اسلام و حاکمیّت سکولار، گفتگو در باب آینده‌ی شریعت

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺽض ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﮕﺎﺭرﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﮐـﻤ¬ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ⁃‑‐ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم⁃‑‐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪] ،‬ﻭوﻟ§[ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻮﺍاﯼی ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﮐـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺍاﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯزﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣ¦ ﺭرﻭوﺩد ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§‬

‫ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪-‬ﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﺟﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠ‪-‬ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺻ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺭرﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪-‬ﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﺟﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻘــﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻳــﻨ§ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨــﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﻻﺋﻞ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ 1‬ﺣ‪-‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ 2‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﻌﻠ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى‪ 3‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﮕﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن "ﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻓ§ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ" ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ§‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﺬﻳﺐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ§‬ ‫‪State‬‬ ‫‪government‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Institutional‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳــﻨ§ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌــﻨ§ ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘﮕ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ﺮ ﺟﺪﺍا‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻧـﮕﺎﻩه ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍا ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺒﺘﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺋــﻤ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻔــﻴﺪ ﺧــﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓــﺼﻞ ﻣﺪﺑﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﻨﺶ ﻧﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ )ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ(‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﻭو ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺒ‪-‬ﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻃ§ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺟـﻨﺎﺡح ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺎﺗ§ ﺑﺎ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن‪ 1‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﭘــﻮﻳﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠ‪-‬ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩه ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﻨﻚ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺧﻮﺩدﺳﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺨﺶ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺗ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻧﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣـﺼﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺼﻮﺩد ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﻫـﺸﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه‬ ‫ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ§ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪self-governance‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ§ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض‬

‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺧـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻫـﺸﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺧـﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻓـﺎﺳﺪ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﭘـﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺯزﺍاﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ‬

‫ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧـﺴﺒﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻴـﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺎﺭرﻍغ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖﹺِ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻃ§ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻤﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﻁط ﻭو ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﭘﻨﺎﻩه ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺣـ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺗﻚ ﺣـﺰﺑﻰ ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻧﺎﺯزﻯى ﻭو ﺟـﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻋـﺮﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﺧﺮ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻣﻠ§ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩدﺕت‬

‫ﻧـﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺑـﻌﺚ ﻋﺮﺍاﻕق ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺻﺪﺍاﻡم ﺣـﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﺭرﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑ®ﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﮔﺰﺍاﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﺰﺏب ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ§ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺣﺰﺏب ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍاﻫـ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺍاﭘﻮﺯزﻳـﺴﻴﻮﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗـﺼﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻠ©‪ ،‬ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻭوﭘـﺎﺷ§ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ§‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣـﺤﺮﻭوﻡم ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻓـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﻫ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﺕت ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺍاﻍغ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﻣ§ ﺭرﻭوﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﺶ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻛـﻨﺎﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻧـﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﺑ®ﻴـﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ§‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯز ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﺗﺪﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺘ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﻴﺎﺑـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽض‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭو ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﺎﻓ§‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩدﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧ§ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ§ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﭘــﺎﺳﺨ®ﻮ ﻭو ﻣــﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻧﮕﺎﻫــﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺣــ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﮕ§ ﻭو ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻭو ﺷﺮﻃ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺮﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑ®ﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺗﻼﺷ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧـﻤﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﭘﻰ‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺷﻮﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻻ ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻣﻦ ﭘـﻨﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻄـﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﭘﻨﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺮﺩدﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ⁃‑‐‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕت ﻣﻔـﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝل ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد⁃‑‐ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﮔ§ ﺗﻨﻮﻉع ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺿ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪ ﻳ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻳ‪-‬ﺴﺎﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻼﻙك ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯز ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﺍاﺣﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤ®ﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺷﻴﻌ§ ﻭو ﺳﻨ§‬

‫ﺑـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﻼﻙك ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻟ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻌـﻠﻮﻡم ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻧـﻜﺎﺭر ﺟـﺰﻣ§ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺧﻄـﺮﻧﺎﻙك ]ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد[‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣـﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟـ®ﻮﻳﻰ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺗـﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﻣﻬﻨـﺪﺳ§ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺒ®ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃ§ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ – ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ – ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧــﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺨﺒ®ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻮ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫ§‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺗ§ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﺍاﺣﺘﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻣ§‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﺳﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ§ ﺩدﻳﻨ§‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠ§ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻴــﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻣﺘــﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺤﺖ ﻧــﻈﺎﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻟـﻴﻞ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ§ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻃ§ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺣـ‪-‬ﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻭو ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺘ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻰ ﺍاﺛﺮ ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه‬

‫ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§" ﻣ§ ﻧﺎﻣﻢ ﭘـﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧ§‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﻪ "ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§" ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§‬

‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﮔﺸﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺱس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻠﻞ ﻭو ﻣﻘـﺎﺻﺪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧــﻮﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻘﻮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺗـﻬﺎﻣ§ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺑـﺤﺚ‬

‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻣــﻄﺮﺡح ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕــﻴﺰﺵش ﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺷﺨﺼ§‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ؛ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸ‪-‬ﻴﻞ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸ‪-‬ﻴﻞ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻧﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣ‪-‬ﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻧﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ§ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ§ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻧـﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻭو ﺗﺤـﺮﻳﺾ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻭو ﻛـﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔـﺮﻭوﺿﺎﺕت ﺍاﻗﺘـﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻋﻤﻠ‪-‬ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺩدﻻ ﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻧﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻛـﻠ§ ﺗﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻃـﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍا ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻣﺘـﻨﻮﻉع ﻭو ﺗـﻨﮓ ﻧﻈـﺮﺍاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺑـﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻓـﺮﺍاﺧﻮﺍاﻧ§ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁآ ﮔـﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻓﺰﺍاﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑـ®ﻮﻳﻢ‬

‫ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍا‬

‫ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭوﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕت ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ﺑﻌﺪ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺷﻨﺎﺳ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻭو ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم "ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ"‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﺡح ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻦ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗﺸ‪-‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﺡح ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼ ﺷ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﻣﻨـﻔ§ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺷﺨﺼ§ ﻭو ﻃﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ§‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭو ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗـﺼﺪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺣ‪-‬ﻴـﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻓﻜﺮﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﻨﻔ§ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺍاﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﻄﻌ§ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ§‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻗﺴﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ§ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻴﺎﺝج ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح‬

‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﻋﺎﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺪﺍاﻋ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﻨﻔ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻫﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑ‪-‬ﺎﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜــﺘﻪ ﺩدﻳــ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺷﻨــﺎﺳ§ ﺁآﻧــﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣــﻠ§" ﺍاﺯز‬

‫"ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§"‪ 1‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺳﺮﻣـﺸﻖ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳــﻨﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭر ﻧـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى‬

‫ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭوﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§‪ ،‬ﺯزﺑﺎﻧ§ ﻳﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ "ﻣﻠﺖ"‬

‫ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧـﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ "ﻣـﻠﺖ" ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﺒﺪﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄـﻘ§ ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧـﻘﺾ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧـﮕﺮﺵش ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ ﺫذﺍاﺗ§ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺣـﻴﺎﺗ§ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬ ‫‪territorial state‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻭو ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩدﻡم‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ§ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀء ﺑﻴﺮﻭوﻧ§ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬

‫ﺍاﻟ®ــﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻏــﺮﺑﻰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﺁآﻣــﻮﺯزﺷ§ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺒﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣﯩ‪-‬ﻨﻮﻧ§ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§ ﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ§ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺘ§ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻣﻠـﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗ§ ﭘﻴـﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﭼـﺸﻢ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﻣــﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﮔﺮﺩدﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭو ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻤ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩد‬

‫ﻧـﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺟـﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳـﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻧـﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﺡح ﻭو ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺪﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺧﻄﻮﻁط ﻛﻠ§ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻭو ﻣﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩد ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ﺁآﺗ§‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺑـﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺮﺧ§‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑـﻬﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕ§ ﻭو‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺀء ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓـﺮﺿﻬﺎﻯى ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﻴـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻳﺎ ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ§ ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﺎﺷ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺑﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠ§ ﺍاﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹص ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏﺎﻳﺘ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣ§ ﮔﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻏﺮﺽض ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑ®ﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣ§ ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺗﻮﺣـﻴﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى ‪ 610‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 632‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩدﻯى ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭوﻯى‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻌﻨ§ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩه ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺻﻔﺎﺕت ﻣـﺸﺘﻖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ§ ﺍاﻟﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﺸ§ ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو‪ ،‬ﻣـﺮﺟ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﻭو ﻭوﺟﺪﺍاﻧ§‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣ§ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺭرﺍاﻫﻨـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ]ﻣﺮﺟ« ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏب ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ[‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﻯى ﺷﻬﺎﺩدﺗ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍاﻯى ﻳ‪-‬ﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻭو ﺣـﺎﺿﺮﻣﻄﻠﻖ )ﺗﻮﺣـﻴﺪ( ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺑـﺰﺭرﮔ§ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺱس ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻗـﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺟـﻬﺖ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻣـﻘﺮﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛــﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﻏــﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻛﻠ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﺷﺪ ﻣﺘﺮﺍاﺩدﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺷﺨﺼ§ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫــﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔــﺴﻴﺮ ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁط ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد؛ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﭼﻴـﺰﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺳﻌ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺘﺎﺑﻌﺖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﺏب ﻭو ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍاﺗﻢ‬

‫ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣـﺮﺟ« ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا "ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى" ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻣ§‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻧﮕـﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺭرﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺎﻟ§ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻤﻨﺪﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺷﺨﺼ§ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻦ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺽض ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻭو ﻭوﺍاﺟﺐ ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽـ®ﺎﻩه ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻠﺐ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻳ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻛﺮﺍاﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻰ ﺁآﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺻ§‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﭼﻪ ﻣ§ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍاﺟـﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻼ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺮﺷﺪ ﺻﻮﻓ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭو ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺷﺨﺼ§ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩد ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺷﺪ ﺻﻮﻓ§ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻟﺰﻭوﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ§ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﻣ§‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻳﻚ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺳ§ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺑ®ﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭽ®ﺎﻩه ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﻭو ﻧﻮ ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻯىﹺِ ﻗﺮﺁآﻧ§ ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ« ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺻﺎﻓ§ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻴﻦ ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻬﻤـﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮔـﺮﻳﺰﻯى ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄﻮﺡح‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻔ§ ﻛﻪ ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺮﻧــﻬﺎ ﺍاﻧﺒــﺎﺷﺖ ﺗﺠــﺮﺑﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻔــﺴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛــﻨﻮﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣـﺮﺟ« ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺟﺰﺀء ﻻﻳﻨـﻔﻚ ﻫﺮ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪-‬ﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺳﻨﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ :‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﺮﺟ« ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد؟‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪﻯى ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺣـﺴﺎﺱس‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤ§ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡح ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻮﻳﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺗﺠﺴﻢ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﺍاﻭو ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺭرﺍا‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ«‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺿ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻫﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣ§ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺿ« ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﻧــﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻣﻨﺘــﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑــﺤﺚ ﮔــﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺣﺼﻞ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺷﺨﺼ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑف ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﺑﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟ‪-‬ﻠ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻟــﺰﻭوﻣﺎ ﻧــﻈﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﻓﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻣﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب‬

‫ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘــﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜــﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨــﺠﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺋـﻤﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﺧﻄـﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻟﻐـﺮﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺸﻴﺖ ﺍاﻟﻬ§ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺑﻰ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺗﺨـﻄ§ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺑﺨـﺸ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍا ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺨﻄ§ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ« ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺮﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﻓﻨﻮﻥن ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱس ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﻑف‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﻨـﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻌ§‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭو ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺫذﺍاﺕت‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﻓﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻓﻨ§ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺭرﺷﺪ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻭو ﺧﻼﻕق ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻭو ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻟﻐﺰﺵش ﻭو ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪-‬ﺘﻮﺑﻰ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺼﺤﻒ ﻣﻨﺪﺭرﺝج ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺘﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺯزﻣﺎﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻳﺖ ﻣـﻮﺛﻖ ﺍاﺯز ﮔﻔـﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻧﺒﻰ )ﺳﻨﺖ( ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻣﺪﺕت ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﺴﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨ§ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎﻭوﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺗﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻨﺪﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﻭو ﻓﻨﻮﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻯى ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺘﻜ§‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﺴﻠ§ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨ§ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻛﻠـﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺰﻳـﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓـﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓـﻘﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯزﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻓﺰﻭوﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺁآﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻭو ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﺨﺶ ﻭوﺣ§ ﺍاﻟﻬ§ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬

‫ﻫـﻴﭻ ﭼـﻴﺰ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻮﻝل ﻓـﻨﻮﻥن ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻉع ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻰ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﻨﻮﻥن ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺨـﺸ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﻣ§ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﺮﺡح ﻭو‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﭘﻴﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ« ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻛﻠ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻃﺮﻕق ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻗﺮﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﻭو ﺗﺤــﺪﻳﺪ ﮔــﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻻ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ§ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺺ ﻗﺎﻃ« ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺸﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ§ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻨﺪ ﻭو ﭼ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻫﺮﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻭوﺿ« ﺷﺪﻩه ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡم ﻣﻠﺰﻭوﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺠﺘﻬﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕت ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻳﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﺎﻟﻤ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﺗﻌﻘﻞ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺼ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ§ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻃ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴ§ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤ®§ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻰ‬

‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌـﻘﻞ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧـﺴﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺨـﻄ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﺽض ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍاﺝج‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺳﻨﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ]ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد[‬

‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺗﻌﻘﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬ ‫ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ§ ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻭوﻳﮋﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺧﻄـﺮﻧﺎﻙك‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﺘـﻜ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب‬

‫ﻣﺠﺘﻬﺪ ﺟﺎﻣ« ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻋﻄﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﻪ ﺍاﻯى‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺧﻄـﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻳﻘﻴـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻳﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺋـﻤ§ ﻭو ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﭼﻮﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﺤﻮﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻬﺎﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻠـﻴﻒ ﻭو ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨ§ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﺠﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻇﻬﺎﺭر ﺷﺪﻥن‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻛﺪﺍاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕت ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻳـ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﺒﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﺑـﺴﻂ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺗـﻜﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻤﻨﺪﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن )ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ‪ 750‬ﻡم‪ (.‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺤﻮﻻﺕت ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫ§ ﺧﻮﺩدﻛـﻔﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻨـﺴﺠﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻩه ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ‬

‫ﻋــﻤﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻤﻨﺪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺮﺟــﻌ§ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻔــﺼﻴﻠ§ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻮﻡم ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻋﺒـﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺟﻌـﻔﺮ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق )ﻭو‪ ‐‑⁃765 .‬ﻣـﺆﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﻣ‪-‬ـﺘﺐ ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻴﻌ§( ﺍاﺑﻮ ﺣﻨﻴـﻔﻪ)ﻭو‪ ،(767 .‬ﻣـﺎﻟﻚ)ﻭو‪ ،(795 .‬ﺷﺎﻓﻌ§ )ﻭو‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (820‬ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ )ﻭو‪ (855 .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﻧـﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧـﻤ§‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﻣ§ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧـﺎﺻ§ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣ§ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺷﻴﻌ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘ§ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺯزﻭوﺍاﻝل ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻣ§ ﮔﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻟﺜﻮﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻄﺒﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن‪.‬‬

‫ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـ‪-‬ﺎﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨـﻔ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﺍاﻕق ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧـﺎﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻋﺒـﺎﺳ§‪ ،‬ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺰﻳﺖ ﻣـﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻥن ﻫﻨﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻗ§ ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻧ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ§ ﺣﻨـﻔ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣــﺒﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻗــﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺼﺎﺏب ﻗـﻀﺎﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣﻨﺘـﺨﺐ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺟﻐﺮﺍاﻓـﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺳ§ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻣﺪﻭوﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡم ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻳﻰ ﻳ®ﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻣـﻔﺎﺩد ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺳﻨ§ ﺭرﺍا ﮔﺮﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﻭو ﻧﻮ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﻧﺎﺷ§ ﻣ§ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ‪ .‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻋﺎﻡم ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺣﻘﻮﻗ§ ﺧﻼﻗﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻙك ﺍاﻧﺪﻙك ﻛﻢ ﺭرﻧﮓ ﺷﻮﺩد )ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد( ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻣ§ ﺷﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺟﺎﻣ« ﻭو ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺧﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﻳـ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ﺮ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳ§ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻯى ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘ§‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺗ§ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺣــﻔﻆ ﺛــﺒﺎﺕت ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ⁃‑‐ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺯزﻭوﺍاﻝل⁃‑‐ ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺣﻖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻬﺎﺩد ﻣـﺠﺎﺯز ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻟﻮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧ« ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻋ§‬ ‫ﺟــﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻣﺒــﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘــﺎﺳﺨ®ﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴــﺎﺯزﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺧــﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ«‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﺪﺍا ﻭو ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻠﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺸﺎﺟﺮﺍاﺕت ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ§ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔ§ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻧﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§‪ .‬ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣــﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓــﺘﺎﺀء ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠــﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣــﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑــﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺣـ‪-‬ﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ§ ﻭو ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻓـﺘﻮﻯى ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ§ ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺹص‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺻﻼﺡح ﻭو ﻣـﺸﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ§‌ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻓـﺘﻮﺍا ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻠﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻔﻮﻳﺾ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮﺁآﻥن ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﻣ§ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻝل ﻣﻔﺘ§‬

‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺘﻮﺍا ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫ§ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘ§ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻓﺘﻮﺍا‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻓﺘﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣ§ ﻃﻠﺒﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻬﺮﻩه ﺟﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻭو ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺳﻠﺐ ﻧﻤ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺟﻮﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§‪ ،‬ﺣـ‪-‬ﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺣـ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﻼﻃﻴﻦ ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻧ§‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺁآﻥن‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﺶ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﺯزﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨـﻔ§ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺳﻂ ﻗﺮﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪﻭوﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻳ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻣﺪﻭوﻥن ﮔﺸﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻉع ‪،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭر ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﮔ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﺑـﺤﺚ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺟﺎﺑـﺠﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ§ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﻣﺤـﻠ§ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎ ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺣـ‪-‬ﺎﻡم ﻣـﺆﻇﻒ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﭘـﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺸ§ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺟـﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻗ§‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺑـﻬﺮﻩه ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣﺘــﻴﺎﺯزﺍاﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﭙــﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜــﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﻟـ®ﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺧﺬ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﺭرﺳ§ ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﻓﺮﺍاﻣـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻫ§ ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻧ§ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﭘـﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣ§ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﻋـﺎﻳﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻣﭙــﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜــﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺗﺎﻛــﻴﺪ ﻣ§ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺍاﻟــ®ﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻠ§ ﻭو ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻨﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟ®ﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﺜــﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻓﺰﻭوﺩد ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗــﺠﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫‪ ،1850‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻴـﻔﺮﻯى ‪ ،1858‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺁآﻳـﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ‪ ،1879‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺁآﻳـﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧ§ ‪ ،1880‬ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟـ®ﻮﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺪﻧ§ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﭼـﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻳ®ﺰﻳﻦ ﮔـﺸﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻼ ﺷ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺪﻧ§ ‪ 1876‬ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻫﺴﺎﻟﻪ )‪ (1867‐‑⁃77‬ﺍاﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺿﺮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨﻔ§ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻭوﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺪﻭوﻳﻦ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺍاﻋﻈـﻤ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ§ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺷﻨـﺎﺳﺎﻥن ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ‪ /‬ﻭوﻛﻼ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠـﻠﻪ ﺑﻼﻓـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺨـﺸ§ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸ®ﺮ ﻧــﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﻘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑــﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§ ﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍاﻋﻈﻢ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺟ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻋـﺮﻓ§ ⁃‑‐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺁآﻥن⁃‑‐ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻣـﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺠـﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﻣﻮﺍاﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻌ§ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨﺒـﻠ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻨﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻓﺰﻭوﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ )ﺗﺨ ﻴ‪£‬ﺮ( ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﻳ‪-‬ﺴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻘـﻴﺎﺱس ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺠـﻠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﻏﺎﻳﺖ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺏب‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡح ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻭوﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ§ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﻮﻝل ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻭو ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺣـﺎﺻﻞ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ§‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃ®ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻓﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ« ﻭو ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ§‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺛﺮ ﻗـﺎﺿ§ ﻣـﺼﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺗﺤـﺼﻴﻞ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺒﺪﺍاﻟﺮﺍاﺯزﻕق‬

‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭرﻯى‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﻋﻤﻠ®ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻟﺴﻨﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﻣﺒﺘﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺑﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﺳﺎﺯزﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻮﻳﺲ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻧ§ ﻣـﺼﺮ ‪ ،1948‬ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻧ§ ﻋﺮﺍاﻕق ‪،1951‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻧ§ ﻟـﻴﺒﻰ ‪ ،1953‬ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻧ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻭوﻥن ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻮﻳﺖ ‪ 1/1960‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺣﺎﻛﻤ§ ﻣـﺴﺘﺒﺪﺍاﻟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻨﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻮﻳﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻨ§ ﺟﺎﻣ« ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﮔﻔـﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻛﺎﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﻣ§ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺷﻤﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮔﻴﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺟﺬﺍاﺑﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻟﻬ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗـﺸ‪-‬ﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍاﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝل ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺳﻨﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗ§ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﺎ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻤﻨﺪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻟـﻴﻞ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔ§ ﻭو ﻛﺜﺮﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃ§‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺷﻴﻌ§ ﻭو ﺳﻨ§ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻫﻤـﺰﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻋﺮﺍاﻕق‪ ،‬ﻟﺒـﻨﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺑـﺴﺘﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺳﻌﻮﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧـﻤ§ ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛــﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗــﺒﺎﻁط ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻛــﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻓﺮﻳــﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨﻔ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺙث ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﺎﺧﻮﺫذ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ §-‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـ®§ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗـﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ ¤‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﭘﻨـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﺶ ﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻃ« ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤﻬﺎﻯى ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﮔ§ ﻣـﺠﺮﻯى ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻗ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺣـﺮﻓﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻻﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺗـﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕت‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ§ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻋﺎﻟ§ ﻋﻠﻮﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻃﻴــﻔ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺎﺧﻮﺫذ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟ®ــﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻏــﺮﺑﻰ‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻧــﺴﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘــﻮﻗﺪﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻗــﻀﺎﺕت ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻧــﺸ®ﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ‪-‬ﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ§ ﮔﺬﺭرﺍاﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﻻ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﻮﺍاﺩد ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺳﻮﺍاﺩد ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺭرﺷﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ§ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﺗﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺪﺳ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ« ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺪﺭرﻳﺞ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﭘـﺮﺳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش‬ ‫ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻳـﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى "ﺻﺪﻭوﺭر‬

‫ﮔﻮﺍاﻫﻴــﻨﺎﻣﻪ" ﭘﺪﻳــﺪﺁآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧــﺠﺎ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻬﺎﺩد ﺍاﺧﺬ ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺷﺮﻋ§ ﻫﺮ ﺯزﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩد ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§‬

‫ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ« ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺠﺎﺏب ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺤـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺨﺸ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺟﻬﺎﻧ§ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟ®ﻮﻯى‬

‫ﻳ‪-‬ـﺴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻬـﻤ§ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‪،‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﺎ ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻠ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻣـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§‬ ‫ﻧـﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§ ﻣﺘـﻌﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻄ© ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻫﻤ®§ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻠ§ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺮﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻠ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺒﺎﻝل ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻣـﻠ§ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻭو ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺑﺎﺯز‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻠ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﻣ§ ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺿﻮﺡح ﺑﺮﮔـﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻟ§ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘﻴـﺎﺟﺎﺕت ﻋﻤـﻠ§ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ«‬

‫ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣﺒﺮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ®ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ®ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ :‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ« ﺍاﻟﻬ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺟﺰ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﻔـﻘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧـﺎﺷ§ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻧـﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻋﺮﻑف ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﺨـﺸ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣ‪-‬ﻢ ﺑﻼﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ‪ Y‬ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪Y‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻧـﮕﺮﺵش ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺘ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺣﺼﻮﻝل ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﻣ§ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ© ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤ®ﺎﻧ§‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف‪ ¤‬ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻓ§ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻠـﺰﻭوﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻧ§ ﻭو ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ§ ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻻﺯزﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﻠﺰﻭوﻡم ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣ§ ﻳ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻫﺪﻓ§ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ§ ﻣ§ ﻃﻠﺒﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻗـﺴﻢ ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ﺮ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﻭو‬

‫ﭘــﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻧــﻤﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫــﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ«‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛـﻨﺎﻑف ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻣـﺤﺮﻭوﻡم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺸ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ§ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻣ§ ﻧﺎﻣﻢ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻁط‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻛﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻃ§ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬

‫ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺘ§ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﻝل ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺧﺎﺹص‪ ¤‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻓﺮﻳﺒ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺟﺰ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﺱس ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﺨﺒ®ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻉع‬

‫"ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§" ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺮﻑف ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﻰ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻘﺸ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣــﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣ§ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳــ®ﺮ ﻧــﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﺑـﻌﺎﺩد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬

‫ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﭘﻮﻳـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘـﺮﻭوﺭرﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺿ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻛ§ ﻛﺎﻓ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ§ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ⁃‑‐ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﯩ‪-‬ﻨــﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻋــﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌــﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺗــﺒﺎﺩدﻝل‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ⁃‑‐ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﻣ§ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ§‬

‫ﺑﺮﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻫـﻤﻪ ﭼـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺣﺎﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕــﻬﺎﻯى ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻳــ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ﺮ ﻗــﺎﺑﻞ ﺗــﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭو ﺗــﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺗﻨﻮﻉع ﻭو ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻓﺮﺽض ﺑﻰ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺟﺰﻳـﻴﺎﺕت ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻧـﻜﺎﺭر ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺤـﻠ§‪ ،‬ﻣـﻠ§ ﻭو ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﻣـﺜﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺣﺘ§ ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧ§‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴـﻤﺖ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻛﺜﺮﺕت ﻭو ﻛـﺸﻤ‪-‬ﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺤـﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻄﺒﻴﻘ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻘﺾ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻭو ﻛﺸﻤ‪-‬ﺶ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ§‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﺣـﺴﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻳﺎﺑـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻋـﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭو ﻋـﻠﻞ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓـﻘﺎﺗ§ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻫﻤﭙـﻮﺷﺎﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺧـﺎﺻ§‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩدﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏﺬﺍا ﻭو ﺳﺮﭘﻨﺎﻩه‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻄـﺒﺎﻕق ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺟﻤــﻌ§ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗــﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧــﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌــﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو‬

‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﻨﺪﻭوﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﻕق ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻛ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺁآﻧﻘﺪﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺑﺸﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻛﻠ§ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ§ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ§ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ§‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫــﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺳﻴ‪-‬ﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻫــﻨﺪﻭو ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻭو ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§‪ ،‬ﺍاﺷﺘﺮﺍاﻛﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻧﻮﺍاﺣ§ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻨﻮﺏب ﺻﺤﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳ‪-‬ﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳ®ﺎﻥن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﻣ§‬

‫ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭر ﻛﺎﻓ§ ﺑﺎﺯز ﻭو ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻧﻌـﻄﺎﻑف ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻬﺮﻩه ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷ§ ﻭو ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭو ﻳﺎ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﺳ‪ ª‬ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻩه ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺍاﻫﺒﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﻛـﻮﺗﺎﻩه ﻣﺪﺕت ﻳﺎ ﺑﻠـﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣ§ ﺯزﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺧـﺎﺻ§ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ؛ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺷ‪-‬ﻠ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻯى ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآ ﮔـﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘ§ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺮﻭوﻫ§ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ§‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§⁃‑‐ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋـﺒﻮﺭر ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻢ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﻓ§ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﺷﺎﻣﻞ "ﺍاﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕت ﺁآﻏﺎﺯزﻳﻦ" ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ§ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺁآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺭرﺳﻮﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﺑﻘ§ ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺣــﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺤــﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ‬ ‫"ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ" ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﻭوﺽض‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﺁآﻏﺎﺯزﻳﻦ ﻫﻤـﺴﻮﻳﻰ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﻫﺮ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﻭو‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺷﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺯزﻩه ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨـﺘﺺ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣــﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌــﻨﺎﻯى ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﮔــﺬﺷﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺪﻑف‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤـﻈﻪ‬

‫ﻓـﺮﺿ§ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﻫﺪﻑف ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣــﻀﻤﻮﻥن ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗــﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺮﻭوﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓـﺮﺿ§ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩدﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ§ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻄ© ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺷﺨﺼ§ ﻭو ﺧﺼﻮﺻ§ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳ‪" ª‬ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥنﹺِ" ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§ ﻳﻌﻨ§ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﻣ§‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻛﺸﺎﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻭو ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻫﻮﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻨﺰﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑـﺴﻨﺪﻩه ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺘـﻬﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻗﻄـﻌ§ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘ§ ﻗﺪﻡم ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻠﻘ§ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨـﻬﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘـﺎﻃﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﻮﺩدﻡم ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﺑﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺭرﺑﻄ§ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘ§ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺿﺮﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ§‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻘ§ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘ§‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉع ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺩدﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﺁآﻥن ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ§‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤ§ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﻫﺪﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻨﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§‬ ‫ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ§ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﺼﺮﺡح ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﺡح‪ .‬ﻭو ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﭼ®ﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺠﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻛ§ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻓ§ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﭼﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳـ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻛـﻨﺶ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ‬

‫ﺟﻤـﻌ§‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻣـﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﺵش ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﺫذﺍاﺗ§ ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕت ﻳﻚ ﻫـﻨﺪﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺪﻭو ﻫﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩدﻯى ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻫﻤﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪ ﻫﻨﺪ؟ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺳ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧ§ ﺳﻨ§‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﺮﺍاﭼ§ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ؛ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺱس ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻧ§ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻳﻚ ﺑﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻬﺮﺍاﻥن؛ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨ§ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻠﻮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝل ﭼﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﮔﻔﺖ؟ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻳ‪-‬ﺴﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﻫﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻳ‪-‬ﺪﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ§‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻫﻤـ®§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﻣـﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻣــﺠﺪﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺣـﻴﺎﺗ§‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣ§‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻃﺒﻴﻌ§ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه "ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ" ﻳﺎ‬

‫"ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§" ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸ§ ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎﻯى ﻫﻤﭙـﻮﺷﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ⁃‑‐ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ⁃‑‐ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻫﻤ®ﻮﻥن ﻭو ﻳ‪-‬ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨـﺸ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺣﻘﻴﻘ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﺜﺮﺕت ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ‬

‫ﻭو ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼـﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻓـﻀﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺠﺎﺩدﻟﻪ ﻭو ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﺩدﻫ§ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺩدﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻣﻌــﻨﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ§‬

‫ﭘﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻤﻌ§ ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴــﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﻟﻴﻞ ﻣ§ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻡم ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺼﺮﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺸﻔﺮﺽض ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ‪،‬‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻃﻼﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩدﻩه ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺑﺎﺯزﻣ§ ﮔﺮﺩدﻡم ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺗـﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻳﺎ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه "ﻧـﺴﺒﻰ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ" ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻯى ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭرﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺮﺍاﺕت ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﻳ‪-‬ﺴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﺯز‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﻣـﺠﺎﺩدﻟﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ§‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻭوﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ§ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﻭو ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﭘﺎ ﺍاﻓﺘﺎﺩدﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺯزﺍاﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤﻴﻘ§ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ "ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ§" ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ ‪،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ§ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻔﻬﻤـﻴﻢ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ«‬

‫ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑـﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺣﺘ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺁآﻧﮕﺎﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻛﻠ§ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺫذﺍاﺗ§ ﭼﻘﺪﺭر ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ§ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻨﺠــﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘــﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟــﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ§ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺣﻮﻝل ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻄ© ﻣﺤـﻠ§‪ ،‬ﻣـﻠ§ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻳﺎ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺧﺎﺹص ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺎﻣ§ ﻭو ﭘـﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺸ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻨـﺸ®ﺮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻣ§‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝل ﻛﻪ ﭘﻰ ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭو ﻣﻨﻔ§ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ®ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩد ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣ§ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻔـﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ®ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ‪/‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺷﻘ§ ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺭرﺩد ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪ ﺩدﻭوﺷﻘ§ ﻣﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﮔﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻓﺮﺽض ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﺧـﻨﺜ§‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣ§‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣ§ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﻋﻤـﻠ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺪﺍاﺑﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻬ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺭر ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺟ« ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺮﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻳ‪-‬ﺴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼ‬

‫ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻫﻤـﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍاﻋــﻀﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﻫــﻨﮓ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻳﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺗﺎﺯزﻩه ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺳﺨﺘ§ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣـﻨﺎﺯزﻋﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭو ﭼﻮﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻤﻌ§ ﺗﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺗـﻀﺎﺩد ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﺮﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠ§ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﻮﺛﻖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣﺤـﻠ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﻙك ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻫﺮ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺤﻠ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻘﺾ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧـﻜﺎﺭر ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺣـﻘ§ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺑﺪﻳﻠ§ ﺑـﻴﺎﺑﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩد ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﻧ§ ﻛـﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻔ«‬

‫ﺁآﻧﻬــﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ§ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻮﺩدﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ "ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ" ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺧﻮﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪-‬ﺮﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻣﺤـﻠ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘـﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺷﻮﻡم‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟ§ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻣﻦ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﮕﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺮﺕت ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻳ®ﺰﻳﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ§‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭر ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻃﺮﻗ§ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﭼـﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﻧﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺷﺖ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻻ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡم ﺑﺎﺯزﻧﮕﺮﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑ®ﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺗ§ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﻨﻔ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻀﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻈﻢ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻃﺮﻑف ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﮔ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑﺪﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻩه ﻣـﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ‪ ،‬ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺣـﻘﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫـﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻛـﺴﺎﻧﻴ‪-‬ﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﻣﺎ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺯزﻳﺮ ﭘﺎ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﻭوﺳﺘﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻧﺴﺠﺎﻣ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻟــﻘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤــﻴﻞ ﻫﻤــﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋــﻀﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻝل ﻫﻤــﺨﻮﺍاﻧ§‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻟ®ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﺼﻮﺻ§‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺕت ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻧـﺸﺪﻩه ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ]ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺒـﻠ§[ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﻧﺎ ﻫﻤـﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭو ﻋﻠـﻨ§ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﺨﺒ®ﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺿ« ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺳﻮﺩد ﻣﺴﻠﻤ§ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻨـﻮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧﺨﺒـ®ﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ« ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣ§ ﺁآﻳﺪ ‪ :‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴ§ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد؟ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺰﺍاﻉع ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻋﻤـﻠ§ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﻟـﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩدﮔـﻤﺎﺭرﺩدﻩه ﻯى‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺳﻌﺎﺩدﺕت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻛﻨـﺸ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻘـﺸ§ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻣ§‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧـﻤ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻛﻨـﺸ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧـﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﺸﺎﺑﻬ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺸ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﻛﻨـﺸ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧ§ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩدﻟﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﻫﺒﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ§ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗــﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺟــﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣــﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻔﺘــﮕﻮﻯى ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯩﻬﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ© ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§‬

‫ﻭو ﻓﻠـﺴﻔ§ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻛـﻮﺷﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺷﻤﻮﻟ§ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺟـﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﺪﻭوﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﻑف ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭرﻫﻢ ﺗﻨﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﻭو ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ© ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ‪-‬ﻤﻞ ﻳ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭو‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ§ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﻫﺒﺮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ© ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋــﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠ§ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻯى ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩدﺍاﺗ§ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﺭرﻍغ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ« ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﻏــﺒﺖ ﻭو ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋــﻤﻞ ﻣﺤــﺼﻮﻝل ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻋــﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ§ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§ ﻭو ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩدﻯى ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻣﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺭرﺗـﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋـﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر ﻧﺨﺒـ®ﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻟـﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﭘﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺳـﺮﺳﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻋﻈﻴـﻤ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﻧ« ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺿ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ« ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯩﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺎﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﮋﻣﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﺗﻔﻮﻕق ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺩدﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺧﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻤ§ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻜﺒﺮ ﻭو ﻧﺨﻮﺕت ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺳﻨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ§‬

‫ﻧﺨﺒـ®ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺯزﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻔ« ﺷﺨـﺼ§ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﯩﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩه ﻣ§ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﺩد ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﺸﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻘﺎ ﺟـﺴﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺻﺮﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺷﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺷﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘ§ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻃﺮﻑف ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍاﺕت ﻇـﻠﻢ ﺳﺒﻌﺎﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺷﺮﻃ§ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻨﺘ§‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺿﻮﺡح ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺁآﻧﻘﺪﺭر ﻗﺎﻧ« ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺷﺮﻃ§‬

‫ﺷﺪﻥن ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺰﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﻓـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻋﻼﺝج ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮﺩدﻥن‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺳﻄ© ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﻳﻘﻴــﻨ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺰﺩد ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺫذﺍاﺗ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺳﻌﺎﺩدﺕت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻔـﺘﺎﺡح ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﻳـﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﻨـﻈﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨــﺘﻦ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻃــﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨــﺎﺳ§ ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ§ ﺑﺮ ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ§‬

‫ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﻳ®ﺰﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﺷ§ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§‬ ‫ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻣﻨﻔـﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺒ‪-‬ﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻛـﻨﺶ ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻛــﻨﺶ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣﯩ‪-‬ـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻭوﺟﻮﺏب ﻫﻤـ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﺿ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺏب ﻭو ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺥخ ﻧﻤ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻣ®ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺸ§ ﻣ§ ﺯزﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻨـﺸ§ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑـﺮﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻧـﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ§ ﺍاﻟﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻧـﻴﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺟــﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﻛــﻨﻮﻧ§‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻤﯩﺘــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﻣــﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﺻﻞ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣــﻨﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧــﭽﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺎ ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺁآﻥن ﭼﻴﺰ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛـﻨﺎﻑف ﺩدﻧﻴﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻧ§ ﻣﺎ ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺭرﺷﺪ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺤﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ« ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓﻘﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻗﺖ ﺷﺎﻓ§ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻭو ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ«‬

‫ﻭو ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷ‪-‬ﻮﻓﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺧﻼﻗﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﮔﺸﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻗــﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻧــﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻏــﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ§‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﭘــﻴﺮﻭوﻯى‬

‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻣــﺤﻮﺭرﻳﺖ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔــﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺧﻼﻕق ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻭو ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﺭرﺍا ﮔـﺸﻮﺩدﻩه ﻣ§‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻌﺮﺽض ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣــﺼﺪﺍاﻕق ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧــﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﻣﻔــﺮﻭوﺿﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛــﺸﻴﺪﻥن‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‪ 1‬ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻕق ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳـﻨﻚ ﻓـﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺧﻼ ﻗﺎﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭو ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﮔــﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻣــﻄﺮﺡح ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍاﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧــﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺑـ®ﺬﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﻭو ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺳﺎﻃﺖ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻨﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳــﺠﺎﺩد ﻗــﺴﻤ§ ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻣﻄــﻠﻮﺏب ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺑــﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﺕت ﻟﻮﻳﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ "ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺏب ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪".‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻨﺶ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﻬﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﻭو ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺧﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼـﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡح ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪liberation‬‬ ‫‪Kurt Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers (New York: Haper & Brothers‬‬ ‫‪Publishers, 1951), p. 169.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻛـﺠﺎ ﻣﺘـﺤﺮﻙك ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﮔـﻴﺰﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـ®ﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﺡح ﻧﻈــﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺣــﺼﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺑﻨــﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑــﺨﺶ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ‬

‫"ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ" ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ) ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم(‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺘﺰﺍاﺝج ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻗــﺒﻮﻝل ﻣــﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺟــﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻮﺀءﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣ§ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـ®ﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻛﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻤـﻌ§ ﺑﺎ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﻨﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻫﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ§‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ" ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟـﻌﺎﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻭوﻋﺪﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﺎﺯز‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍاﻓﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺳﺘ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠـ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ«‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ§ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻖ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫــﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﭼــﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺣــ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﻴﻬﻨ§ ﻭو ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺗﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻧـﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺟﻤـﻌ§ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﻋ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧـﻤﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺣﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ®ﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪﻩه ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺧـﻠﻖ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻳ‪-‬ﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺣﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻗﻄﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪ :‬ﺍاﻭوﻻ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛـﻠ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺒـﻌ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺯزﻥن ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﻣﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﻯى‬ ‫ﻭو ﻓﺎﺭرﻍغ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻣﻨﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ‪‌،‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨﺒـﻌ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻤ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ§‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻈﻴـﻤ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﺒـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺁآﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻤﻌ§ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩدﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻓ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻧﻤ§‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﻋﺪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺍاﺻﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻃﺮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﺷﺮﺡح ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻔـﻘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺘﺒﺨﺶ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻣﻨﺪ ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص‬ ‫ﻭو ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻯى ﺣﺠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺯزﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺨﺒ®ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ§ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻭوﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه "ﻣـﺸﻴﺖ ﺍاﻟـﻬ§" ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺧـﻠ« ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺯزﻥن ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻘﺮﺭرﻯى ﭘﻮﻝل) ﻳﺎ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺎﻟ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺎﻭوﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺑـﺪﻫﺪ( ﺑـﺪﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻓـﺴ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺭرﺍاﺿ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺒﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 2000‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺑﺨﺸ§ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤ§ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻗﻄـﻌﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻣـﺼﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍاﻫ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﺠﺎﺕت ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻧﺎﺧــﻮﺷﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺯزﺍاﻯى ﻫﺰﻳــﻨﻪ ﻣﺎﻟ§‬ ‫ﭼــﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻥن ﻣﻴــﺴﺮ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧــﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣــﺠﺎﺩدﻟﻪ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺑﺮﺣـﺴﺐ "ﻭوﺿ« ﻭو ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ" ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺧﻮﺏب ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺣــﺴﺐ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺗﺪﻭوﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻓـﺴ‪ ª‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛـﻠ§‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﻝل ﻗـﺒﻞ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﻣ§‬ ‫ﻣــﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻜــﺘﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺗﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨــﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ§ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺫذﻫﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺫذﺍاﺗ§ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺮﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻣ§ ﺁآﻳﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺒـ®ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻳﻬﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘ§‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘ§ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺸ‪-‬ﻼﺗ§‪ ،‬ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄـﻘ§ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§"‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ⁃‑‐ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ⁃‑‐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﺣﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻧﺸﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻣ§ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭرﻍغ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧ« ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺱس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳﭗ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ§ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﺟـﺮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﻮﻕق ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺣـ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬

‫ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻓـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑـﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺣـ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺗﺨﻄ§ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ®ﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺳﺎﻧ§ ﻭو ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﻧﻴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪Z‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺎﺭرﯼی ﺑﻪ ﺳ‪Z‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠ‪ Y‬ﮔﺮﯼی‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﻻﻟـﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﺗـﻄﺒﻴﻘ§ ﺩدﻻ ﻳﻞ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻨﮕﺎﻝل ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻭو ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ" ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﻣـﻠ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺮﻭوﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﻣﺪﺍاﻓﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻧـﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح‬

‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻀﻤﻨﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻔ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه‬

‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﻻﺗﻴﻨ§‬

‫‪saeculum‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى "ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺑﺰﺭرﮒگ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن"‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻗﻴـﻘﺘﺮ"ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻋـﺼﺮ" ﺍاﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕق ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻠـﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫"ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن" ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻻ ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ§ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﻧﻴﻮﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ§ ﻧﺸﺎﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﮔــﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز "ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺰﺍاﺳﻴﻮﻥن" ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺧﺼﻮﺻ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺰﺍاﺳﻴﻮﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩد ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭوﺑـﺴﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﺍاﺳﺖ "ﺑﻰ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻃﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§‪ ".‬ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺁآ ﻛﺴﻔﻮﺭر ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﺪ "ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻌﺎﺩدﺕت ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺩد ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﺁآﻣﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ".‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺩدﻻ ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺗـﺼﻮﺭرﺍاﺗ§ ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤـﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ )ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑـﺠﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ) ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺟـﻬﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻟﻬ§ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﻯى ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩه ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ§(‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﻘﺪﺱس ﺯزﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﺱس ﺑﺨﺸ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§ ﻋﻤﻴـﻘ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍاﻡم‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧﻈـﺮﺍاﺗ§ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑـﻬﺎﻯى ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ‪-‬ﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻟ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ 4‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻤﻨﺪ ﻳ‪-‬ـﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻌﺎﺭرﻳﻒ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ®ﻴﺮﺩد ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ§‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺤﻠ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸ‪-‬ﻴﻞ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻼﺷ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻨﺰﻝل ﻗﻄﻌ§ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو ﻓﻠـﺴﻔ§ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻓﻜﺎﺭرﺷﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱس ﻣ§ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺨﺒ®ﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﭼـﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗﻼﺵش ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻟـﺰﻭوﻣﺎ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸ‪-‬ﻼﺕت ﺟﺪﻱي ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﻨﺎ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﺑـﺎﻃﻞ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻣﺘﺰﺍاﺝج ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻟﻴﻞ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻭو ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺑﺨﺸ§‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻋﻠ§ ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻭو ﻓﻠﺴﻔ§ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺴﺘﮕ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺒﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭو ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓ§ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﻗﻮﻳﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭو ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﻟ¦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﺳﺎﺯزﯼی ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻧ¦ ﮐﻪ ﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺣﻞ ﻫﺎﯼی ﻣﻌﻴﻨ¦ ﺑﺮﺍاﯼی ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ¦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣ¦‬

‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ¦ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ¦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭرﯼی ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﯼی ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﺗﺎﻧﺎﺯزﻯى ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﺣﻖ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﭼﻨﺒﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺗﺎﻧﺎﺯزﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛـﺒﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮﺩد ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺑﺪﻳﻠ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§ ﻣﻨﻔ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺣﺘـﺴﺎﺏب ﺑﻨﻴـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﺪﺍاﻧ§ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺎﺯز ﻣﯩﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﮔﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ«‬

‫ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻓﺮﺽض ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﺩدﻥن ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻗﻴﻤﻮﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﻼﻕق‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ§ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﺪﺍاﻧ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ⁃‑‐ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻧـﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﻣ§ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ⁃‑‐ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﭘـﺎﺳ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻤـﻌ§ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺭرﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﺎﻓ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻬﻤ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﺼﻮﺻ§ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ§ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻳﺎ ﺷﻚ ﻭوﺗـﺮﺩدﻳﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻧـﻘﺾ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻤﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺎﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭر ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻓﻬﻤـﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺯزﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻧ§ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺻﺮﻑف ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ§ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻣ§ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ‪-‬ﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺎﻃﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﺒﻌﻴـﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻤـﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ﻣـﻮﻓﻖ‬

‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺸ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭو ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﺮﺍاﺿﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣـﺤﻮﺭرﻯى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸ§ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺣﺎﻣ§ ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛﻠ§ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﺧﺼﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻔﺎﻯى ﻧﻘﺸ§ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻟ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺱس ﻭو ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺴﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻩه ﭘـﻮﺷﺶ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻃﺒﻴﻌ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩدﻝل‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﻗﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﻋﻮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ§ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔ ﻴـﺮﺩد‪.‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺘـﻀﻴﺎﺕت ﭘـﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﻳﻤـﻨ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺤﻞ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺗـﻄﺒﻴﻘ§ ﻭو ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻱي ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻭو ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﭘـﻮﺷﺶ ﻭو ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ« ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ© ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ⁃‑‐ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ⁃‑‐ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ‪-‬ﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺣﻖ‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﭘﺮﻭوﺭرﺵش ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑــﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺣــﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ« ﻭو ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§‪ .‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻣﻄﻠـﻘ§ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝل ﺧـﻮﺩدﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺠﻮﻳﺰ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻗــﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑــﻬﺎﻯى ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓــﺼﻞ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻠ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣـ‪-‬ﺮﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـ®ﻮﻳﻢ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـ§‌ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬

‫ﭼـﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬ ‫ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻢ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺻﺮﻑف ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗ§ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ§ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻗﻮﺍاﻣﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺫذﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟـﻬﺎﺩد ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺘــﺠﺎﻭوﺯزﺍاﻧﻪ ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ§ ﻛــﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺑﻤــﺎﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺘــﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧــﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح‬ ‫ﭼـﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧـﻤ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻞ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺣـ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻼﻝل ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻤ§ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻤ‪ Y‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪Y‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﻳ‪-‬ـﺴﺎﻥن ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻋﻠــﻨ§ ﺗــﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑــﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔــﻴﺮﺩد ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺁآﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺧـﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑﻰ ﻗـﻴﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻁط ﻧـﻈﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﻳﺎﺑـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭر ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺴﻂ ﻫﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺨﺶ‬

‫ﻭو ﻣـﺨﺮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ؛ ﺩدﺭرﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ®ﻮ‬

‫ﻧﮕﺎﻫــﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴــﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧــﺤﻮ ﺣــﻴﺎﺗ§ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﻯى ﻻﺯزﻡم‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳــﺸ§ ﻭو ﺑــﺤﺚ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺑــﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧــﺤﻮ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﺣــ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗــﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﻤﻠ‪-‬ﺮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﻘﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸ§ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵش‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗ§ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ§ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺣﻮﻝل ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻛـﻤﺎﻝل ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧـﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻮﺍاﻗ« ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﻢ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﻻﻳﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺗـﺴﺨﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻕق ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺟـﻬﺎﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب )ﻋـﻤﺪﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣــﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬــﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن( ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘــﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺟــﺰﻳﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻣﻦ ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼ ﺣﻖ ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ]ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§[ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻣـ®ﺮ ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻗـﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎﻥن‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺣﺘ§ ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺮﻭو ﭘﺎ ﻗﺮﺹص ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§ ﭘـﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ§‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻤ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز‬

‫ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭو ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﻠﻴـﻤ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ§ ﻣ§‬

‫ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺩدﮔــﺮﮔﻮﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﮔــﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﮊژﺭرﻑف ﻭو ﻋﻤــﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ‪-‬ﺎﻡم ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔﺎﻳﻬﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻠ§ ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺴﺎﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻛــﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧ§‌ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﻣـ‪-‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍاﻧ§ ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺟـﻬﺎﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﭼـﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻛـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻧـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‬

‫ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﭼـ®ﻮﻧﮕ§ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺳﻨﺘ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣ§ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﻯى ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻻ‪ ،‬ﮔــﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﻧــﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻭو ﺗﺠــﺮﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗــﺴﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻣﺘــﻌﺪﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﻫﻤﭙـﻮﺷﺎﻥن ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﻮﻣ§‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﻨ§‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ§ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺣـﺮﻓﻪ ﺍاﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩد ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌـﻨ§ ﻭو ﺩدﻻ ﻟﺖ ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻏﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻣـﻨ« ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﮔـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌـﻨ§‪ ،‬ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻤﭙـﻮﺷﺎﻥن ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى" ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷ‪-‬ﻞ ﺧـﺎﺻ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻤ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻣﺎﻧ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺡح ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﻃﻼﻉع ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻤﻮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏـﺎﻳﺎﺕت ﻳﺎ ﻋـﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁآﻥن ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸ§ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺷ§ ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﻳﺎﻗﻮﻣ§‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻳـ‪ §-‬ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﻤـﺰﻣﺎﻧ§‬

‫ﻣﻠـﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻏﺮﺏب‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ§ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳ‪ §-‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻤ§ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺱس ﺫذﻫﻨ§ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻓﻌـﻠ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻫﻤـﺨﻮﺍاﻧ§ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺗـﻤﺪﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص‪ ،‬ﺭرﺷﺪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻟ®ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ "ﻣﻠ§" ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻤ§ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺻﻠ© ﻭوﺳﺘﻔﺎﻟ§ )‪ (1648‬ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ®ﻮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺍاﺟﺒﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ "ﻣﻠﺖ"‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ – ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﻣ§ ﺷﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد⁃‑‐ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍاﻧ§ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﻏﺮﺏب ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧﺴﺒﻰ ﻧﺒﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪-‬ﻪ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺼﻮﺹص ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﻣ§‪،‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺣﻖ ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﻤ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻨﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻠ§ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻟﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﮔﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻻ ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻠـﻘ§ ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﻭو ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﭘـﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻝل ﺷﻤﻮﻟ®ﺮﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﺷ‪-‬ﺎﻝل ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤ®ﺎﻥن – ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§⁃‑‐ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍا ﺭرﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻗـﺼﺪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ§ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻳ‪-‬ﺴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻣـﻴﻪ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،1948‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫"ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭو ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ" ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﻌﺎﻭوﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻃﻼﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ§ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﺍاﻳﻢ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻣـﻠ§ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺪﻋ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ§‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻋﻤﻠ®ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§‬

‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﺎﻟ‪-‬ﺘـﻴﻚ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄ© ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺩدﻧـﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻃﻦ ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺯزﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻯى ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻠ§ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§ ﺗـﺸ‪-‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ§ ﺑـﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧـﺤﻮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻃﻦ ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﺼﺐ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺑـﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣ§ ﻣﺎﻳــﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘــﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺟــﻬﺎﻧ§ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻃﻦ ﺗﻬـﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﭘﺎﺭرﺍاﺩدﺍاﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘــﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻥن ﻳ‪-‬ﺪﻳ®ــﺮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻧﺎﺷﺪﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺿﻮﺡح ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺧﻼﻕق ﻛﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ§ ﻭو ﻋﺮﻑف ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ§ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ – ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ⁃‑‐ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﻣﻠ§ ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﺁآﻧﻘﺪﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﺬﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴـﻬﺎﺕت ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻬﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻭو ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﻄـﺮﻧﺎﻙك‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺧ§‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ‬

‫ﺑﺨـﺸﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺒﺖ ﻣـﺼﻴﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻭو ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ§ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﺍاﻣ‪-‬ﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻡم ﻣﻨﻄﻘ§ ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§" ﺗﻠﻘ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻋﻤـﻠ§ ﺗﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺸ‪-‬ﻼﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻧـﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘ§ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻟـﻬ§ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻏﻠـﺒﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺗـﻬﺎﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد – ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﭘﻴـ®ﺮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﻧﮕـﻴﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﭼﺎﺭر ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻓـﺮﺍاﻃ§ ﻧـﺸﻮﺩد⁃‑‐ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻍغ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻃﺎﻗﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﺎ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗ§ ﺑﻤـﺎﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﻴـﻬﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺒـﺘﺬﻝل ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ§ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ§ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ "ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§" ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻧﻜ§ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝل ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو ﭘﻴ®ـﻴﺮﻯى ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺜــﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻰ ﺛـﻤﺮﻯى ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴﻤ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍاﻛﺪﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺑﻰ ﺛـﺒﺎﺗ§ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﭙﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ§ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﻨﻴـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪﺍاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺭرﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻧﻜ§ ‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﻘــﻴﺪﻩه ﺩدﻳــﻨ§ ﺷﺨــﺼ§ ‪ ،‬ﺗــﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻟ§ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻣ§‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﺎﻧﻜ§‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩه ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﻯى ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌ§ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻣﺨﺮﺏب ﻭو ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩدﻛﺎﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻧ§ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻓـﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻠﻤ§ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻓﻘﻪ ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺿ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﻓـﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻗﻴـﻘﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺧـﻄﺮﺍاﺕت ﻟﻌـﺰﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﺼﺒﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳ‪ §-‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن‬

‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤـﻠ§ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑـﻴﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺧـﻄﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﺭرﺑﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔ§ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﻰ ﻣﻌﻨ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎﺻﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﻳــ®ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻌﺮﺽض ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣــﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣﻘـﺎﺻﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﭼـﻨﺎﻥن ﺳﻄ© ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻉع ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻛﺎﻓ§‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱس ﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻼﻓـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩدﺭرﮔـﻴﺮ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕت ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪،‬‬

‫"ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ" ﻳ‪ §-‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔ§ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى "ﺩدﻳﻦ" ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩه ﻋﻤﻠﯩﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻳﺎ "ﺩدﻳﻦ"‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻳﺴﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد؟ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﭼﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ§ ﻣ§ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﻳ®ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد؟ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓﻘﻪ ﻣ§ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﺣ§ ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺼﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ§‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭوﺍاﺟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺼﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻔﺎﻯى ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻤ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﺸ§ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ§ ﺍاﻳـﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻟ§‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑ®ﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺗﻔــﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺗــﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﻡم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺳ‪ Y‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ§ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺠﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻻ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﺁآﻣﺎﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺍاﻭوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻡم‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻗﺎﻧ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻭو ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣ§ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد ﻧﻪ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ§‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺣﻘﻴـﻘ§ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﻣ§ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد ﻧﻪ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﺁآﻥن‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻧﻘـﺸ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﺧـﺎﺻ§ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻭو ﺍاﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺟـﻤ« ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪-‬ﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﻓـﺮﺻﺘ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﭘـﺎﺳ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻓـﺮﺿﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﻭو ﺑﻴﻨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﺧﻮﺫذ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔـﻜﺮ ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﻧـﮕﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﻛﺎﺭر ﻗـﺼﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﻓـﺮﺻﺖ ﻣﻤـ‪-‬ﻦ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌ§ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻃـﺮﻗ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔـﻜﺮﺍاﺕت ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﺴﻨﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫـﻮﺍاﺧﻮﺍاﻫ§‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﻭو ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻗﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺎﻧ§ ﺍاﻋﻨـﺮﺍاﺿﺎﺕت ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻭو ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ§‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﻭوﺭرﺵش ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻗﻄﻌ§ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁآﻭوﺭرﻡم‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺰﻭوﻯى ﺁآ ﻛﺎﺩدﻣـﻴﻚ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﻧ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡم ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻳﻚ "ﺑـﺮﮔﻪ ﻣـﻔﻮﻡم" ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻳــﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃ§ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﮊژﺍاﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ 2004‬ﺗﺎ ﻓﻮﺭرﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪ 2005‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺱس )ﻧﻴﺠﺮﻳﻪ( ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝل )ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه )ﻣﺼﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭرﻃﻮﻡم )ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻥن(‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺗـﺎﺷ‪-‬ﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺳﻤﺮﻗﻨﺪ )ﺍاﺯزﺑ‪-‬ـﺴﺘﺎﻥن(‪ ،‬ﺩدﻫـﻠ§ ﻧﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴـ®ﺮﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑـﻤﺒﺌ§ ﻭو ﻛﻮﭼﻴﻦ )ﻫـﻨﺪ(‪،‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻭو ﻳﻮﮔﺠﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ )ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى( ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺑــﺤﺚ ﮔــﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕت ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺰﮔﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﺩد ﺧـﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﺑـﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝل ﻭو ﺟﺎﻛـــﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺗـــﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧـــﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـــﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺍاﺻﻠ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﻻﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ§ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﺑـﺮﭘﺎ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‪ .‬ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـﺴ§ ﺗﻬـﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺰﮔﺰﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﺮﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺑﻬـﺎﺳﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺮﺍاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﺍاﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﻳﺎ ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺪﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﮒگ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ§ ﻛﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭو ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻡم‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻫﻮﺍاﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻣـﺤﻮﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺩدﻭو ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﺯزﻳﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻗ§ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ§ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣ§ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻠـﻴﺪﻯى ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ§ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝل‪ ،‬ﺩدﻫـﻠ§ ﻧﻮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﭼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻭو ﻳﻮﮒگ ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﻃﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﮔﺮﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻨﺪﺭرﺝج ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﮒگ‬

‫ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻣ§ ﻭو ﺭرﻫﻨﻤـﻮﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺩد ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮﻩه ﻭو ﻋـﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮﻩه ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺟــﻤ« ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻣــﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد )ﺗــﺮﻛ§‪ ،‬ﺑﻬــﺎﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﺯزﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺩدﻭو( ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍاﻳﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‬

‫ﺍاﻳــﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ§ ﺭرﻓــﺘﻢ ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑــﻌﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻧــﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣــﻨﺪﺭرﺝج ﺩدﺭر ﮔــﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳـــﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺤﻘﻴـــﻘ§ ﻭو ﺣـــﻤﺎﻳﺘ§ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧـــﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣﺴـﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﺎﺳ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻃﺮﻑف ﮔﻔﺘـﮕﻮﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺘﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺬﻭوﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑـﺴﻂ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻭو ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻣ®ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ§ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻨﻴﺘ§ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﮋﻣﻮﻧ§‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏب ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧ§ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﻭو ﻇﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗﺰﺍاﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ§ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ§ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺋﻪ ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﺟﺪﻯى ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺮﺏب ﺑﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ§ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻟﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻠ§ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄـﻘ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺑﺎ ﺑـﺤﺜ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻏـﺎﻳﺎﺕت ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ§ ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﻠ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ§‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻘ§ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻫــﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﺤﺜــﻬﺎﻯى ﺟــﺰﻳﻰ ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻓــﺼﻞ ‪ 2‬ﺍاﻧــﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﮔــﻴﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓــﺼﻞ ﺑــﺴﻂ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ§ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﭘﻴ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺪﺍاﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ§‬

‫ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﻌ§ ﻭو ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺰﺍاﻉع ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍاﻟ®ﻮﻯى ﻗﻄﻌ§ ﻭو ﺛﺎﺑﺘ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﻳ®ﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﺻﻔﺎﺕت ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺁآﺷ‪-‬ﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪،‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﭘﺴﻴﻨ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ§ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﻣﻨﻄﻘ§ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻼﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺷﺪﻩه‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕت ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻮﻝل ‪6،5‬ﻭو ‪ 7‬ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺘﻦ ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻗـﻮﻳﺎ ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ§ ﻣـﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ§ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣــﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻣ§ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼــﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗــﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﭼـﺸﻤ®ﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻏــﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔــﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻏــﺮﺑﻰ ﻧﻮ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ®ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏب ﻓﺰﺍاﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺍاﻟ®ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ§‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ‪-‬ﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺣــ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗــﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠــﻠ§ ﻭو ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ§ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ‬

‫ﺁآ ﮔــﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧــﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣــﻠ§ ﻭو ﺑــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠــﻠ§ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻔــﻴﺬ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣ§ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ§ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ«‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻣ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﺑﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺧﻄﺎﺏب ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻛﻨﺎﻑف ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ§ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕ§ ﻭو ﻧﺎﻫـﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﻧ¨ ﻣ§ ﺑـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺘــﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕ§ ﻭو ﻧﺎﻫــﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺣــ‪-‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺧــﻠ§ ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ§ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ§ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺳ§ ﻗﻮﻯى ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﺭرﻳﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻌ§ ﺑﺰﺭرﮒگ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ§‪ ،‬ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛــﻨﻮﻧ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨــﺠﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﻣــﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻳـ‪ – §-‬ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ§‬ ‫ﭼــﻨﺪﻭوﺟﻬ§ ﻭو ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﻣــﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺴﻴــﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧــﻠ§ ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ§⁃‑‐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫــﻤﻪ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺁآﻧﻬـﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺿﻮﺡح ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﻓﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﺣﺘ§ ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ« ﻣﻤ‪-‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺣﺎﻛ§ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺘ§ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺣﺎﺩد ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑـﺮﺧ§ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻢ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣ§ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺧ§ ﺟﻬﺎﺕت ﻣﺸﻮﻕق ﺣﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺿﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﺳ‪-‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﺮﻯى ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﮔﺰﺍاﻑف ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺪﻯى ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣ§ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻴﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﺎﺭر ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ§ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤــ‪-‬ﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺷ‪-‬ــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻟــﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﻘــﻴﺾ ﻗﺎﻃ« ﻭو ﻣﺒﺘــﻨ§ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻗـﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣ§ ﻛـﺸﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭوﻯى ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺟـﻨﺐ ﻫﻤـ‪-‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺟﻤـﻌ§ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺭرﺥخ ﻧﻤ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﺴﺎﻧ§ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺟﺬﺏب ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹص ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ§ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ§ ﻛـﻮﭼﻚ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺰﻭوﻯى ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ§ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ§ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺴ‪-‬ﻴﻦ ﻣ§ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ§ ﻣ§ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪Y‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ – ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ⁃‑‐ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ®‬ ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺟﻤ®( ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪I‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ I‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻨ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﻮﺀء‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺑﺎ ﻧــﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® "ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©" ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﺩدﻭوﺩدﻥن ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺗﻨﺰﻝل ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺧﺼﻮﺻ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺷﻮﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ 4‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻔـﺼﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ®‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍاﻟﺸ‪°‬ﻠ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ©‬

‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹص ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﭙﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ‪°‬ﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ© ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺧﺼﻮﺻ© ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ]ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ[ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ،4‬ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺮﺍا ﻻﭘـﻴﺪﻭوﺱس ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺘ© ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺗــﻔﺎﻭوﺗ© ﻗــﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭوﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ©‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺷﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻣﻨـﻔﺮﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘــﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻓـﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ـﻮﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗــﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺗــﻮﺯزﻳﻊ ﺍاﻗــﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭرﻛﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺍاﺑﻬــﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗــﻀﺎﺗ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻭو ﺳﺮﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻈــﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﻋــﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪Ira M. Lapidus, “State and Religion in Islamic Socieites,” Past and Present, No. 151‬‬ ‫‪(May, 1996), p. 4.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ© ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻧ© ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ© ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ© ﻣ© ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻼﺷ© ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﻭوﺿﺎﺕت ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯز ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﻭو ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺭرﺍاﺑﺰﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪°‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﻣ© ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ®‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭر – ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ⁃‑‐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻴ‪±‬ﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻛﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺶ ﻭو ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣ© ﻛـﻨﻢ ﻭو ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﻛـﻠ© ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ]ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥن[ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻤﺎﻯى ﻛـﻠ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡم ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﻣﻔـﺼﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻤـﻠﻮﻙك ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺣﺎﻭوﻯى ]ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه[ ﻭوﺿ® ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﺗــﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺑﺮ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ®‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣﯩ‪°‬ﻨﻮﻧ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ©‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه "ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©" ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ]ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ["ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ©" ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻣﻘـﺮﺭرﺷﺪﻩه ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣـﺠﺎﺩدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻗـﺴﻢ ﻣـﺠﺎﺩدﻻﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ© ﻣـﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ©‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺸ‪°‬ﻞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ© ﻛﻨﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤـﻠﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ© ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻣ© ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ© ﺁآﻥن‪ .‬ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻓـﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﻑف ﻭو ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ©‬ ‫ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯى ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ‪ 3‬ﻭو ‪ 4‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺯزﺧﺮﻑف ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ":‬ﻣﺎ)ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ( ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻋـﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻤﺎ )ﺍاﻧــﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ( ﻧﺎﺯزﻝل ﻧــﻤﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن )ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد( ﻫــﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ‬

‫)ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ( ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺑﻠـﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ".‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺗﻼ ﺷ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻓـﺎﺭرﺳ© ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ©‌ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ‬

‫ﻣ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ© ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻣ© ﻓﻬﻤﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﻼﺷ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻭو ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺧﻄـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺳﻄ¬ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ© ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ© ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺳﺮﻭو‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧـﻤ© ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻓـﺮﺍاﺗﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﻫﺮ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ© ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺟﻤـﻌ© ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧـﻜﺎﺭر ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﻓـﻬﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻧـﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ‪±‬ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﻣـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﻑف ﻭو‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺟﻤـﻌ© ﻭو ﻋﻤـﻠ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫"ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©" ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺁآ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻭو ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻼﺷ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬ ‫ﺫذﺍاﺗ© ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻭو ﻫﻤ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ©‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰﺷ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‪/‬ﻫﻤ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺻﺮﺍاﺣﺘﺎ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺿﻤﻨ© ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺘ© ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺗﻼ ﺷ© ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ "ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©" ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ ﻓﻬﻤـﻴﺪﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪±‬ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ©‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣ® ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻧـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻣـ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ© ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﻴـﺴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻧﻜﺎﺗ© ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﺮﺩدﻣﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻣ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻭو ﺭرﺧﺪﺍاﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﺷﻨﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻃﻼ ﻋﺎﺕت ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﺷﺪﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻗﺮﺍاﺋﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪Y‬‬

‫ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻭو ﺍاﺑـﻌﺎﺩد ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻭو‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ©‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺜﺮﺕت ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻗـﺼﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺭرﻓﺘـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔـﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿ® ﻓﻜﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺸﻤ‪°‬ﺶ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴـﻨﺶ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺑﺎ ﺣـﺴﻦ ﻧـﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌ© ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻴـﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ®‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻳـ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻭو ﺍاﺑـﻌﺎﺩد ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﺮ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪°‬ﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺻﺤﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺲ ﻧﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻋﻴﻨ© ﻳﺎ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﺑﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩدﻯى" ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍا ﺑـﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ‪،‬ﺣﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﻭو ﭼـﻬﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﭼﻮﺏب ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻳ‪°‬ـﺴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺑـﺮﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﭼﻮﻥن ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﺻﺤﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩدﻯى ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ "ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى" ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻮﺍاﺧﻮﺍاﻫ© ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺧﺎﻭوﺭرﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ© ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺧﻮﺩدﹺِ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ© ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ©‬

‫ﺍاﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ ﭘﻨ« ﻗﺮﻥن ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻱي ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﺨﺒ‪±‬ﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺧﺎﻭوﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ© ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺛﻖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻳﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻋـﺮﺑﻰ ﻋـﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺧﺎﺹص‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠ© ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺼﺮ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ© "ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻯى" ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛﻨﺎﻑف ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻓ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭو ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻋﻘﻼ ﻧ© ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﻣـﺴﺘﺤ‪°‬ﻢ ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻭوﺩدﻯى ﻛﻼ ﺯزﺍاﻳﻞ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻣـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼــﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻨــﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻼﺣــﻈﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻣﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺶ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ®‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺧﺎﺻ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺭرﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﺩد‪ .‬ﺑـﻬﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻓـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻓ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﻇﻬﺎﺭر ﺗﺎﺳﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺭرﻧﻴﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﻌﻨ© ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺗـﻨﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺋـﻤ© ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨ©‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣ© ﻣﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺋﻤ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗ® ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺟﺰﺀء ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻳﻰ ﻓﺮﺍاﮔـﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻠﻮﺕت ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ©‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﭼﻮﻥن ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻗـﺴﻢ ﺗﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺑﻴـﻨ© ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻧﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻡم‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤـﻠ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺣـﻔﻆ‬

‫ﺻﻠ¬ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺤـﻠ©‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺗﻬـﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺕت ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ© ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠ‪°‬ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪±‬ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻭوﺍاﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ©‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪.‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨ© ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻧﻤ©‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﻋﻮﺗ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺳﻨ‪ J‬ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ© ﺁآﻧـﮕﺎﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨـﺼ© ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ© ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻘﻮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻭو‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉع ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷ© ﺷﺨﺼ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣ ©‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍاﺯزﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ© ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪‌ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺼــﻮﺻﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﺮﺍاﻛﺰ ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻓــﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭر‪ ،‬ﻣﻴــﺴﺮ ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﻌﻴﻦ "ﻋﻴﻨ©"‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺍاﻇﻬﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠ‪°‬ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﺏب ﺗﻬــﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺕت ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ©‪ ،‬ﺣــﻔﻆ ﺻﻠ¬ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻨــﻴﺖ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻗﻠــﻤﺮﻭو‪ ،‬ﺭرﻓ®‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺟﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺎ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﻫﺮ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻬﺰﻳﺴﺘ©‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭرﻛﺮﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺯزﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﭼﺸﻤ‪±‬ﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ©‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻴﺮﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﻴﺎﺱس ﻛﻼﻥن ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣ© ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ﺷﺨﺼ© ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺼﺎﻳﺢ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ© ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣــﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﻳﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻗــﻌ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠ‪°‬ــﺮﺩدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺭرﺗــﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ© ﻭو‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣ© ﺍاﺳﺖ )ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﺶ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ(‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻘـﻴﺎﺱس ﻛﻼﻥن ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻗﺎﻃ® ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺧـﻄﺮ ﻧﺰﺍاﻉع ﻣﺪﻧ© ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌـﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡم ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ©‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﺝج ﻭو ﻣﺮﺝج ﻭو ﻧﺰﺍاﻉع ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ© ﺩدﺭر ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗـﻘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺹص ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣ© ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ© ﻭو ﻣـﻮﻗﺘ© ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺳﻨ© ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ – ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ⁃‑‐ ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺗﺒﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻮﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¬ ﻣﺤﻠ© ﻣﻠﻬﻢ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻣﻴـﻨ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺦ ﻣ© ﺭرﺳﺪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ© ﺧﺎﺹص ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺣﺘ© ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻗـﻄﺎﺭر ﺑﻌـﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺗ© ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣ© ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﺭرﺗﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﻮﻩه‬

‫ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬

‫ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻨﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺭرﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ© ﺍاﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹص‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺨﺼ© ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﭘﺮﺧـﺎﺷ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ‌ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﭼﺮﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻓـﺎﻗﺪ ﺗـﻘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻈﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻛـﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺧـﺼﻮﻳﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣﻬﺎﺭرﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ©‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺪﻋ© ﺷﺪﻥن ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉع ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﻭو ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻴﺮﻭوﻥن ﺭرﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻈﺮ ﺟﺪﻯى ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻭو ﻧﺰﺍاﻉع ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ© ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍاﻧ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤــﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨــﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻻ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻧـﻤ© ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺁآﻥن ﺣ‪°‬ﻤــﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﺗﻤــﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳــﺸﺎﻥن ﻛــﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﺕت ﻣﺪﻋ© ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻀﻮﻋ©‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺗـﻘﻮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ‌ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣﻨـﻜﺮ ﺗـﻘﻮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣﺪﻋ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻧﺴﺒﻰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨﺸ©‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻧﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻬﺮﻩه ﺟﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣ‪°‬ﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل‬

‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣ© ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻫـﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﻟ© ﻫﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﻣﯩﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺣــﻔﻆ ﺗــﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﻋــﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻃﺮﻑف‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻭو ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﻭو ﻋـﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺣ‪°‬ﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﭘــﺎﺳﺨ‪±‬ﻮ ﻧــﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﭘــﺎﺳﺨ‪±‬ﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﻌــﺘﺒﺮ ﻧــﻤ© ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺘــﻜ© ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤــ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﭼ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻬـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش‪ ،‬ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ‪±‬ﻮ ﻧﮕﺎﻫـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ® ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﺗﻔﺎﻕق ﺍاﻓﺘﺎﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ© ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ© ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕ© ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻏﺰﺍاﻟ© ﺑﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻧ© ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺑ‪±‬ﺮ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺍا ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳ‪ ©°‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭوﺭرﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺋﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻗﻄﺒﻰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧ©‪/‬ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻧﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻡم ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﻝل ﻳﻚ ﻣـﻘﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻤ© ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﻣ©‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺗﺐ ﻭو ﻣﺮﻛﺰﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻄﺐ‬

‫ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺱس ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻗـﻄﺐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﭽ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﻃﺒﻖ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‪/‬ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺰﺩدﻳ‪°‬ﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ© ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـﻬﺘﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫ© ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‪/‬ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕت ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‪/‬ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧ© ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧﺒﻰ ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺁآﻣﻴﺰﻩه ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ]ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ[ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻈـﻬﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭر‪،‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺿ© ﻭو ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻜﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺤــﻤﺪ ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮﻯى ﻧﺨــﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠـﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻭو ﺣﻞ ﻭو‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‌ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﻳ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﻭوﺍاﻻﻯى ﻧﺒﻰ ﺭرﺍا ⁃‑‐ﻛﺴ©‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻌـﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﭼـ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ⁃‑‐ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﻧﺸﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﺸﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣ© ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟﻬ© ﺳﻮﺩد ﻣ© ﺟﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ© ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﻭو ﺧـﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠـﻠ© ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ® ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ© ﻭوﺍاﻻﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل‬

‫ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑﺎ ﻧﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺒﻰ ﺁآﺧﺮ ﻭو ﺧﺎﺗﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺷ‪ ©°‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد؟ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﺎﻳﻞ ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ© ﺯزﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﺳﺎﻝل ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭو ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﻯى ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻄـﻠﺒﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺷـﻮﺭرﺷﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺪﻋ© ﺩدﻟﻴـﻠ© ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺘ© ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺮﺍاﻳﻢ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺍاﻭو ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺭرﻫﺒﺮ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺍاﻭو ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن –‬

‫ﭼــﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻧــﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﺑــﻌﺪ – ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺷﺮﻋ©‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻋ© ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﺎﺗ© ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ 4:59‬ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺗـﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺣﺘ© ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ – ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ⁃‑‐ ﻓﺮﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻤـﻨ© ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣـﺼﺪﺍاﻕق ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻋـﻤﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻭوﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻧـﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣ© ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻼ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻴ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﺪﺍاﻥن ﻋﺮﺏب ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﻻﻳﻠ© ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ® ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨﺸ© ﺑﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳـﻤﻦ ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺳ‪ -‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ® ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻄﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﺎﻓ© ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ® ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺁآﻧـﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑ‪°‬ﺸﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻞ‬

‫ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻔـﻘﺪ ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺴﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﻘﺪﻡم ﺗﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑﺎﺭرﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺳﻂ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻝل ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺷﻬﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﻌ© ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺸ‪°‬ﻞ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻛﺜـﺮﻳﺘ© ﺳﻨ© ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺯزﻧﮕـﻴﺎﻥن‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻮﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻤـﻠﻮﻙك ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ® ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺟـﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺻﻮﻓ© ﻭو ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃـﺮﻗ© ﺻﻠ¬ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻞ ﺟـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﻴـﺎﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻧ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣ© ﻛـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﭼـﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻻﭘـﻴﺪﻭوﺱس ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻧـﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﻠﻮﺏب‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻳﺘ© ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺍاﺩدﺙث ﻭو ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺶ" ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻓ© ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﮊژﺭرﻑف‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧـﺸ© ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺪﻳﻤ© ﺗﻔـﻜﺮ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ©‬

‫ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺪﻳﻠ©‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺟﺪﻯى ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎ‬

‫ﺁآﺷﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﻭوﺩد ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺁآﺷﺘ‪ Y‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ Y‬ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ Y‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻧﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺗـﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻛـﻠ© ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬

‫ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺧﻠـﻔﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ )ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻋـﻠ© ( ﺍاﺯز ‪ ،632‐‑⁃661‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﺎﻥن )‪ (661‐‑⁃750‬ﺗﻤﺮ ﻛﺰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ ﻭو ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﻋ© ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺍاﻟﻤﻨـﺤﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪ 883‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺗ© ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﻋ© ﺳﻮﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣـﺮﻣﺖ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﺣـﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺋﻠـﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ© ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﭼ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪For authoritative review of that early history, citing original Arabic sources, see‬‬ ‫‪Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World‬‬ ‫‪Civilization, vol. 1, The Classical Age of Islam, Chicago: University of Chicago Press‬‬ ‫‪1974, pp. 187-230; Wilfred Madelung, The Succession of Muhammad: A Study of the‬‬ ‫‪early Caliphate, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997; and Ira M. Lapidus, A‬‬ ‫‪History of Islamic Societies, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺳﻨ©‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه )ﺣﺮﺏب ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺪﻳﻦ( ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻮﺍاﺏب ﺑﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺗﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻭوﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻰ ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﻧﺒﺮﺩد ﭼـ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻢ ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ؟ ﭼـ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭوﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻰ ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻢ؟ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠـﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻄﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ®‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻛﻨﻮﻧ© ﻭو ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎ ﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺭر ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻟ© ﻛﻨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺴﻠ© ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ⁃‑‐ ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم⁃‑‐ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺧـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼ©‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕـﺮﺍاﻧ© ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧـﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺨـﺼﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ© ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﻣ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﺻﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣـﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗ© ﺑﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺒﺎﻝل ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻙك ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻄﻤﻴﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻫﻤـﺮﺍاﻫ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﻧﺎﺧـﻮﺷﺎﻳﻨﺪﻯى ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺫذﻳﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﻣﺤـﻨﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﻠـﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺟﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸ‪°‬ﻼﺕت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍا ﻣ©‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻧـﻤ©‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺻﻠ©‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﻭو ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺻﺪﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻢ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣ© ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻛﻨﻢ ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩه‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﺧﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﻭو ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨ© ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻟ©‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍاﺩدﺙث ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣـﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧـﺼﺎﺭر ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻣﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﻄﺮ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻳ‪°‬ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﻋﺮﺏب ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ⁃‑‐ ﺷﺮﺡح ﺁآﻥن ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺁآﻣﺪ⁃‑‐ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺘﺎ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺣﺮﻳﻔﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣ‪°‬ﻪ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ ﺁآﻣﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻓﻠﺘﺔ‪ 1‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺋـﻤ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﻋﻠ© ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘـﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﻧﻈـﺮﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻋـﻠﻞ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻨ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻌـﻴﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب‪ ،‬ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﻋﻤﻴـﻘ© ﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﻳـ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻋـﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻮﻟ© ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﻋﻤﻴـﻘ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠ© ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﻮﺕت ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗـﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺏب ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫@‪&P>K U' )+H‬ى ا‪ aO&T]&O 5K‬و '‪2‬ون ا‪ U:Y2O‬ا‪$C .,7‬م =‪ "ZP\ 5L‬ا‪ : ,7‬انّ '‪ )>Z‬ا'‪&C 5D' a‬ن @‪ )+H‬و‪ aA‬ا‪M-5+K .&Sّ59 c‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺿ® ﻓـﻜﺮﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ© ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮕـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧــﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺒــﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺒﻌــﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻏــﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻣﺘــﻨﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺫذﻛﺎﺕت ﻣـﺮﺗﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣ© ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﺎﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻋﻈـﻴﻢ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻣ© ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟـﺰﻳﺮﻩه‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺘﻴﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧ© ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨــﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘــﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧــﻈﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻘﻢ ﻋــﻤﻞ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺟـﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻤ© ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺭرﺧﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺪﺍاﻗﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﻄـﻴﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻣـﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻉع ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺫذﻛﺎﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ " ﺑﻪ ﺣﻖ ﻗـﺴﻢ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻮﻝل ﻣ©‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉع ﻣ© ﺟﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻟﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻓﺴﺎﺭر ﺷﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺟﻨﮕﻴﺪﻡم‪".‬‬

‫ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿ® ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﭼﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﭼـ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺭرﺳﻮﻝل ﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺻﺤﻪ ﻣ© ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد؟ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ© ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻻﻟـﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺗﻠﻔﻴـﻘ© ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﺵش ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛ© ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺸ‪°‬ﻼﺕت ﻭو ﺗﻨﺎﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻮﻉع ﻧـﮕﺮﺵش ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﭼﻪ‬

‫ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﻣ© ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻧﺪ؟‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺟـﻨﮓ ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻭوﺳﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻤـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪ :‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻉع‬

‫ﻭوﺭرﺯزﻳﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه )ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻏﻴﻦ( ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻙك‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺰﺍاﻧﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﻠـﻤﺪﺍاﺩد ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﮔـﺮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻉع ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺍاﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻧـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕت ﻣـﻄﻮﻝل ﻭو ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ‪،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺤﺪﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﭼﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺗ© ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ©‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩد ﻣ© ﺟﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد؟‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﭘﺎﺳﺨ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻓـﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺭرﻑف ﻣﺤﻠ© ﻣ© ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺆﺍاﻻﺗ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻣﻮﺭرﺧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺎﺳ‪ -‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﻃــﻔﺮﻩه ﺭرﻓــﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻬ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺣــﻴﺎﺕت ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬

‫ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻥن ﺷﺮﻁط ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﻧـﺒﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻗـﻴﺪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣ© ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫ﺟﻤ® ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻣﺪﻭوﻥن ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺣﺎﻛ© ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻤ® ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤ© ﻛﺮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ "ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﺍاﺝج ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻠﻐ©‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﺎﻳﻞ ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﺮﻣﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﺎﺋﻠ© ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻙك ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺟـﻠﺐ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ 2".‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ‪،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻋـﻠ©‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻴـ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬

‫ﻧﺠﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺘـﺼﺎﺏب ﺑـﺰﺭرﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﺷﺮﺍاﻑف ﻣـ‪°‬ﻪ‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴ‪°‬ـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﺭرﺩد¨ﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad, 46- 47.‬‬ ‫‪Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad, 48, note 55‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣــﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺳــﺮﺳﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘــﻴﺎﻡم ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺧــﻴﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳــﻤﺎﻥن ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄ¬ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﭘﻴـ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا "ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺧﺬ‬

‫ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺑﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺯزﻭوﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺳﺮﻛﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻘﺎﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻗﺒﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺳﺮﺳﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 2".‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻭو ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﻋﺮﺏب ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻫﻴﭽ‪±‬ﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻭوﺭر ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻞ ﻧـﺸﺪ‪" .‬ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷـﻮﺭرﺷ© ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺗـﻬﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻧﺰﺩد ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺣـﺮﻳﺺ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ")ﻭو‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻟﻮ ﻻﺑﻰ ﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﻻﺳﺎﺭرﻩه‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﻔﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻟ‪°‬ﻦ ﺷﻬﻨﺎ ﻋﻠ© ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻟﻨﺎ(‬

‫ﺣﺎﺩدﺛﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕت ﻓﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺸﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻨﻮ ﻳﺮﺑﻮﻉع‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺑﻨﻮ‬

‫ﺗﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻧﻮﻳﺮﻩه ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺟـﻤ® ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑـﺪﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺩدﺭرﻳﻎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﻴـﻌﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔـﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺧﺪﺷﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﻌﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﺠـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺧـﺎﻟﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﻛـﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭوﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﺸﺘﻨﺶ ﻫﻤـﺴﺮ ﺍاﻭو ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺍاﺯز‬

‫"ﻏﻨﺎﻳﻢ ﺟﻨﮕ©"‪ 4‬ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪Fred M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton: Princeton University Press,‬‬ ‫‪1981, 86-87.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad, 47‬‬ ‫‪M. J. Kister, “…illa bi-haqqihi” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, no. 8, pp. 61‬‬‫‪96, 1986, p. 35, n. 8 quotes al-Shafi’i “…wa-qalu li-abi bakrin ba’da l-isari: ma kafarna‬‬ ‫‪ba’da imanina wa-lakin shahana ‘ala amwalina.....‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭرﻳﻒ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺧﺬﻩه ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻟﺶ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﻠ© ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬

‫ﺯزﻧﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺼﺮﻑف ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ(‪ ،1‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻛﺮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﭘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩد ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﻻﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻭوﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺮﺩدﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﻧـﻤ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻨﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻟـﺸﻔﻴﻌ©‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟﺨـﻄﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨـﺒﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨ© ﺍاﺣﺎﺩدﻳﺚ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻓﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺻﺮﻑف‪ 3.‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻮﻭوﺟﻴﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌﺎ " ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﭼـﻨﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد " ﺩدﺭر ﻏـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭرﺕت ﻗﺒﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺭرﺷ© ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻣ© ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺷ‪°‬ﻨ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻗ©‬ ‫ﻣ© ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺻﺪﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻧﻤ© ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﻡم ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴ©‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﻖ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﻛـﺴ© ﺑﺮ ﺧـﻄﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺧـﻄﺮ‬

‫ﺫذﺍاﺗ© ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ© ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪of Islam) Malik b. Nuwayra and‬‬

‫‪5' EI (Encyclopedia‬اى د‪2Y‬ن ا‪WO‬اع روا‪&T+Y‬ى ا‪ QY‬و‪U' 2Y5^P' bY&A‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪Khalid b. Walid.‬‬

‫وى =‪WP‬ان ‪ UC 2Y&LO aK‬ا‪5Z[ _O‬وى از ‪Madelung, Succession to Muhammad, 50, note 60,‬‬ ‫ا‪&Z(O‬ى درو?‪W' a^+0&7 ،U.7 ،2.O #‬د ز‪5Y‬ا ا]‪ 5L= 5‬ار*‪2‬اد ‪ EG&K‬را [‪W' U+@5Y3‬د '‪ 5‬ر@‪&+‬ر ‪ 2G&0‬ا=‪5+‬اض‬ ‫‪5C aLO.‬د‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Syed H.M. Jafri, The Origins and Early Development of Shi’a Islam, Oxford: University‬‬ ‫‪Press, 2000, 58-79.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Kister, “…illa bi-haqqihi”, 36-37.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ®‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻩه ﻧﺒﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﮔﺮﺩدﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺘ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﻳ‪°‬ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺑﺤـﺮﺍاﻧ© ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩد ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪ 4‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه ‪ 59‬ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺪﺍا‪ ،‬ﺭرﺳﻮﻝل ﺧﺪﺍا ﻭو ﺣ‪°‬ـﻤﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع )ﻭوﻟ© ﺍاﻣﺮ(‬

‫ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺘ© ﺍاﮔﺮ ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻣ© ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺻﻼ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻗﻴﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺷﺮﻁط ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻧـﻬ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻄــﻠﺐ ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻃﺎﻋــﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕق ﻓ‪ ª‬ﻣﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﺍاﻟﺨﺎﻟﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬ© ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺟـﺪﺍاﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﻋﺮﺏب ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺮﺗﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷـﻮﺭرﺷ© ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔـﻨﺎﻩه ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻩه‬

‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺍاﻓﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺷﺪ )ﺣﺪ ﺍاﻟﺤﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ،(5 :33‐‑⁃34‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ© ﻧـﻤـﻮﺩد‪.‬ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺽض ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© "ﺑـﺮﺣﻖ" ﻳﺎ "ﺻﺤﻴﺢ" ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺑـﺮﺣﻖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺤﺘـﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣﺮﺟـﻌ© ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤـﻴﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ ﻧـﺒﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠ©‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﺑﻮ ﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻣ©‌ﮔﻴﺮﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻭو ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﺎﺭرﻳﻒ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻻﻟﻴﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻛﻨـﺸ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺷﺨـﺼ© ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋــﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘــﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤــﻠﻪ ﺍاﻟــ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺍاﺧــﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻓــﻘﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﺮﺍاﺏب‪ ،‬ﻃـﺮﻗ© ﻛﻪ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭر ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧـﺤﻮﻩه ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠـﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﻳـﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘـﮕ© ﻭو ﺍاﻏﺘﺸـﺎﺷ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ© ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻭوﺭر ﻋـﻠ© ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻄﻠـﻘﻪ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘـﻨﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻠـﻔﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣﻮﻯى ﺑـﺴﻂ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻧﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋـﻨﺎﻭوﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﺷ‪°‬ﻮﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد‬

‫ﺧﻠﻔﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣﻮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻳﺐ ﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻻﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑــﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺧﻄــﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻧــﻤﺎﺯز ﺟﻤــﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗــﺎﺳﺮ ﻗﻠــﻤﺮﻭو‬

‫ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﻌﺎﻭوﻳﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭرﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠ©‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻭوﺭر ﻋﻠ©‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤ‪°‬ـﻴﻢ ﻣـﻘﺎﻡم ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻨ© ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃﺮﻕق ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺗــﺸﻮﻳﻘ© ﻭو ﺗﻬــﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻓــﺮﺯزﻧﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻳــﺰﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻓــﺎﻗﺪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭو ﭼﻮﻥن ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﻓﺰﺍاﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺭرﺷﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻭو ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻫﺪﻑف ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥن ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺩدﮔﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻳـﺎﺯزﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺗ© ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﻓـﺎﻗﺪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺷﻮﺭرﺷﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻗﺘﻞ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠ© ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻩه ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺮﺑﻼ ﺭرﺍا ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‪ ،681،‬ﻋـﺒﺪﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺯزﺑـﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻩه ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻭو ﻓـﺮﺯزﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻰ ﻣـﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺭرﺷ© ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻘﺪﺱس ﻣ‪°‬ﻪ‬

‫ﻭو ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﻴـﺮﻭوﺍاﻧ© ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺁآﻥن ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻫﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﺍاﻣـﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷ‪°‬ـﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﻣـ‪°‬ﻪ ﻭو ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﻛﻌـﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﻰ‬

‫ﺣــﺮﻣﺘ© ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑــﺤﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗــﺎﺳﺮ ﻫــﺸﺖ ﺩدﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗــﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻣــﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﻣــﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘــﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣــ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬

‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﺍاﻗﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻃﻨﺰ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻛﺸﺶ‬

‫ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﺤ‪°‬ﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺗــﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣ© ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ© ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣــﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب‬ ‫ﻋﺒـﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺑﺘـﻨﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻓﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺼﺪ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻧـﻈﻢ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﺷﺎﻳـﺴﺘﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴـﻠ© ﺯزﻭوﺩد ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘ© ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﻭوﺛ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﻨﺪ ﺗﻜـﻴﻪ ﻣ© ﺯزﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺒـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧ© ﭘﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫ© ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪P. Crone and M. Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of‬‬ ‫‪Islam, London: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 12.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, 58-66.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻧﻮﭘﺎﻯى ﻋﺮﺏب‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻰ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻃﺒﻴﻌ© ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱس ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﻨـﺎﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺧﻠـﻔﺎﻯى ﻋﺒـﺎﺳ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ© ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﺭر‪ ،‬ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻯى ﻋﻠﻮﻡم ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻴﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍاﺩد ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻗ® ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻋ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺒﺎﺭر ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻔﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳ© ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏب ﻗﻀﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠﻮﻡم ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﺍاﻓﻌﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻳﻰ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺩدﺭرﺍاﻣﺎﺗـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺷﺪ ﺑﻰ ﺍاﺛﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ Y‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪Y‬‬

‫ﮔﺴـﺴﺖ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﻳ‪°‬ـﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻰ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺘ© ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻗـﻴﺎﻡم ﺧﺎﺭرﺟـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺷﻴﻌ©‬ ‫ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣـﺸ‪°‬ﻼﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺧﻠـﻔﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣ©‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺩدﻟﻴـﻠ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﻗﻔ© ﻛﻪ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒـﺤﺮ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪" .‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺿﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن )ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﻮﺭرﺷ©(‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭوﻫ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ ".‬ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻭو ﻓﺰﻭوﻧ© ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﻳﻪ ‪،‬ﻣﺮﺟﺌﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻨﺖ ﺑﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺷﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ©‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻠـﻔﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and Politics under the Early ‘Abbasids: The‬‬ ‫‪Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite, Leiden: Brill, 1997, 129-166.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﻋﺮﺏب‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭر ﺧﻠـﻔﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﻑف ﺷﻮﺭرﺷﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﺮﺍاﺳﺎﻧ© ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﮔﺮ ﻗﻴﺎﻡم ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌ© ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﻛﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻋﺒـﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪ :‬ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻂ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى )ﺳـﺎﺳﺎﻧ© ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﻴـﺰﺍاﻧﺘ©( ﻛﻼ ﺳﻴﻚ ﺧﺎﻭوﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ )ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم( ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻮﻟ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﻣﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻭوﺭرﺍاﺙث ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻝل ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻫ©‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ© ﻭو ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺧﺎﻭوﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﻣـﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز "ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻫـﻨﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌـﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺴ© ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭر ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ" ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻴﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﻰ ﺍاﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز "ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻫﻠﻨ© ﻣﺂﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯى" ﺑﺮﺧـﺎﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻛـﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﻓﺎﺣﺶ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﻣﺒﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ© ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺧﻠـﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺧـﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪" .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ© ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭو ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳــ‪±‬ﺮ ﺧﻠﻴــﻔﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻳ‪°‬ــﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺒـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 2".‬ﻻﭘـﻴﺪﻭوﺱس ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝل ﻗﺒـﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺷﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪﻯى ﻛﻼﻣ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺑﺪﺍا ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ© ﻳ‪°‬ﺪﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍاﺿ® ﻓﻜﺮﻯى‬

‫ﻣــﻌﺘﺰﻟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣﺨــﻠﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟــ‪¥‬ﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﻛﻼﻡم )ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ(‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕق ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘ© ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺤﺜ© ﺩدﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪°‬ﺮﺩدﻯى‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “State and Religion”, 9-10‬‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “The Separation” 369‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻋﻘﻼﻧ© ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ )ﻣﻌﺘﺰﻟﻪ( ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪°‬ﺮﺩد ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ )ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺷﺎﻋﺮﻩه(‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ‪) 833‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 218‬ﻫﺠﺮﻯى( ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺧ© ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﺰﻟﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ© ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭرﮔﺬﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧـﺸ‪ ª‬ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕت ‪ 16‬ﺳﺎﻝل ﺗـﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺘـﻮﻛﻞ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﻨﺖ ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻤﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﻝل ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ© ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣـﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﻓـﺮﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻫﺎﺭرﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻃ© ﻳ‪°‬ﺴﺮﻯى ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺭرﺿﺎ –‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺍاﺛﻨ© ﻋﺸﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻣﺎﻣ©⁃‑‐ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﻟﻴﻌﻬﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺯزﻳﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻡم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭوﻯى ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻧﮓ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﺯز ﺭرﺿﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻔ© ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯزﮔــﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﻋــﻠﻢ ﻛﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻋــﻤﻮﻡم ﺗﺤﻤــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺭرﻓـﺘﻦ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕ© ﻓﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺸ© ﻧـﺎﺭرﺍاﺿ©‪ ،‬ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺒﻬـ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺫذﻝل ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﻠﻘ© ﻣ© ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧـﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻳـ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ "ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﮔﺮﺩدﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ "ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﻭو ﻧـﻬ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻜﺮ"‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍا ﻣ© ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪ" ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻧ© ﺑﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤـﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻳ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﻣﺘﻌـﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧـﺒﻮﻯى ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫"ﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻴﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕق ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘ© ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻓﺮﻭو ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣ©‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ‪] ...‬ﻭوﻯى[ ﻣﻮﻋﻈﻪ ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴـﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻴﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻟﻄـﻤﻪ ﺯزﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺤـﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ "1.‬ﺷﻌﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ "ﻻ ﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺨـﻠﻮﻕق ﻓ‪ ª‬ﻣﻌـﺼﻴﺖ ﺍاﻟـﺨﺎﻟﻖ"‪ .‬ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛـﻨﺎﻑف‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮ "ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﺰﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺝج ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ 2".‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺳﻬﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸ‪±‬ﺮ ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﻮﺵش ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© " ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﺗ© ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻞ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓـﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى‬

‫ﻣـﺮﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﻫﺸﻴﺎﺭر ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻣ© ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ".‬ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ "ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﻭو ﻧﻬ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻜﺮ" ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻧﺎﻻﻳﻖ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎﺱس ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍاﺣﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻀﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺤﻼﺕت ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﻧـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻛﻪ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻭو ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔ© ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﻼﻣ© ﺍاﺣﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺣﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻯى‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﻳـ‪‌ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺤﻼ ﺗ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﺼﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺗـﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺍاﻟـﻮﺍاﺛﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﻓـﺮﻭوﻛﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺣﻴﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﻌﺎﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﮔﺎﻣ© ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “The Separation”, p. 372.‬‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “The Separation”, p 373.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺭرﺵش ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭرﻳﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺣﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻧﺼﺮ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺗﻨ©‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻫﺎﻧﺶ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‬

‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ "ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ©" ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻓﺘﻨﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻯى؛ ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻋﺪﺍاﻡم ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺳﺮﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻼ ﻋﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻧـﻮﺷﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻫﺸﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧ© ﺷﺪﻥن ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯز ﺯزﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧ© ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ© ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻳ‪°‬ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﺻﺤﻪ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻻﭘﻴﺪﻭوﺱس ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺘ© ﻣ© ﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺟﺮﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕق ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﻭو ﻧﻘـﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺪﺍاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺭرﻳ¯ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺤﻪ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻠ© ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺸ© ﻭو ﭘﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫ© ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻧﻮ ﺑﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺴ© ﻭو ﻧﻮ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧ©‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ©‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺘﺮﻯى ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ "ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ© ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﮔـﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ‬

‫ﭼ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﻣ© ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ؟ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﭼ‪±‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣ© ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ؟ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ؟ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ؟" ‪ 3‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت‬ ‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻫﻴﭽـ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ© ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺿﻤﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﺛﺎﺭر ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻟﺒﻘﻮﻻﻧ©‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻭوﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪" .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “The Separation”, pp. 381-2‬‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “State and Religion”, 12.‬‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “Separation”, p. 385.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻤ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﭘـﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ؛ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺣﻘﻴـﻘ© ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻘـﺪﺳ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻴﺮﺍاﺙث ﻧـﺒﻮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺠﺮﻯى ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ 1".‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ© ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ )ﺍاﻟﻤﺤـﻨﻪ( ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﺑـﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺍاﺯز "ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ©" ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﻗـﻴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﭙﻬﺮ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ© ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳـﺖ‪.‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻌﺘﺰﻟﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻨﺒﻞ ﻭو ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ "ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﻔﻮﺫذ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ© ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺘــﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺟــﺰﻣ© ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻗﻠــﻤﺮﻭو ﻋﻠــﻤﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ...‬ﻣﺤــﻨﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﮔﺮﺍاﻳـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﺗ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷ‪°‬ﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 2".‬ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫"ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ©" ﻣ© ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‪ ،‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸ‪°‬ﻼﺗ© ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ© ﻣﺸ‪°‬ﻼﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ© ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺭرﻓـﺘﻦ ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﺹص ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭرﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻤﺘﺪ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﺟﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻔﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺟ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻣﺰﺩدﻭوﺭر‪/‬ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺗﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻤـﻠﻮﻙك ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎﺳ©‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺘـﺼﻢ )‪‐‑⁃42‬‬ ‫‪ (833‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻼﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕﻴﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺗﺼﺪﻯى ﺧﻼﻓﺖ‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “State and Religion”, p. 19.‬‬ ‫‪Nimrod Hurvitz, “The Mihna (Inquisition) and the Public Sphere” in The Public Sphere‬‬ ‫‪in Muslim Societies, M. Hoexter, S. Eisenstadt, and N. Levitzion, eds. Albany NY: State‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ 3.‬ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻋﺮﺏب ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺳﻮﺩد ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺸ©‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗـﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺮﺕت ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺒﺮﻭوﻳﻰ ﺑﻴ‪±‬ﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻗ© ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻯى ﺧﺰﺭر ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 945‬ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﻔ© ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﭘـﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ© ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﻴﻌ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺳﻮﮔﻮﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻋﻴﺪ ﻏﺪﻳﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ – ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻜـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﮕ©‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺳﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻣﻬـﻤﺘﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﺳﻨ© ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﻥن ﻭو ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻝل ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻛﺸﻤ‪°‬ﺸ©‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮﻯى ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗ© ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻩه ﻃـﻠﺒﻰ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫﺎﻥن ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺼﺮﻑف ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨ© ﻭو ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥن "ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺸ©" ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ‪ /‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ©‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭر ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻮﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤـﻠﻮﻙك ﺑـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫‪Carl Petry, The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages, Princeton: Princeton‬‬ ‫‪University Press, 1981, 15.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟــ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣ© ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭو ﻧــﻬﺎﺩد ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻘــﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻳ‪°‬ﺪﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭر ﻣ© ﻳﺎﺑﺪ؛ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﺮﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺒ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻭو‬

‫ﻣــﺘﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳــﺮﺷﻨﺎﺱس ﻣﺪﻧ© ﻋﻠــﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﻭوﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻣ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛﻨﺎﻑف ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍاﻃﺮﺍاﻑف ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕت‬

‫ﻣﺘــﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟــ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺣــ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ©‪/‬ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺁآﻓﺮﻳــﻘﺎ ﭘــﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠــﺴﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤــﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 909‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒــﻴﺪ ﺍاﻟــ‪¥‬ﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤــﻬﺪﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺙث ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺧـﺎﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻧـﺒﻮﺕت ﻭو ﺳﻼﻟﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺑـﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻗﺪﻳﻤ© ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺍاﺯز ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ© ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻣـﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ‪°‬ــﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻓﺮﻳــﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ© ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﺭرﻳــﺴﻴﺎﻥن‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟﻤﺮﺍاﻭوﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺨﺼ© ﻭو ﺍاﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺩدﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻣﺪﻋ© ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻟـﻬ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺩدﺭرﻳـﺴﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻴﻌ© ﻭو ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺼﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻄﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺍاﻟﻤﺮﺍاﻭوﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ ﻳﺎﺳﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻭو ﻋـﺒﺪﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺗﻮﻣﺮﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ©‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘ© ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘ©‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻟﻤﻴﻤـﻨﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﺪﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﺨﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺷﺮﻕق ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎ ﺑــﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺟﻐﺮﺍاﻓــﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺟﻤﻌــﻴﺘ©‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻝل ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺗ© ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﮔ© ﻭو ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¬ ﻣﺤﻠ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ© ﺭرﺳﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺋﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎﻯى ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﺍاﺙث ﻗﻮﻣ© ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺑﺎ ﻳ‪°‬ﺪﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﺩدﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﻳﺦ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺣـﺮﻓﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻫﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﻮﺭرﺵش ﻣﻐﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ©‌" ﻃﻴﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺯزﻳﺎﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻼﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺘ© ﺗﺮ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗﻴﺎﻥن( ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪".‬‬

‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧـﻬﻢ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﺩدﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﺪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﻛـﻠ© ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧـﺎﺻ© ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻡم‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ]ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى[ ﺗﻠﻔﻴـﻘ© ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﻣ‪±‬ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ "ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻟﻬ© ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ" ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷ‪°‬ﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺍاﺻﻼ ﺍاﻣـ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻮﻓﻖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﻃ©‬

‫ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻣـﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺧﻄﺮﺍاﺕت ﻧﺎﺷ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻼﺵش‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ© ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺿ¬ ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻟ© ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺍاﻟ© ‪ 909‬ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ )ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻬﺪﻯى ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻬﺪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﺍاﻟﻤـﻌﺰ¨ )ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺍاﺯز ‪ 953‬ﺗﺎ‬ ‫‪ ، (975‬ﻣﺼﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻓﺘ¬ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ‪ 969‬ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺰ ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬

‫ﺑـﻌﺪ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﻌـﺰﻳﺰ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤـﻌﺰ ﺍاﺯز ‪ 975‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 996‬ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺑﻊ ﻗﺮﻥن )‪ 996‬ﺗﺎ ‪ (1021‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﻧﺎﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻥن" ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻛﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻛـﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭر ﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻤـﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺮﺯزﻧﺪ ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟـﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺪﺕت ﭘﻨـﺠﺎﻩه ﺳﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ )ﺍاﺯز ‪ 1021‬ﺗﺎ ‪(1036‬‬ ‫ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺕت ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮ ) ‪ 1036‬ﺗﺎ ‪(1094‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ© ﭘﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍا‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻭو ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻭوﻻﻳﺘ© ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴـﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻠـﻔﺎﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 75‬ﺳﺎﻝل ﺁآﺗ© ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺧــﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﺷﺶ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻘــﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻓــﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻯى‪،‬‬

‫ﻛـﻮﺩدﺗﺎﻯى ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﻭو ﻓﺮﻭوﭘـﺎﺷ© ﺳـﺮﺍاﺳﺮﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﻮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺴﺨﻴﺮ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1171‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻥن ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩدﭘﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺖ‪/‬ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺟﺰﻣ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن "ﺍاﻣﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺯزﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ"‪ ، 1‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻘﺎﺭرﺏب ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ©‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟـﻬ© ﺍاﻟـﻬﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﺍاﺋﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﻬﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺋﻤﻪ ﻋﺪﻝل ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺱس ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫‪Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, p. 99.‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺿﻼﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅظ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ " ﻭو " ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ ﺣﻖ ﻭو ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ‪ ...‬ﺷﻤﻮﺱس ﺑﺎﺯزﻍغ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ" ﻭو "ﺍاﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﺣﻤﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻳﻖ"‪ 1‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧــﻈﺮ ﭘــﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻋــﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز "ﺍاﻧــﺠﺎﻡم ﺻﻼﺓة‪ ،‬ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه‪ ،‬ﺣ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻏﻨﺎﻳﻢ ﻭو ﺧﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﺪﻭوﺩد ‪ ...‬ﺍاﻭو ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕق ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺗﺒﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﺩدﻭوﻥن ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ 2".‬ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻯى ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﻣﺼﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى‪ .‬ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﻔـﻬ¨ﻢ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺧﺪﺍا‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻭوﺻﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪﺍاﺗ© ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ©‬

‫ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧــﻀﻮﻉع ﻭو ﻓﺮﻭوﺗــﻨ© ﻭو ﺑــﻴﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻣــﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺎﺩدﻳﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻛﻮﭼـ‪°‬ﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﻌﻜـﺎﺳ© ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺍاﻟﻌـﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪990‬‬ ‫ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﻋﻴﺪ ) ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺯزﻳﺎﺩد ﻋﻴﺪ ﻓﻄﺮ( ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن " ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻓﻮﺝج ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣ© ﺁآﻣـﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﺯزﺭرﺑــﻔﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺷﻤــﺸﻴﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻤــﺮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺒﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﮊژﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺮﺻ® ﺍاﺯز ﻃﻼ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻣﺴﻠ¬ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺎﭘﻴﺶ ﻭوﻯى ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎﻧ© ﻣـﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻫﺮ ﺳﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 4".‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺛﺮﻭوﺕت ﻭو ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺤ‪°‬ﻴﻢ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم‪/‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ© ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻋـﻴﺪ ﻓـﻄﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻈﻢ ﻭو ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺤﻼﺕت ﻗﺼﺮ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫‪2P8YWO‬ه از ‪W\ aPZBB/K‬ن ‪ aPZHC‬و ‪&L>O‬ن ‪Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, pp. 100-101. IBO‬‬ ‫‪WA.‬ل ‪2PC aK‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, p. 102.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, p. 103‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Paula Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, Albany: State University of New York‬‬ ‫‪Press, 1994, 49‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺭرﮊژﻩه ﺭرﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮓ "ﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ ﺍاﻛﺒﺮ" ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ©‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت ﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺭرﺧﻴﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺟـﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﻋـﻴﺪﻳﻦ )ﺍاﺿﺤ© ﻭو ﻓـﻄﺮ( ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﻧـﻴﺎﺯزﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺫذﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺗـﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ "ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻤﺎﺯز ﻋـﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ‬

