Pocket World In Figures 2008

POCKET WORLD IN FIGURES 2008 EDITION

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Pocket

World in Figures 2008 Edition

T H E E C O N O M I S T I N A S S O C I AT I O N W I T H P R O F I L E B O O K S LT D Published by Profile Books Ltd, 3A Exmouth House, Pine Street, London EC1R 0JH This special paperback edition produced in association with and exclusively for The Economist This edition published by Profile Books in association with The Economist, 2007 Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Material researched and compiled by Andrea Burgess, Ulrika Davies, Mark Doyle, Andrew Gilbert, Conrad Heine, Carol Howard, Stella Jones, Rishad Jonuschat, David McKelvey, Keith Potter, Christopher Wilson, Simon Wright All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. However, no responsibility can be accepted by the publishers or compilers for the accuracy of the information presented. Typeset in Officina by MacGuru Ltd [email protected] Printed in United States A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 84668 090 8

CONTENTS

Contents 10 Notes 11 Abbreviations 13

Part I

World Rankings

14 Countries: natural facts Countries: the largest Mountains: the highest Rivers: the longest Deserts: the largest Lakes: the largest Islands: the largest 16 Population: size and growth Largest populations 2005 Largest populations 2025 Fastest growing populations Slowest growing populations 18 Population: matters of breeding Highest and lowest fertility rates Highest and lowest crude birth rates Highest and lowest contraception use Highest and lowest births to women aged 15–19 20 Population: age Highest and lowest median age 2005 Highest and lowest median age 2050 Highest populations aged 0–14 Highest populations aged 60 and over Highest populations aged 80 and over 22 City living Biggest cities Fastest growing cities Slowest growing cities Highest and lowest % urban population Highest % of population in a single city Highest and lowest quality of life 25 Refugees and asylum Largest refugee nationalities Countries with largest refugee populations Asylum applications by origin Industrialised countries with most asylum applications 26 The world economy Biggest economies Biggest economies by purchasing power Regional GDP Regional purchasing power Regional population Regional international trade 28 Living standards Highest GDP per head Lowest GDP per head Highest purchasing power per head Lowest purchasing power per head 30 The quality of life Highest human development index Lowest human development index Economic freedom index Gender-related development index

CONTENTS

32 Economic growth Highest economic growth Lowest economic growth Highest services growth Lowest services growth 34 Trading places Biggest exporters Most and least trade dependent Biggest traders of goods Biggest traders of services and income 36 Balance of payments: current account Largest surpluses Largest deficits Largest surpluses as % of GDP Largest deficits as % of GDP Workers’ remittances Official reserves 39 Exchange rates Big Mac index 40 Inflation Highest and lowest consumer price inflation Commodity prices: change House prices: change 42 Debt Highest foreign debt Highest foreign debt burden Highest debt service ratios 44 Aid Largest donors Largest recipients 46 Industry and services Largest industrial output Highest and lowest growth in industrial output Largest manufacturing output Largest services output 48 Agriculture Most economically dependent on agriculture Least economically dependent on agriculture Highest growth Lowest growth Biggest producers: cereals, meat, fruit, vegetables 50 Commodities Leading producers and consumers of: wheat, rice, sugar, coarse grains, tea, coffee, cocoa, copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, aluminium, precious metals, rubber, raw wool, cotton, major oil seeds, oil, natural gas, coal, oil reserves 56 Energy Largest producers Largest consumers Most and least energy efficient Highest and lowest net importers Largest consumption per head Sources of electricity 58 Workers of the world Highest % of population in labour force Most male workforce Most female workforce Lowest % of population in labour force Highest rate of unemployment 60 The business world Global competitiveness The business environment

CONTENTS

62 Business creativity and research Innovation index Information and communications technology index Highest and lowest brain drains R&D expenditure Patents granted and in force 64 Business costs and FDI Office rents Employment costs Foreign direct investment 65 Business burdens and corruption Days to register a new company Corruption perceptions index Business software piracy 66 Businesses and banks Largest businesses Largest banks 68 Stockmarkets Largest market capitalisation Highest growth in market capitalisation Highest growth in value traded Highest growth in number of listed companies 70 Transport: roads and cars Longest road networks Densest road networks Most crowded road networks Most used road networks Highest car ownership Lowest car ownership Most injured in road accidents Most killed in road accidents 74 Transport: planes and trains Most air travel Busiest airports Longest railway networks Most rail passengers Most rail freight 76 Transport: shipping Largest merchant fleets Maritime trading 77 Tourism Most tourist arrivals Biggest tourist spenders Largest tourist receipts 78 Education Highest primary enrolment Lowest primary enrolment Highest tertiary enrolment Least literate Highest education spending Lowest education spending 80 Life expectancy Highest life expectancy Highest male life expectancy Highest female life expectancy Lowest life expectancy Lowest male life expectancy Lowest female life expectancy 82 Death rates and infant mortality Highest death rates Highest infant mortality Lowest death rates Lowest infant mortality 84 Death and disease Diabetes Heart disease Cancer Tuberculosis Measles immunisation DPT immunisation HIV/AIDS prevalence and deaths

