ‰ÓÏ.fi I have (Active Indefinite Present) a house. ì ÏÂÌfl ·˚Î ‰ÓÏ.fi I had (Active Indefinite Past) a house. ì Ì‡Ò ·˚Î ‰ÓÏ.fi We had (Active Indefinite Past) a house. ì Ì ÂÒÚ¸ ‰ÓÏ.fi She has (Active Indefinite Present) a house. ì ÌËı ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰ÓÏ.fi They will have (Active Indefinite Future) a house. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ËÏÂÚ¸ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Î˛‰Ë, ÌÓ Ë ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚: Ç ‰ÓÏ ‰‚‡ ÓÍ̇.fi The house has two windows.(ÑÓÏ ËÏÂÂÚ ...) Ç ÍÓÏ̇Ú ӉÌÓ ÓÍÌÓ.fi The room has one window.(äÓÏ̇ڇ ËÏÂÂÚ...) ì χ¯ËÌ˚ ·˚ÎÓ ÚË ‰‚ÂË.fi The car had three doors.(凯Ë̇ ËÏ·...) ì χ¯ËÌ˚ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ó‰Ì‡ ‰‚Â¸.fi The car will have one door.(凯Ë̇ ·Û‰ÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ...) ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È to do ÚÓÊ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï. ëËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ú‡ ÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ò to be Ë to have — ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰ËÌ (Active Indefinite), ÌÓ ÛÊ Ì ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı, ‡ ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı; ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È — to do (did; done); ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È; ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ‰Â·ڸ: ü ‰Â·˛ ˝ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸.fi I do (Active Indefinite Present) it everyday. å˚ ‰Â·ÎË ˝ÚÓ ‚˜Â‡.fi We did (Active Indefinite Past) it yesterday. éÌ ‰Â·ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸.fi ç does (Active Indefinite Present) it every day. ü ҉·˛ ˝ÚÓ Á‡‚Ú‡.fi I shall do (Active Indefinite Future) it tomorrow. éÌË Ò‰Â·˛Ú ˝ÚÓ Á‡‚Ú‡.fi They will do (Active Indefinite Future) it tomorrow. Ç˚, ‚ˉËÏÓ, ÛÊ ӷ‡ÚËÎË ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÂ‰Ë Ì‡¯Ëı ÔËÏÂÓ‚ ÌÂÚ ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÙÓÏÛÎ Perfect Ë Perfect Continuous. ÑÂÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ó·Â ˝ÚË ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ÌÂÒÛÚ ‚ Ò· ËÌÙÓχˆË˛ Ò‡ÁÛ Í‡Í ·˚ ÔÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏ Ô‡‡ÏÂÚ‡Ï. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì ̇‰ÂÎÂÌÓ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ÏË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚflÏË, Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ÒÚ‡ÎÍË‚‡ÂÏÒfl Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÚÓ Â˘Â ·ÓΠÌÂÔË‚˚˜Ì˚Ï ‰Îfl ̇Ò, ÌÂÊÂÎË Indefinite Ë Continuous. å˚ ÛÊ „Ó‚ÓËÎË, ˜ÚÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl — ˝ÚÓ Ò‡Ï˚È ÒÎÓÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÌÓ ‡ÁÓ·‡Ú¸Òfl Ò ÌËÏ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ. 17

ä‡Í ‚˚·Ë‡Ú¸ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. 1. INDEFINITE. ÇÒÚ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ˜‡˘Â ‚Ò„Ó, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ‚ ‚ˉ ÔÓÒÚÓ„Ó ËÌÙÓχˆËÓÌÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl, Ú.Â., ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ Continuous 7 Perfect / Perfect Continuous, Ì Ú·ÛÂÚ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ͇ÍÓ„ÓÎË·Ó ÔËÁ͇̇ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË (‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ / Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ / Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÒΠ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË).

áÄèéåçàíÖ: Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚˚·‡Ú¸ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÏÓÊÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ ‚ÒÂÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË; ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ ‚ÁflÚ˚ ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÎÛÊËÚ¸ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, Ì ÓÚ΢‡flÒ¸ ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÌË Ó‰ÌÓÈ ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ: ü ÍÛ˛.fi ÑÓχ: - è‡Ô‡, ÔÓÏÓ„Ë ¯ËÚ¸ Á‡‰‡˜ÍÛ. - ü ÍÛ˛. (Á‡ÌflÚ, Ú‡˜Û ‚ÂÏfl ̇ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ‰Û„ÓÂ)fi Active Continuous Present fi I am smoking. Ç ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË ÏÛʘËÌ: - åÓÊÂÚ ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ Û„ÓÒÚËÚ¸ ÏÂÌfl ÒË„‡ÂÚÓÈ, ËÎË ÍÛ„ÓÏ Ó‰ÌË ÌÂÍÛfl˘ËÂ? - ü ÍÛ˛. (Ì ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ, ‡ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â; ÏÓ„Û Û„ÓÒÚËÚ¸ ÒË„‡ÂÚÓÈ)fi Active Indefinite Present fi I smoke. èÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸ ‰‚‡ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‡ÁÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ fl ÒÓ‚ÂÚÛ˛ Ò Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó Ì‡˜‡Î‡ ÔËÛ˜‡Ú¸ Ò·fl Í ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó·‡˘‡Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÌË ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÌÓ ‚ ‡‚ÌÓÈ ÏÂÂ Ë Ì‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛, ËÁ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÓÌË "‚˚ÓÒÎË". äÒÚ‡ÚË, Ë ‚ ÊËÁÌË ‚‰¸ ÚÓÊ ͇ʉ‡fl ÔÓËÁÌÂÒÂÌ̇fl ̇ÏË Ù‡Á‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ì ҇χ ÔÓ Ò·Â, ‡ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ ËÎË ÍÓÏÏÂÌÚËÛÂÚ Í‡ÍÛ˛-ÎË·Ó ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛. Ç ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ò Indefinite Ò͇ÁÛÂÏӠ΄ÍÓ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ Ò ÔÓÌflÚËÂÏ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â, ‡ Ì ‚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ; ü ÍÛ˛ (‚ÓÓ·˘Â). ü ıÓÊÛ ‚ ÍËÌÓ (‚ÓÓ·˘Â). ë‡ÏÓÎÂÚ˚ ÎÂÚ‡˛Ú ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ (‚ÓÓ·˘Â). àı ‰ÂÚÂÈ Î˛·flÚ ‚Ò (‚ÓÓ·˘Â). ÇÓ‰‡ ÍËÔËÚ ÔË 100 °ë (‚ÓÓ·˘Â). îÓÏÛÎ˚ Indefinite (Active Ë Passive) ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛Ú ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ β·ÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Past / Present / Future): ü ÍÛËÎ / ÍÛ˛ / ·Û‰Û ÍÛËÚ¸. ü ıÓ‰ËÎ / ıÓÊÛ / ÔÓÈ‰Û ‚ ÍËÌÓ. àı ‰ÂÚÂÈ Î˛·ËÎË / β·flÚ / ÔÓβ·flÚ ‚ÒÂ. óÛÚ¸ ‚˚¯Â ÛÊ ÓÚϘ‡ÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ ‚ÁflÚ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÚÛ‰ÌÓ ÓÚ΢ËÚ¸ Indefinite ÓÚ Continuous. èÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ËÁ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: ü ÍÛ˛. (‰Óχ) / ü ÍÛ˛. (‚ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË).

2. CONTINUOUS. óÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÊËÁ̸ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ̇ „Ó‰˚ / ÏÂÒflˆ˚ / ̉ÂÎË / ÒÛÚÍË / ˜‡Ò˚ / ÏËÌÛÚ˚ / ÒÂÍÛ̉˚. í‡Í ‚ÓÚ, ÂÒÎË ‚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËË ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Past / Present / Future ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÓÚÌËχÂÚ Û ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ÍÛÒÓ˜ÂÍ ÊËÁÌË, ÚÓ ÔÓ ı‡‡ÍÚÂÛ Ú‡Í‡fl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Continuous: ü ÍÛ˛ (ÒÂȘ‡Ò).— Ú‡˜Û ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ ÊËÁÌË Ì‡ ˝ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂfi Continuous ü ÍÛ˛ (‚ÓÓ·˘Â).fi Indefinite ü ¯Î‡ ‚ ÍËÌÓ.fi Continuous ü ıӉ˷ ‚ ÍËÌÓ.fi Indefinite Ç Future ‡Á΢ˠÏÂÊ‰Û Continuous Ë Indefinite Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÓ ÌÂ Ú‡Í flÍÓ, Í‡Í ‚ Past ËÎË Present. ǘÂÓÏ fl ·Û‰Û ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ. éÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ıÓÚËÏ ·Óθ¯Â ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍÌÛÚ¸ ‚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËË. ÖÒÎË ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl — Continuous: — ч‚‡È Ò˚„‡ÂÏ ‚˜ÂÓÏ ‚ ¯‡ıχÚ˚. — àÁ‚ËÌË, ‚˜ÂÓÏ fl ·Û‰Û ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ, (ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÏÌ Ô‰·„‡˛Ú Á‡Ú‡ÚËÚ¸ ̇ Ë„Û ‚ ¯‡ıχÚ˚, fl Á‡Ú‡˜Û ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ). ÖÒÎË ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÏ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË, Ì ‰Â·fl ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÛÔÓ ̇ Á‡Ú‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÏÓ ‚ÂÏfl — Indefinite: ǘÂÓÏ fl ·Û‰Û ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ. Ä ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, ÍÌË„Û Í‡ÍÛ˛-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡˛ ËÎË ÒıÓÊÛ ‚ ÍËÌÓ. ÖÒÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ, ÚÓ ÓÔflÚ¸ Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Continuous Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÚ ‡Á‚ËÚË ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Ú.Â. ˜ÚÓ·˚ ̇ ÌÂ„Ó Ú‡ÚËÎÓÒ¸ ‚ÂÏfl: à‰ÂÚ ‰Óʉ¸. ÇÓ‰‡ ‚ ˜‡ÈÌËÍ ÍËÔËÚ. 18

Continuous ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ú‡ÍÊ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ, ÌÓ ËÏÂÂÚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ËÎË ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓÒÚË: Ç Ì‡¯ÂÏ „ÓӉ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl ÌÓ‚‡fl „ÓÒÚËÌˈ‡. ÉÓ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ‡ÁÛ¯‡˛ÚÒfl.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚, ‚˚‡Ê‡˛˘Ë ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËÂ, Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ Continuous: to wantfi ıÓÚÂÚ¸ to likefi Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl to lovefi β·ËÚ¸ to knowfi Á̇ڸ to seefi ‚ˉÂÚ¸ Ë ‰. èË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Ú‡ÍËı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÔÓÔÓÒÚÛ ÌÂθÁfl Á‡ÎÓÊËÚ¸ Û͇Á‡ÌË ̇ Á‡Ú‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÏÓ ‚ÂÏfl.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ‚ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, „‰Â ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Á‡Ô·ÌËÓ‚‡ÌÓ / Ó„Ó‚ÓÂÌÓ / ̇‚ÂÌfl͇ ÔÓËÁÓȉÂÚ, ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ Indefinite Future ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Continuous Present; ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÓıÓÊËÈ ÔËÂÏ: ǘÂÓÏ Ï˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÏ. / ãÂÚÓÏ ÓÌË Â‰ÛÚ Ì‡ ÏÓÂ. / å‡Ï‡ ÔËÂÁʇÂÚ ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÌÂÈ. ÌÓ ÂÒÎË ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ڇÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸ Ë Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÙÓÏ ·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË (·Û‰ÂÏ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ / ÔÓ‰ÛÚ /ÔˉÂÚ), ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — ÚÓθÍÓ Continuous Present: We are working in the evening. They are going to the sea in summer. Mother is coming in a few days. ‚ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË to be going to do something, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ÒÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓÎË·Ó: We are going to work in the evening. They are going to go to the sea in summer. Mother is going to come in a few days.

3. PERFECT. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„Ó‚ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ·Óθ¯Ë ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ Ò ÔÂ‚ӉÓÏ. èÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ ‡ÁÓ·‡Ú¸Òfl, ÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÏ Ó˜Â̸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚. ùÚÓÚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ ‡Á‰ÂθÌÓ ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂ̇Ï.

Perfect Present. ã˛·Ó Á‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ü ÍÛÔËÎ / Ô˯ÂÎ / ۂˉÂÎ Ë Ú.‰. Ä ‡Ì„΢‡Ì Ì ‚ÒflÍÓ Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχ˛Ú ‚ Past. àÌÓ„‰‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Indefinite Past — ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Í‡Í ÔÓÒÚÓÈ Ù‡ÍÚ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: I bought / came / saw; ‡ ËÌÓ„‰‡ Perfect Present — ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ Í Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ: I have bought / have come / have seen. éÚ ˜Â„Ó ˝ÚÓ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ? ÇÒ ÓÔflÚ¸ Ê Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. îÓχ Perfect ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏÛ ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌ˲ ‡ÒÔ‡‰‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÚË ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡: a) ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ‰Îfl ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇; b) ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌË ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl; c) ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂÏ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ̇ Ó‰ÌÓÏ ÓÚÂÁÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ, Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓÏ ‚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËË. è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ Ò·Â, ˜ÚÓ „‰Â-ÚÓ ‚ ÒÓÒ‰ÌÂÈ ÍÓÏ̇Ú (Á‡ ÒÚÂÌÓÈ) ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (‚‡ËÚ ÍÓÙÂ, ̇ÔËÏÂ). éÌ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÎ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (Ò‚‡ËÎ ÍÓÙÂ) Ë ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ Ì‡Ï: ü Ò‚‡ËÎ ÍÓÙÂ. ÑÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÂ, ÌÓ ‰Îfl Ì‡Ò ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ÌÂÏ Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï (‡), ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ Ï˚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÏ ËÏ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl (b) ËÁ-Á‡ ‡Á‰ÂÎfl˛˘ÂÈ Ì‡Ò ÒÚÂÌ˚ fi Past Indefinite. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÔËÏÂ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Â: ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ Ò ÍÓÙÂ

Ï˚ ÒÚÂ̇

íÓ Ê ҇ÏÓÂ Ë ÒÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌÂÏ. èÓÏÂÊÛÚÍË ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË: ‚ÂÍ / „Ó‰ / ÏÂÒflˆ / ‰‚‡ ‰Ìfl / ... ÑÎfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ò Perfect ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÎÓÒ¸ ̇ ÚÓÏ Ê ÓÚÂÁÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ˜ÚÓ Ë Ò‡ÏÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (c). íÓθÍÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂÏ ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl (b), ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ˝ÚÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ‰Îfl ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇ (‡). 19

ü ‚ˉÂΠχθ˜ËÍÓ‚ ‚˜Â‡.fi I saw the boys yesterday. ÇˉÂÎ ‚˜Â‡ ëÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚ Ò„ӉÌfl èÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË — Ó‰ËÌ ‰Â̸ (‚˜Â‡ ‚ˉÂÎ, Ò„ӉÌfl ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚ) — ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï fi Indefinite Past. ü ‚ˉÂΠχθ˜ËÍÓ‚ Ò„ӉÌfl.fi I have seen the boys today. ǘÂ‡ ë„ӉÌfl ‚ˉÂÎ Ë ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚ á‡‚Ú‡ èÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË — Ó‰ËÌ ‰Â̸ (ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÚÓÚ Ê ‰Â̸, ˜ÚÓ Ë Ò‡ÏÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ) — ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl fi ‚‡ÊÌÓ fi Perfect Present. é̇ ‚ˉ· χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ ÔflÚ¸ ÏËÌÛÚ Ì‡Á‡‰.fi She saw the boys five minutes ago. ÏËÌÛÚ‡ (‚ˉ·) ÏËÌ. ÏËÌ. ÏËÌ. ÏËÌ. åËÌÛÚ‡ (ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚ) èÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË — Ӊ̇ ÏËÌÛÚ‡ (Ò ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË ÔÓ¯ÎÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍÓ‚) — ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂÏ ÌÂθÁfl ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl fi Ì ‚‡ÊÌÓ fi Indefinite Past. é̇ ‚ˉ· χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ ̇ ˝ÚÓÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ.fi She has seen the boys this week. Ôӯ·fl ̉ÂÎfl ˝Ú‡ ̉ÂÎfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘‡fl ̉ÂÎfl (‚ˉ· Ë ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚ) èÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË — ̉ÂÎfl (‚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÂÚÒfl Ú‡ Ê ҇χfl ̉ÂÎfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ) fi Perfect Present.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÂÒÎË ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò Á‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ Û͇Á‡Ì ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ ÔË ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflÂÏÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÂÏÛ, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‡‚ÚÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍË Á‡‚ËÒËÚ Ë ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl. çÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ü ÍÛÔËÎ ‰ÓÏ. è‡‚ËθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ËÒÍβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ÓÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, Ë Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇. ÖÒÎË Ï˚ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡¯Â ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó Í‡ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ‰Îfl ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇, ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ Perfect Present; ÂÒÎË Ì ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï (ÔÓÒÚÓ ËÌÙÓχˆËfl) — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ Indefinite Past. ëËÚÛ‡ˆËfl 1: ü ҉·ΠÔ‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ‰Â‚Û¯ÍÂ. çÓ Ó̇ ÓÚ͇Á‡Î‡ ÏÌÂ, Á‡fl‚Ë‚, ˜ÚÓ fl Ì ÔÓ‰ıÓÊÛ ÂÈ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Ì Ëϲ ‰‡Ê ҂ÓÂ„Ó ÊËθfl. óÂÂÁ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl, Á‡‡·ÓÚ‡‚ ‰ÂÌ„, fl ÍÛÔËÎ ‰ÓÏ Ë ÓÔflÚ¸ Ó·‡ÚËÎÒfl Í Ò‚ÓÂÈ ËÁ·‡ÌÌˈÂ: ü ÍÛÔËÎ ‰ÓÏ. — ‚‡ÊÌÓ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌË fi Perfect Present fi I have bought a house. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ò Perfect Present Ï˚ Í‡Í ·˚ Ô˄·¯‡ÂÏ ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ / ÔËÌflÚ¸ Í Ò‚Â‰ÂÌ˲ ̇¯Â ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌË (‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÔËÏÂÂ: ... ‚ÓÚ ÚÂÔÂ¸ Ú˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Á‡ ÏÂÌfl Á‡ÏÛÊ.). ëËÚÛ‡ˆËfl 2: ü ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡˛ ÍÓÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó ÚÓÏ, Í‡Í ÏÌÓ„Ó ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ ÊËÎ ‚ ‰Â‚ÌÂ: "ë̇˜‡Î‡ ·˚ÎÓ ÌÂ΄ÍÓ — ÓÒ ·ÂÁ Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ. çÓ ÔÓÚÓÏ ÒڇΠÔÓÌÂÏÌÓ„Û Ó·ÊË‚‡Ú¸Òfl. ü ÍÛÔËÎ ‰ÓÏ, Á‡‚ÂÎ ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚Ó ..." á‰ÂÒ¸ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÂ Ó ÔÓÍÛÔÍ ‰Óχ ÌÓÒËÚ ˜ËÒÚÓ ËÌÙÓχˆËÓÌÌ˚È ı‡‡ÍÚÂ, ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl, ‰Îfl ÌÂ„Ó ˝ÚÓ Ì ‚‡ÊÌÓ fi Indefinite Past fi I bought a house... àÌÓ„‰‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÙÓÏ˚ Perfect Present ÔÓ‰Ò͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˜Ëfl (ÛÊ / Â˘Â Ë ‰.), Ôˉ‡˛˘Ë ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÎË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ÌÂÁ‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇. å˚ ËÁÛ˜ËÏ Ëı ÔÓÁÊÂ.

Perfect Past. àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÛ ÙÓÏÛ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË Ì‡Î˘ËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ: 4.

5.

˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ (Í ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË by): ÑÓÏ ·˚Î ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ Í ÍÓÌˆÛ ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó „Ó‰‡.fi The house had been built (Passive Perfect Past) by the end of the last year. (ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ) ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÎË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ·˚ÎÓ ‰‚‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Ó·‡ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ë Ó‰ÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ ‰Ó ̇˜‡Î‡ ‰Û„Ó„Ó; ÚÓ„‰‡ ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ ‡Ì¸¯Â, ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ ‚ Perfect Past, ‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÁÊ (ÌÓ ÚÓÊ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË) — ‚ Indefinite Past: ÑÓÏ ·˚Î ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ ‰Ó ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í Ï˚ ÔËÂı‡ÎË Ò˛‰‡.fi The house had been built (Passive Perfect Past) before we came here (Active Indefinite Past). 20

Perfect Future. ùÚÛ ÙÓÏÛ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÚÓÊ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË Ì‡Î˘ËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ: a) ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ Í fi by ͇ÍÓÏÛ-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ ‚ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ: ÑÓÏ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ Í ÍÓÌˆÛ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â„Ó „Ó‰‡.fi The house will have been built (Passive Perfect Future) by the end of the next year. b) ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÎË ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ·˚ÎÓ ‰‚‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Ó·‡ ‚ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ë Ó‰ÌÓ Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ ‰Ó ̇˜‡Î‡ ‰Û„Ó„Ó; ÚÓ„‰‡ ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ˜ÚÓ Á‡‚Â¯ËÚÒfl ‡Ì¸¯Â, ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ ‚ Perfect Future, ‡ ÚÓ ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÁÊ — ‚ Indefinite Present: ä ÚÓÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ ÔÓÎۘ˯¸ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÒ·ÌËÂ, fl ÛÊ Û‰Û.fi By the time you receive (Active Indefinite Present) this message I shall have left (Active Perfect Future). ÑÓÏ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ ‰Ó ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í Ï˚ ÔˉÂÏ ÚÛ‰‡.fi The house will have been built (Passive Perfect Future) before we come (Active Indefinite Present) there. ÖÒÎË fl ÔËÏÛ Ú‡·ÎÂÚÍÛ ÒÂȘ‡Ò, Ó̇ ̇˜ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ Í ÚÓÏÛ ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ ÔˉÂÏ ‰ÓÏÓÈ.fi If I take the pill now, it will have started (Active Perfect Future) to work by the time we get (Active Indefinite Present) home.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: Ï˚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ÒÂı ÙÓÏÛÎ Ò ÚÓ˜ÍË ÁÂÌËfl ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓÈ „‡ÏχÚËÍË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇; ÌÓ Ôӂ҉̂̇fl ÛÒÚ̇fl˜¸ ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÌÓÏ, Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÏ˚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ ÓÚÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ ÛÍÓ‡˜Ë‚‡ÌËfl ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı/„ÓÏÓÁ‰ÍËı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËÈ Ë ‰‡Ê ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ (ÒÏ. ê‡Á‰ÂÎ V); ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ Ôӂ҉̂ÌÓÈ ˜Ë, ‰‡Ê ÔË Ì‡Î˘ËË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ‰Îfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Perfect Future, Ó̇ ˜‡ÒÚÓ Á‡ÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl ̇ Indefinite Future: ÑÓÏ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ Í ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏÛ ÏÂÒflˆÛ.fi ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ: The house will have been built (Passive Perfect Future) by the next month.fi The house will be built (Passive Indefinite Future) by the next month. ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ó˘ÛÚËÏÓ„Ó Û˘Â·‡ ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˲ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ÒÎÛı ڇ͇fl Á‡ÏÂ̇ Ì ̇ÌÓÒËÚ Ë Ó¯Ë·ÍÓÈ Ì ҘËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl; ÌÓ ‚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë (̇ۘÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡Ú¸flı/‰ÓÍ·‰‡ı Ë Ú.Ô.) ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÒÚÓ„Ó Òӷβ‰ÂÌË ‚ÒÂı ÌÓÏ flÁ˚͇.

Perfect continuous (Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏ˚ Passive). í·ÛÂÚ Ì‡Î˘Ëfl Ò‡ÁÛ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚Â Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ˝ÚÓÈ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚, ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ‰ÍÓ, äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ÙÓÏÛ· „ÓÏÓÁ‰Í‡fl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË Ë ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl ·ÓΠÔÓÒÚ˚ÏË (Indefinite ËÎË Continuous). ê‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÔËÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂ̇Ï.

Perfect Continuous Present. é·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ̇˜‡ÎÓÒ¸ ‡Ì¸¯Â, ‰ÎËÎÓÒ¸ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÂÚÒfl ÒÂȘ‡Ò ËÎË Ê ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÎÓÒ¸. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ê·ÚÂθÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚: 1. 2.

‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ·˚Î Û͇Á‡Ì ‚ÂÒ¸ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ÔÓÚÂ͇ÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl Ó ÌÂÏ ËÎË ·˚Î Û͇Á‡Ì ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ì‡˜‡Î‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. àÌÓ„‰‡ Û͇Á‡ÌË ̇ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ÌÓ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚÂ. èËÏÂ˚: (1) (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ˛ for fi ‚ Ú˜ÂÌËÂ) å˚ ÒÚÓËÏ ‰ÓÏ ‚ÓÚ ÛÊ ÏÂÒflˆ (‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ÏÂÒflˆ‡). fi We have been building the house for a month. (2) (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó since fi Ò ÚÂı ÔÓ, ͇Í) å˚ ÒÚÓËÏ ‰ÓÏ Ò ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó „Ó‰‡.fi We have been building the house since last year. We have been thinking about buying („ÂÛ̉ËÈ, ·Û‰ÂÏ ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸ ÔÓÁÊÂ) a new car.fi å˚ ‰‡‚ÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÛÏ˚‚‡ÂÏ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸: We build (Indefinite Present) the house for a month. ËÎË: We are building (Continuous Present) the house for a month.

21

Perfect Continuous Past. é·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ̇˜‡ÎÓÒ¸ ‡Ì¸¯Â ‰Û„Ó„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ë ÔÓÒΠ̇˜‡Î‡ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‰Û„Ó„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚Ò ¢ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÎÓÒ¸ ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ÂÏfl ËÎË Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÎÓÒ¸ (·˚ÎÓ ÔÂ‚‡ÌÓ). èË "˝ÚÓÏ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ (1) ËÎË (2), Í‡Í ‚ Perfect Continuous Present. ÅÓΠÔÓÁ‰Ì ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl Indefinite Past: (1) å˚ ÛÊ ÏÂÒflˆ ÒÚÓËÎË ‰ÓÏ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ̇˜‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ÓÈ̇.fi We had been building the house for a month, when the war began. (2) å˚ ÒÚÓËÎË ‰ÓÏ Ò ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó „Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ ̇˜‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ÓÈ̇.fi We had been building the house since last year, when the war began.

Perfect Continuous Future. é·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ̇˜ÌÂÚÒfl ‰Ó ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸÒfl ‚ÔÎÓÚ¸ ‰Ó ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡. é·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ (1) ËÎË (2), ÅÓΠÔÓÁ‰Ì ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl Indefinite Present; (1) ä ÍÓÌˆÛ „Ó‰‡ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÛÊ ‰‚‡ ÏÂÒflˆ‡, Í‡Í Ï˚ ÒÚÓËÏ ‰ÓÏ.fi We shall have been building the house for two months by the end of the year. (2) å˚ ÛÊ ·Û‰ÂÏ ÒÔ‡Ú¸ Ò ‰ÂÒflÚË ˜‡ÒÓ‚, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˯¸.fi We shall have been sleeping since ten o'clock when you call. ÑÓ ÒËı ÔÓ Ï˚ Û˜ËÎËÒ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÂÂÌÓÒËÚ¸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ËÁ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. ç ÏÂÌ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÛÏÂÌË Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË.

èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ. 1. 2.

èÓθÁÛflÒ¸ Ô‡‚ËÎÓÏ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â („ÛÔÔÛ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó); ÔÂ‚ӉËÏ Â„Ó. Ç˚‰ÂÎflÂÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ (ÒΉÛÂÚ Á‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ).

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÔÓÏÌËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÒÂÏË ÙÓÏÛÎ, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ¸ ËÁ ‡ÁÌÓ„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÒÎÓ‚ — ÓÚ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó (Active Indefinite Present / Past) ‰Ó ˜ÂÚ˚Âı (Active Perfect Continuous Future / Passive Perfect Future); ˜ÂÚ˚ — χÍÒËχθÌÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÏ; ÔÓÏÌËÏ Ú‡ÍÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ Î˛·Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ (ÍÓÏ Active Indefinite Present / Past,) ̇˜Ë̇ÂÚÒfl ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ: shall / will / to be / to have , a Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï „·„Ó·Ï, ӷ·‰‡˛˘ËÏ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË: ~~~ing; ~~~ed (Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ); 3-fl ÙÓχ (ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ); ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ì‡˜Ë̇ڸÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË should / would (Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÓÚ shall /will) ËÎË Í‡ÍËÏ-ÎË·Ó ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ, ÔÓÒΠ˜Â„Ó ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÙÓχ Infinitive — Ú‡ÍË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë Ï˚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ ‰‡Î ‚ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ Ï‡ÚÂˇÎÂ, ÌÓ ÓÌË ÚÓÊ Ì ÔÓÚË‚Ó˜‡Ú Ó·˘ÂÈ ÒıÂÏ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl; ‚ ‡Ï͇ı ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ Ë ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÏ ÔÓËÒÍ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, Ú.Â. Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡ÂÏ ‚Ò ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÓÚ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‰Ó ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó·. èË‚Ó‰ËÏ ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ Í ÙÓÏ Infinitive (ÓÚ·‡Ò˚‚‡ÂÏ shall / will / should / would / ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ, ËÎË Á‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ ÙÓÏÛ Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË „·„ÓÎÓ‚ to be ËÎË to have ̇ ÙÓÏÛ Infinitive) fi ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ. 4. ë‚ÂflÂÏ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌÛ˛ Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ò ÒÂϸ˛, ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË Ì‡Ï. Ç Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÒÓ‚Ô‡ÒÚ¸! ÖÒÎË ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ËÁ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÙÓÏÛ· Ì ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÌË Ò Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÒÂÏË, Ó̇ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl "‚ÓÒ¸ÏÓÈ", ‡ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ·˚Ú¸ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ — Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌÓ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ. 5. ë ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰ÂÌËfl ÙÓÏÛΠ̇˜Ë̇ÂÏ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, Ú.Â. ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ӷ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÔӇ̄ÎËÈÒÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË: ¸ ̇ıÓ‰ËÏ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· (~~~~~~); ¸ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ „ÛÔÔ˚ Active ËÎË Passive ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÏ, Ò‡ÏÓ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ËÎË Ê ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ̇‰ ÌËÏ; ¸ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚Ó„Ó ÌÓÏÂ‡ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ‚ „ÛÔÔ (1, 2, 3, 4) ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÏ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl; ¸ ÔÓ Ì‡ÎË˜Ë˛ ‚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÏ shall /will, ËÎË ÔÓ ÙÓÏ‡Ï „·„ÓÎÓ‚ to be / to have ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÏ ‚ÂÏfl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl; Á‡ÚÂÏ ÔÂ‚ӉËÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ Ò Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ‚ÒÂı ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚ ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í. 3.

6.

èÂ‚ӉËÏ ‚Ò ÓÒڇθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ËÁ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. èÓ̇˜‡ÎÛ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÔÓËÒ͇ Ë ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ·Û‰ÂÚ ÓÚÌËχڸ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÌÓ ÚÓÓÔËÚ¸Òfl Ì ÒΉÛÂÚ, Ë̇˜Â ÒÓ·¸ÂÏÒfl ̇ Ó·˚ÍÌÓ‚ÂÌÌÓ ۄ‡‰˚‚‡ÌËÂ. çÛÊÌÓ ÔËÛ˜ËÚ¸ Ò·fl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‚Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ. èÓ ÏÂ ̇ÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl ÓÔ˚Ú‡ ‡·ÓÚ˚, ‚ÂÏÂÌË ·Û‰ÂÚ Á‡Ú‡˜Ë‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚Ò ÏÂ̸¯Â Ë ÏÂ̸¯Â, Ë ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÒ¸ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÒÚ‡ÌÂÚ ÔÓ˜ÚË ‡‚ÚÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ. 22

èËÏÂ˚: ç is smoking a big cigar now.fi (I) èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ç fi éÌ. (II) ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ is smoking (is — ÙÓχ Present ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be; smoking — ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ). (III) îÓÏÛ· to be ~~~ ing. (IV) í‡Í‡fl ÙÓÏÛ· ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚ „ÛÔÔ Active ÔÓ‰ ˆËÙÓÈ 2. Continuous. a) ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ smoke fi ÍÛËÚ¸; b) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ Ò‡ÏÓ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Active); c) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ËÏÂÂÚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Continuous); d) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ is — ÙÓχ to be ‚ Present) fi ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ÍÛËÚ — Ò‡Ï(·) / Ú‡ÚËÚ ‚ÂÏfl(‚) / ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ(„). (V) èÂ‚Ӊ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: éÌ ÍÛËÚ ·Óθ¯Û˛ ÒË„‡Û ÒÂȘ‡Ò. Father smokes big cigars. fi (I) Father fi éÚˆ. (II) smokes — 3.,4. îÓÏÛ· ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ‡‚ÚÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍË, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡, Ú.Â. ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ‰Û„Ëı — Active Indefinite. a) ÍÛËÚ¸; b) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ (Active); c) Ù‡ÍÚ (Indefinite); d) ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (~~~s) fi ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ÍÛËÚ. (III) éÚˆ ÍÛËÚ ·Óθ¯Ë ÒË„‡˚. Father has smoked a big cigar today. fi (I) Father fi éÚˆ. (II) has smoked (has — ÙÓχ Present ÓÚ to have; smoked — ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ). (III) îÓÏÛ· to have ~~~ed. (IV) Active Perfect. a) ÍÛËÚ¸; b) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÏËÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ (Active); c) Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ (Perfect); d) Í Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ (has — Present) => ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ‚˚ÍÛËÎ. (V) è‡Ô‡ ‚˚ÍÛËÎ ·Óθ¯Û˛ ÒË„‡Û Ò„ӉÌfl. They have been seen today.fi (I) They => éÌË. (II) á‰ÂÒ¸ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‰‚‡ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡: 1) have been fi Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl been (ÂÒÎË been — 3-fl ÙÓχ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó to be); 2) Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ËÏÂÂÚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ (ÂÒÎË been — ‚ÚÓÓÈ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ËÁ ÙÓÏÛÎ Active Perfect Continuous / Passive Perfect); ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚Ò Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡: ÂÒÎË ˝ÚÓ 3-fl ÙÓχ „·„Ó· — Á̇˜ËÚ, 2); ÂÒÎË Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‰Û„Ó ÒÎÓ‚Ó — 1) fi ÒÏÓÚËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡¸: seen — 3-fl ÙÓχ ÓÚ to see (‚ˉÂÚ¸) fi Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: have been seen fi

a) b) c) d)

(III) îÓÏÛ·: to have been seen. (IV) Passive Perfect. ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÛÊ Á̇ÂÏ — ‚ˉÂÚ¸; ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ̇‰ ÌËÏË; Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸; Í Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ fi ‚ˉÂÎË. (V) àı ‚ˉÂÎË Ò„ӉÌfl. We shall see father tomorrow.fi (I) Wefi å˚. (II) shall see. (III) to ~~~ fi Active Indefinite. (IV) ‚ˉÂÚ¸ — ۂˉËÏ. (V) å˚ ۂˉËÏ Ô‡ÔÛ Á‡‚Ú‡. We shall be seen together.fi (I) Wefi å˚. (II) shall be seen. (III) to be + 3-fl ÙÓχ. (IV) Passive Indefinite. (V) ‚ˉÂÚ¸ — ۂˉflÚ. 23

(VI)

ç‡Ò ۂˉflÚ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ.

é˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ: ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ËÁ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ‚‰ÌÓÈ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ‡Á·ËÚ Ì‡ ‰‚‡ ˝Ú‡Ô‡: ëËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‰Îfl Ò·fl. Ç˚flÒÌflÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ıÓ˜ÂÚ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ËÌÓÒÚ‡Ìˆ, Ú.Â. ͇ÍÛ˛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÓÌ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ, ÑÎfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ ‚ÒÂÈ Ù‡Á˚ (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰‡fl ·ÛÍ‚‡ ËÎË Á‚ÛÍ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ËÏ Ò Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ˆÂθ˛, Ú.Â. ËÏÂ˛Ú ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ). èË ˝ÚÓÏ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡ÂÏ ‚Ò Ô‡‚Ë· Ë ÔËÂÏ˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ (‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ) flÁ˚ÍÂ. èÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ... 1.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ — ÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ Í‡Í ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜Ì˚È ˝Ú‡Ô, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰˚È flÁ˚Í "ÊË‚ÂÚ" ÔÓ Ò‚ÓËÏ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Á‡ÍÓ̇Ï, ËÏÂÂÚ Ò‚ÓË ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı flÁ˚͇ı ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ ÊËÁÌÂÌÌ˚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ-‡ÁÌÓÏÛ, Ú.Â. ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ıÓÓ¯Ó ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÏ, Ì "ÒÏÓÚËÚÒfl" ËÎË Ì "Á‚Û˜ËÚ" ‚ ‰Û„ÓÏ. è‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÔÂ‚‰ÂÌÌÓ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ, ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸Òfl ÍÓfl‚˚Ï ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˲ Ë ÚÛ‰ÌÓ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚Ï ‰Îfl ÔÓÌËχÌËfl. Ç˚ıÓ‰ËÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÒΠ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡ ÓÔËÒ‡Ì̇fl ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÌflÚÌÓÈ Ì‡Ï, ÌÓ ÔÂÂÌÓÒ Â ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ flÁ˚Í Ú·ÛÂÚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ‰Ó‡·ÓÚÍË. éÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ ‚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ „ÓÎÓ‚Â. 2.

ëËÚÛ‡ˆËfl, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌ̇fl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË. íÂÔÂ¸ ‰Îfl Ì‡Ò ËÏÂ˛Ú Á̇˜ÂÌË ÚÓθÍÓ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇. å˚ ÛÊ Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ‡ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ Í‡ÚËÌÍÛ (ÚÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÎۘ˷Ҹ ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡). èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl Î˯ÌËÏË, ͇ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ÌÛÊÌÓ Á‡ÏÂÌËÚ¸ ‰Û„ËÏË Ë Ú.‰. ê‡ÒÒÛʉ‡ÂÏ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: ÏÌ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ıÓÚÂÎ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ËÌÓÒÚ‡Ìˆ, ÌÓ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË Ï˚ Ú‡Í Ì „Ó‚ÓËÏ. à˘ÂÏ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. ùÚÓ Ë ·Û‰ÂÚ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ. àÌÓ„‰‡, ÍÓ̘ÌÓ, ‚‡ˇÌÚ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ò ‚‡ˇÌÚÓÏ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó. èËÏÂ˚: I want to sleep. fi (1) ü ıÓ˜Û ÒÔ‡Ú¸. = (2) ç wanted to smoke every day.fi (1) éÌ ıÓÚÂÎ ÍÛËÚ¸ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸. / ä‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸ ÓÌ'ıÓÚÂÎ ÍÛËÚ¸. = (2) They will buy a new car.fi (1) éÌË ÍÛÔflÚ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ. = (2) I am Leon. fi (1) ü ÂÒÚ¸ ãÂÓÌ. fi (2) åÂÌfl ÁÓ‚ÛÚ ãÂÓÌ. / ü ãÂÓÌ. My name is Leon. fi (1) åÓ ËÏfl ÂÒÚ¸ ãÂÓÌ. fi (2) åÂÌfl ÁÓ‚ÛÚ ãÂÓÌ. / ü ãÂÓÌ. She had a table. fi (1) é̇ ËÏ· ÒÚÓÎ. fi (2) ì Ì ·˚Î ÒÚÓÎ. The house has several rooms. fi (1) ÑÓÏ ËÏÂÂÚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÓÏ̇Ú.fi (2) Ç ‰ÓÏ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÓÏ̇Ú. Every room will have several tables and one window. fi (1) ä‡Ê‰‡fl ÍÓÏ̇ڇ ·Û‰ÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÚÓÎÓ‚ Ë Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÍÌÓ.fi (2) Ç Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ÍÓÏ̇Ú ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓ Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ ÓÍÌÛ Ë ÔÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÛ ÒÚÓÎÓ‚. 9. She is twenty (years old).fi (1) é̇ ÂÒÚ¸ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ (ÎÂÚ ÒÚ‡‡fl).fi (2) ÖÈ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÎÂÚ. 10. ç will be twenty next year.fi (1) éÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ „Ó‰.fi (2) Ç ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏ „Ó‰Û ÂÏÛ ËÒÔÓÎÌËÚÒfl ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflfl ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ, Ó·‡˘‡ÈÚ ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÚÓ, Í‡Í Û ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ÔËÌflÚÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸ ÚÛ ËÎË ËÌÛ˛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ (̇ÔËÏÂ: ü ÂÒÚ¸ (to be) ÒÚÓθÍÓ-ÚÓ ÎÂÚ., ‡ Ì ü Ëϲ (to have) ÒÚÓθÍÓ-ÚÓ ÎÂÚ.; ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ years old, ÌÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ó·ÓÈÚËÒ¸ Ë ·ÂÁ ÌËı) — ÔÓθÁÛÈÚÂÒ¸ ÚÂÏË Ê ÔËÂχÏË ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ÔӇ̄ÎËÈÒÍË: Ç ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ „Ó‰Û ÂÈ ·˚ÎÓ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÎÂÚ.fi She was twenty (years old) last year. èÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÚÂÍÒÚ: Yolanda Smith is twenty two years old. Cindy Fox is twenty. They are friends. Yolanda is a medical student. Cindy is a cleaner. Sometimes Yolanda helps Cindy to clean rooms. They are cleaning a room now. Cindy has come earlier today. The girls feel well. They are using a new cleaning liquid. The liquid is very strong. It is good. It was brought yesterday. The girls are happy. They are talking loudly. It is getting dark. They will go home soon.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË: ÂÒÎË Í „·„ÓÎÛ ÔË·‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ ÍÓ̈ -Âr, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ(ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ) ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ˝ÚËÏ „·„ÓÎ‡Ï (to clean fi Û·Ë‡Ú¸ / cleaner fi Û·Ó˘Ëˆ‡; to work fi ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ / worker fi ‡·Ó˜ËÈ; to drive fi ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·Ëθ / driver fi ¯ÓÙÂ ‚ Ú.‰.); 24

ÂÒÎË ÔË·‡‚ËÚ¸ -Âr Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ ËÎË Ì‡Â˜Ë˛, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ 9); ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ˢÂÏ early, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ̇ ·ÛÍ‚Û -Û, ÏÂÌfl˛Ú ˝ÚÛ ·ÛÍ‚Û Ì‡ -i ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ͇ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË (earli+er fi earli fi early); ÂÒÎË Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ ÔË·‡‚ËÚ¸ -1Û, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ̇˜ËÂ; ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ˢÂÏ loud fi „ÓÏÍËÈ — loudly fi „ÓÏÍÓ; ÂÒÎË ÒÎÓ‚Ó, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË -t / - / -g, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË ÒÚÓËÚ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË -ing Ë -ed ‚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˝ÚË ·ÛÍ‚˚ Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl (stop / stopped; log / logging Ë Ú.Ô.), ˜ÚÓ, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÓÚ‡Ê‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËË; ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ˢÂÏ get (getting fi get+t fi get). èÂ‚Ӊ: âÓ·̉ ëÏËÚ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ‰‚‡ „Ó‰‡. ëËÌ‰Ë ÙÓÍ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÎÂÚ. éÌË ÔÓ‰Û„Ë. âÓ·̉‡ — ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ͇-ωËÍ (ËÎË: ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ͇ ωˈËÌÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÎΉʇ). ëËÌ‰Ë ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ Û·Ó˘ËˆÂÈ. àÌÓ„‰‡ âÓ·̉‡ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ëËÌ‰Ë Û·Ë‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏ̇Ú˚. éÌË Û·Ë‡˛Ú ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ ÒÂȘ‡Ò. ëËÌ‰Ë Ô˯· Ò„ӉÌfl ‡Ì¸¯Â âÓ·̉˚. Ñ‚ۯÍË ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ò·fl ıÓÓ¯Ó. éÌË ÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÌÓ‚ÓÈ ˜ËÒÚfl˘ÂÈ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸˛. ÜˉÍÓÒÚ¸ Ó˜Â̸ ÒËθ̇fl Ë ıÓÓ¯‡fl. Ö ÔËÌÂÒÎË ‚˜Â‡. Ñ‚ۯÍË Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚˚. éÌË „ÓÏÍÓ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡˛Ú. íÂÏÌÂÂÚ. ëÍÓÓ ÓÌË ÔÓȉÛÚ ‰ÓÏÓÈ. Ç Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌË íÂÏ˚ 1 ıÓ˜Û Â˘Â ‡Á ̇ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ Ç‡Ï Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ÏÓÏÂÌÚÓÏ ÔË ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËË ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‡·ÓÚ‡ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÏ. ÇÌËχÚÂθÌÓ ÓÁ̇ÍÓϸÚÂÒ¸ ÒÓ ‚ÒÚÛÔËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‡Á‰ÂÎÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡fl (ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÈ), ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï (ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË) Ç˚ ÒÓ·Ë‡ÂÚÂÒ¸ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl. èÓÒÚ‡‡ÈÚÂÒ¸ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ ıÓÚfl ·˚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ ӷÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Ë ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËfl, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â. èÓÏÌËÚ ڇÍÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Â Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÏÌÓ„ÓÁ̇˜Ì˚ Ë ÏÓ„ÛÚ, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡fl ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ, ·˚Ú¸ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ˜‡ÒÚflÏË ˜Ë. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÒÚÂÏËÚÂÒ¸ Í ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ̇ÈÚË Ò‡ÏÓ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ ‰Îfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Á̇˜ÂÌË ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ë Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸, ͇ÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ Â˜Ë ÓÌÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl.

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 1: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ̇˜ËÈ, ‚ÎËfl˛˘Ëı ̇ ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. Ç̇˜‡Î ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ó·˘Ëı ÒÎÓ‚ Ó Ì‡˜ËË ‚ÓÓ·˘Â. å˚ Ì ·Û‰ÂÏ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Â˜Ë Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÓÒÓ·˚ı ÚÛ‰ÌÓÒÚÂÈ Ò ÔÓÌËχÌËÂÏ Ì‡˜Ëfl Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛Ú, Ë ‚ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Â ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ ËÌÙÓχˆËË, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ÂÈÒfl ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â, ‚ÔÓÎÌ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ò Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‰Û„ÓÈ. éÚÏÂÚËÏ Î˯¸, ˜ÚÓ: èÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÙÓÏ ̇˜Ëfl ·˚‚‡˛Ú: ÔÓÒÚ˚ (soon fi ÒÍÓÓ; yet fi ¢Â); ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ (Ó·‡ÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ‰Ó·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ -lÛ ‚ ÍÓ̈Â: badly fi ÔÎÓıÓ; simply fi ÔÓÒÚÓ; loudly fi „ÓÏÍÓ); ¸ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ (Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÒÎËflÌËÂÏ ‰‚Ûı ÒÎÓ‚: sometimes fi ËÌÓ„‰‡; anyway fi ͇Í-ÌË·Û‰¸; however fi Ӊ̇ÍÓ); ¸ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Ì˚ (at last fi ̇ÍÓ̈; at least fi ÔÓ Í‡ÈÌÂÈ ÏÂÂ; at first fi Ò̇˜‡Î‡; in vain fi ̇Ô‡ÒÌÓ). èÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Ì‡Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ ̇˜Ëfl ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇: ¸ ¸

¸ ̇˜Ëfl ‚ÂÏÂÌË (today fi Ò„ӉÌfl; tomorrow fi Á‡‚Ú‡; now fi ÒÂȘ‡Ò; then fi ÔÓÚÓÏ); ¸ ÏÂÒÚ‡ (outside fi Ò̇ÛÊË; here fi Á‰ÂÒ¸; nowhere fi ÌË„‰Â); ¸ Ó·‡Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (loudly fi „ÓÏÍÓ; quickly fi ·˚ÒÚÓ; slowly fi ωÎÂÌÌÓ; well fi ıÓÓ¯Ó); ¸ ̇˜Ëfl ÏÂ˚ Ë ÒÚÂÔÂÌË (very fi Ó˜Â̸; little fi χÎÓ; much fi ÏÌÓ„Ó; quite fi ‚ÔÓÎÌÂ). é·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì‡˜Ëfl ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ËÎË ‰Û„ËÏË Ì‡˜ËflÏË, ıÓÚfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Á‡ÌËχڸ Ë ËÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÓÒÓ·˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ̇˜ËÈ ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌ˚ ‚ ê‡Á‰ÂΠIV. Ç ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ì‡Ò ËÌÚÂÂÒÛ˛Ú Ì‡˜Ëfl ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‡Á΢Ì˚ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍË, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ‚ÎËfl˛Ú ̇ ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. ë ÙÓÏÛ·ÏË Indefinite (Active / Passive) ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ̇˜Ëfl (‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl), Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë Á‡ÍÓ̘˂¯ËÂÒfl ËÎË ÔÂ˚‚ËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍË ‚ÂÏÂÌË. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl (Á‡ÍÓ̘˂¯ËÂÒfl ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍË), ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ̇˜‡Î / ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl; ‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl (ÔÂ˚‚ËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍË)— ÔÓ-‡ÁÌÓÏÛ: ̇˜Ëfl — ˜‡˘Â ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï (Active Indefinite) ËÎË ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be (Passive Indefinite), ‡ ‰Û„Ë ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl — ‚ ̇˜‡Î / ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl: yesterdayfi ‚˜Â‡; the day before yesterday fi ÔÓÁ‡‚˜Â‡; 25

the day after tomorrow fi ÔÓÒÎÂÁ‡‚Ú‡; X (͇ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó) days / minutes / years / weeks / ... ago fi X ‰ÌÂÈ / ÏËÌÛÚ / ÎÂÚ / ̉Âθ / ... (ÚÓÏÛ) ̇Á‡‰; last morning / evening / week / month / year / ... fi ‚˜Â‡ (ËÎË ÔÓ¯Î˚Ï) ÛÚÓÏ/‚˜Â‡ (ËÎË ÔÓ¯Î˚Ï) ‚˜ÂÓÏ/̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ/‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ/‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ „Ó‰Û / ... çÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl: usually fi Ó·˚˜ÌÓ; often fi ˜‡ÒÚÓ; seldom fi ‰ÍÓ; rarely fi ‰ÍÓ; every day / minute / week / month / year / ... fi ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸ / ÏËÌÛÚÛ / ̉Âβ / ÏÂÒflˆ / „Ó‰ / ... èËÏÂ˚: éÌË ÔËÂı‡ÎË ‚˜Â‡.fi They came yesterday. èÓÁ‡‚˜Â‡ Ëı ‚ˉÂÎË ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ.fi The day before yesterday they were seen together. èËÒ¸ÏÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ÚË ‰Ìfl ̇Á‡‰.fi The letter was sent three days ago. éÌ ‰ÍÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi ç seldom comes here. àı ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ô˄·¯‡˛Ú ÚÛ‰‡.fi They are often invited there. àı Ô˄·¯‡˛Ú ÚÛ‰‡ Í‡Ê‰Û˛ ̉Âβ.fi They are invited there every week. Sometimes fi ËÌÓ„‰‡; ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Í‡Í ‚ ̇˜‡Î / ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, Ú‡Í Ë ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ Active Indefinite, ËÎË Ê ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be ‚ Passive Indefinite: àÌÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi Sometimes she comes here. She comes here sometimes. She sometimes comes here. àÌÓ„‰‡  Ô˄·¯‡˛Ú Ò˛‰‡.fi Sometimes she is invited here. She is invited here sometimes. She is sometimes invited here. Always fi ‚Ò„‰‡; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÙÓÏÛ·ÏË Indefinite ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÂ˚‚ËÒÚÓÒÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl) Ë Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÒÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ Active Indefinite ËÎË ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be ‚ Passive Indefinite: éÌË ‚Ò„‰‡ ÔËıÓ‰flÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi They always come here. àı ‚Ò„‰‡ Ô˄·¯‡ÎË Ò˛‰‡.fi They were always invited here. Always fi ‚Ò„‰‡; ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò Active Perfect Present (ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÁÌËͯ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÚÓ ‡ÌÂÂ Ë ‰Îfl˘ÂÂÒfl ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ, Ú.Â. ÌÂÁ‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË); ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to have: ü ‚Ò„‰‡ ·˚· ‰ÛÓÈ.fi I have always been a fool. Already fi ÛÊÂ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı: a) ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ú·ÛÂÚ Í Ò· ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Perfect (Active / Passive); ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to have: éÌË ÛÊ Ô˯ÎË.fi They have already come. Ö ÛÊ Ô˄·ÒËÎË.fi She has already been invited. b) ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÂÁ‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÎË ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÙÓÏÛÎÓÈ Indefinite (Active / Passive); ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÎË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï (Active Indefinite), ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be (Passive Indefinite): éÌ ÛÊ ÍÛËÚ.fi ç already smokes. / ç smokes already. é̇ ÛÊ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò·fl ıÓÓ¯Ó.fi She already feels well. / She feels well already. ç‡Ò ÛÊ Á̇˛Ú.fi We are already known. c) ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÙÓÏÛÎÓÈ Continuous (Active / Passive); ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be ËÎË ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: å˚ ÛÊ ۷Ë‡ÂÏ Ò‚Ó˛ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ.fi We are already cleaning our room. / We are cleaning our room already. ã‡ÏÔÓÈ ÛÊ ÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl.fi The lamp is already being used. / The lamp is being used already. Yet fi ÛÊ — ‚‡ˇÌÚ ‰Îfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl already. Yet => ¢ — ‚‡ˇÌÚ ‰Îfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl already: éÌË ÛÊ Ô˯ÎË.fi They have already come. éÌË ÛÊ Ô˯ÎË?fi Have they come yet? 26

éÌË Â˘Â Ì Ô˯ÎË.fi They have not come yet. / They have not yet come. Yet ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ‡ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflı — ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (˜‡˘Â) ËÎË ÔÓÒΠÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ not (ÂÊÂ).

áÄèéåçàíÖ: fi already (ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ) ÛÊ fi yet (‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ) ¢ fi yet (ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ). Still fi ¢ / ‚Ò ¢ / ÔÓ-ÔÂÊÌÂÏÛ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı: a) ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ú·ÛÂÚ Í Ò· ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Continuous (Active / Passive); ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to be, ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı — ÔÓÒΠÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó (‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı): é̇ ¢ ÒÔËÚ.fi She is Still sleeping. é̇ ¢ ÒÔËÚ?fi Is she still sleeping? ÌÓ: é̇ ¢ Ì ÒÔËÚ.fi She is not sleeping yet. b) ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË „ÛÎflÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÎË ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò Indefinite (Active / Passive); Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï; ÂÒÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÓ „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be, ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ̄Ó: é̇ ¢ ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi She still wants to buy a new house. éÌË Â˘Â ÔËıÓ‰flÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi They still come here. åÓÈ ÓÚˆ ¢ ‚ åÓÒÍ‚Â.fi My father is still in Moscow. c) still ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ Á̇˜ÂÌË ÌÂÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌÓ — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ëË‰Ë Ë Ì ¯Â‚ÂÎËÒ¸.fi Sit still. é̇ ÒˉËÚ ÌÂÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌÓ.fi She is sitting still. Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: é̇ ‚Ò ¢ ÒˉËÚ.fi She is still sitting. Ever fi ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ / ÍÓ„‰‡-ÎË·Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı; Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó; ÂÒÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — Perfect Present (Active / Passive); ÂÒÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — Indefinite Present (Active / Passive): í˚ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‚ˉÂÎ ‰Óη˚?fi Have you ever seen dollars? Ç‡Ò ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ Ô˄·¯‡ÎË ÚÛ‰‡?fi Have you ever been invited there? í˚ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ıӉ˯¸ ‚ ÍËÌÓ?fi Do you ever go to the cinema? àı ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ Ô˄·¯‡˛Ú ÚÛ‰‡?fi Are they ever invited there? é̇ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò·fl ıÓÓ¯Ó?fi Does she ever feel well? Never fi ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı; Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (ÂÒÎË ÓÌ ÂÒÚ¸) ËÎË ÔÓÒΠÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó; ÂÒÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — Perfect Present (Active / Passive); ÂÒÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — Indefinite Present (Active / Passive): ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ ‰Óη˚.fi I have never seen dollars. ç‡Ò ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Ô˄·¯‡ÎË ÚÛ‰‡.fi We have never been invited there. àı ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Ô˄·¯‡˛Ú ÚÛ‰‡.fi They are never invited there. é̇ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò·fl ıÓÓ¯Ó.fi She never feels well. Just fi ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ / Í‡Í ‡Á ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Á‡‚Â¯Ë‚¯Â„ÓÒfl Í ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ ˜Ë; ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ú·ÛÂÚ Í Ò· Perfect Present (Active / Passive); ‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl indefinite Past; ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to have (Perfect Present) ËÎË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï (Indefinite Past): é̇ ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ Ô˯·.fi She has just come. (‡Ì„Î. / ‡ÏÂ. ‚‡ˇÌÚ) / She just came. (‡ÏÂ.) àı ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ ‚ˉÂÎË Á‰ÂÒ¸.fi They have just been seen here. (‡Ì„Î. / ‡ÏÂ.) / They were just seen here. (‡ÏÂ.) Just ËÏÂÂÚ ‰Û„Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, Ì ҂flÁ‡ÌÌ˚Â Ò ÔÓÌflÚËÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë Ì ‚ÎËfl˛˘Ë ̇ ‚˚·Ó ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 1: èÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. èÂ‚˚Ï Ô‡‚ËÎÓÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ Ô‡‚ËÎÓ Ó Ú‚Â‰Ó ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌÓÏ ÔÓfl‰Í ÒÎÓ‚, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌflÂÚÒfl ̇ ‚Ò Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. å˚ ÛÊ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚ Ò ˝ÚËÏ Ô‡‚ËÎÓÏ. ÇÒÔÓÏÌËÏ ÒıÂÏÛ: 1

2 27

3

4

é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ‚ÂÏÂÌË/ÏÂÒÚ‡  ‡ Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Ë ÓÚÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓfl‰Í‡ ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. í‡ÍË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë Ï˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ ÌËÊ ÔÓ ÏÂ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚÂˇ·, ‡ ÔÓ͇ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎËÏ Ëı: ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ

- ÇÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. è‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there+to be. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÍÓÓÚÍË Ù‡Á˚, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ë ÒÓ·ÓÈ Â‡ÍˆË˛ ̇ Ô‰˚‰Û˘Â ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë (ü ÚÓÊÂ. / çÂÛÊÂÎË? Ë ‰.). è‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËÂÏ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÚËÔ˚ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı („‰Â ÂÒÚ¸ „·‚ÌÓÂ Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÂ) Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 2: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ. ÇÒ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ÛÒÒÍËÂ, ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ˆÂÎË ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËfl, ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇: ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚ (1), ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ (2), ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ (3), ‚ÓÒÍÎˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ (4): 1. 2. 3. 4.

ü ÊË‚Û ‚ „ÓÓ‰Â. í˚ ıӉ˯¸ ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÛ? èÓÏÓ„Ë ÏÌÂ. ä‡ÍÓÈ ‚ˉ! ã˛·Ó ËÁ ˝ÚËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡Í ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, Ú‡Í Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï:

1. 2. 3. 4.

1) ü Ì ÊË‚Û ‚ „ÓÓ‰Â. / ü ÊË‚Û Ì ‚ „ÓÓ‰Â. í˚ Ì ıӉ˯¸ ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÛ? ç ÔÓÏÓ„‡È ÏÌÂ. çË͇ÍÓ„Ó ‚ˉ‡! ÑÓ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ Ï˚ Û˜ËÎËÒ¸ ÒÚÓËÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. ç‡Û˜ËÏÒfl ‰Â·ڸ Ëı ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË Ë ÔÓÔÛÚÌÓ Á‡ÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÎÓ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÈ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌflÂÚÒfl Ë Ì‡ ‚Ò ‰Û„Ë ÚËÔ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, Ú.Â., ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ó·˘Ë ÔËÂÏ˚.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂ. êÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ: ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ ÌËÍÓÏÛ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì „Ó‚Ó˛. (4 ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl) ÄÌ„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ "ÛÒÒÍËÏË ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË": 1. ü ‚Ò„‰‡ ‚ÒÂÏ ‚Ò Ì „Ó‚Ó˛. 2. ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ ‚Ò ‚ÒÂÏ „Ó‚Ó˛. 3. ü ‚Ò„‰‡ ÌË˜Â„Ó ‚ÒÂÏ „Ó‚Ó˛. 4. ü ‚Ò„‰‡ ‚Ò ÌËÍÓÏÛ „Ó‚Ó˛. ëӄ·ÒËÏÒfl, β·ÓÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË (Ò Ó‰ÌËÏ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂÏ) Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÚÓ ÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ë ÛÒÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ò ˜ÂÚ˚¸Ïfl ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflÏË. íÓ ÂÒÚ¸, ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflÏË ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl "χÒÎÓ Ï‡ÒÎflÌÓÂ", ÚÓ„‰‡ Í‡Í ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‚Ò ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ·ÓΠ‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ. éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ó‚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÈ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰‚‡: 1. 2.

Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ not; Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ nÓ / none / neither / nobody / never / nothing Ë ‰.

ëÔÓÒÓ· 1 å˚ Ì Áfl ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍÌÛÎË ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ Ë ÒÎÓ‚. ÑÂÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌ˚Ï ˜ÎÂÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ·˚Ú¸ ÔË‚flÁ‡Ì‡ Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÒÎÓ‚Û.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÔÂ‚ÓÏÛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ „·„ÓÎÛ, Ú.Â. Í ÚÓÏÛ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÔÂ‚ÓÏ ÏÂÒÚ ‚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÏ (will / shall / to be /to have / to do Í ‰.), ‚ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠ̄Ó, Ú.Â. ÔÂ‰ ‚ÒÂÏË ÓÒڇθÌ˚ÏË „·„Ó·ÏË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. èËÏÂ˚: 28

1. ü Ì ıÓ˜Û Ë‰ÚË ‰ÓÏÓÈ. — Active Indefinite Present — ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ˝ÚÛ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ó·ÒÎÛÊË‚‡ÂÚ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È to do — ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÙÓχ do (Present / 1- ÎËˆÓ /‰. ˜ËÒÎÓ) => I do not want to go home.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË: ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌÛ˛ (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌÌÛ˛) ÙÓÏÛ, ‚ ̇¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â do not ¤ don't (I don t want to go home.); ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ, ÂÒÎË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÓÎ̇fl ÙÓχ, ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓ‰ Û‰‡ÂÌËÂÏ; ÂÒÎË Ê ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ, ÚÓ Û‰‡ÂÌË ÒÏ¢‡ÂÚÒfl Ë ÔÂÂıÓ‰ËÚ Ì‡ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ. 2. ü Ì ÔÓÈ‰Û ‰ÓÏÓÈ. — Active Indefinite Future — Future — shall (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â to do Ì ÌÛÊÂÌ)fi I shall not go home. (‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ: I shan't go home.) 3. å‡Ï‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò Ì ÒÔËÚ. — Active Continuous Presentfi Mother is not (isn't) sleeping now. 4. ǘÂ‡ Ëı Ì ‚ˉÂÎË. — Passive Indefinite Pastfi They were not (weren't) seen yesterday. 5. é̇ Ì ÔËıӉ˷ ̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ. — Active Indefinite Pastfi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ·˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ 2-˛ ÙÓÏÛ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· to come, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Active Indefinite Past (She came last week.); ÌÓ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓfl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È to do, Á‡·Ë‡˛˘ËÈ Ì‡ Ò·fl ÔËÁÌ‡Í ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Past fi did); ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‚ÂÏfl ÙÓÏÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó·, Ë ÓÌ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to:

fi She did not (didn't) come last week. 6. ÅÓθ¯Û˛ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ Ò„ӉÌfl Ì ۷Ë‡ÎË. — Passive Perfect Presentfi The big room has not (hasn't) been cleaned today. 7. è‡Ô‡ Ì ÔˉÂÚ Ò„ӉÌfl ‡ÌÓ. — Active Indefinite Future fi Father will not (won't) come early today. 8. ü ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì ÍÛ˛.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÛÒÒÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ‚ÓÓ·˘Â, ÒÓÔÓ‚Óʉ‡˛˘Â ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂ Ë Ôˉ‡˛˘Â ÂÏÛ ÔÓÎÌÓÚÛ ËÎË Í‡Ú„Ó˘ÌÓÒÚ¸, ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl at all u ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl:

fi I do not (don't) smoke at all. 9. ü Ì ÍÛ˛ ÒÂȘ‡Ò (‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ).fi I am not smoking now. (ÙÓχ am not Ì ‰ۈËÛÂÚÒfl, ÏÓÊÌÓ: I'm not smoking now.) 10. é̇ Ú·fl ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì Á̇ÂÚ.fi She does not (doesn't) know you at all. 11. ü Ì ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ.fi (ü Ì ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ.) — (Active Indefinite Present)fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ:

„·„ÓÎ to be ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó (Active Indefinite) ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflı Ì Ú·ÛÂÚ Í Ò· ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do Ë Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ: fi I am not a student. 12. ùÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ ÒÂȘ‡Ò Ì ÒÚÓËÚÒfl.fi This house is not (isn't) being built now. 13. ì ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ Ï‡¯ËÌ˚.fi (ü Ì Ëϲ χ¯ËÌ˚.)fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: „·„ÓÎ to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó (Active Indefinite) ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflı Ì Ú·ÛÂÚ Í Ò· ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do:

fi I have not (haven't) a car. ıÓÚfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl to do ËÎË ÙÓχ to have got: fi I do not (don't) have a car.fi I have not got (haven't got) a car. 14. åÂÒflˆ ̇Á‡‰ ÓÌË Ì ıÓÚÂÎË ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ.fi They did not (didn't) want to buy a new car a month ago. 15. чÊ ԇԇ Ì Á̇ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ ‰‡Ê ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ) ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸, ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflflÒ¸ Ó·˘ÂÏÛ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ:

fi Even father does not (doesn't) know it. ÌÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ë ‰Û„‡fl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÔÂ‰ even, ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ·ÂÁ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl: fi Not even father knows it. 29

16. чÊ ÓÌË Ì ÔÓÏÓ„ÛÚ Ú·Â.fi Not even they will help you. / Even they (will not) won't help you. ëÔÓÒÓ· 2 éÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ not, ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛Ú Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚‰ÛÚ Ò·fl ·ÓΠ҂ӷӉÌÓ, Ú.Â. Ì ÔËÍÂÔÎÂÌ˚ Ú‚Â‰Ó Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚Û. éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Ï ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ, ÓÚ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰Û„Ëı, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓ (ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ÌË͇ÍÓÈ / ÌËÒÍÓθÍÓ; ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó). éÚˈ‡ÌËÂ, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌÓÂ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚, ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ not, ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌÓ ÔÓÎÌÓÂ, Ú.Â. ‚ ÌÂÏ ÛÊÂ Í‡Í ·˚ Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË ‚ÓÓ·˘Â. èË ˝ÚÓÏ at all Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ not ÔË‚flÁ‡ÌÓ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, ‡ ÒÎÓ‚Ó no — Í Ô‰ÏÂÚÛ. éÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Á‡ÌËχڸ ‡ÁÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ ÌÂÏ. Ä ÒÎÓ‚Ó never ÏÓÊÂÚ ‰‡Ê ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï (Active Indefinite) ËÎË ‚ÌÛÚË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ÔÓÒΠÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÙÓÏÛ·ÏË).

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‡Ì Ï˚ ÛÊ ‚˚flÒÌËÎË, ˜ÚÓ Á‡ÌËχڸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚Ï Ì‡˜ËflÏ (ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ I): 1. ì ÏÂÌfl ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„. / ì ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍËı ‰ÂÌ„.fi I have no money Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: ì ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„.fi I have not money. 2. ëÂȘ‡Ò ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÒÔËÚ.fi Nobody is sleeping now. 3. Ç ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ fl ÌËÍÓ„Ó Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ.fi I saw nobody here last month. 4. éÌ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì Á̇ÂÚ.fi ç knows nothing. 5. ëÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ ‡Á fl ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ·Û‰Û Û·Ë‡Ú¸.fi I shall clean nothing next time. 6. ëÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ ‡Á ÓÌ Ì Ô˂‰ÂÚ ÌË͇ÍËı ‰ÛÁÂÈ. (ëÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ ‡Á ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ·ÂÁ ‰ÛÁÂÈ.)fi Next time he will bring no friends. 7. é̇ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi She never comes here. 8. é̇ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔˉÂÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi She will never come here. 9. é̇ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ‚ˉ· ‚ÓÈÌ˚.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Perfect Present, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂ̇ (Ò ÓʉÂÌËfl ‰Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ˜Ë):

fi She has never seen a war. 10. çË Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÌËı. Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÏÌÂ.fi None / Neither of them can help me. 11. ü ÌËÍÓÏÛ, ÍÓÏ ‚‡Ò, Ì „Ó‚ÓËÎ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ.fi I have told none but you about it. 12. ü Ì ‚ËÊÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌË͇ÍËı χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ Ë ‰Â‚Ó˜ÂÍ.fi I see no boys and girls here.

èËϘ‡ÌË 1: ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Â˘Â Ó‰ËÌ (ÍÓÏ·ËÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È) ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl: ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not + ÒÎÓ‚Ó any; any ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ÔÓ-‡ÁÌÓÏÛ, ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÚËÔ‡ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ 11); ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Ò not Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÚÓ Ê ҇ÏÓÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓ, Ú.Â. ÔÓÎÌÓ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂ; Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ‰‚‡ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ‡ ÍÓÏ·ËÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ˜‡ÒÚflÏË Â˜Ë Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì‡ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı: not ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡), any — ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Ì ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡); ÓÚ any, Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ÓÚ ÔÓ, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‰Û„Ë ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÌÓ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÓÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ not:

¤ I do not see any boys and girls here. èËÏÂ˚: 1. I have no money.¤ I have not any money. (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË not Ë any ÒÚÓflÚ fl‰ÓÏ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÌÂÚ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·) 2. I saw nobody here last month.¤ I didn't see anybody here last month. 3. He knows nothing.¤ He does not (doesn't) know anything. 4. I shall clean nothing next time.¤ I shall not clean anything next time. 5. Next time he will bring no friends.¤ Next time he will not bring any friends. 6. I see no boys and girls here.¤ I do not see any boys and girls here.

èËϘ‡ÌË 2: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÓÌÓ Ì ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌflÂÚÒfl ̇ ‚Ò Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ‡ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í ‰‡ÌÌÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚Û; ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï: 30

ç is a very dishonest man.fi éÌ Ó˜Â̸ ̘ÂÒÚÌ˚È ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ. These seats are for non-smokers only.fi ùÚË ÏÂÒÚ‡ ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl ÌÂÍÛfl˘Ëı.

èËϘ‡ÌË 3: ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÎÌÓ„Ó ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈Ëfl not a + ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ: Not a head turned to see us.fi çË Ó‰Ì‡ „ÓÎÓ‚‡ Ì ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛ·Ҹ ‚ ̇¯Û ÒÚÓÓÌÛ.¤ çËÍÚÓ Ì ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛÎ „ÓÎÓ‚˚ ‚ ̇¯Û ÒÚÓÓÌÛ. Not a car has been sold.fi çË Ó‰ËÌ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·Ëθ (ËÁ ÚÂı, ˜ÚÓ Ô‰·„‡ÎËÒ¸ ̇ ÔÓ‰‡ÊÛ) Ì ·˚Î ÔÓ‰‡Ì. ç is in great physical shape — not a pound overweight.fi éÌ ‚ ‚ÂÎËÍÓÎÂÔÌÓÈ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ — ÌË ÙÛÌÚ‡ Î˯ÌÂ„Ó ‚ÂÒ‡.

èËϘ‡ÌË 4: ˜‡ÒÚËˆÛ not ÌÂθÁfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‰Îfl Ôˉ‡ÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï (Ì ÒÍÓÓ / Ì ·˚ÒÚ˚È Ë ‰.); ÂÒÎË ÌÛÊÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, ÚÓ ‰Â·ÂÏ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚Ò Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, Ú.Â. ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ not ‚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: Father will not come soon.fi è‡Ô‡ ÔˉÂÚ Ì ÒÍÓÓ.¤ è‡Ô‡ Ì ÔˉÂÚ ÒÍÓÓ. She does not know much.fi é̇ Á̇ÂÚ Ì ÏÌÓ„Ó.¤ é̇ Ì Á̇ÂÚ ÏÌÓ„Ó.

èËϘ‡ÌË 5: ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ôˉ‡ÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚Ï ˜ÎÂÌ‡Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ‚˚ÌÓÒËÚÒfl Á‡ Ô‰ÂÎ˚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: I knew her but not as a friend.fi ü Á̇ΠÂÂ, ÌÓ ÌÂ Í‡Í ‰Û„‡.¤ ü Á̇ΠÂÂ, ÌÓ Ï˚ Ì ·˚ÎË ‰ÛÊÌ˚. Not that he did not know that.fi He ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌ Ì Á̇Π˝ÚÓ„Ó. Not that she works much.fi He ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó̇ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ.

èËϘ‡ÌË 6:

Ò ÙÓÏÓÈ Infinitive ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ˝ÚÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚: íÓ be or not to be?fi Å˚Ú¸ ËÎË Ì ·˚Ú¸? They asked us not to tell you about this.fi éÌË ÔÓÔÓÒËÎË Ì‡Ò Ì „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ‚‡Ï Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ.

èËϘ‡ÌË 7:

ÛÒÒÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÚÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ÔÓ-‡ÁÌÓÏÛ ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı (too) ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı (either) Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı; ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ó·‡ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ‚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ: I like it.fi I like it, too.fi åÌ ÚÓÊ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, (ÌÛÊ̇ Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl) I like it too.fi åÌ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ˝ÚÓ ÚÓÊÂ. (Ì ÌÛÊ̇ Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl) I don't like it.fi I don't like it, either.fi åÌ ÚÓÊ ˝ÚÓ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. I don't like it either.fi åÌ ˝ÚÓ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓÊÂ. ‰Îfl ÛÒËÎÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl neither: I don't like it, neither.fi åÌ ÚÓÊ ˝ÚÓ ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl.

èËϘ‡ÌË 8: ÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÌË... ÌË... ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÂÏ neither... nor.. : They will neither eat nor drink.fi éÌË Ì ·Û‰ÛÚ ÌË ÂÒÚ¸, ÌË ÔËÚ¸. She is neither beautiful nor intelligent.fi é̇ ÌË Í‡ÒË‚‡fl, ÌË Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl. ËÎË Ó‰ÌËÏ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ neither (not+either) — Ó·˚˜ÌÓ, ÂÒÎË ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ‰‚Ûı Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ı fi ÌË ÚÓÚ, ÌË ‰Û„ÓÈ: ç took neither side in the argument.fi Ç ÒÔÓ ÓÌ Ì ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌËÎÒfl ÌË Í ÚÓÈ, ÌË Í ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌÂ. Neither of the two came.fi çË ÚÓÚ, ÌË ‰Û„ÓÈ Ì Ô˯ÂÎ. I do not like either of the two.fi åÌ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÌË ÚÓÚ, ÌË ‰Û„ÓÈ. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰Û„Ë ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÌËÊ ÔÓ ÏÂ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚÂˇ·. íÖäëí Ñãü èÖêÖÇéÑÄ: ‡·ÓÚÛ Ò ÚÂÍÒÚÓÏ fl ÒÓ‚ÂÚÛ˛ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚË Ò̇˜‡Î‡ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ; ÔÂ‚‰fl ‚ÂÒ¸ ÚÂÍÒÚ, Ò‚Â¸Ú ҂ÓÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ Ò ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÚÒfl ÌËÊÂ; ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‡ÒıÓʉÂÌËÈ ‚˚flÒÌËÚ Ëı Ô˘ËÌ˚ Ç˚ Ì Á̇ÂÚ ˝ÚËı ‰Â‚Û¯ÂÍ. ÅÂÍÍË Ë åÂË Ì ۷Ó˘Ëˆ˚. éÌË ‚Ó‚Ò ÌË͇ÍË Ì ÔÓ‰Û„Ë. àı ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ‚ˉÂÎË ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ. ÅÂÍÍË — ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ͇ ωˈËÌÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÎΉʇ, ÌÓ Ó̇ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ ıÓÓ¯ËÏ ‚‡˜ÓÏ. é̇ Ì β·ËÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸.å˝Ë ÚÓÊ Ì β·ËÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸. ì ‰Â‚Û¯ÂÍ ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„. ì ÌËı Ú‡ÍÊ ÌÂÚ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎÂÈ. éÌË ÔÎÓıÓ ÒÔflÚ, éÌË ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú 31

Ò·fl ÌÂıÓÓ¯Ó. Ñ‚ۯÍË Ì ÍÛflÚ ÒË„‡˚. éÌË ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì ÍÛflÚ. çË Ó‰Ì‡ ËÁ ÌËı Ì ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÍÛËÚ¸. ÅÂÍÍË Ë å˝Ë ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔËıÓ‰flÚ Ò˛‰‡. éÌË Ì ıÓÚflÚ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸. You do not (don't) know these girls. Becky and Mary are not (aren't) cleaners. They are not friends at all. They have never been seen together. Becky is a medical student, but she will never be a good doctor. She does not (doesn't) like to work. Mary does not like to work, either. The girls have no / have not any money. They have no cars either. They do not sleep well. They do not feel well. The girls don't smoke cigars. They do not smoke at all. Neither of them wants to smoke. They never come here. They do not want to.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÓ ÙÓÏÓÈ Infinitive, ÌÓ ıÓÓ¯Ó Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚÛ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ to ·ÂÁ „·„Ó·; ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ·˚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸ ... come.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 3: èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl. å˚ ÛÊ Á̇ÂÏ ÙÓÏ˚ ΢Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËË. èÓÏÌËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Î˘Ì˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÙÛÌ͈ËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó. éÚ ÌËı Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰Û„Ë ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ËÎË ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ·˚‚‡˛Ú ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ. èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·ÓÈ Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ Ú‡ÍËı Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÈ. éÌË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ËÎË ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó Ë Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÂÈ? / ˜¸fl? / ˜¸Ë? / ...? èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ËÏÂ˛Ú ‰‚ ÙÓÏ˚: ÔÓÒÚÛ˛ (1) Ë ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÛ˛ (2). (1) 1.

èÓÒÚ˚Â ÙÓÏ˚: I fi my

We fi our You fi your

2. 3.

He fi his She fi her It fi its

They fi their

Ç Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ë ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Í ÌÂÏÛ. åÓÈ ‰ÓÏ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ.fi My house is big. àı χ¯Ë̇ ·˚· ÒÚ‡‡fl.fi Their car was old. ÖÒÎË ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Û„Ë ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÚÓ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÌËÏË. åÓÈ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ‰ÓÏ ÌÓ‚˚È.fi My big house is new. éÌ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ Ëı χÎÂ̸ÍÛ˛ ÒÚ‡Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ.fi ç has never seen their small old car.

èËϘ‡ÌË 1: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ˜‡˘Â, ˜ÂÏ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ; Ú.Â. ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌˠ΄ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ, Ï˚ Â„Ó ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÏ, ‡ ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ÒÓı‡Ìfl˛Ú: éÌ ‰ÓÒڇΠÛÍÛ ËÁ ͇χ̇. (ÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ) éÌ ‰ÓÒڇΠÛÍÛ ËÁ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó Í‡χ̇. (‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ)fi ç took his hand out of his pocket.

èËϘ‡ÌË 2: ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò Ó·˘ËÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ò‚ÓÈ, ͇ʉ˚È ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌ˚È ÒÎÛ˜‡È ÌÛÊÌÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ: é̇ ‚Áfl· Ò‚Ó˛ ÒÛÏÍÛ.é̇ ‚Áfl·  ÒÛÏÍÛ.fi She took her bag. éÌË ‚Ó¯ÎË ‚ Ò‚ÓÈ ‰ÓÏ.éÌË ‚Ó¯ÎË ‚ Ëı ‰ÓÏ.fi They came into their house. 1. 2. 3.

I fi mine

We fi ours

You fi yours He fi his She fi hers It fi its

They fi theirs

éÚ΢ˠ‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ ÓÚ ÔÓÒÚ˚ı: ÔÓÒΠÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ‚ ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ÙÓÏ ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ˝ÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Ë ÍÓÚÓÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ; ‡·ÒÓβÚ̇fl ÙÓχ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ — Ó̇ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ô‰ÏÂÚ Ë ÔÓÒÚÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ, ÌÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl: 32

— óÂÈ ˝ÚÓ ‰ÓÏ? — ùÚÓ ÏÓÈ ‰ÓÏ. — éÌ ÏÓÈ.fi -Whose house is it / this? — It /This / That is my house. — It / This / That is mine. — ó¸fl ˝ÚÓ Ï‡¯Ë̇? — ùÚÓ Ëı χ¯Ë̇. — é̇ Ëı.fi -Whose car is it / this? — It / This /That is their car. — It / This / That is theirs. — ó¸Ë ˝ÚÓ ÒË„‡˚? — ùÚÓ Ì‡¯Ë ÒË„‡˚. — éÌË Ì‡¯Ë.fi -Whose cigars are these? — They / These / Those are our cigars. — They / These / Those are ours.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: this / that / these / those — Û͇Á‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ10); Û͇Á˚‚‡fl ̇ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Â, ÓÌË ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔË·ÎËʇ˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ Á̇ÏÂÌ˲ Í Î˘Ì˚Ï ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏ it / they Ë, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ÌËı ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. é·ÓÁ̇˜‡fl ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ, ‡·ÒÓβÚ̇fl ÙÓχ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó: Your car is new. Mine is old.fi í‚Ófl χ¯Ë̇ ÌÓ‚‡fl. åÓfl — ÒÚ‡‡fl. Ç Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌË ÍÓÓÚÍÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÏ „·‚Ì˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚Ë·: ÂÒÎË ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ï˚ ıÓÚËÏ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡, ÔÓθÁÛÂÏÒfl ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ; ÂÒÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚ Ì‡Á˚‚‡Ú¸ Ì ÒÓ·Ë‡ÂÏÒfl — ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓÈ.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 4: åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Û Î˘Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ÂÒÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ‰‚‡ Ô‡‰Âʇ: ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌ˚È Ë Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ӷ˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, Á‡ÚÓ ÂÒÚ¸: ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌ˚È, Ó‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È, ‚ËÌËÚÂθÌ˚È, ‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚È, Ú‚ÓËÚÂθÌ˚È Ë Ô‰ÎÓÊÌ˚È.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÙÓÏ˚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÙÓÏ‡Ï ÛÒÒÍËı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı Ô‡‰Âʇı, ÍÓÏ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó, Ú.Â. Ӊ̇ ÙÓχ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ÔÂ‰‡ÂÚ ‚ ÔÂ‚Ӊ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÛÒÒÍËı ÙÓÏ (̇ÔËÏÂ: Ú fi ÏÂÌfl / ÏÌ / ÏÌÓÈ / …). îÓÏ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ: 1. I fi me 2.

We fi us You fi you

He fi him 3. She fi her It fi it

They fi them

èËϘ‡ÌË 1: ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ô‡‰ÂÊ, ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË, ̇ÔËÏÂ: Ëı (ÍÓ„Ó?) - Ëı (˜ÂÈ?) Ë Ú.‰.; ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ڇ͇fl (ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘‡fl) ÙÓχ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰Ì‡: her; ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÔË ‚˚·Ó ÌÛÊÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒΉÛÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓ ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ: ‰Îfl ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ˜ÂÈ?; ‰Îfl ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ — ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ β·Ó„Ó ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ, ÍÓÏ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó: ÍÓ„Ó? /˜Â„Ó?; ÍÓ„Ó? / ˜ÚÓ?; ÍÓÏÛ? / ˜ÂÏÛ?; ÍÂÏ?/˜ÂÏ?; Ó ÍÓÏ?/ Ó ˜ÂÏ?

èËϘ‡ÌË 2: ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÚ‡‰‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ Á‡ÎÓ„Â (Passive), Ì Ëϲ˘Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, ̇˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ Ì ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ, ‡ ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (̇ÔËÏÂ: àı ‚ˉÂÎË... /Ç‡Ï ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ.../...); Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ú.Â. ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ΄ÍÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl, Ë ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ Ê·ÌË ҉·ڸ ÔflÏÓÈ ÔÂ‚Ӊ; Ï˚ Ô˚Ú‡ÂÏÒfl ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË (҉·ڸ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ) ÙÓÏÛ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ (Them... / Us ... / ...) — ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ!

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÔӢ — Û ÌËı ÚÓÊ ÂÒÚ¸ ÙÓχ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ, ÌÓ Ó̇ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û Ò ÙÓÏÓÈ 33

ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ — ÌÂÚ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ); ˝ÚÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸, Á‡ÏÂÌflfl ÙÓÏÛ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (̇ÔËÏÂ: àı ...fi Them fi They ... / ç‡Ï fi Us fi We ... / ...). èËÏÂ˚: 1. àı Ì ‚ˉÂÎË Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ò ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó „Ó‰‡.fi They have not been seen here since last year. 2. àı ‰ÓÏ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ.fi Their house is not big. 3. Ç Ì‡¯ÂÏ ‰ÓÏ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÓÏ̇Ú.fi Our house has several rooms. 4. éÌË Ì ıÓÚÂÎË Ï˚Ú¸ Ò‚ÓÈ Ï‡ÎÂ̸ÍËÈ ÒÚ‡˚È ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·Ëθ.fi They did not want to clean their small old car. 5. Ö„Ó Ï‡Ï‡ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚‡.fi His mother will be happy. 6. å˚ ۂˉËÏ Ëı Ì ÒÍÓÓ.fi We shall not see them soon. 7. Ö ÓÚˆ Ì ÍÛËÚ.fi Her father doesn't smoke. 8. åÌ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò‚Ó ËÏfl, Ú‚Ó ÏÌ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl.fi

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÛÒÒÍËÈ „·„ÓÎ Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ó¯Ë·Ó˜ÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl, Í‡Í Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÈ ÒÚ‡‰‡ÚÂθÌ˚È Á‡ÎÓ„ (Passive); ̇ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂΠÁ‰ÂÒ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚È Á‡ÎÓ„ (Active); fl ÒÓ‚ÂÚÛ˛ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ (ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl Ò·fl) Â„Ó ÙÓÏÛ fi Ì‡‚ËÚ¸ (fl Ì‡‚β Ò‚Ó ËÏfl, fl Ì Ì‡‚β Ú‚ÓÂ) — Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ÌÓ Á‡ÚÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÏÂ̸¯Â ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò ÔÂ‚ӉÓÏ:

fiI like my name. I don't like yours. 9. Ç ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡ ̇¯‡ χχ Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÔ‡Ú¸.fi Our mother will not be sleeping at two o'clock. 10. åÓË ‰ÛÁ¸fl ıÓÓ¯ËÂ, ÌÓ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË Ì‡Ò Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛Ú.fi My friends are good, but sometimes they don't understand us. 11. å˚ ÍÛÔËÎË ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. ç‡Ï Ì Ì‡‚flÚÒfl Â„Ó ÓÍ̇. éÌË Ó˜Â̸ χÎÂ̸ÍËÂ. ç‡ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ Ì‡Ï ÔË‚ÂÁÛÚ ·Óθ¯Ë ÓÍ̇.fi We have bought a new house. We don't like its windows. They are very small. We shall be brought big windows next week.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 5: ÄÚËÍθ. èÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Ó·˙ÂÏÛ ˝ÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÎÓ ÏÓ„ÎÓ ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ Ë ÚÂÏÓÈ (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‡Ê ˆÂÎ˚ ۘ·Ì˚ ÔÓÒÓ·Ëfl, ÔÓÒ‚fl˘ÂÌÌ˚ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌ˲ ‡ÚËÍÎfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ). çÓ Ì‡Ï ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË Û„ÎÛ·ÎflÚ¸Òfl ‚ ‰Â·Ë ÚÓ„Ó, Ó ˜ÂÏ Ò‡ÏË ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÏÂ˛Ú Î˯¸ ÒÏÛÚÌÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Ú‡Í ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÒflÍËı ÏÂÎÍËı ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ‡ÚËÍÎfl, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò Ëı ÔÓÒÚÓ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸. ч Ë Ì‡ ‚ÓÒÔËflÚË ÒÏ˚Ò· ‡ÚËÍÎË ÔÓÓÈ Ì Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÓ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÔÓˆÂÌÚ Î˛‰ÂÈ, „Ó‚Ófl˘Ëı ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË, ÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ ËÒÍβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ. ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ˚, ͇҇˛˘ËÂÒfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‡ÚËÍÎfl ‚ ˜Ë, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â, ·Û‰Û˜Ë ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ ‚ÒÂÏ, ÒÚÓ„Ó Òӷ≇˛ÚÒfl. àÒıÓ‰fl ËÁ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ‚˚¯ÂËÁÎÓÊÂÌÌÓ„Ó, Ï˚ Ë ·Û‰ÂÏ Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ Ò ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ. ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ

ÿ ÿ ÿ

鷢ˠÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl: ÄÚËÍθ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ, ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÒÚÓ Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í ÌÂÏÛ. ç ‚Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ. ÖÒÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÚÓËÚ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ (ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË), ÚÓ ‡ÚËÍθ ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ, ÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ (ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË): a tablefi a big table fi a new big table àÌÓ„‰‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚÓËÚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó, ‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÓÔÛ˘ÂÌÓ Ë Î˯¸ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ. Ç Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‡ÚËÍθ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ò‚flÁ‡Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, Ë ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË Ì‡Î˘ËË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó: Your wife is a young woman.fi í‚Ófl ÊÂ̇ — ÏÓÎÓ‰‡fl ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇. My wife is not young, (ÌÂÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó — ÌÂÚ ‡ÚËÍÎfl)fi åÓfl ÊÂ̇ ÌÂÏÓÎÓ‰‡fl. ÄÚËÍθ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl, ÂÒÎË ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÂÒÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË (my house / this house) ËÎË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó no (no house). ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‚‡ ‚ˉ‡ ‡ÚËÍÎfl: ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È Ë ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È. é·‡ ‚ˉ‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Í‡Í ‚ Òڇ̉‡ÚÌ˚ı (ÒÚÓ„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı) ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ı, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ (ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜ÚÓÚÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú Ë ‰‡Ê ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÂ‚Ӊ) Á̇˜ÂÌËË. ëڇ̉‡ÚÌ˚ı ‚‡ˇÌÚÓ‚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó, Ë ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÌË ËÏÂÎËÒ¸ ‚ ‚ˉÛ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ „Ó‚ÓËÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ҇ÏË ‚ ÌËı ÔÎÓıÓ ÓËÂÌÚËÛ˛ÚÒfl (Ï˚ ‚˚‰ÂÎËÏ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‡Ï˚ ÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚Â Ë ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚Â). ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó Á̇˜ÂÌË — ˝ÚÓ Í‡Í ‡Á ÚÓ, ˜ÂÏ ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó, Ë Ò ˜ÂÏ Ì‡ÏÚÓÊ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ‡ÁÓ·‡Ú¸Òfl. çÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ: 34

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ËÏÂÂÚ ‰‚ ÙÓÏ˚: ‡ Ë an; ‡ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ̇˜Ë̇˛˘ËÏËÒfl Ò Òӄ·ÒÌÓ„Ó Á‚Û͇ (a table / a big room / a house); an ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ̇˜Ë̇˛˘ËÏËÒfl Ò „·ÒÌÓ„Ó Á‚Û͇ (an apple / an arm / an old house); ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ó‰ËÌ Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ÌÂÔÓÌflÚÌ˚È ËÎË ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚È ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl: Ç ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ‰Û¯ÌÓ — ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ Ô‰·„‡ÂÚ: - ч‚‡ÈÚ ÓÚÍÓÂÏ ÓÍÌÓ. — ÓÍÓÌ ÚË; ÔÓ ÔÓËÁÌÂÒÂÌÌÓÈ Ù‡Á Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸, ͇ÍÓ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÓÍÌÓ Ô‰·„‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚÍ˚Ú¸, Ú.Â. ͇ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ÓÍÌÓ / β·Ó ËÁ ÚÂıfi a window. ËÎË:— ü ÍÛÔËÎ ÍÌË„Û. — ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍ Ì Á̇ÂÚ ÚÓ˜ÌÓ, ͇ÍÛ˛ ÍÌË„Û ÍÛÔËÎË; ÓÌ Ì Á̇ÍÓÏ Ò Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ fi a book. Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl, ıÓÚfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË: ͇ÍÓÈ-ÌË·Û‰¸ / ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ / Ó‰ËÌ: — Ç‡Ï Á‚ÓÌËÎË — äÚÓ Á‚ÓÌËÎ ? — ä‡ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÏÛʘË̇.fi A gentleman.

éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ: ËÏÂÂÚ Ó‰ÌÛ ÙÓÏÛ the; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË Í‡Í ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ô‰ÏÂÚ (Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚), Ó ÍÓÚÓÓÏ (ÍÓÚÓ˚ı) ˜¸ ÛÊ ¯Î‡ ‡Ì ËÎË ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ, Ú.Â. Á̇ÍÓÏ˚È / ÔÓÌflÚÌ˚È ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÛ, ‚˚‰ÂÎflfl Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ (Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚) ËÁ fl‰‡ ‰Û„Ëı Ú‡ÍËı ÊÂ: ÂÒÎË ‚ ÍÓÏ̇Ú ӉÌÓ ÓÍÌÓ, Ë ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ Ô‰·„‡ÂÚ Â„Ó ÓÚÍ˚Ú¸, ÚÓ ‚ÒÂÏ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ, Ó Í‡ÍÓÏ ÓÍÌ ˉÂÚ ˜¸fi the window;ËÎË: — ü Á‡ıÓ‰ËÎ ‚ ÍÌËÊÌ˚È Ï‡„‡ÁËÌ, ‰‡‚ÌÓ ÔËÒÏÓÚÂÎ Ú‡Ï Ò· ÍÌË„Û.— í˚ ÍÛÔËÎ ÂÂ?— äÛÔËÎ ÍÌË„Û Ë ÊÛ̇Î.fi I bought the book (ÚÛ Ò‡ÏÛ˛) and a magazine (ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍ ‚ÔÂ‚˚ ÒÎ˚¯ËÚ ÔÓ ÊÛ̇Î, ˝ÚÓÚ Ô‰ÏÂÚ ÂÏÛ Ì Á̇ÍÓÏ). ÿ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl, ıÓÚfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË: ˝ÚÓÚ / ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˝ÚÓÚ / ˝ÚÓÚ Ò‡Ï˚È: — ü ‚ˉÂÎ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌÛ.— ä‡ÍÛ˛ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌÛ?— íÛ Ò‡ÏÛ˛, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚· ̇ ‚˜ÂÂ.fi I saw the woman... ÿ ÿ ÿ

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‡ÚËÍθ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ì ӷ Ó‰ÌÓÏ, ‡ Ó ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚ı ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÛ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ı — ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ Ò˛‰‡ Ì ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ, ‡ ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡flÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ˜ËÒ·Ï. é·˘ËÈ ÔËÏÂ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‡ÚËÍÎÂÈ ‚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË: çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ fl ·˚Î ‚ (a) ‰Â‚ÌÂ. (The) ÑÂ‚Ìfl ·˚· ·Óθ¯‡fl Ë ¯ÛÏ̇fl. Ç (the) ‰Â‚Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÓÏÓ‚. (The) ÑÓχ ÚÓÊ ·˚ÎË ·Óθ¯ËÂ. é‰Ì‡Ê‰˚ ‚˜ÂÓÏ ‚ ̇¯ ‰ÓÏ ‚Ó¯ÂΠ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ (‡) ÏÛʘË̇. (The) åÛʘË̇ ·˚Î ‚˚ÒÓÍËÈ Ë ÒÚÓÈÌ˚È. ë (the) ÏÛʘËÌÓÈ ·˚ÎË (‡) χθ˜ËÍ Ë (‡) ‰Â‚Ә͇. (The) ÑÂÚË ÏÌ ÔÓÌ‡‚ËÎËÒ¸ Ò‡ÁÛ. ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Òڇ̉‡ÚÌ˚ı ‚‡ˇÌÚÓ‚ Ò ‡ÚËÍÎflÏË. çÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: ® ® ® ®

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ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÒÔˆˇθÌÓÒÚÂÈ: I am a worker. She is a student. èÓÒΠÒÎÓ‚‡ half (ÔÓÎÓ‚Ë̇) ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: half a bottle / half an hour / ... èÓÒΠӷÓÓÚ‡ there + to be (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ 14) ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: There was a lamp on the table.fi ç‡ ÒÚÓΠ·˚· (͇͇fl-ÚÓ) ·ÏÔ‡. èÓÒΠÒÎÓ‚‡ what ‚ ‚ÓÒÍÎˈ‡ÌËflı ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: What a happy man! fi ä‡ÍÓÈ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚˚È ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ! èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÎÓ Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ‡ Ì ˆÂÎ˚È Í·ÒÒ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ ËÎË ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Ó (ÚÓ„‰‡ ‡ÚËÍÎfl ÌÂÚ): What strong liquid! fi ä‡Í‡fl ÒËθ̇fl ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸! èÓÒΠÒÎÓ‚‡ such ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÏË Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ‡ Ì ˆÂÎ˚È Í·ÒÒ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ ËÎË ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Ó: I haven't seen such a woman.fi ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ˚ ÌÓ: I haven't used such liquid before.fi ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ ‡Ì¸¯Â Ì ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎÒfl Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸˛. èÂ‰ ËÏÂ̇ÏË Ë Ù‡ÏËÎËflÏË ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÂÍËÈ / ÌÂÍÚÓ: A Mr. Fox called you.fi Ç‡Ï Á‚ÓÌËÎ ÌÂÍËÈ ÏËÒÚÂ îÓÍÒ. ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË Ï‡ÓÍ / ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó: a Cadillac (χ͇ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎfl) / a Kodak (χ͇ ÙÓÚÓ‡ÔÔ‡‡Ú‡) Ç ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ: 35

to be in a hurry fi ÚÓÓÔËÚ¸Òfl; to be on a diet fi ·˚Ú¸ ̇ ‰ËÂÚÂ; a lot of fi ÏÌÓ„Ó; a great deal of fi ÏÌÓ„Ó Ë ‰. éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: • • • • • • •

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èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË „ÓÒÚËÌˈ: the Regent Hotel. èÂ‰ ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚ÏË ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: the first (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ 8). èÂ‰ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚ Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË: the best (ÒÏ. è‡‚ËÎÓ 9). èÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÏË Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ Ӊ Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚,, ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ ‚ÒÂÏ: the sun / the moon Ë Ú.‰. èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË „‡ÁÂÚ: The New York Times. èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÍÓ‡·ÎÂÈ: The Titanic. èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË Ó͇ÌÓ‚ / ÏÓÂÈ / ÂÍ: The Pacific Ocean. The Black Sea. The Dvina. èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÒÚ‡Ì, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÏË ËÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÒÎÓ‚: The United States of America (ÂÒÚ¸ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl). èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË flÁ˚ÍÓ‚, ÂÒÎË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó language: the English language (ÌÓ: English) the Russian language (ÌÓ: Russian). èÂ‰ Ù‡ÏËÎËflÏË, ÒÚÓfl˘ËÏË ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ(Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚Òfl ÒÂϸfl ‚ ÔÓÎÌÓÏ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Â): the Browns fi Å‡ÛÌ˚ / ÒÂϸfl Å‡ÛÌÓ‚ Ç Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËflı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ÒÛÚÓÍ: in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening (ÌÓ: at night) fi ÛÚÓÏ / ‰ÌÂÏ / ‚˜ÂÓÏ (ÌÓ˜¸˛). Ç ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË (the ... the ... fi ˜ÂÏ .... ÚÂÏ ...): The more you learn something the better you know it. fi óÂÏ ·Óθ¯Â ËÁÛ˜‡Â¯¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó, ÚÂÏ ÎÛ˜¯Â Á̇¯¸. èË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÛÒÒÍËı ÒÎÓ‚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó (Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ): ̇ ÛÎˈ fi in the street; ‚ ÍËÌÓ (ÍÛ‰‡?) fi to the cinema; ‚ ÍËÌÓ („‰Â?) fi at the cinema; ‚ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ fi at the institute; ̇ ‡·ÓÚ fi on the job (ÌÓ: at work) Ë ‰. èÂ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÒÚÓÓÌ Ò‚ÂÚ‡: the West / the East / the North / the South. ÄÚËÍθ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚÂÈ: I am English. fi ü ‡Ì„΢‡ÌËÌ. My wife is Jewish. fi åÓfl ÊÂ̇ ‚ÂÈ͇. We are Russian. fi å˚ ÛÒÒÍËÂ. ë ‡·ÒÚ‡ÍÚÌ˚ÏË ÔÓÌflÚËflÏË: love / life / time / ... ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚: liquid / water/ ... ëÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÏË ˆÂÎ˚È Í·ÒÒ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ ËÎË ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚: I like beer. fi ü β·Î˛ ÔË‚Ó. (‚ÓÓ·˘Â) ÌÓ: Give me a beer, please.fi чÈÚ ÏÌ ÔË‚‡ (Ó‰ÌÓ ÔË‚Ó, Ú.Â. Ó‰ÌÛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÓÚ ‚Ò„Ó), ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. The beer is good. fi èË‚Ó (Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÓÚ ‚Ò„Ó, Ó ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ë‰ÂÚ ˜¸) ıÓÓ¯ÂÂ. ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÛÎˈ: Abbey Road / Gorky Street. ë ËÏÂ̇ÏË Ë Ù‡ÏËÎËflÏË: I like Cindy.fi åÌ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ëË̉Ë. ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ‚ÂÏÂÌ „Ó‰‡: in winter / in spring / in summer / in autumn (ÌÓ: (‡ÏÂ. ‚‡ˇÌÚ) in the fall) fi ÁËÏÓÈ / ‚ÂÒÌÓÈ / ÎÂÚÓÏ / ÓÒÂ̸˛. 36

ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÏÂÒflˆÂ‚: It is December now. fi ëÂȘ‡Ò ‰Â͇·¸. • ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ‰ÌÂÈ Ì‰ÂÎË: It was on Monday. fi ùÚÓ ·˚ÎÓ ‚ ÔÓ̉ÂθÌËÍ. • ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÔËÂÏÓ‚ ÔˢË: breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper fi Á‡‚Ú‡Í / ӷ‰ / ÔÎÓÚÌ˚È ÛÊËÌ / ΄ÍËÈ ÛÊËÌ. • ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ‡˝ÓÔÓÚÓ‚: Heathrow Airport / Kennedy Airport. • ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË „ÓÓ‰Ó‚. • ë ̇Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÒÚ‡Ì, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÏË ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ (ÂÒÚ¸ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl). • ó‡ÒÚÓ ‚ Á‡„ÓÎӂ͇ı ÒÚ‡ÚÂÈ ‚ ÊÛ̇·ı Ë „‡ÁÂÚ‡ı. • Ç ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı: at work fi ̇ ‡·ÓÚÂ; at night fi ÔÓÁ‰ÌËÏ Â˜ÂÓÏ / ÌÓ˜¸˛; to go / come / arrive home fi ˉÚË / ÔËÈÚË / ÔËÂı‡Ú¸ ‰ÓÏÓÈ; at home fi ‰Óχ; to go to bed fi ÎÓÊËÚ¸Òfl ÒÔ‡Ú¸; to be on holiday fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ÓÚÔÛÒÍÂ; to go on foot fi ˉÚË / ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ô¯ÍÓÏ; to go to school fi Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ¯ÍÓΠ/ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÛ: 燯‡ ÒÂÒÚ‡ Û˜ËÚÒfl ‚ ¯ÍÓΠ/ ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÛ. fi Our sister goes to school. ÌÓ: å‡Ï‡ Ôӯ· ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÛ Ì‡ Ó‰ËÚÂθÒÍÓ ÒÓ·‡ÌËÂ. — (Ó̇ Ì ۘËÚÒfl ‚ ¯ÍÓΠ— ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ) fi Mother went to the school... çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰Û„Ë ÏÓÏÂÌÚ˚, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚Â Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ‡ÚËÍÎÂÈ, ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÌËÊ ÔÓ ÏÂ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌËfl „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚÂˇ·. •

37

íÂχ 2. è‰ÎÓ„Ë. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ, Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë Ë„‡˛Ú ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ Óθ, ÔÓÏÓ„‡fl ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‚Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ. è‰ÎÓ„Ë ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇ ÔÓÒÚ˚ (ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡) Ë ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ (ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡, ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‰‡Ê ËÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚). ÇÒ ÔÓÒÚ˚ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ËÏÂ˛Ú ÔÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÛ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‡ÁÌ˚ı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ, ˜ÚÓ Ë ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ ÔË Ëı ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË. ëÎÓÊÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó‰ÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ ‚ÌËχÌË ÔË ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËË ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÂÏ˚ Ï˚ Û‰ÂÎËÏ ÔÓÒÚ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓ„‡Ï. óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚, ÚÓ ‰Îfl ÔÂ‰‡˜Ë Ëı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ Ò Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÏ. å˚ ̇ÁÓ‚ÂÏ ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚Â. é·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÒÓ·Ëflı Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ‚˚‡Ê‡˛Ú ‡ÁÌ˚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl (ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ / ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ / Ô˘ËÌÌ˚ / ˆÂ΂˚Â Ë ‰.). å˚ Ê ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚÓÚ˚ ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËfl χÚÂˇ· ‡Á‰ÂÎËÏ Ëı ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ì‡ ‰‚ „ÛÔÔ˚: 1. 2.

èÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â; ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Â.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ ÔÓ ÙÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡Í ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ÏË; ‰Îfl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÌÛÊÌÓ ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË; ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ӘÂ̸ ÏÌÓ„Ó‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë Í‡Í ·˚ ÒÎËÎËÒ¸ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, Ë „‰Â Ëı ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÓÈ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì ÔÓÒχÚË‚‡˛ÚÒfl; Ú‡ÍË ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡ÔÓÏË̇ڸ; ‚ ‡Ï͇ı Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÍÓÓÚÍÓÈ ÚÂÏ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÂ‰‡Ú¸ ‚Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔË ‚˚·Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ Ì ÒÚÂÒÌflÈÚÂÒ¸ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÏ. èÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë (Ëı ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl): on fi ̇ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ì ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓ„Û Ì‡; ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò ˝ÚËÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ „‰Â?: on the table fi ̇ ÒÚÓÎÂ;ÌÓ: å‡Ï‡ ۯ· ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ. è‡Ô‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ̇ ‰ÂÊÛÒÚ‚Â. — ‚ ˝ÚËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ÌÂθÁfl ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÏ on. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl upon. in fi ‚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‚ÌÛÚË, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ì ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ ‚; ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò ˝ÚËÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ „‰Â?: in the pocket fi ‚ ͇χÌÂ;ÌÓ: å‡Ï‡ ۯ· ‚ ÍËÌÓ. è‡Ô‡ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ ‚ ÔÂ‚Û˛ ÒÏÂÌÛ. — ‚ ˝ÚËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ÌÂθÁfl ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÏ in. at fi Û / ÔË / ÓÍÓÎÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl: éÌ ÒÚÓflÎ Û ÓÍ̇.fi ç was standing at the window. Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸ Í ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ: è‡Ô‡ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ Ì‡ Á‡‚Ó‰Â.fi Father works at the plant. ü Û˜ÛÒ¸ ‚ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÂ. fi I study at the institute.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ÒÂı ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚˚¯Â Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌÓ ÒΉËÚ¸ Á‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÂÈ: ü Û˜ÛÒ¸ ‚ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÂ, (ÓÚÌÓ¯ÛÒ¸ Í ÒËÒÚÂÏ ‚ÛÁ‡) fi ... at the institute.ÌÓ: éÌ ÒÂȘ‡Ò „‰Â-ÚÓ ‚ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÂ, (‚ÌÛÚË) fi ... in the institute. ü ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎÒfl ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ "åËÌÒÍ", (‚ÔËÒ‡ÎÒfl ‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ˚) fi ... at the Minsk Hotel.ÌÓ: åÓÈ ‰Û„ ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂ, (‚ÌÛÚË) fi ... in the hotel. 38

to => ‚ / ̇ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (ÍÛ‰‡? / ÍÓÏÛ? / Í ÍÓÏÛ?): å‡Ï‡ ۯ· ‚ ÍËÌÓ.fi Mother went to the cinema. å˚ Ì ÔÓȉÂÏ ‚ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ.fi We shall not go to the institute. é̇ ‰‡Î‡ ÏÌ ӉËÌ ‰Óη.fi She gave one dollar to me.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: Ô‰ÎÓ„ to ÏÓÊÂÚ Ë Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË ‰‚Ûı ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚ Ò Û˜‡ÒÚËÂÏ Í‡ÍÓ„ÓÎË·Ó Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡; ‚Ò Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ‡ÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË: ÂÒÎË Ò̇˜‡Î‡ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ‡ ÔÓÚÓÏ ÚÓÚ, ̇ ÍÓ„Ó Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰ÎÓ„ ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ, ÂÒÎË Ì‡Ó·ÓÓÚ — Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ: ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚ 1 fi ÑÂÈÒÚ‚Ë fi è‰ÏÂÚ fi to fi ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚ 2: She gave one dollar to me ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚ 1 fi ÑÂÈÒÚ‚Ë fi ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚ 2 fi è‰ÏÂÚ: She gave me one dollar. They didn't bring a new lamp to us.¤ They didn't bring us a new lamp.fi éÌË Ì ÔËÌÂÒÎË Ì‡Ï ÌÓ‚Û˛ ·ÏÔÛ. She will send strong cigars to him.¤ She will send him strong cigars.fi é̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÂÚ ÂÏÛ ÍÂÔÍË ÒË„‡˚. towards fi ÔÓ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ Í; ·ÎËÁÓÍ ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Í to, ÌÓ ÏÂÌ ÍÓÌÍÂÚËÁËÓ‚‡Ì: ç went to the car.fi éÌ ÔÓ¯ÂÎ Í Ï‡¯ËÌÂ, (‚ χ¯ËÌÛ) ç went towards the car.fi éÌ ÔÓ¯ÂÎ ÔÓ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ Í Ï‡¯ËÌÂ, (ÌÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ò‚ÂÌÛÚ¸ ‚ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ) of fi Ô‰ÎÓ„ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ; Ú.Â. ÔÂ‰ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÒÚÓfl˘ËÏË ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (ÍÓ„Ó? / ˜Â„Ó?), ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ of: the door of my room / the car of my wife of fi Ó / Ó·: ü Ó ÌÂÏ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì Á̇˛.fi I know nothing of him. ü ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‰Ûχ˛ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ.fi I often think of that. ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be, Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡fl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó Á̇˜ÂÌË ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ËÁ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: to be tired of afraid of proud of Ë ‰.: I'm tired of you.fi ü ÛÒڇΠÓÚ Ú·fl. / í˚ ÏÌ ̇‰ÓÂÎ. She is proud of her body.fi é̇ „Ó‰ËÚÒfl Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÙË„ÛÓÈ. They are not afraid of us.fi éÌË Ì ·ÓflÚÒfl ̇Ò. I'm not sure of that.fi ü Ì ۂÂÂÌ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. with / by fi Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë Ú‚ÓËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ; ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, Ëϲ˘ËÏË ‚'ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÙÓÏÛ Ú‚ÓËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ (ÍÂÏ? / ˜ÂÏ?): by — ÂÒÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚÒfl ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ ËÎË ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÓÈ; with — ÂÒÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ (ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛); ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ˝ÚË Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Passive: 凯Ë̇ ·˚· ÍÛÔÎÂ̇ ÏÓËÏ ‰Û„ÓÏ.fi The car was bought by my friend. èÎ‡Ì ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÎÒfl ‚ÒÂÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ.fi The plan was being fulfilled by the whole country. àÌÓ„‰‡ ÓÍ̇ ÏÓ˛Ú ‚Ó‰ÓÈ.fi Sometimes the windows are washed with water. with fi Ò / ‚ÏÂÒÚ Ò: with mefi ÒÓ ÏÌÓÈ; together with boys and girlsfi ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò Ï‡Î¸˜Ë͇ÏË Ë ‰Â‚Ә͇ÏË by fi Û / ÓÍÓÎÓ: by the windowfi Û ÓÍ̇; by the door fi fl‰ÓÏ Ò ‰‚Â¸˛; for fi ‰Îfl: for me fi ‰Îfl ÏÂÌfl; for him fi ‰Îfl Ì„Ó; from fi ÓÚ / ËÁ / Ò ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË / Û (ÓÚ) ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó: 39

é̇ ÔËÂı‡Î‡ ËÁ åÓÒÍ‚˚.fi She came from Moscow. ü Á̇˛ ˝ÚÓ ÓÚ ÌÂÂ.fi I know it from her. éÌ ‚ÁflΠ͇ÍÛ˛-ÚÓ ÍÌË„Û ÒÓ ÒÚÓ·.fi ç took a book from the desk. ü ‚ÁflÎ ˝ÚÛ ÍÌË„Û Û Ì„Ó.fi I took this book from him. about fi Ó / Ó·: ü ÌË˜Â„Ó Ó ÌÂÏ Ì Á̇˛.fi I know nothing about him. about fi ËÏÂÂÚ ‰Û„Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl; ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ / ÔÓ / ‚ÓÍÛ„ / ÍÛ„ÓÏ; ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl around / round: éÌ ıÓ‰ËÎ ÔÓ „ÓÓ‰Û Ô¯ÍÓÏ.fi ç walked about the town.¤ He walked around the town. ì ÏÂÌfl ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ‰ÓηÓ‚.fi I have about ten dollars.¤ I have around ten dollars. éÌ Ì ıÓÚÂΠˉÚË ‚ÓÍÛ„ ÚÓ„Ó ‰Óχ.fi ç didn't want to go around that house. after fi Á‡ / ‚ÒΉ Á‡: é̇ Ô˯· ‚ÒΉ Á‡ ÏÌÓÈ.fi She came after me. above fi ̇‰; under fi ÔÓ‰; behind fi Á‡ / ÔÓÁ‡‰Ë; without fi ·ÂÁ (ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó); in front of fi ÔÂ‰ (‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó): åÓfl χ¯Ë̇ ÔÂ‰ ‰ÓÏÓÏ. fi My car is in front of the house. into fi ‚; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ÌÛÚ¸ ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó: é̇ ‚ӯ· (ÍÛ‰‡?) ‚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ. fi She came into the room. onto fi ̇; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ̇ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚ¸ ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó: éÌ ÔÓÎÓÊËÎ ‰Â̸„Ë (ÍÛ‰‡?) ̇ ÒÚÓÎ. fi ç put the money onto the table. out of fi ËÁ; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ̇ÛÊÛ ËÁÌÛÚË Á‡ÏÍÌÛÚÓ„Ó ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚‡: éÌ ‰ÓÒڇΠÒË„‡Û ËÁ ÍÓÓ·ÍË. fi ç took a cigar out of the box. é̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ ËÁ ÍÓÏ̇Ú˚. fi She came out of the room.Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: é̇ ÔËÂı‡Î‡ ËÁ åÓÒÍ‚˚. fi She came from Moscow. through fi ÒÍ‚ÓÁ¸ / ˜ÂÂÁ: through the window / through the wall over fi ̇‰ (Ò‚ÂıÛ): over the window / over the roof between fi ÏÂÊ‰Û (‰‚Ûı Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ / Îˈ): between two cars / between two women among fi ÏÂÊ‰Û (ÒÂ‰Ë ÚÂı ËÎË ·ÓΠÎˈ / Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚): among students / among trees across fi ˜ÂÂÁ (ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó /Ô‰ÏÂÚ): across the room / the street / the table / ... near fi ‚ÓÁΠ/ fl‰ÓÏ / ÓÍÓÎÓ: near the house / near the car ÇÂÏÂÌÌ˚ è‰ÎÓ„Ë (Ëı ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl): on fi ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ‰ÌflÏË Ì‰ÂÎË: on Sunday / on Monday; 40

Ò ÔÓÎÌ˚ÏË ‰‡Ú‡ÏË (ÍÓ„‰‡ ÂÒÚ¸ ˜ËÒÎÓ Ë ÏÂÒflˆ): on the first of May; in fi Ò ‚Â͇ÏË: in the first century; Ò „Ó‰‡ÏË: in 1992; Ò Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÒÂÁÓÌÓ‚: in winter / in spring; Ò Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ÏÂÒflˆÂ‚: in May / in December; Ò Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ÒÛÚÓÍ, Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ: in the morning fi ÛÚÓÏ; in the afternoon fi ‰ÌÂÏ; in the evening fi ‚˜ÂÓÏ;ÌÓ: at night fi ÌÓ˜¸˛ ˜ÂÂÁ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó (β·ÓÈ) ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ Future (ÒÏ. after ÌËÊÂ): I'll be back in five minutes.fi ü ‚ÂÌÛÒ¸ ˜ÂÂÁ ÔflÚ¸ ÏËÌÛÚ. ç will finish school in two years.fi éÌ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÚ ¯ÍÓÎÛ ˜ÂÂÁ ‰‚‡ „Ó‰‡. at fi ‚; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl: at that moment fi ‚ ÚÓÚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ; at five minutes past tenfi ‚ ÔflÚ¸ ÏËÌÛÚ Ó‰ËÌ̇‰ˆ‡ÚÓ„Ó; at a quarter to ninefi ·ÂÁ ˜ÂÚ‚ÂÚË ‰Â‚flÚ¸ to fi ·ÂÁ; ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÏËÌÛÚ, ÓÒÚ‡‚¯ËıÒfl ‰Ó ÚÓ„Ó ˜‡Ò‡, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ‰‚ËÊÂÚÒfl χ·fl ÒÚÂÎ͇ ˆËÙÂ·Î‡Ú‡; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ‰‚ËÊÂÌËË ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒÚÂÎÍË ÔÓ Î‚ÓÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ ˆËÙÂ·Î‡Ú‡: It is five (minutes) to ten.fi ëÂȘ‡Ò ·ÂÁ ÔflÚË ‰ÂÒflÚ¸. ÍÓ„‰‡ ·Óθ¯‡fl ÒÚÂÎ͇ ‰‚ËÊÂÚÒfl ÔÓ Ô‡‚ÓÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ ˆËÙÂ·Î‡Ú‡, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl past fi ÔÓÒÎÂ, Ë Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ˜‡Ò, ÓÚ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Û¯Î‡ χ·fl ÒÚÂÎ͇: It was ten (minutes) past five.fi Å˚ÎÓ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ÏËÌÛÚ ¯ÂÒÚÓ„Ó. (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: ÔÓÒΠÔflÚË) bÛ fi Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó (β·ÓÏÛ) ÏÓÏÂÌÚÛ: ç will come by ten o'clock.fi éÌ ÔˉÂÚ Í ‰ÂÒflÚË ˜‡Ò‡Ï. They will marry by the next year.fi éÌË ÔÓÊÂÌflÚÒfl Í ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏÛ „Ó‰Û. She will finish / will have finished her work by his coming back.fi é̇ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ Í Â„Ó ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘ÂÌ˲. for fi ‚ Ú˜ÂÌËÂ; ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ˜‡˘Â, ˜ÂÏ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, „‰Â ˝ÚË ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇˛ÚÒfl: She has been sleeping for six hours.fi é̇ ÒÔËÚ ¯ÂÒÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚.¤ é̇ ÒÔËÚ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ¯ÂÒÚË ˜‡ÒÓ‚.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÒÎÓ‚Ó o'clock ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÚÓ„‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ÂÏfl ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ó‚ÌÓ ‚ ˜‡Ò‡ı: ëÂȘ‡Ò ÔflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚.fi It is five o'clock. Å˚ÎÓ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚.fi It was ten o'clock. u Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ; ÒÎÓ‚Ó hour fi ˜‡Ò ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó o'clock, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ‰Û„Ëı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: It is ten o'clock.¤ It is ten hours. They will be here in ten hours, (o'clock — ÌÂθÁfl)fi éÌË ·Û‰ÛÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ˜ÂÂÁ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚. from fi Ò; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡˜‡ÎÓ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: from the first of May, ÌÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰ÍÓ; ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË from ... till (ÂÊ from ... to) fi Ò ... ‰Ó; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡˜‡ÎÓ Ë Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: 41

from 1917 till 1992. about fi ÓÍÓÎÓ / ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ: They will call us about seven (o'clock / hours).fi éÌË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ Ì‡Ï ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ‚ ÒÂϸ / ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ÒÂϸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚ / ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ÓÍÓÎÓ ÒÂÏË. after fi ÔÓÒΠ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó (β·Ó„Ó) ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ËÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl: They will not be working after three o'clock.fi éÌË Ì ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ÔÓÒΠÚÂı ˜‡ÒÓ‚. ç will come here after the meeting.fi éÌ ÔˉÂÚ Ò˛‰‡ ÔÓÒΠÒÓ·‡ÌËfl. after fi ˜ÂÂÁ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ Past (Ò‡‚ÌËÚ in ‚˚¯Â): After a few weeks she got married.fi óÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‰Âθ Ó̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ÏÛÊ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ after ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ̇˜Ë later fi ÒÔÛÒÚfl: A few weeks later she got married.fi óÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‰Âθ Ó̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ÏÛÊ. before => ‰Ó / ÔÂ‰ ͇ÍËÏ-ÎË·Ó (β·˚Ï) ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ËÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ: They had not been working before three o'clock.fi ÑÓ ÚÂı ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ÓÌË Ì ‡·ÓÚ‡ÎË, (̇˜‡ÎË ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ÔÓÒΠÚÂı) John had called my sister before he went to the airport.fi èÂ‰ ÚÂÏ, Í‡Í ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ‡˝ÓÔÓÚ, ÑÊÓÌ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎ ÏÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚÂ. through fi ̇ ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ç can speak through hours.fi éÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ˜‡Ò‡ÏË. ç can do it Monday through Friday.fi éÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡˜Ë̇fl Ò ÔÓ̉ÂθÌË͇ Ë ‰Ó ÔflÚÌˈ˚. over fi Ò‚˚¯Â / ·ÓÎÂÂ: ç has been waiting here over an hour.fi éÌ Ê‰ÂÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ·Óθ¯Â ˜‡Ò‡. between fi ÏÂʉÛ: ç will come between three (o'clock) and four (o'clock).fi éÌ ÔˉÂÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÚÂÏfl Ë ˜ÂÚ˚¸Ïfl ˜‡Ò‡ÏË. near fi ·ÎËÁÍÓ Í: She will come near eight (o'clpck).fi é̇ ÔˉÂÚ ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ‚ ‚ÓÒÂϸ. till / until fi ‰Ó: She will wait till / until ten (o'clock).fi é̇ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ê‰‡Ú¸ ‰Ó ‰ÂÒflÚË ˜‡ÒÓ‚. since fi Ò / Ò ÚÂı ÔÓ, ͇Í; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÙÓÏÛÎÓÈ Perfect: She has not been here since last year.fi é̇ Ì ·˚· Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ò ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó „Ó‰‡. during fi ̇ ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: They clean offices during summer.fi ãÂÚÓÏ / ÇÒ ÎÂÚÓ ÓÌË Û·Ë‡˛Ú ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌËfl. during fi ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl (‚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Û͇Á‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚ͇ ‚ÂÏÂÌË): I don't want to call you during her sleep.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û Á‚ÓÌËÚ¸ Ú·Â, ÔÓ͇ Ó̇ ÒÔËÚ. çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË: according to fi Òӄ·ÒÌÓ: We are going there tomorrow according to our plan.fi ëӄ·ÒÌÓ Ì‡¯ÂÏÛ Ô·ÌÛ, Ï˚ ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎflÂÏÒfl ÚÛ‰‡ Á‡‚Ú‡. as for / as to fi ˜ÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl: As for her, she will be happy to have such a husband.fi óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÂÂ, ÚÓ Ó̇ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚‡ ËÏÂÚ¸ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÏÛʇ. because of fi ËÁ-Á‡ (ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ): I am here because of the war.fi ü ̇ıÓÊÛÒ¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ë‰ÂÚ ‚ÓÈ̇. by means of fi ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ: We shall do it by means of water.fi å˚ ҉·ÂÏ ˝ÚÓ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ (ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ) ‚Ó‰˚. due to fi ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl / ËÁ-Á‡ (ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ): 42

I am here due to his help.fi ü ̇ıÓÊÛÒ¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl Â„Ó ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë. in case of fi ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: I don't want to be here in case of his coming.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û ·˚Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ (‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â), ÂÒÎË ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ. instead of fi ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ: I shall buy a house instead of a car.fi ü ÍÛÔβ ‰ÓÏ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ Ï‡¯ËÌ˚. in spite of fi ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇: I don't like him in spite of his money.fi éÌ ÏÌ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ Ò‚ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë. owing to fi ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl: Owing to his help I feel well now.fi Å·„Ó‰‡fl Â„Ó ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë, fl ÒÂȘ‡Ò ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Û˛ Ò·fl ıÓÓ¯Ó. thanks to fi ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl: I bought my house thanks to your help.fi ü ÍÛÔËÎ ‰ÓÏ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë..

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ë ‰‡Î smb ¤ somebody fi ÍÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; smth. ¤ something fi ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚, ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡˛˘ËıÒfl Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚ (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ Ô‰ÎÓ„ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl); ÂÒÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ÌÂÚ, Ô‰ÎÓ„ Ì ÌÛÊÂÌ: to listen to smb. / smth. fi ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó /˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Listen to me, please.fi èÓÒÎÛ¯‡È ÏÂÌfl, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. ÌÓ: Listen, please.fi ëÎÛ¯‡ÈÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. to wait for smb. / smth. fi ʉ‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: I shall wait for father here.fi ü ÔÓ‰ÓÊ‰Û ÓÚˆ‡ Á‰ÂÒ¸. ÌÓ: I shall wait here.fi ü ÔÓ‰ÓÊ‰Û Á‰ÂÒ¸. to smile at smb. fi ÛÎ˚·‡Ú¸Òfl: She smiled at him.fi é̇ ÛÎ˚·ÌÛ·Ҹ ÂÏÛ. ÌÓ: She was smiling.fi é̇ ÛÎ˚·‡Î‡Ò¸. to ask smb. for smth. fi ÔÓÒËÚ¸ Û ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: She asked me for help.fi é̇ ÔÓÔÓÒË· ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë Û ÏÂÌfl / ÔÓÏÓ˜¸. Don't ask them for money.fi He ÔÓÒË Û ÌËı ‰ÂÌ„. to ask smb. smth. / to ask smb. to do smth. fi ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡Ú¸ (ÔÓÒËÚ¸) ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ó ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó/҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: They didn't ask me my name.fi éÌË Ì ÒÔÓÒËÎË, Í‡Í ÏÂÌfl ÁÓ‚ÛÚ. She asked me to come next time.fi é̇ ÔÓÔÓÒË· ÏÂÌfl ÔËÈÚË ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á. to look for smb. /smth. fi ËÒ͇ڸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: ç is looking for his wife.fi éÌ Ë˘ÂÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÊÂÌÛ. çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚, ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡˛˘ËıÒfl Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚, Ì ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘Ëı ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Ò ÛÒÒÍËÏË Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË: to hint at smth. => ̇ÏÂ͇ڸ ̇ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: ç hinted at my money. => éÌ Ì‡ÏÂ͇Π̇ ÏÓË ‰Â̸„Ë (̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Â̸„Ë).

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Á‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. to hope for smb. / smth. fi ̇‰ÂflÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ ÎË·Ó: She hopes for your help.fi é̇ ̇‰ÂÂÚÒfl ̇ Ú‚Ó˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ (̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ÂÈ ÔÓÏÓʯ¸). to depend on / upon smb. / smth. fi Á‡‚ËÒÂÚ¸ ÓÚ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó: Everything depends on them.fi ÇÒ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ÌËı (ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ÓÌË Ò·fl Ôӂ‰ÛÚ). to leave for fi ÛÂı‡Ú¸ ‚: She is leaving for Moscow next week.fi é̇ ÛÂÁʇÂÚ ‚ åÓÒÍ‚Û Ì‡ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ. 43

çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚, Ì ÚÂ·Û˛˘Ëı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓÒΠҷfl Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚, ÚÓ„‰‡ Í‡Í ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ô‰ÎÓ„ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ: to leave fi ÛÂı‡Ú¸ ËÁ: She left Minsk yesterday.fi é̇ ÛÂı‡Î‡ ËÁ åËÌÒ͇ ‚˜Â‡. ËÏÂÂÚ ‰Û„Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl (ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸), ̇ÔËÏÂ: ç left his car near the house.fi éÌ ÓÒÚ‡‚ËΠχ¯ËÌÛ ‚ÓÁΠ‰Óχ. to play fi Ë„‡Ú¸ (‚Ó-˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó / ̇ ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: Ë„‡Ú¸ ‚ Ë„˚ — ·ÂÁ ‡ÚËÍÎfl; Ë„‡Ú¸ ̇ ÏÛÁ˚͇θÌÓÏ ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ — Ò ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ to play footballfi Ë„‡Ú¸ ‚ ÙÛÚ·ÓÎ; to play the pianofi Ë„‡Ú¸ ̇ ÔˇÌËÌÓ to need fi ÌÛʉ‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ (Ò ˝ÚËÏ „·„ÓÎÓÏ Û‰Ó·ÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to like: They need your help. — (éÌË ÌÛʉ‡˛Ú Ú‚Ó˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸.)fi éÌË ÌÛʉ‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë. / àÏ ÌÛÊ̇ Ú‚Ófl ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. to answer fi Óڂ˜‡Ú¸ ̇: They didn't answer my letter.fi éÌË Ì ÓÚ‚ÂÚËÎË Ì‡ ÏÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ. I shall answer your question.fi ü ÓÚ‚Â˜Û Ì‡ ‚‡¯ ‚ÓÔÓÒ. to follow fi ÒΉӂ‡Ú¸ Á‡: ç followed them.fi éÌ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡Î Á‡ ÌËÏË. to join fi ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌËÚ¸Òfl Í / ‚ÒÚÛÔËÚ¸ ‚ (Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆË˛): Their sister didn't want to join us.fi àı ÒÂÒÚ‡ Ì Á‡ıÓÚ· ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌËÚ¸Òfl Í Ì‡Ï. ç joined the party in 1917.fi éÌ ‚ÒÚÛÔËÎ ‚ Ô‡Ú˲ ‚ 1917 „Ó‰Û. to doubt fi ÒÓÏÌ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚: I don't doubt your feelings.fi ü Ì ÒÓÏÌ‚‡˛Ò¸ ‚ Ú‚ÓËı ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚‡ı.

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 2: èÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë, ÌÓ Ë ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÌflÚËfl ÌÂÚ. óÚÓ ˝ÚÓ Ú‡ÍÓÂ? éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ‚˚ÚÂ͇ÂÚ ËÁ ̇Á‚‡ÌËfl: ÂÒÎË Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë Ô‰‚‡fl˛Ú ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó, Ú.Â. ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË / ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë ÒÎÂ‰Û˛Ú Á‡ ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó, ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ, ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚. ç‡Á̇˜ÂÌË Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚ Ë ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ó‚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÚÓÊ ‡Á΢‡ÂÚÒfl: Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‚ Ëı ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË; ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë Ôˉ‡˛Ú „·„ÓÎÛ ‰Û„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌË ËÎË ‰ÓÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ÛÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÂ. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÌÓ͉‡ÛÌ Ë ÌÓ͇ÛÚ. í‡Í ‚ÓÚ, ˝ÚË ÒÎÓ‚‡ — Ì ˜ÚÓ ËÌÓÂ, Í‡Í ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ „·„ÓÎ knock (Û‰‡ËÚ¸) + ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë down (‚ÌËÁ) Ë out (̇ÛÊÛ / Á‡ Ô‰ÂÎ˚ ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó). ëÏ˚ÒÎ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ: knock down fi Û‰‡ËÚ¸ Ú‡Í, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÛԇΠ(ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÌflÚ¸Òfl Ë ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ ·ÓÈ); knock out fi Û‰‡ËÚ¸ Ú‡Í, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì ÒÏÓ„ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ ·ÓÈ (‚˚·˚Î ËÁ ·Ó¸·˚ / Ó͇Á‡ÎÒfl Á‡ Ô‰Â·ÏË ÒÓ‚ÌÓ‚‡ÌËÈ) åÌÓ„Ë ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË (in / on / over / ...); ÏÌÓ„Ë .ËÏÂ˛Ú ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ (away / off / up Ë ‰.) Ë Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚. àÌÓ„‰‡ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ‰Û„Ëı ÒÎÓ‚ (ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ ̇˜‡Î ËÎË ‚ ÍÓ̈Â, Ô˯ÛÚÒfl ÒÎËÚÌÓ ËÎË ˜ÂÂÁ ‰ÂÙËÒ), Ó·‡ÁÛfl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ÌÓ‚˚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ ‰ËÌˈ˚ (upstairs / downstairs / uptown / downtown / outside / knockdown Ë ‰.): They are waiting for us downstairs.fi éÌË Ê‰ÛÚ Ì‡Ò ‚ÌËÁÛ. ç looked ridiculous in that get-up.fi éÌ ‚˚„Îfl‰ÂÎ, ÒϯÌÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ì‡fl‰Â. èÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ Ë ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚ı. èË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ΄ÍÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl: Come in.fi ÇÓȉËÚÂ. Go out.fi Ç˚ȉËÚÂ. 44

èË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚ı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÒËθÌÓ ËÒ͇ʇÂÚÒfl, Ë ÚÓ„‰‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰Ëχ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡fl. Ç ÒÎÓ‚‡ÌÓÈ Òڇڸ Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ‰‡˛ÚÒfl Á̇˜ÂÌËfl „·„Ó· ·ÂÁ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ó‚, ‡ ÛÊ ÔÓÚÓÏ — Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË (~~~ out / ~~~ in / ~~~ up/ ...).

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÂÒÎË ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ÚÂÍÒÚ „·„ÓÎ ÒÚÓËÚ Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ÓÏ, ÚÓ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â Â„Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ ËÒ͇ڸ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò ˝ÚËÏ Ê ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ÓÏ, Ë̇˜Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔËÌflÚ¸ Ì‚ÂÌÓ; ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ; ÂÒÚ¸ ‰‡Ê ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ë, „‰Â Á̇˜ÂÌËfl „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË; ÔË ÔÓËÁÌÂÒÂÌËË „·„Ó· Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ÓÏ ‚ÒÎÛı Û‰‡ÂÌË ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„, ‡ Ì ̇ Ò‡Ï „·„ÓÎ. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ¯ËÓÍÓ ÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÓ‚˚ÏË ÚÓθÍÓ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡Ú¸Òfl Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË. ç‡ÔËÏÂ, to get — Ò‡Ï ÔÓ Ò· ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl, ‡ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÓÒÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ. Ç ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË ÊÂ Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl Ò‡Ï˚ı ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ: to get up fi ҉·ڸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚‚Âı fi ‚ÒÚ‡Ú¸; to get out fi ҉·ڸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ̇ÛÊÛ fi ‚˚ÈÚË / ‚˚·‡Ú¸Òfl / ‚˚Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ËÚ¸Òfl Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸Òfl Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Í‡Í ·˚ ‰‚‡ (‰‡Ê ӉË̇ÍÓ‚˚ı) Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ — ÌË˜Â„Ó ÒÚ‡¯ÌÓ„Ó, ÔÓÒÚÓ Ó‰ËÌ — ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ Ë ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÏÛ „·„ÓÎÛ, ‡ ‰Û„ÓÈ — Ô‰ÎÓ„ Ë ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏÛ Á‡ ÌËÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌ˲: The table was taken out in May.fi ëÚÓÎ ‚˚ÌÂÒÎË (̇ÛÊÛ ËÁ ‰Óχ) ‚ χÂ. The table was taken in in October.fi ëÚÓÎ ‚ÌÂÒÎË (‚ ‰ÓÏ) ‚ ÓÍÚfl·Â. àÌÓ„‰‡ „·„ÓÎ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË, ͇ʉ˚È ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓÒ‚ÓÂÏÛ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó Á̇˜ÂÌË ˝ÚÓ„Ó „·„Ó·: The car was moving on up the slope.fi 凯Ë̇ ‰‚Ë„‡Î‡Ò¸ (‚ÔÂ‰) ‚‚Âı ÔÓ ÒÍÎÓÌÛ. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ ÏÓÊÂÚ'ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÔÓÒΠÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl, ıÓÚfl ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í „·„ÓÎÛ: ç will take the table in after lunch.fi éÌ ‚ÌÂÒÂÚ ÒÚÓÎ ‚ ‰ÓÏ ÔÓÒΠӷ‰‡. ç looked at his tongue in the mirror and then put it back in.fi éÌ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂΠ̇ Ò‚ÓÈ flÁ˚Í ‚ ÁÂ͇ÎÓ, ‡ Á‡ÚÂÏ ÓÔflÚ¸ ÒÔflڇΠ„Ó. èÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ·ÂÁ „·„Ó· ÚÓÊ ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı — ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ëı Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ΄ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚÛ: Her room was about ten minutes' walk from the main entrance, up a lot of stairs and along a lot of corridors.fi Ö ÍÓÏ̇ڇ ̇ıӉ˷Ҹ ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ‰ÂÒflÚË ÏËÌÛÚ‡ı ıÓ‰¸·˚ ÓÚ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó ‚ıÓ‰‡, ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓ‰ÌflÚ¸Òfl ÔÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ÎÂÒÚÌˈ‡Ï Ë ÔÓÈÚË ÏÌÓ„Ó (‚‰Óθ ÏÌÓ„Ëı) ÍÓˉÓÓ‚. . àÌÓ„‰‡ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË (Ú.Â. ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó·, ÌÓ Ì ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ) ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl Ô‰ÎÓ„, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚ¸Òfl Í "Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ" ÒÎÓ‚Û. ë‡Ï˚ÏË ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË ËÁ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‰‚‡: 1.

Ç ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ı ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ Ëı ÚËÔÛ: Where do you come from?fi éÚÍÛ‰‡ Ç˚ (Ó‰ÓÏ)? I don't know where he comes from.fi ü Ì Á̇˛, ÓÚÍÛ‰‡ ÓÌ(Ó‰ÓÏ). 2. Ç Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò Passive, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl „·„ÓÎ, ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡˛˘ËÈÒfl Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ (ÒÚ. 95): She was not being looked for yesterday.fi Ö Ì ËÒ͇ÎË ‚˜Â‡. ç is not being listened to.fi Ö„Ó Ì ÒÎÛ¯‡˛Ú. èÓÒÎÂÎÓ„Ë Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. çÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ¯ËÓÍÓ ÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË:

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÏÌÓ„Ë ËÁ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÌËÊ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ ËÏÂ˛Ú Ë ‰Û„Ë (ÏÂÌ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚Â) Á̇˜ÂÌËfl — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸. Come on! fi ч‚‡È! (ÔÓ·ÛʉÂÌËÂ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲): Come on, help me.fi ч‚‡È, ÔÓÏÓ„Ë ÏÌÂ. Come on, let's go.fi ч‚‡È, ÔÓ¯ÎË. to be in / to be out fi ·˚Ú¸ / Ì ·˚Ú¸ ‰Óχ ËÎË ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌËË (ÓÙËÒ /ÍÓÌÚÓ / ...): 45

Is your husband in?fi í‚ÓÈ ÏÛÊ ‰Óχ? No, he is out. (= No, he is not in.)fi çÂÚ, Â„Ó ÌÂÚ ‰Óχ. ç will be in in a few minutes.fi éÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ (‰Óχ) ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ. to be back fi ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl: They are not back yet.fi éÌË Â˘Â Ì ‚ÂÌÛÎËÒ¸. to come back fi ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl: She will not come back.fi é̇ Ì ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl (̇Á‡‰). to get back fi ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl: We got back (home) at ten o'clock.fi å˚ ‚ÂÌÛÎËÒ¸ (‰ÓÏÓÈ) ‚ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚. to check in fi ÔÓıÓ‰ËÚ¸ „ËÒÚ‡ˆË˛ (̇ ‡‚ˇÂÈÒ / ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ / ÔÓ ÔË·˚ÚËË Ì‡ ‡·Ó˜Â ÏÂÒÚÓ): Passengers should check in for flight LH232 to Paris.fi è‡ÒÒ‡ÊËÓ‚, ‚˚ÎÂÚ‡˛˘Ëı ÂÈÒÓÏ LH232 ‚ è‡ËÊ, ÔÓÒflÚ ÔÓÈÚË Ì‡ „ËÒÚ‡ˆË˛. to check out fi ÓÔ·ÚËÚ¸ Ò˜ÂÚ Ë ‚˚ÔËÒ‡Ú¸Òfl ËÁ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ˚: She will have to check out by noon.fi ÖÈ ÌÛÊÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸Òfl Ò „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂÈ Í ÔÓÎÛ‰Ì˛. to come in fi ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸: Come on, come in.fi ч‚‡È, ‚ıÓ‰Ë. to get up fi ‚ÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸ / ÔÓ‰ÌËχڸÒfl: I get up at seven o'clock.fi ü ‚ÒÚ‡˛ ‚ ÒÂϸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚. to hold on fi ‰ÂʇڸÒfl: Hold on to the handle.fi ÑÂÊËÒ¸ Á‡ Û˜ÍÛ. to hold on fi ʉ‡Ú¸ (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÌ˚ı ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡ı Ì Í·ÒÚ¸ ÚÛ·ÍÛ): Hold on, I'll get him for you.fi èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, fl ÔÓÁÓ‚Û Â„Ó. Hold on, please.fi He Í·‰ËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÚÛ·ÍÛ. / èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. to be on fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÂ: Look in the TV guide to see what is on. fi èÓÒÏÓÚË ‚ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÔÓ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓÛ. What is on at the cinema tonight?fi ä‡ÍÓÈ ÙËÎ¸Ï Ò„ӉÌfl ‚˜ÂÓÏ ‚ ÍËÌÓÚ‡ÚÂ? to go on (+ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ) fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ (‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó): They went on talking.fi éÌË ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÎË ‡Á„Ó‚Ó /‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸. Go on, please.fi èÓ‰ÓÎʇÈÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. on fi ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to put / to switch / to turn Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‚Íβ˜ËÚ¸ (‚ ÒÂÚ¸ / ‚ ‡·Ó˜Â ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ); off fi ‚˚Íβ˜ËÚ¸ (ËÁ ÒÂÚË / ËÁ ‡·Ó˜Â„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl): ç switched on the light.fi éÌ ‚Íβ˜ËÎ Ò‚ÂÚ. She turned the radio off.fi é̇ ‚˚Íβ˜Ë· ‡‰ËÓ. He put on the brakes suddenly.fi éÌ ÂÁÍÓ Ì‡Ê‡Î Ì‡ ÚÓÏÓÁ. to be on / off fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚Íβ˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï / ‚˚Íβ˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï (‚ÒÔÓÏÌËÚÂ, ̇ ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‡ÔÔ‡‡ÚÛ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ on/off): The radio is on.fi ꇉËÓ ‚Íβ˜ÂÌÓ. Someone has left the tap on.fi äÚÓ-ÚÓ Ì Á‡ÍÛÚËÎ Í‡Ì (Ú˜ÂÚ ‚Ó‰‡). The TV is always on in their house.fi ì ÌËı ‚ ‰ÓÏ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ‚Íβ˜ÂÌ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ. to put smth. on fi ̇‰ÂÚ¸ / ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ / ÔÓÏÂÒÚËÚ¸: She put on a new dress.fi é̇ ̇‰Â· ÌÓ‚Ó Ô·ڸÂ. Put a new record on.fi èÓÒÚ‡‚¸ ÌÓ‚Û˛ Ô·ÒÚËÌÍÛ. ç didn't put his gloves on.fi éÌ Ì ̇‰ÂÎ ÔÂ˜‡ÚÍË. to take smth. off fi ÒÌflÚ¸: She took off her dress.¤ She took her dress off.fi é̇ ÒÌfl· Ô·ڸÂ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

ÂÒÎË ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· ÒÚÓËÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ, ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Í‡Í Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, Ú‡Í Ë ÔÓÒΠÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (‚ ÍÓÓÚÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı): 46

Switch on the light.¤ Switch the light on.fi ÇÍβ˜Ë Ò‚ÂÚ. ÂÒÎË ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ÓÏ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓÒΠÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl: Switch it on.fi ÇÍβ˜Ë „Ó. I rang her up. fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎ ÂÈ. to see smb. off fi ÔÓ‚Óʇڸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó (‚ ‡˝ÓÔÓÚÛ / ̇ ‚ÓÍÁ‡Î / ...): I was seen off by my friends.fi åÂÌfl ÔÓ‚ÓʇÎË ‰ÛÁ¸fl. to try smth. on fi ÔËÏÂflÚ¸: She tried on a new dress.fi é̇ ÔËÏÂË· ÌÓ‚Ó Ô·ڸÂ. Can I try these shoes on?fi ü ÏÓ„Û ÔËÏÂËÚ¸ ˝ÚË ÚÛÙÎË? å˚ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎËÒ¸ Î˯¸ Ò ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏË ËÁ ÏÌÓ„Ëı Ú˚Òfl˜ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 6: èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó. ÇÒÔÓÏÌËÏ ËÁ ÔÓȉÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‡ÌÂÂ: β·Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÏÓÊÌÓ Á‡ÏÂÌËÚ¸ ΢Ì˚Ï ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (mother — she; father — he; table — it; window — it; boys — they; tables / windows — they / ...). çÓ Î˘Ì˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ËÏÂ˛Ú ‡ÁÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ (‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ë Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰Âʇı), ‡ ÙÓχ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ ( ÛÒÒÍË Ó‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È / ‚ËÌËÚÂθÌ˚È / ...) Ô‡‰ÂÊ Ì ÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl — ÌÂÚ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËÈ. ëΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ, ÔÂ‰‡˛˘Â Á̇˜ÂÌË β·Ó„Ó ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ, ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó (χχ fi mother, χÏÛ fi mother, χÏÓÈ fi mother, χÏ˚ fi mother), Ú.Â. ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÙÓÏÛ Ì ÏÂÌflÂÚ Ë Ì˘ÂÏ Ì ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ. çÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ (Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ÛÒÒÍÓÂ) ËÏÂÂÚ ÓÒÓ·Û˛ ÙÓÏÛ — ÙÓÏÛ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Í ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ Ë Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÂÈ?, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡fl Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ. Ç ÙÓÏ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Â, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë Ӊۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚: That is my brother's car.fi ùÚÓ Ï‡¯Ë̇ ÏÓÂ„Ó ·‡Ú‡. åÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Â, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍË (year / month / week / day / ...) Ë ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl (mile / kilometre / ...): Have you heard today's news?fi í˚ ÒÎ˚¯‡Î Ò„ӉÌfl¯Ì˛˛ ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚ¸? It was a 15 miles' journey.fi ùÚÓ ·˚Î ÔÓıÓ‰ ̇ 15 ÏËθ / 15-ÏËθÌ˚È ÔÓıÓ‰. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ì‡Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl Ì·Óθ¯Ë ÒÔˆˇÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ χ„‡ÁËÌ˚ ÔÓ ÔÓ‰‡Ê ÏflÒ‡ / ıηӷÛÎÓ˜Ì˚ı ËÁ‰ÂÎËÈ / Ó‚Ó˘ÂÈ: the butcher'sfi ÏflÒ̇fl ·‚͇; the baker'sfi ·ÛÎӘ̇fl; the greengrocer'sfi Ó‚Ó˘ÌÓÈ Ï‡„‡ÁËÌ ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‚‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÙÓÏ˚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ: 1.

2.

éÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ; ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl s ÔÓÒΠ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙ‡ ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡: father's carfi Ô‡ÔË̇ χ¯Ë̇; my mother's roomfi χÏË̇ ÍÓÏ̇ڇ; a woman's dressfi Ô·ڸ (͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ) ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ˚; a week's restfi ̉ÂθÌ˚È ÓÚ‰˚ı éÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ Ò -s ‚ ÍÓ̈Â; ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡; ̇ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ‚ÎËflÂÚ: girls' roomfi ÍÓÏ̇ڇ ‰Â‚Ó˜ÂÍ; my friends' carfi χ¯Ë̇ ÏÓËı ‰ÛÁÂÈ; ten days' restfi ‰ÂÒflÚˉÌ‚Ì˚È ÓÚ‰˚ı;

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÂÒÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ӷ‡ÁÛÂÚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ Ì ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ -s ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ‡ ÏÂÌflÂÚ ‚Ò˛ ÙÓÏÛ (ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸), ÚÓ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÓÏ 1: woman — women's dressesfi Ô·ڸfl ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ; 47

man — men's carsfi ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎË ÏÛʘËÌ; child — children's bedroomfi ÒԇθÌfl ‰ÂÚÂÈ àÌÓ„‰‡ ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ Óf, Ôˉ‡‚‡fl ‚ÒÂÈ ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË Á̇˜ÂÌË ӉËÌ ËÁ: Are you a friend of John's?¤ Are you John's friend?fi í˚ ‰Û„ (Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ‰ÛÁÂÈ) ÑÊÓ̇? I've got a book of yours.¤ I've got your book.fi ì ÏÂÌfl Ú‚Ófl (Ӊ̇ ËÁ Ú‚ÓËı) ÍÌË„‡.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 7: ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ ÙÓÏ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÓÌË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË Í ‰Û„ËÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï. ï‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ÔËÁ̇ÍË: ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÂÈ? Ë Ì‡Î˘Ë s Ò ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙÓÏ ËÎË ÔÓÒÚÓ ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙ‡ ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡. çÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl, Óڂ˜‡fl ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ? Ë Ì ӷ·‰‡fl ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓ ÌË͇ÍËÏË ‚̯ÌËÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ).

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÂÒÎË ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ‰fl‰ ‰‚‡ ËÎË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı, ÚÓ „·‚Ì˚Ï ËÁ ÌËı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓÒΉÌËÏ, ‡ ‚Ò Ô‰˚‰Û˘Ë ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛Ú „Ó, Óڂ˜‡fl ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ?; ÔÂ‚Ӊ ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‰Â·ÂÏ ÒÔ‡‚‡ ̇΂Ó. èËÏÂ˚: table window — ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó· ÓÍÌ — ÓÍÌÓ (͇ÍÓÂ?) fi ÓÍÌÓ, ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌÓ ̇‰ ÒÚÓÎÓÏ / Û ÒÚÓ·; window table — ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ÒÚÓΠ— ÒÚÓÎ (͇ÍÓÈ?) fi ÒÚÓÎ, ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚È Û ÓÍ̇ / fl‰ÓÏ Ò ÓÍÌÓÏ; single (‡Ì„Î.) / one way (‡ÏÂ.) ticket — ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ·ËÎÂÚ — ·ËÎÂÚ (͇ÍÓÈ?) fi ·ËÎÂÚ ‚ Ó‰ÌÛ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ; return ticket fi ·ËÎÂÚ, ‰‡˛˘ËÈ Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘ÂÌË / ·ËÎÂÚ ‚ Ó·Â ÒÚÓÓÌ˚; Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band fi (ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÒÎÓ‚: Sgt.fi (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌÌÓ) Sergeant fi ÒÂʇÌÚ; Pepper's fi Ù‡ÏËÎËfl ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ; Lonely fi Ó‰ËÌÓÍËÈ (ÂÒÎË ‚ „ÛÔÔ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ, ÓÌÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏÛ Á‡ ÌËÏ ÒÎÓ‚Û Ë ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÌËÏ); Hearts fi ÒÂ‰ˆ‡; Club fi ÍÎÛ·; Band fi ÓÍÂÒÚ ΄ÍÓÈ ËÎË ‰Ê‡ÁÓ‚ÓÈ ÏÛÁ˚ÍË) — ÔÓÒΉÌ ÒÎÓ‚Ó Band, Á̇˜ËÚ, ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó· ÓÍÂÒÚ fi éÍÂÒÚ (͇ÍÓÈ?) — äÎÛ·‡ (͇ÍÓÈ ÍÎÛ·?) — Ó‰ËÌÓÍËı ÒÂ‰Âˆ (˜ÂÈ?) — ÒÂʇÌÚ‡ èÂÔÔÂ‡. èÂ‚Ӊ: éÍÂÒÚ ÍÎÛ·‡ Ó‰ËÌÓÍËı ÒÂ‰Âˆ ÒÂʇÌÚ‡ èÂÔÔÂ‡. àÌÓ„‰‡ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ËÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÚÛ‰ÌÓ‡Á΢ËÏ˚. éËÂÌÚËÛÂÏÒfl ÔÓ ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ: ìÔ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ ·‡Ì͇ Ì Á̇Î, „‰Â ·‡ÌÍÓ‚ÒÍË ‰Â̸„Ë (‰Â̸„Ë ·‡Ì͇).fi ìÔ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ (͇ÍÓÈ?); ‰Â̸„Ë (˜¸Ë?) fi The bank manager did not know where the bank's money was. (ÒÎÓ‚Ó money fi ‰Â̸„Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ was). ê‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÏ˚È Ì‡ÏË ÒÎÛ˜‡È ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ of):

fi The manager of the bank didn't know where the bank's money was. íÂÍÒÚ ‰Îfl ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡: Jack and Fred are workers. They work at the NAKA Automobile Spare Parts Company (‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ̇Á‚‡ÌËflı / Á‡„ÓÎӂ͇ı ‚Ò ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÍÓÏ ‡ÚËÍÎÂÈ, Ô˯ÛÚÒfl Ò ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ·ÛÍ‚˚). They work from eight in the morning till four in the afternoon. Sometimes, they have a coffee break with their friends. We don't know their friends' names. During the break Jack has time to smoke his big cigar. The men are not working at the moment. They are drinking their coffee and talking. Fred doesn't feel very well. The friends want to call their shop doctor but the doctor is out. He will not be back very soon. The men want to help Fred with something. One of the Fred's friends calls his wife at home to ask, her for advice. His wife is in and she gives an advice. Jack gives Fred the medicine and helps him to get up. Fred will feel well in a few minutes. The friends will start their work again. ÑÊÂÍ Ë î‰ ‡·Ó˜ËÂ. éÌË ‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú ‚ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË ÔÓ ‚˚ÔÛÒÍÛ Á‡Ô‡ÒÌ˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ Í ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎflÏ. äÓÏÔ‡ÌËfl ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl çÄäÄ. éÌË ‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú Ò ‚ÓÒ¸ÏË ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ÛÚ‡ ‰Ó ˜ÂÚ˚Âı ˜‡ÒÓ‚ ‚˜Â‡ / ‰Ìfl. àÌÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË Ò ‰ÛÁ¸flÏË ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡˛Ú ÔÂÂ˚‚, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Ô¸˛Ú ÍÓÙÂ. å˚ Ì Á̇ÂÏ, Í‡Í ÁÓ‚ÛÚ Ëı ‰ÛÁÂÈ. Ç ÔÂÂ˚‚Â Û ÑÊÂ͇ ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl ÔÓÍÛËÚ¸ Ò‚Ó˛ ·Óθ¯Û˛ ÒË„‡Û. ëÂȘ‡Ò ÏÛʘËÌ˚ Ì ‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú. éÌË Ô¸˛Ú ÍÓÙÂ Ë ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡˛Ú. î‰ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò·fl Ì ӘÂ̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó. Ö„Ó ‰ÛÁ¸fl ıÓÚflÚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ˆÂıÓ‚ÓÏÛ ‚‡˜Û, ÌÓ ÚÓ„Ó ÌÂÚ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÂ. éÌ ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl Ì ӘÂ̸ ÒÍÓÓ. åÛʘËÌ˚ ıÓÚflÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ˜ÂÏ-ÌË·Û‰¸ 48

î‰Û. é‰ËÌ ËÁ ‰ÛÁÂÈ î‰‡ Á‚ÓÌËÚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÊÂÌ ‰ÓÏÓÈ ÔÓÔÓÒËÚ¸ Û Ì ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡. Ö„Ó ÊÂ̇ ‰Óχ, Ó̇ ‰‡ÂÚ (͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ / Ó‰ËÌ) ÒÓ‚ÂÚ. ÑÊÂÍ ‰‡ÂÚ îÂ‰Û ÎÂ͇ÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ÂÏÛ ÔÓ‰ÌflÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÌÓ„Ë. óÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ î‰ ·Û‰ÂÚ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ Ò·fl ıÓÓ¯Ó. ÑÛÁ¸fl ÒÌÓ‚‡ ÔËÒÚÛÔflÚ Í ‡·ÓÚÂ.

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íÂχ 3. åÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ Ë Ëı ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚. åÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ „·„ÓÎ˚. ç ӷÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. éÌË Î˯¸ ‚˚‡Ê‡˛Ú ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Îˈ‡ (ÏÓ„Û /‰ÓÎÊÂÌ / ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ / Ó·flÁ‡Ì Ë Ú.‰.). ç ËÏÂ˛Ú ÙÓÏ˚ Infinitive, Ú.Â. ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ڸ / ˜ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ? Ë Ì ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to. ç ËÏÂ˛Ú ÙÓÏ˚ 3-„Ó Îˈ‡ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ú. Ì ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ò -s ‚ ÍÓ̈Â: ç can.fi éÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ. She must.fi é̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇. çË Ó‰ËÌ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ ÌÂθÁfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ Future, Ú.Â. Ò shall / will. íÂ·Û˛Ú ÔÓÒΠҷfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏÛ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to (ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌË ought to ~ ~ ~).

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË ~ ~ ~ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ÒÂÈ ÙÓÏÛÎÂ. Ç Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Î˛·ÓÈ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ ‚‰ÂÚ Ò·fl, Í‡Í ÔÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È: ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ‚ÒÂÈ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚, ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflı ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ÒΉÛÂÚ Á‡ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ Ë Ú.‰. åÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ̇ ‰‚ „ÛÔÔ˚: 1.

„ÛÔÔ‡ (can / could / may /might): could (Past) / can (Present) ~~~ — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÎË ÛÏÂÌËÂ: ç can help you.fi éÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ú· ÔÓÏÓ˜¸. They could be seen here yesterday.fi àı ÏÓ„ÎË ‚ˉÂÚ¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‚˜Â‡. You cannot (can't) help him.fi í˚ Ì ÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÂÏÛ. might (Past) / may (Present) ~~~ — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸, ÌÓ ÌÂ Í‡Í ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ, ‡ Í‡Í ‡Á¯ÂÌËÂ: You may help him.fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ (Ú· ‡Á¯ÂÌÓ) ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÂÏÛ. They might do it.fi éÌË ÏÓ„ÎË (ËÏÂÎË ‡Á¯ÂÌËÂ) ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ. She might not come here.fi é̇ Ì Ïӄ· (Û Ì ̠·˚ÎÓ ‡Á¯ÂÌËfl) ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡. may / might ~~~ — ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ú‡ÍÊ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸: ç may come in a minute.fi éÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÈÚË ˜ÂÂÁ ÏËÌÛÚÛ. She may not come at all.fi é̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì ÔËÈÚË.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ ‡Á΢Ëfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ Òӷβ‰‡Ú¸Òfl, Ú.Â. Ó‰ËÌ „·„ÓÎ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‰Û„Ó„Ó (˜‡˘Â can ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ may): You can help him.fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ (fl ‡Á¯‡˛ Ú·Â) ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÂÏÛ. „ÛÔÔ‡ (must /should / ought): ÇÒ ˝ÚË „·„ÓÎ˚ ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó‰ÌÛ ÙÓÏÛ Present, Ú.Â. ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÓÎÊÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËÂ. 2.

åÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‡ÁÌˈ‡ ‚ ÓÚÚÂÌ͇ı: must ~~~ fi ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ (͇Ú„Ó˘ÌÓ / ·ÂÁ ‚ÓÁ‡ÊÂÌËÈ); should ~~~ fi ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ (Ò ÓÚÚÂÌÍÓÏ ‡Á‰‡ÊÂÌËfl / ÒÓÏÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ); ought to ~~~ fi ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ (ÏÂÌ ͇Ú„Ó˘ÌÓ ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò must, ÓÚÚÂÌÓÍ ‰ÛÊÂÒÍÓÈ ÂÍÓÏẨ‡ˆËË / ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡): You must help her.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ / ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸. You should help them.fi í· ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ËÏ (ıÓÚfl ‚ˉÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ì ӘÂ̸ ıӘ¯¸ Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ˝ÚËÏ). You ought to help me.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ (fl ÔÓ¯Û Ú·fl).

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‡ÁÌˈ‡ ‚ ÓÚÚÂÌ͇ı Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÚÓ„Ó Òӷ≇ÂÚÒfl; ÂÒÎË ÔÓÒΠmust / may / might ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive), ÚÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÛÊ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ: ç must have come.fi éÌ, ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ / ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ. She may / might have called.fi ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ / åÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, Ó̇ Á‚ÓÌË·. 50

ÂÒÎË Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠcould ËÎË might, ÚÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÓʇÎÂÌË ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ ÌÛÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ: You could have come earlier.fi í˚ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ÔËÈÚË Ë ‡Ì¸¯Â.¤ èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì Ô˯ÂÎ ‡Ì¸¯Â? ÂÒÎË Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠshould ËÎË ought, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÛÔÂÍ ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï (ÒÏ. Ú‡ÍÊ íÂχ ·): They should have used a stronger liquid.fi àÏ ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ ·˚ ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ·ÓΠÒËθÌÓÈ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸˛.¤ èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ê ÓÌË Ì ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ·ÓΠÒËθÌÓÈ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸˛?

ùÍ‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚. Ç˚ ÛÊ ӷ‡ÚËÎË ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰flÚ Í‡ÍËÏË-ÚÓ ÌÂÔÓÎÌÓˆÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò ÛÒÒÍËÏË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, Ú.Â. ÓÌË Ì ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ ÔÂ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ‚Ò Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË: éÌ ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú· Á‡‚Ú‡.fi Future — ÌÂÚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ éÌ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Î ÔËÂı‡Ú¸ ‚˜Â‡.fi Past — ÌÂÚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Ë ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚. Ç ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ‚ÒÂı ·ÂÁ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÓ‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ıÓÓ¯Ó Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Â Ì‡Ï „·„ÓÎ˚ to be Ë to have. Ç Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÓÌË ‚‰ÛÚ Ò·fl Í‡Í Ó·˚˜ÌÓ, Ú.Â. ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ β·ÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Past / Present / Future) Ë ÔËÌËχڸ β·Û˛ ËÁ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı Ì‡Ï ÙÓÏ. ùÍ‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ÌÂÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ÙÓÏ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚, ÌÓ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ú‡ÍÊ ÛÔÓÚ·ÎflÚ¸Òfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ Ò‡ÏËı ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚; Ú.Â. Ë‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‰Îfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÙÓχ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ. ùÍ‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ ÚÓÊ ÚÂ·Û˛Ú ÔÓÒΠҷfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏÛ Infinitive, ÌÓ ÛÊ ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to. 1.

„ÛÔÔ‡: can ~~~ fi to be able to ~~~ („‰Â able fi ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚È): ç can help you.¤ He is able to help you. They could be seen here yesterday.¤ They were able to be seen here yesterday. You can't help him.¤ You are not able to help him. He will be able to help you tomorrow.¤ éÌ ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú· Á‡‚Ú‡.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ‡Á΢Ëfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ҄·ÊË‚‡˛ÚÒfl (Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: ü ÒÏÓ„Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú· Á‡‚Ú‡.¤ ü ÏÓ„Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú· Á‡‚Ú‡.); ÚÓ Ê ҇ÏÓÂ Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, Ú.Â. ÙÓχ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ‚ Present ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì‡ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ Future: I shall be able to help you tomorrow. row. I can help you tomorrow may ~~~

to be allowed to ~~~ („‰Â to allow fi ‡Á¯‡Ú¸)

to be permitted to ~~~ („‰Â to permit fi ‡Á¯‡Ú¸) è‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÓ‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Passive Indefinite; Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡ÂÏ ˝ÚÓ ÔË ÔÂ‚ӉÂ: You may help him.¤ You are allowed / permitted to help him. They might do it.¤ They were permitted / allowed to do it. She might not come here.¤ She was not allowed / permitted to come here. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸. 2.

„ÛÔÔ‡: must ~ ~ ~ should ~ ~ ~ ought to ~ ~ ~

to be to ~ ~ ~ (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌË ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛ / Ô·ÌÓÏ Ë Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Future) to have to ~ ~ ~ (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËÂ Ò ÓÚÚÂÌÍÓÏ ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌÌÓÒÚË; ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ Ò must) 51

èËÏÂ˚: You must help her.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ (·ÂÁÓ„Ó‚ÓÓ˜ÌÓ).¤ You are to help her.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ (Û Ì‡Ò Ú‡Í ÔËÌflÚÓ). You must help her.¤ You have to help her. He had to go out.fi ÖÏÛ Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ / éÌ ·˚Î ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ ‚˚ÈÚË. You will have to come tomorrow.fi í· ÌÛÊÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ / ÔˉÂÚÒfl ÔËÈÚË Á‡‚Ú‡.

èËϘ‡ÌËfl:

‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ‡ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï to do: Do I have to help them?fi ü ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ËÏ? You don't have to help them.fi í˚ Ì ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ËÏ. Does she have to stay here?fi ÖÈ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl Á‰ÂÒ¸? She does not have to stay here.fi.ÖÈ ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl Á‰ÂÒ¸. ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ‡ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl ÙÓÏÓÈ to have got: You've got to be there by ten.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ Ú‡Ï Í ‰ÂÒflÚË ˜‡Ò‡Ï. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÂÒÎË Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to be ËÎË to have / to have got ÒÚÓËÚ Infinitive Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to, Á̇˜ËÚ, ˝ÚË „·„ÓÎ˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË, ‡ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ Ëı ÔÂ‚Ӊ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÏÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Ï Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ, „‰Â ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ: á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÂθÁfl ÍÛËÚ¸. Ç Ì‡¯Ëı χ„‡ÁË̇ı ÏÓÊÌÓ Û‚Ë‰ÂÚ¸ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚. ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚‚Ó‰ËÏÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó one (fiÓ‰ËÌ, Ú.Â. β·ÓÈ Ó‰ËÌ / ÍÚÓ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ): One must not smoke here.fi á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÂθÁfl ÍÛËÚ¸. One can see a lot of different goods in our shops.fi Ç Ì‡¯Ëı χ„‡ÁË̇ı ÏÓÊÌÓ Û‚Ë‰ÂÚ¸ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚. One must pay one's debts.fi ÑÓÎ„Ë ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡Ú¸.

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 3: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË „·„ÓÎÓ‚ shall / will / need / dare ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl „·„ÓÎ˚, Ì fl‚Îfl˛˘ËÂÒfl Ò‡ÏË ÔÓ Ò· ڇÍÓ‚˚ÏË: shall fi ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ͇Ú„Ó˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ("̇ 100%") ӷ¢‡ÌËfl / Ô‰ÓÒÚÂÂÊÂÌËfl / Û„ÓÁ˚; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË Ë ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË ‚Ó 2-Ï Ë 3-Ï ÎˈÂ: ç shall do it.fi éÌ Ò‰Â·ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ (Ì ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒfl). I don't want to give him my car.He shall break it.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ Ò‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Â (Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ) ËÒÔÓÚËÚ. You must wait here. Or they shall not see you.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Ê‰‡Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸, Ë̇˜Â ÓÌË Ú·fl (̇‚ÂÌfl͇ / ÚÓ˜ÌÓ) Ì ۂˉflÚ. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË shall ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı, ÌÓ Ì ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı. will fi ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ¯ËÏÓÒÚË / Òӄ·ÒËfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÏ ÎˈÂ: Okay, I will help you.fi ïÓÓ¯Ó, fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û Ú·Â. We don't like that house but we will go there.fi ç‡Ï Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ, ÌÓ Ï˚ (‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ / ‡Á ÛÊ Ì‡‰Ó) ÔÓȉÂÏ ÚÛ‰‡. . Ç ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË will ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË, Í‡Í shall, Ú‡Í Ë will Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒflÚÒfl ‚ ÔÓÎÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ Ë ÔÓÔ‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ‰ Îӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ ۉ‡ÂÌËÂ. to need (ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ) fi ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ Active Indefinite ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Ò -s ËÎË -ed ‚ ÍÓ̈Â; ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ Future (shall ËÎË will ‚ÔÂ‰Ë); ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ú·ÛÂÚ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È to do; ÙÓχ Infinitive ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠÌÂ„Ó Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to; ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl: ÌÛʉ‡Ú¸Òfl / ËÒÔ˚Ú˚‚‡Ú¸ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‚ ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: 52

She needs your help.fi ÖÈ ÌÛÊ̇ Ú‚Ófl ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ (Ó̇ ÌÛʉ‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë). They needed your car yesterday.fi ǘÂ‡ ËÏ ÌÛÊ̇ ·˚· Ú‚Ófl χ¯Ë̇. I don't need you.fi í˚ ÏÌ Ì ÌÛÊÂÌ. Father will need your car tomorrow.fi ᇂÚ‡ ÓÚˆÛ ÔÓ̇‰Ó·ËÚÒfl Ú‚Ófl χ¯Ë̇. ç doesn't need (ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ) to be given any money.fi ÖÏÛ Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÌ„, (ÓÌ ‚ ÌËı Ì ÌÛʉ‡ÂÚÒfl) Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: ç need not (ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È) be given any money.fi ÖÏÛ Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÌË͇ÍËı ‰ÂÌ„, (ÓÌ ÔÓÚ‡ÚËÚ Ëı Áfl) need (ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È) fi ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ ‚ÒÂÏË ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‚˚¯Â ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌËfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl; ·ÎËÁÓÍ ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Í must: Need you go yet?fi í· ÛÊ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ë‰ÚË? Need I write to him?fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ì‡ÔËÒ‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ? She needn't help you.fi ÖÈ Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ Ú·Â. (ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË, ‚Ò ˝ÚÓ Ì‡Ô‡ÒÌÓ) You needn't take their car tomorrow.fi He ÌÛÊÌÓ Ú· Á‡‚Ú‡ ·‡Ú¸ Ëı χ¯ËÌÛ. I need hardly take his help.fi Ö‰‚‡ ÎË ÏÌ ÌÛÊ̇ Â„Ó ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. If she wants anything, she need only ask.fi ÖÒÎË Ó̇ Á‡ıÓ˜ÂÚ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸, ÂÈ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÓÔÓÒËÚ¸.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓËÚ Â˜Ë need (ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È) ÚÓÊ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó: Do you need to go now?fi í· ÌÛÊÌÓ Ë‰ÚË ÒÂȘ‡Ò? I don't need to meet him.fi åÌ Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÒÚ˜‡Ú¸Òfl Ò ÌËÏ. She needs to be careful.fi ÖÈ ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ÓÒÚÓÓÊÌÓÈ. îÓχ needn't Ò ÙÓÏÛÎÓÈ Active Perfect Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ÒÓ‚Â¯‡Ú¸: You needn't have come.fi í· Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸. (Áfl Ú˚ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·Î) Need you have paid so much?fi ê‡Á‚ Ú· ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ Ô·ÚËÚ¸ Ú‡Í ÏÌÓ„Ó? ëΉÛÂÚ ‡Á΢‡Ú¸: must not (mustn't) fi Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Á‡ÔÂÚ; need not (needn't) fi Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÌÂÓ·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl: You must not come here.fi í· ÌÂθÁfl (Á‡Ô¢ÂÌÓ) ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡. You needn't come here.fi í· Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ (ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË) ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡. to dare / dare fi ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡Í ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï, Ú‡Í Ë ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Ï; ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı / ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı / ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚‰ÂÚ Ò·fl ‚ ÌËı; ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ËÎË Ê ‚ ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓÓÍ‡¯ÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò ‚ÓÒÍÎˈ‡ÌËÂÏ: to dare (ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ) fi (ÙÓχ Infinitive ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÔÓÒΠ˝ÚÓ„Ó „·„Ó· Í‡Í Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to, Ú‡Í Ë ·ÂÁ ÌÂÂ); ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl: ÓÒÏÂÎËÚ¸Òfl / ̇·‡Ú¸Òfl ÏÛÊÂÒÚ‚‡ (ı‡·ÓÒÚË) / ÒÏÂÎÓ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸ (ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ¸) /·ÓÒËÚ¸ ‚˚ÁÓ‚ ÍÓÏÛÎË·Ó: She didn't dare (to) smoke there.fi é̇ Ì ÓÒÏÂÎË·Ҹ Á‡ÍÛËÚ¸ Ú‡Ï. ç will dare any danger.fi éÌ ÒÏÂÎÓ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ Î˛·Û˛ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ¸. They want to dare us.fi éÌË ıÓÚflÚ ·ÓÒËÚ¸ Ì‡Ï ‚˚ÁÓ‚. dare (ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È) fi ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ ‚ÒÂÏË ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‚˚¯Â ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·, Ӊ̇ÍÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÒÚÓ„ËÈ Á‡ÔÂÚ ËÎË ‚ÓÁÏÛ˘ÂÌË ˜¸ËÏ-ÎË·Ó Ôӂ‰ÂÌËÂÏ: How dare you come here!fi ä‡Í Ú˚ Òϯ¸ Ò˛‰‡ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸! She dare not (doesn't dare) come here.fi é̇ Ì ÒÏÂÂÚ (ÂÈ ÒÚÓ„Ó ‚ÓÁ·‡ÌflÂÚÒfl) ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡. íÖäëí Ñãü èÖêÖÇéÑÄ: ÑÊÂÍ Ë î‰ ‡·Ó˜ËÂ. éÌË ‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú ̇ Ó‰ÌÓÏ ËÁ Á‡‚Ó‰Ó‚ ëòÄ. àı ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ˉÂÚ¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸. àÏ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ÚÛ‰ËÚ¸Òfl ËÁÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒËÎ (to work hard), ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ıÓÚflÚ ÊËÚ¸ ıÓÓ¯Ó. ëÂȘ‡Ò Û ÏÛʘËÌ ÔÂÂ˚‚, ÓÌË Ô¸˛Ú ÍÓÙ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ‰ÛÁ¸flÏË. àÏ ‡Á¯‡ÂÚÒfl ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ Ú‡ÍË ÔÂÂ˚‚˚ ͇ʉ˚ ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡. î‰ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò·fl Ì ӘÂ̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó. ÖÏÛ Ò„ӉÌfl Ì ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸. ÑÛÁ¸fl ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ î‰Û. éÌË Á‚ÓÌflÚ ˆÂıÓ‚ÓÏÛ ‚‡˜Û, ÌÓ ‚‡˜‡ ÌÂÚ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚ — ÂÏÛ ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ‚˚ÈÚË. éÌ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ‚ÂÌÛÚ¸Òfl ˜ÂÂÁ ˜‡Ò. ÅÂÁ ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓ‡ ÏÛʘËÌ˚ Ì ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ î‰Û. àÏ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ ‡·ÓÚÛ. îÂ‰Û ÔˉÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰Óʉ‡Ú¸. Jack and Fred are workers. They work at a plant in the USA. They can be seen here every day. They have to work hard because they want to live well. Now the men are having a coffee break with their friends. They may (are allowed/permitted to) have the 53

break every two hours. Fred doesn't feel well. He needn't have come today. The friends must help Fred. They call their shop doctor but the doctor is not in / is out. He had to go out. He is to come back in an hour. The men cannot help Fred without the doctor's advice. They have to go on working. Fred has to wait.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 8: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı. óËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ·˚‚‡˛Ú ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â Ë ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚Â. äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚, ‡ ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚ — ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ ÔË Ò˜ÂÚÂ. èÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ӷ‡ÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÛÚÂÏ ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡ -th (ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÂ‚˚ı ÚË ˆËÙ˚, ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒΉÛÂÚ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸). é fi zero / nought / cipher / nil (Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ò˜ÂÚ‡ ‚ ÒÔÓÚË‚Ì˚ı Ë„‡ı) / oh (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔË Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÌËË ˆËÙ ‚ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÌ˚ı ÌÓÏÂ‡ı Ë Ú.Ô.); ÙÓÏ˚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ÂÈ ÌÛ΂ÓÈ, Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl zero. äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 102 200 234 1,000 1,001 2,345 10,000

One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty-one Twenty-two Twenty-three Twenty-four Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety a/one hundred a/one hundred and one a/one hundred and two Two hundred Two hundred and thirty-four a/one thousand a/one thousand and one Two thousand three hundred and forty-five Ten thousand 54

èÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-first Twenty-second Twenty-third Twenty-fourth Thirtieth Fortieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth Ninetieth One hundredth One hundred and first One hundred and second Two hundredth Two hundred and thirty-fourth One thousandth One thousand and first Two thousand three hundred and forty-fifth Ten thousandth

100,000

a/one hundred thousand One hundred thousandth a/one million - ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ; one millionth 1,000,000 a/one billion - ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ; èË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‡Áfl‰˚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÁ̇˜Ì˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ ‡Á‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ: 1,000 / 10,000 / 100,000 åÂÊ‰Û ÒÓÚÌflÏË / Ú˚Òfl˜‡ÏË / ÏËÎÎËÓ̇ÏË Ë ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏË Á‡ ÌËÏË ‰ÂÒflÚ͇ÏË (ÂÒÎË ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÒflÚÍÓ‚, ÚÓ Â‰ËÌˈ‡ÏË) ‚ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl and: 123,456,789 fi one hundred and twenty-three million, four hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and eightynine (ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚ÓÂ: ...eighty-ninth ) óËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ 100 / 1,000 / 1,000,000 / ... ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Í‡Í ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ one, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ. óËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÓÚ 1,000 ‰Ó 10,000, Í‡ÚÌ˚ ÒÚ‡, ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸Òfl ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÒÓÚÂÌ (ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë): 2,500 ¤ twenty five hundred; 3,700 ¤ thirty seven hundred ëÎÓ‚‡ hundred / thousand / million ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·; ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ò -s ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡: three hundred boys fi ÚËÒÚ‡ χθ˜ËÍÓ‚; thousands of girls fi Ú˚Òfl˜Ë ‰Â‚Û¯ÂÍ èÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ò ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ (Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ Òӷ≇ÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë). èÓfl‰ÍÓ‚‡fl ÙÓχ ÏÌÓ„ÓÁ̇˜Ì˚ı ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÔÓÒΉÌÂÏ ÒÎÓ‚Â. èË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‡ËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl „·„ÓÎ˚ to be / to make / to equal; ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ to be ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ ÙÓÏ is / are; to make — make(s); to equal — equals: One and / plus two is / are three.fi é‰ËÌ ÔÎ˛Ò ‰‚‡ ‡‚ÌÓ ÚË. Six minus two make(s) four.fi òÂÒÚ¸ ÏËÌÛÒ ‰‚‡ ‡‚ÌÓ ˜ÂÚ˚Â. Five times two equals ten.fi èflÚ¸ (ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌÌÓÂ) ̇ ‰‚‡ ‡‚ÌÓ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸.

óËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ ‰Ó·flı. èÓÒÚ˚ ‰Ó·Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛ÚÒfl ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂÎÂ Ë ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚Ï — ‚ Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂÎÂ: 1/á = ‡ / one third; 2/3 = two thirds. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÂÒÎË ‚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂΠ̠‰ËÌˈ‡, ÚÓ ‚ Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂΠӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ. 1/2 fi ‡/one half fi ÔÓÎÓ‚Ë̇; ÂÒÎË ÒÎÓ‚Ó half ÒÚÓËÚ Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‡ÚËÍθ (‡ Ì ÒÎÓ‚Ó one), ÍÓÚÓ˚È Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠhalf: half a mile fi ÔÓÎÓ‚Ë̇ ÏËÎË; half an hour fi ÔÓΘ‡Ò‡; half the distance fi ÔÓÎÓ‚Ë̇ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ÔÓÎÚÓ‡ fi one and a half, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: one and a half hours fi ÔÓÎÚÓ‡ ˜‡Ò‡; one and a half miles fi ÔÓÎÚÓ˚ ÏËÎË 1/4 ¤ ‡ / one quarter fi ˜ÂÚ‚ÂÚ¸: a quarter to nine fi ·ÂÁ ˜ÂÚ‚ÂÚË ‰Â‚flÚ¸; a quarter of bottle fi ˜ÂÚ‚ÂÚ¸ ·ÛÚ˚ÎÍË Ç ‰ÂÒflÚ˘Ì˚ı ‰Ó·flı ˆÂ·fl Ë ‰ӷ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚË ‡Á‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl ÚÓ˜ÍÓÈ, ‡ Ì Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ, Í‡Í ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ: 0.1 ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl: nought / zero / oh point one ¤ .1 ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl: point one; 1.23 ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl: one point two, three / one point twenty-three àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÙÓÏ˚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ËÎË ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ˆÂÎ˚ı ‰ËÌˈ — ‚ÒÂ, ˜ÚÓ ·Óθ¯Â Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó, ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: 55

0.23 centimetre; 1.23 centimetres

çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. èË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÓÏÂÓ‚ ÒÚ‡Ìˈ / ÍÓÏÌ‡Ú ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ‡ı Ë Ó·˘ÂÊËÚËflı / ‰ÓÏÓ‚ / ... ‡Ì„΢‡Ì Ô‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡˛Ú ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ÏË ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, ıÓÚfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ë ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚Â: I live in room 13. My room is (number) thirteen. My room number is thirteenth.fi ü ÊË‚Û ‚ ÚË̇‰ˆ‡ÚÓÏ ÌÓÏÂÂ. Ç ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÈ „Ó‰‡ ‰‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl ÔÓÔÓ·Ï, Ë Í‡Ê‰‡fl ÔÓÎÓ‚Ë̇ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚Ï ˜ËÒÎÓÏ: 1992 ¤ nineteen ninety-two. in (the) late twenties / eighties / ...fi ‚ ÍÓ̈ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú˚ı / ‚ÓÒ¸ÏˉÂÒflÚ˚ı / ... „Ó‰Ó‚; in (the) early twenties / eighties /...fi ‚ ̇˜‡Î ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú˚ı / ‚ÓÒ¸ÏˉÂÒflÚ˚ı / ... „Ó‰Ó‚, èË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÔÓÎÌ˚ı (Ò Û͇Á‡ÌËÂÏ ˜ËÒ· / ÏÂÒflˆ‡ / „Ó‰‡) ‰‡Ú ˜ËÒÎÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓfl‰ÍÓ‚˚Ï ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ‡ „Ó‰ — ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï, Ô˘ÂÏ ÒÎÓ‚Ó year Ì ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl: on January 17,1992 fi on the seventeenth of Junuary, nineteen ninety-two çÓÏÂ‡ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÓ‚ / ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎÂÈ Ë Ú.Ô. ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÔÓËÁÌÓÒflÚÒfl ‡Á‰ÂθÌÓ, ÔÓ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ˆËÙÂ: 123-45-67 fi one-two-three-four-five-six-seven èË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ò‰‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ˆËÙ ‚ ÌÓÏÂ‡ı ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚ¸ Ëı ‡Á‰ÂθÌÓ, ‡ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó double fi ‰‚ÓÈÌÓÈ / Ò‰‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È: 122-34-55fi one double two (two-two) three-four-double five (five-five) single fi Ó‰Ë̇Ì˚È / Ó‰ÌÓÏÂÒÚÌ˚È / ‚ Ó‰ÌÛ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ (·ËÎÂÚ): single room fi Ó‰ÌÓÏÂÒÚÌ˚È ÌÓÏÂ ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ double fi Ò‰‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È / ‰‚ÓÈÌÓÈ / ‰‚ÛıÏÂÒÚÌ˚È: double room fi ‰‚ÛıÏÂÒÚÌ˚È ÌÓÏÂ ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂ; double bed fi ‰‚ÛıÒԇθ̇fl ÍÓ‚‡Ú¸ triple fi ÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È / ÚÓÈÌÓÈ / ÚÂıÏÂÒÚÌ˚È; treble fi ‚ÚÓ ·Óθ¯ËÈ: ç has treble my money.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ‚ÚÓ ·Óθ¯Â ‰ÂÌ„, ˜ÂÏ Û ÏÂÌfl. once ¤ one time fi ‰ËÌÓʉ˚ / Ó‰ËÌ ‡Á; twice ¤ two times fi ‰‚‡Ê‰˚ / ‚‰‚Ó ·Óθ¯Â; thrice (ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ÂÂ) ¤ three times fi ÚËʉ˚; four, ... times fi ˜ÂÚ˚Â Ë ·ÓΠ‡Á; ‡/one dozen fi ‰˛ÊË̇ (ÒÎÓ‚Ó dozen Ò ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ): two / three dozen fi ‰‚ / ÚË ‰˛ÊËÌ˚ ÌÓ: dozens of bottles fi ‰˛ÊËÌ˚ ·ÛÚ˚ÎÓÍ — ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌÓ a half dozen ¤ half a dozen fi ÔÓΉ˛ÊËÌ˚; baker's dozen fi ˜ÂÚÓ‚‡ ‰˛ÊË̇.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 9: ëÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë Ì‡˜ËÈ. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ, ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Â Ë Ì‡˜Ëfl ËÏÂ˛Ú ÚË ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl: ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÛ˛ / Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÛ˛ / Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÌÛ˛. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‚‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÒÚÂÔÂÌÂÈ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl. 1.

ÑÎfl ÍÓÓÚÍËı (ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡) ÒÎÓ‚: èÓÎÓÊËÚÂθ̇fl ë‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl è‚ÓÒıӉ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ Small Smaller (the) smallest (χÎÂ̸ÍËÈ) (ÏÂ̸¯ËÈ) (Ò‡Ï˚È Ï‡ÎÂ̸ÍËÈ /̇ËÏÂ̸¯ËÈ) 56

Large (·Óθ¯ÓÈ)

Larger (·Óθ¯ËÈ)

(the) largest (Ò‡Ï˚È ·Óθ¯ÓÈ /̇˷Óθ¯ËÈ)

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: Ò Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸˛ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ; èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË ÒÚÂÔÂÌÂÈ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË: a) ÍÓ̘̇fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl Ò Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÈ Í‡ÚÍÓÈ „·ÒÌÓÈ Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl: big fi bigger fi (the) biggest b) ÂÒÎË ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ -Û ÒÚÓËÚ Òӄ·Ò̇fl ·ÛÍ‚‡, ÚÓ -Û ÔÂÂıÓ‰ËÚ ‚-i: easy fi easier fi (the) easiest; early fi earlier fi (the) earliest c) ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË -er u -est ÍÓ̘̇fl - ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl: (ÒÏ. ‚˚¯Â large). ç‡ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ì‡ÔËÒ‡ÌËfl Ì ‚ÎËfl˛Ú. 2.

ÑÎfl ‰ÎËÌÌ˚ı (ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠÒÎÓ„Ó‚) ÒÎÓ‚: ç ËÏÂÂÚ ÒÏ˚Ò· ¢ ·Óθ¯Â Û‰ÎËÌflÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰Ó·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‰Û„Ó ÍÓÓÚÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ‚ÔÂ‰Ë: beautiful fi Í‡ÒË‚˚È fi more beautiful fi ·ÓΠÍ‡ÒË‚˚È fi (the) most beautiful fi Ò‡Ï˚È Í‡ÒË‚˚È; easilyfi ΄ÍÓ fi more easily fi ΄˜Â fi (the) most easily fi ΄˜Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÑÎfl ÔÂ‰‡˜Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÏÂÌÂÂ Ë ÏÂ̸¯Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó / ̇ËÏÂÌ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ less Ë least: beautiful fi less beautiful fi ÏÂÌ Í‡ÒË‚˚È fi (the) least beautiful fi ̇ËÏÂÌ Í‡ÒË‚˚È

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

ËÌÓ„‰‡ Ó‰ÌÓÒÎÓÊÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ more / less ËÎË most / least, Ë Ì‡Ó·ÓÓÚ, ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡, ËÏÂ˛Ú -„ / -est ‚ ÍÓ̈Â; ˝ÚÓ Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÚ Á‚Û˜‡ÌËfl —ÂÒÎË Í‡Í‡fl-ÚÓ ÙÓχ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl ̇ ÒÎÛı ÎÛ˜¯Â ‰Û„ÓÈ, ÂÂ Ë ÒÚ‡‚flÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: crisp — more crisp — (the) most crisp Á‚Û˜ËÚ ÎÛ˜¯Â, ˜ÂÏ crisp — crisper — (the) crispest.è‡‚ËÎÓ ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ë„ÌÓËÛÂÚÒfl. îÓÏ˚ ÒÚÂÔÂÌÂÈ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë Ì‡˜ËÈ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ӷ‡ÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ì ÔÓ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ: èÓÎÓÊËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ Good (ıÓÓ¯ËÈ) Well (ıÓÓ¯Ó) Bad (ÔÎÓıÓÈ) Badly (ÔÎÓıÓ) Many (ÏÌÓ„Ó) Much (ÏÌÓ„Ó) Little (χÎÓ) Far (‰‡ÎÂÍËÈ) Far (‰‡ÎÂÍÓ) Old (ÒÚ‡˚È)

ë‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸

è‚ÓÒıӉ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸

Better (ÎÛ˜¯Â) Worse (ıÛÊÂ) More (·Óθ¯Â / ·ÓÎÂÂ) Less (ÏÂÌ / ÏÂ̸¯Â)

(the) best (Ò‡Ï˚È ÎÛ˜¯ËÈ/ ÎÛ˜¯Â ‚Ò„Ó) (the) worst (Ò‡Ï˚È ÔÎÓıÓÈ/ ıÛÊ ‚Ò„Ó) (the) most (·Óθ¯Â ‚Ò„Ó/ ̇˷ÓÎÂÂ) (the) least (ÏÂ̸¯Â ‚Ò„Ó/ ̇ËÏÂÌÂÂ) (the) farthest (Ò‡Ï˚È Farther / Further ‰‡ÎÂÍËÈ) (·ÓΠ‰‡ÎÂÍËÈ / ‰‡Î¸¯Â) (the) furthest (‰‡Î¸¯Â ‚Ò„Ó) Elder(ÒÚ‡¯Â) (the) eldest(Ò‡Ï˚È ÒÚ‡¯ËÈ)

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÒÎÓ‚Ó little ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï, Ú‡Í Ë Ì‡˜ËÂÏ; ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í‡Í Ì‡˜Ë χÎÓ; ÂÒÎË ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ÓÚ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÎÂ̸ÍËÈ, ÔÓθÁÛÂÏÒfl ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ small (ÒÏ. ‚˚¯Â).

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÙÓÏ˚ elder / eldest ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ˜‡˘Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ ‚‰ÂÚ ˜¸ Ó ˜ÎÂ̇ı Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂϸË: My father is elder than my mother.fi åÓÈ ÓÚˆ ÒÚ‡¯Â χÚÂË. This is my eldest son.fi ùÚÓ ÏÓÈ ÒÚ‡¯ËÈ Ò˚Ì. ‚ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Â ‰Û„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl Ó·‡ÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÔÓÒÓ·Û 1: old fi older fi (the) oldest. ëÎÓ‚Ó most Ò ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ (a most) Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸˛ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl, ‡ ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ӘÂ̸: a most beautiful girlfi Ó˜Â̸ Í‡ÒË‚‡fl ‰Â‚ۯ͇ 57

ëÎÓ‚Ó most ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÔÂ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ(˜‡ÒÚÓ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ of) Ë ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ÏÌÓ„Ë / ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó: Most people like this.fi åÌÓ„ËÏ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. Most of them will not be able to come.fi ÅÓθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó ËÁ ÌËı Ì ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔËÈÚË. éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡ÚËÍθ ÒÓı‡ÌflÂÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÙÓÏÓÈ Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ‰‡ÊÂ, ÂÒÎË ÌÂÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó: ç is the best.fi éÌ Ò‡Ï˚È ÎÛ˜¯ËÈ. ÑÎfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó than fi ˜ÂÏ; ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ËÁ·Âʇڸ ÔÓ‚ÚÓÂÌËfl Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ë ÚÓ„Ó Ê ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó one ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Á‡ÏÂÌËÚÂÎfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ËÎË ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ‚ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ: My car is bigger than their one / theirs.fi åÓÈ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·Ëθ ·Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Ëı. These cigars are stronger than those ones.fi ùÚË ÒË„‡˚ ÍÂÔ˜Â, ˜ÂÏ ÚÂ. ÇÓ ‚ÚÓÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËÈ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl Í‡Í ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ), Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ËÏÂÌËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÒÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ): She reads more than him / he does.fi é̇ ˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ·Óθ¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ. You are taller than me / I am.fi í˚ ‚˚¯Â ÓÒÚÓÏ, ˜ÂÏ fl. ç came earlier than them / they did.fi éÌ Ô˯ÂÎ ‡Ì¸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÓÌË ÌÓ: I know him better than her. (‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ)fi ü Á̇˛ Â„Ó ÎÛ˜¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÂÂ. I know him better than she does.fi ü Á̇˛ Â„Ó ÎÛ˜¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Ó̇. èË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËË Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó„Ó Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË as ... as fi Ú‡ÍÓÈ (ÊÂ) ... Í‡Í (Ë) / Ú‡Í (ÊÂ) ... Í‡Í (Ë): She is as beautiful as my mother.fi é̇ ڇ͇fl Ê Í‡ÒË‚‡fl, Í‡Í ÏÓfl χχ. èË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËË Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË not so ... as fi Ì ڇÍÓÈ ... ͇Í: I am not so beautiful as her / she is.fi ü Ì ڇ͇fl Í‡ÒË‚‡fl, Í‡Í Ó̇. èË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËË Ò ÏÌÓ„ÓÍ‡ÚÌ˚Ï ˝ÙÙÂÍÚÓÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË as ... as Ò ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË; ‚ÚÓÓ as ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl, ÂÒÎË ‰Û„ÓÈ Ó·˙ÂÍÚ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl Ì ÛÔÓÏË̇ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË: My sister is twice as beautiful (as yours).fi åÓfl ÒÂÒÚ‡ ‚ ‰‚‡ ‡Á‡ Í‡Ò˂ (Ú‚ÓÂÈ). His car is about three times as big (as my car).fi Ö„Ó Ï‡¯Ë̇ ‡Á‡ ‚ ÚË ·Óθ¯Â (ÏÓÂÈ). ëÎÓ‚Ó half ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ‚‰‚Ó ÏÂ̸¯Â: This liquid is half as strong (as that one).fi ùÚ‡ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸ ‚‰‚Ó Ò··Â (ÚÓÈ). I have half as much money (as you have).fi ì ÏÂÌfl ‚ ‰‚‡ ‡Á‡ ÏÂ̸¯Â ‰ÂÌ„ ( ˜ÂÏ Û Ú·fl}. àÌÓ„‰‡ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÒËÎËÚ¸ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚, ˜‡˘Â ‰Û„Ëı ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl much (̇ÏÌÓ„Ó): much more / less beautifulfi ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ·ÓΠ/ ÏÂÌ Í‡ÒË‚˚È; êÛÒÒÍËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ˜ÂÏ..., ÚÂÏ... ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í the + Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸... the + Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸...: The sooner you do it the better.fi óÂÏ ÒÍÓÂÈ Ú˚ ҉·¯¸ ˝ÚÓ, ÚÂÏ ÎÛ˜¯Â. The faster you come the more you will get.fi óÂÏ ·˚ÒÚ Ú˚ Ôˉ¯¸, ÚÂÏ ·Óθ¯Â ÔÓÎۘ˯¸.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 10: ì͇Á‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl. ì͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ̇: •

ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ·ÎËÊÂ Í „Ó‚Ófl˘ÂÏÛ ÔÓ ÏÂÒÚÛ Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌË this fi ˝ÚÓÚ / ˝Ú‡ / ˝ÚÓ: this table fi ˝ÚÓÚ ÒÚÓÎ; this Sunday fi ‚ ˝ÚÓ ‚ÓÒÍÂÒÂ̸Â

these fi ˝ÚË: these windows fi ˝ÚË ÓÍ̇; these days fi ̇ ‰Ìflı / ‚ ˝ÚË ‰ÌË • ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‰‡Î¸¯Â ÓÚ „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó ÔÓ ÏÂÒÚÛ Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌË that fi ÚÓÚ / Ú‡ / ÚÓ: that table fi ÚÓÚ ÒÚÓÎ; 58

that Sunday fi ‚ ÚÓ ‚ÓÒÍÂÒÂ̸ those fi ÚÂ: those windows fi Ú ÓÍ̇; those days fi ‚ Ú ‰ÌË ëÎÓ‚‡ that Ë those (ÂÊÂ) ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ˝ÚÓÚ / ˝Ú‡ / ˝ÚÓ Ë ˝ÚË, Ú.Â. ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ this Ë these. éÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÎË ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÌÂÚ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ·ÎËÊ — ‰‡Î¸¯Â: This table is yours.That (table) is mine.fi ùÚÓÚ ÒÚÓÎ Ú‚ÓÈ. íÓÚ (ÒÚÓÎ) ÏÓÈ. That table is ours.fi ùÚÓÚ ÒÚÓΠ̇¯. Ç Ó·‡ÚÌÛ˛ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ (this ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ that / these ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ those) Á‡ÏÂÌÛ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÌÂθÁfl. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë that ·ÓΠÔÓÔÛÎflÌÓ, ˜ÂÏ this, a those — ˜ÂÏ these. ì͇Á‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ: This is your table. That is my table. Those are our tables. åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl that / these / those ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‰Îfl Á‡ÏÂÌ˚ Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ËÁ·Âʇڸ ÔÓ‚ÚÓ‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÎË ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË; Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Á‡ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛Ú ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔÂ‰ ÌËÏË ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ of: The climate here is like that of France.fi äÎËÏ‡Ú Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÊÂ, Í‡Í ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË. My father's cigars are very strong. Those of your father are half as strong.fi ëË„‡˚ ÏÓÂ„Ó ÓÚˆ‡ (Ú ÒË„‡˚, ˜ÚÓ ÍÛËÚ ÏÓÈ ÓÚˆ) Ó˜Â̸ ÍÂÔÍËÂ. ì Ú‚ÓÂ„Ó ÓÚˆ‡ ÒË„‡˚ ‚‰‚Ó Ò··ÂÈ.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 11: ëÎÓ‚‡ every / some / any /now. èÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ ÓÚ ÌËı. èÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í: every fi ‚ÒflÍËÈ / ͇ʉ˚È; some fi ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ / ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚È / ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ / ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó; any fi ͇ÍÓÈ-ÌË·Û‰¸ / ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ / β·ÓÈ; ÔÓ fi ÌË͇ÍÓÈ / ÌËÒÍÓθÍÓ. ÑÎfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ı ÓÚ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚˚¯Â ÒÎÓ‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ˜ÂÚ˚ ‰Û„Ëı ÒÎÓ‚‡: 1. 2. 3. 4.

body fi ÍÓÔÛÒ / ÚÂÎÓ / ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ó‰Û¯Â‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ; ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ Î˛‰ÂÈ; thing fi Ô‰ÏÂÚ / ‚¢¸ / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌÓÂ; ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ ÌÂÊË‚˚ ӷ˙ÂÍÚ˚; Ón fi Ó‰ËÌ / ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ó‰Û¯Â‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ; ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ Î˛‰ÂÈ; Ú.Â. 3) ¤ 1); where fi ÍÛ‰‡ / „‰Â; ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓ. èÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚Â: everybody / everyone fi ‚Ò (͇ʉ˚È ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ); Ó·‡ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ˚; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÚÂ·Û˛Ú Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ 3-ÂÏ Îˈ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·: Everybody / Everyone is sleeping.fi ÇÒ ÒÔflÚ. Everyone / Everybody knows that.fi ÇÒ Á̇˛Ú Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ. everything fi ‚Òfi (ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌÓÂ): Everything is clear to me.fi åÌ ‚Ò flÒÌÓ / ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ. I know everything.fi ü ‚Ò Á̇˛. everywhere fi ‚ÂÁ‰Â (‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı) / ÍÛ‰‡ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ (‚Ó ‚Ò ÏÂÒÚ‡): You are welcome everywhere.fi í˚ ‚ÂÁ‰Â Ê·ÌÌ˚È „ÓÒÚ¸. You can go everywhere in this country.fi Ç ˝ÚÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ì Ú˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÂÁ‰ËÚ¸ / ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÍÛ‰‡ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ. somebody / someone fi ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ (͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ); Ò ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È / Á‡ÒÎÛÊË‚‡˛˘ËÈ Û‚‡ÊÂÌËfl ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ: That must be someone from my sister.fi ùÚÓ, ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸, ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ ÓÚ ÏÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚ˚. I want to become a somebody in our city.fi ü ıÓ˜Û ‰Ó·ËÚ¸Òfl ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ̇¯ÂÏ „ÓÓ‰Â. something fi ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ / ÍÓÂ-˜ÚÓ: 59

Something has happened here.fi á‰ÂÒ¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ. I know something about you.fi ü Á̇˛ Ó Ú· ÍÓÂ-˜ÚÓ. ... or something (‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÂ, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ù‡Á˚) fi ... ËÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ó‰Â: ç is a businessman or something.fi éÌ ·ËÁÌÂÒÏÂÌ, ËÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ó‰Â. something of ... fi ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ÚËÔ‡ / ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ó‰Â: I'm something of a businessman.fi ü ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ӊ ·ËÁÌÂÒÏÂÌ. somewhere fi „‰Â-ÚÓ / ÍÛ‰‡-ÚÓ: ç must be somewhere near here.fi éÌ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ „‰Â-ÚÓ ÔÓ·ÎËÁÓÒÚË. She went somewhere.fi é̇ ÍÛ‰‡-ÚÓ Û¯Î‡. anybody / anyone fi ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ / ÍÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Did anybody see him?fi äÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‚ˉÂΠ„Ó? anything fi ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Has anything unusual happened here?fi á‰ÂÒ¸ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÌÂÓ·˚˜ÌÓÂ? anywhere fi „‰Â-ÌË·Û‰¸ / ÍÛ‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸: Are they anywhere in the town?fi éÌË „‰Â-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‚ „ÓÓ‰Â? Do you want to go anywhere?fi í˚ ıӘ¯¸ ÔÓÈÚË ÍÛ‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸? nobody / no one fi ÌËÍÚÓ: No one / Nobody knows his address.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ Â„Ó ‡‰ÂÒ. Nobody / No one could help me.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì ÏÓ„ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸. nobody Ò ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ ËÎË ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÌË͘ÂÏÌ˚È / Ì Á‡ÒÎÛÊË‚‡˛˘ËÈ Û‚‡ÊÂÌËfl ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ (β‰Ë): That man is a nobody.fi ùÚÓÚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌËÍÚÓ. / ë ÏÌÂÌËÂÏ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ Ì ҘËÚ‡˛ÚÒfl. They are nobodies for me.fi ÑÎfl ÏÂÌfl ÓÌË Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú. / ü Ò˜ËÚ‡˛ Ëı ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ÌË͘ÂÏÌ˚ÏË Î˛‰¸ÏË. nothing fi ÌË˜Â„Ó / Ì˘ÚÓ / ̘„Ó: I can see nothing here.fi ü ÌË˜Â„Ó Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ì ‚ËÊÛ. They had nothing to eat.fi àÏ ÌÂ˜Â„Ó ·˚ÎÓ ÂÒÚ¸. nothing fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ¯ËÓÍÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ (ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸) ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, ̇ÔËÏÂ: to have nothing to do with smb. / smth.fi Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ó·˘Â„Ó Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó; Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: I hope you have nothing to do with that man.fi ü ̇‰Â˛Ò¸, Ú˚ Ì Ëϯ¸ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ó·˘Â„Ó Ò ˝ÚËÏ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ. This has nothing to do with me.fi ùÚÓ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÍÓ ÏÌ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. I have nothing to do with this.fi ü Ì Ëϲ Í ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. ... for nothing fi ·ÂÒÔ·ÚÌÓ / ·ÂÁÂÁÛθڇÚÌÓ: You may have it for nothing.fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ ·ÂÒÔ·ÚÌÓ. All my efforts were for nothing.fi ÇÒ ÏÓË ÛÒËÎËfl ·˚ÎË Ì‡Ô‡ÒÌ˚. nowhere fi ÌË„‰Â / ÌËÍÛ‰‡ / Ì„‰Â / ÌÂÍÛ‰‡: I have nowhere to go.fi åÌ ÌÂÍÛ‰‡ ÔÓÈÚË. I can find that book nowhere.fi ü ÌË„‰Â Ì ÏÓ„Û Ì‡ÈÚË ˝ÚÛ ÍÌË„Û,

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË: 1.

‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Û ˜ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Û Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Ëı ÔÓÎÌÓ„Ó ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl Ï˚ ÔÓθÁÛÂÏÒfl ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÙÓχÏË, ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÚËÔ‡ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: — ì Ú·fl ‚ ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÂÒÚ¸ ͇ÍËÂ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÍÌË„Ë (ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÍÌË„)? — ч, Û ÏÂÌfl ‚ ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÂÒÚ¸ ͇ÍËÂÚÓ ÍÌË„Ë (ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÌË„). / çÂÚ, Û ÏÂÌfl ‚ ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍËı ÍÌË„. ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ: — Have you any books in your room? — Yes, I have some books in my room. / No, I have no books in my room. ËÚ‡Í, any ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı; some — ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı; nÓ—‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı (ÚÓ Ê ҇ÏÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Ë Í ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚Ï ÙÓχÏ); ÌÓ ˝ÚÓ Î˯¸ Ó·˘Â ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, Ë ÓÌÓ Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ Òӷ≇ÂÚÒfl; ÒÎÓ‚Ó any Ë ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ - β·ÓÈ: You may take any pen.fi åÓʯ¸ ‚ÁflÚ¸ β·Û˛ Û˜ÍÛ. Anyone can help you.fi í· ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÍÚÓ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ (β·ÓÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ). 60

ç will be allowed to say anything.fi éÌ ÒÏÓÊÂÚ / ÂÏÛ ‡Á¯‡Ú Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ‚ÒÂ, ˜ÚÓ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ. I'll find you anywhere.fi ü Ì‡È‰Û Ú·fl ‚ÂÁ‰Â (‚ β·ÓÏ ÏÂÒÚÂ). ÒÎÓ‚Ó any Ë ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ not: I cannot see anyone here.fi ü ÌËÍÓ„Ó Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ì ‚ËÊÛ. You will not be able to show it anywhere.fi í˚ ÌË„‰Â Ì ÒÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÓ. ÒÎÓ‚Ó some ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó / Ì·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Û „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó ·Óθ¯Â Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚ ̇΢ËË ÚÓ„Ó, Ó ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ any: Can you give me some money?fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ‰‡Ú¸ ÏÌ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÌ„? („Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ Á̇ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰Â̸„Ë ÂÒÚ¸) Can you give me any money?fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ‰‡Ú¸ ÏÌ ıÓÚ¸ ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‰ÂÌ„? („Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰ÂÌ„) ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı some Ë any ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ˚: 2.

3.

I need money. Have you got any / some?fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌ˚ ‰Â̸„Ë. ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸? ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ̇Á‚‡ÌËË ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ô‡‚Ë·, ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛Ú ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ë ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ ÌËÏË: I can show you every room.fi ü ÏÓ„Û ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸ ‚‡Ï Í‡Ê‰Û˛ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ. She wants to see some magazines.fi é̇ ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ͇ÍËÂ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÊÛ̇Î˚. Have you seen any costume like this before?fi Ç˚ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÂʉ ‚ˉÂÎË (͇ÍÓÈ-ÌË·Û‰¸) ÍÓÒÚ˛Ï, ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚È ˝ÚÓÏÛ? ç has no property of his own.fi ë‚ÓÂ„Ó Û ÌÂ„Ó ÌË˜Â„Ó (ÌË͇ÍÓÈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË) ÌÂÚ. ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÏË ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË ˆÂÎ˚È Í·ÒÒ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚, some Ë any ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡˛Ú ÚÓθÍÓ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ˆÂÎÓ„Ó, Ë Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ëı ÏÓÊÌÓ Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸: Give me some water.fi Ñ‡È ÏÌ ‚Ó‰˚. Have you any potatoes?fi ì ‚‡Ò ÂÒÚ¸ ͇Úӯ͇?

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

̇Á‚‡ÌËfl Ó‚Ó˘ÂÈ / fl„Ó‰ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ(ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ËÁ ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ ‚ÁflÚ˚ı Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚): carrotsfi ÏÓÍÓ‚¸; a carrotfi (Ӊ̇) ÏÓÍÓ‚Ë̇; peasfi „ÓÓ¯ÂÍ; ‡ ‡fi (Ӊ̇) „ÓÓ¯Ë̇; strawberriesfi a strawberryfi (Ӊ̇) fl„Ó‰‡ ÍÎÛ·ÌË͇; ÍÎÛ·ÌËÍË 4. ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ (ÍÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡ where) Ò‡ÏË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú Îˈ‡ ËÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛Ú Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ Ë ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‰‡Ê ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË: Somebody has lost his car keys.fi äÚÓ-ÚÓ ÔÓÚÂflÎ Íβ˜Ë ÓÚ Ï‡¯ËÌ˚. Nothing can save her now.fi íÂÔÂ¸  ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÔ‡ÒÚË. 5. ‚Ò ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚ ÙÓÏ˚ (ÍÓÏ ÚÂı, ˜ÚÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÓÚ every) ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ else (ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ¢ ÔÓÒΠÒÎÓ‚, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ı ÓÚ some / any ËÎË ·Óθ¯Â — ÔÓÒΠÒÎÓ‚, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ı ÓÚ no), ÍÓÚÓÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠÌËı: She wants to ask somebody else to help you.fi é̇ ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÔÓÁ‚‡Ú¸ ¢ ÍÓ„Ó-ÌË·Û‰¸ Ú· ̇ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. Did you see anything else?fi í˚ ‚ˉÂÎ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ¢Â? Nobody else could come.fi ÅÓθ¯Â ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÒÏÓ„ ÔËÈÚË. You should try this thing somewhere else.fi òÂÎ ·˚ Ú˚ ¢ ÍÛ‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ËÒÔ˚Ú˚‚‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÛ ¯ÚÛÍÛ. 6. ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó elsewhere, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘Â ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Ò somewhere else: You should try this thing elsewhere.¤ You should try this thing somewhere else. 7. ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰Ì˚Â Ò ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ÏË body Ë one ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ; ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ, ÂÒÎË ÓÌË ÒÚÓflÚ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ else, ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ËÏÂÌÌÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚Â: This is someone's bag.fi ùÚÓ ˜¸fl-ÚÓ ÒÛÏ͇. This is someone else's bag.fi ùÚÓ ˜¸fl-ÚÓ Â˘Â (Ì ÏÓfl) ÒÛÏ͇. 8. ‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ where ËÌÓ„‰‡ Á‡ÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl ̇ lacÂ: You Ò‡Ô go everyplace in this country.fi Ç ˝ÚÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ì Ú˚ ÏÓʯ¸ Âı‡Ú¸ ÍÛ‰‡ ıӘ¯¸. She went someplace.fi é̇ ÍÛ‰‡-ÚÓ ÛÂı‡Î‡. Ç ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌÌÓ ̇ÏË Ô‡‚ËÎÓ ‚Ó¯ÎË ÚÓθÍÓ Ó·˘Ë ‰Îfl ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ ÙÓÏ˚, ˜ÚÓ ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ Ì ÓÚ‡Ê‡ÂÚ ‚ÒÂı ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÓ‚ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸ ‰Û„Ë ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 12: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË. èÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÔÓ·ÛʉÂÌËÂ Í ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˲ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl / ÔÓÒ¸·Û / ÔË͇Á‡ÌË / ÒÓ‚ÂÚ / Á‡Ô¢ÂÌËÂ. 61

åÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡Í ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË. ìÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl „·„ÓÎÓÏ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â you Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl, ΄ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡flÒ¸ ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ: (You) Help me! fi èÓÏÓ„Ë ÏÌÂ! (You) Go home! fi à‰Ë ‰ÓÏÓÈ! '

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ˆÂθ˛ Ôˉ‡ÌËfl ÓÚÚÂÌ͇ „Û·ÓÒÚË Ó·‡˘ÂÌ˲: You, go home. fi í˚, Ë‰Ë ‰ÓÏÓÈ. éÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï to do Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ not. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È to do ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰‡Ê ÔÂ‰ „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be: Don't help him.fi He ÔÓÏÓ„‡È ÂÏÛ. Don't go home.fi He Ë‰Ë ‰ÓÏÓÈ. Don't be sleeping.fi He ÒÔË. Don't be a fool.fi He ·Û‰¸ ‰Û‡ÍÓÏ. ÑÎfl ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓ„Ó ÛÒËÎÂÌËfl ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂÏ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â you, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÙÓÏÓÈ Don't Ë ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ: Don't you worry about that.fi He ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ. ÑÎfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÒ¸·˚ ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ..., please. / ..., will you? / ..., won't you?: Help me, please.fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÔÓÏÓ„Ë ÏÌÂ. Go home, will you?fi à‰Ë ‰ÓÏÓÈ, ıÓÓ¯Ó? Come tomorrow, won't you?fi èËıÓ‰Ë Á‡‚Ú‡, ·‰ÌÓ? ÑÎfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÒ¸·˚ / ÔË͇Á‡ÌËfl Ò ÓÚÚÂÌÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl „·„ÓÎ to let Ò ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ ËÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to: Let me ~~~ … fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚ ÏÌ / ч‚‡ÈÚ fl … Let him/her/it ~~~ … fi èÛÒÚ¸ ÓÌ / Ó̇ / ÓÌÓ … Let us / Let's ~~~ … fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚÂ Ì‡Ï / ч‚‡ÈÚ (Ï˚) … Let you ~~~ … fi ч‚‡È, Ú˚ … Let them ~~~ … fi èÛÒÚ¸ ÓÌË / èÓÁ‚ÓθÚ ËÏ … Let me help you.fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚÂ, fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û ‚‡Ï. Let us / Lets tak more loudly.fi ч‚‡ÈÚ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ „ÓϘÂ. Let it be.fi èÛÒÚ¸ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ú‡Í.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to let, „‰Â Â„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ ÚÂı, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌ˚ ‚˚¯Â, ÌÓ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë: to let smb. know fi ‰‡Ú¸ Á̇ڸ / ÒÓÓ·˘ËÚ¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó; to let smb. alone fi ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‚ ÔÓÍÓ / Ì ÔËÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸; to let smb. down fi ÔÓ‰‚ÂÒÚË / ‡ÒÒÚÓËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó; to let smb. in/out fi ‚ÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ / ‚˚ÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó; to let smth. in fi ‚¯ËÚ¸ / Á‡ÛÁËÚ¸ (Ó‰ÂʉÛ); to let smth. out fi ‚˚ÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ / ҉·ڸ ҂ӷӉ̠(Ó‰ÂʉÛ); to let go of smth. fi ÓÚÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ / ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ‰Âʇڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; to let smb. go fi ÓÚÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ / ÓÒ‚Ó·Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó: Let me know when ...fi чÈÚ ÏÌ Á̇ڸ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ... Let her alone.fi éÒÚ‡‚¸Ú Â ‚ ÔÓÍÓÂ. / ç ÔËÒÚ‡‚‡ÈÚÂ Í ÌÂÈ. Don't let my friends down.fi He ÔÓ‰‚Ó‰Ë ÏÓËı ‰ÛÁÂÈ. Don't let that girl in.fi He ‚ÔÛÒÍ‡È ˝ÚÛ ‰Â‚˜ÓÌÍÛ. Your dress needs to be let out.fi í‚Ó Ô·ڸ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÂÂ. Don't let go of the handle.fi He ÓÚÔÛÒÍ‡È ÛÍÓflÚÍÛ. Don't let them go.fi He ÓÚÔÛÒÍ‡È Ëı. / He ‡Á¯‡È ËÏ ÛıÓ‰ËÚ¸.

62

è‡‚ËÎÓ 13: èÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ-΢Ì˚ı / ·ÂÁ΢Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ. ê‡Ì Ï˚ ÛÊ „Ó‚ÓËÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÂÒÚ¸ ÏÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, „‰Â ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ. ê‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÏ˚ ̇ÏË ÒÂȘ‡Ò Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í‡Í ‡Á Í Ú‡ÍÓÏÛ ÚËÔÛ. çÓ Ï˚ ÔÓÏÌËÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì‡Î˘Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ. çÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ-΢Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ÌÂÚ, ÌÓ Â„Ó ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËÂ Í‡Í ·˚ ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl / Ó˘Û˘‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË). Ç ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ one (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Ï Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ) Ë they: á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÂθÁfl ÍÛËÚ¸.fi One must not smoke here. ÉÓ‚ÓflÚ, ÓÌ ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl Ì ÒÍÓÓ.fi They say that he will not come back soon. Ç Ì‡¯Â ‚ÂÏfl ÏÓÊÌÓ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ‚ÒÂ.fi One can say anything nowadays. èÓ-ÛÒÒÍË Ú‡Í Ì „Ó‚ÓflÚ.fi They don't say that in Russian. ÅÂÁ΢Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Ì ҂flÁ‡ÌÓ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ ÌË Ò Í‡ÍËÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ, Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‰‡Ê Ì ۄ‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl). Ç Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó it: ëÂȘ‡Ò ¯ÂÒÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚.fi It is six o'clock. Å˚ÎÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÚÂÏÌÓ.fi It was very dark. ᇂÚ‡ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÓ.fi It will be late tomorrow.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 14: è‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there + to be. îÓÏ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÌËχڸ Ó·ÓÓÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË (ÒÎÓ‚Ó there ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl; to be ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÙÓχı): There (to) be Is Infinitive Are Was Indefinite Were will be have been Perfect has been had been will have been ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı „·„ÓÎ to be (‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰Û„Ë „·„ÓÎ˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚ — ÒÏ. ÌËÊÂ) fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï Ë Òӄ·ÒÛÂÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ.

àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there+to be. ëËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there+to be, ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇ ‰‚ „ÛÔÔ˚: a) äÓ„‰‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË „Ó‚ÓËÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ Ô‰ÏÂÚ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Â, Ë ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ‡ Ì ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó: Ç ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÏÌÓ„Ó Ï‡Î¸˜ËÍÓ‚ Ë ‰Â‚Ó˜ÂÍ, (ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ëı, ‡ Ì ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ) — ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ Ó·ÓÓÚfi There are many boys and girls in the room. å‡Î¸˜ËÍË Ë ‰Â‚Ó˜ÍË ‡ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ, (‚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ, ‡ Ì ‚ ‰Û„ÓÏ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Â) — Ó·ÓÓÚ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÏfi The boys and girls are in the room. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: Ó·ÓÓÚ there+to be ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ „‰Â? — ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇ ËÌÚÂÂÒÛÂÚ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó, ‡ Ì Ô‰ÏÂÚ: — ɉ ÏÓÈ Íβ˜?fi — Where is my key? — It is in your pocket.fi — éÌ Û Ú·fl ‚ ͇χÌÂ.ÌÓ: ì ÌÂ„Ó ‚ ͇χÌ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ Íβ˜.fi There is a key in his pocket. b) äÓ„‰‡ ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Í‡Í Ì‡Î˘Ë ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡: Ç‡Ï Ò„ӉÌfl Á‚ÓÌËÎË.¤ ÑÎfl ‚‡Ò Ò„ӉÌfl ·˚Î ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÌ˚È Á‚ÓÌÓÍ. 63

ç‡ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ̠¯ÂÎ ‰Óʉ¸.¤ ç‡ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ̠·˚ÎÓ ‰Óʉfl. ä ‚‡Ï Ô˯ÎË.¤ ÖÒÚ¸ (ÒÂȘ‡Ò) ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ ‚ˉÂÚ¸ ‚‡Ò (‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸Òfl Ò ‚‡ÏË). éÚÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË Í‡Í Ó Ô‰ÏÂÚ ‚ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ Ó·ÂÒÔ˜˂‡Ú¸ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË „·„Ó· to be, Ú.Â. ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡Î‡ ̇΢ˠ„·„Ó· ·˚Ú¸. èÓ·ÎÂχ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ì‡Ï ÔˉÂÚÒfl Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl ÛÁ̇‚‡Ú¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, „‰Â ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Â„Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â (‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ‡), „‰Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏ˚ Indefinite „·„Ó· to be ) ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Í‡Í ÙÓÏ˚ Indefinite, Ú‡Í Ë ÙÓÏ˚ Perfect, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ (ÌÓ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ) Û͇Á‡ÌË ̇ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: There has been a telephone call for you today.fi Ç‡Ï Ò„ӉÌfl Á‚ÓÌËÎË.¤ ÑÎfl ‚‡Ò Ò„ӉÌfl ·˚Î ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÌ˚È Á‚ÓÌÓÍ. There was no rain last week.fi ç‡ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ̠¯ÂÎ ‰Óʉ¸.¤ ç‡ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ̠·˚ÎÓ ‰Óʉfl. There is someone to see you (now).fi ä ‚‡Ï Ô˯ÎË.¤ ÖÒÚ¸ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ ‚ˉÂÚ¸ ‚‡Ò (ÒÂȘ‡Ò). There has been no / There has not been any rain this week.fi ç‡ ˝ÚÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ̠·˚ÎÓ ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ‰Óʉfl. There was not any / There was no rain last week.fi ç‡ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ̠·˚ÎÓ ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ‰Óʉfl. èÓÒÚÓÂÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there+to be: ëıÂχ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl 1 2 There to be (Ӊ̇ ËÁ ÙÓÏ)

3 4 èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ ‚ÏÂÒÚ ÏÂÒÚ‡ / ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË)

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: there ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚ ҘËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ‚‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ, Ì Ëϲ˘ÂÈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl; ÂÒÎË ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Ú‡Ï, ÒÚ‡‚ËÏ there (ÌÓ ÛÊ Ëϲ˘Â ÔÂ‚Ӊ) ¢ ‡Á ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: í‡Ï ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÍÓÏ̇Ú.fi There are many different rooms there. „·„ÓÎ to be ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ò ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ÏË „·„Ó·ÏË: There must be some money in his pocket.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ‚ ͇χÌ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ͇ÍËÂ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‰Â̸„Ë. There can be no going back.fi é· ÓÚÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËË Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ë ˜Ë. There could have been a big scandal because of that.fi àÁ-Á‡ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÓ„ ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ Ò͇̉‡Î. There should have been more than ten people there.fi í‡Ï ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ·˚Ú¸ ·Óθ¯Â ‰ÂÒflÚË ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ. ËÌÓ„‰‡ „·„ÓÎÛ to be ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡ to seem / to appear ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Í‡Á‡Ú¸Òfl; to turn out fi Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl Ë ‰.; ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Ò‡Ï to be ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ì ӷflÁflÚÂθÌÓ: There seem / appear (to be) many windows in that house.fi -ä‡ÊÂÚÒfl / èÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó ÓÍÓÌ. ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Òӄ·ÒÛ˛ÚÒfl (ÏÂÌfl˛Ú ÙÓÏÛ) ̇Á‚‡ÌÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚, a to be ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive; There seems / appears (to be) only one window in that house.fi ä‡ÊÂÚÒfl / èÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÓÏ Î˯¸ Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÍÌÓ. There turned out (to be) only one window there.fi í‡Ï Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ / é͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡Ï ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÍÌÓ. Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ there + to be ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ̇˜Ë̇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú) Ë Ì Ëϲ˘Ë Û͇Á‡ÌËfl ̇ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó: ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú (ÂÒÚ¸) ‡ÁÌ˚ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎË.fi There are different cars. ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ „·„Ó· to be ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰Û„Ë „·„ÓÎ˚: to exist fi ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸; to happen fi ÒÎÛ˜‡Ú¸Òfl; to remain fi ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl; to come fi ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / ÔËÂÁʇڸ; to appear fi ÔÓfl‚ÎflÚ¸Òfl There exist different cars.fi ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‡ÁÌ˚ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎË. There happened strange things in my house.fi Ç ÏÓÂÏ ‰ÓÏ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎË ÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ ‚¢Ë. There comes our bus.fi ÇÓÚ Ë‰ÂÚ Ì‡¯ ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒ. ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı (ÒÏ. íÂχ 4) Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ „·„ÓÎ to be ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ, ‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â — ÔÓÒΠthere: 64

Are there tables in the room?fi Ç ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÚÓÎ˚? ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Í‡ÚÍËı ÓÚ‚ÂÚÓ‚ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚Ó there ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó: Are there tables in the room? — Yes, there are. ÂÒÎË ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó any, ÚÓ ‚ Í‡ÚÍÓÏ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ̇ ÌÂ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl some, ‡ ‚ Í‡ÚÍÓÏ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ — not any ËÎË none: Are there any tables in the room?fi Yes, there are some. / No, there are not any.¤ No, there are none. ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ nÓ ËÎË not any: There are no tables in the room.¤ There are not any tables in the room.fi Ç ÍÓÏ̇Ú ÌÂÚ ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÚÓ· / ÌË͇ÍËı ÒÚÓÎÓ‚. èËÏÂ˚: 1. óÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÎÂÚ ‚ ̇¯ÂÈ ÒÚ‡Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ Ó˜Â̸ ÏÌÓ„Ó Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚˚ı β‰ÂÈ.fi There will be very many happy people in our country in several years.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÛÒÒÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó Ó˜Â̸ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‰‚ÛÏfl ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ÏË: 1.

2.

ÂÒÎË ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ (Ó˜Â̸ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ) ËÎË Ì‡Â˜Ë˛ (Ó˜Â̸‡ÌÓ), ÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ó‰ÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó very, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó / ̇˜Ëfl: ç has a very big house.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó b‰ÓÏ. ç gets up very early.fi éÌ ‚ÒÚ‡ÂÚ Ó˜Â̸ ‡ÌÓ. ÂÒÎË ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌ˲ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË very much Ë Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠӷÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡, ̇ ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: Thank you very much.fi é˜Â̸ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÂÌ ‚‡Ï (·Óθ¯Ó ÒÔ‡ÒË·Ó). I want to help you very much.fi ü Ó˜Â̸ ıÓ˜Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â. 2. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ ·ÛÚ˚ÎÍ ÂÒÚ¸ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÔË‚‡.fi There is some beer in that bottle. 3. ç‡ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠÔ˯ÎÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ ÓÚ Ï‡Ï˚.fi There was a letter from mother last week. 4. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ ÌË ‡ÁÛ Ì ¯ÂÎ ÒÌ„.fi There has been no snow this month.¤ There has not been any snow this month. 5. ᇂÚ‡ Ú‡Ï Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ ÌÓ‚˚ı χθ˜ËÍÓ‚.fi There will not be new boys there tomorrow. 6. ÑÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ‚˚ıÓ‰.fi There must be a way out. 7. ì Ì‡Ò Ò„ӉÌfl Ò ÛÚ‡ ÏÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÒÂÚËÚÂÎÂÈ.fi There have been many visitors here since the morning, (Í‡Í Ì‡˜‡ÎË Ë‰ÚË, Ú‡Í Ë Ë‰ÛÚ Ò Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó ÛÚ‡) 8. ë ÛÚ‡ / ìÚÓÏ Û Ì‡Ò ·˚ÎÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÒÂÚËÚÂÎÂÈ.fi There were many visitors here in the morning, (ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÛÊ Ì ÛÚÓ, ‰Û„ÓÈ ÓÚÂÁÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË) 9. ç‡ ˝ÚÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ.fi There can be a letter from him this week. 10. ᇠ‰‚Â¸˛ ÌËÍÓ„Ó ÌÂÚ.fi There is no one behind the door.¤ There is not anyone behind the door. 11. (çË͇ÍËı) è˂‰ÂÌËÈ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ.fi There exist no ghosts.¤ There don't exist any ghosts. 12. ç‡ ‚ÒÚÂ˜Û Ò ÌËÏË ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ì ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl.fi There remains no time to meet them.¤ There doesn't remain any time to meet them.

è‡‚ËÎÓ 15: ÇÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚Â Ë ÛÒËÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl. Ç˚¯Â Ï˚ ÛÊ „Ó‚ÓËÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò‚ÓÈ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó ‡ÒÔ‡‰‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ. íÓ Ê ҇ÏÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Ë ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Ò·fl — ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡ˇÌÚÓ‚, ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚˚·Ë‡Ú¸ Ó‰ËÌ ‚ ͇ʉÓÏ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself Themselves Herself Itself ÇÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ò „·„Ó·ÏË ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÌÓÒÚË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Ò·fl; Á‡ÌËχ˛Ú ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠÒ͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ü Ò‡Ï Ò· Ì Ì‡‚Î˛Ò¸.fi I don't like myself. èÓÒÏÓÚË Ì‡ Ò·fl.fi Look at yourself. ÄÌ„ÎËÈÒÍË ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÓÍÓ̘‡Ì˲ -Òfl (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌÌÓ Ò·fl) ÛÒÒÍËı ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ (ÛÏ˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ·ËÚ¸Òfl / Ӊ‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ...): 65

éÌË Ó͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ (̇¯ÎË Ò·fl) ‚ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ.fi They found themselves in a big room. (í˚) ì„Ó˘‡ÈÒfl.fi Help yourself. ü ÔÓ‡ÌËÎÒfl.fi I've hurt myself. É·„ÓÎ˚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ò ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚Ï Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ (to wash / to shave / to dress Ë ‰.), ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ·ÂÁ ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ: é̇ ÛÏ˚·Ҹ.fi She washed (herself). å˚ Ò ÅÓ·ÓÏ „ÓÚÓ‚ËÏÒfl Í ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂÌÛ.fi Bob and I are preparing (ourselves) for the examination. (Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó — Òڇ̉‡ÚÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ: ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ, ‡ ÔÓÚÓÏ — fl; ˜ËÒÎÓ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÂ) å˚ Ò Ô‡ÔÓÈ Ó‰Â‚‡ÎËÒ¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ô˯· χχ.fi Father and I were dressing (ourselves) when mother came. ìÒËÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú Ò ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ, ÌÓ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ‰Îfl ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Îˈ ËÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ, .fl‚ÎflflÒ¸ Ò‚ÓÂÓ·‡ÁÌ˚Ï ÔËÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ Í ÌËÏ; ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÎË ÔÓÒΠӷÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Îˈ Ë Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚, Í ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl; ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË Ò‡Ï / Ò‡ÏË / Ò‡Ï ÔÓ Ò· /: éÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ò‡Ï ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ.fi ç can do it himself. / He himself can do it. éÌË Ò‡ÏË ‚˚ÌÂÒÎË ÒÚÓÎ˚.fi They took the tables out themselves. / They themselves took out the tables. ùÚ‡ ÍÌË„‡ ҇χ ÔÓ Ò· ӘÂ̸ ËÌÚÂÂÒ̇fl.fi The book itself is very interesting. ü ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Î Ò Ò‡ÏËÏ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ.fi I spoke to the President himself. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÛÒËÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ˚ Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË: ùÚË ÔÓ‰‡ÍË ‰Îfl Ú·fl Ë Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚ˚.fi The gifts are for your sister and yourself (= and you). çËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÎÛ˜¯Â Ì‡Ò Ò‡ÏËı.fi No one knows it better than ourselves (= than us / than we do). Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÙÓχ oneself, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ì Û͇Á‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Îˈ‡; ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ÙÓÏÓÈ Infinitive: íÛ‰ÌÓ ÛÏ˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ó˜Â̸ „Ófl˜ÂÈ ‚Ó‰ÓÈ.fi It is difficult to wash (oneself) with a very hot water. çÂθÁfl ÊËÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó Ò·fl.fi One should not live for oneself alone. èÂ‰ ÛÒËÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ô‰ÎÓ„ by. í‡Í‡fl ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈Ëfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÍÚÓÎË·Ó Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl Ó‰ËÌ (·ÂÁ ÔÓÒÚÓÓÌÌËı), ËÎË ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ (·ÂÁ ÔÓÒÚÓÓÌÌÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë). Ç ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÔÂ‰ Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ by ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó all ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ: åÓÈ ¯ÂÙ ÒÂȘ‡Ò Ó‰ËÌ (Û ÌÂ„Ó ‚ ͇·ËÌÂÚ ÌÂÚ ÔÓÒÂÚËÚÂÎÂÈ).fi My boss is (all) by himself now. Ö ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎË ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ Ó‰ÌÛ.fi She was left (all) by herself. éÌ ÔÓÒÚÓËÎ ‰ÓÏ Ò‡Ï / Ò‚ÓËÏË Û͇ÏË.fi ç built the house (all) by himself.

66

íÂχ 4. ÇÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‡Á΢‡˛Ú 4 ÚËÔ‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚: 1. 2. 3. 4.

é·˘ËÂ. ëÔˆˇθÌ˚Â. ÄθÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚Â. ê‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚Â. ÇÒ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˲ ÓÚ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, Ú.Â. Û ÌËı ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚, ËÎË ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Í‡ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË. ÇÒ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ ӷ‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ Ï˚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÏ ÒıÂχÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒΉÛÂÚ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ó·˘ËÈ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ: a) b) c) d)

ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÏ ÚËÔ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡; ‚ÒÔÓÏË̇ÂÏ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Û˛ ‚˚·‡ÌÌÓÏÛ ÚËÔÛ ÒıÂÏÛ; ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÛÂÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, Ú.Â. ‚˚·Ë‡ÂÏ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó; ‡ÒÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ ‚Ò ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÒıÂÏÂ.

鷢ˠ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. íÂ·Û˛Ú ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ ч (Yes) ËÎË çÂÚ (No), ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ Á‡‰‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÛ Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌË ËÎË ÓÚˈ‡ÌË ‚˚Ò͇Á‡ÌÌÓÈ ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ï˚ÒÎË: í˚ Ôˉ¯¸ Á‡‚Ú‡?fi ч, ÔˉÛ. / çÂÚ, Ì ÔˉÛ. éÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ Ó·˘ËÈ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡ÚÍËÏ ËÎË ÔÓÎÌ˚Ï: í˚ Ôˉ¯¸ Á‡‚Ú‡?fi ч, ÔˉÛ. ü ÔË‰Û Á‡‚Ú‡. ä‡ÚÍËÈ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ÚÓÊ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒıÂÏÂ. ÉÛÔÔÛ Ó·˘Ëı ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ Â˘Â Ì‡ ‰‚Â: 1. 2.

‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÓ „·„Ó·ÏË to be ËÎË to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ı ‚ Present ËÎË Past (Future ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í 2)); ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ Î˛·ÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ. 1. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: to be / to have ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ (ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ Present Ë Past) ëıÂχ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡: 1 2 To be èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â to have (ÌÛÊ̇fl ÙÓχ)

(‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ/ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË

3

4

5

...

...

...?

(Í‡Í ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË)

Are you a worker?fi í˚ ‡·Ó˜ËÈ? Have you a car?fi ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ χ¯Ë̇? ëıÂχ Í‡ÚÍÓ„Ó ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡:

ìÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ:

éÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ:

1

2

3 to be

Yes,

ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ

1

2

3

No,

ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ

To be --- +not to have (ÌÛÊ̇fl ÙÓχ)

to have (ÌÛÊ̇fl ÙÓχ)

í˚ ‡·Ó˜ËÈ?fi Are you a worker? — Yes, I am. / No, I am not. ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ χ¯Ë̇?fi Have you a car? — Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. í‚Ófl χڸ Á‰ÂÒ¸?fi Is your mother here? — Yes, she is. / No, she isn't. ì ÌÂ„Ó ÂÒÚ¸ ‰ÛÁ¸fl?fi Has he any friends? — No, he has not. / Yes, he has. 67

éÌË ·˚ÎË Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‚˜Â‡?fi Were they here yesterday? — Yes, they were. / No, they were not. ì Ëı ‰ÛÁÂÈ ·˚ÎË Í‡ÍËÂ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÍÌË„Ë?fi Had their friends any books? — Yes, they had. / No, they hadn't.

èËϘ‡ÌËfl:

‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë „·„ÓÎ to have ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ got (to have got) ËÎË ÒÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï to do; Ó·‡ ˝ÚË ÒÎÛ˜‡fl ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í 2); ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ ӷÓÓÚ‡ there + to be ÒÎÓ‚Ó there ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ‡ ‚ Í‡ÚÍËı ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı — ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ 2: ç‡ ÒÚÓΠÂÒÚ¸ ͇͇fl-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÍÌË„‡?fi Is there a book on the table? — Yes, there is. / No, there is not (isn't). 2. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: β·ÓÂ, ÍÓÏ 1) ëıÂχ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡: 1 ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ È „·„ÓÎ

2

3

4

5

ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ

ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó È „·„ÓÎ

...

...?

(‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ/ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË

(Í‡Í ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË)

ëıÂχ Í‡ÚÍÓ„Ó ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡: 1 ìÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ:

Yes, 1

éÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ:

No,

2 ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â 2 ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ

3 ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ (Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÚÓÚ ÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ë ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒÂ) 3 ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ (Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÚÓÚ ÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ë ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒÂ) + not

èËϘ‡ÌË : ‚ Í‡ÚÍËı ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı ÏÂÊ‰Û ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘ËÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ, Ë ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ̇˜ËÂ: — Do you like her? — Yes, I sometimes do.fi — é̇ Ú· Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl? — ч, ËÌÓ„‰‡. — Will he call us tonight? — Yes, he probably will.fi — éÌ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ Ì‡Ï Ò„ӉÌfl ‚˜ÂÓÏ? — ч, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ. — Does your father meet you after lessons? — No, he never does.fi — éÚˆ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÚ Ú·fl ÔÓÒΠÛÓÍÓ‚? — çÂÚ, ÌËÍÓ„‰‡.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË: ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‡Ï˚È ÔÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ËÎË ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ: Do you like my room?fi í· Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÏÓfl ÍÓÏ̇ڇ? Can your father help me?fi í‚ÓÈ ÓÚˆ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÏÌÂ? ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚ ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË: And will your vary beautiful sister come tomorrow?fi Ä Ú‚Ófl Ó˜Â̸ Í‡ÒË‚‡fl ÒÂÒÚ˘͇ ÔˉÂÚ Á‡‚Ú‡? Were any new facts found there?fi Å˚ÎË ÎË Ú‡Ï Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌ˚ ͇ÍËÂ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‰Û„Ë هÍÚ˚? Has the film about new materials been shown yet?fi îËÎ¸Ï Ó ÌÓ‚˚ı χÚÂˇ·ı ÛÊ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÎË? ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚Ò ÓÒÚ‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ÔÓÒΠÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„ÓÎ˚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚: Has this child been sleeping here long?fi ùÚÓÚ ·ÂÌÓÍ ‰ÓÎ„Ó ÒÔËÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸? Have they been shown our office yet?fi àÏ ÛÊ ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎË Ì‡¯ ÓÙËÒ? ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÚËˆÛ not ÔÓÒΠÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ڇÍË ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ̇˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ê‡Á‚ ...? / çÂÛÊÂÎË ...?): Did you not call him?fi ê‡Á‚ / çÂÛÊÂÎË Ú˚ Ì Á‚ÓÌËÎ ÂÏÛ? ÌÓ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰ÍÓ, ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ; ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl (‡Á„Ó‚Ó̇fl ˜¸) ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ not ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·: 68

Didn't you call him? Haven't they been shown our office yet? ÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÙÓÏ ӷ˘Â„Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂÏ, ÌÓ Ì ̇˜Ë̇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË çÂÛÊÂÎË ...? /ê‡Á‚ ...?, ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ·ÂÁ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl: í˚ Ì ˜ËڇΠ˝ÚÛ ÍÌË„Û?¤ (‡Ì„Î. ‚‡ˇÌÚ) í˚ ˜ËڇΠ˝ÚÛ ÍÌË„Û? — ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚‡fl.fi Did you read this book? ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ çÂÚ Í‡Í ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ı ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂÏ: ê‡Á‚ Ú· Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÏÓÈ ‰ÓÏ? — çÂÚ, Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. / çÂÚ, Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ‚Ò„‰‡ ̇˜Ë̇ÂÚÒfl Yes, ‡ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚È — No: ê‡Á‚ Ú· Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÏÓÈ ‰ÓÏ?fi Don't you like my house? — Yes, I do.fi çÂÚ, Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. — No, I don't.fi ч, Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ there + to be ‚ Future ÒıÂχ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: 1

2

3

4 5 ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â (‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ / Will There Be ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ / ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË) Will there be a new film next week?fi ç‡ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ Ì‰ÂΠ·Û‰ÂÚ ÌÓ‚˚È ÙËθÏ? Will there be many people at the concert?fi ç‡ ÍÓ̈ÂÚ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÏÌÓ„Ó Ì‡Ó‰Û? ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Active Indefinite ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È to do (Present / Past) ËÎË will (Future), a ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to (ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÙÛÌ͈ËË Á‡·Ë‡ÂÚ Ì‡ Ò·fl ÔÓfl‚Ë‚¯ËÈÒfl ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ): Did you go there alone?fi í˚ ÂÁ‰ËÎ ÚÛ‰‡ Ó‰ËÌ? Does she ever call you?fi é̇ Á‚ÓÌËÚ Ú· ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸? Will they take us with them?fi éÌË ‚ÓÁ¸ÏÛÚ Ì‡Ò Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ? ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ „Îa„aÎa to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ‡ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do: Did you have to help them yesterday?fi í· Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ËÏ ‚˜Â‡? Does she have to wait here?fi ÖÈ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ê‰‡Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸? ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÚÓflÚÒfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do: Do you have any money?fi ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‰ÂÌ„? Did you have a good rest?fi Ç˚ ıÓÓ¯Ó ÓÚ‰ÓıÌÛÎË? ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ò ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÂÏ to have got „·„ÓÎ to have ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ, a got — ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó·: Have you got some money?fi ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÌ„? Has she got anything against me?fi é̇ ËÏÂÂÚ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÓÚË‚ ÏÂÌfl? ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ̇˜ËÈ ‚ÂÏÂÌË — ÒÏ. ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 1.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: Ó·˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒflÚÒfl Ò ÔÓ‚˚¯‡˛˘ÂÈÒfl ËÌÚÓ̇ˆËÂÈ ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. èËÏÂ˚ Ó·˘Ëı ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚: 1. í˚ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‚ˉÂÎ ‰Óʉ¸?fi Have you ever seen the rain? — Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. / No, I never have. 2. í‚Ófl χχ ÒÔËÚ?fi Is your mother sleeping? — Yes, she is. / No, she isn't. 3. àı ‰ÛÁ¸fl ÔËıÓ‰ËÎË Ò˛‰‡ ÔÓ¯Î˚È ‡Á?fi Did their friends come here last time? — Yes, they did. / No, they didn't. 4. èÓ˜Ú‡ ÛÊ Ô˯·?fi Has the post come yet? — Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't. 5. ùÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ ÔÓÒÚÓflÚ ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ?fi Will that house be built next month? — Yes, it certainly will. / No, it won't. (won't (‡Á„.)¤ will not) 6. çÂÛÊÂÎË Ú˚ Ì ÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÂÈ?fi Can't you help her? — Yes, I can.fi çÂÚ, ÏÓ„Û. / No, I can't.fi ч, Ì ÏÓ„Û. 7. í˚ ıÓÓ¯Ó Ò·fl ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Û¯¸?fi Do you feel well? — Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 8. LJ¯ ‰ÓÏ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl?fi Is your house being built? — Yes, it is. / No, it isn't. 69

9. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ ·ÛÚ˚ÎÍ ·˚· ‚Ó‰‡?fi Was there any water in that bottle? — Yes, there was. / No, there wasn't. 10. í˚ Ó·flÁ‡Ì ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ÓÚˆÛ?fi Do you have to help your father? — Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 11. ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Â̸„Ë?fi Have you got any money? — Yes, I have. / No, I have not. Have you any money?fi Yes, I have. / No, I have not.¤ Do you have any money?fi Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 12. ê‡Á‚ ‚˚ Ì „Ó‚ÓËÚ ÔÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË?fi Don't you speak English? — Yes, I do.fi çÂÚ, „Ó‚Ó˛. / No, I don't.fi ч, Ì „Ó‚Ó˛.

ëÔˆˇθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. 燘Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ, Û͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÏ, Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ ˜ÎÂÌÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl ‚ÓÔÓÒ. ùÚÛ „ÛÔÔÛ ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ Â˘Â Ì‡ ‰‚Â: 1. 2.

‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ ËÎË Í Â„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ˲ (ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚Û / ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï); ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Í Î˛·˚Ï ‰Û„ËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË.

1. ÇÓÔÓÒ˚ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ ËÎË Í Â„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ˲. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÓı‡ÌflÂÚÒfl ÔflÏÓÈ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, Ú.Â. ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ËÎË Â„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl; ‰‡Î ˉÛÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ Ë ‚Ò ÓÒڇθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡. Ç ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‰‚‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚‡: who? fi ÍÚÓ? what? fi ˜ÚÓ? ëıÂχ: 1 2 3 4 who … ... ? Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ what äÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ Ú· ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÛ ‡·ÓÚÛ?fi Who helps you to do this work? ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÙÓÏ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· (Í‡Í ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ): äÚÓ Î˛·ËÚ Ë„‡Ú¸? — ÑÂÚË.fi Who likes to play? — Children. Ç ‚ÓÔÓÒÂ Í ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ˲ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡: whose? fi ˜ÂÈ? what? fi ͇ÍÓÈ? which? fi ÍÓÚÓ˚È? how much / how many? fi ÒÍÓθÍÓ? ëıÂχ: 1

2

3

ÇÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ

4

5

...

...?

ó¸Ë ‰ÂÚË ÔËıÓ‰ËÎË?fi Whose children came?

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: what ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Í‡ÍÓÈ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â?; which — ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Í‡ÍÓÈ ËÁ ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó fl‰‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚? / ÍÓÚÓ˚È ËÁ?: ä‡ÍË ÍÌË„Ë (‚ÓÓ·˘Â) ËÌÚÂÂÒÌ˚Â?fi What books are interesting? ä‡ÍË ÍÌË„Ë (ËÁ ÚÂı, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ) ËÌÚÂÂÒÌ˚Â?fi Which books are interesting? how much fi ÒÍÓθÍÓ? (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÌÂθÁfl ÒÓÒ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸: ‚Ó‰‡/‚ÓÁ‰Ûı/...): ëÍÓθÍÓ ÊˉÍÓÒÚË (ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏÓÂ) ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË?fi How much liquid was used? how many fi ÒÍÓθÍÓ? (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÒÓÒ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸: ‰Óχ /ÒÚÓÎ˚ / ͇‡Ì‰‡¯Ë /...): ëÍÓθÍÓ ÒË„‡ (ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏÓÂ) ‚˚ÍÛËÎË?fi How many cigars have been smoked? ÇÓÔÓÒ˚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ̇΢ˠÔ‰ÏÂÚ‡ ‚ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Â, ÒÚÓflÚÒfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ there + to be: óÚÓ (ÎÂÊËÚ) ̇ ÒÚÓÎÂ? — äÌË„Ë.fi What is there on the table? — Books. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ, Ë there ÏÂÌfl˛ÚÒfl ÏÂÒÚ‡ÏË ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ, Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: There are books on the table.fi ç‡ ÒÚÓΠÎÂÊ‡Ú ÍÌË„Ë.

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éÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ˝ÚÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚ ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ Í‡ÚÍÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ Ë ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ËÁ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó (Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ËÎË ·ÂÁ ÌËı) + ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÙÓÏÛΠ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È / ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ: Who likes to play? — Children (do).fi äÚÓ Î˛·ËÚ Ë„‡Ú¸? — ÑÂÚË. What helps you in your work? — My good sense of humour (does).fi óÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ‚‡Ï ‚ ‚‡¯ÂÈ ‡·ÓÚÂ?.— óÛ‚ÒÚ‚Ó ˛ÏÓ‡. What books are interesting? — These books (are).fi ä‡ÍË ÍÌË„Ë ËÌÚÂÂÒÌ˚Â? — ùÚË. Which books are interesting? — Those new books (are).fi ä‡ÍË ÍÌË„Ë ËÌÚÂÂÒÌ˚Â? — ÇÓÌ ÚÂ, ÌÓ‚˚Â. Whose children came? — Our friends' children (did).fi ó¸Ë ‰ÂÚË ÔËıÓ‰ËÎË? — 燯Ëı ‰ÛÁÂÈ. How much liquid was used? — One / A bottle.fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ÊˉÍÓÒÚË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË? — é‰ÌÛ ·ÛÚ˚ÎÍÛ. How many cigars have been smoked? — About twenty.fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ÒË„‡ ‚˚ÍÛËÎË? — éÍÓÎÓ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡ÚË. Who can cook? — I can.fi äÚÓ ÛÏÂÂÚ „ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸? — ü (Ûϲ). Ç Í‡ÚÍÓÏ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ˲ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚Ó-Á‡ÏÂÌËÚÂθ one ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó: ä‡ÍÓÈ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·Ëθ Ú‚ÓÈ?fi Which car is yours? — That one.fi ÇÓÌ ÚÓÚ. ä‡ÍÓÈ ÏÛʘË̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚‡Ï ÔÓÏÓ˜¸?fi What man can help you? — A strong one.fi ëËθÌ˚È (ÏÛʘË̇). 2. ÇÓÔÓÒ˚ Í Î˛·˚Ï ‰Û„ËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. ÑÎfl ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ Í Î˛·˚Ï ‰Û„ËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÍÓÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó Ë ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Í ÌÂÏÛ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡: what? fi ˜ÚÓ? / ͇ÍÓÈ? who? fi ÍÚÓ? whom? fi ÍÓ„Ó? / ÍÓÏÛ? (˝ÚÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ ËÁ ÛÔÓÚ·ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, Ë ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚ Â„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËË ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl who?) whose? fi ˜ÂÈ? which? fi ÍÓÚÓ˚È? / ͇ÍÓÈ? when? fi ÍÓ„‰‡? where? fi „‰Â? / ÍÛ‰‡? why? fi ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ? / Á‡˜ÂÏ? how? fi ͇Í? / ͇ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ? how many? fi ÒÍÓθÍÓ? (ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏÓ„Ó) how much? fi ÒÍÓθÍÓ? (ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏÓ„Ó) how long? fi ÒÍÓθÍÓ? (Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË) ëıÂχ: 1 2 3 4 5 ÇÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂÎ¸Ì èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ é·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÒÎÓ‚Ó ˚È „·„ÓΠ „·„ÓÎ ‚ÂÏÂÌË / ÏÂÒÚ‡

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË: ËÁ ÒıÂÏ˚ ‚ˉÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˲ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ Ó·˘Â„Ó ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ‰ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó; ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚ ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË: When will your very beautiful sister come?fi äÓ„‰‡ ÔˉÂÚ Ú‚Ófl Í‡Ò‡‚ˈ‡-ÒÂÒÚ˘͇? ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚Ò ÓÒÚ‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ÔÓÒΠÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„ÓÎ˚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚: How long has this child been sleeping here?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ / ä‡Í ‰ÓÎ„Ó ˝ÚÓÚ ·ÂÌÓÍ ÒÔËÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸? ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Active Indefinite ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl to do (Present / Past) ËÎË will (Future), ‡ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÙÓÏ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to: Why did you go there alone?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ÂÁ‰ËÎ ÚÛ‰‡ Ó‰ËÌ? ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ „·„Ó· to have ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ‡ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do: Why does she have to wait here?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ó̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ʉ‡Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸? ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ò ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÂÏ to have got „·„ÓÎ to have ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·, a got — ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó: Why has she got something against me?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ó̇ ËÏÂÂÚ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ÔÓÚË‚ ÏÂÌfl? 71

ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ‚˚¯Â ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ì ÔÂ‰‡˛Ú ‚ÒÂı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ÛÒÒÍËı ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ (ÓÚÍÛ‰‡? / Ò ÍÂÏ? Ì ‰.); ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Á‡ÌËχ˛Ú ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (ÌÓ ÔÂ‰ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÔË Â„Ó Ì‡Î˘ËË) ËÎË ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î (̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ÂÊÂ): éÚÍÛ‰‡ ‚˚?fi Where are you from? ÒÎÓ‚‡ what? / which? ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Í‡ÍÓÈ? ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, Í ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl: What drinks do they prefer?fi ä‡ÍË ̇ÔËÚÍË ÓÌË Ô‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡˛Ú? Which book do you want?fi ä‡ÍÛ˛ ÍÌË„Û (ËÁ ÚÂı, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ‰ -ÚÓ·ÓÈ) Ú˚ ıӘ¯¸? èËÏÂ˚ ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ı ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚: 1. óÂÏ ‚˚ Á‡ÌËχÂÚÂÒ¸? / äÂÏ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚÂ?fi What do you do? 2. óÂÏ Ú˚ Á‡ÌËχ¯¸Òfl (ÒÂȘ‡Ò)?fi What are you doing? 3. èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì ÒÏÓ„ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï?fi Why couldn't you help us? 4. ɉ ‚˚ ÊË‚ÂÚÂ?fi Where do you live? 5. ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡Ï ÎÂÚ?fi How old are you? (Òڇ̉‡ÚÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl „·„ÓÎ to be) 6. ëÍÓθÍÓ ÎÂÚ ‚‡¯ÂÏÛ Ò˚ÌÛ?fi How old is your son? 7. ëÍÓθÍÓ ÎÂÚ ·˚ÎÓ ‚‡¯ÂÏÛ ÓÚˆÛ?fi How old was your father? 8. ë ÍÂÏ Ú˚ ÔÓȉ¯¸ ‚ ÍËÌÓ (Á‡‚Ú‡)?fi Who will you go to the cinema with (tomorrow)? / With whom will you go to the cinema (tomorrow)? 9. äÚÓ ‚˚ (ÔÓ ÒÔˆˇθÌÓÒÚË)?fi What are you? 10. äÚÓ ‚˚ (Í‡Í ‚‡Ò ÁÓ‚ÛÚ)?fi Who are you? 11. ëÍÓθÍÓ Û Ú·fl ‰ÂÌ„?fi How much money have you got? / How much money have you? / How much money do you have? 12. ëÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÓηÓ‚ Ú˚ ÂÏÛ Á‡Ô·ÚËÎ?fi How many dollars did you pay him? 13. äÂÏ ·˚Î ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ Ú‚ÓÈ ‰ÓÏ?fi Who was your house built by? / By whom was your house built? 14. ä‡ÍË ÒË„‡˚ Ú˚ β·Ë¯¸ ÍÛËÚ¸?fi What cigars do you like to smoke? 15. óÚÓ ÏÌ ‰Â·ڸ?fi What must I do? / What should I do? / What shall I do? 16. óÚÓ Ú˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÍÛÔËÚ¸?fi What do you have to buy? 17. äÛ‰‡ Ëı ÓÚÔ‡‚flÚ?fi Where will they be sent? 18. ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ú· ÔÓ̇‰Ó·ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ˝ÚÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚?fi How long will it take you to do this work? (Òڇ̉‡ÚÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË; ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: "ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ˝ÚÓ ÓÚÌËÏÂÚ Û Ú·fl ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÛ ‡·ÓÚÛ?" — Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÙÓÏÛ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ Ë Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ ÂÂ) 19. ëÍÓθÍÓ Ë‰ÂÚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ ‰Ó 縲-âÓ͇?fi How long does ç take a letter to get to New-York? 20. ëÍÓθÍÓ Ú· ÔÓ̇‰Ó·ËÎÓÒ¸ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl Ò˛‰‡?fi How long did it take you to come here? 21. äÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ Ô˯·?fi When did she come? (ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ when ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Perfect Present, Ú.Í. ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ- ‚ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ‡ÌÂÂ Ë Ì ÛÍ·‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛˘ËÈÒfl ‰Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ Â˜Ë ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË) 22. äÓ„‰‡ Ê ÏÌ ‡Á¯‡Ú ۂˉÂÚ¸Òfl Ò ÚÓ·ÓÈ?fi When shall I be allowed to see you? 23. äÓÚÓ˚È ˜‡Ò?fi What time is it? / What is the time? / Have you got the right time? (Òڇ̉‡ÚÌ˚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË) 24. ᇘÂÏ / ÑÎfl ˜Â„Ó Ú˚ ÍÛÔËÎ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ?fi What have you bought this house for? / Why did you buy this house? 25. ä‡Í‡fl Ò„ӉÌfl ÔÓ„Ó‰‡?fi What is / What's the weather like today? (Òڇ̉‡ÚÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË; ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: "ç‡ ˜ÚÓ ÔÓıÓʇ ÔÓ„Ó‰‡ Ò„ӉÌfl?" — ڇ͇fl ÙÓχ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ı, ӷ·‰‡˛˘Ëı ̇·ÓÓÏ Ó·˘ÂËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚, Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÙÓÏ Ô‰·„‡ÂÚ ‚˚·‡Ú¸ ËÁ ̇·Ó‡ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ó‰ËÌ ÔËÁÌ‡Í ‰Îfl Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl) 26. ä‡Í Ú‡Ï ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ˚?fi What are the women like there? 27. ä‡ÍÓ ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË ‚ËÌÓ?fi What is the wine like in France?

ÄθÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. è‰ÔÓ·„‡˛Ú ‚˚·Ó Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ËÁ ‰‚Ûı Îˈ / Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ / ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ / ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚ / ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚. åÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Á‡‰‡Ì˚ Í Î˛·ÓÏÛ ˜ÎÂÌÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. Ç˚·Ó, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÏ˚È ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Ó„ fi ËÎË ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ¸Òfl Í‡Í ‚ Ó·˘ËÂ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒıÂÏ˚ Ó·ÓËı ÚËÔÓ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÓÒÚ‡˛ÚÒfl ·ÂÁ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÈ: — Do you smoke or not? — I do. / I do not.fi — Ç˚ ÍÛËÚ ËÎË ÌÂÚ? — äÛ˛. / ç ÍÛ˛. — Are you sleeping or reading? — I'm reading. / I'm not sleeping. / Neither.fi — í˚ ÒÔ˯¸ ËÎË ˜Ëڇ¯¸? — ü ˜ËÚ‡˛. / ü Ì ÒÔβ. / çË ÚÓ, ÌË ‰Û„ÓÂ. 72

— Is she a student or a worker? — Neither.fi — é̇ Û˜ËÚÒfl ËÎË ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ? — çË ÚÓ, ÌË ‰Û„ÓÂ. When will you come: tomorrow or the day after tomorrow?fi äÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ Ôˉ¯¸: Á‡‚Ú‡ ËÎË ÔÓÒÎÂÁ‡‚Ú‡? ÖÒÎË ‡Î¸ÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ, ÚÓ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ‰‚‡, Ë Ó·‡ ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl Ò ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ: Do you or does your brother smoke these cigars?fi Ç˚ ËÎË ‚‡¯ ·‡Ú ÍÛËÚ ˝ÚË ÒË„‡˚? (ÏÓÊÌÓ: Who smokes these cigars: you or your brother? (— ̇ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ‰‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡ÚÍËÈ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ: My brother does. / I do. / Neither (of us does). ÖÒÎË ‡Î¸ÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ˲ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, ÚÓ ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÒıÂÏÂ, ‡ ‚˚·Ó Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡: ó¸Ë ‰ÂÚË Ò‰Â·ÎË ˝ÚÓ: ̇¯Ë ËÎË Ëı?fi Whose children did it: ours or theirs? ä‡ÍË ÍÌË„Ë ËÌÚÂÂÒÌÂÂ: ˝ÚË ËÎË ÚÂ?fi Which books are more interesting: these ones or those ones?

ê‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. ëÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÛÒÒÍËÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏ, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÏÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? / Ì Ô‡‚‰‡ ÎË?, Ë ËÏÂ˛Ú ÒıÓÊË ÙÓÏ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ: ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË + ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? ê‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ‡Á·ËÚ¸ ̇ ‰‚ „ÛÔÔ˚: 1. 2.

„‰Â ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ; „‰Â ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. 1. Ç ÔÂ‚ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ëıÂχ: 1

3 ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, ìÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È / Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ + not ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â You are a student, aren't you? / (ÂÊÂ: are you not?)fi í˚ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? She will come tomorrow, won't she? / will she not?fi é̇ ÔˉÂÚ Á‡‚Ú‡, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? They were sleeping, weren't they? / were they not?fi éÌË ÒÔ‡ÎË, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? I am a beautiful girl, aren't I? / am I not? — Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ!fi ü Í‡ÒË‚‡fl ‰Â‚ۯ͇, Ì Ô‡‚‰‡ ÎË? lam a good boy, am I not? / aren't I?fi ü ıÓÓ¯ËÈ Ô‡Â̸, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? Your friend can help us, cannot / can't he?fi í‚ÓÈ ‰Û„ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? You have come alone, haven't you?fi í˚ Ô˯ÂÎ Ó‰ËÌ, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? Your students have been seen together, haven't they?fi LJ¯Ëı ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ˉÂÎË ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ, Ì Ô‡‚‰‡ ÎË?

2. Ç ÔÂ‚ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ëıÂχ: 1

2

2

3 åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, éÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È / Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â There is not any / no water in the bottle, is there?fi Ç ·ÛÚ˚ÎÍ ÌÂÚ ‚Ó‰˚, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? They won't be able to help us, will they?fi éÌË Ì ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? My friends didn't have to do it, did they?fi åÓË ‰ÛÁ¸fl Ì ӷflÁ‡Ì˚ ·˚ÎË ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? You are not sleeping, are you?fi í˚ Ì ÒÔ˯¸, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? ç‡ ‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÏÓÊÌÓ ‰‡Ú¸ Í‡ÚÍËÈ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘ËÈ ÔÓ ÒıÂÏÂ Ò Í‡ÚÍËÏ ÓÚ‚ÂÚÓÏ Í Ó·˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ: You are a student, aren't you? — Yes, I am. / No, I am not. She will come tomorrow, won't she? — Yes, she will. / No, she won't. I am a beautiful girl, aren't I / am I not? — Yes, you are. / No, you are not. There is not any water in the bottle, is there? — Yes, there is. / No; there isn't.fi çÂÚ, ÂÒÚ¸ ‚Ó‰‡. / ч, ÌÂÚ ‚Ó‰˚. They won't be able to help us, will they? — Yes, they will. / No, they won't.fi çÂÚ, ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ. / ч, Ì ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë, Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚ ê‡Á‰ÂΠV.

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ê‡Á‰ÂÎ II. É‡ÏχÚË͇. èÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ. ÑÓ ÒËı ÔÓ Ï˚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÎË Î˯¸ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÔÓÒÚ˚ı ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, Ú.Â. Ú‡ÍËı, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ˜¸ ˉÂÚ „·‚Ì˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. çÓ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı flÁ˚͇ı ÏÓÊÌÓ ÒÚÓËÚ¸ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘Ë ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚Íβ˜‡˛Ú ‚ Ò·fl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸: a) é‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ÏË ÔÓ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛˘ËÏËÒfl Ó‰ÌËÏ Ë ÚÂÏ Ê Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ÚÓ Ê ‚ÂÏfl. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌË Ì‡Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl Ó‰ÌÓÓ‰Ì˚ÏË Ë, ӷ·‰‡fl Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ÏË „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË, Òӄ·ÒÛ˛ÚÒfl Ò Ó‰ÌËÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓÒÚÓ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎfl˛ÚÒfl: éÌ ÓÚÍ˚Î ‰‚Â¸ Ë Û‚Ë‰ÂΠ̇Ò.fi ç opened the door and saw us. é̇ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Ë·Ҹ, Á‡Í˚· „·Á‡ Ë ÚÓÎÍÌÛ· ‰‚Â¸.fi She stopped, closed her eyes, and pushed the door. í‡ÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ì fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˲; ÓÌË ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í „ÛÔÔ ÔÓÒÚ˚ı, ÔÓ‰˜ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Ó·˘ËÏ Ô‡‚ËÎ‡Ï ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÔÓÒÚ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, Ë ÌË͇ÍËı ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛Ú. b) é‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ÏË ÔÓ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ÌÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛˘ËÏËÒfl ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ÏË; Ú.Â. ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÏ Ú‡ÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÂÒÚ¸ ‰‚‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ı ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚ı. í‡ÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ‡ÁÌ˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ, ÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÏ˚ı ͇ÍËÏ-ÎË·Ó ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Í‡Ê‰‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ, Ì ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflflÒ¸ ‰Û„ÓÈ. Ç ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ó·Â ˜‡ÒÚË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡ ÔÓÒÚ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÒÔÓÒÓ·˚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓ‰˜ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Ó·˘ËÏ Ô‡‚Ë·Ï, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÏÒfl Í ÔÓÒÚÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲. í‡ÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓÊÌÓÒÓ˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË: ü  β·Î˛, ‡ Ó̇ ÏÂÌfl Ì β·ËÚ.fi I love her, and she doesn't love me. å˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ÌÓ‚Û˛ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸, ÌÓ ˝ÚÓ (Ó̇) Ì ÔÓÏÓ„ÎÓ.fi We used a new liquid but it didn't help. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‡ÁÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ „·‚ÌÓÏÛ Ô‰ÏÂÚÛ; ÚÓ„‰‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚ Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‰‚‡Ê‰˚, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‰‚‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚ı Ë, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ‰‚‡ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ӉÌÓ„Ó: ü β·Î˛ χÏÛ, ÌÓ Ì ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ ÂÈ.fi I love mother but I don't help her. àÌÓ„‰‡ ˜¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ë‰ÚË Ó· Ó‰ÌÓÏ Ë ÚÓÏ Ê Ô‰ÏÂÚÂ Ë Ó· Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË, ÌÓ ‚ ‡ÁÌÓÈ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË: ü β·Î˛ „Ó, ‡ Ì Ú·fl.fi I love him and I don't love you. éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ÏË ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÏËÒfl ‰Îfl ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl ‰‚Ûı (ËÎË ·ÓÎÂÂ) ÔÓÒÚ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÒÓ˜ËÌÂÌÌÓÂ, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÂ: fi a / Ë; and fi ÌÓ; but fi Ӊ̇ÍÓ / Ë ‚Ò ÊÂ; however nevertheless fi ÚÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ/ Ӊ̇ÍÓ; fi ËÎË; or fi Ë ‚Ò Ê still àÌÓ„‰‡ ÒÓ˛Á Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÓÓ·˘Â, ÔÓÒÚ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÒÓ˜ËÌÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‡Á‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ËÎË ÚÓ˜ÍÓÈ Ò Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ: ü ÂÏÛ ÔÓÏÓ„, ÓÌ ·˚Î Ó˜Â̸ ‡‰.fi I helped him, he was very glad. c) ê‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, Ú.Â. Ó‰ÌÓ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl „·‚Ì˚Ï, ‡ ‰Û„Ó (‰Û„ËÂ) — ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï, Á‡‚ËÒfl˘ËÏ ÓÚ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó ËÎË ÔÓ‰˜ËÌfl˛˘ËÏÒfl ÂÏÛ. í‡ÍË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë Ë ·Û‰ÛÚ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ Ì‡¯Â„Ó ‰‡Î¸ÌÂÈ¯Â„Ó ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰‚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËÂÏ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÔÓ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚË: 1) ë ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ „·‚Ì˚ı Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â, ·Û‰Û˜Ë Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‚ Ó‰ÌÓ, ̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË. Ç Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ˜‡ÒÚË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï Ë, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, Á‡‚ËÒËÏ˚Ï ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: å˚ ۂˉÂÎË ÏÛʘËÌÛ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÍÛËÎ ·Óθ¯Û˛ ÒË„‡Û.fi We saw a man who was smoking a big cigar. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ì ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ·ÂÁ „·‚Ì˚ı. éÌË ÔÓÒÚÓ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌfl˛Ú ËÌÙÓχˆË˛, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘Û˛Òfl ‚ „·‚Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı. LJÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÌflÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ıÓÚfl Ë fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Á‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ÏË ÓÚ „·‚Ì˚ı, ‚Ò ‡‚ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. Ä ‡Á Ú‡Í, ÚÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÒÚÓËÚ¸Òfl ÔÓ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚Ï Ì‡Ï Á‡ÍÓ̇Ï: Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ì‡Î˘Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó; Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ó‰Ì‡ ËÁ ÒÂÏË ÙÓÏÛÎ Ë Ú.‰. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, Ï˚ ÛÊ „ÓÚÓ‚˚ ‚ ÔË̈ËÔÂ Í ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÚÓËÚ¸ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Î˯¸ ̇ۘËÚ¸Òfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌflÚ¸ Ëı Í „·‚Ì˚Ï ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏË ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰Îfl ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ Ô‡‚Ë·ÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ï˚ Ë ·Û‰ÂÏ ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸ ÌËÊÂ. 74

2) ë ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÌÂ΢Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ „·„Ó·. ä ÌÂ΢Ì˚Ï ÙÓÏ‡Ï „·„Ó· ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl: ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚, „ÂÛ̉ËÈ Ë Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂ. ë ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ (ÙÓχ Infinitive) Ï˚ ÛÊ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚, ‡ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ (Gerund) Ë Ô˘‡ÒÚË (Participle) Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú Ò‚ÓË ÙÓÏ˚ ÓÚ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı Ì‡Ï ÙÓÏÛÎ. ÇÒ ÒÂϸ ÙÓÏÛÎ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ËÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÔÓÁˈËË ÚÓÊ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ÏË, ÌÓ ÛÊÂ Ò ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË (Active / Passive; Indefinite / Continuous / Perfect / P.C.), Ë ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ˝ÚËÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË. çÂ΢Ì˚ ÙÓÏ˚ „·„Ó· Ì ӷ·‰‡˛Ú ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Îˈ‡, ˜ËÒ·, ̇ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl. éÌË ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡fl Î˯¸ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ËÎË ‚ıÓ‰fl ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Ì˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ. Ç ÙÓÏÛ·ı Indefinite (Passive), Continuous (Active / Passive), Perfect (Active / Passive) Ë Perfect Continuous ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛ÚÒfl ÙÓχÏË è˘‡ÒÚËfl I (~ ~ ~ ing ) Ë è˘‡ÒÚËfl II (~ ~ ~ ed / 3-fl ÙÓχ), ÌÓ ‰Îfl Ì‡Ò ˝ÚË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë Ì Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ËÌÚÂÂÒ‡, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÙÓÏÛÎ Ô˘‡ÒÚËfl Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÚÂflÎË Ò‚Ó ҇ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ Ë ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í‡Í Â‰ËÌÓ ˆÂÎÓ ‚ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÏË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó. å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ô˘‡ÒÚËÈ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓÈ flÁ˚ÍÓ‚ÓÈ Â‰ËÌˈ˚. àÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÚÓÊ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó (ÔÓÒΠÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı Ë ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Û„Ëı ÙÓÏ „·„ÓÎÓ‚), ÌÓ ÓÔflÚ¸ Ê ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ë Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ, Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÙÓÏÛ·ı. ÑÓ ÒËı ÔÓ Ï˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÎË ÚÓθÍÓ Ò Active Indefinite Infinitive: I can help you. She wants to help him. ÌÓ ÓÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·Î‡‰‡Ú¸ Ë ‰Û„ËÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË: They can be seen. — Passive Indefinite Infinitive She must be sleeping. — Active Continuous Infinitive ÑÓ·‡‚ËÏ ‚Ó ‚Ò Ô˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ ÔËÏÂ˚ ÔËÁÌ‡Í ‚ÂÏÂÌË (‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Present) Ë ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÏ Ú Ê ҇Ï˚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ËÁ íÂÏ˚ 1, ˜ÚÓ Â˘Â ‡Á ÔÓ‰Ú‚Âʉ‡ÂÚ Ù‡ÍÚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÒÂÏË ÙÓÏÛÎ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ‡ ‚Ò ‰Û„Ë ӷÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Î˯¸ Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú Ò‚ÓË ÙÓÏ˚ ÓÚ ˝ÚËı ÙÓÏÛÎ. å˚ ‚ÌÓ‚¸ ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡ÂÏÒfl Í ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ Ó ÙÓÏÛ·ı ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ, ÒÛ‰fl ÔÓ ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËflÏ ÏÌÓ„Ëı β‰ÂÈ, ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘Ëı ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í, ÓÌË ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í „ÂÛÌ‰Ë˛, Ô˘‡ÒÚ˲ Ë ÒÎÓÊÌ˚Ï ÙÓÏ‡Ï ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡, Í‡Í Í ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ì‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌÓÏÛ ‰Îfl ÔÓÌËχÌËfl.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË Î˛·Ó„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (·Û‰¸ ÓÌÓ „·‚Ì˚Ï ËÎË ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï) Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ËÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ËÁ Ù‡ÍÚ‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËfl ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÒÂÏË ÙÓÏÛÎ Ë Ì Ô˚Ú‡Ú¸Òfl ‚˚ÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ ͇ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ‰Û„ËÂ, Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ‡ ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ‡·ÒÛ‰Ì˚Â; Ë̇˜Â „Ó‚Ófl, ÙÓχ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl β·Ó„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‰ÓÎÊ̇ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÒÂÏË ÙÓÏÛÎ. à ¢ ӉËÌ, ̇ ÏÓÈ ‚Á„Îfl‰, Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ. åÌÓ„Ë Á‡‰‡˛Ú ‚ÓÔÓÒ: "ᇘÂÏ ÔËÏÂÌflÚ¸ "‚Ò ˝ÚË „ÂÛ̉ËË", ÂÒÎË ÏÓÊÌÓ Ó·ÓÈÚËÒ¸ Ë ·ÂÁ ÌËı?" èÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ ‡ÁÓ·‡Ú¸Òfl. Ç ÒÚÛÍÚÛÂ Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÔÓ·„‡˛˘ËÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔË̈ËÔ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÔÓÒÚ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ò Ó‰ÌËÏ („·‚Ì˚Ï) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ. ùÚÓ Á̇˜ËÚ, ˜ÚÓ Î˛·Ó ҇ÏÓ ÒÎÓÊÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÏ ËÚÓ„Â ÏÓÊÌÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ ‚ˉ ӷ˚˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÒÚ˚ı Ù‡Á, ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı Ӊ̇ Á‡ ‰Û„ÓÈ: ÇÌËχÚÂθÌÓ ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏË‚¯ËÒ¸ Ò Ï‡ÚÂˇ·ÏË, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË Ì‡¯ÂÈ äÓÏËÒÒËË ‚‡¯ËÏ äÓÏËÚÂÚÓÏ, Ë „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ ËÁۘ˂ Ëı, ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ̇¯ÂÈ äÓÏËÒÒËË Ô˯ÎË Í Â‰ËÌÓ‰Û¯ÌÓÏÛ ÏÌÂÌ˲ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÔÓ‰ÌËχÂÏ˚ ‚‡ÏË ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Ì Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ¯‡˛˘Â„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl ̇ Ó·ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍÛ ‚ „ËÓÌ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ, ÌÓ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚ÏË ÔË ¯ÂÌËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ‚ Ó·ÓÁËÏÓÏ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ, ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ˆÂÎÂÒÓÓ·‡ÁÌÓ ÓÚÎÓÊËÚ¸ ÔËÌflÚË ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ¯ÂÌËfl ÔÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚‡ÏË Ï‡ÚÂË‡Î‡Ï ‰Ó ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Â„Ó ÒÎÛ˜‡fl. = LJ¯ äÓÏËÚÂÚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËΠ̇¯ÂÈ äÓÏËÒÒËË Ï‡ÚÂˇÎ˚. óÎÂÌ˚ ̇¯ÂÈ äÓÏËÒÒËË ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌÓ ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎËÒ¸ Ò ÌËÏË. èÓÚÓÏ ÓÌË Ëı „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ ËÁÛ˜ËÎË. Ç˚ ÔÓ‰ÌËχÂÚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. éÌË Ì Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ¯‡˛˘Â„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËfl ̇ Ó·ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍÛ ‚ „ËÓÌ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ. ùÚË ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚ÏË ÔË ¯ÂÌËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ‚ Ó·ÓÁËÏÓÏ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ. óÎÂÌ˚ ̇¯ÂÈ äÓÏËÒÒËË Ô˯ÎË Í Â‰ËÌÓ‰Û¯ÌÓÏÛ ÏÌÂÌ˲. éÌË ÓÚÍ·‰˚‚‡˛Ú ÔËÌflÚË ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ¯ÂÌËfl ‰Ó ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Â„Ó ÒÎÛ˜‡fl.

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íÓ ÊÂ Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í — ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚÂ, ‡ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ë ‚Ó ‚ÚÓÓÏ. ÇÚÓÓÈ ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ Ì‡ÏÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ˘Â, ÌÓ ÓÌ Ë Ì‡ÏÌÓ„Ó ÔËÏËÚË‚Ì — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Í‡Í ‡Á Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó ÚÓÏ, Á‡˜ÂÏ ÌÛÊÌ˚ "‚Ò ˝ÚË „ÂÛ̉ËË". ëÔÓÒÓ· ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ‚˚·Ë‡ÂÚ Â„Ó, ËÒıÓ‰fl ËÁ Ó·ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË (Û ÔË‚ÌÓ„Ó Î‡¸Í‡/‚ Ó˜ÂÂ‰Ë Á‡ ‰ÂÙˈËÚÌ˚Ï ÚÓ‚‡ÓÏ / ̇ ÓÙˈˇθÌÓÏ ÔËÂÏÂ Ë Ú.‰.) Ë Ò‚ÓËı ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ. Ä ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰‡Ê Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ Û Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ‡ÁÌ˚ (ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ‰Îfl Ó·˘ÂÌËfl ı‚‡Ú‡ÂÚ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ ÚÂıÒÓÚ ÒÎÓ‚, ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ — ÔflÚ¸-‰ÂÒflÚ¸). èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓ‰ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË "åÛÊËÍ, ‰‡È Á‡ÍÛËÚ¸! " Ë "àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ ÎË Ç˚ ̇ÒÚÓθÍÓ Î˛·ÂÁÌ˚, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Û„ÓÒÚËÚ¸ ÏÂÌfl ÒË„‡ÂÚÓÈ?" Ï˚ ÔÓÌËχÂÏ Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ÚÓ ÊÂ, ÌÓ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÏ ÔÓ‡ÁÌÓÏÛ. Ä ÚÂÔÂ¸ ÔÓÔÓ·ÛÂÏ Ë‰ÚË ÓÚ ÛÓ‚Ìfl "åÛÊËÍ, ..." Í ÛÓ‚Ì˛ "àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ...".

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íÂχ 5: èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ, Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÚËÔÓ‚: Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ë / Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚ / ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ / ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ / Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â, ‚ Ò‚Ó˛ Ó˜Â‰¸, ÔÓ‰‡Á‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl ̇: Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÏÂÒÚ‡ / ‚ÂÏÂÌË / Ô˘ËÌ˚ / ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl / ˆÂÎË / Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl / Ó·‡Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl / ÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl / Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÛÒÚÛÔÍË. å˚ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎËÎË ‚Ò ÚËÔ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ÌÓ ÔÛÒÚ¸ Ì‡Ò Ì ÒÏÛ˘‡ÂÚ Ú‡ÍÓ ·Óθ¯Ó Ëı ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó — ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË ÔË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ò Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‰Û„ÓÈ, ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Á̇ڸ Î˯¸ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ Ëı ÚËÔ˚, Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚, ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘Ëı ˝ÚË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲ (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ï˚ Á‡ÔÓÒÚÓ ÒÚÓËÏ ÒÎÓÊÌÓ-ÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÌÓ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Á‡‰ÛÏ˚‚‡ÂÏÒfl, ͇ÍÓÈ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÚËÔ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË) Ë Ì ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Á‡ ‡ÏÍË ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‡‚ËÎ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ ÌËÊÂ. éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÒÓ˛Á˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ‰Îfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ËÎË Í ‰Û„ÓÏÛ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲: that fi ˜ÚÓ / ˜ÚÓ·˚; ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl, ÌÓ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ: ü Á̇˛, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ‚Ó‰ËÚÂθ.fi I know (that) he is a good driver. because fi ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ: í˚ ÏÌ Ì‡‚˯¸Òfl, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ıÓÓ¯‡fl ‰Â‚ۯ͇.fi I like you because you are a good girl. as fi Í‡Í / Ú‡Í Í‡Í: í‡Í Í‡Í ÓÌË ·˚ÎË Á‡ÌflÚ˚, Ï˚ ÔÓ¯ÎË ·ÂÁ ÌËı.fi As they were busy, we went without them. If fi ÂÒÎË: ÖÒÎË Ú˚ Ôˉ¯¸, fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û Ú·Â.fi I'll help you if you come. if / whether fi ÎË: ü Ì Á̇˛, ÍÛËÚ ÎË ÓÌ.fi I don't know if / whether he smokes.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÒÓ˛Á˚ if / whether Ó˜Â̸ ·ÎËÁÍË ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ̇ÔÓÏË̇˛˘Ëı ÔÓ ÙÓÏ ӷ˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ (Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ‡ÁÌËˆÛ ‚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚): I don't know if / whether he smokes. — Does he smoke? Nobody can tell you whether / if she spoke to him.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ Ú·Â, „Ó‚ÓË· ÎË Ó̇ Ò ÌËÏ. Did she speak to him?fi é̇ „Ó‚ÓË· Ò ÌËÏ? / ÉÓ‚ÓË· ÎË Ó̇ Ò ÌËÏ? ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÓÚ΢ËÂÏ, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏ ÏÂÊ‰Û ˝ÚËÏË ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ whether ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÂ‰ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ, a if — Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ: I don't know whether to do it or not.fi ü Ì Á̇˛, ‰Â·ڸ ÎË ÏÌ ˝ÚÓ. I don't know whether / if I want to do it or not.fi ü Ì Á̇˛, ıÓ˜ÂÚÒfl ÎË ÏÌ ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ. when fi ÍÓ„‰‡: åÂÌfl Ì ·˚ÎÓ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ Ô˯·.fi I was out when she came. since fi ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ / Ú‡Í Í‡Í: ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ / Ú‡Í Í‡Í Û ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„.fi I can't buy this house since I have no money. since fi Ò ÚÂı ÔÓ, ͇Í; ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓÍ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ „·‚ÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Perfect: éÚ ÌÂ„Ó Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÔËÒÂÏ Ò ÚÂı ÔÓ, Í‡Í ÓÌ ÛÂı‡Î.fi There have been no letters from him since he left. after fi ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, ͇Í; ÂÒÎË ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍË‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌË ӉÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰Û„ÓÏÛ,. Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Perfect Past; ÂÒÎË Ó‰ÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓÒÚÓ ÒΉÛÂÚ Á‡ ‰Û„ËÏ — Indefinite Past: é̇ Ô˯· ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í fl Û¯ÂÎ.fi She came after I had left / after I left. before fi ÔÂ‰ ÚÂÏ, ͇Í; 77

ÂÒÎË ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍË‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌË ӉÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰Û„ÓÏÛ, Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Perfect Past; ÂÒÎË Ó‰ÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓÒÚÓ ÒΉÛÂÚ Á‡ ‰Û„ËÏ — Indefinite Past: é̇ ۯ· ÔÂ‰ ÚÂÏ, Í‡Í fl Ô˯ÂÎ.fi She had left / She left before I came. till / until fi ‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ (ÌÂ); ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ: Ü‰Ë Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÔÓ͇ fl Ì ‚ÂÌÛÒ¸.fi Wait here till / until I come back. while fi ÔÓ͇ / ‚ ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl ͇Í: èÓ͇ fl ÍÛËÎ, ÓÌ Û¯ÂÎ.fi ç left while I was smoking. unless fi ÂÒÎË ÌÂ; Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ: éÌ Û‰ÂÚ, ÂÒÎË Ú˚ Ì ÔÓÏÓʯ¸ ÂÏÛ.fi ç will leave unless you help him. though / although fi ıÓÚfl: ü ÔÓÏÓ„Û Ú·Â, ıÓÚfl fl Ë Á‡ÌflÚ.fi I'll help you though / although I am busy. as though / as if fi Í‡Í ÂÒÎË ·˚ / Í‡Í ·Û‰ÚÓ: í˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰Ë¯¸ Ú‡Í, ·Û‰ÚÓ Ì ‚˚ÒÔ‡ÎÒfl.fi You look as if you haven't slept. á‰ÂÒ¸ Ú‡ÍÓÈ Á‡Ô‡ı, ·Û‰ÚÓ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ ÍÛËÚ.fi It smells as though someone has been smoking in here. éÌ „Ó‚ÓËÚ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË, Í‡Í ·Û‰ÚÓ ÓÌ ‡Ì„΢‡ÌËÌ.fi ç speaks English as if / as though he were / was an Englishman. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ‚ ÔÂ‚˚ı ‰‚Ûı ÔËÏÂ‡ı ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚ ‡θÌ˚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË, Ú.Â. ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ Ì ‚˚ÒÔ‡ÎÒfl Ë ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÍÛËÚ; ‚ ÚÂÚ¸ÂÏ ÔËÏÂ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ÌÂ‡θ̇fl, Ú.Â. ̇ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂΠ̠‡Ì„΢‡ÌËÌ — ÒÏ. íÂχ 6. than fi ˜ÂÏ: ü Á̇˛  ÎÛ˜¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Ú˚ (Á̇¯¸).fi I know her better than you (do). so that fi Ú‡Í ˜ÚÓ: éÌ Ì Á‡ıÓÚÂÎ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸, Ú‡Í ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Ï Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ ÛÈÚË.fi ç didn't want to help us, so that we had to leave. so ... that fi Ú‡Í / ̇ÒÚÓθÍÓ ..., ˜ÚÓ: éÌ ·˚Π̇ÒÚÓθÍÓ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Ï Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ ʉ‡Ú¸.fi ç was so tired that we had to wait. as ... as fi Ú‡Í (ÊÂ) / Ú‡ÍÓÈ (ÊÂ), Í‡Í (Ë): éÌ Ì β·ËÚ Ú·fl Ú‡Í, Í‡Í Ú˚ β·Ë¯¸ „Ó.fi He doesn't love you as much as you love him. not so ... as fi ÌÂ Ú‡Í / Ú‡ÍÓÈ ..., ͇Í: ùÚ‡ ÍÌË„‡ Ì ڇ͇fl ËÌÚÂÂÒ̇fl, Í‡Í fl ÓÊˉ‡Î.fi This book is not so interesting as I expected. that / so that / in order (that) fi ˜ÚÓ·˚ / ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚: éÌ ÔÓÔÓÒËÎ Û ÏÂÌfl ‰ÂÌ„ ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ.fi ç asked me for some money in order (that) / so that he could buy a new car. lest fi ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÌÂ: ü ·ÓflÎÒfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌ ÏÂÌfl Ì ۂˉÂÎ (˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Û‚Ë‰ËÚ ÏÂÌfl).fi I was afraid lest he see me. the ... the fi ˜ÂÏ ... ÚÂÏ; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ / ̇˜Ëfl ‚ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË: óÂÏ ·Óθ¯Â Ú˚ ÍÛ˯¸, ÚÂÏ ÏÂ̸¯Â Ì‡‚˯¸Òfl ÏÌÂ.fi The more you smoke the less I like you. provided (that) / on condition (that) fi ÔË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË, ˜ÚÓ: é̇ ÔˉÂÚ ÔË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ÔÓÏÓʯ¸ ÂÈ.fi She will come provided / on condition (that) you help her. supposing (that) fi ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÏ / Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÏ (˜ÚÓ): ÑÓÔÛÒÚËÏ (˜ÚÓ), fl ‰‡Ï Ú· ‰ÂÌ„, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ ‰Â·ڸ?fi Supposing (that) I give you some money, what will you do? as fi ‚ ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl, Í‡Í / ÍÓ„‰‡ / ÔÓ ÏÂ ÚÓ„Ó, ͇Í: ùÚÓ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ, ÍÓ„‰‡ fl Û·Ë‡Î ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ.fi It happened as I was cleaning the room. as soon as fi Í‡Í ÚÓθÍÓ: 78

ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ Ú·Â, Í‡Í ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÌË ‚ÂÌÛÚÒfl.fi I'll call you as soon as they come back. as / so long as fi ÔÓ͇ / ÔË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË, ˜ÚÓ: èÓ͇ fl ̇ıÓÊÛÒ¸ ‚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ, Ì ÍÛË Á‰ÂÒ¸.fi Don't smoke in the room as / so long as I am here. í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ χ¯ËÌÛ ÔË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ûϯ¸ ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸.fi You may buy a car as / so long as Ûou can drive. in case (that) fi ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË: Ç ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË ÓÌ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸, Á‚ÓÌË ÏÌÂ.fi In case (that) he can't help you, call me. ó‡ÒÚÓ ‰Îfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ËÎË Í ‰Û„ÓÏÛ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏÛ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÓ˛ÁÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ (ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË). éÌË Ì ÔÓÒÚÓ ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛Ú Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰Û„ Ò ‰Û„ÓÏ, ÌÓ Ë fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‰‡Ê ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ: ü Ì Á̇˛, ÍÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„ ÂÏÛ.fi I don't know who helped him. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ڇÍÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË: ü Ì Á̇˛, ÍÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„ ÂÏÛ. — äÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„ ÂÏÛ? éÌ Ì „Ó‚ÓËÚ Ì‡Ï, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË ÔˉÛÚ. — äÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË ÔˉÛÚ! Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰ÂÌË ÙÓÏ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ò ÒÓ˛ÁÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ÏË Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ ËÎË Í Â„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ˲. éÒڇθÌ˚ ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˲ ÓÚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË: Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ — Ó·˚˜Ì˚ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, ‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒıÂÏÂ: I don't know who helped him. — Who helped him? (‚ÓÔÓÒ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ) He doesn't tell us when they will come. — When will they come? (‚ÓÔÓÒ ÌÂ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ) ü Ì Òԇ·, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ ‚ÂÌÛÎÒfl.fi I was not sleeping when he came back. äÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ ‚ÂÌÛÎÒfl?fi When did he come back? å˚ Á̇ÂÏ, ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ Ú‡Ï Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl (˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ú‡Ï ‰Â·ÂÚ).fi We know what he is doing there. óÂÏ ÓÌ Ú‡Ï Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl?fi What is he doing there! ü ÏÓ„Û Ò͇Á‡Ú¸, ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÓÌ Ì ÍÛËÚ.fi I can say why he doesn't smoke. èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÓÌ Ì ÍÛËÚ?fi Why doesn't he smoke? êÛÒÒÍË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÒÎÓ‚ who (‰Îfl Ӊۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚) ËÎË which (‰Îfl ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚): å‡Î¸˜ËÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ‚‡Ï — ÏÓÈ Ò˚Ì.fi The boy, who helps you, is my son. ëË„‡‡, ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ fl ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÍÛ˛, Ó˜Â̸ ÍÂÔ͇fl.fi The cigar, which I am smoking now, is very strong. àÌÓ„‰‡ which ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl ̇ that: The cigar, that I am smoking now, is very strong. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë which / that ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇˛ÚÒfl: The cigar, I am smoking now, is very strong. ÖÒÎË ÒÎÓ‚Ó who ̇‰Ó ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ, ÚÓ ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÙÓχ whom. è‰ÎÓ„Ë ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ whom ËÎË which, ÌÓ ÂÒÎË Ò‡ÏË ˝ÚË ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú, ÚÓ Ô‰ÎÓ„ ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓÒΠÒ͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: åÓÎÓ‰‡fl ‰Â‚ۯ͇, Ó ÍÓÚÓÓÈ fl ıÓ˜Û ‚‡Ï ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Ú¸, ÊË‚ÂÚ Ì Á‰ÂÒ¸.fi The young girl, about whom I want to tell you, doesn't live here.¤ The young girl, I want to tell you about, doesn't live here. (about Í‡Í ·˚ Ô‚‡˘‡ÂÚÒfl ËÁ Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ Í whom ‚ ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„ Í „·„ÓÎÛ to tell, ÌÓ Ò ÚÂÏ Ê Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ) ÑÓÏ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ï˚ ÊË‚ÂÏ, ÌÓ‚˚È.fi The house, in which we live, is new.¤ The house, we live in, is new.

WHAT ËÎË THAT? àÌÓ„‰‡ ÔË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ ˜ÚÓ ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛Ú Á‡ÚÛ‰ÌÂÌËfl ‚ ‚˚·Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ‡ ÒÓ˛Á‡.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÂÒÎË, ÓÚ‰ÂÎË‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÓÚ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ ÔÓ ÙÓÏ ӷ˚˜Ì˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ, ̇˜Ë̇˛˘ËÈÒfl ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ ˜ÚÓ ÔÓ‰ Û‰‡ÂÌËÂÏ, ÚÓ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl what; ÂÒÎË ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ Ì ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, — that: ü Á̇˛, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ıӘ¯¸. — óÚÓ Ú˚ ıӘ¯¸? —(what)fi I know what you want. ü Á̇˛, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ì Ôˉ¯¸. — ıııı — (that) fi I know (that) you won't come.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: ÒÓ˛Á that ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl, Í‡Í Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ: 79

ü Á̇˛, (˜ÚÓ) Ú˚ Ì Ôˉ¯¸. ÒÎÓ‚Ó what ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl: é̇ „Ó‚ÓËÚ, ˜ÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ, ˜Â„Ó ÓÌ ıÓ˜ÂÚ.fi She says (that) she doesn't know what he wants. ÖÒÎË ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÙÓχ Ó·˘Â„Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡, ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÎË, ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú if / whether: ü Ì Á̇˛, ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ ÎË ÓÌË ÍÛÔËÚ¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi I don't know, if / whether they will be able to buy a new house here. ÇÓÔÓÒ: Will they be able to buy a new house here? ÖÒÎË ‚Ò ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÓ ‚ ÙÓÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ÚÓ „·‚ÌÓ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒıÂÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡, ‡ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ — Í‡Í Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ: í˚ Ì Á̇¯¸, ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÓÌ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ?fi Do you know why he is sleeping now? èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÓÌ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÒÔËÚ?fi Why is he sleeping now? ÇÒ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÍÓÏ whom / whose Ë why Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡ -ever fi ·˚ ÌË: whatever fi ˜ÚÓ ·˚ ÌË; whoever fi ÍÚÓ ·˚ ÌË; whenever fi ÍÓ„‰‡ ·˚ ÌË; however fi Í‡Í ·˚ ÌË; whichever fi ͇ÍÓÈ ·˚ ÌË; wherever fi „‰Â ·˚ ÌË ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÚÓÊ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ: óÚÓ ·˚ Ú˚ ÌË ‰Â·Î, fl ·Û‰Û Ú· ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸.fi Whatever you do, I'll help you. äÛ‰‡ ·˚ ÓÌ ÌË ÔÓ¯ÂÎ, fl ÒΉӂ‡Î Á‡ ÌËÏ.fi Wherever he went, I followed him. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Future: äÛ‰‡ ·˚ Ú˚ ÌË ÔÓ¯ÂÎ, fl ·Û‰Û ÒΉӂ‡Ú¸ Á‡ ÚÓ·ÓÈ.fi Wherever you go, I'll follow you. Future Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ‚ÂÏÂÌË, (Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÍÓ„‰‡? / ‰Ó ͇ÍËı ÔÓ?) Ë ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl (ÔË Í‡ÍÓÏ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË? / ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â?). á‰ÂÒ¸ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Present). ùÚÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl ÍÓ ‚ÒÂÏ ÙÓÏÛ·Ï: ä‡Í ÚÓθÍÓ Ú˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˯¸, fl ‚˚¯Î˛ Ú· ‰Â̸„Ë.fi As soon as you call me, I'll send you the money. å˚ ÔËÌÂÒÂÏ ÌÓ‚˚ ÍÌË„Ë, ÂÒÎË Ú‚ÓË ‰ÛÁ¸fl Ô˄·ÒflÚ Ì‡Ò.fi We shall bring new books if your friends invite us. äÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÈ ÏÛÊ ÍÛÔËÚ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ, Ï˚ ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ˜‡˘Â ·˚‚‡Ú¸ Û ‚‡Ò.fi When my husband buys a new car, we'll be able to visit you more often. ÖÒÎË ÓÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÔ‡Ú¸, ÚÓ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸ Ú·fl.fi If he is sleeping, he won't be able to meet you.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚È ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜‡È ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Î˯¸ Í Û͇Á‡ÌÌ˚Ï ‚ ÌÂÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏ; Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÓ˛Á˚ if / when, ÌÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ì Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ‚˚¯Â ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚, ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÔÓ Ó·˘ËÏ Ô‡‚Ë·Ï, Ú.Â. ‚ ÌËı ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Future: ü Ì Á̇˛ (˜ÚÓ?), ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ.fi I don't know when he will come. ü Ì Á̇˛ (˜ÚÓ?), ÔˉÂÚ ÎË ÓÌ.fi I don't know if he will come. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ó·‡ÚÌ˚È ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ (Ú.Â. Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó). Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ should ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Îˈ ËÎË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË were / had / could: ÖÒÎË Ó̇ ÔˉÂÚ, fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û ÂÈ.fi Should she come, I'll help her. ÖÒÎË ÓÌË Ì‡Ï ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ, fl ‰‡Ï Ú· Á̇ڸ.fi Should they call us, I'll let you know. ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌË ·˚ÎË ÒÂȘ‡Ò Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÌË ÔÓÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ̇Ï.fi Were they here now, they would help us. ÅÓΠÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌ˚ ‚ ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËË Í íÂÏ 6. é‰ÌËÏ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı ÏÓÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÓ ÔÓÌflÚËÂ, Í‡Í ëéÉãÄëéÇÄçàÖ ÇêÖåÖç, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Ï (Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÚÓ?), ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ËÎË Í ‰Û„ËÏ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË that / it / whether ËÎË ÒÓ˛ÁÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘ËÏË ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË (Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË ËÎË ·ÂÁ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚) ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË. 80

Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ô‡‚ËÎÓ (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ڇÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚Ë· ÌÂÚ), ˜ÚÓ, ÂÒÎË Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Past), ÚÓ Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÚÓÊ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ ÙÓÏ Past. ÖÒÎË Ê Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ (Present) ËÎË ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ (Future) ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÚÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ β·Ó ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ÂÏfl. É·‚ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ‚ Present: ü Á̇˛, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi I know (that) he often comes here. ü Á̇˛, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ ‚˜Â‡.fi I know (that) he came yesterday. ü Á̇˛, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ Á‡‚Ú‡.fi I know (that) he will come tomorrow. É·‚ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ‚ Past (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ ·ÓΠڢ‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË): ü Á̇Î, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡.(Ó·‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎË Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ).— Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ÂÏÂÌfi I knew (that) he came here. ü Á̇Î, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡.(ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ ‡Ì¸¯Â Ë ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÂÚ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÒÂȘ‡Ò) — ÌÂÚ Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ÂÏÂÌ (ÒÏ. ÌËÊÂ)fi I knew (that) he comes here. ü Á̇Î, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ Ò˛‰‡. (Ó·‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎË Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ) — Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ÂÏÂÌfi I knew (that) he came here. ü Á̇Î, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ Ò˛‰‡. (ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ ‡Ì¸¯Â, Ú.Â. ÍÓ„‰‡ Á̇Î, ÚÓ ·Óθ¯Â ÛÊ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ) — Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ÂÏÂÌfi I knew (that) he had come here. ü Á̇Î, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ Ò˛‰‡. (‚ „·‚ÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Past, Á̇˜ËÚ ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏ (ÔÓ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ) ÚÓÊ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ Past, ÌÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ·Û‰Û˘Â ‚ÂÏfl (Future) — äÄä Åõíú? ÑÎfl Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÙÓχ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ̇Á˚‚‡Âχfl FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST fi ÅìÑìôÖÖ Ç èêéòÖÑòÖå. é̇ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÂÂıÓ‰ÓÏ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· shall ‚ ÙÓÏÛ should, a will — ‚ would, ÔÓÒΠ˜Â„Ó ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÌÛÊ̇fl ÙÓχ Infinitive (‚Òfl ÙÓÏÛ·) ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to (should (would) help / should (would) be sleeping / should (would) have helped Ë Ú.‰.): ü Á̇Î, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ Ò˛‰‡.fi I knew (that) he would come here. ç‡Ï ÒÓÓ·˘ËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ì „Ó‚ÓflÚ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË.fi We were informed that they didn't speak Russian. ç‡Ò ÔÓËÌÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì¸¯Â ÓÌË Ì „Ó‚ÓËÎË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË.fi We were informed that they hadn't spoken Russian before. ç‡Ï ÒÓÓ·˘ËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ·Û‰ÛÚ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË.fi We were informed that they would speak Russian. ÖÒÎË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓ ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÒÓ˛ÁÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ, ÚÓ Ô‰ÎÓ„ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠÒ͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó (ËÎË ÔÂ‰ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË), ıÓÚfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÒÓ˛ÁÌÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚Û (‡Ì‡Îӄ˘ÌÓ ÒÔˆˇθÌÓÏÛ ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ): Who(m) did she ÒÓm with?fi ë ÍÂÏ Ó̇ ÔËıӉ˷? ç didn't notice whom she came with.fi éÌ Ì Á‡ÏÂÚËÎ, Ò ÍÂÏ Ó̇ ÔËıӉ˷. Where does she come from?fi éÚÍÛ‰‡ Ó̇ (ËÁ ͇ÍËı ÏÂÒÚ / „‰Â  ÒÂϸfl)? Nobody knows where she is from.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ, ÓÚÍÛ‰‡ Ó̇. ÖÒÎË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ‚ÒÂÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ú·ÛÂÚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, Ë ÒÂ‰Ë ÌËı ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Future, ÚÓ ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï would, ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó — ‚ ÙÓÏ Indefinite Past: óÚÓ Ê ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ? èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÓÌË Ì ÔÂÂÒÚ‡ÎË ÔÂÒΉӂ‡Ú¸ „Ó? ÇÂÓflÚÌÓ, ÓÌË Ì ÔÂÍ‡ÚflÚ Ò‚ÓËı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ Ì ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ÓÌ.fi ...? ...? Perhaps they would not stop until he did. è‡‚ËÎÓ Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ÂÏÂÌ Òӷ≇ÂÚÒfl Ë ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ Í Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ „·‚ÌÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲, Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Past, ÂÒÚ¸ ‰‚‡ (ËÎË ·Óθ¯Â) Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ò ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌËÂÏ (Ú.Â. Ó‰ÌÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‰˜ËÌflÂÚÒfl ‰Û„ÓÏÛ), Ô˘ÂÏ ÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÛÊÂ Ë Ì ·˚Ú¸ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÚÂı / ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ͇ʉÓ ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÎÓ ÔÓÁÊ ‰Û„Ó„Ó, ÚÓθÍÓ ÚÓ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ ÔÂ‚˚Ï, ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Perfect Past, ÓÒڇθÌ˚ — ‚ Indefinite Past: ç estimated that they had gone approximately fifteen miles when it happened.fi èÓ Â„Ó ÏÌÂÌ˲ (ÔÓÁÊ ÓÌ ÔÓ‰Ò˜ËÚ‡Î, ˜ÚÓ), ÓÌË ÔÓÂı‡ÎË ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ ÔflÚ̇‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÏËθ (ÍÓ„‰‡?), ÍÓ„‰‡ ˝ÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸, (Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ÔÓÂı‡ÎË ‡Ì¸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸, ‡ ÔÓ‰Ò˜ËڇΠÔÓÁÊÂ) We were told that nobody knew when she would come.fi ç‡Ï Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ ÔˉÂÚ. We were told that nobody knew when she had come.fi ç‡Ï Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ ÔËÂÁʇ·. (ÔËÂÁʇ· ‡Ì¸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ — Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl) 81

é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÚÂı/ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÓ‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ ÔÓÁÊ ‰Û„Ëı, ÔÓËÒıӉ˂¯Ëı Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ, ÚÓθÍÓ Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Ëı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ (ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÂ‚˚Ï) ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Perfect Past, ‰Û„Ó — ‚ Indefinite Past: We were told that nobody had known when she came.fi ç‡Ï Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇Î, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ ÔËÂÁʇ·, (Ò͇Á‡ÎË ÔÓÁÊÂ, ˜ÂÏ ÔËÂÁʇ· Ë Ì Á̇Π— Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Ë ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl) ÖÒÎË Í Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ „·‚ÌÓÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲, Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Past, ÂÒÚ¸ ‰‚‡ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ‚ Future Ò ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌËÂÏ, ÚÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÙÓÏ Future-in-the-Past, ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ÚÓÓ„Ó — ‚ Past Indefinite: éÌ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ì ·Û‰ÛÚ ÒÔ‡Ú¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl.fi ç felt that they wouldn't be sleeping when he came back. éÌ Ì‡‰ÂflÎÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÂÈ Ì Ò͇ÊÛÚ, Á‡˜ÂÏ ÓÌ ÔÓ‰ÂÚ ÚÛ‰‡.fi ç hoped that they wouldn't tell her why he went there. éÌ Ì‡‰ÂflÎÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÂÈ Ì Ò͇ÊÛÚ, Á‡˜ÂÏ ÓÌ ÂÁ‰ËÎ ÚÛ‰‡. (ÛÊ ‚ÂÌÛÎÒfl)fi ç hoped that they wouldn't tell her why he had gone there. äÓÒ‚ÂÌ̇fl ˜¸, Ú.Â. ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÂ‰‡˛ÚÒfl Ì ÔÓ‰ÎËÌÌ˚ ˜¸Ë-ÚÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ (Ôflχfl ˜¸), ‡ ÚÓθÍÓ Ëı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÂ, ÚÓÊ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ Ì ˜ÚÓ ËÌÓÂ, Í‡Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓÂ, Ë ÒÚÓËÚÒfl ÔÓ ÚÂÏ Ê Ô‡‚Ë·Ï. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ‚ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ‰‚‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı „·„Ó·: to say (ÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓÏÛ; ËÎË ÊÂ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓÏÛ — Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ to) Ë to tell (ÚÓθÍÓ ÍÓ„‰‡ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓÏÛ Ë ·ÂÁ Ô‰ÎÓ„‡): éÌ Ò͇Á‡Î, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÈÚË Á‡‚Ú‡.fi ç said (that) he wouldn't be able to come tomorrow, (Ì Û͇Á‡ÌÓ ÍÓÏÛ — to say) éÌ Ò͇Á‡Î Ì‡Ï (ÍÓÏÛ), ˜ÚÓ Ì ÔÓȉÂÚ ÚÛ‰‡.fi ç told us (= ç said to us) (that) he wouldn't go there. ëӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ÂÏÂÌ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ó·˘ÂËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı Ù‡ÍÚÓ‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ó·˚˜Ì˚ı / „ÛÎflÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛Ú ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ: å˚ Á̇ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÍÛÂÌË ‚‰ÌÓ ‰Îfl Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl.fi We knew (that) smoking is bad for health. éÌ Ì Á̇Î, ‚Ó ÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓÂÁ‰.fi ç didn't know what time the train usually starts. êÛÒÒÍË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ˆÂÎË (Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Á‡˜ÂÏ? / ‰Îfl ˜Â„Ó? / Ò Í‡ÍÓÈ ˆÂθ˛?) Ë ÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ÚÂ͇ÂÚ ËÁ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl) ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË, ÌÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÈ „ÓÏÓÁ‰ÍÓÒÚË ÔÓÒΉÌËı ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚: å˚ Ô˯ÎË Ò˛‰‡, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â.fi We have come here to help you. /¤ We have come here so that we might help you. — ÒÏ. íÂχ 7. ëË„‡‡ ·˚· ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÍÂÔÍÓÈ, ˜ÚÓ·˚  ÏÓÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÍÛËÚ¸.fi The cigar was too strong to smoke./¤ The cigar was so strong that no one could smoke it.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ì‡Î˘Ë too fi ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ / enough fi ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÂ‰ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ: The cigar was too strong to smoke. They were able to put aside enough money to buy a new house.fi éÌË ÒÏÓ„ÎË ÒÍÓÔËÚ¸ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‰ÂÌ„, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. That dress is beautiful enough to be bought.fi ùÚÓ Ô·ڸ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Í‡ÒË‚ÓÂ, Â„Ó ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸. Ç Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ÛÒÒÍËÏ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï ˆÂÎË, ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ËÌÓ„‰‡ Ò ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ in order: óÚÓ·˚ Á̇ڸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ıÓÓ¯Ó, ‚˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ Û˜ËÚ¸ Â„Ó Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸.fi íÓ know English well you must learn it every day. (¤ In order to know ...) êÛÒÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ËÏÂÌÌÓ / ÚÓθÍÓ / Í‡Í ‡Á ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, Ó·‡ÁÛ˛˘Ëı Ú‡Í Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚È ìëàãàíÖãúçõâ éÅéêéí. ëÚÓflÚÒfl Ú‡ÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÔÓ ÒıÂÏÂ Ë ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË who(m) (‰Îfl Ӊۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚) Ë that (‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚, ‡ ËÌÓ„‰‡ Ë ‰Îfl Ӊۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Îˈ): ëıÂχ: It is / was / will be ... that / who ... : ü ıÓ˜Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÂÏÛ.fi It is he whom I want to help. 82

éÌË ÔËÂı‡ÎË Í Ì‡Ï ÚÓθÍÓ ÚÓ„‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÍÛÔËÎË ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ.fi It was not until they bought a new car that they came to visit us. ä‡Í ‡Á Á‡‚Ú‡ ÓÌ Ë ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl.fi It will be tomorrow that he will come back. èËÏÂ˚: 1. ê‡Á‚ Ú· Ì Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ Ê‰‡Ú¸ ‚‡Ò ̇ ‚ÓÍÁ‡ÎÂ Ò 10 ‰Ó 10.30?fi Were you not told that we should be waiting for you at the station from 10 till 10.30? 2. å˚ ¢ Ì Á̇ÂÏ, ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ ‰ÓÏ ıÓÚËÏ ÊËÚ¸.fi We don't know yet what house we want to live in. 3. Ç ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË Ï˚ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÂÏ, ÏÓÊÂÚ ̇˜Ë̇ڸ ·ÂÁ ̇Ò.fi In case we are late you may start by yourselves. 4. óÂÏ ·Óθ¯Â fl ˜ËÚ‡˛, ÚÂÏ ÏÂ̸¯Â ÔÓÌËχ˛.fi The more I read the less I understand. 5. ü Ì ÏÓ„Û Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ Ú·Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔˉÂÚ ‚‡˜.fi I can't tell you when the doctor will come. 6. äÓ„‰‡ ÔˉÂÚ ‚‡˜, Ú· ÌÂθÁfl ·Û‰ÂÚ ÍÛËÚ¸.fi You won't be allowed / permitted to smoke when the doctor comes. 7. ÖÒÎË ‡‰ËÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚Íβ˜ÂÌÓ, ‚˚Íβ˜Ë „Ó.fi If the radio is on, turn it off. 8. é̇ Ò͇Á‡Î‡, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ï˚ ‚˚Íβ˜ËÎË ‡‰ËÓ, ÂÒÎË ÓÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸.fi She said that we should turn off the radio if it was on. 9. ÖÒÎË ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ, ‰‡È Á̇ڸ ÏÌÂ.fi If anyone calls, let me know. 10. åÛʘË̇, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Î, ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛÎÒfl Í Ì‡Ï.fi The man, who came late, turned to us. 11. éÌ Á‡Í‡Á‡Î Î˯¸ ÍÓÙÂ, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ Ì ÔËÚÓÌÛÎÒfl.fi ç ordered only coffee which he didn't touch. 12. ü ·Û‰Û ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ͇ÍÛ˛-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÍÌË„Û ‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ Ú˚ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˯¸ ÏÌÂ.fi I shall be reading a book until you call me. 13. í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÂÒÎË ÚÓθÍÓ Ì ıӘ¯¸ Ì‡Ï ÔÓÏÓ˜¸.fi You may stay here unless you want to help us. 14. å˚ ʉÂÏ Ú·fl Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ò ÚÂı ÔÓ, Í‡Í ÓÌË Û¯ÎË.fi We have been waiting for you here since they left. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰Û„Ë ÏÓÏÂÌÚ˚, ͇҇˛˘ËÂÒfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ·Û‰ÛÚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌ˚ ‚ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ Ï‡ÚÂˇÎ ÌËÊÂ.