‫ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻤﺎﺯز ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1".‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﭘﺮ ﺗﺠـﻤﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻫﻦ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﺪﺍاﻋ© ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻨﻌـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﭘﻴـﺸﻘﺪﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻃ© ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ© ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤﺎﺯز‬

‫ﺟﻤـﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻴﺪ ﺍاﺿﺤ© ﻭو ﻋـﻴﺪ ﻓـﻄﺮ ﻭو ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺭرﺳﺎﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﻭوﺳــﻮﺳﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺼــﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺧﺎﺹص ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺗ© ﺍاﺯز ﻟﻮﺍاﺯزﻡم ﺫذﺍاﺗ© ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‬

‫ﺭرﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﻘﺪﺱس ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺯزﺩدﻥن ﻫﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺛﺮﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻘـﺎﺻﺪ ﺻﺮﻑف ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ© ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ "ﺗﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻣﻐﺎﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺼﺮ" ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ©‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻻﺭر ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻏﻬﺎ ‪‌،‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز "‪ 8000‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥن"‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى‌ﺭرﻭوﺳﺘﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻣ©‌ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻨﺐ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﺧﺼﻮﺻ© ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺑـﻨﺎﺩدﺭر ﻭو ﻛـﺸﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺮﻛﺰ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© "‬

‫ﺍاﻣــﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﻣــﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺗﻬــﻴﻪ ﻭو ﺗﺠﻬــﻴﺰ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 3".‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, pp. 49-50.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Lev, State and Society in Fatimid Egypt, Leiden: Brill, 65-66.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Yacoy Lev, “Army, Regime and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358-487/968-1094”,‬‬ ‫‪International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 19:3, 354.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺘـﺸ‪°‬ﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺮﺩدﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻬـﻴﻪ ﻭو ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺳﺨﺎﻭوﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍاﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧــﺒﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣــﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣــﻮﻗﻒ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ© ﻣﻨــﺎﻓﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ 1.‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺽض ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﺪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺑ‪±‬ﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧﮕـﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺧـﺎﺻ© ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺩدﮔﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﮋﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰﻯى ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﻠﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺣﺸﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻗـﻀﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣـﻈﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺷﺮﻃﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗــﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘــﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤــﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﻨــﺼﺐ ﻗــﻀﺎﻭوﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﻧﻮﺍاﺣ© ﺗـﺤﺖ ﭘـﻮﺷﺶ ﻭو ﻧـﻔﻮﺫذ‬

‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺫذﻯى ﻧــﻔﻮﺫذ ﺩدﻳــ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤــﻠﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻓﻠــﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗــﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﺣﻨﺒـﻠ© ﺍاﺑﻰ ﺍاﻟـﻌﻮﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻛـﻤﺘﺮ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻗﻴـﻤﻮﻣﺖ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺨ‪±‬ﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﮔ© ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ 4.‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝل "ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣــﺴﺠﺪ ﻭو ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﻘﺪﺱس ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﺮ ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟــﻀﺮﺏب‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯزﺭرﺱس ﻣﻌﻴــﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻭوﺯزﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺮﭘــﺮﺳﺖ ﺑــﻴﺖ ﺍاﻟــﻤﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑــﺴﺖ ﻳــﺎﺑﺪ‪ 5".‬ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘ© ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺎﻟ© ﻭو ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ©‬

‫ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣـﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯز ﻭوﻳﮋﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺘ© ﻭو ﻧﺎﺑـﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﺘـﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪Lev, “Army, Regime and Society”, 355.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, p. 70‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “Army, Regime and Society”, 340, 341; M. Conrad, “Fatimids”, in The‬‬ ‫‪Encyclopaedia of Islam, volume 2.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Amin Haji, “Institutions of Justice in Fatimid Egypt (358-567/969-1171)”, Aziz Al‬‬‫‪Azmeh, ed. Islamic Law: Social and Historical Contexts, Routledge, 1988, 198-200.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Haji, “Institutions of Justice”, 200. See also Lev, State and Society, 135‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﻭو ﺟﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺧـﺴﺎﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘـﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺤﺎﻛـﻤﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻟ© ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﻑف ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝل ﻣﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻮﺯزﻳﻊ ﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺎﺕت‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﻃﻪ )ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﭘﻠﻴﺲ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻳ‪°‬ﺴﺎﻥن ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻖ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧ© ﺑﻰ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺘ© ﭘﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﮔﻨﺎﻫ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺣﺪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤﻀﺮ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭر ﻭوﻯى ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﻋ© ﺍاﻟﻌـﻤﻮﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯزﭘﺮﺱس‪ ،‬ﻣـﺠﺮﻯى ﺣﺪ ﻭو ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﺒﺎﻥن‪ 2.‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍاﻟـﺸﺮﻃﻪ‬

‫ﻣ© ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﻨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭو ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺣﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪/‬ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ‪/‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻨـﺸﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ )ﻛـﺴ© ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﺴﺒﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد( ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﻥن ‪4‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗـﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻘﺎﻡم ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺭرﺱس ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺧـﺮﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻭوﺵش‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© "ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف‬ ‫ﻭو ﻧﻬ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻜﺮ‪ 4".‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘ© ﻣﺤﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻭو ﺑﻬﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ© ﺑﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﺭرﺍا ﺳﻮﻕق ﻛﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﻫﻨﻤﺎﻯى ﺣﺴﺒﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﻭوﻥن ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪Haji, “Institutions of Justice”, 203.‬‬

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‫‪Haji, “Institutions of Justice”, 208, 209.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 153-157‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Lev State and Societ, 160-176; Jonathan Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of‬‬ ‫‪Cairo Under the Mamluks: Toward an Understanding of an Islamic Institution”, Michael‬‬ ‫‪Winter and Amalia Levanoni, eds., The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo”, 247, note 14‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻧﺘـﺼﺎﺏب ﻭوﻯى ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺮﻩه‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻧـﻴﺰ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺟﺎﻣ® ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭو ﻓﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﻣ© ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺎﺕت ﮔﻮﺵش ﻓﺮﺍا ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺤﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻘﺎﻡم ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺗﻠﻘ© ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﻻﺯزﻡم‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺻ© ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ© ﻭوﺍاﻻﻳﻰ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺍاﻧﺘﺼﺎﺏب ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺤ‪°‬ﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺮ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﺪﻭوﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭوﻯى ﻧﺒﻮﺩد‪ 3.‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡم ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﮔﻬ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺕت ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍا ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻣ© ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ ﻭو ﻋﻠ© ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 4.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ© ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺯزﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻕق ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻧﻤ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺯزﻳﻊ ﻭو ﺻﺎﺩدﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻻﺕت ﻏﺬﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻣ© ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣ© ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﻳﻚ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺣﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﺭرﮔﺎﻧ© ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ©‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد )ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣ© ﺷﺪ(‪ 5.‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻏﻼﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺧـﺮﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﺭر ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛـﺸﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴﻨـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ© ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗـﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺣـﺎﻣﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ 6.‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺧﺼﻮﺻ© ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻓ® ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫‪Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo”, 251.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 161; Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo”, 249, note 28.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo”, 248.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Boaz Shoshan, “Fatimid Grain Policy and the Post of the Muhtasib”, International‬‬ ‫‪Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 13, 1981, 185 and Lev, State and Society, 161.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 162.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Shoshan, “Fatimid Grain Policy”, 182‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺟﻬﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﻏﻼﺕت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺨﺒ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ© ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻔ®‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺷﺨﺼ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﻣ© ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻳـﺎﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﺷﻮﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻤﻠ‪°‬ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺿﺎﻓ© ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟـﻤ® ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻔﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻭوﺭرﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻻﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟـﺴﻠﻄﺎﻧﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﺯز‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ©‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺘ©‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻻﺕت ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘ©‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻗﻬﺮﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣ© ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳﭗ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺣﻖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻩه ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻻﻍغ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻼ ﻋﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﺒــﺎﺳ© ﻣﺘــﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣ© ﭘــﻮﺷﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻨــﮕﺎﻡم ﺭرﻓــﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣــﻤﺎﻡم ﺯزﻧــﮕ© ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﺩدﻥن ﻣ©‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺁآﻭوﻳﺨﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺑﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف‬

‫ﺗﻬـﻴﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺘ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭو ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﻊ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻨ© ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺷﻴﻌ© ﭼﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد؟ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد؟‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 162-63.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 176.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo”, 261- 64.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo”, 262-63.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻫﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺘ¬ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎﺱس ﻓﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﺍاﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺧــﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﮔــﺮﺩدﻳﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧــﺒﻮﻯى ﻭو ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﻮﺍاﻫﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺟﻤـﻌﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺘ¬ ﻣﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﻓﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ©‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺰ )ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﺑﻮﺩد( ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠـﻮﻳﺢ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﻭو ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻗـﺼﺪ ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو ﻧﻴ‪°‬ـﻨﺎﻣ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻄﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ‪/‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤ©‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺯزﮔ© ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺲ ﻗﻮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺘ© ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺘــﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﺒــﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻛــﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﺮﺏب ﺳ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤـﻌﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﻳـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻫﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻣـﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺴﻄﺎﻁط‪ ،‬ﻗـﺎﺿ©‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻗﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺧﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﭘﺨﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺳﺨﺎﻭوﺕت ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺣﻀﻮﺭر ﻓﻴﺰﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻴﻘ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭو‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺪﻧ©‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳـ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔـﻪ‪/‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺟﺎﻳـ‪±‬ﺎﻫ© ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﺍاﺧـﺒﺎﺭر ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪" .‬ﻗـﺎﺿ©‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺕت ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺍاﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﻋ©‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻇﻬﺮ ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﺩد ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ 4".‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ‪ /‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻯى ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣ© ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘــﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻣــﺴﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑــﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو‬

‫‪Yaacov Lev, “The Fatimid Imposition of Isma`ilism on Egypt (358-386/969-996)”,‬‬ ‫‪Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenandischen Gesellschaft, vol. 138, 1988, 315.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Mecca had been desecrated by the Qarmatians who stole the black stone from the‬‬ ‫‪Ka`aba. It is relevant to note here that the Qarmartians were an Ismaili sect that did not‬‬ ‫‪pay allegiance to the Fatimids, and were deployed by Buyyid commanders to fight the‬‬ ‫‪Fatimids, though all these groups were Shi`a. Farhad Daftary, The Ismai`ilis: Their‬‬ ‫‪History and Doctrines, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 161-165.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “The Fatimid Imposition of Isma’ilism on Egypt”, 315-316.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, 43-44.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺜﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻇﺮﺍاﺕت "ﻃﺮﻓـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺟـﻌ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﻄﺎﻕق ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﭘـﺮﺳﺶ ﻭو ﭘـﺎﺳ‪ -‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻓـﻬﻢ ﻭو ﺗﻔـﺴﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‬

‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ 2".‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻭو ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ©‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ 3.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺣـ‪°‬ﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻋـﻠﻢ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻟﻮﺍاﺯزﻡم ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﺒﺘــﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﭘﺮﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣ© ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ 4.‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﺤ‪°‬ـﻤﻪ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﻌـﻠﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1005‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه " ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺰﺭرﮒگ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ© ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ©‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺳﻨ© ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﺩدﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ©‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ 5".‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﭘـﻨ« ﺳﺎﻝل ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ﺳﻨ© ﻭو ﺷﻴﻌ© ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺲ ﻛﻼﻡم ﺍاﺷﻌﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻋــﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟــﻬﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺣﻼﺝج ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ "ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻔـﻀﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﻓﺮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﻌـﻠﻢ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ 6".‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﻌـﻠﻢ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻧـﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺍاﻋ© ﺍاﺭرﺷﺪ ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻼﺗ© ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺫذﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺷﻴﻌ© ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ 8.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣ© ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻄﺒﻪ‬

‫‪Lev, State and Society, 71.‬‬ ‫‪Paul Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning”, Journal of the American Research‬‬ ‫‪Center in Egypt, vol. 34, 1997, 180, 181.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning, 181‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning, 184-5.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, p. 56.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning”, 192.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning”, 193.‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “The Fatimid Imposition”, 317‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺳﻨ© ﻧﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺰ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻓﺎﻃﻤ©‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺫذﻛﺮ ﻧﻨﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ "ﻭوﻯى ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬

‫ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ© ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻛﻨﺪ‪ 1".‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻣﺤﻠ© ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺳﻨ© ﺭرﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﻣﻀﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻣﺪﻥن ﻣﺎﻩه ﻧﻮ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﻨ© ﻭو ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻳ‪°‬ـﺴﺎﻝل ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺖ‬

‫ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻧﻜـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 2.‬ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺵش ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺑـﺮﻗ® ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 953‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻟﻤـﻌﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـ‪°‬ﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺭرﻣـﻀﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﻥن ﻣﺎﻩه ﻧﻮ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﺤـﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕت ﻧـﺠﻮﻣ©‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭر ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 3 .‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﻨﻮﺕت‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺮﺍاﻭوﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤ‪°‬ﻮﻡم‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺷﺪ‪ 4.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺵش ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸ© ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻨ©‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻴﻌ© ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺑــﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺟــﺸﻦ ﻏﺪﻳﺮ ﻭو ﺳﻮﮔﻮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣــﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫)ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭرﺍا(‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻨ© ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺳﺮﭘـﺮﺳﺘ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﻌـﻠﻮﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪، 973‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﺬ ﻏﺪﻳﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻗﺒﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻗ© ﺁآﻝل ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺪﺗ© ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 5.‬ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ‪ 970‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻼﻓـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ 6.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻋـﺎﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1005‬ﻧﻮﺣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍاﻻﻣﺮ ﮔﺮﺩد ﺁآﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻟـﻌﻦ ﻣ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺧﻴـﺎﺑﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﻬﺎﺭر ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, 45-46.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “The Fatimid Imposition” p. 316 and Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in‬‬ ‫‪Fatimid Cairo, p. 45.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Michel Brett, “The Realm of the Imam: The Fatimids in the Tenth Century”, Bulletin of‬‬ ‫‪the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 59:3, 1996, 437-38.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 143 note 48.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “The Fatimid Imposition” 317 and Sanders, 124-5.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “Fatimid Imposition”, 318.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺷﻮﺏب ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻣﺮﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻫﺮﻛﺲ ﻋﺎﻳﺸﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻟﻌﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺩدﭼﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭر ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 2.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1009‬ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻋـﺎﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻗﺪﻏﻦ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺤـﺒﻮﺏب ﺣﻨﺒـﻠ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﺼﺐ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺗ©‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺏب ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺑ‪°‬ـﺎﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑـﺮﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺟـﺸﻨﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻌ© ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺸﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺒﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺟﺸﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬

‫ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻋـﻠ©‪ ،‬ﺣـﺴﻦ ﻭو ﺣـﺴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺗ© ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛـﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺑـﻨﺎﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣ©‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﺳﻨ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﻭو ﺗﺤﻘﻴﺮ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﺯزﻳﺮﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻣ© ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻮﻻﻧﺪﻥن‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣﺤـﻠ© ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺜﺎﻟ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺑﻮ ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻓـﺘ¬ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ) ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻇﻔﺮ ﺧﺸﻨﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻃﻼﻕق ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺙث ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺑﻮ ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﻓـﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻤـﻌﺰ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﻘﺎﻡم ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﻓـﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺑﻤـﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻨﻌـﻤﺎﻥن ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣـﻈﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ© ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺍاﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻛـﻤﻚ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺎﺭر ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩدﺕت ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﺿ©‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠ© ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺍاﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏب ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻳ‪°‬ﺪﻳ‪±‬ﺮ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺼﺮ ﻭو ﻓـﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﺍاﺑﻦ‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, 125-26.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “Fatimid Imposition”, 318.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻨﻌـﻤﺎﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺏب ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻃـﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ© ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻗـﺎﺿﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻨ© ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز‬ ‫ﺭرﻏـﺒﺘ© ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻧﺠـﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻮﻣ© ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤ‪°‬ﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪°‬ﺮﺩد ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﻻﺭرﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧ© ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡح ‪ ،‬ﻣ© ﺑﺎﻳـﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻃـﻴﻒ‬

‫ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺒ‪°‬ﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺨــﺼ© ﻭو ﺣــﺮﻓﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻏــﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺗــﻜﺐ ﺍاﺭرﺗــﺸﺎﺀء ﻭو‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎﻭوﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﻻﺭرﻯى ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠﻮﻡم ﻭو ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻛﻴﻠﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﻭو ﻳﻚ ﻳــﻬﻮﺩدﻯى ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﻴﻦ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍاﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﺮﺩد‪ 3.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻧـﺒﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻢ ﻛﻴﻠـﻴﺲ ﭼﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩد‬

‫ﻧﻴ‪°‬ـﻮﻛﺎﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣ©‌ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﻳﻚ ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 4.‬ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﻌـﻠﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨـﺼﻴﺺ ﻣـﻘﺎﺩدﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺘـﻨﺎﺑﻬ© ﭘﻮﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭو ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ ﺍاﺻﻠ©‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﺩدﻩه ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ 5.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎ‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛـﻨﺪﻩه ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺷ‪°‬ﻮﻩه ﻭو ﻋﻈـﻤﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﮔﻮﺍاﻫ©‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﻣـ‪°‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻭوﺭرﺷﻠﻴﻢ ﻣ©‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ 6.‬ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺼﺮ ﻫﻤ‪ ©±‬ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﺮﺍاﺗﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫‪Lev, “Fatimid Imposition”, pp. 320-23.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “State and Society” 73-4.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning”, p. 181.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning”, p. 188.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, p. 62.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo, pp. 56-57.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻛﺲ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛـﺘﺐ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺳﻨ© ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﻴﺤ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺍاﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭو ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﻨ©‪ ،‬ﺭرﺿﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻻﺭر‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ "ﺑﺤﺮﻯى" ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻮﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻗﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺭرﺳﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﺝج ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1260‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻋــﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻟﻮﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻨﻮﺏب ﺩدﻣــﺸﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﻮﻟــﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺷ‪°‬ــﺴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳــﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺪﻳﻮﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻧﺮﻭوﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺷﻮﺭرﺷﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻼﺕت‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ© ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ© ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑـﺮﺩدﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻟـﺸ‪±‬ﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺿﻌﻒ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺣﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﭘﺮﻭو ﭘﺎ ﻗﺮﺹص ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴـﺸ© ﺳﻨ© ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯى ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺳﻨ© ﺑﺪﻝل ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺎﺩدﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺒﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺳﻨ©‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺗﺮﻙك ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺳﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﻳﻢ ﺍاﻟﺘﺰﺍاﻳﺪ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻴﺎﻡم ﺁآﻝل ﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻧﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍاﻣﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭو ﭘﺎ ﻗﺮﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨ© ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫‪Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning”, p. 185.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 140.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World‬‬ ‫‪Civilization, Vol. II, 467; Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, 292.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Carl Petry, “The Civilian Elite” 16.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺍاﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻝل ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺗـﺸﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1517‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻧــﺸﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻧــﻈﺎﻣ© ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧــﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ‬

‫"ﺑﺤﺮﻯى" ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺟــﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻡم‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻧــﺸﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎﻥن )ﺍاﻣﺮﺍا(‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻜ© ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺳﻴﺎﺳ©‪/‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻣﺴﺘﺤ‪°‬ﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﺨﺒ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺩدﮔﺎﻥن ﭘﻴــﺸﻴﻦ ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠــ‪°‬ﻪ ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﺨﺒــ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﻧــﻈﺎﻣ© ﻣﻨــﺸﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﺰﺭرﮒگ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯز ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻥن‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ© ﻣﺤـﻠ© ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺳﺮﻭوﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺩدﺟﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻗـﻄﺎﻉع ﺗـﺤﺖ‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻣﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻤـﻠﻮﻙك ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺣ‪°‬ـﻮﻣﺘ© ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺧﺮﺍاﺝج ﻣ©‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻮﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻼﺟﻘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻫــﻴﭻ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣــ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧــﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻣــ‪±‬ﺮ ﻧــﻴﺮﻭو ﻭو ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻧــﻈﺎﻣ© ﺑــﺮﺗﺮ؛ ﻟﺬﺍا‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣـﺎﺭرﺳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗـﺮﻛﺎﻥن ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻧ©‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻩه ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔـﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺒـﻠﻮﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻣﺠﺰﺍا ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﻈﺎﻣ© ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻴﻮﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻯى ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻃﺮﺍاﺣ©‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺤـﻘﻖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻌﺎﺵش ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد‬ ‫‪Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Vol. II, p. 419.‬‬ ‫‪Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, 287, 291-92.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﺍا ﻧﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺼ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺲ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻓ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸ© ﺑﻪ ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭو ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‪ 1.‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ© ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻀﻮﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻘﺪﺱس ﻣ‪°‬ﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺣ« ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺣـﺎﺭرﺳﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﻛﻌـﺒﻪ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1821‬ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﻗـﻠﻮﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻄﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻣ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻋﻬﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﻛﻌﺒﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺼﺮ ﻓــﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﺑﻠــ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑــﻴﺮﻕق ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﺎﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﺮﻗﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺬﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻧـﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺷﺨـﺼﻴﺖ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،1261‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻘﻮﻁط‬ ‫ﺑــﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﻣــﻐﻮﻻﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪ ،1258‬ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﺍاﻟــﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺒﺮﺱس ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨـﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻼ ﻓﺖ ﻋﺒـﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻭو ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩد‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼ ﺑﺎﻳﺒﺮﺱس ﺭرﺍا ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ 3.‬ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻓـﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣـﻀﻮﺭر ﻣـﻐﻮﻻﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻟﺸ‪±‬ﺮ ﻛﺸ© ﺧﻮﻧﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪°‬ﺴﺎﻝل‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺟﺎﻳ‪±‬ﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺧﻼﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕت ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸ© ﻭو ﺣـﺒﺲ ﺧﺎﻧﮕ© ﺗﻘﻠـﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺳﻼﻃﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ©‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩد ﻣ© ﺟـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻳـ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﻭو ﺧـﻄﺮ ﺫذﺍاﺗ© ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺷﺨـﺼ© ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻧ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻤﺎﺩد ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋـﺮﻭوﺳ‪°‬ﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻴـﻤﻪ ﺷﺐ ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏب ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉع ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Donald Little, “Religion Under the Mamluks”, The Muslim World, 1983, 73; reprinted‬‬ ‫‪in History and Historiography of the Mamluks, Variorum Reprints, 1986. 169 - 172.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Little, “Religion under the Mamluks”, 171.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The early Mamluk Sultanate 1250‬‬‫‪1382, London: Croom Helm, 1986, 43.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Little, “Religion Under the Mamluks”, 173-74.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺒﺮﺱس )‪ (1260‐‑⁃77‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫‪ 1262‐‑⁃1265‬ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺕت ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻪ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭر ﻗـﺎﺿ©‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺕت ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﻨ©‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺒﺮﺱس‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ© ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ،©°‬ﺣﻨـﻔ© ﻭو ﺣﻨﺒـﻠ© ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩدﺳﺮ ﻭو ﺗﻚ ﻗﻄﺒﻰ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺕت ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺝج ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻻﻋﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻨﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﺸﺘﮕﺮﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺭرﻭوﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﮔ© ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ© ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ©‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﻬ© ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻨـﺴﺠﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍاﺗﺒﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺗﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺅؤﺳﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺅؤﺳﺎ ﺍاﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣ© ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻟﺤ‪°‬ﻢ ﺛﺒﺖ‬

‫ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺭرﻳـﻴﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻧﺒـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺘـﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻳـﻴﺲ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﺎﺫذﻭوﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻄ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺱس‬ ‫ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺗﺐ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺎﻟﺲ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺗ© ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪Sherman Jackson, “The Primacy of Domestic Politics: Ibn Bint al-Aazz and the‬‬ ‫‪Establishment of Four Chief Judgeships in Mamluk Egypt”, Journal of the American‬‬ ‫‪Oriental Society, vol. 115:1, 52-65.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Jackson, “The Primcy of Domestic Politics”, 53.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Jackson, “The Primacy of Domestic Politics”, p. 61, note 91.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺞ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺍاﻟﻘﻀﺎﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏب ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻣﻨﻔـﻌﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺼﻴﺐ ﺣ‪°‬ـﺘﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺷﺪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺘــﻨﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗــﻀﺎﺕت ﻛﻪ ﺗــﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗــﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ©‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ® ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺟــﻨﮓ ﻣﺘــﻜ© ﺑﺮ ﺗــﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺘــﻬﺎﻯى ﺟــﺪﻳﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍاﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹص ﺑﻮﺩدﺟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﮔـﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣﻨـﺼﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻕق ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯى ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻋـﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻴـﻔ© ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﺮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﺗﺎ ﺟـﻤ® ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑــﺘﺪﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺼﺐ ﻣﺤﺘـﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﻳﻚ ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪ 150‬ﺳﺎﻝل ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‬ ‫ﻣ© ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺑﺎﺑﺎﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴ‪ ©°‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻓﺰﺍاﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻧـﺸﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺤـﻔﻮﻅظ ﻧـﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺯزﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻧﮕﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﺜﺎﻟ© ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻪ ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺶ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧ© ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺗــﻬﺎﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭوﻯى " ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬

‫ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻣﻌـﺎﺻﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻓـﺘﺎﻭوﻯى ﻭوﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬

‫‪Jackson, “The Primacy of Domestic Politics”, p. 54.‬‬ ‫‪Little, “Religion under the Mamluks”, 174.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Lapidus, “Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages”, p. 135.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Berkey, “The Muhtasibs of Cairo Under the Mamluks”, 252, 253.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺗــﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺍاﺫذﻫﺎﻥن ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ© ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1".‬ﻧــﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭوﻯى ﻋــﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔﻜــﻴﻚ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍاﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻭو ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻏﻔﺎﻝل ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ "ﺩدﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ©"‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺷﻴﻌ© ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻻ ﺭرﺗـﺒﻪ ﺳﻮﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﺯزﻳﺮﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﻯى ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻭو ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕ©‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣـﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺑﻴـﻌﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳـﻨﻚ ﻧـﻈﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻧـﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﮓ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡم ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﭼﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﻃﻌـﻨﻪ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔـﺮﻭوﺿﺎﺕت ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﻪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ©‬

‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺻﻠ¬ ﻭو ﻋـﻔﻮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1300‐‑⁃1299‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻐﻮﻻﻥن ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬

‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻐﻮﻻﻥن ﺑﺎ ﭼـﭙﺎﻭوﻝل ﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧـﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﭺچ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1400‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻌ© ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭر ﻟﻨﮓ ﺳﻮﺭرﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺯز ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻣ© ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﺠﻨﮕـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺤـﺎﺻﺮﻩه ﺁآﻣﺎﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ ﺣﻨﺒـﻠ© ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻣﻔـﻠ¬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭر ﻟﻨﮓ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺩدﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﻣﺨﺎﺻﺮﻩه ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻣﻔﻠ¬ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭر ﻟﻨﮓ ﺷﺪ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩدﭼﺎﺭر ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻧ© ﮔﺸﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺒـﺴﺘﮕ© ﻭو ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﭼـﻬﺎﺭر ﺷﻬﺮ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﺍاﺭرﺷﺪﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺒ‪°‬ﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛـﻴـﺎﻥن⁃‑‐ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺭرﻓ® ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ© ﻧﺒـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺷﻴﻮﻩه‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ© ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﮔــﺰﺍاﻓ© ﺩدﺭرﺧــﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣ© ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧــﺪ⁃‑‐ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫‪Little, “The Detention of Ibn Taymiyya” 321.‬‬ ‫‪Ira Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge, MA: Harvard‬‬ ‫‪University Press, 1967, 131-34.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔ®‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻡم ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ© ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻣ© ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﺍا ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺭرﻓﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ‪/‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ© ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻈﺎﻟﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣـﺴﺒﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻣـﺜﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻋـﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺠـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣ© ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻇﻠﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗ© ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﻭو ﺫذﻯى ﻧﻔﻮﺫذ ﻃﺮﻗ© ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ® ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ® ﺭرﻗـﺒﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺎﻧ® ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺷﺨـﺼ© ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻫــﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻳــﺸﺎﻥن ﻣــﺘﺪﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺼﺎﺩدﺭرﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﻟـﻔﺎﻇ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺧﻂ ﻣـﺸ©‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد‪/‬ﻫﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻣﺼﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻄﺎ ﮔﺮﺩد‬

‫ﻣ© ﺁآﻣﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻠ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟﻬ© ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻗﻴـﻤﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺣـﺮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫"ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺶ" ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭو ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻗ© ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺳﺘﻴﺰ ﻭو ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫‪Lapidus, Muslims Cities, 135‬‬ ‫‪J. Nielson, “Secular Justice in an Islamic State: Mazalim under the Bahri Mamluks‬‬ ‫‪662/1264-789/1387”, Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Istituut te Istanbul,‬‬ ‫‪1985, 123‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺣﻴﻪ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭرﻋـﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﺼﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺗﺮﺣﻢ ﻭو ﺷﻔﻘﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﺒﻄ© ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻮﻥن ﻫﻤﻮﻃﻨﺎﻥن ﻗﺒﻄ© ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد ﻛﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﺯزﻯى ﺳﻮﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺘﺒﺤﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻯى ﻓﻨ© ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ© ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻧـﺠﺶ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ© ﮔـﺮﻭوﻫ© ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ‪°‬ﻴﻞ ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺘ© ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ© ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻳـﻘ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻭو ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ©‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺩدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻳﻰ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻫـﺴﺘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻓـﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻣـ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺗـﺤﺮﻙك ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻭوﻳﻞ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻳﻮﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻣـ‪°‬ﺮﺭرﺍا ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻉع ﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺑﺰﺭرﮒگ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺼﺮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ© ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﻭو ﻣـﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩه ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺑﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤ‪ ©±‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺁآﻣﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘ© )ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ©( ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘ© ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺖ )ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ( ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ )ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن( ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﻭوﺯزﺵش ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺶ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﮔﺎﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻴ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﺮ ﻭو ﻟﺠﺎﻡم ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺁآﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ© ﭼﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ )ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹص ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن( ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺖ )ﺍاﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ© ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺿﺪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪S.D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as‬‬ ‫‪Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, 6 volumes, Berkeley: University of‬‬ ‫‪California, 1967-94, vol. II, 1971, 288.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺭرﻧﺠﻴﺪﻩه ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺳﻨ© ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺼﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺘ© ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ© ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺧـﺸﻢ ﻭو ﺧـﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻓـﻨﺪﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﺟﺪﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻣﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ]ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن[‬

‫ﻫﻢ ﻣـﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩه ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺣـﺮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص‪ ،‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻣ© ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻘﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ© ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺒﻴﺚ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘ© ﻧﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ©‬ ‫ﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻛﻠ© ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣــﺒﺎﻳﻨﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ‪ ....‬ﺗــﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠــﻠ© ﭘﺮ ﺭرﻭوﻧﻖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳـ‪°‬ﺪﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻋﻘﻼﻧ© ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﻭوﺯز ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﻴـﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ "ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق‬

‫ﻋـﻤﺮ" ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘـﻨ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺳﻮﺭرﻳﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻫﻴـﻠ© ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺗﺮ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣـﺘﺪﺍاﻭوﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﺗـﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻟﺒﺎﺱس )ﻏﻴﺎﺭر(‪ ،‬ﻣﻨ® ﺍاﺣﺪﺍاﺙث ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻨﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻠﻨ©‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺗ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺤﺎﺕت ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺟﺰﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺼﺮ ﭼﻪ‬

‫ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﺪﻭوﻳﻦ ﻧـﺸﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, 289.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 180-81‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻨﺸﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻨﺸﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﻣﻠﺖ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم‪/‬ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺍاﻟﻤـﻌﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﻋـﻠ© ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺍاﺣﺴـﺎﺳﺎﺕت ﺿﺪ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬

‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺴﻄﺎﻁط ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺯزﻣﻴﻦ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺻﻮﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﻳﻦ‪ 1‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ© ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺭرﺷﻠﻴﻢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻏﻤﻮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺧ© ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﻗ© ﺍاﺯز ﺣ‪°‬ﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳ‪°‬ﺸﻴﺪ )ﻣﻘﺪﻡم ﺑﺮ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن( ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺧﺸﻤ‪±‬ﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺑـﻮﺷﻨﻮﺩدﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘ© ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭو ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻪ ﻗـﺎﺿ© ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻉع ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻃﻮﻗ© ﻧـﻈﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﺳﻮﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺟ¬ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺿ© ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻮﺍاﻡم ﺍاﻟﻨﺲ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺸﻮﻥن ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻭوﻯى ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻰ ﺛـﺒﺎﺗ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺑﻦ ﻃﻮﻗ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭر ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄﻮﺡح ﻣﺤـﻠ© ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍا‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺮﺍا‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﻮﺅؤ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻭوﺭرﺷﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﭘﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺑﭙــﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻟــﻴﺰﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ‪ ،1055‐‑⁃56‬ﻳﻚ ﻗــﺎﺿ© ﻣﺤــﻠ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ© ﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺎﺟﺮﺍا ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻡم ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪St. Catherine‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Lev, State and Society, 185-89.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻄـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﭘﻮﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺷﺪ ﻣـﺤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺎﺻﺮ ﺍاﻟﺪﻭوﻟﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣـﻤﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌﻪ ﻋـﻠ© ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺧـﻄﺮ ﺑﻄـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺒﻄـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ© ﻧـﻘﺶ‬

‫ﺣـﻴﺎﺗ© ﻗﺒﻄـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻛـﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﺯزﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺖ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﻝل ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝل ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ© ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨـﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ©‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻭوﻳـﺮﺍاﻧ© ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻗـﺘﻞ ﺭرﺍاﻫـﺒﺎﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟــﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﻠ© ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ©‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻟﺬﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭر ﺍاﻣﺎﻡم‪/‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ، ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺧﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ© ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠ© ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺎ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻙك ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﺍاﻟ‪¥‬ﻪ )‪ 996‬ﺗﺎ ‪ (1021‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪،‬‬

‫ﻭوﺣﺸﺖ ﻧﺎﺷ© ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻟﺠﺎﻡم ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻨﮓ ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻟﺒﺎﺱس )ﻏﻴﺎﺭر( ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺤﻘﻴﺮ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﻞ‬

‫ﺫذﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺘﻌـﺼﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻭوﻯى‪ ،1004‐‑⁃1012 ،‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻣـ‪±‬ﺎﻩه‬

‫ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺭرﺷﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻨـﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻏﺎﻟـﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺧـﺰﺍاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻏﺎﺭرﺕت ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﮔـﻮﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻰ ﺣـﺮﻣﺘ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻗـﻴﻒ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻮﻗﻮﻓﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺻﻮﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧـﺴﺎﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﻫﺮﭼــﻨﺪ ﺍاﻟــﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﻏــﻠﺐ ﺗــﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻳ‪°‬ــﺴﺎﻝل ﻗــﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﮒگ‬

‫)ﻧﺎﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ( ﻣﻠـﻐ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺧـﺴﺎﺭرﺕت ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺭرﻓـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﻭو ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد‬ ‫‪Lev, State and Society, 188.‬‬ ‫‪Lev, “Persecutions and Conversion to Islam in Eleventh-Century Egypt”, The Medieval‬‬ ‫‪Levant. Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor, Asian and African Studies, 22 (1988) pp.‬‬ ‫‪77 - 84.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻴـﺰﺍاﻧﺲ ﻣـﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕت ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﻙك ﺍاﻧﺪﻙك ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻻﺩدﻳﺎﻧ© ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺎﻥن‪/‬ﺧﻠﻔﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻧـﻤ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻼﺵش‬

‫ﻧـﻤ© ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﺘـﻜ© ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﻃﻌـﻨﻪ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺘ© ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل‌ﯨ‪°‬ﻪ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠ© ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺘ© ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺷﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻭوﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ©‪ ،‬ﭘــﺰﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺧﺼــﻮﺻ© ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺤــﺎﺳﺐ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﮕـﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺭر ﺛﺮﻭوﺕت ﺷﺨـﺼ© ﻧﺨﺒـ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻠـﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺩدﺍاﺋﻢ ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻣـﻴﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ© ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺍاﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧـﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﻭو ﺷﻚ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ© ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺣﺴـﺎﺳﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻬـﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭو ﻗﺮﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻮﺭرﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛـﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭوﺯز ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻼﻃﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺽض ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻏﺎﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻛـﺸﺘﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣﭗ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺻﻠ¬ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻣ© ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺍاﺑﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﭼﺎﺭر ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫ© ﻭو ﺍاﺧﺮﺍاﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻨﮕـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻻﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻋﺎﻟ© ﺭرﺗـﺒﻪ ﻗﺒـﻄ© ﻧـﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ© ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻋﻮﺽض‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﻣ© ﺁآﻣﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ©‌ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺴﻴﺪ ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻟﺠـﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1301‬ﺧـﺸﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟﺘـﻔﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺧـﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺘ© ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﻔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﻴﺮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛ© ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺟ©‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻧ© ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻃ© ﻳ‪°‬ﺴﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺪﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮﺧ© ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا‬

‫ﮔﺸﻮﺩدﻩه ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻗ©‌ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ© ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺑــﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘــﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻥن ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺘــﻬﺎﻯى ﺑــﻌﺪﻯى ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﻳــ‪°‬ﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻴــﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﺷﻮﺑﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ‪ 11‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﺟﻤـﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓﺰﻭوﻥن ﺑﺮ ‪ 60‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻭو ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺗﺶ ﻛــﺸﻴﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﻣﻤﺎﻟــﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺻﻠ¬ ﻭو ﻧــﻈﻢ ﺧــﺸﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1345‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﻄﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﺩدﺛﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺮﻭوﺯز ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق ﻋـﻤﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻟـﺤﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪﺩد ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻄـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻨـﺎﺻﺐ ﻭوﺍاﻻﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﻋﺰﻝل ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺁآﻧ© ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻭوﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫‪Donald P. Little, “Coptic Conversion to Islam under the Bahri Mamluks, 692-755/1293‬‬‫‪1354”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 39 (1976), 553-54.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Little, “Coptic Conversion to Islam”, 556-64.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫــﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﻝل )‪ (1345‬ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺯزﻣﻴﻨــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﻮﻗﻮﻓﻪ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺻﻮﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﺼﺎﺩدﺭرﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﺍا ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ© ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺗـﻮﺯزﻳﻊ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺨﺘ© ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺯزﻳﺎﺩد ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺗــﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻟــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧــﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻳــﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ©‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺷ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺑﻪ ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ "ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺶ" ﺗﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺟﻤ®(‬

‫ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓــﺼﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ© ﻧــﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺶ ﻣﻤــ‪°‬ﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ©‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻧـﺸ© ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻟﻴـﻠ© ﻛﺎﻓ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻗﺮﺍاﺋﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍاﺧﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ© ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧ©‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍاﺝج ﻣ© ﻛـﻨﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻴﻨ© ﻣﺤﻠ© ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧ© ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻛﻨﻮﻧ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻛﻨﺎﻑف ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻨﻄﻘ© ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺧـﻄﻮﻁط ﻛـﻠ© ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ© ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗـﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻟ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻡم ﺑﺎ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﺮﺍا ﻻﭘـﻴﺪﻭوﺱس ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣـﻀﻤﻮﻥن ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻧـﻈﺎﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺍاﻣـﺮﻭوﺯزﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪Little, “Coptic Conversion to Islam”, 567-68‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺣـﻴﺎﺗ© ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ© ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺫذﺍاﺗ© ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﻣ© ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽـﻨﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺳ‪°‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ© ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻣــﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻴــﺰﺍاﻧ© ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕ© ﻭو ﭘﻴﺸﺒﻴﻨ© ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺎﺟﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺒـﻨﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭘﺎﻓـﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠ© ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﻠ¬ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻣﺤﻠ©‪ ،‬ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ© ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﺭرﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭو ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠ‪°‬ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠ© ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟ© ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو ﻣﻠﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭو ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨـ©‌ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣـﻠﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻗﺘـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ© ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﻣﻌـﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣ© ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﻭو ﺗـﻘﻮﺍاﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤـﻘﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ©‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺷﺨﺼ© ﻭو ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻼﻝل ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺯزﺍاﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻣ© ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺘﻨ© ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻋﻴـﻨ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺧـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﻴـﺰﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻮﻉع ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺻ© ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺑ‪±‬ﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﻭو ﻣﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﻭوﺧﻴﻢ ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ "ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ" ﻣ© ﻧﺎﻣﻢ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨ© ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺧﻼ ﻓﺖ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ )‪ (632‐‑⁃634‬ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺤﺚ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه ﻣ© ﮔـﻴﺮﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻋﻠ© ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺿﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻭوﻯى ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© "ﺻﺤﻴﺢ" ﻳﺎ "ﻣﺤﻖ" ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻣﺤﻖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣـ‪°‬ﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩدﺑﺴﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻳ‪°‬ﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻫﻤ‪±‬ﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬ ‫ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻭو ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻫ‪±‬ـﺸﺎ ﺗﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺑ‪°‬ﺮ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ )ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻋـﻤﺮ ﻭو ﻋـﻠ©( ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻭوﻯى ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﺿ® ﻓﻜﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬ© ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷـﻮﺭرﺷ© ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ©‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه‬

‫ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺷﺨﺼ© ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ©‌‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺻﻼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩدﻳﺘ© ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺜﺎﻟ© ﻧـﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻓـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭر ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨ© ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻭو ﻧﺤﻮﻩه ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠـﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ©‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻠﻔﻴـﻘ© ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ© ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﭘﺴﺎﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓــﺎﻳﺪﻩه ﺗﻔﻜــﻴﻚ ﺍاﻗــﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﻣﺤﻨﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺎﻣﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،833‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻝل ﭘﺲ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺮﻭوﺏب ﺍاﻟﺮﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻪ ﻣﺤﻨﺖ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘـﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺧـﻄﺮ ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﻟـ‪±‬ﻮﻯى ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺮﺧ© ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑـﻬﺎﻯى ﮔـﺰﺍاﻓ© ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺷ‪°‬ﺎﻓ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮ ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺪﻧ©‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ®)ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر( ﺩدﻳﻨ©‪،‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳــﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩــﺪﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻭوﻳــ‪°‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﻄــﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻟ© ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣﺒﺎﻧ© ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﭘﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﻼﻙك ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻫﺮﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣ©‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺳﻮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻣ© ﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻭو ﭘﺎﺩدﺍاﺵش ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻧﻘﺸ© ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﮕﺎﻩه ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻣﻤ‪°‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑـﺮﺳﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺑﻼﻓـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻳـ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻋـﻠﻢ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ© ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ© ﻣ© ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺙث‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻤﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﻭوﺻﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻑف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛ ﻭو ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ©‪ .‬ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺩدﺧﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺳﺮﭘﻴﭽ©‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺯزﻛﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺙث ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺁآﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺘـﻈﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻭو ﻋﻤـﻠ© ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﮊژﺭرﻑف ﻭو ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﮔ© ﻓـﻨ© ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺁآﺳﻴﺐ‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ© ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻣﻨﺪﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧ© ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍا ﻣﯩﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﯩﺂﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺨـﺼﻴﺺ‬

‫ﻓـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﺮﻭوﺭرﺵش ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ©‪ ،‬ﻋـﺒﺎﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ© ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻤ© ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪" .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻋﻤـﻠ© ﺷﺨـﺼ©‌ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣـﻮﻗﻮﻑف ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ" ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ "ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ...‬ﺣﺲ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍاﻧ© ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩد‪".‬‬

‫ﻣ‪°‬ﺘﺐ ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺭرﺍا "ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ© ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﺪ ﺯزﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ© ﻻﻳﻨﻔﻚ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺍاﻟـﻄﺎﻑف ﺍاﻟـﻬ© ﺍاﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻓ© ﺯزﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ 2".‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﺯزﺍا ﻧﺒـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس‬

‫ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﻩه ﻣﺎﺯزﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﺯزﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣــﺰﺭرﻋﻪ ﻛــﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﺯزﻯى‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣــﺴ‪°‬ﻮﻧ©‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻗــﺴﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎ ﻣ© ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻋـﻴﻪ ﻣﺘـﺼﻞ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺱس ﻣ© ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺻﺪﻗﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ©‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪‌ ،‬ﺑـﻬﺮﻩه ﻣـﻨﺪ ﻣ© ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋـﻴﻪ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻤ© ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ© ﺭرﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛـﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻃﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺠﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻧ© ﻣـﺸﺘﺎﻗﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﺍا ﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍاﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘ© ‌ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺷﻮﻕق ﻛـﺴﺐ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺩدﺍاﺵش ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺸﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺑﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﺟﻪ‬ ‫‪Miriam Hoexter, “The Waqf and The Public Sphere”, The Public Sphere in Muslim‬‬ ‫‪Societies, M. Hoexter, S. Eisenstadt, and N. Levitzion, eds., Albany NY: State University‬‬ ‫‪of New York Press, 2002, 121.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Adam Sabra, Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam: Mamluk Egypt, 1250-1517,‬‬ ‫‪(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 70.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻣﺤﻠ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺰﺭرﮔﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍاﻟ© ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻯى ‪‌،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ© ﺁآﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺍاﺧﻼﺹص ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻑف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ©‬

‫ﻭو ﺷﺒ‪°‬ﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺷ‪±‬ﻔﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺝج ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﻗﻮﻓﻪ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ© ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟﻌـﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺭرﻓ® ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺧــﺸﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ© ﻓــﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻫﺮﻩه ﺍاﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ؛ ﻭو ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤــﻠﻚ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺁآﺷﻮﺏب ﺯزﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺣﺪﺍاﺙث ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ© ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﻭو ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﻧﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻭو ﺣﻔﻆ ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺸ© ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ© ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﻔـﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺮﺯزﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﻭو ﺻﻠ¬ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ© ﻭو ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣ ©‌ﻛﺮﺩد ﺑﻠ‪°‬ﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻨ©‬

‫ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻣ©‌ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ© ﻛﺮﺩد ﻋﻤﻠ© ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺣـ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﮔـﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺁآﻧـﻘﺪﺭر ﺍاﻋـﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ©‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺳﺎﺯزﻭوﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ© ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺑﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻣ© ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻭو ﺧﺼﻮﺻ©‬

‫ﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺮﺍاﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ©‌ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻠ©‌ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍاﺕت‬ ‫‪Sabra, Poverty and Charity, 95-100.‬‬ ‫‪Leonor Fernandes, “Mamluk Politics and Education: The Evidence FromTwo‬‬ ‫‪Fourteenth Century Waqfiyya” Annals Islamoques, vol. 23, 1987, 87-98.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﻨ© ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭو ﻣﺤ‪°‬ﻮﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭو ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣ©‌ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﭘﻴﻤﺪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﺟﻐﺮﺍاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧ© ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﻬ© ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳـ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﻣـﺒﺬﻭوﻝل ﻣ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺮﺩدﻯى‌ﻛﻪ ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ©‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺟﺰﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗـﺎﺳ© ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﺣـﻘ© ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗ© ﻣ© ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺑﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺳﻮﺩد ﻣ© ﺑﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻛـﻠ© ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺷﺮﻁط ﻭو ﻗـﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﻨـﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﭘﻨﺪﺍاﺷﺖ "ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ© ﻣ‪°‬ﺮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺘﺎﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﺁآﺛﺎﺭر ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻭوﻗﻒ ‪ :‬ﻧﺼﻮﺹص ﺍاﻟﻮﻗﻔﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺼﻮﺹص ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﻪ" ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺑـﻘﺎﻯى ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ،©°‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻣﻠﻚ‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣ© ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ "ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﻭوﺳﻄ© ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻣـﺸﻐﻮﻝل ﻓـﺎﻳﺪﻩه ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﺑـﻮﻧﺪ" ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺣﺪ ﻛﻪ "‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟ‪°‬ﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ...‬ﻫﻴﭽ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻕق ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ 2".‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﺳﻄ¬ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻔـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣـﻮﻗﻮﻓﻪ )ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ( ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ‬

‫ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻤﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻗﻔـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﻭو‬

‫‪George Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West,‬‬ ‫‪Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981, 35.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges, 38‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻨـﻔ© ﻣـﺴﻠ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ©°‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ© ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﻧ« ﺩدﻳﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﻌ© ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻩه ﻃﻠﺒﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴـﻮﻧﺪ ﺯزﺩدﻥن‬ ‫ﺣـ‪°‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎﺭرﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﮔـﺮﺍاﻣ© ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍاﺯز ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ© ﻣ© ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻤﺎﺩد‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎﻥن ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺼﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﭘﻠﻴﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑـﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻭوﻗﻒ ﻧﻘـﺸ© ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺧﺎﺻ© ﺍاﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹص‬ ‫ﻣ© ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻇﻬﻮﺭر "ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ© ﺣﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭر" ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻭو ﻣــﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ© ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺩدﻳــﻨ©‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ© ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺑﺎﻧ© ﺍاﺫذﻛﺎﺭر ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻏـﻨ© ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻭو ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ©‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻗﻔﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻣﻘﻮﻑف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬ© ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻣـﻐﺎﻥن ﻣ© ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف " ﻳـ‪ ©°‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻬـﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭوﺳﺎﻳﻠ© ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺪﺭرﺗ© ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ® ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳ‪±‬ﺎﻫ© ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﻣﺤﻠ© ‪ ،‬ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧ© ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺣ‪°‬ﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺎﻓ® ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣ© ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪".‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﻤ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ© ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻄﺮ ﻣ© ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺧﺘـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻒ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻤﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧـﻤ© ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﻈﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮ ﻣﺪﻧ© ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺳﺮ ﺑـﺰﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻤـ‪°‬ﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄ¬ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺒﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ© ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﺟﺬﺍاﺑﻴﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ© ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﺍا‬ ‫‪Yehoshua Frenkel, “Political and Social Aspects of Islamic Religious Endowments‬‬ ‫‪(“awqaf”): Saladin in Cairo (1169-73) and Jerusalem (1187-93)”, Bulletin of the School‬‬ ‫‪of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 62, 1999, 1-20.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Leonor Fernandez, “Mamluk Politics and Education: The Evidence From Two‬‬ ‫‪Fourteenth Century Waqfiyya” Annals Islamoques, v. 24, 1987, p. 87. See also Yacov‬‬ ‫;‪Lev, Yacov, State and Society, 153, n.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Hoexter, “The Waqf and The Public Sphere”, 129.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨﺒــﻠ© )ﻣﻨــﺴﻮﺏب ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨــﺒﻞ ﻛــﺴ© ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻟﻤﺤــﻨﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻓﺖ ﻋﺒـﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺴﺘﺎﺩدﮔ© ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد(‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻣ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺒﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ© ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤ© ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ© ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻧـﻔﻮﺫذ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ "ﻣﻄﻴﻊ" ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﮔﺮ ﺗﺮ ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫذ ﺣﻨﺒﻠ© ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺸ©‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻗﺮﻥن ﻳﺎﺯزﺩدﺩدﻫﻢ ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﻑف ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻭوﺯزﺭرﺍا ﻭو ﺳﻼﻃﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗ© ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﺐ ﺍاﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪".‬‬

‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻝل ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑـﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻴﻼ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﺣ‪°‬ﻤﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺁآﻝل‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷﻴﻌ© ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﭘـﺴﻨﺪ ﺷﻴﻌ© ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺸﻢ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﺳﻨ© ﺑﻐﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﻑف ﺁآﻥن ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺘ© ﺳﻠﺠﻮﻗﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍاﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺫذﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻌ© ﻭو ﺍاﻧـﻬﺪﺍاﻡم ﺯزﻳﺎﺭرﺗـﮕﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛـﻨﺶ‬

‫ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ© ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ© ‪‌،‬ﻳﻌــﻨ© ﻧــﻘﺶ ﻓــﺮﻗﻪ ﮔــﺮﺍاﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺟــﺴﺘﻪ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺤـﺼﺮﺍا ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧـﻤ© ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣــﺘﺪﺍاﺩد ﻃﻴــﻔ© ﭘﻴــﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ©‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ® ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮ ﺩدﻳـ‪±‬ﺮ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ© ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘـﺸ‪°‬ﻞ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓـﺮﻋ© ﮔـﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻭو ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺤﻨﻪ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻛﻠ© ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﺴﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟ‪±‬ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘ© ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺁآﺷ‪°‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺱس ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻻﻟﺘ© ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺮﺍاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍاﺝج ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻡم ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪Daphna Ephrat, “Religious Leadership and Associations in the Public Sphere of Seljuk‬‬ ‫‪Baghdad” in Hoexter, Eisenstadt, and Levitzion, eds., The Public Sphere in Muslim‬‬ ‫‪Societies, eds. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, p. 32-3.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

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‫‪©Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﮔﺎﻫ© ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻃﺮﻗ©‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﺣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻫـﺴﺘﻢ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣ© ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ© ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺨﺶ ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻧ©‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻳ‪±‬ﺎﻩه ﻣﺘﺰﻟﺰﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ© ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻗ® ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻋــﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ©‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ© ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺩدﻧــﻴﻮﻯى‬

‫ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪°‬ﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﺎ ﻣﺤـﻔﻮﻅظ ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﻧ© ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻭوﻛﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﻣـﺮﻭوﺯزﻳﻦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ© ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺨﺶ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻓﺎﻃﻤـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻴﻚ ﻋـﻤﻖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ©‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕت ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺯزﻭوﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻗﻄﻌ© ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕت‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺍاﺻﻠ© ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘــﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻣــ‪°‬ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻣ‪°‬ﺎﻧــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ© ﻭو ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ® ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ©‌ﻛﻨﻮﻧ©‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣ© ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ﺁآﺗ© ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﻖ ﺁآﻣﺪﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ©ﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻭو ﭘﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺖ ﻳ¨ﺴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو‬

‫ﺑــﻬﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻓــﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺯزﻳﻦ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﻫﺮﭼــﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻋـﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭو ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﺮﻑف ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤـﻠﻞ ﻣﻘـﺘﺪﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻠ‪ ،¢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬

