mmID MILITARY
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
TH V
MPIR
210
IAN
200 670
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EDITOR, MARTIN WINDROW
lmm MIUT"A.Y
MEl\"-AT-ARMS SERIES
THE VENETIAN EMPIRE 1200-1670
210
Dedication I'our :\Ii·mi·r.'.
FiN puhli,llI'd in (;1"'.11 Ihil.lill ill
I~~) h~
O'pn·~. ;Ill Impl'illt IIr R",·.I (:"tNllll"r l~ol1b
Artist's Note
I.ul.
:\ lidwlill 11,111'01.'. 81 Fulh.lII, R, t,;ltl.
IAllltl.,n sw, loRn .lUli . \Ut k1.llId. "ldIHIIl"',,'. Sillc;.lporo· .tlltl T"roilin
t: (:.lp\ric;llllljHtl R'·I'fIIIIl'·fll.tliu'lallk.H,k., l.tel. R,·prilllt'flllllJ:.!. I~IIII. I!,f,
I,j)(ic;;l. ph"l.,u 11) ill~. n"t·.,J'tlill~ Ill' ulh,'''\ i.--.·. witlu.H.11 th., PI'M Ir pl·nnls;.,i< HI "r III" n"l~ rit.:111 U\\ ",·r. ElItjuirit.... ,h(lul.1 1M' .lddr'......-.c't1ll1 Ih,' l'uilli,I,,·.....
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O,wid rl\II-Il-al·arms,
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puhli_lwr..\llt·lIIluiril-.... ,Iumld Sn.rpiu Gatl"r~
'M' ;ultln""--.c'fl to:
50 Hi.t.:h Slrl"t."l.
. \lIl'i~hh l'l·-.c'I"'Wfl. .\p;"1 li,.,m ,m~ 1.111' tko.llint: fill' tl ... I>urpo.bt· "f pl;\,Il" 'Iud~. n''\t',10 II, "ritici'lIl Ill' n·\·k,,,. a..; Ix-ollill"d u'Klt-r 1111' l~)~ ,i~lll 11t',iJ.,'lI' ,\lId l':lI,·m..;. \n, 19H1t. 11<) p:ln (,r thi,. puhlit~lli, III 1lI;1} h,' l'l-pl1lChK"t'(1. slon'1l 111.1 R'lrle\,11 ""I,·m. "r 1r.III'mith'1l ill ;1lI~ ronn or b\ am !U'''I1''. ,·1... tnllik. d''1-II'M'11. ,bnllit"l.llIl'1·h;lIlit,,1.
TIlt' \',-lIt'llan Empin: I!'HI 17IH',
RC;ldcrs ma~ C:lft· 10 11111" Ih.1I t1w IIri.,t.:illal p.lil1lillj.,'J< from \.hich Ih" ,'olour 1)1;llf'" in Ihi' II(HII. ",'n' prep:tn-c! an' ;l\';lil;lblt- fur pri\.llt· ... tI" .. \11 1't'!)I"l>tlu.-.ioll ('"UIJyl;J,::ht "h.l1'OOt·\l·r i_ 1't'I:tillt'fl IJ~ Ill,'
l.lOU 17"11
II. SI'l'i,',
355','""9·15
FiIIllS!'1 ill (il"';l! Hrilaill
Prilllnl Ihl"III.t.:h U"okbllildt'l'll I.Ht. H(Jrl~ K()n~
&1111.-_ ~us.",·x
Tr-.:33 "E~
TIlt' pllhli~llI'f'\ rel:\r"1 lhal Iht'~ ellll 1'111"1' illl.. Ill! ('"orrespclIldnl'T "1'011 Ihi, malleT.
The IEne/ian Empire 1200-1670
'I'll(' stur)' 01'\' 'Ilice i" lO .'om 'xtcnt separaLr li'om l!lat ortlH'rl'st or EUI'OI . The.'anw '(t1ldb'S:li I' L111' cit \ military history an I organi~atioll. Early in 11Ie ~)t h ('('lllliry the \' 'Il(·tialls ddl'a ll'd Pepi 11 the Frank's aw'mpls to \' TaWl' Ihem, and they J'l'mailll' l. at leasl ill lhcory, sul~jcci 10 B 'zantiUIll, Gradually. !lO\\T\Tr. \'mice driliccl illl inckpellc!l'nl'e; anc! suhsl'qul'lIt1y canTd OUI its O\\'n l'Jnpir' a [ Ihl' 'x I l'nse (lr its lurmcr Byza 11 ti 11<: masters, Their ppsiliol\ on a snies orislane!. .c[ in a marsh) Ia~()()n at 1he head (I' tl\(' Irialic made the V('11 ,[ialls \'inually ill\'llln rahle while lhey stndily built III bCJth Iheir com n1l'rcia I 'Inc! naval strength. III this till' l;tl11uus ,\rs('I1<11 or cni (' I layed a leading 1'61,., 'Ollll' kind orByzalltil\c-slyle shipyard and 11 ilitary leI otl,ay 11' Vl' exisL 'c! as carl ' a~ lhe Btlt n'nlllry, though th ' III ' lin'al Ars 'nal \\'as not ,'ITC'«,d uI11il I I o,~, Its l1al,l' cOlnes li'ol, lhe \rabi !Jur (If Sil/o'a, 'Do kyard', and 111(' concept karly ow('d as much to Islamic in, piralion as III the l3yzantil1' l110del 011 \\'hich the \rsenal \Va, supposed to Ill' ba~ecl, By ['20'.!, anel the arrival orlb . Fl unh :I' us", cl, in \'<'Ilice, lite ei I y alrea I . held III teh t Tri tor' aroulld 1111' .\drialir. TIll' I1lCl1
\'l'lltlir 'S \\CIT ortcn almost pinui al ill themsl'k 's: ,wc!th ity's Lrade ('lInlaCl~. SlrCll'hil1~ I~tr bey md Ihe Adrialic, were well ('slablished before the (Tea tin or I h' ;rusaekr S I a t{'s leel to tl (' f(ILI nel in.' ors 'mi-alllonOm( LIS \'clIl'lian c 101lies on th' oa,';( or, '\'I'ia ami Palestine, The mililar anel pulilic,d Slnl'tun' whi h .'upp rt cl thc~('
or
3
Car"';ngs nn th" w ..lIl door of Trogir C,uh"dral in Olllmatia, mad .. by Mastu Radovan in 12.0, Though "ssenlially Romanesque in style, Radovan'lI carvings includ" unullual costume and weaponry reO..cling th .. Slav population of Dalmal.ia, This archer (I"fl) hall a "omposile bow and a quiver of almost Central Asian form" Th.. 'Guards at tb.. Holy Sepulchr..' (right) w ..ar scal.. Or lamdlar armour o""r th"ir mail haulnrks and, with their wid ... brimn.rd cI".pd_J"':/...· h"lm.. u, ar" probably based on Serbian or Byzantine soldi.. rs,
Venetians had a businesslike attitucle In war whieh seems to have been regarded as an ,'xl('llsion COllllneree by olhn lneall~" 'I 'Ill' te;lrly appl';lraIU",' tlf mercellant'S,
or
refkncd in till' Doge's 1':.\fII,wfi or Guard as well as his ccn'lllonial parasol ;llld sword" NC\"l~rlhdess, the Vl'lll"lian sOl"ial orell'r was strictly I(:uelal. Though within till' city no individual hdd land hy knight tl'nun', \'arioLls Church ami olher propcrties WLTe lied 10 milit.lry Sl'r"\"in'" The Vt'lll'lians Wt'n' soon blll()tls lur their roving and warlike spirit. kl't'll business acumcn ami pride, All almosl model'll St'llSt' 'nalional' ilkntily unirll'd lilt' cilY and savcd Venice fi'om mallY 01" thos\' class SIJ"llg.l~ks whidl ITIll the rest of !lwd ic\"al Iialy. Evt'll tilt, S/,/,m((' tile 'Iocking' or 'closing' of the Velletian rulillg- cf:tSS at the end of tht: t3th cenlury did not dampell Ihe loyalty of the Vt:lletians, rich and IXM"H', to their Seren~ Repuhlic. e\'(.:n though il thnearttT exc!U
or
4
appeared. From th . \"(:1'y dawn )1"\ ('neuan hi 'lory all d
d' fashions. en tian 1(1\'1' 01" lispla' I ara I< xic II)' mad this I11r prole ti In. In this way the nClian Empire rcachf'cl a piul a k Cp weI' !lei pI'( spcril. in tilt' lllid-IStl Tl1lUr', The;' osmopolitan charal'lt'r or tilt' 'it, it.'c1r gr '\ \'(,1' mol" proll(lU lieI'd through all ob\"ious Dalma tian inlIU('lln'(\1l mnn. a'p' t ' ( 1'1&, nd lhl'large r'ek, Arnwlli'1I1. i\lll'lirn n I bh k populaliolls within \' 'nice. Despit(, V 'uill"s maim nanc r r n rall g ad I' latioll: \ ilh thl' tl man' until Ih late 15th 'cllLury. the Turki'lI 'XI ansion inevitably undermine I I t;.dian 111111 r iaJ dominaLion II" th asterll Ml'diterrane, n; and a' soc 11 as thOttomans turn d lheir allen Ii n 10 the, ea a la h
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1.)\,:Clllle iIll'\'i l;t hie, Vt·nin.'s Inss or the Grt'l'k isla lid or En'oia in 1.1]0 1I1;lrkt,d a lurning" pllilll which WitS f\,('(,gnisl'd 1'\'1'11 al !Ill' lillll', One y,';lr IaltT til(' Vellelians Il'\'re sending' al'lnalllt"llts !ll Pn-sia ill a classic dlort to win allies UII tht'ir n1l'rny's caSll'!"]1 flank, Thcsc yeilrs ;lIso ~ilW \'clliel·lusl' dominatiun or tilt' s('as, al kasl Jlt'ylJlld lht' Adl'i;tlic. ami til(' s\;lrllfl";11I ('pit, lI;t\';1I slrugg:!t' sueh as had nOl !JI't'n SITlI Illl' n'llillri"s.
lhe centuries pas~ed. Inll gall!")' eaplaill~ :1I\\'ays had 11'mklley 10 aet a,s 1i"T agel Il.~, lk,~pi It' lilt' tTt';ll il HI of a Caplain Gl'lIl'l';1I 01" till" Sea ill u\'I"]":1I1 1I;1\'al conlin;! nd, :\ sysl,'m 1,1" na \'a I p;ll ro!s was a lSI' ,S"l II P ill lilt: 1 Jill ('enlur)' 10 t'llllll'lJ! the m{'~1 s{"n~ili\'t, seas alii!. when' ]JossilJk, lO CUI oil' ('IH.:I11Y supplil's. 'l'III,lilllilatit,IIS 1,l"l11edin'al shipping- nlt':tlil Ihal Vt'!lice eould IUTCI' entirdy nllllrnl allY parlllrihe t\1t;dilcrraIICilll, Ilulugh Ve\leliall Irade could he pnllt;('ll'd and piracy sllpprcssl'l!. ,\ COII\'oy syslem was not hi Itg llt;W. bll t by llll' I:ilh c{'ntu ry t'Sl'01"lS or II'om l,e, III 30 galll'Ys proll'cted many slow amI OjEXjJfl//,lio/1 ndllt..'rabk l1lt;rt..'halll 'rnlllld ships', TllI'sl' l'oIIVOyS. Lhei r rou Ll'S ami desti 1111 tiol1.s, 1I'I'rl' ,Sl ricII ~ n',l.!;ula It'd by Ibe gO\Trnllll'lll, hilt il" lheir l',,('orting galleys could be lured away or ,kkatn!. 111\"11 Vl'lll'liall \'(.'llin'lJn';lllwa ll'uly illlpnial pOWtT ill tilt' \I'ake losses could be Cl'ipplin!-(", Sueh convo)'s \\'l'l"t'. or Ihe FOlll'lh Crll~;](k which. in 1'21f.I, sl'izl'd lhe 110\\'(:\"(:1", only s",'n In dal1g1'I'ous ~l';ts or ill wart;nll' Byzaillilll' capilal tJI' Ct,nslalltinopll' (lsl;lnbull as, fill' example, Whl'll Vellin' was locknl ill nil" 01" and. Wilh \','Ill'li;11I ;li,!. 1l'IIlporarily estahlished a hlT nUIlH'I'OllS t'lJllflins with hcr areh-ri\'aL Gel1oa, '1.;11in Empil'(: in till" Byzanlillt' IwartLtl1d, 1'11 1, Thl' \"(Tr limiled nper;lIiunal \";Illg'l' "I' IlH:dieval SUCH'SS I,I" til a 11 YsUl'h \ Vestl'rn III iii lary n'm lIl'es in 10 galleys at firSll'lHllillnl C011\'OY ('-",'orls 10 til(' chaill lhe ('asll'rn i\kdiltTr;u1l'an dCpt'l1(kd UPOIl an lla\'al bases which constiluled tilt" Vt'lH'liall abililY to tl'anspon w;lI'-horst's long dislallccS by O\"Crscas t"tllpirl'. or to li'icndly porls, Only the s,'a, This prl1lJknl had apparl'ntly h'TII SOhTd by building llllich Iarg-n llleIThalll-g:allI'Ys. whirh the \'Clleti;llIs ill till' I:,nh t.Tlllllry with t1wir us,' or I'TIT able In defend tlW11lSd\TS. "I];l hlnl Ihis ClHl\'l I)' lal',e;l'r ships ami a sySl"1ll !II' carryill/-( a,kqualc system 10 hI' ,'xlcnded hert/lld lh,' t\ledill'ITallt':III, drinking water. OU! inlo thl; Atlantic :llld {'veil to Iht' eoasl.S England and Flallc!tTs, 'I'hc abS('lll'" {If;1 VI'11t'1ia11 The Fleet galley flCCI could abo influl'llo' \'\'('I1[S 011 land, as V('nin:s power dept·mit-d. orCOllI'Sl', upon ;I~ flt'c!s Whl'll Ihl' Byzalltim:s 101)k ;Hh'alilagt' 01" stich :1 wh ich, Wlll'l her pt';ltTliJ I (Jr warli kc, were comma 11- silualion It) reGlplUI"C ISl
TI,(' Ji/!/
or
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Th~ pori of Aona ..ra on lh~ Blaek s,,".lhoul;h held by V,.n"',.',. d~adly rival Genoa, wa .. a lypie"l lIalian mwi~..a! fortifi,.d oUtpoNt ..urround,.d by pol,.nlially hoslil~ Irrritory and ,.>l1y frll 10 lh .. Ollom"n.. in '460,
~liidd~,
j:I\'t'1ilb, spcar~ and grallpling hooks, :,>hip~ al~o had \"l'f)' lal',l~C news, p;lI·ticlilarly Wlll'll 'arnwd' tor a \'oyagc III
~It'dil'\'al
dall.l.;I'l"lIU~ watt't'~,
E"CII a tI1CI'Ch.lI11 ship "'ould thCll carry al k:l.~t 60 llIetl, all ordin,ll'~ g,dlc'y li'olll '240 to "lBo. Skilkd s:lilor~ \\"1'1"1' n'cruitt'd in \'ellice, Dalmatia and (;n'ecl', Then.' were 110 gallt-y.sla\"t's ill llle l\liddk ,·\gc's :lllcl o,lrSlltt'n ea tile from \ 'l'llin' or iIS C'1ll pi n:, partinll:lrJ) li·tltll Dalmatia, \felll'tiall oarsmcn \\efl' !>el1"("h·d hy IOl I"rom lhc eity's parishes, beillg Iitlallt'i;llI> ~llpP(l1'led by Ihosl' who rt'll1 lI"ere l'llcuuragcd lhnlu).{h rat"l"S alld l'c'g"tl'l"Il of' c',ll'll boal as thcy t't)\\'l'd towards tach "t1H"f, tllt' Josn being- puslwcl inlu lhe l'allal. AI sca sailor~ :llId oarSlllCrl were arllled wilh ~lI'ords or spc'ars, but dwnges ill lI'eapo,,:,> ledlllology grad· uall)' kd to a ckditll' ill the military status ur till' IIrditlar) soafd \WIT still nqx'C1ed to lig-Itl \\ ht'll IIC'('I'ssary, ('\'('n Ihl" lTIl"t'ch;lIl1 p:lsscn,1.;"('1':,>. E\'l'l') mall had his Wt',q"XlIl, Ihe mosl itlllJlIt'I:tlll ht'illgstOl'cil ilIa 1:'>c ,It lin'S tH' Ina 1"i III'S ltad ,llways ~ai Il·d :11Jllanl shi p, Iml tllc'ir rult, becarnt: Ill. Ire im p.II·I;] III a~ WI'" POlll') became I11m't' PO\\ l,tTlll amll'xpellsi \'e. \'I'I\l"liall~ Llst'djanlin~ as 10111.' as lll(' 1:)lh l'('tllllry. whill' otlw1" \\I';ll)(II1S im.:luded cooking PlJl.~ filled Th., forlified gIlU.,)'.harbour OIl Amasra whu.. C"'DOII'li" ship.. could shelc.,r, Dol onl)' f ..om th.. Bla.,k s.,a'.. f.,a ..1I0m., ..lOrm" bUI al ..o from ri ..... l V.,n..lian. Onoman and OIh ..r fl.,.,ts. II waS "v"r)' ..in.pl""lruClur., compa ..ed 10 Ih.. lat"'.. V..n"'lia. gall",y_ harbour al Z.dar (..",,,, pag.. 2.4)'
Carv",d ;"'01")' ~ntl ... of an ....... Iy ..."h .,.... Iory lIa.I;.....ddl",. H",re ,. knight h:IIl' a I);r..".1 h",lm and ",a.. ly form!! of pial" .rmour for hi" .rm" and I"'gll (Louv ....., Pari,,).
with soap to makt' lht' l'Ilemy's dt'('ks slippl'l'y, lin'· grcllacks alld blitlding: sulphul', SWitnllllTS ('tluld en'll ;lllOu:-k lhl' IOt·'s hull.thrl':ul'nil1g Illsink hint though in li,el wry fC:w ships Wt"l"l' '.l'lually ~uttk in tlwdk\'al W;.r1ilt"t", Cro:>s!Juw:> \lt'rl' tlllW lIlt" I\l;lill long-distancl' \\'I"on, e:OIllan and IJllarcling still dl"ciding the lilla IClute. lint". I II I 3{ ):'1 tilt' ,l..(t fVt't"IIIll<.:nl inStrllClnlthat t'adl g,dl\") (',OT) :'10 ~lH'h IT.,s.shcJ\\·· tlll"lI. whll wI,uld al~(1 I"Cm 011 tilt" i1\lwr IlI'lleltes, Shouling pr:lcticc' \\,a:; ('otllpulsol')" ill Veniec. citizt.:ns training a, tilt' hullS in g:I'UUPS (1[' l:t. Tltc~ also eUlIllX'll'd in thn'l' anllual eUll1pelitions where Ihl' g,m'('I'IIllWIII olli,rt'd rich prizl"s: \'alll:l bit' scarlet clolh fill'lhe Wlntll'1". a :;hortlT It-rlg:lh ofduth pillS a Ill'\\ cro,~:,>boll' and qlli\~T [ill' Iht' rtttllWI-:; lip, Ollt' group of t.:roS~I)I)Wllll'ti kllll\\It as the: 'lit/hie: lXI\\"InL'n' WtTl' recruiled fl'wn the ari~tucraC) and s(:t'\'l,d alXI:Lrd 110lh war g-:tlll')':'> :md al'11le:d 1llerChamlll~'llli'ol1l I1t(,Il'r\"t'd at sea, ami 110 ll1:lI'ititll(' (1)IIdull;,ri are: n::l"Orde:d 1111lillltt;' mid-tlilh ('c'lIllIr)". A nOI hlT illl purt a Ilt lUll ndat ion l ,f'VI"IICI i:lll 1l:1 \'<11 mighl was hl'!" ability 10 tIla~:,>-prodllcl" ships illlhe ArSl'nal. TIlI's(' tlt,\\ Il<1d tilt' li'allll'-lIrst ~yslel1l whidl diniTed li'otll CratTo-Rotnatl :,>hippitl"; in lhal till' ribs.,r li',tlnt, Wt'n' l'tlll.~It"llt"tl'{1 bdiWt, lhl' planking was applied, till' an<'il'lll:; having made ;I planked hlillto which thq tlll'n attae:hed tlw ribs. Thi~ modern syslem was not tlllly I~lsler hUl USl.'·d much It'ss \\'(Iocl, \\'ar-gallt,ys Wt'rl' lltemsd\'t.:s also chang:irlg". 'I'hough tht, dilli.'r"ll("('s 1)t'IW('C1I ('arly
7
Carved capitals 0 .. the lowelil level of the Doge's Palace, Veni".., ..arl), '1th centur)" An.ong l.h.. mililar)' figuns on thes.. carvings "r" a h.... d w .... ring .. b ..scinec .. nd mail av.. ntail w;lh loosenM bnlach.. hanging from th.. chin (Iefl); and" full)' armoured rider carr)';ng an unidentified weapon {righl}.
