Грамматика английского языка

: ., . . . . , , . . - . . . : " " . : PRESSI ( HERSON ) . : " " . . 1 1. 2. - English Tenses (Active)...

127 downloads 507 Views 5MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

:

.,

.

. . . ,

, .

.

-

.

. .

: "

" .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

: "

" .

.

1 1. 2.

- English Tenses (Active) to be

to have - The Verbs to be and to have

3. The Present Indefinite (Simple) and The Present Continuous 4. The Past Indefinite (Simple) and the Past Continuous 5.

- Talking About the Future

6. The Past indefinite (Simple) and the Present Perfect 7. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous 8.

many/much, (a)few/little - Pronouns many/much, (a) few/little

9.

- The Adjective

English Tenses (Active) Indefinite ... verb P R ask(s) E S E N . T usually/generally always/never

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Continuous

Perfect

I Perfect Continuous

be + -ing

have + III

have been + -ing

am is asking are

have asking has asked

have been asking has been asking

, ),

.

often/seldom sometimes

. now, at present, at the moment

.

, .

).

was asking were asking

asked took

P A S T

. already/yet ever/never lately/recently this week/today by now had asked

. for a month/a long time since 5 o'clock how long/since when..?

had been asking

,

. yesterday last week 3 days ago

),

. at 5 yesterday from 5 to 6 yesterday for 3 days last week all day long/the whole day when we came will be asking

will ask

. by5o'clockyesterday beforehecame by the end of the last year

.

.

had been working for 2 hours, when my brother came.

will have asked

will have beenasking

. ,

tomorrow next week in 3 days in 2017 F U T U R E

)

. at 5 tomorrow from 5 to 6 tomorrow for 3 days next week all day long tomorrow when he comes

. by 5 o'clock tomorrow when he comes by next summer

. When you come II have been working for 2 hours.

to be to have The Verbs to be and to have to be

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Present

Past

Future

1. «

», «

», «

»

2. .

I am he is

was

they are

were

will be

2, 3) to be ; not

.

They are at home now. Are they at home now? He is a doctor. Is he a doctor? They are not (aren't) students, they are young teachers. He was twenty last night. We were not in London last month. to have 1. «

Present

»

I have

Past

Future

had

will have

he has we have

2.

to have do/don't (does/doesn't, did/didn't). has three brothers. Do you have a brother? I don't have a brother, but I have two sisters. We had a meeting yesterday. Did you have a car when you lived in London? have . have got have got

,

.

do

I usually have milk in the house. She has long fair hair. I've got toothache. I haven't got any money. Has she got a car?

. . . ).

( (

).

(

)?

have

, ),

. :

I have a bathevery morning. ( = I take a bath) I have tea every morning.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

I've got a bath. ( = There is a bath in my house.) I have got tea in the house but I haven't got any coffee.

( = drink tea)

( = There is some tea in the house...)

have have breakfast/dinner/lunch/a meal/a drink/tea/a cup of tea, coffee, etc have a walk/a rest/a holiday/a party/a good time have a wash/a shower/a bath/a swim/a shave/a haircut/a headache, etc have a row/a quarrell/trouble/an idea/a look, etc She had a glass of hot milk before going to bed. He had a swim before breakfast. Do you usually have dinner at 7? Where did you have your haircut? The style is very nice.

have

Continuous (is/are/washaving).

Where is Tom? - He is having a bath. We were having dinner when he came in. The party is very noisy, they are having a good time. there is / there are (

)

) -

there is/are

,

,

,

.

there is/are; there was/were; there will be; there have/has been; there had been There are many French books in this library. There was a meeting at the club yesterday. There hasn't been any rain for some days. There is a table and six chairs in the room.

there is/are + +

----------------------------------

. .

(

)

There is a telephone in this room.

.

There are many apple-trees in the garden.

. )

.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

There was a meeting at the

Instituteyesterday.

Is there a telephone in your room? - No, there isn't (a telephone in my room). - No, there is no telephone in my room. Was there a meeting in the square? - No, there wasn't. Will there be many people there? - No, there won't. - No, there won't be any people there.

The Present Indefinite (Simple) and The Present Continuous The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense

I work

I do not work

Do I work?

He works She works It works

He does not work She does not work It does not work

Does he work? Does she work? Does it work?

We work You work They work

We do not work You do not work They do not work

Do we work? Do you work? Do they work?

do not = don't does not = doesn't The Present Continuous Tense

I am reading

I am not reading

Am I reading?

He is reading She is reading It is reading

He is not reading She is not reading It is not reading

Is he reading? Is she reading? Is it reading?

We are reading You are reading They are reading

We are not reading You are not reading They are not reading

I'm reading She's reading We're reading

She isn't reading We aren't reading

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Are we reading? Are you reading? Are they reading?

Present Indefinite ,

?

Present Continuous ,

,

,

, .

. be + -ing ?

1) usually, generally, always, never, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes 2) , ,

1) now, at present, at the moment Listen; look; I see...;I hear... 2)

- The Earth moves round the Sun. - She lives in London. - I work in my garden every day. - The next train leaves in an hour.

- Look, it is moving. - She is living in that flat now. - He is working in the garden at present. - He is leaving for Moscow tomorrow.

Do you

Are you work on Sundays?

working now?

Does he

Is he

They don't

They aren't speak French.

He doesn't

working now. He isn’t

Continuous, . 1. : to know, to believe, to feel, to think (= have an opinion), to doubt, to guess, to imagine, to mean, to realise, to remember, to recognize, to suppose, to understand. I believe in God. . I don't recognize him. . I mean this Monday, not the next one. .

,

2. : to love, to like, to dislike, to hate, to prefer, to care, to appreciate, to adore, to seem/appear. loves music. I hate getting up early. I appreciate your help. seems (to be) a nice man.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. . . ,

,

.

3.

: to see, to hear, to smell, to taste, to touch. The food tastes good. I smell something burning.

(

).

,

.

4. , : to be, to have, to contain, to depend, to belong, to concern, to consist of, to deserve, to fit, to include, to involve, to lack, to matter, to resemble, to cost, to measure. It doesn't matter. lacks tact. deserves an award.

. . .

5. , satisfy, to surprise.

: to owe, to astonish, to impress, to please, to

always impresses me by his knowledge. . She doesn't satisfy our demand. 6.

: to own, to possess, to have, to need, to want, to wish. He owns a factory. I need your help. wants to see you now.

!NB

.

. . .

lookat, listento, mean ( Continuous.

), think (

)

She is always looking at the child with love. Don't turn the radio off. I'm listening to the news. I've been meaning to call you since morning (= intending). What are you thinking about? !But: I think the film is boring (= have an opinion).

The Past Indefinite (Simple) and the Past Continuous The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense + -ed

The Past Continuous Tense

l/he was reading

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

l/he was not reading

Was l/he reading?

We were reading

We were not reading

Were we reading?

I wasn't reading We weren't reading

Past Indefinite

Past Continuous

? , .

. was doing were doing

did ?

yesterday last week in 1990 5 years ago

at 5 o'clock yesterday; from 3 to 6\ yesterday; for 3 hours yesterday; the whole evening; on Monday last week; all day long/during the war; when 1 came in

- We went to the theatre yesterday. - He visited his friends each weekend last year. - They arrived here 5 years ago (in 1990).

- I was watching TV at 5 o'clock (from 3 to 6/for 3 hours/the whole evening) yesterday. - He was reading a book when 1 came in.

Talking About the Future : I. The Future Indefinite (Simple) (will do)

l/he/we will work

l/he/we will not work

Will l/he/we work?

You will read ten chapters tomorrow. I am tired. I shall (will) go and have a nap before dinner. the Future Indefinite (Simple) (will do): a) Did you speak to Ann? - Oh, no, I forgot. I'll do it now (tomorrow). I'm too tired, I think, I'll get a taxi.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

b) (Somebody is knocking at the door). Mike: I'll open the door. It's hot here. I'll open the window. II. The Present Continuous (I om doing) the Present Continuous (Progressive) (I am doing), ( ). We are spending next winter in Australia. What time is he arriving tomorrow? be going to ...

,

).

I'm going to read this book (= I want to..., I intend to ...) There is a new film on TV tonight. Are you going to watch it? III. The Present Indefinite (Simple) (I do) the Present Indefinite (Simple) (I do),

,

. . The train leaves at 10. The lessons start at 9 p.m. What time does the film begin?

The Past indefinite (Simple) and the Present Perfect The Present Perfect Tense to have + III + -ed

I have worked

I have not worked

Have I worked?

has worked

He has not worked

Has he worked?

You have worked

You have not worked

Have you worked?

They have worked

They have not worked

Have they worked?

I'veworked

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

I haven't worked

He's worked

He hasn't worked

Past Indefinite

Present Perfect

? , ,

. did ?

. have done has

yesterday last week in 1990 5 years ago

already/yet, ever/never; just/since; lately, recently; this week/today, by now ( )

- I met him yesterday in the park. - He graduated from the University 3 years ago. - I passed my exam last week. - Wilde wrote five plays.

- I've never met him before. - She has already seen this film. - They have arrived by now. - I haven't seen him since summer (we left school). - The taxi has arrived. (It is outside the house now).

The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous The Present Perfect Continuous have been + -ing (Participle I)

I have been reading

I have not been reading

Have I been reading?

He has been reading

He has not been reading

Has he been reading?

They have been reading They have not been reading Have they been reading? I've been reading

She hasn't been reading

She's been reading

We haven't been reading

Present Perfect

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Present Perfect Continuous

? . .

.

?

have/ has done

have/ has been doing

already/yet; ever/never; just/ since; lately, recently; this week/today

for 3 hours (already); since morning; since he came

- He has just come. - She hasn't called yet. - Have you ever been to France? - He has written many books. She has greatly changed. (= I don't recognize her.)

- She has been teaching History sinceshe graduated from the University. - The road is wet. It has been raining. - I have been waiting for you for half an hour. .)

, Perfect Continuous.

Continuous, the Perfect Tense.

I have known him since last year. Compare: The Present Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous

when? - (now)

how long?

What are you writing? - I am writing a letter.

I have been writing it for an hour. The Past Perfect Tense

l/he/they had worked

l/he/they had not worked Had l/he/they worked?

I'd worked ThePastPerfectTense

I hadn't worked , . :

We had finished the work by 5 o'clock yesterday. When I came, the guests had already left. The Past Perfect

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

Hardly /Scarcely + Past Perfect.... +Past Indefinite He had hardly done it when they came. He Hardly had he done it when they came.

,

. ,

.

The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect

Past Indefinite

Past Perfect

? )

. . had done

did ?

yesterday last month in the XVth century many years ago

by the end of the last week by last Monday when we came/called/... before she left

- We went to the seaside last summer. - I left school many years ago. - Did you see him last week?

- He had been very ill before he died. - I looked at the present after he had left. - The theatre had been built by the end of the last year.

The Past Perfect Continuous

l/He had been reading

I/He had not been reading

Had l/he been reading?

They had been reading

They had not been reading

Had they been reading?

I'd been reading I hadn't been reading The Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous ,

? . .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

by 5 'clock yesterday before he came by the end of the last week

?

- He had finished his work before I came. - I had written the paper by the end of the last week.

for a month/3 days/ for a long time... before/when... since 5 o'clock/when he left - He had been working for 5 hours when they arrived. - She had been crying before I came in.

Compare:

I.

Past Indefinite

Past Continuous

He worked on Monday and Tuesday last week.

He was working He had worked He had been working for two all day long at a yesterday. restaurantbefore he hours when his brother came. started his own business.

Past Indefinite ---------------Past Continuous

.

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

came when we were havingdinner. He called when I was watching TV. It was raining when I left the house. He was writing a letter when Ientered the room. When we came to the station the trainhad left. She went to the post-office when shehad gone.

1. Past Indefinite 2. Past Perfect II. . Past Indefinite III. ,

.

The secretary typed the letter, put itinto the envelope and gave it to the messenger boy.

many/much, (a)few/little Pronouns many/much, (a) few/little

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

/

much

many Many people attended the meeting yesterday. Has he got many friends in Moscow?

Do you spend much time on your homework? I haven't much work to do today.

lot of/plenty of I make a lot of mistakes. We have plenty of eggs in the house.

She demanded a lot of attention. He has got plenty of money. little

few There are very few books in our library. Few visitors came to our house in the evening. a few I have to see a few people this afternoon. I've got a few ideas.

We've made little progress. I had very little money left.

a little Could you give me a little help? Would you like a little cake?

much/many 1. », «

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

»:

- There aren't many pandas in China. . - There isn't much space in the flat. .

2. «

»

There were a lot of people in the shops. .

a lot of/plenty of:

She spends a lot of money on clothes. . We have plenty of time to get to the station. ( ) .

3.

:

,

Is there much work to do? ? Will there be many guests at the party? ?

4. a lot of):

(=

Much money is spent on defence. . Many teachers retire early. .

5.

I've lived here for many years. .

: 6.

Not many know about it. notmuch/notmany:

. Not much was written about it. .

The Adjective Formation of Adjectives

able: manageable ful: boastful ic: energetic ive: attractive ant: hesitant ible: permissible (i)an: Victorian ish: foolish, reddish ly: friendly ous: humorous

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

un-: uncooked, unimaginable in-: incapable, inhuman il-: illegal, illegible im-: immoral, impractical dis-: dishonest, disagreeable ir-: irresponsible, irregular

: + Word Order: Adjective + Noun /

an expensive a cheap

old round white Victorian hand- oak made

!NB

table

absent, present, concerned,involved, : The men present were all his friends. .

Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs . : late early hard little near high etc.

; ; ; ; ; ;

- It was early spring, (adj) - My mother always gets up early, (adv) - The house is very high, (adj) - The bird flew very high, (adv)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. . . .

Spelling Rules ( 1.

,

hot, big, fat, sad, wet; etc. (1 :

,

nice, fine, large, late, safe

,

busy(-

), hot - hotter - the hottest 2.

; -est): +1

-r, -st:

nice- nicer- thenicest 3.

)

-i:

busy - busier - the busiest

, *

»

,

hot easy (adj) polite soon (adv)

hotter easier politer sooner

hottest easiest politest soonest

correctly (adv) beautiful (adj)

more correctly more beautiful

most correctly most beautiful

old (adj) often (adv) slowly quickly

older elder oftener more oldest eldest oftenest often slower more slowly most often slowest most slowly quickest quicker more quickly most quickly

well/good (adj) badly/bad much little far near

better worse more less farther further nearer

best worst most least farthest furthest nearest

* : common, pleasant, quiet.

This is a most interesting film.

:

most 1.

. .

2.

,

.

. They are most interesting people. . Most of my friends live in Moscow.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. ,

farther, farthest

You must go a little farther.

:

,

. .

further, furthest

further information ,

. further discussion further details my elder brother (sister)

elder, eldest , nearer, nearest next -

Where is the nearest post office?

