Английский язык: Сборник текстов и упражнений

Камчатский государственный технический университет

Кафедра иностранных языков

Н.П. Дьякова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Сборник текстов и упражнений Рекомендовано Дальневосточным региональным учебно-методическим центром в качестве учебного пособия для студентов направления 552400 «Технология продуктов питания», специальностей 301800 «Промышленное рыболовство», 311700 «Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура» вузов региона

Петропавловск-Камчатский 2005

УДК 4И (Англ.) ББК 812 Англ. А64 Составитель: Н.П. Дьякова, доцент кафедры иностранных языков КамчатГТУ

Рецензенты: О.Г. Золотов, кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник КамчатНИРО В.В. Федоров, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка Камчатского государственного педагогического университета.

А64

Английский язык. Сборник текстов и упражнений: Учебное пособие. – Петропавловск-Камчатский: КамчатГТУ, 2005. – 103 с. ISBN 5-328-00061-7 Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями к обязательному минимуму содержания основной образовательной программы подготовки специалиста государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования.

УДК 4И (Англ.) ББК 812 Англ.

ISBN 5-328-00061-7

© КамчатГТУ, 2005 © Дьякова Н.П., 2005

2

ВВЕДЕНИЕ Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов технологического факультета, обучающихся по специальностям: 552400 «Технология продуктов питания», 301800 «Промышленное рыболовство», 311700 «Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура» и обладающих соответствующей языковой подготовкой. Пособие состоит из четырех разделов: «Рыболовство», «Рыбный промысел и экологические проблемы», «Технология продуктов питания», «Аквакультура», тематически связанных между собой. Каждый раздел представлен текстами, поурочным словарем и упражнениями. Помимо поурочного словаря раздел «Рыболовство» имеет словарь наиболее часто употребляемых слов, терминов и названий видов рыб. Целью пособия является развитие навыков перевода, навыков понимания, извлечения и обработки информации из англоязычных специальных текстов, расширение словарного запаса студентов специальной лексикой.

UNIT 1 FISHERIES Text 1 HARVESTING LIFE FROM WATER In the simplest definition, a fishery is a union of fishes and humans. Fisheries involve the taking of living organisms from water for human use, primarily as food. Other uses for these resources include the manufacture of jewelry, furs, purses, buttons, drugs and the pursuit of pleasure. Fisheries exist for species other than fin fish and shellfish, including such things as seaweeds, sponges, corals, jelly fish, sea urchins, frogs and turtles. Fisheries supply industries and provide occupations and recreation. In all, people are major predators upon fishes, shellfishes and other aquatic organisms, and have been for many thousands of years. There is little reason to think of fisheries as «unnatural» sources of loss to living aquatic resources. Predation, whether by humans or not, is a rule in aquatic ecosystems rather than an exception. The sustaining principle in fisheries is that organisms are generally able to reproduce enough to repopulate following heavy losses, whether those losses are due to predation, environmental extremes, or other causes. Humans can be extremely effective predators, however, and we now have the capability to harvest stocks beyond their abilities to recover. We also realize that, and we can adjust our predatory impacts over the short term in order to maximize them over the long term. This idea, sacrificing the short-term gain to assure greater success over the long term, brings forth a host of conflicts among participants in a fishery. Most of these conflicts are unique to human predators. 3

The scale and degree of capitalization of fisheries varies considerably-from heavily capitalized, «high-tech» off shore operations where much of the product is processed at sea and sold throughout the world, to «low-tech» near shore operations, often operating at subsistence levels and without the benefit of refrigeration, commercial long distance transportation and product processing. Fisheries of the latter type are common in developing countries that have fishery resources but lack a sophisticated economic infrastructure. Such fisheries are called artisanal fisheries. Finally, we have the practice of fishing for pleasure. This spectrum of possibilities offers a great challenge to fishery scientists owing to the wide range of separate, often conflicting uses of fishery resources. Vocabulary fisheries primarily jewelry fur purse button pursuit to exist species finfish shellfish seaweeds sponge jellyfish sea urchin turtle to supply (to provide) recreation predator predation aquatic loss due to extreme cause (reason) to harvest stock (s) ability to sacrifice to assure gain a host of

рыболовство, рыбный промысел в первую очередь драгоценности мех кошелек, сумка пуговица поиск существовать вид плавниковые рыбы ракообразные и моллюски водоросли губка медуза морской еж черепаха обеспечивать отдых, развлечение хищник хищничество водный потеря, утрата из-за крайность, перепад потенциал, способность вести промысел запас популяции, косяк или стая рыбы способность жертвовать (приносить в жертву) обеспечивать прибыль, увеличение множество, масса 4

scale to vary off shore to process subsistence level lack of sophisticated artisan artisanal fishery possibility to offer challenge

масштаб различаться, меняться находящийся на расстоянии от берега, в море обрабатывать прожиточный минимум недостаток, нехватка сложный ремесленник кустарный промысел возможность предлагать вызов, испытание Exercises

I. Translate the following word combinations into Russian. Including seaweeds, sponges and jellyfish; including sea urchins, frogs and turtles; to supply industries, occupations and recreation; major predators; unnatural sources of loss to living aquatic resources; to repopulate following heavy losses; environmental extremes; to harvest stocks; to adjust predatory impacts; to sacrify gain; to vary considerably; much of the product is produced at sea; offshore and near shore operations; subsistence level; lack of sophisticated economic infrastructure. II. Translate the following word combinations into English. Применение водных ресурсов; производство ювелирных изделий, меха и сумок; живые организмы применяют для изготовления лекарств; моллюски, водоросли и губка; черепахи, лягушки, морские ежи и медузы; быть основными хищниками; вызывать множество конфликтов; по причине (из-за) хищничества и экстремальных условий среды; масштаб и степень капитализации рыболовства; продавать во всем мире; работать на прожиточный уровень; иметь рыбные ресурсы, но не иметь сложной экономической инфраструктуры; широкий спектр применения рыбных ресурсов; удаленные от берега операции высокой технологии; прибрежные операции низкой технологии; рыболовство для обеспечения прожиточного минимума, или кустарное рыболовство; вызывать много конфликтов. III. Answer the questions. 1. What is fishery? 2. What are fish and shellfish used for? 3. What do shellfish include? 4. Who has been the major predator for thousands of years? 5. What’s the sustaining principle in fisheries? 5

IV. Translate the sentences using Passive Voice. 1. Approximately 70% of our planet is covered by salt water. 2. Waves of various heights are generated when wind blows over the surface of the water. 3. Those scientists who study the ocean are known as oceanographers. 4. Fishes and invertebrates can be carried thousands of kilometers by major ocean currents. 5. Florida lobster larvae have been found in the Gulf Stream far removed from their native habitat. 6. Oxygen is added to the upper layers of the ocean through photosynthesis and by dissolution from the atmosphere. 7. Aquatic plants are produced for human consumption. 8. The seaweeds may be consumed directly by man or extracts may be obtained that become components of a variety of substances. 9. Carp culture is widely practiced in China. 10. Species being reared by aquaculturists are usually fed prepared feeds. 11. Tilapias have been introduced throughout the tropical world and in many subtropical and temperature areas. 12. Atlantic and coho salmon have been produced in net-pens in several states of the United States for a number of years. 13. United States species of marine shrimp such as the white, pink and brown shrimp were subjected to intensive study during the 1960s and 1970s. 14. In Ecuador, where shrimp culture has grown into a huge enterprise, post larval shrimp have been historically stocked when ponds were filled by the rising tide. Once full, gates were closed to keep water in the ponds. The shrimp were not fed or managed in any way but were harvested after a few months. 15. When temperature changes dramatically, aquatic animals are placed under stress. V. Translate sentences using Passive Voice. 1. Рыбу применяют в первую очередь как продукт питания. 2. В настоящее время рыбу часто разделывают и обрабатывают в море. 3. Иногда сырье замораживают и продают. 4. Рыбный промысел, обеспечивающий прожиточный минимум, часто называют ремеслом. 5. Рыбу сохраняют способом заморозки, консервирования, соления и копчения. 6. Сельдь широко распространена в Северном полушарии. 7. Рыбий жир получают из печени пикши. 8. Палтус представлен двумя видами. 9. Много пищи можно получить из океана. 10. Обмен веществ регулируется витаминами. 11. Во время вяления рыбы ее обычно развешивают на жердях на открытом воздухе в теплую и сухую погоду. 6

12. Перед солением рыбу тщательно промывают, затем смешивают с солью и укладывают в контейнер. 13. Пикшу в основном ловят тралами. 14. Некоторые растения искусственно выращивают для потребления человеком. 15. Приблизительно 70% поверхности нашей планеты покрыто соленой водой. 16. Искусственное разведение карпа практиковалось впервые в Китае 4 000 лет назад. VI. Translate sentences. 1. Рыбный промысел существует много лет. 2. Помимо того что рыба, ракообразные (crustacean), моллюски являются вкусной едой, из них делают ювелирные изделия, меха, сумки, лекарства. 3. Рыбная ловля приносит людям огромное удовольствие и создает условия для отдыха. 4. Человек является главным хищником и потребителем водных организмов. 5. Хищничество – это, скорее, правило водных экосистем, чем исключение. 6. Живые организмы имеют способность воспроизводить популяцию, но это не значит, что люди не должны регулировать уловы. VII. Summarize the text.

Text 2 FISHERY SCIENCE A fishery is the combination of an aquatic resource with an organized harvest system. For both parts to remain healthy and sustainable, we must pay careful attention to the status of the resource and the level of harvest. That kind of attention is provided by fishery science. Fishery science is a multidisciplinary applied science that draws information from a number of so-called «pure» sciences in order to apply that knowledge to the solution of fishery problems. The most common fishery problem is that there aren’t enough fish for everybody. The disciplines that contribute to fishery science include biological, physical, social, mathematical and technological sciences. Fisheries is a very complex sphere and goes side by side with fields of knowledge as food technology, biochemistry, biology, the law of the sea, world marketing, aquaculture, resources management. Answer the question. What’s fishery science? 7

Text 3 HISTORY OF FISHERIES The practice of fishing was developed long before the practice of keeping historical records. We know that people around the world have engaged in fisheries for food, trade, ornaments and riligous customs for many thousands of years. Even the relatively sophisticated practice of aquaculture of freshwater fishes has been practised in China for over 4 000 years. Numerous examples of ancient art and the long held customs of native peoples attest to the importance of fisheries to human cultures over the ages. Many native peoples from both eastern and western cultures believe that fishes and shellfishes have significance far beyond their ability to sustain human life. When some of these people speak of fish, they sound more like they are speaking of members of their own families than about things to prey upon. It is noteworthy that in Great Britain many of the earliest examples of regulation of fishing effort dealt with recreational fisheries. Privilege and allocation of fish stocks in the American Colonies were not pressing issues due to the abundance of fishes that were initially present. At the turn of the 20th century, the industrialization of fisheries hastened with the advent of steam-powered capture vessels. Purse seiners fished for menhaden off the U.S. Atlantic coast, trawlers fished for mixed stocks in the North Sea, and longliners fished for halibut in the North Pacific. Later developments that also had considerable industrial impact include the use of diesel-powered capture vessels with net retrieval and refrigeration systems on vessels. With the progressing industrialization of marine fisheries in the early 1900s, evidence began to mount that fish stocks were declining under increasing fishing pressure, particularly Pacific halibut and those stocks fished by trawl in the North Sea. Concern over these fisheries led to the formation of several international fishery commissions. With the rapid industrialization of commercial marine fisheries and the use of factory methods for processing on shipboard, effective fishery management became necessary on a globe scale. Collapses among some important species, including Atlantic herring, Alaska king crab, California sardines and of some others drew even more attention to the fragility of fishery stocks. The United States declared its 200 mile «Fisheries Conservation Zone» with the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) of 1976. The FCMA created eight regional management councils to oversee fisheries in the 200 mile zone and allowed foreign states to harvest only those stocks present in surplus. The act also directed fishery managers to take economic, social and politic factors into account, in addition to scientific criteria, in establishing fishery policy. After 1983, the Fisheries Conservation Zone came to be known as the «Exclusive Economic Zone» or EEZ. Vocabulary to engage in relatively

заниматься чем-либо относительно 8

sophisticated native people to attest significance to sustain to prey on (upon) it is noteworthy that effort recreational fisheries allocation pressing turn to hasten advent menhaden longliner long-lining halibut impact net retrieval system to mount fishery management fragility to oversee to harvest surplus fishery manager

сложный коренное население свидетельствовать значение поддерживать охотиться на следует обратить внимание попытка рыбный промысел для отдыха и развлечения выделение, квота неотложный рубеж ускорять рост, процесс появление, ввод американская сельдь судно с ярусным промыслом ярусный промысел палтус влияние, воздействие сетевыборочная машина появляться, накапливаться регулирование рыбного промысла хрупкость следить добывать избыток, излишек специалист по регулированию промысла Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. To attest to the importance of fisheries for human culture; to sustain human life; to prey upon; recreational fisheries; allocation of fish stocks; due to abundance of fish; purse seiners; steam powered capture vessels; Fisheries Conservation Zone; (FCMA); Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); fishery management; fishery manager; to over see fisheries; to harvest stocks in surplus. II. Translate into English. 200-мильная зона; принимать во внимание экономические, социальные и политические факторы; регулирование рыбного промысла; свидетельствовать о важности рыбного промысла; снижаться под давлением увеличения рыбного промысла; накапливать информацию; влияние промышленности; рыбный промысел для отдыха и удовольствия; специалист по регулированию промысла; накапливать информацию. 9

III. Choose the equivalents. Coastal fishing, bottom trawl, filling grounds, maritime states, depletion of stocks, fish processing, long-lining, purse-seining operations, headed and gutted fish, filleting machine, plate freezing, fish meal, maximum sustainable yield, blast-frozen, test panel evaluation, catch composition, mesh size, distant water fishing, by catch introduction of 200 mile zones. Океанический промысел; истощение запасов; обезглавленная и потрошеная рыба; кошельковый промысел; замораживание в плиточном морозильном аппарате; оценка органолептических качеств; максимально допустимый вылов; прилов; обработка рыбы; установление 200-мильной зоны; состав улова; замораживание в потоке воздуха; промысловые районы; ярусный промысел; прибрежные государства; филетировочная машина; рыбная мука; прибрежный промысел; донный трал. IV. Answer the questions. 1. What’s the attitude of native peoples to fish and shell fish? 2. What’s the reason of fish stock decline? 3. What measures were taken to stop dramatic harvesting? V. Match pairs of synonyms. Management, surplus, sophisticated, effort, to sustain, to attest, to harvest, allocation, to oversee, to fish, regulation, to witness, to observe, excess, to maintain, attemp, distribution, complex. Text 4 RUSSIAN MARINE FISHING POLICIES AND WORLD FISHING PRACTICES Russian fisheries have traditionally played the central part in supplying the protein-rich fish products the people of various income groups. This was due to geographical factors such as a long shore line, a great number of rivers and lakes, instability in farming and stock breeding, as well as religious traditions. For instance, the Christian religion is known to have banned all animal food, except for fish, from the table during fasting periods. Quite common in the former Soviet Union’s public and company eateries were so called «Fish-Eating Days», held customarily once a week on a certain day, with strictly fish dishes served on the menu. This helped maintain a steady demand for fish products and spur the expansion in the fishing industry sector. In Soviet time, fishing industry operating under the planned and enforced distribution economy went hand in hand with exploration of marine resources. Rapid development in this field past World War Two brought the ex-USSR in the forefront among the leading fisheries throughout the world in 1975 and 1988–1989. The per capita consumption of fish neared the 18 kg a year, advised by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences’ Nutrition Institute, throughout the 10

USSR, 22–24 kg throughout the Russian Soviet Federate Socialist Republic, and up to 40 kg in some coastal areas. Import of fish ceased to play the crucial part in the overall fish supply. It fell short of 200 thousand tons, while the export grew up to 300–550 thousand tons. Oceanic fisheries made a considerable contribution into this country’s food security, inputting about 20–25% of animal proteins annually. Traditionally, Russian Federate Republic’s fishing fleets accounted for 75–80% of all annual catches in the whole Soviet Union. The largest portion of all catches came from the Far Eastern seas – the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, the northern Barents Sea, the Atlantic and Pacific high seas. Out and beyond own 200 mile zone Soviet fishing fleets, Russian included, landed 5,2–5,6 million tons. Despite the high catches outside the Soviet waters, Russia of those times was spared the haggle over the marine resources with the foreign fleets operating under the market economy. However, the fishing states with market economy in sight of the Soviet Union’s fishing efforts to increase catches in 70-s, ousted our fleets from their offshore regions, and later from their respective 200 mile zones as soon as they were established. As a result of these actions, the Soviet Union’s catches dropped to the unprecedented 10,4–9,2 million tons over the period after the WW2. However, the Soviet Union managed to keep its fish landings level at a steady 10–11 million tons due to exploitation of newly discovered resources of mackerel, krill, ice-fish etc. in the high seas world wide. Getting adapted to the new marine laws, Russian fisheries regained control over their steady growth. The reforms under way since 1990–1992, hasty as they were in transition to the market, forced fisheries to switch most of the fleets to the resources within the exclusive 200 mile zone, which were greatly in demand in domestic and international markets. Simultaneously, for a number of economic reasons, abandoned were many fishing grounds in the high seas of the Atlantic and Pacific regions. The Government first curtailed then totally shut off financial support of the industry. Liberalization of the fish export trade and mistakes in privatization brought about the growing export and loss of a good part of the fishing fleet. All this caused not only a dramatic decrease in Russian catches from 7,9–8,1 million tons in 1988–1989 to 3,4–4,3 million tons in 1994–1995, but a sharp drop in the per capita consumption of fish from 18 down to 10 kg. The depth of the current crisis faced by the Russian fishing industry has no analogues in its history. In the meantime the Russian domestic market is being actively invaded by foreign companies from Europe and Asia, while the scale exportation of pollock, cod, shrimp, crab, and other seafoods by Russian fishing companies considerably destabilized the prices both in Europe and Asia. The ultimate damages will be incurred by Russian fishermen in the first place. In order to mend the situation, the Government was rather late to adopt the 1995 Federal Task Program named «Fish», setting the tasks of maintaining the catches at 4,2 million tons by the year 2000, although relying on a rather moderate finances, and directing most of the product to domestic consumers. 11

According to the Program, the resources of the 200 mile zone should constitute the resource base of the Russian fishing industry (about 71–76% of the annual landing). Only 8% have been planned for the oceanic fisheries, and 15–16 for other regions (200 mile exclusive economic zones of other countries based on governmental agreements). In this regard, Russian national interests have to guard the resources of pollock and crab of the Sea of Okhotsk, cod and haddock of the Barents Sea for the exclusive use by domestic fish producers. The time has come to announce the Sea of Okhotsk a Russian fishing domain, and prohibit foreign vessels from fishing in this area. Also, all fishing efforts made by domestic companies within the 200 mile zone should be cut down to match the current state of the resource base. The raw marine resources, explored by the Russian scientists, promise to afford up to 9,0–10,0 million tons of fish and seafoods yearly. Exclusion of some remote fishing grounds, again for economic considerations, from the Russian fishing fleet operations will cause a decrease in the resource base of estimated 4,2–6,5 million ton. It should be noted, about this amount is set forth as a target catch in the Fish Program for the year 2 000. Vocabulary income stock breeding to ban public and company eateries to spur planned and enforced distribution economy in (at) the forefront per capita consumption crucial country’s food security

доход, уровень дохода животноводство запрещать место общественного питания стимулировать директивно-планово распределительная система в авангарде потребление на душу населения решающий, важный продовольственная безопасность страны за пределами спорить вытеснять, изгонять удерживать уловы открытые районы Мирового океана правовой режим приобретать поспешный переход вынуждать одновременно

out and beyond to haggle over to oust to keep fish landing high seas worldwide marine laws to gain hasty transition to force simultaneously 12

to abandon to curtail dramatic to invade ultimate (greatest) to incur to mend to maintain catches moderate finances to afford remote consideration amount to set target domain

покидать, бросать сокращать, ограничивать резкий завоевывать предельный нести (убытки, расходы) исправлять, стабилизировать зд.: удерживать вылов скромная финансовая поддержка позволять удаленный соображения зд.: объем выдвигать целевая задача владение Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. To supply the protein-rich fish products; a steady demand for fish products; to play the crucial part in fish supply; to haggle over the marine resources with the foreign fleets; to oust fleet from off shore regions; to be in demand in domestic and international markets; to bring about the growing export and loss of a good part of the fishing fleet; domestic market is being invaded by foreign companies; to incur damage; in order to mend the situation; to announce the sea of Okhotsk a Russian fishing domain; the dept of the current crisis faced by the Russian fishing industry. II. Translate into English. За пределами 200-мильной зоны; по экономическим соображениям (причинам); программа под названием «Рыба» была принята в 1995 г.; оказывать скромную финансовую поддержку; приспособившись к новому правовому режиму; оставлять многие районы промысла в открытой части Атлантического и Тихого океанов; население с разным уровнем доходов; неустойчивость земледелия и животноводства; потребление рыбы на душу населения; высокие выловы (уловы) за пределами собственных вод; плановораспределительная система; глубина кризиса, в котором находится российское морское рыболовство. III. Arrange the words in pairs of synonyms. Crucial, to stimulate, to oust, to conquer, to gain, to improve, to force, to suffer losses, to abandon, to reduce, to curtail, to desert, to incur, to compel, to mend, to acquire, to invade, to supersede, to spur, important. 13

IV. Answer the questions. 1. What part have Russian fisheries traditionally played? 2. Why are fish products so valuable? 3. What are the characteristics of fishing industry of Soviet time? 4. How many kilograms of fish did Soviet people consumpt in Soviet time? 5. When did the Soviet Union’s catches drop? 6. Why did the Soviet Union manage to keep its fish landing level? 7. What was the result of the reforms 1990–1992? 8. When was the Federal Program named «Fish» adopted? 9. What’s the substance of the program? V. Summarize the text.