‫ﻓـﻌﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤــﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻓــﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋــﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺠــﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺒﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﻃﻼ ﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﺰﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻃﺮﻕق‬ ‫ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﭘﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﻫﺪﻑف ﻗﺮﺍا ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭو ﺩدﻻﻟﺘــﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫــﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﻡم‪ .‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺛﻤﺮﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣﯩ¨ﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺘﺮﺍاﺩدﻑف ﺑﺎ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﮔﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺨﺶ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـ©ﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر‌ﻯى ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻠـ¨ﻪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ – ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺭرﺍاﺟ§ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺷﺪ⁃‑‐ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪.¢‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ‌ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪‌¢‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﺩدﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧﻪ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺟﺪﺍا‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺷ¨ﻞ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻨﺶ‬

‫ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﺩد ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺺ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺧﺮﺩد ﺟﻤﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻪ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺮﺩد‬ ‫ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺩد ﺟﻤﻌ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺗﺤﺖ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻠ‪ "¢‬ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﻩه ﻧـﺒﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز "ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﻢ‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى‌ﻭو ﺑﻮﺭرﻭوﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭرﻣﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻓـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ 1".‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻄﺮ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﻳﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻠﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺮﺟـﻴﺢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ "ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ "¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛـﻨﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯزﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ "ﻣﻠﺖ" ﻫﻤ©ﻦ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕت ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻮﺭرﻭوﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺗﺒﻰ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺠﺰﺍا ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮ ﺧﺎﺹص‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺗﺒﻰ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻣﺘـﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ، ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺠـﻤﻦ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﻐﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻧــﻈﺮﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋــﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠ¨ــﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠ¨ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﻣـﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬

‫‪Graeme Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State (New York: Palgrave‬‬ ‫‪Macmillan, 2003), pp. 2-3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State, pp. 3-7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻓـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻳ¨‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن – ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ،¢‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺜﺎﺩدﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﺑﻬـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ⁃‑‐ ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻨﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﮊژﺭرﻑف ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺨﻨﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺤــﻘﻖ ﻧﻘــﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠ¨ــﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﭼــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻣـﺮﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﻣﻘـﺘﺪﺭر ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻻﻳﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺯزﻭوﺭر ﻭو ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﻧﻈﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣﻨﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻭو ﺗﺤـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﻣﺮﺯزﻫﺎ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻗﺴﺎﻡم ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺳﻮﻯى ﻣﺮﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩدﻯى ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩد ﺟﻐﺮﺍاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻟﺒـﺴﺘﮕ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺫذﺍاﺕت ﭘـﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﻠ‪ "¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫـﻤﺬﺍاﺕت ﭘـﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭوﻳﮋﮔﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛـﺴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﭘـﺮﻭوﺭرﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺣـﺴﺎﺱس ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣـﻠ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤﻬﺎﻯى ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺷ¨ﻞ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﻭوﻗﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪﻯى ﻣﻠـﺰﻭوﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻳﻌـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻮﺭرﻭوﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﻭو ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻫﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﺟﺪ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻩه‬ ‫ﻗﻠــﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺘــﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪﻩه ﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻴــﺼﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫــﻴﭻ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻳﮋﮔﻴـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺧـﺼﺎﻳﺺ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ¨ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ‌ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﺳﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺡح ﻣﺒـﺴﻮﻁط‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳ¨‪‌¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭوﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﺎ ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤـ©‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺟـﻬﺖ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝل ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺥخ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪Gianfranco Poggi, The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospects (Stanford,‬‬ ‫‪California: Stanford University Press, 1990), pp. 19-33.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻠ‪ ، ¢‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗــﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻠــﻤﺮﻭو ﺳﻌﺎﺩدﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻋــﺎﻳﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭر ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻓﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺣﺼﺎﺭر ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ ﺁآﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻩه ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺗـﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﻯى‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨـﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭر ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣـﻠﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻣـ©ﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺗـﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏب ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣ©ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﻠﻞ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﺑ©ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣـﺠﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻋـﻀﻮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻣﻨـﺸﻮﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣـﻠﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌـﻴﺖ ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻴﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺮﺟ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍاﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻤﻠ¨ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺴﺘﺤ¨ﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ "ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ"‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺑـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺁآﻧﻬـﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ⁃‑‐ﻛﻪ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫‪Poggi 22.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ⁃‑‐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﻳ¨ﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭرﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﻭو ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻄﻠـﻘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑـﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻔـﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﻠﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺑـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥن ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ "ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻳ¨ـﺴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻛـﻠ‪ " ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻧـﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻔــﻴﻖ ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗــﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠــ¨ﺮﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺠﺴﻢ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﻳ©ﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻓﺰﺍاﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻗﺒﻼ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﺖ ﺁآﻥن "ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻗـﻨﺎﻉع ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﻮﺵش ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻙك ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ"‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن "ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل )ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر( ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪".‬‬

‫ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺘﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻗــﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺣــ¨ﺎﻡم ﻳﺎ ﻛــﺴﺎﻧ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺣــ¨ﺎﻡم ﻋﻤﻠ¨ــﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺧــﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳــﺸﺎﻥن ﺗــﻔﻮﻳﺾ‬

‫ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪‌ ،‬ﻧــﻤ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴــﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘﻤــﺮﻛﺰ ﻭو ﻧــﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺭرﻭوﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻼﻛـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻟـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻫﻤﺒــﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﻳــﺼ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫‪Poggi 28‬‬ ‫‪Poggi 29‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫&‪ +>3$‬در ‪ !7‬ا‪ ?50‬ا‪Poggi 33, '.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺣﺎﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻩه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺑــﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴــﺮﻧﺪ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺤﺚ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻌـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋـﺮﺿﻪ ﻭو ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﻣـﻨﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺑ©ﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭرﻓﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺯزﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄ‪ .¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﻠ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺁآﻥن‪،‬‬

‫ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴـﻄﻪ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠ¨ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻳـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻫـﺴﺘﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺍاﺻﻼ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﻳﺺ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ "ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕق" ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺤﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻋـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻠﻞ ﻭو ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻓﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻟــﺤﺎﻅظ ﺟﻐﺮﺍاﻓــﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﻘــﺴﻴﻢ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺗﻘــﺴﻴﻢ ﺑــﻨﺪﻯى ﻋــﻤﻮﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ "ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋــﻤﺪﻩه"‬

‫ﻣـﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﻳـ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪":‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى )ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى( ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭر ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪Gill 16‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻬـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻤﻞ ﻭو ﻧـﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣـﺼﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ 1".‬ﺗﻘـﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻓـﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ "ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻓـﻀﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭرﺍاﻝل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻳ¨ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄــﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى"‪ 2‬ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻘــﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻋــﻤﻮﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻋﻤﻠــ¨ﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻓﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﺩدﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص‬

‫ﺳﺮﻭوﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣـﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺭرﺷﺪﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺧﺎﺹص ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺒـﻀﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫــﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺫذﻳﻨــﻔ§ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬

‫"ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى" ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ ﺍاﻏﻮﺍا ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺼﺮﻑف ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﭙﻴﻮﻧـﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅظ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛـﻨﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﻭو ﭼﻴﺰ ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪" .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳﻔﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺗـﺸ¨ﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻔﻮﺫذ ﺩدﻟﺨﻮﺍاﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪".‬‬

‫‪Gill 17‬‬ ‫‪Gill 17‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Gill 17‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯز ﻭو ﻛـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺒﺎﺩدﻻﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪‐‑⁃¢‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻭو ﺳﺘﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺠـﻤﻦ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺣـﺮﻓﻪ ﺍاﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯز ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺷﺨﺼ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺻﺮﻑف ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺫذﻳﻨﻔ§ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺫذﻳﻨﻔ§ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺿﺎﻣﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑ¨ﺸﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺘﻜ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺣ¨ـﻮﻣﺘ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺣ¨ﻤﻔـﺮﻣﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍاﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ "ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘـﺼﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﺮﺕت ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺼﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪".‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫"ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه" ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺑﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪Gill 18-19‬‬ ‫‪Gill 18-19‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺴﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻛﺘﺘﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻭو ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ‌ﺍاﺳﺖ‪".‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺛﻤﺮ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ – ¢‬ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﭼﻘﺪﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺴﺘﺤ¨ﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪‌،‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺫذﻳﻨﻔ§ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻤـﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﺨـﺼﺺ‬

‫ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎ ﺗﻬــﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺟﺰﻳــﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻣﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺼﺎﻳﺺ ﻭو ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑ©ﻴﺮﻡم ‪ :‬ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ⁃‑‐‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ – ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻮﻕق ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺒـﻀﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ‌،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺭرﻓﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺩدﻭو ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌـﻴﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ©ﺮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺻﺪﺍاﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭر ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﺒﺮﺩد ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ§ ﻭو ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪Gill 20‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻗﻴـﻤﻮﻣﺖ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺁآﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺒﻴـﻨﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺁآﻧﭽﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاﻯى ﺑﺴﻴـﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻝل ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺩدﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻃﺮﻕق ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭوﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺗ‪.¢‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕت ﻗﺒﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺎﺕت ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‬

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‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺧﺎﺹص ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺘــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻭوﺍاﮊژﮔﻮﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗــﺤﺖ ﻛــﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ©ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﺎﺹص‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓــﺼﻞ ﺑــﺤﺚ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻋــﺮﺻﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺳﺮﻧﮕﻮﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻰ‌ﻃـﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ 4‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧـﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺍاﺿﻄﺮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟـﻌﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣـﺠﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﻭوﺯز ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﻮﺀء‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺸ¨ﻠﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔ§ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻛﻮﭼ¨‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻠﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻯى ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ،¢‬ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘــﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺧﺎﺹص‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻤـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﻳﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺁآﺳﺎﻥن ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩدﻩه ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل‌ﯨ¨ﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟﯩ¨ﻪ ﻛﺜﺮﺕت‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ‐‑⁃¢‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺗﺤﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¢‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣـ‪‌¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭر ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﭘـﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻌـﻠﻮﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺤﺚ ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺍاﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻭوﻯى "ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄ‪ ، ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳــ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻛــﻨﺪ ﻣــﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ 2".‬ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‪،‬‬

‫‪ ...‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد؛ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺁآﻥن ﺧـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﻭو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ؛ ﻭو ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺤـﺘﻮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣــﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭر‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﻣﯩﺴﺎﺯزﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘﻌـﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ "ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ"‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﺎﺹص‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪" ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ 4".‬ﺍاﻭو ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫"ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ "¢‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﺎﻣﺪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻨـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸ©ﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻣـﺜﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 5.‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤــﺴﻚ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻟــﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه "ﺧﺼــﻮﺻ‪ "¢‬ﻧﻴــﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠــ¨ﻪ ﻫﺮﭼــﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕت ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎ "ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ "¢‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪John Rawls, Political Liberalism, (expanded edition, New York: Columbia University‬‬ ‫‪Press, 2003), pp. 212-254, pp. 435-490.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 441-442‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 442‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 442‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 443‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ "ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¢‬ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ "ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪"¢‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺭرﺥخ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪":‬ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺎﻟ‪¢‬؛ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘ‪ ،¢‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ‬

‫ﺭرﺋـﻴﺲ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻣﻘﻨـﻨﻪ ﻭو ﻣﺠـﺮﻳﻪ؛ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﻧﺎﻣـﺰﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺣﺰﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‪ 3".‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷ¨ﻞ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﻭوﻳﮋﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﯩ©ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧـﻜﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه "ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺑـﺮﻫﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻳ¨ـﺴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ" ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ‪¥‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺣﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﻯى "ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣ§" ﻳﺎ ﺟــﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻴﻨــ‪‌¢‬ﻫﺎﻯى ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه‪‌،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻗــﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد ﻧﻬﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ 5.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺭرﺍا‪‌،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨـﯩﻮ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻏﻴﺮﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪" ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ" ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪" .‬ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺍاﺻﻠ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻣﻼﺯزﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺭرﺍا ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩد‪".‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﺗﻤـﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺿﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻤﻮﻟ©ﺮﺍا ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻮﺿ§ ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍا‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ‬

‫‪Rawls 220‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 444‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 442-443‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 231-240.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 441‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 441‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺟﺎﻣ§ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ( ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﭽ©ﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣـﻮﺿﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻤﻮﻟ©ﺮﺍا ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ‬

‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن "ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺫذﻛﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪ 1".‬ﻣﻮﺿ§ ﺍاﻧﺠﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر "ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻛﻢ ﻭو ﺑﻴﺶ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎﻥن" ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى‌ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺭرﺍا ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣﯩﺂﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن " ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺑـﺴﺎﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﻳـ¨‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد"‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗــﺸﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌــﻴﺘ‪،¢‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر "ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ" ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ 2.‬ﺍاﻭو ﻣﺜﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻟﻐﺎﻯى ﺑﺮﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن‬ ‫‪ 19‬ﺍاﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣـﺮﻳﻚ ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻨﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 3".‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﺭرﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﮓ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻟﻐﺎﺀء ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺟﻨﺒﺶ‬

‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻭوﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻬﺖ ﺗــﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى‌ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺣــﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻮﺿ§ ﺷﻤﻮﻟ©ﺮﺍا ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭو ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ "ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ 4".‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻴﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر‬ ‫‪Rawls 247‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 248,249‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 249-250‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Rawls 251‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺮﺍاﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻧــﻘﺪ ﻫﺎﺑــﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺑﺮ ﺑــﺮﻫﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮﺩدﻳﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح‬ ‫"ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ "¢‬ﻭو ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻭوﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩﺪﻫﺪ‪" .‬ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷ‪ ¢‬ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﻣـﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ" ﻭو‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻏـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى "ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺱس ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ 2".‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻫﺎﺑـﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺣﻘﻴـﻘﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ £‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺮﺯزﻫﺎ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺎﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺱس ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﺭرﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺍاﻭوﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻬـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻚ ﻛﺎﺭرﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ،¢‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻳ©ﺎﻩه ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ،¢‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺒ¨ﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻃ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ – ¢‬ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻤﻌ‪ ‐‑⁃¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻫﺎﺑـﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺁآﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻋــﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻏــﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺗــﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔــﻴﺮﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻧــﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ – ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣــﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺑﺎﺗ‪ ‐‑⁃¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻉع‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱس "ﻗﺪﺭرﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺑﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧــﻴﺰﺩد ‪ ...‬ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫‪Jurgen Habermas, “Reconciliation Through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John‬‬ ‫‪Rawls’ Political Liberalism.” The Journal of Philosophy, 92: 3 (March 1995): 109-131, at‬‬ ‫‪pp. 118-119.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Habermas 129‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺧﻮ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ "ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ" ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪".‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﭼ©ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻔـﻜﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻘﺎﺕت ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻛـﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺮﻃ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻫﺪﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻃﺮﺡح ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘـﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻛﻔـﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﻭو‬

‫ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻟﺰﻭوﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣـﺤﻮﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺑـﺤﺚ ﭘﻴـﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¢‬ﻏـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛـﻨﻢ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻴﭽـﻴﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪﻯى ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎ ﺑﭙﻴﻮﻧﺪﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻋـﺮﺿﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻣــﻨﺎﺯزﻋﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧــﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠ‪‌¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟـﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺼﺎﻳﺺ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺴﺘﺤ¨ﻢ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻭوﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻤﻮﻟ©ﺮﺍا ﻭو ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻃﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺣﻖ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪Thomas McCarthy, “Kantian Constructivism and Reconstructivism: Rawls and‬‬ ‫‪Habermas in Dialogue.” Ethics 105: 1 (October 1994):44-63, at p. 49.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻧـﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﯩ¨ـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻨﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﻨﻔـﺴﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺿ§ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺑﺎﺯزﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﮔﺸﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏب‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪C‬‬

‫ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻧﺨﺒـ©ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻭو ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺷﺒ¨ﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻢ‪ 2.‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ .¢‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮ ﻭو ﭘﻮﻳﺎﺗﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺮﻭو ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩدﻯى ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻭو ﭘﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣ¨ﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺗﻘـﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫‪J. T. McHugh, Comparative Constitutional Traditions (New York: Peter Lang, 2002),‬‬ ‫‪pp. 2-3.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Alan S. Rosenbaum, Introduction to Constitutionalim the Philosophical Dimension, ed.‬‬ ‫‪Alan S. Rosenbaum (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 4-5; Louis‬‬ ‫‪Henkin, “A New Birth of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences and Genetic Defects” in‬‬ ‫‪Constitutionalism, Identity, Differences and Legitimacy, ed. Michel Rosenfeld (Durham,‬‬ ‫‪North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 39-53; and Constitutionalism, eds. J.‬‬ ‫‪Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (New York: New York University Press, 1979).‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺟـﺰﻣ‪ .¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﺟﻮﺍاﻣﻌ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﻌـﻘﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻃﺮﺩد‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﭘﺎ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﻣ¨ـﺘﻮﺏب ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻏـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣ¨ـﺘﻮﺏب‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺒﻮﻻﻧﺪﻥن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻓﻠﺴﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗـﻮﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻭو ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﻳﺎﺑـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺧﺘﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ "ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ "¢‬ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺨﺒ©ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪،‬‬

‫ﺟــﺴﺘﺠﻮﻯى ﻋﻤــﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣــﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻓــﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗــﺮﻭوﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻭو ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨ‪¢‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻳﺖ ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎﺹص‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭرﺍاﺩدﻛﺲ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑــﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋــﻀﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣـﻘﺪﻭوﺭر ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻭوﺍاﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻧﻈـﺮﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ§ ﻣﺘـﻀﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪،‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ©ﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ§ ﻣﺘـﻀﺎﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠــ¨ﺮ ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﺣـﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ§ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺟﻤﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻗﺴﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻣﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻤـ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍاﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﻤـﻌ‪¢‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪،¢‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻧﻨﺘﺰﺍاﻋ‪.¢‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ‪ ، ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻫﻤـ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻃـﺮﻗ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺷ¨ﻞ ﺩدﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺟ§ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ،¢‬ﻭو ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮ ﻧﮕﺎﻫـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜـﻤﺮ ﺛـﻤﺮ‬

‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﻔﺮﻁط ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻼﻛـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﻄﺒـﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺣـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺩدﻓﺘﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﻃـﻔﺮﻩه ﺭرﻓـﺘﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻗــﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻛﺘـﺴﺎﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻭو ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺯزﻉع ﻓﻴﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷـﺪ‪.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺟﺰﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻃﻴـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﭘﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺴﺎﺑﻰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﻤﻌـ‪‌¢‬ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻭو ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻗـﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﺑــﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤــﺎﻳﻞ ﻭو ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﮕــﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧــﻴﺮ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻧــﻔ§ ﺷﺨــﺼ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣــﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑــﺨﺶ ﺧــﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﻠﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻗﻄـﻌﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻄﻠ§ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘـﻤﺎﺩد ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ¨ﻪ ﻫﻤﭽـﻴﻦ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺟـﻌﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺱس ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﻋﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻜﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﻨﺘـﺨﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻗ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر‬

‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ،¢‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻃﻠﺒﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻯى‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣــﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻧــﻈﺮ ﺑ©ﻴــﺮﻳﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﭼــﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣــ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻳ¨ـﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤﻴـﺸﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯزﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺠﺰﺍا ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺣـ¨ﺎﻡم ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮ ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻣـﺠﺰﺍا ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب‬

‫ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ©ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍا ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻟﺬﺍا‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻄﺮ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤـﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻘﺪﺱس ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺨﺼ‪ ،¢‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺷ¨ﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم "ﻓـﻀﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺟـﺴﺘﺠﻮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗـﺒﺎﺩدﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻰ‌ﻣـﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩه ﺍاﻃﻼ ﻋﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﻀﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠ¨ــﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻄــﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺷ¨ﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔــﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋــﻤﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺳﺆﺍاﻻﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺘـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻳﻬﺎ⁃‑‐ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

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‫‪See, for example, Abdullahi A. An-Na`im and Francis M. Deng, “Self-Determination‬‬ ‫‪and Unity: The Case of Sudan,” Law & Policy, vol. 18 (1996), pp. 199-223.‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻋــﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻛــﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗــﻴﻚ ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﺮﺍاﺝج ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛــﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒــﻴﻞ ﺣــ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﻨـﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠـﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﻳـﺼ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤـ©‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺣـﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﻣﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺧـﻄﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﺑـﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻫﺪﻑف ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻟ©ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻤـﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧــﻴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﺭرﻳــﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻤــﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﻧــﺴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳــ¨ﺎ‪ .‬ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟ©ــﻮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹص ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ‪‌،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻫﺮ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻠـﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﻣﺸ¨ﻼﺕت ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺿﻮﺡح ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﻭو ﺁآﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ 4‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻤـﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧـﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ "ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻗـﻬﺎ"ﻯى ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﻣـﺴﺘﺤ¨ﻢ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﻚ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر‪ 5.‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻨﺖ ﻭو ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق ﺩدﺭر‬

‫‪D. Franklin and M. Baun, editors, Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A‬‬ ‫‪Comparative Approach (New York: M.E. Sharpe), pp. 184-217.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪McHugh, Comparative Constitutional Traditions, pp. 50-54, 57-58, 147, 149-150.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪William Safran, “The Influence of American Constitutionalism in Postwar Europe: the‬‬ ‫‪Bonn Republic Basic Law and the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic,” in‬‬ ‫‪American Constitutionalism Abroad, ed. George Athan Billias (Westport, Connecticut:‬‬ ‫‪Greenwood Press, 1990), pp. 91-109.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪McHugh, Comparative Constitutional Traditions, pp. 35-36.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪McHugh, Comparative Constitutional Traditions, pp. 47-63.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﮔﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﺮ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷ¨ﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﻧﻴﺎﺯز‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣـﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻳـ©ﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺣـﺴﺎﻱي ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﻫﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻳ ﻰ‌ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧﻨـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺤــﻘﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﺍا ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻟ©ـﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺑ¨ﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺎﺑـﺴﻨﺪﻩه ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏب ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ "ﻧﻴﺖ ﺧﻴﺮ" ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﺎﺕت ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻰ ﺍاﺛﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻠﺖ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ،¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻟ©ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺑـﻬﺘﺮ ﺟﺎﻳ©ﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‪ ،2‬ﭘﻴـﻮﻧﺪ ﺯزﺩدﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣـﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫‪See generally, McHugh, Comparative Constitutional Traditions; Michel Rosenfeld,‬‬ ‫‪“Modern Constitutionalism as Interplay Between Identity and Diversity,” in‬‬ ‫‪Constitutionalism, Identity, Differences, and Legitimacy, ed. Michel Rosenfeld (Durham,‬‬ ‫‪North Carolina, Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 3-38.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Okon Akiba, “Constitutional Government and the Future of‬‬ ‫‪Constitutionalism in Africa,” Constitutionalism and Society in Africa, ed. Okon Akiba‬‬ ‫‪(Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004), pp. 7-16.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺗﻔﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻣﺪﻥن ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻔـﺼﻞ ﻗﺮﺍا ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﺎﺹص ﺁآﻥن ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﺗﻠـﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻓـﺮﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺤـﻠ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﺎﺹص ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝج ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺘـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻫﻦ ﻭو ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑف ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﺗﻌﻴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉع ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﻓﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﻙك‬ ‫ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﻯى ﻣﻨﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺷﺮﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﻴﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺣﻖ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺍا ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣـﺮﺟ§ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭو ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺠﺮﺕت ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻣ¨ﻪ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 622‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺷﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ‬ ‫”‪See, for example, Ausaf Ali, “Contrast Between Western and Islamic Political Theory‬‬ ‫‪in Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1, Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1 (Karachi, Pakistan:‬‬ ‫‪Royal Book Company), p. 181; Muhammad Asad, Principles of State and Government in‬‬ ‫‪Islam (Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus, 1985), pp. 1-17, 22-23; Saba Habacy, Introduction to‬‬ ‫‪J.N.D. Anderson, Islamic Law in the Modern World (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood‬‬ ‫‪Press, 1975), p. ix.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻟ©ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ، ¢‬ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏب ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺁآﻝل ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺪﻝل ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻓﺎﺕت ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻭو ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻠﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﭼــ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳــﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧــﻈﺮ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺟــﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﺳﻨﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻭو ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺷﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ )ﺗﺎ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻋﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ (660‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺛﻖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 3.‬ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﺷﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﺎﻣﺖ ﺍاﺋﻤﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﻖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻋﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺧﻮﺩد )ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻤﻌﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ( ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ 4.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺤﺮﺍاﻓﺎﺕت ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻘﺒﻴﺢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺒﺮ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻨـﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺯز ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺍاﻧـﺪﺭرﺳﻮﻥن‪" ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﺟـﻴﺢ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻘﺾ ﻧـﺸﺪﻧـ‪‌،¢‬ﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﻣﺪﺍاﻫﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺤﺮﺍاﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪".‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪See generally, Kemal Faruki, The Evolution of Islamic Constitutional Theory and‬‬ ‫‪Practice from 610 to 1926 (Karachi, Pakistan: National Publication House, 1971).‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪See Asad, State and Government in Islam, pp. 24-29; Maimul Ahsan Khan, Human‬‬ ‫‪Rights in the Muslim World (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2003),‬‬ ‫‪pp. 143-240.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪See al-Nabhani, The Islamic State; see also, Asad, State and Government in Islam, pp.‬‬ ‫‪24-29; A. Rahman I. Doi, Non-Muslims Under the Shari’ah (Islamic Law), (Lahore,‬‬ ‫‪Pakistan: Kazi Publications, 1981), p. 122.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Said Amir Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam‬‬ ‫‪(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984; and Farhad Daftary, The Isma’ilis: Their‬‬ ‫‪History and Doctrines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Norman Anderson, Law Reform in the Muslim World (London: Athlone Press 1976), p.‬‬ ‫‪36.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍاﻓﺘـﺨﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻫـﺮﮔﺰ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻣـﻌﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻟ©ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﻼﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻰ ﺛـﻤﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺗــﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘــﻔﺎﻭوﺕت‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣــﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻡم "ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا" ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍا ﻧﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪ 159‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡم ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻣـﺸﻮﺭرﺕت ﻧـﻤﺎ )ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻫﻢ( ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﻄـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا‬

‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻳﻪ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺫذﻛﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪ 38‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه ‪ 42‬ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻮﺭرﺕت ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﻮﺭرﺗ‪ ¢‬ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺣﺪﺍاﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺟـﺴﺘﺠﻮﻯى ﺻﻼﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻟـﺰﻭوﻣﺎ ﻣﻘـﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻤﻞ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻭو ﺧﻠـﻔﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭر ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ©ﻴﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣﻠﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﻃﺮﻕق ﻋﻤـﻠ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗــﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻡم ﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﺣــ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ" ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺨﺶ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨﻈﻤﻴﺎﺕت ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪But see, Asad, State and Government in Islam, pp. 54-55.‬‬ ‫‪Noel J. Coulson, “The State and the Individual in Islamic Law”, International and‬‬ ‫‪Comparative Law Quarterly 1957, pp. 49-60, at pp. 55-56.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺞ ﻭو ﻣﺤﺘﺎﻃﺎﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭو ﻗﺮﻥن ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩدﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏــﻴﺮ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑــﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌــﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻳﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑ©ﺮﺩدﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣـ©ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺗـﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﻣ©ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﺒـﻬﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻣﺘﺼﻮﺭر‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1.‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻗﻄﻌـﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺨﺪﻭوﺵش ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻧﺨﺒـ©ﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﻴــﺎﻣﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﻬــﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﻤــ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣﻬــﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن )ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﺎﺏب( ﻭو ﺟﺪﺍاﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺩد ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻔــﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻌﺮﺽض‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪ 34‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه ‪ 4‬ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺿ§‬ ‫‪See generally, Wael B. Hallaq, “Can Shari’ah Be Restored,” Islamic Law and the‬‬ ‫‪Challenges of Modernity, eds. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Barbara Freyer Stowasser‬‬ ‫‪(Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, 2004), pp. 26-36.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺣﻖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻴﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁآﻳﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻧﺎﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻕق ‪‌،‬ﺍاﺭرﺙث ﻭو‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁآﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪ 31‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه ‪ ،24‬ﻭو ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪،33‬‬ ‫‪ 53‬ﻭو ‪ 59‬ﺳﻮﺭرﻩه ‪ ،33‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻀﻮﺭر ﻭو ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓـﻀﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻧﺲ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟـﻌﺎﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب )ﻋـﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن( ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 4.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﻨﻢ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﻭو ﻋــﻤﻞ ﺗــﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺷﻚ ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻔــﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻏــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗﻪ ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪Ausaf Ali, “Role of Muslim Women Today,” Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1, pp. 226‬‬‫‪227; “The Development and Integration of Muslim Women as a Human Resource in the‬‬ ‫‪Islamic Economy in the Modern World,” Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1, pp. 256-263.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Abul A’la Maududi, Purdah and the Status of Woman in Islam, trans.‬‬ ‫‪and ed. Al-Ash’ari (Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications Ltd., 1979), pp. 141-158.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Fatima Mernissi, Women in Islam: an Historical and Theological Enquiry, trans. By‬‬ ‫‪Mary Jo Lackland (Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1991), pp. 49-81; Maududi,‬‬ ‫‪Purdah and the Status of Woman, 152-153.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Article, “Dhimma”, Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: EJ Brill,‬‬ ‫‪1991), p. 76.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺷﻮﺩد ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻨ§‬

‫ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺟﻨﺴ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺣ¨ﺎﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧــﻈﺮﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤــﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗــﺎﺳﺮ ﺟــﻬﺎﻥن ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻣﺘﻌــﻬﺪ ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭘﻴــﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻢ ﮔــﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻏـﻴﺐ ﻭو‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩدﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺗـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻧﻤﺎﻯى ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭو ﻗﺮﻥن ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ "ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ "¢‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻓﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﺩدﻩه ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه‬ ‫‪See Brems, Human Rights, pp. 194-206; for examples of Muslim discourse on these‬‬ ‫‪issues, see also, Khan, Human Rights in the Muslim World; Ausaf Ali, Modern Muslim‬‬ ‫‪Thought; Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity, eds. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad‬‬ ‫‪and Barbara Freyer Stowassesr; Asad, State and Government in Islam.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﭘﺎﻓـﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘــﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﺠــﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻠـ¨ﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﻫﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻨــﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣــﺠﺪﺩدﺍا‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺖ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﮕـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟ©ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺑﻴﻌﺖ‪ 1‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺛﻖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻭو ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﺑــﻬﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻣﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺍاﻳــﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗــﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻣــﺘﺎﺑﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣﺪﺭرﻧ‪، ¢‬‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﻧﺒـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻭو ﻛـﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘــﺨﺎﺏب ﻭو ﭘــﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺣــ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻭو ﺗــﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑــﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺗﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﺑﺒﻴـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺑﻴـﻌﺖ ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣـﺸﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪$=-( :% '1>%. Ann K.S. Lambton, State‬ن &‪ +>=$‬ا‪$7‬م =‪ :2>5) $‬در (<ا‪ @7‬ا‪ ?7".‬او‪ :>4‬ا‪$/‬ره دارد‬ ‫‪and Government in Medieval Islam (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1985),‬‬ ‫‪p. 18; Asad, State and Government in Islam, pp. 69-70; al-Nabhani, The Islamic State, p.‬‬ ‫‪278.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﻧﻘـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ‌ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩه ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺣﻞ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه )ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﮕﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ( ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺟﺰﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا "ﺧﻨﺜ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ" ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻼ ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﮔـﺮﺩدﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى‌ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺷ¨ﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝج‪.‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻣـﻮﻛﺪ ﮔـﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔـﺘﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔـﺘﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﺤﻮﻩه ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ‪ .¢‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ "ﻋﻠﺖ" ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺵش‬ ‫ﻭو ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭر ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻝل ﻭو‬

‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﭼــ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻄﻮﺡح ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣــﺘﺎﺑﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻭو‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﮕ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻨﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺑﻴـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻛﻴﻔـﻴﺖ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻘﺪﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ©ﻴﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗـﻀﺎﺩد ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭو ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻓﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ©ﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺭرﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﮔـﺰﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻒ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻓﺮﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺻﺮﺍاﺭر ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﻟـﻮﺣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺍاﻳـﺴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻜﺎﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺠﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫــﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺍاﺯز ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺑﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻘﺪﺭر ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﻼﻣـﻴﻪ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ‪1948‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺲ ﻭوﺍاﻻ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ©ﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﮋﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﻌﻴـﻀ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺟﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﺍاﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﻧـﺎﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﭙﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺘـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺯزﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕت ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﭼـﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻨﻮﻉع ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻃﺮﺍاﻑف ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣـﻌﺘﻴﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ‌ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺒـﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪This is the premise of my book Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human‬‬ ‫‪Rights and International Law (Syracuse University Press, 1990); and more broadly‬‬ ‫‪discussed in the various volumes I edited since then, like, Human Rights in Cross‬‬‫;)‪Cultural Perspectives: Quest for Consensus (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992‬‬ ‫‪The Cultural Dimensions of Human Rights in the Arab World (Arabic) (Cairo, Egypt: Ibn‬‬ ‫‪Khaldoun Center, 1993); and Human Rights Under African Constitutions: Realizing the‬‬ ‫‪Promise for Ourselves (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003).‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻓﻠـﺴﻔﻪ ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﺣﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻭو ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪ ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻼﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻣـﺰﺍاﻳﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺴﺘﺤ¨ﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﺣﻮﺍاﺩدﺙث ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺁآﻧﻘﺪﺭر ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﭘـﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺗـﺤﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺒـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻭو ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋـﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺒـﺼﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻠ‪ ،¢‬ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻓـﺎﻗﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﺒﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻧـﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺗـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺷﻤﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻻﻳـﺤﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ، ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻟـﺤﺎﻕق ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﻫﺪﻑف ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺗﺤ¨ﻴﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺣﻮﺍاﺩدﺙث ﻧــﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳــ©ﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ©ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻧـﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻗﻄﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺗــﻌﺪﻱي ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑــﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣــ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺍاﺿﻄﺮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪Eva Brems, Human Rights: Universality and Diversity (The Hague, The Netherlands:‬‬ ‫‪Kluwer Law International, 2001), pp. 5-7.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮﻩه‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ‪،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣـ©ﺮ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻭو‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻠ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ‌ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﺎﻟـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻤ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل‪ 2.‬ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣــﻴﺎﻧﺠ‪ ¢‬ﻋــﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛــﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻌــﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﻘــﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋــﻀﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺗــﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺟﻤﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻕق ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ©ﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻣـﻮﻗﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺾ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺑﻬﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣــﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻣــﻴﻪ ﺟــﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ‪ 1948‬ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه‪" ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭو ﻣــﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻴﻞ " ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺭرﮊژﭘﻢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﻑف ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻳـﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻣـﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه‬ ‫‪Brems, Human Rights, p. 305.‬‬ ‫‪Brems, Human Rights, pp. 5-6, 309‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﺤﻮﻩه ﻋﻤﻠ¨ﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ –ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ⁃‑‐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﻤﻮﻝل ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭر ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع‬

‫ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﭘﻨـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻥن‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺘﺎﺑﻌﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺷ¨ﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﭘﻨﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﭼﻮﻧﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺯزﻥن ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻰ ‌ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻨ‪ ،¢‬ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺷﻨـﺎﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎ ﺷ¨ﻞ ﮔﺮﻓــﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼــ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﻤﻮﻝل ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩد؟ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕت ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺒﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻑف ﻭو ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪.‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺨﺒ©ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ "ﻏﺮﺑﻰ" ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 2.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺎﻳ¨ﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺵش ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﻯى ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻔﺮﺽض ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ،¢‬ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﺣــﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑــﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺍاﻟــ©ﻮﻯى ﻣﻌــﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻏﺮﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻘـﻴﻪ‬

‫‪Asbjørn Eide, “Economic and Social Rights,” in Human Rights: Concepts and‬‬ ‫‪Standards, ed. Janusz Symonides (Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company,‬‬ ‫‪2000), pp. 124-128.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Joanne Bauer and Daniel Bell, editors, Human Rights in East Asia.‬‬ ‫‪New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز "ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺘﻤﺪﻥن" ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ‌ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺭرﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺻﻼ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ( ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل "ﭘﻴـﻮﻧﺪ ﺯزﺩدﻥن" ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏﺮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔﺎﺩد ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺣـﺴﺎﺱس ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻳﺎ ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺳﻮﺩد ﺑـﺮﻧﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋـﻜﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى‌ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻠـﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭو ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺟﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺴﺎﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪See Brems, Human Rights, p. 17‬‬ ‫‪Peter Baehr, Cees Flintermand, and Mignon Senders, Introduction to Innovation and‬‬ ‫‪Inspiration: Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, eds. Baehr,‬‬ ‫‪Flintermand, and Senders (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Academy of‬‬ ‫‪Arts and Sciences, 1999), p. 2.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺘـﻤﺪﻥن ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﻐﺰﺵش ﭼﻨﺪ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻔﻆ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﭼﺎﻟـﺸ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻌـ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد ﻋـﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻛﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻉع ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﻣﻮﻥن ﺧﻄﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻟﺰﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ‪،‬‬

‫ﻋـﻘﺐ ﻧـﺸﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى‌ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕت ﻭو ﻫﻤـ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺷ¨ﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻰ ﻣﻌـﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻃﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻏﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺳﺮﺩد ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﻳﻬﺎ ﺍاﻓـﺰﻭوﻧ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻗﻴـﺒﺎﻥن ﻗﺪﻳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻳﻌـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺑـﻠﻮﻙك ﺷﺮﻕق ﻭو ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﺗﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻧﻮﺩد )‪ (1990‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺁآﻧﺪﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺑﻮﺳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎ ﭼﭽﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻋﺮﺍاﻕق ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 2003‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻳ¨ـﺒﺎﺭرﻩه ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑ©ـﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻭوﺍاﻝل ﻭو ﺗـﺒﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻗﺪﻳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻳ¨ﻪ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺩدﺳﺮ ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻗﺖ ﻣﺮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﺟﻘﺪﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗـﺴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﻭوﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻘﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﻩه ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ 1.‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻟـﻄﻒ ﺿﻌﻒ "ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﭼﺎﻧﻪ ﺯزﻧ‪ "¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﮔﺴﺘﺎﺥخ ﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺯزﻭوﺍاﻝل ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب‬

‫ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﺭرﻳـﻴﺲ ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭر ﺟﺮﺝج ﺑﻮﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﻋـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﻦ ﺑﻰ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد "ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣـﺤﻮﺭر" ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺘـﻜ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﺎﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﺗﻔـﺎﻗﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻧـﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺣ¨ـﻮﻣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻥن ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻧﻴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 2.‬ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﻓﺰﺍاﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺭر ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 3.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﭘﺴﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫‪See, for example, David P. Forsythe, “Comparative Foreign Policy and Human Rights:‬‬ ‫‪the United States and Other Democracies,” in Innovation and Inspiration: Fifty Years of‬‬ ‫‪the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, eds. Baehr, Flinterman, and Senders, pp.‬‬ ‫‪161-176.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪See, for example, Robert F. Drinan, The Mobilization of Shame: A World View of‬‬ ‫‪Human Rights (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2001); and Claude E.‬‬ ‫‪Welch, Jr. editor, NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance (Philadelphia,‬‬ ‫‪Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press), 2001.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪For more explanation of my proposals in this regard see, for example, “Introduction:‬‬ ‫‪Expanding Legal Protection of Human Rights in African Context,” in Abdullahi‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed An-Na’im, editor, Human Rights under African Constitutions: Realizing the‬‬ ‫‪Promise for Ourselves, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1‬‬‫‪28; and Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im, “Human Rights in the Arab World: A Regional‬‬ ‫‪Perspective.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 23:3, 2001, pp. 701-32.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧ§ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧـﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺒﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ©ﺮﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪ ،¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺍاﻍغ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻃﺮﻕق ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﻓﻮﺭرﻡم ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺭرﻭوﻡم‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻀﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑف ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺪﺍاﻗﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧ‪ ،¢‬ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻢ ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ§ ﻓﻜﺮﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪،¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭر ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭوﺍاﺟﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭو ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ ‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺎﻧﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﻳـﻬﻮﺩدﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺗﺨﻄﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻫﻤـﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺧﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﻃﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟـﺮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍاﻋﺪﺍاﻡم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣـﻨ§‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻨﻦ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺗـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺑـﺰﺍاﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﻋﺪﻡم ﻫﻤﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﻣﺎﺭرﻛﺴﻴـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺗـﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟـﺮﺍاﻳﻢ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺳﺮﺳﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩﺸﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻛـﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻥن‬ ‫ﺗـﻀﺎﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧـﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¢‬ﺟﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‌ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻬﻪ ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ¨ﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺗـﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺤـﻔﻮﻅظ‬

‫ﻧﮕـﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺎﻣ¨ﺮﺭرﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑ¨ﺸﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ،¢‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑف ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺑـﺰﺍاﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Scriptural basis for the death penalty for apostasy and blasphemy include Deuteronomy‬‬ ‫‪13:6-9, and Leviticus 24:16, respectively; see also Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of‬‬ ‫‪Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 35.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﭼﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻟﻠﻔﻈ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن "ﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن" ﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﻣــﺮﺗﺪ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘــﺸﺖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺑــﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺟﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻛﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‪ 2.‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻃﺮﻕق ﺣﺪﻭوﺙث ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺗﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ‪ :‬ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕت ﻭوﻯى؛ ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺧﺪﺍا ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺘﺎ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍاﻧـﻜﺎﺭر ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﻧـﻤﺎﺯز ﭘـﻨ‪ ¤‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﻳﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﻩه ﺭرﻣـﻀﺎﻥن؛ ﺣﺮﺍاﻡم‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺣﻼﻝل ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺣﻼﻝل ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺣﺮﺍاﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﺪﺍا ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻛﻔﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻟﻔﻈ‪،¢‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮ ﻫﺰﻝل ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺮ ﻟﺠﺎﺝج‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻭو ﺣ¨ﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺟﺮﻡم ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺷﺮﻉع ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺷﺮﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣــﻮﺿ§ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣــﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻣــﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ‪،2:217،4:90‬‬ ‫‪ 16:108 ، 5:54،59‬ﻭو ‪ 47:25‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺤـ¨ﻮﻡم‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﯩ©ﻴﺮﺩد‪ 4.‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‬

‫‪The following review of classical Islamic jurisprudence of apostasy is based on Ibn‬‬ ‫‪Rushd, Bidayat al-Mugjtahid, vol. 2, (Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabic, not dated); and‬‬ ‫‪Nu`man Abd al-Razid al-Samar`i, Ahkam al-Murtad fi al-Shari`a al-Islamyia (Beirut: al‬‬‫‪Dar al-Arabiya, 1968). In English see Shaikh Abdur Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in‬‬ ‫‪Islam (Lahore, Pakistan: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1972).‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 36, 42.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 36-37.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 57.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﻪ ‪ 4:137‬ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪":‬ﻛﺴﺎﻧ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻥن ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩدﻭوﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻥن ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﺎﺯز ﻛﺎﻓﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﻛـﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻓـﺰﻭوﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎ ﺧﺪﺍا ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻣﺮﺯزﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺘﺸﺎﻥن ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ".‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﺩد ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻫــﻤﺎﻥن ﺟﺮﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺗــﻜﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺗــﻜﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺑــﺮﺧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﮔـﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ‌ﻣـﺮﺗﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﻣﻨـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺙث‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺗﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗﺎ ﺳﺮ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺁآﻓـﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻠﻢ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﻝل ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﮔـﻨﺎﻩه ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻩه‪ .‬ﻣﻨـﺸﺎ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﻝل ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻭو ﺗـﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻧـﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ‪ ¢‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻛـﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺐ ﺍاﻟـﺮﺳﻮﻝل‪،‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﻗﻪ ﻭو ﻧﻔﺎﻕق ﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻪ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ :‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﻗﻮﺍاﻝل‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫــﺮﻳﻚ ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻘــﺴﻴﻤﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻓــﺮﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫــﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣـﻘﻮﻻﺕت ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣـﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ ‪ :‬ﺷﻚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﺧﺪﺍا‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺭرﺳﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﻳــ©ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﻗــﻴﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻬــﺸﺖ ﻭو ﺟﻬــﻨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣــﻮﺿﻮﻉع‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩدﻯى‌ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺟــﻤﺎﻉع ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻬـﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﻭو ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕت ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،2‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﺻﻔﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪Article, “Murtadd,” Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, pp. 413-414.‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 37 (note 13), 189.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕت ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﺤـ¨ﻮﻡم ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺻﻔﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣـﻘﻮﻻﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟـﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻛ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﻭو ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺷﺮﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺟـﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺳﻠﻮﻙك ﺑﺎ ﻳـ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻛﻨﻢ ﺑﺤﺜ‪ ¢‬ﺟﺎﻣ§ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﻔﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﭘﻴﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ 2.‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻔﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺭرﺍاﻫ¨ﺎﺭر ﻣﺸﺨﺼ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻨﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡم ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ – "ﺍاﺷﻬﺪ ﺍاﻥن ﻻ ﺍاﻟﻪ ﺍاﻻ ﺍاﻟ‪Ÿ‬ﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﺭرﺳﻮﻝل ﺍاﻟـ‪Ÿ‬ﻪ" ⁃‑‐ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻣـ¨ﺮﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻋـﺒﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻤﺎﺯز ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻣﺎﻩه ﺭرﻣـﻀﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺧـﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺯزﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻘﺒﻰ ﭼﻪ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﻯى ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻟـﺼﺮﺍاﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘـﺮﺳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ‌ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ "ﺍاﺷﻬﺪ ﺍاﻥن ﻻ ﺍاﻟﻪ ﺍاﻻ ﺍاﻟ‪Ÿ‬ﻪ"‬

‫ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﺪﺍا ﭼﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ؟ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺣــﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻓــﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺨــﺼ‪ ¢‬ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺨــﺼ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺧﺼــﻮﺻ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗــﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى⁃‑‐ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭼﻴـﺴﺖ؟ ﭼﻪ ﻛـﺴ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻓﺎﺕت ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ‌ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ؟‬

‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺮﻩه ﻧـﺒﻮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 37.‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 42.‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﻌـﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻋﺠـﻴﺐ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧـﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻑف ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻟ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻛـﺴ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺘﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﭼﻪ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺒﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﺩد‬

‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد؟ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻭو ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺣﻤﺪﻳﺎﻥن ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1950‬ﻭو ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﺭرﻳـﺴﺖ ﻭو ﻗـﺎﺗﻞ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ 1.‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻴـﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﻨ§ ﻛﻔـﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻔـﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻤﺴﺨﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺳﺐ ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝل‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 2.‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﻨﺎﻩه ﺗﻤﺴﺨﺮ ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺣﺎﻟﯩ¨ﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻣـﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﮔـﻨﺎﻩه ﻛـﺸﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔـﻨﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺧـﻮﺩدﻛﺎﺭر ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣﻮﻣـﻨﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺪ‬

‫ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻛﻔـﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫـﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﻫ¨ﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ ،6:108‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺎﺳﺰﺍا ﮔﻔﺘﻦ‬ ‫‪See, for example, Khaled Abou El Fadl, Rebellion and Violence in Islamic Law (New‬‬ ‫‪York : Cambridge University Press, 2001).‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 37-38.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟﻬﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣ©ﺮ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟ‪Ÿ‬ﻪ ﻧﺎﺳﺰﺍا ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻧـﻴﺎ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻭوﻟــﻴﻪ ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣــ¨ﻢ ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﻔــﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﮔﻨﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫"ﻛﻔﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ" ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻧﺪﻗﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸ¨ﻼﺕت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺯزﻧﺪﻗﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻄـﺮﻧﺎﻙك ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻣﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻓـﺎﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺪﺍاﻡم ﺟﻌﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺩدﺭرﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪‐‑⁃742‬‬ ‫ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻓﺎﺕت ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ⁃‑‐ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪" .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺠﺎﺩدﻻﺕت‬

‫ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮﻛﺲ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯى ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺻﺎﺩدﻗﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻧﺪﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 2".‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه "ﻧﻮﻉع‬ ‫ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر" ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺯزﻧﺪﻗﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺯزﻧﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺧﺎﺹص ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ؟ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﻡم‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﻁط ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣـﻨ§ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺯزﻧﺎ ﻭو ﻧـﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥن ﺷﺮﺍاﺏب‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁط ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻭو ﺯزﻧﺪﻳﻖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 3.‬ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﺣﻨﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣﺎﻟ¨‪ ،¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺯزﻧﺪﻳﻖ ﺷﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﻧﺲ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﭼ©ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 38-39.‬‬ ‫‪Article ‘Zindik’, Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, p.659.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 40.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 41, 54-55.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻗﻄﻌـﻴﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻧـﻜﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻧـﻴﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻧـﻈﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺟـﺰﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻟ‪ ، ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻨـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺟـﺰﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭘﻴـﺸﻔﺮﺽض ﻭو‬

‫ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭽـ©ﺎﻩه ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﻋﺎﺏب ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﻳـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻣـ©ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻜﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻳﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﺫذﺍاﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣـﻮﺛﻖ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺑﻮﺣﻨﻴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﻨـﺒﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﻏــﺰﺍاﻟ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺣﺰﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺑﻦ ﺗﻴﻤــﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺣــﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺘــﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧـﻄﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻛﻼﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﻻﻳﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺠﺎﺏب ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻠﻐ‪‌¢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 3.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺪ؟‬

‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 69-87.‬‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 30-31.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪For a combination of both Islamic and human rights arguments against these crimes see‬‬ ‫‪my chapter, “Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights,” in John Witte, Jr., and‬‬ ‫‪Johan D. van der Vyver, editors, Religious Human Rights in Global Perspectives:‬‬ ‫‪Religious Perspectives. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996) pp. 337-359.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش‬

‫ﺷﻨــﺎﺳﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻧــﺒﺎﻝل ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻗـﻴﻖ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧـﻤ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍاﻟﻐﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻟـﺸﺎﻓﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1200‬ﺳﺎﻝل ﻗـﺒﻞ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﺮﮒگ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻋ‪ ،¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﻗﻄـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔـﺮﭼﻪ ﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻴـﻬﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺎﻓ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻐ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺍاﻻﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺰﺩد ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟـﻐﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻭو ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺻﻮﺍا ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻨﺒـﻴﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺷﺮﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﻣﺘﻜ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﺯز ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻓـﻘﻪ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻭو ﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺎﺕت ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭوﺿ§ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻋﺘـﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﻟﻬ‪ ، ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﻛﺪﺍاﻣﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻓﻘـﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺩد ﻣﺤـﻤﻮﺩد ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﻃـﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،1‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩدﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻼ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح‬

‫ﻃـﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻤﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﻌـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﻃــﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄــﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕت ﭼــﻬﻞ ﺳﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﮊژﺍاﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ 1985‬ﺍاﻋﺪﺍاﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭو ﻣﻨـﺴﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻠـ¨ﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ،¢‬ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺗﻔـﻜﺮ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻛﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ "ﻓﻀﺎﻯى" ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﮔﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﺎﻥن‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺤﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ،¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻧﺨﺒـ©ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى ﺟـﻬﺖ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬـﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻬـﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤـ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺑ©ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺼﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﺣﺲ ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺸﻮﻕق ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪Mahmoud Mohamed Taha, The Second Message of Islam, (Syracuse University Press,‬‬ ‫‪1987).‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, “The Islamic Law of Apostasy and its Modern‬‬ ‫‪Applicability: A Case from The Sudan,” Religion, vol. 16, 1986, pp. 197-223.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺗﺪﺍاﻓﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﻫﻨﻤﻮﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪.¢‬‬ ‫ﺩد‪.‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس‬

‫ﻭو ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ "¢‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺳ¨ﻮﻧﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕت ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺁآﻧﭽـﻨﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻋﻤــﻴﻖ ﻭو ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨــﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ،¢‬ﻭوﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ،¢‬ﻣﺮﺍاﻗـﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺁآﻧﭽﻨﺎﻥن ﻧﻔﻮﺫذ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻭوﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺟﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻴـﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻪ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻭو‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻭو ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻣـﺘﺪﺍاﺧﻞ ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ ،¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪،¢‬‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭو‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ§ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﻴﺰﻩه ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻭو‬ ‫‪See, for example, James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-states (Cambridge:‬‬ ‫‪Cambridge University Press, 1986).‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺁآﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺷ¨ﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍاﺧﻞ ﻭو ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻗﺼﺪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬

‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻋــﻀﻮﻳﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺿﻮﺥخ ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﻧــﺸﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻛــﻨﺶ ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻛــﻨﺶ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﭘﻴﭽــﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣــﻨﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋــﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺎﻟــﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣـﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﻣﺘﻌـﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺣـﺴﺎﺱس ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭوﻫ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه "ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى" ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺷ¨ﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ©ﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉع ﻳﺎ ﺷ¨ﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺷﻌﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉع ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣـﺴﺎﺏب ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓــﺼﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻛــﺘﺎﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻌــﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻡم‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻗﺴﺎﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏب ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺴﺎﻡم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ "ﻣﻠ‪ "¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳ¨‪‌¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻠﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻫﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺯز ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﮔﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺱس ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺣـﺴﺎﺱس ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻣﺘﻌـﻠﻖ" ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻠﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻮﺍاﻧ§ ﺟﺪﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﺎﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧـﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺼﻮﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﺯزﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺳﻂ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬

‫ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺎﺕت ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺒـﻨﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻓـﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣ‪ ¤‬ﻳﺎ ﻋـﻤﺮﻩه ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﻭوﻳﺰﺍاﻯى ﺻﺎﺩدﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺳﻌﻮﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ‌ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﺎﻡم ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳـﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﻭو ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤـ‪7‬ﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻨـﺴ‪ ،¢‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪،¢‬‬