); ( )

? They live in the next house. . ,

later, latest

(

); last )

I'll call you back later. . It's his last book. .

less ) smaller small (

much/many ( bigger/larger big/ large (

little )

) )

I have lesstime than you. My flat issmaller than yours.

I have moretime than you. My flat islarger than yours. :

than

as…….. as ...

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Moscow is larger than St.-Petersburg. This book is less interesting than that one. He is as young as my brother. works as hard as you.

not so ... as )...

She is not so beautiful as her mother. This train goes not so quickly as that one.

the more …. the better The more you work the better you know the ... language. How much money do The more the better. you need? much, far ,

, . husband was much older than the wife. Coud you speak a bit louder?

a bit, a little

: . Your room is twice as large as mine. This box is three times as heavy as that one.

. .

is twice as old. My room is half the size of yours.

.

. My trunk is half the weight of yours.

a change for the better (for the worse) none the less so much the better (the worse) if the worse comes to the worst to go from bad to the worst at (the best) best -

( (

)

link-verbs of being and link-verbs of becoming seeming be

young, old, strong, a teacher, a woman, etc.

seem

tired, difficult,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

)

link-verbs of remaining

become old, clever, sad, remain silent, a sailor, a student, etc. unmoved, untouched, friends, enemies, etc. get dark, pale, tired, worried, etc.

strange, etc. look

ugly, nice, funny, like a doctor, professor, etc.

keep fine, warm, etc. turn red, pale, yellow, etc.

stay cold, good, well, etc.

go mad, bad, etc.

ill, hurt, foolish, uncomfortable, run dry, cold, etc. ashamed, etc. fall ill, silent, asleep, etc. sound pleasant, strange, angry, grow old, tall, small, etc. grey, etc. feel

2 1.

- The Passive Voice

2.

- Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents

3.

- The Noun

4.

- The Category of Case

5. 6.

- The Numeral - Pronoun

7.

- The Adverb

8.

- The Preposition

9.

- The Article

10.

- Conditional Sentences

11.

.

- Sequence of Tenses. Indirect Speech

12. 13.

- Questions and Negatives - The Infinitive

14. 15.

- The Non-finite Forms of the Verb - The Participle

16.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

- The Complex Sentence

The Passive Voice be + III + -ed III (Passive) (Active)

I am asked He is asked They are asked He was asked We were asked They will be asked

I ask asks They ask asked We asked They will ask / I am asking He is asking They are asking He was asking They were asking They will be asking /

has asked They have asked He/They had asked He/They will have asked

I am being asking He is being asking They are being asking He was being asking They were being asking Pr. Indef.

/

has been asked They have been asked He/They had been asked He/They will have been asked

, .

:

to fly, to arrive to be, to become to have, to lack, to possess, to consist, to belong to hold, to suit, to resemble, to fit to appear, to seem, to come, to go, to last

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

The hall holds 500 people. They have a nice house. My shoes don't fit me. Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess. My mother lacks tact.

500

. . . . .

!NB 1. ,

,

,

.

2. Passive Voice -

, .

,

,

,

,

: Rome wasn't built in one day. The window was broken last night. Our roof was damaged by the storm. Shoes are repaired here (One repairs shoes here). 3. ,

. . . . :

BY

WITH ,

,

: damage, make,discover, write, etc. This building was designed byRossi. He was brought up by his aunt. The window was broken by this stone.The theatre was destroyed by fire.

, .

He was killed with a knife. It was drawn with a stick. The bag was cut with a razor. The stone is very soft. It can be cutwith a knife

4.

:

. .

This book is much spoken about. The doctor has been sent for. :

hear of laugh at make fun of look after look at rely on send for speak of/about talk about think of -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

pay attention to take care of He has never been heard of since. He is often laughed at. can't be relied on.

. . . :

to listen to to look for to operate on to provide for to explain to He was operated on last night. . 5.

, :

I haven't been informed about it. . We were asked to wait. .

I spoke wrote

I was spoken to was written to

Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents Can / be able to Present Can am is are

Past

Future

Could

_____

was were able to …

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

able to …

will be able to ...

- I can run very fast. - H can speak French. Can he do sums? - You can get there by bus. - You can come at any time. - Can I have a cup of coffee? - You can't cross the street here.

: , , : :

(c am able; He could = he was able), to ,

)

, was/were able to -

(I can= I am/is/are/able (= manage).

,

is an honest man. He is not able to do it ). Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody ). But once he had a difficult game against Alf. Alt played very well but in the end Jackwas able to beat him ). must/ have to/ be to Present

Past

Future

must have/has to... am/is/are to...

had to... was/were to...

will have to...

We must study hard. I must buy some bread. You must go there at once. You must see the doctor immediately. You mustn't smoke here.

, ,

,

must: have to -

,

(

)

Ann's eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading. Jane was feeling ill last night so she had to leave the party early. be to -

,

,

is to meet us at the station at 5. This is Dora. She is to share your room. 1.

have to do/does/did: Why did you have to go to hospital? Do you have to get up early on weekends? m doesn't have to work on Sundays.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

2. Mustn’t't

don't have to

:

» , ) You mustn't tell anyone what I said. »( ) She stayed in bed this morning because she didn't have to go to work. 3.

must (mustn't)

.

need (needn't)

,

).

May I do it? ? No, you mustn't. , . Must I do it? ? No, you needn't do it now. You may do it tomorrow if you like. , . , . May/ be allowed to

am is are

Present

Past

Future

May

Might

---

allowed to...

:*

-

was were

allowed to...

will be allowed to ...

May I come in? Yes, you can (may) No, you can't (may not) You may not leave the room until I say so.

: :

-

You may often see such faces in the South of Russia.

*

can (may ). :

-Can/Could/May/Might I borrow your umbrella? : No, don't No, you may not No, you must not No, you can not -

,

, ,

. . may (be allowed/ permitted to...), :

You are (not) allowed/permitted to wait here.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Should

, ,

.

,

,

I Should he

I should stay here. We

Should

,

:

,

.

I He shouldn't stay here. We

we stay here?

: ,

,

( ).

,

.

The party last night was great. You should have come. Why didn't you? It was his birthday yesterday. I should have sent him a birthday card (but I didn't).

You should stop smoking. Tom shouldn't drive so fast. Do you think, I should apply for the job?

Need need . Need he come here? You needn't come so early.

:

? . - Need I do it today? - Need I go there at once? - He needn't hurry. - You needn't change your suit. ... - You needn't copy your essay. - You needn't go there today.

; :

; :

need Need I go there at once?

Must I go there at once?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

must Yes, you must. , . No, you needn't. Yes, you must. , .

:

,

.

No, you needn't.

,

.

Needn't have done

,

,

,

):

You needn't have come so early. ( . need )

)

.

Present, Past

Future Indefinite.

You need a long rest. I don't need the book anymore. Does he need my help? I'll need your advice. needed the doctor badly.

. . ? . .

, , Use of Models to Express Possibility, Certainty, Doubt, Surprise a) «

», «

»

write ( He may/might

)

be writing (

)

have written (

He might work here. , , might be waiting for you there. They may have closed the shop already.

)

. , ,

. ,

,

.

...

may NOT... may not know her address. , , may not have come yet. . , ,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

.

.

"Might"

,

b) «

», «

"may".

»

know

must

)

be working

)

have left (

must know her address. must be working now. must have already left.

,

,

.

,

, ,

!NB

)

. ,

.

, must

,

.

probably, evidently.

The weather will probably (is likely to) change tomorrow. . probably didn't see her. , , .

,

,

, )«

,

...», «

», «

» behave like that (

can't ...

...

)

be working now ( ) have said it (

can't be angry with you. He can't have taken your bicycle.

)

,

. .

b) like this place? ( Can / could he /

?)

be sleeping now? ( ?) have done it? (

Could he be at home now? Can Jane be working now?

(

?)

)

? ? :

1.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

fail.

Can/could he have failed to notice you? can't have failed to notice you. .

..? .

2. like- dislike, understand- misunderstand, etc.

:

Can he dislike it here? can't dislike it here. He

? ,

3. nobody, never, etc.

.

:

Can nobody see him do it? Can he have never got my letter?

..? ?

The Noun Formation of Nouns :

-ist

reader, teacher, worker

-hood childhood, manhood

telegraphist, dramatist

-dom freedom

-ness carelessness, madness

-ship friendship, relationship

-ism

socialism, nationalism

development ment

-ess

heiress, hostess, actress

importance ,

-ess (

-ence dependence )

: re- - reconstruction, reduction - - co-author, coexistence

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-ty

cruelty, property

-ity

generosity

-ure

culture, structure

-age

passage, marriage

dis- - disarmament mis- - misunderstanding over- - overestimation under- - undersecretary sub- - subdivision inter- - interaction

The Category of Number : . .

ties, plans, tables, books

1.

; [iz]

-s . : [z] ; [s] [s], [z].

baths, paths, smooths, cloths healths, months, devices sendees

2. s, -ss, - , -z, -sh, -ch, -tch,

-es [iz]

3.

, .

4

buses, glasses, boxes, brushes, benches, matches, cargoes, potatoes man - men, woman -women foot - feet, tooth - teeth goose - geese, mouse - mice ox - oxen child - children

-en. deer, sheep, swine, fish, trout, dozen, score, aircraft, salmon

5. . 6.

, , .

phenomenon - phenomena datum - data, crisis - crises basis - bases, index - indices stimulus - stimuli, formula formulae

7. : a) -s b)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

editors-in-chief, lookersonbrothers-in-law

lady-birds, hotelkeepershousewives, postmen ) man/ woman,

men-servants womendoctors

d)

forget-me-nots merry-gorounds

-s

,

1.

,

,

,

,

.

trousers spectacles (glasses) scissors scales tongs 2. : wages,contents, clothes, arms, stairs,riches, goods, potatoes, oncarrots, oats, etc.

: , , ,

, ,

, ,

, , . .

- His wages are high. . - The contents have not beenchanged. . - His clothes were wet. . - The stairs are steep.

.

- Potatoes are cheap in autumn. . But: a potato, an onion, a carrot (one)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

3.

gate, sledge,watch, clock . .

- The only gate was open. All the gates were closed.

.

- My watch (clock) is slow. He wastwo watches (clocks). . . . 4.

vacation . .

Our summer vacation lasts two months. But: We have two vacations a year. holiday

.

. the school holidays the Christmasholidays » : Friday is a holiday in Muslim countries.

.

Spelling Rules (Plurals) 1.

fly-flies army-armies lady-ladies

,-

Mary-

-i + -es Marys 2.

day-days boy-boys play-plays toy-toys key - keys

, 3. -f; -fe -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

wife-wives leafleaves knife - knives

[waif] - [waivz] [li:f]-[li:vz]

ve (

thief- thieves life – lives half- halves

)

[laif]-[laivz]

The Category of Case : )

('s).

+ 's : 1.

Frank's a boy's ball an actress's career a waitress's job student's clubsheep's wool

*. [s], [z], [iz].

(

girls' uniform, students' booksBut: men's hats women'srooms

) (') 2.

‘’s’’ a day's work . a month's salary a mile's distance

, (hour, day, month, year)

3. nature, world, country, city, ship, river, earth, sun, moon, war, etc.

4.

,

,

,

world's best museums the ship's crew the river's edge country's social order the earth's surface the city's heart , Moscow's theatres America's greatest city the summer's heat the moon's orbit

.

5.

- the government's decision - the company's success

6.

, , ,

7.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

- We are at David's. - I bought it at the chemist's. - She must go to the doctor's. - the earth's surface - the journey's end

- for God's sake, - for Heaven's sake - at one's wit's end - a hair's breadth - at a stone's throw ,

and, ('s)

: - We bought Sue and Tom's car. of. ( of),

. .

the cover of the book the leg of the table the table leg the book cover But: the top of the page the result of the football match the floor of the room the top of the box

The Numeral Cardinals and Ordinals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

one 1st first two 2nd second three 3rd third four 4th fourth five 5th fifth six 6th sixth seven 7th seventh eight 8th eighth nine 9th ninth ten 10th tenth eleven 11th eleventh twelve 12th twelfth thirteen 13th thirteenth fourteen 14th fourteenth fifteen 15th fifteenth

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

16 17 18 19 20 21 one* 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-

16th sixteenth 17th seventeenth 18th eighteenth 19th nineteenth 20th twentieth 21th twenty-first 22nd twenty-second twenty-two 30th thirtieth 40th fortieth thirty 50th fiftieth forty 60th sixtieth fifty 70th seventieth sixty 80th eightieth seventy 90th ninetieth eighty 100th hundredth ninety

100

a hundred 1,000,000th - millionth 1,000,000,000th milliardth/billionth

*

(-).

Large Numbers - a (one)1 hundred - (one) hundred and one 200 - two hundred 300 - three hundred 1,0002 - a (one) thousand 1,001 - a (one) thousand and one 1,100 - eleven hundred3; one thousand one hundred 1,24 - a (one) thousand two hundred and forty seven 2,000 - two thousand 2,350 - two thousand three hundred and fifty 100,000 - a (one) hundred thousand 1,000,000 - a (one) million 1,225,375 - a (one) million two hundred and twenty-five thousand three hundred and seventy-five 1,000,000,000 - a (one) milliard (in UK); a (one) billion (in US)5 1. 100; 1,000; 1,000,000 one. one 2. 3. 1000 2000 . 4. and: 2,005 - two thousand and five. 5. billions

. !).

2% (2 per cent/2 p. .) two per cent 0.2% nought point two per cent/nought point two of one per cent

Time /Days Monday Friday Tuesday Saturday Wednesday Sunday Thursday

* (American English: fall)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

/Months January February March April May June

July August September October November December

/Seasons spring summer autumn* winter

/Years Written English

Spoken English

1066 1999 1904 2000

ten sixty-six* nineteen ninetynine nineteen hundred and four two thousand

* year 1929 - year nineteen hundred and twenty nine.

,

:

/Dates Written English

Spoken English

British English

16(th) September 16/9/05

The sixteenth of September September the sixteenth

American English

September 16 9/16/05

Sixteenth September Septembersixteenth

May, 15th, 1948 - May the fifteenth nineteen fourty-eight. The fifteenth of May nineteen fortyeight Note: Wednesday, 21st, November, 2005 , ? Telling the Time 10.20 ten twenty

. :

11.15 eleven fifteen

4.45 four forty-five

: nine / nineo'clock. : nine-thirty o'clock.

