Методические указания (учебное пособие) по развитию навыков чтения и устной речи на английском языке для студентов дневного отделения юридического факультета

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Ростовский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов

Методические указания (учебное пособие) по развитию навыков чтения и устной речи на английском языке для студентов дневного отделения юридического факультета

Ростов-на-Дону 2001 г.

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Методическая записка. Данные методические указания подготовлены для студентов дневного отделения юридического факультета, но они могут быть использованы и на вечернем отделении, а так же всеми, изучающими английский язык и интересующимися правонарушениями в повседневной жизни. Данные указания являются дополнением и расширением ранее выпущенных методических указаний для вечернего отделения юридического факультета, выпущенных в 1997 году. Подбор статей, как и ранее, осуществляется по тематическому принципу. Расширены и дополнены такие темы как “Организованная преступность”, “Наркомания”, “Компьютеры в решении юридических проблем”, но теперь появились новые: “ Детская преступность”, “Серийные убийства”, “Преступление в отношении старших”, кроме того представлена статья-интервью, представляющая рекомендации, как защитить себя от взломщиков и хулиганских нападений и др. Подбор упражнений осуществляется с целью проникновения в общий смысл текста, так же с последующим обсуждением его на языке. В связи с этим снимаются лексические трудности, представленными перед текстами словами с переводом. Все тексты взяты из оригинальной английской и американской прессы конца 20 века, но не потерявшие своей актуальности по сей день. Чайникова О.Л.

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I.

Read the following article. Look through the list of words: impact – влияние. predominantly – преобладающе, с преобладанием.

II.

Find the paragraph proving the title.

III.

Compare:

1. victims of crime and offenders; 2. violent offenders and their victims. IV. V.

Describe public attitudes to different crimes and how people ranked there crimes. Give statistical datа on:

1. national crime rates; 2. property crime arrests. 3. people committing crimes. VI.

What new information have you got from this article?

VII.

Make up a plan of the article and speak on it according to the plan.

Use the following linking words and phrases: to begin with, that is, however, so, for example. Before you start. STREET GANGS NO LONGER JUST A BIG-CITY PROBLEM I. 1. Is this problem new? 2. What can be discussed under such a title? II.Read the article. Look through the fist of words. rowdy – шумный, буйный. to stake out – огораживать, огородить. suburbia – предместья и их жители. vengeance – месть, возмездие. an offshoot – ответвление.

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STREET GANGS NO LONGER JUST A BIG-CITY PROBLEM Though community residents often refuse to face up to it, rowdy bands of youths have staked out new turf - suburbia. The rival gangs piled into one another with a vengeance - fists flew, knives flashed, clubs struck muscle and bone with sickening smacks. When it was over, a 19-year-old youth lay dead. No, the scene was not a dismal dead end street in New York, Philadelphia or Los Angeles. The gang fight occurred in Evanston, 111., a mostly well-to-do suburb north of Chicago. Evanston's problem is far from a unique one. Street gangs - once confined to the slums of the country's biggest cities - are found increasingly today in smaller cities and suburbs as well. Federal researchers discovered that two-thirds of the cities reporting street-gang problems had populations below 500,000. Out of the core. The spread of gang activity from the inner city began more than two decades ago in California. Today, of an estimated 28,300 gang members in Los Angeles County, 20,000 live outside the city of Los Angeles. Although the pattern established in California is not as pronounced elsewhere, it is growing fast in some areas. Law officers report that at least 20 Chicago suburbs have youth-gang problems nowadays. Five gangs, with 400 members all told, compete for turf in Evanston, population 73,000. The once peaceful suburb was shocked by two gang-related murders. Cicero, a blue-collar Chicago suburb of 60,000, also numbers street-gang members in the hundreds and was the scene of two gang killings last year. In East St. Louis, 111., an impoverished city of 55,000, investigators blame gangs for three recent murders and the firebombing of a police officer's home. Youth gangs are spreading in part because the conditions that spawn them in the old urban cores are becoming more prevalent in suburbs and small cities, experts say. They point to racial and ethnic separation, poverty, family breakups, high youth unemployment and lack of recreational activities. "Psychological denial." Gang activity is often transplanted to new areas by juveniles whose families fled the inner city. Some of the gangs of Phoenix, for example, were started by youths who moved there from Los Angeles, police report. In the same way, offshoots of Chicago gangs have appeared in Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan. Suburban gangs often thrive because the community refuses to admit it has a problem. "There's psychological denial," says Dennis Rosenbaum, a criminologist at Northwestern University. "People move to the suburbs to get away from those kinds of problems. The business community, the political community and police all have vested interests in denying gangs exist. Real-estate values are at stake." Whether in big cities or small, many gangs are turning more violent. "Instead of supervising hubcap stealers, the probation officer is supervising children who committed burglary, armed robbery and sexual assault."

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I.

Find a paragraph proving the title of the article.

II.

Pay attention to the spread of street gangs from one large city to another, from one state to another. Name all of them.

III.

Find and name:

1. the crimes committed by the gangs; 2. the causes of gangs spread. VI.

Comment on: “Many gangs are turning more violent”.

VII.

