Walnuts - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

WALNUTS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Walnuts: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84316-3 1. Walnuts-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on walnuts. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WALNUTS ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Walnuts......................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WALNUTS........................................................................................ 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Walnuts ....................................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WALNUTS ................................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 General References ....................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON WALNUTS .............................................................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Walnuts...................................................................................................................... 29 Patent Applications on Walnuts.................................................................................................. 40 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON WALNUTS .................................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 45 Chapters on Walnuts ................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WALNUTS .................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 49 Academic Periodicals covering Walnuts...................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 WALNUTS DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 75 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 95

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with walnuts is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about walnuts, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to walnuts, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on walnuts. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to walnuts, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on walnuts. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WALNUTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on walnuts.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and walnuts, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

E's on Down the Road Source: Walking. p. 36-38. November/December 2000. Summary: A National Institute of Medicine (NIM) expert panel raised the recommended daily intake (RDI) of vitamin E from 12 milligrams (mgs) to 15 mgs based on research citing its importance in disease prevention. The panel recommended that the daily intake come from foods rather than supplements. Foods rich in vitamin E include canola, olive, safflower, and corn oils as well as leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, nuts, olives, and seeds. The intake of 400 to 1,000 mgs recommended by some is far in excess of the amount that can be acquired through diet alone. Although evidence links diets rich in vitamin E to good health, the evidence is not so clear cut for supplements. Vitamin E found in foods consists of a complex group of chemicals called tocopherols. Some tocopherols work as antioxidants while others prevent blood clots from forming

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too readily. Supplements usually contain only a single form, alpha- tocopherol. The author suggests getting the first 15 mgs of vitamin E from food. If a person decides to add more through daily vitamin E supplements, there is little harm as long as the dosage is below 1,000 mgs. At high doses, vitamin E may cause stroke or bleeding problems in some people. The article provides a high-in-vitamin E recipe containing spinach and walnuts. The nutritional analysis of the recipe is also given. •

Global Grazing Source: Cooking Light. 12(5):60,62,65. June 1998. Summary: Bates describes a variety of cuisines, all of which incorporate healthy eating habits. Americans, she says, would benefit by adding some of these dishes to their diets. For example, she suggests tofu from Japan, olive oil from Italy, fish dishes from Greece, and the tradition of eating a small amount of each of a variety of foods from China and Lebanon. A recipe for Mohamba, a Lebanese spread made from bell peppers, walnuts, and garlic, is included.

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Food Allergies Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(3): 10-13. April 2001. Contact: Available from CSPI. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. Fax (202) 265-4954. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This article reviews food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain proteins in food. Although more than 200 food ingredients can provoke an allergic reaction, the vast majority are caused by eight ingredients: nuts (like walnuts and almonds), peanuts (which are legumes), milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soybeans, and wheat. Typical symptoms are nausea, hives, skin rash, nasal congestion, and wheezing. For most people with food allergies, allergic reactions to food are a temporary discomfort, but for many the result is anaphylactic shock, a quick reaction in which their throats may swell enough to cut off breathing. The author reviews the typical pattern of a study of 32 fatal reactions; all but two reactions were triggered by peanuts or nuts. Most of the victims were teenagers or young adults who had asthma, and most knew that they suffered from food allergies; 27 ate the food away from home, and only three were carrying emergency self injectable epinephrine. Most reactions to food are caused not by allergies but by intolerances, which are less severe. The author reviews intolerances to lactose (milk sugar), sulfites, monosodium glutamate (MSG), red wine, chocolate, and food colors. The article concludes with a discussion of four reminders regarding food allergies: offending foods may show up where they are not expected; trace amounts can trigger a reaction; foods can be contaminated with allergens; and labels do not have to disclose allergens in flavors. Appended to the article is a list of websites and resource organizations for readers wishing to obtain additional information. 1 figure. 6 references.

Federally Funded Research on Walnuts The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to walnuts. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to walnuts. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore walnuts. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for walnuts: •

Project Title: IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF WALNUT FOOD ALLERGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Teuber, Suzanne S.; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Over the last ten years, genes encoding food allergens have been cloned and sequenced but no consensus sequences or motifs associated with allergy have been determined. Indeed, my lab has cloned genes encoding 2 of the major English walnut kernel allergens, the 2S albumin and a vicilin-like seed storage protein, Jug r 1 and Jug r 2, respectively. Plant seed allergy is often life-threatening and permanent. Individuals with walnut allergy, for instance, can have high levels of specific IgE against several different, non-cross-reactive proteins in their sera into their seventh decade. Most patients who have life-threatening walnut allergy have a childhood history of atopic dermatitis (AD), in which it has been demonstrated that there is more of a tendency to develop IgE against multiple environmental and food allergens. Even in the face of this however, most children with AD are tolerant of most foods. The major thesis of this proposal is that plant seed proteins, because of the way they are packaged as whole proteins in the plant protein body storage organelle with associated lectins, enzymes, and polyphenolic compounds, are able to stimulate the APC in atopic persons to modulate the cytokine milieu towards increased IL-4 and IL-13, inducing an IgE response. As a prototype seed to study, the walnut (Juglans regia) will be used based on the availability of human subjects, recombinant allergens, multiple protein preparations, fractionated polyphenolics and its importance as a tree nut allergen. To characterize the APC-T cell interaction, T cell lines will be established from individuals with walnut food allergy and individuals with atopic dermatitis without food allergy. The proliferative response and Th2 related cytokine mRNA transcription will be assessed in response to different antigen packages delivered to the APC: recombinant Jug r 1 and Jug r 2, peptide fragments, whole purified proteins (albumins and large globulins), purified protein bodies (lectins and enzymes present), total walnut extract (pellicle polyphenolics and oil body lipids present), and the above protein sources with a quantified walnut total polyphenolic fraction added (rich in quercetin and ellagic acid). The above data will significantly advance our knowledge of the immunobiology of plant seed allergy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with walnuts, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for walnuts (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. Author(s): Chisholm A, Mann J, Skeaff M, Frampton C, Sutherland W, Duncan A, Tiszavari S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 January; 52(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481526&dopt=Abstract

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A look at our new emergency department: John Muir Medical Center, Walnut Creek, California. Author(s): Reisetter J, Thistlethwaite D. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1995 August; 21(4): 33A-34A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658633&dopt=Abstract

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Anaphylaxis to walnuts and pine nuts induced by ACE. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Blain H, Kanny G, Bloch Y. Source: Allergy. 1998 December; 53(12): 1233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9930611&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertriglyceridemic effect of walnut oil. Author(s): Zibaeenezhad MJ, Rezaiezadeh M, Mowla A, Ayatollahi SM, Panjehshahin MR. Source: Angiology. 2003 July-August; 54(4): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934760&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Asthma due to Central American walnut (Juglans olanchana) dust. Author(s): Bush RK, Clayton D. Source: Clin Allergy. 1983 July; 13(4): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6883666&dopt=Abstract

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Blood cholesterol and walnut consumption: a cross-sectional survey in France. Author(s): Lavedrine F, Zmirou D, Ravel A, Balducci F, Alary J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1999 April; 28(4): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090861&dopt=Abstract

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Cracking walnuts with sledge hammers--an Australian perspective on Griep et al. IJROBP 32(5):1347-1350; 1995. Author(s): Kiffer JD, Ainslie J, Quong G, Feigen M, Wong T, Fernando W. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996 May 1; 35(2): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8635957&dopt=Abstract

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Depression of lymphocyte transformation and exacerbation of Behcet's syndrome by ingestion of english walnuts. Author(s): Marquardt JL, Snyderman R, Oppenheim JJ. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1973 November; 9(2): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4584788&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of walnut consumption as part of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Morgan JM, Horton K, Reese D, Carey C, Walker K, Capuzzi DM. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002 October; 72(5): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463111&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Almario RU, Vonghavaravat V, Wong R, Kasim-Karakas SE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 July; 74(1): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451720&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. Author(s): Sabate J, Fraser GE, Burke K, Knutsen SF, Bennett H, Lindsted KD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 March 4; 328(9): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357360&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid content of New Zealand-grown walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Author(s): Iwamoto M, Sato M, Kono M, Hirooka Y, Sakai K, Takeshita A, Imaizumi K. J Nutr. 2000 Sep;130(9):2407 Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1999 May; 50(3): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958843

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Identification and cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a vicilin-like proprotein, jug r 2, from english walnut kernel (Juglans regia), a major food allergen. Author(s): Teuber SS, Jarvis KC, Dandekar AM, Peterson WR, Ansari AA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 December; 104(6): 131120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589017&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of packaging systems for shelled walnuts based on oxygen absorbers. Author(s): Jensen PN, Sorensen G, Brockhoff P, Bertelsen G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 13; 51(17): 4941-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903950&dopt=Abstract

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Is walnut really a birch-pollen-related fruit? Author(s): Asero R. Source: Allergy. 1998 September; 53(9): 908-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9788699&dopt=Abstract

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Linear IgE epitope mapping of the English walnut (Juglans regia) major food allergen, Jug r 1. Author(s): Robotham JM, Teuber SS, Sathe SK, Roux KH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 109(1): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799381&dopt=Abstract

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Noncontraceptive estrogens and mortality: long-term follow-up of women in the Walnut Creek Study. Author(s): Petitti DB, Perlman JA, Sidney S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 September; 70(3 Pt 1): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3627576&dopt=Abstract

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Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Author(s): Abbey M, Noakes M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 May; 59(5): 995-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8172107&dopt=Abstract

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Perspective on the black walnut toxicity problem--apparent allergies to man and horse. Author(s): MacDaniels LH. Source: Cornell Vet. 1983 April; 73(2): 204-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6682363&dopt=Abstract