CONTENTS

86 Health Highest health spending Lowest health spending Highest population per doctor Lowest population per doctor Most hospital beds Highest child well-being 88 Marriage and divorce Highest marriage rates Lowest marriage rates Highest divorce rates Lowest divorce rates 90 Households and living costs Biggest number of households Biggest households Smallest households Smallest number of households Highest cost of living Lowest cost of living 92 Consumer goods ownership TV Telephone CD player Computer Mobile telephone 94 Cinemas and newspapers Cinema attendances Daily newspapers 95 Music and the internet Music sales Internet hosts 96 Nobel prize winners Peace Economics Literature Medicine Physics Chemistry 97 Olympic medal winners Summer games, 1896–2004 Winter games, 1924–2006 98 Drinking and smoking Beer drinkers Wine drinkers Alcoholic drinks Smokers 99 Crime and punishment Murders Death penalty Prisoners 100 Stars … Space missions Space vehicle launches 101 … and Wars Defence spending Armed forces UN peacekeeping missions 103 Environment Biggest emitters of carbon dioxide Biggest increases and falls in carbon dioxide emissions Largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions per person Biggest emissions of carbon dioxide relative to GDP Lowest use of improved sanitation facilities City health and sanitation index Organic cropland Fertiliser use Protected areas National parks and nature reserves

CONTENTS

107

Part II

Country Profiles

108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176

Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Côte d’Ivoire Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Latvia Lithuania Malaysia

246 Glossary 248 List of countries 253 Sources

178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244

Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe Euro area World

10

Notes This 2008 edition of The Economist Pocket World in Figures includes new rankings on such things as such things as contraception use, populations over 80, increases in commodity prices and house prices, brain drains, maritime traders, children's well-being, murders, executions and several environmental measures. The world rankings consider 183 countries; all those with a population of at least 1m or a GDP of at least $1bn; they are listed on pages 248–52. The country profiles cover 67 major countries. Also included are profiles of the euro area and the world. The extent and quality of the statistics available varies from country to country. Every care has been taken to specify the broad definitions on which the data are based and to indicate cases where data quality or technical difficulties are such that interpretation of the figures is likely to be seriously affected. Nevertheless, figures from individual countries may differ from standard international statistical definitions. The term “country” can also refer to territories or economic entities. Some country definitions Macedonia is officially known as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Serbia includes Montenegro. Data for Cyprus normally refer to Greek Cyprus only. Data for China do not include Hong Kong or Macau. For countries such as Morocco they exclude disputed areas. Congo-Kinshasa refers to the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire. Congo-Brazzaville refers to the other Congo. Data for the EU refer to the 25 members as at May 2004: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom plus Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The euro area includes all of the first 15 in that list except Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Statistical basis The all-important factor in a book of this kind is to be able to make reliable comparisons between countries. Although this is never quite possible for the reasons stated above, the best route, which this book takes, is to compare data for the same year or period and to use actual, not estimated, figures wherever possible. Where a country’s data is excessively out of date, it is excluded, which is the reason there is no country profile of Iraq in this edition. The research for this edition of

NOTES

11

The Economist Pocket World in Figures was carried out in 2007 using the latest available sources that present data on an internationally comparable basis. Data, therefore, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the year ending December 31 2005. In the country profiles, life expectancy, crude birth, death and fertility rates are based on 2005–10 averages; human development indices and energy data are for 2004; marriage and divorce data refer to the latest year for which figures are available. Employment, health and education data are for the latest year between 2000 and 2005. Other definitions Data shown in country profiles may not always be consistent with those shown in the world rankings because the definitions or years covered can differ. Data may also differ between two different rankings. Most countries’ national accounts are now compiled on a GDP basis so, for simplicity, the term GDP has been used interchangeably with GNP or GNI. Statistics for principal exports and principal imports are normally based on customs statistics. These are generally compiled on different definitions to the visible exports and imports figures shown in the balance of payments section. Definitions of the statistics shown are given on the relevant page or in the glossary on page 246. Figures may not add exactly to totals, or percentages to 100, because of rounding or, in the case of GDP, statistical adjustment. Sums of money have generally been converted to US dollars at the official exchange rate ruling at the time to which the figures refer. Energy consumption data are not always reliable, particularly for the major oil producing countries; consumption per head data may therefore be higher than in reality. Energy exports can exceed production and imports can exceed consumption if transit operations distort trade data or oil is imported for refining and re-exported.