Text 5 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS/ MARINE RESERVES: OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE BERING SEA? Earlier in the conferences we talked about a variety of problems with declining fish stocks in the Bering Sea and around the world. Indeed, industrial scale fishing has transformed the sea, in many cases, depleting species and destroying habitats. But now, new approaches are being developed that enhance both conservation and fisheries. Around the world, marine protected areas are increasingly being applied as tools to benefit biodiversity conservation while also improving fisheries productivity. In fisheries management, there are a variety of types of marine protected areas. These might include temporary closures to allow for depleted stocks to recuperate. One type of marine protected area is the fully-protected marine reserves. Although there is less information from northern marine ecosystems about the effects of marine reserves, there is growing evidence that marine reserves can be extremely beneficial to fishes. Reserves can offer the following benefits: 1. Fully protected reserves enhance the production of off spring which can restock the fishing grounds. Reserves can allow for individuals to live longer and grow larger, producing more eggs than smaller fish. Thus in addition to increase in average body size, reserves offer increase population densities. 2. Fully protected reserves allow for «spillover» of adults and juveniles into fishing grounds. As number and biomass of fish within a reserve increases, the fish will start to move out of the reserves and into fishing grounds. 3. Marine reserves provide a refuge for vulnerable species. Foe example, some species are very vulnerable to fishing and may be unable to persist even where fishing pressure is light. In such cases, no-take zones offer an important refuge. 4. Fully-protected reserves prevent habitat damage. Excluding activities such as mining, dredging, trawling, bout groundings, even activities such as scuba diving in certain environments – is important for protected ecosystems and the 14

ecological processes they support. There is growing evidence that marine reserves allow for the recovery of fish populations. One study-which is still in press – examined 76 reserves that were protected from at least one from of fishing, and looked at reserves that offered a range of levels of protection. The study examined variables such as abundance, total biomass, average body size, and species diversity. Across all of these reserves, it was found that abundance (density) had approximately doubled, biomass increased to 2,5 times that in fished areas; averaged body size increased by one third; and the number of species increased by a third. Vocabulary to decline to transform to deplete to enhance fisheries management temporary closure to recuperate stocks beneficial protected reserves (areas) off spring to restock density spillover refuge vulnerable species to persist no-take zones mining

снижать менять, преображать истощать повышать, усиливать, зд.: развивать управление рыболовством временный заповедник пополнять запасы полезный охраняемые территории морская экосистема увеличить плотность распространение убежище, прибежище уязвимый вид (восприимчивый) зд.: противостоять зона покоя добыча (разработка) полезных ископаемых драгирование ныряние с аквалангом зд.: способствовать ряд уровней защиты

dredging scuba diving to allow a range of levels of protection

Exercises I. Translate into Russian. Commercial fishing has transformed the sea; new approaches are being developed; marine protected areas; deplete species and destroy habitats; in fishing management; marine reserves can be extremely beneficial; to increase population density; total biomass; to enhance both conservation and fisheries; to recuperate stocks; as number and biomass. 15

II. Translate into English. Пополнять запасы; зона покоя; заповедные морские территории способствуют восстановлению рыбных популяций; охраняемые морские территории предотвращают разрушение мест обитания; предоставлять убежище для уязвимых видов; способствовать распространению молоди; увеличивать продуктивность морских экосистем; создавать морские заповедники с целью пополнения сократившихся рыбных запасов; разрабатывать подходы, позволяющие развивать как рыболовство, так и природоохранную деятельность; снижение численности рыбных запасов; способствовать распространению молоди и взрослых особей. III. Answer the questions. 1. Why are marine protected areas being applied around the world? 2. What opportunities do the reserves offer? 3. What did the study made by scientists show? IV. Summarize the text. V. Translate into English in wring. Проблемы сохранения биоресурсов Берингова моря Дрифтерные, или плавающие, сети свободно дрейфуют по поверхности воды, захватывая все, что попадается им по пути, в том числе объекты, лов на которые не нацелен. Наиболее остро проблема дрифтерного промысла встала в 70-е гг. XX столетия, когда на смену небольшим дрифтерным сетям пришли сети-гиганты. Самыми активными рыболовами стали в это время японские, тайваньские и южнокорейские суда, применявшие сети до 50 км длиной. Огромное количество китов, дельфинов, морских птиц, черепах, акул и других морских обитателей, даже не являющихся объектами промысла, гибли в таких многокилометровых заграждениях. Одной из организаций, начавшей последовательную борьбу против использования дрифтерных сетей, стала Организация Объединенных Наций. В 1991 г. вступила в силу Веллингтонская конвенция, запрещающая лов рыбы в южной части Тихого океана дрифтерными сетями более 2,5 км длиной, ратифицированная 12 странами. Россия одновременно признает недопустимость дрифтерного промысла на международном уровне и допускает его неограниченное использование в собственных водах.

Text 6 SEABIRDS NO COMPETITORS TO FISHERMEN … Highly productive waters of the North Pacific provide favorable conditions for existence of a great number of seabirds. In the past, they served humans as a source of food and a material for handcrafted clothing and tools. In our times 16

this significance has been lost. Now, the prevailing point is that the seabirds are of no use any more. What’s more, feeding on fish, they are thought to be diminishing marine resources, thus presenting serious competition to fisheries. This attitude can hardly be called fair. Indeed, at the sites of the largest gathering of seabirds, they are able to consume the marine resources in quantities, comparable only to industrial catching. However, the best part of their prey is made of non-commercial fish and invertebrates. But, in contrast to human beings, seabirds not just take tribute from the sea, but pay back in kind fertilizing the off-shore waters with their excrements. According to the observations of Magadan ornithologist a million of birds nestling on the Talan Island, located in the North-Western part of the Sea of Okhotsk, consume every day about 200 tons of feed producing over 100 tons of soluble compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen. Powerful input of biogenic elements into the sea surface facilitates and expedites growth of phyto and zoo plankton, basic for the trophic chain the commercial fish species have been a proved a link of. So, the seabirds are found to assist the fish resource regeneration, considerably making up for what they consume. In recent twenty years, on the Pribiloff and Saint Mathew Islands of the eastern Bering Sea, observed was a drastic decrease in population and effective reproduction offish-eating sea birds. One of the possible reasons is a very intensive industrial fishing, that caused changes in the age structure of the local pollock stocks, which constitute the feeding source for the seabirds Hocks in that region. Fisheries affect birds but not just indirectly. Millions of birds perish getting caught in the nets during fishing operations according to American experts estimations, mortality of seabirds of seabirds in Alaska resulting from industrial fishing is registered higher than from all other human activities combined. Many birds fall victims to driftnet fishing in the Far Eastern Waters. Vocabulary handicrafted clothing significance to prevail what’s more (more than that) to diminish fair to prey invertebrate to take tribute to fertilize off shore waters excrement ornithologist soluable

изготовление одежды значение преобладать, превалировать сокращать справедливый охотиться беспозвоночное животное собирать дань удобрять прибрежные воды экскремент орнитолы растворимый 17

compound input to facilitate to expedite link to make up drastic pollock stock to constitute to perish to get caught in nets mortality to driftnet fishing

соединение приток способствовать ускорять звено компенсировать резкий популяция минтая составлять погибать попадать в сети смертность вести Exercises

I. Give Russian translation. Mortality of seabirds; to cause changes in the age structure of the local pollock stocks; drastic decrease in population; material for handcrafted clothing and tools; to diminish natural resources; soluable compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen; to assist the fish resource generation; the best part of seabirds prey is made of…; to take tribute from the sea and to pay back; the sites of the largest gatherings of seabirds; to fertilize the off-shore waters with excrements; according to the observations of ornithologists; to affect birds indirectly. II. Translate into English. Морские птицы не только берут дань с моря; высокопродуктивные воды Северной части Тихого океана; добыча морских птиц состоит из непромысловых видов рыб и беспозвоночных; служить человеку; потреблять морские ресурсы; значение морских птиц утрачено; места крупных скоплений морских птиц; считают, что морские птицы уменьшают рыбные запасы; погибать, попадая в сети; обогащать прибрежные воды экскрементами и удобрять их; снижение эффективности размножения рыбоядных птиц; приток биогенных элементов; значительное снижение в численности; значение морских птиц утрачено. III. Answer the questions. 1. What do highly productive waters provide? 2. Were seabirds of any use in the past? 3. Why are seabirds thought to be diminishing marine resources? 4. What contribution do seabirds make to fisheries? 5. What’s the reason of a drastic decrease in seabirds population? 18

IV. Translate the sentences. 1. Высокопродуктивные воды Северной Пацифики создают благоприятные условия для существования множества морских птиц. 2. В прошлом птицы служили человеку источником пищи, материалом для изготовления одежды и орудий труда. 3. В настоящее время считают, что от птиц больше нет пользы, что они уменьшают рыбные запасы и составляют серьезную конкуренцию рыболовству. 4. Морские птицы потребляют рыбу в большом количестве, но большая часть их добычи состоит из непромысловых рыб и беспозвоночных. 5. Птицы не только собирают дань с моря, но и обогащают его, удобряя прибрежные воды своими экскрементами. 6. Каждые сутки птицы потребляют 200 тонн корма и создают (продуцируют) свыше 100 тонн растворимых соединений фосфора и азота. 7. Приток биогенных элементов к поверхности моря способствует появлению фитопланктона и ускоряет его рост. 8. В последнее время наблюдается резкое снижение в популяции и эффективности размножения рыбоядных птиц. 9. Возможная причина – интенсивный коммерческий лов минтая, который составляет основу питания морских птиц в восточной части Берингова моря. 10. Другая причина – гибель миллионов птиц, попадающих в сети во время промысловых операций.

Text 7 WORLD FISHING THE THIRD WORLD FISHERIES CONGRESS Due to the constant growth of the global population and economy, the world is now faced with a shortage of land, which farces the mankind to expand interests to the sea, which covers 71% of the earth surface. It has become an inevitable trend to make reasonable use of fisheries resources while we are exploiting our living area. Because of the poor grain harvest over recent years, the world’s food stocks are dropping fast, while the demand for food is increasing with the growth of the population. These points make the supply of food a hot topic all over the world. Though threatened by such unfavorable factors such as water pollution, destructive fishing, the world fishing industry still has the potentialities and conditions for sustainable and steady development, as long as it is scientifically managed and protected with new technology. The Third World Fisheries Congress intends to approach the problems of common concern for fisheries professionals, mainly focuses on how to add the food resource for human by sustainable fisheries, so as to release the pressure of the grain production, optimize the food chain as the theme and other relative topics at the turn of millennium. 19

Word supplement food chain (chain of food organisms) sustainable to farce inevitable destructive

трофическая цепь (питания) жизнеспособный зд.: вынуждать неизбежный, неминуемый разрушительный, вредный

Do written translation of the text. Exercises 1. Do two-way translation. A: Какое важное событие, имеющее большое влияние на развитие мирового рыболовства, имело место за последний период? B: The World Conference on Fisheries Management and Development was held in Rome in June-July this year. The conference developed a series of strategies and action plan for the future development and management of the World’s fisheries. A: Какую роль играет установление 200-мильной зоны в развитии рыболовства прибрежных государств? B: The establishment of EEZ’S since the mid-1970s has provided new opportunities and challenges for marine states. Thus there is a need for states to reappraise their national policies on fisheries management and development. A: Можно ли разработать единую стратегию развития рыболовства, приемлемую во всех странах? B: Of course not. There is no single strategy of fisheries development which is applicable to all states. Therefore state must determine its own development policy from a range of alternative objectives. Generally, the strategy’s guidelines and principles cover. Word supplement marine states to appraise applicable to determine guidelines principle assessment framework scale

прибрежные государства оценивать, расценивать применимый, пригодный, подходящий определять директива правило, принцип, закон оценка структура масштаб 20

III. Do written translation of the text into Russian. Sea Food Opportunities in Singapore Sea foods are popular in Singapore among Singaporeans and tourists alike; the total sales of fin fish alone through wholesale markets in 1982 was 9167 tons. The domestic market can be separated into two categories. The first comprises indigenous Singaporeans, who are traditionally price-conscious and buy from local markets. The traditional caution with regard to cost is becoming tempered by an increasing emphasis on product quality which has made higher prices more acceptable. The second is made up of expatriates and middle class Singaporeans who buy from supermarkets for convenience. This braket of the community is growing rapidly and can select from a wide range of fresh and frozen sea foods. Both sections of the domestic market prefer fresh sea foods but frozen and prepared food is becoming more acceptable. In addition Singapore is involved in a substantial catering chandling trade as well as a large re export trade. However the domestic catch supplies only one-quarter of total consumption, mainly fin fish and mussels. Fin fish landings totaled 18.000 tons in 1982; nearly half of this came from off shore vessels. An increasing number of marine fish farming licenses are being issued in the hope that cultured fish, particularly sea bass and grouper, will reduce dependence on imports. Imports of crustaceans and mollusks totaled 28,547 tons. Australia provided 516,4 tons mainly abalone, lobster and oysters. Word supplement sea bass grouper abalone wholesale to temper

каменный окунь групер морское ушко оптовая продажа регулировать, смягчать

Text 8 VALUE OF FISH Fish are important to us for the protein they provide in our diet, for the satisfaction we find in culinary, for raw materials used in the manufacture of many non food products and for the attainment of business and policy objectives. By 1987 there were over five billion people in the world. Most people eat every day, and supplying the world’s people with enough high-quality food is no small concern. Food that is high in animal protein is also rich in essential amino acids like lysine and methionine. Diets that are low in animal protein can severely limit human well-being. This is often the case in developing countries. Global dieta21

ry studies show that as personal income increases, so does the average number of calories consumed. The proportion of overall calories contributed by animal protein, animal fat and sugar is also relatively high for people with higher incomes. In contrast, with lower levels of personal income, fewer calories are consumed and the proportion of those calories from animal protein is very low. Most of calories in the diets of people in low income regions come from carbohydrates, primarily from grains, which may not supply all of the essential amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The amino acid composition of fish flesh is very close to our dietary requirements. Fishes and shellfishes provide the type of food that people in both rich and poor nations need-relatively low in fat and high in protein. The protein content of fish flesh is 19% (of wet weight) which is relatively high, while the caloric content is relatively low. Among the fats found in seafood are some special ones that are thought to be particularly beneficial to human health. An epidemiological study comparing the health of Eskimos, who have diets rich in seafood, with Danes, whose diets are high in chicken eggs, milk products and red meat showed that the Eskimos had significantly fewer instances of coronary heart disease, psoriasis and bronchial asthma than Danes. Since that study, the kinds of fats and oils present in fishes and shellfishes have received considerable research attention regarding their potential health benefits. Vocabulary diet attainment supplying concern essential amino acid lysine methionine well-being proportion income to increase average to contribute consume carbohydrates grain requirements relatively particularly beneficial

пища достижение, приобретение обеспечение дело необходимый аминокислота лизин метионин благополучие доля, часть, соотношение доход увеличивать средний вкладывать потреблять углеводы зерно требования относительно особенно полезный 22

compare significantly instance disease cholesterol dane

сравнивать существенно, значительно случай болезнь, заболевание холестерол датчанин Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. To provide protein; attainment of business; essential amino acids; amino acids like lysine and methionine; average number of calories; proportion of all calories; most calories come from; come from carbohydrates; amino acid composition; protein content of fish flesh; the fats found in seafood; fats particularly beneficial to human health; diets are high in chicken eggs; milk products and red meat. II. Translate into Russian. Сосредотачиваться на статистических данных; сырье для непищевых продуктов; необходимые аминокислоты для здоровья человека; увеличивать (уменьшать) доход; доля калорий из зерна и белка; процентное содержание протеина в мясе рыбы; сравнивать здоровье эскимосов и датчан; пища, богатая куриным яйцом, молочными продуктами и красным мясом; пища, богатая морепродуктами; пища, в которой содержание животного белка низкое; доля всех калорий; потреблять углеводы в первую очередь из зерна. III. Answer the questions. 1. Why are fish so important for humans? 2. What is food that high in animal protein rich in? 3. What’s the result of an epidemiological study comparing the health of Eskimos and Danes? IV. Translate the sentences. 1. Рыба необходима для человека как продукт питания, т.к. она является источником протеина и сырьем для многих непищевых продуктов. Рыба – это бизнес и политика. 2. Пища, которая содержит животный белок, богата аминокислотами, такими как лизин и метионин. 3. Аминокислоты являются составными частями белка. 4. Человек получает калории либо из животного протеина, либо из углеводов. Но калории, вырабатываемые из углеводов, не могут обеспечивать организм человека всеми аминокислотами, необходимыми для здоровья. 5. Было проведено эпидемиологическое исследование для сравнения здоровья эскимосов и датчан. Большую часть рациона датчан составляют 23

куриное мясо, яйцо, молочные продукты и красное мясо животных. Эскимосы, как известно, питаются исключительно рыбой. Исследования показали, что у эскимосов значительно меньше случаев сердечных заболеваний, псориазом и бронхиальной астмой, чем у датчан (coronary heart disease, psoriasis, bronchial asthma). V. Summarize the text.

Text 9 FISHERY PRODUCTS The primary mode of processing fishery products is now freezing, which has increased in importance over the years and is used for 23% of fishery production. Fresh products account for 20% of global production followed by curing and canning at 15% and 12%. Curing implies preservation practices like drying, smoking and salting, which like canning, avoid the need for refrigeration. The remaining 30% of fishery production is used industrially, mainly in the form of fish meal and is not directly eaten by people. Among the majority of fishery products (those used directly as food), there is a wide range in the portion of the product that is consumed. Larger fishes range from 25% to 75% edible portion of the total weight. In other words fishes with big heads and fins like rockfish might yield fillets that weigh only one fourth the weight of the live fishes but meatier fishes like salmon yield up to three quarters edible weight. Of course, small fishes like anchovies and sardines are eaten whole, either dried or canned. Among shellfish, shrimp have about 50% edible portion while oysters may have only about 7%. Seaweed products are usually 100% edible. There are over 200 taxonomic families of animals and plants that yield fishery products. These organisms include algae, fin fish, crustaceans, molluscs, mammals and others. In most cases, it is the muscle tissue of an animal that is eaten, cooked or uncooked, but there are as many variations for eating fishes and shell fishes as one can imagine. Often we consume fishery products without realizing it, unless we read labels very carefully. Substances extracted from seaweeds occur in a wide range of food and nonfood products. Among sea urchins, sturgeon, herring and other fishes, the eggs (caviar) or gonads (roe) can be important products. This brings us to the three «s» words in fishery products: sushi, sashimi and surimi. Sushi refers to a rice preparation that is sticky and slightly sweet (sour) over which various fishery products, usually raw, are placed. Sea urchin roe, raw squid, fish roe, boiled octopus, raw shrimp and raw pieces of fish of many kinds (frequently salmon) are served with sushi rice in sushi bars. Often the sushi preparations are wrapped with a type of seaweed called nori. Sushi bars are now popular in the USA and many countries around the world including Russia. 24

Sashimi refers to fish or other sea food that is thinly sliced and eaten raw. Eating sashimi is a long-held dietary practice in Asia and is gaining popularity in the United States. The prime fish for sashimi is either tuna or salmon, but many types of fishes and shall fishes are used. The sea product is usually dipped in soy sauce and wasabi, a green Japanese horse radish paste. The consumption of uncooked fishes raises the issue of parasites that might infect humans and lead to health problems. Carefully prepared sea food sashimi is generally safe to eat. While sushi and sashimi are becoming much more familiar to western nations as tastes in food are broadening, the big news that is changing the global marketing of fishery products in recent years is surimi. Surimi is a processed fish product pioneered by the Japanese. The surimi process utilizes relatively inexpensive marine fishes with white flesh like Alaska pollock. The making of surimi is essentially a high-technology industrial process that results in a minced and gelled fish protein product that can be modified by the addition of flavorings and textures into countless consumer products. The surimi revolution in fishery products has only begun. Many of these products are analogues of other seafood, such as crab. Surimi can be processed at sea, stored by freezing for long periods and yields products of high and predictable quality for different market tostes around the world. Vocabulary account for cure imply rock fish anchovy salmon yield shrimp shellfish oyster seaweed (algae) taxonomic crustaceous mammal muscle issue label extract from sea urchin sturgeon herring egg gonads

составлять обрабатывать заключать в себе, значить, подразумевать морской ерш, морской окунь анчоус лосось приносить, давать урожай креветка ракообразные, моллюски устрица водоросли таксономический ракообразный млекопитающее мышца, мускул ткань этикетка, ярлык, бирка извлекать морской еж осетр сельдь икринка гонады, половые железы 25

rice sticky slightly raw squid octopus wrap nori refer to slice thinly gain tuna dip soy (a) sauce horseradish issue much more familiar broaden utilize (use) pollock mince gell flavoring texture predictable wasabi

рис клейкий, липкий слегка, немного сырой кальмар осьминог заворачивать нори (разновидность водорослей) иметь отношение, относиться резать тонкими кусочками приобретать, получать тунец погружать, опускать соевый соус хрен выделение гораздо, значительнее привычный, обычный, хорошо значимый расширять применять, использовать минтай фарш гель, студенистая масса ароматическое вещество ткань (биологическая), текстура предсказуемый васаби Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. Freezing is used for 23% of fishery production; fresh products are followed by curing and canning; muscle tissue of an animal is generally eaten or cooked; substances extracted from seaweeds; sticky, slightly sweet rice preparation; sea urchin and squid; shrimp, boiled octopus, sturgeon, eggs, gonads; sushi preparations are wrapped with a type of seaweed; to gain popularity; to dip sea food; soy (a) sauce and green horseradish paste; to become much more familiar; mince and gel; high technology industrial process that results in a minced and gelled fish protein product; surimi can be processed at sea and can be stored by freezing. II. Translate into Russian. Приготовление сурими можно разнообразить добавлением ароматических веществ и биологических тканей; протеиновый рыбный продукт в виде фарша или студенистой массы; недорогая рыба с белым мясом; для сасими 26

используют главным образом тунец или лосось; рыбу режут тонкими ломтиками и едят сырой; рыбу погружают в соевый соус или в зеленую пасту из хрена; выделение паразитов; родоначальниками сурими были японцы; потребление неприготовленной рыбы; рисовые клейкие и слегка подслащенные шарики; помещать сырую рыбу, кальмара, осьминога на рисовые шарики; заворачивать суши в водоросли; приобретать популярность во всем мире; маленькую рыбу едят целиком. III. Answer the questions. 1. In what way do humans traditionally consume fish? 2. What are new variations for eating fishes and shell-fishes? 3. Which of there S fishery products is gaining popularity in the USA and Russia? IV. Translate sentences. 1. Рыбу традиционно замораживают, коптят, солят, вялят и консервируют. 2. Употребление свежей рыбы составляет 20%. 3. Японцы предпочитают употреблять сырую рыбу, так же как и местное население прибрежных государств. 4. Японские бары и рестораны все чаще появляются в разных странах мира. 5. Говоря об изменениях в употреблении рыбы и ракообразных мы в первую очередь имеем в виду суши и сасими. 6. Суши – это клейкая и слегка подслащенная рисовая масса или шарик, на которую помещаются сырые кусочки рыбы, креветок, кальмара, осьминога или икра. Иногда суши заворачивают в водоросль. 7. Сасими – это морепродукт, который нарезан тонкими ломтиками и подается в сыром виде. Морепродукт погружают в соевый соус или в васаби – зеленую пасту из хрена. Чаще всего для сасими используют лосось или тунец, но и многие другие виды рыб и ракообразных можно использовать в этом случае. 8. Считают, что сасими довольно опасен для употребления, т. к. он может содержать паразитов. Поэтому необходимо тщательно готовить продукт. V. Summarize the text. VI. Translate the dialogue: N. Привет, Стив! Где ты был? Я звонил тебе несколько раз сегодня. S. О, я был в японском ресторане! N. В японском ресторане? В нашем городе есть такой ресторан? S. Да, ты знаешь, очень уютное приятное место и кухня хорошая. N. Какая же у них кухня? S. Японская, конечно, но и европейская тоже. N. Я знаю, что японцы любят морепродукты и употребляют их больше, чем мясные продукты. Считают, что употребление морепродуктов продлевает жизнь человека и избавляет его от ряда заболеваний. Что ты ел сегодня? 27

S. Я ел суши. N. Что это такое? S. Это кусочки сырой рыбы или ракообразных, которые подают с рисом и соевым соусом. N. Стив, давай сходим вместе в японский ресторан. Я обязательно хочу попробовать новую кухню. (Новый способ приготовления морских продуктов.) List of most frequently used terms abalone algae allocation anadromous fishes aquaculture assign a quota bait bank blast frozen bottom trawl by-catch canned fish capture fisheries catch composition catch catcher cephalopods chilled fish coastal (inshore fishery) cod-end commercial fishing cook in can crustaceans cucumber fish development fishing distant water (deep sea) fishing domestic fleet drift netting exploit stocks factory ship factory trawler farming technique fillet

морское ушко водоросли выделение, квота анадромные виды рыб аквакультирование, искусственное выращивание морских и пресноводных объектов в водоемах выделять квоту наживка, приманка банка, отмель замороженный в потоке воздуха донный трал прилов консервы из рыбы добывающий сектор рыболовства состав улова вылов, добыча судно-добытчик головоногие охлажденная рыба прибрежное рыболовство кубок промышленное рыболовство, коммерческий промысел бланшировать ракообразные трепанг экспериментальный промысел океанический промысел отечественный флот дрифтерный промысел осваивать запасы плавзавод траулер, рыбозавод биотехника культивирования филе 28

fin fish fish farming fish meal fish pump fishgries fisheries management fishing effort fishing grounds fishing operations fishing foreign fishing operations gillnetting gross tonnage ground fishes gutted fish harvest hatchery hatch hatchling (fingerling) haul headed fish hold hold capacity jigging landing long line long lining mesh milt mince mollusk mother ship mussel off shore the Olympics open seas, high seas overexploited stocks oyster bed oyster pelagic (surface) fishes pelagic trawl plate freezing

