Методические указания и контрольное задание №4 по английскому языку для студентов заочного факультета всех специальностей

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Восточно-Сибирский государственный технологический университет

Методические указания и контрольное задание №4 по английскому языку для студентов заочного факультета всех специальностей

Методические указания направлены на то, чтобы помочь студенту заочнику приобрести умения и навыки самостоятельно читать литературу и извлекать информацию из иноязычных источников. Контрольное задание №4 дается в пяти вариантах и представляет собой грамматические упражнения, тексты для чтения и перевода с заданиями и построены на аутентичном материале, заимствованными из оригинальных публикаций. Выполняя данные задания, студент должен: уметь узнавать грамматические формы в предложениях и текстах; уметь самостоятельно раскрывать значения слов по их элементам; уметь выделять отдельные факты, основную мысль текста, соотносить отдельные факты между собой.

Ключевые слова: career – карьера, law – закон, invention – изобретение, scientific discovery – научное открытие, design – фасон, innovation – новшество

Составитель Дугарова С.С. Подписано в печать 28.04.2004г. Формат 60х84 1/16 Усл.п.л.2,, уч.-изд.л.2.4. Тираж 150 экз. Заказ №51. Издательство ВСГТУ, г.Улан-Удэ, ул.Ключевская, 40а © ВСГТУ, 2003

ВСГТУ Улан-Удэ 2004

Контрольное задание 4 Для выполнения данного задания студенту необходимо проработать и усвоить следующие разделы грамматики 1. Инфинитив, формы и функции 2. Объектный инфинитивный оборот 3. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот 4. Условные предложения Рекомендуемая литература Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В.Синявская и др. Английский язык для инженеров. Учебное пособие. М., ВШ, 2002. Прежде чем приступить к выполнению задания II и задания III изучите образцы выполнения I и II соответственно. Образец выполнения I: Объектный инфинитивный оборот 1. I want him to work at this problem with us. Я хочу, чтобы он работал над этой проблемой вместе с нами. 2. I expect her to come tomorrow. Я ожидаю, что она придет завтра. 3. They believe Peter to have been sent to Germany. Они полагают, что Питера послали в Германию. 4. We didn’t see the teacher enter the room. Мы не видели, как преподаватель вошел в комнату. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот 1. She is said to know several foreign languages.

Говорят, что она знает несколько иностранных языков. 2. They were reported to have arrived in Moscow. Сообщили, что они приехали в Москву. 3. This young lecturer appears to know his subject well. Кажется (по-видимому), этот молодой лектор хорошо знает свой предмет. Образец выполнения II 1) I тип ( реальное условие) If the weather is good, we shall go skiing. Если погода будет хорошей, мы пойдем кататься на лыжах. If I study hard, I will pass my exam. Если я буду усердно учиться, я сдам экзамен. 2) II тип ( маловероятное условие, относится к настоящему или будущему времени, предполагаемое, желаемое действие в сослагательном наклонении) If the weather were good, they would go to the country. Если бы погода была хорошей, oни бы поехали за город. If they saw you they would be glad. Если бы они увидели тебя, они были бы рады.

Образец: 1. We know that Adolphe Sax invented an instrument called the saxophone after his name Sax. 2. We know Adolphe Sax to have invented an instrument called the saxophone after his name Sax.

Вариант 1 I. Прочтите и устно переведите следующие предложения; определите функцию инфинитива и запишите в тетрадь только форму инфинитива и его функцию. 1. Образец: 1. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and stronger. to be solved – определение to make – именная часть сказуемого 1.

He refused to take money, because he couldn’t give any guarantee that the treatment would help. 2. Goods to be transported to the north are stored at the railway station. 3. I was disappointed to hear that you didn’t pass the exam. 4. The method used depends on the length to be measured. 5. The fuels that we burn to make energy now are the most available and the cheapest. 6. Not too far in the future they will all be used up and new ways must be found to meet the growing need for energy. 7. The art of architecture is to make buildings beautiful to look at as well as useful. 8. It is impossible to do without computers today. 9. His idea is to invite friends to the birthday party. 10. Dalton was the first to deduce scientifically the atomic theory from experimental data. II.

Преобразуйте сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «объектный инфинитивный оборот» (the objective infinitive construction). Выполните письменно.

Scientists believe that these languages grew out of the same language, Indo-European. 2. Everybody considers that Stan is one of the most important players in the United team. 3. They expect that John will be a good specialist in heart deseases. 4. Chemists know that isotopes find wide application both in industry and agriculture. 5. I want that he will help us in our work. 6. I don’t like when people behave like that. 7. We saw that they were looking the catalogue through. 8. They supposed that the man was the captain of the steamer. 9. My farther said I could use his car. 10. He looks older when he wears glasses. III. Перефразируйте следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, употребив «субъектный инфинитивный оборот» (the Subjective Infinitive construction). Выполните письменно. Образец: It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike is expected to end soon. 1. It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is _____________________________.

