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ihZg]ebckdhfmyaudm ^eyklm^_glh\dmjkZ nZdmevl_lZ]_h]jZnbbb]_hwdheh]bb ihl_f_©Wdheh]bybhojZgZhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uª Q:KLVII
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2
F_lh^bq_kdZyaZibkdZ Ij_^eZ]Z_fh_ mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ ij_^gZagZq_gh ^ey klm^_glh\ dmjkZ ]_h]jZnbq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ Ihkh[b_ bf__l p_evx ijb\blv klm^_glZf gZ\udb ql_gby b ihgbfZgby hjb]bgZevghc Zg]ebckdhc ebl_jZlmju ih l_f_ ©Hdjm`ZxsZy kj_^Zª mf_gby \_klb [_k_^m ih ki_pbZevghklb gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_ZlZd`_^_eZlvdjZldb_khh[s_gby\ij_^_eZobamqZ_fhcl_fZlbdb L_dklu^eyihkh[byih^[bjZebkvbahjb]bgZevghcZg]ebckdhcebl_jZlmju Kh^_j`Zgb_ ^Zggh]h ihkh[by hljZ`Z_l kh\j_f_gguc mjh\_gv wdheh]bb b ghkblg_lhevdhh[mqZxsbcghbihagZ\Zl_evgucoZjZdl_j
3 Reading text 8
NUCLEAR POWER AND NUCLEAR WASTE Nuclear (or atomic) energy comes from the energy stored within the nuclei of atoms, which are the basic building blocks of all matter. Atoms contain rings of tiny, negatively charged particles called electrons around a central core or nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles (protons) and neutral particles (neutrons), held together by large amounts of energy. In a nuclear reaction, the arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus changes. There are two types of nuclear reaction: fission and fusion. In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom splits; some protons or neutrons escape, along with other small particles and a large amount of energy. When an atom of uranium-235 splits, two smaller atoms (fission fragments) are formed, and three neutrons are released. In nuclear fusion, two nuclei join together; the protons and neutrons combine to form a large nucleus. Some protons, neutrons and other particles escape and energy is released. The energy produced from nuclear reactions is known as radiation; another name for the break-up of a nucleus is radioactive decay. Most substances in the natural world are radiologically stable – that is, their nuclei do not spontaneously nuclei, which are continually breaking up. This natural radioactive decay does not normally release much energy because the nuclei break up very slowly, sometimes over hundreds of years. In the 19th century, the British physicist Rutherford discovered how to split nuclei more quickly by firing high-speed neutrons at them. Neutrons released from the break up of one nucleus bombard other nuclei, causing a chain reaction, which leads to a sudden, explosive release of energy. The most common type of nuclear power station today is the pressurized water reactor. The fuel in the core of the reactor is uranium-235. The rate of breakdown of uranium-235 is carefully regulated using control rods made of heavy metal or graphite, which absorb free neutrons. The rods can be pushed into the radioactive core to stop the chain reaction. The energy from nuclear fission heats water under pressure to produce steam drives a turbine which generates electricity. Another source of water cools the core of the reactor when it becomes too hot. A more modern type of nuclear reactor is the fast breeder reactor. This reactor makes its own fuel by converting naturallyoccuring uranium-238 to plutonium-239. The plutonium nuclei break down and release energy. There are several arguments for using nuclear power as a source of energy. First, the earth contains a limited supply of fossil fuels. Second, fossil fuels are very harmful to the environment. Nuclear power does not add to the greenhouse effect. Third, the earth contains a large supply of natural uranium. Nuclear power could, theoretically, supply all the world’s energy needs for thousands of years. Fourth, nuclear power comes to the consumer as electricity, which is a clean and convinient form of energy. Although nuclear power stations are large and unattractive they can be built long distances from population centres. Last, although the capital investment (that is. the
4 initial cost of buildings the power station) is high, the cost of generating electricity from an established nuclear power station is relatively low. However there are many reasons why nuclear power is not the best source of energy. First, there is the danger of nuclear war. The pressurized water reactor works on the same principle as the atomic bomb – the fission of uranium-235. The development of new nuclear technology, increases the risk that nuclear weapons will be used again in the future. Second, even “peaceful” nuclear power is a danger to health. The radiation released when atoms split causes cancer and birth defects. Many survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki later died of cancer, and women gave birth to deformed babies. Nuclear power stations are a potential source of this harmful radiation. If all goes well, the radiation stays within the core of the reactor and is absorbed by the control rods. But accidental leaks of radiation occur. The massive radiation leak from Chernobyl in 1986 was caused by a fire in the reactor. The radiation traveled thousands of miles, contaminating farmland and livestock. People living in or near Chernobyl developed cancers, particularly of the thyroid gland. Third there are problems of nuclear reprocessing and nuclear waste. Impurities build up within the core of a nuclear reactor and stop it working efficiently. The radioactive fuel must be reprocessed regularly. It is transported in a specially shielded container to a reprocessing plant, where the impurities are removed. These impurities are highly radioactive and dangerous to health. They must be stored deep underground in steel or concrete boxes. Eventually they will decay into stable elements, but this takes a long time. Plutonium-239, which is the most toxin man-made substance in the world has a half-life of 24000 years – that is, it takes 24000 years to lose half its radioactivity. There is no easy or permanent method of disposing of radioactive waste. A few years ago, many of us thought that nuclear power was the easy answer to the world’s energy problems. It was, as we thought, a clean, modern and efficient way to generate almost unlimited amounts of electricity. But today’s nuclear power will be tomorrow’s radioactive waste. We cannot make radioactive waste safe; we can only bury it and try to forget about it. It will be a problem for many generations.