:

1.00 one o'clock

3.10 ten past three

4.15 a quarter past four

5.30 half past five

5.25 twenty-five to six

6.45 a quarter to seven :

Ten past three or Ten after three Quarter to seven or Quarter of seven UK

US

24):

11.00 eleven p.m. (not 23.00 o'clock) 19.30 The train leaves at nineteen thirty. : eleven a.m. or eleven in the morning and eleven p.m. or eleven at night.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(

Money (UK) £11 - one pound (sterling2) £25 - twenty five pounds (sterling) 1 s. - one shilling (1/20 ) 12 s.- twelve shillings 1 d.3 - one penny (1/12 ) 6 d. - sixpence4 2 s. 6 d. 2/6 - two shillings and sixpence/two and six £25 12 s. 8 d.; £25.12.8; £25/12/8 - twentyfive pounds twelve shillings and eightpence/ twenty-five pounds twelve and eight £

(US) $1 - one dollar $25 - twenty-five dollars 10 - one cent (1/100 ) 650 - sixty-five cents $25.01 - twenty-five dollars and one cent $3,350.55 - three thousand three hundred and fifty dollars and fifty-five cents

libra ,

) denarius-

: twopence, threepence,sevenpence, elevenpence

Telephone numbers : 4-36-08 - four three six oh eight 7-66-34 - seven double six three four 6666 - double six double six

Pronoun 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

(personal): /, he, she, it, we, you, they. (possessive): my, his, her, its, our, your, their. (reflexive): myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves. (reciprocal): each other, one another. (demonstrative): this (these), that (those), such, the same. (interrogative): who, whose, what, which. (defining): each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another. (indefinite): some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, one. (negative): no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.

It 1.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

There is a new film on, but I haven't seen it

,

,

yet.

)

, . I bought a new book 5 days ago, but I haven't opened it yet. 5 , .

.

2.

).

3.

It is our new theatre.

.

) It is difficult / necessary / important / interesting to know... / ...

( .

/

- It was him that 1 met in the park yesterday. .

4. it is... that ).

Iyou - , he she – it - , , .

-

,

-

your -

mine yours his hers

their -

ours theirs

you , , , , his – him , her- her – , its , it , , ;

It

.( .)

we -

they -

us they / them

. .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, them-

our ,

.

each other

Torn and

Ann looked at each other. . ,

one another

. People in the hall looked at one another. . : ... selves ) Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at them . each other/one another How long have Tom and Ann known each other?

this that -

?

these those .

"I like that man," he said to his brother. She wanted to buy this dress very much. When were those houses built? same -

, the. We were in the same class.

such -

such / . was such a nice fellow. The same... such a...

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

: - myself; he- himself; she- herself, etc. : - Don't blame yourself, it's not your fault. 1. : He , . amuse, blame, cut, dry, - Jim prides himself on his cooking. enjoy, pride, hurt, introduce. . - Let me introduce myself. I'm John Brown. , . 2. : (take care) of, (look) after, by.

-

Look after yourself. . She lives by herself. .

-I feel great after having a shower. myself

.

- I got up, washed, shaved and dressed : feel, dress, shave, quickly. wash, relax, concentrate, , , , behave, etc. . But: Wash/shave/dress/ - Behave yourself. . behaveyourself. !NB: , by myself / himself / itself / yourself ourselves / yourselves / themselves on my (her, his, its, their) own

, .

,

(alone).

) .

)

I like living by myself (on my own). Did you go on holidays by yourself (on your own)?

Who translated this article? ?

The student who translated this article... , ...

Whose book is this? ?

The student whose book was found... , ...

Whom did you give the book to read? ?

My friend whom I gave the book... , ...

What has happened? ?

She doesn't know what has happened. .

What is the news? )

?

Which of the books did you like best?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

I wanted to know what the news was. , . It was difficult to say which of the books... , )

)

... ?

all, everybody, everything, everyone All / everybody everyone everything

the whole... all (the) ... All the books have been sold out. All plants require water.

Have you read the whole book? He didn't say a word the whole evening.

Everybody (everyone) reads this book. Ann knows everyone in her street. He thinks that he knows everything. Everything went wrong. :

1. we all = all of us you all =all of you they all = all of them / / ... )

All of you must go there. = You must all go there. . They all work here. = All of them work here. .

2. all day/week/morning (the whole morning) ( ...)

I kept calling you all day long. . was out the whole morning. . .»

3. All three of us. All four of them. 4. all (that) everything (that)

.» , ...» That's all I want. I told him everything I knew. Both

Both

)

Both (the) brothers live in Moscow. Both my daughters are married.

We/you/they both =both of as/you/them / / / )

We both know it. = Both of us know it. They both study here. = Both of them study here. Neither of them came to the meeting.

neither

both ...)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. Neither of us knows it.

. Both ... and ...

The coat is both good and cheap. ,

.

Either/Neither 1. / - You may go by either road.

either

).

:

neither ,

2. / - Here are two dictionaries, you may take either of them. , ( ). 3. , / - There were chairs on either side of the table. ( )

.

Neither of the statements is true. ,

.

is either in Odessa or in Kiev now. .

either ... or ... ... neither ... nor ...

Neither my wife nor I liked the film. ,

.

Each/Every , each : Each student in our group has this book. . 1.

every

: I see him every day. . Every university has a library. . 2.

every

day week Monday ten minutes

: We go out every Friday. . The buses run every ten minutes. . Ann goes to see her mother every three weeks. . Other/Another

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

) One of them is mine, the other is my sister's. ( ) , -

the other

.

, Six of them are mine, the others are John's. , . Where are the others? ?

others

one after the other /

the other day

1. ( - Come another day.

another

)

. - We can do it another time. . 2. - We need another day to finish it. , . - Can I have another cup of tea? ? 3. ( / ) - This young man is very clever, he may be another Edison. , . one way or another

*: Some 1. : I want some eggs.

1. I don't want any eggs.

:

2. : May I have some tea?

2.

3.

3. if: Buy some eggs, if you see any.

: Would you like some tea? 4. : Some people believe anything newspapers write. *

Any

some / any

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

: Are there any eggs in the fridge?

4. "hardly" "at all": There is hardly any water in the well. . .

: Some

Any

. : Give me some water, please. , . There isn't any milk in the fridge. .

, ): Have you bought any sugar? ?

,

-

: asked me some questions. . I saw some strange people near your house.

: Have you got any questions? ) ? I don't have any interesting books. .

. N0 1.

: any .

There aren't any buses after midnight. There are no buses after midnight. . There isn't any milk in the fridge. There is no milk in the fridge. .

2.

not +

I'm not an expert. I'm no expert. . some, any, no

Something I'll tell you something interesting. . Would you like something to eat? -( ) ?

Somebody/Someone I know somebody who can help you. , . I met someone you know last night.

Somewhere I've lost my spectakles somewhere. . Do you live somewhere near Jim? ?

. Anything

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Anybody/Anyone

Anywhere

I can't find my watch anywhere.

There isn't anyone here who can help you. ,

left without sayinganything. , . They didn't find anything. .

. Do you go anywhere for holidays?

. Do you know anybody here?

?

? Does anyone want a second helping? ? Nothing

Nobody/No one

Nowhere can be seen nowhere.

There was an accident, but nobody was hurt.

I said nothing, not a word. , .

.

, .

ONE/ONES

: a) I'd like to try on one of these shirts. Please, give me that white one.

1. *. a) b)

: :

.

,

,

. b) I don't want to wear my old shoes. I want to wear the new ones. Do you know John Smith? Is he the one who phoned last night? ? ?

2. One/ones , .

Don't use this milk. Use the fresh milk.(Use this milk). He . .

3. One . . Notes: .

one/ones :

Which one/ones would you like? The red/the largest/the best.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

One

this, that, another, which

.,

both,

.

one / ones a / an, the: The old pen won't write. Will you give me a new one? Do you know the Smiths? The ones who live in this house?

The Adverb The formation of Adverbs . ,

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-l .

le----- - ly y------ -ily ic----- -ically ue---- -uly ll------ -lly

gentle easy automatic true full

gently easily automatically truly fully daily partly

+l day part

firstly secondly +l first second

long enough then

anyhow sometimes nowhere

at once at last so far

: fast, long, low, high, hard, near, wide, far, early, etc. It was a fast train. / The train went fast- (... ./... returned from a long journey. / Will you stay here long? (... ?) The price is very low. / The plane flew very low. ./ : -l -l .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

). /... ).

"-l " is a hard worker.

works hard.

"-l " I could hardly understand.

.

.

returned in lateautumn.

. I haven't seen him lately.

I went to bed lateyesterday.

. . is studying the history of the Near East.

. lives quite near.

It is nearly 5 o'clock. 5

.

. . The house is very high.

The plane flew very high.

It is a highly developed state.

.

. .

Classification of Adverbs

1. (adverbs of manner) /how?

well ),slowly etc.

), badly

), quickly ), easily ), quietly

),

when ), now ), then , , 2. ), before , ), after , (adverbs of ), afterwards ), once ), just time) / , ), still , when? ), already/yet ), yet , ), since ), early ),lately/recently ), suddenly ), soon ), long , ), ago ), today, tomorrow, yesterday, etc. always ), generally/usually/normally ), frequently, often ), seldom, rarely ), sometimes ); 3. here , ), there , ), where , (adverbs of ), somewhere/anywhere ),nowhere , place and ), elsewhere , ), far away/far direction) off ), near ), inside ),outside , ), above , ), below , ); /where? 4.

much her

), little ), very ), too ), enough ), quite (adverbs of ), hardly/scarcely ), nearly/ degree, almost ), somewhat ,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

), so ), rat ), not at all

measure and quantity) / how much?

), much/ far/by far

,

,

), etc.;

5.

, obviously/evidently ), probably ), possibly ), indeed ), certainly , ),perhaps/may be ), apparently ), decisively ),undoubtedly (viewpoint ractically , ), naturally , adverbs) ), fortunately ),unfortunately ), mainly/chiefly/mostly ), etc.

still ( , ): - She is still sleeping. yet ( , ): is too young yet to get married. yet ( ...): - He hasn't come yet. else ( - Who else do you know? - Where else did you go yesterday? more ( ): - Give me some more water. other ( ): - What other books did you buy? only ): - It's only 10 o'clock. - He was with us only yesterday. as early as ): - It was known as early as 1935.

):

long, for a long time ( Have you been here long? I've been here for a long time. long ago, a long time ago ( It happened long ago.

not … long ): I haven't been sitting here long, not long ago ): This book came out not long ago. lately, recently ): Have you heard from him recently (lately)? His new book has been published recently.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

):

):

), p

far ): Did they live far? They don't like to walk far. a long way We walked a long way yesterday. far away (off) («

): »-

):

Is the station far away (off)? They don't live far away (off). a long way off They live a long way off.

):

/ / - They walked too far. - We walked so far that we got tired.

- rather I a long way - We walked rather a long way.

very / a long way off - They live a very long way off. But! Far from - The station is far from our house. . much ): Has he read much? very (too, so, as) much/a lot/a great deal ): He plays football too much. . has done a lot today. . not much doesn't speak much about it. . very /too /so little She eats very little. . You rest too little. . very

) :

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

):

):

Martha is very ill. : John is a very nice man. very much : : She is very much better. : I like your painting very much. :extremely, awfully, terribly, really, pretty. too + / The tea is too hot, I can't drink it. The bus runs too slowly. !NB too* : The roll is fresh and the coffee is hot, too. . hardly / scarcely + any / ever. There were hardly (scarcely) any people in the street. . I hardly (scarcely) ever see him. . nearly, almost. It is nearly (almost) 5 o'clock. 5 . I've nearly (almost) finished my work. . quite + / The film is quite good. The play is quite awful. fairly + / What's John's English like?

:

(

It's quite good, It's fairly good,

) ) rather

,

,

quite):

quite

fairly):

I am afraid Jane's health is rather poor. Your words have been rather unpleasant. The ice-cream is rather good. *

too : Billy can't write yet, he can't read either.

)

either

also ,

).

As well tobe / tohave /can/ has a dog, but he has also a cat.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, a also .

as well

. The Place of Adverbs

1. (kindly, badly, well, etc.)

: smiled kindly. She did not work badly. They speak English well. We worked hard. : He answered the question slowly. He slowlyanswered the question.

2. (here, there, etc.)

I'll meet him here.

3. (tomorrow, today,yesterday, etc.)

Yesterday I went to the theatre. I met my old friend yesterday. It's a fine day today. Today I have a birthday party. I have seen him this morning. This year we have learned a lot of new things. Tomorrow I shall go there.

4.

I'll go there (1) tomorrow (2).

(2 )

5. (ever, never, just, often, always, seldom, soon, once, generally, sometimes, etc.)

He never comes early. She seldom goes there. They usually say this. I have not yet read the book. I haven't read the book yet. Have you read the book yet? He sometimes comes here. Sometimeshe comes here. He comes here sometimes. "to be": He is never here at that time of the day. You arealways late for dinner. Co I'll never do this. He's just come. We've alreadyfinished our work.

6. (very, enough, half, too, nearly, almost, etc.)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

We were very glad to see him. The student passed the exam quite well. He answered almost immediately. It's warm enough. He speaks English well enough. BUT: We have enough ) time (= time enough). I'll write a letter too. I can't drink this milk, it's too hot.

The Preposition . . .

-

. .

The table is at the window. The lessons begin at 8 o'clock. He works at a factory. They laughed at him. The book is on the table. He looked at me. I'm angry with him. I'm going to the South. Hived in the North. I'm going there for three days.

8. . . . . . . . . .

, Prepositions of Space AT at the bus-stop at the table/door at the window/blackboard

(

)

at the station/airport at school/college/the lesson at home/work at the cinema/restaurant at the office/plant ; at 5, Weston Road at Mike's (house)

IN

in Spain/in Europe in the South of France in the park/in the country

,

,

in London/in York in a village

,

,

in a little box/in the house ON on the sofa/grass/page 7 on the top of the TV set on the A34 road on the north coast on the Volga

(road, river, railway, coastline)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

AT at or in IN at in -

I had a hard day at the office. I left my coat in the office. The University is at 25, Booth Street. They live in Garden Lane.

at, in, on

:

AT at the top/bottom of the page at the end of the street at/on the corner of the street at the front/back of a building/hall/cinema/group of people ; / / ... at the traffic lights at the seaside -

/

IN in a row/in row five .'But: on the front/back row in a line/queue in an armchair !But: on a chair in a photograph/picture/mirror in the sky in the front/back of a car in bed in hospital in prison in the water/sea/river ON on the right/left (hand side) on the ground/first/second... floor on a small island on the way to... ... on a farm on the front/back of a letter/paper -

...

: in front of (opposite) / /

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

A car stopped in front of the house. ( ) . Please, go in front of me.

/

behind /

/

beside/next to/near to/ by/close by

, . The boy was hiding behind a tree. . There was an orchad behind the house. . Walk close behind me. . Sit beside me. ( ). The hotel is near to the station. . My house is by the river. .

under/underneath/below

We passed under a bridge. . I looked underneath the bed. . It's 10° below zero. 10° . The people in the rooms below are very noisy. , ( ), .

over/above

There was light above/over my head. .

between

The Mediterranean Sea is between Europe and Africa. )

.

among ,

I saw him among the people (the crowd). , .

) round (

)

The shop is round the corner. . :

to – go to America fly to Moscow go to the bank be sent to prison come to England walk to work go to a party be taken to hospital return to Italy drive to the station go to the theatre go to bed

into

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Don't wait outside! Come into the house. He

(

)

.

.

I took it out of the water.

out of (

.