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Quiz of the month: foreign body perforation of the cervical esophagus caused by a walnut. Author(s): Litzlbauer HD, Weimar B, Padberg W, Rauber K. Source: European Radiology. 1999; 9(5): 1009-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370010&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts. Author(s): Iwamoto M, Imaizumi K, Sato M, Hirooka Y, Sakai K, Takeshita A, Kono M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 56(7): 629-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080402&dopt=Abstract

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Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 4; 132(7): 538-46. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2000 October 17; 133(8): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744590&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic allergic reaction to coconut (Cocos nucifera) in 2 subjects with hypersensitivity to tree nut and demonstration of cross-reactivity to legumin-like seed storage proteins: new coconut and walnut food allergens. Author(s): Teuber SS, Peterson WR. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 103(6): 1180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359903&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of walnuts on Behcet's syndrome in two sisters. Author(s): Kikuchi I. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1985 June; 12(3): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3908536&dopt=Abstract

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The scientific evidence for a beneficial health relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Feldman EB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 132(5): 1062S-1101S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983840&dopt=Abstract

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The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study. A prospective study of the side effects of oral contraceptives. Volume III, an interim report: A comparison of disease occurrence leading to hospitalization or death in users and nonusers of oral contraceptives. Author(s): Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray RM, Hsu JP. Source: J Reprod Med. 1980 December; 25(6 Suppl): 345-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7205804&dopt=Abstract

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The walnut manoeuvre. Author(s): Bayne R. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 October 5; 161(7): 800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530295&dopt=Abstract

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Walnut polyphenolics inhibit in vitro human plasma and LDL oxidation. Author(s): Anderson KJ, Teuber SS, Gobeille A, Cremin P, Waterhouse AL, Steinberg FM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 November; 131(11): 2837-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694605&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnut-enriched diet increases the association of LDL from hypercholesterolemic men with human HepG2 cells. Author(s): Munoz S, Merlos M, Zambon D, Rodriguez C, Sabate J, Ros E, Laguna JC. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 December; 42(12): 2069-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734580&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnuts and serum lipids. Author(s): Prineas RJ, Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Bostick RM, Wu Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 29; 329(5): 359; Author Reply 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357423&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnuts and serum lipids. Author(s): Mogadam M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 29; 329(5): 358-9; Author Reply 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321267&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnuts and serum lipids. Author(s): Mirkin G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 29; 329(5): 358; Author Reply 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321266&dopt=Abstract

Studies

11

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Walnuts and serum lipids. Author(s): Mann GV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 29; 329(5): 358; Author Reply 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321265&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnuts lower serum cholesterol in Japanese men and women. Author(s): Iwamoto M, Sato M, Kono M, Hirooka Y, Sakai K, Takeshita A, Imaizumi K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 February; 130(2): 171-6. Retraction In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720165&dopt=Abstract

13

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WALNUTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and walnuts.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Walnuts The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Walnuts

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “walnuts” (or a synonym): •

California walnuts. Author(s): Thomas J. Payne Market Development, Burlingame, CA. Source: Ravai, M. Nutrition-today (USA). (August 1995). volume 30(4) page 173-176.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Source: Chisholm, A Mann, J Skeaff, M Frampton, C Sutherland, W Duncan, A Tiszavari, S Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1998 January; 52(1): 12-6 0954-3007

•

Can walnuts prevent heart disease? Source: Anonymous Harv-Heart-Lett. 2000 August; 10(12): 4 1051-5313

•

Chemical composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) grown in New Zealand. Author(s): Animal and Food Sciences Division, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Source: Savage, G P Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 2001; 56(1): 75-82 0921-9668

•

Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a 2S albumin seed storage protein precursor from English walnut (Juglans regia), a major food allergen. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, USA. Source: Teuber, S S Dandekar, A M Peterson, W R Sellers, C L J-Allergy-Clin-Immunol. 1998 June; 101(6 Pt 1): 807-14 0091-6749

•

Effect of geographic origin, variety and storage on tocopherol concentrations in walnuts by HPLC. Source: Lavedrine, F. Ravel, A. Poupard, A. Alary, J. Food-chem. Oxford : Elsevier Science Limited. Jan/February 1997. volume 58 (1/2) page 135-140. 0308-8146

•

Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA. Source: Almario, R U Vonghavaravat, V Wong, R Kasim Karakas, S E Am-J-Clin-Nutr. 2001 July; 74(1): 72-9 0002-9165

•

Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. Author(s): Center for Health Research, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, CA 92350. Source: Sabate, J Fraser, G E Burke, K Knutsen, S F Bennett, H Lindsted, K D N-Engl-JMed. 1993 March 4; 328(9): 603-7 0028-4793

•

Fatty acid content of New Zealand-grown walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Source: Zwarts, L. Savage, G.P. McNeil, D.L. Int-j-food-sci-nutr. Oxfordshire, UK. : Carfax Publishing. May 1999. volume 50 (3) page 189-194. 0963-7486

Nutrition

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Nutritive value and oil characteristics of selected tree nuts. 1. Walnut, salted pistachio, unsalted pistachio and hazulnut. Source: Al Shaibani, A.M.H. Al Doori, L.D.K. Nori, O.M. Iraqi-J-Agric-Sci-Zanco. AskiKalak, Arbil, Iraq : University of Salahaddin, College of Agriculture. 1986. volume 4 (1) page 93-101.

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Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Author(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia. Source: Abbey, M Noakes, M Belling, G B Nestel, P J Am-J-Clin-Nutr. 1994 May; 59(5): 995-9 0002-9165

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Quality characteristics of California walnuts. Source: Ravai, M. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. May 1992. volume 37 (5) page 362, 365-366. 0146-6283

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Regulation of aflatoxin production by naphthoquinones of walnut (Juglans regia). Author(s): Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA. Source: Mahoney, N Molyneux, R J Campbell, B C J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2000 September; 48(9): 4418-21 0021-8561

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Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts. Author(s): Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Iwamoto, M Imaizumi, K Sato, M Hirooka, Y Sakai, K Takeshita, A Kono, M Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 2002 July; 56(7): 629-37 0954-3007

•

Snack ideas from fruits to nuts: cultivated blueberries and California walnuts. Source: Payne, T.J. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. October 2000. volume 45 (10) page 453-456. 0146-6283

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Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Hospital Clinic and School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain. Source: Zambon, D Sabate, J Munoz, S Campero, B Casals, E Merlos, M Laguna, J C Ros, E Ann-Intern-Med. 2000 April 4; 132(7): 538-46 0003-4819

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Take two walnuts. and call me in the morning. Source: Schardt, D. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. March 1994. volume 21 (2) page 8-9. 0885-7792

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The scientific evidence for a beneficial health relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. Source: Feldman, Elaine B J-Nutr. 2002 May; 132(5): 1062S-1101S 0022-3166

•

Volatile components of green walnut husks. Author(s): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California 94710, USA. Source: Buttery, R G Light, D M Nam, Y Merrill, G B Roitman, J N J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2000 July; 48(7): 2858-61 0021-8561

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Walnut polyphenolics inhibit in vitro human plasma and LDL oxidation. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.

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Walnuts

Source: Anderson, K J Teuber, S S Gobeille, A Cremin, P Waterhouse, A L Steinberg, F M J-Nutr. 2001 November; 131(11): 2837-42 0022-3166 •

Walnut-enriched diet increases the association of LDL from hypercholesterolemic men with human HepG2 cells. Author(s): Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Source: Munoz, S Merlos, M Zambon, D Rodriguez, C Sabate, J Ros, E Laguna, J C JLipid-Res. 2001 December; 42(12): 2069-76 0022-2275

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Walnuts (Juglans regia L): proximate composition, protein solubility, protein amino acid composition and protein in vitro digestibility. Source: Sze Tao, K.W.C. Sathe, S.K. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. July 2000. volume 80 (9) page 1393-1401. 0022-5142

•

Walnuts lower serum cholesterol in Japanese men and women. Author(s): Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Iwamoto, M Sato, M Kono, M Hirooka, Y Sakai, K Takeshita, A Imaizumi, K JNutr. 2000 February; 130(2): 171-6 0022-3166

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to walnuts; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Walnuts

Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Food and Diet Almonds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cream Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Emmenthaler Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flaxseeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High-Fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hot Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macadamia Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Pecans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pine Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pistachios Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stilton Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,100,00.html Wehani Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WALNUTS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to walnuts. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to walnuts and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to walnuts: •

A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. Author(s): Chisholm A, Mann J, Skeaff M, Frampton C, Sutherland W, Duncan A, Tiszavari S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 January; 52(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481526&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability, and nutritional value of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal. Author(s): Amaral JS, Casal S, Pereira JA, Seabra RM, Oliveira BP. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 17; 51(26): 7698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664531&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary supplementation with orange and carrot juice in cigarette smokers lowers oxidation products in copper-oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Author(s): Abbey M, Noakes M, Nestel PJ. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995 June; 95(6): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759743&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial. Author(s): Singh RB, Dubnov G, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Rastogi SS, Manor O, Pella D, Berry EM. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 9; 360(9344): 1455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433513&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Author(s): Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L, Franke AA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588904&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Almario RU, Vonghavaravat V, Wong R, Kasim-Karakas SE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 July; 74(1): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451720&dopt=Abstract

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Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Author(s): Simopoulos AP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 September; 70(3 Suppl): 560S569S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479232&dopt=Abstract

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Intracranial hypertension in a dieting patient. Author(s): Sirdofsky M, Kattah J, Macedo P. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1994 March; 14(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8032485&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma fatty acid profile and alternative nutrition. Author(s): Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Bederova A, Klvanova J. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1997; 41(6): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491192&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 23

•

Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma. Author(s): Jaber R. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 231-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391710&dopt=Abstract