2. It is believed that the thieves got through the kitchen window. The thieves ________________________________. 3. It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods. Many people ________________________________. 4. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. The prisoner ________________________________. 5. It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by fire. The building ________________________________. 6. It is expected that they will take part in this research work. They _____________________________________. 7. It is known that evaporation goes more rapidly at the higher temperature. Evaporation ________________________________. 8. It was considered that the method had been improved. The method ________________________________. 9. It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year. The company _______________________________. 10. It is believed that he is preparing for his exams. He _______________________________________. IV.

Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме, Past Simple или would+гл. (Second Conditional)

1. I can’t think what to do. If John ______ (be) here, he ____ (know) what to do.

1. Well, what ___ you ___ (do) if you ___ (have) a problem like this? 2. If I ______ (have) more free time, I ____ (not waste) it. I ______ (learn) another language. 3. If I ____ (be) rich, I _______ (travel) around the world. 4. I don’t like Hollywood. I _____ (not live) there if I _____ (be) a film star. V. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме, Present Simple или will+гл. (First Conditional) 1. If I ______ (get) enough money, I _____ (buy) myself a new car. 2. You ____ (feel) much better tomorrow if you ____ (go to bed) early tonight. 3. If it ____ (be) a warm night, we _____ (have) the party in the garden. 4. I ______ (see) you tomorrow if I _____(have) time. 5. If you _____ (give) me the keys, I ____ (bring) your car round to the front door. VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на формы и функции инфинитива. Подчеркните инфинитив. 1. Jane Austen was the first English woman to become a famous author. 2. In fact it is difficult to imagine any area of life where computers do not play an important role.

3. He was happy to be working with the famous scientist. 4. They worked hard to eliminate the mistakes in the program. 5. I’m still looking for a job but I hope to find something soon. VII. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения I). 1. The English delegation is believed to arrive at the end of the month. 2. We expected him to be appointed director of a new automobile plant. 3. Paper is known to have been invented in China. 4. The weather seems to be improving . 5. Hemingway’s father, a doctor, wanted him to study medicine. VIII. Перепишите следующие условные предложения, выбрав правильную форму глагола. Переведите на русский язык. (См. образец выполнения II) 1. If you … more exercise, you would probably feel healthier (take; took). 2. If I … the job, I think I will take it (am offered; were offered). 3. You’ll catch the train if you … before ten (leave; left) 4. You … to operate it properly if you knew the design of the motor. 5. I … on holiday this summer if I had enough money (will go on; would go on). IX. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What country is considered to be famous for eccentrics?

2. What sort of people are eccentrics? Mad as a hatter or geniuses at work? 1. British eccentrics are famous the world over. We breed eccentrics and we’re fascinated by them. Eccentrics are found in all walks of life, whether they are lords or lavatory cleaners, teachers or train drivers. Some wear odd clothes, some collect to the point of obsession, while others inhabit strange environments or hold unorthodox beliefs. Provided they are in no way a threat to society, we usually just avoid them but let them carry on in their own sweet way. 2. David Weeks, an American psychologist has conducted the first in-depth psychological study of eccentrics and has concluded that Britain’s are still the best in the world. Weeks did detailed personality tests and taped interviews with 130 eccentrics. ” A true eccentric is never acting”, writes Dr David Weeks. They are strong individuals with strange inclinations of their own which they are not afraid to express. They refuse to compromise. He believes one in 10,000 people in the UK is a genuine eccentric, and that for every female candidate there are nine male eccentrics. 3. One of his most interesting findings was the good health that eccentrics enjoy. “Almost all of them visit the doctor only once every eight or nine years; the rest of us go twice a year”. Eccentrics tend to live longer than the rest of us. The theory is that if you have a particular obsession, whether it is eating cardboard or living in a cave, life becomes full of meaning and significance and the resulting happiness strengthens the body’s immune system. “Eccentrics are living proof that one does not necessarily have to go through life with a fixed set of rules”, says Dr Weeks. “They are their own best leaders and poor followers, and do not feel a need to possess the

ordinary things of everyday life. They are prepared to stand out from the crowd. 4. Some, like botanist Alan Fairweather, a potato fanatic, have turned their eccentricity into a career – he worked for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food as a potato inspector. He has lived for thirty years on a diet of potatoes boiled in their jackets, supplemented by Mars bars, baked beans and Vitamin C. He won’t sleep in a bed and his idea of a break is a visit to the International Potato Centre in Peru. There are others who are spare time eccentrics, like Barry Kirk, a computer technician, who likes to paint himself orange and pretend to be a baked bean. Пояснения к тексту 1. walk of life – общественное положение; занятие, профессия 2. tape – записывать на пленку 3.stand out – выделяться 4. mad as a hatter – совсем сумасшедший, безумный (фиг.) X. Прочтите текст еще раз и следующие за ним утверждения. Проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст. Запишите номера утверждений, которые соответствуют содержанию текста. 1. British people used to have the reputation of being eccentric. 2. There are more male eccentrics than female ones in the UK. 3. Eccentrics’ lifestyle is similar to the way ordinary people live. 4. They are known to live longer and enjoy good health. 5. Eccentricity can be hobby or full-time occupation.