flledit'va I B)'za llli llt' dmll/o/II. wi th Ihej r t wn ba nks or oars, and till' ~ing:k-h;lnkl'd Ilali;Lll wnr-galky arl' not Yt't clltirdy ('"kar,;1 ILCW "y~tt'lll Orl-(]'(lupi1L~ tilt' oal"!:> dOl'ssecm to h;L\'t, I)tTIl inVt'lltet! illlhl' I I th or 12111 cenluril's. This sYSll'lll {ll/rI ~(//~i!f, or 'ill simple 1:lshion', \\'as itself 10 hi' .HljX'n.:tc!ec! C;l r1y in the Itidl Ccnt111·y. 'Cr'cat galll")·.,:, dl'sigl1t'd spt'cifically 1(11' long-dist;L1lo' trade in dallgt'ruus waters. illso appearnl ill tl1\' mid-I.ph ceillury. '-ka\'ily ddellded, th(ILlgh hulky ;11lt! unwieldy, lllcl"chalit 'round ships' alsl' provl'd their'wo1'lh a,!{ainst thc Otloman" whell II Lt' la Itl'l" Slid den ly IUJ"llt'd to naval waJ"l:lrt' I"tt, 111 thc 15th o'lltury, By Ihen 1\ Icdi \t.Tra IIca II "hi ps cm played thl' mort' dlicielH Slcrn ruddcr iJL~ll'ad or til(' sicering oars that had beell Llsed sinn' antiquity, Thollgh this ilL\Tlllion is gellerally bdit'wd to han' elltt'rl'd the Medilerranean from nonlLl'1"ll Europe, reC('1L1 I'videnl'l' shn\\'~ Ihat il wa!> known 10 i\lustim marillers as t:arly as th(' 11th century alld may alS() han' been known 10 the Byz;ulJirU's, Oth(,1' tt'chnical a(h-anccs indLl(kd till' n'lllpass, which was ('karl)' or Islamit' and llllimaldy Chillt:se origin. Ramming was nu Inn~t:r all irnportant naval tat.:tic, the trill' ralll having het.:ll rq)lal't.:d by the higher ami mon' flimsy mimI' or hoarding 'bcak' cad)' in Ihc rt.liddlt· A~~'s; bUI ('\'cn ,I ml(af cOllld smash the Cllt'lny's 0,11"5 ,1l1d (Tippk his ruwers, A /{alky's ddcll(TS Wl'lT nl11l"l,.'llIralt:d in lh\, bow, whl"l"e a stl,ne-lhrowin,1{ l'alapllll might also hc
8
mOllnled in Ihe wooupponillg: a landing lorn' eilher III au,ld. a 11 elWIll y base or de/end t hei l' IIWll, Th\' \'clictia lIS \\'crc Ilo\l:d CXP~Tts \\'hen it ealLlI' 10 ;lIt. Small hoat:> could lit" ,,11l1l~ bt,t wccn Ihl' mast-Ilcads to Glrry cruS'Sl)( '\\'lnCI1. a lId spars could IX' sWllng li'om ropes ;I~ hallaill,l.\ ral1l~, \\'h('11 battk hClwt'('n opposirl,l{ (let'ts did occur it onen began wilh the same ct'rt:moniolls COI1r1csy as a land battlc. A special f1a~, \\'ilh a ~word pllil1lillgskywards, could he raised 10 signal a willill,l{JleSS 10 fighl, and ellemy slandards \\'o11ld bt, traih'd in the wall'r hchind \'ictoriousships ",hell tlw)" n'turlled 10 porl. A commander's primary tactical ('(msidcralion was 10 ket'p his fleet togt·t1l1"l". Thl'lI hl' had to make hl'st usc bOlh of his low hut (;ISI ami manoemTahll' galleys and his slow bUI wll ami almosl invulncrable 'round ships'. AI.IOH' all he had to brcak Ihe ellcmy formation lwlort' u\"t'r",hdming il picccmt:al by boarding. This could be athit'wd by lcignin~ flig:ht, thell wrning 011 the lOe; or by catching his galk)'s with their sails lip ami oars
stc 1\I'n!. \!a \ i.'-:"lil III 1\ a~ alll1o~1 alwOl y~ wi Ibill ~igh t uf laud, MJ 111;'1 ,I I'olll'l'all'd part of llil' fkl:l could bundl .111 all1bu~h li'olll Ix:himl i..lands, capes or hay... ( :IIIN'q Ilt'llll ~ ..m'llI M'OI\I il1R \'l~wl .. also had a \'ilal rl',ll' In pl'l) ill na\':l1 \\'arE"ll'C, If Il('("CSSO:lI'Y \\ar,hipi> could 1)(' la~lll'd log"llll'r to u\I'm asIatic lIoalill\.: 1.11·11'1·..... Tilt·) could Ix' hCildwd \,'ilh Iheir 1>lrnllgl~ ddi..'ll(!I·d bo\\~ poilllinj.!; 0111 10 st·a. 01' lx' mournl ~lI'n, to lilt' Iwadl n':lcl~ h, Ix' cui lou~ ~11:1 mlln1t'III'~ Iltltin.·, En'n lilt' appl.';lr;IlI<'l· or till' first GlIIllUn ahoard ~Ilip did Iii lit' to change ~ut'h Iradiliollall,u:,ics ulltil lilt' 10111' Illlh l'elllur~, SUdl/m/1/hmdJ \\lTl' rn::,'nlt'c! in tilt' li,l't'cl"lk'" IIfa Ii.'\\ \'t'IWlian ~alleys in Ihe I :H''S. and 1,.,-can1\' "'~Illdard annaml'I11 in lite '51h n:ntur), 1'\ UIlWrUlI1> ,mall ~1I11~ we're h) thcn muUlHl·d t1111-;"~11IC),.1 Ild rOllnd ship:. Itl ("Ill duwn ,hI' 1'11\'111) Ht'\\. \\ hik a ~illgh- Iargl'l' cannon could I,.,· plan'd ill a j.!;alle~ 's 1)0\\ lopicrn'lll\'t'llt'llI) 's hull or topplt: hi.. m.I"t. Sueh \\r~lpOIII') 011 III'S! pmn'd \'l'r) SUC'Tt.....d lll a~:tilhl Olluman galll'y", \\ hOSt' ncws ..Iill T1lf~,h u"t,d t'umpnsilt" btl\\~. River \Varfare \ 'I'nin' \\ .IS .Iho i 11\ 111\ t'c\ in \\ al'!;ln' along Ihe hroad l·i\'lT.... lakl·.. antlillarsht.~ Ilrnorthern Iialy. though 1101 al WOl}" \\ il h .,-:rl'al ..ucn".., l\ Ilist such campaigns a ro:-t , alin \ "'lIiIT 1'(II'(j Ill'n,d wide Il'rrilOrit.:s 011 Iiw Trrm FIIIIIII ill \\ hal an' 110\\ Lomhard), tht., \ 'cnew ami Friuli. wlwrt· ri\'('1' IIn'ls l'Hlllel support VI'll\'liall land arlllil'~. F\ltt-~izl'd ~all\')'s 0IXTalcd 011 I.akl· Garda ami ~rt'''1 l'in'rs likl' JIlt' Po, Kelt-relll'\' t\1 tl1I' liri>t pJlllrul/1 prubahly lIwalit small .{{alh·ys Wilh an llppn lig"ll1ing: ckck 0\"\'1' Ihe lI'Il'Slllt:l1. Olher \·es:'(·J.~ ilicludl'(l sailill.l;" ships. anti till' link barrllf whit'h l':tI'I'il'd only Ihrl"\' rOWl'l" and lW\, (l"\I."S1JIIWI"l·ll. Vt.'llicl· t11ililltaill(·d sizcalll\' l1n'ls of Sill'll \"\'ssels until lhe use or ,It'curatc 1·,mIlOIi. lirillg-li'lI111 a ri\'cr's hanks. plll an e11'i:cti\"(' \'lId 10 t hi~ typl' or \\'a r1:u'e al thl' wd of Ihe 151 h t't'I\IUI"), Thi~ wa1>, IHI\\'t·\"\·I·. a lorm ot" l'ombat ill whieh SAJIIW or \'cniel"s ri\'al~ \\"\'re aln'ady skittt'd. E\'en tilt' IIl't'l or six Kalkys and '.!5 smallt:r crali which \"'lIke btlll("hl·d Oil I.ake Garda ill Ih\' Willll'!' or I 1:19 -10 \\:lS aimosl inmll'diald)' dc!tII'lI)'t'd h~ \liIOlIlI"'I' lakt: cran, 'I'hi~ had IX'\'n an epic ut' milit:tr) t'lIgillcl'rin~ in \\hich. 101' 15 day..., till' Vt:IIt'liam hault'd Iheir ships up til\' Ri\'Cr Adig(' ami :\t'nJ'~:t 10\\ 1I1UUlltain ratl~c 10 I.., kt, Garda,
,
TIo", ....d"'.t Trocar. D.lrna,o., which .I.iII ....'" c.....itd V.-tiaa
..rm.
~,_r
""'-I ;ala ;1. wall ...
The Army The \'1·1lt·li"n ;Inn)' \\ a~ '1"i,,' a.. dli"("lin' a, ih Ike!. cit-spilt' jihe.. Ihal lilt' ma ...... h·d\\cllitl~ \\'lleliam didn"t \';'lIIm hO\\ til riel~' prupt'rl}, Tht' "rmin. uf 131h n:ntur} h.lli;m '1.111" .tln'ad) induded IlIt'I't'I'Il;II;I':- li'lllll I1ll1t'r IlOlrt-. of tilt' I.:uunlr~ ill "del it im, It, a Ii '1Il1 ,t1 It-atlt·J'·.. I m II 111I1111111111, \Iusl ('nrl} I:~th CI.·lItUI') \\·I1\·ti,ltltroops \\1'1'('. hll\\I"\'I'I". ~liII n>(,"l'uilt·d li·"m lht· 1.1).:01111 ,11','.1, ph" a It,\\ 1);t1rn;lli,1l1 and 1~II'i,11I ll'udal nllllill~(·nt:-. In cmcr!(t'llri,.... likl' lhal HI' l.l!),!, lh~· \·ellt.'liall pari..lws rl'gi""'rrd all malt ... 1)I:I\\I't'll I i and ()o )".;1 ..... or a~l' arid li~It'l1 all IIII' \\(':'1)(/11 .. thl') pOS.'il:"Sl·CI. I h(l.~t' r;llk,d It I lit:hl 1)I'ill~' Irj.!;alli~l·d inlo groups or I:.!. Sueh dorllt.·~lit- lro"p". 1'lIlIscript~ .lTId \'Olllllll'tT'i, \\('1'1' slitt p..dtTred to rlll'rt,:ellarit'~ in I.Ilh cl'nlur~ \'t·niCt'. \In..t lilllJ.:hl 011 li.K'1 ",hilt' richer IIlt'll or arislocrat-. "1·tTt'd a.. a t·a\·alr~. as I hI') did ill att Italialll·ilies. !\ n·.L:i... tt'l' CIt" l:tiH ('slim,Hed that 3",000 \'l·llt·tialls ('ould hc'ar
Effigyofunn .. m .... V"n",i.. n knigh" ",id/la,,, '4th c"ntury, Th" m .. n w".. r .. 'ypi".I .. rmour of hi>! p"riod, thouSh Ih" cro.... ing <>f ,h" ch.jn~ from hi" <:oa'-of.pla'e1i '<> hi" .. word .. nd da18"r, and ,h" l"r8" buckJe-<:o..."r <>0 bi.... w<>rd.bcolt, ..""m t<> h ....." """n f.."hion",bl" in Vrnic". (Victori.. 01< AI""r. Mus .. Lc>ndon) n'lI.~is(t'd
Or 110 k~~ Ihan B,uoo ca\'alry ,IIKI :PIOO irLlilll( ry ill Ii Illl' or wa r, :~,\)O\! alld I,' HKI rl'sl'lTtin'!y ill pe, Thi~ was d\'arl~ tlO IOllger :1 1l1('die\'al army. but
'"
Il'rl~ :\11(1 I,alisad,'" I)arriradl'd "lilli' ,'all:ll;, willI chained ships, hllK"ked olher... wilh ,ullkcll 1J:lrg,'s. ali(I harasscd lh(· Cllt'11Iy ;n hollt ,m:\11 bll:ll~ and g:,lkys, \'('llin: III II Illlly '111"\"i\"l'd Illi~ Ibn'al blll lriulllphl'd, ;lml \\'I'lll ,lll I,. \\ill ,'xlI'l1,in' 71'I"M Filll/(/ llTrilOril~s ill qO,1 ,'), Fro11l111l'1l until rill' tTi~is or l.. .lll!1 \'I'IH'lian ];1I1c1 I~,r('l's wen' W'IH"':tlly ,)11 1111' "ni'nsiw :1 lit! IIn lwd III hi' Iltl' m"~1 elliTlin' ill 11:r1y. TI1t,~ IiJlIg:luIIOI "Illy [Ialialls and HlIll,lpr;an~ 11111 :Ilsll (;('l'rnall~ amJ Fr,'llch l\lll,I.:"IJOWllH'1I will', in LH~I. IN'd Ell,l4"lisll archt'ry lat"lics 'lgaillsl \"'nin"s gl'l':ll I"IJlldllllil'll' J,-ad'T B:lrtnltlllll'11 Colll'Olli, .Jtl~1 lIm!I']' :'1(1 ~"t";,t, lal!'l' lhl' Vellelians wert' 1;I\'"d \\ ilh lilll-hiown (hlOinan Turkish raids dl,t'P illln Fril1li. This wa~ sonwlhing- towJ1y 111'\\ and, clt'spilt, \'!'llI'li:Ul l'xpl'l'i"lll'(' "I' war :lg-:lillSl ,\Illslim Tllrk~ in t1wir ll\"'!"Sl'a~ >:mpire. Ihe ddl'l1('t'~ fir Fl'iuli bil,'d dismally, Thl' \'\'I1t'liall~ had 10 wilhdraw inlu Ibt'ir li.)l'ln's.~,'s, !t';I\'in,1:: 1111' Ctlulllry,id,' I" 1111' I';lsier light1~ "(Illippnl OUo111an (':l\'alr~, Thl' lIllt' major haltll' l"rslIlrcd in a Sl'rrOll~ \'Cllt'li:lIl tit-kat. altltollp;h, hy a."'S('rnhling: a 1Il1ll'h larg,'r army, Ill(' V"\H'lians did beal oil' bllT OIlPllt:lll r;lick Sllch I'XplTil'lHTS cOIl\"inn'd \'('ni,'\" 10 ['mplo)' ils 1)\1'11 '/I"{/(I;lIli 'cololli:ll' li1{hl (':I\":dry 011 Ilalian SIJil. [(I impro\'(' ilS dllllH'Slit' mililary 1]':\inil1g, ami III o\"(,:rhaul Ihe Systclll or ~ck('li\"t, ctlllstTiplioll. J-!UWl'\','f. :1110111('1" sl'ril'.~ OrOllOIll:lll raids itt II~~I~J again pnw/'(!10 bl' \'i rt llally UIl~I(lPp:ar PinT eli Cadorl'. hUl \'('II;CI" nllllllcr-:lll
Jll'cL .'\11 'IIWil'lll Iradition sialed Ihal \\'lletiall III ,1,11'1111'1' ("I llild n 'Illnl:llld tll'lacllnll'lll\' III' III I 1ll00T tllall :.1:1 ,m'lI, ~l't all on'rall \I:l~tn orSoldins had h,T.l knll"l\ sinn' Ihe I"arlint days, 'I'lli' ]>OSilillll or Captaill (;I'IIl'l"al app{'an'd as all t'Ill('l"W'I1Cy nWaiillrt' i,l Ihl' 1_llh ('enillry, hUl m'l'rali rnall:l~(, rl1("llt Ill' Illililal"~ :dEli ..:- stilt 1:1)' wilh a ("i,"ilian 1"/ limn iII V" 'II' '.!ll StII'ii 'It" ,Vis(' \ 11'11. R.'nlark:lbk as it mig-Ill SI'I"Ill. such ("H'1.~lalll t-i,'iliall alld ]Jolilical intl"l"ti...-,'II,'I' ill mililary and lIa'"al altlirs did nul ,,11;"1'1 dlieil'rll'y: ill 1;1("1 it san:d Vl"Ilin' Ihllll till' rnililar~ tah'-llnT' ",hidl pl:lKtll'd tllher It:tli:111 t'ity-slall'"', I,llllg nqwrit'I'l'1' ot"sl:at;,ring: aml na'";l1 warElI"(' g-a'",' "t'nin' a sllppl~ or 1IH'1l wdl :lhk IU :H"n-pt 11ll' n'spollsilliliti"l\ or it'adt'rship, parti1'II[;,rl> or illl;I11lr) IIl1Tl'S, :\nnil"S W'T(' normally nlllllllalllh,d II) ""Ill'li:lll lIoblt-mell_ IhOll~h proli'",sitlllab li-lOll1 lilt' Trl'l"(/ Firll/II alld JaIIT en-n 1,l(Tn"I,lr~ /"fllll!
Cavalry Ikspitl' tlwir \I ('h-lil()Il'd rcputatinll, ,he Vcrll"li,UlS h:ld rleldt'd dli'l'tiw ;tnnoun'd ca,':llry VWH itl Ihe EffiSY oft',.d"rico Cavalli,lat,. '41h ",.nlUry, Th,. Ca"alli were a mililary family, 50n.., of whom ..,.r"N V,.nic,. a" co"doll;"..i nlf'reCnar;,. .. (.... situ church of S_ A......'aNia, V",rona),
Mid-151h century carvins of unknown V,.nel;an eoal..,f.arms supporlM hy Iwo ....Idi"r" in dilllincl;"", V",n"'I;"'n colonial armour, 00 Ih,. I,.fl, a fully ntuipped man·al_arms w"'a .... a hdmel ~m"'.rkably "imilar 10 80m" found in the V.,nelian forl.r""5 al Khalk;" (II"" Iioe-d... wing.. ), On Ih., ..ighl a similarly armOUrN crolilibown.an """nN his w.,apon using a cran~uin or racl.-and-pinion "y,..en. Un Jurja S .. raltovica Slr,.,.I,Sibc:nilt),
8"'"
1:$lh cClllllry, :t rl'gnlation or l'.!:}~l asslltlling OIl!' war-hoI'S\". two other hursl"s alld tlm'l' sqllil'l's Ie-Ir l'ach Vetwliall klli~111. Tltl' I ph ,','tlHlry Pllt'l PI"lrareh ch-dar,'d Ihal lhi .. -ll:ttillil .. I' s"ilors' l'urp:ll\M'd all otht'rs hOllt 011 hor'l'II:u"k :11lC1 :11 S\',," ""rious Vl'n"ti"n ;lrislon,lts bn'd lilli' 11l)rSl'~ Oil their m:lilll:llld eslales_ tholl,~h most allimals Wl'n' impllrh'd li-orn (;t.,.ll1a.l} alld Hung-ar}', 'I'll\' war· hor~e was by 1;11" tht, most expl'lI"iv(' part ura marlat-arm's I'qllipl1l"'ll. By till' J 51 h n'llIlIr~ it II('Call1l' rlol"lnallo ,llt:u'k all ,-I Will} '~al1imal rallll'1" Ihall Ihl' rider, th LIS Illakin,!.; In"sl'~ hi).!) ll"l" alld the pn Ihlnns, It" rl'pl:ll"t'rllt'lit "'Til \\"ors~'_ H va caval r~ 111'1"1" Ir~:1 nisl'd iII III Slll,tll Illli ts "r !al/::;t' Ihi~ 1'1II1Si"lill~ or a rll,1I1-al-arms_ a lighll~ annl'd sl'rg:ea'll :ll1d a pagl' Ilr tllolllllt,c1 SI'IY,IlII. B~ III(' 151h n'Ill11ry many ir 1101 Inust slid I 1I1I'11-"tOlnn~ WtTI' sltorl-tt'nll r'lmtfuffif'l'i 1lIl'rn'II:lril'S" :\ I1W,.,. sl,thle 1'I1'rn,lIiol1, lite IUI/::'I' '{Jr::.::.a!l· or 'Ilrukl'l\ 1,\11('1", was Illeanwhile e't:dllisht'cl. l'Ill1l\istillg 0(' veterall "I' picked In Hlp:< pt'nll,lll~'llil y n IIlll11i It,"d It I
'"r
"
Canal entrance to the ArseDlII, V"nic", I<>c>king loward" Ihe ",it" of the Old An....a!' The Gate of the A.."".... I, on the left, w .." r"built in monum"nlal style in '57~ following viclory over Ih.. Ouorn.... 1I""t al L"pa .. to.
~t"I"\"it"l..