Answer the questions:

1. What crime does the article begin with? 2. What other crimes are described in the article? 3. How is gang activity spread? 4. Why are youth gang spreading to suburb? 5. What is a problem of suburban gangs? VIII. Speak in the name of a criminologist. IX.

Give a summary of the article using the question’s as a plan.

X.

Talking points.

1. “Evanston’s problem is far from a unique one”. 2. The spread of gang activities. 3. Gang activities and society.

Use the following words and phrases: first of all, secondly, such…as, mainly, especially, so, on the whole, the first thing to be mentioned in this connection is… Before you start. High teenage delinquency blamed on friends and family shortcomings. I.

Answer:

1. Is this problem urgent in the world? 2. What films have you seen? What books have you read on this problem? 3. Can you give any examples of such crimes?

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II.

Read the article. Look through the list of words.

crimeprone – склонный к совершению преступления. to apportion – делить, распределять. an offspring – отпрыск, потомок. to scold – бранить.

High teenage delinquency blamed on friends and family shortcomings Boys and girls are more likely to be delinquent if they have delinquent friends, do not regard stealing as particularly wrong, and are not close to their fathers. The discovery, which throws light on one of the most crimeprone age groups, has been made in a survey for the research and planning unit of the Home Office. About a third of offenders dealt with by the criminal justice system are under 17 years of age. The peak age for officially recorded offending is 15 for males and 14 for females. About 160,000 juveniles a year are found guilty or cautioned for indictable offences. A report in the Research and Planning Unit Bulletin says: “The contribution to and cost of crime by young teenagers when they are still very much part of the family and still at school is enormous”. There have been big changes in the pattern of family life in the past 10 or 15 years with more mothers working outside the home, more marriage breakdowns and an increase in the numbers of single-parent families. "Young people's lives also seem to be more autonomous than those of earlier generations, and there is ample publicity about apparent increases in vandalism, shoplifting, drug misuse and hooliganism”, the report says, and adds that those factors help to fuel the fear that families are no longer effectively helping to protect their children from delinquency. They also help to apportion blame for the problem of juvenile crime, perhaps unfairly, to families, it goes Parents were trusting. Four out of five felt they could rely on their teenage offspring to behave well when out in spare time, though that did not mean that parents did not worry about what the teenager might be up to. Almost half the parents admitted to worrying. "Such worry may in fact be justified in that while most parents thought it very unlikely that their child could get into trouble with the police, half the boys and twofifths of the girls admitted to delinquent activity during the past year," the report says. Parents, perhaps unjustifiably, also seemed reasonably content with their teenagers' choice of friends. Only 9 per cent disapproved of any of their current friends and about four-fifths thought they knew most of them at least by name. "Again, parents appeared to un-derestimate the risks of delinquent involvement in that two-thirds of the teenagers reported that they had friends who had committed illegal behaviour in the past year," the survey reported.

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In general, most parents appeared still to be exercising authority. Few teenagers escaped being scolded on a regular basis, but serious disputes seemed comparatively rare. III.

Find the paragraph proving the title.

IV.

Give the results of a statistical survey.

1. the age groups committing the crimes; 2. the offences. V.

Compare:

1. Youth gang problems described in the previous article with those in this one. 2. changes in the pattern of family life. VI.

Name the factors showing that families can’t affectively protect their children from delinquency.

VII.

Express parents’ attitude to their childrens’ behaviour and the choice of friends.

VIII. Express your attitude to the problem. Use the linking words: as for me, personally I believe, it strikes me that, for this reason, needless to say, consequently. IX.

Make up a plan of the article and render it according to this plan.

X.

Talking points.

1. Sources of high teenage delinquency. 2. Family and teenagers.

I. Before you start: “it has become a frighteningly familiar scene in recent years: A rash of suicides by teenagers in the same school or community”. It is the beginning of the article you will read. Comment on it. II.

Read the article. Look through the list of words.

benumbed – оцепеневший.

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gruesome – ужасный. a copycat – подражатель. alienation – отчуждение. glimmer – проблеск.

Bergenfield's tragic foursome It has become a frighteningly familiar scene in recent years: A rash of suicides by teenagers in the same school or community, followed by the benumbed gropings of parents, teachers and friends to sort it all out and prevent still more death. Yet rarely do "cluster suicides" take so dramatic a form at they did recently in Bergenfield, N. J., a middle-class suburb 10 miles west of New York City. Two 19year-old boys and two teenage sisters sat in an idling car while it filled a garage with carbon monoxide. Before they died, all four helped to scrawl a note on a brown paper bag asking that they be given a joint funeral and burial. Last summer four of Bergenfield's young men died separate gruesome deaths that may have been suicides. And the day after recent suicide pact was discovered, two depressed teenage girls in the Chicago suburb of Alsip, 111., killed themselves in much the same way, their bodies recovered in an exhaust-filled garage. One held a stuffed animal and a rose, the other a photo album. Since 1982, other clusters of suicides among young people have occurred in Omaha; Cheyenne, Wyo.; three cities in Texas - Piano, Clear Lake City and Richardson; Westchester County, N. Y., and Jefferson County, Colo. Why such surges of copycat self-destruction? Psychologists cite drug and alcohol problems and alienation caused by working parents, divorce and frequent moves. Whatever the causes, suicide is second only to accidents as the leading cause of death in the United States among those age 15-24, according to the most recent figures. There's a glimmer of good news: Teen suicide totals have leveled off in the 1980s. But the rate per 100,000 is still more than twice that of 1960. III.