XI. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 3-й абзацы.

Вариант 2 I. Прочтите и устно переведите следующие предложения; определите функцию инфинитива и запишите в тетрадь только форму инфинитива и его функцию. Образец: When Mary Brown has a dinner-party she is helped by Mrs Higgins, the woman who comes in to help her with the housework each day. To help- обстоятельство цели. 1. The main problem was to find a house. 2. Few people can afford to hunt, but even if they have not a horse of their own many enjoy horse-riding, especially on television. 3. Some people go to the races to see the horses and to enjoy themselves, but others are more interested in betting. 4. Sue was hoping to go to a pop concert at the weekend to see a famous pop group. 5. He usually finds it impossible to come home for lunch, and so he goes to a cafe or a restaurant. 6. It is interesting and amusing to meet the kind of people who go to holiday camps. 7. There are nurses to look after small children, so that the parents can be free to amuse themselves. 8. He was the first man to tell me about it. 9. To travel around a lot is to find out what’s really like there. 10. He demanded to be told everything.

II. Преобразуйте сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «объектный инфинитивный оборот» (the objective infinitive construсtion). Выполните письменно. Образец: We know that the first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N.Otto in 1876. We know the first practical internal combustion engine to have been introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N.Otto in 1876. 1. We considered that she had already obtained her Master’s degree in mathematics. 2. There was some engine trouble and the driver asked that the passengers should leave the car. 3. They saw that he was leaving the building with a heavy bag. 4. Everybody thinks that he is one of the best doctors at the hospital. 5. The student expects that the article will be published and translated into English. 6. Nobody thought that he would be late for the bus. 7. They expected that the doctor would come soon. 8. The scientists consider that our existence on Earth also depends on the energy received from the sun. 9. We assume that extensive use of hydrogen as an energy source will help keep the environment clean. 10. Alice finds that her new job is quite interesting. III. Перефразируйте следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, употребив «субъектный инфинитивный

оборот» ( the Subjective Infinitive construction). Выполните письменно. Образец: It happened that he had discovered some new and very interesting properties of this element. He happened to have discovered some new and very interesting properties of this element. 1. It is known that helium was discovered in 1868 in the atmosphere of the sun, where it is an important constituent. Helium is --------------------------------2. It is considered that the reserves of hydrogen are practically unlimited, it containing almost three times more thermal energy than benzene. The reserves of hydrogen are ----------------------------3. For nearly a century after Dalton formulated the atomic theory, it was generally assumed that atoms were the indivisible of the elementary substances. For nearly a century after Dalton formulated the atomic theory, atoms ---------------------------------4. It turned out that these analyses had been of great importance for our research. These analyses --------------------------------5. It seems that they have enjoyed the party. They --------------------------------6. It is known that York is one of the most beautiful cities in England. York -------------------------------7. It was supposed that the train arrived at 11.30, but it was an hour late. The train --------------------------8. It is found that the economic situation is very bad. Many people are out of work.

The economic situation --------------------------9. It is stated that the fitness boom of the eighties led to a big rise in the numbers of people participating in sports. The fitness boom of the eighties ------------------------10. It is believed that London is still one of the most lively shopping cities in the world. London --------------------------------IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в скобках в правильной форме, или will+гл. (First Conditional). 1. Don’t throw that bad away. If you ----- (not, want) it, I-----(have) it. 2. I ------ (write) to you if you ------ (give) me your address. 3. If I ------ (not, see) you tomorrow morning, I --------- (phone) you in the evening. 4. I --------- (be) surprised if Martin and Julia -------- (get) married. 5. If you -------- (not, hurry), you -------- (miss) the train. V. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме, Past Simple или would+ глагол (Second Conditional). 1. If he -------- (have) the money, he ------- (buy) a fast car. 2. I haven’t told Ann what happened. She --------(be) angry if she ------ (know). 3. It’s not a very good hotel. I ------- (not, stay) there if I -------(be) you. 4. I’m not going to take the job. I ------ (take) it if the salary ----(be) better. 5. If we ------ (live) nearer London, we -------- (go) more often.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на формы и функции инфинитива. Подчеркните инфинитив. 1. He loves parties; he is always the first to come and the last to leave. 2. This parcel is too heavy to be sent by post. 3. She left work early in order to be at home when he arrived. 4. He is glad to be helping his friend. 5. It is difficult to find a place to park in the city centre. VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения I) 1. 2. 3. 4.

I happened to have driven that kind of car before. The company is said to be losing a lot of money. Let him do what he wants. Have you got enough money or do you want me to lend you some? 5. We found British people to be friendly and helpful.

VIII. Перепишите следующие условные предложения I и II типов, выбрав правильную форму глагола. Переведите на русский язык (смотрите образец выполнения II).