плавниковая рыба рыбоводство, искусственное выращивание рыбных объектов рыбная мука рыбонасос рыболовство, виды промысла регулирование рыболовства промысловое усилие промысловые районы промысловые операции промысел иностранный промысел жаберный лов, лов жаберными сетями брутто-регистровый тоннаж донные виды рыб потрошеная рыба добыча, урожай инкубатор выклевываться малек выборка снасти обезглавленная рыба трюм емкость трюма крючковый лов, лов на поддев сдача улова на берегу, выгрузка ярус промысел ярусом ячея молоки фарш моллюск плавбаза мидия морской, мористее олимпийская система выделения квот открытое море, океанические районы запасы, находящиеся в состоянии перелова, истощенные запасы устричная банка устрица пелагические рыбы пелагический трал замораживание в плиточном морозильном аппарате 29

pole and line fishing pot prawn processed fish (dressed fish) processor purse-seine quota rebuild stocks roe rough sea scallop seabed seafood seamer sea urchin seaweed shellfish shipyard shrimp smelt species

ярусный лов ловушка креветка разделанная рыба судно-обработчик кошельковый невод квота восстанавливать запасы икра штормовые условия гребешок морское судно морепродукты закаточная машина морской еж водоросль ракообразные и моллюски судоверфь креветка корюшка промысловые виды, объекты промысла кальмар траулер кормового траления корма запасы промысловые сурими, фарш из минтая трубач оценка комиссией органолептических качеств текстура замет, буксировка тунцелов неполностью освоенные запасы неразделанная рыба урожай, добыча, выход

squid stern trawler stern stocks surimi top shell (sea snail) test panel evaluation texture tow tuna vessel underexploited stocks whole fish yield

Fish species albocare atka mackerel black cod sable fish blue fin tuna catfish

альбакор терпуг угольная рыба синий тунец сом 30

chum salmon cod coho (silver) salmon flat fish, flounder, sole haddock hake halibut herring horse mackerel, jack mackerel king salmon, chinook salmon mackerel ocean perch, sea bream pacific hake pacific red fin pacific sardine pilchard pink salmon pollack sea urchin saury skip jack sockeye salmon sturgeon top shell trevalla tuna yellow fin killer whale flounder anchovy capelin charr pike pike pearch trout bream burbot dace eel starling navaga

кета треска кижуч камбала пикша хек палтус сельдь ставрида чавыча макрель, скумбрия морской окунь тихоокеанская мерлуза красноперка иваси сардина горбуша минтай морской еж сайра полосатый тунец нерка осетр трубач ставрида тунец желтоперый тунец касатка камбала анчоус, хамса мойва голец щука судак форель лещ налим елец угорь терпуг навага 31

UNIT 2 FISHERIES AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Text 10 EСОLOGY Ecology is the science of interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. Fishes are the major vertebrates of freshwater and marine environments. Although some amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals also live in aquatic environments, they do not have the enormous variety and ecological impact of fishes. Once fish become large enough to actively swim, they become members of the nekton community and actively control their place in time and space within the water column. Fishes are capable of vast migrations and need not drift with the currents, as do plankton. Shellfishes such as oysters and crabs are also important fisheries resources. Although we recognize that oysters and crabs are not fishes, the types of information needed to manage them (standing crop, birth; death and harvesting rates) are similar to those collected for fishes. To properly manage our fisheries, we need to understand the attributes of harvested species. From an animal’s point of view, obtaining food without being eaten is critical-it must be able to gather enough food to meet its energy requirements and reproduce the next generation, but not fall prey to another animal. To accomplish this, an aquatic animal may change its morphology and preferred habitat during its life time. Aquatic animals are subject to many environmental influences, including the availability of food, which is necessary for a population to demonstrate high growth and reproduction. The animal also must find favourable temperatures and oxygen conditions, while avoiding predators, diseases and parasites. As we examine environments from small ponds through rivers, lakes and oceans, understanding the factors controlling fish production become progressively more difficult. In small ponds, food availability often controls fish production, but the factors that control the survival of young oceanic fishes and their ultimate productivity is one of the greatest challenges to the fisheries scientist. Only certain fishes, shellfishes and algae have the characteristics necessary for harvesting by humans. They must be abundant and, at some time during their adult life, should be concentrated in a predictable area so they are accessible to fishing gear. A species value as human food depends on its acceptability in our diet, nutritional quality and accessibility. Organisms that are highly valued by one society may be ignored or considered repugnant by another. Many species having no value as human food are fished for reduction to fish meal used in livestock and aquaculture feeds. These species constitute some of our largest fisheries in terms of catch weight. Ecology is best studied within the context of ecosystems, rather than considering only the species of interest. An ecosystem includes all of the interacting organisms and physical-chemical components. 32

Within an ecosystem, the flow of chemical elements, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the flow of energy from sunlight through photosynthesis into organic material and its utilization by respiration are linked. Write a summary of the text in Russian.

Text 11 CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY IN THE BERING SEA Several years ago World Wildlife Fund (WWF) worked with scientists around the world to identify the most critical areas for preserving biological diversity. As a result of this work these experts identified over 200 areas which we call ecoregions. In theory, if we, the international conservation community, could preserve the biodiversity in these ecoregions, we would be protecting most of the diversity of life on the planet. Of these Global 200 ecoregions, 61 were marine. And one of these marine ecoregions was the Bering Sea. Why did the international group of experts consider the Bering Sea to be such a globally important area? Primarily because the Bering Sea is one of the most productive northern marine ecosystems in the world. As many of you know, the sea is home to… More than 450 species of fish, mollusks and crustaceans; …Some 50 species seabirds, and million of birds which migrate annually from all over the world to nest in various coastal and marine habitats; …Some 25 marine mammals, many of which occur in high concentrations throughout the ecoregion. For centuries the Bering Sea’s bounty has supported economies around the world, as nations have sought to exploit fur and other resources. In the mid-19th century, whaling reached its peak as oil and baleen were sought after commodities. Today, the Bering Sea accounts for more than half the total seafood catch in the U.S. In Alaska, fisheries provide the second largest number of jobs. There are many signs that this «Sea of Plenty» is not an endless resource. People around the Bering Sea are concerned about declines in species, and other changes signaling that all in the Bering Sea is not well. For example, …numerous fisheries have collapsed in the last 2 decades, including red king crab and more recently, opilio and snow crabs; …herring, capelin and other forage fish important to wildlife have been declining since the mid-1990s; …seven of the great whales found in the Bering Sea are listed as endangered under the federal Endangered species Act; …other marine mammals are in decline, such as the northern fur seal; and …the sea otter down by an average of 70% through out the Alentian islands. Perhaps, no other species has received as much attention and notoriety as the Steller Sea Lion. In the last 30 years the species has declined by 50–80% 33

throughout its range. There are important factors which are no doubt playing a role in the Bering Sea environment. These are: Global Climate change …the extent of the sea ice cover-a critical habitat for many marine mammalshas shrunk by 5% in the last 30 years. …Warmer sea surface temperatures in 1997 and 1998 gave us a preview of the future-we observed unusual algae blooms, massive die-offs of 3 species of seabirds, and low salmon return in certain areas of the Bering Sea. Toxic Pollution Throughout the ecoregion, scientists are finding the presence of contaminants such as Persistent Pollutants (POPS). POPS are long-lasting, travel long distances and can interfere with reproduction of humans and wild-life. These contaminants are appearing in wild life that are far from the source of the pollution. Translate the text using a dictionary. Word supplement biological diversity to seek (sought) whale baleen opilio crab steller sea lion northen fur seal sea otter persistent organic pollutants

биоразнообразие пытаться, стараться китовый ус краб стригун сивуч северный морской котик калан стойкие органические загрязнители (СОЗ) загрязнитель

contaminant

Text 12 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT «The overarching principles of ecosystem-based management of fisheries are an extension of the conventional principles for sustainable fisheries development to cover the ecosystem as a whole. They aim to ensure that, despite variability, uncertainty and likely natural changes in the ecosystem, the capacity of the aquatic ecosystems to produce fish food, revenues, employment and, more generally, other essential services and livelihood, is maintained indefinitely for the benefit of the present and future generations. The main implication is the need to cater both for human as well as ecosystem well-being. This implies conservation of ecosystem structures, processes and interactions through sustainable use. This implies consideration of a range of fre34

quently conflicting objectives and the needed consensus may not be achievable without equitable distribution of benefits». These needs are widely recognised and accepted by fisheries management agencies and interest groups worldwide, but there is still great uncertainty as to how to implement an effective ecosystem management in practice. Conventional fisheries management focuses on a single species or stock and generally assumes that the productivity of that stock is a function only of its inherent population dynamics characteristics. However, even under this paradigm, fisheries management has been, at best, only partially successful and major problems have emerged because of uncertainty about the status and dynamics of the stock, a tendency to give priority to the short-term social and economic needs at the expense of the longer-term sustainability of the stock, poorly defined objectives; and institutional weaknesses, particularly in relation to the absence of long-term rights amongst the different key stakeholders and decision-making structures and processes. As management expands its focus from target stock to ecosystem, all of these problems increase in an exponential way and biological uncertainty becomes ecological uncertainty which is even more complex, the number of competing users increases as do the resulting conflicts of interest, objectives become more complex and conflicting, and the number of stakeholders is expanded to include all the users of all the different ecosystem components. Of course, this expanding complexity is a result of recognising the reality of the inter-dependence of all ecosystem components, instead of the false assumption that stocks are independent. However, while it is a major conceptual advance, the practical problems raised by this recognition are immense. This is apparent from the list of 30 elements comprising the foundation and components of ecosystem management suggested by the 5th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nevertheless, there are pragmatic ways in which to begin implementation of ecosystem based fisheries management, even as we strive for greater knowledge of ecosystem functioning and how to deal with complex human institutions and societies. Do written translation of the text using a dictionary.

Text 13 U.S. – RUSSIA MARINE MAMMALS WORKSHOP In 1977 an Agreement on Environment Protection was made between the USA and the USSR. Under this Agreement a great work on protection, research, and observation of sea otter was carried out. Current population of this marine mammal in the Commander Islands is 6 thousand individuals. That allows us to speak of full recovery of sea otter population in the Commander Islands and of only natural fluctuation. The same can be said of sea otter in Southern Kamchatka and in Kuril Islands. Now Steller sea lion. In the end of 80th population of steller sea lion greatly diminished in the USA and in our region. Both American and Russian 35

scientists suggested explanation that decline in population in their area had been caused by migration of animals due to some climatic and ecological reasons. But after collecting and exchanging information it became clear that population of steller sea lion dramatically decreased all over the Northern Pacific. And the reasons were absolutely unknown. True, the reasons cannot be very definitely explained today as well. In 1989 the first joint aerial survey in the North America and Kamchatka-Kuril area was carried out by American and Russian scientists. Complex estimation of state of steller sea lion population in the Northern Pacific was made. All factors effecting the number of population were analyzed. Thus some hypotheses appeared explaining decrease in steller sea lion population. But none of them can be fully accepted and proved. A lot of reasons can be fully accepted and proved. A lot of reasons can be thought of as effecting the marine mammal population: changes in ecological system, climate warming up or getting colder and some other phenomena. Nowadays sea pollution is one of the most important problems. The Baltic sea, for example, is so polluted by waste of chemical production that seal females are loosing their breeding abilities. Situation in our area is not that bad but more and more often we see that sea is polluted by fishing gear and packing materials. At rookeries of steller seal lion and fur seal some animals can be found wrapped with pieces of nets and trawls. And quite often animals die unable to get rid of nets lost by fishermen. We observe a demographic «downfall» of the breed of animals died in fish trawls. In 1970-th in Kamchatka waters in every trawl catch there were about 20–30 Steller sea lions many of which died. Vocabulary sea offer to allow fluctuation steller sea lion to diminish decline dramatically joint aerial survey to carry out estimation waste chemical to lose breeding fishing rookery fur seal to get rid of downfall breed

калан давать возможность, позволять колебание сивуч уменьшать (ся) спад, ухудшение резко совместный авиаучет проводить оценка сбросы production химические отходы терять способность производить потомство орудие лова лежбище котик избавляться от провал потомство 36

Exercises I. Translate into English. Сбросы химических отходов; загрязнять море орудиями лова и упаковочными материалами; избавляться от сетей, утерянных рыбаками; популяция морских млекопитающих; калан, сивуч и котик; популяция сивуча значительно сократилась; из-за климатических и экологических причин; проводить совместный авиаучет сивучей; появилось несколько гипотез; изменения экосистемы; потепление климата и похолодание; на лежбищах сивучей и котиков; животные, опутанные сетями и тралами; полное восстановление популяции калана; естественное колебание численности; проводить исследовательскую работу; проводить работу по охране морских млекопитающих. II. Answer the questions. 1. What was the purpose of an Agreement between the USA and Russia in 1977? 2. What can be said about sea otter population in the Commander Islands, South Kamchatka and in the Kuril Islands? 4. What was the reason of decline in population of Steller sea lione in the USA and all over the Northern Pacific? 5. What is the Baltic sea polluted by nowadays? 6. What are sea lions and fur seals suffering from in the Northern Pacific? III. Translate the sentences. 1. В 1977 г. СССР и США приняли соглашение по охране окружающей среды. 2. Соглашение включает много аспектов, особое место занимает раздел «Морские млекопитающие». 3. Калан был практически уничтожен во всей северной части Тихого океана. 4. Сегодня можно говорить об успехах. В настоящее время на Командорах численность каланов достигла 6 тысяч особей. 5. Командорский калан полностью восстановился. То же самое можно сказать о каланах южной Камчатки и Курильских островов. 6. Численность сивучей, например, резко уменьшилась в конце 80-х гг. по всей северной части Тихого океана. 7. Ученые предполагали, что животные мигрировали в силу климатических и экологических изменений. 8. В 1989 г. были проведены совместный авиаучет и оценка состояния популяций по тихоокеанскому Северу. 9. В настоящее время загрязнение морских вод стало серьезной проблемой. 10. Балтика засоряется сбросами технических отходов, и самки тюленей утратили способность производить потомство. 37

11. Регион Северной Пацифики засоряется орудиями рыболовства и упаковочным материалом. 12. Сивучи и котики опутаны обрывками сетей и тралов и не могут избавиться от них на лежбищах. IV. Do written translation of the text. Алеутский парадокс Почему экосистема Алеутских островов разрушается? Ни туристов, ни круизных лайнеров, ни чартерных маршрутов, ни удобных гостиниц – ничего нет на островах. Где сивучи, дремлющие на скалах? Где каланы, грызущие морских ежей? Что случилось с камчатским крабом, креветкой и косяками серебристой корюшки? Где пышная морская растительность, подводные леса бурых водорослей – пища и убежище рыб? Огромная экосистема разрушается. И никто не знает почему. Чтобы найти ответ, биологи вынуждены были восстановить одно за другим звенья пищевой цепи. Касатки традиционно питались сивучами и тюленями. Но популяция сивучей в конце 80-х гг. стала резко снижаться. К 1992 г. каланы оставались единственной многочисленной популяцией морских млекопитающих на Алеутских островах. Касатки были вынуждены поменять свой объект охоты. Уменьшение количества каланов привело к резкому росту популяции морских ежей. Ежи принялись пожирать бурые водоросли. В 1993 г. заросли бурых водорослей можно было обнаружить на глубине 20 футов, и они были настолько густые, что часто затрудняли судоходство. Сейчас их можно найти только вдоль берега на глубине около трех футов. Вслед за подводными садами исчезли окуни, брюхоногие моллюски и другие обитатели, использовавшие водоросли в качестве пищи, убежища и места размножения. Некоторые морские птицы стали испытывать недостаток в рыбе. Пример Алеутских островов доказывает, что одно незначительное изменение в экологии региона, подобно цунами, может повлиять на всю океаническую систему. Word supplement killer whale sea urchin brown algae perch obelisk shell

касатка морской еж бурые водоросли окунь брюхоногие моллюски 38

V. Do written translation of the text. Сильнейшее загрязнение залива Фонсека в Тихом океане может привести к экологической катастрофе Сильнейшее загрязнение залива Фонсека в Тихом океане, омывающего берега Сальвадора, Гондураса и Никарагуа, может в ближайшее время привести к экологической катастрофе. Деятельность различных компаний по добыче, переработки морепродуктов, сбрасывающих отходы в воды залива, приводит к их загрязнению, что наносит огромный ущерб флоре и фауне. По этой причине погибают тысячи рыб и моллюсков ежемесячно, у членистоногих нарушается репродуктивный цикл. Многие морские обитатели, а также прибрежная растительность в этой зоне находятся на грани исчезновения. VI. Do written translation of the text. Монако: водоросли-убийцы губят Мировой океан Подводному миру грозит глобальная катастрофа. Водоросли-сорняки, которые уже завоевали несколько морей, могут разрушить экосистему Мирового океана. Около 16 лет назад водоросль-сорняк буквально «сбежала» из Океанографического института в Монако и стала распространяться по Лазурному побережью Франции. Несколькими годами позже водоросли уже покрыли большую часть Средиземноморского побережья. Недавно их обнаружили в Калифорнии. Опасность состоит в том, что, разрастаясь с катастрофической скоростью, эти водоросли губят других представителей морской флоры и фауны, лишая их солнечного света и кислорода. Первоначально водоросли-сорняки могли жить только в тропических водах, но теперь они приспособились и к холодной воде Тихого океана.

Text 14 OIL SEARCH KILLS FISH Explosive charges and air cannons fired underwater in the hunt for oil could be killing millions of fish, Norwegian fishing industry sources say. Norway’s Istitute of Fisheries Technology Research (FTFI), which has begun an urgent investigation into the effects of seismic shooting on marine life, says there is mounting evidence that this activity is harmful. Evidence came to light after seismic refraction studies were carried out in a fjord under which it was proposed to build a road tunnel. The nearest line of 50 g explosive charges was 600 metres from a cod farm. The farm immediately stopped feeding and began behaving unnaturally. Two or three days later the fish began to die. Dead and life fish suffered internal bleeding, burst swim bladders and other damage typical of quick pressure changes. An explosion equivalent to 130 kilos of TNT carried out in the same fjord affected farmed and wild fish. The Norwegian Fisheries Research Council quickly established a group to draw up 39

a program to study the effects of seismic shooting. The scientists want to know the range at which fish suffer internal damage leading to later death. The scientists made some experiments along one line of 35 g charges, placing cod in cages at three different distances from the line. The nearest was 260 metres away, the next 600 metres and the third over 1 km. They measured the sound pressure level and had veterinary investigate the fish before and after the charges were detonated. Their investigations showed that even in the most distant cages there were fish with internal bleeding and gas bubble development in the eyes. None of the fish died. Translate the text into Russian in writing.

Text 15 SEA LIONS’ SURVIVAL A HIGH PRIORITY The Hooker’s sea lion hit the headlines in October when concern was expected about numbers of them being drowned in trawl nets in the Auckland Islands squid fishery. This sea lion is one of only five species in the world and is protected under the Marine Mammals Protection Act. It has population of about 7,000 all of which live on the Auckland Islands. Sea lion and seal numbers around New Zealand were depleted by sealers in the early part of the 19th century. Since then, the number of fur seals has increased substantially but the sea lions have not shown the same rapid recovery. In 1979, a trawl fishery for squid began around the Auckland Islands Fisheries Officers aboard the West German trawler, «Wesermunde» observed several sea lions being drowned in trawl nets. Concern about this resulted in a research programme being developed to monitor the immediate and potential effects of these accidental kills on the sea lion population on the Aucklands. Exercises Translate into English in writing. Что перевесит – нефть или рыба? Во всех нефтедобывающих регионах мира нефтяная промышленность в большей или меньшей степени вступает в конфликт с рыбной. И эта степень зависит от того, насколько экологически чистые и безопасные технологии применяют нефтяники для добычи нефти. На сахалинском шельфе разработка нефтегазовых месторождений только начинается. Нефтяные компании обещают не допустить загрязнения морской среды. Однако то, что сейчас происходит на шельфе Сахалина, заставляет усомниться в этих обещаниях. За два года (1999–2000 гг.) с платформы «Моллкпак» в море было сброшено около 70 тысяч тонн буровых растворов. Эти ядовитые отходы бурения содержат тяжелые металлы. Нефтедобыча на шельфе Сахалина уже сейчас начинает влиять на состояние рыбных запасов моря. 12 июня 1999 г. в заливе 40

Пильпут сотрудники рыбоохраны обнаружили громадное скопление мертвой сельди – погибло более 11 тысяч тонн рыбы. Образцы погибшей рыбы отправили в лабораторию Москвы. Результаты анализов показали наличие в тушках тяжелых металлов и нефтепродуктов. Сивучи В 1989 г. впервые были проведены совместный авиаучет сивучей в Северной Америке и Камчатско-Курильском районе и комплексная оценка состояния популяции сивучей по всему тихоокеанскому Северу. Затем были проанализированы все факторы, которые могли повлиять на численность этих животных. Влияние могут оказывать и изменение экосистемы, и потепление или похолодание климата. Но сейчас серьезнейшей проблемой в мире стало загрязнение морских вод. На Балтике, например, из-за сбросов химических отходов самки тюленей теряют способность производить потомство. Наш регион – Тихий океан – благополучный в этом смысле, но в последнее время приходится наблюдать загрязнение вод орудиями рыболовства и упаковочными материалами. Огромное количество животных гибнет в рыболовных тралах. Word supplement Steller sea Lion

сивуч

UNIT 3 SEA FOOD TECHNOLOGY Text 16 A SUBSTITUTE FOR LOBSTER Scientists in the United States are reported to be turning their attention to the tailless ocean sunfish as a possible market species. Although sunfish is eaten in other parts of the world, for instance in Japan and Italy, there has been little attempt to utilize it in the USA. It has become a significant by catch in the California shark-gillnet fishery and has been dumped at sea rather than landed, although sunfish meat has sold at high prices in Monterey. The flesh of the ocean sunfish is said to be jelly-like and, when cooked, has a consistency similar to lobster meat. The flavour tends more towards shellfish than fish. Since ocean sunfish may reach up to 450 kg and the average yield of meat is 20 per cent, the yield per fish could be up to 90 kg. In view of the similarity to shellfish in both taste and texture, it is felt that ocean sunfish could in future become a substitute for high priced shellfish species such as lobster. 41

Vocabulary substitute lobster turn attention to attempt sunfish gillnet fishery catch dump land

замена, заменитель омар (ракообразный) обращать внимание на попытка луна-рыба промысел жаберными сетями вылов, добыча выгружать сдавать на берег, выгружать на берегу студенистый, желеобразный сходный, подобный урожай, добыча, выход ввиду текстура, ткань (биологическая)

jelly like similar yield in view of texture

Exercises I. Match the pairs. In view of the similarity to shellfish; the flesh of the ocean sunfish; to reach up; a substitute for lobster; little attempt to utilize sunfish; a consistency similar to lobster meat; average yield of meat; yield per fish; taste and texture; the flesh of sunfish is said to be jelly-like. Небольшие попытки (усилия), чтобы использовать луну-рыбу; считается, что мясо луны-рыбы желеобразное; ввиду сходства с ракообразными; выход рыбы; вкус и текстура; мясо морской луны-рыбы; средний выход мяса; консистенция, сходная по вкусу с мясом омара; достигать; заменитель омара. II. Translate sentences using Complex Subject. 1. The meat of the red salmon is considered to be delicious when slightly salted. 2. The proportion of fat in fins is known to be small. 3. Small fish with flesh of indifferent flavour are known to be processed into meal. 4. Ocean sunfish is thought to become a substitute for expensive shellfish species such as lobster. 5. Sashimi is likely to be popular in the United States soon. 6. Surime process is believed to utilize relatively inexpensive marine fishes with white flesh. 7. Salinity is sure to be a very important limiting factor for many species. 8. Temperature is known to play an important role for all living organisms. 9. The role of fat is thought to produce heat. 42

10. Poisonous fishes are known to live mainly in tropical waters. They are globefish, surgeon, barracuda, ilisha, puffers. 11. The toxic matter of poisonous fishes was found to be present in the internal organs (gonads, liver, peritoneum) and in the head. 12. Herring is sure to feed on plankton. 13. The article devoted to the biodiversity of the Bering Sea is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal. III. Answer the questions. 1. What is known about the flesh of the ocean sunfish? 2. What is the weight of sunfish? IV. Summarize the text.