5 Active Vocabulary: nuclear energy matter charged particles core neutral particles fission fusion split release radioactive decay substance rod fast breeder reactor convert survivor accidental reprocess concrete radioactive waste safe
[′nju:kliw ′enwd i] [′mætw] [t∫a:d d pa:tikls] [k ] [nju:trwl pa:tikls] [′fi∫wn] [fju: wn] [split] [rili:s] [reidiou′æ′ktiv di′kei] [s∧bstwns] [r d] [fa:st bri:dw ri′æktw] [k nvw:t] [sw′vaivw] [æksi′dentl] [riprouses] [k nkri:t] [reidiou′æktiv weist] [seif]
y^_jgZywg_j]by \_s_kl\h aZjy`_ggu_qZklbpu y^jh g_cljZevgu_qZklbpu jZks_ie_gb_^_e_gb_Zlhfgh]hy^jZ kebygb_ jZks_ie_gb_ hk\h[h`^_gb_ jZ^bhZdlb\gucjZkiZ^ \_s_kl\h kl_j`_gv mkdhjbl_ev ij_\jZsZlv hklZ\rbcky\`b\uo kemqZcguc\lhjhkl_i_gguc ih^\_j]gmlvih\lhjghci_j_jZ[hld_ [_lhg jZ^bhZdlb\gu_hloh^u [_ahiZkguc
1. Find English equivalents for Russian words: 1jZkiZ^jZaeh`_gb_ a) build up b) break down
c) absoption
\u`b\Zgb_ a) survive
b) survival
c) survivor
hljZ\e_gb_ a) contamination
b) combination
c) combustion
kh^_j`Zlv a) keep
b) have
c) contain
\_s_kl\h a) material
b) core
c) substance
jZks_ieylv a) disclose
b) divide
c) split
ij_\jZsZlv a) red-do
b) turn into
c) convert
6 3. Find the proper definition of the following words:
1. waste
2. radiation
3. power station 4. cancer 5. survive 6. contaminate 7. radioactive
a) a serious disease in which cells in a person’s body increase rapidly in an uncontrolled way, producing abnormal growth; b) if something is contaminated by dirt, chemicals or radiation, it becomes impure, unhealthy or harmful; c) a place where electricity is generated; d) material which has been used and is no longer wanted; e) a radioactive substance has atoms which break up without any outside force; f) continue to live in spite of coming close to death; g) the emission of alpha-, beta- and gammaparticles from radioactive particles extremely dangerous to living things.
4. After reading through the text carefully, say whether the following statements are true or false: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Nuclear (or atomic) energy comes from the energy stored within proton. When an atom of uranium-235 splits, two smaller atoms are formed. Most substances in the natural world are radiologically unstable. In the 20th century the British physicist Rutherford discovered how to split nuclei more quickly. The rods can’t be pushed into the radioactive core to stop the chain reaction. Nuclear power adds to the greenhouse effect. There are many reasons why nuclear power is the best source of energy. The radioactive fuel mustn’t be reprocessed regularly. Today’s nuclear power won’t be tomorrow’s radioactive waste.
7 5. Match the following words and word combinations with the Russian equivalents from the column opposite:
1. negatively charged particles 2. radioactive decay 3. fusion 4. substance 5. chain reaction 6. core 7. cool 8. nuclear weapon 9. convenient 10.source 11.leak 12.thyroid gland 13.stable 14.man-made
a) p_igZyj_Zdpby b) hljbpZl_evghaZjy`_ggu_qZklbpu c) y^jh d) hoeZ`^Zlv e) jZ^bhZdlb\gucjZkiZ^ f) \_s_kl\h g) kebygb_ h) jZ^bhZdlb\gucjZkiZ^ i) bkdmkkl\_gguc j) bkl_dZlv k) klZ[bevguc l) sblh\b^gZy`_e_aZ m) bklhqgbd n) m^h[guc
5. Answer the following questions:
1. What is nuclear energy? 2. What does the nucleus contain? 3. How does the arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus change in nuclear reaction? 4. There are three types of nuclear reactions, aren’t there? 5. What is nuclear fission? 6. What is nuclear fusion? 7. What is the energy produced from nuclear reaction? 8. What substances are radiologically stable in the natural world? 9. What did the British physicist Rutherford discover? 10. What is the most common type of nuclear power station today? 11. What is a more modern type of nuclear reactor? 12. Does the earth contain a limited supply of fossil fuels? 13. Can nuclear power supply all the world’s energy needs for thousands of years? 14. Is nuclear power the best source of energy? 15. Why is nuclear power a danger to health? 16. What happened in Chernobyl in 1986? 17. Is there any problem of nuclear reprocessing and nuclear waste? 18. What is highly radioactive and dangerous to health? 19. We cannot make radioactive waste safe, can we?