Read and explain “cluster suicides”.

IV.

Name the states and the cities where the suicides occurred.

V.

Find:

1. What forms of the suicides are; 2. The causes of them; 3. Statisfics. VI.

Exchange your opinions on the problem.

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VII.

Give a summary of the text.

VIII.

Talking points.

1. Suicides by teenagers. 2. Social problems and suicides. I.

Before you start:

1. Do you know the word “Mafia”? 2. What do you mean by this word? 3. Do you know its origin? II.

Read the following article. Look through the list of words:

Purportedly – намеренно to prick – уколоть to swear an oath – поклясться to extradite – выдать преступника другой стороны Witness gives inside view of Mafia An admitted member of the Mafia in the United States who turned informer has testified about the strict rules and deadly punishment imposed by the secretive crime organization. Jurors as well as spectators leaned forward in tense anticipation as the key witness, Tommaso Buscetta, began testifying in U.S. District Court in the "pizza connection" narcotics trial. Surrounded by tight security. Mr. Buscetta testified for the first time in public about joining the Mafia organization in his native Sicily shortly after World War II. "Mr. Buscetta, what was that organization that you joined?" a prosecutor. Richard A. Martin asked. "Cosa Nostra," he answered, adding that it was generally known as the Mafia. He said the words Cosa Nostra were a Sicilian expression meaning "our thing, it belongs to us." "What did you do, Mr. Buscetta, to enter into this organization called La Cosa Nostra?" the prosecutor asked. "I didn't make out any application to become a member - I was called; I was invited." he replied, as many spectators broke into laughter. Joining in the laughter was Graetano Badalamenti, a major defendant accused of being a former top leader of the Mafia in Sicily. The trial, which involves charges that the 22 defendants operated an international Mafia drug ring, is called the “pizza connection" case because some of the defendants own pizzerias purportedly used for drug deals.

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Mr. Buscetta, 57, has been described as one of the most significant Mafia figures ever to become an informer. He has provided information that led to the arrest of hundreds of Mafia suspects in Italy, according-to the authorities. After being selected for Mafia membership, Mr. Buscetta said, he went to a meeting with four men who pricked his finger, required him to rub his bleeding finger on a small picture of a saint and told him to swear an oath of silence while they set the saint's picture on fire. "I had to pronounce the oath," he recalled, "whereby I was to say that should I betray the organization, my flesh would burn like this saint." Older members later instructed him about his obligations in the Mafia, Mr. Buscetta continued, testifying in Italian with an interpreter. "I was reminded to behave in the appropriate manner," he said, "to be silent, not to look at other men's wives or women, not to steal and especially, at all times when I was called I had to rush, leaving whatever I was doing." "What would happen," the prosecutor asked, "so far as you know, so far as you were told, if you violated one of those principles that you just described?" "Death," the witness said. The prosecutor then displayed a chart depicting a Mafia family structure, as described by Mr. Buscetta. "The organization was divided up into families," the witness said, explaining that each family had a capo or boss, a sotocapo or under-boss, a consigliere or counselor, capodecinas or captains and soldati or soldiers. "Wherever there is Cosa Nostra, it's the same in every place," he testified. "I was told we have brothers also on the other side of the ocean," he said, adding that Mafia members in Sicily told of families in the United States. Mr. Buscetta was arrested in Brazil in 1983 and taken to Italy, where he turned informer and then agreed to be extradited to the United States under an agreement with the U.S. government. "Well, Mr. Buscetta," the prosecutor said, "why did you decide to give such a statement to the Italian authorities?" "Because the time had come to do so," Mr. Buscetta answered, without mentioning that several of his relatives had been killed recently by rivals in a Mafia war in Sicily. Read the article and say in what connection the second world war and Sicily are mentioned. III. 1. 2. V.

Find and describe: the trial the key witness. Comment on:

1. Cosa Nostra;

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2. “Pizza Connection” VI.

Give the inside view of Mafia:

1. Rules of becoming a member of that ring. 2. The obligations of the members of Mafia rings. 3. Street rules and deadly punishment imposed by the secretive crime organization. 4. The Mafia family structure. VII.

Speak in the name of Mr. Buscetta.

VIII.

Dramatize the dialogue between Mr.Buscetta and the prosecutor.

IX.

What new facts have you learnt from the article?

X.

Talking points.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Mafia as a world problem. Mafia and mass media. Mafia in Russia. Your view on the problem.

Use the following linking words and phrases, first of all, for example, really, that’s why, I think that… I’ll start by saying, my point is that…, in short.