Text 17 MECHANICAL EXTRACTION OF MEAT FROM LOBSTER AND CRAB BODIES Anyone handling lobsters knows that a certain percentage of their inventory is destined to be «cooked-off» for production of lobster meat. Despite industry’s general preference for trading in the live product, some lobsters are too weak to survive holding in the processors «live tank» and must be cooked to prevent loss of valuable meat. Others may be too large for use in the restaurant or retail trade. In Canada a «cooking class» of lobsters is used for the production of frozen or canned lobster meat. While the clan and tail meat are easily removed by hand, meat found in the lobster’s body section is usually discarded with the bodies as waste. This body meat comprising some 14 per cent of the overall meat is virtually impossible to remove manually. With assistance from Gloucester Fisheries Laboratory in Gloucester, Massachusetts, we have examined the feasibility and effectiveness of three methods of meat extraction from lobster bodies. These techniques were continuous centrifugation, a comminution, and straining operation, and the use of a perforated drum separator originally designed for production of minced products from fin fish species. Continuous centrifugation requires a 20% brine solution to facilitate flotation of the meat and sedimentation of the shell after comminution of the lobster bodies in a food mill. After centrifugation, the brine must be removed from the meat. This washing step removes much of the flavour which lowers acceptability of the finished product. Generally, the process is cumbersome and unsuitable. Comminution and straining techniques are represented by machinery such as Paoli separator. After the bodies are run through a grinder, the mixture of meat and shell, is passed through the fine screen leaving shell components behind. Although producing lobster meat free of shell, processors have complained of high water levels in the finished product and chalky flavour resulting from grinding. 43

The perforated drum separator works by passing lobster bodies between a moving rubber belt and rotating, perforated drum. The meat is squeezed through the drum’s holes and the shell remains outside the drum and passes out of the machine. If a 1.3.-mm drum is used, the resulting lobster meat will be virtually free of shell. The lower moisture content and greater retention of flavour in the finished product, and the lower equipment cost, make the perforated drum technique more attractive than the other methods. Vocabulary handling inventory to be destined for despite (in despite of) to survive prevent loss valuable retail trade claw tail to remove discard waste virtually body section to comprise feasibility extraction continuous centrifugation comminution straining operation perforated drum separator mince brine solution to facilitate flotation segmentation shell food mill washing step flavour acceptability

разделывание, обработка подсчет, учет, оценка предназначаться для несмотря, вопреки уцелеть, выживать предотвращать, предупреждать потеря ценный розничная торговля клешня хвост, шейка извлекать, удалять отбрасывать, выбрасывать за ненадобностью отходы практически, фактически сегмент тела составлять осуществимость экстрагирование, извлечение непрерывное центрифугирование измельчение, раздробление фильтрование перфорированный сепаратор барабанного типа фарш солевой раствор обеспечивать, содействовать флотация (нахождение на поверхности) оседание частиц, остатков панцирь дробилка ступень (стадия) промывания вкус (вкусовое качество) органолептическое качество 44

cumbersome unsuitable Paoli separator grinder/grindling screen finished product processors complain by passing lobster bodies rotate squeez remain pass out moisture content retention cost attractive

трудоемкий, громоздкий зд.: малоэффективный сепаратор фирмы «Паоли» дробилка, дробление фильтр готовый продукт обработчики зд.: отмечать посредством пропускания тушек вращать выжимать, выдавливать, зд.: проходить задерживать зд.: удалять влага содержание сохранение стоимость приемлемый Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. Extraction of meat from lobster body; be destined for; lobster’s body section; meat comprising 14% of the overall meat; to examine feasibility and effectiveness of the method; continuous centrifugation; comminution and straining; 20% brine solution; acceptability of the finished product; the mixture of meat and shell; to pass through the fine screen; perforated drum separator; a moving rubber belt; the meat is squeezed through the drum’s holes; moisture content; flavour of the finished product; more attractive technique. II. Translate into English. Низкая стоимость оборудования; при использовании сепаратора с отверстиями диаметром 1,3 мм; перфорированный сепаратор барабанного типа работает; обработчики отмечают большое содержание воды в готовом продукте; три метода экстрагирования мяса из сегментов тела; непрерывное центрифугирование; измельчение и фильтрирование; извлекать мясо омара вручную; использовать перфорированный сепаратор барабанного типа для производства рыбного фарша; предназначаться для; предотвращать потери ценного мяса; мясо, составляющее 14% от всей тушки омара; выбрасывать в отходы. III. Answer the questions. 1. Why was mechanical extraction of meat from lobster body worked out? 2. Which were three methods of meat extraction from lobster bodies? 3. What does continuous centrifugation require? 45

4. What machinery provides comminution and straining? 5. How does the perforated drum separator operate? 6. What makes the perforated drum technique more attractive than the other methods. IV. Match pairs of synonyms. Extract, comprise, facilitate, food mill, retention, cumbersome, flavour, provide, preservation, remove, taste, grinder, constitute, labour-intensive. V. Translate sentences. 1. При обработке омара часть мяса, которую трудно извлечь, уходит в отходы. 2. Мясо из клешней и шеек извлекается легко вручную. 3. Мясо из сегментов тела, составляющее 14% от всей тушки омара, невозможно извлечь вручную. 4. Поэтому специалисты разработали три метода экстрагирования мяса из сегментов тела омара. 5. Эти методы представлены непрерывным центрифугированием, измельчением (дроблением) и фильтрованием, а также использованием перфорированного сепаратора барабанного типа. 6. Для непрерывного центрифугирования необходим 20%-ный солевой раствор. Этот раствор обеспечивает флотацию мяса и оседание частиц панциря после измельчения сегментов омара в дробилке. 7. Измельчение и фильтрование обычно осуществляется с помощью сепаратора фирмы «Паоли». 8. Тело омара мельчат в дробилке. Далее полученная смесь из мяса и частиц панциря проходит через сетчатый фильтр с отверстиями. Частицы панциря задерживаются сепаратором. 9. Перфорированный сепаратор барабанного типа работает посредством пропускания тушек между движущимся резиновым ремнем и вращающимся перфорированным сепаратором. 10. Мясо проходит через отверстия сепаратора, частицы панциря задерживаются и удаляются из машины. VI. Summarize the text.

Text 18 FISH PRESERVATION The European method of smoking was initially imported into Japan in 18711872, for salmon. Since then, smoked salmon or herring have been manufactured and become increasingly popular. 46

Smoked fish produced in Japan can be placed in two categories: cold and hot. The process of cold smoking was originally developed to introduce a characteristic preservative function by wood smoking the fish rather than modifying the flavour, taste and texture. On the other hand, hot smoking was developed to give smoke flavour to the fish with the aim of producing seafood with improved flavour and not for preserving. Hot smoking is further divided into three categories: mild or high temperatures and short time processes. The following are the fish species which are used in smoked sea food produced in Japan: 1. Cold smoking: used for fish such as herring, salmon, yellowtail, cod and mackerel, halibut. 2. Hot smoking: the mild temperature process is used for salmon, eel, cod, oysters, herring, Alaska pollack and Alaska mackerel. The high temperature process is used on squid and octopus. 3. The short time process is used for salmon and rainbow trout. Generally, each process consists of several steps: the fish is prepared; salted; desalted; washed and drained; dried; smoked; and finalised. Vocabulary smoked salmon herring yellowtail cod mackerel eel oyster pollack squid octopus rainbow trout consist of drain desalt

копченый лосось сельдь желтохвост треска скумбрия угорь устрица минтай, сайра кальмар осьминог радужная форель состоять осушать опреснять, вымачивать Exercises

I. Translate into English. Осьминог, кальмар, устрица, омар, мидия, креветка, трубач, нерка, кижуч, горбуша, кета, чавыча, сельдь, скумбрия, треска, угорь, желтохвост, хек, сайра, навага, минтай, камбала, палтус, корюшка, тунец, морской окунь, сом, терпуг, ставрида. 47

II. Translate into English. 1. Копченую сельдь или лосося изготовляют в Японии с 1871 г. 2. Копченая рыба может быть холодного и горячего копчения. 3. Мясо рыбы, приготовленной способом горячего копчения, нежное, сочное (succulent) и вкусное, но оно не может храниться долго. 4. Мясо рыбы, приготовленной способом холодного копчения, имеет приятный вкус и выдерживает длительное хранение. 5. Определенные виды рыб применяют для горячего и холодного копчения. 6. Каждый процесс состоит из нескольких ступеней. Рыбу разделывают и потрошат, солят и отмачивают, моют и осушают, вялят и коптят. III. Summarize the text. IV. Do written translation of the text «Cold Smoking». Cold Smoking In general, gutted and eviscerated fish are dry salted to make the flesh harden; they are then desalted to a level of salinity which does not give too salty taste. The fish are transferred to the kiln and hung over a fire of smouldering sawdust. The distance between the nearest fish and the fire should be determined by the water and the salt contents of the fish. Cold smoking is carried out at 15°C to 30°C (average 25°C) for 4 – 6 weeks. During the smoke-drying process, that rates of cooling down and drying of the fish are essentially controlled during the day by introducing warm and humid air to the kiln. The fish is exposed to the smoke generated at the furnace by closing the ventilator attached to the kiln at night. Cold smoked fish is seldom produced in the summer season since the temperature required is lower than 25°C. Word supplement kiln sawdust smouldering furnare attach humid

сушильная печь опилки для регенерации коптильного дыма тлеющий печь зд.: прикреплять влажный

V. Translate sentences paying special attention to Participle 2. 1. The products made from herrings, sprats, salmon, whitefish, anchovies are varied. 2. Fish used for marinading include sardines, whitefish and herrings. 3. Substances extracted from seaweeds occur in a wide range of food and nonfood products. 48

4. Surimi is a processed fish product pioneered by the Japanese. 5. For shellfish, the automatic shelling machines now used to clean small shrimp have been a major break through. 6. Oils extracted from whales were used extensively as fuel for lamps in earlier years. 7. The most ancient fossils discovered on earth are dated at 3,2. to 3,8. billion years old. 8. The purpose of listing a species under the ESA is to promote the actions required to allow the population to recover. (ESA-the Endangered Species Act). 9. Surveys conducted in 1985 showed that the population of sea lions had declined. 10. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) passed by Congress in 1973 is a comprehensive and powerful piece of environmental protection legislation. 11. The Far Eastern coast of Russia washed by the Sea of Japan with its many bays and islands is rather promising for mariculture. 12. There were heavy mortalities of fish in Laguna Madre caused by the salinity as high as 20 parts per thound. 13. The fish caught yesterday was iced in the hold so as not to be spoiled. 14. The vitamins in fish assimilated by man serve to regulate metabolism. 15. The fish taken out of water soon die through lack of oxygen. 16. A number of physical and chemical changes take place in the body of died fish. 17. The hump back unloaded from the hold is to be canned as soon as possible. VI. Translate into English. Сельдь холодного копчения Для копчения берется неразделанная сельдь. Хотя внутренности являются скоропортящимся продуктом, потрошеная рыба используется редко. Для сухого посола рыба укладывается в бочку, в которую добавляется соль в пропорции 12–20% к весу рыбы. Рыба накрывается, и сверху накладывается груз. Постепенно вес увеличивают, и посол продолжается неделю. Для тузлучного посола рыбу погружают в насыщенный рассол, в который добавляют соль в расчете 5% от веса рыбы. Сверху накладывается легкий груз, и посол продолжается 40 часов. Затем рыбу отмачивают в пресной воде, которая неоднократно заменяется. В головной части рыбы делается прокол тонким металлическим стержнем, и рыба подвешивается на шампуры. Шампуры с рыбой подвешиваются на рамы. Процесс высушивания и копчения рыбы такой же, как и при копчении лосося. Процесс копчения заканчивается через 3–4 недели. Выход готового продукта составляет около 45%. 49

Word supplement curing brining saturated brine to hang on tenters to desalt to pierce iron bar skewer finished product to place vat perishable viscera

посол, выдерживание тузлучный посол насыщенный рассол подвешивать на рамы отмачивать, опреснять прокалывать металлический стержень шампур готовый продукт укладывать бак, цистерна скоропортящийся внутренности

Text 19 HOT SMOKING There are two different methods of preparing fish for hot smoking. In the first, if the fish have already been salted, they are desalted; and in the second, if they are fresh or thawed, they have to be, salted. The salt content must be lower than for cold smoking. Generally, if the fish is as large as salmon, fillets with skin are prepared by removing head, tail, viscera and bones. If it is of a much greater size, the fish body is cut into small blocks and if it is of a smaller size, whole body or eviscerated and split body (kipper fillets) products are prepared. The whole fish or the fillets are usually subjected to the smoking process immediately after splitting. There is another procedure, however, in which they are dipped in a solution containing salt, flavouring materials and spices and are then subjected to the smoking process. When the hot smoking process is within 30–50°C, it is called mild temperature smoking; and when it is carried out at 50–80°C, it is called high temperature smoking. The time required for hot smoking is much shorter than that of cold smoking and is complete within 3–8 hours. Occasionally, the smoking and drying processes are continued alternately for 2–3 days by lowering temperature to some extent in order to give preservability to the final product. The fish subjected to the smoking process is allowed to stand in the smoking chamber so that the temperature reduces gradually.It is essantial that the temperature in the kiln is controlled carefully for hot smoking and, to achieve this, handling fish and operating the kiln are usually performed during the day. A comparatively large quantity of sawdust is piled onto firewood to cause smouldering. Seven to ten fires are put in one furnace and approximately seven pieces of fire wood are placed on one fire. The fish 50

hanging in the furnace are placed as near as possible to the fire and care taken to avoid broiling. High temperatures, such as 50–80°C, are applied occasionally during the processing of either hot smoked animal or boiled fish meat. The exposure to the smoke is usually continued until a smoke of flavour is given to the fish. The temperature is maintained by either electric or steam heaters which are thermostatically controlled. The humidity of the warm smoke can be controlled by altering the amount of fresh air entering the kiln. Although a great deal of smoked fish is still produced by means of traditional kilns, mechanical kilns are being rapidly adopted in Japan. Kilns of various capacities and types are available, however use of mechanical kiln does not guarantee satisfactory results. Vocabulary to thaw viscera to eviscerate to split to subject to dip spice mild occasionally alternately smoking chamber to stand to allow handling to pile firewood furnace to hang to avoid exposure to maintain to alter broiling flavoring material

размораживать, оттаивать внутренности потрошить рыбу распластовывать (о рыбе), расщеплять подвергать, подчинять погружать специя, пряность, приправа умеренный время от времени попеременно коптильная камера, камера копчения оставлять, оставаться, ставить разрешать обработка, переработка складывать, сваливать в кучу дрова печь весить, повесить избегать выставление, подвергание поддерживать менять, изменять жарение на открытом огне вкусовая добавка Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. Fish are desalted; to cut fish into small blocks; a solution containing salt; to subject fish to the smoking process; the fish subjected to the smoking process; es51

sential temperature in the kiln; fish handling; to pile sawdust on the firewood; a smoke flavour is given to the fish; to maintain the temperature; the exposure to the smoke; to continue the smoking and drying processes alternately. II. Translate into English. Размораживать рыбу; отмачивать рыбу; рыбу вымочили; удалять голову, хвост, внутренности и кости; рыбу или филе подвергают процессу копчения; рыбу солят, сушат и коптят; умеренная и высокая температура; рыбу погружают в раствор, содержащий соль; коптильная камера, снижать температуру постепенно; складывать опилки на дрова; опилки складывают на дрова; развесить рыбу в печи; необходимо избегать поджарки; поддерживать температуру; влажность теплого дыма; имеются в наличии сушильные печи разной мощности. III. Answer the questions. 1. What are two methords of preparing fish for hot smoking? 2. What is the temperature required for hot smoking? 3. In what way is the temperature maintained? 4. Which kilns are more reliable and suitable? IV. Translate the sentences. 1. Если рыба большого размера, то у нее удаляют голову, хвост, внутренности и готовят филе. 2. Филе погружают в раствор, содержащий соль, пряности и вкусовые добавки, а затем рыбу отмачивают и коптят. 3. Сначала рыбу коптят при умеренной температуре, а потом при высокой, но важно, чтобы температуру тщательно контролировали. 4. Время, необходимое для процесса горячего копчения рыбы, всегда меньше, чем для холодного копчения. 5. Чтобы вызвать тление в печи, большое количество опилок выкладывают на дрова, и рыбу помещают как можно ближе к огню. 6. Но следует заботиться о том, чтобы избежать жарения на открытом огне. 7. В настоящее время копчение осуществляется в традиционных печах, но первые механические печи уже появились в Японии. 8. Считается, что механическая печь не гарантирует хороших результатов. V. Translate the text into English. Сельдь горячего копчения Сельдь разрезают по спинке, внутренности удаляются, рыба промывается разбавленным рассолом и выдерживается в 10–15%-ном тузлуке 40–90 минут. После этого рыба сушится и коптится. Время копчения – 4–6 часов 52

при температуре около 20°C на начальной стадии, затем температура постепенно увеличивается до 85°C на конечной стадии. VI. Translate the text into English. Лосось горячего копчения Обычно берется мороженая кета. Полуразмороженная рыба обезглавливается, внутренности удаляются, и делается филе. Филе выдерживается в 15–18%-ном рассоле несколько часов, затем рыбу вымачивают, сушат и коптят. Время копчения – 4–6 часов при температуре около 20°C на начальной стадии, затем температура постепенно увеличивается до 80°C. Процесс копчения зависти от размера и свежести рыбы. Первоначальная стадия длится 7 часов при температуре 50°C, затем процесс копчения протекает 2–3 часа при температуре 80°C. VII. Translate into English. Установка для обработки трубача Установка предназначена для обработки трубача посредством дробления панциря моллюска с последующим отделением, отмыванием и отбеливанием мяса. Установка состоит из дробилки панциря и сепаратора роторного типа, в котором происходит отделение мяса трубача от слизи и осколков панциря за счет создания определенных гидродинамических потоков жидкости. Установка может быть использована как в береговых условиях, так и на промысловом судне. По сравнению с существующими конструкциями предлагаемая установка позволяет при ее изготовлении значительно снизить расход металла, а при эксплуатации – расход электрической энергии и общей мощности потребителей энергии – электродвигателей. Количество обслуживающего персонала также значительно снижается. Данный механизм извлечения мяса дает возможность повысить выход готового продукта – очищенного от панциря мяса. Занимаемая площадь не превышает 8 м2. VIII. Translate into Russian and summarize the text. Baader 200 Filleting Machine The filleting machine BAADER 200 has been especially designed for filleting salmon. Highest yield smooth clean cut and careful handling of the raw material are achieved in this machine by means of a filleting system used with great success for processing white fish and modified accordingly BAADER 200 processes gutted and headed salmon, collar bone left on or not, from 1,5 to 5,5 kg at a throughput of 15 fish per minute. The machine produces fillets, flank bones, removed, or sides with flank bones left on. A change over from one product to the other is done in a few minutes. 53

Word supplement filleting collar bone flank trough

филетирование ключица бок, боковая сторона желоб, лоток, корыто

IX. Translate into English in writing. Отбор икры горбуши Общие сведения Машина «БААДЕР 212» предназначена для обезглавливания, потрошения и филетирования минтая и других мелких тресковых рыб. Производительность –150 рыб/мин и расширенный рабочий диапазон машины обеспечивают повышение выхода продукции. Машина высокопроизводительная и экономичная. Машина «БААДЕР 212» поставляется в комплекте с икровыборочной приставкой, почти не повреждающей ястыки минтая. На машине «БААДЕР 212» также возможен отбор икры горбуши общей длиной до 52 см (1450 г). Для этого требуется только частичная переналадка. И в данном случае ястыки также отделяются от других внутренностей. На машине «БААДЕР 212» вырабатывается из горбуши только стандартное филе. Предусмотрена также автоматическая передача филе на шкуросъемную машину для глубокого обесшкуривания. Word supplement Unscreened roe Salmon

ястык икра лососевых

X. Translate into English in writing. Создание новых препаратов биологически активных веществ из отходов переработки морепродуктов Продукты рыбного промысла и особенно отходы их переработки (практически все внутренние органы) представляют собой огромный сырьевой потенциал для получения биологически активных веществ (БАВ) и биологически активных пищевых добавок из них (БАД). В настоящее время активное развитие получает производство БАД из различных источников. Особое место занимают добавки из продуктов переработки рыбы и морепродуктов. В лаборатории прикладной биохимии ТИНРО-центра разработаны технологии получения препаратов из внутренних органов моллюсков, ракообразных, рыб различных видов, морских млекопитающих и водорослей. Обогащение продуктов питания биологически активными веществами – одно из новых направлений научного поиска. Актуальность применения БАВ связана с изменением структуры питания и качества пищевых продуктов. 54

Text 20 BOTULISM Clostridium Botulinum which forms the toxin causing botulism, is one of the most powerful toxins known and can be present in food leading to death when eaten. The importance of botulism in fish cannot be over stressed. It is discussed in detail in Torry Research Station Advisory Note # 22 and is essential reading for all who deal with fish. Fish in the UK is a very safe diet, but cases of botulism have occured in other countries, and it must never be threated lightly. There are seven types of Clostridium Botulinum of which type E is most common in fish intestines and gills. It is also present in sea mud and soils. The bacteria can grow at low temperature and will thrive in fish at 5°C. Fortunately the toxin is destroyed by cooking at 75°C or over and the incidence of the bacteria is low in seas fished from the UK but it has been found in a variety of fish including salmon and trout, farmed and wild, mackerel and eels. From tests and research three factors emerge. First, the higher the storage temperature, the faster bacteria grow to produce toxin. Secondly, toxin is formed more slowly in smoked fish than raw fish, and thirdly, fish can become toxic within the normal keeping time of the product. Usually fish are cooked before eating but smoked salmon and hot smoked trout, mackerel and eel eaten without further cooking: To obtain maximum safety against botulism: 1. Starve fish in clean ponds before killing. 2. Remove gut and gills and thoroughly clean the fish. This can remove 90 per cent or more of infection. 3. Keep fish below 40°C by ice or refrigeration until sold. 4. Brine and smoke cold and hot to give a minimum of 3 per cent salt content. Keep cool below 40°C whether packaged or not, until sold. 5. Vacuum packaging does improve keeping time but must be stored cool and a selly-by label stuck on package. 6. If deep frozen then any growth is prevented for many months. Vocabulary toxin to cause to stress to deal with advisory note diet to treat intestines mud soil to thrive

токсин, яд вызывать, являться причиной подчеркивать заниматься чем-либо, иметь дело консультативная запись, примечание пища относиться кишки, кишечник ил почва, грязь процветать, преуспевать, разрастаться 55

to destroy to emerge to starve gut sell by label stick

уничтожать, разрушать появляться, всплывать лишать пищи, морить голодом кишки, внутренности ярлык со сроком годности приклеивать Exercises

I. Match the English equivalents with the Russian ones: the most powerful toxins; to cause botulism; to occur in other countries; a sell by label stuck on package; to remove gut and gills; to starve fish before killing; the higher the faster; farmed or wild salmon, trout; to treat lightly; lead to death; to keep fish below 40°C; toxin is formed more slowly; safe diet; the toxin is destroyed by cooking at 75°C. Яд устраняют приготовлением пищи при температуре; самые сильные токсины; надежная пища; ярлык со сроком годности, приклеенный на упаковке; токсин развивается медленнее; встречаться в других странах; вести к летальному исходу; удалять кишки и жабры; вызывать ботулизм; относиться легко к чему-либо; хранить рыбу при температуре ниже 40°С; лишать рыбу пищи перед тем, как убить ее; чем выше, тем быстрее; лосось, форель, выращенная искусственным образом на заводе или в естественных условиях. II. Answer the questions. 1. What causes botulism? 2. Why is botulism so dangerous? 3. At what temperature does the bacteria grow? 4. What should humans do to obtain maximum safety against botulism? III. Summarize the text.