6. Choose in each paragraph a sentence which best introduces or summarizes the information.
8 7. Retell the text using the following statements as a plan: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)
nuclear energy; there are two types of nuclear reactions; radioactive decay; the discovery of Rutherford; the most common type of nuclear power station today; arguments for using nuclear power as a source of energy; nuclear power is a danger to health; problems of nuclear reprocessing and nuclear waste; nuclear power will be tomorrow’s radioactive waste.
8. Read the following paragraph. Choose the appropriate words and word combinations to complete the text:
1. immediate care 2. radiation exposure
3. casualties 4. treatment
5. cautiously 6. internal
7. release
There were immediate ***. In two days about 300 patients were sent to Moscow hospitals. Doctors had to divide the patients into three groups: those who were going to die, those who might live with **** and those who did not need ****. The middle group received priority attention, but surgeons needed to operate ***, as the **** people had absorbed so much radiation that *** organs, blood and urine had become radioactive. Within 130000 people were evacuated. At the plant itself, the first task was to stop the fire spreading to the other units. This was achieved by extraordinary heroism on the part of firefighters, working in the areas which they knew to be radioactive. Many died as a result. More will perish from the long-term effects of ***. Only on the 10th day, the radioactive *** was stopped.
9. Comment on the following: “Nuclear power: no thanks”.
9 Reading text 9
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Energy comes in many forms – heat, light, sound, electrical and mechanical. There is no shortage of energy in the world. A device that converts one form of energy to another is called generator. The traditional generator converts heat energy from coal or gas into electrical energy. Wind power has been used for hundreds of years in the form of the old-fashioned windmill, which converted one form of mechanical energy (wind) into another (the milling process). The modern version of the windmill is the aerogenerator, which converts wind energy into electrical energy. Wind power is clean and plentiful, and an aerogenerator does no damage to the environment. But aerogenerators are noisy, and the electricity cannot be stored easily for calm days. Wind power cannot, of course, be used in places where there is not much wind. Aerogenerators are best-sited in coastal or mountainous areas. Water can provide power in three ways: wave, tidal and hydroelectric. The biggest technical problem is transmitting the electrical energy from the sea to the land. Wave power stations can potentially upset the local ecosystem. They must be carefully planned and sited where they will do little damage to marine and shore life. Tidal energy is harnessed by building a barrage across a river estuary with large tidal range – that is, a large difference between high tide and low tide. Power is generated either intermittently (when water flowing back out to sea on the ebb-tide is used to drive turbines), or continuously (when the energy of the rising tide is also used). Hydroelectric energy uses the mechanical energy from flowing rivers to generate electricity. It needs fast-flowing water, so hydroelectric power stations are usually sited in mountainous regions and where the current of the river is fast. The current is much lower in the dry season, so most of the hydroelectric projects include reservoirs and dams to store water. Electricity can then be generated all years round. Some hydroelectric stations pump water back to a high reservoir during the night (when demand for electricity is low). Like wave and tidal power, hydroelectric power has a high capital cost but low running costs. Hydroelectric power is clean and renewable source of energy, and can be environmentally friendly. However, large-scale hydroelectric projects are usually not environmentally friendly. Dams and reservoirs can destroy the ecological balance of the rivers and surrounding wetlands. Local people, who are a part of this ecosystem, can lose their homes and their livelihood. Solar power is energy generated from the sun. Many electronic devices such as watches and calculators, can use the sun’s energy directly to provide the power they need. Light energy from the sun changes the electrical conducting properties of the silicon crystals, and a tiny electric current starts to flow. This system is called a solar cell. Although solar cells used on earth do not provide much power, satellites in space run on the same principle. They get many times more energy because they are closer to the sun. In the future, the workers in space may build huge power stations from solar
10 cells many kilometres wide. The electricity generated could be beamed down to earth as microwaves and the converted back into electricity. Solar panels on the roofs of houses heat water directly for bathing and central heating systems. The industrial version of the solar panel is the solar furnace, in which huge, curved solar panels, together with a system or mirrors, concentrate a large amount of solar energy into a small area. The heat energy makes steam for generating electricity. Solar power is clean, renewable, nonpolluting and does not damage the environment. It is potentially one of the most important sources of energy in the world. A major disadvantage of solar energy is that the amount of energy generated depends on the season, the part of the world and the weather on a particular day. Geothermal energy is energy from the hot center of the earth. The earth has a core of molten rock beneath its solid outer crust. This crust is usually between one and 50 kilometres thick. But in some places it is very thin, the hot molten rock is already widely used to heat homes and swimming pools, and in a few places it is used to generate electricity. If we developed the technology to bore deeper beneath the earth surface, many other countries could use geothermal energy. Because there is so much molten rock within the earth, the potential supply of geothermal energy is almost limitless. But alternative energy is a young science, the generators that do this are relatively primitive and inefficient. We need more research into alternative energy.