I. 1. 2. 3. 4. II.

Before you start: Do you know anything about “serial killers”? Have you read any books, newspapers on this problem? Have you seen any films of performances about it? Is this problem urgent in Russia? Read the following article. Look through the list of words.

deceptively – обманным путем aberration – помрачение, отклонение. a scuffle – драка, потасовка an assailant - зачинщик. to entice – соблазнитель

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On the trail of America's 'serial killers' How to stop criminals who murder for no apparent reason? That's the task now facing police in many areas. At a time when violent crime is dropping, one category of deceptively dangerous men - called serial killers - is causing alarm from coast to coast with seemingly motiveless murders. The growth in this brand of law-breaking is a glaring exception to a trend, confirmed in an April 19 report by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, of declining violent crime. Still, nearly 20,000 Americans are murdered each year, and more of the crimes are going unsolved. One key reason, authorities say, is a surge in the number of men roaming from state to state looking primarily for female and juvenile victims. "They are killing for the sake of killing, and the crimes are very difficult to solve," comments Director Alfred Regnery of the U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. One crime spree ended in mid-April when Christopher Wilder want ed for eight murders or disappear ances in eight states, was shot to death with his own gun during a scuffle with police in a small Nex Hampshire town. Investigators said Wilder was just one on a long list-of criminals who artresponsible for strings of homicides has been recognized since a man dubbed Jack the Ripper murdered seven London prostitutes in 1888. A few spectacular one-man crime waves have occurred since then in the U.S., but only in recent years have lowenforcement authorities noticed the increase in what the FBI calls murders with "unknown motives." Each case has its own peculiarities, but interviews by experts with more than 40 persons convicted in multiple-murder cases reveal common trends. Typically, serial killers have a desire to dominate others. Their targets usually are women and children, whom they can overpower. The murders often are accompanied by sexual assaults; if the defendants are caught, they frequently are found awash in pornography. Some serial criminals are discovered to have set fires and tortured animals as youths, and many had been abused by their parents. "These victims later become victimizers," remarks Justice official Regnery. What frightens many people about mass murderers is that despite mental aberrations that cause them to kill, they usually look and act normal. "They can deal well with society," says Robert Keppel, an investigator for the Washington State attorney general's office who has worked on 10 such cases. "They are not 'creatures' or 'animals' who can easily be identified." In fact, assailants often befriend their victims. Wilder, a photographer, allegedly enticed many of the women he later killed or assaulted by suggesting that they become fashion-models and offering to take their pictures.

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III.

Find:

1. the paragraphs where the weapons of serial killers are mentioned; 2. the paragraph proving the little of the article; 3. the name of an “outstanding” criminal. IV.

Comment on: “the murders with unknown motives”.

V.

Find and desirable the actions of such criminals, their motives and behaviour.

VI.

Answer the questions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VII.

What kind of crime alarms people? Who are the victims of, serial killers’? What facts do their biographies reveal? Why is it very difficult to find such criminals? Is the phenomenon of serial killers’ new? What new information have you got from this article?

VIII. Speak on the article. The above questions may be used as a plan. IX.

Talking points.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Serial killing is a part of the problem of violence. Difficulties in finding such criminals. The historical background of the problem. Express your opinion on the problem.

Use the following phrases: firstly, besides, in my opinion, that is, also, that’s why, my point is that… I.

Before you start. ABUSING THE ELDERLY

1. Have you ever heard about this problem? 2. What may be discussed under such a title? 3. Is it typical of Russia? II.

Read the following article. Look through the list of words.

to ensconce – устроиться, укрыться vulnerable – уязвимый commitment - обязательство

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to impair - повреждать abominable – отвратительный a compounding loophole – ставящая в тупик лазейка ABUSING THE ELDERLY When the Austin police Vera Inez Dixon, she was lying in the kitchen of her son’s apartment clad only in a ratty old shirt, a vacuum cleaner bag wrapped about her buttocks. The 68-year-old woman had starved to death within several feet of the only food in the house: two unopened containers of ice cream in the freezer and a nearempty jar of peanut butter perched high atop a kitchen cabinet. It seemed at the very least a clear case of criminal neglect. Yet charges against her son, Air Force S/Sgt. Joe Dixon, 26, were soon dropped. "We had all the elements for murder," declares police Sgt. Dusty Hesskew in discussing a confounding loophole in Texas law. "You can't let your children, your wife or your dog starve to death, but there's nothing in the panel code that says you've got to feed your mother." Exploited: The shameful tragedy of Vera Inez Dixon comes at a time when the issue of elderly abuse and neglect is growing in importance in the United States. A report this past spring by the House Subcommittee on Health and Long-Term Care estimates that 1.1 million people over the age of 65 - nearly 4 percent of all elderly Americans - are abused, neglected or exploited each year. Some experts cast a skeptical eye on the numbers, saying that good data on the subject are hard to find; and there is confusion over what types of abuse are most common. Nevertheless, elderly abuse in America is now firmly ensconced alongside other forms of family violence as a problem to be reckoned with. By the year 2000, 13 percent of the population will be 65 or older - three times the percentage in 1900-and the greatest increase will occur in the physically, mentally and financially vulnerable over-75 group. Most of the needy will be cared for at home by relatives who themselves will be middle-aged or elderly. A Delaware study found the average duration of care giving to be 9.5 years. Stress from this type of long-term commitment, particularly if the elder is mentally or physically impaired, can lead to depression, hostility and anger on the part of the care giver. "The abusers are not horned animals and mean, vicious individuals," explains Edward Ansello, associate director of the University of Maryland's Center on Aging, which recently analyzed 50 major studies on elderly abuse. "The picture that emerges is one of an overburdened and unmarried son or daughter who has taken on the care of an elderly person." The problem of elderly abuse is not new. In fact, treatment of the elderly may actually be better today than it has ever been. A 1772 New Jersey law required justices of the peace to search docking ships for old people lest they come ashore and become a burden to the community. Colonial neighbors often drove poor widows out, forcing the women to drift from town to town. ."Things were

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absolutely abominable before," concludes Suzanne Steinmetz, a University of Delaware professor of individual and family studies. "Now they're just terrible."