'1')1\" llWIHll-ann"s cq ui pnWl11 Ih;11 a ~ql;lr;llioll bq;an 10 appt'ar 1n:IWI,t'li Ihl" fully arll1()urt.:d ,,(J/I/'I/; alld lhe 1'lig-hlly 11'1'1' prl""lig-i'Jlt~ 1I1;1i. NUlllerous st:vt:n: dd(';ll~ Slllkrt,t1 lIy anw 11lJ"{'d ca \'a lry at Ill(' hands inbnlry dJiring lht, Lph n'nlury had clearly nOl undnminl'd 1:lilh ill Ill\' l11;UI-al-arm's mililary potl'lll i;ll. 1-1 is ;ll"lll(llJr was IIOW S(I S()l)hislica Icd I ha t Ill(.' !tlll:;'(' ClljOyl'(1 a n ·IH'W..:clll·as(' llrlill: \\'1·11 iIll() llll' It;th ("t'llIury. Filin'nlh .. t'l1tllry Vt:llctian!tlll:;.i ;llso Includcd 1ll011tltl·d {TUSSllt'lI'lllt'll alld t:\TlllllI)UIJlt:d haud-gullllers. lhou.C;h llo1 IIIl' illElIllry componcnt lhal appl';uTd ill Franc\' all(ll~urg-lllldy,Along wilh lht' t'mplu}'lIH'Jll Ill' "lrutli"li, Vcrwlian !{)ITCS now n;cruir("d a \';lril"ly t,fulll\'r typI'~ orst:paralc amI l1lon' l!lollile lig-ht ca\'alry tfJrmatiOIlS, In t:lel. Velliet' 1'l
wa~ 1101\' ~t! l'Xl)("l1~i\"I'
or
,.,
Infantry Gi\"l'n til(' ;tllcil'llt Vl'\It'liall lradililflt 01" all c1ass..,s carryillg arms and "f(IlI' gll\'CrrlllH'l1I I'lll'ollragillgmilitary Iraining al1l()ll,1{ Ih(" ordillary pvopk. il i~ 1101 ~ul'prisillg- 10 rmd ,h;ll \'l'll\'liau illl:llllry W("l"e hOlh l1Uml"'OUS and dli:nil't,. }\IIlOllg lht' I'adiesl Wl'n' lhl' i\lililias vI" Iht: Si:-; \\';lrds or dislricts \ \;l1io·. 11\ I·.. li:.> thl's(' .ft'.I/i/',i \\"('IT iIU'l"\':!sl'd 10 50fl ml'n piT pari1'h, partly 10 hdp lht' SI:~lIlI/i tli ,\i!lli mainlain ordlT at ni,~hL In thl' 14th t'c'utury tlll'SI' mt'll Wl"l"(' still sdecu:d by 101. i\kll dlOSl'll lill' lhe prestigious and lunati\'(' n',ll' iff nl'1'sJ)Owlll('n aboard lJIl'tTh;,ml ship.~ and g.dkys \Wf(' ;dsn s\'!l-cl\'d (i'om ;\ll1ong lh..., he,sl al llw \'arious SIUHHillg" ranges ill Vcnice. i\kll a,l!;\"d Iwt\HTU I:l aud 3:, were enrolled a~ nossbuwnwll by t1ll'ir parish, thl'll being di\·idccl inlO tlIIOtl(///, (groups or l:.!) tinder a local onicer who was also resp0ltsibk ti)l' tlwir trainin.l{ at tilt" Im'al but I", Sinn' all classl's lin'd crowded together within Vcuiel'. till' tllllltll'lII' included rid I and poor, nobk and {'OllllllOlll'r. who lraint:d 'lltd.lilllghl logTI!tel". Not all Ic)u,1{lil ;IS
or
cn'SSIHI\\tIH'll. l,f I·UUI'~I'. (hh('1' illHllllry WC:qxlIls dl'si~lIl'd 'IW,'ili(,:t1I) 10 c(Jmbat c;l\"alry induded Iht' IUI1,1.; Illal'l'-likt, II'l':!I.>Otl, :1ll<1 harhl'd spt'ars: which \\ 1"0 !llglll ha \"(/1: :LlllOllj.;" i1lvadi ng H ullgarialls III 1:~7:'I. 'I'll<' i·lill· \'('IIl'liall itlf;llItr) W(Tl'. hO\\'(,\,cr. dl"~m'll rrcun lht' rallb 01'111(' .lr~P1/(lf(Jlfi, 111(' highl~ skiJll·d and \\'C·II.paid cralisnwll Ofillc Arsenal. They providl'd gu.ml, fill' IIIl' D..~(··" I'alacc and vthn gn\"CTllllWIlI huildinK'. :1(,lill~ as a polin' rorn' :lIld I'vell a lirt'·hri~adc·. a, \\(,11 ;1' rllrllil>hin~ dewellInc·nl.; 1'1' \\ t'll-c'(l tlill!>l,'d ill!:l nll-y. 'I'hl' .\!'Sellal ilSl:lr wa~ alsu a \\ C'a P( illS !:ll'lIl1'~ and arm~ l>lorl'. as \\'dl :L~ IX'inK tilt' 1ll"'1 1;llllOU' :.hip.huildill!-{ yard ill Europc" III I:i I I lin Ie.. ." Ihall 1.131 (Tus."I)(Jw" \\tTl' "lurc'c1 \\ilhil1 il" \\alk \\hill' il<: IIC'" rnpc-makillg raehll"~. datilll-: Irlllll l:i":J, lIladl' Ihousands or crus.,I)<)\'.'lrill'"-..... TIlt' (;olll/KIJ:lli (/dIn Lal;.a til' 'Truu:o.t'r Clull,'. \I hit.'h had hC'('l1lT\'al(,d ill Ihl' 151h ('I'nlllr~ l:trl-:d~ li,r Ihl'('l1llTtainlllclll orlhl' )Olllll-{ ml'll. :11-,( I pnl\ idl'(! Irailled volulIl('n" \\ IWIl called 111)(111, 1\ hill' 1111' Ullt'mpllJ~c'd cuu[d :111'0 Ii lid Illt'msc.'h I" l·nli'll'tl. III 1"l':lll'llH'r}{I'IlCi,~ \ '('nic:t' 1i:1J h:lf"k lll)nn lila ....., C'OlIMTiplioll '1(1 Ihal \'t'IU"lian illf:lTJlr) Il,rn..; l'tluld 'l1l1U-linws: l)t, \'tTY l:llX" up 10 '!0,11()(1 al 111(' ,~Ial'l 111'1111' IGlh ('(·llllll')·. liy ,hi" lillll' mililia Onll'tTS \\orc' a hreaslplall' ami a ,~alkl hdl11t'l, hUI lht' qualily of their lroops ":tried 1·f)nl>idlTa"I~. III }{I'IU'l"a[ Vl'llt'liall milili:1 l"('ll1ainnl b) t;lf lltt' hl"l ill Italy, tlllILl,~h thosl' or Vl'lli"I' iISl'lrwl'l'l' Ilorlllally ~llPI'l'iOl' to IhoSI' ul'th,' Trrffl Fif/l/(/, III 1:11" thl' lalll'!' Wl'n' Onl'n usnl m\'1"d~ :I, piOlll'l'r" Ill' bllow'IT:'. The SI:llus vr il1l;III'I'~ had :.llIlk c·(III:.ielt-rahlr liy ,h(' y(':tr 15111/, ell-spilt· Ihc' appl'anll1l'1' of' [la[ian h;IIl{I-g'uIllH'rs in I[lt' l.Il"s :lIId I[w di,'isioll of inl:tlliry till'malinllS iliin 'assa U[I' '1'( '(1)~ \\ iIh SWI J1,{I.~ 01' ~hl In slx'a rs. a lld '!in" n'lllp:ll1i,'~ \\illl l'l'(,sshows or KlirlS, III I+~JLJ d!il1'ls hOld bc','n Ill:,d,· III Irain two 11\('11 from l'ileh "7 rna Firma \'ilbKI' with halldJ.:"ulIl> hUl 1101 tllltillhe nisis or I ~JI ,!\ had pa"l'cl n'llid a ru[ [ m"'I'ha It 1 f ,I" Ihe \'I'IWd:lll milili,r ,'y'lc'lll Ill' clrl'ied nul.
ur
her 10 lill',lll'I' 'I '1'I'i Iori:t [ n,pa lI~i!lll, \'('1 rin' weill 011 III l'llllfjlll"t" a lal)(" pari (If llltrllltTtl ;lllt! IlurthCaSll'rn Ila[y. Tholl~h 111(' gH\'('l"1ll1l1'l11 am[ military organisatiun of Ihl'~\' l\·niIOl·i", I'ari,'d. il Wil~ gellt'ral[~ It':'s llppn'l>,i\'t, ,h:111 1,1:.1·11'111'1'1' ill [t:rly, \'cilin' W:tS, Ill' eClUl"I', pl·illlaril~ l'(1I1('I'l"lIl'd willI !\t..Turity, liK'K1 \llpplics .Iud aCCl',s tjl tilt' Alpil1e pa£.'l."S rat!If'r lhall mililal') ,1(101')" ~, thai hl'" li",hl hand in"pircc! CUlhidl'l'ahll' [O)allY 1111 IIII' T,.rm Fim/(l. This \la," ,'\I'll '1'11(' ill .1 h.u'k\\:lrd and :.Iill C'SSc:ntially r('uclal an'" likl' Frilili. \dll'rl' tilt' \larlikl" Friulani \1'('1'(' IIc'I,·1! a, ,,,ord'llll·ll. '/rcrm Firma urhan mililia.. or (Juli"ml:;'f lraim'(! l'al'h SUlJda~. Stal..e
or 'Orlaado' by Sooino of Milaa, '1'3- ni" Io..oh~bl. Dubroyo..ik, wu" cypical ... rly ISlb Uo.l .. ry Italiao. armour of Ibe k ••d ..>led by Ih" military Hil .. of Dalmatia (i...i,,, .... i .. sq........ Dubro..... ilt). rq>re1Jeolia~
ArUlies al hOUle and abroad V,-nin" s liJ-S1 M'riuu,' ill\'n1t't'llll'IH on I1w 7 rnll Firma daled Ii'om ':J:iB. \\ilh Iwr elt-r('al of Padua and SC:iZllft' (,I' 'I'r('\ i'>ll. J-1('llcdill'll, \ 'l'nicC' was ,I major pmlt'r 111I lilt' Iialian lll:tin[:llld, and after q:.!3 a lilllllarlll'nlal ,hili in \'I'IIt'dan policy cOllllllilll"d
'3
I sia nIHil l (:or'~1 ;1I1l iIlClph') ill 1'W'I, \ 'I"nin' ca t't'fully a l1l11l1 bel' Ilrslr" tq~i(' Il'TTi tnl"il'." ;I~ lilT ~hal"l' or Ibe ~hallt'l"ed ByZ,Il11ilH' Empirl', SIll' was lH,t inll'!'l'sl('(1 ill btW' mainland lI'ITilori,'s whid1 \\Ol,ld 1)1' dink-lilt 10 ddi'ml ami I'Xpl.'tlsin' 10 gon"l'n, Rall,,'r Ihl" \'I'I1t'li;ltI~ \\;lI1t("(1 dumination or Ih,' IU(T,ui\'t' Irack rOllll'~, :-11 tht') IlHlk parlOr I S(;lll bul ilst'll: a ('ha i n Ilri~lallds a II(llllo~1 Ill' til(' hesl harhllurs around (;n'('ce. Fin"l1~ 1I11'~ hlltl.~ht IIIl" greal i~laml ore",'I\'I()!' 3(1lh~ of~llld. ,'\"nin' had thl", al (lilt' slrok,', WOIl an I'mpirt', Orl-::ltli~il1,1{ il was alllilher lila tl("I', "'h\" (,lei \',',,,'t i:lll ll'l"ril"ri('~ in lilt' Adnatil' had f('tailll"d Ilwir tr.Hlilillnal ~'SH'm~ or gOH'l"llllll"nl, lhoUJ.:::h IImlt-r \'t,,1t'li,1II ellulll~ tlr lucalliUlIilil':' or prll\ I'll It,~ alt~. TIll" 1It"\\ ('mpir(' in 'Romania '. :I~ it \\a~ kml\\ n, \\ a~ plat','C1 unrl(T ~OH'rnnrs M'nl din'(,II~ Ihlln \'t'lIin·. Cn'H' \\a:. sli~hll) dilli.'n'lll 011 ;\Ct'lIIl"ihk ror till" i~lalld' .. (It-f(',KI"S and pr('~idL'C1 o\(:r a tlCW r\"ud,,1 d",,~ or \·llllllli!oh. pili'!> t hOSt, Ii.'" (; rt'l"k arisllKTa IS \\ ho l"('tai 11t'{1 1Ill,ir blld. Permanl'l11 rnilitar~ Ir,rc,,,, YMIII "PI)(';ll'I'{1 d!o('wh\"n' ill thi~ l'mpi"I', lon~ hdi,rt, Ihl') did ill tilt" Trrm Fimw, :\ItJ~t \\','rl' enli~II"(1 li'urn Ihe IlIct! M'lt'('l~'d
'SI M •.,....,I.. _ " ~IDLiD! by V"«ou ofK.~ln', 0474,. P.rt of • .",.,Ie of ~inl'''I. i" l'OIrb whi.,h i.e1ud", lypic-lIy V"'D"""" w"'pDlllIlIu ..h •• Ihe Ihr_blad«l ......"" .nd, •• h..re, typi ... 1 Germ. . . .rmour, V,.neli.n 1.lri. w •• bounded by AUlilria while "un•• ry ."d Ollom.. n- .... led Bo....l. I.. y just Dyer Ih", moua ...l"li (i.. #t .. .,hllr..h ofSt, M .. ry, s..... mJ,
and tlllalkd ahollt :)O,Olllll1WIL ItllllallY an'a~ Ihe old l'll\llllr~ k\'il'~ had n'lllailled l'lIi'erin' fighlin~ lroop~ t1lrllu,!..;'ho1l1 till' l:llh {'t'tllllI'Y. Such forcl'S Wt'l"l' rt'\,jnxl ";Irly ill lilt' tlilh celliury wht'll Ihey wel"l' kllO\\"1 a~ rl'll/it/r, El-wwlwt't, Ihl' IJI"asalllry ~t'r\'nl a~ rllral g'll1'rrilla~, hara:.~ill.1{
.i,..
militilr) l,lill", thUll).!:h l'wn in IIII' 13th l'I'1I1u~ '8aul~ o( Ao&hiari ( ••••l·. paialed c o",. d>~..c by IOCh t o( Uc",U... I. lhill b,ud~ chI: V"'....c; and F1o....nci .._ u 11:1li:III' \\ ,Tt' I)('i Il~ n'n'lli\l'd litr 'IT\'il'l' (,\ l'rsl'it:., JII 5(0",a d~(",cN th~ Mila.."'.... undu Picd..iao, tNa., Gall, o( Ir.,I.DCl, Duhli..) 1:!l~l \'I'll in" , Cn'Ian (i.'LIiIa lnrit', n)c<,t' ill J't'\'oh. Tlw n'i11l~ \\a" ITtl,ht'd anIT hillt'r li~IHill.L:, and Ilwn'alit-r Iht' ddi'llnos or Cn'\I' \\t'rt' stilli:'nl'c1 hy au:til.. . ill IIK'i11 hamb \1 hilt, lirrlll~ "Olllrulling lilt' Illall) Illt'rn'llal'it", Ilali:II1 in/i-Illll"y takillg a major pon .. , Ill(Il>{' i~IaII(I, \lilll.1 Ira(lili"11 f,t'lliraq, ,llid ril!t' 111l1U~h 11:t1iall l'a\'all") \ll'n' mill"(' ran,ly ;"l('lTS., 1'I 1111' \ i I,d I; U't'l>h frol" \\ hieh nU~1 \','11"[ iall rt'i"nrckd, I.oeal ,/rflflioli prll\'idrdllw bulk orhor~l' ~hip" \Wrt' huill. Otlll'rwi,,' \'c'lIin' h:lcl 110 i11ll'n"1 '111(lit"'s, 11\ I hI' bkak li1ll,"1 ('11\' 11H ,unwill' "I' I Ill' hinllTl:t ml. I':adl pan orlhe \'I'll1'li,1II t'11Ipin' dilli:rnl ill tilt' Sornl' dIll''' IIt'l"" ohli,L:I'c1 III ~lIppl~ "hips to 'hv details oril., Illilil:1 I) 1 Ir)..\a Ili~a Iit Ill. I". ri:t had rill,. II y "I'lll'li;llll1t'I" Zadar 110 II'~S Ihall :\0 g-nlley~ fillly b'TII 1'!'ll(lltl'l'l'd 1"1,' ill Ih,' 1:~lh Cf'Il111ry "tiel" a manned "'hill' all had III 'lIpply ,'i:lilors, plus snit's Ill' a n1llhi I,il Ill' up,'r" Ii( 'liS lJ) g:a Iky llet'ls .. rill.: lIlililias fi'1" 111"it' OWll ddi'lIt'c. '1'11t1l1J..(h 111l' lllrl i lil'a Iilllll> 1'1' 1111 N' pla("t'~' likc ·I'ric.'ll: ane! KoplT cou111ry~idl' 1'1'III /JOd,"/(/ !'i\'il /-:II\I'I"II(,r :11\(1 a /lfIl/'rdit"fI' mililar~ Ix:t'anw:t li'ailln' Ill' Iht"" ,'iIi,'" \,llil,. 1),tllllali:llI ae!lllilli,lralOl'. Z:tc!aJ', lilt' main \\'lIl'li:m n:"'al Ix'as,llll \\:trriol'~ ~lill aPI':tl'l'llll~ 11",11 t"Cllnpmill' b:I'i" ill Dalmalia, rrl'fIIH'lltl} n'\'ollt'd a~ai1l.'1 hO\I~ ul' U}l.alllil1l' or .rlmo't Turl.i,h l"nJl, \'('II\,ti:m rult' alltl had, ill 1:1('\, h(','11 rl'COH'I'l,d TIlt' :l.licldlt' Ea~ll't"ll ,11 .. ,.. 1\'\1'1' 01 "('lH',ian durill~ Iht' Ii!"'''1 hall It' or lilt' Fourth Crusad,'. l'olollialu'IIt'p" ill Cn'\(' ami (;I'1'1"('t' \\,1,' C'\'l'll mol',' Duhro\ nik n",i'lt'(l Vl'm'lian ('ulilrol mort' dTn-· oh\iou"" En'ltia, kllll\\11 tn Iht, \'t'llt'li:tns ;I~ lin-I} atld \\.1' onl) J'ullxl h~ \'cnice from I~O':' to ~q.!r()plJlllt'. \\,1' "Imlt;.t ,l' hiA .111 i,larul a~ Cn'l,' 1:~S8. EI ...ndwn.' Ih,' \'l'Ill'li:llh Il'ft
II llrislkd with l(lrtilieatillllS, indudillJ.,: il tl)\\Tr IHlilt in till' !llid~1 nl"1I1\' Ell ripos thallrwl wilen' lip (IJ 1.1 licks flowed ill a single day, Only tIll(' ot'tlw 1ll0S1 sl'lIior \'l'lll'ti:m :Idnlinislfalnrs t"ould bctollll" Nt/ili,- or !!:n"ITIUll" Ill' E\"\"oia. :lI1d the l'nl1H1Y'S OWll flag; \\-a~ tloWl1 lIll :1 IInnlZl' fl:Ig;"~I:,lr oll!sidl' dw C:lllll'dr:d "I' SiHI :\larl'lI ill Vvnin' ilsdf Ull ClTI'!llOllial UCC:rSillll~, Other I.-s~ inlporlall( ,\,'ge:lll iSJalld,~ Wl're rlll're stups a 1011,1.{ tire track n,utl'S ot" bast's li'Olll which tn coni rol pir:ltr' '['hi' Crd,ulcs :lfcllipda,l.{tl, Ilwon'li· c:dlya lid'ofllll' l.:rlill Ernpin'orConstaminopk. wa~ al'l ually held hy \':1 r;ous \'('11t'1 ;all Hlinilil's who pl:H'('d lo)'.rlIY hJ VI'ni('I' ahove mere felldal ohlig-:ltions III Illat short-I;\"l'd 'I'lllpin.', Tire tillY i,sl:rrld of "tiliera, (Ill' Ihl' sl)UIIlt,:1'Il tip 01" Greece, pnJ,'idl'd "ital l'11Il'l11111llieatiuns bl'lWCI'll \'<:llite alld Crele; ;1 ("'('lltu:,lIy had lin less (h:lll Illrl'I' ("a~llc-.s and ol sizeal)l\' l-\"alTison, Corfu, at 1111' mouth 'Venelian S'raJ,'"U; al lh.. baule of '''ornovo ('4.9S)' from a French print made a f"w year,. later, Here a combined halian army tlnd.. r Venetian leadership was narrowlyd ..f..aled by .he invading French, btlt not before the str"d,otli light cavalry had caused terror On lh .. Fr.. nch flank. {Nat. Gall, of An, W..sh;ngton)
11';
01" lltl' Adriatic, Ilad originally J;llkn ttl \'min' durillg thl' 1':lfvin,l!"up ol"tlH' Byzarrlilll' 1':l11pil"l'. ;IS [l'mbl obli,l!:l [iPll IWill,\.{ I hl' Sll ppl YIIf '21 I klligb ts a lid .1.0 ~qllirl"s, Corfu was, Iww('\'l"1". soon lost 10 lhl' Kingdol1l (If N:q)!cs ami had tn he purehasl'd had ;n 1:11.11i, Other Il'mpnrary Vt'lH'tiall P<J~S('SS;lIns ill Gn'l'c,' illclmkd i\lnllt'Ill"ils;a, i\ktluJlIi, Arl-\"(ls, C"rilllh, N;t\·paklO,\, Nauphlia alld 1'\'1'11 Atlll'ns, ,\s thl' Ollornall~ ad":lllct'd ;11"1"1'\,\ (;n'I'\'I' in thl' !.llh ("l'lllilry Illt'~I' olllp0:-ol:; l!("callll' lillnl wilh Byzalltilll' n'lil~I'('S, il.larty (';Illlt' rrolll Ille (,Id mililary i'lill' and tOf'lk sl'l'\'in' wilh \'ru;n' ,IS \Imllio(; li~lll cavidry, Arll\,ng thl'lll W"'"I" I:Hllt'liS rl,lllll'S like (;1'
a I-anns, \ \'ieldi 11g: l;hOl"l la IIl:C~ orja \'cli Ill;, bows a lId lighl swords, alld being- rdalin.:ly li~ht1y armoun:d, such Jlmdioli wcrl' recruiled ill Grcl'C.':c, Albania ,md Dalmalia. Theil' loyalty was rarely in doubt. lheir ferocily pt"OH'rhi
'Porl.rail of an unknown F1or~ntin~ "nigh!' by Piero di Co5imo, <:.'5'5> showing ,h., ftut..d arn.our ,",pular ;n norlhern lIal)' from Ihe earl)' .6,h ce... ur)', {Nal. GaU.,r)', London)
termini [i)r tht, lralls-Asiall Silk Road as wdl as roUll'S IHH'lh illin fur-rich Rll1>.,il1l~ '\\'l'slero' Ilwl'cllanl 1"!'J
'7
'Kn;ghl adunng Ihe Virgin lind Child' by Clliena, early 161h cenlury. The .... rnur'. turban and a curved dagger on the wall suggest Ihal he represent. an 'ori,"-nlal', perhaps one of Ihe Thrff Wist' Men or a Venelian s/rpdiol light ca"alryman, (Nat, Gallery, London) tl"()()P~ tor '·("nin·. AIIlOl1~ tin: first Iloll·ll:dian~ to he hi I'ed II tTt' Ca la l;t II tTl lS.,hO\\'Jllt'll b IC' in Iht' 131 h cenlury. Fon'i~ltel's Iwcanlt' mllrt.· Cf,rnmlllt in l'llh ("{'!llury ,'cilicc, as Ihcy \\lTt' dscwlH'n' ill Italy. tllllllg"h Ihe \'t'lleti;tll.' t'al'lll,d ;t rl'[luI;1Ii011 a,~ llowbly hard bar,l{aim'rs 1IIIt'll il camt.' to drawing llP tIll' ("'ld'll/a n,nlral"l. Such cfllItrans wen' g"t'lIt'r
(Qlldollirri hUI most 1l0l;thly a,!.{ailisl I-lullj.{arians ill Frillii ('Oldy in the 151h CI'lIlury, AlIlllUg" ,'('lIiet'"s nOli-II alia n melTt'l L;j rics \\'t.:I"t' (;I'fll'liln ,L;"Lt lllH 'r, a llCl pikemcll, English ardH'l"s, (jaselllls, ~wi~s, Albanian mountain intillllry, Dallll,Hial1~ and en'tall ardH'r~. Omd/llfiai infhnlry wcn' lIst.'c! in !;{rcal 111l1l11wrs durillg Iht' 151h CUtlllry, proving tlltlch easier 10 hire and lire Ih;1I1 the pr0ud('r ane! more ('xpt'nsin' c;l\·alr)', Such tlll.'lTt.'nary inbntry forcl.'~ lltJrmally itlCluded spl'annCtt, ("I'Os..,II(JWllll.'ll and shidd-hcart'l"S in t.'qual llttillUCr. BUI all thesc l1lerC('ll
willi lilt' 10sl'J's Hilling inlo Ih' 'allal. :ham sea ligills a 'saults Oil 1110 k a.<;llc " , nd bagordi or lighl ('<1,'<111''' manu 'uvr \ I' ua k and with Irawal dear! inspin'cJ by Balkall or lsIami military pra lin',w(T'alslar'atUr' rl,th cl1llrY\lni " :0 \\01: Ih· d ",r1y non-E Imp an ,\l"rel/'o war dan l'Wilhhllllltl'd la g rs, namar's nou I \' I l\\·i l'-year! ' mililaI-y parade' and ill:p lioll' \\'ere d ':iglH' I 10 weed ut in Ilmp'l nl 11'0 I;' an I I( cll('l'k Ihl' qualil~ or mililar, quill11('nl.