) was walking slowly towards the sea. ( )

toward (s)

.

travelled from Rome to London.

from

. jumped from the wall. . Bees go from flower to flower. . to fall off a ladder/a tree

off (

) The ball rolled off the bench. . got off the train. . : I live across the road/river.

across

. They went across the field/the ice. .

)

jumped over the wall.

over ( through (

) ,

. The road went through a forest. ) . The cat came through the window. .

along

We went along the street/the grass. . There are trees all along the road. .

up/down

The elevator was moving noisily up and down. .

(a)round, about* ,

We were walking around/about the town. . He's travelled about/around the world. .

)

* About * It's about five o'clock now.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. .

: :

:

by car/by bus/by bicycle o by road

in the car/in my car/in Tom's car/ in a taxi on the bus/on my bicycle

by boat/by ship - by sea

on a big ship

by train - by rail

on the train/on the 6.45 train

by plane - by air

on the plane/on a jet

get in(to)/get out of a car/taxi get on/get off a bicycle/bus/train/plane .

; /

- A lamp was hanging over the table. - There was over a hundred people at the meeting. Over , - Chkalov was the first pilot to fly over the North - The boy climbed over the wall of the garden. - The meat is overcooked. Beside, Besides, Except besides » I haven't any other living relations except besides this cousin of mine. » They are all relatives of mine except Olivia. !NB He beside ( , , ) ):

besides

Come and sit beside me. It's too late to go for a walk now; besides it's beginning to rain. Across, Over, Through « »,

.

, ) across They are building a pipeline across Siberia/the desert. She swam across the river.

jumped over the low fence. over "wander" ( We wandered over the countryside. !NB My house is across/over the road.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

)

,

throuhg through forest By, With . BY -

,

,

. This church is designed by Wren. He makes his living by teaching. The car was broken by a fallen tree. WITH -

,

,

.

I can't cut it with this knife, it's dull ( I saw it with my own eyes. He was killed with this gun.

).

As, Like Like, There is no one like John. We don't invite people like Frosts. AS , I work as a receptionist at the hotel.

It was like a dream.

Prepositions of Time AT 1. exact time

at 10 o'clock; at half past two; (at) what time...?

2. mealtimes

at lunch; at dinner

3. points of time

at night; at dawn

4. festivals

at Christmas; at Easter (but! On Christmas Day)

5. age

at the age of 14

6. moment/time

at the moment/at present/at this/that time

7. beginning/end

at the same time/at the week-end at the end of the month/match/film/January at the beginning of the game

ON 1. days of the week

on Monday(s); on Sunday

2. parts of the day

on Monday morning; on Sunday afternoons

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

3. dates

on July 1st; on the 3d of March

4. anniversaries

on your birthday

5. festivals

on New Year's Day

6. particular

on that day

occasions IN 1. parts of the day

in the evening/in the afternoon (but! On Mondaymorning)

2. months

in May

3. years

in 2050

4. seasons

in (the) spring

5. centuries

in the 20th century

6. periods

in two year's time; in a few minutes; in the end

Notes: We do not use at/on/in before: this - this morning/this week/this Monday last - last August/last week/last Christmas next - next Tuesday/next year every - every day/every week Are you going out this Saturday? The garden was lovely this spring. We are going on vocation next week. For, During, While , 1. for + for six days; for three hours; for a week; for ages I've lived in this house for twenty years. We watched the game for two hours. Are you going away for the weekend? I haven't seen you for ages. 2. during + during the war; during the film We met a lot of interesting people during the holiday. It must have been raining during the night. 3. while +

+

while he was eating/we were working

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

I fell asleep while I was watching TV. We saw Ann while we were waiting for the bus. : during +

while +

We swam a lot during our holidays. I fell asleep during the film.

We swam a lot while we were on holiday. I fell asleep while I was watching the film.

+

before, till/until, by 1. before -

,

;

Two days before Christmas. before the war/revolution before Christ ( ) They arrived before holiday. 2. till/until -

.

,

I'll wait until ten o'clock. 10 Until then I had known nothing about it.

. .

till now till then Until -

.

: , Let's wait till the rain stops. , 3. under children under sixteen -

;

, .

16

4. from ... to ... from Romul to our time . by by the time smth happens , You should have received my letter by Monday. . By the time I finished, I was very tired. , , On time ,

In time ; )

The train left on time.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

,

)

Will you be home in time for dinner?

? ). I'll meet you at 7.30. Please, be there on time. 7.30. , ( ).

I want to get home in time to see the football match.

, ...).

since , (

) . Perfect Tenses. I've been working since 12 o'clock. 12 ( ). I haven't seen him since Monday. .

from , . works from eight till four. Tomorrow he'll work from ten. , . studied English from the age of five. . From from there from here from nowhere from then from now -

:

,

from: from (the) beginning to (the) end from day to day from morning till night from time to time Since I haven't seen him since he returned from Kiev. , Since you are busy I'll do the work. , .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, .

;

/

.

(

according to

)

According to the schedule the steamer arrives at 7 o'clock on Monday.

in accordancewith

He acted in accordance with our instructions.

as comparedwith

The output has greatly increased as compared with the last year. )

as far as

I'll go with you as far as the station.

as to/as for

As to (as for) our plans we'll speak about them later.

because of

We didn't go there because of the rain.

by means of

It can be done by means of heat treatment. ;

due to; owing to

He achieved these results due to hard work. We couldn't get there owing to the storm. Thanks to his help we could finish the work in time.

thanks ;

except for

Your essay is good except for a few mistakes.

in spite of

We finished the work in time in spite of all the difficulties.

instead of

We bought a new car instead of the old one.

irrespective of

In US every person can study at a University irrespective of age.

,

. .

? ?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

of to

The roof of the house is painted green.

?

by with

. I showed the picture to my brother. . The letter was signed by the director. . cut the letter with a knife. .

1. ,

about

We'll speak about it tomorrow.

,

2.

,

,

3. 1.

above

2.

across

after

along

,

It's about five o'clock now. The plane flew above the clouds. The temperature is above zero.

, ,

There were above 200 people there.

1.

The boy went across the street.

2.

They built a bridge across the river.

1.

He returned home after twelve. Please, come after.

2.

,

3.

:

1. 2. 3. 4.

He ran after her. ,

They went home after the work had been completed. They went along the stream. They drove along the road. They moved along. I've brought my sister along.

, ,

among

) at

He looked about him. He walked about the garden.

1. ,

,

2. 3.

He was lost among the crowd of people. He stopped at the door. I met him at the theatre yesterday.

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

He studies at the Institute. He works at the factory.

He'll see him at the lecture. 4. ( before

1.

)

,

2.

behind

)

We'll have a walk before dinner.

:

Before being admitted to the University he was carefully tested.

,

He sat behind me. Her photograph is below that picture.

,

below beside

,

between

(

by

I get up at 7 o'clock.

,

He was sitting beside me. ) She divided the cake between the two of them.

1. (

)

2. ,

We'll have finished the work by Monday.

,

He was sitting by the window.

3.

down

He walked by me without saying a word. 1.

ran down the stairs/hill. They went down the corridor.

, )

2.

, During my stay in London I visited many museums. During the war she worked at a plant in Siberia.

during

for

1. 2. 3. 4.

It's a great pleasure for me. He payed for the dinner. I'll stay here for two days. He booked a room for three nights. We made an appointment for 5 o'clock.

( ) ,

from

,

,

This is a letter from Mary. He has returned from Kiev. He took a book from the shelf.

) in

1. ( , NB! at, on

inside into of

)

, 1.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

We live in Moscow. There were several pencils in the box. They arrived in 1938/in May/in spring. He'll return in a week/in three days. The children are inside the house. ) He put the letter into his pocket. Some of my friends came to see me

2. ,

off

,

off. The watch is made of gold. She was thinking of him instantly.

1. ( 2.

) , )

on

1. ( 2. ( 3. ,

4. ,

) )

) (

,

)

(

out of

He took all the things off the table. He cut a bit off the rope. The dog ran off (away). Put the magazine on the table. They arrived on the 1st of May/on Sunday. On receiving your letter I telephoned to your brother. He delivered a lecture on Greek drama.

ran out of the room. )

,

outside

He went outside the house to meet us.

(over

)(

)

1.

A lamp was hanging over the table.

2.

,

3.

There were over a hundred cars waiting near the bridge.

,

You've done a lot over the past two years.

4.

He climbed over the wall.

since

The Earth moves round the Sun. There were a lot of flowers around the house.

,

(a)round

1. (

We've lived here since the war. )

)

,

) through

: I haven't seen him since he left Moscow. ,

Since the car is out of order we'll go by train.

1.

,

We were walking through the forest.

2.

,

The accident happened through your carelessness.

,

till, until

We'll stay here till (until) Monday. I'll work until I finish my work.

: ... to towards under

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, ,

(

)

They went to the director/to school/ to the party.

1. ,

The ship sailed towards the sea.

2. ,

He is friendly towards me.

1.

He was lying under the tree.

2.

He is under forty. ,

up

The steamer sailed up the river.

,

ABOUT

I looked up and saw him.

to be about to bring about above all -

,

ABOVE

above measure above suspision -

AFTER

after all the day after tomorrow – long/soon after name after smb -

ALONG

come along get along all along -

AT

at the age of not at all at all costs at dinner/lunch/tea at the expense of at the end at first at once at any rate at a time at a speed of at this/that/the same time at somebody's disposal/service -

)

...

/ ,

at home BEFORE

the day before (yesterday) long before -

BEHIND

be behind time behind one's back be behind smb -

BY

by accident/chance by land/sea/air by means of by no means by the way step by step by retail six by eight meters - 6

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(

by heart -

8

)

by six meters -

6

(

DOWN

up and down down to -

FOR

for ever/good for example/instance for ages for the time being to go for a walk -

IN

in any case in conclusion in the direction of in exchange in fact -. in general in the meantime in part in ink/pencil in Russian/English in sight in stock in return -

ON

on the average on business on board on condition that on the contrary on demand on the one/other hand on the part of on purpose on sale on the whole and so on later on be on (

)

; upside down -

,

,

)

OUT OF

out of date out of doors out of necessity out of pity out of order out of use -

TO

to my disappointment/sorrow/joy to the end to the right/left to and fro to the North/South -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

/

UNDER

be under construction/repair under the circumstances under the agreement/contract -

UP

up to up-to-date be up The time is up. What's up? -

. ?

within reach/sight/hearing -

WITHIN

/

within three miles of -

,

about (of)

I've never heard of him.

,

to tell, speak, think, know, hear, inform, etc.)

What are you talking about? ? We were against the proposal.

(

against

.

,

.

) ,

besides

, )

I've read some articles besides the books you gave me. , , . Everybody except you.

except

(

but )

agreed with me.

(

for

)

. Everybody but you , .

I am for your proposal. ) This letter is for you. . A thermometer is used for measuring temperature. .

with

,

(

lives with his brother. ,

)

,

A man with a suit-case... ... A book with pictures. .

)

listened to me with interest/with a smile. .

, -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. likes to play with children. .

.

) went out without a hat. . can't write without making mistakes. .

without with)

(

within

I'll give you an answer within a week.

);

).

The Article (a/an) The Use of the Indefinite Article (a/an) 1.

a/an ,

(

a/an

). , ,

. He . , .

a boy - many boys a book - a lot of books a dog-five dogs a car hundreds of cars a house - many houses

bread - a loaf of bread butter - a pound of butter excitement - much excitement money - a lot of money beauty - great beauty

!

, . advice furniture money

news information progress

trouble weather work

No news is good news. What nasty weather! You've made fantastic progress! Money is a good servant but a bad master. He is full of interesting information. 2. a)

a/an : It is a book.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

This is a bird and that is an animal. There is a table at the window. What a clever man! ( )

!

!But: What nice weather we are having today! What beautiful pictures!

a/an

).

b) to see, to give, to make, to play, etc:

to have,

I have a dog and he has a cat. I saw an unusual bird. c)

tobe

:

is a teacher and I am a doctor. She is such a nice girl! !But: They are engineers/clever men. a/an

).

3.

: A child knows it.

)

.

4. (

):

I wear a cap in summer and a hat in autumn. . 5.

,

(a/an)

, :

My friend, a history teacher, knows a lot about this war. , , . !But: Pushkin, the great Russian poet, wrote... Ivanov, the inventor of this machine... ("the"

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

).

6.

a/an a/an ,

». ,

,

Not a word was spoken. He I'll be back in a minute. The apples are 80 p a kilogram. I'd like a coffee. ) I go to the library twice a month. 7.

,

. ) ) 80

. )

.

. .

a/an hundred, thousand, million, score( has won a million. had a dozen of shirts made.

a (an)

.

one ).

), dozen( . .

the

,

, , ,

,

.

.

I bought a book yesterday. The book is very interesting. I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped outside our house and a man got out. The man was carrying a case in his hand. With the case, the man looked like a salesman. (the), ,

:

The wedding looked sad. The bride was too old and the bridegroom was too young. . , How did you like the play? ? Where is the key? ? , Put your book on the shelf. . .) Pass the salt, please. , , . .)

The Use of the Definite Article the

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

. .) ;

1. : the cinema, the theatre, the radio, the television, the army, the police, the firebrigade, the post office, the bank, the doctor, the dentist, the country, the mountains, the sea, the seaside, the weekend. You can change your money at the bank. The police were called and they came immediately. We spend the weekend in the country/the mountains/at the seaside. 2. : the Sun, the Moon, the Galaxy, the Earth, the Universe, the Solar System, etc: The Sun was getting warmer. The Moon moves round the Earth. the President, the Government, the capital, the captain, the monitor, the director, the manager, etc. What is the capital of Spain? He is the manager of this company. !NB a/an

:

a)

. We admired a pearl-white moon.

b)

.

, . I spoke on this question to a manager at the meeting of managers. .

3. the violin, the piano, the guitar, etc.

:

He played the violin beautifully.

.

4. the: the old, the rich, the poor, the blind: There are special schools for the blind and the deaf. . The wounded were taken to hospital. 5.

.

(the) : The tragedy and the comedy appeared in Greece. . The pine grows in the North.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

When was the telephone invented? 6. (

?

the ?) (

):

It was dark in the forest.

.

!But: I'd love to live in a forest. ).

1.

a/an

(

(

: She is such a kind girl. He is a rather dull person. It is quite a warm day today.

such rather quite

2.

)

the , )

( :

I liked the film that I saw yesterday. The telegram brought by the secretary was very important. I have lost the key to my room. !NB ,

, . :

I have a wonderful painting, which is one hundred years old. We went to the sea, which was very stormy that day. 3.

the : same wrong right very next following last only whole one of

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Again you're asking the same question. We went in the wrong direction. He is not the right man for this job. The very minute the door opened, he left. Who is the next on the list? Remember the following Rules. He was the last guest to leave. It is the only book of its kind. We spent the whole week sunbathing on the beach. Give me one of the books.

,

some of many of most of each of

Some of the mistakes are very bad. Many of the students take up this course. Most of the stories are very interesting. Each of the boys recieved a ball.