III.

Look through the statistical data and name:

1. the number of abused and neglected elderly Americans; 2. the increase of elderly population by 2000. 3. the average duration of care givers; 4. psychological problems. IV.

Comment on the words of professor Suzane Steinmerz: “Things were absolutely abominable before”.

V.

Answer the questions:

1. Why did Vera Idez Dixon die? 2. Was it a case of criminal neglect or a murder? 3. Is the problem of elderly abuse very serious in the USA? 4. What do the studies show? 5. What psychological discomfort do care givers experience? 6. How is this problem being solved now? VI.

Express your opinion on the problem.

VII.

Talking points.

1. Abusing the elderly is a form of family violence. 2. Psychological aspect of the problem. 3. Historical background of the problem.

Drug abuse and drug trafficking. Before you start: Drug smugglers jailed after brilliant coup by customs I.

The problem of drug abuse and trafficking drugs is of great concern all over the world now, isn’t it?

II.

Do you know that drug smugglers act very actively?

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III.

What is the role of customs officers in hindering their activities?

Read two articles devoted to the problem of drugs Article №1 I.

Look through the list of words:

[oup[ku:] – удачный ход, удача в делах cannabis - конопля to thwart – пересекать, прекратить forfeiture - конфискация illicit - противоправный firearms – огнестрельное оружие

Drug smugglers jailed after brilliant coup by customs A judge imposed prison sentences totalling 36 years on five smugglers who tried to land cannabis resin worth more than 10 million pounds at a remote creek in Essex. The illicit cargo of 4.3 tonnes, packed up off the coast of Lebanon on board the schooner Robert Gordon, would have reached the streets if it had not been for the brilliance of the customs officers who thwarted the enterprise, Judge Greenwood said at Chelmsford Crown Court. The court was told 'that the drugs had been loaded on to the Robert Gordon by a squad of at least IS armed Lebanese in quasimilitary uniforms brandishing rocketlaunchers. It was also told that the principal organizer of the smuggling ring, Mr Brian Barker, aged 42, a businessman from Brentwood, Essex, had evaded arrest by leaving the country. His business partner, Terence Guy, aged 46, from Romford. Essex, whom the Crown alleged had organized the British end of the operation, was sent to prison for 10 years after changing his plea to guilty to the smuggling charge during the trial. The judge ordered the forfeiture of 24,000 pounds intended as part payment to the crew, which was found in his possession when he was arrested. Keith Jones, aged 37, the skipper of the twin-masted vessel, who ferried the cannabis into the small Essex port of North Fambridge on the river Crouch on October 4 last year, was also sentenced to 10 years after pleading guilty. Jones also received two sentences of two years each on charges of possessing firearms found on the vessel. Jones, who was to have been paid 50,000 pounds for the enterprise, had pleaded not guilty to the firearms offences. Two crew members, Nikolous Keferakis, aged 26, a fisherman from Rhodes, and Brian Hill, aged 36, from Corringham, Essex, who were to have received 25,000

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pounds each in payment, were each given five-year prison sentences. The judge recommended that Keferakis be deported at the end of his sentence. John Bridger, aged 38, a decorator, from Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, whom the Crown alleged had organized the transport to pick up the drugs at North Fambridge, was found guilty by the jury and sentenced to six years. Two other men, David Crighton, aged 23, from Corby, Northamptonshire, and Geoffrey King, aged 41, from Harlow, Essex, were acquitted after a jury retirement lasting six hours 40 minutes. Judge Greenwood, who ordered the forfeiture of the cannabis, said at the end of the three-week trial: "Were it not for the undoubted brilliance of the Customs and Excise over a very long period of time, each and every one of you in different ways would have been strutting around rich men. "I have been told, and I accept, that the principal behind all this was a man called Barker and the sooner he is brought to justice the better, but this plan could not have been operated, and so carefully thought out, were it not at any rate in a large part due to the way you, Jones, carried out your part in the Mediterranean on bringing the drugs back to England, and you, Guy, for a very large part. I have no doubt of the organization of the operation in this country." II.

Read the article and choose the paragraph proving the title of the article.

III.

Find the information about the following things:

1. 2. 3. 4.

What court considered the case; the country that that sent the drugs; the cargo; the place of destination of the drugs.

IV.

Make up a table of all the members of the smuggling ring.

№№

Name

Age

V.

Speak in the name of the judge.

VI.

Answer the questions:

Prison sentences

1. What was the aim of the smugglers? 2. Who caught them? 3. What court tried the smugglers? 4. How many smugglers were tried? (were brought to trial?) 5. Who were the members of the smuggling ring? 6. What prison sentences did they receive?