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Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 4; 132(7): 538-46. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2000 October 17; 133(8): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744590&dopt=Abstract

•

The anaphylaxis campaign: youth workshop programme. Author(s): Percival J. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 April 29-May 5; 99(17): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747182&dopt=Abstract

•

The scientific evidence for a beneficial health relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Feldman EB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 132(5): 1062S-1101S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983840&dopt=Abstract

•

Two-day hydrophobic grid membrane filter method for yeast and mold enumeration in foods using YM-11 agar: collaborative study. Author(s): Entis P. Source: J Aoac Int. 1996 September-October; 79(5): 1069-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823916&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnut polyphenolics inhibit in vitro human plasma and LDL oxidation. Author(s): Anderson KJ, Teuber SS, Gobeille A, Cremin P, Waterhouse AL, Steinberg FM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 November; 131(11): 2837-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694605&dopt=Abstract

•

Walnuts and serum lipids. Author(s): Mogadam M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 29; 329(5): 358-9; Author Reply 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321267&dopt=Abstract

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•

Walnuts

Walnuts and serum lipids. Author(s): Mirkin G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 29; 329(5): 358; Author Reply 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321266&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to walnuts; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 25

Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Bach Flower Remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html Chinese Diet for Weight Loss Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html

•

Chinese Medicine Hetaoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Taoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Hetaoren; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

•

Herbs and Supplements ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Walnuts

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Black Walnut Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Cardec DM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Theophylline/Aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnut Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10110,00.html

Alternative Medicine 27

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON WALNUTS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “walnuts” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on walnuts, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Walnuts By performing a patent search focusing on walnuts, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on walnuts: •

Briquets for smoke seasoning food products Inventor(s): McLeod; H. C. (1407 South Cir., Mt. Prospect, IL 60056) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,874,396 Date filed: July 18, 1988 Abstract: The disclosed briquets comprise solid carrier means and a seasoning liquid impregnated into the carrier means; with the carrier means being both wet in appearance and to the touch and forming between 70-90% of the weight of the briquets and the seasoning liquid forming between 10-30% of the weight of the briquets. The carrier means are dried and absorbant, and may be 1-3 inch blocks of hard wood (oak) or crushed shells of fruitwood nuts including pecans, black walnuts, pistachios, almonds, and/or chestnuts. The seasoning liquid is noncombustible and includes: wine, soy sauce, molasses, whiskey, liquid smoke, real lemon extract, vinegar, and/or water; and bay leaves, onion powder, garlic powder, and/or Jamacian all spice. The liquid and solid components of the seasoning liquid are blended together in a ratio by weight of between 0.1-3% solid to 99.9-97% liquid materials. The briquets may be placed directly on or proximate to hot cooking coals, effective to generate fumes and/or smoke for seasoning food products as the same are being cooked. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to means that when burned provide for smoke seasoning food products or the like. It is common to cook or barbecue food products by a radiantly-hot open flame, of charcoal or of artifical coals heated by gas or electricity, such as on an open grill or in an enclosed oven. Food products cooked in this manner generally have a distinctive and appealing taste. The food products may further be seasoned by marinating them in a spiced sauce before cooking, and/or by spreading a seasoning directly on them, before or during cooking. Both of these seasoning methods require special efforts and/or prior preparation, including possible repeated applications as the food products are being cooked. A basic object of the present invention is to provide treated briquets that may be placed directly on or proximate to the burning charcoal or heated coals, effective then upon being heated and/or burned to generate smoke and/or fumes for penetrating and seasoning the food products simultaneously as the radiant cooking thereof is taking place. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04874396__

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Cosmetic facial powder containing walnut shell flour Inventor(s): Georgalas; Arthur (Leonardo, NJ), Harris; Thomas C. (Paterson, NJ) Assignee(s): Chattem, Inc. (chattanooga, Tn) Patent Number: 4,279,890 Date filed: May 23, 1977 Abstract: A cosmetic facial powder composition including filler, mendicant and fragrance ingredients possesses a high degree of transparency and oil absorbency provided by a large amount of the filler content being walnut shell flour having a

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particle size of not more than about 40 microns. The composition may be in loose or compact powder form. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved walnut shell flour based powder compositions having good adsorption of body fluids. More particularly, it relates to walnut shell flour based face powder compositions. Cosmetic powders having oil absorption properties have conventionally used a major proportion of talc. Talc, however, has certain disadvantages. For instance, when wetted with water and dried it forms hard agglomerates which are irritating to the skin. This property is reduced by replacing some of the talc with cornstarch, but cornstarch is an excellent medium for bacterial growth and is thereby another source of irritation. White et al (U.S. Pat. No. 3,278,383) disclose topical therapeutic powder compositions containing a major proportion of finely divided alpha cellulose. The powders are alleged to be non-staining, highly absorbent, soft and smooth, free of starch and boric acid and completely noncaking and non-crusting. The White et al compositions contain bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents and are primarily baby powders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04279890__ •

Fermentation composition, process for preparing the same, and use thereof Inventor(s): Matsuura; Shingoro (Innoshima, JP) Assignee(s): Manda Formentation Co., Ltd. (hiroshima, Jp) Patent Number: 6,395,315 Date filed: March 10, 1998 Abstract: Fermented and aged fruits such as apples, persimmons, bananas, pineapples, akebia, silvervine, figs, wild strawberries, wild vines, Myrica, and Ume (Japanese apricot), citrus fruits such as Navel oranges, Hassaku oranges, Mandarin oranges, Sour oranges, Iyokan oranges, kumquats, citrons, Kabosu oranges, shaddocks, Ponkan oranges, and lemons, edible roots such as Burdock, carrots, garlic, lotus root, and lily bulbs, grains such as brown rice, glutinous rice, polished rice, millet, corn, wheat, barley, and Foxtail millet, beans and sesames such as soybeans, black soybeans, black sesame, white sesame, and walnuts, seaweed such as Konbu, Wakame, Hijiki, and Laver, saccharides such as brown sugar as lump, fructose, and glucose, as well as honey, starch, cucumbers, Perilla, and celery are used as food quality improvers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermented composition, a method for its manufacture, and applications thereof. The fermented composition pertaining to the present invention can be used as a growth promoter for various plants and animals, and more specifically, can be used for plants such as rice, fruit trees, farm produce, flowering plants, and trees, animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens, and seafood such as fish and shellfish. Various types of fermented composition for health foods have been known in the past. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395315__

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Method for cracking walnuts and recovery of nut meat therefrom Inventor(s): Huang; Chi-Tai (Manhattan, KS) Assignee(s): Kansas State University Research Foundation (manhattan, Ks) Patent Number: 5,296,248 Date filed: December 14, 1992 Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for the cracking of walnuts (30) is provided, and particularly Eastern black walnuts, wherein the surfaces of the shells (32) of the walnuts (30) are first altered to present compression zone(s) (132, 134), and the walnuts (30) are then cracked by subjecting the shells (32) thereof to opposed compressive forces serving to crack the shells (32) while leaving nut meat kernels intact. Preferably, the walnut shells (32) are sanded adjacent the opposed upper and lower ends (34, 36) thereof to present the zones (132, 134), with subsequent compression cracking of the shells (32), leaving a substantial fraction of the internal nut meat intact. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with an improved method and apparatus for cracking of walnuts (especially Eastern black walnuts, Juglans nigra) and recovery of nut meat therefrom. More particularly, the invention is concerned with the method and apparatus which increases not only the gross yield of nut meat, but also gives appreciably more of valuable large nut meat kernels, as opposed to smaller, comminuted nut meat fragments. Broadly, the invention involves altering the surface configuration of walnut shells and thereafter cracking the surface-altered walnut shells by subjecting them to compressive forces; this serves to crack the hard walnut shells while leaving a greater proportion of the internal kernels intact. Eastern black walnuts are an important food item in American society. Black walnut kernels contribute considerably to the flavors of candy, ice cream and bakery products. They can also serve as a dietary supplement which is rich in phosphorus, iron, and vitamins B.sub.1 and A. Accordingly, black walnut meat is a premium food product commanding a relatively high price. Black walnuts are one of the most difficult nuts to crack among all hardshelled nuts. There are basically three directions from which compressive, cracking pressure can be applied: (1) end-to-end along the longitudinal axis; (2) side-to-side across the narrowest lateral dimension; and (3) side-to-side along the widest lateral dimension. However, black walnuts vary in size and the large number of species makes it difficult to uniformly treat and handle the nuts for maximum yield of meat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05296248__

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Method for drying walnuts Inventor(s): Gorang; Greg (Turlock, CA), Lunt; Maris (Campbell, CA), Mattson; Peter (Hillsborough, CA), Paloncy; Marianne (Mill Valley, CA) Assignee(s): Diamond of California (stockton, Ca) Patent Number: 6,572,907 Date filed: October 31, 2000 Abstract: A method for drying nuts that includes removing, acids, particularly tannins, and stopping enzymatic activity within the nut prior to drying provides a novel approach to processing nuts that has many useful characteristics. In one embodiment, walnuts are first blanched in water for 3 to 5 minutes to remove acids and stop enzymatic activity without causing the nut oils to react and are then reduced to a