‫‪Derek Heater, A Brief History of Citizenship (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,‬‬ ‫‪2004).‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺯزﺑﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻻﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺷﻤﻮﻟ©ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻳﻰ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤ©ﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺷﻚ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ،¢‬ﻓﻠـﺴﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺠـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﻣـﺒﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻃﻼﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣـﻌﺎﻭوﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺣﺲ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻨﻦ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻓﻠـﺴﻔ‪ ، ¢‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺗﻮﻗـﻌﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﮕــﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﻳـ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻭو ﻫﻤﺪﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻃﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج‪ ،‬ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﺟــﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﭘــﻴﺶ ﻧــﻴﺎﺯز ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ،¢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤـ¨ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﻐﻮﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻼﻛـﻬﺎﻯى ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺑـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺷﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭو ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻳـ¨ﺪﻳ©ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـ¨ﺎﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤـﻠﻞ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻴـﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺑﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻘﺎﻁط ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻋـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻟﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﻭو ﺁآﺳﻴﺎ ﺻﺪﻕق ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩد ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺷﺒ¨ﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﺰﺭرﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺎﻋﻼﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ،¢‬ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ،¢‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪‐‑⁃¢‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣﻌـﺎﺻﺮ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺫذﻳﻼ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﻻ ﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺧﺎﺻ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ )ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ( ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺒﺎﻝل ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺪﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻄﺎ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺳ¨ﻮﻧﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪¢‬‬

‫‪See generally, Article, “Dhimma,” Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden: EJ Brill,‬‬ ‫‪1991, p.75-76; Mahmoud Ayoub “Dhimmah in the Qur’an and Hadith,” Muslims and‬‬ ‫‪Others in Early Muslim Society, ed. Robert Hoyland (Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England:‬‬ ‫‪Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2004), pp. 25-26.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻭو ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺁآﺷﻔﺘﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻓﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ‬

‫ﺟﻠﻮﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺧﻮﺩدﺳﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺟﺪﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﭼـ©ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﻓـﻬﻢ ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﻣـﺆﺳﺲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﺣـﺎﺻﻞ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴ¨‪ ¢‬ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻟﺒﺨﻮﺍاﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺑﺰﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎ ﻧـﻘﻞ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩدﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻃﺮﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧـﻘﻞ‬

‫ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣـ¨ﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩدﻯى ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑـﺴﻂ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯى ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 2.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘـﻨﺪ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻭوﺣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻟﻬ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﺧﺮ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻃ§‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻻ ﻭو ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺒﻠـﻴﻎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز‬

‫‪Examples of this methodological confusion include A. Rahman I. Doi, Non-Muslims‬‬ ‫‪Under Shari`ah (Islamic Law) (Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1981); and Maimul Ahsan‬‬ ‫‪Khan, Human Rights in the Muslim World: fundamentalism, constitutionalism and‬‬ ‫‪international politics (Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2003).‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫”‪Michael G. Morony, “Religius Communities in Late Sassanian and Early Muslim Iraq,‬‬ ‫‪Muslims and Others in Early Islamic Societies, ed. Robert Hoyland (Trowbridge,‬‬ ‫‪Wiltshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2004), pp. 1-23.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺟـﻬﺎﺩد ﺑﺮﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓـﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺳﺲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻃﻠـﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻋـﺮﺿﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻋـﺮﺿﻪ ﺭرﺩد ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺠﻨﮕـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﺟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺁآﻥن ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺿ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻻ ﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟـﺤﺮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩد‪ 3.‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻇﻴـﻔﻪ ﺗﺒﻠـﻴﻎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻻﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺸﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺷﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﭼﺸﻤ©ﻴﺮ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﺘﻮﺣﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻏﺮﺏب ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﻭو ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕق‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻓﺎﺕت ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔـﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺗﺮ ﻣﯩﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣ¨ﺎﻡم ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺠـﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻘﺪ ﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻘﺾ ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭوﻯى ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ )ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﺼﻠ‪.(¥‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‪/‬ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻭو ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ :‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧـﺎﻥن‪،‬ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ) ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب‬ ‫‪Al-Nabhani, The Islamic State, p. 147.‬‬ ‫‪See Lambton, State and Government in Medieval Islam, p. 201; Al-Nabhani, The‬‬ ‫‪Islamic State, pp. 147-150.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Ali, “Role of Muslim Women Today,” Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1, p. 236; Doi,‬‬ ‫‪Non-Muslims Under Shari’ah, pp. 22-23; Lambton, State and Government in Medieval‬‬ ‫‪Islam, p. 201‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Muhammad Hamidullah, Muslim conduct of state, revised 5th edition (Lahore: Sh. M.‬‬ ‫‪Ashraf, 1968); Majid Khadduri, Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar (Baltimore:‬‬ ‫‪Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), pp. 158-79; Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of‬‬ ‫‪Islam (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1955), pp. 162-69, 245-46, 243-44; and H.A.‬‬ ‫‪Gibb and J. H. Kramers, Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1953), s.v.‬‬ ‫‪‘Ahl al-Kitab’, pp.16-17, ‘Dhimma’, pp. 75-76, ‘Dizya’, pp. 91-92, ‘Kafir’, pp. 205-06,‬‬ ‫‪and ‘Shirk’, pp. 542-44.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻭوﺣـــﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋـــﻤﺪﻯى ﻣـــﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬـــﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن(؛ ﻏـــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ)ﻛﻔﺎﺭر(‪ .‬ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺭرﺗﺸﺘﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵش ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﻭوﺣﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻧـﺨﻮﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﻧﻴـﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛـﻔﺎﺭر ﻭوﺍاﺟﺪ ﻫﻴﭽ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻧﺒـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣ©ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫"ﺫذﻣﻪ" ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﻃﻼﻕق ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺟﺎﻧ‪ ،¢‬ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻤــﻌ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻣﻨــﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺧــﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﻨــﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻮﺽض ﺍاﻫﻞ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺟـﺰﻳﻪ ﻭو ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣـﻔﺎﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﻋـﻬﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻨـﻴﺖ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ‪ 4.‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻣﻔﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩدﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻻﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻧﺒﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽض‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ©ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Muhammad Abu Yusuf, Kitab al-kharaj (Cairo: al-Matba`a al-Salafiyya, 1963), pp.128‬‬‫‪30; Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, p. 13.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, ‘Kafir,’ p. 206.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Article, “Djizya,” Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 91; Ali, “Contrast Between‬‬ ‫‪Western and Islamic Political Theories,” Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1, p. 192; Doi,‬‬ ‫‪Non-Muslims Under Shari’ah, pp. 22-23.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Doi, Non-Muslims Under the Shari’ah, pp. 115-116.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻻﺳﻼﻡم ﺑ©ـﺬﺭرﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺳ¨ﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘـﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﺼﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺟـﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﻣﯩ¨ﻨﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﺍاﻳﺞ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺣ¨ـﻮﻣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻠ¨ﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤـﻠﻞ ﻭو ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺩدﺭرﺭرﻭوﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏب ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺑﺪﻳﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺣ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌــﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻣــﺤﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻠــ¨ﻪ ﻟــﻐﻮ‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺯزﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﭘﺴﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫‪Ausaf Ali, “Role of Muslim Women Today,” Modern Muslim Thought, Vol. 1 (Karachi,‬‬ ‫‪Pakistan: Royal Book Co., 2000), p. 236.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Gordon D. Newby, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam (Oxford, England: Oneworld‬‬ ‫‪Publications, 2002), p. 51.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na`im and Francis Deng, ‘Self -determination and Unity: the‬‬ ‫‪Case of Sudan,’ Law and Society, vol. 18 (1997), pp. 199-223; Francis M. Deng, War of‬‬ ‫‪visions (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995).‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺫذﺍاﺗ‪ ،¢‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺷﺪ ﻫﺪﻑف‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻤﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋـﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻃﻼﻕق ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻣﺒﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻨﺪ ‪ (2) 1‬ﻭو )‪ (3‬ﻣﻨـﺸﻮﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣـﻠﻞ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ‪ ،1945‬ﻋـﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻥن ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻣـﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛــﻴﺪ ﻣــﺠﺪﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔــﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺑــﻨﺪ ‪ 1‬ﻭو ‪ 2‬ﻣﻌــﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺑــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠــﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ، ¢‬ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭو ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ .1966‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻌــﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋــﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺣـﺼﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻋـﺒﻮﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪¢‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤﻠ‪ .¢‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼ©ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـﺒﻮﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ،¢‬ﺣـﻔﻆ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪United Nations, Human rights: a Compilation of International Instruments (New York:‬‬ ‫‪United Nations, 1994) volume 1; and Antonio Cassese, Self-determination of Peoples: a‬‬ ‫‪Legal Reappraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻓﺮﺍا ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺒﻮﺭر ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁآﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙـﺴﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ 5‬ﻭو ‪ 6‬ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺷﺪﻩه‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣﺘـﻀﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺳﺘﻴﺰﻩه ﺟـﻮﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﭘﺲ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﻋﻮﺩدﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻫﻴﺪ ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻫﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻓﺎﺕت ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫـﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﻧـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝل ﻛـﺸﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺖ ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻫـﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻫـﻨﺪ ﻋـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ )ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻋﺮﺏب ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴــﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ( ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺗــﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﻫﻤﺰﻳــﺴﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻜــﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﻫﻤ©ﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺑﺎﺑﺎﻥن ﻟﺮﺩد ﻫﻨﺪﻭو ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﺨﺒﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‪ 2.‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻫـﻴﭻ ﻛـﺠﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻗﺮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻧﺒﻮﺩد ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻛﺒﺮ )‪ (1542‐‑⁃1605‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺗﺐ ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺭرﻛﻮﺩد ﻓـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﮕـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺗـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭوﭘـﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻣـﻐﻮﻻﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫـﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘـﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧـﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺷﺎﻩه ﻭوﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻟـ‪Ÿ‬ﻪ ) ‪ (1703‐‑⁃72‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﺣـﻴﺎﻯى ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﺟـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺭرﻟﻮﻯى )‬

‫‪ ، (1786‐‑⁃1831‬ﺣﺎﺟ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﻟــ‪Ÿ‬ﻪ )‪ (1781‐‑⁃1840‬ﻭو ﺣﺎﺟ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺤــﺴﻦ )‬ ‫‪I.H. Qureshi, “Muslim India Before the Mughals,” in The Cambridge History of Islam,‬‬ ‫‪P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.) (New York: Cambridge‬‬ ‫‪University Press, 1996), pp. 3-34.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪S.A.A. Rizvi, “The Breakdown of Traditional Society,” in The Cambridge History of‬‬ ‫‪Islam, p. 67.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪I.H. Qureshi, “India Under the Mughals,” in The Cambridge History of Islam, pp. 52-57.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫‪ (1819‐‑⁃1862‬ﻫﻤــ©‪ ¢‬ﺷ¨ــﺴﺖ ﺧــﻮﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧــﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﻤـﭙﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻗ‪ ، ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺠـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧـﻴﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ‪‌،‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺘﺎ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺳﻂ ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍاﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻥن )‬ ‫‪ (1817‐‑⁃98‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻏﺮﺏب ﻧﮕﺮﺷ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﭼـﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺩدﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﻯى ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣـﻠﺖ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺷﻚ ﻧﺨـﺒﻪ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗــﻴﻚ ﻣــﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣﻴﺨــﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺵش ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗــﺤﺮﻙك ﺑﺨــﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﭘﻮﺯزﻳـﺴﻴﻮﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻛﻨـﮕﺮﻩه ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻃﻠﻴـﻌﻪ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1947‬ﺷﺪ‪ 3.‬ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻘﻂ ﻣـ‪‌¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب‬

‫ﺭرﻧـﺠﺶ ﻫـﻨﺪﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﮕـﺮﺍاﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻔﻮﻕق ﻫـﻨﺪﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﻃـﻨﺰ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪ ﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻛـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻣـﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺧـﻄﺮﺍاﺕت ﻧـﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫‪Rizvi, “The Breakdown of Traditional Society,” in The Cambridge History of Islam, pp.‬‬ ‫‪71-74.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Rizvi, “The Breakdown of Traditional Society,” in The Cambridge History of Islam, p.‬‬ ‫‪77.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Rizvi, “The Breakdown of Traditional Society,” in The Cambridge History of Islam, pp.‬‬ ‫‪67-96.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Aziz Ahmad, “India and Pakistan”, in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis‬‬ ‫‪(eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1970),‬‬ ‫‪volume 2A, pp. 97-119.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﭙﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻠﺖ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻏﺮﺏب ﺁآﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻭو ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم‬

‫ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺫذﻣﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﭘـﺎﺳ¦ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌــﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﭘــﻴﺶ ﻣــﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻧــﻔﻮﺫذ ﻏﺮﺏب ﻭو ﻛﺎﭘﻴﺘﻮﻻ ﺳﻴﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺗــﺴﻬﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘــﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑــﻮﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑﻬــﺒﻮﺩد ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﻳــﺘﺎ ﻣﻨــﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬

‫‪ 1920‬ﺁآﻣﺎﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻇﻬﻮﺭر ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻠـﻴﺖ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ )ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻋﺮﺑـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺁآﻟﺒﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻫﺎ( ﻭو ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺖ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻃﻮﻻﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ‪ 1839‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ 1.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻗﺒــﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻣﭙــﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﺗــﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻓــﺮﻣﺎﻥن ‪1856‬‬

‫ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺰﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻟـﻐﻮ ﻛﺮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻫﻞ ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨ§ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻔﺎﺩد ‪ 8‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 22‬ﻓﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪1876 ¢‬‬

‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻣﭙـــﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜـــﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﺤ¨ـــﻴﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺟﻤـــﻬﻮﺭرﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻝل ‪1926‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ¨ﺎﻡم ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻣﭙـﺮﺍاﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻋﺜـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺭرﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺯزﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ¨ﺎﻡم ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻴﭻ‬

‫ﻛـﺠﺎﻯى ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻣﻌـﺎﺻﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Cevdet Küçük, “Ottoman Millet System and Tanzimat”, in Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e‬‬ ‫‪Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, vol. 4, (Istanbul: İletişim, 1986), pp. 1007-24.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻧــﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺮﺩدﻩه ﭘـﻮﺷ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ، ¢‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ 2.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺫذﻣﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ‬

‫ﻣﯩ¨ﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣــﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﺮﻳــﻤﺲ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺒــﺮﻳﻚ ﺑ©ﻮﻳــﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺟــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻧــﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫــﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى‌ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻥن‪ 4،‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﻧﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴﺠﺮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 5، 2001‬ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺒـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻟـﻬ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻭو ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑـﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑـﻨﺪﻳﻢ ﻣـ©ﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻋﺮﺑﻰ )ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺑﺸﺮﻯى( ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¢‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﻳﺎ ﻫـﺮﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺗـﻔﺎﻕق ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻫﻢ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه‬ ‫‪Saeed and Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam, pp. 13-14‬‬ ‫‪James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-states.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Darul Aqsha, Islam in Indonesia: a survey of events and developments from 1998 to‬‬ ‫‪March 1993 (Jakarta: INIS, 1995), pp. 470-73; Greg Barton, Gagasan Islam Liberal‬‬ ‫‪(Jakarta: Paramadina,1999); and Mun’im A. Sirry, Fiqh Lintas Agama: membangun‬‬ ‫‪masyarakat inklusif-pluralis (Jakarta: Paramadina, 2004).‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Jok Madut Jok, War and Slavery in Sudan (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania‬‬ ‫‪Press, 2001).‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Simeon O. Ilesanmi, “Constitutional Treatment of Religion and the Politics of Human‬‬ ‫‪Rights in Nigeria”, African Affairs (2001), pp. 529-54.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺳﻮﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﺭرﺳﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺆﻧﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻼﻣـﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻠـﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺑﭙﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺵش‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺫذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺑـﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺧﻠﻂ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺩدﻟﺒﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺘﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺘﻮﻧ‪‌¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻓﻮﻕق ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻋــﻬﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻣﻠﺰﻭوﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭر ﺑﺮﺁآﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺩد ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩد ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻃﺎﻫﺎ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻧﺎﺯزﻟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ )‪ (622‐‑⁃32‬ﻭو ﺁآﻳﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــ¨ﻪ )‪(610‐‑⁃22‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺯزﻝل ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭوﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﭘﻴﺎﻡم ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻣ¨‪ ¢‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺧﺎﺹص‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺩد ﻣﺤـﻤﻮﺩد ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻠﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﺩد ﺗـﻬﺎﺟﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗـﺸ¨ﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺎﺯزﻝل ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﺎﻡم ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣ¨ﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﺑـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﮕـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟـﻬﺎﺩد ﺗـﻬﺎﺟﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻠﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﭘﻴﺎﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺗﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ‪ 7‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺩد ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﻧﺨـﺴﺖ ﺗﺒﻠـﻴﻎ ﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺟـﻮﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﻴـﻀ‪¢‬‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻃﺎﻫﺎ ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺁآﻳﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﺸ¨ﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺎﺭرﻯى ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽـﻨﺎﻥن ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺟـﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻛﺪﺍاﻣﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻗﻀﺎﺕت‬

‫ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑــﻬﺎﻯى ﮔــﺬﺷﺘﮕﺎﻥن ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑــﻬﺎﻯى ﻛــﻨﻮﻧ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳ©ﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻨﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨـﺴﺠﻢ ﻭو ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻣـﻨﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺩدﻟﺒﺨﻮﺍاﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻧﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﭼﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﻧﺎﺯزﻟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻣــ¨ﻪ ﻣ‪‌¢‬ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ 1.‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ¨ﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻢ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺵش‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻻﺯزﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى‬

‫ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﭼﺮﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻟـﻐﻮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺟﻴ©ـﺰﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻳﻢ؟ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻟـﻴﻞ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﻃﻼ ﻳﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣـﻌﺎﻭوﺩدﻩه ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ :‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﺪﻫـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳـ©ﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺫذﻣﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﮕـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺟﺪﻯى ﺑـﺎﻭوﺭرﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻧـﺴﺠﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺎﺳ¦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫‪Taha, the Second message of Islam; and An-Na`im, Toward an Islamic Reformation‬‬

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‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﯩ¨ﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧ§ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑ©ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺑﺤﺚ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻣﺎﻧ§ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ ﻧـﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺑﻰ ﻗـﻴﺪﻭو ﺷﺮﻁط ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو‬

‫ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻣـ©ﺮ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻣــ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺗـــﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻃﻼ ﻋﺎﺕت ﻣــﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر ﺑـــﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻋــﻠﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻭو ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ .‬ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﻔﺎﻑف ﻭو ﭘﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـ¨ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻭو ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻠـ¨ﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻻﺯزﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺮﻳـﻌﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻭوﺍاﻗ§‬

‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺑﺮ ﺣﻮﻝل ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﻯى ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭر ﻗﺒﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺯزﻳﺎﻧﺒﺨﺶ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﻣـ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻉع ﻭو ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮ ﻧﮕﺎﻫـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧ‪C‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺑﺮ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻋــﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﻛــﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻨــﺸ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ‪ ¢‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻛـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻳﺎ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟ ﺑﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩ¨ﻨﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﻤــ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻠــ¨ﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧــﻴﺰ ﻫــﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻧــﻜﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺮﻭوﺿﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻟ©ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¢‬ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﻫﻤﺒـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﺁآﻓﺮﻳـﻘﺎ ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋــﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛــﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻏــﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺘــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﺎﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻡم‬

‫ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻠ‪/¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¢‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـ©ﻮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻛﻨﺎﻑف ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ‪ ¢‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪ ﻫـﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﺧﺎﺹص ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺟﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ©ﻮﻯى ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺆﺍاﻻﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪‐‑⁃¢‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﻭو ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻧﺸﺎﺕت ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺗﺒﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‪ ¢‬ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺟﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺤﻞ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻫـﺴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻳﺎ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺰﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ‪ ¢‬ﭼﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻗﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻧـﺎﻛﺎﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻟ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻠ‪¢‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺭرﺟﺎﺕت ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺗﺎ ﺁآﺳﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺤ¨ﺎﻡم ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻏﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﯩﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﻴﻨ‪ ¢‬ﻫﺎﻳﻰ‌ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¢‬ﻣ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ¨ﺮﺩد ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ⁃‑‐ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻠ‪ ¢‬ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻏـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺠـﺒﻮﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﮔ‪ ¢‬ﭘـﻮﻳﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ،¢‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪،¢‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ§‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﻮﻣ‪،¢‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¢‬ﻭو ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻳﻚ "ﻧـﺎﻛﺎﻣ‪ "¢‬ﺁآﺷ¨ﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﺸﺎﻧ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻘﺺ "ﺫذﺍاﺗ‪ "¢‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﻣ¨ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻯى ﻣﻤ¨ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺿﻌﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺟﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻳﺎ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺁآﻧـﻘﺪﺭر ﻗﻄـﻌ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺷ‪6‬ﺎﻟ‪ 5‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻜﺒﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﻳﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﻧـﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى‌ ﺩدﻳ©ﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑــﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺑــﺨﺶ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑــﺤﺚ ﻣــﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻟــ©ﻮﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪، ¢‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ¨ﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻫـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺍاﺻﻠ‪¢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪Copyright © Abdullahi A. An-Na’im‬‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¢‬ﻓﺮﻭو ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﺍاﺗ‪ ¢‬ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، "¢‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕت ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻗ§ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¢‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، ¢‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓــﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑــﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔــﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧــﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗــﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺑــﺸﺮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣـﻴﺪﻭوﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺳ¨ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ§ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¢‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ Q‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ‪R‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪Q‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺭرﺍاﻧﺪﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪] ،‬ﺗﻔـﻜﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ[ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻓﺮﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻮﺗﻪ ﺑﻴـﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻏﻴـﺮﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈــﻴﻢ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻧــﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺑــﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕــﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺟﻴﻮ ﺑﻬﺎﺭرﮔﺎﻭوﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﻭو ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺯزﺍاﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد)‬ ‫‪Bhargava-1999‬ﻭو ‪ .(3‐‑⁃2‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺗﻌﻘــﻴﺐ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﭘــﻨﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﻃﻠ‪ ،¥‬ﺑــﻬﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻟـ¬ﻮﻯى ﻏﻴﺮﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻧﻌـﻄﺎﻑف ﻳﺎ ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼـ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﭘﻰ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﻣﻨﺘـﻔ‪ ª‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺗﻘﻠـﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻋﻤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ‪،¥‬‬

‫ﭼﺎﻟـﺸ¬ﺮ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪،‬‬

‫‌ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪ ﺍاﺭرﮔﺎﻧـﻴﻚ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠ«ﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻃﻴـﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻮﺍاﺿ‪ ª‬ﻓـﻜﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺧـﺼﻮﺹص ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﻄﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣـﻮﺍاﺿ‪ ª‬ﻓـﻜﺮﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﻣﯩ«ﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﻳ«ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﻛﺮﺩد ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺿ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺘـﻀﺎﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓ‪ ª‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺟﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻣﻮﺍاﻟـﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻃﻼﻕق‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻬـﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه‬

‫ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم‪ ،‬ﺗـﻨﺶ ﺩدﺍاﻳـﻤ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، "¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻧـﻤﺎﻯى ﻛـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣـﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏـﺮﺑﻲ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪، ¥‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺳﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ«ﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻛ¦‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﺗـﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﻴـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺑﺴﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺒــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻧــﻈﺮﻯى ﺗﻌﺮﻳــﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼـ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣ¦ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪ Q‬ﻏﺮﺏب‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘـﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻏــﺮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑــﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛــﻨﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑــﺤﺜ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺍاﮔــﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧـﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻫـﺴﺘﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﻳﻪ ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻡم ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻟ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﻳﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺍاﻣـﻨﻪ ﻭو ﭼـﻨﺪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻦ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪/¥‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺶ‪.‬ﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻭو ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺰﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻳ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﺪﻭوﺩد ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫"ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ "¥‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻗــﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧــﻴﺎﻯى ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑــﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫــﻴﻢ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى "ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ "¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺁآﻧـﻜﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻧـﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﻛـﺎﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭو ﺑﻰ ﻧـﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫)‪Monsma and Soper 1997,‬‬

‫‪ .(121‬ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴــﺎ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﮕﻠــﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ¦ ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺎ ﭘــﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩدﻫﻢ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻧﺮﻯى ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻘـﻴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﭖپ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻫﺎﻧﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﮔﻮﻥن ﺧﻮﺩدﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ)‪ .(Monsma and Soper 1997, 124‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫"ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺗـﻔﻮﻕق" ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1534‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﭘﺎﭘﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج‬

‫ﺷﺪ)‪1996, 310‬‬

‫‪ .(McClean‬ﻫﺎﻧﺮﻯى ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺛﺮﻭوﺕت& ﺯزﻣﻴﻨـﻬﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﺳﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﻳﺮﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﻣﺤﻠ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻟﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻘﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻗﻠــﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧــﺪﻧﺪ)‪1992, 13–14‬‬

‫‪ .(Sommerville‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﺑــﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻫﺎﻧﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻣﻨﻘـﺴﻢ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻟﻴـﺰﺍاﺑﺖ ﺍاﻭوﻝل‬

‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1559‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫"ﺩدﻭوﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻔﻮﻕق" ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻧﻘﻴﺎﺩد ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﮔﺴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻧﺮﻯى ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻡم ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل‬

‫ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﭘﻨـﺠﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﻟﻴـﺰﺍاﺑﺖ ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«ـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻮﻟـﻴﺪ ﺍاﺷﻴﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﻭو ﻫـﻨﺮ ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻉع ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺯزﻭوﺍاﻝل ﺭرﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮﻣـﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺍاﻑف ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻏﻴﺮﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺭرﻓﺘـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺟـﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻘـﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻧﻘـﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻧـﻴﻮﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﺧـﺴﺎﺭرﻩه ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻯى‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻉع ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻟﻴـﺰﺍاﺑﺖ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻨﻦ ﻗﺪﻳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺸﺖ)‪.(Sommerville 1992, 87, 93–94‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻭو ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻨﺘـﻔ‪ ª‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«ـﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﺮﺗﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺗــﺤﺖ ﻓــﺸﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻣــﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺣﺮﻑف ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﻞ ‪ 1661‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1673‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸ¬ﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻨ‪ ª‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯز ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﮔــﺬﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭوﺗــﺴﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴــ«ﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1689‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﮔﺮﺩدﻫﻢ ﺁآﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ‪ 1824‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﺮﻭوﻡم ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻫﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«ـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﺯزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸ¬ﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1871‬ﻟـﻐﻮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺗـﺴﺎﻣ¨ ﻭو ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺖ)‪.(Monsma and Soper 1997, 124‬‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﻫﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻫﻤـﻨﻮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟﺪﺍا ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﺒﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺟـﺪﺍاﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻗ‪‌¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻭو ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭو ﻳ«ﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻣﻮﺿ‪ ª‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻕق ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﻌـﻜﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻱي ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕت ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹص)‪ .(Monsma and Soper 1997, 124–32‬ﻋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﺷﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻟـ¬ﻮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻨﺘ‪] ¥‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ[ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‬

‫ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﻘﻔﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪﺍاﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻘﻔﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋﻈﻢ‪ 1‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻘﻒ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺷﺪ‪ 2‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻟﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻛﻔﺮﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪archbishops‬‬ ‫‪senior diocesan bishops‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪ .(Monsma and Soper 1997, 129–30‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن‬ ‫)‪or canon law‬‬

‫‪ (ecclesiastical‬ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣـﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻫﻤـﺴﻨﮓ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻋـﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﮔـﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪﻥن‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑـ¬ﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳــﻴﺪ ﭘﺎﺭرﻟــﻤﺎﻥن ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻟــﻮﻳﺢ ﻗﻮﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻟـﻮﺍاﻳﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد)‪ .(McClean 1996, 311–12‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا "ﺟﺎﻧـﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ"‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ " .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻫﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﯩ«ﻨﺪ)‪".(Monsma and Soper 1997, 148‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕت ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻌـﻴﺎﺭر ﻧﻴـﻤﻪ ﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻀﺎﻣﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﮔﻨﺠـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻯى ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﻴـﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺣﻖ ﻭوﺗﻮ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش‬

‫‪ 1988‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴـﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻣـﻨ‪ª‬‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ)‪1996, 316‬‬

‫‪ .(McClean‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺗـﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻌﻀ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩدﺟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ)‬

‫‪ .(Monsma and Soper 1997, 137‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻔﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ)‪.(Monsma and Soper 1997, 139‬‬

‫ﻣــﺸ«ﻼﺕت ﻧــﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺤــﺼﻴﻼﺕت ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧــﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣــﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧـﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣ«ــﺘﻮﺑﻰ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻟﺬﺍا ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﺴﺘﺤ«ﻢ ﻭو ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺸﻤـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻳ«ـﺴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى "ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل" ﻣـﻮﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕت ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ)‪1996, 311; Monsma and Soper 1997, 148–49‬‬

‫‪.(McClean‬‬

‫ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧـﻜﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـﺴ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺟﺎﻧـﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺗـﺰﺍاﻳﺪ ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻳ«ـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻃـﻠﺐ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﮕﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﻆ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯز ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻥن ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩدﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺯزﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺰﺍاﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭر ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻯى ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻯى ﭘﺮﻭوﺗــﺴﺘﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧــﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬ ‫‪ 1593‬ﺑﻪ ﺟـﻬﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻫـﻤﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺿﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺩدﻭو ﺭرﻗـﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺗـﺨﺖ ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﭘــﺴﺎﻻ ﺗــﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴــﺼﺪ ﻛــﺸﻴﺶ ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻯى ﺣــﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧــﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻯى ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﮔﺸﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ )ﺗﺤﺖ( ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﺍا ﻭو ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪.(Alwall 2000, 147–48‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن ﺁآﺗ‪ ، ¥‬ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﻳ«ــﺴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺒﻠــﻴﻎ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔــﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺯزﺑﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺣﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬ ‫‪" ، 1634‬ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ" ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻞ‬

‫ﺷﺪ)‪2000, 148‬‬

‫‪ .(Alwall‬ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‬

‫‪ 1686‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ "ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻣﻤﻠ«ﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﻑف ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ" ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺿﻤﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻙك ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩد)‪Schött 1996,‬‬

‫‪ .(298‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1800‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﻫﻤـ¬ﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫـﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧـﺸﺪ ﻭو ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯز ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺰﺍاﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1809‬ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﮔﺮﺩدﻫـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺟـﻬﺖ ﭘـﺮﺳﺘﺶ ﻣـﺠﺎﺯز ﺷﻤﺮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻳــﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1860‬ﺑﻪ ﻣــﻮﻗ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴــﺎﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﮔﺮﺩدﻫـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪.(Alwall 2000, 149, 151‬‬

‫ﮔﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﭼـﻴﺪﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏب ﻧـﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ 1951 ¥‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁط ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻝل ﻧﻜﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟـﺒﺎﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧـﺴﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ‪ 1974‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺍاﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1976‬ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد)‬

‫‪ .(Alwall 2000, 152‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1966‬ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻏﺴﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ؛ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻃﻔﺎﻝل ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍاﻟﻮﻻﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩدﻛﺎﺭر ﻋﻀﻮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏب ﻧﻤ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ)‪.(Alwall 2000, 168‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺘــﺼﻞ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﭘــﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻳــﻴﺲ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻘﻔﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋــﻈﻢ ﻭو ﺳﺮﻛﺸﻴــﺸﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨــﺼﻮﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗــﻬﺎﻯى ﺟــﻤ‪ ª‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﺍاﺕت ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻛﺸﻴـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻛـﺸﻴﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺎﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﺁآﻣﺎﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺟ‪ ª‬ﭘﺎﺭرﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻫﻢ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻗﻮﻩه ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋﻄﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺫذﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺤـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ :‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻯى ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد)‪Stark and‬‬

‫‪.(Iannaccone 1994, 238‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1970‬ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣـﺠﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1990‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1991‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺷﺪ)‪ .(Alwall 2000, 167‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1994‬ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗـﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠ«ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻩه ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺴﻴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻕق‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻴﭽـﻴﻚ ﺟﺎﻧـﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴـﺴﻮﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1‬ﮊژﺍاﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ 2000‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ .(Friedner 2001, 255‬ﺩدﻭو ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﻗﻔ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻓﺮﻕق ﺑﻪ ﻳ«ﺴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥن ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻕق ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺼﻮﻝل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻕق ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﻩه ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺟـﻤ‪ª‬‬

‫ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ)‪.(Schött 1996, 301‬‬

‫ﻧﻘـﺸﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴـﺴﻴﻮﻥن ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺰﻳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺗﺨـﺼﻴﺺ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺍاﻗﺒﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻴﺮﺍاﺙث ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭر‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻛـﻔﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻓﻦ ﻭو ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ)‪.(Friedner 2001, 257‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑف ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻭو ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺮﺟ‪ ª‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ)‪.(Friedner 2001, 256‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻃـﻮﻳﻞ ﺍاﻟـﻤﺪﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻋـﻄﺎ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﺣـﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد)‪2000, 169‬‬

‫‪ .(Alwall‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﻠ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺟـﺪﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻐـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﻘﻔﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﻨﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺎﻧـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑـﺮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻌـﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﺩد)‪.(Friedner 2001, 257‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺷﻨـﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻟ¬ـﻮﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭوﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻃ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺭرﻓــﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻛــﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣــﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛــﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ – ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫ‪ ، ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻭو ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺤﻮﻝل ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﻣﺰﺍاﻳﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ‪، 1917‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻛﻤﻴﺴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺧﻠﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺼﺎﺩدﺭرﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻧﺪﻛﺲ ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺍاﺣﻴﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺑﺎﺯز‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻫﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﮓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯز ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ)‪Simkin 2003,‬‬

‫‪.(261–62‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻭوﭘﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺗﺤﺎﺩد ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﺭرﺍاﺳﻴﻮﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¨ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺎﺭرﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 14‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻓــﺪﺭرﺍاﺳﻴﻮﻥن ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 19‬ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﻖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻣﺮﺍاﻡم ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺎﻳ¬ﺰﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪59‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 28‬ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻣﺠﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺲ – ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺗﺒﻠــﻴﻎ ﻓــﻌﺎﻝل ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪(Perestroika ) ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺗــﺤﺎﺩد ﺟــﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﻣﻴﺨﺎﺋـﻴﻞ ﮔـﻮﺭرﺑﺎﭼﻒ)‪ ، (1991‐‑⁃1985‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻕق‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن "ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ" ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1990‬ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ‬

‫‪ ، 1990‬ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺛـﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ‪ 20000‬ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﻠــﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻓــﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﻧﻴــﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻭوﻛﺲ ﺭرﻭوﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻤــﺨﻮﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﻤــﻨﻮﻉع ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻤ¬‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻭو ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﻤ‪ ª‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻂ ‪ %20‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1980‬ﺑﻪ ‪ %46‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ ﺩدﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪ 1990‬ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ)‪.(Simkin 2003, 263‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1997‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗــﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن "ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻨـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ "¥‬ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴـﺎ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻠﺰﻡم ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 2000‬ﺩدﻭوﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺰﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺛـﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ‪ 50‬ﺳﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺣـﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻋـﻄﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺛـﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺛـﺒﺖ‬

‫ﻧــﺸﺪﻩه ﺣــﻘ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻧــﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻃــﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 11،18‬ﻭو ‪ 23‬ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪" ¥‬ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻭو ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺱس ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻤ‪ ª‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ)‪2003, 282‬‬

‫‪ ".(Chaplin‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘــﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩد ﺣـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻭوﺵش ﺍاﺟـﻨﺎﺱس ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻌﺎﻑف‬

‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎﺩدﮔــﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻣﻼﻙك ﻣﻌﺎﻑف‬ ‫‪.(79‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)–‪Simkin 2003, 278‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1997‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩه‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻴـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1997‬ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ" ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺹص ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ" ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﺗﻼﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ ﻣﻌـﻜﻮﺱس‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩدﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬

‫‪.(2003, 261–77‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد)‪Simkin‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1997‬ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﻯى‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗـﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠ«ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﻮﻝل ﻧﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻭو ﺁآﻳﻴﻨـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ ‪‌¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ، ¥‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ، ¥‬ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ)‪.(Simkin 2003, 269‬‬

‫ﻻﻳـﺤﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗـﻀ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪" 1996‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ"‪،‬‬

‫ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻉع ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪1997‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﻣﺠﺎﺯز ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻣـﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑـﺮﻃﺮﻑف ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺱس ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺟﺎﻯى ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺩدﻛﺎﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﻟ¬‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧـﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﻦ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫‪.(Simkin 2003, 275‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ)‬

‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗـﻀﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا "ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ" ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ)‬

‫‪ .(Simkin 2003, 266‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻃﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺧﺮﺍاﺝج‬

‫‪.(2003, 267‬‬

‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ)‪Simkin‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣـﻴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩد ﺟـﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟ¬ﻮﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﻮﺩد ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤــ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺰﺩدﻳــ«ﺘﺮ ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛــﻨﺪ ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎﻳﻰ‪/‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻭو "ﻣﻨﻄــﻘﻪ ﺣــﺎﻳﻞ" ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ)‪2003, 292‬‬

‫‪ .(Chaplin‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺳﺴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻥن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﻆ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛـﺴ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ،¥‬ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻃﻮﻻﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﻓﺮﺍاﻧــﺴﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﻳــ«ﺮﺩد ﻓﺮﺍاﻧــﺴﻪ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻻﻳﻴــﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻠــﻤﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺘــﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻰ ﻃــﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻠــ«ﻪ ﺗﻌــﻬﺪﻯى ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗــﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﻨﺪ ‪ 10‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻣـﻴﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ I‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1791‬ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﻨﺎﺩد ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺍاﻧﻘـﻴﺎﺩد ﻓﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻟﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻭوﺣـﺸﺖ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫‪1996, 120‬‬

‫ﺷﺪ)⁃‑‐‪Basdevant‬‬

‫‪ .(Gaudemet‬ﻓــﺮﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1795‬ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﺭرﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉع ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﻩه ‪ ، 1801‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭوﺍاﺗﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﮕـﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﺴﺘﺠﻮﻯى ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭرﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴ‪¥‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺗﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻓـﺮﻣ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻬـﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭر "ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ" ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺸﻴـﺸﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ⁃‑‐‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﻯى "ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ" ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔـﺮﻭوﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫‪ 1789‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪¥‬‬

‫‪1996, 121–22‬‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)‬

‫‪ .(Basdevant-Gaudemet‬ﺩدﺭرﻣـﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻀﺎﺩد ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¥‬ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻻﻳﻴـﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ :‬ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺧـﺼﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺿﺪ ﻛﺸﻴـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺎﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﻓـﺮﺍاﻃ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻔـﺴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻻﻳﻴـﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻏﻠـﺒﻪ‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1905‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺿﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻰ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻏ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺣﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﭖپ ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﮔﺴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﮔـﺬﺭرﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﮊژﻳـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻋـﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﺟﻤـﻌ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ "ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ" ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺒـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 4‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ ،1905‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ "ﺍاﻧﺠـﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ‪ "¥‬ﺗـﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨـﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﻬﺮﻩه ﻣـﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﻤـ«‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ؛ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﻓﻬـﺮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻨـﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻳﺎﺩدﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩد)‪ .(Basdevant-Gaudemet 1996, 122–25‬ﭘﺎﭖپ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1905‬ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﺤـ«ﻮﻡم ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﺱس‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩدﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﭘﺎﭘﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉع ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻧﺸﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ ،1905‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻣـ«ﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ‪ ‌¥‬ﺭرﺍا "ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﻣ«ﺎﻥن ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد" ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻧﻤـــﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـــﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻯى ﻛـــﻤﺘﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧـــﺸ¬ﺎﻩه)‬ ‫‪ .(Basdevant-Gaudemet 1996, 140‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﻗﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﻟﻮﺍاﻳﺤ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺗﻔﻮﻕق ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺗـﻴﻚ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﭘﺎﭘﻰ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا‬

‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍا ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1924‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩه‬

‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﻳﺪ "ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ "¥‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ "ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺳﺮ ﺍاﺳﻘﻒ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﭘﺎﭘﻰ ﻭو ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪"¥‬‬ ‫‪1996, 126‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ)‬

‫‪ .(Basdevant-Gaudemet‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺿﻤﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣـﺠﺎﻣ‪ ª‬ﻭو ﻭوﺟﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺎﻝل‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ "ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻧﺎﺭرﻭوﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﺧـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ" ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺰ ﺍاﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ)‪.(Basdevant-Gaudemet 1996, 129‬‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻻﻳﻴـﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺷ«ﻞ‬

‫ﺩدﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻈـﻴﻢ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس‬ ‫ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¨‬

‫ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻭو ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻤﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﻤﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺳﻘﻒ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻛﺎﻧـﺪﻳﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺎﻣﺰﺩد ﻣﯩـ«ﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﭘـﺮﺳﺖ ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺏب‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ)‪.(Basdevant-Gaudemet 1996, 132–33‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻬ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺮﻩه ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﻯى ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺶ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻴﺶ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭرﺍاﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺯزﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻳﻚ ﺳــﺮﺍاﺳﻘﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺰﻝل‬

‫ﻛﺸﻴــﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧــﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻴــﺸﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس‬

‫ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪1959‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍاﺣﺪﺍاﺙث ﺍاﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﭘﻮﻝل ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻴﺸﺎﻥن ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﺑﻰ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻯى ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻝل‬

‫‪ 1945‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻴﺸﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺘﻮﺍاﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻛـﻤﺘﺮﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ‪ 1978‬ﺗـﺨﺖ ﭘـﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋ‪ ¥‬ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﺤﺖ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺷﺨـﺼﻴﺖ ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭرﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻯى ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺰﺭرﮔﺘﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍاﻣﻴﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻓـﺮﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻳﻌـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻠـﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻃﻼﻕق ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻋﺰﻝل‬ ‫‪.(40‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ)–‪Basdevant-Gaudemet 1996, 136‬‬

‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺍاﺧﻴﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻻﻳﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ 750000 .‬ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1901‬ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻓـﺪﺭرﺍاﺳﻴﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﺘﺸ«ﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻳﻬﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺑﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﻨ‪4 ¥‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠـﻴﻮﻥن( ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻣـﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻋـﺒﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺠﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﻮﻗﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد)‪Basdevant-Gaudemet 1996,‬‬

‫‪.(120‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻯى ﺳﺮﺳﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘـﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺗــﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔــﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‬ ‫‪1276–1281‬‬

‫‪Troper‬‬

‫‪ .(1999-2000,‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ‌ﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻠـ«ﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻘﻼ ﻭو ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩد ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1870‬ﺗﻌﻘـﻴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧـﻀﻤﺎﻡم ﺭرﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﭘﺎﭘﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻬﺪﺍاﻡم ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‬

‫ﭘﺎﭖپ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺑﺤـﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻻﺗﺮﺍاﻥن ‪ 1992‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﻣﺎﻳﻤﻠﻚ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭوﺍاﺗﻴـ¬ﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﺭرﻡم‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕت ﺁآﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﻩه ‪ 1159‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻭوﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ‌ﯨﺮﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﻓﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1929‬ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻴﺴﻢ ﺭرﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺗـﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ 1948 ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﻯى‬

‫ﻧـﻜﺮﺩد‬

‫)‪2000, 531‬‬

‫‪ .(Giovannelli‬ﺗﺒـﺼﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺗـﻌﺎﺩدﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻫﻤـ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻕق ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻓﺮﻕق ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑـﻨﺪ ﻫـﻔﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒـــﺼﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـــﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻃﺮﻑف ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪"(Ferrari 1996, 172) .‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،1984‬ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﺗﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1929‬ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺍاﻣـﻀﺎ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺠـﻠﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﺭرﭺچ ‪ 1985‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ‪ 1985‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺩد )ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد( ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻣـﺠﺎﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺭرﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣــﺠﺎﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻴﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ)‪.(Giovannelli 2000, 531‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻓﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣــﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟــﻴﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧــﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭر ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻳﻬــﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺑــﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﻕق ﭘﺮﻭوﺗــﺴﺘﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗــﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌـﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺟﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1929‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﺰﺍاﻳﺎﻯى ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍاﻗـﺒﺖ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺭر ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻛـﻤﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍاﻥن ﻳـﻬﻮﻩه‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄ¨ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﻩه ‪ 1159‬ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1929‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺰﺍاﻳﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻭو ﺳﻄ¨ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻬﺮﻩه ﻣﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻨ‪ ª‬ﺷﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪ)–‪Ferrari 1996, 172‬‬

‫‪.(76‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻫـﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺒـﺼﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪‌¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣــﻮﻗﻒ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧــﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩد ﻧــﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪،¥‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍاﻗﺒﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻳ«ﺴﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ)‪.(Ferrari 1996, 174‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺩد ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺡح ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻕق ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻌـﻴﺎﺭر ﻋﻴـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﻳﮋﻩه ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﺣـ«ﺎﻡم ﻣـﺸﺪﺩدﻩه ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋﺪﻡم ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻨ‪ ª‬ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺩدﻓﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﻨﺎﺩد ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ،¥‬ﻭوﻛﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺟﻤ‪ ª‬ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت)‪.(Ferrari 1996, 186‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1985‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﻮﻇﻒ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس‬

‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺩدﺍاﻧــﺸ¬ﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑــﻴﺖ ﺍاﻃﻤﻴــﻨﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺧـﺎﺻﻞ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳﻨـ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻌـﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﺍاﻋﺰﺍاﻡم‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺱس ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺲ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻪ ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺱس ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺲ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻼﺳﻬﺎﻯى ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺯزﻭوﺩدﺗﺮ ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﺮﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺣﻀﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ)‪ .(Giovannelli 2000, 532‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺣﻖ ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1985‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣﺪﺩدﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ)‪.(Giovannelli 2000, 536‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺳﻬﻤﻴﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧــﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﻤــ«ﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻧﺘــﺨﺎﺏب ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ‪ :‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨــﻈﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠ«ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﻋﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻳ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻕق ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉع ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻕق‬

‫ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻣﻌﺎﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍا ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ)‪ .(Ferrari 1996, 182–83‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺳﻨﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺧﺬ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻳـﻰ‌ﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻭوﻥن ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻛﺮﺩد)‪.(Giovannelli 2000, 536–37‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ، ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺮﻗـﺒﺖ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1985‬ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﻗـﺒﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـــﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻴﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻴـــﻤﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺁآﺳﺎﻳـــﺸ¬ﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﺸﻴﺸﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﺮﺭرﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﺫذﻳﺼﻼﺡح ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﺎﻣـﺰﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻕق ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Ferrari 1996, 184–85‬ﻓﺮﻕق ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﻩه ‪ 1159‬ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭرﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻒ ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ)‪.(Giovannelli 2000, 537‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ‌ﯨ«ﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺣـﻠﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬـﻀﺖ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻭو ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻭوﻗﻮﻉع ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ‌ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﭘﺎﭖپ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻮﺽض ﭘﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪1996, 94‬‬

‫‪ .(Ibán‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻧـﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪1931 ¥‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﺪ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﻚ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ، (1936‐‑⁃1939) ¥‬ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩدﺕت ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﻜﻮ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1953‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻭوﺝج ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﻜﻮ ﺩدﺭر ‪ ،1975‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﻣـﺰﺍاﻳﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻛﺸﻴﺸﺎﻥن ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺲ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻩه ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد)‪ .(Callahan 1992, 504‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻓﺰﺍاﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺷﺪ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1960‬ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1953‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻧـﺒﻮﺩد)‪1996, 96‬‬

‫‪ .(Ibán‬ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭرﺩدﻳـﻨﺎ ﺗﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻜﻮﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻘﻒ ﺍاﻋـﻈﻢ ﻣـﺎﺩدﺭرﻳﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﻳﻴﺲ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍاﻧﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺟ¬ﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﭘﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه ﺧﻮﺁآﻥن ﻛﺎﺭرﻟﻮﺱس ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍاﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ، 1975‬ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓـﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﮔـﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺒﻠـﻴﻎ ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﻳـ«ﺮﺩد‬

‫ﺁآﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺟﻮﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻗﻄﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻼﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳ«ﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ)‪.(Callahan 1992, 503, 505‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻮ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1975‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1978‬ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﺪﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺗـﻔﺎﻕق ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻤﺪﻩه‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﺘ§ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺴ© ﺍاﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺍاﺑﻼﻍغ‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺁآﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻟـﻮﺍاﻳﺢ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺗﻴـ«ﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1953‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﻴﺎﻓـﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ "ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘـﺴﺎﺏب ﻣﻘـﺎﻣﺎﺕت ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻓﺮﻭوﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻮﺽض ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪1992, 506) .‬‬

‫‪ 1".(Callahan‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺁآﻣـﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻳ«ـﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1980‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻃﻼﻕق‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪.(Ibán 1996, 97)1981‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺴﺖ )‪ (PSOE‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ‪ 1982‬ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍا‬

‫ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻤﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭو ﻳﻚ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺿﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ‪1982‬‬

‫ﺗـﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻄﺌﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻟـﻮﺍاﻳﺢ ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺗﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻟﻮﺍاﻳﺢ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﻦ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻳـ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﻣـﻨﺎﺯزﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ .¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻭوﺝج ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺠـﺴﻢ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪‌¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج‪ ،‬ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺣــﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻧــﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨــﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻣﯩــ«ﺮﺩد ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﺧــﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﻓــﺮﻳﺎﺩد ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺿﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺷﺪ)‪.(Callahan 1992, 512‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ⁃‑‐ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻢ ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧــﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫‪Quoting “Textos oficiales,” Acuerdos entre la Iglesia y Espana, 778-81, 785-90.‬‬

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‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣــﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﺣــﺮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺱس ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳــﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺣــﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺟــﺒﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺒــﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻖ ﺍاﺣﺪﺍاﺙث ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻣــﻮﺯزﺷ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺒﺨﺸﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﺭرﻳﻪ ‪ ،1983‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺼﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‌ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﭼـﻘﺪﺭر ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻛﻤ«ﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﺮﻃﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﻋـﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﭙﺮﺩدﻥن ﻛـﻤﺎﺑﻴﺶ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺁآ ﻛﺎﺩدﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻭوﺟﺪﺍاﻥن ﻛﺎﺭرﻣـﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﻻﺯزﻡم‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ)‪.(Callahan 1992, 507–15‬‬

‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ‪ª‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﺗـﺮﺳﻬﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ‪ 250000‬ﻓﺮﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑــﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍاﻳــﺠﺎﺩد ﺗــﻨﺶ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤــﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛـﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸ¬ﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﺬﻑف ﻣـ‪‌¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1988‬ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺘﺎ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺡح ﺧﻮﺩد ﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1979‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش‪ ،‬ﺟـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻣﺤـﻔﻮﻅظ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩد)‪.(Callahan 1992, 515, 517‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ ، 1980‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﻼﺕت ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﻼﻣــﻴﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬ ‫‪1990‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻠﺖ" ﻛﺸﻴﺸﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺭرﺍا "ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ‬

‫ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘﺰﻟﺰﻝل" ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﺮﺯزﻧﺶ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‬

‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳ«ﺎﺕت ﻳﺎ ﺗﻤـﺴﺨﺮ "ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻴـﺴﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ" ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﺷ«ﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻣـﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧـﺼﻢ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻤـﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺟ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﻧﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺭرﺩد ﻛﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺍاﻧﻜﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ‬

‫ﺣﺬﻑف ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد )‪.(Callahan 1992, 517–18‬‬

‫ﻋﻠـ‪‌¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳ«‪‌¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩ«ﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝل ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣ«ﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻧـﺴﺒﻰ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛــﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺎﻟــﻴﺎﺕت ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﻓــﺮﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ‌ﯨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى‌ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮﻯى ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﭘﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻓ‪‌¥‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻠ«ﻪ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻌــﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑــﺨﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻟــﻴﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﻌﻠــﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟــﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧــﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺎﻏﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﻭو ﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﻤ«ــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺧﻴـﺮﻳﻪ ﻭو ﭘـﺰﺷ«‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻴﺰ ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺰﺍاﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻬﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ)‪.(Ibán 1996, 102–109‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬

‫ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ ﺣـﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﮔــﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼــﻨﺪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﻘﻼ ﺑﻰ ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨﯩﻤﺨﺘﻠــﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺟﺒﺎﺭر ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‌ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨـﺎﺻﺐ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﺯزﻣﻮﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺁآﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻻﻳـﺤﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭو ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻝل ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ :‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻫﻤـﺰﻣﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫‪.(28‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد)–‪Jacoby 2004, 26‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨﺒﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻳـﺨﻮﺍاﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺷﺪ)‬

‫‪ .(Corbett and Mitchell 1999, 83–84‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻃﻨﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺨـﻴﻞ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﺭرﻳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺪﻳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻴﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﻼﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫‪Mitchell 1999, 48‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩد ‪Corbett‬‬

‫‪ .((and‬ﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﮔﺮ ﻣـﺸﺘﺎﻕق ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗـﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪﺍاﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ" ﻳﺎﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺤﺒﻮﺣﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ)‪.(Bellah 1967, 12‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ،¥‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪‌¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻋـﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠـﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎ‌ﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠـﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻜـﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺤﻠ ‪‌¥‬ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﺴﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﺮﻳــ«ﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔــﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﻠ¬ــﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪" ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻨﺠــﻬﺎﻧ‪ "¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﻳﻞ ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ...‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ، ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺯزﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻟﻬﻴﺎﺗ‪ ،¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ‪".(Bellah 1967, 12)¥‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺗــﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻕق ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﺎ ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘــﺤﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺤــ«ﻢ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴــﺴﻢ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻣ«ــﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺟــﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﮔـﺸﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪and Mitchell 1999, 106–107‬‬

‫‪ .(Corbett‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﻤﻮﻟ¬ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ‪ ، ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﻃﻦ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﻧﻘﻼ ﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﺮﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﭼـﻴﺰﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ "ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ"‬

‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺍاﻧﻘﻼ ﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ ﻫـﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺷﻤﻦ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻯى ﺳﺘﻴﺰﻩه‬ ‫ﮔﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩدﻩه‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻨﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻰ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱس ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻂ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎﻳـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺗـﻀﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻴﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎﻳﻰ "ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺳﺘﻴﺰﻯى ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣــﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳــﺎﺑﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺨــﺼ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄﻮﺡح ﻋﻤــﻴﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛــﺴﺐ‬