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íÂχ 6: ëÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ ̇ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ. ëÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ ̇ÍÎÓÌÂÌË ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÌÂ Í‡Í ‡θÌ˚È Ù‡ÍÚ, ‡ Í‡Í Ì˜ÚÓ Ê·ÂÏÓ / ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ / Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÏÓÂ Ë Ú.Ô. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰Ì‡ ÙÓχ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘‡fl ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ ̇ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ: „·„ÓÎ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË + ·˚: ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ / ÛÁ̇Π·˚ / ʉ‡Î ·˚ Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏ.

äÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËÈ: β·Û˛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ËÚ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ, ÌÓ ‡Á ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ, Á̇˜ËÚ ‡Ì„΢‡Ì ͇ÍËÏ-ÚÓ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚ ‡Á΢Ëfl ‚ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı, ˜ÚÓ Ë ÓÚ‡Ê‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ flÁ˚ÍÂ; ‚˚‚Ó‰ Ә‚ˉÂÌ: ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ Ï˚ Ó·Ó·˘‡ÂÏ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ‰Ó Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó-‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ — ÌÂÚ ÌË˜Â„Ó ÔÓ˘Â, ˜ÂÏ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ β·Û˛ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ ‚ ‚ˉ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ ·˚ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË; ÌÓ ‚ÓÚ ÔË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ Ì‡˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ˚, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Í‡Ê‰Û˛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡Ú¸ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚·‡Ú¸ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Û˛ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ. ùÚÓ Ë ÂÒÚ¸ Ò‡Ï˚È „·‚Ì˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ÔË ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËË ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl — ̇ۘËÚ¸Òfl ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ Ú‡Í, Í‡Í ˝ÚÓ ‰Â·˛Ú ‡Ì„΢‡ÌÂ.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl ‚ „·‚ÌÓÏ Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÓÚ΢‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡. îÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ̇ ‰‚‡ ‚ˉ‡: ‚ˉ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó Ë ·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ‚ˉ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ôӯ‰¯Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ú.Â. Ó͇Á‡‚¯Â„ÓÒfl Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. ë ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ˉ‡ ÌÛÊÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ Ë ÒΉÛÂÚ Ì‡˜Ë̇ڸ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ β·ÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. 1. 2.

îÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 1-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. (‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ËÎË ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË); Ï˚ ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ ÙÓÏ˚ „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚ Ô‡‡ı, „‰Â to be — Ò‡Ï Á‡ Ò·fl, a to give — Í‡Í Î˛·ÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ: b (Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to); ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Îˈ, ‚Íβ˜‡fl 3- ÎˈÓ, give ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ, ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl (Present); were / was gave could be could give might be might give should be should give should be should give would be would would give

(Indefinite Past); Û Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ~~~ed, Û ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚ı — 2-fl ÙÓχ; ÙÓÏÛ were ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ë ‰Îfl ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·;

ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl;

ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ·ÂÁ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ 1-ÓÏ Îˈ (Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÓÚ shall — Ì ÔÛÚ‡Ú¸ Ò should ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Ï!); ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚Ó 2-Ï ËÎË 3-Ï ÎˈÂ; ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ should ‰Îfl 1-„Ó Îˈ‡ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË Ê·ÌËfl / ̇ÏÂÂÌËfl.

îÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 2-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. (‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ú.Â. ‰Îfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÛÔÛ˘Â̇): had been Perfect Past had given

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could have been could have given might have been might have given should have been should have given ought to have been ought to have given should have been should have given would have been would have given

ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl;

ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl 1-„Ó Îˈ‡, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ·ÂÁ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl; ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı Îˈ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ·ÂÁ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl; ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë would ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ should ‰Îfl 1-„Ó Îˈ‡ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÂËÒÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ê·ÌËfl / ̇ÏÂÂÌËfl.

àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÙÓÏ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 1-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 1-„Ó ‚ˉ‡ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡ / Ê·ÌËfl / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë Ú.Ô., ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÌÂ‡θÌ˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËıÒfl Í Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ËÎË ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. àÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Í‡Í ‚ ÔÓÒÚ˚ı, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı. èÓÒÚ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (‚ ÔÓÒÚ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏ˚, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ËÁ ‰‚Ûı „·„ÓÎÓ‚): I should / (would like¤ I'd like) to see your house.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ‚‡¯ ‰ÓÏ. You could do it later.fi í˚ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÁÊÂ. ç might be very helpful.fi éÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓÎÂÁÂÌ. Would you go there with us?fi í˚ ÔÓ¯ÂÎ ·˚ Ò Ì‡ÏË ÚÛ‰‡? You should be more careful.fi í· ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ ·ÓΠÓÒÏÓÚËÚÂθÌ˚Ï. Ç ‚ÓÒÍÎˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÔÓÊ·ÌËfl / ̇ÔÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‡Á΢Ì˚ ÙÓÏ˚: Success attend you!fi ч ÒÓÔÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ú· ÛÒÔÂı! May you be happy!fi ÅÛ‰¸ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚! That he were here!fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸! Long live the President!fi ч Á‰‡‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ! ëÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ‡Á΢‡Ú¸Òfl): èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ë Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÚÓ?. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÓ „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be ‚ Past / Present / Future, Ú.Â. Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÙÓÏÓÈ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ú‡ÍÊ should ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Îˈ. ÑÎfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˛Á that, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ. Ç ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ ̇ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ. í‡ÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ̇˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËflÏË: it is / was / will be important fi ‚‡ÊÌÓ / ·˚ÎÓ ‚‡ÊÌÓ / ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚‡ÊÌÓ; it is necessary fi ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ; it is possible fi ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ; it is probable fi ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ; it is desirable fi Ê·ÚÂθÌÓ; it is likely fi ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ / ÒÍÓÂÈ ‚ÒÂ„Ó It is important(that) you be / should be here tomorrow at 5.fi LJÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ ·˚ÎË Á‰ÂÒ¸ Á‡‚Ú‡ ‚ ÔflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚. It is likely that he should meet you at the airport.fi éÌ, ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ ‚‡Ò ‚ ‡˝ÓÔÓÚÛ. It was necessary that she help us.fi Å˚ÎÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó̇ ÔÓÏӄ· ̇Ï. It will be desirable that she should come alone.fi Ü·ÚÂθÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó̇ Ô˯· Ӊ̇. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚ Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ / Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ˜ÂÏ?. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÓ „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be ‚ Past / Present / Future, Ú.Â. Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÙÓÏÓÈ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ú‡ÍÊ should ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Îˈ. ÑÎfl ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˛Á that, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÌÂθÁfl ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ: Our proposal was that all workers be given / should be given milk.fi 燯 Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÒÓÒÚÓflÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ÒÂÏ ‡·Ó˜ËÏ ‰‡‚‡ÎË ÏÓÎÓÍÓ. 85

Our advice is that you shouldn't smoke.fi 燯 ÒÓ‚ÂÚ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ Ì ÍÛËÎ. Their suggestion will be that we should use a stronger liquid.fi àı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ï˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ·ÓΠÒËθÌÛ˛ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Â. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÓ „·„Ó·ÏË: to recommend fi ÂÍÓÏẨӂ‡Ú¸; to propose fi Ô‰·„‡Ú¸; to suggest fi Ô‰·„‡Ú¸; to insist fi ̇Òڇ˂‡Ú¸; to demand fi Ú·ӂ‡Ú¸; to order fi ÔË͇Á‡Ú¸; to wish fi Ê·ڸ Ë ‰. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÙÓÏÓÈ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to ËÎË Indefinite Past. èÓÒΠ„·„Ó· to wish ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÙÓχ, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘‡fl Ò Indefinite Past ËÎË ÙÓχ Ò would. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ should ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı Îˈ. ÑÎfl ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ˛Á that, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· to wish: We insist that you call / called / should call him.fi å˚ ̇Òڇ˂‡ÂÏ Ì‡ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎË ÂÏÛ. They demanded that the car should be cleaned / be cleaned / was cleaned.fi éÌË ÔÓÚ·ӂ‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ χ¯ËÌ ۷‡ÎË. What do you suggest we do / did / should do?fi à ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ô‰·„‡Â¯¸ Ì‡Ï ‰Â·ڸ? I wish (that) you could come back tomorrow.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ / ü Ê·˛, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÒÏÓ„ ‚ÂÌÛÚ¸Òfl Á‡‚Ú‡. (I) Wish you were here now.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÒÂȘ‡Ò, (ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â „·„ÓÎ to wish ÒÚÓËÚ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ò ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ I, ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÔÓÒΉÌ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌÓ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ) Wish she were / was there tomorrow.fi åÌ ıÓ˜ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó̇ ·˚· Ú‡Ï Á‡‚Ú‡. I wish they gave / would give me more money.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌË ‰‡ÎË ÏÌ ·Óθ¯Â ‰ÂÌ„. I wish it would stop / stopped snowing.fi åÌ ıÓ˜ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÌ„ ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÎÒfl. I wish you wouldn't / didn't drive so fast.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ Âı‡Î Ú‡Í ·˚ÒÚÓ. / ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ Ì Âı‡Î Ú‡Í ·˚ÒÚÓ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÙÓχ would ~ ~ ~ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Î˯¸ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ ıÓ˜ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ËÁÏÂÌËÎÓÒ¸, ËÎË ÍÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ‰Û„ÓÈ Ò‰Â·Π˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó, Ú.Â. „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ Í‡Í ·˚ ʇÎÛÂÚÒfl ̇ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Û˛ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â: a) ˆÂÎË — Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ò Í‡ÍÓÈ ˆÂθ˛?; ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË so that / in order that fi ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÙÓÏ˚ might / should / would ~ ~ ~; ËÎË ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ lest fi ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÌÂ, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓχ Infinitive ·ÂÁ to ËÎË should / might.~ ~ ~; lest Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ‚ Ò· ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÙÓχ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ÔÓÒΠ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ì ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ·˚Ú¸ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ: Give me your money so that I should / would not be worried.fi éÚ‰‡È ÏÌ ҂ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë, ˜ÚÓ·˚ fl Ì ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡ÎÒfl. You have to be careful in order that you might do everything correctly.fi í· ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ˜ÚÓ·˚ (Ú˚ ÏÓ„) ‚Ò ҉·ڸ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ. You have to be careful lest you make / might / should make a mistake.fi í· ÒΉÛÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì ҉·ڸ ӯ˷ÍË. b) ÛÒÚÛÔÍË — Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ ˜ÚÓ?; ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‡ÁÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ 1-„Ó ‚ˉ‡; ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË: (even) though / although fi (‰‡ÊÂ) ıÓÚfl; even if fi ‰‡Ê ÂÒÎË ·˚; whenever fi ÍÓ„‰‡ ·˚ ÌË; whatever / whoever fi ˜ÚÓ ·˚ ÌË / ÍÚÓ ·˚ ÌË Ë ‰. Even if he were / was here, he wouldn't help you.fi чÊ ÂÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÌ ·˚ Ú· Ì ÔÓÏÓ„. Whatever you might do to me, I like you.fi óÚÓ ·˚ Ú˚ ÏÌ ÌË Ò‰Â·Î, Ú˚ ÏÌ Ì‡‚˯¸Òfl. She won't come though she would like to (come) very much.fi é̇ Ì ÔˉÂÚ, ıÓÚfl ÂÈ Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚. ç can't invite her even if he like / would like to.fi éÌ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ ÂÂ, ‰‡Ê ÂÒÎË ·˚ ÂÏÛ Ë ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ˝ÚÓ. 86

3.

Ó·‡Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl — Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡Í? / ͇ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ?; Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò Indefinite Past; ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË as if / as though fi Í‡Í ÂÒÎË ·˚ / ·Û‰ÚÓ ·˚: She is cleaning the room as if / as though she were / was a cleaner.fi é̇ Û·Ë‡ÂÚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ Ú‡Í, Í‡Í ÂÒÎË ·˚ Ó̇ ·˚· Û·Ó˘ËˆÂÈ. ç behaves as though he knew nothing about it.fi éÌ ‚‰ÂÚ Ò·fl Ú‡Í, ·Û‰ÚÓ ·˚ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì Á̇ÂÚ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ.

àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÙÓÏ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 2-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 2-„Ó ‚ˉ‡ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÒÓʇÎÂÌËfl / ‰ÓÒ‡‰˚ / ‚ÓÁÏÛ˘ÂÌËfl / ÛÔÂ͇ ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÏÓ„ÎÓ ·˚ ÔÓËÁÓÈÚË / Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï / ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ Ì ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl. àÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Í‡Í ‚ ÔÓÒÚ˚ı, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı. èÓÒÚ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: Oh God! You might have been killed!fi ÅÓÊ ÏÓÈ! í·fl ‚‰¸ ÏÓ„ÎË (·˚) Û·ËÚ¸! ç should have helped you.fi éÌ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Î (·˚) Ú· ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ (ÌÓ Ì ÔÓÏÓ„). They ought to have come earlier.fi àÏ ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ (·˚) ÔËÈÚË ‡Ì¸¯Â (ÌÓ ÓÌË Ì Ô˯ÎË ‡Ì¸¯Â).

ëÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. 1.

èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Â. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl „·„ÓÎ to wish, ‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ̇˜Ë̇ÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Ê‡Î¸:

4.

I wish I had come earlier.fi ܇θ, ˜ÚÓ fl Ì Ô˯ÂÎ ‡Ì¸¯Â. I wish you had not been there.fi ܇θ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ó͇Á‡ÎÒfl Ú‡Ï. I wish I had invited you.fi ܇θ, ˜ÚÓ fl Ì Ô˄·ÒËÎ ‚‡Ò. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËfl: ç looks as if he had got married.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚ˉ / éÌ ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ Ú‡Í, ·Û‰ÚÓ ÊÂÌËÎÒfl, (̇ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂΠÓÌ Ì ÊÂÌËÎÒfl) Why are you looking at me as if you had not seen me for years?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ÒÏÓÚ˯¸ ̇ ÏÂÌfl Ú‡Í, ·Û‰ÚÓ ÒÚÓ ÎÂÚ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ?

ÑÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Í íÂÏ 6: èˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl. àÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ Ò ‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË. èË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ú‡ÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Ï˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚ÏË Ë Ú˘‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÔӇ̇ÎËÁËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ÔÂʉ ˜ÂÏ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸  ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ — ÓÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Á‡‚ËÒËÚ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó ÙÓÏ˚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl. ÇÒÂ„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú 3 ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ: 1.

ÅÂÁ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl — ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‡θÌÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÏ˚Ï ÔË Í‡ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË: ÖÒÎË ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ Á‡ ̇ÏË, Ï˚ ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ÔÓÈÚË ‚ ÍËÌÓ.fi If he comes to take us, we'll be able to go to the cinema, (‡θÌÓ) èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Future, ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó — ‚ Present (íÂχ 5): ÖÒÎË ÓÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÔ‡Ú¸, Ï˚ ÔÓ‰ÓʉÂÏ.fi If he is sleeping, we shall wait. (‡θÌÓ) èˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ Ó·‡ÚÌ˚È ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚ (íÂχ 5):

ÖÒÎË ÓÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÒÔ‡Ú¸, Ï˚ ÔÓ‰ÓʉÂÏ.fi Should he be sleeping, we shall wait. àÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 1-„Ó ‚ˉ‡ — ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl χÎÓ‚ÂÓflÚÌ˚Ï, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Í‡Í‡fl-ÚÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ Â„Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ‚ÒÂ-Ú‡ÍË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ / ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl. ÇÒfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ Ô˯ÂÎ Á‡ ̇ÏË, Ï˚ ÒÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÔÓÈÚË ‚ ÍËÌÓ. (¢ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÈÚË, Ë Ï˚ ÔÓȉÂÏ ‚ ÍËÌÓ)fi If he came to take us, we could go to the cinema. ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÙÓÏÂ, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘ÂÈ Ò Indefinite Past, ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó — ‚ ÙÓÏÂ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ÂÈ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ÒÎÓ‚: 5.

If he was / were here, he could do it.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ, (‡ ‚‰Û„ ¢ ÔˉÂÚ?) 87

We could buy this house if we had money.fi å˚ ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ, ÂÒÎË ·˚ Û Ì‡Ò ·˚ÎË ‰Â̸„Ë, (ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, ‰Â̸„Ë Â˘Â ÔÓfl‚flÚÒfl, Ë Ï˚ ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ‰ÓÏ) ç wouldn't lend me any money if I asked him.fi éÌ Ì ӉÓÎÊËÎ ·˚ ÏÌ ‰ÂÌ„, ÂÒÎË ·˚ fl ÔÓÔÓÒËÎ. èˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ Ó·‡ÚÌ˚È ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚: Were he here, he could do it.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ. àÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl 2-„Ó ‚ˉ‡ — ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÛÊ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÏÓ (ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ‰Îfl Â„Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ÛÔÛ˘ÂÌ). ÇÒfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: If he had come to take us, we could have gone to the cinema.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ Ô˯ÂÎ Á‡ ̇ÏË, Ï˚ ÒÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÔÓÈÚË ‚ ÍËÌÓ. (Ò‡ÌÒ ÛÊ ̇˜‡ÎÒfl — ̇ ˝ÚÓÚ ÙËÎ¸Ï Ï˚ ÔÓÔ‡ÒÚ¸ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÏ) ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ò Perfect Past, ‡ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó — ‚ β·ÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÙÓÏ 2-„Ó ‚ˉ‡. 6.

é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ‚ 2. ‚ 3. ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‰Îfl ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰Ì‡ ÙÓχ), ÌÓ ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ˝ÚË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‡ÁÌ˚Â: If he had been here, he could have done it.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ. (‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÓÒÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÌÛÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Â„Ó Ì ·˚ÎÓ Á‰ÂÒ¸) We could have bought this house if we had had money.fi å˚ ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ, ÂÒÎË ·˚ Û Ì‡Ò ·˚ÎË ‰Â̸„Ë, (Ï˚ ÛÊ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÌÛÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Û Ì‡Ò Ì ·˚ÎÓ ‰ÂÌ„, ‡ ÚÂÔÂ¸ Â„Ó ÔÓ‰‡ÎË ÍÓÏÛ-ÚÓ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ) èˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ Ó·‡ÚÌ˚È ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ ÒÎÓ‚: Had he been here, he could have done it.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ. èËÏÂ˚: 1. Ç˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÏÌÂ?fi Could you help me? 2. ü ·˚ ‚Ò ‰Îfl ÌÂ„Ó Ò‰Â··.fi I should do anything for him (ÏÓÊÌÓ: I would do anything for him). 3. åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ˝ÚË ÚÛÙÎË.fi I'd like to see these shoes. 4. åÌ ӘÂ̸ ıÓ˜ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰Óʉ¸ ̇ ÏËÌÛÚÍÛ ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÎÒfl.fi I wish the rain would stop / stopped for a moment. 5. åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÌËÏË ÒÂȘ‡Ò.fi I wish I was / were with them now. 6. í˚ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ Ë ·ÂÁ ˜¸ÂÈ-ÎË·Ó ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë.fi You could have done it without anyone's help. 7. í˚ ·˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌË· ÏÌÂ, ÂÒÎË ·˚ fl ÓÒÚ‡ÎÒfl ‚ „ÓÓ‰Â Â˘Â Ì‡ Ó‰ËÌ ‰Â̸?fi Would you call me if I stayed in the town for one more day? (ÏÓ„Û ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl) ÌÓ (Ì ÓÒÚ‡ÎÒfl): Would you have called me if I had stayed in the town for one more day?/¤ Had I stayed ..., would you have called me? 8. é̇ ÔÓʇη, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÏÓÎÓÊ ̇ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÎÂÚ.fi She wished she had been twenty years younger. 9. ÖÒÎË ·˚ Ú˚ ÂÏÛ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌË·, ÓÌ ·˚ Ì ‚ÂÌÛÎÒfl.fi ç wouldn't have come back if you hadn't called him. 10. å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ‡‰˚, ÂÒÎË ÓÌË ÍÛÔflÚ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi We shall be glad if they buy a new house. 11. óÚÓ·˚ Ì Á‡·˚Ú¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ, Ú˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ËÏ Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸.fi You must learn English every day lest you forget / might / should forget it. 12. é˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌË Ì Á‡·˚ÎË ÔËÌÂÒÚË ÍÌË„Ë.fi It is very important that they should not forget to bring the books. 13. ܇θ, ˜ÚÓ ‚‡Ï Ì ‡Á¯ËÎË ÔËÈÚË ‡Ì¸¯Â.fi I wish you might have come earlier, (ÏÓÊÌÓ: I wish you had been allowed / permitted to come earlier.) 14. í˚ Ì ÔÓÍÛԇΠ·˚ ÏÌ ˆ‚ÂÚ˚ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸, ÂÒÎË ·˚ ·˚Î ÏÓËÏ ÏÛÊÂÏ.fi If you were my husband, you wouldn't buy me flowers every day. çÂ΢Ì˚ ÙÓÏ˚ „·„Ó· (ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ / Ô˘‡ÒÚË / „ÂÛ̉ËÈ), Í‡Í Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚ı / ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‚ flÁ˚ÍÂ Í‡Í ‡Î¸ÚÂ̇ÚË‚Ì˚È ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÔËÏÂÌÂÌ˲ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó‰ÌÓ ·Óθ¯Ó ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÔÂ‰ ÔÓÒΉÌËÏË: ÒÓÍ‡˘‡˛Ú Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ËÁ·‡‚Îflfl ÓÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ‚˚ÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ ‰ÎËÌÌ˚Â, „ÓÏÓÁ‰ÍË ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË; Ú.Â. ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ÌÂ΢Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ „·„Ó· ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Ì ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ÒÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï, ‡ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒÚ˚Ï. çÓ Ó‰ÌËÏË ÌÂ΢Ì˚ÏË ÙÓχÏË ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı ÚÓÊ Ì ӷÓÈÚËÒ¸, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ë‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚Ï ‚‡ˇÌÚÓÏ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÍÓÏ·ËÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÌÂ΢Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ „·„Ó· Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ‚ ͇ʉÓÏ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Á‡ Ò‡ÏËÏ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÏ Ë Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ Â„Ó ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl ‡Á‚ËÚËfl ‚ flÁ˚ÍÂ. 88

èËÏÂ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÓ-ÛÒÒÍË (‚ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ı): 1. Ç˚„ÎflÌÛ‚¯Â ËÁ-Á‡ ӷ·ÍÓ‚ ÒÓÎ̈ ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó·‡‰Ó‚‡ÎÓ ÏÂÌfl. 2. ü ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó·‡‰Ó‚‡ÎÒfl ÒÓÎ̈Û, ‚˚„ÎflÌÛ‚¯ÂÏÛ ËÁ-Á‡ ӷ·ÍÓ‚. 3. ü ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó·‡‰Ó‚‡ÎÒfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ۂˉÂÎ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÓÎ̈ ‚˚„ÎflÌÛÎÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ӷ·ÍÓ‚. 4. ü ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó·‡‰Ó‚‡ÎÒfl ÒÓÎ̈Û, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚˚„ÎflÌÛÎÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ӷ·ÍÓ‚. 5. ëÓÎ̈Û, ‚˚„ÎflÌÛ‚¯ÂÏÛ ËÁ-Á‡ ӷ·ÍÓ‚, fl ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó·‡‰Ó‚‡ÎÒfl. 6. ëÓÎ̈ ‚˚„ÎflÌÛÎÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ӷ·ÍÓ‚, Ë fl ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ-ÚÓ Ó·‡‰Ó‚‡ÎÒfl. é˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ: ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ÌÂ΢Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ „·„Ó· Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ not ÔÓÒΉÌflfl ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÛÊ Ì ÔÓÒΠÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·, ÌÓ ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ‚ÒÂÈ ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË: not to be ~~~ing; not to have been ~~~ed (3)

89

íÂχ 7: àÌÙËÌËÚË‚ / Infinitive. àÌÙËÌËÚË‚ (ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ÙÓχ „·„Ó·) ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ Ë Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ڸ / ҉·ڸ?. ÇÓ ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÙÛÌ͈ËË ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ Ó·ÓËı flÁ˚͇ı ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú Ë, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛Ú ÌË͇ÍËı ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò ÔÂ‚ӉÓÏ: ü ıÓ˜Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â.fi I went to help you. éÌ Ô˯ÂÎ Ò˛‰‡ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ̇¯ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi ç came here to see our new house. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ï˚ Ì ·Û‰ÂÏ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÓÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı. èËÁ̇ÍÓÏ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ̇΢ˠ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to ÔÂ‰ ÙÓÏÓÈ „·„Ó·. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ to ÔÂ‰ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: ß

ß ß ß

ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÂı ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚, ÍÓÏ ought: I can help you. You must help him. Ë Ú.‰., ÌÓ: You ought to help us. ÔÓÒΠÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÌÓÏ Ó·ÓÓÚ (ÒÏ. ÌËÊÂ); ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· let: Let me help you.fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚÂ, fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û ‚‡Ï. ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· to make ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ (Active): ç made me help him.fi éÌ Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÎ ÏÂÌfl ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ. What makes you say that?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ú‡Í „Ó‚Ó˯¸?

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· to make ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ (Passive) ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to:

ß

ß ß

I was made to help him.fi åÂÌfl Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÎË ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ. She was made to repeat the story.fi Ö Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÎË ÔÓ‚ÚÓËÚ¸ Ò‚ÓÈ ‡ÒÒ͇Á. ÔÓÒΠ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ would / had rather fi Ô‰ÔÓ˜ÂÎ ·˚ / had better fi ÎÛ˜¯Â ·˚ Ë ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Û„Ëı: She would rather help them.fi é̇ Ô‰ÔӘ· ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ËÏ. You had better help her.fi ãÛ˜¯Â ·˚ Ú˚ ÔÓÏÓ„ ÂÈ. ÂÒÎË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‰‚‡ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË and ËÎË or, ÚÓ ÔÂ‰ ‚ÚÓ˚Ï ˜‡ÒÚËˆÛ to ÏÓÊÌÓ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸: I want to come and (to) see your new house.fi ü ıÓ˜Û ÔËÂı‡Ú¸ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ Ú‚ÓÈ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ shall / will / should / would ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓχ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to.

é˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ: „·‚Ì˚Ï ÓÚ΢ËÂÏ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ÓÚ ÛÒÒÍÓÈ ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‡ÒÔ‡‰‡ÂÚÒfl Â˘Â Ì‡ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏ, ‚ ͇ʉÓÈ ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌÓ ÔÓÌflÚË Á‡ÎÓ„‡ (Active / Passive) Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (Indefinite / Continuous / Perfect / Perfect Continuous), Ú.Â. ÔÓÎÛ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‚Ò Ú Ê ÙÓÏÛÎ˚, ÚÓθÍÓ ·ÂÁ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÂÏÂÌË (ÙÓÏÛ· Passive Continuous Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡): 1. 2. 3. 4.

to ~ ~ ~ to be ~ ~ ~ing to have ~ ~ ~ed (3) to have been ~ ~ ~ing

Active Active Indefinite Infinitive Active Continuous Infinitive Active Perfect Infinitive Active Perfect Continuous Infinitive Passive Passive Indefinite Infinitive

1. to be ~ ~ ~ed(3) 2. ç ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ 3. To have been ~ ~ ~ed(3) Passive Perfect Infinitive 4. ç ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ àÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ β·ÓÈ ËÁ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÒΉÛÂÚ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ͇ʉÓÈ ËÁ ÌËı: Active 1. I am glad to help you.fi ü ‡‰ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â. 2. I am glad to be helping you.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ Ú·Â. 90

3. I am glad to have helped you.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„ Ú·Â. 4. I am glad to have been helping you.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ Ú· (‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË). Passive 1. I am glad to be helped.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛Ú. 3. I am glad to have been helped.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ„ÎË. îÓÏ˚ Indefinite Infinitive (Active / Passive), ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Active Continuous Infinitive Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÔÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘Â ӉÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: 1. I am glad to help you.fi ü ‡‰ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â. 2. I am glad to be helping you.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ Ú·Â. 1. I am glad to be helped.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛Ú. îÓÏ˚ Perfect Infinitive (Active / Passive) Ë Active Perfect Continuous Infinitive Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Â ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ‡Á΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚÚÂÌÍË: a) Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯Ë‚¯ÂÂÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: I am glad to have helped you.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„ Ú·Â. I am glad to have been helped.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ„ÎË. I am glad to have been helping you.fi ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ Ú· (‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ‰Ó ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡). b) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÚÓÓ Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ÓÔÂÍË Ì‡‰Âʉ (ÔÓÒΠto hope) / ÓÊˉ‡Ì˲ (ÔÓÒΠto expect) / ̇ÏÂÂÌ˲ (ÔÓÒΠto intend) / Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˲ (ÔÓÒΠto mean); ‚Ò ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛Ú ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ë ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ Indefinite Past: I hoped to have been helped.fi ü ̇‰ÂflÎÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ÔÓÏÓ„ÛÚ (ÌÓ Ì ÔÓÏÓ„ÎË). She expected to have been called.fi é̇ ̇‰Âfl·Ҹ, ˜ÚÓ ÂÈ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ (ÌÓ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎË). They intended to have come earlier.fi éÌË ÒÓ·Ë‡ÎËÒ¸ / ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ˚‚‡ÎË ÔËÈÚË ‡Ì¸¯Â (ÌÓ Ì ÒÏÓ„ÎË). I meant to have invited them.fi ü Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡Î Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ Ëı (ÌÓ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ÔÓϯ‡ÎÓ ÏÌ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ). c) ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÙÓÏ Perfect Infinitive ÔÓÒΠÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚. Ç˚¯Â Ï˚ ÛÊ ÛÔÓÏË̇ÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌÓ„Ë ÙÛÌ͈ËË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ Ë ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú. åÌÓ„ËÂ, ÌÓ Ì ‚ÒÂ.

éÒÓ·˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. Ç ÙÛÌ͈ËË Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ˆÂÎË ËÎË ÒΉÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË: (In order) To be there on time we must hurry.fi óÚÓ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ Ú‡Ï ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl, Ì‡Ï Ì‡‰Ó ÚÓÓÔËÚ¸Òfl. ç was too tired to help us.fi éÌ ·˚Î ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï. 7. Ç ÙÛÌ͈ËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ?. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÒΉÛÂÚ Ò‡ÁÛ Á‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ, ÓÌ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ËÎË ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ó·Î‡‰‡˛Ú ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ÏË ËÎË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË: 1.

I brought you some water to drink.fi ü ÔËÌÂÒ Ú· ‚Ó‰Û (͇ÍÛ˛?), ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ Ú˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÔËÚ¸ (˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚  ÔËÎ). Have you got anything to declare?fi (‚ÓÔÓÒ Ú‡ÏÓÊÂÌÌË͇) ì ‚‡Ò ÂÒÚ¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ (͇ÍÓÂ?), ˜ÚÓ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‚ÌÓÒËÚ¸ ‚ ‰ÂÍ·‡ˆË˛? This is a good house to be bought.fi ùÚÓ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ‰ÓÏ, Â„Ó ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ (ÓÌ ÔË„Ó‰ÂÌ ‰Îfl ÔÓÍÛÔÍË).

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËÈ ÏÂÒÚÓ Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl, Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl, Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: I asked my friend to help me.fi ü ÔÓÔÓÒËÎ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ‰Û„‡ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÏÌÂ. (‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‰Û„‡ Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú Á̇˜ÂÌËfl) ç is a good friend to be invited.fi éÌ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ Ô‡Â̸, Â„Ó ÏÓÊÌÓ Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ (Á‡ÒÎÛÊË‚‡ÂÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Â„Ó Ô˄·ÒËÎË). Ç ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌÌ˚ı ̇ÏË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í ÙÓÏÛ Active Indefinite Infinitive (ÂÒÎË ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó Ì‡Á̇˜ÂÌËË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡): I bought you some water to drink.fi ü ÍÛÔËÎ Ú· ‚Ó‰˚ ÔÓÔËÚ¸. Ú‡Í Ë ÙÓÏÛ Passive Indefinite Infinitive (ÂÒÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ËÎË ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ ËÁ-Á‡ ̇΢Ëfl Û ÌÂ„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚): 91

This is a good house to be bought.fi ùÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ, Â„Ó ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ Ê ÙÛÌ͈ËË ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ë ÔÓÒΠÒÎÓ‚ the first fi ÔÂ‚˚È / the second fi ‚ÚÓÓÈ / ... / the last fi ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÓÌ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl „·„ÓÎÓÏ-Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï, ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Á‡‚ËÒËÚ ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË „·„Ó· to be ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË: ç was the first to come.fi éÌ Ô˯ÂÎ ÔÂ‚˚Ï. ç will be the last to leave.fi éÌ ÛȉÂÚ ÔÓÒΉÌËÏ. He is always the first to be invited.fi Ö„Ó ‚Ò„‰‡ Ô˄·¯‡˛Ú ÔÂ‚˚Ï. 8. àÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÓÒÓ·˚ı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËÈ, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚ÏË Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ÏË. ÇÒ ӷÓÓÚ˚ ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓËÏ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÒıÂχÏ.

é·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ëıÂχ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚Ï ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ: 1 2 3 4 5 ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ / èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ‚ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ... . Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ „‰Â ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÎËˆÓ ËÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÓ‚Â¯‡˛Ú Ò‡ÏË (Active) ËÎË ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡˛ÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ (Passive), ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ; ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË; ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ú‡ÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ò ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ ˜ÚÓ / ˜ÚÓ·˚ / ͇Í, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı 3 (ËÁ ÒıÂÏ˚) ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, ‡ 4 — Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: I want you to remember.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÎ. I want you to be remembered.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú·fl Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÎË. I know this big car to be very good.fi ü Á̇˛, ˜ÚÓ ˝Ú‡ ·Óθ¯‡fl χ¯Ë̇ Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯‡fl. èË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ 2 (ËÁ ÒıÂÏ˚) ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚˚‡Ê‡Ú¸Òfl „·„Ó·ÏË, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÏË (ÔÓ „ÛÔÔ‡Ï): ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËÂ: to see fi ‚ˉÂÚ¸ / to hear fi ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ / to feel fi ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ / to watch fi ̇·Î˛‰‡Ú¸ / to observe fi ̇·Î˛‰‡Ú¸ / to notice fi Á‡ÏÂÚËÚ¸ — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ˜‡ÒÚˈ‡ to ÔÂ‰ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: I saw him take a pen out of his pocket.fi ü ‚ˉÂÎ, Í‡Í / ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ‰ÓÒڇΠÛ˜ÍÛ ËÁ ͇χ̇. I felt him smoke.fi ü ÔÓ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÍÛËÚ. We heard our friends come back.fi å˚ ÛÒÎ˚¯‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÂÌÛÎËÒ¸ ̇¯Ë ‰ÛÁ¸fl.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: „·„ÓÎ˚ to see Ë to hear ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ ÁÂÌËÂÏ / ÒÎÛıÓÏ, ‚ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ó·ÓÓÚ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl: I see that you read this book.fi ü ‚ËÊÛ (Á̇˛), ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ ˜ËÚ‡ÎË ˝ÚÛ ÍÌË„Û. We heard that you were ill last week.fi å˚ ÒÎ˚¯‡ÎË (Á̇ÂÏ), ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ ·˚ÎË ·ÓθÌ˚ ̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ. É·„ÓÎ to feel ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ Á̇˜ÂÌË ҘËÚ‡Ú¸ / ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ó·ÓÓÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl, ÌÓ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to: ç felt them to come back soon.fi éÌ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÒÍÓÓ ‚ÂÌÛÚÒfl. ÏÌÂÌË / ÒÛʉÂÌËÂ: to think fi ‰Ûχڸ / to know fi Á̇ڸ / to believe fi ‚ÂËÚ¸ (Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ / ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸) / to declare fi Á‡fl‚ÎflÚ¸ / to suppose fi ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸ / to understand fi ÔÓÌËχڸ / to assume fi ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ / to consider fi Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ / to find fi ̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / to expect fi ÓÊˉ‡Ú¸ / to prove fi Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl Ë ‰.: They think him to be a good driver.fi éÌË ‰Ûχ˛Ú (Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú), ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ‚Ó‰ËÚÂθ. (= éÌË Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú Â„Ó ıÓÓ¯ËÏ ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÏ.) We know that house to have been built this year.fi å˚ Á̇ÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ ÔÓÒÚÓËÎË ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û. I believe them not to be sleeping now.fi ü ÔÓ·„‡˛, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÒÂȘ‡Ò Ì ÒÔflÚ. We found the liquid to be very strong.fi å˚ ӷ̇ÛÊËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ˝Ú‡ ÊˉÍÓÒÚ¸ ÒËθÌÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛˘‡fl. You can't expect to learn a foreign language in a week.fi He ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ˚‚‡È ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚È flÁ˚Í ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚˚Û˜ËÚ¸ Á‡ ̉Âβ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: 92

ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to consider / to declare / to prove /to find ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌ˚È „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be, ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ: He considers her (to be) a beautiful girl.fi éÌË Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ Â Í‡ÒË‚ÓÈ ‰Â‚Û¯ÍÓÈ. They declared him (to be) the winner.fi éÌË Ó·˙fl‚ËÎË Â„Ó Ôӷ‰ËÚÂÎÂÏ. We found him (to be) dishonest.fi å˚ ӷ̇ÛÊËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ì˜ÂÒÚÌ˚È. Ê·ÌËÂ: to want fi ıÓÚÂÚ¸ / to wish fi Ê·ڸ / to desire fi Ê·ڸ / I should / I would (I'd) like fi ÏÌ ·˚ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ They want us to come back on Sunday.fi éÌË ıÓÚflÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ï˚ ‚ÂÌÛÎËÒ¸ ‚ ‚ÓÒÍÂÒÂ̸Â. I'd like you to call me in the morning.fi åÌ ·˚ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎ ÏÌ ÛÚÓÏ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı ÏÌÂÌË / ÒÛʉÂÌË / Ê·ÌËÂ, ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ó·ÓÓÚ there+to be; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÎÓ‚Ó there ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó/ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ: Their teacher considers there to be nothing difficult in that task.fi àı Û˜ËÚÂθ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á‡‰‡ÌËË ÌÂÚ ÌË˜Â„Ó ÒÎÓÊÌÓ„Ó. I don't want there to be any misunderstanding.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓÎÌÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÔÓÌËχÌËÂ. ÔË͇Á‡ÌË / ‡Á¯ÂÌË / ÔÓÒ¸·Û: to allow fi ‡Á¯‡Ú¸ / to permit fi ‡Á¯‡Ú¸ / to ask for fi ÔÓÒËÚ¸ / to order fi ÔË͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ / to command fi ÔË͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ / to request for fi Ó·‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl Ò ÔÓÒ¸·ÓÈ — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Passive Infinitive: She allowed the car to be taken away.fi é̇ ‡Á¯Ë·, ˜ÚÓ·˚ χ¯ËÌÛ Û·‡ÎË Ò ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡. ç ordered one more bottle of wine to be brought.fi éÌ ÔË͇Á‡Î, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔËÌÂÒÎË Â˘Â Ó‰ÌÛ ·ÛÚ˚ÎÍÛ ‚Ë̇. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı ÔË͇Á‡ÌË / ‡Á¯ÂÌË / ÔÓÒ¸·Û, ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊ Active Infinitive; Ú‡ÍÓ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ Ë Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò ÔÂ‚ӉÓÏ: I requested him to help.fi ü ÔÓÔÓÒËÎ Â„Ó ÔÓÏÓ˜¸. She asked me to buy some bread.fi é̇ ÔÓÔÓÒË· ÏÂÌfl ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ıη‡. Active Infinitive ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÎˈÓ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓ ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ÔË͇Á‡ÌË / ‡Á¯ÂÌË / ÔÓÒ¸·‡: I requested him to help. She allowed us to smoke in the room.fi é̇ ‡Á¯Ë· Ì‡Ï ÍÛËÚ¸ ‚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ. ÂÒÎË ÎˈÓ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓ ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ÔË͇Á‡ÌË / ‡Á¯ÂÌË / ÔÓÒ¸·‡, Ì Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Passive Infinitive: She allowed the car to be taken away. (ÌÂÚ Û͇Á‡ÌËfl ̇ ÎˈÓ, ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ·˚ÎÓ ‰‡ÌÓ ‡Á¯ÂÌËÂ) They asked for the answer to be given immediately, (ÌÂÚ Û͇Á‡ÌËfl ̇ ÎˈÓ, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ·˚· Ó·‡˘Â̇ ÔÓÒ¸·‡)fi éÌË ÔÓÔÓÒËÎË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ·˚Î ‰‡Ì ÌÂωÎÂÌÌÓ. We request for the money to be trasferred before the end of the month. fi ó‡˘Â ÔÓÒ¸·‡ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰Â̸„Ë ·˚ÎË ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌ˚ ‰Ó ÍÓ̈‡ ÏÂÒflˆ‡.

ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ëıÂχ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚Ï ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ: 1 2 3 4 èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ (Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Passive) ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ... . „‰Â ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ Ò‚flÁ‡Ì Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ, ËÎË ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ: ç is known to come tomorrow.fi àÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ Á‡‚Ú‡. She was said to be ill at the moment.fi ÉÓ‚ÓËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÚÓÚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ó̇ ·˚· ÌÂÁ‰ÓÓ‚‡. ç‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË: Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ÔÂ‚ӉËÏ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ 2 (ËÁ ÒıÂÏ˚) ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÏ Â„Ó ‚ ‚ˉ ӉÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ò ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl „·‚Ì˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ; ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó, ‡ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ — Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï; Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË ˜ÚÓ ËÎË Í‡Í: He is known to be a good man. — is known.fi àÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, (˜ÚÓ) hefi ÓÌ; to befi ·˚Ú¸; a good manfi ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍfi àÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ.¤ éÌ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÂÌ Í‡Í ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ.¤ Ö„Ó Á̇˛Ú Í‡Í ıÓÓ¯Â„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇.¤ ì ÌÂ„Ó ÂÔÛÚ‡ˆËfl ıÓÓ¯Â„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇. 93

ÇÒ „·„ÓÎ˚, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ë Ò ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ, ÌÓ ‚ ÙÓÏ Passive. ë ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚Ï ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ë ‰Û„Ë ÒÎÓ‚‡ (ÔÓ „ÛÔÔ‡Ï): ÿ

„·„ÓÎ˚, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌË / ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ: to say fi „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / to report fi ÒÓÓ·˘‡Ú¸ / to suppose fi ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸ / to announce fi Ó·˙fl‚ÎflÚ¸ Ë ‰. ç is said to have bought a new car.fi ÉÓ‚ÓflÚ, ÓÌ ÍÛÔËÎ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ. They are supposed to come later.fi èÓ·„‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÔˉÛÚ ÔÓÁÊÂ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

„·„ÓÎ to tell, ·ÎËÁÍËÈ ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Í to say, Ì ӷ‡ÁÛÂÚ ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡: ç was told to help his mother.fi ÖÏÛ Ò͇Á‡ÎË ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ χÚÂË. ë‡‚ÌËÚÂ: ç was said to help his mother.fi ÉÓ‚ÓËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ Ï‡ÚÂË. ÿ „·„ÓÎ˚-ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl, ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛˘Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ÌÓ ÒÚÓfl˘Ë ‚ ÙÓÏ Active: to seem fi ͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl / to happen fi ÒÎÛ˜‡Ú¸Òfl / to appear / to prove / to turn out fi Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂÎÂ: She seems to know this man.fi ä‡ÊÂÚÒfl, Ó̇ Á̇ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇. She appeared to be beautiful.fi é̇ Ó͇Á‡Î‡Ò¸ Í‡ÒË‚ÓÈ.¤ é͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ Í‡ÒË‚‡fl. ç proved to be a doctor.fi é͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ (‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ) ‚‡˜. ç turned out not to be a doctor.fi é͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ (‚ÓÔÂÍË ÓÊˉ‡ÌËflÏ), ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ì ‚‡˜. í‡Í‡fl ÙÓχ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ë ÔÓÒÚ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ:

¤ é̇, ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, Á̇ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇. éÌ Ó͇Á‡ÎÒfl Ì ‚‡˜ÓÏ. Do you happen to know her name?fi Ç˚, ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ, Ì Á̇Âڠ ËÏÂÌË?

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

Ò ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔÓÈ „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ӷÓÓÚ‡ there+to be, „‰Â „·„ÓÎ to be ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl: There seems (to be) no doubt about it.fi ä‡ÊÂÚÒfl, ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÒÓÏÌÂÌËfl. There appeared to be nobody who could help them.fi é͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ËÏ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÏÓ„. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı „·„ÓÎ to be ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚ Ë ·ÂÁ Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ there+to be: ÿ

The task proved (to be) more difficult than we had thought.fi ᇉ‡˜‡ Ó͇Á‡Î‡Ò¸ ·ÓΠÒÎÓÊÌÓÈ, ˜ÂÏ Ï˚ ‰ÛχÎË. ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be: to be likely fi ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ / to be unlikely fi ̇‚fl‰ ÎË, ÒÓÏÌËÚÂθÌÓ / to be sure fi ÌÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌÓ / to be certain fi ̇‚ÂÌfl͇,·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: They are unlikely to come very soon.fi ëÓÏÌËÚÂθÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÔˉÛÚ Ó˜Â̸ ÒÍÓÓ.¤ 燂fl‰ ÎË ÓÌË ÔˉÛÚ Ó˜Â̸ ÒÍÓÓ. ç is sure to know her telephone number.fi éÌ, ÌÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌÓ, Á̇ÂÚ ÌÓÏÂ  ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇.

àÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ for. äÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ „Ó‚ÓËÎË ‚ ̇˜‡Î ˝ÚÓÈ íÂÏ˚ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÙÛÌ͈ËË ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ Ó·ÓËı flÁ˚͇ı ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú Ë ÔÓÚÓÏÛ Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛Ú ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò ÔÂ‚ӉÓÏ, Ï˚ ËÏÂÎË ‚ ‚Ë‰Û ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ, ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ ËÎË Í Â„Ó ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌ˲: She is going to do that tomorrow.fi é̇ ÒÓ·Ë‡ÂÚÒfl Á‡ÌflÚ¸Òfl ˝ÚËÏ Á‡‚Ú‡. They told us to wait here.fi éÌË Ò͇Á‡ÎË Ì‡Ï Ê‰‡Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸. í‡ÍË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ̇˷ÓΠ˜‡ÒÚÓ. çÓ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ, ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÎËˆÛ ËÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚÛ, Ì fl‚Îfl˛˘ÂÏÛÒfl ÌË ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ÌË ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂÏ Í ÌÂÏÛ. ÑÎfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl Í‡Í ‡Á Ú‡ÍËı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ for. ëıÂχ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ... for + ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË + ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ... . Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ é·ÓÓÚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı Ë ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ „·„Ó· ËÎË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚ ‚˚‡Ê‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ ÎˈÓÏ / Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ, ÒÚÓfl˘ËÏ ÔÓÒΠÔ‰ÎÓ„‡ for: That was for him to find out.fi Ç˚flÒÌËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Î ÓÌ. 94

ç waited for her to speak.fi éÌ Ê‰‡Î, ÔÓ͇ Ó̇ Á‡„Ó‚ÓËÚ. The best thing for you to do is to leave.fi í· ÎÛ˜¯Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÛÂı‡Ú¸. ç stepped aside for my mother to pass.fi éÌ ÓÚÓ¯ÂÎ ‚ ÒÚÓÓÌÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÏÓfl χχ ÒÏӄ· ÔÓÈÚË. She would have given anything for this not to have happened.fi é̇ ·˚ ÓÚ‰‡Î‡ ‚ÒÂ, ˜ÚÓ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ, ÚÓθÍÓ ·˚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ì ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸.

çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. è‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. ó‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ̇ۘÌÓÈ / ÍÓÏÏÂ˜ÂÒÍÓÈ / ˛ˉ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÂ. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ó·ÓÓÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ÓÚ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚Ï ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Í‡Í ·˚ ‰‚‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı (Ó‰ÌÓ — ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï, ‰Û„Ó — Ò ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ). èË ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï Ë, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl Í ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Û, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓÊ ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ, ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘ËÏÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÎË Ô˘ÂÏ, ‡ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl Í ÎËˆÛ / Ô‰ÏÂÚÛ, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÓÌ ÒÚÓËÚ: The Seller undertakes to replace defective goods free of charge within the minimum possible time, the Agent to pay the cost of transportation and insurance.fi èÓ‰‡‚ˆ Ó·flÁÛÂÚÒfl Á‡ÏÂÌËÚ¸ ÔÓ‚ÂʉÂÌÌ˚ ËÁ‰ÂÎËfl ·ÂÒÔ·ÚÌÓ ‚ ÏËÌËχθÌ˚È ÒÓÍ, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ ‡ÒıÓ‰˚ Ë ÓÔ·ÚÛ ÒÚ‡ıÓ‚ÍË ·ÂÂÚ Ì‡ Ò·fl Ä„ÂÌÚ. The claims should be forwarded by a registered letter, the text to be written in English.fi èÂÚÂÌÁËË ‚˚Ò˚·˛ÚÒfl Á‡Í‡ÁÌ˚Ï ÔËÒ¸ÏÓÏ, Ô˘ÂÏ ÚÂÍÒÚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. èËÏÂ˚: Ò‡‚ÌËÚ ‚‡ˇÌÚ˚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ 1. ü ‡‰ Ú·fl ‚ˉÂÚ¸.fi I'm glad to see you. ü ‡‰, ˜ÚÓ ‚ËÊÛ Ú·fl.fi I'm glad that I see you. 2. éÌË ıÓÚÂÎË ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸ Ì‡Ï Ò‚ÓÈ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi They wanted to show us their new house. éÌË ıÓÚÂÎË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ï˚ ۂˉÂÎË Ëı ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi They wanted that we saw their new house.¤ They wanted us to see their new house. 3. éÌË ıÓÚÂÎË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì‡Ï ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎË Ëı ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi They wanted us to be shown their new house. éÌË ıÓÚÂÎË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÓ͇Á‡Î Ì‡Ï Ëı ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ.fi They wanted that someone showed us their new house. 4. ÜÂÌ˘ËÌ˚ ıÓÚÂÎË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ëı Ô˄·ÒËÎË ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÏÛʸflÏË.fi — The women wished to be invited together with their husbands. (Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl) — The women wished to have been invited together with their husbands, (Ô˄·¯‡ÎË ‡Ì¸¯Â, ÏÛÊÂÈ Ì Ô˄·ÒËÎË) — The women wished that they were invited together with . their husbands, (Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl) — The women wished that they had been invited together with their husbands, (Ô˄·¯‡ÎË ‡Ì¸¯Â, ÏÛÊÂÈ Ì Ô˄·ÒËÎË) — The women wished that they would be invited together with their husbands, (ıÓÚÂÎË ‡Ì¸¯Â, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô˄·ÒËÎË ‚ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ) 5. Ç‡Ï ÔˉÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰Óʉ‡Ú¸ Á‡ ‰‚Â¸˛.fi You will have to wait behind the door.¤ It is necessary that you should wait behind the door. 6. ÉÓ‚ÓflÚ, ÓÌ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ Û˜ËÚÂθ.fi ç is said to be a good teacher.¤ They say that he is a good teacher. 7. àÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ì ÍÛËÚ.fi ç is known not to smoke.¤ It is known that he doesn't smoke. 8. ùÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯‡fl ÍÌË„‡, ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ Ú· ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸.fi That is a very good book for you to read.¤ This is a very good book that you must read. 9. éÌ Ô˯ÂÎ Ò˛‰‡ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï.fi ç came here to help us.¤ He came here in order he could help us. 10. ëÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸ Ú‡Í, ˜ÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl Ì ·˚ÎÓ Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‰ÂÌ„.fi It so happened that I had no money with me. (ä ÌÂÒ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛,) ì ÏÂÌfl Ì Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‰ÂÌ„.fi I did not happen to have money with me. (ä Ò˜‡ÒÚ¸˛,) ì ÏÂÌfl Ì Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‰ÂÌ„.fi I happened not to have money with me. 11. à ˜ÚÓ, ÔÓ-‚‡¯ÂÏÛ, fl ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÚÂÔÂ¸ ‰Â·ڸ?fi What am I supposed to do now?¤ What do you think I have to do now? 12. ÇÒÂ Â„Ó ‰ÛÁ¸fl Ò˜ËÚ‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ Û ÌÂ„Ó ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„.fi All his friends supposed him not to have any / to have no money.¤ All his friends supposed that he did not have any / had no money. 95

13. ä‡Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ÌËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇Î, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ.fi Nobody seemed to know what had happened.¤ It seemed that nobody knew what had happened. 14. ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ ·Óθ¯Â Ì Á‚ÓÌËÎË Ò˛‰‡.fi I want you not to call here any more.¤ I don't want you to call here any more.¤ I wish that you should not call here any more.

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íÂχ 8: è˘‡ÒÚË / Participle. è˘‡ÒÚË — ÌÂ΢̇fl ÙÓχ „·„Ó·, ӷ·‰‡˛˘‡fl Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË „·„Ó· Ë Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ë Ì‡˜Ëfl. àÌÓ„‰‡ Ô˘‡ÒÚË ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÏÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌÓ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ? Ë ÒÎÛÊËÚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ: smoking manfi ÍÛfl˘ËÈ ÏÛʘË̇ àÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓÂ Í‡Í ·˚ ÒÓÔÓ‚Óʉ‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, — ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÓÌÓ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ ͇Í? / ÍÓ„‰‡? / ÔÓ Í‡ÍÓÈ Ô˘ËÌÂ? / ÔË Í‡ÍËı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ı? / ÔË Í‡ÍÓÏ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË? Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ ‰ÂÂÔ˘‡ÒÚ˲: ç was sitting by the window reading a book.fi éÌ ÒˉÂÎ Û ÓÍ̇, ˜ËÚ‡fl ÍÌË„Û. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ô˘‡ÒÚËfl ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÙÓÏ ̇ è˘‡ÒÚË I (Participle I) Ë è˘‡ÒÚË II (Participle II). èÓ ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ËÏÒfl ‚ ÌÂÏ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ÔËÁÌ‡Í‡Ï è˘‡ÒÚË I ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ¢ ͇Í: Ô˘‡ÒÚË ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Present) / Ô˘‡ÒÚË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á‡ÎÓ„‡ (Active) / Ô˘‡ÒÚË ÌÂÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ˉ‡ (Ú.Â. Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌÓ / ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛˘ÂÂÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ). è˘‡ÒÚË II ÔÓ ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ËÏÒfl ‚ ÌÂÏ „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ÔËÁÌ‡Í‡Ï ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ¢ ͇Í: Ô˘‡ÒÚË Ôӯ‰¯Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË (Past); Ô˘‡ÒÚË ÒÚ‡‰‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á‡ÎÓ„‡ (Passive); Ô˘‡ÒÚË ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ˉ‡ (Ú.Â. Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Á‡ÍÓ̘ÂÌÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ). è˘‡ÒÚË I Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ Í ÙÓÏ Infinitive -ing, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl, Ì ‚ÎËfl˛˘Ë ̇ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ. è˘‡ÒÚËfl II ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÙÓÏÂ Â˘Â Ì‡ ‰‚ „ÛÔÔ˚: a) ÙÓÏ˚, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚, ÍÓ„‰‡ Í ÙÓÏ Infinitive ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ -ed; b) ÙÓÏ˚, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÓÚ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ (‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ — 3-fl ÙÓχ). è˘‡ÒÚËfl II ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ, Ú.Â. ‚ ‚ˉ ӉÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ‰Û„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÓÌË Î˯¸ ‚ıÓ‰flÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ è˘‡ÒÚËfl I, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡fl ‚ ÌËı ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Û˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸. è˘‡ÒÚË I ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÙÓχı, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ ÙÓÏÛÎ‡Ï Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: Indefinite Active ~ ~ ~ ing Passive being ~ ~ ~ ed(3)

Perfect having ~ ~ ~ having been ~ ~ ~

~ ed(3) ~ ed(3)

é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÙÓÏ˚ Continuous; -ing ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Í ÔÂ‚ÓÏÛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ „·„ÓÎÛ. Ç Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ÙÓÏ è˘‡ÒÚËfl I Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ÛÊ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚Â Ì‡Ï ÔËÁ̇ÍË ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË: Á‡ÎÓ„ Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. éÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔËÁÌ‡Í ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: ÙÓÏ˚ Indefinite (Active / Passive) Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÂ Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï; ÙÓÏ˚ Perfect (Active / Passive) — ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Â ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï: Waiting for her answer they didn't say a word.fi éÊˉ‡fl  ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡, ÓÌË Ì ÔÓËÁÌÂÒÎË ÌË ÒÎÓ‚‡. Being left alone, they didn't know what to do.fi éÒÚ‡‚¯ËÒ¸ Ó‰ÌË (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: ·Û‰Û˜Ë ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË), ÓÌË Ì Á̇ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ‰Â·ڸ. Having written the letter, he called us.fi ç‡ÔËÒ‡‚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ, ÓÌ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËΠ̇Ï. Having been written long ago, the letter looked very old.fi ÅÛ‰Û˜Ë Ì‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚Ï ‰‡‚Ì˚Ï-‰‡‚ÌÓ, ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ ‚˚„Îfl‰ÂÎÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÒÚ‡˚Ï. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ Ô˘‡ÒÚËÈ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÒÓÔÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ Ë ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ?

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: Ô˘‡ÒÚËfl, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÓÚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËfl Ë ‰‚ËÊÂÌËfl: to see fi ‚ˉÂÚ¸ / to hear fi ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ / to come fi ÔËÈÚË / to arrive fi ÔË·˚Ú¸ / to take fi ‚ÁflÚ¸ / to turn fi ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛÚ¸Òfl Ë ‰., ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï, Ë ‚ ÙÓÏ Active Indefinite: 97

Hearing his voice she ran to meet him.fi ìÒÎ˚¯‡‚ Â„Ó „ÓÎÓÒ, Ó̇ ÔÓ·Âʇ· ‚ÒÚ˜‡Ú¸ „Ó. Turning slowly she wen out of the room.fi å‰ÎÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛ‚¯ËÒ¸, Ó̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ ËÁ ÍÓÏ̇Ú˚. Ô˘‡ÒÚËfl ‚ ÙÓÏ Active Indefinite ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ú‡ÍÊ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘ÂÂ Ò ÏÓÏÂÌÚÓÏ ˜Ë, ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÒÚÓËÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ: The woman waiting in the car called you the day before yesterday.fi ÜÂÌ˘Ë̇, Ê‰Û˘‡fl (ÒÂȘ‡Ò) ‚ χ¯ËÌÂ, Á‚ÓÌË· ‚‡Ï ÔÓÁ‡‚˜Â‡. I'll never forget her words sounding in my head like an echo.fi ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Á‡·Û‰Û  ÒÎÓ‚‡, ˝ıÓÏ Á‚Û˜‡˘Ë (ÒÂȘ‡Ò) ‚ ÏÓÂÈ „ÓÎÓ‚Â. è˘‡ÒÚËfl I / II, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘Ë Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ Ë Óڂ˜‡˛˘Ë ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ?, ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÓÌË ÏÓ„ÛÚ Á‡ÌËχڸ ÏÂÒÚÓ Í‡Í ÔÂ‰ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ — ‡), Ú‡Í Ë ÔÓÒΠÌÂ„Ó — b). a) è˘‡ÒÚË I ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂÏ Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ Ò‡Ï ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: smoking man fi ÍÛfl˘ËÈ ÏÛʘË̇; reading boy fi ˜ËÚ‡˛˘ËÈ Ï‡Î¸˜ËÍ è˘‡ÒÚË II ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂÏ Ôӯ‰¯Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÎÓÒ¸ ̇‰ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚Ï Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ: a written letter fi ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ; the invited people fi Ô˄·¯ÂÌÌ˚ β‰Ë b) è˘‡ÒÚËfl I / II ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Í‡Í Ô˘‡ÒÚËflÏË Ò ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË Á̇˜ÂÌËflÏË, Ú‡Í Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË: The man sitting at the table is a very good doctor.fi óÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, Òˉfl˘ËÈ Á‡ ÒÚÓÎÓÏ, Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ‚‡˜.¤ óÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒˉËÚ Á‡ ÒÚÓÎÓÏ, Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ‚‡˜. The liquid used to clean the windows was very strong.fi ÜˉÍÓÒÚ¸, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ‰Îfl Ï˚Ú¸fl ÓÍÓÌ, ·˚· Ó˜Â̸ ÒËθÌÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛˘‡fl.¤ ÜˉÍÓÒÚ¸, ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ‰Îfl Ï˚Ú¸fl ÓÍÓÌ, ·˚· Ó˜Â̸ ÒËθÌÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛˘‡fl. I don't know the girl waiting for you.fi ü Ì Á̇˛ ‰Â‚Û¯ÍÛ, ÓÊˉ‡˛˘Û˛ Ú·fl.¤ ü Ì Á̇˛ ‰Â‚Û¯ÍÛ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ʉÂÚ Ú·fl. Will you read the book brought yesterday?fi í˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ÍÌË„Û, ÔËÌÂÒÂÌÌÛ˛ ‚˜Â‡?¤ í˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ÍÌË„Û, ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ÔËÌÂÒÎË ‚˜Â‡? èÂ‰ è˘‡ÒÚËflÏË I / II, ÙÓχ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡, Ë ÍÓÚÓ˚ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÒÓÔÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ÒÓ˛Á˚ when / while / if / unless / though ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÔflÏÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË. èÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ-‡ÁÌÓÏÛ: While reading books you must be attentive.fi óËÚ‡fl ÍÌË„Ë, Ú˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚Ï.¤ í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚Ï, ÍÓ„‰‡ ˜Ëڇ¯¸ ÍÌË„Ë.¤ í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÔË ˜ÚÂÌËË ÍÌË„. They will leave, unless stopped.fi ÖÒÎË Ëı Ì ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸, ÓÌË ÛȉÛÚ. Any good wine if drunk by little portions is very useful for health.fi ã˛·Ó ıÓӯ ‚ËÌÓ, ÂÒÎË Â„Ó ÔËÚ¸ Ì·Óθ¯ËÏË ‰ÓÁ‡ÏË, Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓÎÂÁÌÓ ‰Îfl Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl.¤ ã˛·Ó ıÓӯ ‚ËÌÓ ÔË ÛÔÓÚ·ÎÂÌËË Ì·Óθ¯ËÏË ‰ÓÁ‡ÏË Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓÎÂÁÌÓ ‰Îfl Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: when / while ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ·ÂÁ ÙÓÏ˚ being ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË, Ú.Â. ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, „‰Â ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÍÓ„‰‡?: My sister took part in many expeditions when / while a student.fi åÓfl ÒÂÒÚ‡ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡Á ıӉ˷ ‚ ÔÓıÓ‰˚ (ÍÓ„‰‡?), ÍÓ„‰‡ ·˚· ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÍÓÈ. When / While in Stockholm, I learned much about Sweden.fi ü ÛÁ̇ΠÏÌÓ„Ó ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó Ó ò‚ˆËË (ÍÓ„‰‡?), ÍÓ„‰‡ ·˚Î ‚ ëÚÓÍ„ÓθÏÂ. ˝ÚË Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË:

¤ When / While my sister was a student... ¤ When / While I was in Stockholm... ÙÓχ being (·ÂÁ when / while) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı Ô˘ËÌÛ ÚÓ„Ó, ̇ ˜ÚÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: Being afraid of strangers, the children didn't go with them.fi àÒÔ˚Ú˚‚‡fl ÒÚ‡ı ÔÂ‰ ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚ÏË Î˛‰¸ÏË, ‰ÂÚË Ì ÔÓ¯ÎË Ò ÌËÏË (ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ?). Not being able to help us, she was just sitting and crying.fi ÅÛ‰Û˜Ë ÌÒ ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï, Ó̇ ÔÓÒÚÓ Òˉ· Ë Ô·͇· (ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ?). ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ˝ÚËı Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ: 98

¤ Because the children were afraid of strangers, they didn't go with them. / The children didn't go with them because they were afraid of strangers.¤ As she was not able to / could not help us, she was ... è˘‡ÒÚËfl I / II ‚ıÓ‰flÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÓÒÓ·˚ı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËÈ, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ı Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚ÏË Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ÏË Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÚË Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚ı Ó·ÓÓÚ‡: 1. 2. 3.

é·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ÇÒ ӷÓÓÚ˚ ÒÚÓflÚÒfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÓËÏ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÒıÂχÏ.

é·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ëıÂχ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô˘‡ÒÚÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÒÓ ÒıÂÏÓÈ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡, ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ÒÚÓËÚ Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂ: 1

2

3 4 5 ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ / èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ è˘‡ÒÚË ... . Ô‡‰ÂÊ „‰Â ÙÓχ è˘‡ÒÚËfl I Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Í‡Í ÔÓˆÂÒÒ, ‡ ÙÓχ è˘‡ÒÚËfl II — ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÏ Ê ӷÓÓÚ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Í‡Í Ù‡ÍÚ): ç saw his father smoking.fi éÌ ‚ˉÂÎ, Í‡Í Â„Ó ÓÚˆ ÍÛËÎ. ë‡‚ÌËÚÂ Ò ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Ì˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ: ç saw his father smoke.fi éÌ ‚ˉÂÎ, ˜ÚÓ Â„Ó ÓÚˆ ÍÛËÚ. ç considered himself engaged to her.fi éÌ Ò˜ËÚ‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ΂ÎÂÌ (ÛÊÂ) Ò Ì². é·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚: to hear fi ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ / to feel fi ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ / to see fi ‚ˉÂÚ¸ / to watch fi ̇·Î˛‰‡Ú¸, ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / to notice fi Á‡ÏÂÚËÚ¸ / to find fi ӷ̇ÛÊËÚ¸ / to consider fi Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸, ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸/ to like fi Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl / to dislike fi Ì Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Ë ‰. èÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to have Ë to get ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ËÏÂÚ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏ˚ è˘‡ÒÚËfl II Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓ Ì ҇ÏËÏ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ÌÓ ‰Îfl Ì„Ó- / ÔÓ Â„Ó Á‡Í‡ÁÛ ÍÂÏ-ÚÓ ‰Û„ËÏ: I have a new house built.fi ü ÔÓÒÚÓËÎ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. (‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ï˚ ˜‡ÒÚÓ „Ó‚ÓËÏ Ú‡Í, ËÏÂfl ‚ ‚ˉÛ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂΠ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÎ ‰Îfl Ì‡Ò ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ ‰Û„ÓÈ). ë‡‚ÌËÚÂ: I have built a new house. — (Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ — Active Perfect Present)fi ü ÔÓÒÚÓËÎ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. (Ò‡Ï / Ò‚ÓËÏË Û͇ÏË) She had her hair cut.fi é̇ ҉·· ÒÚËÊÍÛ, (ÌÓ Ì ҇χ, ‡ ‚ Ô‡ËÍχıÂÒÍÓÈ) She has cut her hair.fi é̇ ÔÓ‰ÂÁ‡Î‡ ‚ÓÎÓÒ˚, (҇χ) I have my car repaired.fi ü ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡Î χ¯ËÌÛ, (Ì ҇Ï) I have repaired my car.fi ü ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡Î χ¯ËÌÛ, (Ò‡Ï) I can't get my watch repaired.fi ü ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÏÓ„Û ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ˜‡Ò˚. (Ëı ÌË„‰Â Ì ·ÂÛÚ ‚ ÂÏÓÌÚ) I can't repair my watch.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û (Ì Ûϲ) ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ò‚ÓË ˜‡Ò˚.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθ̇fl ˜ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÙÓÏ˚ „·„Ó· to have ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÚÓflÚÒfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do: Did you have your hair cut?fi í˚ ҉·· ÒÚËÊÍÛ? Where did you have your car repaired?fi ɉ Ú˚ ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡Î Ò‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ? I didn't have the house built.fi ü Ú‡Í Ë Ì ÔÓÒÚÓËÎ ‰ÓÏ. Why don't you have your hair waved?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì ҉·¯¸ Ò· Á‡‚Ë‚ÍÛ? îÓÏ˚ è˘‡ÒÚËfl II ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‚ ‡Ì‡Îӄ˘ÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to wish fi Ê·ڸ / to want fi ıÓÚÂÚ¸: We want / wish it done as fast as possible.fi å˚ ıÓÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ÎË Í‡Í ÏÓÊÌÓ ·˚ÒÚÂÂ.

ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ëıÂχ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô˘‡ÒÚÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÒÓ ÒıÂÏÓÈ ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡, ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ÒÚÓËÚ è˘‡ÒÚË I (è˘‡ÒÚË II Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚÂ): 1 2 3 4 èÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ë͇ÁÛÂÏÓ è˘‡ÒÚË I (Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Passive) ... . 99

„‰Â ÙÓχ è˘‡ÒÚËfl I Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Í‡Í ÔÓˆÂÒÒ (ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÏ Ê ӷÓÓÚ ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Í‡Í Ù‡ÍÚ): They were seen smoking.fi ÇˉÂÎË, Í‡Í ÓÌË ÍÛËÎË. They were seen to smoke.fi ÇˉÂÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÍÛflÚ. ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ÔÓÒΠÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı „·„ÓÎÓ‚: to see fi ‚ˉÂÚ¸ / to hear fi ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ / to feel fi ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ / to watch fi ̇·Î˛‰‡Ú¸ / to find fi ̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸, ӷ̇ÛÊË‚‡Ú¸ / to observe fi ̇·Î˛‰‡Ú¸ Ë ‰.: ç was found sleeping.fi Ö„Ó Ì‡¯ÎË ÒÔfl˘ËÏ. They were watched playing cards.fi ᇠÌËÏË Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÎË ‚ ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË Ë„‡ÎË ‚ ͇Ú˚.

çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ. ä‡ÈÌ ‰ÍÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë Ë ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ — ‚ ̇ۘÌÓÈ / ÍÓÏÏÂ˜ÂÒÍÓÈ / ˛ˉ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÂ. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÏÂÊ‰Û Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ Ë ÓÒڇθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı Ò ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚Ï Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Í‡Í ·˚ ‰‚‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı (Ó‰ÌÓ — ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï, ‰Û„Ó — Ò Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂÏ). èË ˝ÚÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂÏ, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï Ë, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl Í Ô˘‡ÒÚ˲, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓÊ ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ. Ç Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó·ÓÓÚ ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ÌËχڸ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ÔÓÒΠÒ͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ËÎË ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË). Ç ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Â ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË ‚ÂÏÂÌË: The party being over, they went home.fi äÓ„‰‡ ‚˜ÂËÌ͇ Á‡ÍÓ̘Ë·Ҹ, ÓÌË ÔÓ¯ÎË ‰ÓÏÓÈ. The work having been done, they went home.fi éÌË ÔÓ¯ÎË ‰ÓÏÓÈ ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í Ò‰Â·ÎË ‚Ò˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ. Ô˘ËÌ˚: It being pretty late, she switched on the light.fi í‡Í Í‡Í ·˚ÎÓ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÓ, Ó̇ ‚Íβ˜Ë· Ò‚ÂÚ. She was alone in the house, and there being no one to help her, she called me.fi é̇ ·˚· ‚ ‰ÓÏ Ӊ̇, Ë ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ÂÈ ÌÂÍÓÏÛ ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸, Ó̇ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌË· ÏÌÂ. (Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ ÙÓÏ Ô˘‡ÒÚËfl „·„Ó· to be ËÁ Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ there + to be) We went back home, there being too many people inside the restaurant.fi å˚ ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÎËÒ¸ Ó·‡ÚÌÓ ‰ÓÏÓÈ, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ‚ ÂÒÚÓ‡Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó Ì‡Ó‰Û. ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl: ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ô˘‡ÒÚËfl, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÓÚ „·„ÓÎÓ‚ to permit fi ‡Á¯ËÚ¸ / to fail fi ÔÓ‚‡ÎËÚ¸Òfl, Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ÌÂÛ‰‡˜Ì˚Ï Time permitting, we shall see you off.fi ÖÒÎË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÚ ‚ÂÏfl, Ï˚ ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÏ Ú·fl. Your attempt failing, no one will help us.fi ÖÒÎË Ú‚Ófl ÔÓÔ˚Ú͇ Ó͇ÊÂÚÒfl ÌÂÛ‰‡˜ÌÓÈ, Ì‡Ï ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÔÓÏÓÊÂÚ. Money permitting, he will buy that house.fi ÖÒÎË Û ÌÂ„Ó ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‰ÂÌ„, ÓÌ ÍÛÔËÚ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ. ÒÓÔÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚: ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ó·ÓÓÚ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ì‡˜Ë̇ڸÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ with Ë ÔÂ‚ӉËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ ËÎË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ / ‡ Ë ‰. ç was sitting still, with his eyes closed.fi éÌ ÒˉÂÎ ÌÂÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌÓ, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ / ‡ / Ë „·Á‡ Â„Ó ·˚ÎË Á‡Í˚Ú˚. She was reading a book, her hands being on the table.fi é̇ ˜Ëڇ· ÍÌË„Û. êÛÍË Â ÎÂʇÎË Ì‡ ÒÚÓÎÂ.

èËϘ‡ÌËfl:

ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÙÓχ è˘‡ÒÚËfl I, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÓÚ „·„Ó· to be, ‚ Ó·ÓÓÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl, ÌÓ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl: Lunch (being) over, we went on reading.fi é·Â‰ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÎÒfl, Ë Ï˚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÎË ˜ÚÂÌËÂ. I found him waiting, with his wife (being) upstairs, (Ó·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: with ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë being )fi ü ӷ̇ÛÊËÎ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ê‰‡Î ÏÂÌfl, ‡ ÊÂ̇ Â„Ó ·˚· ̇‚ÂıÛ. ‚ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ÓÚ‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl frankly speaking fi ˜ÂÒÚÌÓ „Ó‚Ófl / generally speaking fi ‚ÓÓ·˘Â „Ó‚Ófl / strictly speaking fi ÒÚÓ„Ó „Ó‚Ófl, Ì fl‚Îfl˛˘ËÂÒfl ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚Ï Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚Ï Ó·ÓÓÚÓÏ, ÌÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ë ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‚‚Ó‰ÌÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓ ‚ÒÂÏÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ˲: 100

Frankly speaking, I don't like your wife very much.fi óÂÒÚÌÓ „Ó‚Ófl, ÏÌ Ì ӘÂ̸ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl Ú‚Ófl ÊÂ̇. èËÏÂ˚: Ò‡‚ÌËÚ ‚‡ˇÌÚ˚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Ô˘‡ÒÚËÈ Ë Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ: 1. He went out and he was seen walking in the park.fi éÌ ‚˚¯ÂÎ ËÁ ‰Óχ, Ë ‚ˉÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ, Í‡Í ÓÌ ·Ó‰ËÚ ÔÓ Ô‡ÍÛ.fi ç went out, and they saw that he was walking in the park. 2. I noticed her smoking in the garden.fi ü Á‡ÏÂÚËÎ, Í‡Í Ó̇ ÍÛË· ‚ Ò‡‰Û.fi I noticed that she was smoking in the garden. 3. They sat down on a fallen tree.fi éÌË ÔËÒÂÎË Ì‡ ÔÓ‚‡ÎÂÌÌÓ ‰Â‚Ó.fi They sat down on a tree, which had fallen. 4. She loved all these singing boys and girls.fi é̇ β·Ë· ‚ÒÂı ˝ÚËı ÔÓ˛˘Ëı χθ˜ËÍÓ‚ Ë ‰Â‚Ó˜ÂÍ.fi She loved all these boys and girls who were singing. 5. Shocked by her beauty, I couldn't sleep that night.fi Ç ÚÛ ÌÓ˜¸ fl Ì ÏÓ„ ÛÒÌÛÚ¸, ÔÓÚflÒÂÌÌ˚È Â Í‡ÒÓÚÓÈ.fi I couldn't sleep that night, because her beauty was a shock for me.¤ I couldn't sleep that night, because I was shocked by her beauty. 6. Reading this newspaper you will be laughing.fi óËÚ‡fl ˝ÚÛ „‡ÁÂÚÛ, Ú˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ ÒÏÂflÚ¸Òfl.fi You will be laughing when you are reading this newspaper. 7. Having smoked one more cigar, I decided to leave.fi Ç˚ÍÛË‚ ¢ ӉÌÛ ÒË„‡Û, fl ¯ËÎ ÛıÓ‰ËÚ¸.fi After I had smoked one more cigar I decided to leave. 8. Having been asked a lot of questions, she was shown to the doctor.fi ÖÈ Á‡‰‡ÎË ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚, ‡ ÔÓÚÓÏ ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎË ‚‡˜Û.fi After she had been asked a lot of questions they showed her to the doctor. 9. He is a man loved by everyone.fi éÌ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ˜ÚÓ Â„Ó ‚Ò β·flÚ.fi ç is such a man that everyone loves him.¤ He is a man who is loved by everyone. 10. Though being written in pencil, the letter is easy to make out.fi ïÓÚfl ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ Ë Ì‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÓ Í‡‡Ì‰‡¯ÓÏ, Â„Ó Î„ÍÓ ‡ÁÓ·‡Ú¸.fi The letter is easy to make out though it is written in pencil. 11.1 saw my wife coming out of the house.fi ü ۂˉÂÎ Ò‚Ó˛ ÊÂÌÛ, ‚˚ıÓ‰fl˘Û˛ ËÁ ‰Óχ.fi I saw my wife who was coming out of the house.

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íÂχ 9: ÉÂÛ̉ËÈ / Gerund. í‡ÍÓ„Ó ÔÓÌflÚËfl ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ. ÉÂÛ̉ËÈ — ˝ÚÓ ÌÂ΢̇fl ÙÓχ „·„Ó·, ӷ·‰‡˛˘‡fl Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË „·„Ó· Ë Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (˝ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌÓ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‡Á΢‡Ú¸ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÙÓÏ˚ „ÂÛ̉Ëfl Ë è˘‡ÒÚËfl I). ÉÂÛ̉ËÈ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Í‡Í Ì‡Á‚‡ÌË ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚Ò„‰‡ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (˜ÚÓ? / Ò ˜ÂÏ? / ÓÚ ˜Â„Ó? / ̇ ˜ÂÏ? / ‰Îfl ˜Â„Ó? / ...). ÉÂÛ̉ËË Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ -ing Í ÙÓÏ Infinitive Ë ËÏÂÂÚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÙÓÏ, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ÔÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÙÓÏ‡Ï Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ë ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘Ëı Ò ÙÓχÏË è˘‡ÒÚËfl I: Active Passive

Indefinite ~ ~ ~ ing being ~ ~ ~ ed(3)

Perfect having ~ ~ ~ ed(3) having been ~ ~ ~ ed(3)

é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÙÓÏ˚ Continuous; -ing ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Í ÔÂ‚ÓÏÛ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ „·„ÓÎÛ. Ç Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ÙÓÏ „ÂÛ̉Ëfl Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ÛÊ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚Â Ì‡Ï ÔËÁ̇ÍË ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË: Á‡ÎÓ„ Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. éÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔËÁÌ‡Í ‚ÂÏÂÌË, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ: ÙÓÏ˚ Indefinite (Active / Passive) Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÂ Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï (ÔÓÒΠÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ — ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl Í ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏÛ), ËÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ì ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ÂÂÒfl ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ ÌË Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ÙÓÏ˚ Perfect (Active / Passive) Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Â ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï: Smoking is bad for health.fi äÛÂÌË (ÂÒÚ¸) ‚‰ÌÓ ‰Îfl Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl. She doesn't like being looked at.fi é̇ Ì β·ËÚ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ̇ Ì ÒÏÓÚflÚ. I called them to say about my having arrived.fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎ ËÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ fl ÔËÂı‡Î. Without having been seen we entered the house.fi å˚ ‚Ó¯ÎË ‚ ‰ÓÏ Ú‡Í, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Ò Ì Á‡ÏÂÚËÎË. ç insists on our coming back.fi éÌ Ì‡Òڇ˂‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ï˚ ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚËÎËÒ¸. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ ÔÂ‚ÂÒÚË „ÂÛ̉ËË Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜Ë‚ ̇Á‚‡ÌË ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï (smoking fi ÍÛÂÌË / singing fi ÔÂÌË .Ë Ú.‰.), ÌÓ Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÈ ÙÓÏ˚. ä‡Í ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı? Ç˚¯Â Ï˚ ÛÊ ÓÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ̇ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜Ì˚È, "‰Îfl Ò·fl", ˝Ú‡Ô ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚Ì˚Ï. àÒıÓ‰fl ËÁ ˝ÚÓ„Ó, fl Ô‰·„‡˛ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ: ̇ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜ÌÓÏ ˝Ú‡Ô ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ ÌÂÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÙÓÏ˚ ÒÎÓ‚ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ (smiling fi ÛÎ˚·‡ÌË / eating fi ‰ÂÌËÂ Ë Ú.‰.), Ì ÔÓÔÛÒ͇fl Ëı, ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, ‰‡Î¸¯Â Ò‚ÓÂÈ „ÓÎÓ‚˚. èÓθÁÛflÒ¸ Ú‡ÍËÏ ÔËÂÏÓÏ, Ï˚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÏ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ÌÂÔË„Ó‰ÌÓ ‰Îfl ÌÓχθÌÓ„Ó ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÌÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÓÌflÚÂÌ. èÓÒΠ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Î˯¸ ÔÓÒÚÓËÚ¸ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÔÂ‚‰ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÌÓχÏË ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇. ç‡ÔËÏÂ: His loving women was known to the whole town.fi èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í: 1. ÔÓθÁÛflÒ¸ Á̇ÌËÂÏ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚ (ÒÏ. ê‡Á‰ÂÎ III, ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ing), ‚˚flÒÌflÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ loving ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ËÏÂÌÌÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ, ‡ Ì Ô˘‡ÒÚË ËÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ Â˘Â; 2. loving ÓÚ love (β·ËÚ¸) — ̇Á‚‡ÌË ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡fi "β·ÎÂÌËÂ"; 3. (‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Â): Ö„Ó Î˛·ÎÂÌË (ÍÓ„Ó? /˜Â„Ó?) ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ ·˚ÎÓ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ ‚ÒÂÏÛ „ÓÓ‰Û, (ÔË ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓÏ ÔÂ‚Ӊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Â, ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë Ò‡ÁÛ Á‡ „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ, ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ, ıÓÚfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ Ô‰ÎÓ„ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ (of) ÔÓÒΠ„ÂÛ̉Ëfl Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl); 4. ÓÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡: Ö„Ó Î˛·Ó‚¸ / ÒÚ‡ÒÚ¸ Í ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ‡Ï ·˚· ËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇ ‚ÒÂÏÛ „ÓÓ‰Û. / é Â„Ó ÒÚ‡ÒÚË Í ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ‡Ï Á̇Π‚ÂÒ¸ „ÓÓ‰. / ÇÂÒ¸ „ÓÓ‰ Á̇Î, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ·‡·ÌËÍ. èÓÒÚ‡fl ÙÓχ „ÂÛ̉Ëfl (Active Indefinite Gerund) ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ÏË, ÌÓ ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó — ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ „·„Ó· ËÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï: Reading has not begun yet.fi óÚÂÌË ¢ Ì ̇˜‡ÎÓÒ¸. / óËÚ‡Ú¸ ¢ Ì ̇˜‡ÎË. ç called me before leaving.fi éÌ Á‚ÓÌËÎ ÏÌ ÔÂ‰ ÓÚ˙ÂÁ‰ÓÏ. / éÌ Á‚ÓÌËÎ ÏÌ ÔÂ‰ ÚÂÏ, Í‡Í ÛÂı‡Ú¸. She likes swimming.fi é̇ β·ËÚ Ô·‚‡Ú¸. / ÖÈ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl Ô·‚‡ÌËÂ. Walking is good for health.fi ïÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ô¯ÍÓÏ ÔÓÎÂÁÌÓ ‰Îfl' Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl. / ïÓ‰¸·‡ ÔÓÎÂÁ̇ ‰Îfl Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl. 102

ëÎÓÊÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÔÓ˜ÚË ‚Ò„‰‡ ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒΉÛÂÚ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ ÔËÁ̇ÍË, Á‡ÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ÚÛ ËÎË ËÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ: ç regretted now having written this letter. — (having written (Perfect) — "̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ", ÍÓÚÓÓ Á‡‚Â¯ËÎÓÒ¸ ‡Ì¸¯Â)fi íÂÔÂ¸ ÓÌ ÒÓʇÎÂÎ, ˜ÚÓ (‡Ì¸¯Â) ̇ÔË҇Π˝ÚÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ. We entered the house without being seen. — (being seen (Passive) — "‚ˉÂÌËÂ", ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ̇ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ; without being seen fi "·ÂÁ ‚ˉÂÌËfl" — Ì‡Ò ÌÂ. ‚ˉÂÎË)fi çËÍÚÓ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ, Í‡Í Ï˚ ‚Ó¯ÎË ‚ ‰ÓÏ. (‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â „ÂÛ̉ËÈ Û‰Ó·Ì ӷÓÁ̇˜ËÚ¸ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï „·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl) /¤ å˚ ‚Ó¯ÎË ‚ ‰ÓÏ ÌÂÁ‡Ï˜ÂÌÌ˚ÏË. ç liked neither inviting people nor being invited.fi éÌ Ì β·ËÎ ÌË Ò‡Ï Ô˄·¯‡Ú¸, ÌË ·˚Ú¸ Ô˄·¯ÂÌÌ˚Ï. / ÖÏÛ Ì Ì‡‚ËÎÓÒ¸ Ô˄·¯‡Ú¸ β‰ÂÈ Ò‡ÏÓÏÛ, Ë ÍÓ„‰‡ Ô˄·¯‡ÎË Â„Ó — ÚÓÊ Ì Ì‡‚ËÎÓÒ¸. èÓÒΠÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ (to want fi ıÓÚÂÚ¸ / to need fi ÌÛʉ‡Ú¸Òfl / to require fi Ú·ӂ‡Ú¸ / to deserve fi Á‡ÒÎÛÊË‚‡Ú¸, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÓÒΠ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl to be worth fi ÒÚÓËÚ¸) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÙÓχ Active Indefinite Gerund, ÌÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ̇ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ: Our children want washing.fi ç‡¯Ë ‰ÂÚË ıÓÚflÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ëı ÔÓÏ˚ÎË. The car needed painting.fi 凯ËÌÛ ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ Í‡ÒËÚ¸ (ÌÛʉ‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ ÔÓÍ‡ÒÍÂ). They were not worth helping.fi àÏ Ì ÒÚÓËÎÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸. èË Ì‡Î˘ËË ÔÂ‰ „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ó‚ after / on / upon Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Â ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï, ÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÙÓχ Indefinite Gerund: After his coming back she locked the door.fi èÓÒÎÂ Â„Ó ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl Ó̇ Á‡Í˚· ‰‚Â¸ ̇ Íβ˜. On / Upon seeing me he took his hand off the table.fi ì‚ˉ‚ ÏÂÌfl, ÓÌ Û·‡Î ÛÍÛ ÒÓ ÒÚÓ·. ÖÒÎË ÔÂ‰ „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ ÒÚÓËÚ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ËÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ (ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ), ÚÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÏÓ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓÏ, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌ˚Ï ˝ÚËÏ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï. í‡ÍË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ÔÂ‚ӉflÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl Í „·‚ÌÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ /ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ë Ú.Ô.: Do you mind my smoking here?fi Ç˚ Ì ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡ÂÚ ÔÓÚË‚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ fl ÍÛËÎ Á‰ÂÒ¸? / ..., ÂÒÎË fl Á‡ÍÛ˛ Á‰ÂÒ¸? I didn't know anything about mother's coming back on Sunday.fi ü ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÁÌ‡Î Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡Ï‡ ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ‚ÓÒÍÂÒÂ̸Â. We heard of the house being sold.fi å˚ ÒÎ˚¯‡ÎË Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ ÔÓ‰‡Ì. ÉÂÛ̉ËÈ ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı, Û͇Á˚‚‡fl ̇ ̇Á̇˜ÂÌË (‰Îfl ˜Â„Ó?) Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚Ó ‚ÚÓÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó: dining-room fi ÒÚÓÎÓ‚‡fl (ÍÓÏ̇ڇ ‰Îfl ˜Â„Ó?); writing-paper fi ÔËÒ˜‡fl ·Ûχ„‡ / ·Ûχ„‡ ‰Îfl ÔËҸχ; fishing-boat fi ˚·‡ˆÍ‡fl ÎӉ͇ Ë ‰. é‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚÂÈ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ó˜Â̸ ·ÎËÁÓÍ Í ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚Û, ‡ ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÌÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ÙÓχ „·„Ó·, Ï˚ Ô‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÂÏ ÔË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ò ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˝ÚÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ, ıÓÚfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ì ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚, ‡ ËÌÓ„‰‡ — ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÚÓθÍÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ ËÎË Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. ê‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ Ú‡ÍË ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ÔÓ „ÛÔÔ‡Ï: ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚, Ú‡Í Ë „ÂÛ̉ËÈ: to begin fi ̇˜Ë̇ڸ / ̇˜‡Ú¸; to cease fi ÔÂÍ‡˘‡Ú¸ / ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸; to continue fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ / ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸; can / cannot afford fi ÏÓ˜¸ / Ì ÏÓ˜¸ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÚ¸ (Ò·Â); to fear fi ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl; to forget fi Á‡·˚‚‡Ú¸ / Á‡·˚Ú¸; to hate fi ÌÂ̇‚ˉÂÚ¸; to intend fi ̇ÏÂ‚‡Ú¸Òfl; to like fi Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl; 103

to dislike fi Ì Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl; to neglect fi ÔÂÌ·„‡Ú¸ / Ì ӷ‡˘‡Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÌËfl; to prefer fi Ô‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ / Ô‰ÔÓ˜ÂÒÚ¸; to propose fi Ô‰·„‡Ú¸ / ‰Â·ڸ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ; to remember fi ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸; to start fi ̇˜Ë̇ڸ / ̇˜‡Ú¸; to stop fi ÔÂÍ‡˘‡Ú¸ / ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ / ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl: They began smoking / to smoke.fi éÌË Ì‡˜‡ÎË ÍÛËÚ¸. The plane started going / to go down.fi ë‡ÏÓÎÂÚ Ì‡˜‡Î ÒÌËʇڸÒfl. What do you intend doing / to do?fi óÂÏ Ú˚ ÒÓ·Ë‡Â¯¸Òfl Á‡ÌflÚ¸Òfl? They hate working / to work.fi éÌË ÌÂ̇‚ˉflÚ ‡·ÓÚÛ. She proposed leaving / to leave in an hour.fi é̇ Ô‰ÎÓÊË· ÛÈÚË ˜ÂÂÁ ˜‡Ò. She likes reading / to read.fi ÖÈ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸.