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partially dehydrate state of 2% water. Nuts so prepared are dried without inducing rancidity producing reactions that normally occur when drying tannin-containing nuts and have less of a bitter taste associated with the tannins. Additionally, the nuts may be glazed to form a protective coating that inhibits oxidative reactions between the atmosphere and the nut, and which provides a convenient and tasty snack food. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the processing of foods and more particularly to improved methods of drying nuts. Processed nuts are heated for a variety of reasons. Nuts are sometimes heated with boiling water (blanched) to promote easy removal of the shells. Heating of the nuts by blanching is usually performed at or above the boiling temperature of water for times approaching an hour. Nuts are sometimes dried to provide increased shelf life, to produce a readily edible food product, or to prepare the nuts for further cooking steps. Methods of drying include roasting, such as where the nut is heated in oil to temperatures from about 250 to 375 F. While heating has many beneficial uses, it may also produce undesirable side effects including: discoloration; unacceptable changes in texture or consistency; rancidity or other reactions that shorten shelf life; and driving tannins or other acids from the shell into the nutmeat during blanching. Of particular concern here are heat induced rancidity and shortened shelf life that often occur in acid-containing nuts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572907__ •

Method for the preparation of alimentary soft granular caviar Inventor(s): Aroutiounian; Asmik (Glendale, CA), Khatchatrian; Robert G. (Glendale, CA), Khatchatrian; Tigran (Glendale, CA) Assignee(s): Royal Caviar, Inc. (glendale, Ca) Patent Number: 6,391,367 Date filed: September 21, 1999 Abstract: A method and an apparatus for preparing an alimentary granular soft caviar similar to black (granular) caviar. The method involves the preparation of a mixture containing an albuminous colloid, water, and alimentary gelatin to form the grains, exposing the grains to tea water, dye-stuff, salt solution and gustatory components. The grains of caviar are obtained by supplying the mixture under pressure through gauged channels to a cavity with heated vegetable oil in its upper section, separating and washing the grains, tanning the grains in a tea extract, water washing, washing with salt solution, introducing to the product of a gustatory component in an amount not less than 10% of the total weight of the product and mixing the grains with vegetable oil. The albuminous colloidal solution is soy milk, foremilk of mammals, or a mixture of these components, a mixture of cow/soy milk, or whey of soy or cow milk. The grains are dyed by immersion in an extract from the rind of green walnuts. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the technology of preparation of a delicacy granular food product, similar to black caviar, and to the device for preparing in the product. The invention can be used in the food-processing industry, in particular for preparation of dietary food. Methods and devices for preparation of alimentary granular caviar are known based on the technology of thermostatic control of a solution of the components of caviar, preparation of a mixture for forming the grains by pressing the components through a die under pressure into hot vegetable oil, separation of the grains from the oil, washing, drying, and subsequent processing for improvement of flavor and appearance through coloring and packing. The method of obtaining

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alimentary caviar based on the preparation of a mixture containing eggs, fish homogenate, food dye, and salt, forming the grains in oil, and their culinary processing, coloring and packing is also known. The carbon medical absorbent CKT-6A is used as a dyestuff in a quantity of 4-9 weight % to the weight of the mixture for forming grains, after salt has been previously mixed with the dye-stuff (Patent of Russian Federation No. 2002432, A23L, 1/328, publication 15.11.93). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06391367__ •

Non-skid surface structure Inventor(s): Corder; Adrian C. (27327 Fahren Ct., Apt. 202, Canyon Country, CA 91351) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,399,181 Date filed: November 21, 2000 Abstract: A non-slip, water resistant, oil resistant surface structure for use where water and/or oil are likely to create a slippery surface, including a rubber-bottom mat upon which a thrice coated, non-slip surfaced substrate is fastened, the coating on the substrate including crushed walnuts, or the equivalent, to provide for a non-slip surface and the coating comprising a thermosetting epoxy resin material with an amine hardener. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a non-skid surface structure that can be used as a floor, or a mat adapted for placement on garage floors, and includes, preferably features that render it relatively water resistant, oil resistant and non-slip. Various non-skid surface structures are known, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,662,972, 5,475,951, 5,500,267 and 5,763,070. However, none of these structures provide the combination of features yielding the usefulness, flexibility, durability, ease of manufacture, and practicality of the present invention. It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-slip, water resistant, oil resistant surface structure that can be used as a floor or as a mat for placement on garage floors and other flat surfaces where the presence of water and/or oil may create a slippery surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399181__

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Nut kernel extractor Inventor(s): Fornes; Gaston G. (2400 Bennington Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22901) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,550,495 Date filed: February 16, 1983 Abstract: This invention relates to a light weight, portable, hand-operated device for extracting the kernels of very hard-shell edible nuts in premium-size pieces without crushing. On black walnuts the device is effectively used: first to split the nut along its natural suture; and then by using its tooth-like nippers, the hard shell of each black walnut half is split into very large portions along five outlined paths thereby releasing the kernel in large premium-size pieces. The invention is comprised of jaws with nippers, a lock to hold the jaws closed, a splitter blade mounted on one handle and a slotted safety ring mounted on the other handle adjacent to the splitter blade.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new means and method to extract the kernals of very hard-shell nuts. It has long been a problem to crack very hard-shell nuts in a way that large premium-size pieces of the kernel can be extracted therefrom. It is a widely accepted fact that the kernels of the black walnut are the most difficult of the edible nut meats to extract. Therefore, it is obvious that any successful device and method effective for black walnuts may be used to extract the kernels of various other kinds of nuts. A serious disadvantage found in hand-operated nutcrackers and nut shellers of conventional type is the tendency of these devices to crack and smash the shell into many small pieces and to break and crush the kernel, leaving shell and pieces of kernel intermingled. This usually happens because very high breaking pressures are applied and once the shell starts to yield, total collapse is swift and the hand control is not adequate to prevent the shattering of the nut. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04550495__ •

Nutcracker Inventor(s): Le Bail; Xavier (Saint Leu la Foret, FR) Assignee(s): Birambeau SA (societe Anonyme) (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,151,782 Date filed: July 22, 1999 Abstract: A device for cracking the shells of fruit, such as in particular walnuts, of the type comprising two elements adapted to pivot, by one of their respective ends, about a transverse pin, comprising a fruit-gripping area adjacent to the pivot axis in which the fruit, whose shell it is desired to crack, is placed. This device is characterized in that at least the inner face of one of these elements is covered, at least in part, with an elastically deformable product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutcracker, and more precisely to a nutcracker of the pliers type. It is known that such nutcrackers, which are particularly wide-spread in the prior state of the art, are constituted by two slightly incurved arms which are articulated at one of their ends, their free ends forming a lever arm. The fruits whose shell it is desired to crack, such as in particular walnuts or hazelnuts, are placed near the articulation, between the inner faces of the arms, and an effort is exerted on the free ends of said arms, tending to bring them closer together. In order to avoid the fruit which is gripped between these arms sliding inside the latter, the inner face of said arms comprises a rough surface. Such rough surfaces are usually formed by successive flutings hollowed in the arms. It has been observed that such rough surfaces are sometimes insufficient to ensure hold, without slide, of the fruit between the two pivoting arms, all the more so as, after a certain number of uses, these rough surfaces tend to become blunt due to the abrasive action exerted by the shell of the fruit. It is an object of the present invention to propose a means ensuring efficient hold of the fruit between the arms of the nutcracker. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06151782__

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Nutcracker for cracking hard-shell nuts such as black walnuts and macadamia nuts Inventor(s): Price; William M. (Rte. 4, Box 226, Wake Forest, NC 27587) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,520,719 Date filed: April 7, 1980 Abstract: The present invention relates to an impact nutcracker of the type having an anvil and an impact member aligned but spaced apart wherein the impact member and anvil are adapted to hold a nut therebetween. A striking device is provided to transmit an impact force to said impact member which transmits the force to the shell of the held nut, causing the same to be cracked and broken such that the kernel can be easily and conveniently removed. The present invention entails an improved impact nutcracker for cracking hard-shell nuts such as black walnuts and macadamia nuts. In order to achieve this, both the impact member and anvil is provided about inner face-to-face end portions with a nut receiving recess that is specifically shaped in a shallow and slightly rounded form to directly engage and surround a substantial portion of the hard-shell nut. This substantial direct engagement of the nut enables the nutcracker to crack the hard-shell nut in a manner that generally leaves the internal kernel mostly unbroken and undisturbed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutcrackers and more particularly to impact nutcrackers of the type which are provided with an impact member and anvil spaced apart and adapted to hold a nut therebetween and which is further provided with a striking member for imparting an impact force to the impact member and causing the nut held between the impact member and anvil to be cracked. For some time now one of the most practical and efficient nutcrackers has been the so called "Inertia" nutcracker of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,486. This nutcracker has been commercially successful and is generally referred to as an impact type inasmuch as the same is adapted to hold a nut between an impact member and an anvil. A striking member is designed to be cocked and released after which the same drives towards the impact member and strikes the same. This striking force results in a compressive movement between the anvil and impact member, resulting in the nut being cracked. In an impact nutcracker of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,486, both the anvil and opposed impact member include conically shaped nut receiving recesses. This is important since the design is aimed at providing opposed points of contact about opposite extremities of the nut. This is a very suitable design for relatively soft-shell nuts as pecans, English walnuts or the like. But because the nut receiving recesses are conical shaped, this results in only point or minimum contact of the nut with the recess portions of the impact member and anvil. Point or minimum contact is very effective in cracking nuts such as pecans and English walnuts. But in the case of hard-shell nuts such as black walnuts or macadamia nuts, point or minimal contact is not effective in cracking such nuts with a single blow. At best point contact results in small cracks at the point of contact and consequently some individuals choose to turn the hard-shell nut numerous times resulting in a plurality of small cracks, and continuing this until the shell is sufficiently cracked to remove the kernel. Even in such situations, the kernel may be battered into a great many small pieces, which further hinders the efficiency of the nutcracking operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04520719__