‫ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد)‪ ".(Bellah 1967, 13‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻭوﺩد ﻣـﻠ‪ ،¥‬ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻼﻣـﻴﻪ ﺍاﻓﺘـﺘﺎﺣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻳـﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻼﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩد ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻣﻠـﻴﺖ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻣــﺮﻭوﺯزﻳﻦ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳــ«ﺎ ﺑﺎﻕق‌ﯨﻤــﺎﻧﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻫﻤــ¬ﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭوﺗــﺴﺘﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫــﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ )ﻳﻌﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ (¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﺮ ﺭرﻭوﻧﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﻔﻮﺫذ ﻭو ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز‬

‫‪.(5‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ)‪Demerath and Williams 1984,‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴــﺴﻢ ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴــ«ﺎﻥن ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺳﻬﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺷ«ﻞ ﺩدﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨــﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻳﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺭرﺷﺪ ﻧـﮕﺮﺵش ﺿﺪ ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻨﺘـﻬ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺟــﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩد ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺗـﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪Wald 1987,‬‬

‫‪ .(183‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺟـﻨﮓ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴـﺴﻢ ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻓـﺸﺎﻥن ﺗـﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻟ«ﻞ ﻭو ﺣﻖ ﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩد)‪.(Wald 1987, 142‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﭘﻮﻟ‪ ،¥‬ﺟﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻮﺀء ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣ«ﻤﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕت ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو "ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ" ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﻻﻳـﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭرﻟﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺭرﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﻣﺠﺪﺩد‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍاﻓﺘﺎﺩد‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻫﻨــﮕﺎﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻓــﺸﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺗــﺰﺍاﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴــﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋــﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣـﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫"ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣـﻠ‪ ،"¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘﺰﻟﺰﻝل‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ)‪and Williams 1984, 4‬‬

‫‪ .(Demerath‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑـﺤﺚ ﭘﻴـﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز "ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯز" ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﻨﺎﺭر ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭر ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﺧﻮﺩدﻯى ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪" ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ – ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ⁃‑‐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪"(Jacoby 2004, 153) .‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺟــﻨﮓ ﺣــﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺘــﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭو ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺩد ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻀﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪،¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Demerath and Williams 1984, 4–5‬ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳ© ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻣـﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻓـﺮﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﻛـﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣﯩ«ﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺸ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳ«ﺮﺩدﻯى ﭘﻮﺭرﻳﺘﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‌ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﻝل ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﺑــﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣــﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻋﻠــﻴﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪¥‬‬ ‫"ﻣــﺴﺘﻬﺠﻦ"‪ ،‬ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﻫﻤﺠــﻨﺲ ﺑﺎﺯزﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺣــﻘﻮﻕق ﻣــﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺟﺬﺏب ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺰﻡم ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﻣﻠﺘﺠ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﻨـﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣــﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳــﺪﻧﺪ)‪1987, 188‬‬

‫‪ .(Wald‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺟـﻨﺎﺡح ﭼﭗ ﺩدﺭر ﻻ ﺑﻰ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ، ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻧﮋﺍاﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺟـﻨﮓ ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻭوﻳﺘﻨﺎﻡم‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺟـﻨﺎﺡح ﭼﭗ ﻋـﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻧـﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻕق ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩد)‪.(Corbett and Mitchell 1999, 124–26‬‬

‫ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻓﺮﻕق ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﻳ¬ﺎﻧﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻕق ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺣـﻘﻮﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﻨ‪ ª‬ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺪﻡم ﻓﺮﻕق ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ)‪ .(Wood 1990, 742‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ¬ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴـﻌﺖ ﻭو ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩدﻣﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣ«ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘـﻈﺮ ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻳـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ)‪.(Corbett and Mitchell 1999, 23‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕت ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﻋﻤـﻠ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯز ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺁآﻟﻤﺎﻥن)‪(Puza 2002, 11‬‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ‪،(Van Bijsterveld 1996, 209‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺷﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻭو‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭرﺑــﺴﺖ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺘــﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻣﻔــﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺏب‪ .‬ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ Q‬ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧــﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻧــﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺨـﺼﻮﺹص ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗـﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻣـﻔﺮﻭوﺽض ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺑﻴـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭو ﻣﺤـﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭼـ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪" .‬ﺑﻰ‌ﻃﺮﻓ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ«ﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔﻔﺘﮕـﻮﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩد)‪1998, 10‬‬

‫‪ ".(Torfs‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﭘﻴﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻮﻝل ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮﻯى ﭘﻴﺮﺍاﻣﻮﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى "ﺳﻨﺖ"‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى "ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﮔ‪ ،"¥‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‌ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘــﺨﺎﺏب ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﯩ¬ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻥن ﺣﻖ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎﻯى ﺯزﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺪﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪‌¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺑﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻜﻨــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﮔــﺰﻳﺪﻥن ﻳــ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻓــﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى‌ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻗﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺳﭙﺴﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺷ«ﻞ ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺋﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺷ«ﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﺮﺟ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺟ‪ª‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﻠ¨‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻟـﺰﻭوﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﻭو ﻣـﻠﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻗﺾ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻤﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗـﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﭼـﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺮﺟ‪ ª‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻞ ﻭو‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺫذﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﺕت ﺷﺎﺭرﻓﺲ ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬

‫ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﻧﺎﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ،¥‬ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎﻱي ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﯩﻨـﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩد)‪2004, 1248‬‬

‫‪ .(Scharffs‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧــﻈﺮ ﻭوﻯى ﺑــﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻧﺎﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد؛ ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫)ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ¬ﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻢ( ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺷﺪ ‪2004, 1220‬‬

‫‪ .(Scharffs‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ«ﺮﺩد ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻣﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻛﯩﺎﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻴﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺪﺍاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ ‪ :‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﻳﻦ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻧﺰﺩدﻳــ«ﺘﺮ ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣــﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻫــﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧــﻈﺮﻯى‬

‫ﻧﺰﺩدﻳ«ﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣ«ﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺳﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳـ«ﺘﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﻧـﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭو ﺳﺮ ﻃـﻴﻒ ﺳﺎﺩدﻩه ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺿﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣ«ﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻣـﻮﺍاﺿ‪ ª‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ ﻣﺤﺘـﻤﻞ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘـﻄﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻣ«ـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁط ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻭو ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻧﺎﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺟﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺍا «ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛــﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﻨﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌﻠــﻴﻢ ﺷﺨــﺼ‪ ،¥‬ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻈﻴــﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻛــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫــﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻌـﻀ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺏب ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻻﻳﻴـﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﺑـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪) ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ، (¥‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص‬

‫ﻭو ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱس ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪ 1905‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺳﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻧﻌـﻜﺎﺱس ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺫذﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺴﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻳ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻫـﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺍاﻧﻌـﻜﺎﺱس ﻧـﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ‪ 1959‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﻌﻠﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻟﻮﺍاﺯزﻡم ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻛﻨﻴﺴﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ‪1905‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭوﻟ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ)‪ .(Decherf 2001‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﭘﺎﺭرﻳﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓــﻘﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻴــﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ)‪.(Troper 1999–2000, 1277‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﻤﻠ¬ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر "ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى" ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﺯزﻣﻮﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺧﺘﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻨ‪ ª‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﭘـﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺧﺮﺍاﺡح ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻔـﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺜﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺯزﺍا‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻨﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ"ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ" ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﻏﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺳﻴ«ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺴﺎﻭوﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩ«ـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻻﻳﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ«ﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪¥‬‬ ‫‪1999–2000, 1280‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ )‬

‫‪ .(Troper‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣــ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺗﺎﻛــﻴﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺍاﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ .(Laurence 2004, 13‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺟﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻴﺤﺘﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﺟﻬﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﺟـﻬﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻜـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑـﻨﺪ ﺗـﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻗﻄـﻌﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺎﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻱي ﻛﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺣﺬﻑف ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﻮﺩد "‬

‫ﻋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪ ."(Greenawalt 1999, 1289‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱس ﺟﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥن "ﺩدﻳﻮﺍاﺭر ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ" ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺠﺰﺍا ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪.(Scharffs 1234–35‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺩدﺑﻮﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣ«ﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺗﺎﻗﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﻨﺶ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﻧﻌـﻜﺎﺱس ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣـﻮﺳﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ "ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻴﻮﻧﺲ" )ﻗﺎﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺘﻴﻮﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﻴﻨـﺰﺑﺮﮒگ( ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻯى ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺗﺎﻗﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫"ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﺩد )‪ ."(Pew Forum 2005‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﻣـ«ﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﻀﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺳﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ "ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺭرﻧﻜﻮﻳﻴـﺴﺖ" )ﻗـﺎﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻧﻜﻮﻳﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻨﺪﻯى‪ ،‬ﺳ«ﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗـﻮﻣﺎﺱس( ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎ ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ "ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﻞ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ "ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ "¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﺤ«ﻮﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪"(Pew Forum 2005) .‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻚ ﻛﺮﻯى ﻛﺎﻧﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺗﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«‪ .¥‬ﻫﺮﺩدﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻩه ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻩه ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺑـﻨﺪ ﺗـﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺍاﺫذﻋﺎﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻩه ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ‪ 27‬ﺟﻮﻥن ‪ ، 2005‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻴـﻤﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭو ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﺒـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻧـﻤﺎﺵش ﺩدﻩه ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻳــﺎﺩدﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻩه ﻓــﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣــﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺥخ ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺰﺍاﺱس ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺗﺎﻗـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻨـﺘﺎﻛ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

‫ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩدﻯى ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻳﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺜﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻫﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪Alwall‬‬

‫‪ .(2000, 391‬ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕت ﻭو ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺰﺍاﺳﻴﻮﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ،¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ‬

‫‪ 1990‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍاﺣﻮﺍاﻝل ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 2000‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻭوﺝج ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌــﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤ«ــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪‌¥‬ﻣــﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻏــﻴﺮ ﻣــﺴﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‌ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺜﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺣ«ﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ«ﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭوﺍاﺿ¨ ﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﮕﻠــﺴﺘﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴــﺎ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﭘﺴﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻯى ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻣـﻮﺿ‪ ª‬ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣـﺤﻞ ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﻳﺎ ﻃـﻴﻒ ﻣﻮﻗﻔـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﺒﺘــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ)‪ .(Minnerath 2001, 381‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻃـﻴﻒ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﻫﻤـ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻘﺎﺑﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤ«ـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻣــﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻏــﻴﺮ ﻣــﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﻫﻤــ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨـ‪‌،¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻣﯩﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﺗﺒﻌﻴـﻀ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ«ﻪ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد)‪ .(Scharffs 2004, 1260‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ«ﺮﺩد‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﻣ ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷ«ﻞ ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰﻭوﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺩدﺵش ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕت ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـــﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـــﺴﻪ ﭘـــﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻘﻼﺏب ﻭو ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻯى ﭘـــﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﺴﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻫﺠﻮﻡم ﭘﺮﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺰﻡم ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣـﺘﺪﺭرﺟﺎ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﺟﻬﺎﺕت ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺮﺗﺒ¬‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1558‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺑﺨﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه "ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻋﺎﻟ‪ "¥‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﻮﮔﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻴـﻌﺖ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭرﺩد)‪1995, 216‬‬

‫‪ .(Bogdanor‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺎﺩدﺷﺎﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻘﻒ ﺍاﻋـﻈﻢ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺮﺗﺒـ¬ﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻟﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﺠـﻠﺲ ﻟﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺷﺮﻉع ﺑﺨـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻗ‪‌¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻟﻮﺍاﻳﺢ‌ﯨ«ﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﺭرﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪‌¥‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫"ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى‌ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺷ«ﺎﻝل ﺑﻴـﺮﻭوﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧـﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺷ«ﻞ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠـ«ﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ⁃‑‐ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺩد)‪ "(Saunders 1999, vol. 7‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‌ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ، ¥‬ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻋــﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳــ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﻧﻌـﻄﺎﻑف ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺗﻌﻤـﻴﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻭو ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ«ﻤﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓــﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺗــﻜﺎﻱي ﻣﺘﻘــﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﺧ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟـﻴﺎ ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻟﺤـﻈﺎﺕت ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮﺩدﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﻫـﺴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭو ﺟـﻨﺎﺡح ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻣﺘﻴــﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛــﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﭘﺮﻭوﺗـﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‌ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺗــﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ‪‌¥‬ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﻌـﻬﺪ ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻟ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻭوﻛﺲ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1990‬ﻭو ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﺮﻭوﭘـﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺟـﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻧﻤﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻭوﻛﺲ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺭرﻭوﻯى‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﺼﻢ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻛــﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴــﺎ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺯز‬

‫ﻣﯩ¬ﺮﺩدﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺗـﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟـﻬﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻧﺰﺩدﻳـ«ﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻡم‌ﯨﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ‪.‬ﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺁآﻟـﺰﺍاﺱس⁃‑‐ﻟﻮﺭرﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺷ«ـﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1871‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻙك ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ‪ 1905‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺷﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘـﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻗ‪‌¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻟـﺰﺍاﺱس⁃‑‐ﻟﻮﺭرﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺮ ﺍاﺳﻔﻘﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏب ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠـ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﻙك ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ )‪Troper‬‬

‫‪ .(1999–2000, 1278–79‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺗﻜ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄــﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﺹص ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣــﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى‌ﻣــﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى‌ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ ﻧـﻘﺎﻁط ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻟـﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﻭوﺍاﺭرﻳﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﺍا ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻗﻮﻯى ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣﻴﺎﻧ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺳﺮ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑــﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى‌ﻣﺘﻘــﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴــﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣ«ـﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺑﻴـﺸﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﯩﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﻣﯩ¬ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺏب ﺧﻼﻑف ﻓـﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﺪﻡم‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣـﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘـﻮﻟﺪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ)‪ .(Scharffs 2004, 1254‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﯩ«ﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﻀﺎﺕت ﻧﺎﺭرﻭوﺍا ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺭرﻭوﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫"ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﭘﻴـﺸﻔﺮﺽض ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭو ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﻤﭙـﻮﺷﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻭو ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬

‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ)‪2004, 1255‬‬

‫‪ " .(Scharffs‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺷﻤﻮﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﻓـﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳـﻔﺎ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﻩه ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫‪2004, 1256‬‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ)‬

‫‪ .(Scharffs‬ﻣــﻮﻗﻒ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺭرﻧﻜﻮﻳﻴــﺴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻗــﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺜﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻭوﻳ«ﺮﺩد ﻣﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺫذﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻰ‌ﻃﺮﻓ‪‌¥‬ﺩدﻳ ﻦ‌ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻟﺰﻭوﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺩد ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺣــﻴﺎﺕت ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧــﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻴﻨــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨــﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺷﺮﻁط ﻛﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴـﻀ‪‌¥‬ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﻧـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻠـﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣـ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤ‪‌¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﻳ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫‪1996, 220–24‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ)‪Van‬‬

‫‪ .(Bijsterveld‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﻠـﻨﺪ ﺟـﻬﺖ‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯزﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺘـﻜ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ‌ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘـ‪‌¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣـﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﻌـﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ، ¥‬ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺗﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺷﻮﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻛﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺑﺮ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻛــﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻋــﻀﻮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺪ)‪2003, 45‬‬

‫‪ .(Rivers‬ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄــﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴــﺴﻢ ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻋـﻀﻮ ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺜﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓـ‪‌¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻳ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‬

‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ) ‪ (1990‬ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪‌¥‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﻜﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺫذﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺠـﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ‌ﯨﺒﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺎﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺗﺒﻌﻴﻀ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ‌ﯨﺨﺎﺹص ﻣـﺠﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕت ﺟﻤ‪ ª‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﺪﻫـﻨﺪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ‬

‫"ﻋﻤﻠ«ﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر" ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻋﺮﻭوﺳ‪ ،¥‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻬﺪﻛﻮﺩدﻙك‬

‫ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮﻩه )ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻣﯩـﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ)‪Scharffs 2004,‬‬

‫‪ .(1261–62‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﻧـﻮﺱس‪ 1‬ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠـﺤﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻮﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻃﺮﺩد‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺍاﻳ¬ﻠـﺴﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻴـﺴﺘﺎ "ﺍاﻟـﺴﺎﻟﻮﺍاﺩدﻭوﺭر" ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗـﮕﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺗﻴﻼ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،2‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴــﺴﻮﻥن ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ) ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓــﺼﻞ ﻣﻨــﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﺗــﺤﺖ ﻣﻴــﺜﺎﻕق‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد( ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻤ‪ª‬‬

‫ﺁآﻭوﺭر‌ﻯى ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕق ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب‬ ‫ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد)‪.(Evans C. 2001, 82‬‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ ‪‌¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﻠﺰﻡم ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺯزﻧﺪﺍاﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻧـﺪﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﻇـﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪¥‬‬ ‫‪Kustannus‬‬ ‫‪Iglesia Bautista “El Salvador” and Ortega Mortilla v. Spain‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺩدﻛ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ)‪ .(Evans C. 2001, 88‬ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳﯩﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ "ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍاﺩد ﻓﻠـﺴﻔ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯز ﺯزﻧﺪ ﺑﻠـ«ﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ "ﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﺘ‪ "¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ ".(Evans C. 2001, 92‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺁآﻧﺠﻠﻴﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺿﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺧﺘﺮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﻛﻪ "ﻋـﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺤـﺴﺖ ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد" ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺨﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺣ«ﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﻠﻘـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﻴ¬ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺧﻨﺜ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺨﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Evans M. 2000‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﺗﺤﺎﺩدﻳﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻘ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥن‪ ،1‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺣﻖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻠﺰﻡم ﻣﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅظ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺷﺖ)‪.(Evans C. 2001, 130‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ "ﺗﻜﺜﺮﻯى ﺣﻴﺮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه"‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻧـﮕﺎﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺰﺩدﻳـ«ﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﻳـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟ¬ـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى‌‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣــﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺧــﻠ‪ ، ¥‬ﻭو ﻛــﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﺩد ﺭرﻭوﻧﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺭرﺷﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩد)‪2000, 15‬‬

‫‪ .(Davie‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺴﺖ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪ ،¥‬ﺍاﺗﻜﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﺪ‬

‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣـﻮﺍاﺿ‪ ª‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻃـﻴﻒ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻯى‌ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻛﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺪﺍاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍا ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷ«ﻞ ﻭو ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻣ«ﺎﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﮔـﺮﮔﻮﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻭوﻗﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ‬ ‫‪Serif vs Greece‬‬

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‫ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻛﺎﺭرﻣـﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝج‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻮﻕق ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻧﺤﻮﻩه ﻋﻤﻠ«ﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ‪ 1‬ﻭو ‪ 3‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺯز ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺒﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑــﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ‌ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﯩ«ﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺪﺍا ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻄﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ‪1‬ﻭو ‪3‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺋﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺟـﻨﺎﺡح ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺣـﺴﺎﺑ¬ﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻤﻨﺪ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺩدﮔﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺑﺎﻗ‪‌¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺳ«ﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯزﻡم‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺩدﺍاﻭوﺭرﻯى‌ﻭو ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ¬ﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧﺴﺒﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ‪‌¥‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺳﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﯩ«ﻨﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗﻴﻚ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪‌¥‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯزﻣﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻃ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﻃﺮﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘـﻮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻩه ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻭو ﺑﺪﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮﻯى ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭرﻭوﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻠـﺴﻠﻪ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺗﺒﻰ ﻣﺘـﺸ«ﻞ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﮔﺎﻧـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺎﻋﺪﺗﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻠ«ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟـﻌﺎﺩدﻩه ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺘــﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣــﻠﻪ ﻋــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد)‪2003, 2–4‬‬

‫‪ .(Gill‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟــﺤﺎﻅظ ﻧــﻈﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺩدﻳــ¬ﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺠـﻤﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠـ«ﺮﺩد ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻋﻤﻴـﻘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﯨﻨـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻋﻤﻠ«ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺣـﻔﻆ‬

‫ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﻓـﺮﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺣﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺑﻬـﺪﺍاﺷﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﺣـﻤﻞ ﻭوﻧـﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭر‬

‫ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻛﺎﺭرﻣـﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‌ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌـﺎﺭرﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪،¥‬‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺎﻏﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻔﺶ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‌ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻠـ«ﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﻻ ﺯزﻣﻪ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭو ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻃﺮﻕق ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ«ﺎﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه‬

‫ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﺯز ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺴﺮ ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد)‪2003, 17‬‬

‫‪ .(Gill‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨﺎﻣـﻴﻚ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺗﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻓﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣﯩﺪﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻄﺮ ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﺩد ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺪﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى‌ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺧـﻄﺮ‬

‫ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﮕــﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻗﻮﻯى ﺗﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﯩﺨﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻔـﻌﺖ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺨ¬ﻮ ﺑﺎﻗ‪ ‌¥‬ﻣﯩﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﻩه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺪﺍاﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﻇﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭو ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ" ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪.(Gill 2003, 19‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱس ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ª‬‬

‫ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن "ﺗـﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻥن" ﻭو‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍا ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ‪،‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ، ¥‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻭو ﻣﺎﻟـﻴﺎﺕت ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺧﻼﻕق ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠ«ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻋﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤﻨﻔـﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﻭو‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى‌ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺁآﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻬـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗــﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻫــﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍاﺯزﻥن ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻓ‪ ª‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻻﺑﻰ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ª‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ‪ ª‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻘ‪ª‬‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﭼـﻘﺪﺭر ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻳﺎﺩد ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ،ª‬ﺑﻰ ﻃـﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻈﺮ ﺍاﻧﺤﺮﺍاﻑف ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ‪ ª‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻧﺤﺮﺍاﻑف ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺤﺮﺍاﻑف ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻳ«ﺴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏﺮﺏب ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺕت ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺑـﻴﺶ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ )ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻤﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﻨﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ (¥‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪ ، ¥‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺩدﻳﻦ‌ﯨﺨﺎﺹص ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺨﺸ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺮﺍاﺙث ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ،¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ‌ﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى‌ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻀﺎﺩد ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻛـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ¬ﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻧﻘـﺸﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻛﻤﻴــﺴﻴﻮﻥن ‪ 1994‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴــﺴﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺟــﻬﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﺘــﻴﺎﺯزﺍاﺗ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻛﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Alwall 2000, 168‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺑﻰ‌ﻃﺮﻓ‪‌¥‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓـﻌﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـ«ﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‌ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴ«ﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ، ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻗﻪ‬

‫‪.(Soper 1997, 131–32‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹص )‪Monsma and‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻴـﺴﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪‌¥‬ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻘـﺸ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣـ«ﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﻫﻤـ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺟﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﺗﺒﻠﻴــﻐﺎﺕت‪،‬‬

‫ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒـﺎﻃﺎﺕت ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻣــﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭو ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺣــﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﻴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ ﮔــﺮﺍاﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺏب ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺎ ﺍاﻓﺘﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﺮﻳـ«ﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﻟـﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﻣـﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﻋـﻬﺪﻩه‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺩدﻋﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻧﮋﺍاﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻭوﻳﺘﻨﺎﻡم ﻻﺑﻰ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺣﺰﺏب ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺼﺎﺏب ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄﻮﺡح‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ،¥‬ﺩدﺭرﮔـﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣـ«ﺎﻥن ﻗـﻮﯨﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺗﻜﺎﭘﻮﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﻣـ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1983‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻡم ﺟﻮﻥن ‪ 2006‬ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻴﺮﻭوﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻓـﻌﺎﻝل ﻭو ﻗﻮﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭوﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﯩ«ﻨﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻼﺵش‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﭼﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻛﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻣﯩ¬ﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻬﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ⁃‑‐ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻔــﺮﻭوﺿﺎﺕت ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑــﺴﺖ ﻣــﻮﺍاﺿ‪ ª‬ﻓــﻜﺮﻯى ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻄﺮ ﺍاﻧـﺪﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻭو ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﻳـ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﻣـﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓـﺮﺍاﻭوﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺑـﻌﺪ "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¥‬ﻭو ﻧﺤﻮﻩه ﻋﻤﻠ«ﺮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻡم‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺋﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭو ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠﺖ ﻭو ﻫﺪﻑف‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻭوﺭرﺯزﻯى ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧــﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻗــﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض ﺍاﺗﻬﺎﻡم ﺑﻰ‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻛـﻔﺮ ﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ¬ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺷﺨـﺼﯩﻮ ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻳﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺍاﻣـ«ﺎﻥن ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﻼﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻓـﺘﺎﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻧـﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻭو ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧﺨﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻛــﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟــﺤﺎﻅظ ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺪﻑف ﻋﻤﻠـ«ﺮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕت ﺷﺨﺼ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻛﻢ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻨﻪ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭو ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ ‪ 3‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﭼـ¬ﻮﻧﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻧـﺤﻮﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺟﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻨـﻴﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠــﺴﻔ‪ ،¥‬ﺷ«ﻞ ﺑ¬ــﻴﺮﺩد ﻣــ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧــﻈﺮ ﮔــﺮﻓﺖ)‪2003, 441‬‬

‫‪.(Rawls‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪Rawls 2003,‬‬

‫‪ .(442‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ)‪ .(44–443 ,2003‬ﻭوﻯى ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ "ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ" ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣـﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻳـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ)‪ .(Rawls 2003, 442‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑف ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺭرﺍاﻭوﻟﺰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭو ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣﯩ«ـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﺑـﺮﻣﺎﺱس‬

‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه "ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل" ﻣﯩ«ـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻴﻨﻴـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد)‪1995, 118–119‬‬

‫‪ .(Habermas‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺎﺑـﺮﻣﺎﺱس‪ ،‬ﻓـﻀﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺣ«ـﻮﻣﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ "ﺍاﻧﺠﻤﻨـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻭوﻃﻠـﺒﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺒ«ﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻃ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ‐‑⁃¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻤﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد" ﻋﺮﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻬﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭو ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫‪.(McCarthy1994, 49, vol. 1‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩد)‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ "¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱس ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣﯩﺪﻫﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﻣـﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭو ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻋﻤﻴـﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﺩدﻳ«ﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ ﻏﺮﺽض ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺭر ﻻ ﻳﻪ ﺯزﻳـﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﮔـﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﻀﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﮕــﻴﺰﻩه ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﻫــﻤﺎﻝل ﻫﺎﻳــﺸﺎﻥن ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺁآﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻉع ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁآﻧــﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓــﺼﻞ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑــﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔــﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠــ«ﺮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣـﺘﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﻣــﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ،¥‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺣـﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫــﻨﺪ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫــﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧـﺸﺎﺕت ﻣﯩ¬ـﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﺮﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻳﺎ ﻗـﺒﻮﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨﯩﺨﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ، ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ‪،‬ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺘـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻴـﺴﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺗﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻼﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﺒ¬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻭوﺍاﺿ¨ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭوﺿﻮﺡح ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺸ«ﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻡم ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد ﺿﺮﻭوﺭر‌ﯨـﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ،¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭو ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐـﻴﺮ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻤﻮﻟ¬ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻑف‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍاﻥن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪،‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣـﻮﺍاﺿ‪ª‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﻳـﻤﺘﺮﻯى ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻳ¬ﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻤــ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧــﺒﺎﻝل ﻣــﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻓـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻜﻤـﻴﻞ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى "ﻣﻼ ﻳﻢ" ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺁآﻧﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﻣـﻮﺿ‪ ª‬ﻗﻮﻯى ﺗﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴـﺮ‌ﯨﺪﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬

‫ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻋﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺭرﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻭوﻳﺪ‪ 1‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ 1973‬ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻮﺿ‪ ª‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¨ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺳﻄ¨ ﻓﺪﺭرﺍاﻝل ﻭو ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻣﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻄ© ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺮﻓـﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺿﺪ ﺗﺮﻓـﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺣﺴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺟﻤ‪ ª‬ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺸ¬ﺮ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣــﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑــﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺩدﺳﺘــﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺰﺍاﻳــﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗــﻴﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى‪ ،‬ﺗــﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪﺭر ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‬

‫ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻃـﻴﻒ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻉع ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ¬ـﻴﺮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﺒـ¬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺣﻮﻝل‬ ‫‪Roe v. Wade‬‬

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‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﺘﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ، ¥‬ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻓـﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻢ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻘـﺎﻳﺪ ﻳ«ـﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻮﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺘـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩدﻻﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺷﻔﺎﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ¬ﺮﻯى ﺷﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻪ ﻣﺰﺍاﻳﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﻮﻳﺎﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻢ ﻣﺪﻋﺎ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺣﺎﻛ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺨــﺼ‪ ،¥‬ﻧﻴــﺮﻭوﻳﻰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤــﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨـﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩدﻫﻪ ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺷﺨﺼ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨــﯩﻒ ﻭو ﻣــﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕت ﻭو ﺳﻴــﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺗﺒــﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪.(Minkenberg 2003, 205‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺭرﻭوﻧﺪ ﺭرﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‌ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺗﺮ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻯى ﺭرﻗﺎﺑﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﺷﺪﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ‪،¥‬‬

‫ﺳﻄ¨ ﺩدﻳﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻨﻔـﺴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪،‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴـﻤﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺑﺘـﻜﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﻨـﻤﻮﺩد ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﺶ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻮﺍاﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄ¨ ﺩدﻳﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺰﺩد ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻗﻮﻯى ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﺮ ﻻﻳﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﺗـﺮﻓﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺫذﻳﻨـﻔ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑـﻄﻮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕﻠـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺒﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻄﺤ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳـﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴـﺴﺎ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺫذﻳﻨـﻔ‪ ª‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑـﻄﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻋـﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻓﻀﺎﻯى‌ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻤ«ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﺑﺨـﺸﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪2003, 209–10‬‬

‫‪ .(Minkenberg‬ﻭوﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه‬

‫ﻧــﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺟــﻬﺖ ﮔــﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ ﺣــ«ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻭو ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺋـﻴﺲ ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭر ﺟﻮﺭرﺝج ﺑﻮﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد‬ ‫ﻓـﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺩدﻗـﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺻ‪ ،¥‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻓـﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭو ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻓــﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭرﺝج ﺑﻮﺵش ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺻﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻓﺘﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﺥخ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه ﻣﻮﺍاﻧ‪ ª‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﻛﻤ«ﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺘـﻜﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺁآﻣﺮﻳ«ﺎﻳﻴـﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﺍاﻝل ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ)–‪Churchill 2002, 844‬‬

‫‪ .(45‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﻘﻮﻟﻪ "ﺩدﻳﻦ" ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺘـﻜﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩد ﺗﺤﺖ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﻳـﻴﺲ ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺷﺨـﺼ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻬـﺮﺳﺖ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺛـﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺣـﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻭو ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ‌ﺧﺎﺹص ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﻨﺎﺭر ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪ .(Brock 2002, 856, vol. 70‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺫذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟﯩ«ﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل‬

‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻬﺎ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻓـﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﺒ¬ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴﺶ‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﺍا ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕت ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺧﺘﺮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣـﻨ‪ ª‬ﻣﯩ«ـﻨﺪ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻣـﻨ‪ ª‬ﻣﯩ«ـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺍاﻭوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻓﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟـﻌﺎﺩدﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻳ«ﺴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻣ«ﺎﻥن ﻫﻮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻗﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ‌ﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻭو ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩدﺍا ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺰﺩد ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻳﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻳ«ﺴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺘﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺋﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﭘﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺿﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻘـﻴﺾ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺘﻦ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻓـﺮﺿﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻰ ﻭو ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد)‪2004, 6, vol. 42‬‬

‫‪ .(Freedman‬ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﮋﺍاﺩدﭘـﺮﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺗﺒﻌـﻴﺾ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻏــﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺧﺎﺭرﺟــﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧــﺴﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏب ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻧﻜﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻗﺎﻻ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ)‪ .(Freedman 2004, 8, vol. 42‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻬـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﻴﺰﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘـﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪‌¥‬ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣﯩ«ـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗـﻀﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼـ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣـ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه‬

‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻣــﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺗــﻮﺳﻞ ﺟــﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﻮﻳﺘــﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻃﺮﺩد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ ﺗﺨـﻄ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺩد ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻭو‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺗﺾ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‪ ¥‬ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺧﻮﺩد ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻧـﻘﺾ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒـﺘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺬﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭو‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ .¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧﯩ«ﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺱس ﻋﻤﻮﻡم ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى‌ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻭو ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺧـﻄﻮﻁط ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻣﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﺒﻮﻟ‪ ‌¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺿﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻨﻀﺒﻂ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ )ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ( ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻓــﻀﺎﻯى ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻓــﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻳ«ــﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺧــﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ¬ﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺷﺘﺮﺍاﻙك ﻣﺴﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻴــﺼﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣــﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣــﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ :‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺧــﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﻣــﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ⁃‑‐ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ª‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻫﻤ¬ﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻓﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻥن ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺷ«ﻮﻓﺎ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ª‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻥن ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﻳـﺼ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﻭو‬

‫ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤ«ﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﻳ«ﺴﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺩدﺭرﺟﻪ ﻻ ﺯزﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺛـﺒﺎﺕت‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺘﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﻭو ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺁآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺪﻡم ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ª‬ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﯩـ¬ﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻭو ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺍاﻟﺘﺰﺍاﻡم ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺨـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﺘﺰﺍاﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ«ﻴﻞ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕـﺮﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺍاﻋﺘـﺮﺍاﺿﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺗـﺮﺩدﻳﺪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤـ«ﻦ‬

‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺣ«ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿ‪ª‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴـﻬﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﻧ‪ ª‬ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻳ«ـﺴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧ‪ ª‬ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻀﻤﻮﻥن‬

‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭو ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺣﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻓـﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺨــﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧ‪ ª‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ‌¥‬ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈــﻴﻢ ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴــﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﻋﻨــﺼﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻠﺖ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻠـ«ﺮﺩد ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩد ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﻬـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻣ¬ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر )ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن( ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﺪ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛ ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻯى‌ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻃﻠـﺒﺪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺷ«ـﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬ ‫"ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪".(Asad 1999, 192‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺠﺮﺍا ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﯩ«ﻨـﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻳـ«‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ‬

‫ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫﯩﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﻓـﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺰﺍاﻧــﻨﺪﻩه ﻣــﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤــﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻳﺎﻟ«ﺘـﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﺑـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣـﺠﺰﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻳ«ﻪ ﻫـﺎﺭرﻭوﻟﺪ ﺑـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﯩ¬ـﻮﻳﺪ "ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو‬

‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠـﺴﻔﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻫﻢ ﻛـﻤﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣـ¬ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴـﻘﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺍاﻻ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ –ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺴﺘ‪‌¥‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻭو ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﻋﻘﻼﻧ‪‌¥‬ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ⁃‑‐ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺭرﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪73‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد)‪Berman‬‬

‫‪ ".(1974,‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﻣﻌـﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑــﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺗــﺸﺮﻳﻚ ﻣــﺴﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺩدﺭرﺭرﻭوﻳﻰ)‪.(An-Nàim 2005, vol. 1‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻇﻬﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺯزﺍاﻳﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻃﺮﺩد ﻗﻄﻌ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣـﺮﺍاﺟ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﻳـ«ﺮﺩد ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺟـﻨﺎﺡح ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻳ«ـﺴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻳـ«ﺪﻳ¬ﺮ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴ«‪ ¥‬ﻛﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺑﺎ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ "ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺠﺎﻯى‌ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻰ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺍاﻛﻨﺪﮔ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﺩدﭼﺎﺭر ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬

‫ﻣﺒﺤﺜﺎﺕت ﻣﺘﺪﺍاﻭوﻡم ﻭو ﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ )‪ ". (Keddie 2003, vol. 3‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮﻯى ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘ‪ ،¥‬ﻣﺒـﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺗـﻄﺒﻴﻘ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺑﺸﺮﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻳـﺒﺎﻥن ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣـﻮﻗﻒ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ‌ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ .¥‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﻪ‬

‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺯزﻳﺎﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻣ«ﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‌ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ‌ﯨــﺨﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﻳﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣـ«ﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﻭوﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻯى ﻛﻨﻮﻧ‪ .¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺁآﺷﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﺑـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﻦ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ‌ﯨ«ﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﻮﺍاﺟﻪ‬

‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ«ﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﻧﺎﺏب ﻭو‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺒﺎﺗ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﻄـﻠﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻻ ﺳـﻚ⁃‑‐ﻟﻮﺭرﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﮔﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‬

‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻭوﺟﻮﻩه ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤـ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‌ﺩدﻳﻨ‪‌¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬

‫ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﺣـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺗﺮ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‌ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣـﺸ«ﻼﺗ‪‌¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ⁃‑‐ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﻭو‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﮔﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻣ«ﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻮﺩدﻣﻨﺪ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬﺘﻬﺖ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻯى‬

‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟـﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﻧﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻣﺘـﺤﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻓﺮﺍاﻧـﺴﻪ ﺭرﻭوﻳ«ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺣﻞ ﻭو‬

‫ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو‬

‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻗ‪‌¥‬ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﺘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺳ«ﻮﻻﺭر‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﻭو ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻯى‌ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺯزﻋﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟـﺒﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺫذﻭوﻥن؟ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺒﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺍاﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣــﺜﺎﻝل ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘــﺸ«ﻞ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻨ‪ ،¥‬ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ؟ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس‬

‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﻌﻠـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪‌¥‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍا ﻭو ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‌ﯨ«ﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺧﺼـﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻳﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬

‫ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﭘـﺮﺩدﺍاﺧﺖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻓــﺮﺍاﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﻭو ﺗﺒﻌــﻴﺾ ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗــﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛــﻨﺪ؟ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨــﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻫﻴﭽــ¬ﺎﻩه ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧــﻨﺪ ﺁآﻧــﻘﺪﺭر ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻧـﻈﺎﺭرﺗ‪‌¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ؟ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺳﻨﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻘـﺸ‪ ¥‬ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ‪¥‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻣ«ﺎﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍاﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ‪ ¥‬ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪‌¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺪﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‌ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬

‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺗــﺼﻮﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧﺒــﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺻﺮﻓﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭼﻪ ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻛﺎﺭرﻣﻨﺪﺍاﻥن‬

‫ﻭو ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ، ¥‬ﺣــﻔﻆ ﻣــﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﻭو ﻣﺎﻟــﻴﺎﻥن ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩه ﺑ¬ﻴﺮﺩد؟ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه‬

‫ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭرﻧــﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓــﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪، ¥‬‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧــﻴﺎﻥن ﻣــﻘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻋﻈﻴــﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺧــ‪‌¥‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺤﺮﻙك ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺣـ«ﻮﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﻗ ‪‌¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻀﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻭو ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ، ¥‬ﻭو ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭو ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻗﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻘﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭرﺽض ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‬

‫ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ‪ ،¥‬ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ،¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳــ¬ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀ‪ ¥‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺫذﺍاﺗ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ‪ ،‬ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯز ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤ«ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺭرﺳﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺮﻗﺪﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻏﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺧﻮﺏب ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻤ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏب ﻛﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨﺎﺡح ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل‪ ،‬ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¥‬ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺩدﻳ¬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺑـﺮﺧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪‌¥‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺷ«ﻞ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ¬ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ‪ ‌¥‬ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺫذﻭوﻥن ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻏﻨ‪‌¥‬ﻭو ﺧﻮﺏب ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧـﻤ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻫﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭرﻭوﻳ«ﺮﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺩدﺍاﺋﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﻧﺎﺷ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣ«ﺎﻧﻴـﺴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟـﺎ‌ﯨﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺣـﻠ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو‬

‫ﻗﻄــﻌ‪ ¥‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓــﺼﻞ ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑــﺘﺪﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗــﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﻯى ﻗﻄـﻌ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺑﻰ‌ﻃـﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳـﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬

‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ 2‬ﺷﺮﺡح‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛــﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺮﺗــﺒﻂ ﺗﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﺗﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ‪ ¥‬ﻫﺮ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺐ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻧـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺿ‪ ¥‬ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺗﻨـﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺗـﻀﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺣﺘـﻤ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﻟـﻮﻗﻮﻉع ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻃﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨــﻬﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻧــﻨﺪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑــﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﺩدﻳــﻨ‪ ¥‬ﻛﺎﻓ‪¥‬‬

‫ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ‪ ¥‬ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ‪¥‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ‪ ¥‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻧ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﻧـﻴﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﻭو ﻣﺠﺮﻯى‌ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن‬

‫ﻧﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻭو ﺛـﺒﺎﺗ‪ ¥‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻣـﯩﺂﻭوﺭرﺩد ﭘـﺪﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ª‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﺩدﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺷ«ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀ‪¥‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻠ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺭرﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧﺎﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺰﻳـﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗـﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﭼـﻨﺪ ﻭوﺟـﻬ‪ ¥‬ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺑﺮﻭوﻡم‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﺪﻑف ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻭو ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¨ ﻧﻈﺮﻯى ﻭو‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¨ ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ،¥‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺣﻞ ﻭو ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﺮﻭوﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ‪ ¥‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭼ¬ﻮﻧﮕﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم‬

‫ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ ª‬ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ¥‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ .6‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ‪ :‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺗ‪ T‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻭو ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺻﻠ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺴﺎﻡم ﺻﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ« ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻣ« ﻭو ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﺍاﺷ‪³‬ﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺗـﻨﻮﻉع ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺘ« ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ« ﻛﻪ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﻧـﻈﺎﻣ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕـﺮﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡم ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨـﺸ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽض‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘـﺪﻳﺪﻩه ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺋﻤ« ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺷ‪³‬ﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺻﻮﺭر ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗـﻌ« ﻭو ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷ« ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩد ﻭو ﮔﻔﺘﮕـﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺗـﻨﻮﻉع ﺍاﺧﺘﻼﻓـﻬﺎ ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗ‪ °‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺧﺼﻴـﺼﻪ ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ« ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭو ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺬﻑف ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘـﮕﻮ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺣـﻴﺎﺗ« ﻋـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑـﺸﺮﻯى‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪‌،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴــﺴﻢ ﭘــﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﻣﻌــﺘﺒﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤــﻘﻖ ﺑﺨــﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤــ‪³‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﻧــﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭو ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﺑﺮﺳﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭرﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻭو ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷ‪³‬ﺴﺘ« ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣ‪³‬ﺎﻥن ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍا ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﭼﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر‌ﻯى ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺘﻜﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ °‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍاﻓـﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟـﺰﻳﺮﻩه ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻣـ‪³‬ﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﻟـ´ﻮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ⁃‑‐ﻣـﻠﺖ" ﭼﺎﻟـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻟ´ﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻤ´ﻮﻧ« ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻧ« ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﺗﻔﺎﻕق ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ« ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻤﻴﺺ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﻫﻤـ´ﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1920‬ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ "ﺍاﺧﺘﺮﺍاﻉع" ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ ‪ 17000‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮﻩه ﺍاﺗـﺤﺎﺩد ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ "ﻣﻠﺖ" ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺘﻼﻳﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥن ‪ 3000‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮﻩه )ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺟﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻋﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪³‬ﻨﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﻮﻣ«‬ ‫ﻭو ﻧﮋﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﺤﺘﻠﻔ« ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧ« ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﻦ ﺩدﻳﻨ«‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺘـﻨﻮﻋ« ﺗﻌـﻠﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺖ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻫﻨـﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻭوﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﮔـﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ :‬ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺮﺑـﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺷﻤﺎﻟ« ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻫـﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﻭوﺍاﻋــﻈﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺑﺎﺏب ﺗـﺼﻮﻑف ﺑﺪﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ .(Azra 2004, 2-19‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍاﺿ‪ °‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗ« ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﻭو ﺳﻄﺤ« ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻫﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﻥن ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻭو ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﻌﺪﺗﺮ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻥن ‪ 18‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 19‬ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻛﻨــﻨﺪ)‪ .(Mudzhar 2003, 4-9‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭوﻟ« ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺣ‪³‬ﻤـﺮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻭوﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻃﺮﻑف ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﻋﻤـﻴﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى‌ﺩدﻧـﻴﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺮﺏب ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻀﺮﺍاﻟﻤﻮﺕت ﻭو ﻳﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﻤ´ﻮﻥن ﻭو ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻣ‪³‬ﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻭو ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﺳﻨﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ« ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﮕ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺍاﺣ« ﺳﺎﺣﻠ« ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﺳﺎﺣﻠ« ﻭو ﺍاﻟـ´ﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ« ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻭوﻃـﻨ« ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻮﺍاﺣ« ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ« ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﻛـﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﺯزﻯى ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑـﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ‪ 14‬ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥن ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻫـﻨـﺪﻭو‪/‬ﺑﻮﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﺟـﺎﭘﺎﻫﻴﺖ ‪ ،Majapahit‬ﺳﺮﻳﻮﻳﺠﺎﻳﺎ ‪ ،Sriwijaya‬ﻭو ﺳﻮﻧﺪﺍا‬ ‫‪ Sunda‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف ﻭو ﭘـــﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺘـــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺎﻧـــﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآ ﻛﻪ ‪Aceh‬‬

‫‪ ،Darussalam‬ﻣﻠــ‪³‬ﻪ ‪ ،Malaka‬ﺩدﻣﻚ ‪ ،Demak‬ﺳﻴﺮﺑﻮﻥن ‪ ،Cirebon‬ﻭو ﺗــﺮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ‪ Ternate‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﺩدﺧﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪ .(Azra 2002, 18-19‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺑﻄﻴﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻋﻈﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﺠﻤ‪ °‬ﺍاﻟﺠﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻧﹸُﻪ ﻭوﻟ« ﺻﻮﻓ« ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣــﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫــﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺤــﺼﺎﺭرﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻫﺎﻯى ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺑﺰﻧــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر‌ﯨﺎﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻋـﻈﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺵش ﻣﯩـﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺎﻓﻮﻕق ﻃﺒﻴﻌ«‬

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‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺟﺬﺏب ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ)‪ .(Azra, 2002, 21‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﺮﺟﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻧـﻴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺥخ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪" ،‬ﺗـﺼﻔﻴﻪ" ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ "ﺧـﺮﺍاﻓ« ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«" ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻉع‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى "ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﮔﺮﺍا" ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﭘﺪﺭرﻯى ‪ Padri‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻗﺮﻥن ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻼﻡم ﻭوﻫﺎﺑﻰ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺣﻨﺒـﻠ« ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮﺍا ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﻣﺤـﻤﺪﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪1912‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ)‪.(Mudzhar 2003, 10-14‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ« ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭو ﭘﺮﺍاﻛﻨﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺜﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻣﺎﻥن ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺩدﺳﺖ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤ‪ °‬ﺍاﻟﺠﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﺳﻨﺘ« ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ« ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ« ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍا ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻰ ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻛﺮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ«‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝل ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻨﺪﻯى ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﺩد ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺍاﻕق‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭو ﺁآﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻯى ﺷﻤﺎﻟ« ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣﯩﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭرﺑﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﻭو ﭼﺎﺭرﻩه ﺟﻮﻳﻰ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻣﯩـﻴﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى "ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«" ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ« ﻫﻤﺒـﺴﺘﮕ« ﻧـﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐـﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﮔﻔـﺘﻪ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻈﺎﻣـﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ« ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‌ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣﯩـﺸﺪﻧﺪ ‪ .(Lukito 1998, 27-49; Lukito 2003‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌــﻘﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻣﺮﻩه ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻧﻬــﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ«⁃‑‐ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ‪ ،‬ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻳﻚ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻤ«‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡم ﻭو ﻛﺎﻓ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻣﻤـ‪³‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﺩدﻗـﻴﻖ ﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ«‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻮﻳﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘ« ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘـﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺹص ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ ﺑـﻨﺪﻯى‌ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﻪ ﺭرﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻫﻤـ´ﻮﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﻳ‪³‬ـﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻓـﺎﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ«‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺻﻼ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺑﺮﺧ«‌ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﻮﻣ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺳﻨﺘ« ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗـﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸ« ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﭘﻴﺮﺍاﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭوﻫﺎﺑﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ـﺮﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻧ«‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋ« ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻝل ﻣﻤـ‪³‬ﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩه ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌـﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻛﺜﺮﺕت ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻡم‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ« ﻭو ﺑﻴﺮﻭوﻧ«‌ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﻢ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﺷ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣ«‪ ،‬ﺯزﺑﺎﻧ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭼ´ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴـﺨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺧـﻨﺜ« ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﺎﻛﺎﻣ« ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺩدﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻓﻌﺎﻟ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣﯩﺪﻫﻢ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﺮﺽض‬ ‫ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻋﻤﻠ« ﻭو ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻫﻤ´ﻮﻧ« ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋ« ﺍاﻟ´ﻮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ⁃‑‐ﻣﻠﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺤ‪³‬ﻴﻢ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻭو ﻫﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻮﻝل ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺁآﺗ« ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻛﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻓﺮﺍاﮔـﻴﺮ ﻭو ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ« ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺗـﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻢ ﻣ« ﺗﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﺪﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺧﻄﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺧﻄﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺁآﺗ« ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﻭو ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻛﻠ« ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ« ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ«‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣﯩﺪﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻮﻧ« ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﯩﺴﺎﺯزﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭوﻫﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﻗـﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ«‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈـﺮﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻛـﻠ« ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﯩﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭر‌ﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺜـﺒﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺑﯩﻄﺮﻑف ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ«‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣـﺤﺘﺮﻡم ﻣﯩـﺸﻤﺎﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﯩﻨﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻼﻳﻢ ﻭو ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻫﺪﻑف ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻘﺪﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯩـﺸﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑــﺤﺚ ﻧــﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑ´ﻮﻳﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻧﻤﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻛﺮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺘ« ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧ« ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻴﺎﺳ«‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ« ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﻥن ﻧﻮﺯزﺩدﻫﻢ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺩدﺭرﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺣﺘ« ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫـﺴﺘ« ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1920‬ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘ« ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ "ﻣـﻠ«" ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻫﻦ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻴﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻟ´ﻮﻫﺎﻯى ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ« ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ« ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﮕ« ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣـﺮﺍاﺣﻞ ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺭر ‪ 17‬ﺁآ ﮔـﻮﺳﺖ ‪ 1945‬ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﻮﺩدﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣـﻠ« ﻭو ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﻧـﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺁآﻥن "ﻟﺤـﻈﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد" ﺗﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﻥن ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻟﺴﺎﻻﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻏﺮﺏب ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ‪ 1948‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ،1962‬ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ« ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻨﻮﺏب ﺳﻮﻻ ﻭوﺳ« ‪ Sulawesi‬ﻭو ﺁآ ﻛـﻬﻪ ‪ Acehe‬ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺑﺎﺕت ‪ 1955‬ﺗـﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﻭوﻻ ﻳﺘ« ‪ ،1950‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠـﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﻝل ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ‪ Pancasila‬ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻡم ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺭرﻳﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ‪ 5‬ﺟﻮﻻﻯى ‪ 1959‬ﻣﺠـﻠﺲ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨـﺤﻞ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ‪ 1945‬ﺑﺎﺯزﮔـﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰﻩه‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ‪ 1945‬ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭر ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﺼﺐ ﻣﺒـﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد)‪ .(Mudzhar 2003, 18, note 28‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗ« ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻦ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻭوﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﻧﻤﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻴﺮﻩه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺳﻪ ﺩدﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩدﻳ‪³‬ﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭرﻯى ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻮﺍاﻯى "ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه" ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜــﺘﻪ ﺩدﻳــ´ﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨــﺠﺎ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﭘــﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻘــﻘﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ Hasbi Ash Shiddiqy‬ﻭو ‪ Hazairin‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1976‬ﻭوﻓﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﺪﻗ« ﻣﻔــﻬﻮﻡم "ﻓــﻘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ" ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1940‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺒ´ﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻬ« ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻭوﯨﻨﻨﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻮﺿ‪ °‬ﻓﻜﺮ‌ﯨﺨﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺳﻪ‬

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‫ﺩدﻫﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﻘﻪ ﺳﻨﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺣﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺴﺎﺏب ﻧﻤـﯩﺂﻭوﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻣـﻴﺪ ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻭو ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰ‌ﯨ‪³‬ﻪ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﺎﺹص ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1951‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﻭوﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺴ« ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺧـﺼﺎﻳﺺ ﻭوﻳﮋﻩه ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﭘـﺎﺳﺨ´ﻮﻯى ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺘﻜـ«‌ﺑﺮ ﺫذﻫﺐ ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺷﺎﻓ‪ °‬ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋـﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁط ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻧﻮﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺷﺎﻓﻌ« ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺷﻴﺪﻗ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺣ‪³‬ﺎﻡم ﻣﺬﺍاﻫﺐ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻮﺿ‪ °‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘ« ﻭو ﻭوﺍاﺑﺴﺘﮕ« ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻭو ﺁآﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ«‌ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« )‪ ،(1989‬ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺭرﻳـﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻤـﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1991‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛـﻠ«‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﯩـﺮﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼ ﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﮔﻔﺘـﮕﻮ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺟـﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻔ‪°‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺷ‪³‬ـﺴﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ‌ﻛـﻨﺪ)‪ .(Lukito 2003; Lukito 1998‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﻳﺎ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ« ﻣﺮﺩدﻭوﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍاﻣﻠ« ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳـﻘ« ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘ«‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘ« ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻧـﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻤ‪ °‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ‪Undang-Undang Peradilan Agama (UU No. 7,‬‬

‫‪ ،(1989‬ﻣـﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕت ﺑﺎﻧﻜ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻜـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣﺎﻟﺰﻯى ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺸ‪³‬ﻮﻙك‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻣﻨـﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬ ‫‪ 1945‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭرﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻣﯩﺪﻳـﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺗﻨﺰﻝل ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﭼﺎﺭر ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1998‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻘﺶ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﻣﺤﺘﻠﻔ« ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ«‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝل ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ«‌ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻓـﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ« ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﺍاﺯزﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﯼی ﻧـﺸﺮﻭو‬