Siege, Fortification and Fireanns \ elH'linn sicg\' \\'arl~ln.:, al leasl 01 land. ~ II ,,'rei th(' :an1l' p;'ltl'rJIS as d: \ h('n' in Europe, B Ihe (',11"1)' dah PIIIIIl')' Ih' krenn' ora it)' like Padua dej) 'ne! 'c! up II all e);1 'ri I' \\'al -r-fill d dilch and massed ,. rlillLTy in rais'd eanh ha. tions to covcr galf's allel mlll'r weak J oinll'. The stOll(' cily wall was sln'llg111l'1lt'd hy having -anh I ikcl again 't il. inner [1('(' hchin I whi 'h was anothcr e1il h l:nckcd by eascma ('S and lowers, Filll II. therc 'ame a high !'m ban km 'nl \-vi th a parap 'I S 'Iyj ng a' an a ':embl)' poinl anrl additional ,utili r' pladc.1I'ITI, :ro:sbow' \lI'n' 'Iill used b)' l11ililianll'l1, b II hanclgul1ll rs pnl\'iclnl t hI' mO:1 ,0' Ii,' an. In inral1lr assault. \ eni l' fin U~ I. an I (~I (' I. firearm III 137 \l11\'III)Olh lhl' \'c'lwliansand AU'Iri ns mploy'd homhards ill open baIlie, 'UIlS play d a more ~iglliliralll rlJIr againsl til· 'no'" r,w y'ars lal('I'; alld b ' Illl' t"\r1) I Ih (,tlllUl' Ih' \' 'nt'li. n ~lI'Inr clearly had an artillery Irain whil evcn Ihe ri,'(T fI '('I' arri·d nUllwrOll, small cannon,
w...
L
4-----...1)-
c.l--_---"'--:-_---.J
Firearm : A-B........l of Scllioppo band'gun, '
'rcnadc: \ ere also rr 'orr! 'el, hUI il was thl' kvdopnwl1I IJI'II (' han I-R In \- hi 'I was to pl'tlVC ll10s1 dramalic, In lh' l ..p h n'nlury such \\!c'apOl1s
had less armour-penetrating- 'apabilil than rossbows, thollgh Ihey wer(' rh ',,!wr; bUI il11prov 'l11('nl: illih '111 nuhrlurt' I'salLJ eln' '1I1d the IISI' r10ngcr barrels rapidly in rcast'd Illuzzk vclnril ',The gr 'al cilcli. n rondl/lliff/-leader. :olkolli, was popularly CTt'dilt'd wilh lirl't using lid I arlilkr ' Oil l1lobik carriages, an I Ihou~h ht' mig-hl Ilnl aClUally han' b n tht' Ii r:t. h ' ('cn a i 11 h, us 'd IIll's(' 111'\\' w 'a pon: ,"I" '11<- tiv'l)', Tht' V '11 'lian, W('IT a!' 11lhllsiasli . al out d '\T10I ing 1It'\ c'xplnsivc' wcapon: including' gunpl wd r-fill'd mill's alld Ih' longbarrell 'd and higll)' mobile !NlJi/i,l!. sit',£{ gUll, Th \1', enal ul1\'iousl)' phyed a major I an in Ihl\(' dl"" 'IOll11l'llIS hUI was t'qllillJ~ d ",r1y unabk 10 manu a "I un' as Illan) call 11011 ,I: wcre Iwcckd ill lhe I Ih t'l1lur. l\l<-anwhilt- inm was smdtnl and worked [(II' mililary I ul-pnst\ in a \\flll<- I "I' rt IJr mace: known a~ Ihe - '\In. Ia IlT 10 I> 'coml' hell I' kn \\Ill rtS the Ghcuo or Jcwish quancr or \ cllice. The hilllre 01' \' 'nclian anill'ry againsl an invading- Fr 'nch Siq~l' train <11 thl' CII I or t1w 15th c('lllury SC'C'I11S lHll III In\,' I' 'sull(' I li'om infr-rinr 'V{'e p )IlS bUI (i'om Frell 'h Ilun1l'ri 'al Sll'l'Il,~lh and hI' gr 'atcr ll1obilil, '
ru
River waU and bastion (left) of the 16th century defences of Kolor, The land waU may ju t be e n rising from left to right up the precipilou lope of Mount Lovcen,
111 I. ()l \ 111(' r~lc('d Ih' L 'agut' or Cambrai. "'hi h pilled In sl If Europ' againsl her alone: a11101l/.{ til ':e [C)t', wa~ Fnu1l'I' whose armi 'S wcrc amol1g- Illl' 11l0S1 I (I\\Trrul Ill' till' clay. nl)' IWO I ~)
m(lllth~
ann ;[ lIug't' explosiUlI ill the "rst'llars ~lI11pO\\"(kr ~lore. \'c'llin' lI"a~ dl'li-alecl at thl' (li~;L~lre)u~
I';lt,ll' c,f
!\~n;ldl'll(J
\I"a~ lll~l. T'w~(> ll't"ril"ric'~
:LII(I till'
Tt'ITt/ /'j"rfl/a
WITI' \<1 be' ~radually and p;nit'lIt1y rq~ailH'd: htlt t1w most remarkahle aspect flf Ihis app:dlill).{ )'I';lr 1I';1~. ill 1;ICt. the Repuhlic's ~un'i\·al.
FrOIn ,hell on Vt'nice adopted a grimly ddcllsiVt, all alliances and stn:nglh(,rling her fnl1lticrs with the ,nost modern liJ1'llfications. 'j'llt, pn'l'llrtion orea\'alry to inl;ulIry in her annil'S was draslicall~ reduced, as in nHist OlhtT Europc.:;ul slall,;s. whik .111 ever-growing" Ot \( IIlla II na\'al til rea t 10 her (JnTSI'as lelTllories demallckd enor mure gaJlI'ys. plu"~ lilt' marim's and .({llllS II' lill thelll, OIL Ihl' ntll(T hand, Vl'lH:lian mililal")' Ol'g-;l11isalifJll
.~1;1I1n.. ~hllnniltg"
lJecame mon° and mort' COnSt'lTa,i\'l' and predictahle. CClilsidl"l"able dlilr!S \,'ere' c1n'oh'd til :1\'olding "';11' Willi Ilw Ollomans and 10 m;lirllailling strin nt'UtraJiI)' In Europ",11l albirs. The army ;\IId tlet" l·o-npo.'l":llo:d 11I(,r(' dll~l'1y than 1·\'C'r. The fiwllll'r t·n11c('1lIral\·d on Illainland Ihn·als li·Oln Hapsbtlrg:\lL~lrla and Ottomall-\"ukel HI/sllla, lhl' Jall"r 011 1l;1\'allhrl":Il~ nOI f111ly Ih,m lhl" OllfllllallS but also IhJln I hOst, champions of C:hrisll'llelIJlll, the Spaniards. whll nl)\\' rllkd ~Olllh('\"n Italy. \'('nll'l' may 11;I\'C i;hrllllk 10 a svcnllel-das~ po\\'(' .., bllt lhe wisdom or, hese pulirics \"C'stllted in I he fl'llla I'ka hi)' long: lik (,l" her l"mpire. which sun'lwel IIntil N:lPO!t:OI1"s lakC'on'r in 1797. ~1:1chian'lJi's damlling: explanation or the Venetian ddi'i11 in 15U!) a-" result illg; li"om a ' misera bit- haseness spi rit ca lLSI·d
or
'The SIO~OrSI Ursula' by Carpaccio., '493. Lef'_h.. pilgri",,, arrive al Cologne, "ho...ing (ully ar",oured men equipped in VeneTian lilyl", and an archer wiTh a la,,,, By~anTine slyl", o( .....ord. Belou-.llassacr", o( tbe pilgrim" by UUnll, sho...ing Hghdy equipped soldiers ...ho are probably ba..ed on Venelian $f.,,,diolli. (Academia Gall" Venice)
'.10
b~
a 1\'ITlclll'd
lI1ilitar~ ~y'h'H1' wa~
by slll"\'ilal IiII' almost lhru'
pwn'd
11101'(' cl.'lllllri,·~
\\"rull.~
;Ig-airhl
.tll dll' lIdd, (If Eurolll"~rli Ili~lor). Onl' I""ull or \'('lIin:~ ehallgnl lojtuati'JlI wa~ a rclurn 10 rdiann·. as I~u' ;t, pll~~ihll" orL IHT U\\ II mell, ;\ll'I'n'llarie~ \\fTl' still recruitcd IIlII surh I!'lOOp' IllTl" nOlI kss a\'ailabk and \\'niee \Ias al<;o ,hort (If cash 10 p,L Y them. Thl' \.cnet iar Lal'i<;tocrac~ remained ~m:dl. rl('\'lT llUmbering- lllon: Ihall :.!,Sc)o adult maIn. ill corl1pari~un III its milital'~, na\'al. politic;)l nnd ,Idmilliqratin' rcspollsilJililin. 01'din:lr~ pl.'upk \\I.'I'C IIOW Io.:s~ wi]lilL~ 10 .'l.'lId llll.:ir SOliS a:. :.oldic'r,. <;0 that \"'nin' \\:" (Ihli.l.{cd 10 p:Ll'dnn crimirlals il11Ttunll~11' 111cirl·nlistlllelll. 'I'he I'it) inl'I'c':I,illgly rdied OlL 11Ll'll ti'urn tl1l' 7"l'lm /;i'rll/(/ wlriclr. d"spile ih prohkms, wa:. lit·d 10 \'elrin' hy a ~rudg"ing' fWrlS,· or 11llll11al ac!\·allr;tg'('. The \\'n~ c'liall~ lllt'll1~d\'l's n'mairll'd ;1 mulli-cultural ;)nd CVl'U lIlulti·rada] so('irly. NC\'\'nbd,'ss there were <;lill t;tr more rC1H'gades li'om Chrish'ndo1ll In Islam. and fl'olll VCllicl' to Ihe Otlorn:ms, lhall \,it(·-\·cl1>:l. Christ ians also In 'a ttd lhei r ;\ I uslim prisoncr' ~Ia ws I;Lr lIllI"'" tll,rll Turk\ trealed Christian slaw's, Iarv,d) bC('albo..: Chri~li;1t1 Mx·i(·ty lacked lhe l'c:1igious-Iq.{;l1 'i;IJu:tiulI!> to deal I\ith such mrttwrs . .\kall\\ hik tilt' ("Ollln,l Ill' mililar} "flilirs \I'as Cl/II'·'·lIlrall·d ill thl' hand~ or a ('olkge or cxperts much likt· ;, modern \\':11' council. Spi.:s and illii Inn(TS pia ~ c·d pl'1'h:t ps a gn';( tlT 1'(,10.: in \' ellel i,lll milil:ll') prep,Lr:llion~ thall ;1t1}'1\ ha(' d~(' 111 Europt·. I\hik in lhe r(ilh Cl'Ill11r~ \"'nin~ itsl'!f Iwe,L1Tw a (','llln' li,r the Wrilil1.1.: ami priming' or 11Iilitar) I)Otlks and maps. !\Iilitary nlllsiruetiun. iikillcd arlisans. and abOI'': alllht· rnakirl~ ofbrOllZC earlnOlI WITt' jncr('a.singl~ cOllcclltr;l1cd irl tllt' Arsenal Irmlt-r rhe d''''''SI gU\'(Tnl11ellt "upl·r'\'isiol1. \\'hik !Ill: '7 t'I'/'{/ ','iflllfl l4('nnall~ remained lo)'al til Vl'Jlin·. till' l'aSll'rtl pro\'inn' Ill' Friuli was slill \'er~ badward arKl \'inuall} li·udal. 11 W:l~ here lhat Verliee t~c('d seri(Ju~ l11ainbud Ihn',lIs li'om holh Hapsburg- AllStria and tlH' Turks, Both w('re. hO\\'t'\'er. (·ontain.:d: and it would 1,1' bir to!>a~ Ihal lhe Ottoman Htilun' to conquer Ital)'. Iarg:d~ as;1 rcsult Ur\'('IU'lialr reSiSI
III l(ir.1 r7 \"'lIit'l'li'lIglll Iwr Ia,l 111,11"1' laud lIar. ag-:lrn a~airlsl Ill\' II:tI'~l)ltrg's \\]10. Iltrllul.:h i\rdlduke F"rc!ill;ll1Cl 01 .\uqri:l, 1\ 1'1'1' pn'tl'l·tllH-\ the lro'lIhk,ol111' L·.,k"k I'it.ttl" (II' S"I~j ill till' IIclrtht'nl .\driatit'. U~kuk ;tlld ollll'r piratn. pIll, a 11;(\;11 tlln'at to Dalmatia rn'lll Sp;Ll1i,h :\aplt·'i. \1 ('l',. rill' main probl'·lll.s corrthlllting \"'l1in' ill till' ],lll' ll'lh alltl I 7t Ill'('r 11 uric,. Th.. llsk'lk" bi ulI'd tc, I)C' (:nr,;tckr" li.{{htillg' the Uttoman infield. Iml ill Ell' I tIH'~ l'au~I'd more tl'Uuhl,' 10 Chri'li:tl1 \'t'llin'. ,\Ithough lh('ir ha.~e;1I !:)l'l1j \\:1:- IIOrltlll:dl~ ill I bp>.llLlrg 11'l'l'ilor~. lilt· l'~k'lk~ \\eIT ill rt'a]jl~ rrl'l'!lllllt,·r,. NilI' \\l'fl' chI')' tIll' llnl~ pir;rtl" irl tilt' ,\dri;rtic: Sp:llli;rrd,. F1'I·llch. ])utdl, 1·:Ilg'li,h. Klligllh lir ,\I;r1t;, ;tnd Tmcall Kni!{lll:- of SI Sl"plll'lI all pl'l'yl'd 011 \·.:rwliarl ~hippillg-. ;\lrrsli11l I'"r,arr~ illdudc'd 01l0111;111 ·!"\lrks. :\llt,lilI1' I),lo-I·d irl .\III;tllia and sOllllwrn Dalmalia. as wdl as th\' I;Ulll'll' Ibrl>ar~ Cur.'Sair>. fi'Olll Norlh Alrica. VI'I rill')' \\,(·ft' l1()t piralt'~ ill till' Inw ~"'I\I·. ,illn' dll'ir' ,ll'Ii\·ilit.:>.. like lhosl' or Christian I'lJr~:l1r, atta('killg' ~lu~lirn ";!Iippirlg, \\lTt' g'l'rlnall~ lil'crN'd II} llwir n·'pc,,·tin· gCI\,e1'llll11'lll '.
Veneli.n wnodeul !Ihowing Ihe ~iege nf P.d.... NOle lhe besiegers' .. _ of <:lOnnon, h.ndg.. n~ ignited by • second man wilh • he.IH tnuel",:, .nd Ihe def"-nd.,....• ..s., of inc"ndiary gr"n.d.,,, (from Niccoli> degli AgoSlini, U S"cuu; Bell.'ci p .. bli"hoffi in '521),
'.!l
'SI GecriP' by Carpll""io, ",1:;00, Tl!p Kllinl 's shown a,. a full)' equipped V",.."'l'a.. mll..... I-lIrml;, Ihough wilboul a h"lm"'l U" S"uola di S" Giorgio d"gle S"hiavoni, Venice},
.,'t"
TIll' maill tlir~'at to \"ellin"\ O\'I,:rs('as po~~~SSiOllS 11,. III rally ea me li"llm II Il' Oll( HIM ns. 'I 'he Empire f)(l ,\fafl' \\'a,~ Ih 1I"~ divided i1110 Ii 'Ill' ddi:llsi Vt· %Ol1t'S: tlH' Gulfof\"t:nin: ,wei 1~lria: Dalmatia ami ils isl:lnds: Ihl' {;In·k j,bmls and Crl'l!": :Ind, 1;11' In til(' (':LSI, Cypru:i, which had only I;dlt'rl umlt-r Vl'llt'lian nltmol in q!l!J' Ihllllalia st'ITt'd as Ihl' maillslar of \'l'nClian 11,1\',.1 pOll"c'r ",hilt- thl' rt~llIrtl1l' m:ll"ilimc t,tnpin' n:lairlt'd ib ori,~illal slralt'gil' functiOl1 as :I chaill or hC,IVil~' dt'f;"ndl'd baSt'S, 1Iluu,~h lht, Ollllllla ns had :11 read) hr{Jkt'lI IhroLl,l~h thi"~ chain in 111 a lly plan's" '1'111:1'1,' was abo a II in,reasi 11g 1I'IIdl"lll"y {fl!' \'('niel"s Crn'k ami Iblk:in sul~i("("L~ lu nl'l' the I,TCl" IlI'avicr hand nfVt'III",iall t'ol('llial ruk li)r lhc rt:l:tli\'t' rrcl'duill of OllOlllan tt:-rrilOry, To sunw CSIClll V('!Iin- was sun"j,"iug on her pasl rcpulalion" III fact. SIKh was Illl' :I,\','SOllW nUll(" or lilt: Arsenal Ill:It II~'WS clf :LllI II III.: r dn'as(a ling" t:Xplll:.icln in ISi19 wa" said III ha,"(' t'III'UIlraKl-d the Ollomans IQ irl\'a(k, and ultimat..!r sc'iz(' Cyprus"
The Fleet Dert:llCI' or "'"t'l'lwas baSI'S slill fl'sled primarily till Ilw g:allcy fln"t whoSI' news wnc still used as land or alllphjhillll.~ (;!1Tt'~" SlJ/ll"I/rll//lili ,~allc'~ caplaim. \\'1'I"t'
11ll' ('Iitl.: of llle \"'~rKtial1 ll1ilit:lr~ 1'"~I a "~I"l':l1 vicI"ry O\'(T tht' Otloman (ke( 011 Lcp:ulI') ill 1:1711" '1"11t' ~Ill)na.l{(' of cn'ws bccanw "CUiI'. Bigg:I.:1" \\arships, "llch as a "greal galley· flagship Ill" I{iOl, ""rried :) 7:l I1l1"ll, '.!~JO beingoanil1Wll, 1:f1lwi"g"oldier~"ll(llllt"irol1inTs. Senior llWIl rOll~lll in rull armour, rnarilll,'s in lil{hllT (/jfM!elf; ol"plalc, ",hill,' oarslllcn \\"on' light 1l\'lnu'l.~ and Illclal-lillt:d (Qf"'I1~;;:illi f1exiblt' hudy armour" I'"n'(' oarSlllen still hcll)l,"c! lilt' glllllH"1"S in lln~kilkd l'ap:lCilics. bUI \'cnltc had aln'ad)' 1)1,"1'11 ohlig"t:d 10 10w('I" her staudards or n:l\':l1 nTruitnwnt in Ihe mid-,6Ih et:ntury, By 111~" 171h ("c'1HlIry sl,,"dard"~
wen' Shllll't i Illt;~ a bY~llt;ll. III 1539 cUllscri pi ielll frtllll lht" parislws had been ab,llldollCd ill Hl\'our or qllota~ or O,ll"Sllwn from Ihe g"u;lds and SCI/Olf or rdig-iolls li'alerllities, Albanians, 1);llmatiallS, (j rl'd;s a Ild.J I'WS from Corfu i Ild uded oarSIlll'11 who had simply htTIl press-g"Itl.L:l'd, Com'iet oarsmen \\'{'I't' IJrou,glll, or I'\'('n bought. from lleighbouring slal~'S as 1;0' ,didd as RI\"lri,L Chail1('d, ill-c1otlwd, lllld{'rll:d ,lIld dying 11\ bl'R~' numbers li'olll exposurl'. lIlt's\' nlllVil'1 (larSIHCIl wen: 1\("V(Ttlll·les:s ('IHrusled with \\"t"i1pons in batik, 'rhl:)' rl:lllaill(,d Illuch Illon' illlpUI'I
craftsllu'n. \'I'w:liall clplaiu~ bl'ill,~ instrul"In[ III ellSLl I'C I ha I such 1111'11 II'cn: 'killnl ill wha le\'tT S('('I"( 'I and discreel 1ll:llllll'r yOll SI'C lit 10 ww', The Ilumber of lighting- Illell al}uard :1 ship depended on whITe she was sailing, Though srkued mili tia lIlli IS wel"(' still usn[ at s('a, Ihost· who \'OllLllleCI"(,d 1\11' such \'oyag('s 1I'l:1'(' UliCIl dcsperalc IIWII. SC:t servin' lwing" paid ,\I [OWt'l" rall'S lhall snvin' all land. '1'111' illlpos...ilJilil) "I"l'ulIliing away whell li~hting' aboard ship 1I1t':UlI Ihalc'\"('11 inl... rior mililiarnl"ll pcr1lll'llled betll'r OIl sea Ihall Oil lalltl. The $(a/lOli \VCl'e, slrictly speakillg-, \,cJ!lll1lL'L'1" marines as dislilH:1 li'om lIlt' .II/!dllli who II'I'I"C troops raised in time IIfwar for comhal wIWI"('\'('I" ll{'eded, Ull land, sea or ill amphibious c;llnpaigns. Such ,II/ldali \1"<:1"\: g\'lwr:dly raist'll by {(JlldlJlfil'l"I 1l1l'rct"lla ry kadel"S, Ari~lOCr;llic \"(llullll'{'I"S II't'lT still n:corckd, bUI il is alSl) dear that mallY SUi'll 'NolJks ul" thc Quartcrdeck' took Iheir pay but 111'\'1'1" W,'Il! 10 sea, Early 17th eClllury lla\"a[ \V\'apOllS induded lhe longbo\\', which S('CIll~ 10 havc' had it I"n';\'al, where:ls crossb()ws \"ert' g"{'ll{'I',llly ahalldclllt'd ill !l1\'OUl" ,d' handgu1ls. l,aIL'!" i'11'1'1-anlwd tTO:-'ShllWS 'Th" 8alll" uf L"panlo ('570)' pa;nted by an anonymous arl;'" "hortly afler Ih" banle, one of the n,o,,' delailed repre· senlat;on.. of the victory over Ihe Ouoman.., Not .. ,h.. sall..y,,' h ..avy bow sun... Ih .. a""uebus-men ma ....ed upon the dec....., and Ihe poorly dad Salley.....ov!OS. (Ham Hou ..", Vicu.tria "Albert Mus., London)
Ill.lI11iJer ,C\ {i'om '1S liul' as 11 'mall gUlls Oil a liglll gall 'y, up l 1'2011 gl' al gall y, indu linl{, p" ir of eul\'crills\\'eighill c \'('1' IO,n) Ihseach. i\lo'l na\'al a 1'\ illel'y Sl' 'nw I dl'_ ign 'd lor nlll/{es or I flO pat' s or 111 rc, Th gll ns were pi, 'd ina gall '} " b "" b'ingain1l'd b~ man eU\'rinl{lh ':hil il:('Ir. HrT hI ad 'rs W('l'(' prd"l'red fi)r th lighter artillt-ry sin c Ih "(' uld 1)(' loaded und T I)\' T \\'itho II 'x C)'in their gUlll1l'1'S to ell 'I )' :Ill rt-raf R;l' lire: an II ronze cannon WCI' \'alueel, _incc lhe' lid n II I'll, I al :'C ' :\1 it: pc, k ofem iel 'y the V 'nice, I'senal could tit Ul, arm an I I I' \'i:i Il 'I nl'\\'ly I uill galle t ""ilh ,Ialldarelised pans on a pro lu lion-lill' ba ~ un" 'n anywh'r 1st.: until til, 1nelu 'trial ReTbe galley-barbour of Zadar ( ee plan of fortification), lying between the inn r city (left) and the outer d fences (right), Zadar wa the main Venetian naval ba e in Dalmatia and thili harbour could contain a lilnall ftcet of warship ,
I' 'mal'kall)' a 'Curale alld il111111'IlSt'I, !Jowl'rrul wi III a how I 'Ilsinll or O\'CI' ~) kg, hut I he ' \wrt' 'Jo\\' alld rlillil'ull I l U'i', wlll.'l'ea~ anyone' (' ,uld hlazl' a\\'a), Wilh an arqll" liS or h 'H\'ilT mllskcl al lhl' S!\(lI'l rallg;l'~ or 11:1\',,1 cOlllbat. (:ullrll~ingl)', h(}\\'l'HT, II a \'7'2) ,'0 lllwr l11el11l)('r, Ihe crrw I ad tu hdp luad, shill and (,\'l'n lir' Ihe gUliS, Th ',l' \1'('1"('
or
\'01 U I iOIl,
ThulIgl lire-pot and ther Iradilional ineClleliary k\'in's w 'I'(' slillleing usul, l'undal11'nlal change' in lIa\'al gunnery \ el'l' bccoming apparent , ' dlorls were 1'11<1 Ie l sink or lisabl' a It), \ ilh ',lIlnOII aloll', Light galle, shad 110 p'll'l if Ihis na\'al n:\'cAUlion. I utthey rl'l11ailll'd a \'ilal 'IrmenL in till' \ l'n 'ti,ul 11,,1. Th ir el 'igll was also :t('adil ' impro\'t'd. ",itlt y 'I an tl1l'r s 'st 'm orrowillg h 'ing intruduced aroulld 153+ known as a{ Ifll/ouia il I' 'e1u d Ih numb l' f II W larl{ roar:, l'C1 h !Jein pull 'c! I y;) tram r li\' to: '\' '11 CI rSI11('n. \ arious experimental warships were I uih in lhe late 16th l!tury. hut til\' m Sl e1ramati IlI'W 'onwr wa' the gailI'm whi 'h (Ie" '1 P I fran Ih, lid mer I anI great allcy, Inc! already put in all appnrancc at L 'panto, Th ,ff.alll'(f,1 wa:. a hll I' galley which' 1'\'1' I 'I floaling' rortrc:' in batt! ~,II!l c< nnon, or l'n The late 16th century Venetian Cortre guarding lraklion harbour, Crete, The low profile and mid< waUs we.re designed to resist artillery; above the entrance was a finely carved marble Lion of St Mark, the symbol of V Dic ,
1: Venetian knight, early 13th C. 2: Dalmatian urban militiaman, mid-13th C. 3: Dalmatian oldier, mid-13th .