Arrested Not arrested acquitted

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Article №2 Scanning Practice. DRUG ABUSE, SOARS IN ASIA, STUDY FINDS Fueled by the ready supply of opiates, heroin addiction and other forms of drug abuse are growing rapidly in six Asian countries traditioally involved in largescale narcotics trafficking to the West, a US government study has found. In Pakistan, Thailand, Burma, Nepal, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, more than two million people were reported to be using opium, heroin, hashish, marijuana and other drugs, according to the study sponsored by the US Agency for' International Development. The study covered the countries that produce the bulk of the world's opium and a significant proportion of the hashish and .marijuana smuggled internationally Pakistan, the study said, had found itself since 1980 ""in the midst of a heroin epidemic", with the number of addicts having grown from an estimate 5,000 to 450,000 in 1986. It said that Thai authorities had put the number of heroin addicts in that country at as many as 500,000, while in Burma there were 48,000 registered addicts, "suggesting that the actual number of abusers is greater". In both countries, the study said, heroin addiction first became significant in the 1970s and appeared to be leveling off. The survey warned that heroin addiction in Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, although relatively new, was increasing, while the ability to -marshal resources to combat the problem was limited. It said that the governments of the six countries were concerned about preventing drug abuse, but that, with limited resources, they gave priority to economic development, public health and education. Malaysia was not included in the survey. But at a United Nations conference on drug abuse and trafficking, which ended in Vienna, Prime Minister Mahathir bin Moha-mad of Malaysia estimated that 400,000 of his country's population of 15 million were heroin addicts. As a measure of the seriousness of the problem, he noted that the Netherlands, with a similar population, had about 20,000 addicts. The study warned that drug abuse in Asia was affecting mainly young people, aggravating poverty, adversely affecting attitudes toward work and weakening national security. It said that heroin smuggling, from Sri Lanka to Europe, was one of the main means used by the Tamil insurgents to finance their rebellion against the government. . The study said the three countries most heavily afflicted by heroin addiction Pakistan. Thailand and Burma - had a common characteristic in that they were big

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producers of opium, from which heroin is refined, while both. Thailand and Pakistan were major trafficking routes. "Therefore, there is in each case an abundant supply of opiates," the study said. The survey recommended that the United States fund a narcotics education project in Asian countries that would cost $5.5 million over five years. The US government had earmarked more than $20.5 million for drug-related activities in Asia in fiscal year $ 7. But most of this money will be spent on programmes to eradicate opium and marijuana cultivation in Burma, Pakistan and Thailand. I.

Read the questions. Be ready to answer them after reading the article. Keep them in mind.

1. How is drug abuse growing in the six countries? 2. What drugs are used in these countries? 3. What do the figures show? 4. Are the governments of these countries concerned with this problem? 5. What is the place of Malaysia in using drugs? 6. What are the consequences of drug abuse in Asia? II.

Discuss the article. Use the following linking words and phrases: first, namely, for instance, besides, thus, in fact, it must be admitted that, I’ll mainly contrite on…

Advanced detection systems. Before you start. Computer technology in general and new weapons scanners and “bomb snuffers” in particular are being developed on a large scale now. How all these new devices help law officers to seek and identify criminals you will read in the following articles. Article №1 I.

Look through the words:

a ploy – уловка, хитрость, ход a sleuth - сыщик a print - отпечаток to install – устанавливать (аппаратуру) Detecting crimes with computers Sherlock Holmes had his magnifying glass Inspector Maigret had his psychological ploys. Today's sleuths have digital signals and color-graphic screens. Computer technology is helping law-enforcement officers seek, identify and apprehend criminals with far greater speed than in the past.

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POINTING A FINGER AT LIKELY SUSPECTS Fingerprints are one of the most reliable tools for tracking down criminals. But by the time they are analyzed, the trail leading to a potential suspect is often stone cold. Investigators frequently spend days comparing prints lifted at the scene of a crime with files of "tenprints" — cards bearing the fingerprints of former arrestees. Now NEC Corp. in Tokyo has created a highly accurate computerized print-puller that can point a finger at suspects before the dust settles. NEC's Automated Fingerprint Identification System (APIS) allows investigators to compare fresh prints with tenprint files at a rate of 650 prints per second. A fingerprint expert makes the final judgment. The San Francisco Police Department installed a $1.6 million APIS system in February 1984 and to date has used it to make more than 1,000 positive identifications. In the past, the department averaged about 70 successful matches a year. That track record prompted the California Justice Department to purchase its own $20 million APIS system. Like the massive NEC-built system now used by law-enforcement agencies throughout Japan, it will include dozens of remote terminals so that far-flung detectives can run their own print checks. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Read the questions. Be ready to answer them after reading the article. Keep them in mind. What outstanding literary characters are mentioned in this article? What tools were are used by sleuths? What are the most reliable ones? What country has developed a new device? Where is it widely used?

Article №2 Detecting concealed weapons I.

Look through the words:

piable - гибкий putty – замазка, шпаклевка aslab - пластинка to ferret out – разведывать, разузнавать prone – склонный, податливый

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II.

Answer the questions. Keep them in mind.

1. Why are plastic bombs convenient for terrorists? 2. Are their weapons detectable? 3. What do numerous firms develop to deter terrorists? 4. What is the aim of an advanced detective system? 5. What are the advantages of the new scanners and “bomb sniffers”? 6. Why can they identify?