«of +

»

The Use of Articles with "of + Noun" as an Attribute (a/an)

(the)

. .

book of interest sense of humour a man of culture a depth of the foot of the/a mountain five meters a group of childrena boy the son of a fisherman of five a ring of gold the bank of the/a river the development of science the name of John the middle of the room the orbit of the Moon

+ » The Use of Articles with Numerals THE

A/AN

, ,

:

:

: - Open the book onpage 23. -

- We sat in thethird row. .

- Then we noticed a second man. (

23. )

: - I bought three

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, : - Show me the three books you bought

.

books yesterday. yesterday. , .

.

The Use of Articles with Uncountable Nouns , (the),

some/any.

(—)

some/any (the) ( :

: - Water is necessary for life. - I'll do it with pleasure. - Which do you prefer: tea or coffee?

,

- Pass me the salt, please. - We'll ship the oil next week.

):

- I bought some butter. - Is there any butter in the fridge? - The news caused some excitement. - Is there any hope? :

: - There was some difference between - Buy some bread. them. . - The difference - Buy bread. ( wasn't very strong, but... ).

: - The water in this we//is very cold. But: - Water in a well is always cold ( ).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

The Special Difficulties in the Use of Articles school, hospital, home, work, bed The Use of Articles With the Nouns School/College, Hospital, Bed, etc. , . , . School/ * to be at school, to go to college/ school ); University * to leave school ) Hospital

Bed

• to go to the school ). * There is a school not far from our house.

* to go to hospital ); * to be in hospital )

* When our friend was ill we went to the hospital to visit him.

• to go to bed ); • to be/to stay in bed ,

* There is a bed, two armchairs and a table in the room.

)

)

Home

• to go home ); • to come home ); • to be at home )

* The Arctic Ocean is a homeof the polar bear.

Work

• to go to work ); • to be at work

* They like the work they are doing now. * It is a real work of art.

)

, The Use of Articles With the Names of Months,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

Days, Seasons, Meals, Languages, and Some Nouns (day, night, evening, morning, etc.) The -

A/An -

: May,Monday

- I saw him inMay/on Monday.

- We'll always rememberthe May of 1945.

-A cold May is a usual thing here.

: summer, winter

- I likesummer.

- We met in the winter of 1995.

- It was a beautiful spring.

• early/late spring (autumn, winter, summer)

: lunch, dinner

-I hadlunch at school.

- The lunch we had yesterday was very good.

- We had a good dinner yesterday.

• to have breakfast (lunch, dinner, tea, coffee)

: English, French, German

- Do you speak French?

- The French of Canadadiffers from the French of France.

- It was a hard • The English (French) day. language • What is the English for..?

: day, night, morning, evening

- It - I'll never forget the wasmorning daywe met. .

• early/late morning (afternoon); • at night; • from morning till night; • by day; • in the morning (evening, afternoon)

(The Use of Articles with Proper Names) the

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-I met Annyesterday. - Old Johnoften visits us.

: - The Browns have left London. - The Petrovs are our good friends.

) : - Tim was really a Burton. .

) b) ( ) - I'll ask Fatherabout it.

,

- The daughter was as beautiful as themother.

: - A Mr Walkercalled an hour ago. . . )

b)

: Uncle George Professor Doctor General Smith Mr/Mr Count s Mr

-You are quite aMonte Cristo. ,

.

- The painter Serovhas left many pictures.

The Use of Articles with Geographical Names THE

, , ,

Africa, Asia, Latin Ameri - The Paris he was born in... ca, France - In this book

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:State(s), Ki ngdom,Union, Republic,Emirates... - the United Arab Emirates, - the United

, Londo n, Petrov ka But: the village of Petrov ka ,

Walter Scott described the England of the Middle Ages.

States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland, - the Netherlands, - the Ukraine, - the Congo, - the Caucasus, - the Crimea, - the Hague

the Pacific, the Black Sea, the Neva, the Gobi, the Sahara, the Suez Canal, the (English) Channel

, , ,

Lake the Baikal the Baikal Ontario LakeO ntario •

• the Urals, the Alps

Elbrus, Everest •

• the Bermudas, the British Isles, the Bahamas

Madag askar, Corfu, Sicily North Americ a, Lathin Americ a, Central Asia

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

the Middle East, the Far East, the North of England, the South of France

But: northern England, Southern Spain

the South, the North, the West, the East

But: from East to West, from North to South

The Use of Articles in Set Expressions , The Use of the Indefinite Article with Nouns in Set Expressions (A/AN) a lot of a number of ( a few a little as a result at a speed of it's a pity to be in a hurry for a short time in a loud/low voice to be at a loss to have a good time to have a cold to have a headache to go for a walk to take a seat -

:

)

, The Use of the Definite Article With Nouns in Set Expressions (THE) in the morning/evening/afternoon in the country on the left/right on the one hand/on the other hand the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow the other day What's the time? ? to tell the truth to run the risk in the original to keep the house (

:

) ,

Nouns in Set Expressions Used without an Article

all day long all year round at dinner/breakfast/lunch/supper at present -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

: at sunrise/at sunset ... at first sight -

at war/peace -

() by tram/bus/train/boat, etc. . . by air/water/sea/land , , by post/airmail by chance by heart by

, mistake go home/to school/to work/to town come home go to sea in front of in/on time in fact in conclusion on deck on horseback on sale out of doors , for sale from time to time from morning till night from head to foot from beginning to end take to heart take offence play football/tennis, etc. -

/

. . ,

,

. The Use of Articles in the Names of Places, Some Buildings, Public Organizations, etc.

THE the French Revolution the United Nations, theGovernment the Labour Party, the Tory the Constitution the Times, the Washington Post the Titanic ,

the Globe, the Bolshoy, theOdeon, the Arbat Her Majesty's the Hilton

Brown's

the Cafe Royal

Leoni's

the British Museum, theHermitage, the Tate Gallery

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

/

the Bank of England theHouses of Parliament theWinter Palace the Tower of London ,

Yourkshire Texas, Oxford High Street

,

Conditional Sentences

I.

If the we will go for a weather isclear, walk.will + Present Ind./Cont.

. .

, .

If you moved to the country, Past Ind./ Cont.

II. .

.

Youwould a buy bigger house would could might

, .

+ III.

If he had known the facts, Past Perfect

. .

He would us what to have told do , would could might

.

, . have + III

Notes: 1. unless-

: if -

; in case -

; provided -

,

. You won't pass the exam, unless you work hard.

2.

"to be" "were" "was".

;

If I were a millionaire, I would buy you a palace. 3.

; II,

-

III

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

;

If I had taken the medicine yesterday, I would be well now. 4.

: If I were you/in your position/in your shoes -

Making a Wish wish.

-

we knew Sue's address. ,

-

it wasn't raining, ,

-

you didn't work so much. , .

I wish/ wished

I were/was beautiful. .

-

. Present .

I had brought my camera. , . Past

-

the hotel had been better. , .

-

they could come to see us tomorrow. , .

Future

- someone would answer that telephone! ! - the music would stop! -

!

complaint, annoyance,request , ,

- you would give her my message. - e ?

)

. . Sequence of Tenses. Indirect Speech

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

, ,

: ,

(

) -

.

: Present Indefinite (do/does)

Past Indefinite (did)

Present Continuous (am/is/are doing)

Past Continuous (was/were doing)

Past Indefinite (did)

Past Perfect (had done)

Present Perfect (have/has done)

Past Perfect (had done)

will

would

can; may; must; should

could; might; must (had to); should : here this these now today yesterday a year ago last night tonight

-

there that those then that day the day before a year before the previous night that night

I live here." - He said that he lived

• he lived in Kiev. .

• he had already left Moscow.

• they would arrive on Sunday. .

• they were waiting for us. I knew . (that) He said • he had been living in Kiev since 1946. 1946.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. • it had been raining as it was wet. ,

.

• they would be working at 6. 6 . • he would have translated the article by Monday.

• she had been ill for two weeks.

• he had known her for two years. 2 .

.

.

Notes: 1.

, : he works at the University. he worked at the University 5 years ago. he will work at the plant when he graduates. he has already finished the work.

He says (that)

2. : I knew that he told her that he received the letters every week. , , I thought he would tell her that he intended to go to the Crimea. , , said that Jack had told her that he was writing a play. , , . 3.

. .

, ,

,

: The teacher told the children that water boils at 100°C. She said she always has coffee for breakfast. He asked what time the train usually starts. We knew that he plays tennis well. The speaker said that the peoples want peace. 4. Present

, Future:

,

My brother told me about the book you are writing. , . He was not able to translate the article because he doesn't know English well enough. , . It was not so cold yesterday as it is now. , .

Indirect Statement

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

they lived in Kiev. they were working then.

"They live in Kiev." "They are workingnow."

Past Ind./Past Cont. He

"They lived in Kiev before." "They have done it." "They were workingwhen we came."

knew they had lived in Kiev. said they had done it. they had been working thought Past Perfect/ Past Perfect Cont. they would come soon. they would be waiting for us would +

"They will comesoon." "They will be waiting for us."

Indirect Command and Request

:

The mother said to the lazy son, "Wake up"! The teacher said to the pupils, "Don't play with fire!" I said to Nick, "Shut the door, please."

The mother ordered the lazy son to wake up. The teacher told the pupils not to play with fire. I asked Nick to shut the door.

Indirect Question I.

:

)

Indirect General Question

"Is he student?" "Does he livehere?" "Are theyworking now?"

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

asked wanted to know

it/whether

He was a student. He lived there. They were

"Did you gothere yesterday?" “Will she call tomorrow?" "Have youseen the film?"

He

II.

workingthen. I had gone the day before. She would call the next day. I had seen the film.

wondered

(where? when? ...)

Indirect Special Question

"Where do you live?" asked "When did he come?" He wanted to know "What are you wondered doing?" "How haveyou done it?"

where I lived. when I had come what I was doing. how I had done it.

: 1. 2.

«

» - if/whether (

)

+ Is he a student? ------ he is a student. Does he live here? ------ he lives here. 3.

):

: is ----- he was... lives ----- he lived ...

Questions and Negatives : 1. 2.

, ,

. . , —

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

be (am, is, are, was, were) is a student. - Is he a student? have (has, had) Perfect They are working now. - Are they Tenses* working now? They have finished the work. Have they finished the work? Can, could, may, must, wilt, would,shall, should

He can swim well. - Can he swim well? We must come at 5. - Must I come at 5? They will go to the country tomorrow. - Will they go to the country tomorrow? He was not (wasn't) at home at that time. He has not (hasn't) come yet. You may not (mayn't) leave the camp after sunset.

not .

*

have

, , have dinner, have a rest, etc do, does, did:

,

Does she have a car? Do you have to go to the library to find the book? Do you have any money? Do you have to get up early every day? Did you have a walk this morning? (general question) : Is he sleeping? - Yes, he is./No, he is not/isn't. Do you have a dog? - Yes, I do./No, I don't. , . l,you, we, they work ----- do she, he, it works ----- does worked ---- did

: don't doesn't + ) didn't

Question Word Order

* Who*

-

-

brought

the letter?

What(4T0)

do

you

have

for breakfast?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

When

did

they

arrive

Where

does

your father

work?

Why How

do

you

make

to Moscow?

it?

* (

):

Who works here? ? What's happened? ? Which is the best restaurant in the town? : Who is standing at the window? - My sister is. Who can do it? - I can. what (

), how many/much, whose, which of the :

How many brothers do you have? Whose answer did you like best? What books do you usually read? How much money do you need? ,

(where? how? etc) (special questions):

,

What story are you reading? - I am reading a short story by Maugham.

Alternative Questions . (

)

(

)

or. (

):

Is he student or teacher? He is very young. -He is our new teacher. Do you or does your mother cook dinner? -My mother does. When are you leaving, in the morning or in the evening? -(I'm leaving) in the morning.

Disjunctive Questions + .

, ?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

?

?).

, . We are late, aren't we? Henry likes opera, doesn't he? You haven't met my wife, have you? You don't like fish, do you?

, (

.

).

: Your friend lives in France, doesn't he? - Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.

No/Yes No

. , a Yes -

She is very busy, You can swim, Peter works hard, Your sister went to Kiev,

isn't she? can't you? doesn't he? didn't she?

-You won't go to Moscow, -He hasn't finished his work, -You shouldn't stay in bed,

will you? has he? should you?

.

Yes, she is. Yes, I can. Yes, he does. Yes, she does.

No, she isn't. No, I can't. No, he doesn't. No, she doesn't.

No, I won't. No, he hasn't. No, Ishouldn't.

Yes, I will. Yes, he has. Yes, I should.

The Infinitive Forms Tense/Voice Distinctions :

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Active Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Passive

be written to write to have been written to be writing to have written to have been writing

: not + She asked me not to forget to post the letter. , , Continuous Infinitive . The Continuous Infinitive

,

.

,

,

the indefinite -

:

I am glad to meet you. I was glad to see Mr Paul. Mr Forsyte will be glad to see you. pretended to be sleeping.

. . . ,

.

The Perfect Infinitive

, , . be + ) to be glad, to be happy, to be sorry, to be surprised, it is clever/kind/silly of you, etc.: I'm glad to have met him. , I was sorry to have said it. must have forgotten about it.

NB! asked)

(

).

, ,

(to

( ,

). .

(The Indefinite Active and Passive to ask/to be . , Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous Infinitive, , .

. It is wonderful to love and to be loved.

.

"to" The Use of the Infinitive without the Particle "to" "to" -

. ,

1. I don't know her. We shall go there at once.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

"to" :

.

2.

: You can't do it. You must consult the doctor.

3.

: I've never seen you look so well. She heard him enter the room. I felt my heart jump.

4.

to let: Let's be friends. If he calls, let me know.

5.

to make (= to force)

dare

), need (

)

:

Need I do the washing up? How dare you call me a liar? What makes you think so?

6.

had better (... ),cannot but ( ...), etc.:

), would rather/sooner (...

He said he would rather stay at home. You had better go there at once. I can't but think about it.

7.

,

why not:

Why not come and talk to her yourself? Why pay more at other shops? 8.

than, rather than, but, exept: I'll do anything but work with children. Rather than walk for half an hour, I'll take a taxi.

The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence . , . 1. .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

walk in the garden was very pleasant.

,

. ,

Even to think of it gave him torture. . be recognized gave her great joy. , .

.

it

It is useless to discuss this question. .

) 2.

understand the rule better I read it several times. , . I stayed there to see what would happen. , , .

...)

in soas

order ).

.

I invited him in order to tell him the news. I'll write down your telephone number so as not to forget it.

: + + read a lot is to know much. . + + read the book I went to the library. ,

3. too (

)

enough

.

was too busy to see anyone. She was clever enough to admit it.

).

4. .

I had no time to visit the museum yet. .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

She was not a woman to suffer in silence. ,

, .

. was the first/last to come. ( ). I have nobody to say a kind word to me. ,

, , , , last.

.