Active Vocabulary: device convert generator windmill plentiful calm coastal tidal transmit upset harness pump provide solar cell microwaves steam molten rock crust geothermal energy
[di′vais] [k n′vw:t] [′d enwreitw] [′windmil] [′plentiful] [k :m] [′koustwl] [′taidl] [trænz′mit] [∧p′swt] [′ha:nis] [p∧mp] [prw′vaid] [′s ulw′sel] [′maikrwweiv] [sti:m] [′moultwn r :k] [′kr∧st] [driw′θw:mwl ′enwd i]
ijb[hj ij_\jZsZlv ]_g_jZlhj \_ljygZyf_evgbpZ h[bevguc a^_kv [_a\_lj_gguc [_j_]h\hc k\yaZgguckijbeb\hfbhleb\hf i_j_^Z\Zlv jZkkljZb\Zlv bkihevah\Zlv dZqZlv\udZqb\Zlv kgZ[`Zlvh[_ki_qb\Zlv kheg_qgucwe_f_gl fbdjh\hegh\uc iZj jZkieZ\e_ggZyihjh^Z a_fgZydhjZ ]_hl_jfZevgZywg_j]by
11 Exercises: h[bevguc a) rich b) plentiful
c) wealthy
[_a\_lj_gguc a) calm b) windy
c) comfort
i_j_^Z\Zlv a) send b) parcel
c) transmit
fhjkdhc a) coastal b) marine
c) off-shore
ijb[hj a) machine
b) equipment
c) device
iZj a) moist
b) steam
c) vapour
a_fgZydhjZ a) cover b) coverage
c) crust
2. Find proper definition of the following words: 1. environment friendly
2. ecosystem 3. alternative 4. panel 5. tide 6. geothermal power
7. dam
a) any system, in which there is an independent upon and interaction between living organisms and their immediate physical, chemical and biological environment b) good or harmless for environment c) the regular change in the level of the sea on the shore d) a wall built across the river to hold back the river e) a fault, rectangular piece of some material (wood, metal, glass) f) something that can exists instead of something else or that you can do instead of something else g) energy obtained from heat sources, contained within the earth, geothermal power is obtained by tapping sources of superheated water or steam
12 3. Choose in each paragraph a sentence which best summarizes the information. 4. Match the following words of similar meaning: 1. convert 2. version 3. plentiful 4. calm 5. transmit 6. barrage 7. generate 8. dam 9. livelihood 10.hear 11.disadvantage 12.device
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
produce, bring into being provide, give, furnish drawback, snag, weak point account, report, interpretation change, transform, alter barrier, wall pass on, convey, dispatch living, subsistence, means of support tranquil, quite, undisturbed warmth, hotness, warmness appliance, piece of equipment, instrument large, generous, lavish, abundant
5. After reading through the text carefully, say whether the following statements are true or false: 1. There is a shortage of energy in the world. 2. The modern version of the windmill is the aerogenerator. 3. Water can provide power in 4 ways. 4. Wave power stations cannot potentially upset the local ecosystem. 5. The current is much higher in the dry season. 6. Hydroelectric power has a high capital cost. 7. Solar cells used on earth provide much power. 8. The solar energy makes steam for generating electricity. 9. The crust is usually between one and 100 kilometres thick. 10. The potential supply of geothermal energy is almost limitless. 6. Answer the questions: 1. Energy comes in many forms – heat, light, sound, electrical and mechanical, doesn’t it? 2. What device converts one form of energy into another? 3. What energy does the traditional generator convert heat energy? 4. What is the aerogenerator? 5. Does an aerogenerator damage the environment? 6. Can wave power stations upset the local ecosystem? 7. Does hydroelectric energy use the mechanical energy from flowing rivers or tides? 8. What power has a high capital cost? 9. What can destroy the ecological balance of the rivers and surrounding wetland? 10. What devices can use the sun’s energy? 11. What is the industrial version of the solar panel? 12. What energy makes steam for generating electricity? 13. What is a major disadvantage of solar energy? 14. What is geothermal energy? 15. What core does the earth have? 16. Why is the potential supply of geothermal energy limitless?