A
1: N.ltalian cro8sbowman, c.1330 2: Italian armoured infantryman, c.1320 3: Knight, ollalto family, c.1340
B
1: Jacopo avaJlj, .13 0 2: Vi netian infantryman, lat 14th 3: Cavalli trumpeter. late 14th C.
3
2
I: 2: 3: 4:
D
Dalmatian crossbowman, c.I440 Dalmatian infantryman, c.1440 Dalmatian knight, mid-15th C. Italian peasant levy, 15th C.
1: N. Italian cro bowman, late 15th C. 2: Venetian militiaman, late 15th C. 3: Venetian man·at·arm • late 15th C.
E
I: Stradiot. ~.1~8V8Iryman.c.l500 2' Venetian hg Iy 16th C• ok noble, ear 3:. G re...
F
1: ~ netian 'Bravo', lat 16th C. 2: E caped galle . lave. early 17th C. 3: ~ n Han knight, c.1600
3
1: 'Ibmmaso Moro ini, c.1647 2: Venetian arquebusier. early 17th C. 3:' cappoLi' volunteer. early 17th C.
H
incrl'asill~1 r CUlt("t'n tra It'd / 'II tlte majur a Iidlura).{t's: Zadar. SilJi.:nik. Ko1< ..., Corfu, Iraklion" Kyn'nia, Famagllsla alld Nit'usia, Corru, dl'sn"ib('d as 'the heart upplit's ror distalll \'t'll(,tiall (Iutposts" !'.Iockrn artillery also enabled bigger llu:rch;ulI ships tu (!ert:ml IhclllSClvt's, sn it was lhe srnalln ships lhal sulli:n't1 mosl Ihllll piraln and rOl'Salrs,
Land Warfare On lalld major Hlctical changes had alttTt'd the E:tcl'
or Eu ropean warrart... in Ihe 1..',1 r1y
'Aull;usti"o Barbar;go', commander oflh.. V.." .. t·i"n g"n.. y'" 101 the baltl.. ofL..pa"lo, by the lichool ofTitia late 161h ce.. tury, He w .." .... Ih.. full u,,;form of. Ve"el;an ' era!. {Mu"" SIO";cO
Navale, V..nic..)
IllUUllwd (111 \\"hei'lnl carriages. wer(' IIOW rang('d ;dong: ils ,ides illsle;,d of being: ('Ol1<:('nI r:ill:d ill the ht.\\,. "1'1" dl'spilt' (K"Ca~ional speclacular SLlCct'Sses. till' f!/llIm\ wa~ 100 ,low alld ullwieldy to lx' widely usd"ul amll;..w Wt'n' huill. TIlt' Ilith t"t'nlmy ,I!.afll'illl, unlikt· ilS rin:rine 1I;lll!t'sake of all l'arlier n'ntury, was a slimnwd· dO\\'ll n'r"illll or till' merchalll 'round ship' and as such \\'.I~;tIl ,Irllwd s;rililll{ VI's.sd, It 100 nltlld SlTn" as a lloa ting liJl't r('ss i1l a major lIa \'a 1conli'{lll ta IiOII, hUI it was ul"liHli' lise againsl small piratt' galleys in lht, elllllilll'rl span's or till' Dalmatian coasl or Aq"~t','1l i"I'll1lls. 'nll' supl'riorilY ol"llfJl'lhl'rn pirate ships ill thi' IH'W warEII"t' IIndt'r sail It.:d Vt'ltin' to hin' ,lIld t'vi'lllu,dl} i'opy lhl'st, n'sst'is which \\'cre kllUWll to the \\'lIeti:1l1s as ha((}//;, Not unlil llj()j did VI'nin' ~tart huilding it~ 1111'11 'ships-ol:lhe-lint", IIsill,L: a II En!-:li~11 \\;, r!'>hip as a model. ~(l Iii r had sunk lilt' otW-limt' "i\\iSlrt'S.' ot" tht, St'as', \rith tIl\' ('i!IJ.~(,lidatii!1I of" Ottoman p,)Wi'r throughout till' Iblbns ;md !'.Iiddk E"sl, and \.ellice's pol iry ilr ;l\'uid ing allianrcs, llll' Vellel i'lll l'111pin' \\as lllIJl"t' isnlaltd Ihan ("\"(T, Sll'atq{y, as wt'll as tilt" t"mt or updating: fiu,titicatiullS, wa,~
IIiI II ('t:ll1 llry, wi III gri';tl armies now sCi'kill,l..\" a dc-cisiY(' blow rather than indulging in tilt' dabor;l1e manocuvre and al tri tit'll of prt'violls ccn lurit',s" Fa .. hig-htT casualt it's wen' sum.. n'd lhan had hn'tl normal in mcdin'al and cady Rl'naissall("t' \\'ar!:u"i', Yel lhi~ wa~ ;t pa!t'iing phase, becauM' illlpr(WI'IlWlliS ill fiJl"Ii· ficalioll tcdll1iql.les SOOIl bog,l{('d duwll tactics OllCe' again, :-"Icidcrabk IHyall), to Veniet" whih- lilt' supposedly ('i\'ili;1I1 lirolw/illlri look ,HI inlTeasing-ly illlpunalll njk ill positiolls (II' (Olllllland, At their ht'ad a 1'l'r}lIt'di/lll' Ul'/Il'ml had his OWIl guard of I '.! 10 'lj halhcrdit't"~, plus a I"ull slall: OthiT IJI'Qlw/ilol'; l'ommalldnl lilt' li,l{hl ('a\'alry and I/mdiu/i" while a special t'Urps or 1~/IIl'I'llill!I'i rllIl' FOl'/I'::';:'1' was eSlahlisltl'd in 15,1'" tn Sllpt'T\'isl' Ill\' Rt:puhlic's fixed ddl'm'(':., Others arn1l'd alld Ir(lincd lhe peasant \'ollintecrs or tll(' Trn'iso area, cuntrolled tilt' liccnst'd pilla,~illg ofl'tLcmy lCl'ritory. till' allocali(\tl or :milln)" Ill' llw Slll'\'l')'ing or li"Olllicl's, The Arst:nal \\'as ;tlst! nlll liy!lful'rtlilori,
33
IIH1llg-h it prll\'nllilr ea'llT t~1111alllll:lt'llln't'llf)l1f{h \\t'apnt!s IIt:l.lllog":ltlwllll" thl' lnlllps wht'rt' and WIII'Il Ih..:~ \\I'l"I' IU·l·rkd. 'I'he arm y it.~,'Ir.'1 ill induckd lllili Ii", frOl11 \ "t'nin' ,md Ilw 'I"m FilII/fl. and many llwmbl't"s Illl' pOlln'r at'i~t(lITa('y had Ii II It' l'!loin' hUI IU bl"nl1lw l>lIldi~T~. Yt'l til,' n"nall quality o(\\·tl..:lian arlllil" had cll'dilll'd I>adly I)~ Ihl' c;,rl~ 17111 '·ellllll·y. I-I..:a,·y col\alry III filII pl,'tt' armour amI riding'bardl'(l' or announ·r1 hor!ws WI'1"I' anachronistic in Ibis n..:\\' agr or 'in'arlll~ but lli..:y WlTI' rl·taitl..:d. lhoug-h in dt'l"l"easing llUmhl:I'~. li.1' rl'a~om or prt·sti.I.;"(· and ttl gin' lilt' ricltl'l" al'iSI{l(Tal'Y a :-,'Il:-{' 01" military Pl1l']lO~t'. Such Iwa,')' c";l\'alry Wl't"(: ~till "r~alli.s,·d ill 1(/1I:;i (,1"01\,' man-aI-arms. lWO liJ.{hlJy ,Irnwd ridtTs \,'ilh ~pl';lr or ("ro~sh(lw. alld a mUlltllnl .~I'r\,'llll. EtJ(wt., II. n'lTllil IHII)kml'11 aJj lighl ,·a\,.,lry \\1"1"1' only panially ~lleccssrlli. lhough I1H: i:;,~uillg: or hl'''\')' llll'ti-al-anns with a pair 01" pistols did prolong th..:ir mililary riJlt-. By tilt' 17lh l·..:lll11ry, en'alry !ann' ;Uld sword h;ld finally hCl'n aba nch ,l1l:d iII iiI \'011 r 1.1' pi~t III a ncl sword .. nil: gun, Ilw'mally Illl\V a I'diabk \,'Iwdloek weapOI1 Ihat 1ll:nled I1U maid], would be fiH'djuSI helor\.: contact wil h Ille lill:, wlwl'Cli p'lll Ihe :-\\"ol'd I\'('uld be dra \\'11. Such tal·lin' w('l'e. 1111\\·(·\·1.... co:-dy in hnrsl·~. LJl1rinK thl: \'arl) part lbe IGth ('l:llIlIry, Vel1l:lia II li.~ht l'a \'alry or Iia lia 11 origin WCl'e moslly ., rmed wi Ih cl'Ilssbo\\"s or a rq Ill'bmes a lid. II nli kc lIlt· J/mdiuli, lfJughl more as rnomHed illl~lIltr)' than real ca\·alry. ~IaIIY of' tho~,· invol\'t'd ill the almost glll'l'l'il1a warf;tn' 01" till' Friuli,lIl I"roillil'l' cal'l'icd s11l;11l l1l,lldllnck handglllls. alll'C~IOrS or thl: tnl..: pi~IOI. Ot!wrs, calkrl rm·llfll'rilllrgj.!irm. woa' platcd lia 11':·1 soldil:r.~ ratlwr th;ll1 ('avail'\". Tht' Sf/lolr and guilds did Sll ppl Y~1I1lt. il11'a Illry uni t:- I)lll \\''':1"(' more ImpOrtall1
or
D()g-c·~
Palll IrO()p.~. lIt ]l1':ln·til1l": Ih('~I' g~l1Til>lllh \,('1'1' tht'lll~d\"t'~ rl"poll~ihll' lor guarding- J.{.ll'~. pi:l'l.l:. 1(I\><.t and allllllll11ilioll "IOI'I'S. p
or
A
1'1 IHIlI IlliJiliatlH'1l lI'hich hdd amillal rn,llllll·U\'l'I·S. Pt'upll' iuil1l'd IiII' a \';Iriel}' or rl'aS"II~. lhllllgh pI·t'!tli~~il >11 1'1 111';1 r ,I nJl~ ,1 lid ,'X('mpl iun li'nlll Ja h. IIII' 'l'I'\'in' 011 Ihl' 1(lrlilicaliollS or ill de'lrin,l{ callaIs II,T,' ,"C1tl111IHII tnoli\'t'~, [II ~oml' Ill' the wi[dn or 11IIIUnlaiIHI\lS t'eg"iolh [ike Friuli pl'Ople hahitually l';It'1'il,d artll~ ill :tIlY cast'. and 11l1'y nlllJd he l'nlisll'd wl1l'l1 necessary as rural guerrillas armed wilh bow ami arrow. 'rb,' n,,,~b'l\\ (It'c1iIWd in ];IV'IUt' a~ an illl;llllry \I','apol1, a~ il had dnne al ,>,'0'1: whiit' lhl' hardy tt'ainl'd lIlili tias Ill'l'l' ra I'd y ("llll\IX'II'11t III li.~lll wi Ih pikn. which Ila" ;1 h'chniqlll' dt'l1\alldiJl~ finn di~cip[irw and 11ll1l."h pra,·lio'. I'rilllili\,' .lIhirl/J!n'fi h'llId.l{ltll<; \\'('1'(' .;Iill t'rll[lICl~I'd ill llw Ihlh n'nlllry Illltllg"h Ill,' ;,rqul·JIll....1{radua[[y ~llll\'rl"'d,'d Ilwlll. H,·,t\'i .... nnlskt,t:.. I'l'quiring: lurks to ~ujJPUI'l thelll, '(lOll mad,· ;'11 aplw,u';llll'l' ;ll1Htng till' Itlilitia. i\ll'n \\'(T,' tr:tilwd to lin' arqudlusl':' 11.llh r\ll111ill,I.{ ,111([ tTltllchill,1{, al lat'J..:I..'ts .11I pan's distal1l: musk,·ICI.....S Il'"ilh·d witli t:lrg"'I~ al 11\'in' IIlat ral1.l::l". Otl1\"1" 1l'
s,,~hI.'S,
Woode..", ..rV"n"';an mililary .,o"l.. m.,~;n Co:"a... V"e..llio'" Hab;,' a",i.,h. d ...od,,",;; di t ..tli if MONdo publishftl in '5gB. A-h.,avy .,avall')' man-al-arml>; &-!.iSh, cav..lrym.. n (I .. ne..
only pardy 5hown); C--Soldi"r rrom ,h" Sr.. kia r"g;on or ......Ih"rn Cr"I~; ~G.d.,o";or F.. /i/.. eon..eripl "old;u aboard
•
c
ag-n'cd War-lTlI'S and kllll\\'11 b:ul1ll"'l> all Iw1lwd m"inl:!ill culU'sinn ill 1J;11l[", whill' a [('w milili" Ullih t'H'll won' till' rl'd alld whil,' 1I1lifilnll livery llfllw \\'1I1·ti,m Captain C.·11IT;I!. \'I'lli('"I"" militia, Illa~ h;l\'.· ht"t'1J nltln' dll'clin' lhall those nfnilln Ellrnpeallll:llilll1.~,yet tht'ir n'al valut' app":rrs to han' hl','n IIHlral ratlHT lh;llI militus su[dil-rs intn h;lttil' ridil1!-:" pillion. By the I..·ady 171h C('n\llry arqlll'lltl,ilT". ;J1.'n t.'anyillg pi,,,ul.~. 11','n' 0p\'r;ltillg a~ tnll' Ill(JlIllll'd in[;ullry: a ~1l1all 1,litl' "I' 11l1l1l111t'd illEll1tr~ amII'd with wlll'dlllck muskets wl'I"e rn'ordn! in ILilli. Tn lOpS of sud I \'(1[1lI11nT 'dr:jj..(o\ln~' Wl'n' ,imibrly [',lisl'd hy Ilohit' .llp,II/)O. ulltil lhl' .l{O\'t"l'llllWnt rt'alised that ,hl·s!.' 1lll'11 \\.'n' Oftt'll IlO mon° than moulIll'd brIm' or Ihug's in till' p:t~ of aristocralic 1;\111 ili,·s. l'l'i\'a Ie a I'm it'S III' '))(/1'i WtTl' JHJI\' a prnhlnn Ihrnllg'hullt llal~' :lnd ~I..Tl1l \II have hl'l"flllll' a rea[ thrl',1\ 10 pulilit' (lrckr ill \'.'nl,'l·. .\Iany W{'I'('
or
w ...... g..U..y •
D
.,.
J.'
'Unknown V"n"l;an nobl"man' by Moroni, mid·.6lh c"alury, !Ihowing I.h" arn.ing jack!!1 wilh n.ail pan,,", 10 prOI"CI tI." armpilS. This _S "'0"' bf,nealh plale-armour, h"r" lying .round Ih" man's r.... t. (NRI, Call., London)
llll'rn~d\"('selr;t II II from dt"~pna 1(' and iIII po\"t'rished nohl,' l:lIl'lili,'s: olhn'" had IW('l1 lIlen'ctlary soldi(:rs and lItlll1lwr,'d forcig'luTs among lhcir rrlnks, A b;"tll on t ht nllTyiu.\.: of wcapons wil hi n \"'Ilin.: had lill Il,'JllTI. I.ar,!.;e-M'alc bra\\I~ l\"I'r(' fiTCjul'nl alld ('\TIl in\'okl,d lhl' liS,' 01" arqlH'bllSI'S. ,,'Ilile ducls and ;I'sassinalinm \I,idl lhl' ~lt.:l1dcr I/ilrlt(l dagger Ix'carne a I)/{I/'I' specialilY. Thin,!!:s .!!:ul so had lhal SOIII\' Iwopl,' lllok to \W;lrillg li,l.!;11l lllail protcclioll helll'alit lheir l"!lIIlH·S. An lI11dt'sl'l'''cd ami romallli,' 1lI)'lli(llo!-{~ dndopl'd anllllld Ihl'~I' Vl'lll'liall brll/';.