Abbreviations bn EU kg km GDP GNI GNP

billion (one thousand million) European Union kilogram kilometre Gross domestic product Gross national income Gross national product

ha m PPP TOE trn …

hectare million Purchasing power parity tonnes of oil equivalent trillion (one thousand billion) not available

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World rankings

14

WORLD RANKINGS

Countries: natural facts Countries: the largesta ’000 sq km 1 Russia 2 Canada 3 China 4 United States 5 Brazil 6 Australia 7 India 8 Argentina 9 Kazakhstan 10 Sudan 11 Algeria 12 Congo 13 Saudi Arabia 14 Greenland 15 Mexico 16 Indonesia 17 Libya 18 Iran 19 Mongolia 20 Peru 21 Chad 22 Niger 23 Angola 24 Mali 25 South Africa 26 Colombia 27 Ethiopia 28 Bolivia 29 Mauritania 30 Egypt

17,075 9,971 9,561 9,373 8,512 7,682 3,287 2,767 2,717 2,506 2,382 2,345 2,200 2,176 1,973 1,904 1,760 1,648 1,565 1,285 1,284 1,267 1,247 1,240 1,226 1,142 1,134 1,099 1,031 1,000

Tanzania Nigeria Venezuela Namibia Pakistan Mozambique Turkey Chile Zambia Myanmar Afghanistan Somalia Central African Rep Ukraine Madagascar Kenya Botswana France Yemen Thailand Spain Turkmenistan Cameroon Papua New Guinea Sweden Morocco Uzbekistan 58 Iraq 59 Paraguay 60 Zimbabwe 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

945 924 912 824 804 799 779 757 753 677 652 638 622 604 587 583 581 544 528 513 505 488 475 463 450 447 447 438 407 391

Mountains: the highestb Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Everest K2 (Godwin Austen) Kangchenjunga Lhotse Makalu Cho Oyu Dhaulagiri Manaslu Nanga Parbat Annapurna I Gasherbrum I Broad Peak Xixabangma (Gosainthan) Gasherbrum II

Location Nepal-China Pakistan Nepal-Sikkim Nepal-China Nepal-China Nepal-China Nepal Nepal Pakistan Nepal Pakistan-China Pakistan-China China Pakistan-China

a Includes freshwater. b Includes separate peaks which are part of the same massif.

Height (m) 8,848 8,611 8,586 8,516 8,463 8,201 8,167 8,163 8,125 8,091 8,068 8,047 8,046 8,035

COUNTRIES: NATURAL FACTS

15

Rivers: the longest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Name

Location

Nile Amazon Yangtze Mississippi-Missouri system Ob’-Irtysh Yenisey-Angara Hwang He (Yellow) Congo Parana Mekong

Africa South America Asia North America Asia Asia Asia Africa South America Asia

Length (km) 6,695 6,516 6,380 6,019 5,570 5,550 5,464 4,667 4,500 4,425

Deserts: the largest Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sahara Arabia Gobi Patagonian Great Victoria Great Basin Chihuahuan Great Sandy

Location Northern Africa SW Asia Mongolia/China Argentina W and S Australia SW United States N Mexico W Australia

Area (’000 sq km) 8,600 2,300 1,166 673 647 492 450 400

Lakes: the largest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Name Caspian Sea Superior Victoria Huron Michigan Tanganyika Baikal Great Bear

Location Central Asia Canada/US E Africa Canada/US US E Africa Russia Canada

Area (’000 sq km) 371 82 69 60 58 33 32 31

Islands: the largest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Name Greenland New Guinea Borneo Madagascar Baffin Sumatra Honshu Great Britain

Location Area (’000 sq km) North Atlantic Ocean 2,176 South-west Pacific Ocean 809 Western Pacific Ocean 746 Indian Ocean 587 North Atlantic Ocean 507 North-east Indian Ocean 474 Sea of Japan-Pacific Ocean 227 Off coast of north-west Europe 218

Notes: Estimates of the lengths of rivers vary widely depending on eg, the path to take through a delta. The definition of a desert is normally a mean annual precipitation value equal to 250ml or less. Australia (7.69 sq km) is defined as a continent rather than an island.

16

WORLD RANKINGS

Population: size and growth Largest populations Millions, 2005 1 China 2 India 3 United States 4 Indonesia 5 Brazil 6 Pakistan 7 Russia 8 Bangladesh 9 Nigeria 10 Japan 11 Mexico 12 Vietnam 13 Philippines 14 Germany 15 Ethiopia 16 Egypt 17 Turkey 18 Iran 19 Thailand 20 France 21 United Kingdom 22 Italy 23 Congo-Kinshasa 24 Myanmar 25 South Korea 26 South Africa 27 Ukraine 28 Colombia 29 Spain 30 Argentina 31 Poland 32 Tanzania 33 Sudan

1,315.8 1,103.4 298.2 222.8 186.4 157.9 143.2 141.8 131.5 128.1 107.0 84.2 83.1 82.7 77.4 74.0 73.2 69.5 64.2 60.5 59.7 58.1 57.5 50.5 47.8 47.4 46.5 45.6 43.1 38.7 38.5 38.3 36.2