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•

Preparation of processed cheeses containing nutmeats Inventor(s): Invernizzi; Rutilio (Milan, IT), Prella; Giovanni (Vercelli, IT) Assignee(s): Societe D'assistance Technique Pour Produits Nestle S.a. (lausanne, Ch) Patent Number: 4,160,044 Date filed: March 26, 1975 Abstract: Processed cheese is prepared containing nutmeats such as walnuts which have been contacted with demineralized water for a period of time sufficient to remove tannins from the nutmeats. The removal of tannins from the nutmeats with demineralized water prevents local discoloration in the processed cheese caused by the reaction of tannins with cations of heavy metals such as iron to form insoluble tannates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the production of processed cheeses containing fruits. It is known that there is a considerable liking among consumers for processed cheeses whose flavour and texture have been enhanced by the addition of fruits, more especially dry fruits such as, for example, walnuts. This liking has prompted numerous cheese mongers to propose, as "specialities", cheeses containing whole or size-reduced dry fruits or, more simply, dry fruits or pieces of dry fruits. These specialities are generally eaten within a few days of their production. Disappointment has been considerable in cases where cheeses of the kind in question have been produced on a commercial scale and marketed through a distribution network normally corresponding to a period before consumption of the order of a few months, because after a few days cheeses of this kind, produced simply by mixing in accordance with the home-produced recipes of cheese mongers, regularly show red or violet-coloured patches due undoubtedly to the presence of fruits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04160044__

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Process for removing skins from shelled walnuts Inventor(s): Lee; Edward P. (Hacienda Heights, CA) Assignee(s): Penutech (city of Industry, Ca) Patent Number: 4,738,860 Date filed: September 18, 1986 Abstract: The method and apparatus for removing the skins of shelled walnuts generally involves confining the shelled walnuts in a containment area, spraying the walnuts with water under sufficient pressure to remove the skins without breaking the nuts, removing excess water from the skinned walnuts and skins, and separating the walnuts from the skins. The apparatus generally includes one or more nets for confining the shelled walnuts in a containment area, one or more spray nozzles directed at the walnuts, and one or more pumps providing water under pressure to the nozzles. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a process and apparatus for removing the skins from the nut meat of shelled walnuts. More particularly, the method and apparatus of the invention allow the removal of the brown, thin, poor tasting skins from the nut meat of shelled walnuts, substantially without waste or breakage of the nut meat. As is well known, the skins or pellicles of nuts found beneath the shells of the nuts, is often bitter, and detracts from the appearance and flavor of nuts in prepared foods or when eaten separately. It has been known to remove the skin of regularly shaped, rounded nuts by the use of jets of water on the nuts while the nuts are agitated, but the removal of the

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skins from shelled walnuts has generally been practiced by removal of the skins by hand, or by treatment in harsh solutions, or a combination of such practices, in order to avoid wasteful breakage of the nut meat, which occurs as a consequence of the highly irregular and convoluted of the nut meat, which makes removal of the skin an exceedingly difficult and painstaking process. Although the removal of skins from shelled walnuts has been practiced for centuries to produce an expensive delicacy for use in the preparation of various food dishes, the applicant is not aware of any known process or apparatus which allows for the removal of walnut skins in quantity, without substantial breakage of the nut meat, as is provided for by the process and apparatus of the present invention. This invention is directed to a method and apparatus for removing the skins of shelled walnuts in quantity, and without substantial breakage of the nut meat, which lends itself to mass production of high quality skinned and shelled walnuts. The process for removing the skins from the nut meat of shelled walnuts basically comprises confining the shelled walnuts to a containment area; spraying the shelled walnuts in the containment area with water under sufficient pressure to remove the skins without breaking the nuts; removing excess water from the skinned walnuts and skins; and separating the skinned walnuts from the skins. The principal features of the apparatus for removing the skins from the nut meat of shelled walnuts comprise basically a means for confining the shelled walnuts to the containment area for spraying; a means for spraying the shelled walnuts in the containment with water at a sufficient pressure to remove the skins without breaking the nuts; a pump to provide water at an elevated pressure to the means for spraying the shelled walnuts, and a means for connecting the pump to the spray means. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04738860__ •

Trash separator for hut harvester Inventor(s): Ramacher; Barry (Stockton, CA) Assignee(s): Ramacher Manufacturing Company (linden, Ca) Patent Number: 4,642,977 Date filed: November 1, 1985 Abstract: A nut harvester and separator, particularly for nuts such as pecans, almonds and walnuts, includes a wheeled frame drawn by a tractor over nut and trash windrows on the nut-orchard ground. Power-driven pick-up and lifting reels within a longitudinal plenum on the frame advance the picked-up material well into the plenum. A powerdriven suction fan is open to the top of the plenum and draws atmospheric air into the plenum partially through a powered chain conveyor largely defining the bottom wall of the plenum. Atmospheric air is also drawn into the plenum through side inlets in an initial free fall zone of separation providing separation and removal of a large fraction of the light debris which is lifted through the suction fan and discharged to the atmosphere. Heavy, less aerodynamically responsive nuts are left behind to lodge on the conveyor along with the remaining fraction of light debris to form a blanket. The blanket restricts upward flow of air through the rearwardly moving conveyor until the leading edge of the blanket approaches the rearwardly converging downstream, or back, wall of the plenum where the Venturi effect of the wall helps to induce a vigorous updraft in the vicinity of the wall capable of disrupting the leading edge of the blanket where final separation of the debris takes place and the isolated nuts are discharged into a towed cart or other container.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to devices for separating nuts from the accompanying leaves and other debris picked up from the ground in an orchard by a nut harvester. Ramacher U.S. Pat. No. 4,364,222. Prior art devices, including most nut harvesterseparators commercially available, are often forced to resort to multiple fans to provide sufficient power to induce an updraft capable of lifting a mixture of nuts and heavy trash, such as that encountered in pecan orchards, from a screen conveyor and of separating and removing the lighter and more aerodynamically responsive trash from the nuts which remain on the conveyor and are carried to a discharge. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04642977__ •

Walnut cracking mechanism Inventor(s): Baker; Robert P. (Hughson, CA), Filice; Michael P. (Orinda, CA), Lemos; Robert (Salida, CA) Assignee(s): Filembak, Inc. (orinda, Ca) Patent Number: 5,325,769 Date filed: September 25, 1992 Abstract: A mechanism for cracking nuts utilizing a rotating member including a plurality of cells. Each cell of the rotating member is sized to contain a single nut which is accessible through an entrance to the cell. The cell also includes a plate against which the walnut may rest. Each nut, if elongated, is oriented in each of the cells such that the long axis of the nut lies between the entrance and the plate of each cell. Cracking heads are employed in association with each of the cells such that any single cracking head is sized to move freely in and out of the entrance of each of the cells and may contact the nut within each cell. A striker or impact producing device imparts an impinging force to any of the cracking heads to crack the nut between the cracking head and plate within each of the cells of the rotating member. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel and useful mechanism for cracking nuts, such as walnuts. The processing of walnuts requires complete and careful cracking of the shells to prevent breakage of the meat into small pieces as well as the production of ground meal. In addition, shell fragments, which must be eventually removed from the cracked walnuts, should be large in size to effect such removal. In the past, walnuts have been manually cracked by a person wielding a hammer on an assembly line, one at a time. Such cracking technique has produced good results, but is slow, extremely labor extensive, and, consequently, quite expensive to achieve. Other devices for cracking walnuts have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,147,022 describes a walnut cracking device which combines a brush and rolling mechanism to crack a walnut shell on a sharp edge of a draper. U.S. Pat. No. 2,685,312 cracks walnut shells using an electric charge between both ends of the whole walnut. U.S. Pat. No. 2,288,191 cracks multiple walnuts by squeezing walnuts between a cracker head bar and a prong holder using a hydraulically driven mechanism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05325769__

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Walnut seed meal extract Inventor(s): Laforet; Jean-Pierre (Genas, FR) Assignee(s): Gattefosse S.a. (saint Priest, Fr) Patent Number: 6,395,261 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: An aqueous extract of walnut seed meal useful in cosmetic and dermatologic compositions is disclosed. The extract is obtained by macerating the pressed seed meal from Juglans sp. in water and concentrating the water. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a walnut seed cake extract. It also relates to a cosmetic composition comprising said extract. Its subject is also various applications of the extract and therefore of the cosmetic composition. In the remainder of the description and in the claims, "walnut seed cake" designates the residue from the pressing of walnut seed after extraction of the oil which it contains, commonly called "walnut oil". Walnut trees belonging to the Juglandaceae family are widely distributed and cultivated in temperate countries. This includes in particular Juglans regia which is found in Europe or Juglans regia which is found in America, which are the subject of a number of applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395261__

Patent Applications on Walnuts As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to walnuts: •

Black walnut tree named 'Beineke 2' Inventor(s): Beineke, Walter; (West Lafayette, IN) Correspondence: Barnes & Thornburg; P.O. Box 2786; Chicago; IL; 60690-2786; US Patent Application Number: 20030213030 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Excerpt(s): After the original clone was selected, and assigned an identity number of BW408 the aforesaid tree was reproduced by collecting scions from it and grafting these onto common black walnut rootstocks at American Forestry Technology Company, West Lafayette, Ind. These asexual reproductions ran true to the parent tree and to each other in all respects. A new and distinct cultivar of black walnut tree (Juglans nigra L.) which is distinctly characterized by extremely rapid growth rate, very strong central stem tendency, and excellent straightness, thereby producing excellent timber qualities. The new variety has good nut bearing qualities. Nut crops are abundant and biennial. Nut-bearing begins early in the life of the tree. Nuts are small, ripen early and average 3 per cluster. Size.--Large. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 41