( ), ,

last). , , .

I've got a wife and a child to look after. , .

The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Moscow. , . : +

gave her a knife to cut the bread with. , . Give me some water to drink. . brought us a book to read. .

5. : to cut a long story short; to put it mildly; to say the least; to tell

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

was rude, to say the least of it. , . put it mildly, he was not very

the truth; etc.

clever. , .

: 1. .

: "it is a book to read",

"to be

read". : There is nothing to be done nothing to do; there is something to be seen, to be said something to see, to say. 2.

, :

It's the only thing to do. , is not the man to do it. , . It's a book to read and remember.

,

,

:

.

. 3.

,

,

: The houses to be built here will be of the same type. , , . : .is hard to please. . - She is pleasant to look at. . - I have something to tell you. . - There is nothing to be gained by it. . - There is nothing to be done. . - There is much to be done. . - The house is to let. ? - Who is to blame? . - Be sure to come*. , . - There is nothing left to do but wait. The Infinitive Constructions » The Complex Object ».

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. +

+

+

I want Mother (her) to help me. , ( ) . They expect the steamer to leave tonight. ,

.

. They expect the train. They expect the train to leave. .

,

: I expect him to come soon. I expect that he will come soon.

,

.

, . «

»

I knew them to be right. : to , . know, to think, to consider, to We expect them to arrive soon. believe, to find , , ), to expect, to sup . pose ), to I find him (to be) a very clever imagine, to feel, to trust, to man. mean, etc. , . I don't consider him (to be) an to honest be man. to consider, to , find, to declare). . 1.

, .

.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

2. , » to pronounce, to declave, to report .

The doctor pronounced the wound to be a slight one. ,

.

3. : to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend (= to want) I want you to stop worrying. intended me to go with him to India. , . , . 4. : to like, to dislike, to hate Tell me what you would like me to do. , ,

.

5. : to order, toallow, to suffer The captain ordered the cases to be loaded. . asked for the letter to be sent off at once. , . Passive Infinitive She askedto be shown the photo. . Mr Domby suffered his daughter to play with Paul. . 6. to watch, to feel, to observe, to hear I saw Brown enter the room. , .

: .

"to". I felt the blood rush into my cheeks. , Indefinite Infinitive Active. I saw the fire slowly conquered. , . :

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

+ saw him enter the shop. (I saw the whole action - he opened the door, went in and disappeard.) + I saw him entering the shop. (This action was in progress when I saw him). : 1.

to see ,

to hear «

I saw that she didn't realize the danger. ( ), I heard that he had left for the south. ( ), 2. to see to notice , I saw that he was pale. , .

» (to see) ,

«

» (to hear), :

. . to be:

» The Complex Subject «

» , .

(

) . , : Laser is known to be used in medicine. ,

«

.

»

:

1. • (in Passive): to see, to hear, to notice, etc. The car was seen to disappear in the distance. , . She washeard to laugh heartily. , . • , Passive) tothink, to consider,to believe, to expect, to suppose, know, etc. was thought to be honest and kind.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(in

.( , ...) He is considered to have been one of the most popular writers of his time. , . • : to say, to report ( ), to order, to ask, to said, allow, to state ( ), to announce ( ) She is to be working at the factory. , . 2. : to be likely ), to be unlikely( , ), tobe certain/to besure , , , is unlikely to know her address. ( , ), . issure to be asked about it. .

)

3. : to seem/to appear ( , toprove/to turn out ), to happen/to chance The first experiment proved to be a success. .

),

Only yesterday we happened to meet the man.

. : don't doesn't

seem prove + didn't

happen

doesn't seem to know this subject. , , . didn't prove to be a very experienced engineer. . didn't happen to be there at that time. , .

is/are not likely +

:

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

is not likely to come today. , ,

.

1.

: )

: is said to live in London. ,

. b) : The water seems to be boiling. , . ) , , They are reported to have finished the construction. , .

:

2. ,

:

toexpect, tobe sure/certain, tobelikely We are sure to come to the heart of the matter. . is expected to give us an answer tomorrow. , .

3.

to prove, to seem/to appear (

,

)

,

to be

: She proved (to be) very clever. . seems ill. . appears an experienced teacher. . : seems ill.

He seems to be ill. , , .

. 4.

. to suppose, to expect, to make.

,

"For to..." The For-to - Infinitive Construction for

,

. .

It's easier for me to go out and buy a new pair of gloves.

* Is good it was easy smth will be impossible

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

for smb to do

. It's easy for you to answer this question.

. It is not for me to say so. He .

to wait to arrange for smb to do smb to be anxious

I'm waiting for you to come. . I have arranged for you to have a private room. , . Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.

. thinks it best for you to stay here. , . There is no one for the children to play with. somebody for smb to do smth There is (nothing)

. There is nothing else for me to say. . It is not the right time for us to speak about it. . It was the only thing for me to do. , . stood aside for us to pass by.

do smth for smb to do smth

, .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

cold (too) wide

The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time. (enough) for smb to do smth

. The lane was wide enough for him to turn the car. , .

* : nice kind is sensible it was silly It was silly of you to ask that question. . It's nice (kind) of you to say so. ( It will be very sensible of you to go there at once. ,

). .

The Non-finite Forms of the Verb : Infinitive),

(the Gerund)

(the (the Participle).

, . , .

The Gerund Forms. Tense/Voice Distinctions Active

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Passive

Indefinite Perfect

writing having written

being written having been written

, ,

.

, : , . :

Indefinite Gerund : -

avoided making the same mistake again.

Perfect Gerund . - He admitted having made the mistake. 1.

Perfect Gerund, Indefinite Gerund: : remember, excuse, forgive, thank. : on (upon), after, without.

) )

I don't remember hearing the legend before. You must excuse my not answering you before.

(Active) (Passive)

:

liked neither reading nor being read to.

2.

: want, need, deserve, require, beworth , : The room needs painting. The film is worth seeing. The child deserves praising.

The Use of the Gerund . ,

, -

: 1.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

.

.

accuse of

object to

They succeeded in finding a good flat.

apologize for

persist in

Can you stop the child from getting

approve of

prevent from

into mischief?

blame smb for

result in

Thank you for coming -

forgive for

stop from

He was accused of having broken

congratulate on succeed in

the law.

count on

suspend smb of

I insisted on his coming with us.

depend on

thank for

Who is to blame for starting the fire?

hear of

think of

Are you thinking of buying a house?

inform of

I apologize for being so awkward.

insist on

2.

, :

art of

opportunity of - He has no intention of staying.

chance of

plan for

- The importance of being earnest.

difficulty (in)

point in; of

- There is no chance of winning.

experience in

preparation for

- We had no opportunity of meeting

habit of

process of

interesting people there.

harm of

purpose of

- I have no experience in building

idea of

reason for

houses.

importance of

right of

- There are different ways of solving

interest in

sense of

this problem.

means of

skill in

- Do you have any reason for saying

mistake of

way of

such a thing?

3.

:

burst out

leave off

He gave up smoking two years ago.

give up

keep on

She kept on interrupting me while

goon put off, etc. (see I was speaking. "English through Reading")

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

4.

:

avoid

involve

Would you mind closing the door?

consider

justify

He denied having seen this man

delay

mind

before.

deny

miss

You can hardly avoid meeting her.

escape

postpone

We've just missed having nasty accident.

excuse

practise

They postponed sending an answer

fancy

recall

to the request.

finish

recollect

My work involves filing and typing

forgive

resent

letters.

include

risk

141 risk trying my hand in it.

5.

:

be afraid of

be guilty of

There is no use crying over spilt

be angry for

be interested in

milk.

be aware of

be keen on

He didn't feel like going out.

be bored with

be pleased at

He couldn't help laughing.

be busy

be proud of

She was afraid of falling.

be capable of

be slow at

He is slow at doing sums.

be clever at be be sorry for be He is interested in developing the engaged in surprised at project. be disappointed at be fond of

be sure of She'// be sorry for being rude. be worried about

He is proud of having won the

be good/clever at be worth

chess tournament.

be grateful for

be responsible for

He was surprised at having been

can't stand/bear

be no good

asked about it.

feel like

be no use

It's no use worrying about it. There

have difficulty in

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

is nothing you can do. Did you have any difficulty in getting a visa?

6.

: in spite of They ran five miles without stopping.

after before

on

Before going to bed she locked

instead of

by

the door. John went to his office in spite of being ill.

,

,

6)

Notes: 1.

come

. :

Why don't you come sailing with us? Let's go skiing!

2.

,

:catch, find, notice, observe, see. I'd better not catch you doing that again! 3.

, :

Used to + Used to + Inf. , used to ): - When I was in England, I used to eat a big breakfast. Be used to +

, (

/ » to be interested in, :

I’m used to his curious ways. I'm used to hearing about the odd things he does. Used to -

,

to be to be used to , Verbs Used With the Gerund and the Infinitive

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. .

, ,

. .

Verbs

Gerund

begin -

Infinitive )

)

/

.(

). She began crying (to cry). When did you begin learning(to learn) English?

like* (love) - I like cooking (= enjoy )

. I began to feel dizzy. He began to realize that he had made a mistake. ) : The barometer began to fall. ) Continuous: It's beginning to freeze. I like to cook my meals,

) loathe -

He loathes travelling by air. ( )

I loathe to have to put up here, ( )

,

hate , ,

remember , (" forget -

She hates getting to the theatre late. (= , )

I hate to trouble you. )

I remember posting your letter. (= , )

He remembered to post the letter, ( )

I forgot calling you the the day before, ( )

Don't forgetto call me tomorrow, (

")

) regret -

I regret saying (having said)that you I regret to say that you

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

were mistaken, = I'm sorry that I must now tell you.)

were mistaken, ( ) try ,

Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door,

Try to get here early, )

) prefer -

I prefer walking to cycling,

) I prefer to wait here, ( / )

be afraid (of) -

I dont like dogs. I'm alwaysafraid of being bitten, , )

He was afraid to tell his parents that he had broken the neighbour's window, ,

) would like I like

. I would like.

I would like -

«

I like playing tennis, ( I would like to play tennis today, (

». ) )

I would love / prefer / hate +

.

Would you prefer to have dinner now or later? I'd love to be able to travel round the world.

II.

, (that-

clause). fancy , ,

imagine

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

She didn't fancy going out. I fancy that he is in for (= ) a disappointment. (= )

I can't imagine marrying a Don't imagine that lean girl of that sort. (= lend you money every , time you need it. (= « ) »)

III. ,

. .

1. love

She loves having/to have a lot of dogs and young men around her.

2. regret

I regret being unable to help you. He regretted to have said that. I regretted that I couldn't help.

3. intend

What do you intend doing/to do today? We intended that they should do it. (= have in mind as a plan)

4. forget

I shall never forget hearing Chaliapin in that part. He has forgotten to pay me. Did you forget that 1 was coming?

5. propose

I propose starting early/to start early/that we should start early.

The Gerundial Construction ,

,

« », , We appreciate your helping us. ( ) ( , We enjoyed the band's playing very much. , ,

. ). . :

,

»/ «

,

»/ «

: 1. ,

:

Do you mind my smoking? Our talk was prevented by Richard's coming back.

NB! : I object to Mary and Jane going out on such a windy day.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

».

2.

, (common case): I said something about my clock being slow. Her thoughts were interrupted by the door opening gently.

The Gerund and the Verbal Noun Indefinite Gerund Active

, -ing. .

"I like singing." .

, .

I like singing

, (if it is gerund) , (if it is noun)

: The Gerund: 1.

;

being done, having done, .

having been done 2.

, ( -ing

).

"reading a letter" .

3.

;

"reading

fast", reading

.

4. begin/stop/go on/keep doing something.

,

,

.

The Verbal Noun: 1.

:

Memorize the proverbs and sayings. 2. : the banging of the door; 3. , the clicking of the clock; 4. the old clippings (

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

: , : )

The Participle Forms and Functions Active

Passive

Indefinite Participle (Participle I)

asking

being asked

Past Participle (Participle II)

asked

-

having asked

having been asked

Perfect Participle

Indefinite Participle (Active and Passive) ,

,

, . ,

. Do you see the child waving the flag? That day we stayed at home watching TV. In a few minutes the guests will be arriving wearing smiles and carrying presents.

Past Participle

, ,

,

,

. .

is a man loved and admired by everybody. The dog carried by the child gave a sharp yelp. She took the long forgotten letter out of the bag.

Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) , ,

,

,

, ,

, .

Having expiained everything, I want to tell you how sorry I am. Having finished the letter, he went to the post office. Having settled the problem, you will find something new to worry about.

NB!

Perfect Participle. : to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, etc. the Indefinite Participle. Hearing footsteps he rose and went to open the door.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. -

,

. .

When writing letters, he doesn't like to be disturbed. Being written in pencil, the letter was difficult to read. Having written the letter, he went to the post-office. Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read.

The Functions of the Participle in a Sentence ------------

------------------

-------------

-----------------

------------------

:

made his living buildingsummer houses or garages for people.

building The young men building our house with me are my brothers. , ,-

,

.

. being built

The white stone house being builtnear the park is a new building of our Art museum. , ,-

Being built with great skill and care, the mansion has been used by the family for centuries. ( ) , .

. built

They are reconstructing the housebuilt in the 18th century.

If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. ,

, XVIII

. .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Having built the house, he began building a greenhouse. ,

having built

. Having been built of concrete, the house was always cold in winter.

having been built

, . : 1.

Participle I Active : came back and stood on the steps leading down to the street. , .

1. Participle I Passive (being read)

.

2. The Past Participle (Participle II) while, as if/as though, though, unless, if.

when,

When told to come in he seemed to change his mind. , , , . She continued staring at the screen as if fascinated. , 3.

catch, spot, find, discover

.

smell + Present Participle

,

(Participle I): The teacher caught the pupil cheating. The search party found (spotted, discovered) the climbers clinging to a rock face. He smelt the meat cooking.

4. spot, find and discover Past Participle: The police found the money hidden in a disused garage. 5.

+

leave

keep ( ):

left me sitting in the restaurant alone. He kept me waiting. He left his bicycle propped against a wall. He kept the dog chained up.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

6.

,

, Perfect Participle ( Indefinite Participle:

, ) Seeing me he smiled happily. ,

.

7.

, Indefinite Participle: looked at me smiling.

. Seeing that it was getting cold we went home. , ,

.

Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes Active

1.

,

READING

Look at this reading boy! He is only five.

READING

We looked at the reading boy. He had a nice voice.

who HAD READ

The boy who had read the poem now was taking part in the discussion.

who WILL READ (is going to...)

We've never heard of the actor who will read the poems.

. 2.

*, )

3.

, )

4.

Passive

1.

,

USED

, (

)

2.

,

USED

There were several methodsused before the invention.

USED

This is the method used in the first experiment.

BEING USED

What do you think of the method being used?

) 3.

, (

4.

, (

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

These are the methods used for metal treatment.

)

) to BE USED (the Infinitive)

5. ( )

The methods to be used in our new project are quite modern.

Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers

, , , ,

(when/while) (While) reading this book I reading always having read remember my own childhood. (When) reading this book I wrote out a number of useful expressions. )** Having read this book I learnt a lot. Having read this book I can tell you my opinion of it.

: * (reading)

Present Participle , .

, ,

,

.

: , , I came up to the young man standing at the door. ** being (

.

. Everyone pushed the young man who had placed himself at the car door. to be) . "while-phrase" :

, . While in Moscow (= while I was in Moscow) I visited Kremlin. , . When a boy (= when I was a boy) I liked to play football. NB! being : Being tired (= as he was tired) he went home at once. (= ), . Have +

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Have Something Done + Past Participle

,

,

,

-

, ,

).

have .

I have my coat cleaned every month. We had the roof repaired yesterday. They are having the house painted at the moment. How often do you have your car serviced? She has just had her car cleaned.

,

(

)

.

had all his money stolen. . George had his nose broken in a fight. . The Absolute Participle Construction , «

« .

»

».

The letter having been written, he went out to post it.

,

.

The room being dark, I couldn't see him.

, , :

,

,

. ,

,

,

. .

The Complex Sentence Sentence)

: (Compound Sentence). The Compound Sentence ,

.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(Complex

,

and Are you coming or are you staying at home?

or (

else

)

He must be joking or else he's mad.

but

He went to his room but he couldn't work.

otherwise

Do what you've been told otherwise you'll be punished.

however

He was wrong, however, he went on doing it his own way.

nevertheless

There was no news, nevertheless, she went on hoping.

yet/still

She was vain and foolish, and yet people liked her. He has treated you badly; still, he's your brother and you ought to help him. I'm working on Monday, therefore I can't meet you at the station.

therefore both ... and

...

The key both opened the door and it kept the door locked.

either ... or neither ... nor not only ... but also

... ...

You'll either sail this boat correctly or you'll never sail with me again. Her nails were neither long nor were they painted. Not only did they win, but they also changed the nature of the team.

...

The Complex Sentence

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(The (The Subordinate Clause) -

Principal or Main Clause) ,

. . . Subject Clauses

that what if, whether who whoever which whatever where

,

;

...,

...

-

;

, ... ...

, -

... ...;

;

-

,

;

... -

, ,

; ;

,

; ,

when why how how + adjective

-

,

-

, ,

;

; ,

-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, ,

; +

That he will never agree to this plan is absolutely clear. - To, , . Whether he will agree to join us is not quite clear. , . What was done could not be undone. , . Who her mother was, was the question. .

When we shall start is uncertain. , . Whoever is elected Prime Minister lives at 10 Downing Street. , , 10. How important it is to start the work right away is clear to everybody. ,

. Note: . Predicative Clauses

?

: ?

?

, (

.

).

This decision is what we have been hoping for. . But his chief trouble was that he did not know any editor or writer ... ,

,

.

. : ,

...

,

...

,

,

...

...

Object Clauses

:

?

?

?

. .

,

that

She felt that someone else was there.

if/ whether

Time will show whether I'm right or not.

when

He asked when we would be back.

what

I'll do what I say.

where

He asked where we had met.

how

He stood thinking how nice she

(Object)

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

looked. why

He wondered why he should do it.

: 1. to demand, to require, to insist, to advise, to recommend, to suggest, to propose, to agree, to arrange ), to order, to command, should + ( to): They insisted (that) we should have dinner with them. , . She demanded (that) I should apologies to her.

2. Should important, strange, funny, natural, surprised, essential, unbelievable, odd, typical, interesting,etc.: It's strange that he should be late. He's usually on time. I was surprised that he should say such a thing.

3. He

. Attributive Clauses (

?). :

The man who wants to buy my horse came again yesterday.

A man, who said he knew my father, came to see me yesterday. 1.

. . 2. . 3.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.

,

who

The man who normally works here is ill.

that

Have you seen the dress that I've just bought?

which

Have you read the book which I gave you?

whom

I know the man whom you mean.

whose

Our sister, whose photo I showed you, is coming tomorrow.

(Attributive)

: 1. , : The man (who) I saw yesterday is ill. ill. :who you saw yesterday.

, : The man is

2.

,

, : The man who normally works here is ill. : The man is ill. : who normally works here =he normally works here he 3. relyon, speakabout, passby, etc., : A lot of boxes (that) food is packed in could be recycled. The woman who we buy eggs from has twenty hens.

!NB . that : The success of the bread can depend on the oven in which it is baked ).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

who (or that) — (or that) » .who..., , who (or whom)

»

that (or which) — (or that) , which ..., , which ...,

» » 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The man who/that phoned you didn't leave his name. What's the name of the river that/which flows through the town? That's the boy who has just got a place at university. Mr Right who/whom I met yesterday asked you to phone him. He came to see me off, which was very nice of him. :

1.

(who),

2. Whom 3. Where, when, why :

. (

)

.

We visited the town where I was born, (defining) I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs Butler, (non-defining) There must be a reason why you said that.

, what, that, which Clauses Introduced by what, that, which what

) I told you what I know

that (

) I told you that I know about the plan. I told you everything that I know. Which: I told you about the plan, which is enough for the present. , / . : 1. What ; that : I told you what I know. I told you that I know.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

2.

that . (Which )

.

what

which

Adverbial Clauses . : ) b) ) d) ) f)

; ;

; ; ; . Time Clauses when?( ?) since when? how long? (

?

?).

,

when

When he had finished, he turned out the light.

after

Laura went for a ride after Jan had left for work.

before

Read the document carefully before you sign it.

while

She had to escape while they slept.

(Time)

;

as

since

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

We waited until Bruno's brother came and told us the news.

,

till/until

;

The telephone rang as he was ; unlocking the door.

What have you been doing since I last saw you?

, ,

as soon as

As soon as he gets the money he'll pay back.

as long as

I'll never forget them as long as I live.

), by the time (that) ), the day

,

: at that time , ), the moment ( ), the next time (e ,

): The moment I saw him I understood that something had happened. I'll ask him about it the next time I see him.

while « » While I slept, it rained. as long as » read as long as the lamp burned. before « » He worked hard before he reached his goal. till/until » He won't stop until he achieves good results. , , As they were driving along the main road, they saw a broken car AS smashed into a shop window. ( ) As the city grew,more and more people were attracted to the new capital. ( ; ) , Just as he passed under the window, the lights in the room went off. ( ) Adverbial Clauses of Manner , ),as if/as though

,

. ):

The clock in the room ticked loudly, just as I had remembered. She looked at me as if the meaning escaped her. She stepped forward as though hypnotized.

as if/as though

talks They walked slowly

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

as if he knew everything (Past Indefinite)as though they were

as

carrying something heavy. (Past Continuous) I remember the story He described her

as if I had just read it. as if he had met her before. (Past Perfect)

Purpose and Reason Clauses ,

because

Because she was my mother, I expected her to understand me.

as

As I haven't read the book, I can't tell you anything about it.

(Reason)

since

,

You're sure to know him, since you seem to know everyone.

for

,

He walked quickly, for he was in a great hurry.

(formal) (Purpose)

so as (not) to

We started eating in our hotel rooms so as to be alone.

so that ... (not)

He arranged for the taxi to come at six so that she wouldn't have to wait long at the station.

),

in order that in order (not) to

)

He talked to the bird softly in order not to frighten it. J

I have drawn a diagram so that my explanation will be clear. Father lifted Philip onto his shoulder so that he might see the procession.

so that-..won't/wouldn't + : I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. Contrast Clauses

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, . ,

(Contrast)

speaks fluent English (al)though he has never been to England. He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.

although (even) though in spite of the fact that

The Conjunction , .

and as well as

,

,

but or

whereas

We've recieved your telegram as ( ) well . asyour letter of the 20th of May. ,

1

The village is about seven or eight kilometers from here. Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. ;

while ;

Some people like sweets whereas others don't. Ann works hard at her English while Jim doesn't.

as

As winter approached the days became shorter.

as long as

He promised to help her as long as she lived.

as soon as

I'll send you a telegram as soon as we arrive.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

I went to the library so that the librarian helped me to find that book. I called Mother up in order that she told me my aunt's address.

\

so that; in order that

as as if; as though

I'll do it as you told me. She looked as if she was ill. (

so that

,

because

since

We packed all the things in the evening so that we might start early the following morning. As I haven't seen this film, I can't tell you anything about it.

as

for

)

I can't do it now because I am very busy. I walked slowly, for I wasn't in a big hurry.

; ;

Since they haven't arrived yet, we can't open the meeting.

: both ... and; either ... or; neither ... nor, whether : if; in case; provided; unless : as ... as; not so ... as; etc.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

1 :

3. -ing

.

-ed

Present Simple join

sh -ch -ss -x -z -

finish reach pass mix buzz echo

+ -s

+ -ing

+ -ed

joins

joining

joined

+ -es

finishing reaching passing mixing buzzing echoing

finished reached passed mixed buzzed echoed

finishes reaches passes mixes buzzes echoes -

dances

dance

-ie

ties

-e ing

- 1 -ed

dancing

danced

-ie

tied

-

tie

-ing tying -ies crying +

cries

cry ,

-ied cried 2

dips -ing -ed

+

dipping

dipped

travels

travelling

travelled

equips

equipping

equipped

dip ,

+l travel

:

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. .)

3

equip, handicap, hiccup, kidnap, program, refer, worship equip : age, agree, disagree, dye, free, knee, singe, referee, tiptoe -w, -x, -y: rowing, boxing, playing. AmE : traveling, traveled.

2

Infinitive

Past Indefinite

Past Participle

awake

awoke awaked

awoke awaked

be

was were

been

bear

bore

borne

beat

beat

beaten

become

became

become

begin

began

begun

bite

bit

bitten

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

bring

brought

brought

build

built

built

burn

burnt

burnt

buy

bought

bought

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Translation ;

,

,-

,

,

cut

cut

cut

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

;

eat

ate

eaten

(

fall

fell

fallen

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

fly

flew

flown

forbid

forbade

forbidden

forget

forgot

forgotten

forgive

forgave

forgiven

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got

give

gave

given

go

went

gone

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

hide

hid

hid hidden

hit

hit

hit

hold

held

held

hurt

hurt

hurt

keep

kept

kept

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

;

; )

,

, ;

, , ,

;

, ,

;

lead

led

learn

learnt learned learnt learned

leave

left

left

lie

lay

lain

light

lit lighted

lit lighted

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

meet

met

met

pay

paid

paid

put

put

put

read

read

read

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise

rose

risen

run

ran

run

saw

sawed

sawn

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

shine

shone

shone

show

showed

shown

shut

shut

shut

sit

sat

sat

sleep

slept

slept

speak

spoke

spoken

speed

sped

sped

stand

stood

stood

sweep

swept

swept

swim

swam

swum

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

led ) ,

,

;

;

,

,

;

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

,

understand understood

understood

wake

woke waked

woken waked

wear

wore

worn

win

won

won

write

wrote

written

;

-

Infinitive 1

2 3

4 5 6

Past Indefinite

Past Participle

to fall

fell

fallen

to feel

felt

felt

to fill

filled

filled

to flow

flowed

flowed

to fly

flew

flown

to lay

laid

laid

to lie

lay

lain

to lie

lied

lied

to leave

left

left

to live

lived

lived

to raise

raised

raised

to rise

rose

risen

to strike

struck

struck

to stroke

stroked

stroked

, ,

,

3 "to be"

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Translation

to be glad (pleased)

)

to be happy (delighted)

-

to be hungry

-

( )

to be thirsty

-

to be ill (healthy)

-

to be ready for smth

-

to be late for smth

-

to be 5 minutes late

-

to be sorry

-

to be (un)comfortable

-

to be out of place

-

(

) . .

5

) to be proud of smth/smb

-

to be sure of smth

-

.

to be certain of smth

-

.

to be mistaken

-

to be surprised at smb

-

to be angry with smth

-

to be busy with smth

-

to be to blame

-

(Who's to blame?

-

to be for (against) smth

-

to be present

-

to be absent

-

to be right

-

to be wrong

-

to be afraid

-

to be tired

-

to be situated

-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

./

.

. . . ?) (

)

,

4 , For statements: to add

-

to admit smth

-

to agree

-

to anounce (smth to smb)

-

. ( .)

to answer in the affirmative

-

to answer in the negative

-

to approve of smth

-

to argue

-

to assure

-

to claim

-

to come to a decision

-

to come to a conclusion

-

to complain

-

to convince smb

-

to decide

-

to declare

-

to deny smth

-

to determine

-

to exclaim

-

to explain smth to smb

-

.

to inform

-

,

to insist

-

to make up one's mind

-

to mention

-

to notice

-

to object (to smth)

-

to observe

-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. ,

,

. ,

.

),

, (

.)

to persuade smb

-

to promise

-

to refuse

-

to remark

-

to remind

-

to reply

-

to respond

-

to warn

-

- .

For Questions:

to ask smb's permission

-

to be interested to know

-

to inquire

-

to want to know

-

,

For Orders and Commands: to advise

-

to allow

-

to beg

-

to command

-

to forbid

-

to implore

-

to invite

-

to offer (help, a book)*

-

to order

-

to permit

-

to request

-

to suggest*

-

, ,

(

)*

,

( )*

to tell to do smth

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-

.

* Mind the difference between the use of the verbs to offer and to suggest .offered them two tickets to the theatre. . He offered to help them. . suggested going to the country. . suggested that they should go to the country.