\\'ho I"CIT I'"en en·diled willi lllunkring lhl'ir t'lwlllies with 1}(,i~(HI-fillcd ~lass l/iI,II(I\. \\'hik troops from Vl'nit;I' :Iud 1Ill' 'lrl"m J.i"mw sCl"'l"d ill the m·,'!"Sra.'> ,'mpir<' and su!l;..rcd Inri Ill., los.~"s from di~easl' and cxposure. 11'00PS li'ollt lht' ('mpin: also 1;H1glll for \'cnin' in Ilaly. The .I(mdifl(i abo\"(, all ;It:hil'\"l,:d some: lIotabk StH'l"L'SSI'S a!-:";Iinsl Fn'uch he:;l\'yct\'alry ill 151(i. In 1:11'( Vl'nice 1l1;IC!c g-r('at dlorts 10 t'llbrgc lhl' O\'ITSl'as army /J(j :11111'1' rind 10 impro\'e lh(' qualily orl'olonialmililias. The Slandard or t11t'.~c milili;t lon:L's n'm;lillnl loll'. lIOWe\Tr. amllhcir e:quipml'llI lI'as On"ll abysmal. III COrlll. Crete and CYPl'US 10(_'al Iroops wert' lrained lu usc thl' arquebus, bUI many COluillued III light wilh composile bows ill Tllrki~h h~hillll, ;"Iililias in smaller islands lik,' Kd:tllillia s(J1TlI'tirnl'~ signed up nwrcly to avoid slan·ati"ll. Elsl'\I'hl'l'l'. as on IiiI' Catholic amI t"iel'('(~ly pru-Vcl1eti;1I\ island of Tinos. strange relics (,ra llll'dieval li'udal systeln Ill" reCI'Uilmenl sLLrvi\'cd, A poorl~ paid loeal ca~lk guard or III/gIll' d(l /!.,W;;'::'Q SOll'lt'lil1les included Venetian lroops who had ~l,ltkd {)\'\'rsc;l~ ull .. liny Iwnsioll and wilh minimal duties. /\110\'1' all. hOWl'\TI'. lhcrt: remained lhe folllwd ~(md;o/i. Fil'rec and outlandishly dressed, briltle 011 points 01" hunour and ;tddiclcd 1(1 plunder. Ihey slill foug-hl primarily Wilh light ~p,'ars. swords and ("lJllll)l)sil" bows. They lcnded ltl shy away frolll 1':ul'Ope;lIl fir Oltoman infalllry wilh fir(';mns. but prnwd highly dkcti\'c againsl Turki~h ('avalry who tough I ill much til(' same slyle as Illl'msdws. I~~ (he lal,' I{Jtll and <:arly 171h CC1Uuril'lt. hO\\I'\"\'r. 1l1;1ll) I/mdioli Wt'IT thellll>I'h'c~ adopling" piltlols ;md ca\'alry carbines. Illt\'itahk \'(lrialiolls in lhe mililary stylt-~ nftl1\' dillt'ring Vellt,tian P~St.:SSiorIS aJ....n p'T;.i~tl'(t, 'nIl' ,I/mdio/i of Dalmatia \\"1'1"1' bast'd ill l'ig-lll main CI·1l1rel'i. though lht,y SPClll 11l1l~1 ol"llwir time in outstalions closer 10 lhe frOlllil'r. Ou(" hundrl'd Jll'lldio/; II'crl' based at Cvrl"u Wilh dcladllllellts nil Olhel" Ionian islands. while the flmdior; 01' Cr('le wcr{' or I)()(lr q ualit y. p;t ..II y bccaust' ora sca rei Iy 11I"II"rs('s ill the eaSlern ~lcdil{'Trane:tll. Thc li'arslJllH' .~filkioli inflllllry archers fi'om suulht.Tll Crele l'iollll'liml's fc)ughl for Velliet.:. bUI WITt· ~('nlTally a sourct: 01" l'cbds, brigands and pirates. \\'ilh a g-l'owillg Ihl't'al ol'Oltom:tn altack, t hI' \ \'llI'tiall aUI hnrilies tried 10 reform the chaOlic and cornLpt Crelall mililia systcm alld In cree! ll10ckrn lonilil·.. liuns. Anli-
\'l'lll'ti;111 li:din.\{ W;IS, hown'lT, rill:: lllrt.IIIg-llOllllht, islal1d am! \\'h(.'11 Ihe Oltoman assaull did <:ome mall)" Crt'talls ','ckolTlt'd tht, invadtT, V(,Bt'tian rull' appC'ars to ha\'c bCt'll ('\'t'n harsht:r ill Crprm lhan Crt'le, For Vt'nict" Cyprus nc\'cl' lJt'CIl1l(' anything mort' than a dangl'rou~ military tlmpOSI ",IH:re \'t:nclians wcn' llOt only unpopular hut WtTt' nota hi y rcllll'lanl 10 sel'\'t'. Cypru~ al ready Iwd a \'1'1') lllixnl I)(lptllalion. Thl' Vent'lian aul1HlI'ilil'" cam(' ttl a re;lsonablt, unckrslandillg with Ihe l'xi.~til1,l.{ C;,tholic military diu: which daled f"nlln the 1:111' 121h cel1lury Crusac!t-rcOll([Ul;st ofthc island. and which :llready included man\' I t;t1i.1l1s. The \'elll'liarlS also fiwoured lilt' haskally :\ralJ Marunill' Chrislian cOllllllunilY whos(' roOts \\"t'lll t,,·t'll dn'PlT: bUI they SCl'lll 10 haw Ihikd 10 will 1ll;lny li'iellds alllOllg lilt' 1;lr,L;"t' alld warlikt' !\rlllt'nian minol'ily. 11 is alw illlcre~lilig to nULl' that lTWl1Y uf bUlh lhesc mill(l1'iti(,s laiC" t'oll\"Cl"led lO [slam lolluwill,!,{ tht, Otlumal. l'onqUt'Sl of tilt: i.~1a nd in 157 I, bl'('ull1i ng l1tL' a l1ecSlors of a t least p'ln ur lhL' pn'SL'llt day Turkish-Cypriot COlllmUllity. ~Iailllalid Creek ,,{mdio/i were lH'oughl ill to \'('Ilt't ian (:rprll~. a nd b) 15 t ~l a lTum bIT ol'Cypriol Gr('eks had also Ilt.'en enlisted, These men st'fwd alotlgsidt, lilt' IUfro/JOli light ca\'alry rClainl'rs of lhl.' old landed anstonacy, lroOps who~e hi~tury similarl) Wl'lll back al kast as 1;11' as tilt' Crusadt,s. III addili('1\ to \,ulullt(,('!"s ,\lId militias [i'om \'('nicl', lht' Tt'I"IfI j,j'rl/lrl :U1d the ()\'t:I'~t'as pos· SI"SSiOlIS, lUlh :Illd 17tll n'tltllr)' V('lll"tian armies l'OlllaitlL'd a Jargt' numb\... 1'1' tlHT('I'naril's, i\lllsl (olli/llnin; tronp~, ill ullIl'r wnrd:. lhose recruitl·d as an el1tin' CtHllran unit. Glm(' li'om lhl' Trim Fim/(/ (Ir dSl'lI'lwn' in northern [taly. 01he1' l'egiollal *JldilTS ill,lmkd Cflrsicans ;111<1 Liguri;llls, while non·ltalialls numlwl'ed Swis~, (;/'l"1n,111S, (moSI Vt'lTcliali gUllIltTS mosick the !la\')' still being(it't"1110111! Fn'[leh. Spaniards, CZI'chs, DUl('h. Fkmish
Detail from 'Gyp>;)' and Soldier' b)' Caravaggio, h,te .6,h ee..>Iur)', showing a t)'pical Italian Ilword of lhe period, (LouvrP, Pari")
GirnlallltJ l'rillii 1101\'<1 lhal, lill' \'L'lIin', such 1'L'Cl'uilll1t'l!t wa~ likt' a mall 'l'ulting" olrhi~ pt'lli~ 10 spite his will". The disni lIlilla liOl1 lha I lhcst' ·'rurh· 1:lcl'd ill c:lrnp SIII'lllnllht'1ll 1(' all;lllcloll Vl'llt'tiall wr"io', howI'\'I"', Siege and counter-siege Vt'llelian US(' of" paralld In'llch ~)SII'nlS whell b('siegill).;' an 1'l1el11)' stl'ollg'hold m;IY th\'msL'!,'cs ~how Ottuman illfhlt'net' (sl't' 1\1:\/\ I 10, :I,.mi"1 if flit Uf/Ol/lfll/ T/II"k, '300 '7N), alld lhl.· \'('llt'tians \\','I'C ckarly willin,l{ ltl !t-:Irn li'om any source. Captured ~llll.') wtTl' lestI'd and lhe Arsenal cOnst;lllll), exptTinwlltcd \\ith new (ksigns. Th!'re was ,I gradual mO\'(' tflwards ~Ill;dkr ami mort' mohile' aflilkry while fil'ld ~llIl~ and siq.~t: trains \\'1'1"t' tlo\\' dt'arly separale Till' tll()~l dramalic::
37
lkn'l<,pllwIlIS InTI', h""I'n..., ill IllrliliCllioll, This was ,I fidd ill II'hi('h !lilh lTIl\Ury Italy illflul'rlcnl Ihl' rl'SI of Euro]ll" "I'nil"!: Iwd adopted a ddi.:lIsin' 11l'IIlral slalllT ill which tlll'tili('atiolls played a \'Ital rhl!:, The nurthl"!'11 alld ,'aSHTIi 11HlIliLWill p,lSSI'S ('oole! bl' bl(H,:knl 10 ;111 1'111'111)' ~i,'g" tr;lill wilh strall'g"il'ally siled lilrIIT~S\'S. nTII ir inEllltry ('(Hlld always intil1r:111' arllLllld SUi'll ddi'rll'l',', !Jul Ih\, broad I ,<Jill 1l<1 I'd pbi n Ilad ;1 IlI'a ys hecn eXI rl'md y di flicult III d('li.-lId, \'\'llI'ti,Ol stralegists 110\1' 10l1k inlo rOiISidl'r;lliOlI Ihl' riwrs lhal slicl'd Ilwir ("ITi(orr il Llo S,','I i, 1I1~. wi Ii Ie IIH' l,m'ITs 1'1'slr,ltl'/o\,il' ci lit'S II't'r,' 1(1\,'I'n,d ,ll1d llwir ~'alt's stn'llglhl'lInl 10 lake
II was lilt, ddi'lln',~ Ihl'lllS,.[\'{',~ Illal, h~ tlH' Illidl(ith O'lltury, cn'Ulllall)' solidili..cI "I'nin"s li'otllil'r~. 011I' Ilt'\\' t'OlllTpl Ihal till' \'t'lll'ti;IIIS used ,'arly ill lhl' tlilh t'l'IIIlIIT was till' 'douhlt, I'isall rampart' ill whil'h a 1Jt'~iq!;IT, il'll1' Imlb· Ihrough Ihl' oUI,'r ",;,11. l(lLlnd hilllsl'!r I;Lt'illg " ~IT(lml nllllp;lI'\ alld Irappnl ill ;1 tire-swepl killiug' Zolll', Basit"llly. h'l\\','YtT, Iht· 111'\1' ~y~lnl1 'If ddt'lIn', rdil'd lin witkr ;lIld dt,tVt'!' SI'"ll'-liIWd ditdl,'S, and flankillg firt' li'om pn~jcclillg h,I,~ti"IIS whit-h. bl'iug' Ifl\\'. Ilrl':ld ;llld l'a!'tJI-filkd, ('(IILld III II t',l~ily Ill' rad! lxil'al Iy, dl's! !'Ilynl by a rl illny or 1'\','11 111 i 11t'~, Ihe dl'\',.[OpllH'lll of IT,t1I~ elli,t,tin' glillPll\\'dtT :lrt;lkry lIad strt'Jlgthc,wd Ill,' dt'!;'lIsivt' dl'I'Wlll ill warbrl' r"t1wr \hal1 thl' olli'l1si\T. Tli(' 11l\·d;\'\'al castk had bn~ouH':l ]{\'llalSsalln' !urtrl's" bUI it slill bdd lhl' lIppn halld, while' Il
»"
lali()ll~hip I WI \I' Til '111 Italian eilyand iIS~UIT()Ullel illg fOli/adli also chang· I. The counlryside was now gellcrall ' aball lone I 10 an enemy 1"licler whjl (kr'ncl' wa~ COli 'nlnle I in lh' ity whi h was in turn swollell 1>y rcf'ugee: from the \·illagl's. Fear of' s( liLian and in. UIT Lioll wilhin lh' wall' lhen kcl 10 a ~11'l'llglhl'lIillg ol'll1c cila I I as a derence \\'ilhin a c1efencl'. Th· l'"rli 'Sl sud I lunificalions WlTl' buill ill <J hurry an I of'canh. w L1nl lillie now remains. LL is lh' SWill' dde'nce. thal replace I them which now giVI' a speci'll charanel' 10 many n nh Ilalian I( wn:. The \'ilal cilY of' \'croll'l. lor example, was rL'ltll'lilied ill Lh' I :'30s, I 'ing gi\' 'n an imm 'mdy slr Ilg ·ilHcI ,loll lh hills a!J()\'('. There'all rV rona nl:\'l.:r enclur 'c1 allolher s ... iou~ allack ulIlil 17.17. Ihough as early as l598 tlw Clulhorilics laced lhe cllCl'ouchn1l'1ll Oll Ihl' ,ulill Ty fir' ZOlh'S or shtd', 11 JUSt's. orchards. \. 'gelable pi IS, drainagl' elil 'h : alld hi rd-sna ring grO\TS (the \'croncs 'sLillli kc Lhei I' u(a/Mli grille I small birds s T\Td on a bed 01' Illaizl' nour). Among; II 0' mililary l'llg;ill ers w'ho cll'.'igned \' ('rona's new ddell l'S \\"IS t\ I iclH'k cI i Fordfications in the Terra Firma (Mainland Territories): AVerona <:,1600 showing ;.mprovements designed by Michele SllIlJn.icheJe c.IS30 (note that the Baluardo di Carnpo Marzo was added at the end of the 16th C,); B-Orzmuovi mid·,6th C. (after plan c.16oo); C-recon truction of the Venetian Arsenal in the early 14th C. bowing the first Corden'., rope-factory (after Pizzarello & Fontana)' D-Palmanova, designed by Giulio Savorgn nO & Vine nzO Scamoni in IS93 (after plan ",1600); E-Malano, double-octagon bastion on an artificial i land in th V nice Lagoon near Malamocco (after plan c. I 600); F-Baluardo di S. Bernardino, one of Verona' bastions rebuilt to anmicbele's design around 'S30 (after Duffy).
Courtya.rd of the Porta di dine (,60S), the best preserved of Pahnanova's three gates (see plans of fortifications). This fortress, designed by Savorgnano and ScaJDoni in 1593 and built on a virgin site 10 prolecl Venetian lerrilory from Au trian or Ottoman attack, is tbe most perfectly preserved example of late Renai sance mililary architecture in existence.
,'alllllichtli, HI: Itad slLldil'd IItt' \\llfk of' anolher masler. Antonio da ,'r\ifil"llions ( I' Ihl' 'mpire Ofl I/(lre had. ill lal'l, bcell o\'crlooked lilt" . car:, bUI IhoLl~h Ihl' ' \\'t're small and old 1~lshillncd llw)' had gel1l'1'ally b('cl1 well maintained, Such c!l'I<:'nC'C's r;t ,I alta k li'om both !-Ind ancl sea, all I il was li)rlllllalC tlnl tlH' Ottomans had 1)('('11 I' ·hli\'l.'I} qUil·t fiJI' SOn-H' Ii 111('. n' major problem was Iha I the co I or n 'W ClJllSlru lion h
or
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I
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39
Sll h as KolOr also I '~d tl) kn:p an e, t lin the wild i\ Iolllencgl"lllS .."hu, though ritrc " ' an I i-Olloman. also ra v 'd a sC'a uu L1tt of'1 h i r mVIl, 0, IY (he main na\'·d bases weI" g-i\"11 Ill'W and mIlCh-I'll f(lrlili aliolls; hUI .. hell till' risi' came in the' (j-t ' \ cni e did ullcxpt,tedly wl'11. Dalrnatia was eas)' If reinlhr (' li'omllearh \'lIicc alld wassluddec! .. illl caslks, wh Tcas till' Ollom,lns weT' opnaling far rrom Ih,ir maill bases a'ross bkak muuntains inl abih"d by I/ot'll/afti pc'asallLS who WlT' all LOO cager to !'I'voll agaillst lheir nominal Turki. h overlords. The (toman alta ks \ in fact 1 kal'd and 'en ice I 'lnaKed to expand her
(T"
lerrilor)'. I n Cyprus Ihc Vel1niallS made greal cO<Jrts to strength '11 lh ir positioll sh lnly 1 1')1" 11ll' llO-
mans allarked. \1 first their plans b tray('cl
i:I
( 'pical Renaissan 'prl'OCClipaLioll with dal)(ll'(llt' machiner)', :eeming to PUI Lheir l~lith 111 ropl'S, I ulkys all I coUnICT-\\Tig-hlS, hid Icoll explosivc minc,' ami multi-barn'lIl' I fire I I' .ic·clms Ic'signed t rrar lip in all all'I'k ...·s far'. n Hto l11elllillll slnwre'lease poisons in ncighh()lll'in~ wdls all I baited f(ldckr 1'01' ('n'my horses. In the 1'\'I'nl prdl'l"t'llcC' \ as g;i\'l'n to S I'l'nglhcning IIw IC)J'tilicaliolls or icO'ia; Ihis cllt;,iled tlle \·irlnal c1cstnlC·tioll ul' Ih . old cit\·, incllCling till' l'(J}al IUl11hs (lnt! monasl Ty (II' 'an Dnl11eni o. 'ul("l lhl' iJuillillg Ill' a S('\'('I1bastioncd five-mile- 'il'('uil wall similar 10 Ihal rc'cenlly n' ·ted at lraklion ill Cret\'. \"1 ill 157l icosia I' IIlu llle Glloman' alkr a si('ge ol'lcoss lhan lin' mun Lhs, \' 'nCli;1I1 deli.'n cs prov 'elmore l'lkniq· ill :rCl' whel'(' IrakliOIl endure I a ·~:.!-Y(,i1r Oltoman si('~r. The Turkish ill\"asiol1 was anually sparked by the pi rali "al aggr 'ssion 01' L11 ~ [" niglHs or SIJ ohll hased lin l"dalla. II Olwh il was \ enin' lhal pai llhe pric '. Th' war was IOllg 'I lid bi I LeI'. ra Ilgi Ilg rrom Dalmatia lO lhe I ardanclles. The Ollomans l'vcnlually Look :relc. though till' \'('JlC'lialls Ic)ughl \ itll a 1~lllaLiri:111 exo'lling cn~n lhal tile Turks' lhe ommandcr Ihe fortress Sl Tlll'mlnr was said 10 haH' bluwn up himsdl: his mc'n, and lhe 'HtackcJ's when the Oltomans finally {)\'l'nall his clCrCl es. The OlLomans hael already unsuccrsslully
or
or
or
allcmplcd I take lfu in I.' 7.1:k'lwl'en 15,~~PIl cI 1570 Ihe ellC:tiall ~'O\Trnl11cnl I ai 1 no Ics, Ihan 250,O)(l ducals I slrcngllll'n thaI i ·Ian I's f(lrLiIi alions .. hi h easily ['('Iuls' I a final ()\(Ol11an assault in 1716. Onl, aile 'car ("Irlier lh las( Veil tian-held t'gean i.sland Llll" I Ill'! (L1lpusl (If' TillOS. ha I linally rallen. The l'ncti'1I1 'mpirc as once aga.in redu eel to thusl' po~sc 'siuns wesl of" Green:' thaI ha I been h ,I I sin . b ·f()IT lh ' Founh Crusaclco, plus Corru and (he Ionian islands which, carly in the 1~)Lh ccnLury. pa:scd Ln another rising imp rinl and nLl\'al power Hrilain.
Fortifications in the Imperio da Mar (Overseas Territories): A-5plit, Dalmatia (after carved plan on fa-.ade ofS. Maria del Giglio, Venice); B-Zadar, DalJnatia (after carved plan on facade of S. Maria del Giglio, Venice); C-Nicosia, Cyprus (after late 16th C. pla.n); D-Kotor, Dalmatia (after late 17th C. plan); E-Iraklion. Crete (after carved plan on fa"ade of S. Maria del Giglio, Venice, & '7th C, plans).