•

Method and device for preparation of alimentary soft granular caviar Inventor(s): Aruntyunyan, Asmik; (Glendale, CA), Khatchatrian, Robert G.; (Glendale, CA), Khatchatrian, Tigran; (Glendale, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 620 Newport Center Drive; Sixteenth Floor; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020164411 Date filed: April 16, 2002 Abstract: A method and an apparatus for preparing an alimentary granular soft caviar similar to black (granular) caviar. The method involves the preparation of a mixture containing an albuminous colloid, water, and alimentary gelatin to form the grains, exposing the grains to tea water, dye-stuff, salt solution and gustatory components. The grains of caviar are obtained by supplying the mixture under pressure through gauged channels to a cavity with heated vegetable oil in its upper section, separating and washing the grains, tanning the grains in a tea extract, water washing, washing with salt solution, introducing to the product of a gustatory component in an amount not less than 10% of the total weight of the product and mixing the grains with vegetable oil. The albuminous colloidal solution is soy milk, foremilk of mammals, or a mixture of these components, a mixture of cow/soy milk, or whey of soy or cow milk. The grains are dyed by immersion in an extract from the rind of green walnuts. The apparatus includes a cavity containing the initial mixture, outlet pipes with stream-forming heads, a source of gas pressure, a cylindrical granulating cavity for forming grains of the product, a nipple for draining excess forming liquid, water jackets around the cavity and the granulating cavity, and a receptacle at the bottom of the granulating cavity for accumulation of the produced grains. The apparatus also contains a compressor supplying impulse gas into the granulating cavity through pipes located at the top of the granulating cavity oriented horizontally to the center of the granulating cavity. The top of the granulating cavity is wider than the body of the granulating cavity, in the shape of a funnel, and is enclosed by a heating unit, connected to a controller. The invention can be used on dairy kitchens and other small-sized alimentary firms to obtain small volumes of caviar, and also at dairy plants for preparation of large amounts of the dietary product. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the technology of preparation of a delicacy granular food product, similar to black caviar, and to the device for preparing in the product. The invention can be used in the food-processing industry, in particular for preparation of dietary food. Methods and devices for preparation of alimentary granular caviar are known based on the technology of thermostatic control of a solution of the components of caviar, preparation of a mixture for forming the grains by pressing the components through a die under pressure into hot vegetable oil, separation of the grains from the oil, washing, drying, and subsequent processing for improvement of flavor and appearance through coloring and packing. The method of obtaining alimentary caviar based on the preparation of a mixture containing eggs, fish homogenate, food dye, and salt, forming the grains in oil, and their culinary processing, coloring and packing is also known. The carbon medical absorbent CKT-6A is used as a dyestuff in a quantity of 4-9 weight % to the weight of the mixture for forming grains, after salt has been previously mixed with the dye-stuff (Patent of Russian Federation No. 2002432, A23L, 1/328, publication 15.11.93). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of preparation of sweet microwave popcorn Inventor(s): Popov, Vladi Krumov; (Montreal, CA) Correspondence: Vladi Popov; 37 , Poruchik Dimitar Velichkov,; Plovdiv; 2000; BG Patent Application Number: 20030232119 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: The method of preparation of sweet microwave pop-corn guarantees a finished product, where the presence of sugar does not harden the popcorn and they remain white and tender, without burn over the pack and among the popped kernels inside, homogeneously colored and flavoured, with natural ingredients. This method starts with the preparation of a sugar--glucose syrup made of sugar, water and glucose. The mixture is heated and cooled up to determinate temperature. The next mixture is a fat solution consisted of coconut or palm oil, lecithin and cream or flavouring. The final mixture is made of corn, sugar-glucose syrup and the fat solution. Flavouring like caramel or chocolate and colouring can be added to the sugar-glucose syrup. One of the following ingredients can be added: peanuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, a caramel or chocolate flavouring. Excerpt(s): Microwave pop-corn is a semi-cooked type of food popular among people. Offering a wide range of tastes of this product also provokes interest in it. Sweet microwave pop-corn is examined in patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,858, AU 1097595, EP 0727946. It is known that in the preparation is used a mixture of non-popped corn, a sweetening mixture and glaze. To obtain these components are used the following initial products: oil ingredient, crystal sugar, maize suryp, sodium chloride, granulated sugar, vanilla, caramel, lecithin, gnanulated honey. The weight percents can vary as follows: non-popped corn 48+55, sweetening mixture--fine granulated sugar 14+21, granulated brown sugar 10, granulated honey 4, oil 23+30, vanilla 1, caramel 0.7, maize syrup 42+43, lecithin 0.5+0.55. Sweet microwave pop-corn U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,488 is known as a product where taste is given by a caramel flavouring, containing maize syrup, sugar, milk, maltosadextrine, partial hydrogenized coconut oil, salt, natural and artificial flavourings and colour mixture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Purified linear polypeptide epitope from walnuts and associated methods Inventor(s): Robotham, Jason M.; (Tallahassee, FL), Roux, Kenneth H.; (Tallahassee, FL), Sathe, Shridhar K.; (Tallahassee, FL), Teuber, Suzanne; (Davis, CA) Correspondence: Allen, Dyer, Doppelt, Milbrath & Gilchrist, P.A.; Suite 1401; 255 South Orange Avenue; P.O. Box 3791; Orlando; FL; 32802-3791; US Patent Application Number: 20030103903 Date filed: September 20, 2002 Abstract: A purified Ig-E binding immunogenic polypeptide the amino acid sequence of which consists of SEQ ID NO:1 is disclosed. The purified amino acid sequence is a major allergen of the walnut Juglans regia. Also described are a diagnostic test kit and use of the purified polypeptide in tests for identifying patients having an allergy to walnuts. Mutations of the disclosed polypeptide, as well as nucleic acid sequences encoding therefor are claimed as part of the invention.

Patents 43

Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending provisional application Serial No. 60/324,161 which was filed on Sep. 20, 2001, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to the field of allergies to nuts and, more particularly, to a purified linear epitope polypeptide from walnuts and associated methods. It is estimated that up to 8% of children less than 3 years of age and 2% of adults are affected by food allergies (reviewed in.sup.1). While food-induced allergic reactions are the most common cause of outpatient anaphylaxis,.sup.2 the majority of severe reactions of this kind are caused by peanuts and tree nuts.sup.3,4 Most plant food allergens can be found among pathogenesis-related proteins, seed storage albumins and globulins, and a-amylase and protease inhibitors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Walnut and ryegrass allergens Inventor(s): Buchanan, Bob B.; (Berkeley, CA), del Val, Gregorio; (San Diego, CA), Frick, Oscar L.; (San Francisco, CA), Teuber, Suzanne S.; (Dais, CA) Correspondence: Morrison & Foerster Llp; 425 Market Street; San Francisco; CA; 941052482; US Patent Application Number: 20030180225 Date filed: February 4, 2002 Abstract: A 30 kDa ragweed complete pollen extract disulfide protein allergen has been purified from ragweed pollen. IgE immunoblots with sera of ragweed, walnut and ryegrass sensitive patients indicated that the 30 kDa protein is a major allergen. The 30 kDa protein finds use in allergy testing and immunotherapy regimens. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/266,686, filed Feb. 5, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to allergenic proteins from pollen of ragweed and fragments, derivatives and homologues thereof, and to allergenic proteins immunologically related thereto. More particularly, the present invention relates to a major allergenic 30 kDa disulfide protein isolated from complete ragweed pollen, an 8-10 kDa complete ragweed pollen extract disulfide protein, a 30 kDa defatted ragweed pollen extract disulfide protein and fragments, derivatives and homologues thereof. Genetically predisposed individuals, who make up at least 10% of the population, become hypersensitized (allergic) to antigens from a variety of environmental sources to which they are exposed. Those antigens that can induce immediate and/or delayed types of hypersensitivity are known as allergens. Anaphylaxis or atopy, which includes the symptoms of hay fever, asthma, and hives, is one form of immediate allergy. It can be caused by a variety of atopic allergens, such as products of grasses, trees, weeds, animal dander, mites, insects, food, drugs and chemicals. Many individuals are allergic to ragweed pollen. In fact, ragweed is the major cause of pollen related allergies in much of the United States. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with walnuts, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on walnuts. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning walnuts. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON WALNUTS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to walnuts. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on walnuts include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “walnuts” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “walnuts” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “walnuts” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Kyrgyzstan's Walnut-Fruit Forests: Proceedings of the Seminar, Arslanbob, Dzalal-Abab Oblast, Kyrgyzstan, 4-8 Sept by Jurgen Blaser (Editor), et al; ISBN: 2831703875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2831703875/icongroupinterna

•

Black Walnut : The History, Use, & Unrealized Potential of a Unique American Renewable by Bob Chenoweth, Conrad Brunner; ISBN: 1571670084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571670084/icongroupinterna

•

Black Walnut for Profit by Thompson; ISBN: 0917304403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917304403/icongroupinterna

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Black Walnut for Profit by Bruce Thompson; ISBN: 0931318076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931318076/icongroupinterna

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•

Black walnut for profit : [a guide to risks and rewards] by Bruce S. Thompson; ISBN: 0892790016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892790016/icongroupinterna

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Cross-Walnut/Maple-Ove; ISBN: 0005036836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0005036836/icongroupinterna

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Franco and Friends: Food from the Walnut Tree by Ann Taruschio, Franco Taruschio; ISBN: 0563383763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0563383763/icongroupinterna

•

Fruit Varieties Register 1580-1660: Nectarines to Walnuts (English Agriculture 15801660 First Series) by Stuart Peachey; ISBN: 1858040728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858040728/icongroupinterna

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Growing Walnuts by B. J. Vavasour; ISBN: 047701268X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047701268X/icongroupinterna

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Integrated Pest Management for Walnuts by Larry L. Strand, Jack Kelly Clark (Photographer); ISBN: 1879906627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879906627/icongroupinterna