13 7. Retell the text using the following statements as a plan: a) many forms of energy; b) wind power has been used for hundreds of years; c) an aerogenerator does no damage to the environment; d) water can provide power in three ways; e) wave power stations can potentially upset the local ecosystem; f) hydroelectric energy uses the mechanical energy from flowing rivers; g) large-scale hydroelectric projects are usually not environmentally friendly; h) the energy generated from the sun; i) solar power is clean, renewable; j) the energy from the hot centre of the earth; k) alternative energy is a young science. 8. Read the following paragraph. Choose the appropriate words and word combinations to complete the text: 1. generating electricity 2. geothermal deposits 3. unbridled
4. extracting 5. surface 6. predict
7. glowing 8. forecast 9. steam outlets
10. energy 11. heat deposits
The steam that is thrown out of its depth is as hot as 270° and the pressure is 40 atmospheres. The thermal field (the area in which there are *** *** and springs) occupies quite a large area here – about 600 square kilometres. It is intended to use the steam for *** *** as is already being done at the experimental geothermal power plant at Pauzhetka, but on a considerably greater scale. Expert calculations *** that a geothermal station could be 40 times more powerful. *** magma does not come to the *** of the earth anywhere in the country as close as it does in Kamchatka. While protecting people and nature against the *** force of nature, scientists try to make maximum use of the ***. A precise **** is required about the actual magnitude of the underground *** ***. This is why volcano experts come every summer to Petropavlovsk. Almost one hundred and fifty *** *** have already been investigated and it has been proved that ideally, all the energy requirements of the Kamchatka Region can be met with the help of underground heat. But *** this heat is no easy matter. Reading text 10 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND WASTE DISPOSAL The volume of both industrial and domestic waste has increased dramatically over the past 50 years. Industrial air pollution includes the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. It also includes sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which lead to acid rain. The largest single cause of industrial air pollution is the
14 electricity industry. All fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide; coal and crude oil also produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. We must all learn to use less energy, and we should make power stations and other industrial processes more efficient. Industries can reduce sulphur dioxide emission by a process called scrubbing, or by a new coalburning process called fluidized bed combustion. This eliminates 90 percent of sulphur dioxide and also reduces nitrogen oxides because the coal burns at a lower temperature. But the technology of fluidized bed combustion is expensive, and it would lead to a large increase in the cost of electricity. Air pollution from industrial accidents occasionally causes major health problems. Water pollution from industry can occur intentionally, when factories discharge their effluents directly into rivers, lakes and oceans or unintentionally, when accidents cause leakage of toxic waste into the water supply. Every single day, industrial effluents dump the following waste into the water: tons of oil, grease and other petrolium products, nitrogen-based fertilizers, tons of iron, mercury, tons of polychlorinated biphenyls. Polychlorinated biphenyls are by-products in the production of plastics; they are highly toxic chemicals which enter human tissues via the food chain. Our bodies cannot excrete PCBs; they will continue to build up inside us throughout our lives. Another very toxic waste product is dioxin, present in bleached paper products such as disposal diapers, toilet paper and coffee filters. The bleach is only necessary because people expect these products to be white. Factory effluents also discharge large pieces of solid waste such as disused machinery, plastic sheets and wire netting. This junk is not only ugly; both animals and ships can become entangled in the debris. Another pollutant of water is oil. Some of it comes from accidents, some from deliberate washing of tanks at sea and some from industrial effluents. Oil coats the feathers of sea birds and the scales of fish. It also has a less visible toxic effect: it reduces the level of oxygen dissolved in the water. Without dissolved oxygen, the sea cannot support any life at all. Oil kills millions of tiny plants and animals in the deeper layers of the ocean. Acid rain is another important cause of water pollution and the destruction of aquatic life. Another cause is thermal pollution. Industries which use water for cooling (such as nuclear power stations) increase the temperature of nearby rivers and lakes by 5-10 degrees. Thermal pollution kills some animals and plants outright. In addition, together with domestic sewage and artificial fertilizers, it promotes overgrowth of bacteria and algae by eutrophication and disrupts the aquatic ecosystem. Industries argue that it would cost too much money to cool the water down before releasing it into the environment. Soil pollution also occurs when industrial waste is buried or dumpted on the land, and via polluted air and water. Sulphur dioxide in the air coats the leaves of plants, blocking out the sun’s light and preventing growth. Crop yields are reduced and sulphur accumulates in the soil. The banks of some rivers can no longer support the growth of plants because heavy metals and other toxins have entered the soil from the water. It is impossible to remove most of these toxins; in some cases it will take thousands of years for their levels to fall sufficiently for the soil to support life again.