61 62 63 64 65

Kenya Algeria Canada Morocco Afghanistan Iraq Uganda Peru Nepal Venezuela Uzbekistan Malaysia Saudi Arabia Taiwan North Korea Ghana Romania Yemen Sri Lanka Australia Mozambique Syria Madagascar Côte d’Ivoire Cameroon Chile Netherlands Angola Kazakhstan Cambodia Niger Mali

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Vietnam Egypt Turkey Iran Germany Thailand France United Kingdom Italy Kenya Colombia Myanmar Sudan Ukraine

34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

34.3 32.9 32.3 31.5 29.9 28.8 28.8 28.0 27.1 26.7 26.6 25.3 24.6 22.9 22.5 22.1 21.7 21.0 20.7 20.2 19.8 19.0 18.6 18.2 16.3 16.3 16.3 15.9 14.8 14.1 14.0 13.5

Largest populations Millions, 2025 1 India 2 China 3 United States 4 Indonesia 5 Brazil 6 Pakistan 7 Nigeria 8 Bangladesh 9 Russia 10 Ethiopia 11 Mexico 12 Japan 13 Philippines 14 Congo-Kinshasa

1,447.5 1,445.8 354.9 271.2 228.8 225.0 210.1 206.0 128.2 125.0 124.7 121.6 115.9 107.5

106.4 98.5 89.6 88.0 80.3 68.8 65.8 65.2 58.1 57.2 55.6 55.4 54.3 54.0

POPULATION: SIZE AND GROWTH

17

Fastest growing populations Average annual % change, 2005–10 1 Liberia 4.50 2 Burundi 3.90 3 Afghanistan 3.85 4 Niger 3.49 5 Eritrea 3.24 Uganda 3.24 7 Congo-Kinshasa 3.22 8 West Bank and Gaza 3.18 9 Jordan 3.04 10 Benin 3.02 Mali 3.02 12 Guinea-Bissau 2.98 13 Yemen 2.97 14 Somalia 2.92 15 Burkina Faso 2.89 16 Chad 2.88 17 United Arab Emirates 2.85 18 Angola 2.78 19 Rwanda 2.76 20 Madagascar 2.66 21 Kenya 2.65 Togo 2.65 23 Gambia, The 2.63 24 Malawi 2.57

Mauritania Syria Ethiopia Guatemala Tanzania Senegal Kuwait Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Saudi Arabia Sudan Guinea Congo-Brazzaville Qatar Belize Brunei Sierra Leone Cameroon Papua New Guinea Ghana Libya Nepal Oman

2.53 2.52 2.51 2.47 2.47 2.46 2.44 2.38 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.04 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.97 1.97

24 Bosnia Italy Serbia 27 Channel Islands 28 Denmark Greece Netherlands 31 Belgium 32 Bermuda 33 Martinique 34 Finland Uruguay 36 Barbados 37 South Korea 38 North Korea 39 Andorra Austria 41 Portugal Trinidad & Tobago 43 Switzerland 44 United Kingdom 45 Malta 46 Sweden

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.42 0.43 0.45

25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 44 45

Slowest growing populations Average annual % change, 2005–10 1 Moldova -0.90 2 Georgia -0.79 3 Ukraine -0.76 4 Bulgaria -0.72 5 Belarus -0.55 6 Lithuania -0.53 7 Latvia -0.52 8 Russia -0.51 9 Romania -0.45 10 Estonia -0.35 11 Hungary -0.29 12 Armenia -0.21 13 Poland -0.15 14 Croatia -0.09 15 Germany -0.07 16 Czech Republic -0.03 Virgin Islands (US) -0.03 18 Japan -0.02 19 Cuba -0.01 Aruba 0.01 Slovenia 0.01 22 Slovakia 0.03 23 Macedonia 0.08

18

WORLD RANKINGS

Population: matters of breeding Fertility rates, 2005–10 Highest av. no. of children per woman 1 Niger 7.19 2 Afghanistan 7.07 Guinea-Bissau 7.07 4 Burundi 6.80 5 Liberia 6.77 6 Congo-Kinshasa 6.70 7 Mali 6.52 8 Sierra Leone 6.47 9 Uganda 6.46 10 Angola 6.43 11 Chad 6.20 12 Somalia 6.04 13 Burkina Faso 6.00 14 Rwanda 5.92 15 Malawi 5.59 16 Yemen 5.50 17 Guinea 5.44 18 Benin 5.42 19 Equatorial Guinea 5.36 20 Nigeria 5.32

Lowest av. no. of children per woman 1 Macau 0.91 2 Hong Kong 0.97 3 Belarus 1.20 4 South Korea 1.21 5 Ukraine 1.22 6 Bosnia 1.23 Poland 1.23 8 Czech Republic 1.24 9 Slovakia 1.25 10 Lithuania 1.26 Singapore 1.26 12 Japan 1.27 13 Hungary 1.28 Slovenia 1.28 15 Latvia 1.29 16 Romania 1.30 17 Greece 1.33 18 Russia 1.34 19 Croatia 1.35 20 Germany 1.36

Womena who use modern methods of contraceptionb Highest, % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