UNIT 4 AQUACULTURE

Text 21 INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is the rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. More simply, aquaculture is underwater agriculture. The concept is not a new one-fish culture began in China perhaps as much as 4 000 years ago. The Egyptian tombs have pictographs indicating that certain types of fishes were being 56

reared during the days of the Pharoahs, and oyster culture was being practiced under the Roman Empire. Most people think of acquaculture as the production of aquatic animals for human consumption, and many of the aquaculture efforts around the world are being conducted for that purpose. There are, however, other purposes for which aquatic organisms are grown. Examples include producing minnows for bait, rearing tropical fishes and gold fish for the aquarium trade and producing ornamental aquatic plants (water liles). In addition, the often large-scale hatchery programs that exist in the various states and provinces of North America and throughout the world produce fishes for release into streams, lakes, reservoirs and the marine environment to enhance commercial and recreational fisheries as well as to repopulate water bodies with endangered and threatened species. Aquatic plants are also produced for human consumption. In the Orient, for example, seaweed production (e.g., red and brown algae) involves the labour of several hundreds of thousands of people. The seaweeds may be consumed directly by man or extracts may be obtained that become components of a variety of substances each of us uses every day. Ice cream, toothpaste, cosmetics and a wide range of other house hold items contain extracts from seaweeds. Some of those businesses are very large, and they are legitimate aquaculture enterprises. Under natural conditions, as much as 100 pounds per acre (kg/ha) of fish might be produced in a lake within a year. Aquaculture systems, by contract, can produce several thousand to even a million pounds per acre (kg/ha) in a year: The difference relates to the definition of aquaculture presented above. The aquaculturist exerts control over the species being reared. That control may include, but is not limited to the following: 1. Design, construction and maintenance of the culture system being employed Aquaculturists utilize ponds, cages, net-pens, race ways, tanks and other units. They do not attempt to convert unaltered natural water bodies into culture system. 2. Maintenance of suitable water quality. In order for an aquaculture venture to be successful, the water must be of a quality suitable for the species being reared. Of most importance are the levels of dissolved oxygen and ammonia, water temperature and, in the case of marine species, salinity. Each of these and other water quality variables may or may not be controlled, depending on the nature of the culture system. 3. Control over reproduction. Unless the culture species can be reproduced in captivity, there is no way to undertake genetic selection and the improvement of the species with respect to its suitability for culture. Successful aquaculture of any species ultimately depends on captive breeding and producing brookstock from animals that are hatched in captivity. 4. Provision of nutritionally complete feeds. Species being reared by aquaculturists are usually fed prepared feeds, similar to the feeds used by livestock producers. Such feeds contain the nutrients necessary to meet the daily requirements of the species under culture. In some instances, natural foods are relied up (e.g., oyster and mussel culture), but for most species, manufactured diets are employed. 57

5. Control of diseases. Aquatic organisms, like other plants and animals, are susceptible to diseases of various kinds. The aquaculturist must be able to recognize the diseases that affect the particular species being cultured and know how to treat them properly. Vocabulary to rear concept tomb pictograph pharoah to conduct minnows bait gold fish to hatch hatchery/hatcher release to enhance to endanger to threaten seaweed to involve household legitimate to exert maintenance cage pond net-pen race way venture to dissolve ammonia variable captivity to undertake ultimately breeding brood stock feed

выращивать, выводить, культивировать понятие, идея могила пиктография фараон зд.: приложить, прикладывать мелкие галаксиевые рыбы приманка, наживка серебряный карась, гарибальди выводить искусственно инкубатор выпуск на волю увеличивать подвергать опасности грозить, угрожать морская водоросль включать, вовлекать известный законный осуществлять, применять эксплуатация, сохранение, поддержка содержание садок, клетка, изолятор пруд огороженное сетями место для выращивания объектов марикультуры, садок рыбоходный канал, зд.: лоток предприятие растворять, разжижать аммиак переменная неволя предпринимать в конечном счете, в конце концов разведение маточное стадо кормление, питание 58

nutritional stock nutrient to meet requirements instance to rely upon susceptible disease to recognize to treat aquatic

питательный, пищевой стадо, косяк рыбы питательное вещество отвечать требованиям случай полагаться восприимчивый, чувствительный впечатлительный, обидчивый болезнь зд.: распознавать, узнавать лечить водный Exercises

I. Translate into Russian. Aquatic organisms; to be susceptible to diseases; species are fed; to manufacture diets; to depend on captive breeding; to utilize ponds, raceways, net pens and cages; suitable quality of water; seaweeds may be consumed directly; to set up legitimate aquaculture enterprises; to enhance commercial and recreational fisheries; to conduct efforts for the production of aquatic animals for human consumption; to rear aquatic organisms under controlled condition. II. Translate into English. Понятие аквакультуры; производство водных организмов для потребления человеком; выводить и культивировать водные организмы с целью выращивания тропических рыбок, гарибальди, а также растений на воде; разводить рыбу для того, чтобы выпускать ее в озера, ручьи, бассейны; получать экстракты из водорослей; создавать предприятия по культивированию водных организмов и растений; осуществлять контроль над видами, которые культивируют; садок и пруд; рыбоходный канал и огороженное сетями место для выращивания объектов марикультуры; поддержание нужного (подходящего) качества воды; соленость и температура воды; содержание растворимого кислорода и аммиака; разведение рыбы в неволе; обеспечивать кормление (питание); быть восприимчивым к болезням; узнавать болезни и лечить их правильно; готовый корм. III. Answer the questions. 1. What is aquaculture? 2. What’s the purpose of aquaculture? 3. Where and when was first aquaculture practiced? 4. What may control over the species include? 59

IV. Translate into English. 1. Аквакультура – это разведение водных организмов в определенных условиях под контролем человека. 2. История аквакультуры началась в Китае приблизительно 4000 лет назад. 3. Определенные виды рыб разводили в Египте во времена фараонов, а в Римской империи разводили устриц. 4. Основной целью аквакультуры является производство водных организмов для потребления человеком. 5. Кроме этого, в Америке и других западных странах рыбу разводят для того, чтобы выпускать ее в реки, озера, водоемы и развивать таким образом промышленное рыболовство и рыболовство для отдыха. 6. Разводят не только животные организмы, но и растения. 7. Среди растений следует выделить бурую водоросль – ламинарию. 8. Широкое применение водоросли получили в медицине, в частности как пищевые добавки. 9. Водоросли используют для производства продуктов питания. 10. На Дальнем Востоке появился ряд предприятий, которые занимаются разведением водорослей, мидий, трубача, устриц. 11. Система аквакультуры подразумевает ряд требований: – строительство и содержание садков, рыбоходных каналов, прудов, рыбоводных заводов и хозяйств; – поддержание воды определенного качества. Вода должна содержать растворимый кислород, аммиак, иметь определенную температуру и, если необходимо, соленость; – контроль за воспроизводством и за болезнями. Специалисты аквакультуры должны уметь распознавать заболевания и знать, как их правильно лечить; – обеспечение питательным кормом. Обычно виды, которые разводят, кормят готовым кормом. V. Translate into Russian and summarize the text. Feeding the World Through Aquaculture Commercial aquaculturists throughout the world are in business to make a profit. When that profit is associated with providing food for other people, the commercial aquaculturist is not generally interested in feeding the hungry, but in providing the best quality product possible and selling it for the highest possible price. In some places, subsistence culture, which involves the rearing of a modest amount of aquacultured product for consumption by a family, group of families, or a village involved in the enterprise, is being practised. One or a few small ponds can often produce enough fish, for example, to meet the local animal protein demand, perhaps even with enough left over to sell profitably. Subsistence aquaculture, as is true of all aquaculture, depends on availability of water in suitable quantity and quality. Water of that nature is often not available, so the aqua60

culture option may not exist. Commercial aquaculture is not, in general, a means of providing inexpensive animal protein to the masses. Aquaculture can create jobs, enhance the overall economy of a region and thereby help to improve the plight of under pivileged peoples. It is not a panacea, however, and should not be looked upon as the means to prosperity for large numbers of those who live in the developing nations of the world. Word supplement subsistence aquaculture to enhance plight under privileged people prosperity

аквакультура для пропитания повышать мучительное положение неимущие люди преуспевание

Text 22 THE BIG TWO IN FISH CULTURE The most widely cultured groups of fishes in the world are the carps. While the people of the USA are most familiar with the common or European species, carp culture is dominated by production of a variety of Chinese carps including the common, big head, silver and grass carp. In the USA the common carp was introduced from Europe during the 19 th century. The Chinese have developed carp culture to a fine art. They use a system known as polyculture (two or more non-competing species are reared in the same water system) in which at least four species of carp are grown in the same pond. Ponds in China are often fertilized with organic fertilizers which produce plant and animal food for fish. Aqricultural wastes may also be used. Common carp feed on benthos, silver carp on phytoplankton, big head carp on zooplankton and grass carp on rooted aquatic vegetation. Thus various food supplies are used by various culture species. Stocking rates are related to the food supplies. In recent years, prepared feeds have become more common in China, though pelleted diets may still be used in combination with fertilization. Indian carps (various species) and common carp are more commonly reared in monoculture (only one species present in the culture system). Depending on expected production, the ponds may be fertilized, or prepared feeds may be offered. In Europe and Israel, common carp are maintained at high densities and are fed pelleted rations that meet their nutritional requirements. Carps will spawn naturally in ponds, though hatcheries are often maintained. Hormones may be injected into the adults to induce spawning. Eggs and milt may be obtained by manual stripping. The eggs are maintained in a hatchery and the young fish are stocked into nursery ponds. The system is relatively simple. Carp are able to tolerate fairly wide ranges in environmental conditions, so the technology required for their culture is not highly sophisticated. The second most widely 61

cultured group of fishes in the world today are the tilapias. Tilapias are native to the Middle East and north Africa, but have been introduced throughout the tropical world and into many subtropical areas. Most species die when water temperatures fall below 10°C. Therefore, culture in temperature climates depends on production of a crop during the warm months and maintenance of brookstock in warm water (often in indoor heated holding facilities) during winter. Various species of tilapia are under culture around the world today, primarily in the tropics. All off the popular ones are known for their rapid growth, ease of production and heartiness. Tilapias are extremely tolerant of poor water quality, reproduce readily in almost any environment and reach market size within several months. Most species feed on a combination of plants and animals, and they do not require high cost prepared feeds unless they are being reared at high densities where natural food supplies become exhausted. Tilapias are popular in subsistence culture in much of Africa, the Far East and Latin America. Commercial production is highly developed in Israel, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Jamaica and various other nations. Vocabulary common carp big head carp silver carp grass carp to fertilize waste to feed on benthos vegetation pellet density ration to spawn milt strip nursery pond to tolerate tolerant tilapia temperate brood heartiness readily to require to exhaust food supplies

культивируемый карп большеголовый карп толстолобик белый амур удобрять отходы питаться бентос растительность гранула плотность рацион нереститься семенники выдавливать икру или молоки садок для молоди рыб выносить, переносить выносливый тиляпия умеренный потомство, выводок, помет крепость, здоровье легко, охотно требовать истощать запасы пищи 62

hatchery maintenance

рыбопитомник содержание, сохранение Exercises

I. Choose the equivalents. Subsistence aquaculture; food supplies become exhausted; grass carp and silver carp; common carp and big head carp; four species are grown in the same pond; to fertilize ponds; to maintain a carp at high densities; to inject hormones into the adults; hormones may be injected into the adults; to maintain broodstock in warm water; tilapias; tilapias are tolerant of poor water quality; to require highcost prepared feeds; to spawn; to induce spawning. Гормоны можно вводить взрослым особям; выводить четыре вида карпа в одном пруду; тиляпии выносливы к воде плохого качества; нереститься; белый амур и толстолобик; вводить гормоны взрослым особям; поддерживать потомство в теплой воде; требовать дорогого готового корма; вызывать нерест; культивируемый и большеголовый карп; удобрять пруды; тиляпии; аквакультура как пропитание; запасы пищи истощаются; сложная технология. II. Answer the questions. 1. What are two the most widely cultured groups of fishes? 2. What have you learnt about the chinese culture system? 3. Why are ponds fertilized? 4. What are native areas of tilapias? 5. What makes tilapias very popular around the world today? III. Translate sentences into English. 1. Самыми широко культивируемыми группами рыб являются карпы и тиляпии. 2. Известно, что карпов разводили в Китае приблизительно 4 000 лет назад. 3. Китайские карпы включают культивируемого карпа, большеголового карпа, толстолобика и белого амура. 4. Китайцы в совершенстве овладели искусством разведения карпов (to have a perfect command of smth). 5. Они используют в своей практике поликультуру и монокультуру. 6. Под поликультурой понимается разведение двух или более неконкурирующих видов в одном водоеме или водной системе. 7. Под монокультурой понимается разведение только одного вида в водоеме. 8. Карпы могут нереститься в прудах, но часто используют рыбопитомники. 9. Искусственная система воспроизводства карпов довольна проста. 10. Карпов кормят либо готовым кормом, либо пруды удобряют органическими удобрениями. 63

11. Тиляпии – вторая группа широко культивируемых рыб в мире, но они очень чувствительны к изменению температуры воды. 12. Тиляпии – теплолюбивый вид (warm water), они умирают, когда температура воды опускается ниже 50°F (10°C). 13. В настоящее время тиляпии разводят в тропиках. 14. Известно, что они быстро растут, легко и быстро размножаются, выносливы к плохому качеству воды, в течение нескольких месяцев достигают размеров, пригодных для продажи. 15. Тиляпии питаются как растительными, так и животными организмами, и им не требуется дорогой готовый корм, если природные запасы питания истощаются.

Text 23 LEADING AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES Finfish aquaculture in the United States is dominated by channel catfish culture in the south and trout production (primarily rainbow trout) in the north. Aquaculturists are also raising salmon in marine net-pens and a few other fishes like red drum, grass carp and sturgeon are also being cultured. Marine invertebrate culture involves the production of oysters, mussels, clams, shrimp and crayfish. Channel catfish culture is centered in Missisippi, where ideal conditions exist for the construction of ponds and where large volumes of ground water are available. Since the early 1960s, when commercial catfish culture began to develop in the United States, an meal pond production has gone from an average of about 1000 pounds per acre (kg/ha) to in excess of 4 000 pounds per acre (kg/ha) on well-managed farms. Good quality control has produced a widely accepted product that has been finding increasing favor among the consuming public outside of the south, where catfish has been a traditional favorite. Catfish farming is also practiced in various other states, though the farther north one goes, the shorter the growing season and consequently, there are few catfish producers in the north. Besides Mississippi, some of the key catfish producing states are Arkansas, Louisiana and California. The catfish industry is presently valued at over $ 400 million annually. Over 90% of the trout produced for human consumption in the United States are grown in the immediate vicinity of Twin Falls, Idoho. The water from under ground rivers in this area is of excellent quality and nearly ideal temperature for trout production. The trout industry is somewhat smaller than the catfish industry at the present time and does not appear to be growing appreciably, though there is significant potential for growth if new markets for the product can be developed. Atlantic and coho salmon have been produced in net-pens in Puget Sound, Washington for a number of years, and a complementary Atlantic salmon industry 64

is rapidly developing in the northeastern United States. Salmon net-pen culture has developed into a major industry in Norway, and Norwegian fishes are being air freighted to the United States markets where they command a high price. Spurred by that success, Scotland, Chile and Canada have been actively developing salmon culture industries. Oysters are cultured on inter tidal or sub tidal beds. Larval oysters, called spat, are either produced in hatcheries or collected in the wild on substrates to which the spat attach when they leave the zooplankton and become benthic. In hatcheries, spat are allowed to settle on dead oyster shell, called cultch, which is then placed on the sea bed. United States oyster farming is best develop in the state of Washington, which currently ships a large percentage of its production to the east coast and Gulf of Mexico regions, where disease and pollution problems have severely limited the availability of local oysters. Most of the oyster production in Washington is based upon the Japanese oyster, which is not native to the Pacific North-west but was brought to Washington, Oregon and California from Japan many years ago. Freshwater shrimp culture received a great deal of attention in the United States during the 1970s. On the basic of culture of the so-called Giant Malaysian prawn, freshwater shrimp culture was most successful in Hawaii, though a good deal of research and development took place in South Carolina, Texas and a few other states. Freshwater shrimp are relatively easy to produce in hatcheries, after which the post larvae are stocked into culture ponds. In tropical climates, aquaculturists can potentially produce two crops per year. However, there are some major problems associated with freshwater shrimp culture. For example, freshwater shrimp are cannibalistic. When a shrimp molts, it sheds its ecoskeleten to provide an opportunity for growth it is vulnerable to attack by other shrimp for a period of several hours until the new exockeleton hardens. Cannibalism can cause significant losses. Other problems involve short life of the product after harvest, and the difficulties in marketing have caused many shrimp culturists to move away from fresh water shrimp and toward marine species. Vocabulary channel catfish trout rainbow trout aquaculturist to raise red drum sturgeon invertebrate oyster mussel clam shrimp

канальный сом форель радужная форель специалист по аквакультуре выращивать, разводить, выводить красный горбыль осетр беспозвоночное животное устрица мидия двустворчатый моллюск креветка 65

freshwater shrimp crayfish available in excess of favor consequently to value immediate vicinity to appear appreciably coho salmon complementary to spur intertidal bed subtidal bed larval larval oyster spat substrate to attach shell cultch

бокоглав рак имеющийся в наличии свыше, сверх расположение кого-либо следовательно оценивать ближайший окрестность казаться ощутимо, заметно кижуч дополнительный, добавочный подстегивать, подстрекать литоральная зона приливоотливная зона личиночный личинка устрицы устричная молодь субстрат, питательная среда прикреплять панцирь материал для прикрепления личинок устриц, икра устриц креветка постларвальный (послеличиночный период) связывать каннибальский каннибализм (явление, когда рыба поедает особи своего вида) линять менять, сбрасывать наружный скелет быть подвержанным чему-либо твердеть, делать твердым вызывать канат, погруженный в воду

prawn postlarvae to associate cannibalistic cannibalism to molt to shed exoskeleton to be vulnerable to smth to harden to cause drop line

Exercises I. Translate into Russian. To shed exoskeleton; to cause significant losses; to produce two crops a year; ideal temperature for trout production; to raise salmon; marine invertebrate cul66

ture involves; oysters and clams; shrimp and crayfish; to rear salmon in net-pens; to practice oyster farming on intertidal beds; spat; cultch. II. Translate into English. Аквакультура плавниковых рыб; разводить канального сома; форель из лосося; производство раков, креветок, устриц и моллюсков; находить расположение среди потребителей; обеспечивать воду идеальной температурой весь год; грунтовые реки; разводить кижуча в садках; литоральная зона; устричная молодь; производство устриц в Штатах базируется на; получать большое внимание; относительно легко создавать в питомниках; когда креветка линяет; подвергаться нападению других креветок; менять (сбрасывать) наружный скелет. III. Answer the questions. 1. What are the leading aquaculture species in the United States? 2. Where is channel catfish culture centered? 3. Where is trout produced? 4. Where are Atlantic and coho industry developing? 5. What have you learnt about oyster and clam farming? 6. When did freshwater shrimp culture receive a great deal of attention? 7. Which are the problems associated with freshwater shrimp culture? IV. Summarize the text. V. Translate the text into English using the dictionary. Развитие марикультуры на Дальнем Востоке Дальневосточное побережье России, омываемое Японским морем, со множеством заливов и островов является благоприятным местом для развития марикультуры. Научно-исследовательские станции и экспериментальные хозяйства по искусственному разведению морских беспозвоночных (гребешка, трепанга, устриц) и морских водорослей (ламинарии, анфельция) созданы в литоральных зонах, преимущественно в южных. Самая большая станция по разведению ламинарии площадью 70 гектаров создана в заливе залив Посьет (Posyet), расположенном в бухте Валентина. Там получают до 70 тонн сырой массы в год с одного гектара. Поблизости расположено и экспериментальное хозяйство по выращиванию устриц и гребешка. Word supplement scallop invertebrаtes green material ahnfeltia

гребешок беспозвоночные сырье анфельция 67

Text 24 SALMON BREADING IN SAKHALIN According to scientific data fish farming in Sakhalin makes 30 thousand tons of fish, mainly chum salmon and pink salmon. 500 million of fry having appeared from eggs in fish hatcheries located along the coast line come back. In Soviet times there was only one fish farm in Sakhalin as well as in Kamchatka. And about forty of them were built by Japanese in Southern Sakhalin. Later they turned out to be a basic for fish farming in this region. At present the farms are equipped with the modern equipment: Japanese pisciculturea and the Islandic water-supplying. Aquaculturists use the best technologies for artificial fish breeding. Concerned with fulfillment of fishery plans big bosses in Moscow did not expect much from those farms but they also could not get rid of them. So they had to support fish farming. People of Sakhalin consider their rivers as their main treasure and take care of them. With a lot of difficulties they managed to find several individuals of Green sturgeon in the rivers of Primorye. This rare specious was completely destroyed in Sakhalin. Those individuals of dying species were brought to Sakhalin and a breeding stock of this fish was created. When problems with Sakhalin taimen appeared due to poaching, scientists from Sakhalin together with their Japanese colleagues started breeding this fish. When situation with cherry salmon, favourite fish in Sakhalin, turned to worse, cherry salmon fry appeared in fish hatcheries of Okhotsk. Vocabulary fish farming fish hatchery fulfillment get rid of treasure green sturgeon breeding stock taimen poaching cherry salmon

рыбоводный завод инкубатор выполнение отделываться, отказываться сокровище, зд.: богатство зеленый осетр маточное поголовье таймень браконьерство сима Exercise

I. Translate word combinations. Искусственное воспроизводство лосося на Сахалине; быть основой для рыбоводства; избавляться от заводов; они смогли найти несколько особей; зеленый осетр; редкий вид; редкий вид, который был уничтожен; искусственное разведение тайменя; создавать маточное поголовье; сима – любимая рыба на Сахалине; поддерживать искусственное разведение симы; пробле68

мы, связанные с активным действием браконьеров; проклевываться из икринок в инкубаторах. II. Answer the questions. 1. What are the main species reared in Sakhalin? 2. What was the basic for fish farming in this region? 3. What other valuable species were created in Sakhalin? III. Translate the sentences. 1. Главная задача сахалинских рыбоводов – поддерживать и увеличить запасы лососей – кеты и горбуши, которые исторически связаны с Сахалином. 2. Искусственное воспроизводство лосося дает ежегодный возврат в размере 30 тысяч тонн рыбы. 3. Ежегодно свыше 500 миллионов мальков выпускают рыбоводные заводы по побережью острова. 4. Специалисты отыскали несколько особей зеленых осетров, которые были уничтожены на Сахалине и создали маточное поголовье зеленого осетра. 5. Помимо лосося сахалинские ихтиологи занялись разведением тайменя и симы. IV. Summarize the text. V. Do written translation of the text. Искусственное воспроизводство лосося на Камчатке На Камчатке при внешнем изобилии рыбы рыбоводство еще не достигло необходимых темпов. На Камчатке 5 рыбоводных заводов: Паратунский, Вилюйский, Малкинский, «Озерки» и «Кеткино». Все они оснащены японским и исландским современным оборудованием. За четыре года заводы выпустили более 28 миллионов штук молоди чавычи, кеты, кижуча и нерки. Термальные воды используют заводы для подогрева речной воды в бассейнах – колыбелях. Но вклад в искусственное воспроизводство еще очень мал. На реке Камчатке, где нерестятся самые ценные виды тихоокеанских лососей – чавыча, нерка (самая дорогая из лососей на мировом рынке), кета, кижуч, – нет ни одного рыбоводного завода, хотя запасы лососей в реке нестабильны и невелики. Как показал опыт американцев и канадцев, нерка тяжело поддается искусственному воспроизводству, потому что для нее необходимы достаточно крупные озера со средними глубинами не менее 20 м, где она после ската из мальковых питомников может пожить годик-другой. Имеется ряд наблюдений и доказательств, что искусственная и естественная фертилизация (удобрение) озер может творить чудеса: численность возвращающихся половозрелых рыб повышается в несколько раз. Искусственная 69

фертилизация осуществляется подкормкой минеральными удобрениями, а естественная – вулканическим пеплом. На Камчатке есть озеро-чемпион по естественной фертилизации вулканическим пеплом – это озеро Азабачье. Доктор биологических наук Виктор Бугаев провел много лет на этом озере, расположенном в бассейне реки Камчатки, изучая и охраняя уникальное стадо нерки. Оно является прекрасной природной базой для воспроизводства лосося на Камчатке. Корма Вплоть до конца 1990-х гг. для подкормки молоди использовались поликомпонентные корма местной рецептуры. Основными составляющими в разных пропорциях служили: промытая икра минтая, фарш из тушек минтая, пшеничной, соевой, рыбной муки, сухого молока, витаминов. В качестве стартового корма, как правило, применялся сушеный гаммарус, иногда икра минтая. В отдельные годы на заводах дополнительно использовались японские гранулированные корма, переведенные в пастообразное состояние. VI. Do Russian translation of the text using a dictionary. Natural and Artificial Reproduction of Cherry Salmon on Sakhalin Island 1. Brief biological characteristics of the Cherry salmon: it is an ecologically very unstable species. It would appear that elimination of young in the freshwater period was formerly exaggerated. Paper gives cherry salmon age structure and bioindicators for the Lyutoga River. 2. Migration, spawning areas, abundance. Abundance is limited by the poor nutritional values in the rivers. Smoltification, downstream migration. 3. Anthropogenic factors: marine commercial fisheries; licensed catches; poaching; catching of young; downstream migrators and dwarf males. 4. Experiments on artificial propagation at Aniva Hatchery. Difficulties and strategies to deal with them. 5. Conclusions on the necessity of propagating cherry salmon in southern Sakhalin. Cherry salmon as a potential species for rearing in controlled circumstances thanks to the short period it spends feeding at sea and its fast rate of mass in freshwater pens.