15 Domestic waste is another environmental problem. “Throwaway” products such as drink cans, plastic bags and disposal diapers are all avoidable sources of domestic waste. Domestic waste is either burned in large incinerators or buried in landfill sites. But these processes cause environmental damage. Burning garbage produces carbon dioxide, toxic fumes, soot and other airborne particles as well as an unpleasant smell. Burying garbage in landfill sites can contaminate the soil with toxic products which then enter the water supply. Another hazard of landfill sites is the generation of explosive gases, particularly methane, when organic waste decomposes. Other hazards of buried garbage include lead from old pipes and paint, and organic solvents. Children often play on landfill sites because they find the trash sites more interesting than their intended playgrounds; they risk accidents, injuries and poisoning. When the people learn of the irresponsible dumping of industrial waste into rivers and oceans, they are usually horrified. But on a smaller scale, most of us are just as irresponsible with our own waste. About 80 percent of all our domestic waste can be recycled.
Active Vocabulary: domestic waste efficient scrubbing
[dw′mestik weist] [i′fi∫wnt] [skr∧biη] cost of electricity [kost ov ilek′trisiti] [′æksidwnt] accident [′efluwnt] effluent [′tisju:] tissue excrete [eks′kri:t] bleach [bli:t∫ ] disuse [dis′ju:s] plastic sheets [′plastik ∫i:ts] [in′tæηql] entangle [′debri:] debris [di′liberit] deliberate [′kout] coat avoidable [w′v idwbl] incineration [insinwrei∫wn] solvent [′s lvwnt] irresponsible [iris′p nswbl]
^hfZrgb_hloh^u wnn_dlb\guc ijhfu\dZ]ZaZ k_[_klhbfhklvwe_dljbq_kl\Z dZlZkljhnZZ\Zjby klhd ldZgv \u^_eylv h[_kp\_qb\Zlvhl[_eb\Zlv g_mihlj_[e_gb_ ihebwlbe_gh\Zyie_gdZ aZimlu\Zlv fmkhj ij_^gZf_j_ggucmfure_gguc ihdju\Zlv g_ba[_`guc k`b]Zgb_ jZkl\hjbl_ev [_ahl\_lkl\_gguc
16 Exercises: 1. Find English equivalents for Russian words: aZohjhg_gb_fmkhjZ\yf_ a) dumping b) landfilling c) disposal i_j_jZ[hldZfZl_jbZeZ^eybo^Zevg_cr_]hbkihevah\Zgby a) recycling b) prerecycling c) wrapping fmkhjgZyk\ZedZ a) rubbish b) dustbin
c) wastage
jZkl\hjylv a) mix b) solvent
c) dissolve
m^Zeylv a) change
c) remove
b) move
^hfZrgb_hloh^u a) home waste b) wasteland
c) domestic waste
2. Find proper definition of the following words: 1. throwaway 2. recycling
3. landfill 4. bleach 5. eutrophication 6. waste 7. garbage 8. emission 9. sewage 10.damage
a) waste matter from homes and factories which flows away through sewers b) the process of nutrient enrichment of an aquatic system. The nutrients accumulate at a rate greater than can be recycled by decomposition or used in photosynthesis which causes overgrowth of algae plants c) material which has been used and is no longer wanted d) product is intended to be used only for a short time and then to be thrown away e) releasing of some substance, heat, light, gas radiation into the atmosphere f) a harmful effect that something has on something else g) the recovery and re-use of materials from wastes h) to make material white in colour i) a place where garbage is buried underground j) rubbish, especially waste from a kitchen
17 3. Match the following words of similar meaning: 1. cause 2. discharge 3. effluents 4. excrete 5. debris 6. domestic 7. remove 8. incinerate 9. hazard 10.trash 11.horrify 12.irresponsible
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
make happen, bring out, give rise to take away, transfer, convey home, household, private set free, release, clear unreliable, untrustworthy, recless wreckage, rubbish, remains put at risk, endanger, jeopardize terrify, terrorize, frighten rubbish, garbage, waste waste, sewage pass, emit, discharge burn, burn up, reduce to ashes
4. After reading through the text carefully, say whether the following statements are true or false: 1. The volume of both industrial and domestic waste has not increased over the past 50 years. 2. Not all fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide. 3. The technology of fluidized bed combustion is not expensive. 4. Our bodies can excrete PCBs. 5. Oil kills millions of animals in the upper layers of the ocean. 6. Methane coats the leaves of plants, blocking out the sun’s light and preventing growth. 7. Burning garbage produces methane. 8. Most of us are very responsible with our own waste. 9. About 90 percent of all our domestic waste can be recycled.