5 Connectives and Transitional Phrases for Sentence Openings Temporal (

)

then

-

at that time

-

from then on

-

until then

-

until that time

-

now

-

,

at this time

-

,

at present

-

,

now and then

-

from very beginning

-

initially

-

firstly

-

finally

-

eventually

-

at last

-

in the end

-

meanwhile

-

all this time

-

by and by

-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

,

,

,

later

-

some time later

-

soon

-

afterwards

-

next

-

after some time

-

after a while

-

as a result

-

in a while

-

presently

-

,

,

, ,

,

,

Spatial (

)

here

-

close (to)

-

next (to)

-

adjacent (to)

-

nearby

-

, ,

,

,

,

, on the left/right opposite (to)

-

on top of

-

further

-

in the distance

-

there

-

here and there

-

, , , ,

General Transitions ) Opposition-

but

-

, ,

yet

-

,

nevertheless

-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, ,

,

however

-

nor (with inversion)

-

, ,

Addition-

and

-

also

-

in addition (to it)

-

furthermore

-

moreover

-

,

, ,

, ,

Comparison-

similarly (to)

-

unlike

-

by contrast

-

on the one hand

-

on the other hand

-

,

Generalisation-

generally

-

in general

-

on the whole

-

for the most part

-

, ,

,

Affirmation-

certainly

-

,

of course

-

,

6 , *

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

- certainly - near ,

- above all - no longer, not... any longer - largely - eventually - in the long run, ultimately, after all

*

,

,

-

nowadays

-

in general

,

-

on the whole

,

-

altogether

-

in particular

-

for the first (last) time

-

last

-

otherwise

-

equally

-

indeed

-

aside

-

virtually

-

for some time to come

-

at the time when

-

that time

-

at this (that) time

-

this time

-

upstairs

-

suddenly

,

,

, (

) , , ,

,

, ( ) (

), ,(

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

, )

,

,

, , (

),

(

-

everywhere

-

probably

-

together

-

instead

-

out

-

all of a sudden

-

downstairs

-

in all (many, some) respects

-

anyhow, in any case, at all events

) (

,

)

,

anyway

, ,

,

,

,

, ,

,

, ,

;

,

, , , ,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-

at any rate

-

at all costs

-

secondly

-

possibly

-

at all

-

that is why

-

forth

-

subsequently

-

from now on

-

before long

-

presently

-

soon afterwards

-

in consequence

-

last night

-

wherever

-

elsewhere anywhere

, , -

somewhere

,

, , ,

-

chiefly, mainly, mostly

-

long ago, a long time ago

-

long since

-

even

-

on

-

twice

-

really

-

till now, until now, up to now

-

for the time being

-

till recently, until recently

,

- up to here, so far

, ;

,

;

;

,

, ,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

-

up to there

-

pretty, fairly

-

properly

-

sufficiently

-

daily

-

monthly

-

weekly

-

naturally

-

else

-

still

-

of late

-

long before

-

appreciably

-

at a time

-

beforehand

-

and so forth, and so on

-

from afar

-

occasionally

-

namely

-

or else

, , , , , ,

, , , , ,

,

,

, ,

, ,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-

solely

-

by now

-

unfortunately, unhappily, unluckily

-

fortunately, luckily, happily

-

by then

-

as usual

-

as

-

somehow

-

whenever

-

certainly, of course

-

extremely

-

by any means

-

by the way

-

perhaps, maybe

-

for a while, for a time

-

surely

-

forever, for good

-

back

-

on the contrary

-

on purpose

-

as far as

-

so far as

-

instantly, immediately

-

all at once, unexpectedly

-

somewhat

-

undoubtedly

-

in no respects

-

by no means, on no account

-

hereinafter

-

necessarily

, , ,

,

,

, ,

,

, , ,

;

-

by all means

-

once

-

again

-

particularly, especially

-

apart

-

from somewhere

-

relatively

-

from everywhere

-

hence

-

from there

-

thence

-

obviously, evidently

-

ever so, ever such, very

-

badly

-

at least

-

admittedly

-

apparently

-

throughout

, -

all over

-

like that

-

likewise

-

as yet

,

-

entirely, fully

,

-

all in all

-

in as much as* in so far as

,

, ,

,

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

lately -

after

-

almost, nearly

-

scarcely any, hardly any

-

scarcely anywhere

-

scarcely ever, hardly ever

-

scarcely anybody, hardly anybody

-

hardly anywhere

-

scarcely anything, hardly anything

-

therefore

-

presumably

-

first of all

,

-

hitherto

,

-

heretofore

-

at that

-

approximately, something like

-

simply

-

merely

-

away

-

right, straight

-

directly

-

previously

,

-

before now

,

-

formerly

-

decidedly

-

since when

-

ever since

-

henceforth, henceforward

-

for this (that) purpose, to this end

-

at most, at the most, at utmost

-

at the latest

-

at the earliest

-

in due course

-

tonight

-

greatly

-

how long ago

-

soon

,

,

,

,

,

,

, (

)

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-

,

-

before long

-

consequently

-

over again

-

absolutely

-

(not) at all

-

accordingly, correspondingly,respectively

-

at first

-

long after

-

at once

-

as well

-

thus

-

here and there

-

all the more

-

nevertheless, none the less, notwithstanding

-

currently, now

-

only

-

just now, just

-

exactly

-

satisfactorily

-

as early as, as far back as, as long ago as

-

steadily

-

hard

,

-

virtually, actually

,

-

practically

-

well

-

wholly

-

partly

-

exceedingly

, , ( )

, , ;

,

,

,

, ,

,

, , ,

;

, , ,

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

;

hereafter

=

after this

hereby

=

by this

herein

=

in this

hereof

=

of this

hereto

=

to this

herewith

=

with this

thereafter

=

after that

therein

=

in that

thereof

=

of that

thereon

=

on that

thereupon

=

upon that

therewith

=

with that

whereby

=

by which

wherein

=

in which

whereof

=

of which

wherewith

=

with which

fuss grumble inquire protest speak/talk tell chat think warn worry forget wonder -

7 ABOUT: argue ask boast care complain dream -

,

Don't argue with me about it, my decision is final. Let's talk about it in the morning. Don't worry about the children, they'll be all right. I forgot all about it. AGAINST: a) agitate align compete conspire/plot fight -

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

:

play splash -

,

I played against Jan Botham only twice in this season. The USA compete against other countries in trade. The group conspired against the Government. b)

,

:

I saw Kuger leaning against a wall. But the sack just lay there propped against the door. Rain splashed against the windows. AS:

,

/

(

),

: was regarded as a hero by masses of people. The news came as a shock to him. He worked as a reporter on the local radio. address -

certify classify describe -

characterize condemn consider designate -

choose depict -

I certify this as a true copy of.... They chose me as their leader. He considers himself as a doctor. He was labeled as a demagog. He was employed as a waiter. diagnose -

elect mark -

label -

employ name -

establish regard -

AT: a) : gaze glance glare look squint stare The child took an apple with a quick glance at her mother. b) bark scream shout snap swear yell -

: (

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

)

use

I'm sorry I shouted at you. She wanted to scream at him. c) beam smile frown sneer wave wink -

:

winked at me as an old friend. She smiled at me for the first time. d) : shoot strike throw claw tear work aim grab guess pull push tug be good/clever/proficient at grabbed at the opportunity to go abroad. Can't you even guess at her age? He's working at a new book now. They pulled at the rope together. He aimed his gun at the wolf, fired and missed. BY: go live ( stand stick (by smb) swear -

) ,

;

lives by his wits. I'll stand by you whatever happens. How can you stand by and see such cruelty? FOR: a) advertise aim apply -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

...

bargain fight hunt look search send wait -

... ...

...

The company advertised for an assistant in the local paper. He applied to the Consul for a vise. We bargained with the farmer for a supply of milk and butter. I've been waiting for you here for an hour. b)

,

appeal ask beg call hope long pray press wish yearn -

:

,

...

was so poor that he had to beg for his bread. I'll call for you at seven o'clock. She longed for him to say something. FROM: )

:

beg borrow buy come elicit get obtain inherit receive wring -

...

Don't borrow books from me - borrow them from the library. Much of the butter eaten in England comes from New Zealand. I received a letter from Sam a few days ago. They wrung a confession from her. b) cut detach -

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

:

take disconnect remove separate Children were taken forcibly from their mother. Remove the crust from the bread. )

, :

change convert switch transform turn fall graduate translate Interest rates have fallen from 11 to 10 per cent. The authorities encouraged people to switch from private to public transport. This year has turned her from a happy, gentle person to a depressed woman. d)

,

conceal guard hide shelter insulate keep protect withhold You would never hide this fact from them. It should be protected from corrosion. Withholding information from us is a crime. e)

:

ban bar deter discourage dissuade prevent was banned from attending the meeting. Failure didn't deter him from trying again. Who can prevent us from getting married?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

:

IN: assist believe collaborate deal engage fail gain interfere invest involve join meddle share specialize Do you believe in ghosts? He failed in the second attempt. Please, don't interfere (meddle) in my business. INTO: )

:

blossom change convert develop divide grow make transform translate turn Nowadays radiation from the Sun is converted into electricity. It was divided into two parts. Could you turn this piece of prose into verse? b) brainwash - « bully con deceive frighten lull mislead push seduce talk -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

: »

trick wheedle She didn't want to stay but I talked her into it. Don't try to con the doctor into prescribing a tranquilizer. I bullied Mother into giving up that awful job. approve beware boast complain consist disapprove dispose dream hear know learn smack smell speak think weary The child smelled of soap. He didn't approve of my decision. She had informed us of her intention. ON/UPON: base blame force impose inflict spend bet build check concentrate count depend eavesdrop economize focus frown gamble hinge impinge impose insist intrude -

(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.)

improve -

plan prevail rely save settle verge Another dinner was forced upon him. I rely on you to do this work. I walked to the station instead of spending money on a taxi. Before going out she checked on the children. OVER: , agonize argue brood clash disagree fight fret gloat grieve muse quarrel wrangle -

,

,

He gloated over the ruin of his rival. She grieved over her father's death. She sat there brooding over her life. TROUGH: flip glance go leaf look run sift thumb wade work He thumbed through reports once more. It was impossible to wade through all the papers. I looked through a small booklet. TO:

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:

announce apologize complain confide explain mumble preach report say speak talk write -

(

)

A number of people complained to the authorities. She confided to her sister. You don't have to explain anything to me. WITH: )

:

ally chat coexist collaborate collide conspire dance debate discuss interact merge negotiate share trade work I enjoyed working with him. I've discussed the matter with the lawer. Our firm has collaborated with the University over a number of years. )

,

argue bargain clash compete disagree feud fight quarrel -

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

:

struggle vie I heard how the boy was arguing with his father. The boy competed in a race with others for a prize. (from

.

)

8 Verbs followed by the Infinitive There are three groups of such verbs. Here are the most important ones. I. Verbs followed by the Infinitive without a preceding noun. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a "that-clause".

Verb

Translation ,

afford

Examples We can't afford to go away this summer.

agree

We agreed to start/that we should startearly.

arrange

I've arranged to meet her at the airport. )

bother care

Don't bother to get dinner for me today. Would you care to go for a walk?

,

He claimed to be the owner of/that he owned the land.

claim ,

consent

Her father consented to give her off.

cfedcte

The boy decided not to become/that he wouldn't become sailor.

demand

He came to my house and demanded to be told/that I should tell him everything. )

determine

endeavour

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

He determined to learn Greek. He determined that nothing should prevent him. He always endeavoured to please his

mother. ,

fail

He never fails to write. She failed to complete the work on time.

,

The bank guaranteed to pay his debts/ that the debts would be payed.

guarantee hasten

,

He hastened to tell his wife the good news.

hesitate

,

I hesitated to speak to him, since I didn't know him well.

hope

We hope to see/thatwe would see you soon.

learn (how to)

He learnt how to ride a horse. ,

long manage

It's many years since I left home. I am longing to come back.

,

She managed to keep her temper.

offer

He offered to help me.

prepare

We are prepared to supply the goods you ask for.

presume (take the liberty)

May I presume to advise you?

pretend

They pretended not to see/that they didn't seeus. He proceeded to tell us every detail. He proceeded to give me a good scolding. ( )

,

proceed

promised to he/that he would be here at 6 o'clock.

promise ,

propose

What do you propose to do about it? )

refuse

He refused to help us. He resolved to succeed. He resolved that nothing should call him back.

resolve

seek

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

,

They sought to kill him.

,

strive

He strove to succeed in business.

swear

He swore to tell/that he would tell the truth.

tend

It tends to rain in winter in the North of England.

threaten

The chairman threatened to resign/that hewould resign if his policies were not adopted. ), )

trouble

Don't trouble to meet me at the station. He undertook to finish the job by Friday.

,

undertake ,

, The question is whether anyone - will volunteerto serve there.

volunteer

I vowed not to follow/that I would never followhis advice again.

vow

II. A noun (pronoun) + Infinitive is used after these verbs. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a "that-clause".

accustom

When he became a soldier he had to accustomhimself not to sleep at night.

aid

My brother aided me to do it.

appoint

They appointed White to manage the store.

assist

The young man assisted the girl to fill in all the forms.

cause

,

,

,

command1

challenge

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

He caused the prisoners to be put to death. The incident caused me to reflect.

,

The officer commanded his men to fire. The pirate chief commanded that the prisoners should be shot. ,

challenged his right to heir the house. He challenged me to fight.

compel4

His conscience compelled him to confess.

direct1

The officer directed his men to advance that his men should advance.

enable

The collapse of the strike enabled the company to resume normal bus service. The mother encouraged the boy to work hard.

,

encourage , entreat1

She entreated the judge to show mercy.

force4

The manager forced them to work hard. ,

impel

The President's speech impelled the nation to make greater efforts.

implore1

I implored my friend to help me.

incite

He was shot for inciting his comrades to riseagainst their officers. ,

induce

We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.

inspire

What inspired him to give such a brilliant performance?

instruct3

We were instructed to start early. I've been instructed by my agent that you still owe me $50.

invite

He didn't invite me to come in.

lead

What led you to think so?

order1

The doctor ordered me to stay in bed. The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.

persuade

He persuaded me to change/that I should change my mind.

press

, ,

prompt provoke remind

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,

,

He had to press her to pay the debt. What prompted him to be so generous? His behaviour provoked her to answer rudely. Please, remind me to answer/that I should answer the letter.

require1

Students are required to take three papers in England. It's required that you arrive at 8 a.m.

stimulate

She stimulated me to take greater efforts. ,

summon

They summoned /?erfoappearasawitness. My father taught me how to swim when I was five.

teach (how to) tell (instruct, order)

,

He told me to come immediately.

Nothing could tempt him to lake such a step.

tempt trust1

(

, )

warn3

Can I trust you to get the money safely to the bank? We warned them not to go skating on such thin\ce/that the ice was thin.

Notes: No noun is found between these verbs and a "that-clause": The commander ordered HIS TROOPS to lay down their arms. The commander ordered that his troops should lay down their arms. Note: that the use of should is a common feature in such clauses after these verbs. A noun is always found between these verbs and a "that-clause": persuaded ME to change my mind. He persuaded ME that his plan was preferable. The Chancellor warned UNIONS that higher wages would mean higher prices. The Chancellor warned that higher wages would mean higher prices. Make is roughly synonymous with these verbs, but is followed 1. in the active by a noun + infinitive without to: He made ME do all the work again. 2. in the passive by an infinitive with to: I was made TO DO all the work again. III. The Infinitive, with or without a preceding noun, is used after these verbs. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a clause introduced by that.

ask

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

She asked to be excused. We asked to see him. She asked us to come to

the concert. (formal) We beg to inform you ). I beg to differ ( ). I beg to enclose ).

beg

),

choose

She chose to remain at home. . They chose me to serve as their representative. . I don't dare to protest.

,

dare1

, . dared me to yump from the bridge into the water.

. desire

,

I desire you to go at once. ,

, ,

. elect

,

elected to remain at home. . We expect to receive a letter from him soon.

expect help

,

,

mean (= intend)

,

request

,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

She always helps her daughter do school homework. I didn't mean to offend you. ) I must request you to

obey orders. . want

wish

,

,

,

You want to see a doctor. . I wish you understand. , .

Notes: If no noun is used after dare, two patterns are possible: a) the infinitive with to; He dared to call me a fool to my face. b) the infinitive without to (more especially in negative and interrogative sentences): He daren'f tell me what happened. Dare you mention it to him?

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Грамматика английского языка

Recommend Documents