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to forget Ë to prefer „ÂÛ̉ËÈ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ „ÛÎflÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: Don't forget locking the door.fi He Á‡·˚‚‡È Á‡Í˚‚‡Ú¸ ‰‚Â¸ ̇ Á‡ÏÓÍ. I prefer staying at home.fi ü Ô‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡˛ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Óχ. q ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ — Ó‰ÌÓ‡ÁÓ‚Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: Don't forget to lock the door.fi He Á‡·Û‰¸ Á‡Í˚Ú¸ ‰‚Â¸ ̇ Á‡ÏÓÍ. I preferred to stay at home.fi ü Ô‰ÔÓ˜ÂÎ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Óχ. q ÔÓÒΠcan / cannot afford ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ò·Â: I cannot afford to see him again.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÚ¸ Ò· ÒÌÓ‚‡ ۂˉÂÚ¸ „Ó. q „ÂÛ̉ËÈ — ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ: We couldn't afford their seeing him again.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌË ÒÌÓ‚‡ ۂˉÂÎËÒ¸ Ò ÌËÏ. q ÔÓÒΠto remember ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ / Ì Á‡·˚Ú¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ: She remembered to buy matches.fi é̇ Ì Á‡·˚· (ÔÓÏÌË·) ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÒÔ˘ÍË. q „ÂÛ̉ËÈ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Í‡ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ·˚ÎÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ: She remembered buying matches.fi é̇ ÔÓÏÌË·, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÍÛԇ· ÒÔ˘ÍË. q ÔÓÒΠto fear ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ò‡Ï: I fear to go there.fi ü (Ò‡Ï) ·Ó˛Ò¸ ˉÚË ÚÛ‰‡. q „ÂÛ̉ËÈ — ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ˜ÚÓ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ: ç fears my going there.fi éÌ ·ÓËÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ fl ÔÓÈ‰Û ÚÛ‰‡. q ÔÓÒΠto stop „ÂÛ̉ËÈ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: They stopped smoking.fi éÌË ÔÂÂÒÚ‡ÎË ÍÛËÚ¸. q ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: They stopped to smoke.fi éÌË ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸ (,˜ÚÓ·˚) ÔÓÍÛËÚ¸. ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ (ÂÒÎË Á‡ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÂÏ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„) ËÎË „ÂÛ̉ËÈ (ÂÒÎË Á‡ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÂÏ ÒÚÓËÚ Ô‰ÎÓ„): q

to be afraid (of) fi ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl / ·˚Ú¸ ̇ÔÛ„‡ÌÌ˚Ï; to be amused (at) fi ÔÓÁ‡·‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl; to be annoyed (at) fi ·˚Ú¸ ‡Á‰‡ÊÂÌÌ˚Ï / ‡Á‰ÓÒ‡‰Ó‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï; to be ashamed (of) fi ÒÚ˚‰ËÚ¸Òfl; to be astonished (at/by) fi ۉ˂ËÚ¸Òfl / ·˚Ú¸ ۉ˂ÎÂÌÌ˚Ï; to be careful (in) fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌ˚Ï / ÓÒÚÓÓÊÌ˚Ï Ë ‰Û„Ë (ÒÏ. ÌËÊÂ). ꘸ Ó· ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË „ÂÛ̉Ëfl ËÎË ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡ ‚ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ˉÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ; ˝ÚË Ê ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËflÏË Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË / ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË), ‡ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÂÌfl˛ÚÒfl: to be afraid (of): I am afraid to call him. / I am afraid of calling him.fi ü ·Ó˛Ò¸ ÂÏÛ Á‚ÓÌËÚ¸. 104

Don't be afraid of me.fi He ·ÓÈÒfl ÏÂÌfl. to be amused (at): He was amused to see them together. / He was amused at seeing them together.fi Ö„Ó Á‡·‡‚ÎflÎÓ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ‚ˉÂÎ Ëı ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ. ç was amused at / by that story.fi Ö„Ó ÔÓÁ‡·‡‚ËÎ ˝ÚÓÚ ‡ÒÒ͇Á. to be annoyed (at): She was annoyed not to be called. / She was annoyed at not being called.fi é̇ ÌÂ‚Ì˘‡Î‡ ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÂÈ Ì Á‚ÓÌËÎË. She was annoyed at / with children.fi é̇ ·˚· ‡Á‰‡ÊÂ̇ (ÌÂ‚Ì˘‡Î‡) ËÁ-Á‡ ‰ÂÚÂÈ. to be ashamed (of): They were ashamed to be late. / They were ashamed of being late.fi àÏ ·˚ÎÓ ÒÚ˚‰ÌÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÎË. They were ashamed of themselves.fi àÏ ·˚ÎÓ ÒÚ˚‰ÌÓ Á‡ Ò‡ÏËı Ò·fl. to be astonished (at): I was astonished to see him again. / I was astonished at seeing him again.fi ü ·˚Πۉ˂ÎÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÌÓ‚‡ ‚ËÊÛ Â„Ó. I was not astonished at / by the information.fi åÂÌfl Ì ۉ˂Ë· ˝Ú‡ ËÌÙÓχˆËfl. to be careful (in): You must be careful to do this. / You must be careful in doing this.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ÓÒÚÓÓÊÂÌ, ‰Â·fl ˝ÚÓ. You must be careful about / of these things.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ÓÒÚÓÓÊÂÌ Ò ˝ÚËÏË ‚¢‡ÏË. * to be certain (about / of) fi ·˚Ú¸ Û‚ÂÂÌÌ˚Ï é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌ˚ı (*), ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ, ‡ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ — Í ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ˜ÎÂÌÛ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ: They are certain to help us.fi éÌË, ÌÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌÓ, ÔÓÏÓ„ÛÚ Ì‡Ï.¤ We are certain about / of their helping us.fi å˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ˚, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÔÓÏÓ„ÛÚ Ì‡Ï. We are certain of / about this.fi å˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ˚ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. * to be content (with) fi ·˚Ú¸ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌ˚Ï: She will be content to go there with us.fi é̇ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰Ó‚Óθ̇, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓȉÂÚ ÚÛ‰‡ Ò Ì‡ÏË.¤ She will be content with our taking her there.fi é̇ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰Ó‚Óθ̇, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ‚ÓÁ¸ÏÂÏ ÂÂ Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ. She will be content with our present.fi éχ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰Ó‚Óθ̇ ̇¯ËÏ ÔÓ‰‡ÍÓÏ. to be determined (in / on / upon) fi Ú‚Â‰Ó ¯ËÚ¸ / ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓÎÌ˚Ï ¯ËÏÓÒÚË: I'm determined to speak to them.fi ü Ú‚Â‰Ó ¯ËÎ ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ò ÌËÏË. She was determined in defending herself.fi é̇ ·˚· ÔÓÎ̇ ¯ËÏÓÒÚË Ì ‰‡Ú¸ Ò·fl ‚ ӷˉÛ. They were determined on / upon proving her innocence.fi éÌË Ú‚Â‰Ó ¯ËÎË ‰Ó͇Á‡Ú¸  ̂ËÌÓ‚ÌÓÒÚ¸. ç is not determined on the date as yet.fi éÌ Â˘Â Ì ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÎÒfl ̇ҘÂÚ ÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ‰‡Ú˚. to be fortunate (in) fi ÔÓ‚ÂÁÚË (Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl): I am fortunate to have such a good car. / I am fortunate in having such a good car.fi åÌ ÔÓ‚ÂÁÎÓ, ˜ÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl ڇ͇fl ıÓÓ¯‡fl χ¯Ë̇. * to be furious (about / over) fi ‡ÁÓÁÎËÚ¸Òfl / ‡Á„Ì‚‡Ú¸Òfl: He was furious to see me with her.fi éÌ ‡Á„Ì‚‡ÎÒfl, ۂˉ‚ ÏÂÌfl Ò ÌÂÈ. ç was furious about / over their coming late.fi éÌ ‡Á„Ì‚‡ÎÒfl ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ô˯ÎË ÔÓÁ‰ÌÓ. ç was furious with me.fi éÌ ‡Á„Ì‚‡ÎÒfl ̇ ÏÂÌfl. * to be happy (about) fi ·˚Ú¸ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚˚Ï / ‡‰Ó‚‡Ú¸Òfl: She won't be happy to help us.fi ÖÈ Ì ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡‰ÓÒÚË ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ̇Ï. She won't be happy about our leaving.fi ÖÈ Ì ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡‰ÓÒÚË ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ÛÂÁʇÂÏ. Is she happy with her life?fi é̇ Ò˜‡ÒÚÎË‚‡? * to be keen (on) fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï: I am keen to buy a new house.fi ü Ó˜Â̸ Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. I am keen on their buying a new house.fi ü Ó˜Â̸ Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌË ÍÛÔËÎË ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. I'm keen on her.fi ü Ó˜Â̸ Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ÌÂÈ. 105

to be proud (of) fi „Ó‰ËÚ¸Òfl: I am proud to help you. / I am proud of helping you.fi ü „ÓÊÛÒ¸ ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ Ú·Â. I am proud of you.fi ü „ÓÊÛÒ¸ ÚÓ·ÓÈ. * to be right (in — ÂÒÎË Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏ / about - ÂÒÎË Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ ÎˈÂ) fi Ó͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl / ·˚Ú¸ Ô‡‚˚Ï: You were right to stay at home. / You were right in staying at home.fi í˚ ·˚Î Ô‡‚, ˜ÚÓ ÓÒÚ‡ÎÒfl ‰Óχ. You were right about their staying at home.fi í˚ ·˚Î Ô‡‚ — ÓÌË ÓÒÚ‡ÎËÒ¸ ‰Óχ. You were right about this.fi í˚ Ó͇Á‡ÎÒfl Ô‡‚ ̇ҘÂÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó. to be scared (of) fi ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl / ·˚Ú¸ ̇ÔÛ„‡ÌÌ˚Ï: She is scared to smoke.fi é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl ÍÛËÚ¸. She is scared of coming here.fi é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl ÔËÂÁʇڸ Ò˛‰‡. Don't be scared of me.fi He ÔÛ„‡ÈÒfl ÏÂÌfl. to be selfish (in) fi ·˚Ú¸ ˝„ÓËÒÚ˘Ì˚Ï / Ò‡ÏÓ̇‰ÂflÌÌ˚Ï: He is too selfish to think of that.fi éÌ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ Ò‡ÏÓ̇‰ÂflÌ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰Ûχڸ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ. You are selfish in striving for power.fi í˚ ˝„ÓËÒÚ˘ÂÌ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÒÚÂÏÎÂÌËË Í ‚·ÒÚË. Your husband is selfish in his behaviour towards his sister.fi í‚ÓÈ ÏÛÊ ‚‰ÂÚ Ò·fl ˝„ÓËÒÚ˘ÌÓ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚÂ. to be set fi ·˚Ú¸ ̇ÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚Ï (against fi ÔÓÚË‚ / for fi Á‡): We are set to leave. / We are set for leaving.fi å˚ ̇ÒÚÓÂÌ˚ ÛÂı‡Ú¸. We are set against leaving.fi å˚ ̇ÒÚÓÂÌ˚ ÔÓÚË‚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÛÂÁʇڸ. We are set for you.fi å˚ Á‡ Ú·fl. We are set against him.fi å˚ ÔÓÚË‚ Ì„Ó. to be slow (at / in) fi ·˚Ú¸ ωÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï / ωÎËÚ¸ (Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl): You are slow to react.¤ You are slow at / in reacting.fi ì Ú·fl ÔÎÓı‡fl ‡͈Ëfl. / í˚ ωÎÂÌÌÓ ‡„ËÛ¯¸. to be quick (at) fi ·˚Ú¸ ·˚ÒÚ˚Ï: He is quick to understand new rules. / He is quick at understanding new rules.fi éÌ ·˚ÒÚÓ ÔÓÌËχÂÚ / Òı‚‡Ú˚‚‡ÂÚ ÌÓ‚˚ Ô‡‚Ë·. ç is quick about it.fi éÌ ·˚ÒÚÓ ÒÔ‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ò ˝ÚËÏ. ç is quick with his hands.fi éÌ ·˚ÒÚÓ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ Û͇ÏË. to be sorry (for) fi ËÁ‚ËÌflÚ¸Òfl: I am sorry to interrupt you.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ·˂‡˛ ‚‡Ò. / àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, fl ÔÂ·¸˛ ‚‡Ò. (ıÓ˜Û ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ / ÒÔÓÒËÚ¸) I am sorry to have interrupted you.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ·ËÎ ‚‡Ò. (ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ) I am sorry for being late.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Î. I'm sorry about this.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡Í ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸. * to be sure (of — ÂÒÎË Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏ / about — ÂÒÎË Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ ÎˈÂ) fi ·˚Ú¸ Û‚ÂÂÌÌ˚Ï; Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ / ̇‚ÂÌfl͇: ç is sure to come.fi éÌ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÔˉÂÚ. / ü Û‚ÂÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ. Are you sure of being invited?fi í˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ Ô˄·¯ÂÌ? Are you sure about their being invited?fi í˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ô˄·¯ÂÌ˚? Are you sure about this?fi í˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ? Are you sure of success?fi í˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ ‚ ÛÒÔÂıÂ? to be surprised (at) fi ·˚Ú¸ ۉ˂ÎÂÌÌ˚Ï: She was surprised to see me. / She was surprised at seeing me.fi é̇ ·˚· ۉ˂ÎÂ̇, ˜ÚÓ ‚ˉËÚ ÏÂÌfl. She was surprised at the news.fi é̇ ·˚· ۉ˂ÎÂ̇ ˝ÚÓÈ ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚ¸˛. * to be touched (at — ÂÒÎË Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏ /by — ÂÒÎË Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ ÎˈÂ) fi ·˚Ú¸ ÚÓÌÛÚ˚Ï / ÔÓÌËÍÌÛÚ¸Òfl ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÓÏ: I was touched to find them in the room. / I was touched at finding them in the room.fi ü ·˚Î ÚÓÌÛÚ ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ó·Ì‡ÛÊËÎ Ëı ‚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ. I was touched by their visiting me.fi ü ·˚Î ÚÓÌÛÚ ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ì‡‚ÂÒÚËÎË ÏÂÌfl. She was touched by my tears.fi é̇ ·˚· ÚÓÌÛÚ‡ ÏÓËÏË ÒÎÂÁ‡ÏË. * to be wrong (in — ÂÒÎË Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏ / about — ÂÒÎË Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ ÎˈÂ) fi ӯ˷‡Ú¸Òfl (ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ to be right in / about): You were wrong to stay at home. / You were wrong in staying at home.fi í˚ Ó͇Á‡ÎÒfl ÌÂÔ‡‚, ˜ÚÓ ÓÒÚ‡ÎÒfl ‰Óχ. 106

You were wrong about their staying at home.fi í˚ Ó͇Á‡ÎÒfl ÌÂÔ‡‚ — ÓÌË Ì ÓÒÚ‡ÎËÒ¸ ‰Óχ. — What's wrong with you? — Nothing is wrong with me.fi — óÚÓ Ò ÚÓ·ÓÈ (ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸)? — ëÓ ÏÌÓÈ ‚Ò ‚ ÔÓfl‰Í / ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸. * to be pleased (displeased) at / about / by fi ·˚Ú¸ ÔËflÚÌ˚Ï (ÌÂÔËflÚÌ˚Ï): I am pleased to meet you. fi èËflÚÌÓ Ò ‚‡ÏË ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl. I'm pleased at / about / by your coming.fi åÌ ÔËflÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ Ô˯ÎË. Are you displeased at / about / by their not having helped us?fi Ç‡Ï ÌÂÔËflÚÌÓ ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ì ÔÓÏÓ„ÎË Ì‡Ï? I am pleased with you.fi í˚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl¯¸ ÏÌ ۉӂÓθÒÚ‚ËÂ. to be good (at) fi ıÓÓ¯Ó (Ò ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ); ·˚Ú¸ ÛÏÂÎ˚Ï (Ò „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ): It is good to be back at home.fi ïÓÓ¯Ó ÒÌÓ‚‡ ·˚Ú¸ ‰Óχ. I am not godd at driving.fi ü ÔÎÓıÓ ‚ÓÊÛ Ï‡¯ËÌÛ. ç is good at / in languages.fi ÖÏÛ ıÓÓ¯Ó ‰‡ÂÚÒfl ËÁÛ˜ÂÌË flÁ˚ÍÓ‚. to be interested (in) fi ·˚Ú¸ ËÌÚÂÂÒÌ˚Ï (Ò ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ); ·˚Ú¸ Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï (Ò „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ): You will be interested to know that she is here again.fi í· ËÌÚÂÂÒÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÛÁ̇ڸ, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ ÒÌÓ‚‡ Á‰ÂÒ¸. Are you interested in buying a new house?fi í˚ Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ÔÓÍÛÔÍ ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó ‰Óχ? She is not interested in politics.fi Ö Ì ËÌÚÂÂÒÛÂÚ ÔÓÎËÚË͇. to be grateful (for) fi ·˚Ú¸ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡Ì˚Ï: He was grateful to be invited. / He was grateful for being invited.fi éÌ ·˚Î ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÂÌ Á‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Â„Ó Ô˄·ÒËÎË. ç was grateful to me for my help.fi éÌ ·˚Î ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÂÌ ÏÌ Á‡ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ: to be aware of fi Á̇ڸ / ·˚Ú¸ Ó҂‰ÓÏÎÂÌÌ˚Ï; to be busy in fi ·˚Ú¸ Á‡ÌflÚ˚Ï (‚); to be capable of fi ·˚Ú¸ ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚Ï (̇); to be fond of fi Ó˜Â̸ Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl; to be guilty of fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ËÌÓ‚‡Ú˚Ï (‚); to be indignant at fi Ì„Ӊӂ‡Ú¸; to be sensible of fi ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ / ÔÓÌËχڸ; to be severe in fi ·˚Ú¸ ÒÚÓ„ËÏ / ÒÛÓ‚˚Ï; to be worth fi ÒÚÓËÚ¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó Ò‰Â·ڸ: They are aware of our living together.fi éÌË Á̇˛Ú Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ÊË‚ÂÏ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ. I'm busy in looking for new ideas.fi ü Á‡ÌflÚ ÔÓËÒÍÓÏ ÌÓ‚˚ı ˉÂÈ. Are you capable of stopping them?fi í˚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÂÌ (̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚) ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸ Ëı? She Is fond of playing tennis.fi ÖÈ Ó˜Â̸ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl Ë„‡Ú¸ ‚ ÚÂÌÌËÒ. I am not guilty of being late.fi ü Ì ‚ËÌÓ‚‡Ú ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Î. ç will be indignant at their leaving so soon.fi éÌ ÔˉÂÚ ‚ Ì„Ӊӂ‡ÌË ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÛÂÁʇ˛Ú Ú‡Í ÒÍÓÓ. She was sensible of having made an awkward mistake.fi é̇ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î‡ / ÔÓÌËχ·, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÓÔÛÒÚË· ÓÔÎÓ¯ÌÓÒÚ¸. Don't be too severe in judging his behaviour.fi He ÒÛ‰Ë Â„Ó (Ôӂ‰ÂÌËÂ) ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÒÚÓ„Ó. That match was worth seeing.fi ùÚÓÚ Ï‡Ú˜ ÒÚÓËÎÓ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸. ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ: to avoid fi ËÁ·Â„‡Ú¸ / ËÁ·Âʇڸ; to burst out fi ‡Á‡ÁËÚ¸Òfl; to deny fi ÓÚˈ‡Ú¸; 107

to enjoy fi ̇Ò·ʉ‡Ú¸Òfl / ̇Ò·‰ËÚ¸Òfl; to excuse fi ËÁ‚ËÌflÚ¸ / ËÁ‚ËÌËÚ¸; to fancy fi Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl / Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ò· (‚ ‚ÓÒÍÎˈ‡ÌËflı); to finish fi Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡Ú¸ / Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÚ¸; to give up fi ÔÂÍ‡˘‡Ú¸ / ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸; to go on fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ / ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸; to keep (on) fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ; to mind fi ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡Ú¸ (‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÌËflı); to postpone fi ÓÚÎÓÊËÚ¸ / ÔÂÂÌÂÒÚË Ì‡ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÓÍ; to put off fi ÓÚÎÓÊËÚ¸ / ÔÂÂÌÂÒÚË Ì‡ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÓÍ; cannot help fi Ì ۉÂʇڸÒfl ÓÚ ...: ç avoided looking at us.fi éÌ ËÁ·Â„‡Î ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ̇ ̇Ò. They burst out laughing.fi éÌË ‡Á‡ÁËÎËÒ¸ ÒÏÂıÓÏ. She denied going there.fi é̇ ÓÚˈ‡Î‡, ˜ÚÓ ıӉ˷ ÚÛ‰‡. You will enjoy smoking this cigar.fi í˚ ÔÓÎۘ˯¸ Û‰Ó‚ÓθÒÚ‚Ë ÓÚ ˝ÚÓÈ ÒË„‡˚. Excuse my being late.fi èÓ¯Û ËÁ‚ËÌËÚ¸ ÏÂÌfl Á‡ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂ. We don't fancy doing it.fi ç‡Ï Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ˝ÚËÏ. Just fancy coming there!fi íÓθÍÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚¸ Ò·Â, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ÔÓ‰ÂÏ ÚÛ‰‡! When will you finish working?fi äÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ Á‡ÍÓ̘˯¸ ‡·ÓÚÛ? ç gave up eating in the evening.fi éÌ ÔÂÂÒÚ‡Î. ÂÒÚ¸ ÔÓ ‚˜Â‡Ï. Go on reading.fi èÓ‰ÓÎÊ‡È ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸. She kept (on) driving.fi é̇ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ· Âı‡Ú¸. Do you mind my helping you?fi Ç˚ Ì ÔÓÚË‚, ÂÒÎË fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û ‚‡Ï? I don't mind your smoking here.fi äÛËÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸, fl Ì ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡˛. They postponed / put off leaving because of the weather.fi éÌË ÓÚÎÓÊËÎË ÓÚ˙ÂÁ‰ ËÁ-Á‡ ÔÓ„Ó‰˚. She couldn't help smiling.fi é̇ Ì Ïӄ· Ò‰Âʇڸ ÛÎ˚·ÍÛ. ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ „·„ÓÎ˚ Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÏ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„‡ÏË ËÎË ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÓθÍÓ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ: to accuse of fi Ó·‚ËÌflÚ¸ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ...; to agree to fi Òӄ·ÒËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ...; to approve of fi Ó‰Ó·flÚ¸; to complain of fi ʇÎÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ...; to depend on / upon fi Á‡‚ËÒÂÚ¸ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ...; to feel like fi ÒÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl / ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ‚ Ò· Ê·ÌË ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ; to look like fi ÒÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ (Ó ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ‰Û„ÓÏ); to insist on fi ̇Òڇ˂‡Ú¸ ̇ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ...; to object to fi ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡Ú¸ ÔÓÚË‚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ...; to persist in fi ÛÔÓÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó; to prevent from fi Û‰Âʇڸ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ... / Ì ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ...; to rely on / upon fi ÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ...; to speak of fi „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ / ˜ÚÓ·˚ ...; to succeed in fi ‰Ó·ËÚ¸Òfl ÛÒÔÂı‡ ‚ (‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl); to thank for fi ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ËÚ¸ Á‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ...; 108

to think of fi ‰Ûχڸ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ / ˜ÚÓ·˚ ...; to give up the idea of fi ÓÚ͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ÓÚ Á‡ÚÂË Ò‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; to look forward to fi Ò ÌÂÚÂÔÂÌËÂÏ Ê‰‡Ú¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl; to miss the opportunity -of fi ÛÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; (not) to like the idea of fi (ÌÂ) Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl (Ó· ˉ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ): They accuse me of helping you.fi éÌË Ó·‚ËÌfl˛Ú ÏÂÌfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ fl ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛ Ú·Â. She didn't agree to coming here.fi é̇ Ì Òӄ·ÒË·Ҹ ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔËÈÚË Ò˛‰‡. Father approves of my learning English.fi éÚˆ Ó‰Ó·flÂÚ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ fl Û˜Û ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í. She never complains of being poor.fi é̇ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ʇÎÛÂÚÒfl ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ·Â‰Ì‡fl. Everything will depend on / upon their coming on time.fi ÇÒ ·Û‰ÂÚ Á‡‚ËÒÂÚ¸ ÓÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ÔˉÛÚ ÎË ÓÌË ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl. I feel like sleeping.fi (èÓıÓÊÂ,) åÂÌfl ÍÎÓÌËÚ ÍÓ ÒÌÛ. She looks like leaving.fi (èÓıÓÊÂ, ˜ÚÓ) é̇ ÒÓ·‡Î‡Ò¸ ÛıÓ‰ËÚ¸. They insist on our getting married.fi éÌË Ì‡Òڇ˂‡˛Ú ̇ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ï˚ ÔÓÊÂÌËÎËÒ¸. Do they object to my leaving him?fi éÌË ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡˛Ú ÔÓÚË‚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ fl ۯ· ÓÚ Ì„Ó? ç persisted in asking questions.fi éÌ ÛÔÓÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇΠÁ‡‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. Don't prevent me from buying this house.fi ü ‚ÒÂ‡‚ÌÓ ÍÛÔβ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ, Ì ÓÚ„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡È ÏÂÌfl. You may rely on / upon my coming back.fi ü ‚ÂÌÛÒ¸, ÏÓʯ¸ ̇ ÏÂÌfl ÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸Òfl. I can't speak of our having been seen there.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Ò ‚ˉÂÎË Ú‡Ï. ç succeeded in learning those rules.fi ÖÏÛ Û‰‡ÎÓÒ¸ / éÌ ÒÛÏÂÎ ‚˚Û˜ËÚ¸ Ú Ô‡‚Ë·. How can you suspect me of loving her?fi ä‡Í Ú˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓ‰ÓÁ‚‡Ú¸ ÏÂÌfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ fl β·Î˛ ÂÂ? I want to thank you for bringing this letter.fi ü ıÓ˜Û Ôӷ·„Ó‰‡ËÚ¸ Ú·fl Á‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ÔËÌÂÒ ˝ÚÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ. I often think of your leaving.fi ü ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‰Ûχ˛ Ó Ú‚ÓÂÏ ÓÚ˙ÂÁ‰Â. They gave up the idea of selling their car.fi éÌË ÓÚ͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ ÓÚ Ë‰ÂË ÔÓ‰‡Ú¸ Ò‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ. She looks forward to visiting Paris.fi é̇ Ò ÌÂÚÂÔÂÌËÂÏ Ê‰ÂÚ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÂı‡Ú¸ ‚ è‡ËÊ. Don't you like the idea of inviting him to our house?fi ê‡Á‚ Ú· Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ˉÂfl Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ Â„Ó ‚ ̇¯ ‰ÓÏ? ç won't miss the opportunity of buying several new books.fi éÌ Ì ÛÔÛÒÚËÚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÌÓ‚˚ı ÍÌË„. ç‡Ë·ÓΠÛÔÓÚ·ËÚÂθÌ˚ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë Ë Ô‰ÎÓÊÌ˚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl, ÔÓÒΠÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl „ÂÛ̉ËÈ: after / on / upon fi ÔÓÒΠ(ÚÓ„Ó, ͇Í); against fi ÔÓÚË‚ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚); apart / aside from fi ÔÓÏËÏÓ / ÍÓÏ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ); by fi ÔÛÚÂÏ / ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë; because of fi ËÁ-Á‡ / ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ); besides fi ÍÓÏÂ; before fi ÔÂ‰ (ÚÂÏ, ͇Í); from fi ËÁ / ÓÚ; for fear of fi ËÁ-Á‡ ÓÔ‡ÒÂÌËfl (, ˜ÚÓ); in fi ‚ (͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó Á‡ÌflÚËÈ); instead of fi ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚); of fi Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ó‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ; owing to fi ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl (ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ) / ËÁ-Á‡ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ); for the purpose of / with the object of / with a view to / with the view of (ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚Â) fi Ò ˆÂθ˛ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚); for the sake of fi ‡‰Ë (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚); subject to (ÓÙˈˇθÌÓÂ) fi ‚ (ÚÓÏ) ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË; 109

through fi ËÁ-Á‡ / ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ (ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ); without fi ·ÂÁ. They voted against / for accepting the plan.fi éÌË ÔÓ„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÎË ÔÓÚË‚ ÔËÌflÚËfl / Á‡ ÔËÌflÚË ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ô·̇. Apart / Aside from being too small, the dress doesn't suit me.fi äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ô·ڸ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ Ï‡ÎÓ, ÓÌÓ Â˘Â Ë Ì ˉÂÚ ÏÌÂ. By working hard he gained rapid promotion.fi ìÔÓÌÓ ‡·ÓÚ‡fl, ÓÌ ·˚ÒÚÓ ÔÓ‰‚Ë„‡ÎÒfl ÔÓ ÒÎÛÊ·Â. Because of / Owing to his wife's being there, I said nothing about it.fi ü ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì Ò͇Á‡Î Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡Ï ·˚· Â„Ó ÊÂ̇. ç drank two cups of tea before leaving.fi èÂ‰ ÛıÓ‰ÓÏ ÓÌ ‚˚ÔËÎ ‰‚ ˜‡¯ÍË ˜‡fl. The play was badly acted, besides being far too long.fi ÄÍÚÂ˚ Ë„‡ÎË ÔÎÓıÓ, ‡ ҇χ Ô¸ÂÒ‡ ·˚· ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ‡ÒÚflÌÛÚÓÈ. Wild fruit kept us from dying of starvation.fi ÑËÍÓ‡ÒÚÛ˘Ë ÙÛÍÚ˚ ÒÔ‡ÒÎË Ì‡Ò ÓÚ „ÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÏÂÚË. We spoke in whispers for fear of waking the baby.fi å˚ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡ÎË ¯ÂÔÓÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì ‡Á·Û‰ËÚ¸ ·ÂÌ͇. He's behind the others in reading.fi éÌ ÓÚÒÚ‡ÂÚ ÓÚ ‰Û„Ëı ‚ ˜ÚÂÌËË. Let's do something instead of lying here in bed.fi ч‚‡È ÎÛ˜¯Â Á‡ÈÏÂÏÒfl ͇ÍËÏ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‰ÂÎÓÏ, ˜ÂÏ ‚‡ÎflÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÍÓ‚‡ÚË. Let this accident be an object lesson in the dangers of drinking and driving.fi èÛÒÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë ÒÚ‡ÌÂÚ Ì‡„Îfl‰Ì˚Ï ÛÓÍÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓ ÔËÚ¸ Á‡ ÛÎÂÏ. We have forwarded your inquiry to our plant for the purposes of / with the object of / with a view to / with the view of finding out whether the machine can be altered according to your specification.fi å˚ ÔÂ‰‡ÔË Ç‡¯ Á‡ÔÓÒ Ì‡ ̇¯ Á‡‚Ó‰ Ò ˆÂθ˛ ‚˚flÒÌËÚ¸, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÎË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ÌÂÒÚË ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÓÌÒÚÛÍˆË˛ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÚ‡Ì͇ Òӄ·ÒÌÓ Ç‡¯ÂÈ ÒÔˆËÙË͇ˆËË. She argues for the sake of arguing.fi é̇ ÒÔÓËÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ‡‰Ë ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÔÓËÚ¸. This offer is subject to our being able to obtain an export licence.fi å˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ ÔËÌflÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÚÓθÍÓ ÔË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ̇ÏË ÎˈÂÌÁËË Ì‡ ˝ÍÒÔÓÚ. We missed the plane through being held up on the way.fi å˚ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÎË Ì‡ Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚ ËÁ-Á‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÔ‡ÎË ‚ ÔÓ·ÍÛ Ì‡ ‰ÓÓ„Â. You can't do this without being helped.fi í˚ Ì ÏÓʯ¸ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ ·ÂÁ ˜¸ÂÈ-ÎË·Ó / ÔÓÒÚÓÓÌÌÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë.

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íÂχ 10: á̇ÍË ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl / Punctuation marks. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ú Ê ҇Ï˚ Á̇ÍË ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl, ˜ÚÓ Ë ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ: ÚӘ͇, Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl, ÚӘ͇ Ò Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ, ÚËÂ, ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙ, ÒÍÓ·ÍË, ÏÌÓ„ÓÚÓ˜ËÂ, ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚È Ë ‚ÓÒÍÎˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚È Á̇ÍË, ‰ÂÙËÒ. Ç Ó·ÓËı flÁ˚͇ı ‡ÒÒÚ‡Ìӂ͇ Á̇ÍÓ‚ ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl ‚ ÚÂÍÒÚ „ÛÎËÛÂÚÒfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË Ô‡‚Ë·ÏË, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ô‡‚Ë· ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇˛Ú ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ë ÚÓÈ Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı Á̇ÍÓ‚ ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl. ÑÛ„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË, ıÓÓ¯‡fl ÔÛÌÍÚÛ‡ˆËfl — ˝ÚÓ ÛÏÂÌË ҉·ڸ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó ‚ ÌÛÊÌÓÏ ÏÂÒÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂθ ÏÓ„ ̇ËÎÛ˜¯ËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÔÓÌflÚ¸ ̇ÏÂÂÌËfl ‡‚ÚÓ‡ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡.

íӘ͇ (‡Ì„Î. fi Full Stop / ‡ÏÂ. fi Period). 1.

ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: ç was there. He saw everything.fi éÌ ·˚Î Ú‡Ï. éÌ ‚Ò ‚ˉÂÎ. 9. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ ÙÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, Ëϲ˘Â„Ó, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ÔÓÒ¸·˚: Would you please call him as soon as possible.fi èÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÂÏÛ Í‡Í ÏÓÊÌÓ ÒÍÓÂÈ. 10. é·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‡··‚ˇÚÛ˚ (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡): Prof.¤ Professor; Nov.¤ November; U.K.¤ United Kingdom

èËϘ‡ÌËfl:

ÚӘ͇ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ú‡Í Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ‡ÍÓÌËχı, Ú.Â. ÒÎÓ‚‡ı, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ËÁ ̇˜‡Î¸Ì˚ı ·ÛÍ‚ ‰Û„Ëı ÒÎÓ‚ ËÎË ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ÒÎÓ‚: UNESCO ¤ United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; NATO ¤ North Atlantic Treaty Organization ÂÒÎË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‡··‚ˇÚÛÓÈ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌÌÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍÓÈ, ÚÓ ˝Ú‡ Ê ÚӘ͇ ÒÎÛÊËÚ Ë ‰Îfl Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌËfl ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: ç will be here by 10 a.m.fi éÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Í ‰ÂÒflÚË ÛÚ‡. 11. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ‰ÂÒflÚ˘Ì˚ÏË Á͇̇ÏË ‚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı (˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl point): 54.5 per cent / 11.485 / 0.0001 /.45 12. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ·Óθ¯Ëı Ë ÏÂ̸¯Ëı ‰ÂÌÂÊÌ˚ı ‰ËÌˈ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚: $10.75 / ∑15.50 13. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ‚ÂÏÂÌË ‰Îfl ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ˜‡ÒÓ‚ Ë ÏËÌÛÚ: 6.45 a.m. (‡ÏÂ.: 6:45 a.m.)

á‡ÔflÚ‡fl (Comma). ë‡Ï˚Ï ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚Ï Ë, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, Ò‡Ï˚Ï ÚÛ‰Ì˚Ï ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl Á̇ÍÓÏ ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl Í‡Í ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl. àÏÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl ̇˷Óθ¯Â ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ‚‡ˇÌÚÓ‚ Ë ËÏÔÓ‚ËÁ‡ˆËÈ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ó·ÛÒÎÓ‚ÎË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ˝ۉˈËÂÈ ‡‚ÚÓ‡, Â„Ó ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌ˚Ï ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËÂÏ Ë ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÚÂÍÒÚÂ. éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Ï ÓÚ΢ËÂÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò ÛÒÒÍËÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚Ò„‰‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ÓÚ „·‚ÌÓ„Ó, ‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í — Ì ‚Ò„‰‡. ç ÓÚ‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ: Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ë / Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚ / ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Â: It is important that you should be here tomorrow.fi LJÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸ Á‡‚Ú‡. Our advice is that you should not smoke.fi 燯 ÒÓ‚ÂÚ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ Ì ÍÛËÎË. We insist that you call him immediately.fi å˚ ̇Òڇ˂‡ÂÏ Ì‡ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎË ÂÏÛ ÌÂωÎÂÌÌÓ. ¸ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÓÒΠ„·‚ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl (Ò‡‚ÌËÚ ÌËÊ — 4.): She told him everything when he went downstairs.fi é̇ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î‡ ÂÏÛ ‚ÒÂ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ ÒÔÛÒÚËÎÒfl ‚ÌËÁ. I had to finish my work earlier to help mother.fi åÌ Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÚ¸ Ò‚Ó˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓ‡Ì¸¯Â, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ χÏÂ. The police will take your car away if you park it here.fi èÓÎˈËfl Á‡·ÂÂÚ Ú‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ, ÂÒÎË Ú˚ ÔËÔ‡ÍÛ¯¸Òfl Á‰ÂÒ¸. ç‡Ë·ÓΠı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÈ ˜Ë: ¸

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àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Ó·‡˘ÂÌËfl: 111

Waiter, I'd like the menu, please.fi éÙˈˇÌÚ, ÔËÌÂÒËÚ ÏÂÌ˛, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. But mother, there is no one here.fi çÓ Ï‡Ï‡, Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ê ÌËÍÓ„Ó ÌÂÚ. 14. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl: Red, pink, yellow(,) and white flowers filled the vases.fi LJÁ˚ ·˚ÎË Ì‡ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ Í‡ÒÌ˚ÏË, ÓÁÓ‚˚ÏË, ÊÂÎÚ˚ÏË Ë ·ÂÎ˚ÏË ˆ‚ÂÚ‡ÏË. ç rose, went around the desk, leaned down(,) and kissed her lightly on the cheek.fi éÌ ‚ÒÚ‡Î, Ó·Ó¯ÂÎ ‚ÓÍÛ„ ÒÚÓ·, ̇ÍÎÓÌËÎÒfl Ë ÌÂÊÌÓ ÔÓˆÂÎÓ‚‡Î  ‚ ˘ÂÍÛ. ç eats, drinks(,) and talks too much.fi éÌ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó ÂÒÚ, Ô¸ÂÚ Ë „Ó‚ÓËÚ. é·‡ÚËÚ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ: ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl ÔÂ‰ and ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl, ÌÓ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ. 15. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl (Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ) ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl „·‚Ì˚ÏË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË, ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÒÓ˛Á‡ÏË and / as / but / ÓÚ Ë ‰. éÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ˝ÚÓÚ ÔËÂÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl, ÂÒÎË ÔÂ‚Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ‰ÎËÌÌÓÂ: You will confirm it(.) and I shall help you with the money.fi í˚ ÔÓ‰Ú‚Â‰Ë¯¸ ˝ÚÓ, ‡ fl ÔÓÏÓ„Û Ú· ÌÛÊÌÓÈ ÒÛÏÏÓÈ. They turned back to look at each other, and again she wondered if this man knew he was being cuckolded.fi éÌË Ó·ÂÌÛÎËÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ‰Û„ ̇ ‰Û„‡, Ë ÒÌÓ‚‡ ÂÈ ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Û Ô˯· ÒÚ‡‡fl Ï˚Òθ — ‡ Á̇ÂÚ ÎË ˝ÚÓÚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÊÂ̇ ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚ ÂÏÛ. The crowd sat stupefied (,) as the death dance whirled toward its climax.fi íÓÎÔ‡ Òˉ· Á‡‚ÓÓÊÂÌ̇fl, ‡ ڇ̈ ÒÏÂÚË ·Â¯ÂÌ˚Ï ‚ËıÂÏ ÔË·ÎËʇÎÒfl Í Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÍÛθÏË̇ˆËË. 16. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ë Ó·ÓÓÚÓ‚, ÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ÔÂ‰ „·‚Ì˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ: When he went downstairs, she told him everybody had gone to the tennis court.fi äÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ ÒÔÛÒÚËÎÒfl ‚ÌËÁ, Ó̇ ÒÓÓ·˘Ë· ÂÏÛ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ۯÎË Ì‡ ÚÂÌÌËÒÌ˚È ÍÓÚ. íÓ help mother, I had to finish my work earlier.fi óÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ χÚÂË, ÏÌ Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÚ¸ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓ‡Ì¸¯Â. Having called Sam, she immediately went to the airport.fi èÓÁ‚ÓÌË‚ ë˝ÏÛ, Ó̇ Ò‡ÁÛ Ê ÓÚÔ‡‚Ë·Ҹ ‚ ‡˝ÓÔÓÚ. When in doubt, you should come to visit me.fi äÓ„‰‡ ÒÓÏÌ‚‡Â¯¸Òfl, ÔËÂÁÊ‡È ÍÓ ÏÌÂ. If you park your car here, the police will take it away.fi ÖÒÎË Ú˚ ÓÒÚ‡‚˯¸ χ¯ËÌÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÔÓÎˈËfl Á‡·ÂÂÚ Â Á‡ ̇Û¯ÂÌË Ô‡‚ËÎ Ô‡ÍÓ‚ÍË. 17. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë Ë ÔÓÒΠβ·ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ÂÈ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ËÌÙÓχˆË˛ Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏ: The driver, who was very young, insisted that he knew me.fi ÇÓ‰ËÚÂθ, Ó˜Â̸ ÏÓÎÓ‰ÓÈ Ô‡Â̸, ̇Òڇ˂‡Î ̇ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Á̇ÂÚ ÏÂÌfl.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: Ó‰ÌËÏ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ÒÚÓ„Ëı Ô‡‚ËÎ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ÔÛÌÍÚÛ‡ˆËË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, Á‡Ô¢‡˛˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ („ÛÔÔÓÈ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó) Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï; ‰‡Ì˚È ÒÎÛ˜‡È ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ëı ‚‡ˇÌÚÓ‚, ÍÓ„‰‡ Á‡ÔflÚÛ˛ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθ̇fl ËÌÙÓχˆËfl, Ë Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò ‰‚Ûı ÒÚÓÓÌ: The driver who was very young, insisted that he knew me. / The driver, who was very young insisted that he knew me. — ç‚ÂÌÓ! — ÌÂÚ ‚ÚÓÓÈ Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ The driver, who helped me that morning, insisted that he knew me.fi ÇÓ‰ËÚÂθ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓÏÓ„ ÏÌ ‚ ÚÓ ÛÚÓ, ÛÚ‚Âʉ‡Î, ˜ÚÓ Á̇ÂÚ ÏÂÌfl. — ç‚ÂÌÓ! — Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ì ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθ̇fl ËÌÙÓχˆËfl Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏ, ‡ ÔÓÒÚÓ ÔÓflÒÌÂÌË — Á‡ÔflÚ˚ Ì ÌÛÊÌ˚ è‡‚ËθÌÓ: The driver who helped me that morning insisted that he knew me. The strike at the carpet factory, which lasted two weeks, is now over. — ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθ̇fl ËÌÙÓχˆËfl — ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË fi ᇷ‡ÒÚӂ͇ ̇ ÍÓ‚Ó‚ÓÈ Ù‡·ËÍÂ, ‰ÎË‚¯‡flÒfl ‰‚ Ì‰ÂÎË, Á‡ÍÓ̘Ë·Ҹ. The girl with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks. — ÔÓflÒÌÂÌË — Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË Ì ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÏ fi Ñ‚ۯ͇, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ÓÌ ‚β·ËÎÒfl, ÓÒÚ‡‚Ë· Â„Ó ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ì‰Âθ. The house, which has been empty for a year, has just been sold.fi ÑÓÏ, ÔÛÒÚÓ‚‡‚¯ËÈ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË „Ó‰‡, ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ ÔÓ‰‡ÎË. The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.fi åÛʘË̇, Ò ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï fl ıÓÚÂÎ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸Òfl, ÛÂı‡Î ‚ ÓÚÔÛÒÍ. 18. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl β·ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ÂÈ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ËÌÙÓχˆË˛ Ó ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËË (ÌÓ: ÂÒÎË Ú‡Í‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ËÏÂÂÚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ÔÓflÒÌÂÌËfl ËÎË ÛÚÓ˜ÌÂÌËfl,Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl): She is the woman, whose husband has been dead for three years.fi ùÚÓ Ú‡ (҇χfl) ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇, Û ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÏÛÊ ÛÏÂ ÚË „Ó‰‡ ̇Á‡‰. A widow is a woman whose husband is dead,fi ‚‰Ó‚‡ — ˝ÚÓ ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇, Û ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÛÏÂ ÏÛÊ. 112

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Yesterday I met John, who told me he was getting married.fi ǘÂ‡ fl ‚ÒÚÂÚËÎ ÑÊÓ̇, Ë ÓÌ Ò͇Á‡Î ÏÌÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÊÂÌËÚÒfl. I don't want to go back to the town where I was born.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ „ÓÓ‰, „‰Â Ó‰ËÎÒfl. They would like to stay in this town, where their son was born.fi éÌË ıÓÚÂÎË ·˚ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ „ÓӉ — Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ó‰ËÎÒfl Ëı Ò˚Ì. Norman won $10,000, half of which he gave to his sister.fi çÓÏ‡Ï ‚˚Ë„‡Î 10000 ‰ÓηÓ‚, ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌÛ ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÓÌ ÓÚ‰‡Î ÒÂÒÚÂ. What was the name of the girl whose passport was stolen?fi ä‡Í Á‚‡ÎË ‰Â‚Û¯ÍÛ, Û ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÛÍ‡ÎË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚ? àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÔÛ˘ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÚÂÍÒÚ ÒÎÓ‚: Fishing forms a quiet man; hunting, an eager man; gambling, a greedy man.fi ê˚·‡Î͇ ‰Â·ÂÚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ÒÔÓÍÓÈÌ˚Ï, ÓıÓÚ‡-— ˝ÌÂ„˘Ì˚Ï, ‡Á‡ÚÌ˚ ˄˚ — ʇ‰Ì˚Ï. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò Ó·ÂËı ÒÚÓÓÌ Î˛·Ó„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡, ÔÂ˚‚‡˛˘Â„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: The fire, although it had been put out, was still very hot.fi ä‡ÏËÌ, ıÓÚ¸ ÛÊÂ Ë ·ÂÁ Ó„Ìfl, ·˚Î Â˘Â Ó˜Â̸ „Ófl˜ËÏ. Can't you see, Peter, how big he is?fi ê‡Á‚ Ú˚ Ì ‚ˉ˯¸, èËÚÂ, ͇ÍÓÈ ÓÌ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ? There had, of course, been other women along the way.fi äÓ̘ÌÓ, ̇ Â„Ó ÔÛÚË ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÎËÒ¸ Ë ‰Û„Ë ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ˚. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓÒΠ‚‚Ó‰Ì˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ ËÎË ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ ‰Îfl ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Ëı ÓÚ ÓÒڇθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: Well, I like this.fi çÛ ˜ÚÓ Ê, ÏÌ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. By the way, I also need money.fi äÒÚ‡ÚË, ÏÌ ÚÓÊ ÌÛÊÌ˚ ‰Â̸„Ë. However, nobody drank much.fi é‰Ì‡ÍÓ, ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÔËÎ ÏÌÓ„Ó. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËfl ÒÏ˚Ò· Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: As the police car pulled up, the crowd surged forward, (·ÂÁ Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ÏÓÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ·˚ ÔÓ‰Ûχڸ, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡¯Ë̇ ‚ÂÁ‡Î‡Ò¸ ‚ ÚÓÎÔÛ)fi äÓ„‰‡ ÔÓÎˈÂÈÒ͇fl χ¯Ë̇ ÔË·ÎËÁË·Ҹ, ÚÓÎÔ‡ ıÎ˚ÌÛ· ‚ÔÂ‰. After a period of calm, college students have begun to demonstrate again, (·ÂÁ Á‡ÔflÚÓÈ ÒÎÓ‚Ó college ÏÓÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ·˚ ÓÚÌÂÒÚË Í ÒÎÓ‚Û calm)fi èÓÒΠÔÂËÓ‰‡ Á‡Ú˯¸fl ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚ ÒÌÓ‚‡ ̇˜‡ÎË ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚ‡ˆËË. ó‡ÒÚÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË, ÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ‚ ̇˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë Ò··Ó Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ Ò ÓÒڇθÌÓÈ Â„Ó ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛: In the summer of 1984, many trees died.fi ãÂÚÓÏ 1984 „Ó‰‡ ÔÓ„Ë·ÎÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‰Â‚¸Â‚. After the coffee and three cigarettes, he dressed in what he always dressed in.fi Ç˚ÔË‚ ÍÓÙÂ Ë ‚˚ÍÛË‚ ÚË ÒË„‡ÂÚ˚, ÓÌ Ó‰ÂÎÒfl ‚ Ò‚ÓÈ Ó·˚˜Ì˚È ÍÓÒÚ˛Ï. At forty-two, he was a deceptive-looking man.fi íÛ‰ÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ Ò Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ˜ÚÓ ÂÏÛ ÒÓÓÍ ‰‚‡ „Ó‰‡. In thirteen months, he had parted with all of them.fi óÂÂÁ ÚË̇‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÏÂÒflˆÂ‚ ÓÌ ‡ÁÓ¯ÂÎÒfl Ò ÌËÏË ‚ÒÂÏË. For some reason, sex and politics for him had always gone hand in hand.fi ä‡ÍËÏ-ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÒÂÍÒ Ë ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ‰Îfl ÌÂ„Ó ‚Ò„‰‡ ·˚ÎË ÌÂ‡Á‰ÂÎËÏ˚. In search of gold, my great-grandfather landed in America.fi Ç ÔÓËÒ͇ı ÁÓÎÓÚ‡ ÏÓÈ Ô‡‰Â‰ ‚˚Ò‡‰ËÎÒfl ‚ ÄÏÂËÍÂ. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ‚ ‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı: You saw this film, didn't you?fi í˚ ‚ˉÂÎ ˝ÚÓÚ ÙËθÏ, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? She was here yesterday, wasn't she?fi é̇ ·˚· Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‚˜Â‡, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? They haven't come today, have they?fi éÌË Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎË Ò„ӉÌfl, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË too (‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı) Ë either (‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı), ÂÒÎË ÓÌË ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í „ÛÔÔ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â - Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓÂ Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ÚÓÊ (Í‡Í ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ ‰Û„ÓÈ): ë‡‚ÌËÚÂ: ç has been to London, too.fi éÌ ÚÓÊ (Í‡Í Ú˚ / fl / ÍÚÓ-ÎË·Ó) ·˚Î ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌÂ. ç has been to London too.fi Ç ãÓ̉ÓÌ (Í‡Í Ë ‚ åÓÒÍ‚Â / ‚ è‡ËÊ / „‰Â-ÎË·Ó) ÓÌ ÚÓÊ ·˚Î. — Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ç has not been to London, either.fi éÌ ÚÓÊ (Í‡Í Ú˚ / fl / ÍÚÓ-ÎË·Ó) Ì ·˚Î ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌÂ. ç has not been to London either.fi Ç ãÓ̉ÓÌ (Í‡Í Ë ‚ åÓÒÍ‚Â / ‚ è‡ËÊ / „‰Â-ÎË·Ó) ÓÌ ÚÓÊ Ì ·˚Î. — Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ for, ÂÒÎË ÓÌÓ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÂÚ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÓ˛Á‡ (ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌflÂÏ˚ ˝ÚËÏ ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ó˜Â̸ ‰ÍÓ ÒÚÓflÚ ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë „·‚ÌÓ„Ó): I asked her to stay, for I had something to tell her.fi ü ÔÓÔÓÒËΠ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ÏÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÂÈ ÍÓ˜ÚÓ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸. I could tell much about this man, for I had met him before.fi ü ÏÓ„ ·˚ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Ú¸ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÂ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ fl ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÎÒfl Ò ÌËÏ ‡Ì¸¯Â. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‰‡Ú‡ı ‰Îfl ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ˜ËÒ· Ë ÏÂÒflˆ‡ ÓÚ „Ó‰‡: ç was born June 14, 1940.fi éÌ Ó‰ËÎÒfl 14 ˲Ìfl 1940 „Ó‰‡. It happened in May, 1977.fi ùÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸ ‚ χ 1977 „Ó‰‡. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‡Áfl‰Ó‚ ‚ ·Óθ¯Ëı ˜ËÒ·ı: 113

29.

30. 31.

32.

ç once estimated that he was living slightly more than $1,000 a year.fi éÌ Í‡Í-ÚÓ ÔÓ‰Ò˜ËÚ‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ‚ „Ó‰ Ú‡ÚËÚ ˜ÛÚ¸ ·Óθ¯Â Ú˚Òfl˜Ë ‰ÓηÓ‚. The federal government's official poverty line that year was $4,680.fi éÙˈˇθÌ˚È ÛÓ‚Â̸ ÌˢÂÚ˚, ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì˚Ï Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ì‡ ÚÓÚ „Ó‰, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎ 4680 ‰ÓηÓ‚. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ (‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰‚ÓÂÚÓ˜ËÂ) ÓÙÓÏÎÂÌËfl ‰ÂÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÂÒÔÓ̉Â̈ËË ÔÓÒΠӷ‡˘ÂÌËÈ: Dear Mr. Johnson, I have received your letter... (‡ÏÂ.) Dear Sir: I have received your letter... ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‰ÂÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÂÒÔÓ̉Â̈ËË ÔÓÒΠÁ‡Íβ˜ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ù‡Á, ÓÚ‰ÂÎflfl ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ë ÓÚ Ù‡ÏËÎËË Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË (ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍËı Á̇ÍÓ‚ ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl): Yours faithfully, / Yours truly, ABCDCo-.Ltd. R. Johnson President ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‡‰ÂÒ ̇ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÚ ËÎË ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÔËҸχ (̇‰ ÚÂÍÒÚÓÏ), ‚˚‰ÂÎflfl Ù‡ÏËÎ˲ ‡‰ÂÒ‡Ú‡ / ̇Á‚‡ÌË Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË / ‡ÈÓÌ / „ÓÓ‰ / ¯Ú‡Ú (ÓÍÛ„) / ÒÚ‡ÌÛ (ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌÓÏÂÓÏ ‰Óχ Ë Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÛÎˈ˚ Á‡ÔflÚ‡fl Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl): Stephen P. ç‡ÂrÂ, 2141 Starling Avenue, Bronx, N.Y. 10462 ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÔÓflÒÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ ÓÚ ÔflÏÓÈ ˜Ë, ÂÒÎË ÌÂÚ ‰Û„Ëı Á̇ÍÓ‚ ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl: "How was he?" dark asked. "He was well", she said. "Do they still hurt?" he asked. "No", she said, "not much." He said, "I don't know."

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ͇‚˚˜ÍË (quotation marks) ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚‚ÂıÛ; ‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ͇‚˚˜Í‡ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛ÚÒfl Ò‰‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ÏË Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË, ‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ — ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË.

ÄÔÓÒÚÓÙ (Apostrophe). 1.

ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ s ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ, ÍÓÏ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ Ó·˘ÂÏÛ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ (ÚÓ„‰‡ ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ·ÂÁ s): mother's hat; the princess's [prin'sesiz] smile; men's gloves; students' books

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÔË Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ ÓÚ ËÏÂÌ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËıÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -s, ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Ó·‡ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡: King Charles's crown / King Charles' crown 33. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÙÓχı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÔÛ˘ÂÌÌ˚ı ·ÛÍ‚ ËÎË ˆËÙ: I'm ¤ I am; he's ¤ he is / has; '87 ¤ 1987 34. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ s ÔË Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËË ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ÓÚ ·ÛÍ‚, ˜ËÒÂÎ ËÎË ‡··‚ˇÚÛ (Ò ˜ËÒ·ÏË Ë Á‡„·‚Ì˚ÏË ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÙ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl): In the 1980's /the 1980s...; VIP's / VIPs; I can't distinguish his L's.fi ü Ì ‡Á΢‡˛ ‚ Â„Ó Â˜Ë ·ÛÍ‚Û "Î". è‡‚Ë· ‡ÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË ‚ÒÂı ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı Á̇ÍÓ‚ ÔÂÔË̇ÌËfl (;— semicolon / : — colon / ( ) — parentheses / [] — square brackets / — — dash / - — hyphen / ? — question mark / ! — exclamation mark ) Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ì˘ÂÏ Ì ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı Ô‡‚ËÎ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ.

114

ê‡Á‰ÂÎ III. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ‡Á‰ÂΠ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ë ÙÓÏ˚, ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘Ë ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û ËÎË Á‚Û˜‡Ì˲, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‡Á΢Ì˚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË, Ó͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ‚ÓÒÔËflÚË ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË.

I. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -s. 1.

35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

40.

41.

42.

åÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı: boy — boys; house — houses; ÂÒÚ¸ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËfl: child — children; tooth — teeth Ë ‰. (ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸) 3- ÎˈÓ, ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ, ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl (Present) Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ Active Indefinite: ç wants to help you. Ä·ÒÓβÚÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÈ (ÍÓÏ mine): hers; ours... èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: father's car; my friend's book èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı, ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl Ì ÔÓ Ó·˘ÂÏÛ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ: our children's toys èËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÏ ÔÓ Ó·˘ÂÏÛ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ (ÙÓχ -s'): my friends' housefi ‰ÓÏ ÏÓËı ‰ÛÁÂÈ; fen minutes' storyfi ‡ÒÒ͇Á ̇ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ÏËÌÛÚ ê‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ is — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ·˚ÒÚÓÈ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë: He's a good boy.¤ He is a good boy. It's a new book.¤ It is a new book. Your friend's not here.¤ Your friend is not here. ê‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ has — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ·˚ÒÚÓÈ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë: He's got some money.¤ He has got some money. She's not come yet.¤ She has not come yet. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -s, Ì Ëϲ˘ÂÈ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl: bus / famous / mathematics Ë ‰.

II. É·„ÓÎ to be (was/were; been). ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ·˚Ú¸ / ̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl (ÙÓÏ˚: be /am / is / are / was / were). ü‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï (Active Indefinite / ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓ ̇ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ), ÂÒÎË Ò‡ÁÛ Á‡ ÌËÏ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË (ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓÏ / ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ) ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ „·„ÓθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚: Be careful. I am a student. He is my friend. They were there. She was here yesterday. He cannot be there. ÖÒÎË Ò‡ÁÛ Á‡ ÙÓÏÓÈ to be ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚÓËÚ ÒÎÓ‚Ó, ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÏÓ ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û Í‡Í „·„ÓÎ, ÌÓ ·ÂÁ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÙÓÏÂ, — Á̇˜ËÚ ˝ÚÓ Ì „·„ÓÎ, ‡ ͇͇fl-ÚÓ ‰Û„‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ˜Ë, ̇ÔËÏÂ: 1.

ç is like his mother.fi Like Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ „·„ÓÎÓÏ, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ to be ~ ~ ~. Ç ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ó·‡˘‡ÂÏÒfl Í ÒÎÓ‚‡˛ like fi ÔÓıÓÊËÈ: éÌ (ÂÒÚ¸ ÔÓıÓÊËÈ) ÔÓıÓÊ Ì‡ χÏÛ. ÇÓÔÓÒËÚÂθ̇fl Ë ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÙÓÏ˚ „·„Ó· to be ‚ Active Indefinite (Present / Past) Ó·‡ÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ·ÂÁ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó to do: Were you there yesterday? Did you be there yesterday? — Ì‚ÂÌÓ She was not here two days ago. She did not be here two days ago. — Ì‚ÂÌÓ 43. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÙÓÏÛ·ı Active Continuous (to be ~ ~ ~ ing): 115

She is sleeping. Don't be sleeping. Ë Active Perfect Continuous (to have been ~ ~ ~ ing): She has been living here for twenty years.fi é̇ ÊË‚ÂÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÎÂÚ. 44. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÙÓÏÛ·ı Passive Indefinite (to be ~ ~ ~ ed(3)): They were not invited.fi àı Ì Ô˄·¯‡ÎË. Ë Passive Continuous (to be being ~ ~ ~ ed(3)): We are being waited for.fi ç‡Ò ʉÛÚ. Ë Passive Perfect (to have been ~ ~ ~ ed(3)): You have been seen there.fi í·fl ‚ˉÂÎË Ú‡Ï. 45. àÌÓ„‰‡ ÙÓÏÛ· Active Continuous ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û Ò ‚‡ˇÌÚÓÏ to be (ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ) + „ÂÛ̉ËÈ: Her task was writing letters.fi Ö Á‡‰‡˜ÂÈ ·˚ÎÓ ÔËÒ‡Ú¸ ÔËҸχ (ÔËÒ‡ÌË ÔËÒÂÏ). The important thing is helping people.fi LJÊÌ˚Ï ‰ÂÎÓÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ (ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÌËÂ) β‰flÏ. 46. ÖÒÎË ÔÓÒΠto be ÒÚÓËÚ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to (to be to ~ ~ ~), ÚÓ „·„ÓÎ to be fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÓÏ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· must Ë ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ: ç is to come by three o'clock.fi éÌ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔËÈÚË Í ÚÂÏ ˜‡Ò‡Ï. 47. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ Ò „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be, „‰Â ÓÌ ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Ë ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ò ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: to be thristy fi ıÓÚÂÚ¸ ÔËÚ¸ (̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Ê‡Ê‰˚); to be hungry fi ıÓÚÂÚ¸ ÂÒÚ¸ (̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË „ÓÎÓ‰‡); to be afraid (of smb. / smth.) fi ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl (ÍÓ„Ó- / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó) I was thristy.fi ü ıÓÚÂÎ ÔËÚ¸. You will be hungry.fi í˚ ÔÓ„ÓÎÓ‰‡Â¯¸Òfl. I'm not afraid of you.fi ü Ú·fl Ì ·Ó˛Ò¸. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËflı Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl -ed Ë ‰Â·˛Ú Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ‚Ò ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË ÔÓıÓÊËÏ Ì‡ ÙÓÏÛÎÛ Passive Indefinite: to be surprised fi ۉ˂ËÚ¸Òfl (̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Û‰Ë‚ÎÂÌËfl); to be married fi ·˚Ú¸ ÊÂ̇Ú˚Ï / Á‡ÏÛÊÂÏ (̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Á‡ÏÛÊÂÒÚ‚‡) They are surprised.fi éÌË Û‰Ë‚ÎÂÌ˚. ç is not married.fi éÌ Ì ÊÂ̇Ú.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: Á‰ÂÒ¸ ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó· Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ ÙÓÏ è˘‡ÒÚËfl II, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÚÂflÂÚ ÔËÁ̇ÍË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë Ó˜Â̸ ÔË·ÎËʇÂÚÒfl Í Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (interested fi Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È / worried fi ‚Á‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È Ë ‰.): Are you interested in football?fi í˚ ËÌÚÂÂÒÛ¯¸Òfl ÙÛÚ·ÓÎÓÏ? I am worried about his health.fi ü ÓÁ‡·Ó˜ÂÌ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂÏ Â„Ó Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËflı to be fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÏÂÌflÂÚ Ò‚Ó˛ ÙÓÏÛ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ to be ÏÓÊÌÓ Î„ÍÓ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË ‰Û„ËÏË „·„Ó·ÏË, ËÁÏÂÌfl˛˘ËÏË Á̇˜ÂÌË ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl Ë Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘ËÏË ‚Ô‡ÒÚ¸ ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ. ë‡Ï˚Ï Ó·˘ËÏ ‰Îfl ˝ÚËı ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl „·„ÓÎ to get: ç got hungry.fi éÌ Á‡ıÓÚÂÎ ÂÒÚ¸. (‚ԇΠ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌË „ÓÎÓ‰‡) She got married.fi é̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ÏÛÊ, (ÔÂ¯· ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌË Á‡ÏÛÊÂÒÚ‚‡) We got surprised.fi å˚ ۉ˂ËÎËÒ¸, (‚Ô‡ÎË Ò ÒÓÒÚÓflÌË ۉ˂-ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË) ç got interested at once.fi éÌ Ò‡ÁÛ Ê Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡ÎÒfl. àÌÓ„‰‡ "ÔÓÔ‡‰‡ÌË ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ" ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl „·„ÓÎÓÏ to fall (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ÛÔ‡ÒÚ¸): to fall in love (with smb.)fi ‚β·ËÚ¸Òfl (‚ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó) Have you fallen in love with her?fi í˚ ˜ÚÓ, ‚β·ËÎÒfl ‚ ÌÂÂ? to fall ill fi Á‡·ÓÎÂÚ¸ He fell ill.fi éÌ Á‡·ÓÎÂÎ. to fall asleep fi ÛÒÌÛÚ¸ Don't fall asleep.fi He Á‡Ò˚Ô‡È. ËÌÓ„‰‡ — „·„ÓÎÓÏ to grow (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ‡ÒÚË): He grew old.fi éÌ ÒÓÒÚ‡ËÎÒfl. It began to grow dark.fi 燘‡ÎÓ ÒÏÂ͇ڸÒfl. ËÌÓ„‰‡ — „·„ÓÎÓÏ to become (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl): 116

ç became angry.fi éÌ ‡ÁÓÁÎËÎÒfl. This will become cheaper soon.fi ùÚÓ ÒÍÓÓ ÒÚ‡ÌÂÚ ‰Â¯Â‚ÎÂ.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‰Û„Ëı „·„ÓÎ˚ to become / to get / to fall / to grow Ë ‰. ÏÓ„ÛÚ Î„ÍÓ Á‡ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl „·„ÓÎÓÏ to be Ò ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl: to fall in love ¤ to be in love; to fall ill ¤ to be ill; to grow dark ¤ to be dark; to grow old ¤ to be old; to become angry ¤ to be angry Ë Ú.‰. 48. èË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Í to Ë would ‚ ÍÓ̈ (Ô˯ÂÚÒfl ˜ÂÂÁ ‰ÂÙËÒ), Ó·‡ÁÛfl ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ ·Û‰Û˘ËÈ — ( to-be fi ·Û‰Û˘ËË); ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÔÓ˜ÚË ‚Ò„‰‡ ÔÓÒΠÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡; (would-be fi ·Û‰Û˘ËÈ (‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚È / ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌ˚È / ÔÂÚÂÌ‰Û˛˘ËÈ Ì‡ Óθ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó); ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÂ‰ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ: Nobody knows his wife to-be.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ Â„Ó ·Û‰Û˘Û˛ ÊÂÌÛ. (ÓÌË ÛÊ ¯ËÎË ÔÓÊÂÌËÚ¸Òfl, ÌÓ ÔÓ͇ ˜ÚÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ ËÏfl Â„Ó ·Û‰Û˘ÂÈ ÊÂÌ˚ — ÓÌ ‰ÂÊËÚ Â„Ó ‚ ÒÂÍÂÚÂ) Nobody knows his would-be wife.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì Á̇ÂÚ, ̇ ÍÓÏ ÓÌ ÊÂÌËÚÒfl, (ÓÌ Â˘Â ÌËÍÓ„Ó Ì ‚˚·‡Î ËÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÔÂÚẨÂÌÚÓÍ)

III. É·„ÓÎ to do (did / done). 1.

49. 50. 51.

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55.

56.

ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ‰Â·ڸ (ÙÓÏ˚: do / does / did). éÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ „·„Ó· to make fi ‰Â·ڸ ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÒÓ‚Â¯‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ‚ ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl, Í‡Í to make ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ / ËÁ„ÓÚ‡‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: ç does it every day.fi éÌ ‰Â·ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ (ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ) ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸. ç makes good things.fi éÌ ‰Â·ÂÚ / ËÁ„ÓÚ‡‚ÎË‚‡ÂÚ ıÓӯˠ‚¢Ë. (ÓÚÒ˛‰‡: Made in... fi ë‰Â·ÌÓ ‚ ...) ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‰Îfl ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Active Indefinite ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı (Present / Past): Do you speak English? Did she come yesterday? You don't love him, do you? ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‰Îfl ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Active Indefinite ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı (Present / Past): I don't (do not) speak English. She doesn't (does not) know this man. They didn't (did not) come yesterday. She loves him, doesn't she? / does she not? Didn't you / Did you not see that film? àÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı .Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı. Ç Ú‡ÍËı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÏ, ‡ Îӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ ۉ‡ÂÌË ÒÏ¢‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÒÚÓfl˘Ë ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: Little did he realize that.fi éÌ Ú‡Í ÔÓ˜ÚË ÌË˜Â„Ó Ë Ì ÔÓÌflÎ. Only rarely does she come before ten o'clock.fi é˜Â̸ ‰ÍÓ Ó̇ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ / é̇ ÔÓ˜ÚË ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ ‡Ì¸¯Â ‰ÂÒflÚË ˜‡ÒÓ‚. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â „·„Ó·-ÛÒËÎËÚÂÎfl ÔÂ‰ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ ÙÓÏ Active Indefinite (Present / Past). èË ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ‚ÒÎÛı ÒÚÓËÚ ÔÓ‰ Û‰‡ÂÌËÂÏ: . But he does love you!fi çÓ ÓÌ Ê β·ËÚ Ú·fl (Ì ÒÓÏÌ‚‡ÈÒfl)! She did come yesterday.fi é̇ ÔËıӉ˷ ‚˜Â‡ (fl ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Û‚ÂÂÌ). I do want to help you!fi ü ıÓ˜Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú· (ÔÓ‚Â¸ ÏÌÂ)! àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â „·„Ó·-Á‡ÏÂÌËÚÂÎfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ ÙÓÏ Active Indefinite (Present /Past), ÍÓ„‰‡ ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ÔÓ‚ÚÓflÚ¸ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ ¢ ‡Á: I know it better than he does.fi ü Á̇˛ ˝ÚÓ ÎÛ˜¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ (Á̇ÂÚ). ç promised to help us and he did.fi éÌ Ó·Â˘‡Î ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï, Ë ÔÓÏÓ„. ç promised to help us but he didn't.fi éÌ Ó·Â˘‡Î ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï, ÌÓ Ì ÔÓÏÓ„. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl: Don't open any windows.fi He ÓÚÍ˚‚‡È ÓÍ̇. Don't be late.fi He ÓÔ‡Á‰˚‚‡È. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ôˉ‡ÌËfl ÙÓÏ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl ÓÚÚÂÌ͇ ̇ÒÚÓȘ˂ÓÈ ÔÓÒ¸·˚ / Û·ÂʉÂÌËfl: Do be careful.fi íÓθÍÓ ·Û‰¸ ÔÓ‚ÌËχÚÂθÌÂÈ. Do come in!fi çÛ, ‚ıÓ‰Ë ÊÂ! Do have some more tea.fi çÛ ‚˚ÔÂÈ Â˘Â ˜‡¯Â˜ÍÛ ˜‡fl. Do let's go to the cinema.fi çÛ ‰‡‚‡È ÔÓȉÂÏ ‚ ÍËÌÓ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈Ëflı, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ëı ÒÓ·ÓÈ Â‡ÍˆË˛ ̇ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌË ÒÓ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï ‚ ÙÓÏ Active Indefinite (Present / Past) Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ÛÒÒÍËÏ çÂÛÊÂÎË? Ë ü / äÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÚÓÊÂ. — I need money.fi — åÌ ÌÛÊÌ˚ ‰Â̸„Ë. — Do you? So do I.fi — çÂÛÊÂÎË? åÌ ÚÓÊÂ. 117

— They didn't come yesterday.fi — éÌË Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎË ‚˜Â‡. — Didn't they? Neither did my sister.fi — çÂÛÊÂÎË? åÓfl ÒÂÒÚ‡ ÚÓÊ (Ì ÔËıӉ˷).

IV. É·„ÓÎ to have (had). 1.

ëÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ „·„ÓÎ ËÏÂÚ¸ (ÙÓÏ˚: have / has / had). ü‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÓ‚˚Ï, ÂÒÎË Ò‡ÁÛ Á‡ ÌËÏ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ „·„ÓθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ˚: I have a house. She has a car. They had money. ê‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚: have ¤ have got ¤ 've got — I've got a house. have ¤ has got ¤ 's got — She's got a car. have ¤ had got ¤ 'd got — I'd got a wife. got ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ Ì‡„ÛÁÍË Ë ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl.

57. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÙÓÏÛ·ı Active Perfect (to have ~ ~ ~ ed(3)): He has come.fi éÌ Ô˯ÂÎ. Ë Active Perfect Continuous (to have been ~ ~ ~ ing): I have been sitting here for two hours.fi ü ÒËÊÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡. 58. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ ‚ ÙÓÏÛΠPassive Perfect (to have been ~ ~ ~ ed(3)): They have been seen together.fi àı ‚ˉÂÎË ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ. 59. ÖÒÎË ÔÓÒΠ„·„Ó· to have ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÚÓËÚ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ Ò ˜‡ÒÚˈÂÈ to (to have to ~ ~ ~ ), ÚÓ „·„ÓÎ to have fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÓÏ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı must / should / ought Ë ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ: We had to help them.fi ç‡Ï Ô˯ÎÓÒ¸ / å˚ ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ˚ ·˚ÎË ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ËÏ. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ Ê Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÙÓχ to have got, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ‚ ·˚ÒÚÓÈ Â˜Ë (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚÂ) ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‰ۈËÛÂÚÒfl ‰Ó gotta Ë Ì ҘËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÔËÁ̇ÍÓÏ ıÓÓ¯Â„Ó ÚÓ̇: You have got / You've got / You gotta call her.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÂÈ. You haven't got to go there.fi í· ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË Ë‰ÚË ÚÛ‰‡. She hasn't got to invite them.fi ÖÈ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ëı Ô˄·¯‡Ú¸. / é̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ì Ô˄·¯‡Ú¸ Ëı. Has she got to invite them?fi ÖÈ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ô˄·¯‡Ú¸ Ëı? 60. îÓχ Perfect Infinitive ÔÓÒΠÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË (ÌÓ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl): should have ~ ~ ~ ed(3) — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÓÒÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï, ıÓÚfl Â„Ó ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸; ËÏÂÂÚ ÓÚÚÂÌÓÍ Ì‰ӂÓθÒÚ‚‡: You should have invited them.fi í· ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ Ëı (‡ Ú˚ Ì Ô˄·ÒËÎ). could /might have ~ ~ ~ ed(3) — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÓÒÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï, ıÓÚfl ÏÓ„ÎÓ ·˚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ: ç could / might have helped us.fi éÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ Ì‡Ï ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ (ÌÓ Ì ҉Â·Π˝ÚÓ„Ó). may have ~ ~ ~ ed(3) — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ·˚ÎÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ, ıÓÚfl Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÂÚ: ç may have been here.fi ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ÓÌ ·˚Î Á‰ÂÒ¸. ought to / must have ~ ~ ~ ed(3) — ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ / ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ: They ought to / must have left.fi éÌË, ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸, ÛÂı‡ÎË. needn't have ~ ~ ~ ed(3) — Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË: You needn't have come.fi í˚ ÏÓ„ ·˚ Ë Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸. 61. îÓÏ˚ Perfect Gerund Ë Perfect Participle Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛Ú ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Â ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ Ò͇ÁÛÂÏ˚Ï Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: I am sorry for having invited these people.fi ü ËÁ‚ËÌfl˛Ò¸ Á‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ô˄·ÒËÎ ˝ÚËı β‰ÂÈ. Having finished the work, they went on playing cards.fi á‡ÍÓ̘˂ ‡·ÓÚÛ, ÓÌË ÓÔflÚ¸ ÒÚ‡ÎË Ë„‡Ú¸ ‚ ͇Ú˚. 62. Ç ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ӷ˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô˘‡ÒÚÌÓ„Ó Ó·ÓÓÚ‡ to have Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ Á‡Í‡ÁÛ: I have my TV-set repaired.fi åÌ ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡ÎË ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ. I have repaired my car.fi ü (Ò‡Ï) ÓÚÂÏÓÌÚËÓ‚‡Î χ¯ËÌÛ. You'd better have that bad tooth pulled out.fi í· ÎÛ˜¯Â Û‰‡ÎËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ÔÎÓıÓÈ ÁÛ· (Ó·‡ÚËÒ¸ Í ‚‡˜Û). 63. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, „‰Â Ì ËÏÂÂÚ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl Ë Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í Ì ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl: to have breakfast / lunch / dinner fi ÔÓÁ‡‚Ú‡Í‡Ú¸ / ÔÓӷ‰‡Ú¸ / ÔÓÛÊË̇ڸ; to have a try fi ÔÓÔ˚Ú‡Ú¸Òfl; 118

to have a look fi ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸; to have a walk fi ÔÓ„ÛÎflÚ¸Òfl; to have a swim fi ÔÓÔ·‚‡Ú¸; to have a rest fi ÓÚ‰ÓıÌÛÚ¸ Ë ‰. í‡ÍË ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl ËÏÂ˛Ú ÓÚÚÂÌÓÍ ÌÂÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: to try fi Ô˚Ú‡Ú¸Òfl; to walk fi „ÛÎflÚ¸; to swim fi Ô·‚‡Ú¸; to rest fi ÓÚ‰˚ı‡Ú¸ Ë Ú.Ô.):

64.

65. 66.

67.

May I have a look?fi åÓÊÌÓ ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸? Let me have a try.fi ê‡Á¯ËÚÂ, fl ÔÓÔÓ·Û˛. Go and have a lie down.fi èÓÈ‰Ë ÔÓÎÂÊË. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó· ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÒÚ‡‰‡Ú¸ (·ÎËÁÍÓ Í ÛÒÒÍÓÏÛ flÁ˚ÍÛ): I've got a terrible headache.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÛʇÒÌÓ ·ÓÎËÚ „ÓÎÓ‚‡. (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: ü Ëϲ ÛʇÒÌÛ˛ „ÓÎÓ‚ÌÛ˛ ·Óθ.) He's got a cold.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ÔÓÒÚÛ‰‡. Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: ç is cold.fi ÖÏÛ ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ. îÓχ had ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl Ò Ó·‡ÚÌ˚Ï ÔÓfl‰ÍÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚ Ë ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ì‡ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ: Had I known him before, I shouldn't have invited him.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ fl ÁÌ‡Î Â„Ó ‡Ì¸¯Â, fl ·˚ Â„Ó Ì Ô˄·ÒËÎ. îÓχ had ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò better+Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ̇ÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓÈ ÂÍÓÏẨ‡ˆËË / ÔÓÒ¸·˚ / ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡: You had better / You'd better be quick, or you'll miss the train.fi í· ÎÛ˜¯Â ÔÓÚÓÓÔËÚ¸Òfl, Ë̇˜Â Ú˚ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Â¯¸ ̇ ÔÓÂÁ‰. I'd better Jock the door.fi ãÛ˜¯Â fl. Á‡ÍÓ˛ ‰‚Â¸ ̇ Á‡ÏÓÍ. You'd better not wake them up.fi He ̇‰Ó ·Û‰ËÚ¸ Ëı. / èÛÒÚ¸ ÓÌË ÎÛ˜¯Â ÔÓÒÔflÚ. îÓχ had ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò rather (ÂÊ sooner) ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ô‰ÔÓ˜ÚÂÌËfl / ·Óθ¯Â„Ó Ê·ÌËfl (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â would ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‰‡Ê ˜‡˘Â, ˜ÂÏ had, ÌÓ ‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ Ó·ÓËı ÒÎÓ‚ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ — 'd): I'd rather fail the exam than cheat.fi ãÛ˜¯Â fl Ì ҉‡Ï ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂÌ, ˜ÂÏ ÒÚ‡ÌÛ Ó·Ï‡Ì˚‚‡Ú¸. ¤ I had rather fail the exam ... /¤ I would rather fail the exam... I'd rather you came tomorrow (than today).fi í· ÎÛ˜¯Â ÔËÈÚË Á‡‚Ú‡ (, ‡ Ì Ò„ӉÌfl). I'd rather you left at once.fi ü ·˚ Ô‰ÔӘ·, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÌÂωÎÂÌÌÓ ÔÓÍËÌÛÎ ÏÂÌfl. What had / would you rather do?fi Ä ˜ÚÓ ·˚ Ú˚ ҉·Π(‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË)? Then we'd rather not come at all.fi íÓ„‰‡ / Ç Ú‡ÍÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ì‡Ï ÎÛ˜¯Â ‚ÓÓ·˘Â Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸. ç had / would sooner resign than be involved in bribery.fi éÌ ÒÍÓÂÈ ÔÓ‰‡ÒÚ ‚ ÓÚÒÚ‡‚ÍÛ, ˜ÂÏ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÚ ‚ӂΘ¸ Ò·fl ‚ ÔÓ‰ÍÛÔ.

V. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ shall. èÓÒΠshall ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓχ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. 1.

àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÙÓÏÛ·ı ‰Îfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Future ‚ 1-Ï ÎˈÂ: I shall help you. We shall be invited. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‰ۈËÛÂÚÒfl, ÔËÌËχfl ÙÓÏÛ 'll: I'll help you. We'll be invited. éÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ‡Á„Ó‚Ó̇fl ÙÓχ shan't: We shan't be able to help you.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· shall ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Future Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl will: I will help you. 68. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ 2-Ï Ë 3-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ‚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ӷ¢‡ÌËfl / Û„ÓÁ˚ / ÔË͇Á‡ÌËfl / Ô‰ÓÒÚÂÂÊÂÌËfl / Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚ı ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ‡ı): If you work well, you shall have higher wages.fi ÖÒÎË Ú˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸, Ú‚Ófl Á‡Ô·ڇ ÔÓ‚˚ÒËÚÒfl. You say you will not help us, but I say you shall (help us).fi í˚ „Ó‚Ó˯¸, ˜ÚÓ Ì ·Û‰Â¯¸ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ̇Ï, ‡ fl „Ó‚Ó˛ — ·Û‰Â¯¸. The Tenant shall return the keys to the Landlord.fi 䂇ÚËÓÒ˙ÂÏ˘ËÍ Ó·flÁ‡Ì ‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚËÚ¸ Íβ˜Ë 䂇ÚËÓÒ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÛ. 69. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı) ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÒÓʇÎÂÌËfl / ÌÂÛ‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚË / ÌÂ¯ËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËıÒfl Í ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: I don't think you shall ever see her again.fi ü Ì ‰Ûχ˛, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ¢ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‚ÒÚÂÚ˯¸Òfl Ò ÌÂÈ. 119

ç doubts whether he shall be in tomorrow.fi éÌ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ Ò Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸, ·Û‰ÂÚ ÎË ÓÌ Á‡‚Ú‡ ̇ ÏÂÒÚÂ. 70. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò 1-Ï Ë 3-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl Û͇Á‡ÌËÈ ÓÚ Îˈ‡, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ Ó·‡˘ÂÌ ‚ÓÔÓÒ. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË: Shall I start?fi (åÌÂ) 燘Ë̇ڸ? Shall he wait here?fi ÖÏÛ ÔÓ‰Óʉ‡Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸? When shall he come?fi äÓ„‰‡ ÂÏÛ ÔËÈÚË? What shall they do tomorrow?fi óÚÓ ËÏ ‰Â·ڸ Á‡‚Ú‡?

VI. ÇÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ will. èÓÒΠwill ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓχ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. 1.

àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÙÓÏÛ·ı ‰Îfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Future ‚Ó 2-Ï Ë 3-Ï ÎˈÂ: They will leave tomorrow. Will you be free tomorrow? Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë Ó˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ shall Ò 1-Ï ÎˈÓÏ: I will come back very soon. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‰ۈËÛÂÚÒfl, ÔËÌËχfl ÙÓÏÛ '11 (ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ò ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ shall): He'll be back in a minute. They'll help us. éÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ‡Á„Ó‚Ó̇fl ÙÓχ — won't:

They won't be able to call you in the evening.fi éÌË Ì ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ Ú· ‚˜ÂÓÏ. 71. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò 1-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ‚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ‚ÓÎË / ¯ËÏÓÒÚË / ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó Ê·ÌËfl / Òӄ·ÒËfl / ӷ¢‡ÌËfl: I won't do it again.fi ü ·Óθ¯Â Ì ·Û‰Û Ú‡Í ‰Â·ڸ. All right, I will do it.fi ïÓÓ¯Ó, fl ҉·˛ ˝ÚÓ. We will call on you in the evening.fi å˚ Á‡È‰ÂÏ Í ‚‡Ï ‚˜ÂÓÏ. 72. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚Ó 2-Ï Îˈ ‚ ‚ÂÊÎË‚˚ı Ó·‡˘ÂÌËflı Ò ÔÓÒ¸·ÓÈ, Ó·‡ÁÛfl ‚ÓÔÓÒ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ: Will you help me (, please)?fi èÓÏÓ„Ë ÏÌ (, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡). Pass the salt, will you?fi èÂ‰‡ÈÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÒÓθ. Won't you stay a little longer?fi He ıÓÚËÚ ÎË ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl Û Ì‡Ò ÔÓ‰Óθ¯Â? Don't be late, will you?fi He ÓÔ‡Á‰˚‚‡È, ıÓÓ¯Ó?

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ËÌÓ„‰‡ will ‚ ̇˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌË Í‡ÈÌÂÈ ‡Á‰‡ÊÂÌÌÓÒÚË „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó: Will you be quiet!fi ч ÛÒÔÓÍÓÈÚÂÒ¸ Ê ‚˚ (̇ÍÓ̈)! 73. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌ˚Ï Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂÏ ‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË if you will ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ̇ÒÚÓȘ˂ÓÈ ÔÓÒ¸·˚ / Ê·ÌËfl (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ù‡Á˚): Stay if you will.fi çÛ ÓÒڇ̸Òfl (, ÛÏÓÎfl˛ Ú·fl). Call me tomorrow it you will.fi èÓ¯Û Ú·fl, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌË ÏÌ Á‡‚Ú‡. 74. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl „ÛÎflÌÓ„Ó, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓ‚ÚÓfl˛˘Â„ÓÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl / ÔË‚˚˜ÍË / ÛÒÚÓfl‚¯Â„ÓÒfl Ó·˚˜‡fl ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: She will go shopping day after day.fi é̇ ˆÂÎ˚ÏË ‰ÌflÏË ıÓ‰ËÚ ÔÓ Ï‡„‡ÁË̇Ï. He'll do nothing for months and then suddenly he'll ring me.fi åÂÒflˆ‡ÏË ÓÌ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ‰Â·ÂÚ, ‡ ÔÓÚÓÏ Á‚ÓÌËÚ ÏÌÂ. Boys will be boys.fi å‡Î¸˜Ë¯ÍË — ‚Ò„‰‡ χθ˜Ë¯ÍË. 75. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ̇‰Âʉ˚ / Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl / ÓÊˉ‡ÌËfl ÒÓ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: That will be your sister telephoning.fi ùÚÓ, ̇‚ÂÌÓÂ, Á‚ÓÌËÚ Ú‚Ófl ÒÂÒÚ‡. Will we (Do you think we will / Is there any chance that we will) get there in time?fi (í˚ ̇‰Â¯¸Òfl,) å˚ ‰Ó·ÂÂÏÒfl / ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÛ‰‡ ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl? This'll be the book you wanted.fi åÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, ˝ÚÓ Ë ÂÒÚ¸ Ú‡ ÍÌË„‡, ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ Ú˚ ıÓÚÂÎ. 76. àÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÒ¸·˚: We shall be obliged if you will inform us about,the date of your arrival.fi å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ÔËÁ̇ÚÂθÌ˚, ÂÒÎË Ç˚ ·Û‰ÂÚ β·ÂÁÌ˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ËÚ¸ Ì‡Ï ‰‡ÚÛ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÔË·˚ÚËfl. Ò‡‚ÌËÚ (ÔÓ Ó·˘ÂÏÛ Ô‡‚ËÎÛ): We shall be obliged if you inform us about the date of your arrival.fi å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ ÔËÁ̇ÚÂθÌ˚, ÂÒÎË Ç˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ËÚÂ Ì‡Ï ‰‡ÚÛ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÔË·˚ÚËfl. 120

77. Ç ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ÛÔÓÌÓ ÌÂÊ·ÌË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; ÂÒÎË ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌÓÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚ — ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌË ÔË·„‡ÂÏ˚Ï ÛÒËÎËflÏ: ç won't help us.fi éÌ ÌË Á‡ ˜ÚÓ Ì ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ Ì‡Ï (Ë Ì ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ). The door won't open.fi Ñ‚Â¸ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÓÚÍ˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl. 78. ëÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û Ë Á‚Û˜‡Ì˲ ÒÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚˚Ï „·„ÓÎÓÏ to will fi Á‡‚¢‡Ú¸: ç willed his money to me.fi éÌ Á‡‚¢‡Î Ò‚ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë ÏÌÂ. 79. ëÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û Ë Á‚Û˜‡Ì˲ Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï will fi ‚ÓÎfl: ç has a strong / weak will.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ÒËθ̇fl / Ò··‡fl ‚ÓÎfl.

VII. Should (ÙÓχ „·„Ó· shall). èÓÒΠshould ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓχ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. 1.

àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó· ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÒΉÛÂÚ / ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ / ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ ·˚. îÓχ Indefinite Infinitive ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ / ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: You should come here every day.fi í· ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸. They should call me the day after tomorrow.fi éÌË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÏÌ ÔÓÒÎÂÁ‡‚Ú‡. îÓχ Perfect Infinitive ÔÓÒΠshould Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÓÒÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï:

80.

81.

82.

83.

84. 85.

86.

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ç should have spoken to her.fi ÖÏÛ ÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ (·˚) ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ò ÌÂÈ. (ÓÌ Ì ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÎ) She should have warned you.fi é̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ·˚· (ÌÓ Ì ҉·· ˝ÚÓ„Ó) Ô‰ÛÔ‰ËÚ¸ Ú·fl. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÙÓÏ˚ Future-in-the-Past ‰Îfl 1-„Ó Îˈ‡: I thought I should, not be late.fi ü ‰ÛχÎ, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÓÔÓÁ‰‡˛. We said we should arrive early.fi å˚ Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ÔˉÂÏ ‡ÌÓ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ÙÓχ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl: We should be very glad to go there with you if we had time.fi å˚ ·˚ÎË ·˚ Ó˜Â̸ ‡‰˚ ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ÚÛ‰‡ Ò ‚‡ÏË, ÂÒÎË ·˚ Û Ì‡Ò ·˚ÎÓ ‚ÂÏfl. I should have called you if you had given me your number.fi ü ·˚ Ú· ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎ, ÂÒÎË ·˚ ‰‡Î ÏÌ ÌÓÏÂ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇. It is important that you should understand this.fi é˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÌflÎ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò 1-Ï ÎˈÓÏ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ë ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ÏÌÂÌËfl / Ê·ÌËfl / ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡ / ÂÍÓÏẨ‡ˆËË ‚ ·ÓΠӷÚÂ͇ÂÏÓÈ ÙÓÏÂ: We should like to see this film.fi ç‡Ï ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ÙËθÏ. I should like ... fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚... I should say ... fi ü ·˚ Ò͇Á‡Î... I should prefer ... fi ü ·˚ Ô‰ÔÓ˜ÂÎ... We should like to have a rest.fi ç‡Ï ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÓÚ‰ÓıÌÛÚ¸. I should like to buy those shoes.fi åÌ ·˚ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ Ú ÚÛÙÎË. I should prefer white wine.fi ü ·˚ Ô‰ÔӘ· ·ÂÎÓ ‚ËÌÓ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò 1-Ï Ë 3-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl Û͇Á‡ÌËÈ ÓÚ Îˈ‡, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ Ó·‡˘ÂÌ ‚ÓÔÓÒ. ëÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı: Should /Shall I write it down?fi (åÌÂ) á‡ÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÓ? Should / Shall she show them her flat?fi ÖÈ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ËÏ Ò‚Ó˛ Í‚‡ÚËÛ? àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò 1-Ï Ë 3-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ÔË Ó·‡˘ÂÌËË ‚ ÍÓÒ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛ ˜¸ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡, Á‡‰‡‚‡ÂÏÓ„Ó Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl Û͇Á‡ÌËÈ: Tom asked if he should post the letter.fi íÓÏ ÒÔÓÒËÎ, ÌÛÊÌÓ ÎË ÂÏÛ ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ. She asked me if she should help them the next day.fi é̇ ÒÔÓÒË·, ÌÛÊÌÓ ÎË ÂÈ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ËÏ Ì‡ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ ‰Â̸. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ı (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË): Should they call you, come and get me.fi ÖÒÎË ÓÌË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ Ú·Â, ÔËÂÁÊ‡È Á‡ ÏÌÓÈ. Should I go, I should wear my black dress.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ fl Ôӯ·,. fl ·˚ ̇‰Â· Ò‚Ó ˜ÂÌÓ Ô·ڸÂ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı, „‰Â ‚ „·‚ÌÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚˚‡Ê‡ÂÚÒfl ۉ˂ÎÂÌË / Ì„Ӊӂ‡ÌË / ÒÓʇÎÂÌË / ‰Û„Ë ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚‡ (should ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂÎÂÌ, ÌÓ Â„Ó ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë Ôˉ‡ÂÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ·Óθ¯Â ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚË): I'm surprised that your wife should object ( objects).fi ü ۉ˂ÎÂÌ ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚‡¯‡ ÊÂ̇ ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡ÂÚ. It's a pity that you (should) have to leave.fi é˜Â̸ ʇθ, ˜ÚÓ ‚‡Ï ÔËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ÛıÓ‰ËÚ¸. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Ó˜Â̸ χÎÓÈ ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓÒÚË ‰Â·ÂÏÓ„Ó Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl: If they should call, I'll tell them about your plan.fi ÖÒÎË ÓÌË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ (̇ ˜ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ χÎÓ Ì‡‰Âʉ˚), fl ‡ÒÒ͇ÊÛ ËÏ Ó Ú‚ÓÂÏ Ô·ÌÂ. 121

If they should call tomorrow, I should tell them about your plan.fi ÖÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÎË Á‡‚Ú‡ (̇ ˜ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ χÎÓ Ì‡‰Âʉ˚), fl ·˚ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î ËÏ Ó Ú‚ÓÂÏ Ô·ÌÂ. Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: If they call, I'll tell them about your plan.fi ÖÒÎË ÓÌË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌflÚ (̇ ˜ÚÓ fl Ó˜Â̸ ̇‰Â˛Ò¸), fl ‡ÒÒ͇ÊÛ ËÏ Ó Ú‚ÓÂÏ Ô·ÌÂ. 88. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò 3-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓÒÚË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl: I suppose, he should reach the place by now.fi ü ÔÓ·„‡˛, ˜ÚÓ Í ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÓÌ ÛÊ ‰Ó·‡ÎÒfl ‰Ó 'ÏÂÒÚ‡. ç should have saved enough money by then.fi ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, Í ÚÓÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ) ÓÌ ÛÊ ÒÍÓÔËÎ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‰ÂÌ„. 89. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‰Îfl ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚, Ëϲ˘Ëı ÓÚÚÂÌÓÍ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌÌÓÈ ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚË / ‡Á‰‡ÊÂÌËfl ( Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ how Ë why): How should I know?fi éÚÍÛ‰‡ fl Á̇˛? Why should you do it?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ? How should they get the money?fi éÚÍÛ‰‡ / ɉ ÓÌË ‚ÓÁ¸ÏÛÚ ‰Â̸„Ë?

VIII. Would (ÙÓχ „·„Ó· will). èÓÒΠwould ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ÙÓχ Infinitive ·ÂÁ ˜‡ÒÚˈ˚ to. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÌËχڸ ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ 'd: 1. 90.

91.

92.

93. 94.

95.

He'd / ç would like to come, too.fi ÖÏÛ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÔËÈÚË ÚÓÊÂ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÙÓÏ˚ Future-in-the-Past ‰Îfl 2-„Ó Ë 3-„Ó Îˈ‡: We were told you would come later.fi ç‡Ï Ò͇Á‡ÎË, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ ÔˉÂÚ ÔÓÁÊÂ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ÙÓχ ÒÓÒ·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËfl: ç would be glad to see you.fi éÌ ·˚Î ·˚ ‡‰ ‚ˉÂÚ¸ Ú·fl. She would have paid that money if she had had it.fi é̇ ·˚ Á‡Ô·ÚË· ˝ÚË ‰Â̸„Ë, ÂÒÎË ·˚ ÓÌË Û Ì ·˚ÎË. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‰Îfl ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË / ÌÂËÁ·ÂÊÌÓÒÚË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl: ç is the best student, he would pass the exam.fi éÌ Ò‡Ï˚È ÎÛ˜¯ËÈ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ, ÓÌ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ò‰‡ÒÚ ˝ÚÓÚ ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂÌ. Don't worry, they would help you.fi He ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl, ÓÌË (Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ) ÔÓÏÓ„ÛÚ Ú·Â. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ 2-Ï ÎˈÓÏ ‚ ‚ÂÊÎË‚˚ı Ó·‡˘ÂÌËflı Ò ÔÓÒ¸·ÓÈ, Ó·‡ÁÛfl ‚ÓÔÓÒ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ̇ ÔÂ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ: Would / Will you wait a moment (, please)?fi èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÏËÌÛÚÍÛ. Would /Will you pass the pepper, please?fi èÂ‰‡ÈÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÔÂˆ. Pass the salt, please, would / will you?fi èÂ‰‡ÈÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÒÓθ. àÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ôˉ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ı ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÒ¸·˚: We should be obliged if you would inform us about the date of your arrival.fi å˚ ·˚ÎË ·˚ ÔËÁ̇ÚÂθÌ˚, ÂÒÎË ·˚ Ç˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ËÎË (·˚ÎË Î˛·ÂÁÌ˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ËÚ¸) Ì‡Ï ‰‡ÚÛ Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ÔË·˚ÚËfl. Ç ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸ ÛÔÓÌÓ ÌÂÊ·ÌË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. ÖÒÎË ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌÓÏ Ô‰ÏÂÚÂ, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌË ÔË·„‡ÂÏ˚Ï ÛÒËÎËflÏ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ç wouldn't listen to me.fi éÌ Ú‡Í Ë Ì ‚˚ÒÎÛ¯‡Î / Ì Á‡ıÓÚÂÎ ‚˚ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸-ÏÂÌfl. The car was very old and it wouldn't start.fi 凯Ë̇ ·˚· ÒÚ‡ÓÈ Ë ÌËÍ‡Í Ì Á‡‚Ӊ˷Ҹ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Îˈ‡ÏË ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl „ÛÎflÌÓ„Ó / ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓ‚ÚÓfl˛˘Â„ÓÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: Sometimes we would visit our friends who lived nearby.fi (àÌÓ„‰‡) å˚, ·˚‚‡ÎÓ, ıÓ‰ËÎË Í ‰ÛÁ¸flÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÊËÎË ÌÂÔÓ‰‡ÎÂÍÛ. She would often help my father.fi é̇, ·˚‚‡ÎÓ, ˜‡ÒÚÂ̸ÍÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Î‡ ÏÓÂÏÛ ÓÚˆÛ.

IX. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ed. îÓχ Active Indefinite Past Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚: ç asked me to help him. They invited us. 96. ÇıÓ‰flÚ Ò ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Active Perfect Ë ‚ÒÂı ÙÓÏÛÎ Passive ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó·: They have helped us. We shall be invited. I am being helped. She has not been invited. 97. îÓχ è˘‡ÒÚËfl II, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı „·„ÓÎÓ‚: We couldn't open the locked door.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ÓÚÍ˚Ú¸ Á‡ÔÂÚÛ˛ ̇ Íβ˜ ‰‚Â¸. We couldn't open the door locked many years ago.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ÓÚÍ˚Ú¸ ‰‚Â¸, Á‡ÔÂÚÛ˛ ̇ Á‡ÏÓÍ ÏÌÓ„Ó ÎÂÚ ÚÓÏÛ Ì‡Á‡‰. ç is disappointed with her behaviour.fi éÌ ‡ÒÒÚÓÂÌ Â Ôӂ‰ÂÌËÂÏ. 1.