5. Answer the questions: 1. What has increased dramatically over the past 50 years? 2. What does industrial air pollution include? 3. What is the largest single cause of industrial air pollution? 4. What fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide? 5. What process can reduce sulphur dioxide emission? 6. What technology is very expensive? 7. What pollution causes major health problems? 8. What waste do industrial effluents dump into the river? 9. Can our bodies excrete PCBs? 10. What is a very toxic waste product? 11. Why is bleach very necessary to us? 12. What does oil kill? 13. What promotes overgrowth of bacteria and algae in the aquatic ecosystem? 14. What coats the leaves of plants, blocking out the sun’s light and preventing growth? 15. What products are avoidable sources of domestic waste? 16. What other hazards of buried garbage include? 17. Are we responsible with our own waste?
18 6. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about: a) the volume of both industrial and domestic waste; b) water pollution from industry; c) a very toxic waste product; d) oil pollution comes mainly from accidents; e) soil pollution and industrial waste; f) domestic waste is a very serious environmental problem; g) we are irresponsible with our domestic waste.
7. Say which facts given in the text were new to you?
8. Read the following paragraph. Choose the appropriate words and word combinations to complete the text: 1. political issue 2. sewage plant 3. turpentine 4. prevented
5. troubling questions 6. sewage outlet 7. overburdened 8. effluents
9. waste treatment 13. rubbish 10. drainage outlet 14. swept around 11.unregulated dumping 15. filthy 12. sewage
Australians have turned pollution into a hot *** ***. Freakish weather played a supporting role. During the summer, a persistent southeasterly winds *** natural flushing action from taking place along beaches, with the resulting that *** flowing into the sea simply *** *** nearby headlands and back into the beaches. Unseasonable rains *** the city’s *** ***, depositing still more *** on beaches. The Australian media made pollution a top story, filling papers and television new-casts with graphic details about *** beaches. The media spotlight on Sydney’s beaches raised *** *** about environmental sewage elsewhere in the country. Scientists already fear that rapid resort development, together with *** *** of *** into the sea, could kill off large areas of coral on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. The government of New South Wales has banned commercial fishing in the vicinity of Sydney’s *** ***, has promised a crackdown on industrial polluters and has begun studying better ways of dealing with *** ***. But the problem will not go away quickly or easily. A Sydney’s *** *** spewed thousands of gallons of illegally dumped paint and *** into the sea.
19
Reading text 11
TRAFFIC POLLUTION In 1885, the German inventor Karl Benz produced the world’s first motor car. He probably deserved the fame. The motor car dramatically improved the comfort and speed of road transportation, which had previously relied on horses and bicycles. But he could not have predicted the terrible environmental damage that the car would cause. Today there are over 400 million cars in the world. Almost all cars burn gasoline which produces carbon dioxide (an important greenhouse gas), nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons (which react together in sunlight to form ozone), and other toxic products such as benzene and lead. Catalytic converters which are now standard features on most new cars, reduce emission of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons by up to 90 percent, but they do not reduce carbon dioxide emission. But cars are such a comfortable and convenient way of travelling that car owners usually do not even consider other methods of transportation such as bus, train or bicycle. The private car symbolizes freedom and independence. A person’s car is often his most important fashion accessory; he uses it to promote a certain image or to demonstrate his wealth. The philosophy of the individual is “my car is my car; everyone else’s car is traffic pollution”. More and more of the countryside is being destroyed every year to make new roads. Many people like to live in the countryside so that they can enjoy the beauty of nature but they are “environmentally aware” of the connection between their journey to work and the destruction of the environment. Most people who drive to work meet traffic jams at peak times of the day – “the rush hour”. Building new roads or widening existing roads, does not solve the problem because people simply drive their cars more. An extensive road network encourages people to build amenities such as shopping centers, movie theaters and sports facilities out of town. In addition to the problem of air pollution, traffic is bad for health in other ways. Sitting in traffic jams is stressful and probably causes high blood pressure. Driving is a sedentary activity; if people did not own cars they would exercise more, which protects against heart disease. But the most important health hazard associated with traffic is accidents. Worldwide, 250000people are killed in accidents every year and millions more are injured. Fatal accidents are 20 times more common per vehicle in developing countries. This is because road surfaces are poor, cars are often old and badly maintained, pedestrians are common, and speed limits are not strictly enforced. The most environmentally-friendly way to travel is to walk or use public transportation. Buses consume less fuel and use less road space per passenger than private cars. They also cause fewer accidents, produce less air pollution, require fewer parking lots and make less noise per passenger. If everyone travelled by public transportation, the bus and train networks would be more economical and could provide
20 a more extensive service. If city centres were less congested with traffic, more people would walk or bicycle. As well encouraging alternative forms of transportation, governments and local authorities should make the use of private cars less convenient and more expensive. The tax on gasoline should be increased. Congested roads should have tollgates so that people pay every time they use the road. Cars should be prohibited in downtown areas, shopping streets and other public places. Now we should work toward a less caroriented society in which workplaces, shopping and recreational facilities are within walking or cycling distance of most people’s homes.