China United Kingdom Hong Kong Switzerland Netherlands Finland Belgium Canada Australia Cuba Denmark New Zealand Germany Costa Rica United States Brazil Thailand France Norway Hungary Puerto Rico Spain South Korea Nicaragua Dominican Republic

Lowest, % 83.3 81.0 79.7 77.5 75.6 75.4 74.3 73.3 72.2 72.1 72.0 72.0 71.8 70.7 70.5 70.3 69.8 69.3 69.2 68.4 67.6 67.4 66.9 66.1 65.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25

Chad Afghanistan Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Guinea Niger Rwanda Congo-Kinshasa Angola Eritrea Mauritania Liberia Mali Ethiopia Central African Republic Sudan Benin Côte d’Ivoire Albania Nigeria Senegal Burkina Faso Gambia, The Togo Yemen

a Aged 15-49, married or in a relationship. b Excludes traditional methods of contraception, such as the rhythm method.

2.1 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.9 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.9 8.2 8.2 8.6 8.9 9.3 9.8

POPULATION: MATTERS OF BREEDING

19

Crude birth rates Average no. of live births per 1,000 population, 2005–10 Highest Lowest 1 Congo-Kinshasa Guinea-Bissau Liberia 4 Niger 5 Afghanistan 6 Mali 7 Angola 8 Burundi 9 Uganda 10 Sierra Leone 11 Chad 12 Rwanda 13 Burkina Faso 14 Somalia 15 Malawi 16 Benin 17 Nigeria 18 Guinea 19 Mozambique 20 Eritrea Zambia 22 Kenya 23 Tanzania

49.6 49.6 49.6 49.0 48.2 48.1 47.3 47.1 46.6 46.2 45.5 44.5 44.0 42.9 40.7 40.2 39.9 39.8 39.5 39.3 39.3 39.2 39.0

1 Macau 2 Hong Kong 3 Germany Singapore 5 Japan 6 Bosnia 7 Bulgaria 8 Andorra Croatia Slovenia 11 Lithuania 12 Austria Czech Republic Italy Switzerland Ukraine 17 Greece Hungary Latvia South Korea 21 Belarus 22 Channel Islands Poland

7.5 7.6 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.5

Births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 2005–10 Highest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22

Niger Congo-Kinshasa Liberia Uganda Mali Guinea-Bissau Chad Guinea Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Malawi Congo-Brazzaville Angola Nigeria Benin Zambia Central African Rep Afghanistan Madagascar Bangladesh Côte d’Ivoire Nicaragua

Lowest 258 226 223 207 199 193 192 189 176 158 157 145 141 140 128 128 124 123 122 120 120 119

1 North Korea 2 Japan South Korea 4 China Hong Kong Netherlands Switzerland 8 Singapore Slovenia 10 Denmark Italy Sweden Tunisia 14 Algeria Belgium France Libya 18 Greece 19 Finland Germany Norway Spain

2 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 10

20

WORLD RANKINGS

Population: age Median agea Highest, 2005 1 Japan 2 Germany 3 Italy 4 Finland 5 Bulgaria 6 Croatia 7 Belgium 8 Slovenia Sweden 10 Austria Greece Switzerland 13 Andorra Channel Islands 15 Denmark 16 Latvia 17 Netherlands Portugal 19 Bermuda 20 Czech Republic Estonia France Hong Kong Ukraine United Kingdom 26 Spain 27 Hungary 28 Canada 29 Luxembourg 30 Norway 31 Lithuania 32 Malta 33 Singapore 34 Belarus 35 Russia 36 Bosnia 37 Cayman Islands

42.9 42.1 42.0 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.3 40.2 40.2 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.0 40.0 39.5 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.0 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.8 38.7 38.6 38.3 38.0 37.9 37.6 37.5 37.4 37.3 37.1 37.0

Highest, 2050 1 Macau 2 Japan South Korea 4 Singapore 5 Martinique 6 Poland 7 Bulgaria 8 Slovenia 9 Cuba Hong Kong

Lowest, 2005 1 Uganda 2 Mali Niger 4 Guinea-Bissau 5 Congo-Kinshasa 6 Afghanistan Liberia Malawi 9 Angola 10 Yemen 11 Burkina Faso Chad 13 West Bank and Gaza Zambia 15 Burundi 16 Rwanda 17 Ethiopia Tanzania 19 Nigeria 20 Benin Mozambique 22 Madagascar Somalia 24 Eritrea Guinea Kenya Togo 28 Guatemala 29 Central African Rep 30 Côte d’Ivoire Senegal Sierra Leone 33 Cameroon Equatorial Guinea 35 Congo-Brazzaville Lesotho

15.3 16.0 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.4 17.5 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.7 17.9 17.9 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.7 18.7 18.8 18.8

Lowest, 2050 55.5 54.9 54.9 53.7 53.0 52.4 52.3 52.2 52.1 52.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Burundi Niger Liberia Guinea-Bissau Congo-Kinshasa Afghanistan Angola Uganda Sierra Leone Chad

a Age at which there are an equal number of people above and below.