One oflbe urVJ",n ba tion ofNic:osia,ln '56, Venice greatly reduced tbe ize of this city, and though the Venetian fortification 'urvive they appear t'o bave been extensively modernised during the Ottoman period, (Courtesy of Cypriot Press & Information Office)
-Irllls fllJ(/~.jrIlIOllr V 'Ilil" II '\'cr IJl' arne 011(' or Ih' 11 (~jor arl11:proelu il1g enlre. or Europe, I lI1 il:' coml11 rial weallh all I wi Ie Ir;1(I, Ol1la'lS 'nsur cI Ihal \ 'l1l'lian 1m p:; \\' "rl' LI.~lIall)' \\"11 ('quipped, \1\ '<.II um as '" 'II as :!tips \\" '1"<.', ur 'OUl"', m'l I in till' I\rs('l1ill, alld Ih 'gf)\'crnm 'nl al~(I,'landardis d 111(' d'sip;n (II' vilal it 'illS like 'r(ls~l o\\"s s( tI al cro'sl ow :lring"s - unlraCI lhe 11 al1uraclure of':.l ,< (I iron boll-heach. nccde I b) VC'IWlian comJllunal /1)1"(", Experimenlalion wilh II W Wl'alJons rdk ICc! a sciclllilic altilude perhap' inh Til(·d li')m Ih B)'7.antill -,', A ll1ulli-shol ro'sbo"" slIll OSI' Iy apall' or sh lin}' I bolts an I 'cw11 arahlc- 1) n also S n in alaI' 121h l'l'nlur ' blamic military Irealise "a' rl"llrdcd in lhe I' lh I lUry, .'u 'h an impl'a Ii al mulli- hOi ross how was again, ugg SI 'd ill I I I, by , hi h
timl' the \ cilcliall ArsC'll'll W11 'liall slyl- or saikI '1I1e! barblll
Further Reading G,'tlera) hi~loril's (ll' "l'llie,' :11'\' l,:t,il} :t\'ailabk, Li~(l'C1 h,'lm\ an' ~llltH' Inor.. ~pl't"ia)iwd ~OLlnTS, .11"111' & .JllllulIl': U, Fntllzui,.1 mllJ/I~ I' 'i! tlir IJ/JR"'~ I'alt/Ct I V,'nin: ll,d. ,\, Gaibi, 'I:,\t'\\' hrl''>(i:lIlt, dl'lk annaturt': cnntrihuto alb ~l(ll'in ddb arllli dir"lI~i,'" ilaliam'· . . 1I'Ilii ./I/llrltr ll!)l.l:i. PP,I.; ;)1'. F. Ros-,i, .Ill11i I (lI1f/(lwll hu,mltll ,Id '11ttl Bre~cia
197 1 . 1-/l'mll/l)': E, IJd TIIl""SO, ,lmlJiffl (,rl"/IM F'l/lli Uclilll' I !J7H E, ~Iuratld,l, l.ibrolf,lrm/f/l l'OIr~/(/ \'I"rulla 19i9 E. ~IOI':.llldtl . . Iwwllfllr /'0<111,.,1' \'\'I"tllla 1~li6 , }(~Imet.., A-Mid-,~,h C. V~ .. ~lia. ba,;ci.. ~t. e..1 do " "';th "'y_Iot,. added i.. 151lo c., (o..ad al Kkalld.IM"I. M o( An• N", ... York!; B--typiCllI Dorlh halia. barbu,a, .... '3500 (Mus. Poldi Pu-.oIi,Milaa);IC C V~D~liaa b~lm"'l. (_ad al Kha1kis, aD'" ia !ii"'loric::a1 Mu~ Albe".' C--h",lm""';1la hu.&ed "&bl ch...,k_pilOCC minID&..... ISOD SO; D---Yi$C)~ hdm......i,h hinked "khl c)'...,k-piKe mi"llliak. ".'SOD SO; £_"'<:1011"'" 'Coriallow' _1"'I.mid·'s,h C4"·-....I"1 ...ith hiDked aawll,mid"slla Co; C.·mall ....1"'1, mid"s,h Co; 1I-~1ila ........ arm"", 'Slla c., (11.1 ..,.. (;iv. Man.ol;' Bruda); I--Mil. .",,.., do,.., h",lm",t, (;iv. MarIol;, Breseia);Jd....o...,ion DO' lIloo_, ".'570111.1 bursoa",I, dl£Co ,.ioa DOl "ho , lal'" ,61.h C. 1M.... Civ. Marzoli); #(.....(; 1 1I..lm (rom Bobano, .... IJOG (Calitel S. ADk.,lo MUlll.. Rome); "f-b
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lilt" t"il~ ill tl'.lU alltl Ihen'aft ..r l·ncClural{I.'(1 Ill(' Un,...-ialt illdtl~tt). rlr;t\\itl~ in armt'l/rers li'olll ~lil:lll \\110 hllpl'd III ",,':q)(' til(' JH"a\'~ hanrl of' \'i""1l11li rtllt-, ~ot until IGH \\"1' thl' Ur..~cial1 ,l!uild ul"arrlllllll't'l" di,... ,ln'd, :wd l"n'll lhal did lIot mark lhl' t'ntl or lillt" Hft'~dall arm, !'l'lIdtlt'lioll. Apan li',"l) illnnlil,l> l"il'hl~ tl,'("llnll"d 17111 ("('lll11r~ :Innllllt..., Ikl',ci:111 g:lltl~ ,'al'lll,:d a litle l'l'pulatioll: llti.~ \\a~ P:ll"lit"tll:trly Inll' c,r Bf('~ci:llt \\'Ill't,ll(,,"k pi~l(ll~ :tlld rn\l~k,'l~, Slwh ·~I'lI~f;r;ll.l.\' .l.\"Utl~, whidl \\C'I"l" ttludl llu,n' rdi:lllk than the' prt'\"lou~ tll:lll'hlut'k" :lppt'ar III It:l\'\' heell im'l'lllcd ill (jt"rtIWtt). Fill' yt'ar~ lht') WITl' t'otl~irlcn'd so (hre:Hl'lllll.l.\ I " 1:1\\' alld order lltal thc'y \\'l're dl'I:lan't1 illl".l.\:tl, IIUI 1winK !"x:rmiHl'd t'\Tn tor lllililar~ IN' utllit ':)7'1, i\l'\"l'l'lllI'lf'S" whl'dlocks had rl'achl'{1 ""Ilicl' \ ia hl'r l'aSlerll Tum l'i"lIIrI pru\'il1\"I' IItTl'illli t'ad) ill tilt' I S~tr.;. and tlwl'l'aticr 1111' l'lunplil':llt,(j 11\'\\ tirilll-: Illl'l'hall;\tnS \\'ITt: itnp0l"ll'tlli'olll Gl'rm:\Il) (111M' madt, up inlU KUllS at Bn~ia. TIll" filli,lwd \\l'''I>lIIlS \\tTI' IlwlJ rt·\'XI>I\rll'd ,III O"t'I' Europt' :ltlc! Ih.. Iblk;lII~. -1'1
Forlijirnliol/: .\, Ddln \':llk {·e1il.. l'OIr:ill r i 7/1,,/';. Srol/I"; I' CIJ/!lrlllill IIi 111/1 cil"ililu f~lil,1ll 19!i:l' indudt .... anid{'Sunl'lrlilkaliclIl & mililar~ l"IllllilJ1ltalilltl. G. Gl'ml". I //IUlllilllrllti l'N/flr lIr1fi'o/fI fli (.",,/(1,;; \ol~ \ '{'nin' 1!j(lfl :i! 1 P. ~I:tl't.'h,,,,,i. I'illlr::.::.r 1·,./II'::,wI/r 1],/1 'i!Ji ~Iilall I~}H'I '
L". Piunrdlll &
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Fntll:lll,l. \'l'nin'
I'irll('
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,lIi!ita~l' 111;!1,(/IIi}flliOll:
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K. Hale. ·~lt-Il alld \\\',lpon,: TIl{' Fig:hlitl~' l'oil'lllial of Si"({'('lllh-CI.'llIUl'~ \·t,tl\·tian (;allqs.' ill II"fIr am! Som~l': .1 rf(/,-hfll)~ uJ .\lilit",), 1-1;~tlJl"l" nlil, B, Bonel & I, Kl'~ {I,lllldt'll I~J75l, pp, I '13, ;\1. It ~lalkLl & J. R, Hal< .. 'FI,,' .IIilitfl~1" (h,l!.rllli::.alilJl/ rtf (/ }(ru/li'~(lIIrr SI",(': "f'/Iirr I, I l'It' In Ifili (Carn1l1'id.L;\' l~II'Il. :\, TI'Ilt'tl1i. I'il'l/(I' & 11i(' /),'dillr '!.I "l'IIill' Il.ondotl t~l-jl J.
,I: 71i,. 1:Jlft .11: I'rut/illll
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I)uritl~ lhl' t'ady l:i1h ('I"tlllll)' Vt'lll'lian arm" ami arlllour wert' hasit':dly thl' s;llln' a_~ 111lI~e nflh(" rl.'~1 of ltnly, Earlier L'ly".r.atllilw inllul'I1l"I' had I"rg:d~ disa ppt:'ar('d alld Illt'r,' had a~ yCI IK.... n lilile Urit'llla I itllllll'nf(' from tht' \'t"lI'ti:lll O'TI~'a~ t:lupirl'. On Ihc otllt.:r halld Italian ,t~k.. tllt'lll~d\'l" difl<-rt'd I"rom I hft:'(' 01" llllrllwl'!l EUro!K', Thi~ kni)'.:IH \\'\'a ..":t
lidl l1l:,il IlaulJcl'k. Ihelllgh lacks lhle' surnl:ll which had Iweollll' IIl,nll.d in Vrallec. Hi.'; kg:s are pnollTl"d hy standard mail chausses but bl"lll'ath his rn:lil coif is :1 d<Jsl"·ljllill~ iroll I"fl7'rllihl' hdllll'1 \\itll a \"t'ry larg"l' ll:l:-.:d It' !>n'l"('l his I;UT. TIlt' ktli~ht's l:ll'.~l' ..hidd would also haw been utlusllal UlIlSidl' Iialy and might rl'llt-el the impnnall('(' 111.11 :H't'hl'1'Y had :tl1't'ad~ achi("\'vd ill lta[ial1 warl;ln·. 1i\1'lill "IllUTt'S; ear\'l'd li'in',l', [ale l'2th c:lrly 1:1lh C .. [;lcadl' or Vidl'lIza Calhedral; wall painlings. [illl' 121h C .. P,dazzu dl'![a Ragiol1c. :\la11lua: earn·t! i\'o1') IllnJlH", l'2r'2 So, l\lus, Naziollak', 1{;r\'l'nrla,1 .[.:!:
/)"III((Ililll/
/liI/II1I
lIIilililll//all, /IIifl-I:]lh ("1'III/I~'lt
'l'lll" Illilir:ll") ~Iyks uf lJillrnatia Wl'1't' " St1'allgt' rllixllrn' tIl' Iblkarl illid Iialiall [:lshiolls, .rille' largt' Ibl-llll!leHlH'd ~hidd lls,·d by his unarrllt,urvd ill[;lllt1') rllall wuuld h:I\'(' 1)('("11 (Ollsidl'IYcl old1:lshilllWd iIr \ V,'SII'!'11 Ell rope: bu I Ihe bUilt lllS ,l!1 his IllIli,' W('1'e':1 \Try 1110dlTll idea lhat had IliIrdly yel appt':lrnl ill 11H' \\·('sl. His soli. l1:tl-IOppt'd har Sl'('llIS t,l "II,~~,'''I :I Hung,lrian slylt, li"lill Ihl' Ill'i,l:'hluorrrirl,t{ I-Iullgarian-nrkd illlni"r. (i\laill "ourn'; l'
rnarmally-Ioaded LTo:-sIJt.w IHlt wilh :1 broad hasi1
This mall i~ tlb\'illll~l) :l proli's"iullill. l.:i,hl·1" a ti,IL'd knig-hl or :1 SU('t','ssl"lll rJ11"rL;,"llary. I-k l'
'Pa~deOrlhe Gene~t di Mare in P;':r.:r.a San Marco', early '71h century .. ngraving by Giacomo ""ran"•. (Mus. Ci ..., Corr"r,
V"ni""l
.IS: J)alll/aliall ,,,/di"I". mifl-I]lh UII/III)' This lll:rH's ,'qUipllH'lIt is similar to thaI \\llrLl in lIlt'din'al Snl.ia and t·\·,.n p,lrl~ or ByzarlliulJ'l, It n 1I1SlSlS a IJri rlllned in III dlfl/II'/.d":/F" el\'I T a 1m ,ad mail t', lir that ,I !so prol(:cI("d Ilw lIlal r's SIIUllkh.TS. III addilion Ill" rllail h:urlwl'k he has all i1'oll I:lmdl:tr nlira~." or d""rly I':".'l ..rll lOr Byzilnlill" ill"piraliort. His sword is. hO\\'('\'l'r. !ypil'ally European. t?\lain .~ll(l1Te·: (;/111111\ (II Ih" }-Ir)(1' ,""'/lII/rhl"r, can','d rl'1id~ ,..r'2.lu, \\"t'SI dnur or·(·I"O,l.;ir Catlwdral.)
,.r
JJ: Tli/'ji/lill/llj I!/ Ih,1 141h ({,IIIIII)' lJ,: ,\i)/Ih I{alilill (1"IJ\.I/III1('I!/(Ifi. I".I:J:JO (:nlssb,)wrm'n playnl all essential ('(,I" irl r.ph l'l'nlury II:rliall \\ar!;ll'e alld many appc;rr ltJ han' Ill','ll pl'el(l',,~illrlall1lt;rt.:t"IJ:lrit·~. En'l) urhall mililia tTOS,S!J"WIlWIl would g"I1''I":III)" ha\'l' bl'l'11 well· l'quipped by Ihl'ir rkb rllil's. Thi~ lll:m is a Iypical l'x'lrnpk. with his "trnllg: iron $alkl helmet Wilh a Iringed H:rsal; tlrickly p:rdded mail tippet 0\"('1' Iled: arld sh(,uldl'r, and mail hallbnk un... a lhickl~' quil1l'd g:lllllwson. I-k is al"llwd not unl)" wilh a 43
N:F I '111"';111/ ~I/i,!!ltl ld Ih,' (,'fllI(lI/!I,filllli~J" (,1.')./(/ :'Iliiall.l HI'l"" a you 1Ig' 11WIIl lll'f of I h,' \\ adike Col b Ito 1;1 III i IY 1'1'11111 "enicr':; 71'11"1I Fill/lll l11:,inlallll pn:,sc:!isitll):;. i~ (.': Till' .II'(IJ//(I half (!i'lhl' l.fIh (1'/1/11I.1' 11(.1 tlldy ;lrlllllUn,d ill lIlt' 1a1l'~1 ll:diall Sl~ k hUI also (.',: ](lrtJ//IJ (,'(//'{/lIi, uJt/o wC;lr, a Iwaddulh lhal dOl'S nol appear 10 havc Jacopo C:n'alli Iwrl' \I't'ar~ a hC;l\ y. cr{'sted ,~n':tt bCl'1I 1"11"11 III11:.ide 11;d~.lli, ba"t'illt'llwllHt.:1 has i1.~ hdm lhat wlluld l1ol'1nOlliy h
or
Carbon<:ino roid"7lh <:ent .. ry. (M ..... Civ. COrr...., V..ni<:e)
(,':.!: /'(lIl'Iillll illfIllIIJIIW/I. la(, 1./(1/ rfJIllI~l'
Onl)' thc' lIppl'r arm rndmll'l'l$ arl' 1I0W mack 01" harc!t:llc-d !t::llhcr, Ihl' k~ h:trIl('s~ Ij('ill,C. ;ill ori1'On. as an' the splil11s inside his 10\\',,1' ann \'amhl'acc's :lnd his t~thric-e(l\'ercd solid brcatplale. TIlt' deep f1uled basc:inel is a lypienlly ltali"ll helmet. but appears to lx' worn on:r ,Ill old'(;Uihiolll'd mail coil: Tht' largl' reclangular n·d mantlt'l bearing lhe goldcll Lioll of 51 i\lal'k was, or ('Olll'S(', ",old)' all infantry shield, The broad-bladed sp('ar is a Ualkan W(·apOll. p"rhaps illlpol'tt'd f!'Olll Daltnatia. rMail1 sources: lomh i\lanno I)OIl;lli, laIc I.l1h C,. church uf S. Antonio. P;ldua; .1\(11'/11 111I11/1' b"It'l'l'fI I i'lltliall tliUllmprrilll/ol'rt'.I, wall pain ling by Spi Iwlill An:lillO mid-qlh C.. Palazzo Publico, :iiclla; ,)'fo(J' dS, J(I/III'J, rdids t)ll s1l\'('r altar hy !.l-'onardo di SCI' Gio\'anni 1:17[, Pisloia Calhcclt'al.l
or
(':3: TI'II!IIfll'lt'r i1l sul'i(,
qf Ihl' (:lIl'1llli j(II/';~)'. /all' 141h
(,I//UI'I'
n" q\j
\It< \ ' .,
",
This trumpeter wCilrs no armour S;l\'C' lor a Jiglll m:lil hauherk, and a Ckl'p helmel which has a hinged dwek-pit·ec. pCl'haps nrigillally itl!\'llCled for an archer, The man's daggl.-T ag-aill p('rhaps sho\\'s Iblkal1 illflucllce, (i\lnin sources: Vl'llt'liall helml'l rrolll Kbalkis, hll(" l+lh carly 15lh C .. Hislorical
J\[lIs., ALl1l'ns; /Jalllt' I!( l'rd di Cltirllla, wall p
B) the I th (Tnlury vari us ' stems or 'panning more I /)\ c'rrul crossl ow' had om' into uSc: h Te a ranequin is shown. Thi· Dalmatian soldi T ha: allolhn decp Iwlmel \·vilh a hing'd h k-pi C' n Ihe righl si c. He nlhcrv,is w'ar, rull,latc arm ur on his arms. legs and bod" though the laller is co\' reel b a quilted surcoat in somev hat BUl'g-ulI li'ln style. (Maill SOUI' e': rdicr 'iLl'ving mid- 151h '" J ur:ja Barak vi a ,Ire 'I, Sib nik; cneli. n helll1l t ['rom Khalki', II' t hall' 15th Hislori I M U:., • then:.)
Staff weapons: A-ronco, .6th '7th C. (Armoury of Doge's Palace, VeDice); B-ronco, 16th C. (Mus. Civ. Marzoli, Brescia); C--eeremoDial partizan, decoration not shown, early 17th C. (Mus, Civ. Marzoli, Brescia); D-remains of broad-bladed spear Or partizan found in ford Dear TriJj, Dalmatia, undated (Archaeological Mu., SpUt); E F-halberd-partizans for officers, '7th C. (Armoury of Doge's Palace, VeDice); Hceremonial halberd, late 16th C. (Mu', Civ. Marzoli, Brescia); l-ceremonial halberd, 16th C. (Armoury of Doge' Palace, Venice); ]-pole-a"e, 16tb C, (Armoury of Doge's Palace, Venice); K-glaive, '5th-,6th C. (Mus. Civ. Marzoli, Brescia); L-ceremonial glaive, decoration Dot shown, Venetian 17th C. (Mu . Civ. M.arzoli, Brescia).
D2: /)"III/olioll il!f""/~J·nt(l/I. (.1.1-/-0
Here a helrm I with ( hing d hcek-piccC' also has a moveabl' visor. Thi Lime Ih' ,ur al i. or rich bl'( c. It' import·c! Ii- m Ihe Islamic world. Th· strap supportinO' Ul rondcl d gg r goes to a belt wom I,'n 'ath the surco I. Th man': armour i. again ol'rull ironllat with a minimum ormail: and lhe hrge triangular shield i· an il fanlr)" limn that had J en u··d in the B< Ikans r I' .ome c l1luri ... ( ain s( ur«'s: r lid' alying mid-r th C., J ulja Bar(lkovin str' 't, ,'il nik: \ IH lian helmct from Khalki. first hall' (r 15\h .. ,iSI Iri £II [\·1 us., Athens. ) DJ: /'t'I1l'lirll/ mlll/lial klll:l!,hlji-ol/1. 'iht'llik. Dallllalio. II/id'511i rl'llll1~'l'
or
Though 111' is a Dalmatian and wears a form heacldress brlrayillg IUlIg
IJ.J.' llf/!i,," /1('(/,\(11I1
11'1!)' ,
1511i
rel1ll1l)'
L ngl ows orsimpl . construction Wl'J"C l' 'garckd a.peasant wcapons in late mcdi val ltaly, On the olher hand some' orlh ' I eSI y w wo d 1'01' su ·h bows
was grown in Italy, being expl rled in Jarg Cluantiti s I Englan I. ( lain s()urr ': bronze Inor by Ghibeni Illid-l.~th C,. Bapti:tcry, Florence, ~
F' III) ,\((o/ld hO{/I!/ IIII' 1511t (1'/11111)' £,: ,\(I/-/l/(',-" Ilaliall rro,ubllwlllall, 11111' 1,';111
1"1'111111)'
AnULh r IWW m thocl orspannin~ a TO. show was the' TOW' 'I(, It' 'hown here: Ihough sOllletin ('S used in wnr. it appears tn han' be 'n more pupular rOT' I uillil g or larglt-sh Iting. This ir rantryJ1lan . till hasa I' ps II t wilh a hinged nasaL but hi, armour i~ othC'1"\'\risl' light 'I' 1I1(1n in carlin' plTiods. The iron breastplale al. 0 ha.s \' '1')' 'ar! lill'lns or tassets lo pI' IllTl hi, Ihighs, Ol hnwise I hc man's Iq~s arc' onl y c!ef('nc!ed by light gre;l\'('S, His s\\Iord, wilh the \·(Ttic;).! guard, III a)" agaill rdlcTI Balk,lIl or \:rlllan i nl') LI n e. ( ['',IIai n sou r l'S: SI (1.\1I11l (:l'fl(' by Ca rpac io 1.~93, \caclemia, \ cnicc; ,llImr!rlllls q/ Luigi (;on-ago, wall painting by OOll1cllil'O J\lor{lll' 1~9(), PalazZ() Dunik, Manlua; \' 'IWU
Hand,l;L111S wen' increasingly importanl in the latl' I ::Jth (' Illury. This -xamplc- is a vl'ry simpl ' ri)J"(n i,e;nivcl with a separate heated iron IOlldll'. Apart li'( m a lighl Itdnwl wilh separale ('ar-picn's, Ihis young man is unannOUl'e I. though his 'xLra\'aganl costume is in the Ill-ight or Velll'lian lashioll and shows him to be a 111 'll1lwr or Ollt' o"llw 'Trousn
45
Cluhs'. He nlStI cUTin, ~1 bro:ld-bladl"d dl/lIIWdl'fl his hip. I r..laill ~ourCt·s: Sli '''.1/110 crdr b~ Carpan'in 'I!I:'I, .\c;ldc'11li;I, \'t'llit't': h:lIld-g"un, mid-15th C .. ;"111'" Ci"i,o, 'I'ri,'slc·.!
~h(lrl-.~lI'ord otl
['1I!,-lIlIIt'lI kl/~~hl hy Pic'l"O di Co~i11l0 (.t~)t;I' ~al. G;llltTy, ',\llldclll: SI (;'''''}!.'' by CarpatTil' ',15fl(,. Senlur;1 di S. (;iol',~i" dt',~k S('ia\'lIlli, \'t'nic·t'.1
/':'J.' (;rak IwMt'lJllII/.1 r(J1II H:;: I ;'II"illll 1II11II-fll-IIIII/', Ifllr 151ft I'rllllll)' In (",.mpk-h' ('()]JI ra"l It' llll' 111Ianlll.urnl IW1Id~ttllllr.
thi .. Illall-al-arms is (:quipp,:d lin' dost, t..'cullh"l wilh llll' IhnT-j:>llinled rUlltl), ;\ pendi;lr \\',';I!l0ll thai pn.\"t'd n'l") popular in II .. I~, His armour is a tllag-nilin'lll ,'xamplt' Orril11 platc 'whill" armo11r' mack ill nortlll'rtl Ital~ and "XI:>lIl'u:d Ihl'oll,l.{lulIll Europe. TIn' ann ddt'lln's an: slig-htJy diniT"111 liJr l'adl ann. His 1;lr~c' irull sallel i~ or an allll()sllilllyt'Il("!I.s,'d tYllt', 11:\\'itlg-nludl ill t'01ll1110n wilh SClillt' ;IIlCi('lll Gn:l'k hdllU'ls, (i\ [aill SOll1Tt'S: SI i'H1I11I (l'df hy C"rpan'io t,l!n, i\eademia. \'t'llit"c: ,/lIl'11dllll/l I!/ /,lIip,i (;III1'::'IIPJI, \\';r11 p;1I11ltllg' In' Dorlll'llif'1/ i\lorOlw 1.1~)tj, I'ab'l.zo DOt'ali-, ;"lalllu;l; \'I'I1C'li:lIllwIIlWI tl-clll1 "h:\lkis, l:",lh C" Hisloril"al i\lll~ .. '\thl'lh,l F: Tltr ",,111' . dil" frllllll"l' .