Text 25 CURRENT ISSUES IN SALMON MANAGEMENT IN KHABAROVSK KRAI In the middle of the 20th century, total harvest of chum and pink salmon in the Amur River basin reached 100,000 MT. While fall chum once spawned as far as 3,000km upriver, by the 1960s few fish were returning to spawn ever in the mid70

dle reaches of the Amur, 1,500 km from the Amur Sound. Amur River salmon stocks are depressed due partly to large scale illegal harvests. The first Amur basin hatcheries were built in order to maintain the upriver fall chum stocks-Teplovsky Hatchery (1928) at 1,200 km from the Amur Sound, and Bidzhansky Hatchery (1934) at 1,500 from the outlet of the Amur Udinsky Hatchery on the Amgun (270 km from Amur Sound) began operations in 1968 (700 km from Amur Sound). The Anyuisky, Ukhtinsky, Nygaisky and Oremifsky (pink salmon) hatcheries are under construction, with a total projected capacity of 40 million smolts per year. The hatchery nearest to Amur Sound-Udinsky – was successful in the mid 1980s when Asian chum populations were experiencing a cyclical peak in abundance. The Udensky Hatchery generated a commercially viable artificial run of chum salmon quite rapidly, due in part to the fact that donor population was also from the lower reaches of the Amur River. Experience has shown that hatchery placement in the upper portion of the range of fall chum has its downsides. Most of the spawners are harvested during their long return migration. Due to their largersize, male chums are more vulnerable to gillnets than females, and returns have diminished to 21,5%. Hatchery juveniles are more vulnerable to predators than wild juveniles, and mortality of upriver releases ranges from 20-80% prior the entry into the Amur. The Amur hatchery system is based on extensive biotechnology. The system can support releases as great as 29,5 million, but actual releases have diminished from 60 million to 6 million over the past decade. The effectiveness of the Amur hatchery system is very low hatchery contribution to the official fishery in 1990s was estimated at 4–8%. Total hatchery releases over the past 11 years were 49 million, insignificant relative to natural reproduction. Hatchery practices have not altered the population dynamics or structure of wild salmon stocks. Plans exist to increase the hatchery system to a total of 53 hatcheries, with a capacity of 779 million juveniles year (559 million chums, 220 million pinks and 9–15 million cherry salmon and 5–6 million coho per year). The long-term depression in abundance in fall chum continues and intensifies, due largely to the uncontrollable harvest effort. Vocabulary stock viable run vulnerable mortality release

стадо, потомство жизнеспособный косяк, стадо ранимый, уязвимый смертность выброс, высвобождение

Do written translation of the text. 71

Text 26 CULTURE SYSTEMS Ponds: The primary culture system used in the world today is the earthen pond. A typical pond is about 3 feet (1m) deep at the upper end and 6 feet (2 m) deep at the drain. The bottom and sides are made from compacted earth sides slope at a ration of 2:1 or 3:1. Steeper slopes make entry and exit from the pond difficult and promote erosion of the banks, while shallower slopes promote the establishment of aquatic weeds. Pond size varies greatly-some are only a few square yards (square meters) in area, but most are an acre (0,4 ha) or larger. Management and harvesting become difficult if a pond is too large, so most culture ponds do not exceed about 20 acres (8 ha). A well designed pond should have a drain that allows the water to be completely removed within a day or two and should be provided with an inflow pipe of sufficient size that the pond can be filled within a reasonable period of time. Ponds can be stocked at various densities. If water is exchanged continuously or frequently, higher densities of culture animals can be maintained than when static conditions are employed. Catfish farmers in Mississippi are annually producing over 4,000 pounds per acre (kg/ha) in ponds. Raceways: Raceways are linear channels or circular tanks through which water continuously flows at a rate that will provide a minimum of several exchanges each day. Raceways are commonly used in hatcheries for the rearing of young animals and are employed by the trout industry for production from fry to harvest size. In ponds, fish are exposed continuously to the same water during the growing period, while in raceways, the water may be exchanged completely every several minutes to every few hours. Cages and Net-Pens: Culture cages and net pens are structures placed in a natural environment and stocked with fish for growout. The only real difference between the two is size. Cages tend to be relatively small (a typical cage has a volume of 1 or 2 m2), while net-pens are often several meters on a side and 10 to 20 meters deep. Cage culture has been practiced to a limited extent by catfish farmers. For example, in Arkansas (where leasing of state lakes for cage culture operations is possible ), catfish have been commercially produced in cages. Cages have also been used by researchers. Most cage culture is conducted in freshwater environment, while net-pens are most commonly used in the marine environment. Net pen culture has been restricted to protected waters, but recently, net pen engineering has advanced to the stage that open sea pens are now available that can withstand storms without damage. Vocabulary side compacted slope

сторона, бок, край, стенка, зд.: стена плотный, массивный, сжатый уклон 72

ration shallow management to exceed drain inflow to be in stock static linear raceway to expose cage net-pen fry extent withstand hatchery

соотношение, пропорция плоский управление, умение справляться с чем-либо превышать дренаж, осушение втекающий, впадающий иметь в наличии статичный, неподвижный узкий и длинный, подобный линии лоток, рыбоходный канал подвергать, зд.: оставлять садок, изолятор садок, огороженное место сетями для выращивания объектов марикультуры малек степень выдерживать инкубаторная станция Exercises

I. Choose the equivalents. Sides slope; steeper slopes; to have a drain; to remove water completely; to fill a pond with water; to maintain higher densities of culture animals; a linear channel or a circular tank; raceways are used in hatcheries; to maintain densities up to, to expose fish continuously to the same water during the growing period; to exchange water completely; to place in a natural environment; cage culture is conducted in freshwater environments; net-pens are used in the marine environment; to withstand storms without damage. Держать рыбу постоянно в одной воде в период роста; наполнять пруд водой; выдерживать шторм без повреждений; ступенчатые уклоны; менять воду полностью; садки применяют в морской среде; удалять воду полностью; помещать в естественную (природную) среду; узкий и длинный канал или круглый танк; поддерживать высокую плотность; иметь дренаж; уклон стенок; лотки используют на инкубаторных станциях; в морской среде используют садки (сетевые); в пресноводной среде используют садок (изолятор, клетку). II. Answer the questions. 1. What is a typical pond? 2. What should a well designed pond have? 3. What are raceways? 4. What are raceways used for? 5. Is the water exchanged in raceways or not? 6. What is the difference between cages and net pens? 73

III. Summarize the text. IV. Translate into Russian using a dictionary. Management of Culture System Once the species for culture has been selected and the culture system has been constructed and stocked, aquaculturists must address various management concerns. In terms of things that should be monitored by the aquaculturists, perhaps the most important water quality variables are temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia. Other variables can be important under certain circumstances, but the three mentioned generally provide a good indication of the performance of the animals in the culture system. Temperature: Aquaculture species are all «cold-blooded» or poikilothermic. That means that their body temperatures are virtually the same as the temperature of the water that surrounds them. Basically, there are two primary types of culture species with respect to temperature: warm water species and cold water species. Carps, tilapia, channel catfish and freshwater shrimp are examples of warm water species. Trout, salmon and American lobsters are examples of cold water species. The optimum temperature for warm-water species tends to be about 86°F (30°С), while that for coldwater species is often 59°F (15°C). Some species of aquaculture interest, such as the yellow perch, have temperature optima between the warm and coldwater species and are known as mid range species. Few mid-range species are currently being cultured. When temperature changes dramatically, and in particular, when it moves out of the optimum range, aquaticanimals are placed under strees. It is at such times that disease resistance is lowered and problems often arise. Knowledge of the temperature requirements of the species under culture and of the temperature at any given time will not only provide the culturist with valuable information about how well the animals are growing and how much to feed them, it will help to establish the disease resistance status of the animals. Dissolved Oxygen: Oxygen enters water by dissolution from the atmosphere and through the release of that element by plants during photosynthesis. Animals with gills respire by absorbing oxygen that has been dissolved in water directly into the blood steam through diffusion as a general rule, if the water contains 5 parts per millon (ppm or mgll) of oxygen, it will support aquatic organisms. Some fish, such as tilapia, can survive at very low concentration of oxygen, while others, such as trout, are stressed if the concentration falls below 5 ppm. Daily changes in temperature are very small relative to the changes that can occur seasonally, particularly in temperature climates. Daily changes in dissolved oxygen, on the other hand, can be substantial. Dissolved oxygen begins to increase at about dawn, when photosynthetic production of oxygen by the plant community begins. As the sun rises, photosynthetic oxygen production increases with the increasing amount of light energy available. While both plants and ani74

mals respire continuously, the rate of oxygen production exceeds respiration and there is a net increase in the dissolved oxygen level. At dusk, when there is insufficient light for photosynthesis, the oxygen level begins to drop because of respiration demands, and the drop continues through the night. As long as the lowest morning dissolved oxygen level is not below about 5 ppm, there should be no problem. However, the lowest level of dissolved oxygen can change dramatically from one day to the next. Daily production of oxygen can be influenced by the weather (cloudy days don’t support as much photosynthetic activity as clear days) and by the biomass of culture organisms present. As the fish or shellfish being raised grow, they extract more oxygen from the pond each day. Ammonia: Ammonia occurs in two forms, unionized (NH3) and ionized (NH4). The ratio between the two depends on temperature, pH and a few other factors. Ammonia is rapidly converted to nitrate (NО3) by plants and bacteria in aquatic systems. Thus, in ponds where there are plenty of plants and bacteria present ammonia toxicity is not usually a problem. In raceways and other water systems where animals are reared at high densities, ammonia removal is often not as efficient as in a pond, and toxicity can occur. Different species of aquaculture interest have different tolerances for ammonia. Tilapia can tolerate high concentrations of total ammonia (several ppm), whereas trout are highly susceptible to levels well below 1 ppm. Word supplement poikilothermic dissolution respire bloodstream unionozed ammonia (NH3) ionized ammonia (NH4) nitrate

пойкилотермное животное (имеющее непостоянную температуру тела) растворение, разжижение дышать кровообращение, кровоток аммиак ионизированный аммиак нитрат

Text 27 NUTRITION AND FEEDING Under natural conditions in ponds, lakes, rivers and the ocean, fishes rely on natural productivity for their nourishment. Some aquaculturists also use natural food organisms to provide nourishment for the culture species. In China, for example, ponds are stocked with various species of carp that feed on different parts of the food chain. The fish ponds may be fertilized to help promote growth of phytoplankton, rooplankton, rooted aquatic macrophytes and benthic organisms, each of which is fed upon by a different type of carp. In Japan and a few other 75

countries, ground raw fish is often used to feed aquacultured animals (the fish may be fixed with small) amounts of dry ingredients). Oysters, mussels and clams are among the various shellfish that feed by algae and other organic nutrients from the water. The culture of those animals requires the presence of large algae concentrations. Most fishes and invertebrates of aquaculture interest are fed prepared feeds. Such feeds are composed of various ingredients in proper combinations so that the final product will meet the nutritional requirements of the species being fed. Diets vary considerably from one type of aquaculture animal to the next because of differences in nutritional requirements. For example, many crustaceans are unable to synthesize cholesterol, so that chemical must be provided in the feed. Fishes, on the other hand, do not require dictory cholesterol. Determining the nutritional requirements of an aquaculture species can require many years of research. Diets are prepared in which various ingredients are varied with respect to quality and quantity. Then the feeds are presented to the aquaculture species over a period of several weeks to months and the growth response is evaluated. Experimental diets may be prepared to examine the responses of the animals to variations in dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins or energy. Typical aquaculture diets are relatively simple. They usually contain some type of animal protein (fish meal, poultry by product meal, meat and bone meal) and other proteins supplied by plants (soy bean meal, wheat, corn meal, peanut meal and cottonseed meal). The plant products also supply high levels of carbohydrates (sugars and starches). Some species, such as channel catfish, can tolerate levels of 40% carbohydrate in the diet, whereas others, such as trout, tolerate only low carbohydrate levels. Fat is supplied by the various ingredients mentioned, but supplemental fat is offen added in the form of corn oil, fish oil or a variety of others. A mixture of required vitamins and minerals is also usually added. In some instances, wet, ground fish is used in the United States as a dietary ingredient. This is particularly true in the Pacific Northwest, where waste products from fish processing plants are readily available. Once a diet has been formulated and the ingredients have been mixed together in the proper proportions, the material is usually made into a pellet. Pellets are made by exposing the material to high pressure in a pellet mill or extruder. Pellet mills may use steam to help bind the ingredients together. Extruders use supplemental heat and extended exposure to high pressure to make pellets. Pressure pellet mills and extruders pass the feed mixture through a small aperture which leads to a product which, is not cut to short lengths, would be much like spaghetti strands. The diameter of the pellets varies, but is typically 0,2 to 0,24 inches (5 to 6 mm). A knife cuts off the strands as they exit the pelleting equipment. Feeds produced by pressure pelleting are more dense than water; thus, they sink. During the extrusion process, on the other hand, the high heat used causes changes within the ingredients so that starches expand when the pellets leave the machine and come into contact with air. This rapid expansion of the material traps air within the pellets, which float when placed in water. Because of the higher temperatures and other factors, extruded pellets are more expensive than pressure pellets. Advantages of floating pellets are that the aquaculturist can see that the fish eat feed. 76

By watching the fish eat, the producer can control the amount of feed offered and thereby avoid overfeeding. This can save money. If the fish develop a disease, the aquaculturist may be able to identify the problem by observing changes in the behavior or appearance of the fish and can treat the problem before it progress very far. Floating feeds should not be used on all aquaculture species. Shrimp, for example, feed on the bottom and will not swim to the surface for pellets. However nutrients will be quickly lost from sinking pellets which may dissolve in a few minutes (floating pellets may take 24 hours or more to disintegrate), so valuable sources of nutrition can be lost if the animals do not consume the feed quickly. Also, bacterial and fungal growth on feed particles that are not quickly consumed can lead to disease or toxicity problems. Vocabulary to rely on nourishment to feed on food chain macrophyte invertebrate (s) to meet requirements crustacean cholesterol to determine diet with respect to feed carbohydrate poultry byproduct meal wheat corn meal peanut meal cottonseed meal true to formulate pellet to expose to to extrude steam to bind supplemental extended exposure

полагаться на питание питаться пищевой симбиоз (совместное проживание организмов с обоюдной пользой друг для друга) макрофит беспозвоночные отвечать требованиям ракообразные холестерол устанавливать, определять пища в отношении, что касается корм углевод пищевая добавка для домашней птицы пшеница кукурузная мука мука земляного ореха (арахиса) корм из хлопкового семени верный, правдивый, точный разрабатывать гранула, шарик подвергать чему-либо прессовать, штамповать, выдавливать пар связывать, соединять дополнительный длительный подвергание 77

aperture strand inch to exit to sink to cause starch to expand to trap to float advantage to avoid to disintegrate fungal fungus

отверстие, щель нить, волокно дюйм выходить погружаться вызывать крахмал увеличиваться зд.: задерживать, сковывать держаться (плавать) на поверхности преимущество избегать распадаться, разрушаться грибковый гриб, плесень Exercises

I. Choose the equivalents. Floating feeds; bacterial and fungal growth; to provide nourishment; nutrients will be lost; to trap air within the pellets; raw fish is often used to feed aquacultured species; large algae concentrations; ingredients have been mixed together in proper proportions; to use supplemental heat; to pass through a small aperture; most invertebrates are fed prepared feeds; to meet the nutritional requirements; with respect to quality and quantity; to contain animal protein; high (low) carbohydrate level; fat is often added in the form of; waste products from fish processing plants; extended exposure to high pressure. Ингредиенты смешаны вместе в нужных пропорциях; длительное подвергание действию высокого давления; корм, находящийся на поверхности (на плаву); продукты отхода с рыборазделочных заводов; использовать дополнительное тепло; добавлять жир в виде; рост бактерий и плесени; большинство беспозвоночных кормят готовым кормом; обеспечивать питанием; содержать животный протеин; питательные вещества теряются; проходить через небольшое отверстие; задерживать воздух в капсулах; отвечать требованиям питания; в отношении количества и качества; часто используют сырую рыбу для кормления искусственно выращиваемых видов; большая концентрация водорослей; высокий (низкий) уровень (концентрация) углеводов. II. Answer the questions. 1. What are carps, oysters, mussels, clams fed on? 2. What are most fishes and invertebrates of aquaculture fed on? 3. What are usually prepared feeds composed of? 4. Which proteins do typical aquaculture diets contain? 5. What is the difference between pressure pellets and extruded pellets or floating pellets? 78

III. Translate sentences. 1. Известно, что питание и кормление являются важными составляющими в искусственном воспроизводстве различных видов рыб и беспозвоночных. 2. Некоторые виды моллюска, такие как устрицы, мидии и двустворчатый моллюск, питаются водорослями и органическими питательными веществами. 3. Карпы, например, питаются фитопланктоном, зоопланктоном, бентосом. Поэтому пруды часто удобряют органическими удобрениями (навоз, городские сточные воды), которые способствуют росту фитопланктона, зоопланктона и водных растений (livestock manure, human sewage). 4. Большинство рыб и беспозвоночных кормят готовым кормом. 5. Готовый корм должен отвечать определенным питательным требованиям и состоять из различных ингредиентов. 6. Обычно готовый корм содержит животный и растительный белок, углеводы, жиры, витамины и минералы. 7. Готовый корм имеет вид капсулы или шарика. 8. Имеется два вида капсул: те, что погружаются на дно, и те, что находятся на поверхности. 9. Каждый вид капсулы имеет свои преимущества и недостатки. 10. Используя капсулы, держащиеся на воде, специалист видит, что рыба ест корм, и он может контролировать количество предложенного корма во избежание переедания. 11. Эти капсулы могут сохранять питательные вещества в течение 24 часов и более. 12. Капсулы, погружающиеся на дно, могут быстро терять питательные вещества, так как они растворяются в течение нескольких минут. IV. Do written translation into Russian. Genetics and Reproduction If an aquaculturist wants to undertake selective breeding in order to improve the performance of the species under culture, it is necessary to have all components of the life cycle under direct control. For some species it has been necessary to obtain young animals for stocking by collecting them in the wild since reliable means of producing young in a hatchery have not been developed. In other cases, wild broodstock are obtained because we do not have the knowledge required to grow fish to adult size in captivity or, more often, the cost of growing and maintaining brood fish may be too high. However, for most successful aquaculture species, the like cycle from egg through adult is controlled by the aquaculturist. Each aquaculture species requires certain conditions for reproduction. Those conditions vary widely. For example, some species spawn in fall or winter, some in spring, and some spawn almost continuously. The key to inducing spawning may be changing temperature (such as falling temperatures late in the year or rising temperatures in the spring), increasing or decreasing the amount of daylight 79

present (also known as photoperiod) or a combination of the two. These types of environmental stimule cause changes in the hormone activities within the aquaculture species and lead to the development of eggs and sperm and, finally, induce the behavioral activity that accompanies the actual spawning act. Many aquatic species broadcast their eggs and sperm into water. The fertilized eggs will become members of the plankton community. Upon hatching, the larval animals may continue to swim about in the plankton until they grow sufficiently large to enter the benthos or nekton community. This type of reproductive scenario is typical of shrimp, crabs, lobsters, oysters and certain types of fishes (red drum and striped bass). More specialized reproductive modes are used by many of the species of aquaculture interest. Channel catfish lay eggs in adhesive masses. (about 30 000 eggs). Tilapia males construct shallow nests in pond bottoms into which eggs are deposited and fertilized. After fertilization, the female picks up the eggs in her mouth and retains them until after the fry hatch and are able to survive on their own. Trout and salmon lay their eggs in shallow nests (known as redds) constructed in the gravel bottoms of lakes and streams. The newly hatched fish remain in the gravel for a considerable amount of time after hatching. In order to control reproduction in the hatchery environment, the aquaculturist must understand how the species of interest behaves under natural conditions. Those conditions can be replicated then. In some instances, however, culture environments have been set up to duplicate natural conditions, but the brood animals refuse to spawn. Under those circumstances, hormone injections can be used to induce spawning. Once fertilized eggs are obtained, they need to be incubated under the proper conditions (temperature and light may be important, as are dissolved oxygen level and, in the case of marine fishes, salinity, among others). Eggs of trout, salmon and catfish are relatively large and resilient, so high water flow rates are tolerated. The eggs of many species, however, tend to be susceptible to mechanical damage, so care must be taken to provide a calm environment to prevent the eggs from bumping into each other or into the walls of culture tanks. Various marine fishes fall into the latter category, as do many invertebrates. At the same time, some exchange of water is required to dilute waste products like ammonia which are produced by developing eggs and larvae. Some eggs hatch into larvae within 24–48 hours after fertilization, while others may require several weeks or even months of incubation. Generally, warm water species develop and hatch quickly, while coldwater species require considerable time periods for development. Word supplement fall to broadcast to fertilize to hatch nekton

осень разбрасывать, распространять зд.: оплодотворять выклевываться нектон 80

scenario adhesive fry gravel bottom to replicate to induce

сценарий клейкий малек дно из гравия повторять, копировать вызывать

Техt 28 DISEASES AND PARASITES Like other organisms, aquaculture species are susceptible to a broad array of diseases and parasites such as viruses, bacteria, parasitic protozoans, helminths (worms), copepods and others. When a disease or parasite outbreak occurs in a population of aquatic organisms, it is known not as an epidemic (a term used for the same problem in human populations) but as an epizootic. In most instances, epizootics only result after a population has been stressed. Stress can occur in a number of ways. If water quality deteriorates, even for a short period, the animals exposed to that water will undergo stress. Handling is another cause of stress in aquaculture species, as are overfeeding or sustained underfeeding. Following exposure to a stressful situation, an epizootic may occur within as little as 24 hours or as long as 2 weeks. The period between the stress episode and the onset of disease or parasite infestations depends on the time involved in building the numbers of disease and parasitic organisms to a high enough level that signs of the disease are observable. Disease and parasite organisms are almost always present in the culture environment, but at very low levels. They only produce disease signs when they are promoted by a lack of resistance in the aquaculture species. An analogy can be drawn in humans. Students in a classroom may be exposed to people with the flu, but not everyone is infected. The immune status of the various individuals plays an important role in who will ultimately show flue symptoms. Students who are stressed (for example, by getting too little sleep) are often much more susceptible than those who are not. The number of chemicals that can be used to treat disease and parasite problems in aquatic animals is small. Only about 10 compounds have been approved for species that are being reared for direct human consumption. Among them, few are effective at controlling bacteria, some work on a few parasites but not others, and many are themselves toxic if given in improper doses. Some treatment chemicals are effective when added to the water, but some must be ingested by the aquaculture organisms. Animals that are experiencing disease or parasite problems often refuse to eat, making treatment difficult. Good overall management of the culture system is perhaps the best way to avoid disease and parasite problems. However, even the best managers experience epizootics on occasion. Treatment chemicals of various kinds should be available, and the culturist should know how to use those chemicals. Chemicals such as an81

tibiotics should not be used routinely, but should only be employed when there is a problem requring treatment, or when there is a very strong probability that a disease or parasite epizootic is imminent. Vocabulary susceptible array of protozoan helminth copepods outbreak epizootic to stress to deteriorate to undergo handling sustained onset infestation ultimately to ingest to avoid imminent overall