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98. ÇıÓ‰flÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ÌÂ΢Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ „·„Ó· (ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ / „ÂÛ̉ËÈ / Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂ) ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË: ç could have helped us.fi éÌ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï. I don't approve of your having married her.fi ü Ì Ӊӷfl˛ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ÊÂÌËÎÒfl ̇ ÌÂÈ. The work having been finished, we went home.fi èÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ‡·ÓÚ‡ ·˚· Á‡‚Â¯Â̇, Ï˚ ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÎËÒ¸ ‰ÓÏÓÈ. 99. åÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, ÔÓËÁӯ‰¯ËÏË ÓÚ ÙÓÏ˚ è˘‡ÒÚËfl II, Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ. ëÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ò ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ: the unemployed fi ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚÌ˚Â; the wounded fi ‡ÌÂÌ˚Â Ë ‰. We cannot help all the unemployed.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÏ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ‚ÒÂÏ ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚÌ˚Ï. The room was filled with the wounded.fi Ç ÍÓÏ̇Ú ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓÎÌÓ ‡ÌÂÌ˚ı.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚˚¯Â ÒÎÛ˜‡flı -ed ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Í ÙÓÏ Infinitive „·„Ó·, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË Ë ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÒÎÓ‚: ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ: v ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -Â, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ì ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl, ÚÓ ˝Ú‡ ·ÛÍ‚‡ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl: to live — lived / to like — liked / to shave — shaved / to smile — smiled / to invite — invited v ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -Û, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Òӄ·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ -Û ÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl ̇ -i: to carry — carried / to try — tried / to apply — applied / to spy — spied ÌÓ: to stay — stayed / to pray — prayed / to delay — delayed / to employ — employed — (ÔÂ‰ -Û „·Ò̇fl) v ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡ Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰Ì‡ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ÍÓ̘̇fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl: to stop — stopped / to plan — planned / to rob — robbed / to hug — hugged ÌÓ: to help — helped / to plant — planted — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰Û„‡fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl); to book — booked / to load — loaded — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ .Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰‚ „·ÒÌ˚ı) v ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡ ‡ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -1, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰Ì‡ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ·ÛÍ‚‡ -l Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl (‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÍÓ̘̇fl -1 Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û‰‡ÂÌË ‚ ÒÎÓ‚Â Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„): to level — levelled (‡ÏÂ.: leveled) — (Û‰‡ÂÌË ԇ‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÂ‚˚È ÒÎÓ„); to compel — compelled (‡ÏÂ.: compelled) — (Û‰‡ÂÌË ԇ‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„); to reveal — revealed — (ÔÂ‰ -l ‰‚ „·ÒÌ˚ı) v ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡ Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ (Ì -1), ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰Ì‡ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ÍÓ̘̇fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û‰‡ÂÌË ԇ‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„ (ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËflÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -x, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ۉ‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl): to regret — regretted / to permit — permitted / to refer — referred — (Û‰‡ÂÌË ̇ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„); to trumpet — trumpeted / to limit — limited / to fasten — fastened / to inhibit — inhibited / to linger — lingered — (Û‰‡ÂÌË Ì ̇ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„); to invest — invested / to remark — remarked — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰Û„‡fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl); to mention — mentioned / to regroup — regrouped — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰‚ „·ÒÌ˚ı); to perplex — perplexed / to relax — relaxed / to transfix — transfixed ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ: ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl [t] ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËıÒfl „ÎÛıËÏ Òӄ·ÒÌ˚Ï Á‚ÛÍÓÏ (ÍÓÏ [t]): to pass — passed / to pack — packed / to like —liked / to finish — finished; ¸ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl [d] ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËıÒfl Á‚ÓÌÍËÏ Òӄ·ÒÌ˚Ï / „·ÒÌ˚Ï Á‚ÛÍÓÏ: to call — called / to turn — turned / to enter — entered / to bow — bowed; ¸ ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl [id] ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËıÒfl Á‚Û͇ÏË [t] / [d] to want — wanted / to permit — permitted / to end — ended / to wound — wounded; 100. ëÎÓ‚‡, ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ed, Ì Ëϲ˘Â ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl: bed / to bleed / greed / hundred Ë ‰. ¸

X. ëÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ing. ÇıÓ‰flÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÙÓÏÛÎ Active Continuous Ë Active Perfect Continuous ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó „·„Ó·: She is sleeping.fi é̇ ÒÔËÚ (ÒÂȘ‡Ò). ç has been waiting for us since the morning.fi éÌ Ê‰ÂÚ Ì‡Ò Ò ÛÚ‡. 101. îÓχ being ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚, ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ Passive Continuous ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ‚ÚÓÓ„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·: Your house is being built.fi LJ¯ ‰ÓÏ ÒÚÓËÚÒfl. á* éڄ·„ÓθÌÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ (-ing). 1.

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4* è˘‡ÒÚË I ("ing). 5* ÉÂÛ̉ËÈ (-ing).

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚˚¯Â ÒÎÛ˜‡flı -ing ÔË·‡‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Í ÙÓÏ Infinitive „·„Ó·, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒÎÓ‚, ˜ÚÓ, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ‚ÎËflÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ: ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -Â, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ì ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl, ÚÓ ˝Ú‡ ·ÛÍ‚‡ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl: to live — living / to smile — smiling / to smoke — smoking / to give — giving / to take — taking ÌÓ (Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚÂ!): to die (fi ÛÏÂÂÚ¸) — dying; to dye (fi Í‡ÒËÚ¸) — dyeing; to lie (fi ΄‡Ú¸) — lying; to lie (lay / lain) (fi ÎÂʇڸ) — lying; to tie (fi Á‡‚flÁ˚‚‡Ú¸ / Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡Ú¸) — tying; ß ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡ Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰Ì‡ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ÍÓ̘̇fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl: to stop — stopping / to plan — planning / to rob — robbing / to hug — hugging ÌÓ: to help — helping / to plant — planting — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰Û„‡fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl); to book — booking / to load — loading — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰‚ „·ÒÌ˚ı) ß ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡ Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -I, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰Ì‡ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ·ÛÍ‚‡ -l Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ Òfl (‚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓÏ ‚‡ˇÌÚ ÍÓ̘̇fl -I Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û‰‡ÂÌË ‚ ÒÎÓ‚Â Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„): to level — levelling (‡ÏÂ.: leveling) — (Û‰‡ÂÌË ԇ‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÂ‚˚È ÒÎÓ„); to compel — compelling (‡ÏÂ.: compelling) — (Û‰‡ÂÌË ԇ‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„); to reveal — reveaPortishead — (ÔÂ‰ -l ‰‚ „·ÒÌ˚ı) ß ÂÒÎË „·„ÓÎ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ·ÓÎÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ„‡ Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ (Ì -l), ˜Â‰ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÓËÚ Ó‰Ì‡ „·Ò̇fl, ÚÓ ÍÓ̘̇fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl Û‰‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û‰‡ÂÌË ԇ‰‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„ (ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËflÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚‡, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ·ÛÍ‚ÓÈ -x): to regret — regretting /to permit — permitting / to refer — referring — (Û‰‡ÂÌË ̇ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„); to trumpet — trumpeting / to limit — limiting / to fasten — fastening / to inhibit — inhibiting / to linger — lingering — (Û‰‡ÂÌË Ì ̇ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ÒÎÓ„); to invest — investing / to remark — remarking — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰Û„‡fl Òӄ·Ò̇fl); to mention — mentioning / to regroup — regrouping — (ÔÂ‰ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ Òӄ·ÒÌÓÈ ‰‚ „·ÒÌ˚ı); to perplex — perplexing / to relax — relaxing / to transfix — transfixing. ÇÒ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ‚˚¯Â ÙÓÏ˚ 1. / 2. / 3* / 4* / 5* ‚˚„Îfl‰flÚ Ë ÔÓËÁÌÓÒflÚÒfl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó. àÁ ÌËı 3* / 4* / 5* ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ, Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌÓ ÛÏÂÚ¸ ÓÚ΢‡Ú¸ Ëı ‰Û„ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÛ˛ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆË˛. ß

102. èËÁ̇ÍË Óڄ·„ÓθÌÓ„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó: ¸ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ Í „·„ÓÎÛ -ing; ¸ ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó; ¸ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó; ¸ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ; ¸ ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏÛ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·; ¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Ò ‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË; ¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ; ¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡, Óڂ˜‡˛˘Ë ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡ÍÓÈ?: This beautiful building belongs to our relatives.fi ùÚÓ Í‡ÒË‚Ó Á‰‡ÌË ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊËÚ Ì‡¯ËÏ Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌË͇Ï. Those beautiful buildings belong to our relatives.fi í Í‡ÒË‚˚ Á‰‡ÌËfl ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊ‡Ú Ì‡¯ËÏ Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌË͇Ï. Would you start from the beginning, please.fi 燘ÌËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, Ò̇˜‡Î‡. èÓÒΠÓڄ·„ÓθÌÓ„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ó‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ (˜Â„Ó? /ÍÓ„Ó?) Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ of: The beginning of the text was very difficult to translate.fi 燘‡ÎÓ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ ·˚ÎÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÚÛ‰Ì˚Ï ‰Îfl ÔÂ‚Ӊ‡. 103. èËÁ̇ÍË è˘‡ÒÚËfl I: ¸ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ Í „·„ÓÎÛ -ing; ¸ ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ Í‡Í Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË „·„Ó·, Ú‡Í Ë Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ë Ì‡˜Ëfl; ¸ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ͇ÍÓÈ? / ͇Í? / ÍÓ„‰‡? / ÔÓ Í‡ÍÓÈ Ô˘ËÌÂ? / ÔË Í‡ÍËı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ı? / ÔË Í‡ÍÓÏ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËË?; ¸ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ; 124

Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·; Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËflÏË; Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ; ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Ò Ì‡˜ËÂÏ: Turning slowly / Slowly turning he looked at us.fi å‰ÎÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛ‚¯ËÒ¸, ÓÌ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂΠ̇ ̇Ò. Listening to them he was still thinking about his wife.fi ëÎÛ¯‡fl Ëı, ÓÌ ÔÓ-ÔÂÊÌÂÏÛ ‰ÛÏ‡Î Ó Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÊÂÌÂ. 104. èËÁ̇ÍË „ÂÛ̉Ëfl: ¸ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ Í „·„ÓÎÛ -ing; ¸ ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ Í‡Í Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË „·„Ó·, Ú‡Í Ë Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó; ¸ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó; ¸ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ò ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ; ¸ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÙÓÏ˚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·; ¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Ò ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌ˚Ï .ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ; ¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚÓflÚ¸ Ò Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ; ¸ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÓÔËÒ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ (˜‡˘Â Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í‡Í? Ë ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÓÒΠ„ÂÛ̉Ëfl): I didn't know about their coming back so early.fi ü Ì ÁÌ‡Î Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡˛ÚÒfl Ú‡Í ‡ÌÓ. ç attempted walking slowly.fi éÌ ÔÓÔÓ·Ó‚‡Î ˉÚË Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ. She regrets living so far from her family.fi é̇ ÒÓʇÎÂÂÚ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÊË‚ÂÚ Ú‡Í ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ ÓÚ ÒÂϸË. èÓÒΠ„ÂÛ̉Ëfl Ó‰ËÚÂθÌ˚È Ô‡‰ÂÊ Ì ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ÓÏ of: ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

She hates giving parties.fi é̇ ÌÂ̇‚ˉËÚ ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ ‚˜ÂËÌÍË. (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: ... ‰‡‚‡ÌË / ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡ÌË (˜Â„Ó?) ‚˜ÂËÌÓÍ) Telling lies is wrong.fi çÂıÓÓ¯Ó Ó·Ï‡Ì˚‚‡Ú¸, (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: „Ó‚ÓÂÌË (˜Â„Ó?) ÎÊË) John's wife doesn't approve of his loving politicians so much.fi ÜÂÌ ÑÊÓ̇ Ó˜Â̸ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ó·ÓʇÂÚ ÔÓÎËÚËÍÓ‚. (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: ... β·ÎÂÌË (ÍÓ„Ó?) ÔÓÎËÚËÍÓ‚)

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÔË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ë ÚÓÈ Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÔÂ‰ ÙÓÏÓÈ, Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ÂÈÒfl -ing, ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Â Í‡Í ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ; ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to prevent / to forbid fi Á‡Ô¢‡Ú¸ (Ì ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ), to excuse / to pardon / to forgive fi ËÁ‚ËÌflÚ¸ Ë ‰. Ó·‡ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ÔÂ‰ „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ: Nobody can prevent us / our getting married.fi çËÍÚÓ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓϯ‡Ú¸ Ì‡Ï ÔÓÊÂÌËÚ¸Òfl. I cannot forbid you talking to that man.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û Á‡ÔÂÚËÚ¸ Ú· (˜ÚÓ?) ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ Ò ˝ÚËÏ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ. I cannot forbid your talking to that man.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û Á‡ÔÂÚËÚ¸ (˜ÚÓ? — Ú‚Ó ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡ÌËÂ) Ú· ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ Ò ˝ÚËÏ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ. Excuse me (for) being late.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚ (ÏÂÌfl) Á‡ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂ. Excuse my being late.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Î. Forgive / Pardon me (for) asking / Pardon my asking, but isn't that my pen you're writing with?fi àÁ‚ËÌË, ÌÓ Ì ÏÓÂÈ ÎË Û˜ÍÓÈ Ú˚ Ô˯¯¸? ‡ ÔÓÒΠ„·„ÓÎÓ‚ to appreciate fi (‚˚ÒÓÍÓ) ˆÂÌËÚ¸ / to dread fi Ó˜Â̸ ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl / to fancy fi Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ (Ò·Â) / to hate fi ÌÂ̇‚ˉÂÚ¸ / to imagine fi Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ (Ò·Â) / to mind fi ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡Ú¸ / to miss fi ÒÍÛ˜‡Ú¸ / to remember fi ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ / to recall fi ‚ÒÔÓÏË̇ڸ / to resent fi Ó·ËʇڸÒfl / to understand fi ÔÓÌËχڸ Ë ‰. ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ è˘‡ÒÚËÂÏ I (Ó·‡ÁÛfl Ó·˙ÂÍÚÌ˚È Ô˘‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ), ‡ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËfl / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊ — ÔÂ‰ „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ: We appreciate them / their paying so much attention to that problem.fi å˚ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ ˆÂÌËÏ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Û‰ÂÎfl˛Ú ÒÚÓθÍÓ ‚ÌËχÌËfl ˝ÚÓÈ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏÂ. Everybody dreads Harry / Harry's taking over the business.fi ÇÒ ӘÂ̸ ·ÓflÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÎÓ ÔÂÂȉÂÚ Í É‡Ë. Fancy / Imagine him / his singing!fi íÓθÍÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚¸ Ò· — ÓÌ ÔÓÂÚ! ç hates anyone / anyone's disturbing him when he is working.fi ÖÏÛ Ó˜Â̸ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ Â„Ó ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‡·ÓÚ˚. Would you mind me/my offering you a cup of coffee?fi Ç˚ Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡Ú¸, ÂÒÎË fl Ô‰ÎÓÊÛ Ç‡Ï ˜‡¯Â˜ÍÛ ÍÓÙÂ? She misses us / our playing cards in the evenings.fi íÂÔÂ¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ ·Óθ¯Â Ì ˄‡ÂÏ ‚ ͇Ú˚ ÔÓ ‚˜Â‡Ï, Ó̇ ÒÍÛ˜‡ÂÚ ·ÂÁ ˝ÚÓ„Ó. I don't remember the Browns / the Browns' having been to this restaurant before.fi ü Ì ÔÓÏÌ˛, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Å‡ÛÌ˚ ÔÂʉ ·˚‚‡ÎË ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÂÒÚÓ‡ÌÂ. Can you recall them / their meeting us at the airport?fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ‚ÒÔÓÏÌËÚ¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌË ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÎË Ì‡Ò ‚ ‡˝ÓÔÓÚÛ? 125

I think your sister resents me/my staying at yours.fi åÌ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ fl ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎÒfl Û ‚‡Ò. Do you understand him / his taking the money?fi í˚ ÔÓÌËχ¯¸, Á‡˜ÂÏ ÓÌ ·ÂÂÚ ‰Â̸„Ë? 105. ëÎÓ‚‡, ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl -ing, Ì Ëϲ˘Â ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó „‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl: interesting / wing / to cling Ë ‰.

XI. ëÎÓ‚Ó one. óËÒÎËÚÂθÌÓ ӉËÌ. — How much time do you have? — I just have one day.fi — ëÍÓθÍÓ Û Ú·fl ‚ÂÏÂÌË? — ÇÒÂ„Ó Ó‰ËÌ ‰Â̸. 106. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ËÌˈ‡. åÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: a row of ones fi fl‰ ‰ËÌˈ 107. ëÎÓ‚Ó-Á‡ÏÂÌËÚÂθ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó. åÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ/ Ò ‡ÚËÍÎÂÏ / ‚ ÔËÚflʇÚÂθÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ÔÓ‚ÚÓflÚ¸ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ¢ ‡Á (ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë): I've got lots of books. The best of them are the ones on the left.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ÍÌË„. ë‡Ï˚ ÎÛ˜¯Ë (ÍÌË„Ë) ÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÚÓflÚ Ò΂‡. I have not a pen. Can you lend me one?fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ Û˜ÍË. í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÏÌ ӉÓÎÊËÚ¸ (Û˜ÍÛ)? 108. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚‚Ó‰ËÏÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÛÒÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ (˜‡ÒÚÓ Ò ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË), „‰Â ÌÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó, ÌÓ Î„ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡Âχfl ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í Î˛·ÓÏÛ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÛ: á‰ÂÒ¸ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ì‡ÈÚË ‚ÒÂ, ˜ÚÓ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ.fi One can find anything here. ì˜ËÚ¸Òfl ÌÛÊÌÓ ıÓÓ¯Ó.fi One must study well. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌËË ÌÂθÁfl ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ‚¢Ë.fi One should not leave things in this room. çËÍÓÏÛ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, ÂÒÎË / ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ Â„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ı ÒÓÏÌ‚‡˛ÚÒfl.fi One doesn't like to have one's word doubted. 109. Ç ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ day Ë Ò Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËflÏË ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ÒÛÚÓÍ (·ÂÁ ‡ÚËÍÎfl) ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl Ӊ̇ʉ˚: one day / morning / afternoon / evening / nightfi Ӊ̇ʉ˚ / Ӊ̇ʉ˚ ÛÚÓÏ / ‰ÌÂÏ /‚˜ÂÓÏ / ÌÓ˜¸˛ 110. åÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÂ‰ ËÏÂ̇ÏË Ë Ù‡ÏËÎËflÏË ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÌÂÍËÈ / ÌÂÍÚÓ: One (Mr.) Fox called you.fi Ç‡Ï Á‚ÓÌËÎ ÌÂÍËÈ / ÌÂÍÚÓ („ÓÒÔÓ‰ËÌ) îÓÍÒ. 1.

XII. ëÎÓ‚Ó for. 1.

èÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È Ô‰ÎÓ„. àÏÂÂÚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‡ÁÌ˚ı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ (ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸): It is for you.fi ùÚÓ ‰Îfl ‚‡Ò. I read books for pleasure.fi ü ˜ËÚ‡˛ ÍÌË„Ë ‡‰Ë (‰Îfl) Û‰Ó‚ÓθÒÚ‚Ëfl. What did you do that for?fi ᇘÂÏ Ú˚ ˝ÚÓ Ò‰Â·Î? 111. ÇÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ Ô‰ÎÓ„ ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË / ̇: I have been waiting here for two hours.fi ü Ê‰Û Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡ / ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ‰‚Ûı ˜‡ÒÓ‚. She is leaving for two days.fi é̇ ÛÂÁʇÂÚ Ì‡ ‰‚‡ ‰Ìfl. 112. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÌÓÏ Ó·ÓÓÚÂ: It is impossible for her to help us.fi é̇ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï. 113. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÓ˛Á‡ ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇: For all his money, he is unhappy.fi çÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ Ò‚ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë, ÓÌ ÌÂÒ˜‡ÒÚÎË‚. For all you say, I love her.fi ü β·Î˛ ÂÂ, ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ó ÌÂÈ „Ó‚Ó˯¸. 114. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl (‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë Ó˜Â̸ ‰ÍÓ) ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÓ˛Á‡ ÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Ú‡Í Í‡Í / ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ. é·˚˜ÌÓ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚ ̇˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ‚Ò„‰‡ ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓÒΠÁ‡ÔflÚÓÈ: She asked me not to leave, for she had something to tell me.fi é̇ ÔÓÔÓÒË· ÏÂÌfl Ì ÛıÓ‰ËÚ¸, Ú‡Í Í‡Í ıÓÚ· ÏÌ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸. 115. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËflı: for certain fi ̇‚ÂÌfl͇; for good fi ̇‚Ò„‰‡; for my part fi óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÏÂÌfl, ...; for smb.'s / smth.'s sake fi ‡‰Ë ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó; for the sake of smb. / smth. fi ‡‰Ë ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ë ‰. (ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸) I cannot say for certain where she comes from.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ÚÓ˜ÌÓ, ÓÚÍÛ‰‡ Ó̇. She says that she is leaving for good.fi é̇ „Ó‚ÓËÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÛÂÁʇÂÚ Ì‡‚Ò„‰‡. For my part, I'm not sure of this. / I'm not sure of this, for my part.fi óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÏÂÌfl, (ÚÓ) fl ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ì ۂÂÂÌ. Please, don't do it, for mother's sake.fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ‡‰Ë χÏ˚, Ì ‰ÂÎ‡È ˝ÚÓ„Ó. I can only do it for the sake of my family.fi ü ÏÓ„Û Ò‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ ÚÓθÍÓ ‡‰Ë Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÂϸË. 126

XIII. ëÎÓ‚Ó it. 1.

åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ˝ÚÓ. Ç˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË, Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡fl ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ Ò ÔÂ‚ӉÓÏ: It is very important.fi ùÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌÓ. Explain it, please.fi é·˙flÒÌË ˝ÚÓ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. 116. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚‚Ó‰ËÏÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó ÔË ÔÂ‚Ӊ ̇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í ÛÒÒÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, „‰Â ÌÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â„Ó Ë Ò͇ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó: ëÂȘ‡Ò ÔflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚.fi It is five o'clock. á‰ÂÒ¸ ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ.fi It is cold here. 117. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÛÒËÎËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ó·ÓÓÚ (íÂχ 5): It was my sister who brought these tickets.fi ùÚÓ ÏÓfl ÒÂÒÚ‡ ÔËÌÂÒ· ·ËÎÂÚ˚. It is here that we meet every Sunday.fi àÏÂÌÌÓ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÏÒfl ͇ʉÓ ‚ÓÒÍÂÒÂ̸Â. 118. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ΄ÍÓ Û„‡‰˚‚‡˛˘ËıÒfl ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: This book is really interesting but I have no time to read it.fi ùÚ‡ ÍÌË„‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ËÌÚÂÂÒ̇fl, ÌÓ Û ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ÂÂ. I live in a new house now. Why don't you come to see it?fi ü ÊË‚Û ÒÂȘ‡Ò ‚ ÌÓ‚ÓÏ ‰ÓÏÂ. èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ·˚ Ú· Ì ÔËÂı‡Ú¸ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ „Ó?

XIV. ëÎÓ‚Ó that. 1.

ì͇Á‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ÚÓÚ / Ú‡ / ÚÓ. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ˝ÚÓÚ: This book is mine, that book is yours.fi ùÚ‡ ÍÌË„‡ ÏÓfl, Ú‡ ÍÌË„‡ Ú‚Ófl. I didn't know that.fi ü Ì Á̇Π˝ÚÓ„Ó. 119. ëÓ˛Á ˜ÚÓ / ˜ÚÓ·˚. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl: I am sure (that) he will come.fi ü Û‚ÂÂÌ, (˜ÚÓ) ÓÌ ÔˉÂÚ. It is important (that) he should come.fi LJÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌ Ô˯ÂÎ. 120. ëÓ˛Á ÍÓÚÓ˚È. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl: This is the letter that came yesterday.fi ùÚÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ, ÍÓÚÓÓ Ô˯ÎÓ ‚˜Â‡. The girl (that) you met yesterday wants to see you again.fi Ñ‚ۯ͇, Ò ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ú˚ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎÒfl ‚˜Â‡, ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÓÔflÚ¸ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÚÓ·ÓÈ. 121. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Ú‡Í / Ú‡ÍÓÈ / ‚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË (˜‡ÒÚÓ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ all ‚ÔÂ‰Ë): I am not allowed to walk that far.fi åÌ Ì ‡Á¯‡˛Ú ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ú‡Í ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ. I was that tired I couldn't help you.fi ü ·˚Π̇ÒÚÓθÍÓ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÏÓ„ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â. It isn't as interesting as all that.fi ùÚÓ ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÛÊ Ë ËÌÚÂÂÒÌÓ. It isn't all that hot.fi He Ú‡Í ÛÊ Ë Ê‡ÍÓ (Í‡Í Ï˚ ‰ÛχÎË). 122. ᇂÂ¯‡ÂÚ ÛÒËÎËÚÂθÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È ‰Îfl ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: It is here that we met for the first time.fi ÇÓÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ï˚ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎËÒ¸. It's not that he needs the money.fi He ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÂÏÛ Ó˜Â̸ ÛÊ ÌÛÊÌ˚ ·˚ÎË ˝ÚË ‰Â̸„Ë. . 123. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÒÎÓ‚‡-Á‡ÏÂÌËÚÂÎfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ Ò ˆÂθ˛ ËÁ·Âʇڸ ÔÓ‚ÚÓ‡ (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËflı): Your car is better than that of my brother.fi í‚Ófl χ¯Ë̇ ÎÛ˜¯Â, ˜ÂÏ (χ¯Ë̇) Û ÏÓÂ„Ó ·‡Ú‡.

127

ê‡Á‰ÂÎ IV. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ‡Á‰ÂΠ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ı (ËÎË Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓıÓÊËı) ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ӉÌËı Ë ÚÂı Ê (ËÎË ÒıÓÊËı ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ) ÒÎÓ‚ Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËÈ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ (·ÓΠÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸).

1. ç‡ ÛÎˈÂ. in the street („‰Â street fi ‰ÓÓ„‡ ‚ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÏ ÔÛÌÍÚÂ, Ô‰̇Á̇˜ÂÌ̇fl ‰Îfl ‰‚ËÊÂÌËfl β‰ÂÈ / Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡, ‚‰Óθ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ ÒÚÓÂÌËfl): There is a police car in the street.fi ç‡ ÛÎˈ (ÂÒÚ¸) ÔÓÎˈÂÈÒ͇fl χ¯Ë̇. I just met them in the street.fi ü ÔÓÒÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÎ Ëı ̇ ÛÎˈÂ. I work in Gogol Street.fi ü ‡·ÓÚ‡˛ /åÓfl ‡·ÓÚ‡ ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ̇ ÛÎˈ ÉÓ„ÓÎfl. I live in Gorky Street.fi ü ÊË‚Û Ì‡ ÛÎˈ ÉÓ¸ÍÓ„Ó. I live at 46 Gorky Street.fi ü ÊË‚Û ‚ ‰ÓÏ 46 ÔÓ ÛÎˈ ÉÓ¸ÍÓ„Ó. outside fi ̇ ÛÎˈ (Ò̇ÛÊË/Á‡ Ô‰Â·ÏË Á‰‡ÌËfl): Wait here until they come outside.fi Ü‰Ë Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÔÓ͇ ÓÌË Ì ‚˚ȉÛÚ (̇ ÛÎˈÛ). Our children often play outside.fi ç‡¯Ë ‰ÂÚË ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ë„‡˛Ú ̇ , ÛÎˈÂ. Don't go outside.fi ç‡ ÛÎËˆÛ Ì ıÓ‰Ë. Is it cold outside?fi ç‡ ÛÎˈ ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ?

2. ÑÓÏ / ‰ÓÏÓÈ / ‰Óχ. home fi ÊËÎˢ (β·Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ, „‰Â ÊË‚ÂÚ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌ˚È ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ): I left home at the age of 16.fi ü ÔÓÍËÌÛÎ ‰ÓÏ ‚ 16 ÎÂÚ. at home fi ‰Óχ: Is your father at home?fi í‚ÓÈ ÓÚˆ ‰Óχ? Make yourself at home.fi ê‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÈÒfl, Í‡Í ‰Óχ. We can't feel at home here.fi å˚ Ì ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÏ Ò·fl Á‰ÂÒ¸, Í‡Í ‰Óχ. to be in / out fi ·˚Ú¸ ‰Óχ / Ì ·˚Ú¸ ‰Óχ (ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ ÔÓ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚÛ, ˜ÚÓ ˜¸ ˉÂÚ Ó ‰ÓÏÂ): — Is your father in? — Yes, he is in. / No, he is not in. / He is out.fi (Á‚ÓÌÓÍ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ ‚ ‰ÓÏ / Í‚‡ÚËÛ) — í‚ÓÈ ÓÚˆ ‰Óχ? — ч / çÂÚ. Is your father in?fi (Á‚ÓÌÓÍ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ ‚ ÓÙËÒ) í‚ÓÈ ÓÚˆ ̇ ÏÂÒÚ / ‚ ÓÙËÒÂ? (ÂÒÎË ÓÚˆ Ë Ò˚Ì ‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ) to go / to come / to be (back) home fi Âı‡Ú¸ / ˉÚË / ÓÚÔ‡‚ÎflÚ¸Òfl / ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ (‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡Ú¸Òfl) ‰ÓÏÓÈ: When will you come / be back home?fi äÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ ‚Â̯¸Òfl (‰ÓÏÓÈ)? I have to go home.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ë‰ÚË (‰ÓÏÓÈ). home fi ÏÂÒÚÓ, „‰Â Ûı‡ÊË‚‡˛Ú Á‡ ‰Û„ËÏË Î˛‰¸ÏË: holiday / rest home fi ‰ÓÏ ÓÚ‰˚ı‡; children's home fi ‰ÂÚÒÍËÈ ‰ÓÏ; old people's home fi ‰ÓÏ ÔÂÒÚ‡ÂÎ˚ı house fi ‰ÓÏ (Á‰‡ÌË / ÒÚÓÂÌËÂ): —Is your father at home? — Yes, he is in the house.fi — í‚ÓÈ ÓÚˆ ‰Óχ? — ч, ÓÌ ‚ ‰ÓÏÂ. (‚ÌÛÚË) We live in a new two-storeyed (‡ÏÂ.: — storied) house.fi å˚ ÊË‚ÂÏ ‚ ‰‚Ûı˝Ú‡ÊÌÓÏ ‰ÓÏÂ. (‚ÂÒ¸ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊËÚ Ì‡Ï) We live in a nine-storeyed block of flats.fi å˚ ÊË‚ÂÏ ‚ ‰Â‚flÚ˽ڇÊÌÓÏ (ÏÌÓ„ÓÍ‚‡ÚËÌÓÏ) ‰ÓÏÂ. house fi ÒÚÓÂÌË / Á‰‡ÌËÂ, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌÓ ‰Îfl ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ı ˆÂÎÂÈ: madhouse fi ÒÛχү‰¯ËÈ ‰ÓÏ / henhouse fi ÍÛflÚÌËÍ to house fi ÛÒÚÓËÚ¸ ̇ ÌӘ΄ / ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓÊË‚‡ÌËÂ: Can you house us for a week?fi å˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl Û ‚‡Ò ̇ ̉Âβ? 128

3. á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸(Òfl) / ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl) / Á̇ÍÓÏ˚È / Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Ó. to acquaint smb. / oneself with smth. fi (Ó)Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / (Ó)Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: Will you acquaint him with the facts of the case.fi ÅÛ‰¸Ú β·ÂÁÌ˚, ÓÁ̇ÍÓϸÚÂ Â„Ó Ò Ù‡ÍÚ‡ÏË ÔÓ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‰ÂÎÛ. Wouldn't you like to acquaint yourself with your new duties?fi ê‡Á‚ ‚‡Ï Ì ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl ÒÓ Ò‚ÓËÏË ÌÓ‚˚ÏË Ó·flÁ‡ÌÌÓÒÚflÏË? to be / to become acquainted with smth. fi ·˚Ú¸ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Ï / Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: They were not acquainted with the real reason for the divorce.fi éÌË ·˚ÎË ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚ Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÈ Ô˘ËÌÓÈ ‡Á‚Ó‰‡. / àÏ ·˚· ÌÂËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘‡fl Ô˘Ë̇ ‡Á‚Ó‰‡. You will soon become fully acquainted with the plan.fi ëÍÓÓ ‚‡Ò ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏflÚ Ò Ô·ÌÓÏ. to be acquainted (with smb.) fi ·˚Ú¸ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Ï (Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): We are not acquainted.fi å˚ ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚. / å˚ Ì Á̇ÂÏ ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡. I am not acquainted with him.fi ü ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ Ò ÌËÏ. I'm slightly acquainted with her.fi ü ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó Á̇ÍÓÏ Ò ÌÂÈ. She was very well acquainted with them.fi é̇ ·˚· Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó Á̇ÍÓχ Ò ÌËÏË. / é̇ Á̇· Ëı Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó. to get / to become acquainted (with smb.) fi ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl (Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): Let's get acquainted.fi ч‚‡ÈÚ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÏÒfl. I don't want to get acquainted with him.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÌËÏ. They became / got acquainted last month.fi éÌË ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎËÒ¸ ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ. acquaintance fi Á̇ÍÓÏ˚È (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ): I can't ask her about it — she's only an acquaintance.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÒÔÓÒËÚ¸  ӷ ˝ÚÓÏ — Ó̇ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Î˯¸ (ÏÓfl) Á̇ÍÓχfl. ç has a wide circle of acquaintances.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ¯ËÓÍËÈ ÍÛ„ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚. / ì ÌÂ„Ó ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡ÁÌ˚ı Á̇ÍÓÏ˚ı. We are old acquaintances.fi å˚ ÒÚ‡˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Â. / å˚ ‰‡‚ÌÓ Á̇ÂÏ ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡. to have acquaintance with smth. fi ·˚Ú¸ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Ï (ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚÌÓ) Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I have some little acquaintance with medicine.fi ü ÌÂÏÌÓÊÍÓ Á̇ÍÓÏ Ò Ï‰ˈËÌÓÈ. Do you have any acquaintance with this car / model?fi í˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ Ò ˝ÚËÏ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎÂÏ? / í˚ Á̇¯¸ ˝ÚÛ ÏÓ‰Âθ? a nodding acquaintance with smb./smth. fi ¯‡ÔÓ˜ÌÓ / ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚÌÓ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Ó Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I have no more than a nodding acquaintance with them / with their work.fi ü ÔÓ˜ÚË ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ Ò ÌËÏË. / ü ÔÓ˜ÚË ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ Ò Ëı ‡·ÓÚÓÈ. to make smb.'s acquaintance / the acquaintance of smb. fi ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: Where / When did you first make their acquaintance?fi ɉ / äÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ ‚ÔÂ‚˚ ‚ÒÚÂÚËÎÒfl / ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎÒfl Ò ÌËÏË? I want you to make the acquaintance of my fiancee.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎÒfl Ò ÏÓÂÈ Ì‚ÂÒÚÓÈ. on/upon further acquaintance fi ÔË ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯÂÏ / ·ÓΠ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â: His attitude towards this problem seemed unclear first, but he appeared to be on our side on/upon further acquaintance.fi èÓ̇˜‡ÎÛ Â„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í ˝ÚÓÈ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ ÌÂflÒÌ˚Ï, ÌÓ ÔË ·ÓΠ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â ‚˚flÒÌËÎÓÒ¸, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ì‡ ̇¯ÂÈ ÒÚÓÓÌÂ. to meet (smb.) fi Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl (Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): Have we met (before)?fi å˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚? We haven't met before.fi å˚ ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚. I know him by sight, but we've never met.fi ü Á̇˛ Â„Ó Ò ‚ˉÛ, ÌÓ Ï˚ ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚. Meet my husband John.fi èÓÁ̇ÍÓϸÚÂÒ¸ Ò ÏÓËÏ ÏÛÊÂÏ — ÑÊÓÌ. (I am) Pleased to meet you.fi èËflÚÌÓ ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl Ò Ç‡ÏË. to introduce smb. (to smb.) fi ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸ / Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó (ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó): Allow me to introduce myself.fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl. Let me introduce my wife to you.fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚÂ, fl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚β Ç‡Ï Ò‚Ó˛ ÊÂÌÛ. Let me introduce you to my wife.fi ч‚‡È, fl ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏβ Ú·fl ÒÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÊÂÌÓÈ. I don't think we've been introduced.fi å˚, ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚. to introduce smb. to smth. fi Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: 129

Shall I introduce him to our plan?fi èÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸ Â„Ó Ò Ì‡¯ËÏ Ô·ÌÓÏ? / ê‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ Ó Ì‡¯ÂÏ Ô·ÌÂ? You shouldn't introduce him to alcohol.fi Ç˚ Ì ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔËÛ˜‡Ú¸ Â„Ó Í ÒÔËÚÌÓÏÛ (Á̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸ Ò ‡ÎÍÓ„ÓÎÂÏ). to know smb. / smth. fi Á̇ڸ / ·˚Ú¸ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Ï Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I don't know him.fi ü Ì Á̇˛ „Ó. / ü ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ Ò ÌËÏ. We've known each other since we were children.fi å˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚ / Á̇ÂÏ ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡ Ò ‰ÂÚÒÚ‚‡. Do you know the plan well?fi í˚ ıÓÓ¯Ó Á̇¯¸ Ô·Ì? / í˚ ıÓÓ¯Ó ÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÎÒfl Ò Ô·ÌÓÏ? to be familiar with smth. fi ·˚Ú¸ ıÓÓ¯Ó Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Ï Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I don't know whether he is familiar with this technology.fi ü Ì Á̇˛, Á̇ÍÓÏ ÎË ÓÌ Ò ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËÂÈ. to be familiar (to smb.) fi ·˚Ú¸ ıÓÓ¯Ó Á̇ÍÓÏ˚Ï ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: Her face is very familiar (to me) but I can't remember her name.fi Ö ÎËˆÓ ÏÌ ӘÂ̸ Á̇ÍÓÏÓ, ÌÓ fl Ì ÏÓ„Û ‚ÒÔÓÏÌËÚ¸  ËÏfl. the familiar story / sight / voice / ... fi Á̇ÍÓχfl ËÒÚÓËfl / Á̇ÍÓÏ˚È ‚ˉ / „ÓÎÓÒ / ...

4. ë͇Á‡Ú¸ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸. to Speak (to / with smb.) fi „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ (Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó); Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ / „ÛÎflÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: Do you speak English?fi Ç˚ „Ó‚ÓËÚ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË? ç is speaking on the phone.fi éÌ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ. I'd like to speak to / with you.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ò ÚÓ·ÓÈ. She speaks very loudly.fi é̇ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ Ó˜Â̸ „ÓÏÍÓ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËflı so to speak fi Ú‡Í Ò͇Á‡Ú¸; strictly / generally / roughly speaking fi ÒÚÓ„Ó / ‚ÓÓ·˘Â / „Û·Ó „Ó‚Ófl: I want you to look beautiful every day, so to speak.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰Â· Í‡ÒË‚ÓÈ Í‡Ê‰˚È ‰Â̸, Ú‡Í Ò͇Á‡Ú¸. Roughly speaking, I do not like him at all.fi ÉÛ·Ó „Ó‚Ófl, ÓÌ ÏÌ ‚Ó‚Ò Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. to talk (to / with smb.) fi „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ / ·ÂÒ‰ӂ‡Ú¸ (Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó); Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ / „ÛÎflÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: You are talking too loudly.fi í˚ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Â¯¸ / „Ó‚Ó˯¸ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ „ÓÏÍÓ. I'd like to talk with / to you.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ò ÚÓ·ÓÈ. ç is talking too much.fi éÌ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó „Ó‚ÓËÚ. àÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ̇ ͇ÍÛ˛-ÎË·Ó ÚÂÏÛ: to talk weather / business / shop / ... fi „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ó ÔӄӉ / ·ËÁÌÂÒ / ‡·ÓÚ / ...: You are talking shop too much.fi í˚ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó „Ó‚Ó˯¸ Ó ‡·ÓÚÂ. talk fi ‡Á„Ó‚Ó / ·ÂÒ‰‡: No shop talk, please.fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÌË ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ó ‡·ÓÚÂ. I had a serious talk with my daughter.fi ü ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌÓ ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÎ / ü ËÏÂÎ ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌ˚È ‡Á„Ó‚Ó Ò ‰Ó˜Â¸˛. to talk smb. into doing smth. fi Û„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ò‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; to talk smb. out of doing smth. fi ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ò‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: You won't talk me into going there.fi í˚ Ì ۄӂÓ˯¸ ÏÂÌfl ÔÓÈÚË ÚÛ‰‡. She talked him out of buying that car.fi é̇ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓË· Â„Ó ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÛ Ï‡¯ËÌÛ.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ „·„Ó· to talk ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈Ëflı ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‰Û„Ë „·„ÓÎ˚: to press smb. into / out of doing smth. fi Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÔÓ‰ ̇ÊËÏÓÏ Ò‰Â·ڸ / Ì ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; to force smb. into / out of doing smth. fi Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÒËÎÓÈ Ò‰Â·ڸ / Ì ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; to cheat smb. into /out of doing smth. fi Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ӷχÌÓÏ Ò‰Â·ڸ / Ì ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓÎË·Ó: She cheated me out of buying that ear.fi é̇ ӷχÌÓÏ Á‡ÒÚ‡‚Ë· ÏÂÌfl ÓÚ͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ÓÚ ÔÓÍÛÔÍË ˝ÚÓÈ Ï‡¯ËÌ˚. to say smth. (to smb.) fi Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó (ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó); Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ó‰ÌÓ‡ÁÓ‚Ó / (ÂÊÂ) „ÛÎflÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ; ÔÓÒΠto say Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÛ; ÂÒÎË Ê ÍÓÏÛ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ÚÓ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ to: ç says nothing.fi éÌ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì „Ó‚ÓËÚ. 130

ç says nothing to me.fi éÌ ÌË˜Â„Ó ÏÌ Ì „Ó‚ÓËÚ. She said (that) I am a good boy.fi é̇ Ò͇Á‡Î‡, ˜ÚÓ fl ıÓÓ¯ËÈ Ô‡Â̸. She said to my mother that I am a good boy.fi é̇ Ò͇Á‡Î‡ ÏÓÂÈ Ï‡ÚÂË, ˜ÚÓ fl ıÓÓ¯ËÈ Ô‡Â̸. to tell smb. smth. fi Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ó‰ÌÓ‡ÁÓ‚Ó / (ÂÊÂ) „ÛÎflÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ; ÔÓÒΠto tell ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓÏÛ, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Ô‰ÎÓ„ to Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: ç tells me nothing.fi éÌ çË˜Â„Ó Ì „Ó‚ÓËÚ ÏÌÂ. She told my mother that I am a good boy.fi é̇ Ò͇Á‡Î‡ ÏÓÂÈ Ï‡ÚÂË, ˜ÚÓ fl ıÓÓ¯ËÈ Ô‡Â̸. Ç Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ / „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÛ; Ô‰ÎÓ„ to Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl: ç likes to tell long stories.fi éÌ Î˛·ËÚ ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ËÒÚÓËË. ç told (us) the truth.fi éÌ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î (̇Ï) ‚Ò˛ Ô‡‚‰Û.

èËϘ‡ÌËfl: ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÔflÏÓÈ Â˜Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ to say: ç said, 'Don't worry.fi éÌ Ò͇Á‡Î: "ç ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl." ÔË ÔÂÂÒ͇Á ÔflÏÓÈ Â˜Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl to tell (ÂÒÎË ÂÒÚ¸ ÍÓÏÛ), ËÎË to say (ÂÒÎË ÌÂÚ ÍÓÏÛ): ç told me not to worry.fi éÌ Ò͇Á‡Î ÏÌ Ì ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl. ç said that I should not worry.fi éÌ Ò͇Á‡Î, ˜ÚÓ·˚ fl Ì ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡ÎÒfl. to say ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒÛ·˙ÂÍÚÌÓÏ ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÌÓÏ Ó·ÓÓÚÂ; to tell Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl : ç is said not to smoke.fi ÉÓ‚ÓflÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ì ÍÛËÚ. ç is told not to smoke.fi ÖÏÛ Ò͇Á‡ÎË Ì ÍÛËÚ¸.

5. ì˜ËÚ¸Òfl / Û˜ËÚ¸ / ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸. to study fi Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl / ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ: - Û˜ËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ۘ·ÌÓÏ Á‡‚‰ÂÌËË: ç studies at the medical college.fi éÌ Û˜ËÚÒfl ‚ ωˈËÌÒÍÓÏ ÍÓÎΉÊÂ. - Û˜ËÚ¸ / ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸ „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ / ˆÂÎÛ˛ ̇ÛÍÛ: She studies medicine.fi é̇ ËÁÛ˜‡ÂÚ Ï‰ˈËÌÛ. - ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó (Ô‰ÏÂÚ / ÏÂÒÚÌÓÒÚ¸ / fl‚ÎÂÌË / ...): They are studying the map.fi éÌË ËÁÛ˜‡˛Ú ͇ÚÛ. She studies the origin of light.fi é̇ ËÁÛ˜‡ÂÚ ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌË ҂ÂÚ‡. study fi ͇·ËÌÂÚ / ËÁÛ˜ÂÌË / ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÂ: His study is upstairs.fi Ö„Ó Í‡·ËÌÂÚ Ì‡‚ÂıÛ. My studies show that he is right.fi åÓË ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ Ô‡‚. to learn fi Û˜ËÚ¸ / ËÁÛ˜‡Ú¸; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ: - Û˜ËÚ¸(Òfl) / ÔËÓ·ÂÚ‡Ú¸ Á̇ÌËfl / ̇‚˚ÍË (‚ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í / Ë„ ̇ „ËÚ‡ / ...): I team English on Sundays.fi ü Û˜Û ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ÔÓ ‚ÓÒÍÂÒÂ̸flÏ. She learns to swim.fi é̇ Û˜ËÚÒfl Ô·‚‡Ú¸. ç learns how to ride a horse.fi éÌ Û˜ËÚÒfl ‚ÂıÓ‚ÓÈ ÂÁ‰Â. They learn how to drive a car.fi éÌË Û˜‡ÚÒfl ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ χ¯ËÌÛ. - ·˚Ú¸ Á‡ÌflÚ˚Ï ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÍÓÈ: She is learning English now.fi ëÂȘ‡Ò Ó̇ Û˜ËÚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ. - ÛÁ̇ڸ / ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ËÌÙÓχˆË˛: I haven't learnt / learned his phone number.fi ü Ì ÛÁ̇ΠÌÓÏÂ Â„Ó ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇. They didn't learn much from him.fi éÌË Ì ÛÁ̇ÎË ÏÌÓ„Ó ÓÚ Ì„Ó.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

ÒΉÛÂÚ ‡Á΢‡Ú¸ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl to learn fi ÔËÓ·ÂÒÚË ËÌÙÓχˆË˛ / ÛÁ̇ڸ Ë to know fi ÛÊ ËÏÂÚ¸ ËÌÙÓχˆË˛ / Á̇ڸ: I'm afraid, she didn't know their address.fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, Ó̇ Ì Á̇· Ëı ‡‰ÂÒ. I'am afraid, she didn't learn their address.fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, Ó̇ Ì ÛÁ̇· Ëı ‡‰ÂÒ. to learn by heart fi ‚˚Û˜ËÚ¸ / Û˜ËÚ¸ ̇ËÁÛÒÚ¸: This poem is too difficult to learn by heart.fi ùÚÓ ÒÚËıÓÚ‚ÓÂÌË ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÚÛ‰ÌÓÂ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚Û˜ËÚ¸ Â„Ó Ì‡ËÁÛÒÚ¸. to teach smb. / smth. fi Û˜ËÚ¸ / Ó·Û˜‡Ú¸ / ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: 131

ç is teaching English at school.fi éÌ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡ÂÚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÂ. She is teaching the guitar to children.fi é̇ Ó·Û˜‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÚÂÈ Ë„ ̇ „ËÚ‡Â. That will teach you not to swim in cold water.fi Åۉ¯¸ Á̇ڸ, Í‡Í Ô·‚‡Ú¸ ‚ ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚Ó‰Â.

6. íÂÎÂÙÓÌ / Á‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ. telephone — ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÙÓÏ phone fi ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌ: telephone booth / phone booth / phone-box / public telephone / call-box fi ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌ-‡‚ÚÓÏ‡Ú / ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌ̇fl ·Û‰Í‡; telephone directory / phone book (‡Á„Ó‚Ó̇fl ÙÓχ) fi ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÌ˚È ÒÔ‡‚Ó˜ÌËÍ; to make a (telephone) call fi ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ (ÂÒÎË Ì Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓÏÛ): I have to make a call.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸. She is making a call.fi é̇ Á‚ÓÌËÚ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ. to make a long-distance (telephone) call fi Á‡Í‡Á‡Ú¸ ÏÂʉۄÓÓ‰Ì˚È / ÏÂʉÛ̇Ó‰Ì˚È ‡Á„Ó‚Ó / Á‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ „ÓÓ‰ / ÒÚ‡ÌÛ: I'd like to make a long-distance call.fi ü ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ Á‡Í‡Á‡Ú¸ ‡Á„Ó‚Ó Ò ‰Û„ËÏ „ÓÓ‰ÓÏ. to call smb. (up) at / in fi ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó to (tele)phone smb. (up) at / in fi ÍÛ‰‡-ÎË·Ó to ring smb. (up) at / in fi ‚ ÓÙËÒ / ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ / to give smb. a call / ring at / in fi ‰ÓÏÓÈ / ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ „ÓÓ‰: I'll call you (up) tomorrow.fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ Ú· Á‡‚Ú‡. I'll phone you (up) at the office.fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ Ú· ‚ ÓÙËÒ. I'll ring you (up) in London.fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ Ú· ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ. ÖÒÎË Û͇Á‡ÌÓ ÍÛ‰‡ Á‚ÓÌËÚ¸, ÌÓ Ì Û͇Á‡ÌÓ ÍÓÏÛ, Ô‰ÎÓ„ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ: I want to call the enquiry office / the inquiries.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ‚ ÒÔ‡‚Ó˜ÌÛ˛. to call (smb.) back fi ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ / ÔÂÂÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á / ÔÓÁÊÂ: I'll call (you) back.fi ü ÔÂÂÁ‚ÓÌ˛ (Ú·Â) ÔÓÁÊ / ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á. to be / to speak on the telephone fi „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ: She is (speaking) on the (tele)phone now.fi é̇ ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ. a party line fi Ô‡‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚È ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌ: I don't have a party line.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ Ô‡‡ÎÎÂθÌÓ„Ó ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇. May / Can I use your (tele)phone?fi åÓ„Û fl ÓÚ ‚‡Ò ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸? You are wanted on the (tele)phone.fi í·fl Í ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ.

7. To call. to call (to smb.) fi Á‚‡Ú¸ / Í˘‡Ú¸ (˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô˂Θ¸ ‚ÌËχÌËÂ): She called and called but nobody answered.fi é̇ Í˘‡Î‡ Ë Í˘‡Î‡, ÌÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÓÚÁ˚‚‡ÎÒfl. ç called to me for help.fi éÌ ÔÓÁ‚‡Î ÏÂÌfl ̇ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. to call fi Á‚‡Ú¸ / ̇Á˚‚‡Ú¸: Did you hear what he called me? He called me a liar.fi í˚ ÒÎ˚¯‡Î, Í‡Í ÓÌ Ì‡Á‚‡Î ÏÂÌfl? éÌ Ì‡Á‚‡Î ÏÂÌfl ÎʈÓÏ. Just call me Oleg.fi áÓ‚Ë ÏÂÌfl / é·‡˘‡ÈÒfl ÍÓ ÏÌ ÔÓÒÚÓ "é΄". to call fi ‚˚Á˚‚‡Ú¸ (ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ): Please call a doctor.fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ‚˚ÁÓ‚ËÚ ‚‡˜‡. Shall I call you a taxi? / Shall I call a taxi for you?fi Ç˚Á‚‡Ú¸ Ú· ڇÍÒË? to call for smth. fi Á‡ÈÚË Ì‡ ÍÓÓÚÍÓ ‚ÂÏfl /Á‡·Âʇڸ Á‡ ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: She called for her camera.fi é̇ Á‡ıӉ˷ Á‡ Ò‚ÓËÏ ÙÓÚÓ‡ÔÔ‡‡ÚÓÏ. to call for smb. fi Á‡ÈÚË Á‡ ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó (˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ÏÂÒÚ ˉÚË): I'll call for you at half past 5.fi ü Á‡È‰Û Á‡ ÚÓ·ÓÈ ‚ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ ¯ÂÒÚÓ„Ó. 132

to call (in) at some place / at smb.'s fi Á‡ÈÚË ÌÂ̇‰ÓÎ„Ó ÍÛ‰‡-ÎË·Ó / Á‡„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: I'd like to call (in) at the bank.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ Á‡ÈÚË ‚ ·‡ÌÍ. Do you think we should call at Richard's when we go there?fi í˚ ‰Ûχ¯¸ Ì‡Ï ÒÚÓËÚ Á‡„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ Í ê˘‡‰Û, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ ÔÓ‰ÂÏ ÚÛ‰‡? to call by (at some place) fi Á‡ÈÚË ÌÂ̇‰ÓÎ„Ó / Á‡„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ (ÔÓ ‰ÓÓ„Â): We called by to -thank you.fi å˚ Á‡¯ÎË ÚÓθÍÓ Ôӷ·„Ó‰‡ËÚ¸ ‚‡Ò. Could you call by on your way to the office?fi í˚ Ì ÏÓ„ ·˚ Á‡ÈÚË (ÍÓ ÏÌÂ) ÔÓ ‰ÓÓ„Â ‚ ÓÙËÒ? Will you call by at the shop on the way home.fi á‡È‰Ë, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ‚ χ„‡ÁËÌ ÔÓ ‰ÓÓ„Â ‰ÓÏÓÈ. to call back fi ÔËÈÚË (ÓÔflÚ¸) ÔÓÁÊ / ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á: We'll call back later.fi å˚ Á‡È‰ÂÏ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á / ÔÓÁÊÂ. to call (in / round) (on smb.) fi Á‡ÈÚË Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ÌÂ̇‰ÓÎ„Ó / Á‡„ÎflÌÛÚ¸: She only called to ask about her son.fi é̇ Á‡ıӉ˷ ÚÓθÍÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÔÓÒËÚ¸ Ó Ò‚ÓÂÏ Ò˚ÌÂ. I have to call (in) on the Russels.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Á‡·Âʇڸ Í ê‡ÒÒ·Ï. You were out when she called (in / round) to see you.fi í·fl Ì ·˚ÎÓ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ ÔËıӉ˷ (Í Ú·Â). to call on smb. at fi Á‡ÈÚË Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ÍÛ‰‡-ÎË·Ó: I have to call on John at the office.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Á‡ÈÚË ‚ ÓÙËÒ Í ÑÊÓÌÛ. to call for smth. fi ÔËÁ˚‚‡Ú¸ Í ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: ç calls for peace.fi éÌ ÔËÁ˚‚‡ÂÚ Í ÏËÛ. to call on / upon smb. to do smth. fi ÔËÁ˚‚‡Ú¸ / Ú·ӂ‡Ú¸ /Ô˄·¯‡Ú¸ ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Call upon / on her to stop smoking.fi èÓÚ·ÛÈ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó̇ ·ÓÒË· ÍÛËÚ¸.

8. To get. é‰ËÌ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í „·„ÓÎÓ‚ (‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ, ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÏÓÒÚË Ò ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË Ë ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË). Ç Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ÒÓ‚Â¯‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ; ‰Û„Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÚÂÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛Ú Á‡ to get. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl to get: ß ß ß

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‚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÙÓÏ˚ to have got, „‰Â Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl (¤ to have): I have a car.¤ I've got a car.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ χ¯Ë̇. ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÙÓÏ˚ to have got to, „‰Â Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl (¤ to have to ¤ must): She has got to leave.¤ She has to leave.¤ She must leave.fi é̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ˉÚË. / ÖÈ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ë‰ÚË. ÔËÌÂÒÚË / ÔË‚ÂÒÚË / ÔË‚ÂÁÚË / (˜‡ÒÚÓ: ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ÍÛ‰‡-ÎË·Ó Ë ‚ÂÌÛÚ¸Òfl Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó/˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): Get a doctor!fi è˂‰ËÚ ‚‡˜‡! Can I get you anything?fi í· ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔËÌÂÒÚË / ÔË‚ÂÁÚË? Shall I get them from the airport?fi èË‚ÂÁÚË Ëı ËÁ ‡˝ÓÔÓÚ‡? Please get my slippers for me.fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÔËÌÂÒË / ÔÓ‰‡È ÏÌ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÌ˚ ÚÛÙÎË. ÔË„ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸ (ÔˢÛ): Can I get you a drink / get a drink for you?fi Ç˚Ը¯¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸? Would you get me a cup of coffee.fi èË„ÓÚÓ‚¸ ÏÌÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ˜‡¯Â˜ÍÛ ÍÓÙÂ. You don't have to get breakfast for me.fi í· Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ „ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸ ÏÌ Á‡‚Ú‡Í. ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl (ÔÓÔ‡ÒÚ¸ ‚ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ): How do / How can I get there?fi ä‡Í ÏÌ ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÛ‰‡? What time will you get home?fi äÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ ‰Óχ (‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ˜‡ÒÛ Ú˚ ‰Ó·Â¯¸Òfl ‰ÓÏÓÈ)? She doesn't like to get to work early.fi é̇ Ì β·ËÚ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ ‡ÌÓ. ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ͇ÍËÏ-ÎË·Ó ‚ˉÓÏ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡: Why didn't you want to get a plane to London?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì Á‡ıÓÚÂÎ ÎÂÚÂÚ¸ Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚÓÏ ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ? You can get a train there.fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl ÚÛ‰‡ ÔÓÂÁ‰ÓÏ. / í‡Ï Ú˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÒÂÒÚ¸ ̇ ÔÓÂÁ‰. ÒÚ‡Ú¸ (ÔÂÂÈÚË ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ‰Û„ÓÂ): to get dressed fi Ó‰ÂÚ¸Òfl; to get lost fi Á‡·ÎÛ‰ËÚ¸Òfl; to get tired fi ÛÒÚ‡Ú¸ Ë ‰. She is getting dressed.fi é̇ Ӊ‚‡ÂÚÒfl. He got drunk very quickly.fi éÌ ·˚ÒÚÓ Á‡ıÏÂÎÂÎ (ÒڇΠԸflÌ˚Ï). 133

You'll soon get better.fi í˚ ÒÍÓÓ ÔÓÔ‡‚˯¸Òfl (Òڇ̯¸ Á‰ÓÓ‚˚Ï). I can't get used to your manners.fi ü ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÏÓ„Û ÔË‚˚ÍÌÛÚ¸ (ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ÔË‚˚ͯËÏ) Í Ú‚ÓËÏ Ï‡ÌÂ‡Ï.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ:

to get Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÂÂıÓ‰ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ‰Û„Ó ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ͇ÍËı-ÎË·Ó (Ô‰̇ÏÂÂÌÌ˚ı) ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ: ç got drunk very quickly.fi (ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚˚ÔËÎ) You'll soon get better.fi (Ú·fl ËÌÚÂÌÒË‚ÌÓ Î˜‡Ú) I can't get used to your manners.fi (˜ÚÓ ÌË ‰Â·˛, ‚Ò ̇Ô‡ÒÌÓ) to come Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÔÂÂıÓ‰ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ‰Û„Ó (˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÌÂÊ·ÚÂθÌ˚È) ·ÂÁ ͇ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ÒÔˆˇθÌÓ Á‡Ú‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ÛÒËÎËÈ: The ribbon in your hair is coming loose.fi ì Ú·fl (‚ ‚ÓÎÓÒ‡ı) ÎÂÌÚӘ͇ ‡Á‚flÁ˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl. The lock came rusty.fi á‡ÏÓÍ Á‡ʇ‚ÂÎ. My shirt has come unbuttoned.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ‡ÒÒÚ„ÌÛ·Ҹ Û·‡¯Í‡.

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to go Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÛıÛ‰¯ÂÌË ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl / ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ˆ‚ÂÚ‡: I don't want you to go mad because of that.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÒÓ¯ÂÎ Ò Ûχ ËÁ-Á‡ ˝ÚÓ„Ó. She went blind a year ago.fi ÉÓ‰ ̇Á‡‰ Ó̇ ÓÒÎÂÔ·. This cloth doesn't wash well — it goes pale.fi ùÚÓÚ Ï‡ÚÂˇΠÔÎÓıÓ ÒÚË‡ÂÚÒfl — ÓÌ ÚÂflÂÚ ˆ‚ÂÚ. They went blue with cold.fi éÌË ÔÓÒËÌÂÎË ÓÚ ıÓÎÓ‰‡. ÒÓ‚Â¯‡Ú¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ (ËÁÏÂÌflfl Â„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ): We cannot get this window closed.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÏ (Û Ì‡Ò Ì ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl) Á‡Í˚Ú¸ ˝ÚÓ ÓÍÌÓ. I must get the breakfast ready.fi ü ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÔË„ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸ Á‡‚Ú‡Í. Why don't you get the cooker cleaned?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì ÔÓ˜ËÒÚ˯¸ ÔÎËÚÛ? ̇˜‡Ú¸ ÔÓÌËχڸ / ÓÒÓÁ̇‚‡Ú¸ / ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ / ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ Ë Ú.Ô.: When you get to know her better, you'll like her.fi äÓ„‰‡ Ú˚ ÛÁ̇¯¸  ÔÓ·ÎËÊÂ, Ó̇ ÔÓÌ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ú·Â. I can never get to understand this.fi ü ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÏÓ„Û ÔÓÌflÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ„Ó. How did you get to know my address?fi ä‡Í Ú˚ ÛÁ̇ΠÏÓÈ ‡‰ÂÒ? ËÏÂÚ¸ / ‚·‰ÂÚ¸ / ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ / ÔËÓ·ÂÒÚË Ë Ú.Ô.: I got a letter from him yesterday.fi ǘÂ‡ fl ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ. I'll come as soon as I get time.fi ü ÔˉÛ, Í‡Í ÚÓθÍÓ Û ÏÂÌfl ÔÓfl‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÂÏfl. ä you multiply 7 by 6 you get 42.fi ÖÒÎË ÛÏÌÓÊËÚ¸ 7 ̇ 6, ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚÒfl 42, How much are you going to get for your house?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ Ú˚ ÒÓ·Ë‡Â¯¸Òfl / ıӘ¯¸ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ Á‡ Ò‚ÓÈ ‰ÓÏ (ÔÓ‰‡‚ „Ó)? Where did you get this car?fi ɉ Ú˚ ‚ÁflÎ ˝ÚÛ Ï‡¯ËÌÛ? How do you get your living?fi ä‡Í Ú˚ Á‡‡·‡Ú˚‚‡Â¯¸ ̇ ÊËÁ̸? Get your money!fi ÑÂÊË Ò‚ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë! You can get ten years for that.fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸' ÎÂÚ (Ú˛¸Ï˚) Á‡ ˝ÚÓ. We cannot get Moscow channel on our TV.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÏ ÔËÌËχڸ ÏÓÒÍÓ‚ÒÍÛ˛ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÛ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓÂ. Á‡·ÓÎÂÚ¸ (Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ËÌÙÂ͈ËË): She got a cold.fi é̇ ÔÓÒÚۉ˷Ҹ, Try not to get ãË.fi èÓÒÚ‡‡ÈÒfl Ì Á‡·ÓÎÂÚ¸ „ËÔÔÓÏ. to get smb. (tor smth.) fi ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl (Û„ÓÁ‡) ‰Ó ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó (Á‡ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÒÓ‰ÂflÌÌÓÂ): I'll get you (for reporting me)!fi ü ‰Ó·ÂÛÒ¸ ‰Ó Ú·fl (Á‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ "̇ÒÚÛ˜‡Î" ̇ ÏÂÌfl)! Smth. gets me! fi óÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ‡Á‰‡Ê‡ÂÚ / .‚˚‚Ó‰ËÚ ÏÂÌfl ËÁ Ò·fl! : Their being so slow gets me!fi åÂÌfl ‚˚‚Ó‰ËÚ ËÁ Ò·fl Ëı ωÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸. Those flies really get me!fi (ùÚË) åÛıË ÛÊ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÎË ÏÂÌfl (‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÏÌ ̇ ÌÂ‚˚)! I'll get it. fi (Ì ÛÚÛʉ‡È(ÚÂ) Ò·fl) ü Ò‡Ï (Á‡ÈÏÛÒ¸ ˝ÚËÏ): — The telephone is ringing. — I'll get it.fi ü ÒÌËÏÛ ÚÛ·ÍÛ. — There's someone at the door. — !'!i get it.fi ü ÓÚÍÓ˛. — Didn't you hear a noise outside? — I'll get it.fi ü ÒıÓÊÛ ÔÓÒÏÓÚ˛ (˜ÚÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ). to get if / smth. fi ÔÓÌËχڸ / ÔÓÌËχڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: I don't get your meaning.fi ü Ú·fl Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛. / ü Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛, Í ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ÍÎÓÌ˯¸ / ̇ ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ÏÂ͇¯¸ / ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ıӘ¯¸ ˝ÚËÏ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸. Get it?fi èÓÌËχ¯¸? 134

You've got it wrong.fi í˚ ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ ÔÓÌflÎ. I never get his jokes.fi ü Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛ Â„Ó ¯ÛÚÓÍ. to get smb. to ~ ~ ~ fi Û„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ / Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ / ‚˚ÌÛ‰ËÚ¸ Ë Ú.Ô. ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ÒÓ‚Â¯ËÚ¸ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: I can't get him to stop smoking.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û Û„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ Â„Ó ·ÓÒËÚ¸ ÍÛËÚ¸. You will never get her to help you.fi í˚ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Á‡ÒÚ‡‚˯¸  ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ Ú·Â. to get ~ ~ ~ ing fi ÔËÒÚÛÔËÚ¸ Í ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲: I can't make him get sleeping.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÛÎÓÊËÚ¸ Â„Ó ÒÔ‡Ú¸. When will you get working?fi äÓ„‰‡ ‚˚ ̇˜ÌÂÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸? Let's get going / moving.fi èÓ¯ÎË. / èÓÂı‡ÎË. to get to ~ ~ ~ (‡ÏÂ.) fi ËÏÂÚ¸ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ / Û‰‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl: I never get to invite him.fi åÌ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ۉ‡ÂÚÒfl Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ „Ó. Does she ever get to come here?fi ì Ì ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡? É·„ÓÎ to get ‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı ËÏÂÂÚ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ‰Û„Ëı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸.

9. To take. ë‡ÏÓ ӷ˘Â Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ: ·‡Ú¸ / ‚ÁflÚ¸. é‰ËÌ ËÁ Ò‡Ï˚ı ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í „·„ÓÎÓ‚. ëÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ò ‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË Ë ÔÓÒÎÂÎÓ„‡ÏË (ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸), ÔËÓ·ÂÚ‡fl ‰Û„Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl to take: ß

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‚ÁflÚ¸ (‰Îfl Ò·fl): Don't take my car.fi He ·ÂË ÏÓ˛ χ¯ËÌÛ. ç never takes my books.fi éÌ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ·ÂÂÚ ÏÓË ÍÌË„Ë. ÔËÌflÚ¸ / ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ / ‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl: Can I take a seat?fi ü ÏÓ„Û ÔËÒÂÒÚ¸ (‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÚÛÎÓÏ)? Take my advice.fi èÓÒÎÛ¯‡ÈÒfl ÏÂÌfl (‚ÓÒÔÓθÁÛÈÒfl ÏÓËÏ ÒÓ‚ÂÚÓÏ). How much are you going to take for your car?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ (‰ÂÌ„) Ú˚ ıӘ¯¸/ÒÓ·Ë‡Â¯¸Òfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ Á‡ Ò‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ? ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ (ÓÚÌÂÒÚË / ÓÚ‚ÂÁÚË Ë Ú.Ô. ÓÚÒ˛‰‡ ‚ ‰Û„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ): Can you take these letters to the post?fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÓÚÌÂÒÚË ˝ÚË ÔËҸχ ̇ ÔÓ˜ÚÛ? I could take you home. in my car.fi ü ÏÓ„ ·˚ ÓÚ‚ÂÁÚË ‚‡Ò ‰ÓÏÓÈ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓÂÈ Ï‡¯ËÌÂ. ÔËÌËχڸ ÔË˘Û / ÂÒÚ¸ / ÔËÚ¸: I don't take coffee with milk.fi ü Ì Ը˛ ÍÓÙÂ Ò ÏÓÎÓÍÓÏ. ç doesn't take sugar.fi ÖÏÛ Ì ÌÛÊÂÌ Ò‡ı‡. / ÖÏÛ ·ÂÁ Ò‡ı‡‡ (ÓÌ Ì ÂÒÚ / Ì ԸÂÚ Ò Ò‡ı‡ÓÏ). ÒÓ‚Â¯ËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (‚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËË Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï): to take a rest fi ÓÚ‰ÓıÌÛÚ¸; to take a deep breath fi „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ ‚Á‰ÓıÌÛÚ¸; to take a look fi ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸; to take a bath fi ÔËÌflÚ¸ ‚‡ÌÌÛ; to take a holiday fi ‚ÁflÚ¸ ÓÚÔÛÒÍ Ë Ú. Ô. She took a bath and looked at herself in the mirror.fi é̇ ÔËÌfl· ‚‡ÌÌÛ Ë ÔÓÒÏÓÚ· ̇ Ò·fl ‚ ÁÂ͇ÎÓ. ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ „ÛÎflÌÓ: Which cigarettes do you take?fi ä‡ÍË ÒË„‡ÂÚ˚ Ú˚ ÔÓÍÛԇ¯¸? Why don't you take apples?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔÓÍÛԇ¯¸ fl·ÎÓÍË? ÓÚÌflÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl: The work took three hours.fi ꇷÓÚ‡ Á‡Ìfl· ÚË ˜‡Ò‡. It will take you much time.fi ùÚÓ ÓÚÌËÏÂÚ Û Ú·fl ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË. ÙËÍÒËÓ‚‡Ú¸ (ËÒÔÓθÁÛfl ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ): Shall I take your temperature?fi àÁÏÂËÚ¸ Ú· ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛÛ? It is not allowed to take notes here.fi á‰ÂÒ¸ Ì ‡Á¯‡ÂÚÒfl ÌË˜Â„Ó Á‡ÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸. Can you take a photograph of my wife?fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ ÒÙÓÚÓ„‡ÙËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÏÓ˛ ÊÂÌÛ? Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ / ÔËÌËχڸ Á‡: Don't take me for a fool.fi He ÔËÌËÏ‡È ÏÂÌfl Á‡ ˉËÓÚ‡. ç took me for someone else.fi éÌ ÔËÌflÎ ÏÂÌfl Á‡ ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ‰Û„Ó„Ó. ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ / Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸: 135

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Don't take his words as offence.fi He ‚ÓÒÔËÌËÏ‡È Â„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ Í‡Í ÓÒÍÓ·ÎÂÌËÂ. / éÌ Ì ıÓÚÂÎ ÓÒÍÓ·ËÚ¸ Ú·fl Ò‚ÓËÏË ÒÎÓ‚‡ÏË. They took you to be an honest person.fi éÌË Ò˜ËÚ‡ÎË Ú·fl ˜ÂÒÚÌ˚Ï ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ. ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÓÏ: I always take the bus to work.fi ü ‚Ò„‰‡ ÂÁÊÛ Ì‡ ‡·ÓÚÛ ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒÓÏ. to take place fi ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / ÔÓıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ¸Òfl: Where / When will their meeting take place?fi ɉ / äÓ„‰‡ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚÒfl Ëı ÒÓ·‡ÌË / ‚ÒÚ˜‡? to take part in smth. fi ÔËÌËχڸ Û˜‡ÒÚË ‚ ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: We won't be taking part in this.fi å˚ Ì ·Û‰ÂÏ Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. to take smb. by surprise fi Á‡ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‚‡ÒÔÎÓı: They won't take me by suprise.fi éÌË Ì Á‡ÒÚ‡ÌÛÚ ÏÂÌfl ‚‡ÒÔÎÓı.

10. ëÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / ‚ˉÂÚ¸ / ‚˚„Îfl‰ÂÚ¸ / ‚̯ÌËÈ ‚ˉ / ‚Á„Îfl‰. to see fi ‚ˉÂÚ¸ (‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ ÁÂÌËÂÏ); Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Continuous; ˜‡ÒÚÓ (Í‡Í Ë ‰Û„Ë „·„ÓÎ˚ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËfl) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò can, ıÓÚfl ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı ÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ Ì ӷÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚÒfl: Did you see him last night?fi í˚ ‚ˉÂÎ Â„Ó ‚˜Â‡ ‚˜ÂÓÏ? I can see nobody here.fi ü Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌËÍÓ„Ó Ì ‚ËÊÛ. I saw this film.fi ü ÒÏÓÚÂÎ ˝ÚÓÚ ÙËθÏ. Ç ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË ÒÏÓÚË: See page 1.fi ëÏÓÚË ÒÚ‡ÌËˆÛ 1. See that the door is locked.fi ëÏÓÚË, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‰‚Â¸ ·˚· Á‡ÔÂÚ‡ ̇ Á‡ÏÓÍ. to look fi ‚˚„Îfl‰ÂÚ¸: You are looking very well.fi í˚ Á‡Ï˜‡ÚÂθÌÓ ‚˚„Îfl‰Ë¯¸. Does this dress look well on me?fi ùÚÓ Ô·ڸ ˉÂÚ ÏÌÂ? You look tired.fi í˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰Ë¯¸ ÛÒÚ‡Î˚Ï. Ç ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂθÌÓÏ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌË Ô‰ÛÔÂʉÂÌËfl — ·Û‰¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂÎÂÌ: Look where you are going!fi ÅÛ‰¸ ‚ÌËχÚÂÎÂÌ ÔË ‰‚ËÊÂÌËË! / ëÏÓÚË, ÍÛ‰‡ ˉ¯¸! to look at fi ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸: I don't like to be looked at.fi ü Ì β·Î˛, ÍÓ„‰‡ ̇ ÏÂÌfl ÒÏÓÚflÚ. Don't look at her.fi He ÒÏÓÚË Ì‡ ÌÂÂ. to look after fi ÔËÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ Á‡: She is looking after my children / my house.fi é̇ ÔËÒχÚË‚‡ÂÚ Á‡ ÏÓËÏË ‰ÂÚ¸ÏË / ÏÓËÏ ‰ÓÏÓÏ. to look for fi ËÒ͇ڸ: What are you looking for?fi óÚÓ Ú˚ Ë˘Â¯¸? look fi ‚Á„Îfl‰ / ‚̯ÌËÈ ‚ˉ: They had angry looks on their faces.fi éÌË ÒÏÓÚÂÎË ÒÂ‰ËÚÓ. Their house has a strange look.fi àı ‰ÓÏ ‚˚„Îfl‰ËÚ Í‡Í-ÚÓ ÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ. to have a look at smth. fi ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ ̇ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó (ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ËÌÚÂÂÒÌÓ): When can I have a look at your new car?fi äÓ„‰‡ fl ÒÏÓ„Û Û‚Ë‰ÂÚ¸ / ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ ̇ Ú‚Ó˛ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ? to take a look at smb. / smth. fi ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ ̇ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó (˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚flÒÌËÚ¸ Ô˘ËÌÛ ‚ÓÁÌËͯËı ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ): I want you to take a look at my car.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÎ, ˜ÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl Ò Ï‡¯ËÌÓÈ (‚ÓÁÌËÍÎË Í‡ÍËÂ-ÚÓ ÌÂÔÓ·‰ÍË). You have a bad cough. Why doesn't a doctor take a look at you?fi åÌ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl Ú‚ÓÈ Í‡¯Âθ. èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ·˚ Ú· Ì ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ‚‡˜Û? not to like the look of smb. / smth. fi Ì Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl (Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË / ‚̯ÌÂÏ ‚ˉ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÛıÛ‰¯ËÎÓÒ¸ ÔÓ Í‡ÍËÏ-ÎË·Ó Ô˘Ë̇Ï, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚Ó Û „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó): I don't like the look of you.fi åÌ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl, Í‡Í Ú˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰Ë¯¸ (˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸? / Ú˚ Ì Á‡·ÓÎÂÎ? / Û Ú·fl ÌÂÔËflÚÌÓÒÚË?). 136

Why do you say you don't like the look of your car?fi óÚÓ Ú· Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ Ú‚ÓÂÈ Ï‡¯ËÌ (fl, ̇ÔËÏÂ, Ì ‚ËÊÛ ÌË͇ÍËı Ô˘ËÌ ‰Îfl ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚‡)? to watch fi ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / ̇·Î˛‰‡Ú¸: ç likes to watch TV.fi éÌ Î˛·ËÚ ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÚÂ΂ËÁÓ. Are you. watching something?fi í˚ Á‡ ˜ÂÏ-ÚÓ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡Â¯¸? I am being watched.fi ᇠÏÌÓÈ ÒΉflÚ. Watch me carefully.fi ÇÌËχÚÂθÌÓ ÒΉËÚ Á‡ ÏÌÓÈ. watch fi ̇Û˜Ì˚ ˜‡Ò˚; to glance fi ·˚ÒÚÓ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ / Ó„Îfl‰ÂÚ¸ / ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸: ç glanced at his watch.fi éÌ ·˚ÒÚÓ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂΠ̇ ˜‡Ò˚. She glanced round the room.fi é̇ ·˚ÒÚÓ ÓÒÏÓÚ· ÍÓÏ̇ÚÛ. glance fi ·˚ÒÚ˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰; at a glance fi Ò ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡; to stare fi ‰ÓÎ„Ó ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ¯ËÓÍÓ ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚ÏË „·Á‡ÏË / „·ÁÂÚ¸ / ÛÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl:. Don't stare at me.fi He ÔflθÒfl ̇ ÏÂÌfl. She stared at us.fi é̇ ÛÒÚ‡‚Ë·Ҹ ̇ ̇Ò. stare fi ÔËÒڇθÌ˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰; to glare fi ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÁÎÓ·ÌÓ / „Ì‚ÌÓ: They stood glaring at each other.fi éÌË ÒÚÓflÎË, ÁÎÓ·ÌÓ „Îfl‰fl ‚ „·Á‡ ‰Û„ ‰Û„Û. glare fi ÁÎÓ·Ì˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰; to squint fi ÍÓÒËÚ¸ (Ó „·Á‡ı) / ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÔˢÛflÒ¸; squint fi ÍÓÒӄ·ÁË / ·˚ÒÚ˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰: She was born with a squint.fi ì Ì ÍÓÒӄ·ÁËÂ Ò ÓʉÂÌËfl. Let me have / take a squint at it.fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚ ÏÌ ‚Á„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ (̇ ˝ÚÓ).

11. ëÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ / ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸. to listen => ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ (ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÎÛıÓÏ); ÂÒÎË ÔÓÒΠto listen Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÍÓ„Ó / ˜ÚÓ, ÚÓ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl Ô‰ÎÓ„ to: Listen, please.fi ëÎÛ¯‡ÈÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. Don't listen to him.fi He ÒÎÛ¯‡ÈÚ „Ó. I don't like to listen to the radio.fi ü Ì β·Î˛ ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ ‡‰ËÓ. to hear fi ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ (‚ÓÒÔËÌËχڸ ÒÎÛıÓÏ), / ÛÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸: I didn't hear their voices.fi åÌ Ì ÒÎ˚¯Ì˚'·˚ÎË / ü Ì ÒÎ˚¯‡Î‡ Ëı „ÓÎÓÒ‡. She heard some noise.fi é̇ ÛÒÎ˚¯‡Î‡ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÚÓ ¯ÛÏ. àÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸: I don't want to hear what you are telling me.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û ÒÎÛ¯‡Ú¸ / ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ÏÌ „Ó‚Ó˯¸.

12. åÌÓ„Ó. many — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: many books / many houses much — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: much money / much water a lot of (‡Á„Ó‚Ó̇fl ÙÓχ lots of) — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: a lot of books / a lot of money; lots of books / lots of money a lot fi ÏÌÓ„Ó (‚ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË / Ó˜Â̸ / ˜‡ÒÚÓ): You want quite a lot.fi í˚ ıӘ¯¸ Ó˜Â̸ ÏÌÓ„Ó. 137

They care about you a lot.fi éÌË ÔÓfl‚Îfl˛Ú ·Óθ¯Û˛ Á‡·ÓÚÛ Ó Ú·Â. She helps me a lot.fi é̇ ÏÌÓ„Ó / ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÂÚ ÏÌÂ. a lot / lots+Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ fi ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ...: ç is feeling a lot better today.fi ë„ӉÌfl ÂÏÛ Ì‡ÏÌÓ„Ó ÎÛ˜¯Â. I eat lots less than I used to.fi ëÂȘ‡Ò fl ÂÏ Ì‡ÏÌÓ„Ó ÏÂ̸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ‡Ì¸¯Â. a great / a good deal of — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: a great deal of workfi ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡·ÓÚ˚; a good deal of cigarettesfi ÏÌÓ„Ó ÒË„‡ÂÚ a great deal ¤ a lot: They see each other a great deal / a lot.fi éÌË ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ˉflÚÒfl ‰Û„ Ò ‰Û„ÓÏ. I think of you a great deal / a lot.fi ü ÏÌÓ„Ó / ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‰Ûχ˛ Ó Ú·Â. plenty of — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: plenty of women fi ÏÌÓ„Ó ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ; plenty of time fi ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË plenty fi ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó (ÌÛÊÌÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó): Five (apples / ...) will be plenty.fi èflÚ¸ (fl·ÎÓÍ / ...) ı‚‡ÚËÚ. large quantity fi ·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó: We buy things in large quantities.fi å˚ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡ÂÏ (ÚÓ‚‡˚) ·Óθ¯ËÏË Ô‡ÚËflÏË.

13. å‡ÎÓ / ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó / ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ. few fi χÎÓ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË: few books fi χÎÓ ÍÌË„; few houses fi χÎÓ ‰ÓÏÓ‚ a few fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ: a few books fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÌË„; a few houses fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÓÏÓ‚ every few (days / weeks) fi ͇ʉ˚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ (‰ÌÂÈ / ̉Âθ); little fi χÎÓ (Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË); little + Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ fi ÌÂ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó: little money fi χÎÓ ‰ÂÌ„; little time fi χÎÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË; It is little warmer here.fi á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÂ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ÚÂÔÎÂÈ. a little fi ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó: a little money fi ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÌ„; a little time fi ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË; It is a little warmer here.fi á‰ÂÒ¸ ÌÂ Ú‡Í ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ / ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÚÂÔÎÂÈ. little by little fi χÎÓ-ÔÓχÎÛ / ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ: Little by little we'll do it.fi å‡ÎÓ-ÔÓχÎÛ Ï˚ ҉·ÂÏ ˝ÚÓ. small quantity fi Ì·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó (ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó): I can only buy a small quantity.fi ü ÏÓ„Û ÍÛÔËÚ¸ Î˯¸ Ì·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó. We sell these goods in small quantities.fi å˚ ÔÓ‰‡ÂÏ ˝ÚË ÚÓ‚‡˚ ‚ Ì·Óθ¯Ëı ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ı. several fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ: several books fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÌË„; several houses fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÓÏÓ‚ some — ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÏ flÁ˚Í ‚˚‡Ê‡ÂÚ Ò‡ÏÓ ӷ˘Â ÔÓÌflÚË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ / ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó: some books fi ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÌË„; some water fi ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‚Ó‰˚ 138

somewhat fi ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó (‚ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË); ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı: She was somewhat surprised to get a letter from them.fi é̇ ·˚· ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó Û‰Ë‚ÎÂ̇, ÔÓÎۘ˂ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ ÓÚ ÌËı. They are somewhat disappointed with their new house.fi éÌË ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‡ÁÓ˜‡Ó‚‡Ì˚ Ò‚ÓËÏ ÌÓ‚˚Ï ‰ÓÏÓÏ. slightly fi ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó (‚ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË): I know him slightly.fi ü ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó Á̇˛ Â„Ó (Á̇ÍÓÏ, ÌÓ Ì ӘÂ̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó). The wounded is slightly better today.fi ê‡ÌÂÌÓÏÛ Ò„ӉÌfl ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÎÛ˜¯Â.

14. è‰·„‡Ú¸ / Ô‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. to offer fi Ô‰·„‡Ú¸ (˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Ô‰ÏÂÚ / ÔÓÏÓ˘¸./ ...): I offer you my help.fi ü Ô‰·„‡˛ ÚÂ·Â Ò‚Ó˛ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. She has been offered a new job.fi ÖÈ Ô‰ÎÓÊËÎË ÌÓ‚Û˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ. Can I offer you a cup of coffee?fi åÓ„Û fl Ô‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ Ú· ˜‡¯Â˜ÍÛ ÍÓÙÂ? What did you offer him?fi óÚÓ Ú˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊËÎ ÂÏÛ (ÔËÓ·ÂÒÚË Û Ì‡Ò / ҉·ڸ ‰Îfl Ì„Ó)? offer fi Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: Do you like their offer?fi í· Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ô‰·„‡˛Ú (ÔËÓ·ÂÒÚË Û ÌËı / ҉·ڸ ‰Îfl ̇Ò)? to suggest fi ‚˚‰‚ËÌÛÚ¸ ˉ² ‰Îfl (ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó) ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌËfl / ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl: ç suggested a visit to the doctor.fi éÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊËÎ ÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Í ‚‡˜Û. I suggest waiting here.fi ü Ô‰·„‡˛ ʉ‡Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸. They suggested that we should learn it by heart.fi éÌË Ô‰ÎÓÊËÎË Ì‡Ï Á‡Û˜ËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡ËÁÛÒÚ¸. What did you suggest to him?fi óÚÓ Ú˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊËÎ ÂÏÛ (͇ÍÛ˛ ˉ² / Ô·Ì)? suggestion fi Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ó (ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓÏ) ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË Í‡ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ: Do you like their suggestion?fi í· Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ô‰·„‡˛Ú (‰Â·ڸ)? to propose fi ‚˚‰‚ËÌÛÚ¸ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÛ˛ ˉ² ‰Îfl (ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó) ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌËfl / ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl: She proposed a new plan to us.fi é̇ Ô‰ÎÓÊË· Ì‡Ï ÌÓ‚˚È Ô·Ì. I propose starting early / an early start / to make an early start / making an early start / that we should start early tomorrow.fi ü Ô‰·„‡˛ ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡‚Ú‡ ‡ÌÓ ÛÚÓÏ. 124. ҉·ڸ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ: ç proposed (to me).fi éÌ Ò‰Â·ΠÏÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. Haven't you proposed (to her) yet?fi ê‡Á‚ Ú˚ ¢ Ì ҉·Π(ÂÈ) Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ? 125. ‚˚‰‚ËÌÛÚ¸ ͇̉ˉ‡ÚÛÛ («Ì‡ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚ¸» / ‰Îfl ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl Ó·flÁ‡ÌÌÓÒÚÂÈ): I propose him for manager.fi ü Ô‰·„‡˛ Â„Ó Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡ÚÛÛ Ì‡ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏẨÊÂ‡. 1.

to propose a toast to smth. / smb. ¤ to propose smb.'s health fi Ô‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ ÚÓÒÚ Á‡ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó / ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / Á‡ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó Á‰ÓÓ‚¸Â: I should like to propose a toast to the bride and bridegroom.fi ü ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ / ü Ô‰·„‡˛ ÚÓÒÚ Á‡ Á‰ÓÓ‚¸Â ÊÂÌËı‡ Ë Ì‚ÂÒÚ˚. I (should like to) propose your wife's health.fi ü ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ Ô‰ÎÓÊËÚ¸ / ü Ô‰·„‡˛ ÚÓÒÚ Á‡ Á‰ÓÓ‚¸Â Ú‚ÓÂÈ ÊÂÌ˚. proposal fi ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË Í‡ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ: How did you like their proposal for cooperation?fi í· ÔÓÌ‡‚ËÎÓÒ¸ / ä‡Í Ú˚ ̇ıӉ˯¸ Ëı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ó ÒÓÚÛ‰Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Â? I can have several proposals in one week.fi åÌ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ò‰Â·ڸ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË (‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ) ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‡Á Á‡ Ó‰ÌÛ Ì‰Âβ. proposition fi Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË (Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Í Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ë‰Â / ‚ÓÒÔËflÚË ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó Ë‰ÂË, ÚÂ·Û˛˘ÂÈ „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ„Ó ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ / ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl): I have a proposition to make to you.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ Í Ú· (Ó˜Â̸ ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌÓÂ) Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ. Tunnelling under the English Channel is a big proposition.fi èÓÍ·‰Í‡ ÚÛÌÌÂÎfl ÔÓ‰ ã‡-å‡Ì¯ÂÏ — ˝ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÍÛÔÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË / ÍÛÔÌ˚È ÔÓÂÍÚ. sentence fi Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË („‡ÏχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÔÓÌflÚË ‚ flÁ˚ÍÂ): Could you repeat the last sentence, please?fi He ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ‚˚ ÔÓ‚ÚÓËÚ¸ ÔÓÒΉÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ?

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15. çÂÒÚË / ÔËÌÂÒÚË / ÓÚÌÂÒÚË / ‚ÂÒÚË /ÔË‚ÂÒÚË / ÓÚ‚ÂÒÚË / ‚ÂÁÚË / ÔË‚ÂÁÚË / ÓÚ‚ÂÁÚË (ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÂ). to bring fi ÔËÌÂÒÚË / ÔË‚ÂÒÚË / ÔË‚ÂÁÚË (ËÁ ‰Û„Ó„Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ Ò˛‰‡): I'll bring you the books next time.fi ü ÔËÌÂÒÛ Ú· (˝ÚË) ÍÌË„Ë ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á. They brought these flowers in the morning.fi éÌË ÔËÌÂÒÎË ˝ÚË ˆ‚ÂÚ˚ ÛÚÓÏ. to carry fi ÌÂÒÚË / ËÏÂÚ¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó (Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ): We carried the box (for) two miles.fi å˚ ÌÂÒÎË ˝ÚÛ ÍÓÓ·ÍÛ ‚ Û͇ı ‰‚ ÏËÎË. She was carrying an umbrella in her hand.fi Ç ÛÍ Ó̇ ÌÂÒ· ÁÓÌÚ. / Ç ÛÍÂ Û Ì ·˚Î ÁÓÌÚ. to fetch fi ÔËÌÂÒÚË / ÔË‚ÂÁÚË (ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl ÓÚÒ˛‰‡ ‚ ‰Û„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ Ë ‚ÂÌÛÚ¸Òfl ÓÔflÚ¸ Ò˛‰‡ Ò ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó/ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): I want you to fetch another chair.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÔËÌÂÒ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÛÎ. Fetch someone to help us.fi ëıÓ‰Ë Ë ÔË‚Â‰Ë ÍÓ„Ó-ÌË·Û‰¸ Ì‡Ï Ì‡ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. to take fi ÓÚÌÂÒÚË / ÓÚ‚ÂÁÚË (ÓÚÒ˛‰‡ ‚ ‰Û„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ): I cannot take your car to the garage today, let me do it tomorrow.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ú‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ ‚ „‡‡Ê Ò„ӉÌfl, ‰‡‚‡È fl ҉·˛ ˝ÚÓ Á‡‚Ú‡. ëÏ. Ú‡ÍÊ to get ‚˚¯Â.

16. ꇷÓÚ‡. work — ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÌÛÊÌÓ ‰Â·ڸ / ‰Â·ÂÚÒfl: We don't like hard work.fi å˚ Ì β·ËÏ ÚflÊÂÎÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ. This work is not for me.fi ùÚ‡ ‡·ÓÚ‡ Ì ‰Îfl ÏÂÌfl. work fi ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú Í‡ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË / ÛÒËÎËË: Is this all your own work?fi ùÚÓ ‚Ò Ú˚ Ò‡Ï Ò‰Â·Î? Well, you must be pleased with your work — you've ruined everything!fi çÛ ‚ÓÚ, Ú˚, ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸, ‰Ó‚ÓÎÂÌ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ‡·ÓÚÓÈ — ËÒÔÓÚËÎ ‚ÒÂ! work fi ÏÂÒÚÓ ‡·ÓÚ˚ / ‡·Ó˜Â ÏÂÒÚÓ: Mother went to (her) work.fi å‡Ï‡ Ôӯ· ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ. It is difficult to find work in the present economic situation.fi èË Ì˚̯ÌÂÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ÚÛ‰ÌÓ Ì‡ÈÚË ‡·ÓÚÛ. Many people are looking for work now.fi ëÂȘ‡Ò ÏÌÓ„Ë (β‰Ë) ˢÛÚ ‡·ÓÚÛ. ÖÒÎË „Ó‚ÓËÚÒfl Ó Ô‰ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÈ ‡·ÓÚÂ, ÚÓ ÔÓÒΠwork Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl to do: I won't be able to come because I have some work to do in the evening.fi ü Ì ÒÏÓ„Û ÔËÈÚË, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ ÍÓÂ-͇͇fl ‡·ÓÚ‡ ̇ ‚˜Â. to work (at / in / for) fi ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ (‚ / ̇ ): Our sister is working now.fi 燯‡ ÒÂÒÚ‡ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ. ç has been working at this plant for ten years.fi éÌ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ˝ÚÓÏ Á‡‚Ӊ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ÎÂÚ. She works in a bank.fi é̇ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ ‚ ·‡ÌÍÂ. Her mother works for a foreign company.fi Ö χڸ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ ‚ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÈ ÙËÏÂ. job — ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‡·ÓÚ˚ /‡·Ó˜Â ÏÂÒÚÓ; ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Á̇˜ÂÌËË ‚Á‡ËÏÓÁ‡ÏÂÌflÂÏ Ò work: ç has lost his job.fi éÌ ÔÓÚÂflÎ ‡·ÓÚÛ. I'm looking for a new job / work.fi ü Ë˘Û ÌÓ‚Û˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ. My job / work is not very interesting.fi åÓfl ‡·ÓÚ‡ Ì ӘÂ̸ ËÌÚÂÂÒ̇fl. job fi ‡·ÓÚ‡ (ıÓÚ¸ ͇͇fl-ÌË·Û‰¸ / β·‡fl / Í‡ÚÍÓ‚ÂÏÂÌ̇fl): Have you got any jobs for me to do?fi ì ‚‡Ò ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Îfl ÏÂÌfl ͇͇fl-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‡·ÓÚ‡?

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ fi to (smb's) work: They usually go to (their) work by bus.fi é·˚˜ÌÓ ÓÌË ÂÁ‰flÚ Ì‡ ‡·ÓÚÛ Ì‡ ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒÂ. ̇ ‡·ÓÚ fi at work / on the job: Father is at work / on the job now.fi éÚˆ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ̇ ‡·ÓÚÂ. 140

Ò ‡·ÓÚ˚ fi from (smb's) work: ç has not come from (his) work yet.fi éÌ Â˘Â Ì Ô˯ÂÎ Ò ‡·ÓÚ˚.

17. á‡Ô·ڇ / ÓÔ·ڇ (ÚÛ‰‡). wage(s) (˜‡˘Â ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ) fi Á‡Ô·ڇ ‡·Ó˜Â„Ó: His wages are 50 dollars a week.fi éÌ Á‡‡·‡Ú˚‚‡ÂÚ 50 ‰ÓηÓ‚ ‚ ̉Âβ. ç went to get his wages.fi éÌ ÔÓ¯ÂÎ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡Ú¸ Á‡Ô·ÚÛ. salary fi Á‡Ô·ڇ ÒÎÛʇ˘Ëı (Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ „Ó‰Ó‚ÓÈ ˆËÙÂ): His salary is 32,000 dollars a year.fi éÌ Á‡‡·‡Ú˚‚‡ÂÚ 32000 ‰ÓηÓ‚ ‚ „Ó‰. pay fi ÓÔ·ڇ (ÚÛ‰‡) — (‚ ÔÓÌflÚË pay ‚ıÓ‰flÚ Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ wages Ë salary): Higher pay leads to higher prices.fi èÓ‚˚¯ÂÌË Á‡Ô·Ú˚ ‚‰ÂÚ Í ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌ˲ ˆÂÌ. to pay fi Ô·ÚËÚ¸: How much do they pay you?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ÓÌË Ú· Ô·ÚflÚ? payment fi ‚˚Ô·ڇ / ‰ËÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌ̇fl ÓÔ·ڇ (ÛÒÎÛ„ / ‡·ÓÚ / ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚): I want twenty dollars as payment (for the work).fi ü ıÓ˜Û ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ‰ÓηÓ‚ (Á‡ Ò‚Ó˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ). I want immediate payment.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÏÌ Á‡Ô·ÚËÎË Ò‡ÁÛ. The telephone can be paid for in twelve monthly payments of 30 dollars.fi ìÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍÛ ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔ·ÚËÚ¸ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË „Ó‰‡. ÖÊÂÏÂÒfl˜Ì‡fl ‚˚Ô·ڇ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ 30 ‰ÓηÓ‚. pay-day fi ‰Â̸ ‚˚‰‡˜Ë Á‡Ô·Ú˚: Today is pay-day.fi ë„ӉÌfl ‰Â̸ Á‡Ô·Ú˚. pay-packet fi ÍÓ‚ÂÚ Ò Á‡Ô·ÚÓÈ; payroll / paysheet fi ‚‰ÓÏÓÒÚ¸ ̇ Á‡Ô·ÚÛ: Are you on the payroll?fi Ç˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚÂ Û Ì‡Ò? (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ; LJ¯‡ Ù‡ÏËÎËfl ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ÒÔËÒ͇ı ̇ Á‡Ô·ÚÛ?) pay-slip fi ÎËÒÚÓÍ Ò ‡Ò˜ÂÚÓÏ Á‡Ô·Ú˚; remuneration fi Ô·ڇ Á‡ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ / ÛÒÎÛ„Ë; tee fi ÓÔ·ڇ ÛÒÎÛ„ ˜‡ÒÚÌ˚ı ˛ËÒÚÓ‚ / ‚‡˜ÂÈ / ÍÓÌÒÛθڇÌÚÓ‚; royalty fi „ÓÌÓ‡; scolarship fi ÒÚËÔẨËfl.

18. ñÂ̇ /ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ / Ô·ڇ / ÒÚÓËÚ¸ / Ô·ÚËÚ¸ (Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡ / ÛÒÎÛ„‡). price fi ˆÂ̇; Ò‡ÏÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌÓ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÒÎÓ‚Ó ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ ÍÛÔËÚ¸-ÔÓ‰‡Ú¸: What is the price of ...?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ...? The price is too high for me.fi ùÚ‡ ˆÂ̇ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ‚˚ÒÓ͇ ‰Îfl ÏÂÌfl. The price has gone up.fi ñÂ̇ ‚˚ÓÒ·. What price are you asking (for this)?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ / ä‡ÍÛ˛ ˆÂÌÛ ‚˚ ÔÓÒËÚ (Á‡ ˝ÚÓ)? I don't like the prices here.fi ñÂÌ˚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÏÌ ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ Ì Ì‡‚flÚÒfl. cost fi ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ (·ÓΠÓÙˈˇθÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò price): cost of materials / production cost / labour cost Ë Ú.Ô.fi ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ χÚÂˇÎÓ‚ / ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ Á‡Ú‡Ú˚ / ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÚÛ‰‡ Ë Ú. Ô. ß ËÌÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ price: What is the cost of ...?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ÒÚÓËÚ ...? to cost fi ÒÚÓËÚ¸: How much does it cost?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ˝ÚÓ ÒÚÓËÚ? It cost me nothing.fi åÌ ˝ÚÓ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÒÚÓËÎÓ. charge fi ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ (ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ / ÛÒÎÛ„): What are the charges in this hotel?fi ä‡ÍË ‡ÒˆÂÌÍË ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂ? 141

Their charges are very reasonable.fi ñÂÌ˚ / ê‡ÒˆÂÌÍË Û ÌËı Ó˜Â̸ ÔËÂÏÎÂÏ˚Â. All goods are delivered free of charge.fi ÇÒ ÚÓ‚‡˚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ·ÂÒÔ·ÚÌÓ. The charge for a front-row seat is $3.fi åÂÒÚÓ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÌÂÏ fl‰Û ÒÚÓËÚ 3 ‰Óη‡. to charge (smb.) X money for smth. fi ·‡Ú¸ ï ‰ÂÌ„ (Ò ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó) Á‡ (ÚÓ‚‡ / ÛÒÎÛ„Ë): How much will you charge me for it?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ fl ‚‡Ï ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·Û‰Û (Á‡Ô·ÚËÚ¸) Á‡ ˝ÚÓ? I charge 2 dollars for my apples.fi åÓË fl·ÎÓÍË ÒÚÓflÚ ‰‚‡ ‰Óη‡. How much do you charge for your fish?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚˚ ıÓÚËÚ Á‡ (Ò‚Ó˛) ˚·Û? They charged me 10 dollars for their help.fi àı ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ӷӯ·Ҹ ÏÌ ‚ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ‰ÓηÓ‚. fee fi Ô·ڇ Á‡ (ÛÒÎÛ„Ë) / ‚ÒÚÛÔËÚÂθÌ˚È ‚ÁÌÓÒ: I have to pay my fee to the doctor.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Á‡Ô·ÚËÚ¸ ‚‡˜Û. This year you will have to pay examination fees.fi Ç ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û ‚‡Ï ÌÛÊÌÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ô·ÚËÚ¸ Á‡ Ò‰‡˜Û ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂÌÓ‚. value fi ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ / ˆÂ̇ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂΠ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ì ÔÓ‰‡ÂÚÒfl (͇ÚËÌ˚ / ‰Óχ / ...); ˆÂ̇ (ÔÓÒÚÛÔÍÓ‚ / ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ): What is the value of this painting?fi ä‡ÍÓ‚‡ ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÈ Í‡ÚËÌ˚? I know the value of your promises.fi ü Á̇˛ ˆÂÌÛ Ú‚ÓËÏ Ó·Â˘‡ÌËflÏ. to value fi ÓˆÂÌË‚‡Ú¸ / ̇Á̇˜‡Ú¸ ˆÂÌÛ: They valued my house at $32,000.fi åÓÈ ‰ÓÏ ÓˆÂÌËÎË ‚ 32000 ‰ÓηÓ‚. value-added tax (VAT) fi ̇ÎÓ„ ̇ ‰Ó·‡‚ÎÂÌÌÛ˛ ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚ¸ (çÑë).