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‫ﺗﺮﻭوﯾﺞ ﺍاﻓﮑﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯼی )‪ DDII) ,‬ﻫﯿﺎﺕت ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕ‪ ª‬ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ (KISDI),‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠـﺎﻫﺪﯾﻦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯼی ‪ (MMI) ,‬ﺟﺒـﻬﻪ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ) , FPI ( ª‬ﻟـﺸ‪³‬ﺮﺟﻬﺎﺩد)‪ , (LS‬ﺣﺰﺏب‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﺮﯾﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪(HTI) ª‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸ« ﺑﺮﺍا ﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ,‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻧﻬـﻀﺖ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﯼی ﻣﺤـﻤﺪﯼی ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺷﺒ‪³‬ﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻟـﯿﺒﺮﺍاﻝل )‬ ‫‪ , (JIL‬ﺑﻨـﯿﺎﺩد ﭘﺎﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪﯾﻨﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮﺍاﻥن‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺣﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠ« ‪DPR‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1999‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔ« ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﻓﺰﻭوﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ® ﻣﺤﻠ« ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻠ« ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى‌ﺗﻮﺟﻬ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺗ«‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺸ‪³‬ﻮﻙك ﺟﻠﻮﻩه ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩدﻯى ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻧﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤ‪³‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻭوﺩدﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡم ﻳﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ«‌ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻧــﺒﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣــﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ "ﺍاﻓــﺘﺎﺩدﻥن ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﻏﻠــﺘﻚ" ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﺁآﻣﺪﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﺗـﺮﺳﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﺎﻟـﻔﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧـﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺒـﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ :‬ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭼﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﭼﻴـﺴﺖ؟ ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺗﻼﺷ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔ« ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳـﻨ«‬ ‫ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى‌ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﭼـ´ﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ؟ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻧـﻜﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺻﻼ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻛﻨﻨﺪ؟ ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝل ﻓﺮﺍاﻳـﻨﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﯩـﺴﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻋﺪﻭوﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﺤـﺴﻮﺏب ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ ﺑﭙﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪°‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﺕت ﻣﯩﻴﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪" :‬ﻣﺎﻻﻳﺪﺭرﻙك ﻛﻠﻪ ﻻﻳﺘﺮﻙك ﻛﻠﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺧﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬

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‫ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻳﺎ ﻏـﺎﻳﺎﺕت ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺨﺘــﺼﺮ ﺷﺮﺡح ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻴﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺣــﻠﻪ ﺍاﻳــﺠﺎﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﻯى‌ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﻙك ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ،°‬ﺍاﺧﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻝل ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺟﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﻭو ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭر‌ﯨﻤﻴ‪³‬ﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﺑــﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫــﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺍاﺧﺘــﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧــﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﯩﻄﺮﻑف‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻗﻴـﻘﺎ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ« ﺑﺮ ﻃـﺒﻖ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻭو ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺑﻰ ﻃﺮﻓ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﻓﺮﺍاﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﻧﻢ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺣﺘ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏب‪ .‬ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠﻤ‪ °‬ﺍاﻟﺠﺰﺍاﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮﻭوﺯزﻩه ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﯨﻤـﻬﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﭘﻨﺠـ´ﺎﻧﻪ )ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ( ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪1945‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺗـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ‪ :‬ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﯩ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺣﺪﺍا‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻣـﺸﻮﺭرﺗ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ«‪ .‬ﺍاﺻﻞ ‪ (1)29‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ‪ 1945‬ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ".‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺻﻞ ‪ (2)29‬ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻋـﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ" ﻭوﻟ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺶ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ«‬ ‫ﻣــﺼﻮﺏب ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣــﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣﯩــﺸﻮﺩد ‪ :‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟــﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭوﺗــﺴﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺪﻭوﻳﻴــﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻳــﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺴﻴﻮﺱس)‪ .(Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia 1998, 105‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﻌ« ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺁآﻣﺎﺭر )‪ (BPS‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 2003‬ﺍاﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪177 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠــﻴﻮﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ‪ 23‬ﻣﻴﻠــﻴﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘــﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﻣﯩﺒــﺎﺷﻨﺪ)‬ ‫‪Indonesia,‬‬

‫‪Republik‬‬

‫‪Agama‬‬

‫‪Departemen‬‬

‫‪ .(http://www.depag.go.id/dt_penduduk.php, viewed 17 April 2005‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ ﺑـﻨﺪﻯى ﺁآﻣﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻘﺎﻁط ﺑﻌـﻴﺪ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ«‌ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح‬ ‫"ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ«" ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﻛﻨﻮﻧ« ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻡم ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻌﻀ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻟ´ﻮﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ "ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺟﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻭو ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﺍاﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱس ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻡم" ﺍاﺷﺘﺮﺍاﻙك ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳ‪³‬ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﺍاﻓﺘﺎﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻤ« "ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻣـﻨﺰﻭوﻯى" ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺧـﺎﺻ« ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺭرﻓﺎﻩه ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ‪ 9119570‬ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻣﺘﻌـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻠﻖ ﻣﯩـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺪﺍاﻧﺪ)‪Katcenter,.‬‬

‫‪April‬‬

‫‪19‬‬

‫‪php?level=1,‬‬

‫‪http://www.katcenter.info/pemetaan/petanasional‬‬

‫‪ .(2005‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﻣﯩﺂﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍا ﻭو ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠ« ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤﯩ´ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى ﻭوﺍاﺿ® ﻭو ﺁآﺳﺎﻥن ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﻣ«‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺩدﻳﻮ ‪ Badui‬ﺩدﺭر ﻏﺮﺏب ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﻭوﺩد ‪ 6000‬ﻋـﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫـ‪³‬ﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻦ ‪ Banten‬ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ« ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺩدﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻠ« ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻏﺮﺑﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍا )‪ (Batara Tunggal‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗ« ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧـﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻭو ﻧﻴـﺮﻭوﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﺍا ﻣﻌـﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣـﺮﺩدﻯى‌ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﻭو ﺣ‪³‬ـﻴﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﺠـﺴﻢ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣ‪³‬ﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻼﻥن ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻘﺪﺱس ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﭘﻨﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯩﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﺎﺩدﻳﻮﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻯى ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻣ‪ °‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻌﺎﺩدﺕت ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﭘﺎﺳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺑــﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﻛﻮﻩه ﻧﺒــﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻩه ﻧﺒــﺎﻳﺪ ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺨـﻄ« ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍاﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛـﻮﺗﺎﻩه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛـﻮﺗﺎﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻠـﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ "(Garna 1998, 76-77) .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻃﺮﺍاﻑف ﻛﻮﻩه ﺑﺮﻭوﻣﻮ ‪ ،Bromo‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻨﮕﺮ ‪ Tengger‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ 50000‬ﺗﻦ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﺧـﻮﻧﺪﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻑف ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺷﻴﻮﺍاﭘـﺮﺳﺘ« ﻗﻠـﻤﺮﻭو ﻫـﻨﺪﻭو ﻣﺎﺟﺎﭘـﻬﺎﺗ« ‪ Majapahit‬ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﺣـﻔﻆ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ‌ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭوﻋﺪﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﺬﺍاﻳﻰ ﺁآﻳﻴﻨ« ﺩدﺭر ﻗﻠﻪ ﻛﻮﻩه ﺑﺮﻭوﻣﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻡم‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻏﺬﺍا ﻭو ﺣﻴﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧ« ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺁآﺗﺸﻔﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد)‪Hefner 1998,‬‬

‫‪ .(78‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺎﻟ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻨﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳ‪ «³‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺪﻭوﻳﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻤﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺎﻟ« ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪.(Hefner 1989, 265-266‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑـﺎﺗﺎﻙك ﺗـﻮﺑﺎ ‪ Batak Toba‬ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮﺍا‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭوﺩد ‪ 6000‬ﺗﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﭘـﺎﺭرﻣﺎﻟﻴﻤ«‬ ‫‪ Parmalim‬ﻳ‪ ‌«³‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍا ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳﻚ ﺿﻴﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻥن ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻭو‪ .‬ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﭘـﺎﺭرﻣﺎﻟﻴﻢ‪‌،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ«‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺣـﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﺭرﺧﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻨﺪﻥن ﻫﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺧﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺟﺰﻳﺮﻩه‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺒﺮﻭوﺕت ‪ ،Siberut‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠـﻤ‪ °‬ﺍاﻟﺠـﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ﻣﻨـﺘﺎﻭوﻯى ‪ ، Mentawai‬ﺩدﺭر ﻏﺮﺏب ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮﺍا‪ ،‬ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ«‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨ« ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ )ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﮔﻴــﺎﻫﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺷﻴﺎ( ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣــﻮﺟﻮﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻏــﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧــﺴﺎﻧ« ﺷﺮﻛﺎﻯى‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ´ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺭرﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻟ«‌ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ« ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻥن ﻫـﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ« ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫذﻭوﻥن ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻋﺪﻡم ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺷﻴﺎﺀء ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺭرﺍاﻧﺪ)‪Schefold‬‬

‫‪ .(1998, 72‬ﺩدﺍاﻳﺎﻙك ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﻧــﺘﺎﻥن ‪ ، Dayak of Kalimantan‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻗﻮﻣ« ﺑــﺰﺭرﮔ« ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﻭوﺩد‬ ‫‪ 600000‬ﻋﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ 45‬ﺯزﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻗﻮﻣ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻠ«‌ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﻧﺘﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺟـﺰﻳﺮﻩه ﺑﺰﺭرﮒگ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﭘﺮﺍاﻛـﻨﺪﻩه ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﭙـﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻔ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﻋـﻬﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ ‪ :‬ﺧﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻭوﺍاﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎﻥن ﺯزﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻧﺎ ‪ Wana‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﻻﻭوﺳ« ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ‪ Central Sulawesi‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﺍاﺷ‪³‬ﺎﻝل ﻛﻬﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳـﻨﻚ ﺭرﺳﻤ«‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺗـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﺮﺑﻰ ﻧﻤـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﻋﻴﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ«‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻧﺎﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧــﻘﺎﻁط ﺩدﻳــ´ﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭرﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻮﺍاﺣ« ﺩدﺍاﺧــﻠ«‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ«‌ﻣ« ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺎﻧﺖ ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ« ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣـﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻧﻮﺍاﺣ« ﺳﺎﺣﻠ« ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻧﺎ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻣﻤﻨـﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻏﺬﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺍاﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱس ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻥن ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﻦ ﻛـﻬﻦ ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ)‬

‫‪.(Atkinson 1998, 88-89‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧ« ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﻮﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﻣﺒﺎ ‪ ، Sumba‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﺨﺮﻩه ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺷﺮﻗ«‪ ،‬ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ«‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﺷﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ‪ 500000‬ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟ‪ ±‬ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﺴﻴﺨﻴﺖ ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﻭوﺍاﺡح ﻣـﺮﺩدﮔﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣ‪³‬ﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس‪ ،‬ﺍاﺷﻴﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﻗ« ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺮﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻐﺎﺛﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻐﻤﺎﺗ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺻﺪﺍاﻯى ﻃﺒﻠ« ﻳ‪³‬ﻨﻮﺍاﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ« ﺑﻪ "ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ" ﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺪﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻟ« ﻣﻘﺎﻡم ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤﯩ´ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻳ‪³‬ـﺴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﺳﻂ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗـﻘﺮﺏب ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ´ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺯز ﻭو‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻯى )ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺳﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺩدﻯى ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑـﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﻌـﺎﺑﺪ( ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭو‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪ «³‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻭو ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﻯى ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻔﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﻟ«‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺪﺍاﻗﺒﺎﻟ« ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻣـﯩﺮﻭوﺩد ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺨـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ)‪Hoskins‬‬

‫‪.(1998, 90‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻤﺖ ‪ ،Asmat‬ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻗﻮﻣ« ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﻭوﺩد ‪ 65000‬ﻋﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﭘﻮﺁآ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﺮﻕق ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‬ ‫ﺯزﻧﺪﮔ« ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧـﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣﺮﮒگ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻧـﺎﺷﺪﻧ« ﺑﺎ ﻳـ‪³‬ﺪﻳ´ﺮ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﯩﭙﺬﻳـﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻤﻪ ﻣﯩﻤﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻋـﻠﺘ«‬

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‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻠﺖ ﻛـﻬﻮﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴـﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻳﺎ ﺗـﺼﺎﺩدﻑف ﺑﻤـﻴﺮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺭرﺍاﻙك‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺩدﺷﻤﻦ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﻓﺮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍاﻃﺒﻴﻌ« ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑـﻄﻮﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺘﺎ ﻣﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﻭوﺍاﺡح‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺪﺍاﻗﺒﺎﻟ« ﺯزﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻣـ´ﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﻡم ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺧـﺼﻮﻣﺘ« ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩد)‪ .(Jay 1998, 96-97‬ﺍاﻳﻨـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺻﻠ® ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻣﻌ« ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒﺎﻁط ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬

‫ﯨﺒﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼ´ﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﻭو ﻣﻨﺎﻓ‪°‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺎﺻﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭو ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ´ﺮﻯى ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻣﺶ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﻭو ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﻠ® ﻭو ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ«‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ« ﺍاﻭوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺧﻮﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻣﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠ« ﺑﯩﻄﺮﻑف ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻛﺴﺎﻧ«‌ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﻋﻼ ﻳﻖ ﻭو ﺳﻼﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ« ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑـﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧـﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺧـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﻨﺎﺭرﻳﻮﻳﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ¬ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﻮﭘـﻴﺪﺍا ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻤﯩـﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸ‪³‬ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟ« ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽض ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍا‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳ‪‌«³‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻨ‪ -‬ﺍاﺻﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﻣﺠﻤ‪ °‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻣ« ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى )‪No. IV/MPR/1978Tap MPR‬‬

‫‪ (RI‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻓـﺮﻣﺎﻥن ‪ MPR No.I/MPR/2003‬ﺟﺎﻳ´ﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻴـﻀ« ﻫﻤﭽـﻨﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﯩﺮﻭوﺩد‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺗـﺒﺎﻉع ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻠـ‪³‬ﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪°‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺳـﺮﺳ« ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش )ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﭘﺮﻭوﺭرﺵش ﻣـﻠ« ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ«(‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ 246‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﻣﻨـﺤﻞ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻧـﺪﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉع ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭرﻭوﻫﻮﻥن ‪ Karuhun‬ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻛﻴﻞ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻏﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1982‬ﻣﻤـﻨﻮﻉع ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ« ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟـﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭرﻭوﻫﻮﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ‪) PACKU‬ﺍاﻧﺠـﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻛﺎﺭرﻭوﻫـﻮﻥن(ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ« ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﻧﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺗـﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ«‬

‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو‬

‫ﻧﻪ ﻫــــــــــــﻴﭻ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳــــــــــــ´ﺮﻯى )‬

‫‪http://www.kebudayaan.depdiknas.go.id/BudayaOnline/SeniBudaya/WholeFra‬‬

‫‪.(me.htm, 14 April 2004‬‬

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‫ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺟﺪﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻳـ‪ «³‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺝج ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺎﺭرﺕت ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣـﻠ« )‪،(KTP‬‬ ‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥن ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻭو ﻣﺮﮒگ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ« ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﻃﺒﻖ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ« ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻓﺘﺮ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻣﺮﺍاﺟﻌﻪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻓﺘﺮ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣﺪﻧ« ﻣﺮﺍاﺟﻌﻪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ« ﻭو ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج ﻭوﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺑﻰ ﻭوﻯى ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗـﻀﺎﻭوﺕت ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻣﻤـ‪³‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻭو ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳـ‪ «³‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ«‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻣﯩﺨـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﻫﻨﺪﻭوﻳﻴـﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻛـﺎﻫﺎﺭرﻳﻨﮕﻮﻥن ‪Kaharingan‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺟﻮ ‪ Ngaju‬ﺩدﺭر ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﻧــﺘﺎﻥن ‪ ،Kalimantan‬ﺁآﻟﻮﻛــﺘﺎﻯى ‪ Alukta‬ﺗــﻮﺭرﺍاﺟﺎ ‪) Toraja‬ﺳﻮﻻ ﻭوﺳ«‬ ‫‪ ،(Sulawesi‬ﭘﻠﺒ´ﻮﻯى ‪ Pelbegu‬ﺑﺘﻚ ‪ Batak‬ﻭو ﺗﻮﺍاﻧ« ‪ Towani‬ﺑﻮﮔﻴﺲ ‪ Bugis‬ﺻﺎﺩدﻕق ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥن ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ« ﻭو ﭘﻴﺸ´ﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ‪) BAKOR PAKEM‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻫـﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻓﺮﻕق ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ( ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺳﺮﭘـﺮﺳﺘ« ﺩدﻓﺘﺮ ﻭوﻛـﻴﻞ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪UU‬‬

‫‪(Law) No. 5 Tahun of 1982 (Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia 1998,‬‬

‫‪ .(110-112‬ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‪ BAKOR ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﻓﺮﻕق‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ‪ °‬ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻨ‪ °‬ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ‪ BAKOR‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰﻯى ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﺣﻤﺪﻳﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻛﺸﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨﺤﻂ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﻞ ﺩدﻋﺎﻭوﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1989‬ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉع ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉع ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ‪Aqsha‬‬

‫‪ .(1995, 443-464‬ﭘــﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤــﻠ« ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻌﺮﺽض ﻣــﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﺍاﺕت ﻣﻴــﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻴﺤ« ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻨـﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪1930‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻑف ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﯼی‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﯼی‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻨﺘ« ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ‌ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﻨﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓــﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻫــﻨﺪﻭوﻳﻰ ﻣﺤﻠــ«‌ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻫــﻨﺪﻭوﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭرﻳﺴﺎﺩدﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺩدﺭرﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻴﺤ« ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺱس‬ ‫‪ ،Nias‬ﺑــﺘﻚ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻟــ‪³‬ﺎ ‪ Batak Angkola‬ﻭو ﺗــﻮﺑﺎ ‪ Toba‬ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻤﺎﻝل ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﺪﺍاﻥن ‪Sa’dan‬‬ ‫ﺗــﺮﺍاﺟﺎ ‪ Toraja‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟــﻨﻮﺏب ﺳﻮﻻ ﻭوﺳ« ‪ Sulawesi‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺩدﻫــﻨﺪ )‪Hefner 1989,‬‬

‫‪.(247-265‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃ«‬

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‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠ« ﻭو ﺻﻠ® ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺳـﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﺟـﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻲ ﺷﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺗﻄﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ)‪ .(Madjid 2000, 2-10‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺍاﺯز ﻗـﺴﻤﺘ« ﺑﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺍاﻃﻠﻘـﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻋﻤﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﯼی ﻣﺤﻤﺪﯼی‬ ‫ﻭو ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ« ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺗﺪﻛﺲ ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﯼی ﻣﺤﻤﺪﯼی ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ 23‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥن ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺍاﺳﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ«‌ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ 20 °‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥن ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻮﭼ‪³‬ﺘﺮ ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻻﺭرﺷﺎﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩه‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘ« ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺶ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺰﺽض ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻬﻤ« ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻳ‪ «³‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﻭوﻟ« ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝل ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻙك ‪ (Sasak (Lombok Island of West Nusa Tenggara Province‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﮔـﺮﻭوﻳﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮﻯى‌ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺁآﻧﻴﻤﻴـﺴﺘ« ﺳـﺎﺳـﺎﻙك⁃‑‐ﺑﻮﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ)‪ .(Budiwanti, 2000‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭوﺗﻮ ﺗﻠﻮ ‪Wetu Telu‬‬

‫) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻟﻠﻔﻈ« ﻳﻌﻨ« ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم( ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺸ«‬ ‫)ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻟﻴــﻤﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻛــﺘﻮ ‪ ، Lima Waktu‬ﻳﻌــﻨ« ﭘــﻨ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺗــﺒﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم( ﺗــﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪Budiwanti‬‬

‫‪ .(2000, 33‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺎﻡم ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭوﺗﻮﺗﻠﻮ ﻧﻤﺎﺯز ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺯز‬ ‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺣﺎﻟ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻴﺶ ﭘﻨ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﻯى ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻋﻘـﻴﺪﻩه ﭘـﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺗﻮﺗـﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴـﻬﺎﻥن ﺷﻨـﺎﺳ« ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻙك ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻴﻨ« ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻴﺎﺕت )ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣﺮﮒگ(‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺗ« ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻤـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺮﺩدﮔﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺯزﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺫذﻛﺎﺕت ﻣﯩﺪﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺩدﻳﻨ«‌ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻤ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ .‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺳـﺎﺳﺎﻙك ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺴـﺎﺳﺎ ﻧﻤﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠـﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻯى ﭘـﻨ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﻧـﻤﺎﺯز ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺯزﻩه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻣﻀﺎﻥن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺍاﻋﻈﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯزﻯى‌ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻙك ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪.(Budiwanti 2000, 159‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍا ‪) Amma Towa‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻛﺎﺟﺎﻧﮓ ‪ (Kajang‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻮﻟﻮﻛﻮﻣﺒﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‌،Bulukumba‬ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻨﻮﺏب ﺳﻮﻻ ﻭوﺳ«‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩ´ﻮﻳـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺧﺘـﻨﻪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺣـﺴﺎﺱس ﻧﻤﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى‬

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‫ﭘﻨﺠـ´ﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺯز ﺍاﺩدﺍا ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺣ‪ -‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻗـﺮﺑﺎﻧ« ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺎﻭو ﻭو‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ﺑــﺮﻧ‪ -‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻩه ﺗﺤــﻘﻖ ﺑﺨــﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍا‪ ،‬ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﭘــﺎﺳﺎﻧﮓ ﺭرﻯى ﻛﺎﺟــﺎﻧﮓ‬ ‫‪ ) Pasang ri Kajang‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣ« ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﺎﺟﺎﻧﮓ( ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘـﻴﺎﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﻴـﺎﻛﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻟـﻬ«‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘ« ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺴﻠ« ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍا ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﺮﻛﺲ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻳﺎ ﻗـﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻧــﻘﺾ ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ ﻣــﺠﺎﺯزﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻭو ﻣﺮﮒگ‪ ،‬ﺗــﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﻧ« ﻳﺖ ﺑﺘﻌــﻴﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻄــﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠــ«‌ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪GATRA‬‬

‫‪ .(Weekly 2003, 52-55‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ Tasikmalaya‬ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻏـــﺮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻛﺎﻣﭙـــﻮﻧﮓ ﻧـــﺎﮔﺎ‬ ‫‪ Kampung Naga‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﻨﺠـ´ﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺁآﻳﻴﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺣﺠﺎﺕت ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺢ ‪ ، Hajat Sasih‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻢ ﺫذﻱي‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﺤـﺠﻪ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻳـﻘ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣ‪ .-‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‬ ‫ﻧﺎﮔﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮﻧﮓ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡم ﻣﯩﺸﻤﺎﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻤ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ)‪.(http://www.sundanet.com/artikel.php?id=249, 12 April 2005‬‬ ‫ﻛﺠﺎﻭوﻥن ‪) Kejawen‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻭوﺍاﻧﺲ ‪ (Javanese‬ﺳﻨﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ« ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻣ« ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍاﻓﺘﺎﺩدﻩه ﻳﺎ ﻣـﻨﺰﻭوﻯى ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑـﻨﺪﻯى ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥن ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﮔﻴﻮﮔﻴﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ‪) Ngayogyakarta‬ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻮﮔﻴﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁآﻳﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻟﻮﺩدﻥن‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺳﻠﺤﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻛـﺮﻳﺲ ‪ Keris‬ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﻭوﻳﻴـﺴﻢ ﺑـﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩدﻳـﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻥن ﭘـﺮﺳﺘ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻛﺠﺎﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔـﻴﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ« ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣـﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻛﺘﺎﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺁآﻳﻴـﻨ« ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪Mulder‬‬

‫‪ .(2001, 2, 5‬ﻣـﺘﻮﻥن ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺟﺎﻭوﺍاﻧﺲ ﺣﺎﻭوﻯى ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺬﻓﺎﻥن ﻫـﻨﺪﻭو ﻭو ﺑﻮﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺗـﺼﻮﻑف ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺳﺮﻭوﺭر ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺷﺎﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ﺧﺪﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺯزﻣـﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺁآﺳﺎﻥن ﻣﯩـﺴﺎﺯزﺩد ‪ .(Simuh 2002, 141, 156,157‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺍاﺳﻢ ﺧﻴـﻤﻪ ﺷﺐ ﺑﺎﺯزﻯى ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻥن ﻭوﺍاﻳـﺎﻧﮓ ‪ ، wayang‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻭوﺍاﻟ« ﺳﻮﻧﮕﻮ‬ ‫‪) Wali Songo‬ﻧﻪ ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس( ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻤـﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮﻯى ﻫﻨﺪﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺎﻫﺎﺑﻬﺎﺭرﺍاﺗﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﻣﺎﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﻳ‪³‬ﺪﻳ´ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ)‪.(Simuh 2002, 131‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻨﻦ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻫﻤﺰﻳـﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻃﻠـﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﻴﺨـﺘﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻫـﻨﮓ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻫـﻨﺪﻭو ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭوﺗﻮﺗﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎﺗﻮﺍا ﻛﺎﺟﺎﻧﮓ ﻭو ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮﻧﮓ ﻧﺎﮔﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫"ﺗـﺼﻔﻴﻪ" ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺭرﺳﻤ«‌ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‬

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‫ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠـﻠ« ﻭو ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟ«‌ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧـﻄﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد)‪Budiwanti‬‬

‫‪ .(2000, 285-305‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳـﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣـﻘﺎﻭوﻡم ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﻗـﺴﻤﺘ« ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘـﮕﻮﻯى ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭوﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩدﺭر ﻓـﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺗﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ« ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻧﻜـﺘﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﯩـﺮﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﺖ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃ« ﻛﻪ ﺧـﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻗﻠـﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ« ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺧﺘﺮﺍاﻡم ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺑﻠــﻬﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﮔــﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨــﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗــﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻬــﻤ« ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤــﻠﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﻛــﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ«‌ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺟﻨﮕـﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻣﯩـﺂﻳﺪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪ ‪ %88‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤـﻘﻖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺶ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ‪ 1955‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ %45‬ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﺒﻰ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻳ‪‌«³‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ %20‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺰﺏب ﻣﺴﻴﻮﻣ« ‪ Masyumi‬ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯩــ´ﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(PNI‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺑﺎﺕت ‪ 1971‬ﻣــﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ‪ %20‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭر ﺣﺰﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ« ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1977‬ﺗــﺤﺖ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ‪ PPP‬ﻣﺘــﺤﺪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭوﻟ« ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ‪ %27.5‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻯى ﻣﻠ«‌ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1982‬ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ‪ %26‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬ ‫‪ %15 1987‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ .(Mudzhar 2003, 20-21 %22 1997‬ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻄ« ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻊ‌ﯨ‪³‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺁآﻥن ‪ 48‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1999‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻔﺎﻯى ﺭرﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﻣ‪³‬ﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺭرﺍا ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻫـﺮﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻓـﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺤـﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨـﻴﻢ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺖ)‪.(Mudzhar 2003, 21-31‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝل ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑ´ﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ‪ 1999‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ‪ 2004‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳ‪³‬ﺪﻳ´ﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝج‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت‬

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‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛــﺸﻮﺭر ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺆﺳـــﺴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟـــﻌﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‌ﻭوﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« )‪ (LKiS‬ﻣـــﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻮﮔﻴﺎﻛــﺎﺭرﺗﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻯى ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ« ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪ (FGD‬ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺩدﻫــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨــﻈﺮ ﭼــﺸﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻌــﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ« ﻭو ﺗــﻜﺜﺮ ﭘﻴﭽــﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪ ‪LKiS‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﺍاﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺜ« ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘ« ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¯ ﻭو ﻣﺤﻼﺗ«‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﺕت ‪ FGD‬ﻣﻨﻌـﻘﺪ ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻨـﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺪﺩد ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻌـﻘﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺤـﺴﺎ ‪ Bahsa‬ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭر ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴ« ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺮﺳﺪ ﺩدﭼﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋـﻮﺟﺎﺝج ﻳﺎ ﺗﻔـﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ´ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف ﻛـﻮﭼﻚ ﻭو ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻪ "ﮔﻮﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن" ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺕت‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻭو ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﺰ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻫـﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﻭو ﻳﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻫﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨـﺴﺖ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘـﻤﺎﺩد ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ‪ LKiS‬ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻧﺸـﺴﺘﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣﻴﺰ ﻭو ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩد ‪ FGD‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺤﻠ« ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺵش ﺩدﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ LKiS‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻮﮔﻴﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﮔﺮﻭوﻫ« ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه‬ ‫ﻧﺸـﺴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1980‬ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻗــﺘﺪﺍاﺭرﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻧــﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﮔــﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﻨــﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ«‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﭙـﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺩدﺭر ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪1993‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ« ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻭو ﺑﻮﻟﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺘـﮕ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﭘـﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻯى ‪ 1997‬ﻭو ‪ LKiS ، 2003‬ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« )‪ (Pesantrens‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻧــﻘﺎﻁط ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺍاﻛﻪ ‪ ،Aceh‬ﻣﺘﺮﻡم ‪ Mataram‬ﻭو ﻣ‪³‬ــﺎﺳﺎﺭر ‪ Makassar‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﻚ "ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭرﺍاﻫﺒﺮﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺘــﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﺩدﮔــﺮﮔﻮﻥن" ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻓــﺎﻳﺪﻩه ﻋﻤــﻠ« ﻭو ﭘــﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺧ«‌ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﻐﻴــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ« ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻟ´ﻮﻳﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﻃﺮﺡح‬ ‫ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑف‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺵش‪ ،‬ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻥن ﻭو ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺒ‪³‬ﻪ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻫــﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧــﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭرﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻯى ﺗﻌــﻬﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﮕــﻴﺰﺵش ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻭو‬

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‫ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺳﺘﺎﻭوﺭرﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺷ´ﺮﻑف ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻤﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﻪ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻫﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻢ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻛﻨﻢ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭر ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ "ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ«" ﺧﻀﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑﺮﺁآﻥن ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻫـﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ‪ FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻜـﻨﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻭوﻩه ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ‪ LKiS‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﻣـﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛـﻠ« ﻭو ﻣـﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻭو ﻣـﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻠ« ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻗـﺒﻞ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ‪ FGD‬ﺗﻮﺯزﻳﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﺡح ﻭو ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻛﻠ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ‪ LKiS‬ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡح ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﺳﻔﺮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﮔﻴﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻮﻥن‬ ‫‪ 2004‬ﺩدﺭرﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﮔﺬﻟﺸﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﺤﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕت ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺭرﺳﻴﺪﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻨﺪﻯى‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣﻼ ﻗﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ‪LKiS‬‬

‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻭوﺍاﮔﺬﺍاﺭر ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻫﻤـ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣـﺤﻞ ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ ﻭو ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻬ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣـﻔﻆ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺤﻮﺭر‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺑـﺮﺧﻮﺭرﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﻞ ‪ 1994‬ﺗﺮﺟـﻤﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻯى ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«)‪ ،(1990‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻫﺰﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﭘﺤﺶ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺻﺒﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺁآﺷﻨﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭرﻳﺖ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺷﻬﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺘـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔـﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ‪ LKiS، FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻔﺘﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩه ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺁآ ﮔﻮﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ 2004‬ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡح ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭوﻝل ﻣﻮﻻ ‪ ، M. Jadul Maula‬ﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﻨﺪﻩه ‪ ، LKiS‬ﻭو ﻟﻄﻔ« ﺭرﺣـﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﺒ‪³‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻭو ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺘ« ﻣﺆﺳــﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘــﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻧــﺠﺎﻡم ﺑﺤﺜــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﻄــﻘ« ﻣــﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﻭوﻝل ﻣﻮﻻ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻫـﻔﺖ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭو ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺳﻬﻞ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ FGD .‬ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺳﻴ‪³‬ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪،Tasikmalaya‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻏﺮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻮﻡم ﺁآ ﮔﻮﺳﺖ؛ ﻛﻮﺩدﻭوﺱس ‪ ،Kudus‬ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ‪ 15‬ﺁآ ﮔﻮﺳﺖ؛ ﭘﺎﻣ‪³‬ﺎﺳﺎﻥن‬ ‫‪ ،Pamekasan‬ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﺷﺮﻗ« ﺩدﺭر ‪ 23‬ﺁآ ﮔـﻮﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺎﻧﺠﺎﺭرﻣـﺎﺳﻴﻦ ‪ ،Banjarmasin‬ﺑﺮﻭوﻧﺌ« ﺟـﻨﻮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ‪ 7‬ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ؛ ﺑــﻨﺪﺍا ﺁآ ﻛﻪ ‪ ،Banda Aceh‬ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮﺍا‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ 21‬ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ؛ ﻣــﺎﺗﺎﺭرﺍاﻡم ‪،Mataram‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﺗﻨﮕﺎﺭرﺍاﻯى ‪ NusaTenggara‬ﻏﺮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ 7‬ﺍاﻛﺘﺒﺮ؛ ﻭو ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﭘﺎﺩدﺍاﻧﮓ ‪ ،Padang‬ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮﺍاﻯى‬

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‫ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ‪ 13‬ﺍاﻛـﺘﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤـ´« ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ .2004‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣﻼ ﻗﺎﺕت ‪ 15‬ﻧـﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ )ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻞ ‪ 100‬ﻧﻔﺮ( ﻭو ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ‪ 4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭو ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗــﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ‪ LKiS‬ﻭو ﻛﺎﺭرﻣــﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﮔــﺰﺍاﺭرﺷ« ﻛــﻠ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﮔـﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﺎﺗ« ﺟـﺰﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ‪ FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻬـﺎﺳﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻓـﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﮔـﺰﺍاﺭرﺷ« ﺩدﻗﻴـﻘﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﭙﺲ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴ« ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍاﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴ« ﻣﺘﺒﺤﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺮﺩدﻭو ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ« ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻗﺖ ﻭو ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻡم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﮔــﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﺎﺕت ‪ ، LKiS‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺗــﻬﺎ ﻃــﺒﻖ ﻧﻘــﺸﻪ ﻗﺒــﻠ« ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺭرﻓﺘــﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣــﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﺸ‪³‬ﻼﺗ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧ«‌ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺁآﺧﺮ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﻧﻤﯩـﺸﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺟﺎﻳ´ﺰﻳﻨ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍاﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺧ«‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺹص ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﻨﮕﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻏﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﻩه ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﯩﺸﺪﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄـﻠﺒﻰ ﺣﺬﻑف ﺷﻮﺩد ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭرﻯى ﺷﻮﺩد ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﭘـﻴﺪﺍا ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو "ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔ«" ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄـﻠﻮﺏب ﺑﻮﺩد ﭘـﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯩـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺟﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺯزﻧﺎﻥن ﻧﺎﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻳ‪³‬ﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺭر ‪ 5‬ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﺯزﻥن ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﺳﻪ ﺯزﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕت ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﭼﻬﺮ ﺯزﻥن‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻠ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪%25 :‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻼﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﺩدﻻﺗﻮﻝل ‪ ،Nahdlatul Ulama‬ﻣﺤـﻤﺪﻳﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻭو ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺲ ‪ Persis‬؛ ‪ %20‬ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸ´ﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸ´ﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ«؛ ‪ %10‬ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«؛ ‪ %13‬ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ«‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﻠ«؛ ‪ %10‬ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ‪) PKS‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺭرﻓﺎﻩه ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ(‪) PBB ،‬ﺣﺰﺏب‬ ‫ﻫﻼﻝل ﻭو ﺳﺘﺎﺭرﻩه(‪) PKB ،‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺑـﻴﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻣـﻠ«(؛ ‪ %7‬ﻛﺸﻴـﺸﻬﺎ؛ ‪ %7‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻋــﻀﺎﻯى ﺗــﺸ‪³‬ﻴﻼﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى؛ ﻭو ‪ %8‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺷﺨﺎﺹص ﻣﺤــﻠ« ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻓــﻌﺎﻻﻥن ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ«‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻠ« ﻫﺮ ‪ FGD‬ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺷ‪³‬ﻞ ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺷﺎﻣﺪﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻭو ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮﺍاﻥن ‪ ، LKiS‬ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻭو ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁآﻳـﻨﺪ ﺟﻠـﺴﻪ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣـﻌﺮﻓ«‌ ﻣﯩـ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺰﻳﻰ ﻫﺮ ‪ FGD‬ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﮕﺎﻥن ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﻭو ﻫﻤﺎﻫـﻨﮓ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ‪ LKiS‬ﺁآﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﯩﺴﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮﺍاﻛﺰ ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺮﺍاﺣﻞ ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗ«‪ ،‬ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ﻣـﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗ« ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳـﻴﺎﺗ«‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻓﺘﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺗﻮﺯزﻳﻊ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﺍا ﺧﻮﺩد‬

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‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻭوﻳﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ )ﺟﺪﻭوﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻻ ﻋــﻀﻮ ‪ ( LKis‬ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣــﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣــﯩﺪﺍاﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻠ«‌ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﻣــﯩﺎﻧﮕﻴﺨﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣــﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔــﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﻏــﻴﺐ ﻣﯩﻨــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻗــﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﭘــﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻗــﺴﻤﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗــﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ﺑــﺤﺚ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻣﯩــ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ ﺭرﺍا ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﻣﯩﻨــﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﻣــﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﯩﺸﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻭوﺭر ﻭو ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ﭘﺎﺳ¯ ﺩدﻫﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﺮﺍا ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔـﺰﺍاﺭرﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺟـﺰﻳﻰ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻳـﻨﺪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ‪ LKis‬ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻮﮔﻴﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻧﮕـﻬﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻦ ﻧـﺴﺨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴـﺴ« ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻡم‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺫذﻳﻞ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺀء ﻭو ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺟﺪﻭوﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫﻔﺖ ‪ FGD‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﭘﺲ ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﻋﺪﻡم ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻣـ‪³‬ﺮﺭر ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى )ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ( ﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨﻚ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯزﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1999‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺣ‪³‬ﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻣﺤــﻠ« ﺭرﺍا ﻗﺎﺩدﺭر ﻣ« ﺳﺎﺯزﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺟــﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃــﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴــﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺤــﻠ«)‪Peraturan‬‬

‫‪ (Daerah‬ﭘـﺎﺳ¯ ﺩدﻫـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭘـﺎﺳ¯ ﻣـﺮﺩدﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﺁآﻣﻴﺨـﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﺤﺘﻠـﻔ« ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ« ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺗﺒـﺎﻃﺎﺕت ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ«‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ«⁃‑‐ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى‪ ،‬ﺟـﻬﺖ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﻨﺎﻓ‪ °‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ«‪ .‬ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴـﺸﺒﻴﻨ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﮔﺎﻫ« ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺘـﻮﻗ‪ °‬ﻭو ﺷ´ﻔﺖ ﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻫـﻴﺎﺕت ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺤـﻠ«‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧــﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﯩــﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋــﻀﺎ ﻳــ‪³‬ﺪﻳ´ﺮ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻏــﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﯩﺸﻨــﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ« ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣﯩﺪﻫﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺎﺍاﻣﻴﺪ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﮔـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺧـﻮﺩدﺷﺎﻥن ﺣﺘـﻤﺎ "ﻣـﻮﺛﻖ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ" ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠ« ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ« ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ‪ FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻫـﻔﺖ ﻣﻨﻄـﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺗـﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻣـﺘﻮﻧﻌ« ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺨـﻠ« ﺗـﺎﺳﻴ‪³‬ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺗ« ﻣﺤـﻠ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﻮﺩدﭘـﻨﺪﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻋﺎﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﻣـﺤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﻋﺎﻟـﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻚ ﻭو ﻣـﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﭘـﺎﺳ¯ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺁآﭼﻬـﻨﻪ ‪ Achehne‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺴﻚ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺠـﻤ‪ °‬ﺍاﻟﺠـﺰﺍاﻳﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ«‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺘ«‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻭوﺭرﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﺟـﻨﻮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻏﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣ‪³‬ﻪ ) ‪Serambi‬‬

‫‪ (Mekkah‬ﺭرﺍا ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‬

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‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺑﺮﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﺩدﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﺎﺗﺎﺭرﺍاﻡم‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫـﻨﺪﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﻧـﺼﻒ ﺟﻤﻌـﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺸ‪³‬ﻴﻞ ﻣﯩﺪﻫـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪ FGD‬ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻮﺩدﻭوﺱس‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻃﻮﻻﻧ« ﻣﺪﺕت‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح "ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«"‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺎﺕت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻠ´ﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ‪ FGD‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛـﻠ« ﻭو ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻓـﻘﻪ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗـﻮﻭوﺻﻴﻒ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺫذﻳﻞ ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻒ( ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻛﻠ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺖ ﺭرﺍاﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﻣﯩﺮﻭوﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻠ« ﻭو ﻻﻳﺰﺍاﻟ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺖ ﺁآﻳﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻬ« ﻧﺸﺎﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻳﺎﺗ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﻣﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏب (ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌ« ﺍاﻧﺴﺎﻧ«‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺍاﺳﻄﻪ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻗﻮﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍا« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻡم ﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁآﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ¯ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻭو ﺣﺪﺱس ﺍاﺳﺘﻮ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣـﻮﻗﺘ« ﻭو ﺯزﻭوﺩدﮔﺬﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﻓـﻘﻪ ﺩدﻋﻮﻯى ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣ‪³‬ﺘﻢ ﻣ‪³‬ﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕت ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻗﻮﺍاﻝل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﺮﺱس ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﮔﻨﺎﻫ« ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪ «³‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝج(ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﻩه ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧﺠﺎﻡم ﻣﯩﺪﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻳﻚ ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﻗﻀﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻡم ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺏب ﻭو ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻓﻘـﻬ« ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝل ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ‪FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺎﻃ« ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﻳﻚ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳ‪³‬ﺪﻳ´ﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧ« ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ« ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ "ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﻭو"ﻳﺎ "ﺍاﻓـﺮﺍاﻃ«" ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻭوﺳﻴﻌ« ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑف ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻌ« ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻧﮕﺮﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻋﺎﻡم ﻭو ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺧﺪﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑﺸﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺜﺎﻝل ﭘــﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﻭو ﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯩــﺂﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍا ﺗــﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻉع ﻭو ﻣﻨـﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻟـﺰﻭوﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬

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‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻳـﺨﻮﺍاﻫ« ﻣﻠ«‌ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻴﺎﺳ«⁃‑‐ﺍاﻓﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى⁃‑‐ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﻭو ﻣـﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻛﺎﺭرﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣﻤـ‪³‬ﻦ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻼﻓـﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻤـ‪³‬ﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺟﺎﻳ´ﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺣﺘ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻯى‌ﻛﺎﻓ«‌ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺎﺩدﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳـﺤﺎﺩد ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣـﺠﺰﺍاﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻟﺰﻭوﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﻔـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺳﻮﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻓـﺎﺳﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺑ´ﺮ ﺣ‪³‬ــﻮﻣﺘ« ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻛــﻨﻮﻧ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻬــﺒﻮﺩد ﺧــﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﺨــﺸﻴﺪ ﺍاﻣﺘــﻨﺎﻉع ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ«⁃‑‐ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻴﺮﻩه ﺷﺪﻥن‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺣﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻳ´ﺰﻳﻨ« ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﻭو ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺑ´ﺮ ﻛﻨﻮﻧ« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ‪FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻧ« ﻭو ﺧﺼﻮﺻ«‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف‬ ‫ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ« ﺗــﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺁآﺣﺎﺩد ﻣـﻠﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧــﺤﻮﻯى ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺗﺒﻌــﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻳــ´ﺮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ« "ﻣﺘﻐــﻴﺮ" ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺤﺚ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣﯩــﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻳــﻨ«⁃‑‐‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠ« ﺩدﻳﺎﻟ‪³‬ﺘﻴ‪ «³‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ«⁃‑‐ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺳﻴﺎﺳ«⁃‑‐ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ«‪ ،‬ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﻓـﻬﻢ ﻧﻮﻉع ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ«‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﻧـﻈـﺎﻡم‪/‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﻣﻌـﺮﻓ« ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺘﺎ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺁآﻣﺎﻝل ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﻩه ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﭘﻴﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺴﺘ« ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼ ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻙك‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﺰﻳﻤﺖ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﻼﻓﺼﻞ ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺸ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗ« ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺎﺗ«‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ‪FGD‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻭو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭرﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﺗﻠﻘ« ﻣﯩﺸﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﻭو ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣـﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﻼﺵش ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﻣــﺠﺪﺩد ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ ﻧــﺸﺪﻩه ﺑــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺧﻮﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد‬

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‫ﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭرﻭو ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻓـﺮﺍاﻃ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻣـﺠﺪﺩد‬ ‫ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻟﻴـﻠ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﻮﺿ‪ °‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺫذﻛﺮ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺘـﻨﺎﻉع‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﺍاﻥن ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﯩﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻗــﺒﻮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺗﺎ ﻛــﻨﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧــﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳ´ﺰﻳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺮﺟــﻴﺢ ﻣﯩــﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ‪" :‬ﻫﻤﺰﻳــﺴﺘ« ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ"‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ "ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﮔــﺮﮔﻮﻧ«‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ"‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮﺧ« ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺭرﻭوﻳــ‪³‬ﺮﺩد "ﺗﻌــﺮﻳﻒ ﻣــﺠﺪﺩد" ﺭرﺍا ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻯى ﻭوﺭرﻭوﺩد‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ«‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝل ﺗﺮﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩد‪ .‬ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﺗـﺮﺩدﻳﺪ ﻗﺒـﻠ« ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر "ﻣـﻠﺖ" ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺼﻮﺹص ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻯى‌ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺎﻣـﻴﺪﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﻣـﻠ«" ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗـﺮﺩدﻳﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ« ﺷﻤﻮﻟ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ« ﻭو ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد "ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺣﻞ" ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻛــﺸﻮﺭر ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻗــﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑـﻰ‌ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧـﻘﺎﻁط ﺷﻬﺮﻯى ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺮﺍاﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻯى‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯى" ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ´ﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ« ﻭوﺳﻴﻌﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺤﻠ« ﺭرﺍا ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﻭو ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻫــﻨﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑــﻄﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣــﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺻﻠ« ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻃﻠﺒﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد⁃‑‐ﻭو ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺮﮔﻴـﺮﻧﺪﻩه ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﺗﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻓ« ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﻭو ﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﺭرﺽض‪ ،‬ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣـﻠﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯩ´ﻮﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﻯى ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ‪ Nurcholish Madjid‬ﻳﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ‌ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﻫﺪﻻﺗﻮﻝل ‪ Nahdlatul Ulama‬ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧ« ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﻡم ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻛــﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺘــﻜﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺑﺎﻟــﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑــﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺍاﺟــﻤﺎﻉع ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗــﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑف ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧــﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘــﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧــﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬

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‫ﺳﻄﺤ« ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺮﺗـﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﻧـﻤﺎﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻨـﺎﺯزﻋﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﻋﺎﻣﻠ«‌ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧـﻘﺎﻁط ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺍاﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻠﯩ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌـﺎﺭرﺿ« ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺭرﻛﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،Syarekat Islam ،‬ﻣـﺆﺳﺲ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1911‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣﺘـﺤﺪ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو ﻓـﺮﺍاﺭرﻭوﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ« ﻣﻠ«‌ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد)‪ .(Mudzhar 2003, 15-16‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﻠﯩ´ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﺟﻨﻮﺏب ﺷﺮﻗ« ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻨـﮕﺮﻩه ﻣـﻠ« ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻛـﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﺳﻴﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻗ« ﻫﻠـﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،1922‬ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ‪ Tjokroaminoto‬ﻭو ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻧﺘــﺴﻴﺮ ‪ Mohammad Natsir‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧــﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﯩ´ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻣﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺫذﺍاﺗﺎ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺒﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯩ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﻭو ﺳﻮﺋﺘﻮﻣﻮ ‪ ، Soetomo‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﯩ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب‬ ‫ﺑﯩﻄﺮﻓ« ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻭو ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ« ﻗﺮﺍا ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ ، 1920‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟ« ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻓﺮﺍاﻣﯩﺨـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻫـﻨﻮﺯز ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻧﺮﻓـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺣﺬﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﻛﻪ "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘــﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﻧﻤــﺎﻳﺪ"‪ ،‬ﻫــﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﭘــﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣــﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣــﺤﻮﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭼﺎﻟــﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻝل ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺳﺘﺎﻭوﻳﺰﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﻤﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛــﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻳ‪³‬ــﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣــﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﻟــﺸ« ﺩدﺭرﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﻝل‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭرﺗﻮﺳﻮﻭوﻳﺠﺮﻭو ‪ Kartosuwirjo‬ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى‌ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻭوﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز ‪ 1948‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1962‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﻃـﻠﺐ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻮﻻ ﻭوﺳ« ﺟـﻨﻮﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺁآ ﻛـﻬﻪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ ﺳﻮﺩد ﺑــﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳــ´ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷ‪³‬ــﺴﺖ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﻝل ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ‪ 1995‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩد ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻋﻮﺽض ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ« ‪ ، 1950‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﺷﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳــﺎﺳ« ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1945‬ﺑﺎﺯزﮔــﺮﺩدﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣــﻨﺎﺯزﻋﻪ ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﻨــﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﻳﺮﺍاﻧ«‌ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺯزﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺎﻡم ﻛﻨﻮﻧ«‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻟﺤـﻈﻪ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ« ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻫﺪﻑف ﻭو ﻣـﻴﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣـﻨﺎﺯزﻋﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻨﺎﻇﺮﺍاﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻴﻬﺎﻯى ﺑﻮﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥن ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﯩﺸﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﺘﺮﻭوﻙك‬

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‫ﻣـﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺤـﺘﻮﺍاﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻐﻴـﻴﺮ ﻋـﻤﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻧﮕـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱس‬ ‫ﺷﺪ)‪ .(Lukito 1999, 68‬ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻼﻝل ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﺍاﺑـﺘﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‪ ،‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﻣﻠ« ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﻠ« ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻋـﺮﻓ« ﻫـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب‬ ‫ﻣﯩﻴـﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﺘ«‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ« ﺍاﺯز ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻭو ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺁآﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ،°‬ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﻏـﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﯩﺸﺪ)‪.(Lukito 1999, 69-71‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭو ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥن ﮔﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ«‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻞ‌ﯨ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو ﻣﻠﯩ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺗ«‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ)‪ .(Lukito 1999, 69‬ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﮕﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺤـﺠﺮ ﻭو ﺿﺪ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ« ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻁط ﻻﺯزﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴــﺴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺠــﺴﻢ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭو ﻏﺮﻭوﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻠ«‌ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧــﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ــﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧــﻈﺎﻡم ﻗــﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴــﺴﺘ« ﻣﺘــﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﻣﺘــﻜﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧـﺰﻯى‌ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Lukito 1999, 74‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘـﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﻧﺸﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅظ ﻣﻠ« ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺤﻠ«)‪.(Lukito 1999, 77‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻗـﺴﺎﻡم ﺧـﺎﺻ« ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻭو ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ´ﺮﻯى‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﺘـﻜﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻛـﺴ« ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﺘﻮﺍاﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1946‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻣﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،1948‬ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡم ﺣ‪³‬ﻤ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‌ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣـﻠﻪ ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺩدﺭرﻧﻴـﺎﻣﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺿ‪ °‬ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻧﻘﻴﺎﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻌــﻤﻮﻟ« ﺑﻮﺩد)‪ .(Lukito 1999, 78‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺍاﺯز ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨـﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﭘﺎﺭرﺗـﻤﺎﻥن ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻧ« ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥن ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺯزﺍاﺭرﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻗﻀﺎﺕت ﻣﺪﻧ« ﺍاﻛﺜﺮﺍا ﻓﺎﺭرﻍغ ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻼﻥن ﺁآﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻛ«‬ ‫ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺗﺮﺑـﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺷﺎﻓﻌ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺗﻌـﻠﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻧﺪﻛ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ)‪Lukito‬‬

‫‪ .(1999, 79‬ﻗــﻀﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ﺧﺪﺍا ﻗــﺴﻢ ﻣﯩﺨــﻮﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻗــﺴﻢ ﻳﺎﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ــﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ "ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﻭوﻓﺎﺩدﺍاﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭو ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ‪1945‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑــﺮﻧﺪ")‪ .(Hooker and Lindsey 2003, 42‬ﭘﺎﻧﻜــﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﻣــ‪³‬ﺮﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋــﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻘــﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻋ« ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ´ﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺑﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ«‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺧﻮﺯزﻩه ﺧـﺼﻮﺹص ﻧﺎﻣـﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻣﭙﻴﻼﺳ« ‪" ،Kompilasi‬ﺭرﺍاﻫﻨـﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺟـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻗـﻀﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻞ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻠ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺟﺎﻉع ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد"‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﻘـﻴﺪ ﻣﯩـﺴﺎﺯزﺩد ‪ .(Hooker and Lindsey 2003, 46‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺪﻧ« ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ " ﺩدﺭر ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻈﺮﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻣﭙﻴﻼ ﺳ« ﺍاﻛـﻨﻮﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺍاﻯى "ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺳﺖ")‪ .(Hooker and Lindsey 2003, 46‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩدﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ‪" ،‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى⁃‑‐ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد⁃‑‐ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻌﺮﺽض ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺍاﺟـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺣ« ﻣﻨﺰﻝل‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ® ﻋﻤﻠ«‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﻛﻨﻮﻥن ﻛﺎﻣﻼ "ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺷﺪﻩه" ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ °‬ﺩدﺭر ﻛﻮﻣﭙﻴﻼﺳ« ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍاﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ")‪.(Hooker and Lindsey 2003, 50‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺰﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤـﻤﺪﻳﻪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﻫﺪﻻﺗﻮﻝل ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺗﺒﺪﻻﺕت ﻣﻬﻤ« ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻛﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ ﺭرﻭوﺍاﺝج‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻭوﻟ«‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴـﺮﻭوﺍاﻧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﺟﺮﺍاﻥن ﺷﻬﺮﻯى‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺗـﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﺙث ﺍاﻟﺘـﻘﺎﻁط‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻣ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﺭرﻭوﺳﺘﺎﻳﻰ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﺵش ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘ« ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻧ« ﭼﻮﻥن ﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﻴﺪﻗ« ﻭو ﺣﺰﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﻌﻴﺮﻑف ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺪﻗ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1940‬ﻣـﺸﻐﻮﻝل ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻓـﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺳﻨﺘ« ﺑﻮﺩد ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟ‪ °‬ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺷﻨﺎﺳ«‬ ‫ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺤﻠـ«‌ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ، 1951‬ﺣﺰﻳـﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻳـﺸﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺣـﺴﺎﺱس ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻨ«‌ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻓﻌ« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯨﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﺩدﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺣــﻴﺎﻯى ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻣــﺠﺪﺩد ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫــﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1970‬ﻭو ‪ 1980‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز‬