Detecting concealed weapons For terrorists, plastic bombs are the right stuff. Powerful, lightweight and as pliable as putty, plastic explosives are unfazed by X-rays: seen on the video screen of a typical airport luggage scanner, a slab of the material is no more visible than a slice of bread. Are plastic bombs and other: terrorist weapons detectable? Several firms striving to develop new weapons scanners think they are. Yet even the most fervent advocates of the new technologies don't expect that the equipment will work perfectly -or that it will deter terrorists for long. "A well-trained terrorist can defeat even an advanced detection system," says Richard Sesnewicz, a marketing manager at American Science & Engineering, Inc., in Cambridge, Mass., which is building one sophisticated type of scanner. Still the equipment expected to appear within the next two years promises to be a good deal more accurate than the X-ray scanners and metal detectors used today. And their unorthodox methods may also help ferret out other illicit substances, from drugs to stolen diamonds. Elusive objects: AS&E had discovered a way of focusing an X-ray beam so that even substances that normally elude X-rays can be seen. First, a pencil-thin beam of X-rays rapidly scans an object, and the pattern of the X-rays scattered at each scanning point is recorded. Even advanced X-ray systems depend largely on the judgement of security personnel. If a guard monitoring an X-ray scanner is tired or distracted, a weapon can easily slip through unnoticed. Some new automated scanners are less prone to human error. The most common type is the -bomb sniffer," a detector that relies on the fact that most bombs -including plastic explosives - release nitrogen-based vapors that can be picked up by sensitive electronic equipment. Until recently most bomb sniffers were cumbersome and unwieldy. Last year, however, Scintrex, Inc., a Toronto-based company, began marketing a portable 32pound sniffer. The $22,000 sniffer is also fast: by taking a sample of cabin air from an exhaust port of a plane, it can tell within three minutes if a bomb is -: hidden. An equally sensitive sniffer for checking passengers is being developed for the US Federal Aviation Administration by Thermedics Inc., a biomedical-products firm in Woburn. Mass the Thermedics device uses gas chromatography to detect nitrogen-based compounds found in explosives. Once the compounds are isolated, they are mixed with ozone, triggering a chemical reaction in which harmless; near-

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infrared radiation is released. By measuring the quantity and j precise wavelengths of that radiation, the device can determine if; a traveler is harboring an explosive. III.

On reading the two articles discuss the following problems:

1. The extensive use of computers in all spheres of life and law practice. 2. Computer technology and its constant development. 3. Computer in your life. Use the following linking words and phrases: firstly, secondly, namely, further, thus, but, on the one hand, on the other hand, to sum up. I.

Before you start:

1. Do you know anything about crime patrols? 2. Are there any such groups in Russia? 3. What do you think are their obligations? II.

Read the following article. Look through the list of words.

premises - помещение to alert – быть наготове to assault - нападать precincts – окрестности, территория Traders turn to private crime patrols A privately owned anticrime patrol, paid for by local traders, is due to begin operations in the streets of Waterlooville, near Portsmouth. Mr Richard Watts, a former policeman, will share duties with two other uniformed patrol men until 6 am, keeping an eye on the premises of 30 businesses who have so far subscribed to his "Area Watch Alert." The patrols will help protect the shops and offices of clients, who are each paying about 500 pounds a year for the service. "The police can't do the job that we do because they are shortstaffed," Mr Watts said. His patrolmen, one of whom is a former commando, will work in cooperation with the local police and will also act to help combat general crime. Mr Watts said: "If someone was misbehaving we would alert the necessary authorities via radio to base control, from where a phone call would be made to police headquarters. We have the power of citizen's arrest." Asked what they would do if they saw someone assaulting an elderly woman, he said: "Detain them until the police arrive."

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Mr Watts and his men will be on general patrol on the streets and in the shopping "precincts of Waterlooville (population 50,000) until the public houses close. Then they will start checking clients' doors, windows and property. They will wear uniforms of black shoes, black trousers, blue ties and white shirts, with a badge bearing the "Area Watch Alert" logo on their left breast pocket. In colder weather the team will wear navy blue sweaters' and navy waterproof jackets, also with the logo displayed. Each man will have a whistle. Mr Watts said that his wife would operate a two-way radio so that the police, ambulance or fire service could be notified quickly if necessary. One client, Mr Ricky Lopez, who owns a menswear shop, said: "When I phone the police they come as soon as they can, but if there is anything else on they do take a little while to get here. Whereas if we have someone in the town area on watch patrol they will be here almost immediately," Mr Watts, who hopes to extend the service to other local shopping centres, said that he had been approached also by a local residents' association to mount patrols on Friday nights to help to prevent problems with youths at a local disco. III.

Find the information about:

1. the duties of the patrols; 2. places (areas) of their work; 3. extension of patrol service. IV. Find and read the paragraphs describing the ways of communicating with their base control. V.

Describe the umform of the patrols.

VI.

Speak in the name of:

1. Mr. Richard Watts; 2. Mr. Ricky Lopez. VII. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Answer the questions.

Where are patrol operations due to begin? What will the patrols protect? Why can’t the police do their job? Will the patrols work together with the police or act alone? How do they realize their connection with the base control? What will they wear?

VIII.

Is there any new information for you in the article?

IX.