1. If I … near my office I’d be in time for work (live, lived). 2. If you … your bicycle outside someone will steal it (leave, left). 3. If I dyed my hair blue everyone … at me (will laugh, would laugh). 4. If John works overtime, he … enough for his holiday (will save, would save). 5. Unless the students … the rules, they would make mistakes. (observe, observed). IX. Прочтите текст с 1 по 4-й абзацы и ответьте письменно на вопросы. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Пояснения к тексту a stock boy – работник (фасовщик) магазина. sweeten - make pleasant or attractive. feel certain – быть уверенным thoroughfare – оживленная улица.

1. What was Selfridge’s idea of a department store? 2. Why was Selfridge successful? Harry G.Selfridge 1. One man more than any other was responsible for the modern look of department stores. He was Harry G.Selfridge, a Wisconsin native who took a job as a stock boy with Marshall Field in 1879 and quickly rose through the ranks. One of his first acts was to take goods down from the high shelves and put them on counters and tables where customers could peer at them, touch them and, as critics noted, shoplift them. 2. Among Selfridge’s many other innovations were the bargain basement, annual sales, gift certificates, the practice of

reminding customers how many shopping days were left till Christmas, the custom of keeping the ground floor windows lighted at night, thus encouraging evening strollers to browse and plan their next day’s shopping, and the now universal practice of putting the perfumes and cosmetics departments on the ground floor by the main entrance where they would sweeten the atmosphere and act as a magnet for passers-by. 3. Retiring from Marshall Field, Selfridge moved to Britain and at the age of fifty founded the London department store that bears his name. Though most British observers felt certain that such a crassly commercial undertaking would never succeed in London, it not only thrived but made Oxford Street into London’s premier shopping thoroughfare. Selfridge was obsessively devoted to his store. He concerned himself with everything from the sharpness of sales clerks’ pencils to the quality of their teeth. Something of his dedication to work is evidenced by a vacation he took in 1914. He left London by train on a Saturday morning and by noon the next day was on the skating rink of a Swiss hotel. He skated vigorously for four hours, packed up his skates and stocking cap, caught a train back to London and was at his desk at 8 a.m. on the Monday morning, That was his idea of a holiday. 4. But with the death of his wife in 1918, something snapped inside him. He began to go nightclubbing, gambled and neglected his business. In ten years, he ran through $8 million. Unable to pay back the debts he owed to his own store he was retired from the Selfridge’s board of directors and given a pension of $25,000 a year (later cut to $12,000 and then to $8,000), from which he was expected to pay back debts of $2 million. He lost his houses and his Rolls-Royce, took a small flat in Putney and travelled by bus. On 8 May 1947 he died nearly destitute and virtually forgotten, and how many times have we heard that story before?

X. Прочтите текст еще раз и следующие за ним утверждения. Проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст. Запишите номера утверждений, которые соответствуют содержанию. 1. This is a life story of one American 2. man who invented the department store. 3. His innovations never succeeded in Britain. 4. His business was a success because he was obsessively devoted to his store. 5. Selfridge neglected his business as his wife didn’t want him to do it any longer. 6. He failed to pay back debts and died in poverty. XI. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Вариант 3 I. Прочтите и устно переведите следующие предложения; определите функцию инфинитива и запишите в тетрадь только форму инфинитива и его функцию. Образец: 1. Efficient methods were used to increase the quantity of manufactured goods. to increase – обстоятельство цели. 1.It is necessary to build good roads to promote the rapid development of this region.

2. Alexander works at the local youth club in his spare time, and he is often asked to come and help when they have a problem. 3. As a boy, Edison was not a good student and his parents took him out of school and his mother taught him at home, where his great curiosity and desire to experiment often got him into trouble. 4. The great city of Ur was destroyed by floods after its people had cut down the trees on the banks of the river Euphrates to use as fuel for their fires. 5. To kill animals for sport or to sacrifice them for life-saving research in medicine is not the same thing. 6. Lord Montague’s father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. 7. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars, and thus peace between nations. 8. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure people. 9. A lot of new inventions appear every day to make our lives easier, longer, warmer, speedier. 10. The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 6.50 to Cardiff. II. Преобразуйте сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «объектный инфинитивный оборот» ( the Objective Infinitive Construction). Выполните письменно. Образец: My lawyer said I shouldn’t say anything to the police. My lawyer advised me not to say anything to the police.

1. Mother likes when her daughter dresses well. 2. The doctor declared that the case was a serious one. 3. She thought that he was well-read in history. 4. He expects that their team will win the game. 5. We saw that they were looking the catalogue through. 6. Do you know that he is a good specialist in heart diseases? 7. Most people supposed that he was innocent. 8. They believe that the use of natural gas is of great help in reducing pollution. 9. They find that the energy of the sun is stored in the foods, in the coal and gas the people burn to keep warm, and in the gasoline to drive machines. 10. The scientists state that many substances organic as well as inorganic are stable in the presence of visible light. III. Перефразируйте следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, употребив «субъектный инфинитивный оборот» (The Subjective Infinitive Construction). Выполните письменно. Образец: It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by fire. The building is reported to have been badly damaged by fire.