восприимчивый, чувствительный масса, множество простейшее животное гельминт (паразитический червь) веслоногие ракообразные вспышка эпизоотия подвергать стрессу ухудшаться переносить, подвергаться обращение, зд.: уход, подход длительный, непрерывный наступление инвазия (заражение паразитами) в конце концов глотать, проглатывать избегать надвигающийся, нависший, неминуемый в целом, в общем Exercises

I. Give Russian equivalents. To be susceptible to a broad array of diseases; parasite outbreak; to be known as an epizootic; stress can occur; to undergo stress; the cause of stress; onset of disease; disease signs; to treat disease; to give chemicals in improper doses; to ingest treatment chemicals; some chemicals must be ingested by the aquaculture organisms; if water quality deteriorates; to avoid disease or parasite problems. II. Give English equivalents. Требовать лечения; умение хорошо справляться с водной системой для разведения животных и беспозвоночных; вспышка заболевания; вспышка заболевания происходит по ряду причин; быть восприимчивым к заболеваниям; популяция подвержена напряжению (нагрузке); переедание или длительное недоедание; наступление заболевания или эпидемии; отсутствие сопротивления болезни; лечить заболевание; эффективные химикаты (лекарства) по контролю за бактериями; добавлять химикаты в воду; глотать химикаты; применять антибиотики повседневно; простейшие животные и паразитические черви (гельминты); самый лучший способ избежать заболевания. 82

III. Answer the questions. 1. What parasites are known in nature? 2. In what way can stress occur? 3. What is done if a population is infected? IV. Translate sentences. 1. Водные организмы чувствительны к различным заболеваниям. 2. Вспышку заболевания у популяции называют эпизоотией. 3. В большинстве случаев эпизоотия является результатом стресса популяции и т. д. 4. Стресс у популяции происходит по ряду причин: например, в случае ухудшения качества воды, по причине неправильного ухода за популяцией и т. д. 5. Те виды рыб, которые болеют или у которых обнаружены паразиты, следует лечить химикатами (лекарствами). 6. В некоторых случаях химикаты добавляют в воду, в других случаях рыбам их нужно глотать. 7. Но специалистам по аквакультуре следует помнить, что химикаты токсичны, если их давать в неправильных пропорциях. V. Translate into Russian using a dictionary. Harvesting and Processing The fish or invertebrates being reared by an aquaculturist may all be harvested over a short period of time, or there may be intermittent periods of harvesting throughout the year to ensure a constant supply of product reaches the market. The channel catfish industry, for example, used to be based on a system wherein the bulk of the harvesting occured in the late fall (autumn) when water temperatures became cold and fish growth was retarded. This meant a glut of fish on the market and consequent low prices to the producer. Now, the technique employed by catfish farmers is to stock each pond with several sizes of fish and harvest marketable individuals from a given pond by collecting them at intervals of several weeks year-round. If the producer has several ponds, harvesting might be a weekly or even daily occurrence. Peaks and valleysin in the availability of fish in the market are thereby avoided, and the price is much more stable. Harvesting of ponds is typically accomplished with seine nets. The pond may be partially drained and a seine is pulled through that pond and fish are collected. Raceways can be harvested by crowding fish into a confined area and dipping them out with nets, a technique also used for harvesting cages and net-pens. Following harvest, fish are typically loaded into hauling tanks on trucks. Invertebrates may be transported in sacks (oysters and crayfish), in boxes on ice (shrimp), or in hauling tanks (lobsters, crabs). The animals may be carried considerable distances to a certain processing plant or they may be processed on the farm. For fishes, processing may result in a number of forms. For example, channel 83

catfish may be processed into steaks or fillets, skinned and eviscerated, prebreaded, or rendered into several other forms. Trout may be stuffed, gutted only head and fins are left on, or prepared in other ways. The product may be shipped to the market alive, on ice or frozen.

Text 29 AQUACULTURE IN NEW ZEALAND Aquaculture is the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants and animals to supplement the natural supply. These activities can occur in both natural waters and in artificial aquatic impoundments. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specialises in high quality products and is a significant export earner for New Zealand. The main aquaculture activity in New Zealand is the farming of bivalves, in natural waters below high tide mark. The major species farmed are the green lipped or Greenshell mussel and the Pacific oyster. The main mussel farming areas in the South Island are located in the Marlborough Sounds and in the Nelson Golden Bay area. Further south, the main locations are at Stewart Island. In the North Island, mussel farming is concentrated in the Coromandel area with smaller areas in the Haurki Gulf and at Houhora Bay in the far north. The farming method consists of floating longlines from which lines drop carrying mussels are suspended. Farms are located in sheltered to semi-sheltered areas where there is sufficient depth of water at low tide to keep the drop lines off the bottom. The main Pacific oyster farming areas are located in sheltered sites on the north-east coast of the North Island, with main centers at Bay of Islands, Whangaroa Harbour, Mahurangi Harbour, and the Coromandel area. The farming method consists of oysters supported on structures (racks) erected at the optimum growing level on the lower intertidal shore. Tenures for mussel farming have been granted over 3 920 hectares. An annual crop of some 67 000 greenweight tonnes is produced. After processing, this has an FOB value of approximately $ 140 000 000. Tenures for oyster farming have been granted over 2 200 hectare. This results in an annual crop with an FOB value of approximately $ 45 000 000. Other species that are farmed are king salmon and the New Zealand abalone (known as paua). Salmon farming occurs only in the South Island either in sea cages or in freshwater raceways. Annual production of salmon farms has remained static over recent years at around 5 000 tons greenweight. The FOB value of salmon exported from New Zealand was $ 35 000 000 in 1999. Paua farming occurs throughout the country, but is predominantly in the South Island and the lower half of the North Island. Most paua are grown in barrrels suspended in the water column. There are small of fledging industries for the flat oyster, freshwater crayfish, Malaysian prawns, spiny lobsters and various aquatic 84

plants (seaweeds). There are a number of ornamental fish farms throughout New Zealand where goldfish are raised and few species of ornamental or tropical fish are bred in geothermal water or artificially heated water. Vocabulary propagation husbandry aquatic impoundment bivalve green lipped greenshell mussel longline drop line low tide rack (structure) intertidal tenure abalone paua cage raceway static facility barrel to suspend crayfish

разведение искусственное выращивание заграждение двустворчатый моллюск каналец каналец ярус канат, погруженный в воду малая вода; низшая точка отлива решетка литоральный, межприливный владения морское ушко морское ушко садок лоток неизменный сооружение бочка подвешивать рак Exercises

I. Choose the equivalents. Paua farming; Pacific oyster farming; mussel farming; green lipped; floating longlines; to support oysters on racks; to grant tenure over 3 920 hectares; annual production; to be located in sheltered or semi-sheltered areas; to remain static over recent years; to occur throughout the country; aquaculture facilities erected on shore; paua are grown; bivalve. Предоставлять владения размером свыше 3 920 гектаров, хозяйство (ферма) по разведению морского ушка; морское ушко разводят; ежегодное производство; оставаться устойчивым в последние годы; держащиеся на поверхности яруса; находиться в закрытых или полузакрытых местах; сооружения аквакультуры, построенные на берегу; хозяйство по разведению мидий; встречаться по всей стране; поддерживать устрицы на решетках; хозяйство по разведению тихоокеанских устриц; двустворчатый ка85

налец. II. Answer the questions. 1. What’s the aim of aquaculture in New Zealand? 2. What are the major species farmed in New Zealand? 3. What are the main mussel farming areas in New Zealand? 4. What does the farming method consist of? 5. Where are the Pacific oyster farming areas located in? 6. What can be said about annual production? 7. Which other species are farmed? III. Translate sentences. 1. Новая Зеландия, как и многие другие страны, занимается искусственным разведением двустворчатых моллюсков, чтобы пополнить природные запасы. 2. В Новой Зеландии главным образом разводят мидий и устриц. 3. Фермерский способ выращивания мидий состоит в том, что с ярусов, держащихся на поверхности, свисают канаты, погруженные в воду, на которые оседают мидии. 4. Способ выращивания устриц заключается в том, что их размещают на решетках, сооруженных у берега с оптимальными изменениями прилива отливного уровня. 5. Ежегодный урожай мидий составляет 67 тысяч тонн, а устриц около 35 тысяч тонн. 6. В Новой Зеландии также разводят чавычу и морское ушко. IV. Summarize the text. V. Translate into Russian using a dictionary. Sea Farm Advances With Marine Fish The Sea Farm group in Norway expects its production of cod juveniles for ongrowing to reach a new record level of 170,000 this year. Active since 1987 in developing the farming of marine species, Sea Farm says that the increase in cod results from the application of new methods. «The most essential element in this process, it explains, «is an early catch of juveniles from the lagoon for weaning in tanks. This method has proved successful but there is still more problem with the cod’s cannibalistic nature and the quality of available feed.» Halibut work is also progressing and Sea Farms sees this fish as the most interesting species in a Norwegian context. It gets priority in the company’s research and development work. According to Sea Farm, the 1988 and 1989 seasons mark a final breakthrough in production of halibut juveniles. The technique developed is succeding. It is based on the stocking of halibut larvae in silos and start feeding in bags or tanks using natural zooplankton. Sea Farm reported that it had produced more than 3 000 halibut juveniles. It says that the main tasks in future will be increasing the scale of the operation, and 86

modifying the production plant drawing on present experience. «Our production goal for 1990 is set at 50,000 juvenile halibut,» says Sea Farm «we believe that this goal is fully realistic, based on the known-how we have gained and the survival we have achieved from egg to juvenile.» One of the priorities is to establish a brood fish inventory, which has enabled Sea Farm to plan a considerable production of halibut eggs for the future. «The halibut has shown very good growth and mortality has been low» says the company. The farmed halibut will be a high-quality product and the fish has a high market potential. Word supplement juvenile weaning to wean cannibalistic nature halibut breakthrough succeeding larvae larva silos mortality brood fish inventory

малек отлучение от матери отлучать от матери каннибальская природа палтус переломное открытие, прорыв последующий, следующий личинки личинка силосная яма, силок смертность производитель, самка-производитель учет, подсчет (популяции)

Text 30 LAMINARIA CULTURE IN JAPAN The kelp, Laminaria japonica, is a temperature coldwater brown alga, naturally distributed in the northwest coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean. In the late 1920s, several fronds of kelp were found growing under a pier, in Dalan, Liaoning Province. In the early 1930s the Northheast Fishery Company of Japan introduced Laminaria to Dalan for experimental culture. However, because of adverse natural conditions technical problems, progress was slow. In the 1940s, the highest annual output was only 60 odd tones dry weight. Since the founding of the People’s of China, the Government has placed great emphasis on the development of Laminaria cultivation. Special institutions were established and systematic research was carried out on Laminaria biology, seedling rearing, growout technology and so on. At the same time, investigations were conducted on environmental conditions in culture waters. By the mid-1950s, successful raft culture methods were worked out. In this method, floating rafts are installed in a suitable culture area and Laminaria seedlings are reared and cultured artificial 87

substrates. By 1957, the Laminaria culture area in Shandong and Liaoning Provinces had reached 235 ha. In the late 1950s, summer seedling rearing techniques were developed, in which light intensity, led in a special seedling-rearing room. Compared with the method of rearing autumn seedling in the sea, the culturing of seedling in the summer helped extend the growout period by 60 days. This technique not only increased the yield per unit culture area immensely, but also made possible the large scale culture of Laminaria off the Southern Chinese coast, where the seawater temperature in summer is too high for Laminaria culture. Total culture area exceeded 14 000 ha by late 1980s and annual production was more than 270 000 tons dry weight, making China the largest producer of Laminaria in the world. Since 1970s studies on Laminaria genetics and breeding have brought about many achievements. Basically, there are two methods of growout for Laminaria. In areas where the seawater transparency is good, the vertical or hanging kelp rope culture method is used. In areas where transparency is poor or the current is strong, the horizontal kelp rope culture method is adopted. Technical management during the growout period includes adjustment of water depth and culture density, fertilisser application, repair of damaged rafts and so on. Fertiliser application (by splashing; spraying or by using plastic bags or clay bottle attached to the kelp ropes) is necessary as seawater in many areas of northen China is nutrient deficient. The main aim of management during growout is to utilise, adjust and improve natural conditions so as to optimise the growth and development of Laminaria. Vocabulary kelp frond adverse seedling raft culture method to install substrate yield to exceed to breed breeding transparency to splash to spray clay nutrient

ламинария, морская капуста вайя, ветвь с листьями неблагоприятный саженец, проросток способ разведения культуры на плотах устанавливать субстрат, подложка в культуре клеток урожай, добыча превышать разводить, выводить ( о животных) разведение прозрачность брызгать, плескать опрыскивать, обрызгивать, пульверизировать глина, глиняный питательное вещество 88

to adjust

устанавливать, регулировать, приспосабливать Exercises

I. Choose the equivalents. To be nutrient deficient; to include adjustment of water depth and culture density; to include fertiliser application and repair of damaged rafts; transparency is poor; annual production of Laminaria; summer seedling rearing techniques; floating rafts are installed in a suitable culture area; to carry out research; adverse natural conditions; several fronds of kelp were found; to place great emphasis on the development of Laminaria cultivation. Технология по выращиванию (разведению) водорослей саженцами в летний период; уделять большое внимание разведению ламинарий; испытывать недостаток питательных веществ; были найдены ветви ламинарии; включать регулировку глубины воды и плотности культуры; неблагоприятные природные условия; прозрачность воды плохая; осуществлять научные исследования; включать применение удобрений и ремонт поврежденных плотов; плоты, находящиеся на поверхности, устанавливают в подходящем районе для разведения культуры; ежегодное производство ламинарии. II. Answer the questions. 1. What’s the kelp? 2. When were the first attempts to introduce Laminaria made? What was the result? 3. When and where was raft culture method developed? 4. Why is the summer seedling rearing technique more advanced than the method of rearing autumn seedling? 5. What are two methods of growout for Laminaria? III. Translate into Russian using a dictionary. Harvesting and Processing Harvesting time is determined by the thickness of the Laminaria fronds. A ratio of fresh weight to dry weight of 6,5:1 is considered a good indication of optimum thickness. Usually, Laminaria fronds on the upper parts of culture ropes are harvested first while those remaining continue growing until they reach the desired thickness. Harvested kelp are immediately transported to the processing area. The primary processed products of Laminaria are dried kelp and salted kelp. Sun-dried kelp, after removal of contaminants, is graded, packed, and marketed either for direct consumption or for further processing. Dried kelp may be utilised for extracting iodine, algin and mannitol. A wide variety of food items which are popular with consumers is processed from Laminaria. Livestock fodder, bonding agents, feed additives and other items are derived from Laminaria. In China, products derived from Laminaria are consumed domestically, only a small pro89

portion is exported. IV. Translate into English in writing. Культивирование мидии Среди различных объектов марикультуры съедобная мидия занимает особое место. Это связано с простотой ее выращивания и высокой пищевой ценностью мяса. Почти повсеместно мидию культивируют методом подвесного выращивания. При этом выход мидиевой продукции, например, в Испании и Франции составляет 300–600 тысяч тонн в год, что в десятки раз больше, чем при других методах выращивания. В настоящее время культивирование мидии в странах Запада является единственной отраслью марикультуры, выполняющей цель производства обычного продукта питания. Биотехнология культивирования мидии проста и заключается в сборе личинок на субстраты (коллекторы) и их подращивании до товарных размеров. Мясо мидии обладает высокой калорийностью и представляет собой ценный пищевой белковый продукт, содержащий аминокислоты и различные микроэлементы. На Дальнем Востоке промысел съедобной мидии не велся из-за отсутствия у берегов Приморья ее крупных скоплений. Предпочтение отдавалось крупным моллюскам, обитающим на небольших глубинах. Мидия Грея добывалась издавна, поэтому из этого вида мидии разработаны несколько видов продуктов. Некоторые продукты, например «Мидия копченая в масле», «Мидия с морской капустой и овощами» и другие, пользуются большим спросом у населения. Биотехнологическая схема культивирования мидии рассчитана на 2-месячный цикл и включает три основных этапа: сбор спата на коллекторах, его выращивание до товарных размеров и сбор товарной мидии. Под сбором спата подразумевается процесс установки мидийных коллекторов в продуктивных по численности личинок районах. Мидийный коллектор представляет собой капроновый или сивальский (пеньковый) канат диаметром 10 – 25 мм, длиной 4 м, с узлами и вставками. Узлы и вставки располагают по всей длине коллектора на расстоянии 5 – 10 см друг от друга. Вставки можно изготовлять из различных материалов: пенопласта, резины, сетки полиэтиленовой, мононити. При организации морских хозяйств прежде всего необходимо учитывать конкретные условия данного района или водоема и особенности существования в нем культивируемого объекта. Для создания мидиевых хозяйств пригодны районы: заливы Посьета, Славянский, Восток, Находка и некоторые участки Амурского и Уссурийского заливов. V. Translate into English in writing. Хозяйство по совместному выращиванию ламинарии и морских ежей В Приморье существуют хозяйства по выращиванию ламинарии на подвесных плантациях, занимающие площади до 40–60 га. Обычно они распо90

лагаются на песчано-гравийных грунтах. Ежи в природных условиях избегают таких грунтов в основном из-за отсутствия там ламинарий, которая является их основной пищей. Под подвесными плантациями, ежи, привлеченные обрывками слоевищ ламинарии, попадающими на дно с поверхности воды, собираются в значительных количествах, несмотря на неблагоприятный грунт. Таким образом, можно значительно улучшить условия питания ежей и тем самым повысить их товарные качества, одновременно выращивая ламинарию непосредственно как сырье. VI. Translate into English in writing. Воспроизводство промысловых видов крабов дальневосточных морей. Переселение и интродукция животных В настоящее время у берегов Западной Камчатки основная численность самцов в результате их миграции сосредоточена в южной части шельфа, где находится незначительное количество самок. В целях повышения репродуктивного потенциала западнокамчатской популяции представляется возможным и необходимым перевозить самок камчатского краба из Хайрюзовского и других северных запретных районов в Озерновский и Кихчинский. При пополнении этих субпопуляций самками здесь начнется более активное воспроизводство краба, в результате чего повысится численность животных на всем западнокамчатском шельфе. Подращивание на искусственных сооружениях (садки, коллекторы, рифы) Искусственные сооружения для подращивания крабов можно выставлять на шельфе дальневосточных морей и в водах сопредельных стран. Наиболее рентабельной для фермерского хозяйства будет плантация марикультуры с площадью в 10 га, на которой можно выращивать до 1000 тонн краба. Заводское подращивание Современные представления о биологии и развитии краба позволили разработать биотехнологию заводского получения личинок и подращивания краба. Высокомеханизированные краборазводные заводы могут стать хорошим источником пополнения естественных популяций краба. VII. Translate into English in writing. Искусственное разведение двустворчатых моллюсков На Аляске много ферм по искусственному разведению морепродуктов, в частности разведению двустворчатых моллюсков. Около 50 хозяйств специализируются на разведении устриц, голубых мидий и венусов в заливах Кука и Принца Уильяма, на юго-востоке Аляски и на острове Кадьяк. Фермеры заявляют, что это трудный бизнес, хотя он окупается сполна. Потребители без ума от моллюсков, выращенных в холодных и чистых водах Аляски. Несмотря на то что высокое качество моллюсков зависит от чистоты 91

воды на Аляске, ее температурные условия не позволяют двустворчатым моллюскам размножаться необходимыми темпами. Это вынуждает фермеров завозить молодь из южных 49 штатов. Фермеры Аляски организовали строительство инкубатора в Сюарде. Ожидается, что это новое сооружение будет поставлять достаточное количество молоди для фермеров в пределах штата при значительном снижении себестоимости и при улучшенном качестве в сравнении с прошлыми годами. VIII. Translate into English. Рыба XXI века Две норвежские фирмы «Geno Mar» и «Akvaforsk» вывели новый тип тиляпии, которая быстро растет и достигает размеров в два раза больше обычного. Новая разновидность, соответственно, дает больше филе. Проект финансируется Азиатским банком развития. «Geno Mar» начнет реализацию молоди новой разновидности тиляпии уже в этом году. По некоторым оценкам, тиляпия будет породой № 1 в рыбоводстве наступившего века. Для норвежских компаний разведение тропической тиляпии стало настоящим «золотым дном». Себестоимость производства этой породы в 5 раз ниже цены ее реализации на американском рынке. Тиляпия питается растительной пищей, поэтому разводить ее гораздо дешевле, чем лосося. Большая часть тиляпии реализуется на внутренних рынках, однако некоторое количество экспортируется. США импортируют 40 000 тонн тиляпии ежегодно.