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Johnny Walnutseed and Growing Black Walnuts by J. M. Sloan; ISBN: 0533038871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533038871/icongroupinterna

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Juglans regia : walnut by M. P. Shiva; ISBN: 8185276730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8185276730/icongroupinterna

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Leaves from the Walnut Tree: Recipes of a Lifetime by Ann Taruschio, Franco Taruschio; ISBN: 1857935705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857935705/icongroupinterna

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Love Among the Walnuts: Or How I Saved My Entire Family from Being Poisoned by Jean Ferris; ISBN: 0141310995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0141310995/icongroupinterna

•

Research Programme on Mediterranean Agriculture: 2nd Meeting on Walnuts and Hazelnuts by E. Germain (Editor); ISBN: 9282599752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282599752/icongroupinterna

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Story of the Walnut Tree by Don H. Staheli, et al; ISBN: 1573458856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573458856/icongroupinterna

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Survival, growth, and target canker infection of black walnut families 15 years after establishment in West Virginia (SuDoc A 13.78:NE-674) by Thomas M. Schuler; ISBN: B00010MVTM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010MVTM/icongroupinterna

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The Day the First Walnut Fell by Margaret Wise-Brown, Irene Goede (Illustrator); ISBN: 1863742018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1863742018/icongroupinterna

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The Incredible Walnut Creature by Gwen Bailey; ISBN: 0806227214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806227214/icongroupinterna

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The Seventh Walnut by Genevieve Petit, Joelle Boucher (Illustrator); ISBN: 0922984107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0922984107/icongroupinterna

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The Third Walnut Tree : Was It an Act of God by George H. Mullins; ISBN: 1564743098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564743098/icongroupinterna

Books

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•

The Trail of the Black Walnut (#4809) by George E. Reaman; ISBN: 0806313943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806313943/icongroupinterna

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The Walnut Cookbook by Jean-Luc Toussaint, et al; ISBN: 0898159482; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898159482/icongroupinterna

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The Walnut Diet and Fitness Plan by Frank Ryan; ISBN: 1874082162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1874082162/icongroupinterna

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The walnut tree by Martha Blum; ISBN: 1550501542; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550501542/icongroupinterna

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The World Market for Walnuts: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00013461U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00013461U/icongroupinterna

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WALKING ON WALNUTS by Nancy Ring (Author); ISBN: 0553096648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553096648/icongroupinterna

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Walnut; ISBN: 929043211X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/929043211X/icongroupinterna

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Walnut Orchard Management (Publication, 21410) by David E. Ramos (Editor); ISBN: 0931876710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931876710/icongroupinterna

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Walnut Pickles and Watermelon Cake: A Century of Michigan Cooking (Great Lakes Books) by Larry B. Massie, Priscilla Massie (Contributor); ISBN: 0814319394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814319394/icongroupinterna

•

Walnut production (SuDoc A 92.11/2-4) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010VBO8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VBO8/icongroupinterna

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Walnut Production Manual (#3373) by David E. Ramos (Editor); ISBN: 1879906279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879906279/icongroupinterna

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Walnut Trees (Trees) by John F. Prevost; ISBN: 1562396188; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562396188/icongroupinterna

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Watermelons, Walnuts and the Wisdom of Allah by B. K. Walker; ISBN: 0819301957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819301957/icongroupinterna

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Watermelons, Walnuts and the Wisdom of Allah: And Other Tales of the Hoca by Barbara K. Walker, Harold Berson (Illustrator); ISBN: 0896722546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896722546/icongroupinterna

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When a Man Loves a Walnut by Gavin Edwards (Author); ISBN: 0684845679; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684845679/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Walnuts In order to find chapters that specifically relate to walnuts, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and walnuts using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and

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language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

49

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WALNUTS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover walnuts.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on walnuts is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to walnuts. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “walnuts” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for walnuts: •

Walnuts lower cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic individuals Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 2000

•

Walnuts may help lower harmful cholesterol Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2000

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•

Walnut consumption may lower lipid-related cardiovascular risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 16, 1999

•

Walnuts tied to reduced heart risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 15, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “walnuts” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to walnuts, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

51

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “walnuts” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Walnuts Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to walnuts. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering walnuts that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 97 1 50 0 48 196

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “walnuts” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on walnuts can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to walnuts. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to walnuts. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “walnuts”:

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•

Walnuts

Other guides Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html Prostate Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatediseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on walnuts. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

FAN Flashbacks: Tree Nuts Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 1996. 4 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Price: $2.00 each. Summary: This brochure reprints relevant information on specific topics from previous issues of Food Allergy News, the newsletter of the Food Allergy Network. This brochure focuses on tree nuts. Included is a listing of fruits and seeds that are commonly referred to as nuts. This list includes almonds, Brazil nuts (souari, swarri, butter, paradise, or guiana nuts), cashew, hazelnut or filbert, pecan, pinon or pinyon nuts, pistachio, walnuts, acorns, beech nuts, chestnuts, coconut, ginkgo or salnuts, hickory (pecan), oysternut, pignolia, pili (Javanese almonds), Queensland or macadamia nuts, terminalia, and wingnuts. For each item on the list, the brochure defines its source and whether or not it can be eaten by people allergic to tree nuts. The remainder of the brochure provides news reports, cooking tips, consumer alert information, and some information sent in from readers outside the United States. The brochure includes the address, telephone numbers, and email addresses for the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. (AA-M).

Patient Resources

•

63

High Iron Foods Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $0.65 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This single fold brochure lists foods that are high in iron, organizing them into five categories: vegetables, juices, breads and cereals, meats, and miscellaneous. The brochure notes that high iron foods should be eaten along with foods high in vitamin C, such as citrus fruit juices or fresh fruits. Vitamin C is needed so that the body can absorb and use the iron that is eaten. Foods listed include dates, prunes, raisins, prune juice, dried peaches, dried apricots, kale, chard, lentils, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens, dried beans and peas, beef, chicken, cured ham, beef heart, beef kidney, liver, oysters, pork, sardines, scallops, shrimp, turkey, veal, enriched noodles, enriched breads, Cream of Wheat, enriched rice, raisin bran, bran flakes, Special K, peanuts, molasses, corn syrup, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, and black walnuts. The brochure is printed on cardstock and illustrated with graphics of the foods listed. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to walnuts. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to walnuts. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with walnuts. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about walnuts. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “walnuts” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “walnuts”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “walnuts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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65

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “walnuts” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

69

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

71

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

73

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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WALNUTS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60

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per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Cell: A type of cell in the pancreas (in areas called the islets of Langerhans). Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative nutrition: One of two or more host species that may form the food base for a parasite but is not essential for the completion of the latter's life history. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]

Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of

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organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU]

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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief

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constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein

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structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH]

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Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]

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Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food-Processing Industry: The productive enterprises concerned with food processing. [NIH]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to

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replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH]

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Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and

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diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances

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that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of

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proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,

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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]

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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]

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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or

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obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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INDEX A Acceptor, 75, 88 Acrylonitrile, 75, 91 Adenosine, 75, 89 Adjuvant, 75, 83 Adrenal Medulla, 75, 82 Adrenergic, 75, 82, 92 Adsorption, 31, 75 Adsorptive, 75 Adverse Effect, 75, 91 Affinity, 75, 91 Agar, 23, 75, 81, 85 Airway, 75, 93 Albumin, 5, 14, 75, 89 Algorithms, 76, 78 Alimentary, 33, 41, 76 Allergen, 5, 8, 14, 42, 43, 76 Allergic Rhinitis, 76, 84 Allylamine, 76 Alpha Cell, 31, 76 Alternative medicine, 50, 76 Alternative nutrition, 22, 76 Amine, 34, 76 Amino acid, 16, 42, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 88, 90, 93 Amino Acid Motifs, 76, 81 Amino Acid Sequence, 42, 76, 77, 80, 83 Ammonia, 76 Amylase, 43, 77 Anabolic, 77, 82 Analogous, 77, 89, 93 Anaphylaxis, 6, 23, 43, 62, 77 Anesthetics, 77, 82 Anions, 76, 77 Antibodies, 77, 82, 85, 86 Antibody, 75, 77, 80, 82, 85 Antigen, 5, 75, 77, 80, 84, 85 Antioxidants, 3, 77 Apolipoproteins, 77, 86 Aqueous, 40, 77, 78, 82 Arterial, 76, 77, 79, 84, 90, 92 Arteries, 77, 78, 81, 86, 87 Artery, 22, 77, 81 Articulation, 35, 77 Atopic, 5, 43, 77 B Bacteria, 75, 77, 87 Bacteriostatic, 31, 77

Base, 76, 78, 81, 83, 86 Bile, 78, 86 Bilirubin, 76, 78 Biochemical, 78, 86 Biotechnology, 6, 50, 57, 78 Blood pressure, 7, 14, 78, 84, 91 Blood vessel, 78, 92, 93 Body Fluids, 31, 78, 91 Branch, 71, 78, 88, 91, 92 Breakdown, 78, 81, 83 Bronchi, 78, 82 C Capsules, 78, 83 Carbohydrate, 78, 88, 89 Carcinogenic, 78, 90 Cardiac, 76, 78, 82, 87 Cardiovascular, 7, 50, 78 Cathode, 78 Cations, 37, 78 Cell, 5, 39, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94 Cell Division, 77, 78, 87, 89 Cellulose, 78, 89 Cerebral, 79, 82 Cervical, 9, 79 Cervix, 79 Cholesterol, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 25, 49, 78, 79, 81, 86, 91 Cholesterol Esters, 79, 86 Chronic, 22, 79, 85, 87, 92 Chronic Disease, 22, 79 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 79, 87 Chylomicrons, 79, 86 Citrus, 31, 63, 79 Clinical Medicine, 79, 90 Clinical trial, 5, 57, 79, 90 Clone, 40, 79 Cloning, 8, 14, 78, 79 Cofactor, 79, 90 Collagen, 76, 79, 83 Collapse, 35, 77, 78, 79 Colloidal, 33, 41, 76, 79 Complement, 80, 83, 89 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 27, 80 Complementary medicine, 21, 80 Computational Biology, 57, 80 Congestion, 4, 80