1. It is expected that they will take part in this research work. They _____________________________ 2. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. The prisoner ____________________________ 3. It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. There_______________________________ 4. Let’s go and see that film. It is supposed that it is very good.

It _____________________________ 5. It was expected that the train arrived at 11.30 according to the timetable. The train ______________________ 6. It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year. The company ___________________ 7. It is known that his brother works for insurance company in London. Mis brother ______________ 8. It is reported that the delegation arrived yesterday. The delegation _________________________ 9. It is known that London airport is famous for the efficiency of its service to the passengers who are continually travelling to all parts of the world. London airport __________________________ 10. It is said that people will be able to travel by rocket from New York to Tokyo in 30 minutes in the 21st century. People ______________________ IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме Past Simple или would+гл. (Second Conditional). 1. If I _____ (be) president of my country, I _______ (build) more schools and hospitals. 2. If he ____ (be) taller, he ____ (try) to get a job as a policeman. 3. He ______ (have) no time to play with his children if he _______ (work) in the evening. 4. She ______ (write) to me if she ______ (know) my address. 5. Liz gave me this ring. She ______ (be) very upset if I _____ (lose) it.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме, will+гл. или Present Simple.(First Conditional). 1. If I ______ (have) a problem), I _______ (ask) you for a help. 2. I _______ (phone) you if I _____ (have) time. 3. If you ________ (help) me, I _______ (repair) the engine in an hour. 4. We _______ (arrive) at the village before night if we _____ (drive) at such a speed all the time. 5. If they ______ (change) some details, they ______ (be able) to improve the design.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на формы и функции инфинитива. Подчеркните инфинитив. 1. Showing you’re keen on the job is the most important thing to remember. 2. I think it’s very important to be able to get on well with people. 3. The first English settlers to reach America arrived in Virginia in 1607 and in Massachusetts in 1620. 4. I had to go to the bank to get some money. 5. I’m wearing two pullovers to keep warm. VII.

Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения I)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

We expect him to arrive next Sunday. They heard somebody knock at the door. Our teacher is said to have travelled much. His new book appears to be as good as others. I hate you to speak in this way.

VIII. Перепишите следующие условные предложения I и II типов, выбрав правильную форму глагола. Переведите на русский язык (смотрите образец выполнения II). 1. We will be pleased to come to Moscow if you … good service (guarantee; guaranteed). 2. He would come to see us if he … time (has; had) 3. If there is a new theatre here, we … a lot of new performances (will see; would see) 4. If I had a choice, I …in Moscow (will live; would live). 5. If I were in his place, I … to stop the experiment (will refuse; would refuse). IX.

Прочтите и переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Ответьте письменно на вопросы.

1. What was the greatest invention of Heron? 2. What type of innovation did Elsa Schiaparelli introduce? 1. 2. 3. 4.

Пояснения к тесту: set up – помочь начать предприятие lingerie – дамское белье commission, v – давать заказ padded shoulder – “плечики”

Heron of Alexandria and Elsa Schiaparelli 1. Heron of Alexandria was one of the greatest inventors of all time. He lived around AD 60 in Alexandria, Egypt, then the centre of scientific discovery in the Greek and Roman world. Heron was extremely skilled at designing marvellous machines, some of which had practical purposes and others which were created just to astonish. His inventions included mechanical birds which sang, an amazing solar-powered fountain and a coin-operated slot machine which gave out holy water at temples. His most famous creation was the first steam engine. The engine could achieve the unbelievable speed of 1,500 revolutions per minute, but unfortunately it was not very efficient. To generate power equal to the strength of one man required an enormous amount of fuel. If he had not weakened his health by doing dangerous experiments, Heron might have gone on to develop a better steam engine. 2. Elsa Schiaparelli (1896-1973). The innovation of a top fashion designer can greatly influence the public’s taste in dress. Elsa Schiaparelli was a French designer whose ideas shocked the fashion world of the 1930s. Today she is mainly remembered for making the padded shoulder popular and introducing to the fashion world the colour “shocking pink”. 3. Schiaparelli was Italian by birth, but attended French, Swiss and English schools before working in the United States. In 1920 she went to Paris where she made friends with Salvador Dali, Jean Cocteau and other surrealist artists who influenced the design of the clothes she made for herself. As a result of wearing her own striking black

and white sweaters, Schiaparelli began receiving orders from an American store. 4. In 1929 the store’s managers were so impressed that they decided to set her up in business. Soon she was able to expand into jewellery, perfume, cosmetics, lingerie and swimsuits and to commission her artist friends to create further fashion ideas. After the war, it was not clear what was going to happen to the fashion industry. But by 1947 Schiaparelli and others had reestablished Paris as the heart of the fashion world. She continued to spread the city’s fashions across the world on a large commercial scale until her death in 1973. X. Прочтите текст еще раз и следующие утверждения. Запишите номера утверждений, которые соответствуют содержанию текста. 1. Heron was a man of great talent. 2. Heron invented things which were of no practical use. 3. Elsa Schiaparelli was born in France. 4. Surrealist artists had an impact on the design of the clothes Schiaparelli made. 5. In 1947 it was clear that Paris was no longer the centre of fashion ideas. XI. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы.