19. 凄‡ÁËÌ. shop fi Ò‡ÏÓ ӷ˘Â ÔÓÌflÚË χ„‡ÁËÌ ‚ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË: I don't like to go to the shop.fi ü Ì β·Î˛ ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ χ„‡ÁËÌ. The shop is closed / open.fi 凄‡ÁËÌ Á‡Í˚Ú / ÓÚÍ˚Ú. to shop / (˜‡˘Â) to go shopping fi ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Á‡ ÔÓÍÛÔ͇ÏË / ‰Â·ڸ ÔÓÍÛÔÍË: Now, we have two hours to go shopping.fi àÚ‡Í, Û Ì‡Ò ÂÒÚ¸ ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡ ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ҉·ڸ ÔÓÍÛÔÍË. to shop around fi ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÔÓ Ï‡„‡ÁËÌ‡Ï (Ò‡‚ÌË‚‡fl ÚÓ‚‡˚, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚·‡Ú¸ ̇˷ÓΠÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘ËÈ ‚‡ˇÌÚ): Don't buy the first thing you see: shop around a bit.fi He ÔÓÍÛÔ‡È ÔÂ‚ÓÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÔ‡‰ÂÚÒfl. ë̇˜‡Î‡ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÔËÒÏÓÚËÒ¸. (work) shop fi ˆÂı (̇ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Â): Have you ever been to a paint shop at our factory?fi í˚ ÍÓ„‰‡-ÌË·Û‰¸ Á‡ıÓ‰ËÎ ‚ Í‡ÒËθÌ˚È ˆÂı ̇ ̇¯ÂÈ Ù‡·ËÍÂ? store fi Ò‡ÏÓ ӷ˘Â ÔÓÌflÚË χ„‡ÁËÌ ‚ ëòÄ: I don't like to go to the store.fi ü Ì β·Î˛ ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ χ„‡ÁËÌ. store fi ÒÍ·‰ / ÒÍ·‰ÒÍÓ ÔÓÏ¢ÂÌËÂ; to store fi ͇̇ÔÎË‚‡Ú¸ Ë ı‡ÌËÚ¸: How much food have you stored away?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚˚ Á‡Ô‡ÒÎË ÔˢË? department store fi ÛÌË‚Âχ„; drugstore (‡ÏÂ.) fi ‡ÔÚÂ͇, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÂÂÍÛÒËÚ¸; liquor store fi χ„‡ÁËÌ ÒÔËÚÌ˚ı ̇ÔËÚÍÓ‚; supermarket (‡Ì„Î. Ë ‡ÏÂ.) fi ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÛÌË‚ÂÒ‡Ï, ÚÓ„Û˛˘ËÈ ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚ‡ÏË Ë ÚÓ‚‡‡ÏË ‰Îfl ‰Óχ; the butcher's fi ÏflÒÌÓÈ Ï‡„‡ÁËÌ / ·‚͇; the baker's fi ·ÛÎӘ̇fl; the greengrocer's fi Ó‚Ó˘ÌÓÈ Ï‡„‡ÁËÌ: She goes to the greengrocer's every day.fi é̇ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸ ıÓ‰ËÚ ‚ Ó‚Ó˘ÌÓÈ Ï‡„‡ÁËÌ.

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20. 燘‡Î¸ÌËÍ. supervisor fi ÌÂÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È Ì‡˜‡Î¸ÌËÍ (˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ì‡ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Â) ¤ χÒÚÂ (ÛÒÒÍ.); boss (‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÂ) fi ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ ÍÓχ̉ÛÂÚ / ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ; chief fi ¯ÂÙ / ‚˚ү ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚÌÓ ÎËˆÓ (Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ ÔÓ‰‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËfl): chief of department fi ̇˜‡Î¸ÌËÍ Óډ·; chief fi „·‚Ì˚È; chief engineer fi „·‚Ì˚È ËÌÊÂÌÂ; chief accountant fi „·‚Ì˚È ·Ûı„‡ÎÚÂ Ë Ú.Ô. head (Ó·˘Â ÔÓÌflÚËÂ) fi „·‚‡ / ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ ‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÂÚ: The head of a department is called the chief.fi 燘‡Î¸ÌË͇ Óډ· ̇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ¯ÂÙÓÏ. manager fi ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÂÚ (‰Â·ÏË / ·‡ÌÍÓÏ / „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂÈ Ë Ú.Ô.) ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÚ Îˈ‡ ͇ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÙËÏ˚ ËÎË Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË; director fi 1. ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÒÓ‚ÂÚ‡ ‰ËÂÍÚÓÓ‚ fi the Board of Directors, ‚ıÓ‰fl˘ËÈ ‚ ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËÂÈ / ÙËÏÓÈ; 126. ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl Í Ú‡ÚÛ Ë ÍËÌÓ — ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ ‡ÍÚfi‡ÏË / ÓÔÂ‡ÚÓ‡ÏË / ÓÒ‚ÂÚËÚÂÎflÏË / „ËÏÂ‡ÏË Ë Ú.‰.

21. ïÓÁflËÌ / ıÓÁflÈ͇. master / mistress fi ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ ‡ÒÔÓflʇÂÚÒfl / ‚·‰ÂÂÚ ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I am master / mistress in my own house.fi Ç Ò‚ÓÂÏ ‰ÓÏ fl ıÓÁflËÌ / ıÓÁflÈ͇. We don't know the master of this dog / horse.fi å˚ Ì Á̇ÂÏ ‚·‰Âθˆ‡ ˝ÚÓÈ ÒÓ·‡ÍË / ÎÓ¯‡‰Ë. ç is his own master.fi éÌ Ò‡Ï ıÓÁflËÌ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÛ‰¸·˚. She is her own mistress.fi é̇ ҇χ ıÓÁflÈ͇ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÛ‰¸·˚. owner fi ıÓÁflËÌ / ‚·‰ÂΈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË: the owner of a car/a house /...fi ‚·‰ÂΈ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎfl / ‰Óχ/... host / hostess fi ıÓÁflËÌ / ıÓÁflÈ͇ (ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ ÔËÌËχÂÚ „ÓÒÚÂÈ): She likes to be the hostess of the party.fi ÖÈ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ·˚Ú¸ ıÓÁflÈÍÓÈ ‚˜Â‡. I am the host and you are my guest.fi ü ıÓÁflËÌ, ‡ Ú˚ — ÏÓÈ „ÓÒÚ¸. landlord / landlady fi ıÓÁflËÌ / ıÓÁflÈ͇ (ÚÓÚ, ÍÚÓ Ò‰‡ÂÚ ‚̇ÂÏ Í‚‡ÚËÛ): I am your landlady and you are my tenants.fi ü ‚‡¯‡ ıÓÁflÈ͇, ‡ ‚˚ — ÏÓË ÊËθˆ˚. housewife fi ‰ÓÏÓıÓÁflÈ͇ (Ì ‡·ÓÚ‡˛˘‡fl ÊÂ̇ ıÓÁflË̇ ‰Óχ); house-keeper fi ıÓÁflÈ͇ / ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ͇ (ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇, ÒΉfl˘‡fl Á‡ ÔÓfl‰ÍÓÏ ‚ ˜ÛÊÓÏ ‰ÓÏÂ).

22. ч‚‡Ú¸ / ·‡Ú¸ ‚Á‡ÈÏ˚. to lend fi ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ‚Á‡ÈÏ˚: I Ò‡Ô lend you some money.fi ü ÏÓ„Û Ó‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸ Ú· ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÌ„. to borrow (from) fi ·‡Ú¸ ‚Á‡ÈÏ˚ (Û): May I borrow your car?fi åÓÊÌÓ, fl ‚ÓÁ¸ÏÛ Ú‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ? Can I borrow some money from you?fi í˚ ÏÓʯ¸ Ó‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸ ÏÌ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÌ„? to loan (˜‡˘Â ÓÙˈˇθÌÓÂ) fi ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÒÒÛ‰Û: Our bank can loan 50,000 dollars to you.fi 燯 ·‡ÌÍ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‰‡Ú¸ ‚‡Ï ÒÒÛ‰Û ‚ ‡ÁÏÂ 50000 ‰ÓηÓ‚. loan fi Á‡ÂÏ / ‰Ó΄ / ÒÒÛ‰‡: I'm only asking for a loan — I'll pay you back.fi ü ÔÓ¯Û ‰Â̸„Ë ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ‰Ó΄, fl ‚ÂÌÛ Ëı Ú·Â. to have the loan of smth. / to have smth. on loan (from) fi ·‡Ú¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ‚Á‡ÈÏ˚ / ̇ ‚ÂÏfl: May I have the loan of your car? / May I have the car on loan from you?fi åÓÊÌÓ, fl ‚ÓÁ¸ÏÛ Ú‚Ó˛ χ¯ËÌÛ?

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23. ÑÛ„ÓÈ / ‰Û„Ó / another / other / the others. another (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ)fi 1. ‰Û„ÓÈ (¢ ӉËÌ): Would you like another cup of tea?fi ïÓÚËÚ ¢ ˜‡¯Â˜ÍÛ ˜‡fl? 127. ‰Û„ÓÈ (Ì ڇÍÓÈ): Can I have another chair?fi åÓÊÌÓ fl ‚ÓÁ¸ÏÛ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÛÎ? other fi ‰Û„Ë (Ò ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ): I'd like to buy a few other books.fi ü ·˚ ıÓÚÂÎ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰Û„Ëı ÍÌË„.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ÒÎÓ‚Ó ‰Û„Ë ·ÂÁ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ ÔÓ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚÛ) ÔÂ‚ӉËÚÒfl some / any others / more: I don't like these shoes. Have you got any others / any more?fi åÌ Ì Ì‡‚flÚÒfl ˝ÚË ÚÛÙÎË. ì ‚‡Ò ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Û„ËÂ? I'd like to see some others / some more.fi ü ıÓÚ· ·˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ‰Û„ËÂ. the other fi ‰Û„ÓÈ / ‚ÚÓÓÈ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı: One of these cars is mine, the other is my sister's.fi é‰Ì‡ ËÁ ˝ÚËı χ¯ËÌ ÏÓfl, ‰Û„‡fl — ÏÓÂÈ ÒÂÒÚ˚. ç is waiting for us on the other side.fi éÌ Ê‰ÂÚ Ì‡Ò Ì‡ ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌÂ. the others fi ÓÒڇθÌ˚Â: We shall stay here, the others will go there.fi å˚ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÏÒfl Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÓÒڇθÌ˚ ÔÓȉÛÚ ÚÛ‰‡. Where are the others?fi ɉ ÓÒڇθÌ˚Â? any other fi β·ÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ: I don't like this car, any other will be OK.fi åÌ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ˝Ú‡ χ¯Ë̇, β·‡fl ‰Û„‡fl ÏÂÌfl ÛÒÚÓËÚ. Any other boy could do it.fi ùÚÓ ÏÓ„ ҉·ڸ β·ÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ Ï‡Î¸˜ËÍ. each other / one. another fi Ó‰ËÌ ‰Û„Ó„Ó / ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡: They don't like each other / one another.fi éÌË Ì ÔËÚ‡˛Ú ÒËÏÔ‡ÚËË ‰Û„ Í ‰Û„Û. every other + ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ ‰. ˜ËÒΠ/ all the others fi ‚Ò ‰Û„Ë / ÓÒڇθÌ˚Â: You are not ready; every other student / all the others can see that.fi í˚ Ì „ÓÚÓ‚, ˝ÚÓ ‚ˉÌÓ ‚ÒÂÏ ÓÒڇθÌ˚Ï (ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ‡Ï). one after the other / one after another fi Ó‰ËÌ Á‡ ‰Û„ËÏ: They were walking one after another / one after the other.fi éÌË ¯ÎË ‰Û„ Á‡ ‰Û„ÓÏ. the other day fi ̇ ‰Ìflı / ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÌÂÈ Ì‡Á‡‰: She left the other day.fi é̇ ÛÂı‡Î‡ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÌÂÈ Ì‡Á‡‰.

24. Right. right fi Ô‡‚˚È / wrong fi ÌÂÔ‡‚˚È: — Am I right? — No, you are wrong. / No, you are not right.fi — ü Ô‡‚? — çÂÚ, Ú˚ ÌÂÔ‡‚. right fi Ô‡‚˚È / left fi ΂˚È: Shall I turn right at the station?fi åÌ ÔÓ‚Ó‡˜Ë‚‡Ú¸ ̇Ô‡‚Ó Û ‚ÓÍÁ‡Î‡? right fi Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚È: What is the right time?fi ä‡ÍÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl? You've made the right choice.fi í˚ ҉·ΠÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚È ‚˚·Ó. All right.fi ïÓÓ¯Ó, (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌË / ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ): — Would you wait for me here. — All right.fi — èÓ‰ÓʉË, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÏÂÌfl Á‰ÂÒ¸. — ïÓÓ¯Ó. to be all right fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ıÓÓ¯ÂÏ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË: I'm all right.fi Co ÏÌÓÈ ‚Ò ‚ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ. That's right. / Right. fi è‡‚ËθÌÓ, (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ): — Well, you want to buy a new house. — Right. / That's right.fi — àÚ‡Í, ‚˚ ıÓÚËÚ ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚È ‰ÓÏ. —è‡‚ËθÌÓ (fl Ëϲ ‚ ‚Ë‰Û ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˝ÚÓ). That's all right. fi (ч ·‰ÌÓ,) ç ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÚÂÒ¸. / ÇÒ ‚ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ. / çË˜Â„Ó ÒÚ‡¯ÌÓ„Ó (Ì ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ).: 144

— I'm sorry. — That's all right.fi — àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ. — ÇÒ ‚ ÔÓfl‰Í (Ì ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÚÂÒ¸). right angle fi ÔflÏÓÈ Û„ÓÎ; right how / right away fi ÌÂÁ‡Ï‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ: All right, I'm coming right now / right away.fi ïÓÓ¯Ó, ‚˚ÂÁʇ˛ ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò. It serves smb. right. fi í‡Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó Ë Ì‡‰Ó. / èÓ‰ÂÎÓÏ.: It serves him right.fi í‡Í ÂÏÛ Ë Ì‡‰Ó (Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ ·Óθ¯Â Ú‡Í (ÔÎÓıÓ) ÔÓÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸). It serves you right.fi èÓ‰ÂÎÓÏ Ú·Â.

25. ÇÔ‡‚Ó (‚΂Ó) / ÒÔ‡‚‡ (Ò΂‡) / ̇Ô‡‚Ó (̇΂Ó). right fi Ô‡‚˚È; left fi ΂˚È: right / left hand / side / wall /..fi Ô‡‚‡fl / ΂‡fl Û͇ / ÒÚÓÓ̇ / ÒÚÂ̇ / ... to turn (to the) right / left fi ÔÓ‚Ó‡˜Ë‚‡Ú¸ ̇Ô‡‚Ó / ̇΂Ó: Why didn't you turn (to the) right?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛΠ̇Ô‡‚Ó? They turned right.fi éÌË ÔÓ‚ÂÌÛÎË Ì‡Ô‡‚Ó. Let's turn left.fi ч‚‡È ÔÓ‚ÂÌÂÏ Ì‡Î‚Ó. on smb.'s right / left fi ÒÔ‡‚‡ / Ò΂‡ ÓÚ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó: It is the second window on your left.fi ùÚÓ ‚ÚÓÓ ÓÍÓ¯ÍÓ Ò΂‡ ÓÚ ‚‡Ò. (‚ ·‡ÌÍÂ/Û Í‡ÒÒ / ...) It will be the first door on your right.fi ùÚÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÔÂ‚‡fl ‰‚Â¸ ÒÔ‡‚‡ (ÓÚ ‚‡Ò). first right, second left fi Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ̇Ô‡‚Ó, ÔÓÚÓÏ Ì‡Î‚Ó: (You will turn) First right, second left and it will be the third building on your right.fi (èÓ‚ÂÌËÚÂ) ë̇˜‡Î‡ ̇Ô‡‚Ó, ÔÓÚÓÏ Ì‡Î‚Ó, Ë ˝ÚÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÚÂڸ Á‰‡ÌË ÒÔ‡‚‡ ÓÚ ‚‡Ò.

26. çÂωÎÂÌÌÓ / ÌÂÁ‡Ï‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ / ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò / Ò‡ÁÛ. immediately: She will come back immediately after 10 o'clock.fi é̇ ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠ‰ÂÒflÚË (˜‡ÒÓ‚). I want to leave immediately.fi ü ıÓ˜Û ÛÂı‡Ú¸ / ÛÈÚË ÒÂȘ‡Ò ÊÂ. instantly: She sensed instantly that her son and this woman were involved in a love affair.fi é̇ Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î‡, ˜ÚÓ Û Â Ò˚̇ Ò ˝ÚÓÈ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌÓÈ ÓÏ‡Ì ( Ò˚Ì Ë ˝Ú‡ ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇ ‚β·ÎÂÌ˚ ‰Û„ ‚ ‰Û„‡). I don't like instant coffee.fi ü Ì β·Î˛ ‡ÒÚ‚ÓËÏ˚È ÍÓÙÂ. at once: Come to my house at once.fi ëÓ˜ÌÓ ÔËÂÁÊ‡È ÍÓ ÏÌ ‰ÓÏÓÈ. right now / away: You must do it right away / now.fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Ò‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò. straight away: Let's do it straight away.fi ч‚‡È ҉·ÂÏ ˝ÚÓ ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò. on the spot: We can't do it on the spot.fi å˚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÏ Ò‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ Ò‡ÁÛ / ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò (Ì‡Ï ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl). without delay: Come here without delay.fi èËıÓ‰Ë Ò˛‰‡ ÌÂÁ‡Ï‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓ. as fast as you can / as quick as possible: Come to my house as fast as you can / as quick as possible.fi èËÂÁÊ‡È ÍÓ ÏÌ (‰ÓÏÓÈ) ÔflÏÓ ÒÂȘ‡Ò.

27. ó‡Ò / ˜‡Ò˚. o'clock — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ó‚ÌÓ (ÒÚÓθÍÓ-ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÓ‚); ‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸÒfl: 145

I'll call you at five (o'clock).fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ Ú· ‚ ÔflÚ¸ (˜‡ÒÓ‚). It is nearly three (o'clock).fi ëÂȘ‡Ò ÔÓ˜ÚË ÚË (˜‡Ò‡). clock fi ˜‡Ò˚ (̇ÒÚÂÌÌ˚Â Ë Ú.Ô., ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÌÂθÁfl ÌÓÒËÚ¸ Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ); ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÙÓÏ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·: Our clock is very old.fi ç‡¯Ë ˜‡Ò˚ Ó˜Â̸ ÒÚ‡˚Â. hour fi ˜‡Ò (‚ β·˚ı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı): I'll call you at five hours / o'clock.fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ Ú· ‚ ÔflÚ¸ (˜‡ÒÓ‚). It is nearly three hours / o'clock.fi ëÂȘ‡Ò ÔÓ˜ÚË ÚË (˜‡Ò‡). He'll come back in an hour.fi éÌ ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl ˜ÂÂÁ ˜‡Ò. (o'clock — ÌÂθÁfl) We'll be thb-re after two hours' drive.fi å˚ ·Û‰ÂÏ Ú‡Ï ˜ÂÂÁ ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡, ÂÒÎË Âı‡Ú¸ ̇ χ¯ËÌÂ. (o'clock — ÌÂθÁfl) Office hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.fi ÇÂÏfl ‡·ÓÚ˚ (Û˜ÂʉÂÌËfl) Ò 9 (ÛÚ‡) ‰Ó 5 (‚˜Â‡). (wrist) watch fi ˜‡Ò˚ ̇Û˜Ì˚Â: My (wrist) watch is (five minutes) fast.fi åÓË (̇Û˜Ì˚Â) ˜‡Ò˚ ÒÔ¯‡Ú (̇ 5 ÏËÌÛÚ). (pocket) watch fi ˜‡Ò˚ ͇χÌÌ˚Â: Your (pocket) watch is (three minutes) slow.fi í‚ÓË (͇χÌÌ˚Â) ˜‡Ò˚ ÓÚÒÚ‡˛Ú (̇ ÚË ÏËÌÛÚ˚). What does your watch say? / What time is it by your watch?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ì‡ Ú‚ÓËı (̇Û˜Ì˚ı / ͇χÌÌ˚ı) ˜‡Ò‡ı?

28. Time. time fi ‚ÂÏfl: Time is money.fi ÇÂÏfl — ‰Â̸„Ë. What time is it? / What is the time?fi äÓÚÓ˚È ˜‡Ò? Could you tell me the time, please.fi Ç˚ Ì Ò͇ÊÂÚÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ˜‡Ò? times fi ‚ÂÏÂ̇: Those were good times.fi To ·˚ÎË ıÓӯˠ‚ÂÏÂ̇. behind time fi Ò ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂÏ: The train is twenty minutes behind time.fi èÓÂÁ‰ ÓÔ‡Á‰˚‚‡ÂÚ Ì‡ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÏËÌÛÚ. ahead of time fi Ò ÓÔÂÂÊÂÌËÂÏ: Our bus is twenty minutes ahead of time.fi 燯 ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒ Ë‰ÂÚ Ò ÓÔÂÂÊÂÌËÂÏ ‡ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ̇ ‰‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÏËÌÛÚ. on time fi ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl (ÔÛÌÍÚۇθÌÓ): She came on time.fi é̇ Ô˯· ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl. in time fi ‚Ó‚ÂÏfl (‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‡ÌÓ): We are in time to catch the bus.fi å˚ ¢ ÛÒÔ‚‡ÂÏ Ì‡ ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒ. at the same time fi Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ / ‚ ÚÓ Ê ‚ÂÏfl / ÚÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ: They came at the same time.fi éÌË Ô˯ÎË Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ. I know you are tired; at the same time you must help the others.fi ü Á̇˛, Ú˚ ÛÒÚ‡Î; Ë ÚÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ, Ú˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÓÒڇθÌ˚Ï. from time to time fi ‚ÂÏfl ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ç calls me from time to time.fi éÌ Á‚ÓÌËÚ ÏÌ ‚ÂÏfl ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. at times fi ‚ÂÏÂ̇ÏË: ç calls me at times.fi ÇÂÏÂ̇ÏË ÓÌ Á‚ÓÌËÚ ÏÌÂ. in no time fi Ó˜Â̸ ·˚ÒÚÓ / ÒÍÓÓ: I'll do it in no time.fi ü ҉·˛ ˝ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ·˚ÒÚÓ. I'll come back in no time.fi ü ‚ÂÌÛÒ¸ Ó˜Â̸ ·˚ÒÚÓ. to have a good time => ıÓÓ¯Ó ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl: Did you have a good time?fi Ç˚ ıÓÓ¯Ó ÔÓ‚ÂÎË ‚ÂÏfl? to pass the time fi Á‡ÌËχڸ / Û·Ë‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÂÏfl: What shall we do to pass the time?fi óÂÏ ·˚ Ì‡Ï Á‡ÌflÚ¸Òfl (˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚ÂÏfl ÔÓ¯ÎÓ ·˚ÒÚÓ)? 146

time fi ‡Á: They came here many times.fi éÌË ÔËıÓ‰ËÎË Ò˛‰‡ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡Á. each time fi ͇ʉ˚È / ‚ÒflÍËÈ ‡Á (‚ ͇ʉÓÏ ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â): Each time I come here they say you are busy.fi ÇÒflÍËÈ ‡Á (ËÌÓ„‰‡), ÍÓ„‰‡ fl ÔËıÓÊÛ Ò˛‰‡, ÏÌ „Ó‚ÓflÚ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Á‡ÌflÚ. every time fi ͇ʉ˚È / ‚ÒflÍËÈ ‡Á (‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı / ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ): It happens to her every time she stays alone.fi ùÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ò ÌÂÈ ‚ÒflÍËÈ ‡Á (ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ), ÍÓ„‰‡ Ó̇ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ӊ̇. this time fi ‚ ˝ÚÓÚ ‡Á; last time fi ‚ ÔÓ¯Î˚È ‡Á; next time fi (͇Í-ÌË·Û‰¸) ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á; the next time fi ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÈ ‡Á; another time fi (͇Í-ÌË·Û‰¸) ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ ‡Á; for the first / for the second time fi ‚ ÔÂ‚˚È / ‚Ó ‚ÚÓÓÈ ‡Á; for the last time fi ‚ ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ‡Á.

29. First. (the) first fi ÔÂ‚˚È: You are the first to come.fi í˚ Ô˯ÂÎ ÔÂ‚˚Ï. I remember my first lesson very well.fi ü Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó ÔÓÏÌ˛ Ò‚ÓÈ ÔÂ‚˚È ÛÓÍ. They saw me first.fi éÌË ÔÂ‚˚ÏË Û‚Ë‰ÂÎË ÏÂÌfl. first fi ‚ÔÂ‚˚Â: Where did you first see him? / Where did you see him first?fi ɉ Ú˚ ‚ÔÂ‚˚ ‚ÒÚÂÚËΠ„Ó? first fi Ò̇˜‡Î‡ / ‚̇˜‡Î (ÔÂʉÂ, ˜ÂÏ (Ò)‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó): I want you to show me your papers first.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎË ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ˚. First, ... fi ë̇˜‡Î‡ ... /ÇÓ-ÔÂ‚˚ı, ...: First, I'd like to thank all my friends.fi ë̇˜‡Î‡ fl ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ Ôӷ·„Ó‰‡ËÚ¸ ‚ÒÂı ÏÓËı ‰ÛÁÂÈ. First, I'd like to remind you of your duties. Second, ... / Third, ...fi ÇÓ-ÔÂ‚˚ı, fl ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ ̇ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸ ‚‡Ï Ó ‚‡¯Ëı Ó·flÁflÌÌÓÒÚflı. ÇÓ-‚ÚÓ˚ı, ... / Ç-ÚÂÚ¸Ëı, ... at first fi Ò̇˜‡Î‡ /‚̇˜‡ÎÂ: At first it was very difficult.fi Ç̇˜‡Î ·˚ÎÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÚÛ‰ÌÓ. First of all, ... fi ë̇˜‡Î‡ (ÔÂʉÂ, ˜ÂÏ (Ò)‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó) / èÂʉ ‚ÒÂ„Ó (ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÚÓ„Ó, Ó ˜ÂÏ ÔÓȉÂÚ ˜¸): First of all he just opened the door, then he started to get out.fi ë̇˜‡Î‡ ÓÌ ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÚÍ˚Î ‰‚Â¸, Ë ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÂÂÁ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‚ÂÏfl ̇˜‡Î ‚˚·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl (ËÁ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎfl). First of all, we can't spend so much money.fi èÂʉ ‚ÒÂ„Ó (Ó·‡˘‡˛ ‚‡¯Â / Ú‚Ó ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ˝ÚÓ), Ï˚ Ì ÏÓÊÂÏ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÚ¸ Ò· ÔÓÚ‡ÚËÚ¸ ÒÚÓθÍÓ ‰ÂÌ„. In the first place,... / Firstly, ... fi ÇÓ-ÔÂ‚˚ı (ÔË ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌËË); in the second place / secondly fi ‚Ó-‚ÚÓ˚ı; lastly / (ÂÊÂ) last of all fi (Ë) ̇ÍÓ̈, ...: Firstly, I want to apologize for coming late.fi ÇÓ-ÔÂ‚˚ı, fl ıÓ˜Û ËÁ‚ËÌËÚ¸Òfl Á‡ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂ. Secondly, I have something very important to tell you.fi ÇÓ-‚ÚÓ˚ı, Û ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Îfl ‚‡Ò Ó˜Â̸ ‚‡ÊÌ˚ ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚË. Lastly, I'd like to thank all of you for your help.fi (à) ç‡ÍÓ̈, fl ıÓÚÂÎ ·˚ Ôӷ·„Ó‰‡ËÚ¸ ‚ÒÂı ‚‡Ò Á‡ Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÛ˛ (ÏÌÂ) ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÛ. for the first time fi ‚ÔÂ‚˚ / ‚ ÔÂ‚˚È ‡Á; at first sight fi Ò ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡ / ̇ ÔÂ‚˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰: 147

ç fell in love with her at first sight.fi éÌ ‚β·ËÎÒfl ‚ ÌÂÂ Ò ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡. At first sight it (car) was good.fi ç‡ ÔÂ‚˚È ‚Á„Îfl‰, Ó̇ (χ¯Ë̇) ·˚· ıÓÓ¯‡fl. first-class fi ÔÂ‚ÓÍ·ÒÒÌ˚È; first floor fi ‚ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË — 2-È ˝Ú‡Ê (1-È ˝Ú‡Ê fi ground floor); ‚ ëòÄ — 1-È ˝Ú‡Ê. first-hand fi ËÁ ÔÂ‚˚ı ÛÍ (ËÌÙÓχˆËfl Ë Ú.Ô.): I learned it first-hand.fi ùÚ‡ ËÌÙÓχˆËfl / ü ÛÁ̇Π˝ÚÓ ËÁ ÔÂ‚˚ı ÛÍ. first name fi ËÏfl ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇; second / middle name fi ÓÚ˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó; last / family name fi Ù‡ÏËÎËfl; first-rate fi ÓÚ΢Ì˚È / ÔÂ‚ÓÍ·ÒÒÌ˚È / ÓÚ΢ÌÓ: It was a first-rate show.fi ùÚÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÔÂ‚ÓÍ·ÒÒÌÓ ¯ÓÛ. We are getting on first-rate.fi ì Ì‡Ò ‚Ò ÔÂÍ‡ÒÌÓ. first thing fi ÔÂ‚˚Ï ‰ÂÎÓÏ (ÔÂʉÂ, ˜ÂÏ Á‡ÌflÚ¸Òfl ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó ‰Û„ËÏ) / ‚ ÔÂ‚Û˛ Ó˜Â‰¸: ç promised to do it first thing tomorrow.fi éÌ ÔÓӷ¢‡Î ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ ÔÂ‚˚Ï ‰ÂÎÓÏ Á‡‚Ú‡.

30. èˢ‡ / ‰‡ / ·Î˛‰Ó. food fi Ôˢ‡ (Ó·˘Â ÔÓÌflÚËÂ): Everybody likes good food.fi ÇÒÂÏ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ıÓÓ¯‡fl Ôˢ‡. food department fi ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚˚È ÓÚ‰ÂÎ; food poisoning fi Ôˢ‚Ó ÓÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ; foodstuff fi Ôˢ‚˚ ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚ˚; food for thought fi Ôˢ‡ ‰Îfl Ûχ; meal fi ÔËÂÏ ÔˢË: I have three meals a day.fi ü ÔËÚ‡˛Ò¸ ÚË ‡Á‡ ‚ ‰Â̸. Did you enjoy your meal?fi Ç‡Ï ÔÓÌ‡‚ËÎÒfl Á‡‚Ú‡Í / ӷ‰ / ÛÊËÌ? They had a light meal of bread and cheese.fi éÌË Ò΄͇ ÔÂÂÍÛÒËÎË ıηÓÏ Ò Ò˚ÓÏ. dish fi ·Î˛‰Ó: Her favourite dish is steak and macaroni.fi Ö β·ËÏÓ ·Î˛‰Ó — ·ËÙ¯ÚÂÍÒ Ò Ï‡Í‡Ó̇ÏË. There are only three meat dishes on the menu.fi Ç (˝ÚÓÏ) ÏÂÌ˛ ÚÓθÍÓ ÚË ÏflÒÌ˚ı ·Î˛‰‡. the dishes fi ‚Òfl ÔÓÒÛ‰‡ (Ú‡ÂÎÍË / ˜‡¯ÍË / ·Î˛‰ˆ‡ / ...) ̇ ÒÚÓÎÂ: Why should I wash the dishes?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ fl ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Ï˚Ú¸ ÔÓÒÛ‰Û? course fi Ӊ̇ ËÁ ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ meal / ·Î˛‰Ó: What is the first course?fi óÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÂ‚ÓÂ? The main course here is roast beef and potatoes.fi ç‡ ‚ÚÓÓ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÔÓ‰‡˛Ú ÓÒÚ·ËÙ Ò Í‡ÚÓÙÂÎÂÏ. .

31. Å˚Ú¸ ̇ ‰ËÂÚ / ıÛ‰ÂÚ¸. to diet (oneself) fi Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡Ú¸ Ò·fl ‚ ÔˢÂ: I am so fat that I have to diet myself.fi ü Ú‡Í ‡ÒÔÓÎÌ·, ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡Ú¸ Ò·fl ‚ ÔˢÂ. My wife is dieting herself very strictly.fi åÓfl ÊÂ̇ ÔÓ˜ÚË ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÂÒÚ — ıÛ‰ÂÂÚ. Is she still dieting?fi é̇ Â˘Â Ì‡ ‰ËÂÚÂ? to be on a diet fi ·˚Ú¸ ̇ ‰ËÂÚÂ: I am on a diet.fi ü ̇ ‰ËÂÚÂ. to put smb. on a diet fi ÔÓÒ‡‰ËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ì‡ ‰ËÂÚÛ: The doctor put me on a diet.fi ÑÓÍÚÓ ÔÓÒ‡‰ËÎ ÏÂÌfl ̇ ‰ËÂÚÛ. to be reducing / slimming fi ıÛ‰ÂÚ¸: 148

I am reducing.fi ü ıÛ‰Â˛. She is slimming.fi é̇ ıÛ‰ÂÂÚ.

32. èÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸/ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸. to fit fi ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ (ÔÓ ‡ÁÏÂÛ / ÙÓÏÂ): Does this dress fit me?fi ùÚÓ Ô·ڸ ÏÓÂ„Ó ‡ÁÏÂ‡? These shoes don't fit me (well).fi ùÚË ÚÛÙÎË Ì ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰flÚ ÏÌ ÔÓ ‡ÁÏÂÛ. The coat fits you perfectly.fi ùÚÓ Ô‡Î¸ÚÓ Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ Ú· (ÔÓ ‡ÁÏÂÛ). Your key does not fit the lock.fi í‚ÓÈ Íβ˜ Ì ÓÚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Á‡Ï͇. 128. ÔӉӄ̇ڸ (ÔÓ ‡ÁÏÂÛ / ÙÓÏÂ): I want to have this new skirt fitted.fi ü ıÓ˜Û, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ ÔӉӄ̇ÎË ˝ÚÛ ˛·ÍÛ ÔÓ ÏÓÂÏÛ ‡ÁÏÂÛ. 1.

fit fi ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘ËÈ / ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ: The food was not fit to eat.fi èˢ‡ ·˚· ÌÂÔ˄Ӊ̇ ‰Îfl ‰˚. Do as you think fit.fi Ñ·È, Í‡Í Ò˜Ëڇ¯¸ ÌÛÊÌ˚Ï. to suit fi ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸./ ˉÚË (·˚Ú¸ Í ÎˈÛ): Does this hat suit me?fi ùÚ‡ ¯ÎflÔ‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ / ˉÂÚ ÏÌÂ? This sweater doesn't suit me.fi ùÚÓÚ Ò‚ËÚÂ ÏÌ Ì ˉÂÚ. 129. ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡Ú¸ (·˚Ú¸ Û‰Ó·Ì˚Ï ‰Îfl): Will ten o'clock suit you?fi Ç‡Ò ÛÒÚÓËÚ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÓ‚ (‰Îfl ÔËÂχ / ‚ÒÚÂ˜Ë Ë Ú.Ô.)? Does the food suit you / your taste?fi ìÒÚ‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ ‚‡Ò Ôˢ‡? 1.

to be suited to / for ¤ to be fit for fi ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸: That man is not fit for the job.¤ That man is not suited to / for the job.fi ùÚÓÚ ÏÛʘË̇ Ì ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ ‰Îfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚. to match fi ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ (Ó‰ÌÓ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ÔÓ ˆ‚ÂÚÛ, ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Û / ...): These shoes don't match my frock.fi ùÚË ÚÛÙÎË Ì ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰flÚ Í ÏÓÂÏÛ Ô·ڸ˛. The curtains should match the carpet.fi òÚÓ˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Í ÍÓ‚Û. 130. ÔÓ‰Ó·‡Ú¸ (ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó): Can you match the silk?fi Ç˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓ‰Ó·‡Ú¸ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ Í .¯ÂÎÍÛ? 1.

33. éÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl (ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó / ‚ ͇ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó ÏÂÒÚ / Û ÍÓ„ÓÎË·Ó). to stop fi ÓÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl / ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸Òfl: Do the buses stop here?fi Ä‚ÚÓ·ÛÒ˚ ÓÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛ÚÒfl Á‰ÂÒ¸? My watch has stopped.fi åÓË ˜‡Ò˚ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸. The rain has stopped.fi ÑÓʉ¸ ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÎÒfl. 131. ÔÂÍ‡ÚËÚ¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÂÒÎË Ò „ÂÛ̉ËÂÏ: She stopped reading.fi é̇ ÔÂÂÒڇ· ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ (ÔÂÍ‡ÚË· ˜ÚÂÌËÂ). 132. ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl (˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ), ÂÒÎË Ò ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚ÓÏ: They stopped to rest.fi éÌË ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸ (, ˜ÚÓ·˚) ÓÚ‰ÓıÌÛÚ¸. to stay fi ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl (‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ / ̇ ÌӘ΄ / Û ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó); ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÙÓÏ Continuous Present: I am staying at my mother's.fi ü ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎÒfl Û Ï‡Ï˚. Where are you staying?fi ɉ ‚˚ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸? We are staying at the hotel.fi å˚ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸ ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂ. She is staying at her relatives'.fi é̇ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Ë·Ҹ Û Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍÓ‚. 1.

34. éÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl. to stop: Why don't you want to stop for dinner?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ÌÂ. ıӘ¯¸ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ ÛÊËÌ? 149

I'm stopping (at) home tonight.fi ë„ӉÌfl fl ÌËÍÛ‰‡ ÌÂ Ë‰Û / ÒËÊÛ ‰Óχ. to stop at some place / at smb.'s fi ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl (̇ ‚ÂÏfl) „‰Â-ÎË·Ó / Û ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó: You Ò‡Ô stop at my parents' (house for a few days).fi Ç˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl (̇ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÌÂÈ ‚ ‰ÓÏÂ) Û ÏÓËı Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ. to stay fi ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl; to leave fi ÛÂı‡Ú¸ / ÛÈÚË / Ì ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl: Why don't you want to stay with us?¤ Why do you want to leave?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì ıӘ¯¸ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl Ò Ì‡ÏË? Stay here.¤ Don't leave here.fi éÒÚ‡‚‡ÈÒfl / ÅÛ‰¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸. I can't stay.¤ I have to leave.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl. I'm too busy to stay.¤ I'm too busy not to leave.fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl, Û ÏÂÌfl ÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÎ. to have smth. left fi ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl (ËÏÂÚ¸ ‚ ̇΢ËË): We only have 10 dollars left.fi ì Ì‡Ò ÓÒÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ ‚ÒÂ„Ó 10 ‰ÓηÓ‚. They have 5 minutes left.fi ì ÌËı ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl / ÓÒÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ 5 ÏËÌÛÚ.

35. è‡‡. pair fi ‰‚‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËıÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚ / Ó‰ËÌ Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ÌÂ‡Á‰ÂÎËÏ˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ: a pair of socks fi Ô‡‡ ÌÓÒÍÓ‚; a pair of shoes fi Ô‡‡ ÚÛÙÎÂÈ; a pair of gloves fi Ô‡‡ ÔÂ˜‡ÚÓÍ; a pair of trousers fi Ô‡‡ ·˛Í; a pair of scissors fi ÌÓÊÌˈ˚; a pair of tights fi ÍÓ΄ÓÚÍË 133. ‰‚‡ ÚÂÒÌÓ Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ (ÏÛÊ Ë ÊÂ̇ / ÊÂÌËı Ë Ì‚ÂÒÚ‡ / Ô‡ÚÌÂ˚ ‚ ڇ̈ / ·ËÁÌÂÒÂ Ë Ú.‰.): They make a very good pair.fi éÌË Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯‡fl Ô‡‡. 1.

couple fi ‰‚‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ / ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇, Ì ҂flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ ·ÎËÁÍÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ: She will be back in a couple of minutes.fi é̇ ‚ÂÌÂÚÒfl ˜ÂÂÁ Ô‡Û ÏËÌÛÚ. I can wait a couple of weeks.fi ü ÏÓ„Û ÔÓ‰Óʉ‡Ú¸ Ô‡Û Ì‰Âθ. I need a couple of dollars.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Ô‡Û ‰ÓηÓ‚. 134. ‰‚‡ ÚÂÒÌÓ Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ (¤ pair): They make a very good couple.fi éÌË Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯‡fl Ô‡‡. 1.

match fi ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘ËÈ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ‰Îfl ÒÛÔÛÊÂÒÚ‚‡: She is a good match.fi é̇ ıÓÓ¯‡fl Ô‡‡. They decided to make a match of it.fi éÌË ¯ËÎË ÔÓÊÂÌËÚ¸Òfl.

36. Ö˘Â. yet fi Ó ÌÂÒÓ‚Â¯Ë‚¯ÂÏÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË: ç has not come yet. / He has not yet come.fi éÌ Â˘Â Ì Ô˯ÂÎ. still fi Ó ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ˛˘ÂÏÒfl / „ÛÎflÌÓÏ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË: She is still waiting.fi é̇ (‚ÒÂ) Â˘Â Ê‰ÂÚ. She still comes here.fi é̇ ‚Ò ¢ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ Ò˛‰‡. one more / (yet) another fi ¢ ӉËÌ: He bought one more car.fi éÌ ÍÛÔËΠ¢ ӉÌÛ Ï‡¯ËÌÛ. Would you like to see another pair of shoes?fi Ç˚ ıÓÚÂÎË ·˚ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ¢ ӉÌÛ Ô‡Û (Ó·Û‚Ë)? some more fi ¢ ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı / ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı, ÍÓ„‰‡ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ Û‚ÂÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ ÚÓ, Ó ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ „Ó‚ÓËÚ, ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ̇΢ËË: My son would like some more potatoes.fi Ç˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÔËÌÂÒÚË ÏÓÂÏÛ Ò˚ÌÛ Â˘Â Í‡ÚÓ¯ÍË? Can I offer you some more coffee?fi åÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ , ¢ ÍÓÙÂ? 150

any more fi ¢ ÒÍÓθÍÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰Ë-ÚÂθ-Ì˚ı / ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı, ÍÓ„‰‡ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ Ì ۂÂÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ ÚÓ, Ó ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡ÂÚ, ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ̇΢ËË: Have you got any more water?fi ì ‚‡Ò ÂÒÚ¸ ¢ ‚Ó‰‡? I'm not sure if he has got any more money.fi ü Ì ۂÂÂÌ, ÂÒÚ¸ ÎË Û ÌÂ„Ó Â˘Â ‰Â̸„Ë. someone / somebody else fi ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ Â˘Â (‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı): There was someone else in the house.fi Ç ‰ÓÏ ·˚Π¢ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ. anyone / anybody else fi ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ¢ (‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ı): Was there anyone / anybody else in the house?fi Ç ‰ÓÏ ·˚Π¢ ÍÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸? something (‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ — anything) else fi ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ (˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸) ¢Â: There is something else under the bed.fi èÓ‰ ÍÓ‚‡Ú¸˛ ÂÒÚ¸ ¢ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ. Is there anything else in his pocket?fi ÖÒÚ¸ Û ÌÂ„Ó ‚ ͇χÌ ¢ ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸? a few / several / some more fi ¢ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ (Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË): I want a few / several / some more postcards.fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ Â˘Â ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÚÍ˚ÚÓÍ. I've got some more questions.fi ì ÏÂÌfl (ÂÒÚ¸) ¢ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚. a little / some more fi ¢ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó (Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË): Will you wait a little more, please.fi èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ¢ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó. I'd like a little more ice-cream.fi åÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ¢ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÏÓÓÊÂÌÓ„Ó. even + Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ fi ¢ ...: I'm even older now.fi ëÂȘ‡Ò fl ¢ ÒÚ‡¯Â. Tomorrow I'll come even later.fi ᇂÚ‡ fl ÔË‰Û Â˘Â ÔÓÁÊÂ. ç is even more handsome.fi éÌ Â˘Â ·ÓΠÔË‚ÎÂ͇ÚÂθÌ˚È. She is even less interested in this.fi é̇ ¢ ÏÂ̸¯Â Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ì‡ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ.

37. ä‡ÒË‚˚È - Í‡ÒË‚‡fl / ÔË‚ÎÂ͇ÚÂθÌ˚È –ÔË‚ÎÂ͇ÚÂθ̇fl. Ó ÏÛʘËÌÂ: good-looking / handsome; Ó ÊÂÌ˘ËÌÂ: attractive / beautiful / good-looking / handsome / lovely / pretty / ravishing.

38. åÂÒÚÓ. place (Ó·˘Â ÔÓÌflÚËÂ): I like this place.fi åÌ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl ˝ÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ (ÚÂËÚÓËfl / „ÓÓ‰ / ‡ÈÓÌ / ÛÎˈ‡ / ‰ÓÏ / ÏÂÒÚÓ ‡·ÓÚ˚ / Ú‡Ú / ÂÒÚÓ‡Ì / ...). to take place fi ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ / ÒÎÛ˜‡Ú¸Òfl (ËÏÂÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÓ): Their wedding took place last week.fi àı Ò‚‡‰¸·‡ ·˚· ̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂÎÂ. seat fi ÏÂÒÚÓ (ÒˉÂ̸Â): the back / front seat of the car fi Á‡‰Ì / ÔÂ‰Ì ÒˉÂ̸ ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·ËÎfl; Our seats are in the back row.fi ç‡¯Ë ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ Á‡‰ÌÂÏ fl‰Û. Is this seat vacant?fi ùÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ Ì Á‡ÌflÚÓ? to take a seat fi ÒÂÒÚ¸ / Á‡ÌflÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÓ: Take your seats, please.fi á‡ÈÏËÚ ҂ÓË ÏÂÒÚ‡, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. May I take a seat?fi åÓÊÌÓ ÏÌ ÒÂÒÚ¸? Take the seat.fi èËÒ‡ÊË‚‡ÈÚÂÒ¸. to seat fi ‚Ï¢‡Ú¸: My car seats five (persons).fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÔflÚËÏÂÒÚÌ˚È ‡‚ÚÓÏÓ·Ëθ. Be seated. fi ëˉË(ÚÂ). / ç ‚ÒÚ‡‚‡È(ÚÂ).: Be seated, please.fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÒˉËÚ (‚‡Ï ÌÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ‚ÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸). room fi ÏÂÒÚÓ (ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰Îfl ‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌËfl ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó/ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó): There is room for you in the car.fi í· ı‚‡ÚËÚ ÏÂÒÚ‡ ‚ χ¯ËÌÂ. Is there room for my books in your case?fi Ç Ú‚ÓÂÏ ˜ÂÏÓ‰‡Ì ÂÒÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‰Îfl ÏÓËı ÍÌË„? 151

Standing room only.fi íÓθÍÓ ÒÚÓfl˜Ë ÏÂÒÚ‡. to make room (for) fi ÓÒ‚Ó·Óʉ‡Ú¸ / „ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÓ (‰Îfl): I want to make room for my clothes.fi ü ıÓ˜Û ÓÒ‚Ó·Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‰Îfl Ó‰Âʉ˚. room fi ÍÓÏ̇ڇ; space fi ÏÂÒÚÓ (Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓ ÌÂÁ‡ÌflÚÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó): Have you enough space here to make your experiments?fi í· ı‚‡Ú‡ÂÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÏÂÒÚ‡, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ˚? space fi ÍÓÒÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó.

39. ë‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È / ÌÂÁ‡ÌflÚ˚È / ÔÛÒÚÓÈ. free fi Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È (Ì ‡·): We want to be free.fi å˚ ıÓÚËÏ ·˚Ú¸ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ÏË. 135. Ì ҂flÁ‡ÌÌ˚È Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËflÏË: You are free to stay or leave.fi Ç˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl ËÎË ÛÂÁʇڸ —. Í‡Í ıÓÚËÚÂ. 136. Ì Á‡ÌflÚ˚È (Ó ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÂ): She is free /¤ She is not busy now.fi é̇ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ҂ӷӉ̇ (Ì Á‡ÌflÚ‡ ÌË͇ÍËÏ ‰ÂÎÓÏ). 137. Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È / Ì Á‡ÌflÚ˚È (Ó ÏÂÒÚ ‚ fl‰Û / ‚ ÍÓÏ̇Ú / ‚ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ / ...): Is this seat free?fi ùÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ? Do you have free rooms?fi ì ‚‡Ò (‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈÂ) ÂÒÚ¸ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ ÌÓÏÂ‡? 138. Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È (Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË): I don't know if he has free time to meet with you.fi ü Ì Á̇˛, ÂÒÚ¸ ÎË Û ÌÂ„Ó (Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÂ) ‚ÂÏfl ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸Òfl Ò ‚‡ÏË. 1.

vacant fi Ì Á‡ÌflÚ˚È (Ó ÏÂÒÚ ‚ fl‰Û / ‚ ÍÓÏ̇Ú / ‚ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ / Ó ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË): Do you have any vacant rooms in your hotel?fi ì ‚‡Ò ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌˈ ÂÒÚ¸ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ ÌÓÏÂ‡? Is this seat vacant?fi ùÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ? There are no vacant positions at this factory.fi ç‡ ˝ÚÓÏ Ô‰ÔËflÚËË ÌÂÚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚ (‰Îfl ÛÒÚÓÈÒÚ‚‡ ̇ ‡·ÓÚÛ). empty fi ÔÛÒÚÓÈ (Ì Ëϲ˘ËÈ ÌË˜Â„Ó ‚ÌÛÚË): This room is empty.fi ùÚ‡ ÍÓÏ̇ڇ ÔÛÒÚ‡fl. I can't see any empty seats here.fi ü Ì ‚ËÊÛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ı ÏÂÒÚ. Don't believe his empty promises.fi He ‚Â¸ Â„Ó ÔÛÒÚ˚Ï Ó·Â˘‡ÌËflÏ. not occupied fi Ì Á‡ÌflÚ˚È (Ó ÏÂÒÚ ‚ fl‰Û / Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË / Ó ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Â): ç is not occupied with anything / He is not busy now.fi éÌ ÒÂȘ‡Ò Ì˘ÂÏ Ì Á‡ÌflÚ. This seat is not occupied.fi ùÚÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ.

40. á‡ÒÚ„˂‡Ú¸ / ÒÍÂÔÎflÚ¸. to fasten fi Á‡ÒÚ„˂‡Ú¸ (ÔÓ˜ÌÓ ÒÍÂÔÎflÚ¸ / Á‡ÍÂÔÎflÚ¸): Does this dress fasten down the back?fi ùÚÓ Ô·ڸ Á‡ÒÚ„˂‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÒÔËÌÂ? You didn't fasten your safety belt.fi Ç˚ Ì ÔËÒÚ„ÌÛÎËÒ¸ ÂÏÌÂÏ (·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË). Fasten your belts.fi èËÒÚ„ÌËÚ ÂÏÌË. to button fi Á‡ÒÚ„˂‡Ú¸ ̇ Ôۄӂˈ˚ / ÍÌÓÔÍË: Why don't you button your coat?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì Á‡ÒÚ„˂‡Â¯¸ ԇθÚÓ? to zip fi Á‡ÒÚ„˂‡Ú¸ ̇ Á‡ÏÓÍ (ÏÓÎÌ˲): She couldn't zip / unzip her dress.fi é̇ Ì Ïӄ· Á‡ÒÚ„ÌÛÚ¸ / ‡ÒÒÚ„ÌÛÚ¸ Ô·ڸÂ. to belt fi ÔËÒÚ„˂‡Ú¸ ÂÏÌÂÏ: ç belted his gun on.fi éÌ Á‡ÚflÌÛÎ ÂÏÂ̸, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‚ËÒÂÎ ÔËÒÚÓÎÂÚ. to pin fi ÔËÍÂÔÎflÚ¸ / ÒÍÂÔÎflÚ¸ (·Û·‚ÍÓÈ / ÒÍÂÔÍÓÈ): Shall I pin the papers?fi ëÍÂÔËÚ¸ ·Ûχ„Ë? 152

The notice was pinned to the wall.fi é·˙fl‚ÎÂÌË ·˚ÎÓ ÔËÍÂÔÎÂÌÓ Í ÒÚÂÌÂ. to tie fi ÒÍÂÔÎflÚ¸ / Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡Ú¸ (‚Â‚ÍÓÈ / ÎÂÌÚÓÈ / ÔÓ‚ÓÎÓÍÓÈ / ...): We have to tie up these clothes.fi ç‡Ï ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÂ‚flÁ‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÛ Ó‰ÂʉÛ.

41. ÇÒÂ / ‚Òfi. 1.

ÂÒÎË ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚Ò / ‚Òfi Ì ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl ÌË Í Í‡ÍÓÏÛ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ÒÎÓ‚Û: everyone / everybody fi ‚Ò (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒΠÒÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ Í‡Ê‰˚È / β·ÓÈ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ): Everyone / Everybody loves her.fi ÇҠ β·flÚ. I know everybody / everyone here.fi ü Á̇˛ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‚ÒÂı. everything fi ‚Òfi: I know everything.fi ü ‚Òfi Á̇˛.

all fi ‚Òfi / ‚ÒÂ: You may take all.fi åÓʯ¸ Á‡·Ë‡Ú¸ ‚Òfi. All are here.fi ÇÒ Á‰ÂÒ¸ (ÒÓ·‡ÎËÒ¸). 139. ÂÒÎË ‚Ò / ‚Òfi ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í ‰Û„ËÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï: every fi ‚ÒÂ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ‚ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ; ‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ — ͇ʉ˚È: Every girl wants to be beautiful.fi ÇÒ ‰Â‚Û¯ÍË ıÓÚflÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡ÒË‚˚ÏË. I know every street here.fi ÇÒ ÛÎˈ˚ ÏÌ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚. all fi ‚Ò / ‚Òfi; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í Ò ÌÂËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË, Ú‡Í Ë Ò ËÒ˜ËÒÎflÂÏ˚ÏË ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ: All girls want to be beautiful.fi ÇÒ ‰Â‚Û¯ÍË ıÓÚflÚ ·˚Ú¸ Í‡ÒË‚˚ÏË. I know ail streets here.fi ÇÒ ÛÎˈ˚ ÏÌ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚. All women love children.fi ÇÒ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ˚ β·flÚ ‰ÂÚÂÈ. All seven boys are my friends.fi ÇÒ ÒÂÏÂÓ Ï‡Î¸˜ËÍÓ‚ ÏÓË ‰ÛÁ¸fl. We have spent all the money.fi å˚ ÔÓÚ‡ÚËÎË ‚Ò ‰Â̸„Ë. What did you bring all these books for?fi ᇘÂÏ / ÑÎfl ˜Â„Ó Ú˚ ÔËÌÂÒ ‚Ò ˝ÚË ÍÌË„Ë? I have been dreaming about this all my life.fi ü ϘڇΠӷ ˝ÚÓÏ ‚Ò˛ Ò‚Ó˛ ÊËÁ̸.

èËϘ‡ÌËÂ: ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl Ì ‚Ò ÔÂ‰ all ÏÓÊÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ not; Ú‡ÍÓ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: Not all people here like it.fi He ‚ÒÂÏ (β‰flÏ) Á‰ÂÒ¸ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂ: Some people here don't like it.fi çÂÍÓÚÓ˚Ï (β‰flÏ) Á‰ÂÒ¸ ˝ÚÓ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. all of fi ‚Ò / ‚Òfi: Not all of the participants have come yet. / Some of the participants have not come yet.fi ֢ Ì ‚Ò ۘ‡ÒÚÌËÍË ÔË·˚ÎË. All of us like this town.fi ÇÒ Ï˚ β·ËÏ ˝ÚÓÚ „ÓÓ‰. All of them want to come.fi ÇÒ ÓÌË ıÓÚflÚ ÔËÈÚË. I don't want to take all of it.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û Á‡·Ë‡Ú¸ ‚Òfi. All ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ‰Û„Ëı Á̇˜ÂÌËflı — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸.

42. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û / ̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ/ ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏ ÏÂÒflˆÂ / ... . Ç ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó flÁ˚͇ Ô‰ÎÓ„Ë Ì ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl. this year / month / week / morning / afternoon / evening / night fi ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û / ÏÂÒflˆÂ / ̇ ˝ÚÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ/ Ò„ӉÌfl ÛÚÓÏ / ‰ÌÂÏ / ‚˜ÂÓÏ / ÌÓ˜¸˛; last year / month / week / morning / afternoon / evening / night fi ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ „Ó‰Û / ÏÂÒflˆÂ / ̇ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÈ Ì‰ÂΠ/ ‚˜Â‡ ÛÚÓÏ / ‰ÌÂÏ / ‚˜ÂÓÏ / ÌÓ˜¸˛; next year / month /week / morning / afternoon / evening / night fi ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÏ „Ó‰Û / ÏÂÒflˆÂ / ̇ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ Ì‰ÂΠ/ Á‡‚Ú‡ ÛÚÓÏ / ‰ÌÂÏ / ‚˜ÂÓÏ / ÌÓ˜¸˛.

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43. ÜÂÌËÚ¸Òfl / ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ. to be married fi ·˚Ú¸ ÊÂ̇Ú˚Ï / Á‡ÏÛÊÂÏ: ç is married. / She is married.fi éÌ ÊÂ̇Ú. / é̇ Á‡ÏÛÊÂÏ. to get married fi ÊÂÌËÚ¸Òfl / ‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ (ÂÒÎË Ì Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÍÓÏ / Á‡ ÍÓ„Ó): I don't want to get married.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û ÊÂÌËÚ¸Òfl / ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Á‡ÏÛÊ. to marry smb. fi ÊÂÌËÚ¸Òfl/‚˚ÈÚË Á‡ÏÛÊ (ÂÒÎË Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÍÓÏ / Á‡ ÍÓ„Ó): ç married her in 1990.fi éÌ ÊÂÌËÎÒfl ̇ ÌÂÈ ‚ 1990 „Ó‰Û. She married him in 1990.fi é̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ ÌÂ„Ó Á‡ÏÛÊ ‚ 1990 „Ó‰Û.

44. ÅÓflÚ¸Òfl. to be afraid (of smb. / smth.) fi ·˚Ú¸ ̇ÔÛ„‡ÌÌ˚Ï: There's nothing to be afraid of.fi He ̇‰Ó ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÂÚ ÌË˜Â„Ó ÒÚ‡¯ÌÓ„Ó). She is afraid of you.fi é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl Ú·fl. Don't be afraid (of me / of the car).fi He ·ÓÈÒfl (ÏÂÌfl / χ¯ËÌ˚). I'm afraid ... fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, ...: I'm afraid (that) I don't know his address.fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, fl Ì Á̇˛ Â„Ó ‡‰ÂÒ‡. I'm afraid he won't be able to come.fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, ÓÌ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔËÈÚË. to fear smth. / to do smth. fi ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: They feared the worst.fi éÌË ·ÓflÎËÒ¸ / ÓÔ‡Ò‡ÎËÒ¸ ıÛ‰¯Â„Ó. You have always feared death.fi í˚ ‚Ò„‰‡ ·ÓflÎÒfl ÒÏÂÚË. She fears horses.fi é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl ÎÓ¯‡‰ÂÈ. I fear to speak in his presence.fi ü ·Ó˛Ò¸ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ‚ Â„Ó ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËË. to fear for smb. / smth. fi ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl / ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÔÂÂÊË‚‡Ú¸ Á‡ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Don't fear for me.fi He ·ÓÈÒfl (Ì ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl) / ç ÔÂÂÊË‚‡È Á‡ ÏÂÌfl. She fears for her money.fi é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl Á‡ Ò‚ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë. fear fi ÒÚ‡ı: They couldn't move for fear.fi éÌË Ì ÏÓ„ÎË Ôӯ‚ÂÎËÚ¸Òfl ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ı‡. ç stood there shaking with fear.fi éÌ ÒÚÓflÎ, ‰Óʇ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ı‡. She was unable to speak from fear.fi é̇ ÔÓÚÂfl· ‰‡ Â˜Ë ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ı‡. to have (a great) fear of smth. fi (Ó˜Â̸ / ÛʇÒÌÓ) ·ÓflÚ¸Òfl ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ËÒÔ˚Ú˚‚‡Ú¸ (·Óθ¯ÓÈ) ÒÚ‡ı ÔÂ‰ ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I have a great fear of war.fi ü ÛʇÒÌÓ ·Ó˛Ò¸ ‚ÓÈÌ˚. I fear ...fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, ... I fear nobody can help you.fi ÅÓ˛Ò¸, ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ Ú·Â. I fear we'll be late.fi ü ·Ó˛Ò¸, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÂÏ. to be frightened fi ·˚Ú¸ ̇ÔÛ„‡ÌÌ˚Ï / ‚ÒÚ‚ÓÊÂÌÌ˚Ï: She is frightened of him.fi é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl „Ó. They are frightened at his being late.fi éÌË Ú‚ÓʇÚÒfl, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÓÔ‡Á‰˚‚‡ÂÚ. Don't be frightened.fi ç ÔÛ„‡ÈÒfl. to be scared fi ·˚Ú¸ ̇ÔÛ„‡ÌÌ˚Ï: ç was scared by the noise.fi Ö„Ó Ì‡ÔÛ„‡Î ¯ÛÏ. We were scared of the dark.fi å˚ ·˚ÎË Ì‡ÔÛ„‡Ì˚ ÚÂÏÌÓÚÓÈ. Don't be scared.fi He ·ÓÈÒfl. to be aghast fi ÔËÈÚË ‚ ÛÊ‡Ò / ÒÚ‡¯ÌÓ Ì‡ÔÛ„‡Ú¸Òfl: "Forget him!" — "Never",— she answered aghast at the suggestion.fi "ᇷۉ¸ „Ó!" — "çËÍÓ„‰‡.", — Ò͇Á‡Î‡ Ó̇ ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ, Ôˉfl ‚ ÛÊ‡Ò ÓÚ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. I was aghast when I found out what had happened.fi ü ·˚Î ÒÚ‡¯ÌÓ Ì‡ÔÛ„‡Ì, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÛÁ̇Î, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ.

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45. ìʇÒÌÓ / ÛʇÒÌ˚È. terrible fi ÛʇÒÌ˚È (‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÒÚ‡ı / ‰ËÒÍÓÏÙÓÚ / Ó˜Â̸ ÔÎÓıÓÈ): It-was a terrible war.fi ùÚÓ ·˚· ÛʇÒ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇. I'we got a terrible headache.fi ì ÏÂÌfl ÛʇÒÌÓ ·ÓÎËÚ „ÓÎÓ‚‡. The food was terrible.fi äÓÏËÎË ÛʇÒÌÓ. terribly fi ÛʇÒÌÓ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓÏ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓÏ (¤ Ó˜Â̸) Á̇˜ÂÌËË: I'm terribly sorry.fi ü Ó˜Â̸ / ÛʇÒÌÓ ËÁ‚ËÌfl˛Ò¸. She is terribly boring.fi é̇ ÛʇÒ̇fl Á‡ÌÛ‰‡. You look terribly beautiful.fi í˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰Ë¯¸ ÛʇÒÌÓ / Ó˜Â̸ Í‡ÒË‚ÓÈ. horrible fi ÛʇÒÌ˚È / ̇‚Ó‰fl˘ËÈ ÛʇÒ: It was a horrible crime.fi ùÚÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÛʇÒÌÓ ÔÂÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËÂ. 140. Ó˜Â̸ ÌÂÔËflÚÌ˚È: The weather is horrible.fi èÓ„Ó‰‡ ÔÓÒÚÓ ÛʇÒ̇fl. 1.

awful (Ó˜Â̸ ·ÎËÁÍÓ Í terrible) fi ÛʇÒÌ˚È: It was an awful death.fi ùÚÓ ·˚· ÛʇÒ̇fl ÒÏÂÚ¸. What an awful nonsense!fi ä‡Í‡fl ˜ÂÔÛı‡! The weather was awful.fi èÓ„Ó‰‡ ·˚· ÛʇÒ̇fl. awfully fi ÛʇÒÌÓ (¤ Ó˜Â̸): I'm awfully sorry.fi ü ÛʇÒÌÓ / Ó˜Â̸ ËÁ‚ËÌfl˛Ò¸. I'm awfully hungry / thirsty.fi ü ÛʇÒÌÓ „ÓÎÓ‰ÂÌ / ıÓ˜Û ÔËÚ¸, It is awfully cold here.fi á‰ÂÒ¸ ÛʇÒÌÓ ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ.

46. Å˚Ú¸ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ. to be tired (of) fi ·˚Ú¸ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ (ÓÚ ‡·ÓÚ˚ / ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ͇ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ): I'm awfully tired (of working).fi ü ÛʇÒÌÓ ÛÒڇΠ(ÓÚ ‡·ÓÚ˚). to be bored (of) fi ·˚Ú¸ ÛÒÚ‡‚¯ËÏ (ÓÚ ÒÍÛÍË / ·ÂÁ‰Âθfl) / ̇‰ÓÂÒÚ¸: I'm bored.fi åÌ ̇‰ÓÂÎÓ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ‰Â·ڸ. Everybody was bored of this tedious conversation.fi ÇÒÂÏ ÛʇÒÌÓ Ì‡‰Ó· ˝Ú‡ ÛÚÓÏËÚÂθ̇fl ·ÂÒ‰‡.

47. ÇÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸(Òfl) / ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸(Òfl). to bother smb. (with smth.) fi ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ϯ‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó / ̇Û¯‡Ú¸ (‰Û¯Â‚Ì˚È) ÔÓÍÓÈ: Stop bothering us, we are working.fi He ϯ‡ÈÚ ̇Ï, Ï˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÏ. Don't bother her with your questions.fi He ÔËÒÚ‡‚‡È Í ÌÂÈ ÒÓ Ò‚ÓËÏË ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ÏË. Don't bother him because he is tired.fi He ̇‰Ó‰‡È ÂÏÛ — ÓÌ ÛÒÚ‡Î. not to bother to do smth. fi Ì ÔÓ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸Òfl Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: You didn't even bother to shut the door.fi í˚ ‰‡Ê ‰‚Â¸ Ì Á‡Í˚Î (Ì ÔÓ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÎÒfl Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ). Why didn't you bother to invite them?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ì ÔÓ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÎÒfl Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ô˄·ÒËÚ¸ Ëı? to disturb smb. ¤ to bother smb.: Don't disturb us when we are working.fi He ϯ‡È Ì‡Ï / He ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈ Ì‡Ò, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÏ. These thoughts disturbed me.fi ùÚË Ï˚ÒÎË Ì ‰‡‚‡ÎË ÏÌ ÔÓÍÓfl. Don't disturb mother, let her sleep.fi He ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈ Ï‡ÏÛ, ÔÛÒÚ¸ Ó̇ ÒÔËÚ. This news disturbs me very much.fi ùÚ‡ ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚ¸ Ì ‰‡ÂÚ ÏÌ ÔÓÍÓfl. to trouble smb. (by / with smth.) fi ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó (ËÁ-Á‡ ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó) / ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó (˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): ç was troubled by this new problem.fi éÌ ·˚Î Ó·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÂÌ (‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡ÎÒfl) ËÁ-Á‡ ˝ÚÓÈ ÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ˚. Don't trouble him with this news.fi He ‡ÒÒÚ‡Ë‚‡È Â„Ó ˝ÚÓÈ ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚ¸˛ (Ì ÒÓÓ·˘‡È ÂÏÛ ˝ÚÛ ÌÓ‚ÓÒÚ¸). to trouble smb. fi Ô˘ËÌflÚ¸ ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚Ó ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó; 155

˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ôˉ‡Ú¸ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ‚ÂÊÎË‚ÓÒÚË: I'm sorry to trouble you, but could you tell me the time? / show me the way to the station?fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ‚˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ÏÌ ‚ÂÏfl?/ ÔÓ‰Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ÏÌÂ., Í‡Í ‰Ó·‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Ó ‚ÓÍÁ‡Î‡? May I trouble you to call me tomorrow?fi Ç˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ Á‡‚Ú‡ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÏÌÂ? I'm sorry to trouble you, but I need your help.fi ü ËÁ‚ËÌfl˛Ò¸ Á‡ ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ÌÓ ÏÌ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰Ëχ ‚‡¯‡ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. trouble fi ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚Ó / ÌÂÔËflÚÌÓÒÚ¸: Did it give you much trouble?fi ùÚÓ ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎÓ Ú· ÏÌÓ„Ó ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚‡ / ıÎÓÔÓÚ? I am in (bad) trouble.¤ I'm in a jam.fi ì ÏÂÌfl (·Óθ¯ËÂ) ÌÂÔËflÚÌÓÒÚË. It will cause you a lot of trouble.fi ùÚÓ ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ Ú· ÏÌÓ„Ó ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚‡. not to trouble to do smth. ¤ not to bother to do smth.: Don't trouble to change your money.fi åÓʯ¸ Ì ÏÂÌflÚ¸ Ò‚ÓË ‰Â̸„Ë (Ì ÛÚÛʉ‡È Ò·fl). She didn't trouble to call us yesterday.fi é̇ Ì ÔÓÚۉ˷Ҹ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ Ì‡Ï ‚˜Â‡. to worry smb. fi ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸ / ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó/‚˚Á˚‚‡Ú¸ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó Ú‚ӄË, ÌÂÛ‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚË: What is worrying you?fi óÚÓ Ú·fl ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ? / èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚Á‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È? Don't worry, everything will be all right.fi He ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl, ‚Ò ·Û‰ÂÚ ‚ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ. Something worries him.fi Ö„Ó ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ. worry fi ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒÚ‚Ó / Ú‚ӄ‡ / ‚ÓÎÌÂÌËÂ: We want you to tell us your worries.fi å˚ ıÓÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î ̇Ï, ˜ÚÓ Ú‚ÓÊËÚ Ú·fl. to worry / to be worried (about smb. / smth.) fi ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸Òfl / ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl (Ó ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó / Ó ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó): Don't worry / Don't be worried about us.fi á‡ Ì‡Ò Ì ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl / Ì ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓÈÒfl. Why are you worried?fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ‚ÒÚ‚ÓÊÂ̇ / ‚Á‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ì‡? I worry because I don't know where mother is.fi ü ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓ˛Ò¸, ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Ì Á̇˛, „‰Â χχ. You look terribly / awfully worried.fi í˚ ‚˚„Îfl‰Ë¯¸ ÛʇÒÌÓ ‚Á‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï.

48. Used to / to be used to smth. to be used to smth. fi ·˚Ú¸ ÔË‚˚˜Ì˚Ï Í ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: I am used to his smoking in the room.fi ü ÔË‚˚Í· Í ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌ ÍÛËÚ ‚ ÍÓÏ̇ÚÂ. Are they used to hard work / working hard?fi éÌË ÔË‚˚˜Ì˚ Í ‡·ÓÚÂ? You'll soon get used to this weather.fi í˚ ·˚ÒÚÓ ÔË‚˚Í̯¸ Í Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÔÓ„Ó‰Â. ... used to do smth. fi Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ „ÛÎflÌÓÂ, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓ‚ÚÓfl˛˘ÂÂÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: ç used to come here every day when he was a little boy.fi å‡Î¸˜ËÍÓÏ ÓÌ, ·˚‚‡ÎÓ, ÔËıÓ‰ËÎ Ò˛‰‡ ͇ʉ˚È ‰Â̸. ... used to be fi ‡Ì¸¯Â ·˚Î: Smith used to be a teacher.fi ëÏËÚ ‡Ì¸¯Â ·˚Î Û˜ËÚÂÎÂÏ.

49. íÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊÂ. too (ÂÒÎË ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ÍÓ̈ ËÎË ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË) Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl) fi ÚÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊÂ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ı (·ÂÁ ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl) Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı: I, too, want to go to London.fi ü ÚÓÊ ıÓ˜Û ÔÓÂı‡Ú¸ ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ. I want to go to London, too.fi ü ÚÓÊ ıÓ˜Û ÔÓÂı‡Ú¸ ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ. I want to go to London too.fi ü ıÓ˜Û Ò˙ÂÁ‰ËÚ¸ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ. ç is here, too.fi éÌ ÚÓÊ Á‰ÂÒ¸. They can help us, too.fi éÌË ÚÓÊ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï. Will you go there, too?fi í˚ ÚÓÊ ÔÓȉ¯¸ ÚÛ‰‡? too (ÂÒÎË ÒÚÓËÚ ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë Ì ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Á‡ÔflÚ˚ÏË) fi ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ: ç is too busy to go with us.fi éÌ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ Á‡ÌflÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÈÚË Ò Ì‡ÏË. Those animals are too dangerous.fi í ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ÓÔ‡ÒÌ˚Â. either fi ÚÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊ (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflı): I don't like him, either.fi åÌ ÓÌ ÚÓÊ Ì Ì‡‚ËÚÒfl. She couldn't help us, either.fi é̇ ÚÓÊ Ì ÒÏӄ· ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ̇Ï. She doesn't know where he is, either.fi é̇ ÚÓÊ Ì Á̇ÂÚ, „‰Â ÓÌ. 156

also fi ÚÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊÂ: She also will come.fi é̇ ÚÓÊ ÔˉÂÚ. ç also wants to stay at home.fi éÌ ÚÓÊ ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Óχ. They will also give us some money.fi éÌË Ú‡ÍÊ ‰‡‰ÛÚ Ì‡Ï ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‰ÂÌ„. not only ... but also fi Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ..., ÌÓ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ë ...: ç not only knows everyone here but also works together with some.fi éÌ Ì ÚÓθÍÓ Á̇ÂÚ ‚ÒÂı Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÌÓ Ò ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ë ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ. as well fi ÚÓÊ / Ú‡ÍÊ (‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓ): I want your advice as well.fi ü ıÓ˜Û Ú‡ÍÊ ÛÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ ÓÚ Ú·fl ÒÓ‚ÂÚ. as well as fi ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ: Father likes to read newspapers as well as magazines.fi éÚˆ β·ËÚ ˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ „‡ÁÂÚ˚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ë ÊÛ̇Î˚.

50. ëÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó. to be going to do smth. fi ÒÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl, Í‡Í Í ·ÎËÁÍÓÏÛ, Ú‡Í Ë Í ÓÚ‰‡ÎÂÌÌÓÏÛ ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲: ç is going to come.fi éÌ ÒÓ·Ë‡ÂÚÒfl ÔËÈÚË (Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ÔˉÂÚ). I was going to meet with them, but they suddenly left.fi ü ÒÓ·Ë‡ÎÒfl ‚ÒÚÂÚËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÌËÏË, ÌÓ ÓÌË ‚ÌÂÁ‡ÔÌÓ ÛÂı‡ÎË. to be about to do smth. fi ÒÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ·ÎËÁÍÓ ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë (‚ÓÚ-‚ÓÚ): ç was about to leave.fi éÌ ˜ÛÚ¸ ·˚ÎÓ Ì ۯÂÎ. to be on the point / on the verge of doing smth fi Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË, ÍÓÚÓÓ ˜ÛÚ¸ ·˚ÎÓ Ì ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ ‚ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË: She was on the point / on the verge of calling him.fi é̇ ÛÊ ˜ÛÚ¸ ·˚ÎÓ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌË· ÂÏÛ. to get ready fi ÒÓ·Ë‡Ú¸Òfl („ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸Òfl Í ÓÚ˙ÂÁ‰Û / ÔÛÚ¯ÂÒڂ˲ / ÔÓıÓ‰Û ‚ Ú‡Ú / ...): Are you getting ready? We are leaving in a few minutes.fi í˚ ÒÓ·Ë‡Â¯¸Òfl? å˚ ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÏ ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ.

51. ÑÂÎÓ. affair fi ‰ÂÎÓ (ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ): That's my affair.fi ùÚÓ ÏÓ ‰ÂÎÓ (fl Ò‡Ï ‡Á·ÂÛÒ¸). ç is having an affair with his secretary.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ÓÏ‡Ì Ò ÒÂÍÂÚ‡¯ÂÈ. In the present state of affairs ...fi èË Ì˚̯ÌÂÏ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË ‰ÂÎ ... business fi ‰ÂÎÓ (‡·ÓÚ‡ / Á‡ÌflÚËÂ): Mind your own business.fi He ÎÂÁ¸ / ç ÒÛÈ ÌÓÒ Ì ‚ Ò‚Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. That's none of your business.fi ùÚÓ Ì ڂÓ ‰ÂÎÓ. They are here on a business trip.fi éÌË Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÔÓ ‰ÂÎÛ / ‚ ÍÓχ̉ËÓ‚ÍÂ. We do business with several foreign companies.fi å˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÏ / ÒÓÚÛ‰Ì˘‡ÂÏ Ò ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏË ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ÏË ÙËχÏË. I suppose he means business.fi åÌ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, ÓÌ „Ó‚ÓËÚ ‰ÂÎÓ. case fi ‰ÂÎÓ (Òۉ·ÌÓÂ): ç has never been a judge in a murder case before.fi çËÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÂʉ ÂÏÛ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎÓÒ¸ ·˚Ú¸ ÒÛ‰¸ÂÈ Ì‡ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÔÓ ‰ÂÎÛ Ó· Û·ËÈÒÚ‚Â. deed fi ‰ÂÎÓ (‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ) / ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚È ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ (˛ˉ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÚÂÏËÌ): ç is a man of deeds.fi éÌ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ‰Â· / ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl. Their deeds do not agree with their words.fi àı ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‡ÒıÓ‰flÚÒfl Ò ‰ÂÎÓÏ. / éÌË „Ó‚ÓflÚ Ó‰ÌÓ, ‡ ‰Â·˛Ú ‰Û„ÓÂ. I have not seen their trust deed, yet.fi ü ¢ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ Ëı Ú‡ÒÚÓ‚˚È ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. matter fi ‰ÂÎÓ (‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı): I don't want to discuss business matters with them.fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û Ó·ÒÛʉ‡Ú¸ Ò ÌËÏË ‰ÂÎÓ‚˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. That's a matter of conscience / great importance / principle / time / taste.fi ùÚÓ ‰ÂÎÓ ÒÓ‚ÂÒÚË / ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ‚‡ÊÌÓÒÚË / ÔË̈ËÔ‡ / ‚ÂÏÂÌË / ‚ÍÛÒ‡. That is not a small matter.fi ùÚÓ Ì ÔÛÒÚflÍË. What's the matter?fi Ç ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ? The matter is (that)...fi ÑÂÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ... 157

That's another / a different matter.fi ùÚÓ (ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ) ‰Û„Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. thing fi ‰ÂÎÓ (‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı): I am afraid of his mother, that's the thing.fi ü ·Ó˛Ò¸ Â„Ó Ï‡ÚÂË, ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ‚Ò ‰ÂÎÓ. The thing is she doesn't love anyone at all.fi (ÇÒÂ) ÑÂÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ó̇ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÌËÍÓ„Ó Ì β·ËÚ. That's quite another thing.fi ùÚÓ ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ ‰Û„Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. It's a strange thing we haven't heard from him since he left.fi ëÚ‡ÌÌÓ ‰ÂÎÓ, ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÌË͇ÍËı ËÁ‚ÂÒÚËÈ Ò ÚÂı ÔÓ, Í‡Í ÓÌ ÛÂı‡Î.

52. èÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ(Òfl) / ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸(Òfl). to continue (+ to ~ ~ ~ /+ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ / + smth.) fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ (‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó) / ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸÒfl: ç continued to call us after my daughter's marriage.fi éÌ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇΠÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ Ì‡Ï ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ÏÓfl ‰Ó˜¸ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ÏÛÊ. They continued waiting for him to be heard from.fi éÌË ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÎË Ê‰‡Ú¸ ‚ÂÒÚÂÈ ÓÚ Ì„Ó. ç wants you to continue your study.fi éÌ ıÓ˜ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ú˚ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇΠۘ·Û. This weather won't continue long.fi í‡Í‡fl ÔÓ„Ó‰‡ ‰ÓÎ„Ó Ì ÔÓ‰ÂÊËÚÒfl. to go on (+ „ÂÛ̉ËÈ / + with smth.) fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó / ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸÒfl: Go on.fi èÓ‰ÓÎʇÈÚ (β·Ó ÔÂ‚‡ÌÌÓ ÌÂ̇‰ÓÎ„Ó Á‡ÌflÚËÂ). Go on working / with your work.fi èÓ‰ÓÎʇÈÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸. How long will this bad weather go on?fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰ÎËÚ¸Òfl ڇ͇fl ÔÎÓı‡fl ÔÓ„Ó‰‡? to keep (on) + „ÂÛ̉ËÈ fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó; ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ò Ì·Óθ¯ËÏË ËÌÚÂ‚‡Î‡ÏË: It was dark and cold but he kept (on) walking.fi Å˚ÎÓ ÚÂÏÌÓ Ë ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ, ÌÓ ÓÌ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇΠˉÚË. Keep smiling! fi ìÎ˚·‡ÈÒfl (ÒÓı‡ÌflÈ ÛÎ˚·ÍÛ)! ç kept calling us even after our daughter's marriage.fi éÌ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇΠÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ Ì‡Ï ‰‡Ê ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í Ì‡¯‡ ‰Ó˜¸ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ÏÛÊ. I will keep going there.fi ü ·Û‰Û ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÚÛ‰‡. to resume smth. fi ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚ¸(Òfl) (ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ·˚ÎÓ ÔÂ‚‡ÌÓ): The meeting resumed after 10 minutes' break.fi ëÓ·‡ÌË ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÎÓÒ¸ ÔÓÒΠ10 ÏËÌÛÚÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ˚‚‡. They will resume this work tomorrow.fi éÌË ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊ‡Ú ˝ÚÛ ‡·ÓÚÛ Á‡‚Ú‡.

53. ëÎÛ˜‡È / ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë / ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ / ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â. accident fi ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë (‡‚‡Ëfl) /ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓÒÚ¸: A road accident held up traffic for two hours. fi ÑÓÓÊÌÓ ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë Á‡‰ÂʇÎÓ ‚Ò ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ̇ ‰‚‡ ˜‡Ò‡. There have been many railway accidents this year. fi Ç ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û ·˚ÎÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‡‚‡ËÈ Ì‡ ÊÂÎÂÁÌÓÈ ‰ÓÓ„Â. My getting this money was a pure accident. fi ùÚË ‰Â̸„Ë Ó͇Á‡ÎËÒ¸ Û ÏÂÌfl Î˯¸ ÔÓ ˜ËÒÚÓÈ ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓÒÚË. I came here by accident.fi ü ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ Á‡¯ÂÎ Ò˛‰‡. accidentally fi ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ (ÌÂÓÊˉ‡ÌÌÓ / Ì ̇Ó˜ÌÓ): I met them accidentally at the station.fi ü ‚ÒÚÂÚËÎ Ëı ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÍÁ‡ÎÂ. She broke the vase accidentally.fi é̇ ‡Á·Ë· ‚‡ÁÛ Ì ̇Ó˜ÌÓ. case fi ÒÎÛ˜‡È (‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËflı Ôˉ‡ÂÚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË ı‡‡ÍÚÂ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓËÁÓÈÚË): I shall call her in any case.fi ü ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌ˛ ÂÈ ‚ β·ÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â. In that case nobody will be able to help you.fi Ç Ú‡ÍÓÏ / Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ú· ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸. In case of emergency call this number.fi Ç ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÒÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË Á‚ÓÌË ÔÓ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌÓÏÂÛ. in no case fi ÌË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: Don't tell them anything, in no case.fi çË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡È ËÏ. . In no case you have to stay here.fi í˚ ÌË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ì ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl Á‰ÂÒ¸. (just) in case fi ̇ ‚ÒflÍËÈ ÒÎÛ˜‡È: It may be cold there — you'd better take a sweater (just) in case (it is).fi í‡Ï ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ıÓÎÓ‰ÌÓ — Ú· ÎÛ˜¯Â ‚ÁflÚ¸ Ò‚ËÚÂ ̇ ‚ÒflÍËÈ ÒÎÛ˜‡È. incident fi ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë (˜‡˘Â Ì Ëϲ˘Â ·Óθ¯Ëı ÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚ËÈ) / Ë̈ˉÂÌÚ: 158

She can describe that incident in detail.fi é̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Ú¸ ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚflı / ÓÔËÒ‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ (˝ÚÓÚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È / ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚ËÂ). There have not been so many border incidents this year.fi Ç ˝ÚÓÏ „Ó‰Û Ì‡ „‡Ìˈ ÒÔÓÍÓÈÌÂÈ (ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÏÌÓ„Ó Ë̈ˉÂÌÚÓ‚). incidentally fi ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ; ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ‚‚‰ÂÌËfl ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓÈ ËÌÙÓχˆËË, Ó ÍÓÚÓÓÈ „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÈ ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ÚÓ ÔÓ‰ÛχÎ: Incidentally, do you know his telephone number?¤ Do you happen to know his telephone number?fi í˚, ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌÓ, Ì Á̇¯¸ ÌÓÏÂ Â„Ó ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇? Some people, and incidentally that includes me, cannot understand jokes.fi çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ β‰Ë, Ë fl, Í ÒÓʇÎÂÌ˲, ÓÚÌÓ¯ÛÒ¸ Í Ëı ˜ËÒÎÛ, Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛Ú ¯ÛÚÓÍ. occasion fi ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ / ÔÓ‚Ó‰: I'll buy a new car if the occasion arises.fi ü ÍÛÔβ ÌÓ‚Û˛ χ¯ËÌÛ, ÂÒÎË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸. I've had no occasion to visit them recently.fi ì ÏÂÌfl Ì ·˚ÎÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË (ÒÎÛ˜‡fl) ̇‚ÂÒÚËÚ¸ Ëı ‚ ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚ÂÏfl. occurrence fi ÒÓ·˚ÚË / ÔÓËÒ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë / ÒÚ˜ÂÌË ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚: Bribery is now an everyday occurrence.fi ÇÁflÚÓ˜Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ̇¯Ë ‰ÌË — Ó·˚˜ÌÓ fl‚ÎÂÌËÂ. It was an unfortunate occurrence.fi ùÚÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÌÂÛ‰‡˜ÌÓ ÒÚ˜ÂÌË ӷÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚. opportunity fi ·Î‡„ÓÔËflÚ̇fl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸: I've had no opportunity to visit him recently.fi Ç ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚ÂÏfl Û ÏÂÌfl Ì ·˚ÎÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË / ÏÌ Ì Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÎÒfl ÒÎÛ˜‡È ÔÓ·˚‚‡Ú¸ Û Ì„Ó. Don't miss this opportunity: it may never come again.fi He ÛÔÛÒÍ‡È ˝ÚÛ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ / ˝ÚÓÚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È — ‰Û„ÓÈ Ú‡ÍÓÈ / ‰Û„Ó„Ó Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÏÓÊÂÚ Ì Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl. on no account / by no means fi ÌË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: Don't tell them anything, by no means / on no account (= in no case).fi çË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚‚‡È ËÏ. She is by no means foolish.fi é̇ ÌË ‚ ÍÓÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ì „ÎÛÔ‡fl. at (the) best / worst fi ‚ ÎÛ˜¯ÂÏ / ıÛ‰¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: We can't finish this work in two days at best.fi Ç ÎÛ˜¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, Ï˚ Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÏ ˝ÚÛ ‡·ÓÚÛ Ì ‡Ì¸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ˜ÂÂÁ ‰‚‡ ‰Ìfl. At worst we'll have to sell the car.fi Ç ıÛ‰¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, Ì‡Ï ÔˉÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰‡Ú¸ χ¯ËÌÛ. otherwise fi ‚ ÔÓÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: You should hurry, otherwise you'll be late.fi í· ÎÛ˜¯Â ÔÓÚÓÓÔËÚ¸Òfl, Ë̇˜Â ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Â¯¸. Do as you're told, otherwise you'll be in trouble.fi Ñ·È, Í‡Í Ú· „Ó‚ÓflÚ, Ë̇˜Â Û Ú·fl ·Û‰ÛÚ ÌÂÔËflÚÌÓÒÚË. anyhow / anyway fi ‚Ó ‚ÒflÍÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â: It's too early, anyhow.fi ÇÓ ‚ÒflÍÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ¢ ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ‡ÌÓ. Anyway, you Ò‡Ô try.fi ÇÓ ‚ÒflÍÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÏÓʯ¸ ÔÓÔÓ·Ó‚‡Ú¸ / ÔÓÔ˚Ú‡Ú¸Òfl.

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ê‡Á‰ÂÎ V. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ‡Á‰ÂΠ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÂÏ˚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÎÓ‚‡ Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËÈ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë.

1. ê‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌË (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËÂ) ÒÎÓ‚. ÑÎfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ·˚ÒÚÓÈ) ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı (ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌÌ˚ı) ÙÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ëı ÒÎÓ‚: She's not here. ¤ She is not here. I don't like this house. ¤ I do not like this house. We'd like to stay here. ¤ We should / would like to stay here. to have ¤ to have got ¤ 've got ¤ got: I have everything. ¤ I have got everything. ¤ I've got everything. ¤ I got everything. I have no money. ¤ I have got no money. ¤ I've got no money. ¤ I got no money. shan't ¤ shall not; won't ¤ will not; phone ¤ telephone; fridge ¤ refrigerator; LA. ¤ Los Angeles Ë ‰.

2. Will ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ shall. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ·Û‰Û˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË will ÔÓ˜ÚË ‚Ò„‰‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ shall Ò 1-Ï ÎˈÓÏ: I will be waiting for you here.fi ü ·Û‰Û ʉ‡Ú¸ Ú·fl Á‰ÂÒ¸. I won't do it. fi ü Ì ·Û‰Û ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ. ê‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓχ Ó·ÓËı ÒÎÓ‚ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ — 'll: He'll come tomorrow. fi éÌ ÔˉÂÚ Á‡‚Ú‡. I'll come tomorrow, too. fi ü ÚÓÊ ÔË‰Û Á‡‚Ú‡.

3. 鷢ˠ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ ·ÂÁ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó „·„Ó·. èÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ Ó·˘Ëı ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ÂÚÒfl (˝ÚÓ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓ ‰Îfl ÍÓÓÚÍËı Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ): (Are) You OK? fi ë ÚÓ·ÓÈ ‚Ò ÌÓχθÌÓ? / ì Ú·fl ‚Ò ‚ ÔÓfl‰ÍÂ? (Do) You know him? fi í˚ Á̇¯¸ „Ó? (Does) She knows (know) him? fi é̇ Á̇ÂÚ Â„Ó? (Has) He got money? fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Â̸„Ë? (Have) You got time? fi ì Ú·fl ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ÂÏfl?

4. ä‡ÚÍË ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ Ó·˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚. Ç ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı ̇ Ó·˘Ë ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Óڂ˜‡˛˘ËÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ÍÓÏÏÂÌÚ‡ËË. ëÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡ˇÌÚÓ‚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl Ëı: 1.

‚ ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌË ËÌÙÓχˆËË, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ÂÈÒfl ‚ ‚ÓÔÓÒÂ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÒÎÓ‚Ó so: — Is she afraid of me? — I believe so. / I think so. / I suppose so. / I guess so. fi — é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl ÏÂÌfl? — ÑÛχ˛, ‰‡ (·ÓËÚÒfl). / èÓ·„‡˛, ‰‡ (·ÓËÚÒfl). — Are the Browns coming to dinner? — I hope so. / I think so. / I believe so. fi — Å‡ÛÌ˚ ÔˉÛÚ Í Ì‡Ï Ì‡ ӷ‰? — ç‡‰Â˛Ò¸, ‰‡ (ÔˉÛÚ). — Did she tell him everything? — I'm afraid so. fi — é̇ ÂÏÛ ‚Ò ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î‡? — ÅÓ˛Ò¸, ‰‡ (‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î‡). 160

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‚ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ so ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÒfl not: — Is she afraid of me? — I think not. / I hope not. / I suppose not. fi — é̇ ·ÓËÚÒfl ÏÂÌfl? — ÑÛχ˛, ÌÂÚ (Ì ·ÓËÚÒfl). / ç‡‰Â˛Ò¸, ÌÂÚ (Ì ·ÓËÚÒfl). / èÓ·„‡˛, ÌÂÚ (Ì ·ÓËÚÒfl). —Does she know his telephone number? — I'm afraid not. fi — é̇ Á̇ÂÚ ÌÓÏÂ Â„Ó ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇? — ÅÓ˛Ò¸, ÌÂÚ (Ì Á̇ÂÚ). ËÎË ÊÂ: — Is she afraid of me? — I don't think so. / I don't suppose so. / I don't believe so. fi — He ‰Ûχ˛. — Does she know his telephone number? — 1 don't think so. / I don't suppose so. / I don't believe so. fi — He ‰Ûχ˛. ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı Ú‚Â‰Û˛ Û·ÂʉÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl I'm sure (of) ... fi ü Û‚ÂÂÌ, ...: — Did she tell him everything? — I'm sure of it. / I'm sure she did. fi — é̇ ‚Ò ÂÏÛ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î‡? — ü Û‚ÂÂÌ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. / ü Û‚ÂÂÌ, (˜ÚÓ) ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î‡. — Are the Browns coming to dinner? — I'm sure of it. / I'm sure they are. fi — Å‡ÛÌ˚ ÔˉÛÚ Í Ì‡Ï Ì‡ ӷ‰? — ü Û‚ÂÂÌ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. / ü Û‚ÂÂÌ, (˜ÚÓ) ÔˉÛÚ. ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ı, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ëı ÒÓÏÌÂÌË „Ó‚Ófl˘Â„Ó, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl I'm not sure (of)... / I doubt ... fi ü Ì ۂÂÂÌ ... / (ü) ëÓÏÌ‚‡˛Ò¸ ...: — Did she tell him everything? — I'm not sure (of it). / I doubt if she did.fi — ü Ì ۂÂÂÌ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. / ü ÒÓÏÌ‚‡˛Ò¸, ˜ÚÓ ‡ÒÒ͇Á‡Î‡. —Are the Browns coming to dinner? — I'm not sure (of it). / I doubt if they are. fi — ü Ì ۂÂÂÌ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. / ü ÒÓÏÌ‚‡˛Ò¸, ˜ÚÓ ÔˉÛÚ.

5. ä‡ÚÍË ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ˚ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ. Ç ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Í ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘Â + ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È / ÏÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚È „·„ÓÎ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË ‚ ÙÓÏ ӷ˙ÂÍÚÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‰Âʇ: — Who wants to play football? — I do.¤ Me. / I don't.¤ Not me. fi — äÚÓ ıÓ˜ÂÚ Ë„‡Ú¸ ‚ ÙÛÚ·ÓÎ? — ü. / ç fl. — Who can cook? — ç can.¤ Him. / I can't.¤ Not me.fi — äÚÓ ÛÏÂÂÚ „ÓÚÓ‚ËÚ¸? — éÌ. / ç fl.

6. Don't ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ doesn't. Ç ëòÄ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÙÓχ „·„Ó· to do Ò ÓÚˈ‡ÌËÂÏ ‚ 3-Ï ÎˈÂ, ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ, ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (doesn't) ˜‡ÒÚÓ Á‡ÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl ÙÓÏÓÈ ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó Ë ‚ÚÓÓ„Ó Îˈ‡ (don't): She don't know you.¤ She doesn't know you. fi é̇ Ì Á̇ÂÚ Ú·fl. ç don't have money.¤ He doesn't have money.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„.

7. àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ. / èÓ¯Û ÔÓ˘ÂÌËfl. Excuse me fi ‚ ̇˜‡Î ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓ Ó·‡ÚËÚ¸Òfl Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó, ÓڂΘ¸ ÓÚ Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Á‡ÌflÚËfl: Excuse me, what is the time (,please)? fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ˜‡Ò? Excuse me, are you Mr. Smith? fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ‚˚ „ÓÒÔÓ‰ËÌ ëÏËÚ? — Excuse me. — Yes? — What is the time, please? fi — àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ. — ч? — ë͇ÊËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ˜‡Ò? 2. ÂÒÎË ÌÛÊÌÓ ÓڂΘ¸Òfl ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Á‡ÌflÚËfl (‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡ / ‡·ÓÚ˚ / ...): 1.

ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl: Ç˚ ‚‰ÂÚ ·ÂÒÂ‰Û Ò ÔÓÒÂÚËÚÂÎÂÏ, Ë ‚‰Û„ Á‚ÓÌËÚ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌ. Ç‡Ï ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÂ‚‡Ú¸ ·ÂÒ‰Û: — Excuse me (a moment), (please). (I'm) Sorry (ÂÊ Excuse me) fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚ / èÓÒÚËÚ Á‡ ÓÔÎÓ¯ÌÓÒÚ¸ / ÌÂÎÓ‚ÍÓÒÚ¸ (ÚÓÎÍÌÛÎË / ̇ÒÚÛÔËÎË Ì‡ ÌÓ„Û / ÛÓÌËÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚ /...): I am sorry. / I'm sorry. / Sorry. fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ. 2. ‚ ̇˜‡Î ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡, ÍÓ„‰‡, Ó·‡˘‡flÒ¸ Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó, ‚˚ ‚ˉËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ (β‰Ë) ‚‰ÂÚ ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌÛ˛ ·ÂÒÂ‰Û / Á‡ÌflÚ ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚÓÈ: I'm sorry to interrupt you, but I need your help.fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ˚‚‡˛ / ÔÂ·˂‡˛ ‚‡Ò, ÌÓ ÏÌ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰Ëχ ‚‡¯‡ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸. 3. ‚ ÍÓ̈ ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡, ÂÒÎË ÔÂ‰ ˝ÚËÏ ÓÚ‚ÎÂÍÎË ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ÓÚ Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ Á‡ÌflÚËfl: I'm sorry to have interrupted you. fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÂ‚‡Î ‚‡Ò. 4. ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ÓÚ‚ÎÂÍÎËÒ¸ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÚÓ Á‡ÌflÚËfl Ë ‚ÌÓ‚¸ ‚ÓÁ‚‡˘‡ÂÚÂÒ¸ Í ÌÂÏÛ: ‚‰ÂÚ ·ÂÒÂ‰Û Ò ÔÓÒÂÚËÚÂÎÂÏ — Á‚ÓÌËÚ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌ: 1.

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Excuse me. — ‡Á„Ó‚‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ; ÔÓ ÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËË ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ: — I'm sorry. Where were we? fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ. ç‡ ˜ÂÏ Ï˚ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎËÒ¸? (‰ÓÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ: „‰Â Ï˚ ·˚ÎË?) I'm sorry to hear that. fi åÌ ӘÂ̸ ʇθ / åÌ Ô˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ÒÎ˚¯‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÓ: — My mother is not well. fi — åÓfl χχ Ì ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ ıÓÓ¯Ó ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò·fl. / å‡Ï ÌÂÁ‰ÓÓ‚ËÚÒfl. — I'm sorry to hear that. Pardon? / Excuse me? / Sorry? fi èÓÒÚËÚÂ? (Ì ÔÓÌflÎ / Ì ‡ÒÒÎ˚¯‡Î); Á‚Û˜ËÚ Í‡Í ÔÓÒ¸·‡ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ù‡ÁÛ ÔÓ‚ÚÓËÎË Â˘Â ‡Á: —Are you English? —Pardon? —Are you English? —What is your age? fi ä‡ÍÓÈ ‚‡¯ ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ? —Pardon? —How old are you? fi —ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡Ï ÎÂÚ? I beg your pardon. fi èÓ¯Û ÔÓ˘ÂÌËfl.— ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÚÂı Ê ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı, ˜ÚÓ Ë Excuse me. / Sorry. / Pardon?, ÌÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ·ÓΠËÁ˚Ò͇ÌÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ. Forgive me, (please). fi èÓÒÚË(ÚÂ) ÏÂÌfl. (Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Á‡ ÒÂ¸ÂÁÌÛ˛ ÔÓ‚ËÌÌÓÒÚ¸). I apologize. fi ü ËÁ‚ËÌfl˛Ò¸. ¤ I'm sorry.