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‫ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻰ ﺑﻮﺩدﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻔ«‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻣﻌﺎﺩدﻟﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ⁃‑‐ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم⁃‑‐ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺍاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺗـﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﭘـﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗـﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻋـﻮﺍاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻫﻢ ﺗﻨـﻴﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻥن ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻧـﻜﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ؛ ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ، °‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﻄﻪ ﻧـﻈﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﺟـﺰﻣ« ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍا ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﻧـﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻫﻤـﺰﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺣـﻴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﭽــﻴﺪﮔ« ﺩدﻳﻨﺎﻣــﻴﻚ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗــﺒﺪﻻﺕت‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺎﺭرﻳﻮ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩــﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻯى ﻫﺪﻑف ﺗﺤﻠــﻴﻞ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﺎﻟ‪³‬ﺘﻴ‪ «³‬ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺩدﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺭرﮊژﻳﻤﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﭘﺎﺳ¯ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺷﻴﺪﻳﻘ« ﻭو ﺣﺰﻳـﺮﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺗﻔـﻜﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ«‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻛﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«)‪ ،(1989‬ﺣ‪³‬ﻢ ﺭرﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1991‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ «‌ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻟ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺯزﺍاﻓﺰﻭوﻥن ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« – ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﺗﺠﺪﺩد ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ⁃‑‐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘـﻘﺎﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺘ« ﺟﺎﻳ´ﺰﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻛـﺴﺐ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺎﻟ‪³‬ﺘـﻴﻚ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺷ‪³‬ﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺷ‪³‬ﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺑـﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﻓـﻌﺎﻻﻥن ﺑﻌـﻀ« ﺍاﺯز ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﻧــﺸﺠﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ‪) Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam‬ﻧــﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﻧــﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺗــﺸ‪³‬ﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ (1947‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Effendy 1995, 105‬ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻧﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓــﻌﺎﻻﻥن ﻋــﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺟﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻓــﻨﺪﻯى ‪ ،Djohan Effendy‬ﻣﻨــﺸﻮﺭر ﺣﻤــﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪ ،Manshur Hamid‬ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪ ﻭوﺍاﻫﺐ ‪ ،Ahmad Wahib‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻡم ﺭرﻫﺎﺭرﺟﻮ ‪.Dawam Rahardjo‬‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ« ﺩدﻳﻨ«⁃‑‐ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﮔـﺮﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ)‪ .(Effendy 1995, 106‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻭوﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻛ« ﻗﻄﻌ« ﺩدﺍاﻝل ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻭوﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻳــﻴﺪ ﻣ«‪:‬ﻧــﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺠــﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ«⁃‑‐ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺑﺪﻯى ﻭو ﺟﻬﺎﻧ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻙك‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺻﻮﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ« ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﻳﺎ ﻣـ‪³‬ﺎﻥن ﺧـﺎﺻ«‬

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‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﺍاﺑﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﻬﺎ ﻗـﻮﻳﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﻟ§ﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩـﺪﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺒﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﻤـ‪³‬ﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻘﻴـﻘﺖ ﻣﻄـﻠﻖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﻳـﺎﺑﺪ)‪Effendy 1995,‬‬

‫‪.(106-107‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻃـﻠﺒﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1950‬ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺣـﺮﻛﺘ« ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺭر ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺷ‪³‬ﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤ« ﻋﺒﺎﺩدﺕت ﻧﺒﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻳﺎ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1965‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ‪) PKI‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى( ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺗﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻭوﺝج ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺟـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﭘﺲ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﻣـﻠﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﯩﺪﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﻣﯩـﺸﺪﻧﺪ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ)‪ .(Hefner 1995, 35‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﺤﺪﻭوﺩدﻳﺘ« ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺣ‪³‬ـﻮﻣﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻧـﮕﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﺁآﻥن ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺤـﺮﻛﺎﺕت ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ« ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻭو ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ« ﻣﻨﻌـﻄﻒ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻘـﻘﺎﻧ« ﭼﻮﻥن ﻧـﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻡم ﺭرﻫﺎﺭرﺩدﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺟﻮﺁآﻥن ﺍاﻓـﻨﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻋـﺒﺪﺍاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ« ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﺘ« ﻭو ﺭرﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ)‪.(Hefner 1995, 37‬‬ ‫ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﺎﺯزﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺣﺰﺏب ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﻣـﺴﻴﻮﻣ« ‪Masyumi‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩدﺩدﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﺕت ﻣـﺴﻴﻮﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﻣﻨـﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﻨ‪ °‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﺣﺰﺏب ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﺩدﻳـ‪ «³‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡم ‪Golongan‬‬ ‫‪ (Karya (Golkar‬ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺋﺘﻼﻑف ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ‪Partai Persatuan Indonesia‬‬ ‫‪((Persis‬ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﻱي ﻣــﺴﻴﺤ« ﻭو ﻣﻠﯩــ´ﺮﺍا ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪Partai 1973‬‬

‫‪ Demokrasi Indonesia‬ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧــﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨــﺘﺎﺭر ﻛــﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻤﺎﺟﺎ‬ ‫‪ Mochtar Kusumaatmadja‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻭوﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺁآﻥن "ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ« ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ« ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺑﺎﻗ« ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﯩـﻄﺮﻑف ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺒﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻧـﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩدﺍاﺗ« ﺳﻮﺩدﺟﻮﻳﺪ")⁃‑‐‪Lukito 1999, 76‬‬

‫‪ .(77‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝل ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﻣﯩـﺪﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻭوﺳﻴﻪ ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺘ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﺘ« ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺭرﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻬﺎﻯى ﻣـﻠ« ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺟـﻤ‪ °‬ﻛﺮﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻛﺮﺩد)‪.(Lukito 1999, 77‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻼﻓـﺼﻞ ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ،1965‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﻛـﻮﺩدﺗﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب‬ ‫ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺣـﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻧـﺸﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺯزﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻧﻜﺸﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﺧﻮﺍاﻫ« ﻧﻤﺎﻧﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭو‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺑﻠـﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺕت ﺗـﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺍاﻭوﻝل‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﻴﻮﻣ«‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﺭرﻧﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﺭر ﻫﺎﺭرﺟﻮﻧﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﻳﺸﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﺧﻮﺍاﻫ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻨﻔــﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﻤــﻴﺖ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺟــﻠﺐ ﺣــﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯزﭘـﺴ´ﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ .(Hefner 2002, 142‬ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﻃﺒـﻘﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭر ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑف ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕت ﺷﻬﺮﻯى‌ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻭو ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﺩدﻳﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺭرﻧﻴـﺴﺖ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗـﺸ‪³‬ﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺟﻮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﮔﺮ ﻧﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻡم ﺭرﻫﺎﺭرﺩدﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻮﺍاﺏب ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭو ﻣﻨﻮﺭر ﺳﺠﺎﺯزﻟ« ﻫﻤ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠ‪³‬ﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺣﺰﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا "ﺍاﺳﻄﻮﺭرﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«" ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﺷﻚ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو "ﭘﺎﻓﺸﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺑـﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﺒﺮﺩد ﺍاﻣـﻴﺎﻝل ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ" ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪Hefner‬‬

‫‪ .(2002, 143‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑف ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﭘﻴــﺮﺗﺮ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻳﻚ ﻋــﺼﺮ ﻃﻼ ﻳﻰ ﺑﻌــﻴﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺠﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩد ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﻭو ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ«⁃‑‐ﻗﻮﻣ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺁآﻝل ﻋﺮﺏب ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺧـﻠﻂ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍاﻓﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻧـﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ)‪ .(Hefner 2002, 143‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻭو ﺧـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﺁآﺷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﻛـﻨﺘﺮﻝل ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز "ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻳﻚ "ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ«" ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻗﺪﺭرﺕت ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﻭو ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ« ﻣﻮﺍاﺯزﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ")‪Hefner‬‬

‫‪.(2002, 144‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﺍاﻥن‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺻﻼﺣ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭرﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻧﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺣـﻴﺎﻯى ﻛﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻟ« ﻭو ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨ« ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ ،°‬ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩﻨــﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻠــﺴﻠﻪ ﻣــﺮﺍاﺗﺐ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﺍاﻏــﻠﺐ ﻭوﺍاﮊژﮔﻮﻥن ﻣﯩــﺸﻮﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻟ« ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨ« ﺩدﺭرﻧـﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪،‬‬ ‫"ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷ« ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻣﯩﻴــﺎﺑﺪ؛ ﻭو ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻫــﻤﺎﻥن ﺳﻨﺖ ﮔﺮﺍا ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻣﯩــﺸﻮﺩد")‬

‫‪ .(Effendy 1995, 108‬ﺩدﺭر ﭘــﺎﺳ¯ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺩدﺭرﮔﻤ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺠــﻴﺪ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﯩــ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻃﺒﻴﻌ« ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨ« ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘـﻌﺎﻟ« ﺩدﻳﺪﻥن ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺷﻴﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟـﺤﺎﻅظ ﻛﻼ ﻣ« ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺣـﻴﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪ .(Effendy 1995, 108‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻘﺪﺳ«‌ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴﺎﺳ «‌ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬

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‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﻨﺪ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا "ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر" ﻳﺎ "ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس"‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﻮﺩد ‪":‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺁآﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏب‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﻴﺮ")‪.(Effendy 1995, 108-109‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﺩدﻳـﻨ«⁃‑‐ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﻣـﻨﻮﺭر ﺳﺠﺎﺩدﺯزﻟ«‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1970‬ﭘـﺪﻳﺪ ﺁآﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻛـﻤﻚ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺫذﺍاﺗ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﺧﻮﺍاﻫ« ﻳ‪³‬ـﺴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻫﻤﺴﺎﺯز‌ﯨﺪﺍاﺷﺖ)⁃‑‐‪Effendy 1995, 116‬‬

‫‪ .(117‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﮋﻯى ﻛﻠ«‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛﺘﻴ‪³‬ﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺳﻴﺎﺳ«‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺁآﻧـﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺯزﻳﺮ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺑـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺪﻧﺪ)‪.(Effendy 1995, 104‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1970‬ﻭو ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1980‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍاﺣـــﻴﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻏـــﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘـــﻈﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﻫـﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺟـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﺷ‪³‬ﺎﻝل ﺟـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻭو ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﻣـﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻣﺤـﺎﺻﺮﻩه ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔـﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺗ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ«‌ﺩدﻳﻦ – ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﻨ‪ -‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد⁃‑‐ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻮﺩد )‪Hefner‬‬

‫‪ .(2002, 145-146‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤـ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺣـﻴﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻓـﺰﺍاﻳﺶ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ﻣـﺴﺎﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬـﺒﻮﺩد ﻧﻬـﺎﺩدﻫﺎﻯى ﺁآﻣـﻮﺯزﺷ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﻜﻮﺱس ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺟـﺮﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﺗـﻘﻮﺍا ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﻛـﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد)‪ .(Hefner 1995, 37‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﻃﻨﺰﺁآﻣﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍاﻗﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﻃﻠﺐ ﺭرﮊژﺑﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ«‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻣﺪﻧ«‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻻﻱي ﻫـﺮﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭرﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺑﺤﺜــﻬﺎﻯى ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ« ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗــﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺆﺳــﺴﻪ ﭘــﺎﺭرﺍاﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫــﻤﺮﺍا‬ ‫ﻫـﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﮔﺰﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺒـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗـﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﮔـﺮﻭوﻫ« ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣـﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸ´ﺎﻩه‪ ،‬ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸ´ﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻫﺎﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻧـﺴﻮﺗﻴﻮﻥن ﺩدﺍاﻧـﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻳـﺸﻪ ﻏﺮﺏب ﻭو ﺗـﺠﺪﺩدﻃﻠﺒﺎﻥن ﺧﺎﻭوﺭرﻣـﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺁآﺷﻨﺎ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪ .(Hooker 2004, 233‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﻳﻞ ﺩدﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪ ،1980‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺗـﺠﺪﺩدﻃﻠﺐ ﺟﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠـﻤﺎﻯى ﻧـﻬﺪﻻﺗﻮﻝل ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـ«‌ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺟـﻬﺖ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ«‬ ‫ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻯى ﻧﻬﺪﻻﺗﻮﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻭو ﺗﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺎﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍا‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻣﺪﻧ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺳﻨﺘ« ﻭو ﺗﺠﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺭرﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧ«‌ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻋﺪﺍاﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬

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‫ﻭو ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺗــﻬﺎ ﺗﻤــﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻤــﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪ .(Hefner 2002, 144-145‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ICMI ، 1990‬‬

‫)ﺍاﻧﺠـﻤﻦ ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى( ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﯩﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ‪ ICMI‬ﺷ‪³‬ﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪.(Hooker 2004, 234‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ ،1980‬ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﻧﮕـﺮﺷ« ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﻼﺕت ﺣﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺗﺨﺎﺫذ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁآﺷﺘ« ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺵش‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤـﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﺳﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺍاﻣﻮﺯزﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺳﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﻗﻮﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺟﺮﺍا ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« )ﺫذﻛﺎﺕت‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﻔﺎﻕق‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﻗﻪ( ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺧﺘﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﺍاﻧﺶ ﺍاﻣﻮﺯز ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻭوﺳﺮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺗﺎ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1980‬ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو "ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﻨﺪﻩه ﻏﺮﺽض ﻭوﺭرﺯزﻯى ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩد")‪ .(Lukito, 1999, 80‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻛﻴﻔــﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﺎﺑﻴــﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻔ« ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ)‪Hooker and Lindsey 2003,‬‬

‫‪ .(56‬ﺑــﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﺘــﻘﺎﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺮﺁآﻳــﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧــﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‌ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﺎﺩدﻯى ﺍاﻋــﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﻳــ´ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩ‪³‬ــﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻪ ﻭوﻛﻼﻯى ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣــﻘﺪﺱس ﺟـﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺷﻮﺩد)‪Lukito‬‬

‫‪.(1999, 80‬‬ ‫ﺑــﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﻩه ‪ 7‬ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ ،1989‬ﺗــﻤﺎﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ« ﻧﺎﻣ« ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻛــﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﻮﺍاﻧﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﻳﻌـﻨ« ﺍاﺯزﺩدﻭوﺍاﺝج‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻕق‪ ،‬ﻟـﻐﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﺰﺩدﻯى‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺭرﺙث‪ ،‬ﻭوﺭرﺍاﺙث‪ ،‬ﻭوﻗﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‪ ،‬ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫــﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳــﻨ« ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺘ« ﻣــﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺪﻧ« ﭘﻴﺪﺍاﻛـﺮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪" .(Lukito 1999, 81‬ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻧـﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤـﻘﻖ ﺍاﻟـﺰﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺩدﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺪﺭرﻧ« ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻣﯩـﺪﺍاﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩدﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗـﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ")‪ .(Lukito 1999, 82‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﻠﯩـ´ﺮﺍا ﻗـﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺗﻼ ﺷ« ﺩدﺭر ﺟـﻬﺖ ﺍاﺣـﻴﺎﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨـﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪1945‬‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑف ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﺷ« ﻣﺨﻔﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺸﺖ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1990‬ﺑﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻫ« ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﻭو ﻣـﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺣﺎﻣ« ﻭوﻯى ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺠﺪﺩدﻃﻠﺒﺎﻥن ﭘـﻴﺮ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1997‬ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﻯى‬ ‫ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻭوﻯى ﺍاﭘﻮﺯزﻳـﺴﻴﻮﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو ﺿﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺠﺪﺩدﻃﻠﺒﺎﻥن ﭘـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺪﻧ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ)‪ .(Hefner 2002, 147‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ 1980‬ﻭو ‪ 1990‬ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر‬

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‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﺘـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻮﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺪﻧ«‪‌،‬ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻭو ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺘﻌـﻬﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﺱس‬ ‫ﺁآﻧــﻬﺎ ﺟــﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻥن ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺮﻧﮕﻮﻧ« ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ)‪Hefner 2002,‬‬

‫‪.(137‬‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﻯى ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻗﺪﻳﻤ« ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭو ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕت ‪ 1999‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺰﺏب ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾ‪³‬ﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ )‪(PPP‬ﻭوﺣﺰﺏب ﻫﻼﻝل‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﻤﺮ )‪ (PBB‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ‪) MPR‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻮﺭرﺕت ﻋﻤﻮﻣ«( ﻣﻄﺮﺡح ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ‪ 1945‬ﻭو ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﻫﻔﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻴ‪³‬ﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن( ﺷ‪³‬ﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺭرﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻃﻮﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺁآ ﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭر‌ﯨﺨﺎﺹص ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻻﻭوﺳ« ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﻓﺮﺻﺘ‪ ª‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺭرﺷﺪ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﻨﺪﺭرﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟﺸ‪³‬ﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺩد ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ،ª‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭو ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮﺧ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭوﻑف ﻭو ﻧﻬ« ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻜﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁآﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻣ« ﮐﺮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ‪ :‬ﺷﻮﺭرﺍاﯼی ﻧﺸﺮﻭو ﺗﺮﻭوﯾﺞ ﺍاﻓﮑﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ª‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯼی‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻫﯿﺎﺕت ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕ‪ ª‬ﺟﻬﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ‪ ،ª‬ﺣﺰﺏب ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﯼی‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻬﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﯼی ﻣﺤﻤﺪﯼی ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻯى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺒ‪³‬ﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻟﯿﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﻭو ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩد ﭘﺎﺭرﺍا ﻣﺪﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨـﺒﺶ ﺍاﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕت ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺏب ﻭو ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺗﻤـﺮﻛﺰ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻣﺪﻧ« ﻭوﻓﻮﺭر ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻧ« ﺍاﻳﻨﻚ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﺍاﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻧ«‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏب‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕت ﻭو ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل‬ ‫‪ ،2001‬ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ "ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻟـﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل" ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه "ﻣﻌـﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻤﻚ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣﻌـﺎﺻﺮ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺗــﺒﺎﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﻧــﻘﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺣــﻴﺎﺕت ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن")‪Hooker 2004,‬‬

‫‪ .(235‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺭرﺳﺎﻧ« ﺩدﺍاﺧـﻠ«‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻭوﺟﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻟـﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻟ« ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻻﺕت ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﭘﺮﺟﻨﺐ ﻭو ﺟﻮﺵش ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ "ﺗﻌﻤـﻴﻢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬

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‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻫﻤ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻫﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍاﻓﺮﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻧ«‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ" ﺁآ ﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ)‪ .(Madjid 1994, 76‬ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉع ﻣﺪﻧ« ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺒ‪³‬ﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺗﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍا ﻭو ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺗﻼﺵش ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍا ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯز ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪‌،‬ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻣـﻮﺿ‪ °‬ﺳﺮﺩدﻣﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧـﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻓـﻤﺮ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻫﻴﭽـ´ﺎﻩه ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻧـﺒﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ« ﺭرﻏﻢ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘ« ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍاﺑﻬـﺎﻣﺎﺗ« ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻧـﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآ ﻛﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘ« ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨـﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃـﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ‪،2000 ، 18‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯز ﺩدﺍاﻧﺴﺖ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺟﺎﺯزﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺁآ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺟﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﭘـﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﻧـﻴﺎﻓﺖ)‪ .(Hooker and Lindsey 2003, 33‬ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻓﻮﻝل ﺍاﻋﺘـﻤﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺍاﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘـﺸ« ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺎﺯز‌ﯨ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺯز ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ .(Hooker and Lindsey 2003, 33, 34‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑﻬﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩدﻩه ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻬـﻤ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﻘﺎﻯى ﺻﻠ® ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰ ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺳﺮﺍاﺏب ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﻄﻌ«‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻣﺘﺰﺍاﺝج ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﻼﺗ« ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕت ﻭو ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب‪ ،‬ﺍاﺣﺘـﻤﺎﻻ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﭘﻴـﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﺟﺪﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺑـﻬﺎﻡم ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍاﻗﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻤﺮ ﺛﻤﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﭘﻴﭽـﻴﺪﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن‪ ،‬ﻭو‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺭرﺗـﺒﺎﻁط ﻣﯩﻴـﺎﺑﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻭوﻳﮋﻩه ﺗﻌـﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺗﺸ‪³‬ﻴﻞ ﻣﯩﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﯩﺮﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﻗﻄﻌ« ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻧـﻜﺎﺭر ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑـﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗـﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻛـﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻛﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭر ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ‪ 1‬ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ«‌ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻃﻠﺒﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﮔﺮﺍاﻧﻪ ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺴﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛـﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺗـﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺭرﻭوﺑﻪ ﺭرﻭو ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‌ﻭو ﻣـﻠ« ﮔﺮﺍا ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻛـﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺧﺼـﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻭو ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻥن ﻧﻴـﺎﺯزﻫﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ«‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁط ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬

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‫ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻗﺒـﻠ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣـﺠﺪﺩدﺍا ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻠـﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ‪ ،1955‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭر ﭼـﺸﻤ´ﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻗﻄﻌـﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯩﺤـﺎﺻﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎﺯزﮔﺮﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻛـﺸﻮﺭر ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ‪ 1945‬ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻭوﺍاﺧﺮ ﺩدﻫﻪ ‪ ،1990‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻳ‪³‬ﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﻳ´ﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع‬ ‫ﺑــﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔــﺮﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭر ﻧﻴــﺮﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ« ﻣــﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺖ ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣــﺮﺍاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍاﺩدﻭوﺍاﺭرﻯى‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺒ´ﺎﻥن ﺍاﺻﻼﺡح ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﺍاﻯى‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺎﺹص ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‪ .‬ﺳﺠﺎﺩدﺯزﻟ« ‪ ،Sjadzali‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‌ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل ﺷ‪³‬ﻞ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺟﺎﺭرﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑـﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝل ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﺭر ﻭو ﻟﺬﺍا ﻫﺪﻑف ﻏﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭوﻯى‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗﺪﺭرﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ "ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻳﻨ«" ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯩﻴﺎﺑﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى‌ﺩدﻳﻨ« ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣـ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧـﻴﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩد ﻫﺎﻯى ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﺩدﻳﻨ«‌ﺧﺎﺻ« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪ .(Effendy 1995, 115, 116‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻤـﺘﺎﺯز ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن ﺧﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ ﻣـﺮﺣﻮﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻡم‪ .‬ﺍاﻭو ﺑﺮ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭوﻭو ﺗﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴــﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼــﻨﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﻨـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻫـﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه "ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺎﺯزﺵش ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻫـﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺮﻭوﺍاﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻭو ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺖ" ‪.(Madjid 1994, 70‬‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻭو ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ؛ ﺗـﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﺗﻌـﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗـﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﺗـﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ«‌ ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻣﯩـﺪﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤـ´« ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﺼﻠﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻓﺮﺍاﮔـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩدﻛﻪ "ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘــﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ® ﻣــﻠ«‪ ،‬ﺳﻴــﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺍاﺟﺘــﻤﺎﻋ« ﺍاﺳﺖ")‪Madjid‬‬

‫‪ .(1994, 59‬ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯى ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻭو ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺩدﺍاﻡم‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭوﻥن ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺭرﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭر ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪ" ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺷﺪ ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻨ«)‪Madjid‬‬

‫‪.(1994, 64‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝل ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﻮﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﺷﻬﺎﻳﻰ‌ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩﺴﺎﺯزﺩد‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﻭو‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻔﻜـﺮﺍاﻧﺶ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻃﺮﻳـﻘ« ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﻠ« ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺷﺪﻥن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵش ﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ °‬ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍا‌ﯨﻤﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﻭوﻝل "ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﺍا" ﺑﻪ "ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻝل" ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺳﻮﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺻﻞ "ﻣﻠ«‬

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‫ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ" ﺑﻮﺩد ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺣﺪﺕت ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﻠ«‌ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﺷﻤﻮﻟ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد؛ ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻞ ﭼــﻬﺎﺭرﻡم "ﺩدﻣﻮﻛــﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺗــﺤﺖ ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﺣ‪³‬ــﻤﺖ ﻧــﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻌــﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم" ﺑﻪ "ﺣ‪³‬ـﻤﺖ ﻧـﺎﺷ« ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻌـﻤﻖ" ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﺣ‪³‬ـﻤﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨـﺴﻮﺏب ﺑﻪ ﭘـﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Madjid 1994, 57‬ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺣﺘ« ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯩ´ـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر‌ﯨﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺩدﻧـﺒﺎﻝل ﻣﯩـﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺧﻞ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘﺮﺍا ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﻣﯩﺸﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﺍاﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭوﺣﺪﺍاﻧ«‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﻭو ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣﯩﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭوﻩه‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﭘﻨ‪ -‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻭوﺣﺪﻯى ﻣـﺼﻨﻮﻋ« ﻭو ﺗـﻨﮓ ﺩدﺍاﻣـﻨﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻫﻮﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘـﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ« ﺗﻼﺵش ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎ ﺗﺰﺩدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ‪ 400‬ﻗﻮﻡم ﻭو ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ‪ 5‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻞ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻧـﻘﺾ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧـﺰﻯى‌ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺟﺪﺍاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ´ﻴـﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨـﺠﺎ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻝل ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮﻩه ﻗﻬـﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺎﻳـﻴﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﮔـﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﮕﺎﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1983‬ﺍاﻋﻼﻡم ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺰﺍاﺏب ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﭘﻴـﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﻨـﻔ« ﻗﻄـﻌﺎ ﻣﻨـﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺭرﻓـﺘﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭوﻋﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻝل‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭوﻟـﻴﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﻭو ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺑـﺮﺧ« ﺑﺎ ﺗـﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن "ﻣﺎ ﻻﻳﺪﺭرﻙك‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻪ ﻻﻳﺘﺮﻙك ﻛﻠﻪ" ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻓﺮﺽض ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻭو ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓ« ﻣﺠﺪﺩد ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭر ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭرﺗﺎ ﺣﺬﻑف ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺗـﺴﻠﻂ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﻛﻠـ«‌ﺗﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﺎﺹص ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﯩ´ـﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻣﯩﻨﻤـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺍاﺧﻴﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﺩدﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻧﻴﺠﺮﻳﻪ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟــﻬﺎﻧ« ﻭو ﺑﺎﻟــﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﻣــﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﻏــﻴﺮ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻋﻤــﻠ«‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬ﺩدﺭرﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﺗﺰ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻠ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ،2‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺗﻮﺍاﻓﻘ« ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺒـﻬﻢ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻫﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﯩـ‪³‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺍاﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭرﻱي ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺮﺭرﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﺎﻻﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣــﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه "ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ" ﺭرﺍا ﻗــﺎﺑﻞ ﺍاﻋﺘﺮﺍاﺽض ﻣﯩﺪﺍاﻧــﻨﺪ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‬

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‫ﭘﻴـﻮﺳﺘﮕ«‌ﻣﻨﻔ« ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﺭرﻭوﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﺗﺤﻤـﻴﻞ ﻏﺮﺏب ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻣﻌـﺎﺻﺮ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻡم‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺑﯩﻄﺮﻓ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه‬ ‫ﺗـﻤﺎﻡم ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﺪ ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺑ´ـﻴﺮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻃﺮﺩد ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋــﻤﻮﻣ«‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻼ ﺻﻪ ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻃﻼ ﻋﺎﺕت ﻭو‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕت ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﭼـ´ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻫـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﻓﺎﻉع ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺒﺮﻡم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻩه‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ‪ :‬ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ‪ T‬ﻫﺎﻯى ﻧﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺍاﺻﻠ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ« ﻫﺎﻯى ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺤـﻈﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺗـﺼﻮﺭر‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ« ﺩدﻗـﻴﻖ ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻭو ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﮔـﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻚ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩد ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛـﻨﻮﻧ«‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺑﺘﺪﺍا ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻯى ﻃﺮﺩد ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺷﺨﺼ« ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩدﻝل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ‌ﻧﻬﺎﺩدﻳﻨﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻘﺶ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺁآﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺍاﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱس ﺑﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻮﻣ« ﻭو ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁط ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻋﻤﻮﻣ«‬ ‫ﺍاﻧـﺠﺎﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺗـﺤﺖ ﺣـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺣـﻘﻮﻕق ﺑـﺸﺮ ﻭو ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻤﺪﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر‌ﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺍاﺗـﺨﺎﺫذ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﺑـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻨﻜﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻧﺨـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺗـﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺒﺘﻨ«‌ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻫﺮ ﺍاﺻﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘ« ﻛﻪ ﺗـﻮﺳﻂ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﺗﻨـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﯩـﺸﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻋﻤﻮﻣ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧـﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺧﺎﺭرﺝج ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﺒﺘـﻨ« ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻳﻰ ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳ´ﺮﻯى‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍا ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟ« ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕت ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـﺘﺎﺏب ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡم ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﻨﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫذﻛﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻥن "ﺩدﻳﻦ" ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز "ﻋﺮﻑف" ﻳﺎ "ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ" ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺠﺎﺭرﺏب ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺨ« ﻭو ﻛﻨﻮﻧ« ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪°‬‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺟﺪﺍا ﻛﺮﺩد ﻣﯩﺘـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻧﺘﺰﺍاﻋ« ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻠ« ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑـﺎﺯزﺗﺎﺏب‬ ‫ﮔــﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻣﺘــﻨﻮﻋ« ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺭرﺍاﻳــﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﻋﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭو ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺘــﻜﺜﺮ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳــﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨــﻈﺮ ﻫﻤﺰﻳــﺴﺘ«‪ ،‬ﺗــﺴﺎﻫﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮕ« ﻭو ﻣﺘــﻜﺜﺮ ﺑﻨﮕــﺮﻳﻢ ﺁآﻧــﮕﺎﻩه‬

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‫ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏب ﻣﻌﺮﻓ« ﺷﺪﻩه ﺗﻔﺎﻭوﺕت‬ ‫ﺧــﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﺘ« ﺑﺎ ﺗــﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌــﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺁآﻟــﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺣﺘــﻤﺎﻻ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻏﺎﻳﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧـﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﺍاﺕت ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻳﻚ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﻴﺶ ﻭو ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﻭوﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﻧﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺎﺕت ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ« ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪°‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍا ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠ« ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﻣﻠ« ﻭوﺍاﺿ® ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﭘﺴﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى‌ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍاﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡم ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻭو ﻣﺮﺩدﻩه ﺭرﻳ‪ ²‬ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺗـﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑـﻌﺪﻯى‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺪﻟ« ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺩدﻭو ﺟﻨﺎﺡح ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ« ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح ﻣﻠﯩ´ﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻳﺎ ﻣﻠ«‬ ‫ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺩدﻳـﻨ«⁃‑‐ﺑﯩـﻄﺮﻑف ﻭو ﻣـﻠ« ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑـﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﻣـﻠ« ﮔـﺮﺍاﻳﻰ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎ ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻠﯩ´ﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺭرﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺁآﻣﺎﺩدﮔ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤـﻈﻪ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ °‬ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺬﻑف ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺟـﺒﺎﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺁآﻥن ﺣـﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‌ﻧﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧـﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﺮﺻﻪ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭر ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺤ« ﺍاﺯز ﺛﺒﺎﺕت ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ« ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪ 1959‬ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺭرﺳ« ﭘﻴـﺸﻴﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﺎﻟﺘ« ﻭو ﻣـﺮﻛﺰﻯى ﺁآﺷ‪³‬ﺎﺭرﺍا ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺣـﺎﺿﺮ ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮﺍاﻧﮕـﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗ« ﻣـﺎﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻭو ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳـﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭرﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼ´ﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍاﻳﻨﺪ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻕق ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭرﺍاﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﻭوﻳﺞ ﻭو ﻫﺪﺍاﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻗﺖ ﻭو ﺍاﻧﺮﮊژﻯى ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻯى ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺩدﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺭر ﺩدﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝل‪ ،‬ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻭو ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎﺩدﺁآﻭوﺭر ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ "ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ"‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺍاﺳﺘﺎﺭر ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺗﻬﺎ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺗﺮﺟـﻴﺢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺩدﺩدﺍاﺭر‌ﯨﻤﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻌـﻬﺪﻯى ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗـﻜﺜﺮﮔﺮﺍا ﻭو‬ ‫ﻣـﺴﺎﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻃـﻠﺐ ﺍاﻳـﺠﺎﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﺍاﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰ‌ﯨﻤﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺤﻠ«‌ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ‬

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‫ﻳﻚ ﺍاﺯز ﭘـﻨ‪ -‬ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺳﻤ« ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻩه ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯩ´ﻴﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍاﻥن ﺑﻪ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺪﻝل ﺷﻬﺮﻭوﻧﺪﻯى ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﻣﯩ´ﻴﺮﺩد‬ ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺟﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻧﻤﯩـﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ ﻫﻢ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﻜـﺎﺳﻴﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ‌ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﻄ® ﻣـﻠ« ﻭو ﺟـﻮﺍاﻣ‪ °‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻋـﻤﻞ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ـﻨﺪ‪ "،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻓﺮﺩدﻯى ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧــﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﺭرﻭوﺍاﻗ‪ °‬ﺗــﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﯩــﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟــﻬﺎﻥن ﺑﻴــﻨ« ﺧﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺩدﻳﺎﻥن ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﻇﻬﺎﺭر ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ")‪.(Madjid 1994, 59‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻭو ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺁآﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭرﺁآﺛﺎﺭرﺵش ﺑﻴﺎﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻭو ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﻧﺘـﺴﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭر ﻧـﻘﺶ ﻓـﻌﺎﻟﺘﺮ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣـﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﭼﺮﺍا ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺟـﺪﺍاﺳﺎﺧﺖ؟")‪ ،(1965‬ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻟـﺤﻦ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه‬ ‫ﺍاﻯى ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺁآﺗﺎﺗﻮﺭرﻙك ﺭرﺍا ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ‪"،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻢ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﻗﻮﻯى ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻢ ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﻣﯩﺨـﻮﺍاﺳﺘﻢ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻗﺪﺭرﺗﻤـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ")‪ .(Soekarno, 1965a: 406‬ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺑـﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻋـﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻜ« ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ؛ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭرﻫﺒﺮﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻯى ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺗﺎﺗﺮﻙك ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺍاﻗﺘــﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺗﺎﻛــﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻟﻬــﻴﺎﺕت ﺗــﻘﺪﻳﺮﮔﺮﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﮔﺮﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺫذﻳﺸﻪ ﺩدﻭوﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍاﻧﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫ« ﺍاﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟ« ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕت ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا‌ ﺁآﻥن ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩد ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧ« ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﯩـ‪³‬ﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻭوﻯى ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﯩـﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﻙك ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒـﺸﻬﺎﻯى ﺿﺪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻭو‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺍاﻭوﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺎﻥن ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻋﺎﻣﻼﻥن ﻭوﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍاﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩدﻯى ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﻣﻨﻔ« ﻭو ﻓﻘﺪﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺑﺘـﻜﺎﺭر ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻛﺮﺩدﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍاﻳﻂ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻧـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷ« ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ )‪ ،(1965‬ﺑﺎ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍاﻥن "ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﺍاﺯزﻩه ﻛﺎﻓ« ﭘـﻮﻳﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻢ"‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩدﺍاﺕت ﻭوﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﭘﺎﺳ¯ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍاﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﺗﺸ‪³‬ﻴﻞ ﺩدﻫﺪ ﺑﯩﺎﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪﻑف ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕ« ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﻭو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣـﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺧـﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺗﻀﺎﺩد ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻯى ﻗـﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺘـﻔﺎﻭوﺗ« ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻗـﺘﺪﺍاﺭر ﺩدﻭوﻟﺘ« ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻧـﮕﺮﺍاﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ‪Soekarno 1965b, 450,‬‬

‫‪ .(452‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺗـﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻧﺒﺎﻝل ﺳﻮﺩد ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍاﻭو‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬

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‫ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺗـﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻤﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍاﻗﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺗ« ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭر ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﺒﻨﺪﻯى ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩدﻡم ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩدﻛﺎﺭر ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠ« ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍاﻫﻨﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻴﺎﺕت‬ ‫ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺩدﻣﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭوﻫﺎﻯى ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﻮﺩدﻛﺎﺭر ﺑﺮﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩد)‪Soekarno 1965b,‬‬

‫‪.(452-453‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﻤﺪ ﻧﺘـﺴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭرﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﻣـﻘﺎﻻﺕت ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﻄـﺮﻭوﺣﻪ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣـﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧـﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘـﺴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﻚ ﻣـﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺷﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺪﻝل ﺗﺮﻛـﻴﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﻋﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺟﻤﺎﻋ« ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺗﺤﺎﺩد ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻝل ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺖ ﺭرﻓﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ)‪ .(Natsir 1973a, 434‬ﻧﺘﺴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍاﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﻧـﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻨﺪﻩه ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺭرﻳـﻴﺲ ﺟـﻬﻮﺭر ﻳﺎ ﺧﻠﻴـﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬـﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻭو ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺭرﻓﺘﺎﺭر‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕق‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻭوﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺁآﻥن ﻭو ﺳﻨﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪ .(Natsir 1973b, 437‬ﺍاﻭو ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭرﻧﻮ ﺭرﺍا ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﺩدﻳﻦ ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺯزﻣﺎﻧ«‌ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻋـﻀﺎﻯى ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﺩدﻳـﻨ« ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺣـﻴﺎﺕت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩد‬ ‫ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻬﻢ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕت ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺭرﻭوﺡح ﺩدﻳﻨ«‌ﺍاﻳـﺸﺎﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﻣﻨﻌـﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩه ﻧﺘﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟ« ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه‬ ‫ﻛـﻨﺪ ﺑﻠـ‪³‬ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺑﺰﺍاﺭرﻯى ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺑـﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﯨﺘﺎﻛـﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺭرﻟﻤﺎﻥن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺸ« ﻣﺤﺪﻭوﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭوﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﭘﺎﺭرﻟﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺑﻮﺩد ﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﻮﻥن ﻭو ﭼﺮﺍا ﻧﺒﻮﺩدﻧﺪ؛ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩد ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭرﻟـﻤﺎﻥن ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣـﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ« ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘـﺴﻴﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟ« ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺒﺎﺭرﺯزﻩه ﻣﯩﻨـﻤﻮﺩد ﺗﺎ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺩدﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍاﺳ« ﻧﻈﺎﻣ« ﺧﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻭوﻯى ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا "ﭘﺎﺭرﺗ« ﺳﺎﻻﺭرﻯى" ﻳﺎ "ﺭرﻓـﻴﻖ ﺳﺎﻻﺭرﻯى" ﻣﯩﺨـﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻭو ﺍاﺻﻮﻝل ﺩدﻣﻮﻛـﺮﺍاﺳ« ﺭرﺍا‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﯩﺴﺎﺧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩه ﺩدﻭو ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﻣﺘﺨﺎﺻﻢ ﺍاﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ« ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﻭوﮔﺎﻧﮕ« ﻧـﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻣﺤـﻈﻮﺭرﺍاﺕت ﻏـﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﻯى ﻣﯩـﻨﺎﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﻧـﻤﻮﺩدﻡم‪ ،‬ﺑﻠـ‪³‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﻗـﺼﺪﻡم ﺗﺎﻛـﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭرﻭوﺵش ﻣـﻴﺎﻧﺠﻴ´ﺮﻯى ﻭو ﺁآﺷﺘ« ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻥن ﻣـﻴﺎﻥن ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺑـﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌــﻨ« ﻃــﺮﻗ« ﻛﻪ ﺭرﻭوﺷﻨﻔﻜﺮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﻧــﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠــﻴﺪﻯى ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﻨﺪﻩه ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭر ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺑﺪﺍاﻋﺎﺕت ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺳﺎﻝل ‪1965‬‬ ‫ﻧـﻘﺶ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻛـﺸﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﻫﻤـﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍا ﻛﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﺧﺎﺹص‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﻧﻤﻮﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺭرﻥن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯزﻣـﻨﺪ "ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى " ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪ .(Hefner 1995, 36‬ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻫﺎﻯى ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ "ﺍاﺣﻴﺎﻯى" ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺩدﻋﻮﺕت ﻣﯩﻨﻤﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝل ﻣ«‪:‬ﺭرﺩدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ« ﻛﺮﺩدﻥن ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺧﻠﻮﺹص ﺁآﻥن‬ ‫ﺭرﺍا ﺯزﺍاﻳﻞ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﺪ ﻭو "ﻳﻚ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺩدﻧﻴﻮﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﻯى ﻣﻘﺪﺱس ﺩدﺭرﻫﻢ ﻣﯩﺂﻣﻴﺰﺩد"‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩد‬

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‫ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥن ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﺛﺎﺭر ﭼﻴﺰﻯى ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥن ﺩدﻫﺪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺁآﻭوﺭرﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍا ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻬﺎﻧ« ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻫﺪﺍاﻑف ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﺩدﺭر ﻫﻢ ﺁآﻣـﻴﺰﺩد‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣـﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﭘﺎﺳﺨ´ﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﻨﺎﺭر ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ)‪.(Hefner 1995, 36‬‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﻧـﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺏب ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻯى ﻧـﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻣـﻄﺮﺡح ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺑــﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩه ﺗﻨــﺴﻴﺮ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﻣﺠــﻴﺪ ﺑــﺮﺧ« ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻨــﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫"ﻟــﻴﺒﺮﺍاﻝل ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى" ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﻩه ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﻣﯩ‪³‬ــﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى‪ ،‬ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺒـ´ﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﺪﻩه ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻭو ﺭرﻭوﻳـ‪³‬ﺮﺩد ﺑﺎﺯز‪ .‬ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺑـﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍاﻭو ﺗـﻮﺍاﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺗـﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻗـﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻴﺎﻥن ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺷﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻝل ﻭو ﺩدﻧﻴﻮﻯى ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﻳﺠﺎﺩد ﺍاﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔـﻬﻮﻡم ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻛﻪ ﺍاﻧـﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣـﻘﺎﻡم ﺧـﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺟـﻬﺎﻥن ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻧـﻬﺎ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩدﻯى‬ ‫ﺍاﻧﺘـﺨﺎﺏب ﻭو ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔـﻴﺮﻯى ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﺩدﺭر ﻋـﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝل ﻣـﺴﺌﻮﻝل ﺍاﻋـﻤﺎﻝل ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭر ﭘﻴـﺸ´ﺎﻩه‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍاﻭوﻧﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ)‪.(Madjid 1998‬‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﻮﺭرﭼﻮﻟﻴﺶ ﻣﺠـﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻤﻔﻜـﺮﺍاﻧﺶ ﻣﺘـﻬﻢ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﯩﺨﻮﺍاﻫـﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ "ﻧـﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﺧﻼ ﻗ« ﺷﺨـﺼ« ﺭرﻭوﺣﺎﻧ«" ﺗـﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ)‪ .(Hefner 1995, 36‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻣـﺜﺎﻝل‪ ،‬ﻩه‪.‬ﻡم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭرﺍاﺳﺠﻴﺪﻯى‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥن ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻭو ﻭوﺯزﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﺩدﻳﻨ« ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﻣﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﻏـﺮﺑﻰ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻔﻜـﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﯩـﺪﺍاﻧﺪ)‪ .(Rasjidi 1972, 14‬ﺩدﺭر‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻭو ﻫﻤﻔﻜﺮﺍاﻧﺶ "ﺍاﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊژﻯى ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡم ﺧﺼﻮﺻ« ﺳﺎﺯزﻯى ﺩدﻳﻦ ﺭرﺩد‬ ‫ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﺗـﻘﺪﺱس ﺯزﺩدﺍاﻳﻰ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻣﻮﺭرﻯى‌ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩه ﻣـﻘﺪﺱس ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ" ‪ . (Hefner 1995, 36‬ﺑﺎ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم‬ ‫ﻳﻚ "ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﻛﻠ« ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﺣﻴﺎﺕت" ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻭو ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭرﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭼ´ﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﻭو ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ« ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺪﺍاﺭرﻙك ﻣﯩﺒﻴـﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍا ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌـﻨﺎﻯى ﻭوﺍاﻧـﻬﺎﺩدﻥن ﻛﻠـﻴﺖ ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻭو‬ ‫ﺍاﺧﻼﻗ« ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﺍاﺳﺖ)‪.(Hefner 1995, 37‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯩﺮﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭوﻣﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺮﺍاﺑﺮ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﯩﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺣﺪﺍاﻗﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘ« ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﻔﺮﺕت ﺍاﺯز‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯزﻳﺮﺍا ﺑﺎ ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭرﻯى ﺗﺪﺍاﻋ«‌ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺪﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺩدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩدﺭرﻙك ﻣﯩﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻘﻮﻁط ﺭرﮊژﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻯى ﺍاﺩدﺍاﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨ«‬ ‫ﺩدﺭر ﻓــﺮﺍاﺳﻮﻯى ﭘﺎﻧﻜــﺎﺳﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻣــﺴﺎﺋﻠ« ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺧﻮﺩدﻣﺨــﺘﺎﺭرﻯى ﻣــﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘــﻠﻒ ﻭو ﭘــﻴﺪﺍاﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻯى ﺳﻴـﺎﺳ«‪ ،‬ﺍاﺟﺘـﻤﺎﻋ« ﻭو ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮕ« ﻛﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﻭوﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻧـﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻧـﺎﺩدﻳﺪﻩه ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑـﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺸﻴﺪﻩه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑف‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭوﻫـﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ‪ JIL‬ﻭو ﻣﺠـﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺮﻩه ﺗﻼﺵش ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﻔﺘـﻤﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻓﺮﺍاﮔﻴﺮ ﻭو ﺧﻮﺩدﻧﻘﺎﺩدﻯى ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭوﻯى ﺍاﺭرﺯزﺵش ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺯز ﺳﻮﻯى‬ ‫ﺩدﻳـ´ﺮ ﺁآﺭرﺍاﺋ« ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﻫﺎﺭرﺗﻮ ﺍاﺣـﻤﺪ ﺟﺎﻳﺰ )‪ (2004‬ﻭو ﻣﺠـﻠﻪ ﺳﺒﻴﻠ« ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻯى ﻛﻢ ﺩدﺍاﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺮ ﻭو ﺧﺎﺹص ﺗﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﭼﺎﺭرﭼﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭو ﺣ‪³‬ﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥن ﺳﺎﺯزﮔﺎﺭرﻯى ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻯى ﻣﺨﺘـﻠﻒ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺑــﺤﺜﺮﺍا ﻧﻤﯩـﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣــﻮﺍاﻓﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻣــﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫"ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ" ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺩدﺍاﺩد‪ .‬ﺑﻠ‪³‬ﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭرﺑﺎﺭرﻩه ﺭرﺍاﺑﻄﻪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻡم ﻭو ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥن‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﻓﺪﺍاﺭرﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺩدﻏﺎﻡم ﺷﺪﻥن ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭو ﺟﺪﺍاﻳﻰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻞ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﻪ ﺩدﺭرﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ« ﺍاﺯز ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳﺴﻢ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺩدﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﯩ‪³‬ﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ ﺍاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳ« ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺣﻔﻆ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻯى ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻭو ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ« ﻳﺎ ﺩدﻭوﻟﺖ ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭر ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩه ﺍاﻯى ﻛﻪ ﺍاﺧﺘﻤﺎﻝل ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺮﺩد ﺍاﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺷﻮﺩد ﺑﺮﺍاﻯى ﻛﻞ ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯز ﺧﻮﺍاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺍاﻳﺸﻬﺎﻯى‬ ‫ﻧــﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺭرﺍا ﻣﯩــﺘﻮﺍاﻥن ﺍاﺯز ﺗــﺎﺭرﻳﺦ ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭر ﺍاﻧﺪﻭوﻧﺰﻯى ﻧــﻘﻞ ﻧــﻤﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧــﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍاﺻﻄﻼﺡح‬ ‫ﻓﺘـﻮﺍاﻫﺎﻯى ﺍاﺧـﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ« ﭼﻮﻥن ﭘﻠﻮﺭرﺍاﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﻭو ﺳ‪³‬ﻮﻻﺭرﻳـﺴﻢ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺍاﻍغ ﻣـﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤ« ﺿﺪ ﺍاﺳﻼﻣ«‬ ‫ﻣﯩـﺰﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺤﺚ ﺳﺎﺯزﻧﺪﻩه ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﻬﻤﺘـﻬﺎﻯى ﺗﺤـﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﭙﺮﻫـﻴﺰﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺮ ﺑﺤﺜـﻬﺎﻯى ﺍاﺳـﺎﺳ« ﻭو ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍاﺣﺘﺮﺍاﻣ« ﺩدﻭوﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﭙﺮﺩدﺍاﺯزﺩد‪.‬‬ ‫‪References‬‬ ‫‪Aqsha, Darul, Dick van der Meij and Hendrik Meuleman, Islam in Indonesia:‬‬ ‫‪A Survey of Events and Developments from 1998 to March 1993,‬‬ ‫‪Jakarta: INIS, 1955.‬‬ ‫‪Atkinson, Janet, “Wana: Enganging the Unseen”, James J. Fox, eds.,‬‬ ‫‪Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago‬‬ ‫‪Press, 1998, 88-89.‬‬ ‫‪Azra, Azyumardi, Jaringan Global dan Lokal Islam Nusantara, Bandung:‬‬ ‫‪Mizan, 2002.‬‬ ‫‪‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ The Origins of Islamic Reformism in South East Asia,‬‬ ‫‪Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern (Ulama) in The‬‬

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Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, revised edition, Jakarta: Kencana, 2004. Budiwanti, Erni, Islam Sasak: Wetu Telu versus Waktu Lima, Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2000. Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia, Himpunan Peraturan Perundangundangan Kehidupan Beragama seri E., Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Departemen Agama, 1998. Effendy, Bahtiar, “Islam and the State in Indonesia: Munawir Sjadzali and the Development of a New Theological Underpinning of Political Islam”, in Studia Islamika, Vol. 2, No. 2, (1995), 101-121. Fox, James J., “Southeast Asian Religions: Insular Cultures”, in Mircea Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. 13, (New York: McMillan Library Reference, 1995, 523-26. Garna, Yudistra, “Badui: the Centre of the World”, James J. Fox, ed., Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago Press, 1998, 76-77. GATRA Weekly Magazine, Special Edition, 6 Dec.2003, 52-55

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Hefner, Robert W., Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989, 266-265. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Modernity and the Challenge of Pluralism: Some Indonesian Lessons”, in Studia Islamika, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1995, 21-45. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Tengger, the Hindu Javanese”, James J. Fox, ed., Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago Press, 1998, 7879. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃“Varieties of Muslim Politics: Civil vs. Statist Islam” Jabali, Fu’ad and Jamhari, ed., Islam in Indonesia: Islamic Studies and Social Transformation, Montreal: Indonesian-Canada Higher Education Project, 2002, 36-151 Hooker, M.B. and Tim Lindsey, “Public Faces of Shari’ah in Contemporary Indonesia: Towards a National Madhhab”, Studia Islamika, Volume 10, Number 1, 2003, 23 –64. Hooker, Virginia, “Developing Islamic Arguments for Change through ‘Liberal Islam’”, Virginia Hooker and Amin Saikal, eds. Islamic Perspectives on the New Millennium, Singapore: ISEAS, 2004, 231-251.

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Hoskins, Janet, “Sumba: the Presence of the Marapu”, James J. Fox, eds., Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago Press, 1998, 90-91. Jay, Sian, “Asmat: Cycles of Revenge”, James J. Fox, ed. Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago Press,1998, 9698. Lukito, Ratno, Pergumulan antara Hukum Islam dan Adat di Indonesia (The Struggle between Islamic and Customary Law in Indonesia), Jakarta: INIS, 1998. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Law and Politics in Post Independence Indonesia: A Case Study of Religious and Adat Courts” in Studia Islamika, Volume 6, No. 2, 1999, 63 – 86. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Pergumulan Hukum Islam dan Adat di Indonesia”, in Dody S. Truna and Ismatu Ropi, Pranata Islam di Indonesia: Pergulatan Sosial, Politik, Hukum, dan Pendidikan, Jakarta: Logos, 2002, 59-96. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Law and Politics in Post Independence Indonesia: A Case Study of Religious and Adat Courts”, Arskal Salim and Azyumardi

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Azra, ed., Shari’a and Politics in Modern Indonesia, Singapore: ISEAS, 2003, 17-32. Madjid, Nurcholish, “Islamic Roots of Modern Pluralism, Indonesian Experience”, Studia Islamika, Volume 1, No. 1 (1994), 55-79. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “The Necessity of Renewing Islamic Thought”, Charles Kurzman, ed., Liberal Islam: A Source Book, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 284-294. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃“Islam in Indonesia: a Move from the Periphery to the Center”, in Kultur, Volume 1, No. 1 (2000)1-16 Mudzhar, Mohammad Atho, Islam and Islamic Law in Indonesia: A SocioHistorical Approach, Jakarta, Indonesia: Office of Religious Research and Development, and Training, Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2000. Mulder, Niels, Mistisme Jawa (Javanese Mysticism), Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2001. Natsir, Muhammad, “Persatuan Agama dengan Negara (translates as “The Unity of Religion and State)” in Capita Selecta, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1973a, 429-435.

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‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Mungkinkah Quran Mengatur Negara ”(Is it possible for the Qur’an to rule the state?) in Capita Selecta, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1973b, 447-450. Rasjidi, H.M., Koreksi terhadap Drs.Nurcholish Madjid tentang Sekularisasi (A Correction to Drs. Nurcholish Madjid on Secularism), Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1992. Schefold, Reimar, “Siberut: Souls in Fragile Harmony”, James J. Fox, ed., Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago Press, 1998, 72-73. Simuh, Sufisme Jawa, Yogyakarta: Bentang, 2002. Soekarno, “Apa Sebab Turki Memisah Agama dari Negara?” (Why Turkey separated religion from State?) “Dibawah Bendera Revolusi”, Jakarta: Panitya Penerbit Dibawah Bendera Revolusi, 1965, 403-445. ‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃‐‑⁃ “Saya Kurang Dinamis” (I am not dynamic enough), in “Dibawah Bendera Revolusi (Under the Banner of Revolution)”, Jakarta: Panitya Penerbit Dibawah Bendera Revolusi, 1965b, 447455.

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