10. It is silly of Mary to give up her job when she needs the money. Вариант 4 I. Прочтите и устно переведите следующие предложения; определите функцию инфинитива и запишите в тетрадь только форму инфинитива и его функцию.

II. Преобразуйте сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «объектный инфинитивный оборот» (the objective infinitive construction). Выполните письменно.

Образец: Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time. To arrive – определение.

Образец: Everybody knows that a laser is capable to replace the surgical scalpel in a number of operations Everybody knows a laser to be capable to replace the surgical scalpel in a number of operations.

1. Maria’s wish was to study at the Sorbonne in Paris, and after many years of waiting she finally left her native land in 1891. 2. Much is being done to reduce air pollution in large cities. 3. The third group said that to help create a better society, young people should know how to write and express their own ideas. 4. Between 1910 and 1920 the diesel engine began to be introduced in ships. 5. The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies. 6. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, 98-foot ship built in New York, which made the crossing in 1819. 7. He walked up and down the street, first on one side, then on the other waiting, although it was hard to know what he was waiting for. 8. I was the second customer to complain to the restaurant manager about the service. 9. We were delighted to get your letter last week.

1. This scientist states that laser light is different from ordinary light. 2. Do you know that this country has pioneered lasers? 3. We know that the British scientist Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by accident in 1928. 4. They state that Benjamin Franklin is especially famous for his contribution in the field of electricity. 5. We expect that they will solve this problem very soon. 6. They suppose that she will take part in this work. 7. We think that he will help us clean the flat. 8. I want that he will do this job himself. 9. They expected that he had passed his last exam well. 10. Many people believe that this competitive game is played mainly by working class men in pubs.

III. Перефразируйте следующие сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «субъектный инфинитивный оборот» (the subjective infinitive construction). It is known that he has a large collection of pictures. He is known to have a large collection of pictures. 1. It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods. Many people ____________________________ 2. It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year. The company _____________________________ 3. It is expected that the weather will change for the better. The weather _______________________________ 4. It is said that he works hard at his English. He ______________________________ 5. It is known that Bernard Shaw received several honours in literature including the Nobel Prize for literature, in 1934. Bernard Shaw _____________________________ 6. It is reported that he also did pioneer work in the field of weather observation. He _______________________________ 7. It appeared that the new method was very tedious and timeconsuming. The new method__________________________ 8. It was considered that the method had been improved. The method _________________________ 9. It happened that they had carried on their research simultaneously. They ____________________________ 10. It has been found that the reaction of photosynthesis that is carried out by plants is one of the most important of all chemical reactions. The reaction of photosynthesis ______________________

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме Past Simple или would+глагол (the second Conditional). 1. If today ____ (be) Sunday, I ______ (be) in bed. 2. I_____ (go) and see Jake tomorrow if I _____ (know) his address. 3. If John ______ (be) here, he ______ (know) what to do. 4. If I _____ (have) more time, I ____ (learn) either karate or judo. 5. We _____ (live) in the country if we ____ (have) the choice. V. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме,Present Simple или will+ глагол (First Conditional). 1. If I _____ (get) enough money, I _____ (travel) round the world. 2. We ____ (stay) at home of it ____(rain) this afternoon. 3. If you ______ (say) that again, I _____ (hit) you. 4. You _____ (feel) much better if you ____ (go to bed) early. 5. If I _____ (win) a million dollars, I _____ (buy) a fast car.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на формы и функции инфинитива. Подчеркните инфинитив. 1. It wasn’t very considerate of John to make so much noise.

2. I phoned the police station to report that my car had been stolen. 3. He is glad to be helped and asked to help. 4. It was a nice day, so we decided to go for a walk. 5. The most effective way of reducing injuries inside the car is to hold people firmly in their seats throughout the period of impact and deceleration. VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. (см. образец выполнения I) 1. We know him to have graduated from the University two years ago. 2. We were surprised to see Pauline at the party. We didn’t expect her to come. 3. The rocket is reported to start its flight at 6.30. 4. She is said to have achieved much in the field of science. 5. He seems to be working hard this week. VIII. Перепишите следующие условные предложения I и II типов, выбрав правильную форму глагола (см. образец выполнения II). Переведите на русский язык. 1. If he … French better, he would read French books in the original. (knows, knew). 2. If you see a black cat, you … bad luck (will have, would have). 3. You’ll have good luck all year if your first visitor in the New Year … dark hair (has, had). 4. John … what to do if he were here (will know, would know).

5. It would be a good idea if you … your job (change, changed). IX. Прочтите и переведите текст с 1го по 4й абзацы и ответьте письменно на вопросы: 1. Why do Greek villagers survive to a good age? 2. Which of the substances are helpful in maintaining good health?