20.8 21.1 21.2 21.5 22.5 23.0 23.2 23.3 24.0 24.3

POPULATION: AGE

21

Population aged 0–14 Highest, % 1 Uganda 2 Niger 3 Mali 4 Guinea-Bissau 5 Congo-Kinshasa 6 Malawi 7 Afghanistan 8 Liberia 9 Angola 10 Burkina Faso Chad 12 West Bank and Gaza Yemen 14 Zambia 15 Burundi 16 Ethiopia 17 Tanzania 18 Nigeria

49.4 48.0 47.7 47.4 47.2 47.1 47.0 46.9 46.4 46.2 46.2 45.9 45.9 45.7 45.1 44.5 44.4 44.3

19 Benin Mozambique 21 Somalia 22 Madagascar 23 Rwanda 24 Guinea 25 Togo 26 Guatemala 27 Eritrea 28 Sierra Leone 29 Central African Rep 30 Kenya 31 Equatorial Guinea 32 Senegal 33 Congo-Brazzaville 34 Cameroon 35 Côte d’Ivoire 36 Iraq

44.2 44.2 44.1 43.8 43.5 43.4 43.3 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.7 42.6 42.4 42.2 41.9 41.8 41.7 41.5

Hungary Ukraine Slovenia Lithuania Czech Republic Channel Islands Norway Netherlands Romania Bosnia Faroe Islands Serbia Luxembourg Andorra Malta Belarus Georgia

20.8 20.6 20.5 20.3 19.9 19.7 19.7 19.3 19.3 19.1 18.9 18.9 18.7 18.5 18.4 18.1 17.9

Population aged 60 and over Highest, % 1 Japan 2 Italy 3 Germany 4 Sweden 5 Greece 6 Bulgaria 7 Latvia 8 Belgium Croatia Portugal 11 Austria 12 Spain 13 Estonia 14 Finland 15 Denmark United Kingdom 17 Switzerland 18 France

26.4 25.3 25.1 23.4 23.3 22.9 22.4 22.1 22.1 22.1 21.9 21.7 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.2 21.1 20.8

20 21 22 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

Population aged 80 and over Highest, % 1 Sweden 2 Italy 3 Japan 4 France Norway 6 United Kingdom 7 Germany 8 Austria

5.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3

Belgium Spain Switzerland 12 Denmark 13 Faroe Islands Finland 15 Andorra Portugal

4.3 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7

22

WORLD RANKINGS

City living Biggest citiesa Population m, 2005 1 Tokyo, Japan 35.2 2 Mexico City, Mexico 19.4 3 New York, US 18.7 4 São Paulo, Brazil 18.3 5 Mumbai, India 18.2 6 Delhi, India 15.0 7 Shanghai, China 14.5 8 Kolkata, India 14.3 9 Jakarta, Indonesia 13.2 10 Buenos Aires, Argentina12.6 11 Dhaka, Bangladesh 12.4 12 Los Angeles, US 12.3 13 Karachi, Pakistan 11.6 14 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11.5 15 Osaka, Japan 11.3

16 Cairo, Egypt 17 Lagos, Nigeria 18 Beijing, China Manila, Philippines 20 Moscow, Russia 21 Paris, France 22 Istanbul, Turkey 23 Seoul, South Korea 24 Chicago, US 25 London, UK 26 Guangzhou, China 27 Bogotá, Colombia 28 Tehran, Iran 29 Lima, Peru Shenzhen, China

11.1 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.6 9.8 9.7 9.6 8.8 8.5 8.4 7.7 7.3 7.2 7.2

Fastest growing citiesb Average annual growth, 2005–10, % 1 Kigali, Rwanda 7.73 2 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico 6.06 3 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 4.66 4 Kathmandu, Nepal 4.65 5 Valencia, Venezuela 4.64 6 Mbuji-Mayi, Congo-Kin. 4.63 7 Niamey, Niger 4.62 8 Lubumbashi, Congo-Kin.4.61 9 Kolwezi, Congo-Kin. 4.60 10 Kabul, Afghanistan 4.52 11 Kinshasa, Congo-Kin. 4.37 12 Bamako, Mali 4.34 13 N’Djaména, Chad 4.24 14 Lomé, Togo 4.08

15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29

Florianópolis, Brazil 4.03 Kampala, Uganda 4.02 Phnom Penh, Cambodia 3.98 Ascunción, Paraguay 3.95 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 3.95 Tijuana, Mexico 3.90 Monrovia, Liberia 3.75 Maputo, Mozambique 3.67 Nairobi, Kenya 3.64 Kumasi, Ghana 3.62 Ciudad Juárez, Mexico 3.57 Chittagong, Bangladesh 3.55 Luanda, Angola 3.55 Mombasa, Kenya 3.53 Brazzaville, Congo-Braz.3.40