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Conjunctivitis, 80, 84 Connective Tissue, 79, 80, 83, 86 Consensus Sequence, 5, 76, 80, 81 Conserved Sequence, 76, 80, 81 Constriction, 81, 93 Consumption, 7, 9, 14, 15, 22, 37, 50, 81 Contraindications, ii, 81 Corn Oil, 3, 81 Coronary, 9, 15, 22, 23, 62, 81, 87 Coronary heart disease, 9, 15, 23, 81 Coronary Thrombosis, 81, 87 Cortisol, 76, 81 Culture Media, 75, 81 Curative, 81, 92 Cytokine, 5, 81 D Dairy Products, 81, 91 Density, 8, 15, 81, 86, 88 Dermatitis, 5, 81 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 50, 81 Diastolic, 81, 84 Digestion, 76, 78, 81, 86, 92 Diploid, 81, 89 Direct, iii, 36, 79, 81, 91 Drug Interactions, 81 E Electrolysis, 77, 78, 81 Electrolyte, 82, 91 Ellagic Acid, 5, 82 Embryo, 82, 89 Emulsions, 75, 82 Endopeptidases, 82, 90 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 82 Enzymatic, 32, 76, 80, 82 Enzyme, 77, 82, 89, 90, 92, 93 Epinephrine, 4, 75, 82, 88 Epitope, 8, 42, 43, 82 Epitope Mapping, 8, 82 Esophagus, 9, 82, 92 Estrogens, 8, 82 Exogenous, 75, 82 Extracellular, 80, 82, 91 Extraction, 40, 82 F Facial, 30, 82 Family Planning, 57, 82 Fat, 7, 18, 42, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 91 Fatty acids, 7, 14, 22, 76, 83 Filler, 30, 83 Fish Products, 83, 91 Flatus, 83 Fold, 63, 83

Food-Processing Industry, 33, 41, 83 Forearm, 78, 83 Fructose, 31, 83 Fungi, 83, 84, 87 Fungistatic, 31, 83 G Gas, 30, 41, 76, 83, 84, 88, 92 Gastrointestinal, 82, 83 Gelatin, 33, 41, 81, 83, 92 Gene, 14, 78, 83 Genetic Code, 83, 88 Genetic Engineering, 78, 79, 83 Glucose, 31, 42, 76, 78, 83 Glutamate, 4, 83 Glycine, 76, 83, 88 Glycoprotein, 83, 86 Governing Board, 83, 90 Graft, 83, 84, 85, 87 Graft Rejection, 84, 85, 87 Grafting, 40, 84 Grasses, 43, 84 Growth, 31, 40, 46, 77, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89 H Hammer, 39, 84, 88 Haploid, 84, 89 Hay Fever, 43, 76, 84 Hemorrhage, 84, 92 Hepatic, 76, 84 Heredity, 83, 84 Homogenate, 34, 41, 84 Hormone, 76, 81, 82, 84 Host, 76, 84, 85, 93 Hybrid, 79, 84 Hydrogen, 75, 76, 78, 84, 87, 88 Hydrolysis, 84, 89 Hydrophobic, 23, 84, 86 Hydroxyproline, 76, 79, 84 Hyperlipidemia, 7, 14, 22, 84 Hypersensitivity, 9, 43, 76, 77, 84 Hypertension, 22, 84 I Ice Cream, 32, 84 Id, 17, 24, 63, 70, 72, 85 Immersion, 33, 41, 85 Immune response, 75, 77, 84, 85 Immune system, 4, 85, 86, 94 Immunity, 85 Immunization, 85 Immunochemistry, 82, 85 Immunodiffusion, 75, 85 Immunoelectrophoresis, 75, 85 Immunogenic, 42, 85

Index 97

Immunosuppressive, 85 Immunosuppressive therapy, 85 Immunotherapy, 43, 85 In vitro, 10, 15, 16, 23, 85 In vivo, 85, 87 Indicative, 45, 85, 88, 93 Infarction, 81, 85, 87 Infection, 46, 85, 86, 92, 93, 94 Inflammation, 76, 80, 81, 85, 89 Ingestion, 7, 86, 89 Interleukins, 86, 87 Intracellular, 85, 86 J Joint, 77, 86 K Kb, 56, 86 L Laxative, 75, 86 Lectins, 5, 86 Library Services, 70, 86 Ligaments, 81, 86 Lipid, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 23, 50, 77, 82, 86 Lipoprotein, 8, 15, 86 Liver, 63, 76, 78, 84, 86 Localized, 85, 86, 89, 93 Locomotion, 86, 89 Low-density lipoprotein, 22, 86 Lymph, 79, 86 Lymph node, 79, 86 Lymphatic, 85, 86 Lymphocyte, 7, 77, 86, 87 Lymphocyte Transformation, 7, 87 M Malnutrition, 76, 87 Meat, 32, 37, 39, 87, 91 MEDLINE, 57, 87 Membrane, 23, 76, 80, 86, 87, 88, 89 MI, 73, 87 Microbe, 87, 93 Mitosis, 86, 87 Modification, 76, 83, 87 Molasses, 30, 63, 87 Molecular, 57, 59, 78, 80, 87, 91 Molecule, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90 Monounsaturated fat, 9, 15, 23, 87 Motion Sickness, 87 Myocardium, 87 N Naphthoquinones, 15, 87 Nausea, 4, 87 Need, 3, 47, 64, 87 Neurotransmitter, 75, 76, 83, 87

Nitrogen, 76, 88 Nucleic acid, 42, 83, 88 Nutritive Value, 88 O Opacity, 81, 88 Osmotic, 76, 88 Ossicles, 84, 88 Outpatient, 43, 88 Ovary, 88, 89 Oxidation, 10, 15, 22, 23, 75, 77, 88 P Palliative, 88, 92 Pancreas, 76, 88 Parasite, 76, 88 Pathogenesis, 43, 88 Pathologic, 81, 84, 88, 93 Patient Education, 62, 68, 70, 73, 88 Peptide, 5, 76, 82, 88, 89, 90 Peptide Fragments, 5, 89 Perennial, 89, 93 Perforation, 9, 89 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 79, 83, 89 Pharmacologic, 89, 93 Phospholipids, 82, 86, 89 Phosphorus, 32, 89 Physiology, 86, 89 Phytohemagglutinins, 87, 89 Plants, 31, 41, 79, 83, 89, 91, 93 Plasma, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 75, 77, 79, 83, 89 Plasma protein, 75, 89 Pneumonia, 81, 89 Poisoning, 87, 89 Pollen, 8, 43, 89, 90 Polysaccharide, 77, 78, 89 Practice Guidelines, 58, 89 Precursor, 14, 82, 90 Pregnancy Maintenance, 82, 90 Progression, 22, 90 Progressive, 84, 90 Promoter, 31, 90 Prospective study, 10, 90 Protease, 43, 90 Protease Inhibitors, 43, 90 Protein C, 76, 77, 86, 90 Protein Conformation, 76, 90 Protein S, 5, 16, 78, 81, 83, 90 Proteins, 4, 5, 9, 43, 76, 77, 79, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93 Public Policy, 57, 90 Pulmonary, 78, 81, 90 Pulmonary Artery, 78, 90

98

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Q Quercetin, 5, 90 R Randomized, 9, 15, 23, 90 Receptor, 77, 90 Recombinant, 5, 90 Rectum, 83, 91, 92 Refer, 1, 80, 83, 86, 91 Rigidity, 89, 91 Risk factor, 7, 90, 91 Risk patient, 22, 91 Rubber, 34, 75, 91 Rutin, 90, 91 S Saturated fat, 8, 15, 91 Screening, 79, 91 Seafood, 31, 91 Sequencing, 14, 91 Serum, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 75, 80, 86, 91 Sex Characteristics, 82, 91 Shock, 4, 77, 91 Side effect, 10, 33, 75, 91, 93 Sodium, 42, 91 Specialist, 64, 91 Species, 32, 76, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93 Sperm, 89, 92 Spinal cord, 79, 92 Stomach, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92 Stress, 81, 87, 91, 92, 93 Stroke, 4, 56, 92 Styrene, 91, 92 Subacute, 85, 92 Subclinical, 85, 92 Subspecies, 92 Substrate, 34, 92 Suction, 38, 92

Sulfites, 4, 92 Supplementation, 22, 92 Suppositories, 83, 92 Sympathomimetic, 82, 92 Systemic, 9, 77, 78, 82, 85, 92 Systolic, 84, 92 T Talc, 31, 92 Therapeutics, 92 Threshold, 84, 92 Thrombosis, 90, 92 Thyroxine, 76, 93 Tissue, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93 Topical, 31, 93 Toxic, iv, 84, 85, 92, 93 Toxicity, 9, 81, 93 Toxicology, 58, 93 Toxins, 77, 85, 93 Transfection, 78, 93 Translation, 76, 93 Trees, 31, 40, 43, 47, 91, 93 U Unconscious, 77, 85, 93 Urticaria, 77, 93 Uterus, 79, 93 V Vascular, 76, 77, 85, 93 Vasoconstriction, 82, 93 Venous, 90, 93 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 93 Virulence, 93 Viruses, 75, 93 Vitro, 93 W Wheezing, 4, 93 White blood cell, 77, 79, 86, 94

Index 99

100

Walnuts