F I: 'Sll"fIdil/t' h:ii,hl fIIl'lt! ~l'I//(1IIfi 1//11 /)alllllli ill, (. 1;j00 Slradioti \I'I'I'C' ;!Iways lig-llIly ;lrlllOtll"\,d or {:n:l1 tlllarmoun'd, hili fi:\\' illtblnltiollS ~lln'i\"t.: ~hcl\\'ill,g IhOiw n't'ruilt·d ill till' ~Olllht'rn and t:'li'lt'nI1l10~1 paris Ill" 1111' \'em'II;lll t'rnpin', Thi~ man probabl~ cnnH'~ li'o111 D:tltll:Llia or lsI ria ill what i~ Ill)\\' Yllgmla\,ja. Hi~ ho\l' is or lhl' :\si;lIit..· l"OrnpOSill' lype. l-li,H'ul'wd ~abrt' i~ similar lu those used iu thl' Oltolll:ltl Ernpin', whill' his shield is I)f:l typically l'asll'rtl EUI'l.pt:;lll Ill' HUIIg;lriall lorm. His liglll arnl\Jur IS, hlJl\'I'\Tr, typi"all~ Iwlian, ((\laill sourcr's: SI {''''1I111 err/I' by Carpaccio 1.193, Anuh'lllia, \'cllin': (."l1'a!mdr. \\,;\11 paililing 1.174, I'hllt't'h tlfSI i\1;lry, Lknlll'l, [slri;!.) F:1: "/'IIr(;1I11 lighl (fI/'(//~rl/l(lI/. [.150{) \'~'J1('liall dn1TH'slil' alltl [Ialian c:l\'alry \I'('I"{" di,'idl'd iulu li,l.:1tt and 11I';\"y ullilS,lhflll,l.{h till' main dilli'n'm't· st'em.. 10 h;\ \'1' Iwt'u iII Ihe IISl' (Jl" 01 h!'l'wise Ilrlllll'Sl'-:ll'lllllllt'. 'I'hi~ man, as a lig-hl cavalryman, has a d~nn'd salll'1 illslead ot'tllt' dosed arillel uscd hy lwa,'y ';l\"alry. Hi.~ armOll1' i~ also 01";\ flUlCd \'aric'ly: though lll;ld,' ill northern Ila[y il clluld t'dll'~'1 tire' illl1lll'tlt'~' ",. Gt:rntan ;ll'lllC'lln'l"S. whn mad!' much .~t't:;t1l'r us,' or I1l1tin,~ lill' hoth deC"ur;ll iOlI a ml ~trl'ug-t1lt'lling-. I i\ \;1 i11 sources:
/
'fllt'! ifll/-m/<"(/ It'l ri loll),. ,{/ r~ \'
Ifi/ll (t'III/I~I'
Tilt' lillIe Ihal i:- kllown ;Ih"rtl ariHoCr;llic n.stlltlH' in Jllth-l'l'1Hury Gt'CITt' ~ho\\"s it III han' !lVt'l) ~Irol\~l~ illlhlt'llt't'd by {)l t0Il1:I11 'l'urkil'JI ~I~ It,l'. (}1I thl' utht'l' halle!. Ihis mall'S short llllli,' i) dt';II'I~ Europt';\n, His :-word was mafic- ill Il:lly: ;lIld hi, hrimmvd hal was a Styll' ~I't'll dlrtlll.!.,:hnUl till' 13;\ Ikall,~ alld H It ngn I'y. ( ,\ b ill "1l111Tt·~: -"I ( '/ Ilda (ydl' hy C;1 rpaccio 1.19:'1, .\c:\rkrnia. \ ';'lIke: .ldOff/liUII 11 Iht' ,\1(I,~i wall paimillg- lal(' t5th C .. ~11I'" Ci\·im, Padua.! (,': .111 {/,I,lfI.I"illlllilJlI 1111"11//11 ill "I'll/I"<'
IU'l/IlIrI Ifit",
I "'lIdif/1i 'BI"III"li', Ittlr ilillt <"1'11(111)' Vl'IIiCt, was OIH: (If till' Illain l'~'llIrt'l< 01' "'c'StITH b~hinll durill~ till' l!ith {"'llllll'~. ;llld ret:ord~ indi(';\lt' Ihal ltirt'd bodygllar{b Ot' lhu.L:,~ known as Hrlll'i wen' .Illlon,t.: Ihl' mosl l'Xlra,·a,l.::lIltJ~ dn'sst'd Illl'll inlhc' dty. This indi\'idu;Jllighls \\'illl;1 l':lpicr and Idi-hamkd dagg-t'l' ill;1 l'har:l('Il'l'islil' latc' 16lh century fi1rtn of ll:l1cin.\{, !;"Iaill :-"llrt'l'~: ('lIklllJ/('1I r'tlldiml IIIlMrll/ll1l by i\11'lr(lll;, Illid-J!ilh C .. !\at, Gallery, London; '\"'Iletian Bn,,'o', itl \';'cdlin's CQ,llIlIIr BooL puhlis/wd ISH!I,}
(; I:
(;:1: /~\((Ill1'd ,l!.td/~l'-,lm'f, fIIr~l' '7lh IIHIII~1' \'t'lll'li;m g::r1lt'y·slan's amI lho", t'llll\'i("l~ will, sn\"l,d their SI'llIC·IH.'t"S al II1\' ";Irs \\'11"1' :-imilar co:o;t 11 tlll':'i: IIlis was IOlall y ina([,-q 11;11 C' ri.r tht' rig'oll I'S fir lif(' in ;1Il 01'('11 \\':rr·g'alky and rnall~ died thllll l'XI)lJ:;un'. 'I'he \\"(';llJ1)1JS lhal Ihil' 111:111 has "l'i".nl illdlldt' a lon~-h:dkd halh;ll'eI, :1 tl:Jg'g'I't' li'oll) Croalia, ami a p('culi;11' tonn ol" IH';r\'~ l11:ttdllnck pistol with;1 r('vokin,1:;" Iriple barrel. ( ;"laill ~1!ltITt'S: 'Galley slaw', in \'cl"l'llio's (,'0,1/1111/1' 111101.: \'c'IH"li:m hallJt'rd. c'ady 171h C .. Arll1ollr~ nl"\)og-I",~ P;,[;]c't'. \'c-nit'c,l
(,':1: /'l'lIl'Iillll kllig!ll. ufit"l i\!ost arrllours lhal sUI"\"in' ill l11USt'lllll~ lal'k Ihl·ir original lining. This wa~ olkll C:Xlellell,d In Ii Inn ;1 dl'corati,·t..' ri'ill,~e around o'nain pit'I'l's, as showtl hl'I't:. Thill \\'c;l!lhy aristocrat h;l~ ;1 ht'lnll"l Ill" tilt' dosl' helm 1'1 ,rill. H is ~WI ,rei is \'l'l"~ /\('a\'~ l"'111 pa n-d
lilt, rapit'r 01" hi~ lIpplillClll. Iron shield;, \\CIT a I'daliwly latt' dcwlopIlH'l1l; althou)..:"h dcsip:lwd 10 \\'ilhsland piswl and muskt'l balls. t1wy \\'en: prohably more (kCOrali\'I' Ihan dlcC!in:. (i\bin sourc,': rull ,lr111our. \Iiblw~t' or Hn'seiall f.1570. i\lu~, Ci\"iw \larzoli, Br(·sda.) III
H: Thl' dl'at/' '!J TO/III//(/Ill .lfm·UJilli. IG.17 III.' Tamil/till! .\/(.If/J.lilli. f.d/:17 By Iht' mid-17lh ("l'nlury 111(' g-re'lt age or armour had l'mkd, :\ 1(-\\ lidl arrnOllrs W(T(' \\'01'11 hy ht',w)' ca \'011 ry and by ('lJllllll;llldillg' ot1iCl~rs for pn·sli~(' .. \t sea tlll'Y wIHIld have Ilt't'n \'irtually suicidal.!'O herl' ,'\'t'll 'I'\I11'lma:m :>.Iorosilli has bC('11 ~i\'t'n a l>anil"ularly lil1\' lornl 1'1' Ilalr arrnOlll' wilh a matching- lobSler-tail 11<'lnlt't. The broad nas
I'tIrb'
/71h (f'flllll:l' 'I'hl·lm'astpl;ttl· ot"lhis ordinary soldier has llll' samc' d('lll or 'proofing mark' as Ihl' line armour 01" 'l'omllla~(1 i\llll'osilli. ThotrKh del'oral('d, hi~ breast and back plaIt'S. rnurinll Iwlmel and ir(JIl IIl'c'kprotl 'cti Il~ gorgi·t \\'orll hl'llcal h I he IIn'ast piau' :U'(' nmdl illli...ior (ILl;r1il~, Tht· mall's :-\I"unl is a Iblkan Irill/"lJIII/ whill' his :trqul'1Jus ha:- a GC'l'lllan lock I)ul \\';1' aSM'nll)lt,d ;11 Brcsci:l. 111 \'C'lll'ti;lll h'1.,.ilory. [1\1ain ",un'c's: '\'elll'ti:ll1 inl~lIlII'YIll:lll·. ill \'I',dlill's COI/1i1Tt1' Hook; Il:dian inbnl ry armour, (';Irly 171h C., :\I'IlWtlr~ or till' Pal:lt"t' or tIll' "-Ili~ht!', i\lalta: ~cia\'(-.na :-wurd. \'elll'tian c'ar!y 17111 C.. !\nl1ffury oflhl' Dog-i"s PalaCI', V('llicI·.) I·/;!: I'rlll'fimi arqw'/Jillil'l',
or
'ApothH>"i" of Admiral lorenzo Mar.,.,lIo', victor of a naval baclIe;n the Oardanellell in .656 in whi.,h he him5elfdied. Mid'7th cenlury engraving. (Mus. Civ. Corr.. r, Veni.,e)
/-/:r' 'Sm/llJfdi'
Wtll~ll /'0/111111'/'1". f(U{l' /71h fOlllllJ' Ull:l1'1l10UI'I·d l'X,'I'])( [EW:a small inlll >wnTlt' hdlllt'l \\"orn 1)('1H';llh his I~ picallblbll ll'athel'l'd Clp. this "olulltcl'l' is dl'a1'l~ fl"llrn Ollt' f,r \·(.·llic("\ Halbll lerrilnril'~. pnlhalJl~ 1101'1111'1'11 Ihlrnalia. 'rht' dt'l'orali\,(' bauds ;HTms his tUlllt' had lhl' sam(' lwig-ill as (lIe 1:'II'rd"cnr;,tic)ll~ Wlfnl II}' Ilus:-;lr lig-hl C':f \';' Iry. A p;I rt [i'ol11 ;( si IIlplr' da,l{~I'" t';t pi Un·d li'urn Ih,' Oltulllalls_ IH' is al"llll'd witll :a slr;tIl,~'" :tll-infll cOlllhinl'd war-aXI' ami whvdlul.'k musket. [1\l;tin sourc('s: 'Scappoli' ill \'l"\'dlio's C'o'(IJIIlt' Iju"k: ax\"· gUll. I'arly 171h C... \rlllnllr~ IIftl1\' 1Jf),~c"s P;lla\"('. \'('nice.l
-'7
NOles sur leli planches en couleur A.
l~' l.,,~c 1~"N-I,,'r tI,-
r,,,,,,,,,,,
Farbtafeln
(., d,n"li..,", 1< fa" 'l'>'il,O<" 1",,-It· I"" ,1.... "n,' ell 1,,,Ii,- .Il' '"lem. " ... w. "" In "\"" ,,,OIi,,,;,,,,, d"l,,'""", ~:ll'''lk'
""I...",,..;
",,,ir,,, ""
'or I.. I",,,d;,, ,I<. n' l",,,,,,,r ,,"•• i, elr ...·;.1.."'.,1... no.i. !<" I"'uh'n, .1...... ,,,,,,,, .......",r", If'"
IIk"I''''I:< ,1", ,",.,.j,.. IMlla"i'I""
rlcnHh' '""
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CominUt!d
160 44 41 90 106 111 199 211 111 88 116 181 U1
151 149 192 161 172
185 189 B.4
114 119 151 116
110 104 161 98 106 116 96 17
78
115
from
Nap's Nap's Nap's N.1IH Nap's Nap's
t«k 'o~,
Guard Infantry (2) German NIleS (I)
GerrNl> Allies (2) German Nlies (3) German Allies (4) German Allies (5) Nap's Spe,;,alLst Troops Nap's o,.erseas Army Nap"s Sea Soldlllrs Nap's It.lhan Troops Ausv"", Army (I ~ Infantry Austn.1l1 Army (2~ Cavalry AuIUl.1l1 SpeooI'lt Troops Pf\JS\.laO l.II1e "'Ianlry PrvsSlaO L'ghllnf.mtry Prvs\W> Reserve 8. Ircegulars Prussw> Cavalry 1792 1607 P"hSl
19TH CENTURY 231 Bolivar and San r1ar1ln In Alamo 8. Texan War 18)!>·6 56 Mco<J<:an·Amencan War 1846·8 272 The Me><0QI1l Adventure 1861-67 61 Arnencan·~ Wars 1860-90 170 ~n 0 ...1War ArmIeS: (I): Confedo!ral~ 117 (2): Unoon 119 (3): 513ft, SpcwIrsts,
""'~ 190 (4): Stale Troops 207 (S): Volunteer Mhoa )7 Army of NO<'thern V"go.J )8 Army 01 the Potomac 251 Flaeo; of the AmeriUt1 0..,1 War .~"
Volunteer Indoans
,
iIlOS
1950-90 Rebellion 1851-66 1y of the
"• on Campa.gn: 53
nea, 18S4·S6
51 59 HO 95
The Zulu War
Sudan Clmpa,lr'S 1881-98 US Army 1890· 1920 The Boxer Rebelloon
THE WORLD WARS 8(1 The German Army 191~·18 81 The Bnt<si, Army 191~-18 245 B"llsh Terntonal Ur.fS 1914·18 269 The OnOlT'lan Arm~ 1914 18 206 Lawr",""e and lJito Arab Revolts 182 Bnlosh Banle Ill\Igno,l (I) 1914_18 181 (2) 1939-4~ 14 Tne Spans/1 CMl W~r 111 T~ PoIts/1 Army 193945 112 an\lsll Battlcdr~~ 19)7·61 110 A_oed Commandef'> of WW2 115 The Royal Air Focce 10 US Army 1941.45 216 Thl: R.cd Army 1941-45 146 The fl.omanIiIn Army 220 The SA 1921 45 1<4 The P¥\.!er Dl-vrsoons 166 The AlIgemeJIle·5S )4 The Wat(~n-SS
luftwaffc f del [)""""" German COtlYY\andero; 01 WW2 Gem"", MP LJn>ts Ge<m.:in Aorborne Tcoops Germ;r.~{~ F. Fr0l11 Alloes Germany's Spa",s/1 VoIunlec<> Welvmacht Foregn Volunteers WeIYm1cht Aux,kary Focc('S AlliCd Fon."i:" VoUllef:rs Partl'ian WJrfare 1941 45 ~ta1'(e Warfare 194Q.'IS Flags of the Thrd ReICh \ I) WehnT;)cht 114 (2) WalfeoSS
119 124 213 139 1)1 10) 147 25<4 H8 142 169 110
178 (3) PilI"Iy
a. PollCC UnoIS
MOOERN WARFARE 132 r1alay
101 142 159 178 111
(I ~ (2~
Land f OI"~
Naval for<:e<;
0, A"
Forc~
Argentne For,~ on the Fidl
m
01 e~:
Alrrca n Alnc;a
1
1lTlp
"'"r ps ,n the
~ _ y 1957·59 91 Beogal Cavalry RegllTlffilS 91 Indliln Infantry Regimet11S U) French Army 1870-71 (I) U1 French Army 1870·71 (2) 177 The Ru<
GENERAL 65 The R<:>yal Navy 101 Brltosh I<1f.mlJ'Y EqulplS. (I) 106 Bnt<s/1 Infamry [qulplS, (2) 118 Bnl/'Jl Cavalfy Eqopts.
72 The 114 105 U4 151 12) 164 161 191
~l
Front"",
US Infanlry Equmb3t Equ;pts. Flak )"Ckets Ausvalliln Army 1899-1975 Canadlin Army at Wa,' Spanrsh Forcogn Lcgoon Royal CarOOoan Mo..onled Poio(e
rmm MILITARY
rmm MILITARY
lVIEN - xr- ARMS SERIES
An unrivalled SOUTce of infonnation on the unifonns, insignia and appeanmcc of the world's fighting men of past and prescnt. The ,Men-Ilt-Anns titles cover subjects as diverse as the Imperial Rom:m amlY, the Napoleonic wars and Gennan airborne troops in a popular 48-pagc fannat including some 40 photographs and diagrams, and eight full-colour plates.
COMPM'IION SERIES FROM OSPREY ELITE Detailed infonnation on the unifonns and insignia of the world's most famous military forces. Each 64-pagc book contains some 50 photographs and diagrams, and 12 pages of full-colour :u·twork.
WARRIOR Definitive analysis of the annaur, weapons, tactics and motivation of the fighting men of history. Each 64-page book contains cumways and exploded artwork of the warrior's weapons and amlOur.
NEW VANGUARD Comprehensive histories of the design, de\'e1opment and operational use of the world's antlourcd vehicles and artillery. Each 48-page book contains eight pages of full-colour artwork including a detailed cutawlly of the vehicle's interior.
CAMPAJGN Concise, authoritative accounts of decisive encounters in military history. Each 96-pagc book contains more than 90 illustrations including maps, orders of battle and colour plates, plus a series of three-dimensional battle maps that mark the critical stages of the campaign. THE ANCIENT WORLD 118 Anoen! Ct>~ AI'mlI."; 109 Anoen! Mdd~ East 137 Tho: Scyttlian\ 700-300 B,C.
69 Greek & Pe~ W¥'> 500·)23 B.C 148 Arm'( of Alexar1d
""",.T","
9)
119
2 Hadn;an-Constanllne ~I 's Enemoes
'! """"""', •D~~
I
I sa I 175 3 180 ~. 243 5
GallIC & BrItISh Celts Po1I'th4ans & Sassantds $pain 118 8.C.·19 B.C. rhe ~<1 Fr<>ntoe<"
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 247 Romano-ByUnlJrlo! Arm>es 4tr>-9th C
IS4 ArUv & Anglo·Sa>
1SS Armoes of trot M'lSIJm Conqves! 115 Amlles 01 islam. 7th·ll\t1 C ISO TM Age of Charlemagne 89 Byzantine Armoes 886·1 I ! 6 8S Saxon. V>Iung & Norman 2J I Freoch Mf:dOf:val Artl'IltS 10Cl0- I 300 75 ArrnIf:s of the C ~ 171 Saladin & the Saracens 155 Kn,thts of Oms! 200 EI CId & ReconqUtSU 10.50-1492
105 n... Mongols 222 The Age Of T~n'"If:rlane
PiefM note thol fa< sp«e eeawn:s ~",lffi tIIle5 eve g~ ~. when OH!erlfli, ~ quole die l'llf: r1iJ'l'ltOf:t. e.f. 'MAlI 109' for 'Ancient NI'l'1/f:S 0( /he MddIe Eas!". etc
15 I M~ Clw1esf: Armoes 50 ~vaJ Eueopoean Aemoes lSI Scots & Welsh W~rs 94 The Swlss I)OJ. 1500 136 Ita/ian ArrTl1eS I300-1500
164 German Armoes I300-1 500 195 Huo2MY & E. Europe loo]"·IWI
159 The MamkJks 12SQ.-1517 I'" Ottom¥l Tueb 1300·ln4 210 Venel.W1 Empre 1200·1670 III A~ of Cr~ ~nd POI!lf:rs 144 Mf:dlf:Val Bu....,ely 1164·1477 •• 3 ArrrIoe5 of AglocOl,ll't 1<15 W~rs of trot Roses "
MedItV1lI Her~Id')'
16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 156 ThelnshWirs 1485-1603 19 I Henr)' VIII's Army 58 TM l..andsI
Samurai Amues 1550·1615
1&8 PoJtY1Armoes 1569·1696(21
18TH CENTURY 261 260 264 II 8 2J6 140
I8\t1 Century H~rs
Petee lI1e Great's ArTJ'Iof (I ~ Infantry Petee the Greafs Army (2): CaVil')' jacobite RebeUIQf1lO Freder..:k the GeeA! Fre6erxk \he Geea! 2)
I"
248 Feedf:r..:k the GeeAl )} 271 AuslnillArmy 1740.80(11 176 Aus!n;all Army 1740-80 (2 48 Wolfe's Army 128 Amenan Woodland tndlans
39 Bnt Army III N, Amenca W~e Ind
244 Feenc.h III AtTIer
27) ~ I W~sIw>gton', Army
(I); 1775·1778
NAPOLEONIC PER'OD 157 Napoleon\ ~ III Italy 79 Napoleon·s EgyplJin Campa>gn
87 Napoleon's Marshals 64 Nap's CUlr~ssltrs & CaribK1iers SS Nap·s Dragoons & Lanc.ers 68 N~p·s lJne Chaosseurs
76 Nap's Hussars Nap's Guard Cav~I')' .41 Nap's U"" Inf&r1!')' .... Nap's Ught Infantry IS] N~p·s Guard Infantry {11
n
.84 PollShArmoes 1569·1696(1) Tille tiu cOIIfitlUed 00 imide bock co"",
Avec annotatIons en fran,.als sur les plandtes .., couleurs. Mit Aufzeichnunaen auf Deutsch Ilber den hrbufeln,
ISBN 0-&5045-899-4
9
UlJUlli