Slowest growing citiesb Average annual growth, 2005–10, % 1 Yueyang, China -0.63 2 Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine -0.58 3 Sofia, Bulgaria -0.56 4 Donetsk, Ukraine -0.51 5 Kharkiv, Ukraine -0.50 6 Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine -0.45 7 Tbilisi, Georgia -0.44 8 Odessa, Ukraine -0.39 9 Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia-0.34 10 Perm, Russia -0.31 Samara, Russia -0.31

Havana, Cuba Lodz, Poland Puebla, Mexico Belgrade, Serbia Chelyabinsk, Russia Seoul, South Korea Turin, Italy Yekaterinburg, Russia 20 Voronezh, Russia 21 Pusan, South Korea Ufa, Russia 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

-0.27 -0.26 -0.25 -0.22 -0.20 -0.19 -0.18 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.14

a Urban agglomerations. Data may change from year-to-year based on reassessments of agglomeration boundaries. b Urban agglomerations of more than 750,000.

CITY LIVING

23

Population living in urban areas Highest, % 1 Bermuda Cayman Islands Hong Kong Macau Singapore 6 Guadeloupe 7 Kuwait 8 Martinique 9 Puerto Rico 10 Belgium 11 Bahrain 12 Qatar 13 Malta 14 Virgin Islands (US) 15 Guam 16 Venezuela 17 Iceland 18 Réunion 19 Uruguay 20 Israel 21 Andorra 22 Bahamas 23 Argentina 24 United Kingdom 25 Australia 26 Chile 27 Lebanon 28 New Zealand 29 Denmark 30 Libya

Lowest, % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 98.3 97.9 97.6 97.2 96.5 95.4 95.3 94.2 94.0 93.4 92.8 92.4 92.0 91.6 90.6 90.4 90.1 89.7 88.2 87.6 86.6 86.2 85.6 84.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Burundi Bhutan Trinidad & Tobago Uganda Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka Nepal Ethiopia Niger Malawi Burkina Faso Lesotho Rwanda Eritrea Cambodia Laos Kenya Afghanistan Swaziland Tanzania Tajikistan Bangladesh Chad Vietnam Madagascar Yemen India Guinea-Bissau Channel Islands Mali

10.0 11.1 12.2 12.6 13.4 15.1 15.8 16.0 16.8 17.2 18.3 18.7 19.3 19.4 19.7 20.6 20.7 22.9 24.1 24.2 24.7 25.1 25.3 26.4 26.8 27.3 28.7 29.6 30.5 30.5

Proportion of a country’s population residing in a single citya % 1 Singapore 100.0 Hong Kong 100.0 3 San Juan, Puerto Rico 65.9 4 Kuwait City, Kuwait 49.7 5 Tel Aviv, Israel 44.8 6 Panama City, Panama 37.6 7 Yerevan, Armenia 36.6 8 Montevideo, Uruguay 36.5 9 Tripoli, Libya 35.8 10 Santiago, Chile 34.9 11 Ulan Bator, Mongolia 32.6 12 Buenos Aires, Argentina 32.4 13 Asunción, Paraguay 30.2 14 Dubai, UAE 29.6 a Urban agglomerations over 750,000.

15 Brazzaville, Congo-Braz. 29.3 16 Athens, Greece 29.0 17 Monrovia, Liberia 28.5 Auckland, New Zealand 28.5 19 San José, Costa Rica 28.1 20 Vienna, Austria 27.6 21 Tokyo, Japan 27.5 22 Lisbon, Portugal 26.3 23 Lima, Peru 25.7 24 Port-au-Prince, Haiti 25.0 Dublin, Ireland 25.0 26 Tblisi, Georgia 23.4 27 Santo Domingo, Dom. Rep. 22.7 Amman, Jordan 22.7

24

WORLD RANKINGS

Quality of life indexa New York=100, Nov. 2006 Highest 1 Zurich, Switzerland 108.1 2 Geneva, Switzerland 108.0 3 Vancouver, Canada 107.7 Vienna, Austria 107.7 5 Auckland, New Zealand107.3 Dusseldorf, Germany 107.3 7 Frankfurt, Germany 107.1 8 Munich, Germany 106.9 9 Bern, Switzerland 106.5 Sydney, Australia 106.5 11 Copenhagen, Denmark 106.2 12 Wellington, New Zealand105.8 13 Amsterdam, Netherlands105.7 14 Brussels, Belgium 105.6 15 Toronto, Canada 105.4 16 Berlin, Germany 105.2 17 Melbourne, Australia 105.0 18 Luxembourg, Lux. 104.8 Ottawa, Canada 104.8 20 Stockholm, Sweden 104.7 21 Perth, Australia 104.5 22 Montreal, Canada 104.3 23 Nuremberg, Germany 104.2 24 Calgary, Canada 103.6 Hamburg, Germany 103.6 26 Oslo, Norway 103.5 27 Dublin, Ireland 103.3 Honolulu, US 103.3 29 San Francisco, US 103.2 30 Adelaide, Australia 103.1 Helsinki, Finland 103.1 32 Brisbane, Australia 102.8 33 Paris, France 102.7 34 Singapore 102.5 35 Tokyo, Japan 102.3 36 Boston, US 101.9 Lyon, France 101.9 38 Yokohama, Japan 101.7 39 London, UK 101.2 40 Kobe, Japan 101.0 41 Barcelona, Spain 100.6 42 Madrid, Spain 100.5 Osaka, Japan 100.5 44 Chicago, US 100.4 Washington, DC, US 100.4 46 Portland, Oregon, US 100.3 47 Lisbon, Portugal 100.1