Пояснения к тексту: 1. hazard – риск; опасность 2. lack – недостаток; отсутствие (чего-л.) 3. in moderation – умеренно 4. harsh – суровый 5. ripe old age – зд. глубокая старость Villagers’ diet holds key to a healthy life 1. The simple diet followed by Greek villagers is the key to a long and healthy life and may protect against known health hazards such as smoking and lack of medical care, according to a study. The Greek variant of the Mediterranean diet – which was first identified as beneficial to health more than 20 years ago – combines the best of current scientific knowledge on healthy eating. 2. But Dimitrios Tricholpoulos, from the Harvard School of Public Health, who analyzed the diet of 182 Greek villagers aged 70 and over, says that it was the “overall dietary pattern” which explained their longevity and general good health.

Their diet included whole-grain bread, potatoes and other cereals. They ate cooked meals and soups, and salads rich in olive oil and accompanied by beans, lentils and vegetables in sizeable portions. Fresh fruit was a staple. Milk intake was low but cheese and yoghurt was high. Feta cheese was added to salads and vegetable stews. Meat was regarded as too expensive by most villagers, who preferred fish. 3. According to the report in the British Medical Journal, wine was consumed in moderation and almost always to accompany food. None of the pensioners was a heavy drinker: no man drank wore than seven, and no woman more than two glasses of wine a day. Analysis of the individual diets showed that for those who ate more of the components of the traditional Greek diet, there was a 17 per cent reduction in mortality. 4. Their diet – low in saturated (animal) fats, high in monounsaturated fats, high in complex carbohydrates (from grains and legumes) and high in fiber (fruits and vegetables) – was naturally rich in protective antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, beta-carotene, important minerals and other chemicals, like polyphenols and anthocyanines, associated with good health. Greek villagers, whose lifestyle can be quite harsh, are said to live to a ripe old age despite a relative lack of health care. And the reason? Research suggests it’s the food they eat that keeps them in good health. Their staple foods, which consist mainly of fresh fruit and vegetables, are known to be beneficial to anyone who eats them in sufficient quantities. This may explain the paradox that people living in rural areas of European Mediterranean countries smoke heavily and have poor access to medical care, but generally survive to a good age. X. Прочтите текст еще раз и следующие за ним утверждения. Проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст. Запишите номера утверждений, которые соответствуют содержанию текста.

1. Greek villagers are known to enjoy a long and healthy life thanks to good medical care. 2. According to the latest research it is the overall dietary pattern that keeps Greek villagers in good form. 3. Meat and milk consumed in sufficient quantities contribute to their general good health. 4. Their diet includes a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables which are known to be beneficial to anyone who eats them enough. 5. People who want to be healthy should eat foods rich in monounsaturated fats, fibre and complex carbohydrates. XI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1й и 4й абзацы.

Вариант 5 I. Прочтите и устно переведите следующие предложения; определите функцию инфинитива и запишите в тетрадь только форму инфинитива и его функцию. Образец: Their task was to pass all their exams well To pass – именная часть составного именного сказуемого.

1. The Romans were the first people to have schools run by the government free of charge. 2. Marie Curie wanted to find out if other chemical substances might emit similar rays.

3. It was too late to turn back or avoid them, and Peter just stood still, five feet from the entrance. 4. He invented dynamite in 1867 and a smokeless gunpowder in 1887. He built a network of factories to manufacture dynamite, and corporations to produce and market his explosives. 5. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. 6. The purpose of these experiments is to observe properties of the element involved. 7. To establish the molecular weight of oxygen means to find the number of atoms in the oxygen molecule. 8. At fifteen and even a little earlier Clyde began to understand that his education had been sadly neglected. 9. His job was to open boxes and unpack goods at a store, for which he received five dollars a week. 10. To understand this phenomenon well one must know the structure of the material. II. Преобразуйте сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «объектный инфинитивный оборот» (the objective infinitive construction). Выполните письменно. Образец: Edison considered that genius was 2 per cent inspiration and 98 per cent perspiration. Edison considered genius to be 2 per cent inspiration and 98 per cent perspiration.

1. When I entered the room, I found that he was playing the piano. 2. He ordered that the pictures should be removed from that hall. 3. He believed that these students were fit for the job.

4. The parents watched that their children were swimming, diving and playing in the water. 5. They supposed that the man was the captain of the steamer. 6. When I am feverish I feel that all my body shivers with cold. 7. He expects that their team will win the game. 8. Chemists know that isotopes find wide application both in industry and agriculture. 9. We consider that mercuric ions are colourless. 10. They suppose that she will take part in this work. III. Перефразируйте следующие сложноподчиненные предложения в простые, употребив «субъектный инфинитивный оборот» (the Subjective Infinitive Construction). It is said that they were in London last month. They are said to have been in London last month.