Give a summary of the article. You may use questions as a plan.

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X.

Talking points.

1. Private anticrime patrol. 2. Police and private patrol. 3. Your attitude to the problem. I.

Look through this interview and take an active part in heated discussion on the problems raised in the article. Answer the questions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II.

Do you agree with all the recommendations? Are all of them useful? Is there anything new for you in the article? Are all the protective systems available in Russia? What are your ways of protection? Speak on:

1. the problems raised in the article, express your own point of view. 2. the protective measures and defensive weapons. INTERVIEW WITH A SECURITY EXPERT

Ways to protect yourself from burglars, muggers Q.: How can homeowners protect themselves from burglary? A.: Everybody can and should do something, no matter, how modest his means. A pensioner should at least put in a dead-bolt lock, which costs about 50 dollars, and a peephole. There ought to be a telephone by the bed to be able to call for help. You might want to have a walkie-talkie system with a neighbor if you suspect that someone will try to cut your telephone lines. Q.: Is lighting in and around a home specially Important? A.: It is a key security step and can be installed inexpensively. Exterior lighting should surround a home. I recommend installing very bright exterior lights, perhaps sodium-vapor models, and keeping those lights on all night. At the same time, in your home all lights should be off— every one of them— when you go to bed. It serves as another warning if the Intruder gets -In the home, kicks over a lamp or a table, makes a bit of noise. You don't want to make it easy for him. When you are away from home, timers can turn lights on and off, giving the appearance that the house is occupied. Q.: Is there an effective way to keep a car from being stolen?

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A.:

If people would simply quit leaving their keys In their cars, they would eliminate half of all auto thefts. Then make sure to lock your car at all times, even If you are Just popping into a store for a few minutes. Q.: Who Is responsible for most thefts and burglaries! A.: A. laid-off worker can, out of desperation, do things that he or she would never do otherwise. Many bank robberies right now are by unemployed people who don't realize that there's a camera taking their picture. Q.: Who is most likely to be mugged on the street? Lock your car, even if you leave it only briefly. A.: You'd be surprised at the vanity of some people. When they go out shopping, they wear a new coat or a nice watch or Jewels. They immediately become as an easy target. So you don't want to call attention to yourself. Then you should do what you can to minimize potential losses. Don’t carry large sums of money, but do carry enough to satisfy the robber— say 25 dollars. If you have nothing to give a robber, he may well become frustrated and get violent. If you must carry large amounts of money, don't keep it all in one place. If you have to be out late at night, go in pairs or arrange for somebody to pick you up. In general, when you're out walking, stick to the busy streets and stay on the side of the street facing oncoming traffic. Carry a purse or briefcase on the side of you farthest from the curb. Women should use purses with straps and keep the purse close to them. Q.: Would you sketch the profile of a typical mugger? A.: A mugger is likely to be someone who is unemployed, cowardly, 15 to 29 years old and probably not intent on harming anyone. Yet people frequently get hurt in the scuffle. Recently, a 57-year old woman had just gotten out of her car to go into a shopping center. A young man grabbed her purse, the woman fell down, broke her hip and died in a week because of the shock. Q.: What should you do if someone is following you? A.: If you are being followed on a well-traveled street, speed up, change directions—in other words, let the pursuer know that you are aware of him. Then go straight for help. Go to a populated, lighted area—into a hotel or a restaurant— or catch a taxi. Don't go straight home unless help is available. Running, screaming and using a loud whistle can be good defensive weapons. Q.: Where are such street crimes most likely to occur? A.: In any city, an area of X-rated movie theatres generally attracts drug addicts, alcoholics and other crime prone people who may hurt you. You also need to be vigilant in busy public places, such as airports and train stations, where pickpockets like to operate. Q.: How can the risks of using mass transit be reduced? A.: Sit near other passengers, the motorman or a conductor. Avoid the seat nearest an exit door because a purse snatcher could grab your belongings and get away before you could leave your seat. Keep a wallet in an inside coat pocket. Keep arms close to your body: thieves can snatch a watchband right off your arm.

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If the station is deserted, stand near the token-booth attendant while waiting for the train. Never stand near the edge of a train platform, because commuters have been pushed off platforms into the paths of oncoming trains. If you suspect you are being followed, don't get off a train or bus at a deserted stop. In all these cases, the important thing to remember is that people can't abdicate their responsibility in fighting crime. In most cities, police departments are understaffed and can't possibly be everywhere. The more you do to protect yourself and your home, the less likely you're going to be a victim, because criminals tend to take, the path of least resistance.

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Рецензия на учебное пособие О.Л. Чайниковой для студентов-юристов Пособие представляет собой собрание газетных текстов с последующими заданиями и вопросами. Оно, очевидно, предназначено для расширения словарного запаса по специальности и развития навыков разговорной речи. Тексты взяты из старых газет, но удачно подобраны по словарю, композиции и тематике. Задания и вопросы направлены на закрепление вокабуляра, умение понять, осмыслить и изложить прочитанное и поговорить на смежные сюжеты из знакомой реальности. Тексты – это статьи из качественных английских и американских газет. Кроме мелких замечаний по заданиям у меня нет претензий к пособию. Считаю, что его можно рекомендовать к печати и использованию на занятиях. 6.02.01.

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