Active Vocabulary: deserve react convenient accesoory enjoy to be aware traffic jams widen network stressful blood pressure accident injure maintain pedestrian parking congest expensive tax prohibition
[di′zw:v] [ri′ækt] [kwnvi:njwnt] [æk′seswri] [ind i] [′wwεw] [′træfik d æm] [waidn] [netww:k] [′stresful] [bl∧d pre∫w] [′æksidwnt] [ind w] [mæn′tein] [pi′destriwn] [′pa:kiη ] [′k nd wst] [iks′pensiv] [tæks] [proui′bi∫wn]
aZkem`b\Zlv j_Z]bjh\Zlv\uau\Zlvj_Zdpbx ih^oh^ysbcm^h[guc ^h[Z\hqguc ihemqZlvm^h\hevkl\b_ agZlvhkhagZ\Zlv “ijh[dZ\mebqghf^\b`_gbb” jZkrbjylv k_lv^hjh] gZijy`_gguc djh\ygh_^Z\e_gb_ g_kqZklguckemqZc ih\j_^blvbkihjlblv ih^^_j`b\Zlv i_r_oh^ klhygdZ i_j_ihegylv ^hjh]hc gZeh] aZij_s_gb_
21 Exercises: 1. Find English equivalents for Russian words: \uoehi a) exhaust
b) fallout
c) buffer
aZkem`b\Zlv a) deserve b) reward
c) discharge
ljZgkihjl a) buses b) cars
c) traffic
qZk“ibd” a) 12 o’clock b) midday
c) rush hour
k_lv^hjh] a) junction b) network
c) unit
i_r_oh^ a) walker
c) sitter
b) pedestrian
aZij_sZlv a) forgive b) prohibit
c) forget
2. Find proper definition of the following words: 1. catalytic convertor
2. gasoline
3. traffic
4. exhaust
5. maintenance
a) all the cars (automobiles and other vehicles that are moving along a road at a particular time b) the gas which is produced and coming out of the engine of a motor vehicle when it is working c) a device which chemically change the harmful hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in automobile emissions to carbon dioxide and water vapour d) a liquid which is used as a fuel for cars and other motor vehicles which makes the vehicle move e) the process of keeping something (machine, device) in good condition by regularly checking it and doing necessary repairs.
22 3. Match the following words of similar meaning: 1. deserve 2. speed 3. predict 4. acessory 5. promote 6. extensive 7. encourage 8. amenity 9. injure 10.consume 11.parking 12.congested
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
large-scale, sizable fashion detail, ornament use up, utilize service, convinience forecast, foretell, foresee overcrowded, jam be worthy, be entitled to quickness, hurriedness stimulate, motivate advertise, publicize pulling up, leaving harm, damage
4. Answer the questions: 1. Who produced the world’s first car? 2. What did the motor car improve? 3. What couldn’t he predict? 4. How many cars are there in the world today? 5. What do catalytic convertor reduce? 6. What does the private car symbolize? 7. Who is “environmentally aware” of the connection between journey to work and the destruction of the environment? 8. What do people meet who drive to work? 9. Is traffic bad for our health? 10. What is the most important health hazard associated with traffic? 11. What is the most environmentally-friendly way to travel? 12. Who should make the use of private cars less convenient and more expensive? 13. Why should we work toward a less car-oriented society?
5. After reading through the text carefully, say whether the following statements are true or false: 1. 2. 3. 4.
In 1889 the German inventor Karl Benz produced the world’s first car. The motor car improved the comfort and speed of road transportation. Almost all cars burn petrolium. Engines reduce emission of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons by up to 80 percent. 5. The private car symbolizes wealth and prosperity. 6. Many people like to live in a noisy city. 7. Building new roads or widening existing roads solve the problem. 8. Fatal accidents are 40 times more common in developed countries. 9. The most environmentally-friendly way to travel is to drive in a car. 10. Congested roads shouldn’t have tollgates.
23 6. Skim through the text and say which of its paragraphs gives the information about: a) the motor car dramatically improved the comfort and speed of road transportation; b) catalytic convertors reduce emission of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons; c) people are “environmentally aware” of the connection between their journey and the destruction of the environment; d) driving is a sedentary activity; e) fatal accidents are more fatal in developing countries; f) the most environmentally-friendly way to travel; g) we should work toward a less-oriented society.
7. Comment on the following: “the private car symbolizes wealth and independence”.
24
Ebl_jZlmjZ 1. Greenhalgh Trisha. Environment Today. – S.l.: Longman Group Limited, 1994. 2. <\_^_gb_ \ wdheh]bx / Ih^ j_^ ijhn X: DZaZgkdh]h – F Ba^-\h :L 1992. 3. Nedogonov V. The Disasters that Never Happened // Mosc. News. – 1995. - 3336. 4. Shpakov Y. Soviet Uranium Empire is Buried // Mosc. News. – 1995. - 28.
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