1. It is said that she works 16 hours a day. She is ___________________________ 2. It is known he works in the field of nuclear physics. He is _____________________________ 3. It is expected that they will take part in this research work. They are ____________________________ 4. It was known even in ancient times that water is denser than air. Water was __________________________ 5. It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour. The man is ________________ 6. It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. There is __________________________

7. It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans. The boy _______________________ 8. It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. Two people are __________________________ 9. It is known that he is reading for his exams. He _________________________ 10. It seems that the strike will last longer. The strike _____________________ IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме, Past Simple или would + гл. (Second Conditional) 1. If the speed of the body _____ (be) 16 km per second, it____ (leave) the solar system. 2. If I ______ (be) in your place, I ______ (do) this work myself. 3. She _____ (visit) you more often if she _____ (live) not so far. 4. I _____(not/buy) that coat if I ______ (be) you. 5. This soup isn’t very good. It _____ (taste) better if it _____ (not/be) so salty. V. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной форме, Present Simple или will+гл. (First Conditional). 1. If you ______ (eat) another cake, you _____ (be) sick. 2. You _____ (fail) your exam if you _____ (not study) hard. 3. Our children and grandchildren _____ (suffer) if we _____ (not look after) our planet.

4. If you _____ (see) this film, you ______ (enjoy) it. 5. They _____ (give) you a lift if they ____ (have) a car. VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на формы и функции инфинитива. Подчеркните инфинитив. 1. There is also a lot of advertising on TV. A lot of commercial firms buy the time to advertise their goods and services. 2. To convince the viewers that a certain product is the best and to persuade them to buy it takes not only a lot of imagination but also a lot of time. 3. The Internet provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend free time. 4. I can’t do all this work alone. I need somebody to help me. 5. I want to be shown a new picture. VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. (см. образец выполнения I). 1. She is said to be still looking for a job but she hopes to find something soon. 2. Since 1939, TV is known to have become one of the most important facts of modern life. 3. Specialists consider hydrogen to be an extremely promising energy source. 4. The natural organic polymers from which things are made prove to include proteins, cellulose and some other classes of compounds.

5. They suppose this method to be consuming.

tedious and time-

VIII. Перепишите следующие условные предложения I и II типов, выбрав правильную форму глагола (см. образец выполнения II). Переведите на русский язык. 1. If he … to finish his work as soon as possible, he would work hard (wants, wanted). 2. The solution of these mathematical tasks would be difficult if they … computers (don’t use, didn’t use). 3. She … these lectures if he were free (will attend, would attend) 4. If you … the exact meaning of this word, you will understand the sentence (find, found, will find). 5. If they receive all the necessary equipment, they … to carry out their experiment (would be able, will be able, are able). IX. Прочтите и переведите с 1го по 4й абзацы и ответьте письменно на вопросы: 1. What did the Anglo-Saxons consider a crime to be? 2. Who was responsible for catching thieves? Пояснения к тексту 1. moot – (ист) собрание (свободных граждан для обсуждения дел всей бщины) 2. pay a fine – платить штраф 3. a hue and cry – погоня; крики «лови!, держи!» 4. hundred court – суд округа (части графства в Англии)

5. reeve – (ист.) главный магистрат (города или округа в Англии) 6. shire - графство 7. Posse (comitatus) – ополчение, созываемое шерифом (для подавления беспорядка)

The Origins of Policing. 1. In early times Britain was settled by waves of different invaders. Among the last of these were the Anglo-Saxons. When they settled in England they lived in small communities, that is, in villages rather than in towns. They brought their own customs and laws to protect people and their property. According to the Anglo-Saxon custom, if someone broke the law it was not just a crime against the victim, but a crime against the whole community. 2.The Anglo- Saxon kings expected their people to keep good order, and this they called keeping the peace. A crime was an act against the peace, and some of the more serious crimes were said to be against the King’s Peace. Gradually the idea grew that all crimes were against the King’s Peace. 3. Under Anglo-Saxon rule, it was the duty of the citizens themselves to see that the law was not broken, and if it was, to catch the offenders. All the males in the community between the ages of twelve and sixty were responsible for this duty. They were organized in groups of about ten families and each group was called a tything: at their head was a tythingman. Each member of the tything was held responsible for the good behaviour of the others. If one member of the tything committed a crime, the others had to catch him and bring him before the court, or the moot as the Saxons called it. If they failed to do so, they were all punished, usually by paying a

fine. In a way, the tythingman is a very early ancestor of the policeman, because it was his duty to see that the King’s Peace was kept. If anyone saw a crime, he raised a hue and cry and all men had to join in the chase to catch the criminal, and bring him to trial before the court. 4. For minor offences, people accused of crimes were brought before the local folk moot. More serious cases went to the hundred court, headed by a hundredman or reeve, or the shire court which came under the shire reeve, or sheriff as he came to be known. The sheriff was responsible to the King for the peace of the whole area. In an emergency, the sheriff could call out the posse comitatus – all the available men in the shire. X. Прочтите текст еще раз и следующие за ним утверждения. Проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст. Запишите номера утверждений, которые соответствуют содержанию текста. 1. In early times there were no laws to protect people against crime in Britain. 2. People didn’t break the law and used to keep good order. 3. Old men in the community had to solve the crime and punish the offender(s). 4. A tything means a group of several families with a tythingman at the head. 5. A posse comitatus involved all the males in the community. XI. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.