TEXTS FOR READING A Pioneer in Fishery Research The Man and His Work Frank Buckland (1826–1880) was an immensely popular mid-Victorian writer and lecturer on natural history, a distinguished public servant and a pioneer in the study of the problems of the commercial fisheries. He was born in 1826, the first child of William Buckland DD FRS, the first Professor of Geology in Oxford who was an eminent biologist himself. From infancy Frank was encouraged to study the world and he was accustomed to meeting the famous scientists who visited his father. Like many other biologists of his day, he trained as a surgeon; in 1854 he was gazetted Assistant Surgeon to the Second Life Guards, having completed his training at St George’s Hospital, London. He began to write popular articles on natural history and these were issued in book form in 1857 as «Curiosities of Natural History». It was an immediate success and was to be followed at intervals by three more volumes; although long out of print these can be found in second-hand bookshops and still provide entertainment and interest. His success increased demands upon him as a writer and lecturer and he re92

signed his Commission in 1863. He had become interested in fish culture, then regarded simply as the rearing of fish from the egg. This involved the fertilization of eggs stripped by hand from ripe fish with milt similarly obtained. Release of try was seen as a means of improving fisheries, particularly of salmon and trout, in rivers and lakes which had suffered from overexploitation or pollution. He gave a successful lecture on the subject at the Royal Institution in 1863, subsequently published as «Fish Hatching», and was struck by the intense interest aroused by his demonstration. He was permitted to set up a small fish hatchery at the South Kensington Museum, the forerunner of the Science Museum, and by 1865 had collected there a range of exhibits which were to form the nucleus of his Museum of Economic Fish Culture. This aimed to inform the public about the fish and fisheries of the British Isles and for the rest of his life he laboured to develop this display. Although he was paid for his attendances at the Museum, the exhibits were provided by him at his own expense; in his will he gave the history articles mainly for «The Field». Then he helped to establish a rival journal, «Land and Water», which he supported until his death. National concern over many years at the decline of salmon fisheries, which suffered not only from over fishing and pollution but also extensive poaching and obstructions such as locks and weirs, led in 1861 to the passing of the Salmon Fisheries Act under which two Inspectors for England and Wales were appointed. When one of the original Inspectors resigned in 1867, Buckland was an obvious choice as successor. He had already accompanied the Inspectors on their visits to rivers and was also often asked for advice by riparian owners. He would think nothing of plunging into a river in winter to help net fish for the collection of eggs. Britain’s growing population in the last century created many problems of food supply; the sea fisheries offered a cheap source of abundant first class protein and as a result the marine fisheries, and particularly the North Sea fisheries, grew spectacularly. Little was known about sea fish; no statistics fish landings were available at least into England, and the biological basis of fisheries were inexhaustible. Nevertheless there were disturbing indications that previously prolific fisheries were no longer profitable and many Royal Commissions were set up. The most famous was that of 1863, which had Thomas Henry Huxley as one of its members. Buckland himself sat on four Commissions between 1875 and his death, a fact which reflected his increasing standing as a fisheries expert. Problems of Estimating Pacific Salmon Artificial Reproduction Efficiency and Interaction of Wild and Hatchery Salmon on Kamchatka Currently there are five salmon hatcheries on Kamchatka: Malkinsky, Paratunsky, Viluysky, «Ozerki» and «Ketkino». Total number of juvenile salmon released in 1998 was 32,6 million. As is well known, hatchery return is one of the important indicators of salmon 93

hatchery efficiency. Until now on Kamchatka we have estimated the return mostly from the number and age structure of spawners near the hatchery itself. Nevertheless, hatchery fish stray to other areas, and wild fishes, in tern, can be observed in the area of hatchery or wild fish straying. If we could asses this, the data would be very helpful for estimating actual hatchery returns and interactions between wild and hatchery fish. Therefore, there currently is a need for a reliable system, for example like ones used in America to mark hatchery juvenile fish and to sample for marks in the adult return. On Kamchatka we do not yet have such a system. A rather promising method is identification of fish using characteristics of their scale structure, as well as structure of their eoliths or bones. Decoding this information requires special equipment and experts that have special knowledge. There are not enough such experts on Kamchatka yet, and equipment to do such work is rather inadequate. To get reliable estimation of return rates, it is necessary to sample scales from a majority of fish returning to each hatchery and to examine these samples for age and origin. Identification of wild and hatchery fish requires creation and annual updating of «wild» and «hatchery» standards. We began creation of these standards for wild chum and sockeye salmon from the Paratunka River system and for Paratunsky Hatchery fish in 1996. We attempted to estimate rates of hatchery and of wild chum salmon in different segments of Paratunka River in 1997. Discriminate analysis of complex scale parameters , including 23–25 structural variables indicated, with high confidence level (pO.OOOl), that approximately 50% of fishes entering the Paratunka River were fish as were up to 90% of fish in Trezubets Creek near the Paratunsky Hatchery. Two conclusions could be suggested approximately half the total number of spawners in Paratunka River in 1997, the second year of mass return, were hatchery fish and not less than 90% of the return to Paratunsky Hatchery consisted of hatchery fish. We conclude that an insight to the functioning of hatcheries on Kamchatka depends on further development of this work and applying it to other hatcheries. Smoltification of Hatchery Reared Young of Chum Salmon in Two Various Regions of Kamchatka Differences have long been noted in the course of physiological processes within individuals of a single Pacific salmon species, but from different parts of its geographic range. However, specific data about salmon populations can represent practical interest for predicting juvenile migration time to sea, evaluating their survival and, therefore providing insight about optimal size at release for hatchery juveniles, it is necessary to know exact dates of smolt transformation in the given population. An evaluation of physiological readiness for life at sea for hatchery juvenile chum salmon, raised in two different regions of Kamchatka – on the south-eastern seashore and in the mountainous Central district – showed a fundamental differ94

ence in dynamics of the development of the osmoregulatory function. Hypoosmoregulatory ability of try was assessed by dynamics of blood plasma sodium concentration, 24 and 48h after their transfer from fresh water to sea-water (30‰) and by fry survival in water of 40‰ salinity. Hatchery fry reared a significant distance from the sea (at the Malkinsky Salmon Hatchery) did not show a Hypoosmoregulatory ability until the end of May. And only by the end of June did these fish reach a size of 4–5g that approximately corresponds to attainment of smolt status (Zaporozhec and Zaporozhec, 1993). However the final testing in water with salinity of 40‰ did not reveal a reliable ability to maintain homeostasis. That indicates that these fish were not completely ready for transition to the saltwater environment and likely would lead to their mortality in an early sea life. In contrast to the Malkinsky Hatchery results, chum salmon fry reared near the east of coast of Kamchatka – at a fish hatchery located on the Paratunka River – showed physiological readiness for migration to the sea environment in February at a size of 0,5–0,8g and maintained this ability until late June (at a weight of 6g). The survival test in water with salinity of 40‰ has confirmed good osmoregulation of young already by the beginning of April. At this time the wild fry of the chum salmon from the Paratunka River (size of 0,4–0,7g) also demonstrated good osmoregulatory function in water with salinity of 40‰. Certainly, it is possible to assume that chum salmon artificially reared at the Malkinsky Salmon Hatchery fully smolted during their migration to sea. In such a case it would be most probable that adults will return their migration to sea. In such a case it would be most probable that adults will return only to those places where a smoltification and imprinting were completed (Hasler and Sholz, 1983), i.e., in mid- and lower mainstem areas located downstream from the hatchery. Statement of Pacific Salmon Stocks on Kamchatka Kamchatka is one region in Russia where mass natural reproduction of five Pacific salmon species (pink, chum, sockeye, chinook and coho salmon) occurs. Artificial reproduction in Kamchatka is not of a comparable scale and is primarily used in some cases when spawning grounds have been destroyed or endangered. Total area of spawning grounds on Kamchatka is about 245 million m2 , about 60% of, which is located in western Kamchatka rivers with the remaining 40% in eastern Kamchatka. The most abundant salmon species in the Russian Far East is pink salmon. Pink salmon spawning grounds comprise about 175 million m2. In western Kamchatka the abundance of odd-year pink salmon is extremely low and odd-year pink fisheries have been prohibited since 1989. Total pink spawners escapement in 1997 was than one million. Even-year pinks have dominant abundance in western Kamchatka rivers, with the number of spawners in 1998 totaling 42 million and total catch consisting of 112364 tons. In eastern Kamchatka dominant pinks are of the odd-year class. Total harvest of pink salmon in 1997 was 83 750 tons in this region, with spawning escapement of about 22,5 million. In comparison total 1998 pink harvest 95

was about 7 000 tons, while the escapement amounted to about 7,3 million. Total area of chum salmon spawning grounds on Kamchatka is about 40 million m2. Total chum salmon harvest in 1998 was 4395 tons, near the recorded low in the first half of the 1970s. Total area of sockeye salmon spawning grounds in Kamchatka is about 17 million of m2. Two large stocks – originating from Ozernaya and Kamchatka Rivers – from the basis for sockeye salmon fisheries in the region. Total harvest in the Sea of Okhotsk in 1998 was 5 442 tons. Total Ozernaya River escapement in 1998 was 620 000 fish (the lowest since 1982). Total 1998 sockeye harvest in eastern Kamchatka was 4 713 tons, significantly lower than expected and compared to about 15 000–20 000 tons in 1920s. The majority of spawning grounds in the upper and middle part of the Kamchatka River have been used by rather low number of spawners in recent years. Total area of coho salmon spawning grounds in Kamchatka is about 12 million m2. Total abundance of coho salmon in the Russian Far east is now significantly lower than in the depression period during the 1970s. This depression of coho was caused by deficiency of spawners. Total 1998 coho catch in Kamchatka was 1 432 tons. Total area of chinook salmon spawning grounds is about 1,8 million m2. Since 1980 total return of the species had been significantly decreased, especially in the Kamchatka River where the harvest usually comprises about 90% of total chinook salmon catch in the Russian Far East. Total chinook salmon catch in Kamchatka in 1998 was 506 tons, the lowest recorded since 1945.

Can We Save Kamchatka’s Precious Salmon? The spawning salmon of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula have been preserved in their diversity as salmon have been preserved nowhere else in the world. Some years ago North America’s Columbia River was the world’s greatest salmon river. Statistics show that more than 20 million salmon came home annually to spawn in the Columbia. Since then, the Columbia’s wild salmon stocks have declined to some 25 0000 fish. More than 100 fish hatcheries situated along the river are unable to reverse the situation. Moreover, artificial salmon reproduction is very costly. According to Bill M. Bakke, a leading American conservationist involved in protecting the Columbia River, millions of dollars have been spent on the construction and operation of fish hatcheries during the past century. Millions of U.S. dollars just to restore salmon! Treasures of Kamchatka will lead us to very different numbers. The total harvest by poachers will not be 1 000 tons of salmon, but many thousands of tons. There are many areas on the peninsula, especially in upper spawning rivers, that fish protection inspectors cannot even access. Helicopters are unbelievably expensive so much so that even older, less powerful and cheaper MI – 2s are be96

coming out of reach. In the meantime, fish continue to swim upstream to their spawning places, directly into the hands of poachers. Then, in the fall, right before the snow, barrels of caviar will be smuggled out of hidden storage areas. And the salmon destruction by poachers will increase exponentially. But this is not the end. Besides poaching, Kamchatka has commercial fishing. Regretfully, it is often criminal in nature. During the Soviet regime, the entire crew of «Lenin’s Route» fishermen went to jail for illegal caviar harvesting. During those years, that fishing crew was the main supplier of fish on the Kamchatka River. Today, dozens of fishing crews from various organizations are fishing in this same area. During early spring, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky’s market is flooded with early spring chinook. Experts estimate that 25–35 percent of all fish harvested is channeled through the black market. Chinook fishing, for example, exceeds official limits by 3–4 percent. If during the Soviet regime poaching was commonplace, now its intensity is even higher, in a time when anything can be bought and sold. Any fish that can be converted into hard currency is channeled illegally, without documentation, receipts or records. That is true with every fishing crew. Marine fishermen speak out openly, stating, «If you have not stocked up 10 barrels of caviar for yourself, then the fishing season went to waste.» In 1998, nearly 100 fishing crews worked the coastline, and over 500 crews worked the rivers. During the Soviet regime, only 40 nets were worked, and areas where they were used numbered in the dozens – not in the hundreds, as at present. In addition, the rivers were under a single ownership, not dozens of owners such as during the present formation of Russia’s capitalism. The conclusion is that official fish harvest statistics include only fishing controlled by fish protection inspectors, and, for reasons explained earlier, we are seeing only the tip of the iceberg. Yet, this iceberg tip represents 64291929 rubles as estimated by fish inspectors. What, then, is the true damage to the fish? How much fish is harvested officially? In 1998 alone, 7165 tons of fish were caught in the eastern region of Kamchatka, and nearly 130000 tons (of which 121 254 tons consisted of pink salmon) were caught in western Kamchatka. Which means that nearly 8818 tons of rare chinook, sockeye, coho and chum salmon have been harvested. And in 1999, pink salmon, which run every other year, will virtually disappear from western Kamchatka. Pink salmon fishing will remain only in eastern Kamchatka’s Koryak Autonomous Region. Next year, poaching will unite its forces against our most precious and endangered species – Kamchatka’s market, once again, will be flooded with illegal fish. And why not? Fish distribution and trade are not regulated. In order to sell vodka or tobacco products, which are controlled by government monopoly, a merchant must acquire a permit. Federal property, on the other hand – even poached endangered salmon – can be traded freely. Things have gotten so bad that even Kamchatka steelhead, protected by Russia’s Red Book, are now sold on the black market. These are the events and conditions taking place in Kamchatka, where salmon runs are unmatched anywhere else in the world. How might Kam97

chatka’s fish protection inspectors preserve these unique wild salmon stocks? As usual, Moscow is too busy to worry about its provinces. Recently, the United Nations listed Kamchatka’s volcanoes as World Heritage sites. Isn’t this an appropriate time to expand that list by including our planet’s unique wild Kamchatka salmon runs? If we don’t unite our international efforts in protecting this world heritage, it could soon disappear. The rate at which Kamchatka’s salmon are being destroyed progresses exponentially, and Moscow continues to introduce new experiments into fish protection, putting inspectors through “survival of the fittest” tests. Currently, Kamchatrybvod employees (as well as many others) are not paid for their work. Should inspectors risk their health and very lives protecting fish without compensation for their labor? Perhaps they will be left with no choice but to pick up a harpoon or net, and earn their bread by stocking up on caviar. Who, then, will be left to answer for Kamchatka’s empty salmon rivers? The Foundation for the Rescue of Kamchatka’s Salmon, based in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, is dedicated to ecological education and strengthening efforts to prevent salmon overfishing and poaching. For more information, or to offer much-needed financial support, please contact the Pacific Environment and Resources Center (PERC). Checks should be made out to PERC, who will transfer the funds directly to the Foundation for the rescue of Kamchatka salmon. Whales of the Sea of Okhotsk in Days of the Past, Present and Future Thanks to Herman Melwill we do know of Mody Dick’s fate. Risking life using small boats and hand weapons, the whalers of the past killed whales in high seas throughout the world. That white sperm-whale made a symbol for whale extermination and antagonisms between Man and Nature. It is really sad to realize that the slaughter of the sea giants continued in our days just the same, making a wide use of powerful fleet and wide range harpoon-guns with explosive charges going off when inside the doomed animals. In the Far East only, five whaling fleets were under full scale operation where the whales were stalked and slain until the last one in a group, giving small or none consideration to size or sex. That type of operation inadvertently caused a disastrous drop in whale population, and by the 70s practically nothing left to hunt for. Happily, nowadays the only reminder of the massive killings of whales, that are easy prey in spite of their size, are debris of the whaling shore camps–rusty whale fat boiling caldrons, long-defunct fat melting furnaces, and whaling crew living quarters. Despite the recent attempts to assess bigger whale species population in the Far-Eastern seas, effective population control was lost in prior years, to leave scientists barehanded as for the bigger species number, winter stays, favorite breeding locations and reproduction perspectives. Today, practically all bigger whale species are enlisted in the Russian Red Book and International List of protected Species (МСОП), although the fact was not instrumental in boosting the further research. Therefore, the endangered spe98

cies quantities were determined on the basic of expert approximation. In order to give a more accurate figures on the whale population in the Sea of Okhotsk, a Russian-American Expedition set out in 1995, focused on Gray and Polar Whales. The expedition was the first successful endeavor to resume the research activities, practiced in Russia until the late 80s. Our end purpose was to gather as much data on Gray and Polar Whales of the Sea of Okhotsk as possible – take genetic samples via biopsy methods, as well as take pictures of all the whales we would possibly encounter. The Okhotsk population of Polar Whales (this species is normally known as Greenland Whales) is endemic to the Sea of Okhotsk and isolated from other arctic whale populations of the same species. During a long period the Polar Whales were deemed totally exterminated. However, in recent years, scientists of TINRO (Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography), Doctor of Biological Sciences Alfred Berzin and his colleagues, noted several encounters with the Polar Whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. The largest group concentration registered 72 mammals in the Konstantina Bay, across from the Shantarskiye Islands, in 1988. The contemporary quantity of this population numbers at 200–250 whales, with no data available as a proof of this calculation. In August of 1995, our expedition undertook study of the Okhotsk Polar Whale population at summer feeding grounds around the Shantarskiye Islands. Two groups were identified counting 10 to 25. The first group, found near the Ukurunru Cape, for the most part consisted of relatively young mammals of medium size. On the helicopter over flight, we clearly identified a Polar Whale female with a baby. We were able to take enough skin samples and make shots in hundreds. That will allow to define this species variations from other populations. Okhotsk-Korean population of Gray Whale species is aboriginal for the North Pacific region. This population also was considered totally exterminated. However, like in the case with the Polar Whales, Alfred Berzin and his colleagues found the species in the waters surrounding the Northern Sakhalin islands, mostly in the Gulf of Pil’tun. The largest ever number of Gray Whales (34) was observed near Sakhalin in September, 1989. Throughout the last decade, sole mammals or groups counting 2–3 were encountered annually near the Southern part of Kamchatka. The total species quantity of the Okhotsk-Korean population is assessed at 150–200 whales, although the actual data is not available as yet. In June 1995, in the Gulf of Pil’tun only (North-Eastern part of the Sakhalin island) 45 Gray Whales were encountered. In August, same year, the helicopter overflight of the Sakhalin Northern Coast yielded another 19 whales on the strip of water as long as 100 kilometers. It was in this area that we first encountered a Gray Whale female with a baby. So, the Gulf of Pill’tun lagoon is a very important feeding ground of this species, which, quite unfortunately, happens to be the main region for natural oil extraction. Both populations underwent biopsy for skin sampling to do further genetic research. About 800 B&W and colored pictures were taken to make a The Sea of Okhotsk Gray and Polar Whale identification Catalogue. Despite the fact that the studied populations consist for a better part of young 99

mammals and newly-borns, the actual quantities in the both populations are conspicuously lower compared to the research evaluation data. Besides, further natural oil and gas developments on the Northern Sakhalin Shelf, together with the plants to construct tidal power stations, and explore other mineral resources, put the existence of these unique species under immediate threat of extinction. The said industrial activity will lead to an irrevocable destruction of the main, and we must note the last, natural habitats of whales. The industrial development of some of them, for instance, near the West Coast of Sakhalin, is scheduled already for 1996. Floating drillrigs will be built to operate at depths of 50 to 100 meters. The danger of oil spills, resulting in destruction of bottom sea life-the feeding base of whale species- is very high, more so in the high seismic factor in this region. (Neftegorsk Earthquake is a ready example and a possible scenario). We think it of an immediate priority to build a system of protected sea areas at the main Okhotsk whale species feeding and reproduction grounds, as well as take measures to eliminate industrial interference and contamination factors. Unless it happens soon, we will get the most of the whales only on photos and videos. How could we possibly be forgiven thereafter? Fight Whales, Save Russia… Eventually, spotted was the bitterest enemy of the domestic fisheries, named whale, or nicknamed gorbach (humpback), serii (gray), morskaya svinya (sea hog), polosatic (striped-back), belukha (white-belly), butilkonos (bottle-nose). It keeps breeding, you know! The ichthyologists of all state departments concerned are ringing the alarm bell: «Evident whale overpopulation is observed in the White, Barents, Bering and Black seas, which leads to a decrease of fish resources within those basins.» However, it seems we are not the first victims. Two week ago, Iceland, though small but one of the largest seafood producing countries, declared: «We have had enough! In spite of all taboos imposed by International Whaling Commission (IWC) we are going to land 200, and not less, whales this year to meet the needs of the industry». Earlier yet, Norway single-handedly allocated a quota of 400 whales doomed to be slaughtered within the next few months. The Japanese are wide awake either. Last week they met with Russian representative at the IWC, Chairman of Russian Federation State Committee on Ecology («Goskomecologia»), Vladimir Iliashenko. The purpose of the negotiations is to get support from Russia in the effort to tone down the control over the harvesting of various whale species. So, generally speaking, whales beware! It’s time to put you in check with the use of harpoons, special saws and cutting axes. Not in such a barbaric fashion as before, but rational, delicate, scientifically approved. However, a scholar of some authority, Alexey Yablokov, heading Interdepartmental Commission on Ecology of Russian Security Council, is reported to 100

state that there had been no facts confirming the alleged increase in the Belukha whale population in the northern seas. Besides, the Belukha whale does not feed on cod and therefore cannot upset its abundance. If some of whale species really did increase in number, that should be Polosatik whale inhibiting the Atlantic. But there locates the international reserve where even scientific research whaling prohibited. Today, 15 years since the declaration of the International Moratorium on any commercial catching of sea mammals (the ex-Soviet Union joined the Moratorium in 1987), populations of the largest and valuable Greenland Whales is short of 2000, while gray whales, according to domestic and international estimations, are slightly over 12000. What drives the statesmen and interdepartmental science who ever more intensively push the idea of resumed whaling? Everyone knows that this country neither means nor qualified personnel to accomplish this. Volcanoes and Fish Kamchatka is the land of volcanoes. Their periodic eruptions with throwing out big quantities of volcanic ash sometimes seriously affect the dynamic of Red salmon population. Correlation has been observed between volcanic ash falling over the Red salmon lakes and increase in fish return for spawning. A number of investigations carried out in Alaska proved this correlation and suggested that the effect was caused by artificial fertilization. Positive effect of ash falling on population dynamics of any other salmon species has not been proved so far. According to experts, growth of Red salmon stock in the Azabachye lake after eruption of Bezymyanny volcano in 1956 was minimum 5,9 times and maximum 10,3 times and after eruption of Tolbachik volcano in 1975 average growth was 3,5 times and maximum 4,5 times. Comparison was done to 14 generations of fish never coming to the fertilized lake. It is early to make a conclusion on the effect of fertilization of the Azabachye lake in 1990 afer eruption of the volcano Klychevskayay Sopka (not all generations of Red salmon have come back). But it was after this eruption that for the first time during the last 50 years Red salmon harvest in the Kamchatka river made 5 092 tons in 1995 and 6 400 tons in 1996 (average annual harvest in 1977–1994 made 2200 tons). Increase in Red salmon harvest mainly resulted from big catch in the Azabachye lake . At present scientific information is available proving positive effect of natural fertilization on Red salmon stock in Kurilskoye lake (area – 77 square km, average depth – 195,2 m), located in the basin of the Ozernaya river. In april 1981, the lake was fertilized with volcanic ash during eruption of Alaid volcano.

101

Литература 1. Frederick G.Johnson, Robert R. Stickney. Fisheries. – University of Washington; School of Fisheries; Candle Hand Publishing Company, 1989. 2. Щеголева Л.А. Руководство-практикум по переводу для специалистов в области рыболовства. – Владивосток, 2001. 3. Бугаев В.Ф. Вулканы и рыба // Северная Пацифика. – 1996. – № 1. – C. 106–109. 4. Кочетов Г.Т. Начни с нуля // Северная Пацифика. – 1996. – № 1. – 1996. – C. 110–113. 5. Бурканов В.Н. Мы наблюдаем демографический «провал» // Северная Пацифика. – 1996. – № 1. – C. 70–74. 6. Артюх Ю. Морские птицы рыбаку не конкуренты // Северная Пацифика. – № 2. – 1997. – C. 42–44. 7. Зиламов В.К. Морская рыболовная политика России и мировое рыболовство // Северная Пацифика. – № 2. – 1997. – C. 52–57. 8. Пашкова Е. Не только экологические проблемы дрифтерного промысла // Северная Пацифика. – № 2. – 2001. – C. 91–98. 9. Вильямс М. Сохранение биоразнообразия Берингова моря // Северная Пацифика. – № 2. – 1996. – C. 79–84. 10. Russian-American conference on salmon conservation and breeding. – Khabarovsk, 1999.

102

Содержание Unit 1. FISHERIES Text 1. Harvesting Life from Water ............................................................ Text 2. Fishery Science ................................................................................ Text 3. History of Fisheries ......................................................................... Text 4. Russian Marine Fishing Policies and World Fishing Practices ............................................................. Text 5. Marine Protected Areas/ Marine Reserves: Opportunities for the Bering Sea? .................................................... Text 6. Seabirds No Competitors to Fishermen .......................................... Text 7. World Fishing. The Third World Fisheries Congress ..................... Text 8. Value of Fish ................................................................................... Text 9. Fishery Products ..............................................................................

14 16 19 21 24

Unit 2. FISHERIES AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Text 10. Ecology .......................................................................................... Text 11. Conserving Biodiversity in the Bering Sea ................................... Text 12. Ecosystem Management ................................................................ Text 13. U.S. – Russia Marine Mammals Workshop .................................. Text 14. Oil Search Kills Fish ..................................................................... Text 15. Sea Lions’ Survival a High Priority ..............................................

32 33 34 35 39 40

3 7 8 10

Unit 3. SEA FOOD TECHNOLOGY Text 16. A Substitute for Lobster ................................................................ Text 17. Mechanical Extraction of Meat from Lobster and Crab Bodies ............................................................................. Text 18. Fish Preservation ........................................................................... Text 19. Hot Smoking .................................................................................. Text 20. Botulism ........................................................................................

43 46 50 55

Unit 4. AQUACULTURE Text 21. Introduction ................................................................................... Text 22. The Big Two in Fish Culture ......................................................... Text 23. Leading Aquaculture Species in the United States ....................... Text 24. Salmon Breeding in Sakhalin ........................................................ Text 25. Current Issues in Salmon Management in Khabarovsk Krai ........ Text 26. Culture System .............................................................................. Text 27. Nutrition and Feeding .................................................................... Text 28. Diseases and Parasites ................................................................... Text 29. Aquaculture in New Zeland .......................................................... Text 30. Laminaria Culture in Japan ...........................................................

56 61 64 68 70 72 75 81 84 87

41

Texts for reading ................................................................................................ 92 Литература ........................................................................................................ 102 103