8. èË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë ÓÚ‚ÂÚ˚ ̇ ÌËı. How do you do? fi á‰‡‚ÒÚ‚ÛÈÚÂ, (ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËÂ); ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó; (Good) Morning. fi ÑÓ·Ó ÛÚÓ. Good afternoon. fi ÑÓ·˚È ‰Â̸. Good evening. fi ÑÓ·˚È ‚˜Â. Hallo! / Hello! / Hullo! fi á‰‡‚ÒÚ‚ÛÈÚÂ, (Ò‡ÏÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌÓ ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËÂ) Hi! fi èË‚ÂÚ, (ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ë ıÓÓ¯Ëı Á̇ÍÓÏ˚ı / ‰ÛÁÂÈ / ÍÓÎ΄ ÔÓ ‡·ÓÚÂ Ë Ú.Ô., ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ëòÄ). é˜Â̸ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÒÂı ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÔË‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËÈ (ÍÓÏ How do you do?) ÒΉÛÂÚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl / ‰ÂÎ: How are you? fi ä‡Í ÔÓÊË‚‡Â¯¸? / ä‡Í Á‰ÓÓ‚¸Â? How are you doing? fi ä‡Í ‰Â·? How are you getting on? fi ä‡Í ÔÓÊË‚‡Â¯¸? How is it getting on? fi ä‡Í ‰Â·? How is it going? fi ä‡Í ‰Â·? How is everything? fi ä‡Í Á‰ÓÓ‚¸Â / ‰Â·? éÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Á‚Û˜ËÚ Ú‡Í: I'm well, thank you. (Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ËÚ¸ Á‡ ÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È ËÌÚÂÂÒ Í ‚‡¯ÂÏÛ Á‰ÓÓ‚¸˛ / ‰Â·Ï). I'm fine, thank you. / Fine, thanks, (ÔË ·ÓΠ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â) fi ëÔ‡ÒË·Ó, ıÓÓ¯Ó. ë‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ ̇ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó Ç‡¯ÂÏ Ò‡ÏÓ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËË / LJ¯Ëı ‰Â·ı ÒΉÛÂÚ ÔÓËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂÏ Á‰ÓÓ‚¸fl / ‰ÂÎ ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌË͇: And what about you? fi Ä Û Ú·fl? And you? (·ÓΠ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ) fi Ä Ú˚? / Ä Û Ú·fl? éÚ‚ÂÚ: I'm well, too. / Fine, thank you.: —Hello! —Hello! — How are you? — I'm well, thank you. And you? — Fine, thank you. But my son is not well. fi çÓ Ò˚ÌÛ ÌÂÁ‰ÓÓ‚ËÚÒfl. — Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

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9. èË Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â. Have you met before? fi Ç˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚? / Ç˚ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÎËÒ¸ ‡Ì¸¯Â? Have you met my husband / wife / ... before? fi Ç˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚ Ò ÏÓËÏ ÏÛÊÂÏ / Ò ÏÓÂÈ ÊÂÌÓÈ / Ò ...? You've met my husband before, haven't you? fi Ç˚ Á̇ÍÓÏ˚ Ò ÏÓËÏ ÏÛÊÂÏ, ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÎË? Let me introduce myself. / Allow me to introduce myself. fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl. Let me introduce you. fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚÂ, fl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚β ‚‡Ò (‰Û„ ‰Û„Û). (This is) Mr. ... . (This is) Mr. ... : — Let me introduce you.(This is) Mr. Smith.(This is) Mr. Brown. Let me introduce smb. to you. fi èÓÁ‚ÓθÚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚‡Ï ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó. I'm very glad to meet you. / Glad to meet you. fi ü Ó˜Â̸ ‡‰ Ò ‚‡ÏË ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl. (I'm) Pleased to meet you. fi èËflÚÌÓ Ò ‚‡ÏË ÔÓÁ̇ÍÓÏËÚ¸Òfl.

10. èË ‡ÒÒÚ‡‚‡ÌËË. Good-bye. fi ÑÓ Ò‚Ë‰‡ÌËfl. Bye-bye. / Bye. fi ÑÓ Ò‚Ë‰‡ÌËfl. / èÓ͇. See you (later / soon). fi ÑÓ ‚ÒÚ˜Ë. See you tomorrow / next week / ... fi ÑÓ ‚ÒÚÂ˜Ë Á‡‚Ú‡ / ̇ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ Ì‰ÂΠ/ ... Give my regards to smb. fi èÂ‰‡‚‡È (ÓÚ ÏÂÌfl) ÔË‚ÂÚ / ÏÓË Ì‡ËÎÛ˜¯Ë ÔÓÊ·ÌËfl ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó. Remember me to smb. fi èÂ‰‡‚‡È (ÓÚ ÏÂÌfl) ÔË‚ÂÚ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó.

11. ëÔ‡ÒË·Ó. Thank you (very much). fi (ÅÓθ¯ÓÂ) ëÔ‡ÒË·Ó. / Å·„Ó‰‡˛ ‚‡Ò. Thanks. fi ëÔ‡ÒË·Ó, (·ÓΠ‡Á„Ó‚Ó̇fl ÙÓχ) I owe you. fi èÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‚‡Ï Ó·flÁ‡Ì. / é„ÓÏÌÓ ÒÔ‡ÒË·Ó.

12. ç Á‡ ˜ÚÓ. Not at all. fi ç Á‡ ˜ÚÓ. Don't mention it. fi ç Á‡ ˜ÚÓ (ÏÓfl ÛÒÎÛ„‡ ̇ÒÚÓθÍÓ ÌÂÁ̇˜ËÚÂθ̇, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÒÚÓËÚ ÛÔÓÏË̇ÌËfl). You are. welcome. fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡ (Ó·‡˘‡ÈÚÂÒ¸ Í Ì‡Ï / ÍÓ ÏÌ ¢Â, ·Û‰ÂÏ ‡‰˚ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸); ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı, „‰Â ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛÏ‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÂÓ‰ÌÓÍ‡ÚÌÓ ӷ‡˘ÂÌË Á‡ ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ / ÛÒÎÛ„‡ÏË (‚ χÒÚÂÒÍËı / χ„‡ÁË̇ı Ë Ú.Ô.) My pleasure. fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡ (ÏÌ ·˚ÎÓ Ó˜Â̸ ÔËflÚÌÓ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸ ‚‡Ï ˝ÚÛ ÛÒÎÛ„Û). That's all right. fi ÇÒ ÌÓχθÌÓ. / ç ÒÚÓËÚ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÌÓÒÚÂÈ.

áÄèéåçàíÖ: ÒÎÓ‚Ó please ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ ̇ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌË ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÌÓÒÚË.

13. èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. please — ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔË Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËË ÔÓÒ¸·˚; ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Í‡Í ‚ ̇˜‡ÎÂ, Ú‡Í Ë ‚ ÍÓ̈ ËÎË ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl: Help me, please.¤ Please help me. Will you, please, help my father. Please go away. ..., please? fi ë͇ÊËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡,...?: What is your name, please? fi ë͇ÊËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, Í‡Í ‚‡Ò ÁÓ‚ÛÚ? How old are you, please? fi ë͇ÊËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡Ï ÎÂÚ? 163

Here you are. fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. — ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÔË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË ÔÓÒ¸·˚, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÓ‰‡ÂÚ / ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ / ÔËÌÂÒÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ Ë Ú.Ô.: — I'd like the menu, please. fi — èËÌÂÒËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÏÂÌ˛. — Here you are. fi — èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. — Where is my coat, please? fi — ë͇ÊËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, „‰Â ÏÓ ԇθÚÓ? — Here you are. fi — èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡. / ÇÓÚ ‚‡¯Â ԇθÚÓ. èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡ ÔË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË ÔÓÒ¸·˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÓ-‰Û„ÓÏÛ: 2) ÂÒÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚ(˚) Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡Â(˛)ÚÒfl ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂÏ: ç„ + ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌË + is / are.: — I'd like the menu, please. — Here it is. — Where is my coat, please? — Here it is. — Where are my keys? — Here they are. 3) ÂÒÎË ÔÓËÁÌÓÒËÚÒfl ̇Á‚‡ÌË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡: Here+ is / are + ̇Á‚‡ÌË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡: — I'd like the menu, please. — Here is the menu. — Where are my keys? — Here are your keys.

14. (ÇÓÚ) á‰ÂÒ¸. / (ÇÓÌ) í‡Ï. here fi Á‰ÂÒ¸; there fi Ú‡Ï ; ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌË ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË Ú‡ÍÓ ÊÂ, Í‡Í ‚ 13.: Here is my son. fi ÇÓÚ ÏÓÈ Ò˚Ì. There it is. fi ÇÓÌ ÓÌ/ Ó̇ / ÓÌÓ (ÌÂӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ô‰ÏÂÚ). There is my car. fi ÇÓÌ ÏÓfl χ¯Ë̇. Here I am. fi (Ä) ÇÓÚ Ë fl. Here we are. fi (Ä) ÇÓÚ Ë Ï˚. / ÇÓÚ Ï˚ Ë Ô˯ÎË / ÔËÂı‡ÎË (‰Ó·‡ÎËÒ¸ ‰Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ̇Á̇˜ÂÌËfl). (over) here fi (‚ÓÚ) Á‰ÂÒ¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚ / ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl fl‰ÓÏ Ò ‚‡ÏË, ‡ ÍÚÓ-ÚÓ Ë˘ÂÚ Â„Ó ‚ ‰Û„ÓÏ ÏÂÒÚÂ: — Where is my coat? — It is (over) here, — Where are my keys? — They are (over) here. — Your son is (over) here. over there fi ‚ÓÌ Ú‡Ï, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ô‰ÏÂÚ / ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ÓÚ ‚‡Ò ̇ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÏ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËË / ‚ Ô‰Â·ı ‚ˉËÏÓÒÚË: My car is over there. The bus-stop is over there. They are over there. — Is this your car? — No, it is not. — Is that your car over there? — Yes, it is.

15. ÇÂÊÎË‚˚ ӷ‡˘ÂÌËfl. (Ò‡Ï˚ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚Â). Will you ~ ~ ~ ... (.please). Would you ~ ~ ~ ... (.please). Could you ~ ~ ~ ... (,please). Will you help me, (please). fi èÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÔÓÏÓ„ËÚ ÏÌÂ. Would -you call me tomorrow, (please). fi èÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, Á‡‚Ú‡. Could you wait a little, (please). fi Ç˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰Óʉ‡Ú¸?

16. çÂÛÊÂÎË? (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ). 1) ̇ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÒıÂχ: 1

2 åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ, Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ÂÂ

ÔÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ 164

— I like this house. — Do you? — She wants to help us. — Does she? — The letter has come. — Has it? — Mother is sleeping. — Is she? 2) ̇ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌË ÒıÂχ: 1

2

èÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ + not ‰ۈËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÙÓÏÛ·

åÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ,Á‡ÏÂÌfl˛˘Â ÔÓ‰ÎÂʇ˘ËÂ

— I don't like you. — Don't you? — She doesn't want to go with us. — Doesn't she? — The letter has not come. — Hasn't it? — Mother is not sleeping. — Isn't she?

17. ü / äÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÚÓÊ (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ). 1) ̇ ÛÚ‚Â‰ËÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: ÔË ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â Ò ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÓÏ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ò ü ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Me too: — I like this house. — Me too. — I've got a terrible headache. — Me too. ËÎË ÒıÂχ: 1

2

3

So

ÔÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È „·„ÓÎ

I / smb.

— I like this house. — So do I. fi Me too. = I do, too. — I like this house. — So does my mother-in-law.fi My mother-in-law does, too. — She has got a terrible headache. — So have I. = Me too. = I've got, too. 2) ̇ ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: ÔË ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â Ò ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÓÏ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı Ò ü ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ Me either: — I don't speak French. — Me either. ËÎË ÒıÂχ: 1

2

3

ÔÂ‚˚È ‚ÒÔÓÏÓ„‡ÚÂθÌ˚È I / smb. „·„ÓÎ I don't speak French. — Neither do I. / Nor do I. ¤ Me either. fi I don't, either. She wasn't invited. — Neither was I. / Nor was I. ¤ Me either. fi I wasn't, either. He hasn't come. — Neither has my mother-in-law. / Nor has my mother-in-law. fi My mother-in-law hasn't, either. Neither / Nor

18. ïÓÓ¯Ó (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌËÂ). Good. fi ïÓÓ¯Ó, (‚ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË good ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ- ıÓÓ¯ËÈ; ̇˜Ë ıÓÓ¯Ó - well, ÌÓ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ‡͈ËË Ì‡ ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÌË ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ good): Come tomorrow. — Good. (Well. — ÌÂθÁfl) All right. Okay. / O.K. Come tomorrow. — Good. / All right. / Okay.

19. çÛ, ... / á̇˜ËÚ,... / í‡Í,... / àÚ‡Í, ... . Well,... (Ò‡ÏÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌÓÂ) fi çÛ, ... / á̇˜ËÚ, ... / çÛ ˜ÚÓ ÊÂ,... / çÛ Î‡‰ÌÓ,... / àÚ‡Í,... Now,... fi àÚ‡Í,... / á̇˜ËÚ,... So,... fi àÚ‡Í,... / á̇˜ËÚ,.... Now then,... fi àÚ‡Í,... / á̇˜ËÚ,...

165

20. ü ‰Ûχ˛, ... / ü ÔÓ·„‡˛,... / ü Ò˜ËÚ‡˛,... / åÌ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl, ... . I think (that) ... fi ü ‰Ûχ˛, ... I believe (that) ... fi I suppose (that) ... fi I guess (that) ... fi I reckon (that) ... fi I expect (that) ... fi I figure (that) ... fi It seems to me (that) ... fi åÌ ͇ÊÂÚÒfl,...

21. óÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸? / Ç ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ? What's / What is your problem? What's / What is the matter (with smb. / smth.)? What's / What has happened (to smb. / smth.)? What's / What is wrong (with smb. / smth.)? What is it? (‡͈Ëfl ̇ ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ÌÂÓÊˉ‡ÌÌÓÂ Ë ÌÂÔÓÌflÚÌÓÂ: ¯ÛÏ / ¯ÓÓı /„ÓÎÓÒ / ...) What's / What is the trouble (with smb.)? Why? (ÔÓÒΠÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ ̇ ÌÂÓÊˉ‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ÓÔÓÒ): — How old are you? — Twenty. Why? fi — ëÍÓθÍÓ ‚‡Ï ÎÂÚ? — Ñ‚‡‰ˆ‡Ú¸. Ä ‚ ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ? / èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ‚˚ ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡ÂÚÂ?

22. åÓÊÌÓ ‚‡Ò ÒÔÓÒËÚ¸? May I ask you (something)? I've got a question. May I put you a question? / May I put a question to you?

23. åËÌÛÚÓ˜ÍÛ. / èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó. Just a minute, (please). Waif a minute / moment, (please). fi åËÌÛÚÓ˜ÍÛ. / èÓ‰ÓʉËÚÂ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡, ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó.

24. ëÍÓθÍÓ ÒÚÓËÚ? How much (is it)? (Ó ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚË ‚¢ÂÈ / ÛÒÎÛ„ / ...) fi Ò‡Ï˚È ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚È ‚‡ˇÌÚ; What is the price of ... ? fi ä‡Í‡fl ˆÂ̇ ...? How much does it cost? fi ëÍÓθÍÓ ˝ÚÓ ÒÚÓËÚ? How much do I owe you? fi ëÍÓθÍÓ fl ‚‡Ï ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ? / ëÍÓθÍÓ Ò ÏÂÌfl?

25. äÂÏ ‚˚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚÂ? What is your job? fi äÂÏ ‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚÂ? What is your occupation? fi óÂÏ Á‡ÌËχÂÚÂÒ¸? ¤ What do you do? fi óÂÏ Á‡ÌËχÂÚÂÒ¸? How do you get your living? / What do you do for a living? fi óÂÏ Á‡‡·‡Ú˚‚‡ÂÚ ̇ ÊËÁ̸? What are you? (Ì ÔÛÚ‡Ú¸ Ò Who are you? fi äÚÓ ‚˚? / ä‡Í ‚‡¯Â ËÏfl / Ù‡ÏËÎËfl?) = What is your occupation? fi äÚÓ ‚˚? / óÂÏ Á‡ÌËχÂÚÂÒ¸?

166

— I'm a teacher (by profession). fi ü Û˜ËÚÂθ, (profession Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÔÓÒΠÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ‚˚Ò¯Â„Ó Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl / ÒÔˆˇθÌÓÈ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÍË). — I'm a carpenter (by trade). fi ü ÔÎÓÚÌËÍ, (trade Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ‡·ÓÚÛ, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÏÛ˛ Û͇ÏË / ÂÏÂÒÎÓ).

26. (àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ,) ü ‚‡Ò Ì ÔÓÌflÎ / Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛. / ü ÔÓÒÎÛ¯‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ Ò͇Á‡ÎË. What did you say? fi óÚÓ ‚˚ Ò͇Á‡ÎË (fl Ì ÔÓÌflÎ / ÔÓÒÎÛ¯‡Î)? (I'm sorry), I didn't understand you. / I don't understand you. (I'm sorry), I didn't quite catch you / your name / your telephone number / ... fi (àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ,) ü Ì ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ ÔÓÌflÎ ‚‡Ò / Ì ÒÓ‚ÒÂÏ ‡ÁÓ·‡Î ‚‡¯Â ËÏfl / ‚‡¯ ÌÓÏÂ ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇ (I'm sorry,) I missed... fi (àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ,) ü Ì ‡ÒÒÎ˚¯‡Î / Ì ‡ÁÓ·‡Î (‚ÂÏfl / ÏÂÒÚÓ / ‡‰ÂÒ / ...). I don't get it / your meaning. fi ü ‚‡Ò Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛. I didn't get your name / telephone number / address / ... fi ü Ì ‡ÁÓ·‡Î ‚‡¯Â ËÏfl / ÌÓÏÂ ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇ / ‡‰ÂÒ / ... I don't follow you. fi ü Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛, Ó ˜ÂÏ ‚˚ „Ó‚ÓËÚÂ. / ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ÛÒΉËÚ¸ Á‡ ıÓ‰ÓÏ ‚‡¯Ëı Ï˚ÒÎÂÈ. Pardon? / Excuse me? / Sorry? / I beg your pardon? fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ? Come again? (ÔË ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Á̇ÍÓÏÒÚ‚Â Ò ÒÓ·ÂÒ‰ÌËÍÓÏ) ¤ What did you say?

27. óÂÏ ÏÓ„Û ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓÎÂÁÂÌ? / óÂÏ ÏÓ„Û ÔÓÏÓ˜¸? Can / May I help you? fi ü ÏÓ„Û ˜ÂÏ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ‚‡Ï? What can I do for you? fi óÚÓ fl ÏÓ„Û ‰Îfl ‚‡Ò ҉·ڸ? ë‡Ô I be of (any) help to you? fi ü ÏÓ„Û (˜ÂÏ-ÌË·Û‰¸) ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ‚‡Ï?

28. ä‡Í ̇ҘÂÚ ...? 1. 5.

What about ...? How about ...? é˜Â̸ ·ÎËÁÍË ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲, ıÓÚfl 1. ˜‡˘Â ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl Ó·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËfl ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl, ‡ 2. — ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ó ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓÏ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl: What / How about your friend? fi ä‡Í ̇ҘÂÚ Ú‚ÓÂ„Ó ‰Û„‡? („ÓÚÓ‚ / ‚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË / ıÓ˜ÂÚ ÎË ÓÌ Á‡ÌflÚ¸Òfl ˜ÂÏÎË·Ó ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò Ì‡ÏË?) What about his qualifications for this position? fi ä‡Í ̇ҘÂÚ Â„Ó Í‚‡ÎËÙË͇ˆËË — Ó̇ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ˝ÚÓÈ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚË? é·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl (ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl „ÂÛ̉ËÈ) ÏÓÊÌÓ ÓÔÛÒ͇ڸ, ÂÒÎË ÓÌÓ ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ ÔÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÛ: How / What about (having) dinner tonight? fi ä‡Í ̇ҘÂÚ ÔÓӷ‰‡Ú¸ Ò„ӉÌfl ‚˜ÂÓÏ? How about (drinking) some more wine? fi åÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, ‚˚ ‚˚Ô¸ÂÚ ¢ ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó ‚Ë̇?

29. ÇÓ ‚ÂÏfl ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡ ÔÓ ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÛ. Speaking. fi ü ÒÎÛ¯‡˛. / ü Û ÚÂÎÂÙÓ̇. / ùÚÓ fl. Hold on (,please). / Hold the line (,please). fi He Í·‰ËÚ (,ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡,) ÚÛ·ÍÛ. Could you put me through to smb.? fi Ç˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÒÓ‰ËÌËÚ¸ ÏÂÌfl Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó? I can't get through. fi ü Ì ÏÓ„Û ‰ÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸Òfl. You are through. fi ÉÓ‚ÓËÚÂ. The line is engaged / busy. fi ãËÌËfl Á‡ÌflÚ‡. There is no reply at this number. fi çÓÏÂ Ì Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ. I'll call back (later). fi ü ÔÂÂÁ‚ÓÌ˛ (ÔÓÁÊÂ). Can I take a message (for him / her)? / Is there any message? fi óÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ÔÂ‰‡Ú¸ (ÂÏÛ / ÂÈ)? Can / Could you take a message (for him / her)? fi Ç˚ Ì ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ÍÓÂ-˜ÚÓ ÔÂ‰‡Ú¸ (ÂÏÛ / ÂÈ)? 167

You have / 've got the wrong number. fi Ç˚ Á‚ÓÌËÚ Ì ÔÓ ÚÓÏÛ ÌÓÏÂÛ. / Ç˚ ӯ˷ÎËÒ¸ ÌÓÏÂÓÏ. What number were you calling? fi ä‡ÍÓÈ ÌÓÏÂ ‚˚ ̇·Ë‡ÎË? Could you speak up (,please)? fi He ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚ ‚˚ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ „ÓϘÂ? (May I ask) Who is speaking? fi (åÓ„Û fl ÛÁ̇ڸ,) äÚÓ „Ó‚ÓËÚ?

30. é·‡˘ÂÌË Á‡ ÒÓ‚ÂÚÓÏ (̇ҘÂÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ). Shall I / he / she / they /we ~~~~~~ ...? Should I / he / she / they / we ~~~~~~ ...? Should / Shall she come tomorrow? fi ÖÈ ÔËÈÚË Á‡‚Ú‡? Should / Shall I call him? fi (åÌÂ) èÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸ ÂÏÛ?

31. ç‚ÂÊÎË‚˚È ÓÚ͇Á ‚ ÙÓÏ ‚ÒÚ˜ÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡. Why should I / she / he /we / they ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...? Why should I do it? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ fl ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ? Why should they help him? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ (˝ÚÓ) ÓÌË ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ? Why should I bust my hump? fi ᇘÂÏ ÏÌ „ÌÛÚ¸ ÒÔËÌÛ? How should I / smb. know? fi éÚÍÛ‰‡ fl Á̇˛? / éÚÍÛ‰‡ ÓÌ / Ó̇ /ÓÌË Á̇Â(˛)Ú?

32. ç‡Ë·ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ˝ÏÓˆËÈ. (Oh,) God! / My God! /Jesus! / Jesus Christ! /(Good) Heavens! Oh dear! / Wow! fi é, ÅÓÊÂ! (‚˚‡ÊÂÌË ۉ˂ÎÂÌËfl) My word!. fi ÇÓÚ ˝ÚÓ ‰‡! / èÓ‰Ûχڸ ÚÓθÍÓ! Hell! / Damn! / Shit! / Bull-shit! / Fuck! (Û„‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ) fi óÂÚ ‚ÓÁ¸ÏË! /óÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÂË! (‚˚‡ÊÂÌË „Ì‚‡ / ‡Á‰‡ÊÂÌËfl / ÔÓÍÎflÚËfl) You're a pain in the ass! („Û·ÓÂ) fi ä‡Í Ú˚ ÏÌ ̇‰ÓÂÎ! The hell with you (it)! / Damn you (it)! / Shit on you (it)! / Fuck you (it)! fi (ч) èÓ¯ÂÎ Ú˚ (‚Ò ˝ÚÓ) Í ...! ÖÒÎË ‚ ÒÔˆˇθÌÓÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ò‡ÁÛ ÔÓÒΠ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ the hell, ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚÒfl Á̇˜ÂÌË ˜ÂÚ ÔÓ·ÂË: What the hell are you doing here? fi óÚÓ, ˜ÂÚ ÔÓ·ÂË, Ú˚ ‰Â·¯¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸? Why the hell didn't you help her? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ, ˜ÂÚ ÔÓ‰ÂË, Ú˚ Ì ÔÓÏÓ„ ÂÈ? àÌÓ„‰‡ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ the hell ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ on earth (ÏÂÌ ‡„ÂÒÒË‚ÌÓÂ) ËÎË Ê the fuck (·ÓΠ‡„ÂÒÒË‚ÌÓÂ): What on earth are you doing here? Why the fuck didn't you help her?

33. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ Ù‡Á˚ / ÂÔÎËÍË, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. That's all. fi ì ÏÂÌfl ‚Ò (‚ ÍÓ̈ ÔflÏÓÈ ˜Ë). I'm through / finished. fi ü Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÎ (‰ÂÎÓ / ˜¸). That is (about) all there is to it. fi ÇÓÚ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈ, Ë ‚Ò (‚ ÍÓ̈ ÔflÏÓÈ ˜Ë).. I see. fi èÓÌflÚÌÓ. / èÓÌËχ˛. That's none of your business. fi He Ú‚Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. / He ÒÛÈ ÌÓÒ Ì ‚ Ò‚Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. Shut up! fi á‡ÚÍÌËÒ¸! / á‡ÏÓΘË! I don't mind. fi çË˜Â„Ó Ì Ëϲ ÔÓÚË‚. I think so. fi ëӄ·ÒÂÌ. You'll make it. fi ì Ú·fl ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚÒfl. That's the whole point. fi Ç ˝ÚÓÏ-ÚÓ ‚ÒÂ Ë ‰ÂÎÓ. Easy! fi èÓ΄˜Â. / ç ÎÂÁ¸ ̇ ÓÊÓÌ. / ìÒÔÓÍÓÈÒfl. Calm down. fi ìÒÔÓÍÓÈÒfl. 168

Don't worry. / Don't be worried. / Relax. fi He ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÒfl. / ìÒÔÓÍÓÈÒfl. / ê‡ÒÒ··¸Òfl. Take it easy. fi He ÔËÌËÏ‡È ·ÎËÁÍÓ Í ÒÂ‰ˆÛ. / ç ÔÂÂÊË‚‡È. It makes things easier. fi í‡Í ΄˜Â (ÔÂÂÊË‚‡Ú¸ / ÔÂÂÌÓÒËÚ¸ ·Óθ). I haven't given it much thought. fi ü ÔÓ͇ / ¢ Ì ‰ÛχΠӷ ˝ÚÓÏ. (̇ҘÂÚ Ô·ÌÓ‚ ̇ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÂ) It serves you / smb. right. fi í‡Í Ú· / ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó Ë Ì‡‰Ó. I was half out of my mind. fi ü ˜ÛÚ¸ Ì ÒÓ¯ÂÎ Ò Ûχ. You'll hear from me. fi ü ‰‡Ï ‚‡Ï Á̇ڸ / ÒÓÓ·˘Û Ó Ò·Â. It's going to be all right. fi ÇÒ ·Û‰ÂÚ ıÓÓ¯Ó. It'll / That'll do. fi ëÓȉÂÚ. / ìÒÚÓËÚ. That's it. fi í‡Í. / è‡‚ËθÌÓ. You bet! fi ֢ ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡Â¯¸!: — Do you want me to help you? — You bet! fi — í˚ ıӘ¯¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ fl ÔÓÏÓ„ Ú·Â? — ֢ ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡Â¯¸! Sounds good to me. fi ùÚÓ ÏÂÌfl ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡ÂÚ. Time's up. fi ÇÂÏfl ‚˚¯ÎÓ. Hear me out! fi Ç˚ÒÎÛ¯‡ÈÚ ÏÂÌfl! I couldn't reach you. fi ü Ì ÏÓ„ ‰ÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸Òfl ‰Ó Ú·fl. It's (over and) done with. fi ë ˝ÚËÏ ÔÓÍÓ̘ÂÌÓ. You are out of your mind. fi í˚ ÒÓ¯ÂÎ Ò Ûχ. Let happen whatever would happen. fi èÛÒÚ¸ ·Û‰ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ·Û‰ÂÚ. It never crossed my mind (that)... fi åÌ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎÓ ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Û, ˜ÚÓ ... Don't mention that. fi ç ̇‰Ó Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ. I don't give a damn / a shit (about smth.). (‚Û脇ÌÓÂ) fi åÌ ‰Ó ·ÏÔÓ˜ÍË / ·ÂÁ‡Á΢ÌÓ: Tell him whatever you want, I don't give a shit, fi åÓʯ¸ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÂÏÛ ‚ÒÂ, ˜ÚÓ Û„Ó‰ÌÓ — ÏÌ ‰Ó ·ÏÔÓ˜ÍË. It makes no difference. / It doesn't make any /much difference. / It doesn't matter (at all). fi ùÚÓ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ (ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó) Á̇˜ÂÌËfl. It makes no difference whether you go today or tomorrow. fi ùÚÓ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, ÔÓ‰¯¸ Ú˚ Ò„ӉÌfl ËÎË Á‡‚Ú‡. Smb. is on the phone. fi äÚÓ-ÚÓ Á‚ÓÌËÚ.: Come here. Your husband is on the phone. fi à‰Ë Ò˛‰‡ — Ú‚ÓÈ ÏÛÊ Á‚ÓÌËÚ. I hope I'm not intruding. fi ç‡‰Â˛Ò¸, fl ‚‡Ï Ì ÔÓϯ‡˛. Go to hell. / Fuck off. (‚Û脇ÌÓÂ) fi à‰Ë Í ˜ÂÚÛ. Get out of my way. fi ìÈ‰Ë Ò ‰ÓÓ„Ë. Get lost. fi àÒ˜ÂÁÌË. / åÓÚ‡È ÓÚÒ˛‰‡. / èÓ‚‡ÎË‚‡È. (Come) This way (,please). fi (èÓıÓ‰ËÚÂ) 벉‡, ÔÓʇÎÛÈÒÚ‡ (ÔËÌËχfl „ÓÒÚÂÈ / ÔÓÒÂÚËÚÂÎÂÈ). You have a point there. fi íÛÚ ‚˚ Ô‡‚˚. / íÓÊ ‚ÂÌÓ. That's the gospel truth. fi àÒÚËÌ̇fl Ô‡‚‰‡. I mean it. fi óÂÒÚÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó. / ü „Ó‚Ó˛ ËÒÍÂÌÌÂ. I want to buy your house. I mean it. fi ü ıÓ˜Û ÍÛÔËÚ¸ ‚‡¯ ‰ÓÏ. óÂÒÚÌÓÂ-ÒÎÓ‚Ó. Let's get to the point. fi ч‚‡ÈÚ ·ÎËÊÂ Í ‰ÂÎÛ. So far so good. fi èÓ͇ ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ˉÂÚ ıÓÓ¯Ó. 169

Mark my words. fi á‡ÔÓÏÌË ÏÓË ÒÎÓ‚‡. It's not that I don't... fi He ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ fl Ì ...: It was not that he didn't love her. fi He ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÌ Ì β·ËÎ ÂÂ. Don't be silly. fi ç „ÎÛÔË. / ç ‰ÛË. You know better than that. fi Ä Ú˚ ÌÂ Ú‡Í ÔÓÒÚ (Í‡Í Í‡Ê¯¸Òfl). Don't worry, I can make it on my own. fi He ‚ÓÎÌÛÈÚÂÒ¸, fl Ò‡Ï ÒÔ‡‚Î˛Ò¸. Not likely. Unless ... fi ëÍÓÂÈ ‚Ò„Ó, ÌÂÚ. ÖÒÎË ÚÓθÍÓ ...: —I wonder if my father could arrange a marriage for me with George. — Not likely. Unless you insist on that. fi — àÌÚÂÂÒÌÓ, ÒÏÓ„ ÎË ·˚ ÓÚˆ Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÏÌ Á‡ÏÛÊÂÒÚ‚Ó Ò ÑÊÓ‰ÊÂÏ? — ëÍÓÂÈ ‚Ò„Ó, ÌÂÚ. ÖÒÎË ÚÓθÍÓ Ú˚ Ì ̇ÒÚÓ˯¸ ̇ ˝ÚÓÏ. I am at your service. fi ü Í ‚‡¯ËÏ ÛÒÎÛ„‡Ï. You will get over this. fi (ì Ú·fl) ùÚÓ ÔÓȉÂÚ. / í˚ ÒÔ‡‚˯¸Òfl Ò ˝ÚËÏ. No reason in particular. fi èÓÒÚÓ Ú‡Í. / ÅÂÁ ÓÒÓ·ÓÈ Ô˘ËÌ˚.: — Why do you ask? — No reason in particular. This time there'll be no slip up. fi ç‡ ˝ÚÓÚ ‡Á ÓÒ˜ÍË Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ. / ç‡ ˝ÚÓÚ ‡Á ‚Ò ÔÓȉÂÚ, Í‡Í ÔÓ Ï‡ÒÎÛ. Suit yourself. fi ä‡Í ıӘ¯¸. / ÇÓÎfl ‚‡¯‡. / Ñ·È, Í‡Í Á̇¯¸.: Suit yourself, but I've got a work to do and I won't go to Paris. fi ÇÓÎfl ‚‡¯‡, ÌÓ ÏÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÍÓÂ-˜ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ڸ, Ë ‚ è‡ËÊ fl Ì ÔÓ‰Û. Pardon me for asking, but... fi àÁ‚ËÌËÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡˛, ÌÓ... It never occurred to.me that... fi åÌ ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎÓ ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Û, ˜ÚÓ ... I meant only the best. fi ü ıÓÚÂÎ ÚÓθÍÓ Í‡Í ÎÛ˜¯Â. Tend to your own affairs. fi ãÛ˜¯Â Á‡ÈÏËÒ¸ Ò‚ÓËÏË ‰Â·ÏË. / ç ÎÂÁ¸ Ì ‚ Ò‚Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. There is no point in doing smth. fi çÂÚ ÒÏ˚Ò· Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó. Think it over. fi èÓ‰ÛÏ‡È ıÓÓ¯Â̸ÍÓ. What's done is done and cannot be undone. fi óÚÓ Ò‰Â·ÌÓ, ÚÓ Ò‰Â·ÌÓ. — I don't know what you mean. — You know what I mean all right. fi — ü Ì ÔÓÌËχ˛, Ó ˜ÂÏ ‚˚ „Ó‚ÓËÚÂ. —ÇÒ ‚˚ ÔÂÍ‡ÒÌÓ ÔÓÌËχÂÚ (ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Â·ÂÚ ‚ˉ, ˜ÚÓ Ì ÔÓÌËχÂÚÂ). — Coffee? — If it is no bother. fi — äÓÙÂ? — ÖÒÎË Ì ÚÛ‰ÌÓ. I'll pay for any inconvenience I cause you. fi ü ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ‡˛Ò¸ Ò ‚‡ÏË Á‡ ‚Ò ÌÂÛ‰Ó·ÒÚ‚‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ô˘ËÌfl˛ ‚‡Ï. I wouldn't be taking the trouble, except that ... fi ü ·˚ Ì ÛÚÛʉ‡Î Ò·fl, ÂÒÎË ·˚ Ì ... Don't let yourself become so upset. fi He ‡ÒÒÚ‡Ë‚‡ÈÒfl Ú‡Í ÒËθÌÓ. Let's hold to reason. fi ч‚‡ÈÚ ·ÎËÊÂ Í ÚÂÏÂ. I bow to the opinion (of smb.) that ... fi ü ÒÍÎÓÌfl˛Ò¸ Í ÏÌÂÌ˲ (ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó), ˜ÚÓ ... Don't dispute him. fi He ÒÔÓ¸ Ò ÌËÏ. I'm sorry to have to bother you with this, but... fi ü ËÁ‚ËÌfl˛Ò¸, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸ ‚‡Ò ÔÓ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û, ÌÓ ... I cannot see how anything you say can have any bearing on this matter. fi ü Ì ‚ËÊÛ, ͇ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÚÓ, Ó ˜ÂÏ ‚˚ „Ó‚ÓËÚÂ, ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‰ÂÎÛ. You are on the right track. fi Ç˚ ̇ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓÏ ÔÛÚË. / Ç˚ Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ Ï˚ÒÎËÚÂ. Come on. Let's get this over with. fi ч‚‡È Á‡ÍÓ̘ËÏ Ò ˝ÚËÏ ‰ÂÎÓÏ. It's just there. fi èÓÒÚÓ Ú‡Í ÓÌÓ ÂÒÚ¸.: I trust you. You don't ask why. It's just there. fi ü ‰Ó‚Âfl˛ Ú·Â. ç ÒÔ‡¯Ë‚‡È, ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ. èÓÒÚÓ ‰Ó‚Âfl˛, Ë ‚Òfi. 170

Whatever is to be will be. fi óÂÏÛ ·˚Ú¸, ÚÓ„Ó Ì ÏËÌÓ‚‡Ú¸. Here's what we'll do. fi å˚ ҉·ÂÏ ‚ÓÚ ˜ÚÓ. It beats me. fi ùÚÓ ‚˚¯Â ÏÓÂ„Ó ÔÓÌËχÌËfl. Fortune has smiled up on us. fi ç‡Ï ÛÎ˚·ÌÛ·Ҹ ÙÓÚÛ̇ / Û‰‡˜‡. It was a gift of Lady Luck. fi ùÚÓ ·˚Î ÔÓ‰‡ÓÍ ÒÛ‰¸·˚. I've got a phone call to make. fi åÌ ÌÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÌËÚ¸. I'll only be a few minutes. fi ü ‚ÂÌÛÒ¸ ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ. I'll be goddamned fi ÅÛ‰¸ fl ÔÓÍÎflÚ. It crossed my mind. fi ùÚÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÎÓ ÏÌ ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Û. The time for thinking is past, now is the time for action only. fi ê‡Ì¸¯Â ̇‰Ó ·˚ÎÓ ‰Ûχڸ, ÚÂÔÂ¸ ÔÓ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸. We are getting nowhere. fi í‡Í Ï˚ ÌË Í ˜ÂÏÛ Ì ÔˉÂÏ. I regret, but I must leave. fi ü Ó˜Â̸ ÒÓʇβ, ÌÓ fl ‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ ÔÓÍËÌÛÚ¸ ‚‡Ò. I don't know. It's just the way I feel. fi He Á̇˛. èÓÒÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl Ú‡ÍÓ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó: — Today the wedding is off. — Why? What happened? — I don't know. I can't explain. It's just the way I feel. fi — 낇‰¸·˚ Ò„ӉÌfl Ì ·Û‰ÂÚ. — èÓ˜ÂÏÛ? óÚÓ ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸? — ü Ì Á̇˛. ç ÏÓ„Û Ó·˙flÒÌËÚ¸. èÓÒÚÓ Û ÏÂÌfl Ú‡ÍÓ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó. Hold your tongue. fi åÓΘË. / èÓχÎÍË‚‡È. / ÑÂÊË flÁ˚Í Á‡ ÁÛ·‡ÏË. I don't hold with that. fi ü Ú‡Í Ì ҘËÚ‡˛. / ü Ì Ӊӷfl˛ ˝ÚÓ„Ó. / ü Ì Òӄ·ÒÂÌ Ò ˝ÚËÏ. There is no doubt about it. fiB ˝ÚÓÏ ÌÂÚ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÒÓÏÌÂÌËfl. You may leave or stay according as you decide. fi ë‡ÏË ¯‡ÈÚ — ÛÂÁʇڸ ‚‡Ï ËÎË ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl. The matter admits of no delay. fi (ùÚÓ) ÑÂÎÓ Ì ÚÂÔËÚ ÓÚ·„‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡. I have no cash to spare. fiì ÏÂÌfl ÌÂÚ Î˯ÌËı ‰ÂÌ„. I've noticed this about him before. fi ü Ë ‡Ì¸¯Â Á‡Ï˜‡Î ˝ÚÓ Á‡ ÌËÏ. That goes for you too. fi ä Ú· ˝ÚÓ ÚÓÊ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÒfl. / ùÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl Ë Ú·fl. I see your point. fi ü ÔÓÌËχ˛ ‚‡Ò. I would like to set the records straight. fiåÌ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·˚ ‚ÌÂÒÚË flÒÌÓÒÚ¸. Don't curtsy to him. fi He ‰ÂÎ‡È ÂÏÛ ‚Â‡ÌÒÓ‚. / ç ÔÓ„Ë·‡ÈÒfl ÔÂ‰ ÌËÏ. Spare me that old chestnut (about smth. / doing smth.). => He ‚¯‡È ÏÌÂ Î‡Ô¯Û Ì‡ Û¯Ë.: Spare me that old chestnut about your sister being a star. => He ‚¯‡È ÏÌÂ Î‡Ô¯Û Ì‡ Û¯Ë, ˜ÚÓ Ú‚Ófl ÒÂÒÚ‡ — Á‚ÂÁ‰‡. Be sure to do smth. fi He Á‡·Û‰¸ ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: Be sure to invite them. fi He Á‡·Û‰¸ Ô˄·ÒÚ¸ Ëı. It's up to you. fi ê¯‡È Ò‡Ï (ÔËÌËÏ‡È ¯ÂÌË ҇ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ). / Ñ·È, Í‡Í ıӘ¯¸. There is no point in doing smth. fi ÅÂÒÔÓÎÂÁÌÓ / He ËÏÂÂÚ ÒÏ˚Ò· ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: There is no point in doing that. We can't help him. fi He ËÏÂÂÚ ÒÏ˚Ò· ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ. å˚ ‚ÒÂ‡‚ÌÓ Ì ÒÏÓÊÂÏ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÂÏÛ.

34. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ÓÔÓÒËÚÂθÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ / Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. Get it? fi èÓÌËχ¯¸? / í· ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ, Ó ˜ÂÏ fl „Ó‚Ó˛? How's that? fi ä‡Í ˝ÚÓ ÏÓÊÌÓ Ó·˙flÒÌËÚ¸? / óÚÓ Ú˚ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ ‰Ûχ¯¸? How come, (that) ...? fi ä‡Í Ú‡Í ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ...? 171

Do you think so? fi í˚ Òӄ·ÒÂÌ? What makes you so sure? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ú‡Í Û‚ÂÂÌ? What is your thought? fi óÚÓ Ú˚ Ó· ˝ÚÓÏ ‰Ûχ¯¸? Are you nuts? fi í˚ ˜ÚÓ, ÌÂÌÓχθÌ˚È? What do you do in your spare time? fi óÂÏ ‚˚ Á‡ÌËχÂÚÂÒ¸ ‚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl? What have I got to do? fi Ä ˜ÚÓ ÏÌ ¢ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ‰Â·ڸ? What's the use of + „ÂÛ̉ËÈ? fi ᇘÂÏ / ä‡ÍÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó?: What's the use of worrying? fi ä‡ÍÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ÔÂÂÊË‚‡Ú¸? Why ~~~~~~? fi ᇘÂÏ / ä‡ÍÓÈ ÒÏ˚ÒÎ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó?: Why worry him? fi ᇘÂÏ ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡Ú¸ „Ó? What is your position on ...? fi ä‡Í ‚˚ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂÒ¸ Í ...? Is that it? fi í‡Í? / è‡‚ËθÌÓ? What if...? fi Ä ˜ÚÓ, ÂÒÎË ...?: What if I refuse? fi Ä ˜ÚÓ, ÂÒÎË fl ÓÚ͇ÊÛÒ¸? Surely you can see that. fi çÂÛÊÂÎË Ú˚ Ì ÔÓÌËχ¯¸? (‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ̇˜Ë̇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ surely ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÏÂ˛Ú Á̇˜ÂÌË ÌÂÛÊÂÎË?): Surely you saw them. fi çÂÛÊÂÎË Ú˚ Ì ‚ˉÂÎ Ëı (ÍÓ̘ÌÓ ÊÂ, Ú˚ Ëı ‚ˉÂÎ, ÌÓ Ì ıӘ¯¸ ÔËÁ̇ڸÒfl)? Are you crazy? / Are you mad? fi í˚ ˜ÚÓ, Ò Ûχ ÒÓ¯ÂÎ? What is taking so long? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú‡Í ‰Ó΄Ó? / óÚÓ Ú‡Í Á‡‰ÂÊË‚‡ÂÚ? What is going on (here)? fi óÚÓ (Á‰ÂÒ¸) ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ? Are you kidding? fi í˚ Òϯ¸Òfl / ¯ÛÚ˯¸ / ËÁ‰Â‚‡Â¯¸Òfl?: — How about one thousand? — Are you kidding? I could do it myself for this money. fi — ä‡Í ̇ҘÂÚ Ú˚Òfl˜Ë? — í˚ ˜ÚÓ, ËÁ‰Â‚‡Â¯¸Òfl? ᇠڇÍË ‰Â̸„Ë fl ÏÓ„ ·˚ ҉·ڸ ˝ÚÓ Ë Ò‡Ï. What makes you think (that) ...? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ‰Ûχ¯¸, ˜ÚÓ ...: What makes you think I was there? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ‰Ûχ¯¸, ˜ÚÓ fl ·˚Î Ú‡Ï? Coming along? fi à‰Â¯¸? / ։¯¸ (ÒÓ ÏÌÓÈ / Ò Ì‡ÏË)?: — Let's go to the bar. — éä. Coming along, Tom? fi — èÓ¯ÎË ‚ ·‡. — ïÓÓ¯Ó. íÓÏ, ‡ Ú˚ ˉ¯¸ (Ò Ì‡ÏË)? What remains to be done? fi óÚÓ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ‰Â·ڸ? Are you getting the picture? fi í˚ ÔÓÌËχ¯¸ (Í ˜ÂÏÛ Ë‰ÂÚ ‰ÂÎÓ / Ó ˜ÂÏ Ë‰ÂÚ ‡Á„Ó‚Ó)? I'm making myseli clear, I take it? fi ü flÒÌÓ ‚˚‡Ê‡˛Ò¸? / ü ÔÓ·„‡˛, Ú· ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ, Ó ˜ÂÏ fl „Ó‚Ó˛. So what? fi çÛ Ë ˜ÚÓ? / çÛ Ë ‚ ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ? ./ çÛ Ë ˜ÚÓ ËÁ ÚÓ„Ó? What did you do? What line of work? fi óÂÏ ‚˚ Á‡ÌËχÎËÒ¸? ä‡ÍÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ (‚˚) ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÎË? Can you be more specific? fi óÚÓ ‚˚ ËÏÂÂÚ ‚ ‚ˉÛ? / óÚÓ ‚˚ ıÓÚËÚ ˝ÚËÏ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸? Why would he do it? What could he have to gain? fi ᇘÂÏ ÂÏÛ ·˚ÎÓ ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ? ë ͇ÍÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÚË? What is this all about? fi Ç ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ? / èÓ Í‡ÍÓÏÛ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û ‚Òfl ˝Ú‡ ÍÛÚÂ¸Ï‡? Who are they to judge us? fi äÚÓ ÓÌË Ú‡ÍËÂ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÒÛ‰ËÚ¸ ̇Ò? What gave you that idea? fi óÚÓ Ì‡‚ÂÎÓ Ú·fl ̇ ˝ÚÛ Ï˚Òθ? No fooling? fi ëÂ¸ÂÁÌÓ? / í˚ Ì ¯ÛÚ˯¸? Does it enter your mind that...? fi í· ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔËıÓ‰ËÎÓ ‚ „ÓÎÓ‚Û, ˜ÚÓ ...? 172

But supposing... what then? fi çÓ, Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÏ,..., ˜ÚÓ ÚÓ„‰‡?: But supposing she did marry him — what then? fi çÓ, Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÏ, Ó̇ ‚˚¯Î‡ Á‡ ÌÂ„Ó Á‡ÏÛÊ, ˜ÚÓ ÚÓ„‰‡? The question now is, ...? fi ÇÓÔÓÒ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ‚ ÚÓÏ, ...?: The question now is, what are you going to do about all this? fi ÇÓÔÓÒ ÒÂȘ‡Ò ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ ÒÓ·Ë‡Â¯¸Òfl ‰Â·ڸ ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏ ˝ÚËÏ? So what's the hitch? fi í‡Í ‚ ˜ÂÏ Ê Á‡„‚ÓÁ‰Í‡? Would you rather we spoke English? fi åÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, Ì‡Ï ÎÛ˜¯Â „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÔÓ-‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË? What is your point? fi Ç ˜ÂÏ Á‡Íβ˜‡ÂÚÒfl Ú‚Ófl ˉÂfl? Can you manage it? fi ëÔ‡‚˯¸Òfl Ú˚ Ò ˝ÚËÏ?: I want to know who enters, who leaves, and where they go. Can you manage it? fi ü ıÓ˜Û Á̇ڸ, ÍÚÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚ, ÍÚÓ ÛıÓ‰ËÚ, Ë ÍÛ‰‡ ÓÌË Ì‡Ô‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl. ëÔ‡‚˯¸Òfl? Do you think I don't know what's been going on behind my back? fi ÑÛχ¯¸, fl Ì Á̇˛, ˜ÚÓ Ú‚ÓËÚÒfl Û ÏÂÌfl Á‡ ÒÔËÌÓÈ? What is it to you? fi Ä Ú·Â-ÚÓ ˜ÚÓ? / ä‡ÍÓ Ú· ‰ÂÎÓ? What's the hold-up? fi ᇠ˜ÂÏ ‰ÂÎÓ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ? / Ç ˜ÂÏ Á‡‰ÂÊ͇? How long did you hold office? / How long have you held office? fi ä‡Í ‰ÓÎ„Ó ‚˚ Á‡ÌËχÎË / Á‡ÌËχÂÚ ˝ÚÛ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚ¸? Why not do smth. while we are about it? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ·˚ Ì‡Ï Ì ҉·ڸ Á‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó Â˘Â?: Why not ask for $100 while you are about it? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ ·˚ Ú· Á‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ì ÔÓÔÓÒËÚ¸ 100 ‰ÓηÓ‚? Can you give me a little on account? fi åÓÊÂÚ ÎË ‚˚ ‰‡Ú¸ ÏÌ Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ Á‡‰‡ÚÓÍ? How do you account for doing smth.? fi ä‡Í ‚˚ Ó·˙flÒÌËÚ / ÏÓÊÂÚ ӷ˙flÒÌËÚ¸ Ò‚ÓË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl?: How do you account for being late? fi ä‡Í ‚˚ Ó·˙flÒÌËÚ ҂Ó ÓÔÓÁ‰‡ÌËÂ? How can you be sure? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ Ú‡Í Û‚ÂÂÌ? — For sure? — For sure. fi — í˚ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ Û‚ÂÂÌ (‚ ˝ÚÓÏ)? — Ä·ÒÓβÚÌÓ. What are you going to be when you grow up? fi äÂÏ Ú˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚˚‡ÒÚ¯¸? Is that why / where / what / ...? fi í‡Í ‚ÓÚ ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ / „‰Â / ˜ÚÓ / ...?: Is that why they didn't invite us? fi í‡Í ‚ÓÚ ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ ÓÌË Ì Ô˄·ÒËÎË Ì‡Ò. Is that where you were? fi í‡Í ‚ÓÚ „‰Â Ú˚ ·˚Î. / í‡Í Ú˚ ·˚Î Ú‡Ï? Why is it ...? fi Ç ˜ÂÏ Ô˘Ë̇ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ..,?: Why is it you don't like me? fi çÛ ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ fl Ú· Ì Ì‡‚Î˛Ò¸? — What difference does it make? — It makes a good deal of difference. fi — ä‡Í‡fl ‡ÁÌˈ‡? — ÅÓθ¯‡fl. Can you spare me a few minutes? fi Ç˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ ۉÂÎËÚ¸ ÏÌ .ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏËÌÛÚ? Have you got a pencil to spare? fi ì ‚‡Ò ÌÂÚ Î˯ÌÂ„Ó Í‡‡Ì‰‡¯‡? Are you out of your mind? fi í˚ ‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ÛÏÂ? How so? fi ä‡Í ˝ÚÓ?

35. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ Ù‡Á˚ / ÒÎÓ‚‡ / ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ„Ó (‰ÓÔÓÎÌfl˛˘Â„Ó /ÔÓflÒÌfl˛˘Â„Ó / ÍÓÏÏÂÌÚËÛ˛˘Â„Ó) ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡. åÓ„ÛÚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl Í‡Í ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ Ì‡˜‡ÎÂ, Ú‡Í ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌÂ Ë ‚ ÍÓ̈ Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl. It goes without saying ... fi ë‡ÏÓ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‡ÁÛÏÂÂÚÒfl... It goes without saying that he is a good driver.fi ë‡ÏÓ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‡ÁÛÏÂÂÚÒfl, ÓÌ ıÓÓ¯ËÈ ‚Ó‰ËÚÂθ. I'll bet... fi Ÿ˛Ò¸ Ó· Á‡Í·‰, ... I'll bet you know this woman.fi Ÿ˛Ò¸ Ó· Á‡Í·‰, Ú˚ Á̇¯¸ ˝ÚÛ ÊÂÌ˘ËÌÛ. 173

Tell you what, ... fi á̇¯¸, ˜ÚÓ fl Ò͇ÊÛ Ú· ... ... at the most. fi Ò‡ÏÓ ·Óθ¯Â He's got 10 thousand at the most.fi ì ÌÂ„Ó Ò‡ÏÓ ·Óθ¯Â 10 Ú˚Òfl˜. ..., for smb.'s part, ... fi ..., ÒÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚, ...: She, for her part, will help us.fi é̇, ÒÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚, ÔÓÏÓÊÂÚ Ì‡Ï. ... if memory serves fi ÂÒÎË ÏÌ Ì ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚ Ô‡ÏflÚ¸ Most likely, ... fi ëÍÓÂÈ ‚Ò„Ó, ... Most likely, you will go to prison. fi ëÍÓÂÈ ‚Ò„Ó, Ú˚ ÓÚÔ‡‚˯¸Òfl ‚ Ú˛¸ÏÛ. For the rest, ... fi óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÒڇθÌÓ„Ó, ...: For the rest, it was very good. fi óÚÓ Í‡Ò‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÒڇθÌÓ„Ó, ÚÓ ‚Ò ·˚ÎÓ Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯Ó. For Christ's/God's/goodness' sake ...fi ê‡‰Ë ÅÓ„‡, .../ê‡‰Ë ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ò‚flÚÓ„Ó, ... For Christ's sake, leave me alone. fi ê‡‰Ë ÅÓ„‡, ÓÒÚ‡‚¸ ÏÂÌfl ‚ ÔÓÍÓÂ. ..., but that's not the point. fi .... ÌÓ ‰ÂÎÓ / ÒÛÚ¸ Ì ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ.: I have already paid all the money I owed him, but that's not the point. fi ü ÛÊ ‚˚Ô·ÚËÎ ÂÏÛ ‚ÂÒ¸ ‰Ó΄, ÌÓ ÒÛÚ¸ Ì ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ. If I understand correctly,... fi ÖÒÎË fl Ô‡‚ËθÌÓ (‚‡Ò) ÔÓÌflÎ,... ... by and large ... fi ..., ‚ÓÓ·˘Â „Ó‚Ófl, ...: ç has long since decided that all physical activity is by and large a waste of time. fi éÌ ÛÊ ‰‡‚ÌÓ Ô˯ÂÎ Í ‚˚‚Ó‰Û, ˜ÚÓ Î˛·‡fl ÙËÁ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸, ‚ÓÓ·˘Â „Ó‚Ófl, ˝ÚÓ ÔÛÒÚ‡fl Ú‡Ú‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. ... and none other. fi ... Ë ÌËÍÚÓ ‰Û„ÓÈ. / ... ÌËÍÓÏÛ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ.: ç has finally decided to divulge his secret to her and none other. fi Ç ÍÓ̈ ÍÓ̈ӂ ÓÌ ¯ËÎ ÔÓÒ‚flÚËÚ¸ ‚ Ò‚ÓÈ ÒÂÍÂÚ ÚÓθÍÓ ÂÂ, Ë ÌËÍÓ„Ó ‰Û„Ó„Ó. ... in the long run. fi ... ‚ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÏ Ò˜ÂÚ ...: If something goes kaput, call a plumber or a carpenter or an electrician. It's cheaper in the long run. Professional maintenance, I mean. fi ÖÒÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÌË·Û‰¸ ‚˚ȉÂÚ ËÁ ÒÚÓfl, ‚˚Á˚‚‡È Ò‡ÌÚÂıÌË͇ ËÎË ÒÚÓÎfl‡, ËÎË ˝ÎÂÍÚË͇. Ç ÍÓ̘ÌÓÏ Ò˜ÂÚÂ, Ú‡Í ‰Â¯Â‚ÎÂ. ü Ëϲ ‚ ‚ˉÛ, ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌÓ ӷÒÎÛÊË‚‡ÌËÂ. In either event, ... fi èË Î˛·ÓÏ ‡ÒÍ·‰Â ... / ä‡Í ·˚ ÌË ‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl ...: In either event, there Was nothing he could do about it. fi èË Î˛·ÓÏ ‡ÒÍ·‰Â ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó ÛÊ ÔÓ˜ÚË ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì Á‡‚ËÒÂÎÓ. ..., to be precise. fi ..., ÂÒÎË ·˚Ú¸ ÚÓ˜Ì˚Ï. ..., shall we say. fi ë͇ÊÂÏ Ú‡Í, ...: ç is of very little help, shall we say. fi ë͇ÊÂÏ Ú‡Í, ÚÓÎÍÛ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó Ï‡ÎÓ. Let's say ... fi ë͇ÊÂÏ, ... : — Where is the money? — Let's say I lost it. fi — ɉ ‰Â̸„Ë? — ë͇ÊÂÏ, fl ÔÓÚÂflÎ Ëı. For your information,... fi ä ‚‡¯ÂÏÛ Ò‚Â‰ÂÌ˲, ... ..., if you will. fi ..., ÂÒÎË ıÓÚËÚÂ.: Your recent activities are very much my concern. Our concern, if you will. fi LJ¯Ë ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ò Ì‰‡‚ÌËı ÔÓ — ÏÓfl Á‡·ÓÚ‡. 燯‡ Á‡·ÓÚ‡, ÂÒÎË ıÓÚËÚÂ. íÓ be frank,... fi ÖÒÎË ˜ÂÒÚÌÓ, ... Assuming... fi ÖÒÎË ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ,..: Assuming you are right, and I don't for an instant concede that you are, what makes you think they'll tell you that? fi ÖÒÎË ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ú˚ Ô‡‚, ıÓÚfl fl Ó˜Â̸ ‰‡ÎÂÍ ÓÚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ Ï˚ÒÎË, ÔÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ‰Ûχ¯¸, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË Ò͇ÊÛÚ Ú· ˝ÚÓ? ..., if you see what I mean. fi ..., ÂÒÎË ‚˚ ÔÓÌËχÂÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ fl Ëϲ ‚ ‚ˉÛ. As it turned out, ... fi ä‡Í Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, ...: 174

And as it turned out, she was very right. fi à Í‡Í Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸, Ó̇ ·˚· Ó˜Â̸ Ô‡‚‡. ..., to put it kindly. fi åfl„ÍÓ „Ó‚Ófl, ... ..., presumably. fi .... ÔÓ·„‡˛.: — What will she be doing there? — Waiting for her husband's call, presumably. I have my doubts, though. fi — óÚÓ Ó̇ ÒÓ·Ë‡ÂÚÒfl ‰Â·ڸ Ú‡Ï? — ܉‡Ú¸ Á‚ÓÌ͇ ÓÚ ÏÛʇ, ÔÓ·„‡˛. ïÓÚfl, Û ÏÂÌfl ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÓÏÌÂÌËfl ̇ ˝ÚÓÚ Ò˜ÂÚ. All in all, ... fi Ç Ó·˘ÂÏ Ë ˆÂÎÓÏ, ... : All in all, I could not have asked for a better place of living. => Ç Ó·˘ÂÏ Ë ˆÂÎÓÏ, fl Ì ÏÓ„ Ë Ï˜ڇڸ 6 ÎÛ˜¯ÂÏ ÊËθÂ. ... , at the outside,... fi ... , Ò‡ÏÓ ·Óθ¯Â / ÔÓÁ‰ÌÂÂ, ...: He will be here later this evening or, at the outside, early tomorrow morning. fi éÌ ·Û‰ÂÚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ Ò„ӉÌfl ‚˜ÂÓÏ ËÎË, Ò‡ÏÓ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÂÂ, Á‡‚Ú‡ ‡ÌÓ ÛÚÓÏ. I'll stay there five minutes maybe, ten at the outside. fi ü ÔÓ·Û‰Û Ú‡Ï ÏËÌÛÚ ÔflÚ¸, Ò‡ÏÓ ·Óθ¯ÂÂ, ‰ÂÒflÚ¸. ...at the latest. fi ... Ò‡ÏÓ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÂÂ.: I'll be back at the hotel by noon. One at the latest. fi ü ‚ÂÌÛÒ¸ ‚ „ÓÒÚËÌËˆÛ Í ÔÓÎÛ‰Ì˛. ë‡ÏÓ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÂÂ, Í ˜‡ÒÛ. ..., and so forth and so on. fi ... Ë Ú‡Í ‰‡ÎÂÂ, Ë ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÂ. ... , so to speak. fi ..., Ú‡Í Ò͇Á‡Ú¸. ... , of what I am certain. fi ..., ‚ ˜ÂÏ fl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Û‚ÂÂÌ.; They were not even going to help us, of what I am certain. fi éÌË ‰‡ÊÂ Ë Ì ÒÓ·Ë‡ÎËÒ¸ ÔÓÏÓ„‡Ú¸ ̇Ï, ‚ ˜ÂÏ fl ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ Û‚ÂÂÌ. .., and I hazard the guess that ... fi ... Ë fl ËÒÍÌÛ ‚˚Ò͇Á‡Ú¸ ‰Ó„‡‰ÍÛ / Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ ... ... and,~fortunately or otherwise, ... fi ... Ë, Í Ò˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ ËÎË Í ÌÂÒ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛, ...: And, fortunately or otherwise, all they have a number of things in common. => à, Í Ò˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ ËÎË Í ÌÂÒ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛, Û ‚ÒÂı ÌËı ÂÒÚ¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ó·˘Ëı ˜ÂÚ. ..., for that matter,... fi ..., ÂÒÎË ÛÊ Ì‡ ÚÓ ÔÓ¯ÎÓ, ... : For that matter, what has he been doing in London? fi ÖÒÎË ÛÊ Ì‡ ÚÓ ÔÓ¯ÎÓ, ˜ÂÏ ÓÌ Ú‡Í ‰ÓÎ„Ó Á‡ÌËχÂÚÒfl ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌÂ? I don't want any harm to come to him, understand? Or to you, for that matter. fi ü Ì ıÓ˜Û Ô˘ËÌflÚ¸ ÂÏÛ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ‚‰‡, ÔÓÌflÚÌÓ? àÎË Ú·Â, ÂÒÎË ÛÊ Ì‡ ÚÓ ÔÓ¯ÎÓ. ..., so there. fi ..., Ú‡Í-ÚÓ ‚ÓÚ. ..., and rightly so. fi .... Ë no-Ô‡‚Û.: ç was a man enormously feared in criminal circles, and rightly so.. fi ùÚÓ ·˚Î ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Ó˜Â̸ ·ÓflÎËÒ¸ ‚ ÍËÏË̇θÌÓÏ ÏËÂ, Ë no-Ô‡‚Û. .◊, in a manner of speaking, ... fi ..., ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÂ, ...: They are affiliated with the government, in a manner of speaking, but loosely. fi éÌË, ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÂ, Ò‚flÁ‡Ì˚ Ò Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ, ÌÓ Ì ÚÂÒÌÓ. By the way,... fi äÒÚ‡ÚË, ...: And where is your husband, by the way? fi äÒÚ‡ÚË, „‰Â ‚‡¯ ÏÛÊ? ... , which is more probable. fi ..., ˜ÚÓ ·ÓΠ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ. ... , so that is that. fi ..., Ú‡Í-ÚÓ ‚ÓÚ. / ..., Ú‡ÍË ‚ÓÚ ‰Â·. / ..., ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÔӉ·¯¸. In truth,... fi èÓ Ô‡‚‰Â „Ó‚Ófl, ... íÓ put it bluntly,... / Frankly speaking,... fi óÂÒÚÌÓ „Ó‚Ófl,...: To put it bluntly, I feel lost. fi óÂÒÚÌÓ „Ó‚Ófl, fl ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Û˛ Ò·fl ÔÓÚÂflÌÌ˚Ï. ... , and the like. fi ... Ë ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÂ.: She believes in country, government. God, and the like. fi é̇ ‚ÂËÚ ‚ ÒÚ‡ÌÛ, ‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÅÓ„‡ Ë ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÂ. At any rate, ... fi ÇÓ ‚ÒflÍÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ...: 175

Indeed, ... / In fact ... fi î‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË, ... / ç‡ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂÎÂ, ... You see,... fi ÇˉËÚ ÎË, ... Needless to say,... fi çÂÚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ... I bet... fi Ÿ˛Ò¸ Ó· Á‡Í·‰, ... The thing is, ... fi ÑÂÎÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ... For all I know,... fi ç‡ÒÍÓθÍÓ fl Á̇˛, ... It's odd, isn't it,... fi ëÚ‡ÌÌÓ, Ì Ô‡‚‰‡ ÎË, ... Mind you,... fi á‡ÔÓÏÌË, ... / èÓÈÏË, ... Here, ... fi (çÛ) ㇉ÌÓ, ... (‰Îfl Ô˂ΘÂÌËfl ‚ÌËχÌËfl Ë Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÏÂÌ˚ ÚÂÏ˚ ‡Á„Ó‚Ó‡): Here, let me inform you on ... fi ㇉ÌÓ, ÚÂÔÂ¸ ÔÓÁ‚ÓθÚ ÏÌ ÒÓÓ·˘ËÚ¸ ‚‡Ï Ó ... Shortly after ... fi ÇÒÍÓ ÔÓÒΠ... ... , no matter what. fi ... ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ÌË Ì‡ ˜ÚÓ / ÌË ÔË Í‡ÍËı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ı,...: I'm never going to get a divorce, no matter what. fi ü ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì ÔÓÎÛ˜Û ‡Á‚Ó‰, ÌË ÔË Í‡ÍËı Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ı. ... or something. fi ... ËÎË ˜ÚÓ-ÚÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ Ó‰Â. ... , in smb.'s time. fi Ç Ò‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ...: I never did well in school, either, in my time. fi Ç Ò‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl fl ÚÓÊ Ì ·ÎËÒڇΠ‚ ¯ÍÓÎÂ. After all, ... fi Ç ÍÓ̈ ÍÓ̈ӂ, ... Sad as it is, ... fi ä‡Í ˝ÚÓ ÌË Ô˜‡Î¸ÌÓ, ... According to smb., ... fi èÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡Ï ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó, ... ... — what is the right word to use? — ... fi ... — Í‡Í ·˚ ˝ÚÓ ÔÓÚӘ̠‚˚‡ÁËÚ¸Òfl? — ... On the other hand,... fi ë ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚, ...

36. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËfl, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÂÒfl ÔË ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËË Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ‚ ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ ˜Ë. to pick on smb. fi ÔӉ͇Î˚‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ÔˉË‡Ú¸Òfl: Why do you pick on me? fi èÓ˜ÂÏÛ Ú˚ ÔˉË‡Â¯¸Òfl ÍÓ ÏÌÂ? to walk out on smb. fi ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ (‚ ·Â‰Â / ·ÂÁ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë); ËÁÏÂÌËÚ¸ ‚ ÒÛÔÛÊÂÒÚ‚Â: ç walked out on her, and was having an affair with her best friend. fi éÌ ËÁÏÂÌËÎ ÂÈ Ë Á‡‚ÂÎ ÓÏ‡Ì Ò Â ÎÛ˜¯ÂÈ ÔÓ‰Û„ÓÈ. to be up fi Ì ÎÓÊËÚ¸Òfl ÒÔ‡Ú¸: She is up until two o'clock every day. fi é̇ Ì ÎÓÊËÚÒfl ÒÔ‡Ú¸ ‰Ó ‰‚Ûı ˜‡ÒÓ‚. to work weekends fi ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ÔÓ ‚˚ıÓ‰Ì˚Ï; to take smth. for granted fi ÔËÌËχڸ Í‡Í Ò‡ÏÓ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‡ÁÛϲ˘ËÈÒfl Ù‡ÍÚ (Ú‡Í Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸): You have to take it for granted. fi í˚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔËÌËχڸ ˝ÚÓ Í‡Í ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÂ. to have in mind fi ËÏÂÚ¸ ‚ ‚Ë‰Û (ıÓÚÂÚ¸ Ò͇Á‡Ú¸): What do you have in mind? fi óÚÓ Ú˚ Ëϯ¸ ‚ ‚ˉÛ? to make up one's mind to do smth. fi ÔËÌflÚ¸ ¯ÂÌË / ¯ËÚ¸ ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: I have made up my mind to stay. fi ü ¯ËÎ ÓÒÚ‡Ú¸Òfl. to catch a disease / cold / virus / ... fi Á‡·ÓÎÂÚ¸ / Á‡‡ÁËÚ¸Òfl: He caught a fever. fi éÌ Òı‚‡ÚËÎ ÎËıÓ‡‰ÍÛ. to catch the bus / train / ... fi ÛÒÔÂÚ¸ ̇ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ: I didn't catch the bus. fi ü ÓÔÓÁ‰‡Î / Ì ÛÒÔÂΠ̇ ‡‚ÚÓ·ÛÒ. 176

the last / final straw fi ÔÓÒΉÌflfl ͇ÔÎfl (ÔÂÂÔÓÎÌË‚¯‡fl ˜‡¯Û ÚÂÔÂÌËfl): The final straw was a telephone call from Moscow. fi èÓÒΉÌÂÈ Í‡ÔÎÂÈ ·˚Î ÚÂÎÂÙÓÌÌ˚È Á‚ÓÌÓÍ ËÁ åÓÒÍ‚˚. to put oneself into my / smb.'s place fi ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ò·fl ̇ ÏÓ / ˜¸Â-ÎË·Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ: Put yourself into my place. fi èÓÒÚ‡‚¸ Ò·fl ̇ ÏÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ. to catch smb. red-handed fi ÔÓÈχڸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ò ÔÓ΢Ì˚Ï: She was caught red-handed. fi Ö ÔÓÈχÎË Ò ÔÓ΢Ì˚Ï. to get along with smb. fi ÛÊËÚ¸Òfl Ò ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I don't get along with my mother-in-law. fi ü ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÏÓ„Û ÛÊËÚ¸Òfl ÒÓ Ò‚ÂÍÓ‚¸˛ / Ú¢ÂÈ. to pick smb. up fi Á‡ÈÚË / Á‡Âı‡Ú¸ Á‡ ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I'll pick you up at 10. fi ü Á‡Â‰Û Á‡ ÚÓ·ÓÈ ‚ 10 ˜‡ÒÓ‚. to drop by fi Á‡„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ / Á‡ÒÍÓ˜ËÚ¸ (̇ ÏËÌÛÚÓ˜ÍÛ): Would you mind to drop by to see my house? fi åÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸, Á‡„Îfl̯¸ ͇Í-ÌË·Û‰¸ ̇ ÏËÌÛÚÓ˜ÍÛ ÔÓÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ÏÓÈ ‰ÓÏ? to drop in on smb. (at some place) fi Á‡„ÎflÌÛÚ¸ / Á‡ÒÍÓ˜ËÚ¸ Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó (ÍÛ‰‡-ÎË·Ó): I dropped in on him at the office. fi ü Á‡ÒÍÓ˜ËÎ Í ÌÂÏÛ ‚ ÓÙËÒ. on sight fi Ò ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡: She hated me on sight. fi é̇ ‚ÓÁÌÂ̇‚ˉ· ÏÂÌfl Ò ÔÂ‚Ó„Ó ‚Á„Îfl‰‡. to make a good / bad impression on smb. fi ÔÓËÁ‚ÂÒÚË ıÓӯ / ÔÎÓıÓ ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎÂÌË ̇ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó: Did I make a good impression on him? fi ü ÔÓËÁ‚· ̇ ÌÂ„Ó ıÓӯ ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎÂÌËÂ? down payment fi Á‡ÎÓ„; balloon payment fi ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓÍ: Here is the down payment, and you'll get the balloon payment later. fi ÇÓÚ Á‡ÎÓ„, ‡ ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓÍ ‚˚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ ÔÓÁÊÂ. to drive smb. to smth. fi ‰Ó‚ÂÒÚË ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‰Ó ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó: ç could drive me to suicide. fi éÌ ÏÓ„ ‰Ó‚ÂÒÚË ÏÂÌfl ‰Ó Ò‡ÏÓÛ·ËÈÒÚ‚‡. to have nothing to do with smb. / smth. fi Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: I have nothing to do with this. fi ü Ì Ëϲ Í ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. to count on smb. / smth. fi ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ ̇ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: You may count on me. fi åÓʯ¸ ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸ ̇ ÏÂÌfl. to pay cash fi Ô·ÚËÚ¸ ̇΢Ì˚ÏË: He always pays cash. fi éÌ ‚Ò„‰‡ Ô·ÚËÚ Ì‡Î˘Ì˚ÏË. to be on a winning / losing streak fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ÔÓÎÓÒ ‚ÂÁÂÌËfl / Ì‚ÂÁÂÌËfl: I have been on a winning / losing streak lately. fi Ç ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚ÂÏfl ÏÌ ‚ÂÁÂÚ / Ì ‚ÂÁÂÚ. to be running out of time / money / ... fi ÍÓ̘‡Ú¸Òfl / ·˚Ú¸ ̇ ËÒıÓ‰Â: We are running out of money. fi ì Ì‡Ò ÍÓ̘‡˛ÚÒfl ‰Â̸„Ë. to see no point in doing smth. fi Ì ‚ˉÂÚ¸ ÒÏ˚Ò· ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ... : I see no point in buying this house. fi ü Ì ‚ËÊÛ ÒÏ˚Ò· ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡Ú¸ ˝ÚÓÚ ‰ÓÏ. to make a good / excellent smth. fi ÒÚ‡Ú¸ / ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸Òfl: She will make an excellent wife for you. fi é̇ ·Û‰ÂÚ Ú· ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ÊÂÌÓÈ. You could make a good driver. fi í˚ ÏÓ„ ·˚ ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ıÓÓ¯ËÏ ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÏ. on purpose fi ̇Ó˜ÌÓ / ÛÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓ: Did you do it on purpose? fi í˚ Ò‰Â·Π˝ÚÓ Ì‡Ó˜ÌÓ? to pay smb. whatever one figures to be fair fi Á‡Ô·ÚËÚ¸ ÒÚÓθÍÓ, ÒÍÓθÍÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÌÓχθÌ˚Ï: Pay me whatever you figure is fair. fi á‡Ô·ÚËÚ ÒÚÓθÍÓ, ÒÍÓθÍÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÌÛÊÌ˚Ï / ÌÓχθÌ˚Ï. to be on a drunk fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ Á‡ÔÓÂ: ç looked like he had been on a drunk for several days. fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ·˚Î Ú‡ÍÓÈ ‚ˉ, ·Û‰ÚÓ ÓÌ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‰ÌÂÈ Ì ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÎ ËÁ Á‡ÔÓfl. 177

to take the day-off fi ·‡Ú¸ ÓÚ„ÛÎ; to take smth. at face value fi ÔËÌËχڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó Á‡ ˜ËÒÚÛ˛ ÏÓÌÂÚÛ: ç took it at face value and here we are. fi éÌ ÔËÌflÎ ˝ÚÓ Á‡ ˜ËÒÚÛ˛ ÏÓÌÂÚÛ, Ë ‚ÓÚ Í‡Í ‚Ò ӷÂÌÛÎÓÒ¸. in the strict sense of the word fi ‚ ÔflÏÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒΠÒÎÓ‚‡: She was on the verge of killing him' in the strict sense of the word. fi é̇ ˜ÛÚ¸ Ì ۷Ë· „Ó, ‚ ÔflÏÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒΠÒÎÓ‚‡. to be all / completely at sea fi ÔÎÓıÓ ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl / ÒÓÓ·‡Ê‡Ú¸: I was all at sea when I began my job. fi ü Ó˜Â̸ ÔÎÓıÓ ÒÓÓ·‡Ê‡Î, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡˜‡Î ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸. to make a guess fi ‰Ó„‡‰˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl: I couldn't even make a guess. fi ü ‰‡Ê Ì ‰Ó„‡‰˚‚‡ÎÒfl. to be on smb.'s way fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ÔÛÚË: They are on their way to London. fi ëÂȘ‡Ò ÓÌË Ì‡Ô‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚ ãÓ̉ÓÌ. — Come here! — I'm on my way. fi — à‰Ë Ò˛‰‡! — (ìÊÂ) à‰Û. to be in smb.'s way fi ϯ‡Ú¸ / ÒÚÓflÚ¸ ̇ ÔÛÚË: You are in my way. fi í˚ Ï̠ϯ‡Â¯¸. to have a heart-to-heart talk fi ÔÓ„Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÔÓ ‰Û¯‡Ï; to take / to catch smb. by surprise fi Á‡ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‚‡ÒÔÎÓı: They took us by surprise. fi éÌË Á‡ÒÚ‡ÎË Ì‡Ò ‚‡ÒÔÎÓı. to be anxious to do smth. fi Ì ÚÂÔÂÚ¸Òfl ҉·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: I'm anxious to see them. fi åÌ Ì ÚÂÔËÚÒfl ۂˉÂÚ¸ Ëı. to be anxious about / for / over smb. / smth. fi ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓËÚ¸Òfl / Ú‚ÓÊËÚ¸Òfl Ó ÍÓÏ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I'm anxious for his safety. fi ü ·ÂÒÔÓÍÓ˛Ò¸, Í‡Í ·˚ Ò ÌËÏ ˜Â„Ó Ì ÒÎÛ˜ËÎÓÒ¸. to be at one's best fi ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ̇ËÎÛ˜¯ÂÈ ÙÓÏÂ: Most people are not at their best in the morning. fi åÌÓ„Ë β‰Ë ÔÓ ÛÚ‡Ï ¢ Ì ‚ ÎÛ˜¯ÂÈ ÙÓÏÂ. to do smth. of one's own free will fi ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÔÓ ‰Ó·ÓÈ ‚ÓÎÂ: Nobody will do that of his own free will. fi ÑÓ·Ó‚ÓθÌÓ Ì‡ ˝ÚÓ ÌËÍÚÓ Ì ÔÓȉÂÚ. to hate smb. / smth. to the very core of one's soul fi ÌÂ̇‚ˉÂÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ‰Ó „ÎÛ·ËÌ˚ ‰Û¯Ë: She had grown up with her cousin and hated him to the very core of her soul. fi é̇ ‚˚ÓÒ· ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ‰‚Ó˛Ó‰Ì˚Ï ·‡ÚÓÏ Ë ÌÂ̇‚ˉ· Â„Ó ‰Ó „ÎÛ·ËÌ˚ ‰Û¯Ë. to be (completely) under smb.'s spell fi ̇ıÓ‰ËÚ¸Òfl (ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛) ÔÓ‰ ˜¸ËÏ-ÎË·Ó ‚ÎËflÌËÂÏ: She is completely under his spell. fi é̇ ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÔÓ‰ Â„Ó ‚ÎËflÌËÂÏ. to decide against smth. / doing smth. fi ÔËÌflÚ¸ ¯ÂÌË Ì ‰Â·ڸ ˜Â„Ó-ÎË·Ó: She considered discussing it with her husband but decided against it. fi é̇ ıÓÚ· Ó·ÒÛ‰ËÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ Ò ÏÛÊÂÏ, ÌÓ ¯Ë· Ì ‰Â·ڸ ˝ÚÓ„Ó. to point-blank refuse to do smth. fi ÓÚ͇Á‡Ú¸Òfl ̇ÓÚÂÁ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: She was a little surprised when he point-blank refused to go. fi é̇ ·˚· ÌÂÏÌÓ„Ó Û‰Ë‚ÎÂ̇, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÌ Ì‡ÓÚÂÁ ÓÚ͇Á‡ÎÒfl Âı‡Ú¸. not to mind in the least fi Ì ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡Ú¸ ÌË ‚ χÎÂȯÂÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË: Some of them were very tired, but no one minded in the least. fi çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ËÁ ÌËı ·˚ÎË Ó˜Â̸ ÛÒÚ‡Î˚Â, ÌÓ ÌËÍÚÓ ÌË ‚ χÎÂȯÂÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ì ‚ÓÁ‡Ê‡Î. to put smb. in a bad light fi ‚˚ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‚ ÔÎÓıÓÏ Ò‚ÂÚÂ: She told herself, she must not create any ill will that might put the whole family in a bad light.fi é̇ Ò͇Á‡Î‡ Ò·Â, ˜ÚÓ Ì ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÔÓfl‚ÎflÚ¸ ‚‡Ê‰Â·ÌÓÒÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì ‚˚ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ‚Ò˛ ÒÂϸ˛ ‚ ÔÎÓıÓÏ Ò‚ÂÚÂ. to go about one's chorus fi Á‡ÌËχڸÒfl ‰Óχ¯ÌÂÈ ‡·ÓÚÓÈ: She worked very hard at remaining cheerful and matter-of-fact as she went about her chorus. fi á‡ÌËχflÒ¸ ‰Óχ¯ÌËÏË ‰Â·ÏË, Ó̇ Ó˜Â̸ Ò‰ÂÊË‚‡Î‡ Ò·fl, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÊËÁÌÂ‡‰ÓÒÚÌÓÈ Ë ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ. 178

to drive a wedge between smb. fi ‚·Ë‚‡Ú¸ ÍÎËÌ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó Ë ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: I'm not driving a wedge between you. fi ü ‚Ó‚Ò Ì Ô˚Ú‡˛Ò¸ ‚·ËÚ¸ ÍÎËÌ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‚‡ÏË. such a turn of events fi Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÔÓ‚ÓÓÚ ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ: She could well imagine his reaction to such a turn of events. fi é̇ Ïӄ· ıÓÓ¯Ó Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ÒÂ·Â Â„Ó Â‡ÍˆË˛ ̇ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÔÓ‚ÓÓÚ ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ. to hold oneself in check fi Ò‰ÂÊË‚‡Ú¸Òfl: She held herself in check, though she longed to run to him. fi é̇ Ò‰ÂÊË‚‡Î‡ Ò·fl, ıÓÚfl ÂÈ Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÚÂÎÓÒ¸ ·ÓÒËÚ¸Òfl Í ÌÂÏÛ. to have the blues fi ı‡Ì‰ËÚ¸: You've got the blues — that's what's wrong with you. fi Ha Ú·fl ̇¯Î‡ ı‡Ì‰‡ — ‚ÓÚ ˜ÚÓ Ò ÚÓ·ÓÈ. to count / not to count fi ËÏÂÚ¸ Á̇˜ÂÌË / Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl: Where you live doesn't count, or how you dress. fi ɉ Ú˚ Ê˂¯¸ Ë Í‡Í Ó‰Â‚‡Â¯¸Òfl, Á̇˜ÂÌËfl Ì ËÏÂÂÚ. every minute counts. fi ͇ʉ‡fl ÏËÌÛÚ‡ ‰ÓÓ„‡. to have the knack of smth. / for doing smth. fi ̇ۘËÚ¸Òfl ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó / ÛÏÂÚ¸ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: At first he was awkward, but soon he had the knack of it. fi èÓ̇˜‡ÎÛ Û ÌÂ„Ó Ì ӘÂ̸ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÎÓÒ¸, ÌÓ ‚ÒÍÓ ÓÌ Ì‡Û˜ËÎÒfl ˝ÚÓÏÛ. Are you sure your sister has the knack for baby-sitting? fi Ä Ú˚ Û‚ÂÂÌ, ˜ÚÓ Ú‚Ófl ÒÂÒÚ‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ Á‡ ·ÂÌÍÓÏ? to scare smb. out of smb.'s wits fi ̇ÔÛ„‡Ú¸ ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ‰Ó ÒÏÂÚË: First he scared me out of my wits — then he yelled when I tried to help him. fi ë̇˜‡Î‡ ÓÌ ‰Ó ÒÏÂÚË Ì‡ÔÛ„‡Î ÏÂÌfl, ‡ ÔÓÚÓÏ Ì‡˜‡Î Í˘‡Ú¸, ÍÓ„‰‡ fl ÔÓÔ˚ڇ·Ҹ ÔÓÏÓ˜¸ ÂÏÛ. to be in the habit of doing smth. fi ËÏÂÚ¸ ÔË‚˚˜ÍÛ ‰Â·ڸ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó: ç is not in the habit of waiting for me. fi ì ÌÂ„Ó ÌÂÚ ÔË‚˚˜ÍË Ê‰‡Ú¸ ÏÂÌfl. to get into the habit fi Á‡ËÏÂÚ¸ ÔË‚˚˜ÍÛ / ÔË‚˚ÍÌÛÚ¸: Soon he got into the habit of bathing and shaving in the morning. fi ëÍÓÓ ÓÌ ÔË‚˚Í ÔËÌËχڸ ÔÓ ÛÚ‡Ï ‚‡ÌÌÛ Ë ·ËÚ¸Òfl. to be a natural born smth. fi ·˚Ú¸ ÔËÓʉÂÌÌ˚Ï ÍÂÏ-ÎË·Ó: That's because I'm just a natural born driver. fi ùÚÓ ÔÓÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ fl ÔËÓʉÂÌÌ˚È ‚Ó‰ËÚÂθ. to be out of the question fi Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡Ú¸ (ÌË͇ÍËı) ÒÓÏÌÂÌËÈ: The only man I can live with is you, and that is out of the question. fi Ö‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÏÛʘË̇, Ò ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï fl ÏÓ„Û ÊËÚ¸ — Ú˚, Ë ˝ÚÓ Ì ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÒÓÏÌÂÌËÈ. to do smb. disservice fi Ó͇Á‡Ú¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó Ï‰‚Âʸ˛ ÛÒÎÛ„Û: We must consider his welfare above ours or we might do him some great disservice. fi å˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Â„Ó ·Î‡„ÓÒÓÒÚÓflÌË ‚˚¯Â ̇¯Â„Ó, Ë̇˜Â Ï˚ ÏÓÊÂÏ Ó͇Á‡Ú¸ ÂÏÛ Ï‰‚Âʸ˛ ÛÒÎÛ„Û. to have nothing to do with smb. / smth. fi Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Í ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó / ˜ÂÏÛ-ÎË·Ó: His belongings have nothing to do with me. fi Ö„Ó ‚Â˘Ë Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú ÍÓ ÏÌ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. / ü Ì Ëϲ ÌË͇ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Í Â„Ó ‚¢‡Ï. to put an entirely different light on the matter fi Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ‚Ò ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ËÌÓÏ Ò‚ÂÚÂ: The remark about her father suddenly put an entirely different light on that matter. fi á‡Ï˜‡ÌË ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ Â ÓÚˆ‡ ‚‰Û„ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÎÓ ‚Ò ‰ÂÎÓ ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ËÌÓÏ Ò‚ÂÚÂ. to stand smb. in good stead fi ÒÓÒÎÛÊËÚ¸ ÍÓÏÛ-ÎË·Ó ıÓÓ¯Û˛ ÒÎÛÊ·Û: His facility with languages other than his own had stood him in good stead in the past.fi Ö„Ó ‚·‰ÂÌË ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚ÏË flÁ˚͇ÏË ÒÓÒÎÛÊËÎÓ ÂÏÛ ıÓÓ¯Û˛ ÒÎÛÊ·Û ‚ ÔÓ¯ÎÓÏ. My car has stood me in good stead this winter. fi åÓfl χ¯Ë̇ ıÓÓ¯Ó ÔÓÒÎÛÊË· ÏÌ ˝ÚÓÈ ÁËÏÓÈ. to feel smth. in one's bones fi ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ ÒÂ‰ˆÂÏ: It is the very truth, I feel it in my bones. fi óÛÂÚ ÏÓ ÒÂ‰ˆÂ — ˝ÚÓ ˜ËÒÚ‡fl Ô‡‚‰‡. to be a long way from smth. yet fi ·˚Ú¸ ¢ ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ Ì ...: I'm a long way from poor yet.fi ü ¢ ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ Ì ·Â‰ÌflÍ. 179

to be booked (up) fi ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Á‡ÌflÚ˚Ï (Ì ËÏÂÚ¸ ‚ÂÏÂÌË): I'm booked (up) on Wednesday. fi ü ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Á‡ÌflÚ ‚ Ò‰Û.

37. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ ‰ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ / ËÒ͇ÊÂÌÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Á„Ó‚ÓÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÌËÁÍÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl. ain't ¤ am not / is not / are not / have not / has not I ain't going there. fi ü Ì ÔÓÈ‰Û ÚÛ‰‡. We ain't got money. fi ì Ì‡Ò ÌÂÚ ‰ÂÌ„. ain'tcha ¤ ain't you; a'bin ¤ have been; an' ¤ and; anyways ¤ anyway; 'ave / 've / 'a ¤ have; 'appen ¤ happen; 'ere ¤ here; 'ome ¤ home; 'e ¤ he; 'ow ¤ how; awys ¤ orluss ¤ always; a ¤ o' ¤ of; can'tcha ¤ can't you; coulda ¤ could have; coupla ¤ couple of; c'mon ¤ come on; don'tcha ¤ don't you; didja ¤ did you; fella ¤ fellow; fost ¤ first; wok ¤ work; g'night ¤ good night; gimme ¤ give me; g'by ¤ good by; gerrup ¤ get up; gerraway ¤ get away; gon'ta ¤ gonna ¤ to be going to: You gonna stay here long? fi í˚ ÒÓ·Ë‡Â¯¸Òfl ‰ÓÎ„Ó ÔÓ·˚Ú¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸? / í˚ ·Û‰Â¯¸ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‰Ó΄Ó? gotta ¤ have got to; hadda ¤ had to; hellya ¤ hell do you; heah ¤ here; helluva ¤ hell of a; . how'bout ¤ how about; inna ¤ mto; jes' ¤ just; 180

leggo ¤ let go; lemme ¤ let me; les's see ¤ let us see; letcha ¤ let you; me ¤ my: me car / me house / ... mek ¤ make; tek ¤ take; 'member ¤ remember; mistah ¤ mister; musta ¤ must have; 'n' ¤ than; noa ¤ nope ¤ naw ¤ no; on'y ¤ only; oughta ¤ ought to; outa ¤ out of; orright ¤ all right; gerron ¤ get on; sonuvabitch ¤ son of a bitch; so's ¤ so as; 'sail right ¤ it's all right; s'pose ¤ suppose; shuah ¤ sure; shurrup ¤ shut up; speaka ¤ speak to; talka ¤ talk to; tha' ¤ that; they's ¤ there is; tomorra ¤ tomorrow; t'day ¤ today; toucha ¤ touch; puncha ¤ punch: You toucha my car. I puncha your nose. fi ÑÓÚÓ̯¸Òfl ‰Ó χ¯ËÌ˚, ÔÓÎۘ˯¸ ‚ ÌÓÒ. twenny ¤ twenty; thirdy ¤ thirty; toleja ¤ told you; tellya ¤ tell you; usta ¤ used to; wanta ¤ wanna ¤ want to; wi' ¤ with; wun't ¤ won't; 181

whenja ¤ when did you; wudja ¤ what do you /what did you; willya ¤ will you; wuddaya ¤ what do you; ya / ye ¤ you / your; yeah / yeap ¤ yes.

èËÏÂ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ËÒ͇ÊÂÌÌÓÈ Â˜Ë ÌËÁÍÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìfl: — Who the' dell are yet An' why ye brung me 'ere? ¤ Who the devil are you? And why did you bring me here? — I want to ask you some questions and I want truthful answers. Now, tell me what happened just before the ship sank. — Weel, I tell ye, it wam't much different from any other cross-ing, 'cepting it were a rough sea. ¤ Well, I'll tell you. It was not much different from any other crossing, except it was a rough sea. — Was there a fire on board? — Jes' a wee one in one o' the topsails. Warn't none on deck 'til she blew. Then they 'us fire everywhere. ¤ Just a weak one in one of the topsails. Was not any on deck until she blew. Then there was fire everywhere. — What was in the hold? — Gunpowder, a 'course. Helped load 'er meself. 'Ope 'e rots in 'ell who lit it. ¤ Gunpowder, of course. I helped to load her myself. I hope he'll rot in hell who lit it.

ê‡Á‰ÂÎ VI.éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·˚ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ. åÌÓ„Ë ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í ‡ÁÌ˚Ï ˜‡ÒÚflÏ ˜Ë, ıÓÚfl ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ Ì˘ÂÏ Ì ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËË / ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË: like fi Ì‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl like fi ÔÓıÓÊËÈ çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÓÚÌÓÒflÚÒfl Í ‡ÁÌ˚Ï ˜‡ÒÚflÏ Â˜Ë Ë ‡Á΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ (˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó Û‰‡ÂÌËÂÏ), ıÓÚfl ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÌË͇ÍËı ‡Á΢ËË ÌÂÚ: present fi ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ present fi ÔÓ‰‡ÓÍ present fi ‰‡ËÚ¸ Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl, ÓÚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Â„Ó ÂÏÛ „·„Ó· ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÔÓÒΉÌÂ„Ó Òӄ·ÒÌÓ„Ó Á‚Û͇ (Û ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı — „ÎÛıÓÈ, Û „·„ÓÎÓ‚ — Á‚ÓÌÍËÈ). èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Ì·Óθ¯Ë ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË ÒÎÓ‚‡: use [ju:s] — to use [ju:z] bath — to bathe breath — to breathe Ë ‰. — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸ çÓ‚˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÒÛÙÙËÍÒÓ‚ — ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ËÎË ÔÂÙËÍÒÓ‚ — ÒÚ‡‚flÚÒfl ‚ ̇˜‡Î ÒÎÓ‚‡. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰flÚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËË Ë (ÂÊÂ) ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÒÎÓ‚ — ÒÏ. ëÎÓ‚‡¸.

ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚. èË·‡‚ÎÂÌË ÒÛÙÙËÍÒ‡ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ì ÏÂÌflÂÚ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÌÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÔÂÂıÓ‰flÚ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Â˜Ë ‚ ‰Û„Û˛ Ë ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔË‚Ó‰flÚÒfl ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ú¸ÂÈ. àÎË Ê ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÌÓÈ Òڇڸ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl, Ò Í‡ÍËÏ ÒÛÙÙËÍÒÓÏ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‰‡ÌÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó, Ë ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Í ÌÂÏÛ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÛÙÙËÍÒ‡. Ç ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚Í Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚, ÔÓ‰‰‡˛˘ÂÈÒfl ËÁÛ˜ÂÌ˲ Ë ÒÚÓ„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎfl˛˘ÂÈ, ͇ÍÓ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó Ë Ò Í‡ÍËÏ ÒÛÙÙËÍÒÓÏ ÏÓÊÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ „·‚Ì˚Ï ÔÓÏÓ˘ÌËÍÓÏ ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘Â„Ó flÁ˚Í ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ·˚Ú¸ ÒÎÓ‚‡¸. çÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ ‚Ë‰Û Ë Á‚Û˜‡Ì˲, ÌÓ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ‡ÁÌ˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ˜Ë: 182

-„ ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ / ̇Â˜Ë˛ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ (è‡‚ËÎÓ 9) small — smaller easy — easier ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í „·„ÓÎÛ Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ ÚÓ„Ó, ÍÚÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë to drive — driver to teach — teacher ËÎË Ô‰ÏÂÚ, Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ: to mix — mixer to cook — cooker fi ÔÎËÚ‡ ÌÓ ÔÓ‚‡ fi cook ËÌÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔË·‡‚ÎflÚ¸Òfl Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ, Ó·‡ÁÛfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ strange fi ÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚È / ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓÏ˚È — stranger fi ÌÂÁ̇ÍÓψ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË -„ (Ì ÒÛÙÙËÍÒ) copper — ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ teeter — „·„ÓÎ never — ̇˜Ë -ant / -ent ÔË·‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Í „·„ÓÎÛ; ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ to assist—assistant; to study — student Ú‡Í Ë ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ to resist — resistant; to differ — different ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ˝ÚËÏË ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË (Ì ÒÛÙÙËÍÒ) relent — „·„ÓÎ; grant — „·„ÓÎ / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ -Ân ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ wood — wooden gold — golden ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ / ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ „·„ÓÎ wide — widen length — lengthen ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÓ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË -Ân listen — „·„ÓÎ abdomen —.ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ -ly ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓ / ̇˜Ë friend — friendly fi ‰ÛÊÂβ·Ì˚È / ‰ÛÊÂβ·ÌÓ week — weekly fi (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚.) ÂÊẨÂθÌËÍ / ÂÊẨÂθÌ˚È / ÂÊẨÂθÌÓ / Í‡Ê‰Û˛ ̉Âβ ÔË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ Ì‡˜Ë bad — badly recent — recently

ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı. -or collect — collector -ian Russia — Russian (̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸ / ̇Á‚‡ÌË flÁ˚͇) magic-magician -ion (-ation / -sion) product — production to install — installation to prolong — prolongation to divide — division 183

-ese Japan — Japanese (̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸ / ̇Á‚‡ÌË flÁ˚͇) China — Chinese (̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸ / ̇Á‚‡ÌË flÁ˚͇) -ist science — scientist (Ó‰ Á‡ÌflÚËÈ) commune — communist (ÔË‚ÂÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ / ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸ Í (ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ) Ú˜ÂÌ˲) -‡nÒ to resist — resistance -ence to differ — difference -ment to develop — development -ness dark — darkness -hood child — childhood -ism real — realism -ure to press — pressure -ing to begin — beginning -ship friend — friendship -dom free — freedom -th (ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚ Ì‡ÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ Ë ÔÓËÁÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÒÎÓ‚‡) strong — strength deep — depth

ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı. -less (ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ / Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡) use — useless harm — harmless -able / -ibie (̇΢ˠ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ / Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡) to interchange — interchangeable to flex — flexible -ful (Ëϲ˘ËÈ ÔËÁ̇ÍË) help — helpful use — useful -ous fame — famous -ive to create — creative -al 184

fraction — fractional -ic nostalgia — nostalgic -y luck — lucky -ish Poland — Polish (̇Á‚‡ÌË flÁ˚͇ / ̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸) Ú‡ÍÊ — Pole => ÔÓÎflÍ / ÔÓθ͇ (̇ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸) girl — girlish (Ò ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË) white — whitish

ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ „·„ÓÎÓ‚. -fy clear — clarify justice — justify -ize / -ise memory — memorize / memorise legal — legalize / legalise

ëÛÙÙËÍÒ˚ ̇˜ËÈ. -ward(s) east — eastward(s), Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË toward(s) onward(s) upward(s) -wise clock — clockwise (Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ˜‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÒÚÂÎÍË) anticlockwise

èÂÙËÍÒ˚. àÏÂ˛Ú (Á‡ ‰ÍËÏ ËÒÍβ˜ÂÌËÂÏ) ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÒÏ˚ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÂ. èË ÔË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í ÒÎÓ‚Û ËÁÏÂÌfl˛Ú ‚ ÚÓÈ ËÎË ËÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Â„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ ÔË‚Ó‰flÚÒfl ‚ ‚ˉ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ú¸Ë. Ç ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı Ô˯ÛÚÒfl ÒÎËÚÌÓ, ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı — ˜ÂÂÁ ‰ÂÙËÒ. anfi ÔÓÚË‚Óantifreeze antiseptic anti-aircraft ÒÓÒÓco-author co-operative / cooperative contraÔÓÚË‚Ócontraception contradict counterÔÓÚË‚Ó- / ÍÓÌÚcounter-attack counteroffer de185

ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË to degenerate to deform disÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË dishonest to disagree disagreement en- / emÔË ÔËÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËË Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÏÛ / ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÏÛ Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚ „·„ÓÎ to enlarge to enrage to embody to embrace in- il- (ÔÂ‰ 1) ir- (ÔÂ‰ r) im- (ÔÂ‰ m / p) ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË inability illogical irrational immoral impatience in‚ÌÛÚË-; Ó·‡ÚÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË out input — output fi ‚ıÓ‰ — ‚˚ıÓ‰ (‚ ‡ÔÔ‡‡ÚÛ / ÔÓ„‡ÏÏËÓ‚‡ÌËË / ...) in-patient fi ·ÓθÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡ˆËÓ̇‡ out-patient fi ‡Ï·Û·ÚÓÌ˚È ·ÓθÌÓÈ in-laws fi Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍË ÒÓ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ ÏÛʇ / ÊÂÌ˚ inter‚Á‡ËÏÓ- / ÏÂÊ- / ËÌÚÂinterdependent intercontinental international mis‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌÓ to misunderstand to misuse nonÌÂnon-flammable non-violance overÒ‚Âı- / nepeover-critical to overestimate postÔÓÒÎÂpost-war postscript „‰Ó- / Ô‰pre-war precaution re186

ÔÂÂ-(‰Â·ڸ) / ҉·ڸ Á‡ÌÓ‚Ó to remarry to relocate subÔÓ‰subway sub-conscious sub-committee under̉Ó- / ÔÓ‰- / χÎÓ-; Ó·‡ÚÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË overto underestimate underskirt to underline underpayment.

àÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍË è˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ÍÌË„Â ÔËÏÂ˚ ‚ÁflÚ˚ ËÁ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı ËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍÓ‚: Oxford Student's Dictionary of Current English by A.S.Hornby, Christina Ruse, Second Edition, 1989; Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary by A.S, Hornby, Fourth Edition, 1990; Harrap's Standard Learners' English Dictionary by P.H.Collin.1990; A Reference Grammar for Students of English by R.A.Close.1975; A Communicative Grammar of English by Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik, 1975; Choosing Your English by John Haycraft and Terence Creed, 1977; ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÁ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ ıÛ‰ÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛ˚ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË Ë ëòÄ.

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