Lowest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Baghdad, Iraq 14.5 Brazzaville, Congo-Braz.29.5 Bangui, Central Afr. Rep.30.6 Khartoum, Sudan 31.0 Pointe Noire, Congo-Braz. 33.0 Ndjamena, Chad 34.0 Port Harcourt, Nigeria 38.2 Sanaa, Yemen 38.2 Kinshasa, Congo-Kin. 38.3 Nouakchott, Mauritania39.0 Conakry, Guinea 40.4 Dhaka, Bangladesh 40.5 Ouagadougou, Burk. Faso 40.5 Niamey, Niger 40.8 Antananarivo, Madag. 41.1 Port au Prince, Haiti 41.4 Lagos, Nigeria 41.8 Tashkent, Uzbekistan 43.0 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 43.1 Luanda, Angola 43.4 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire 43.7 Bamako, Mali 43.9 Lomé, Togo 45.1 Kazan, Russia 46.7 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 47.4 Havana, Cuba 47.8 Novosibirsk, Russia 47.9 Maputo, Mozambique 48.7 Douala, Cameroon 49.2 Yangon, Myanmar 49.3 Almaty, Kazakhstan 49.4 Minsk, Belarus 49.5 Yaoundé, Cameroon 51.3 Tirana, Albania 51.7 San Pedro Sula, Honduras 51.8 Beirut, Lebanon 52.5 Algiers, Algeria 52.6 Damascus, Syria 52.8 Tehran, Iran 52.8 Karachi, Pakistan 52.9 Tripoli, Libya 54.2 Cotonou, Benin 54.3 Moscow, Russia 54.4 Managua, Nicaragua 54.9 Vientiane, Laos 55.0 Harare, Zimbabwe 55.2 Kiev, Ukraine 56.2

a Based on 39 factors ranging from recreation to political stability.

REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS

25

Refugees and asylum seekersa Largest refugee nationalities ’000 1 Afghanistan 1,908.1 2 Sudan 693.2 3 Burundi 438.7 4 Congo-Kinshasa 430.6 5 Somalia 394.8 6 Vietnam 358.2 7 West Bank and Gaza 349.7 8 Iraq 262.1 9 Azerbaijan 233.7 10 Liberia 231.1

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Angola Serbiab Turkey Myanmar Eritrea China Croatia Bosnia Sri Lanka Bhutan

215.8 189.9 170.1 164.9 143.6 124.0 119.1 109.9 108.1 106.5

Countries with largest refugee populations ’000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pakistan Iran Germany Tanzania United States China United Kingdom Chad Uganda Kenya

1,084.7 716.4 700.0 548.8 379.3 301.0 293.5 275.4 257.3 251.3

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Saudi Arabia Armenia Congo-Kinshasa Zambia Serbiab Sudan Canada India France Nepal

240.7 219.6 204.3 155.7 148.3 147.3 147.2 139.3 137.3 126.4

Origin of asylum applications to indust. countries ’000 1 Serbiab 2 Russia 3 China 4 Iraq 5 Turkey 6 Haiti 7 Iran 8 Nigeria 9 Pakistan 10 Afghanistan

22.1 21.6 18.4 12.5 12.0 10.8 9.2 8.0 7.8 7.7

11 Congo-Kinshasa India 13 Georgia Somalia 15 Sri Lanka 16 Colombia 17 Mexico 18 Armenia 19 Moldova 20 Bangladesh

7.5 7.5 7.1 7.1 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.5

Asylum applications in industrialised countries ’000 1 France 2 United States 3 United Kingdom 4 Germany 5 Sweden 6 Austria 7 Canada 8 Belgium 9 Switzerland a As reported by UNHCR.

49.7 48.8 30.8 28.9 23.2 22.5 19.7 16.0 14.3

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

b Includes Montenegro.

Netherlands Italy Greece Cyprus Poland Norway Spain Ireland Czech Republic

12.4 9.6 9.1 7.8 6.9 5.4 5.3 4.3 4.2

26

WORLD RANKINGS

The world economy Biggest economies GDP, $bn 1 United States 2 Japan 3 Germany 4 China 5 United Kingdom 6 Francea 7 Italy 8 Spain 9 Canada 10 India 11 Brazil 12 South Korea 13 Mexico 14 Russia 15 Australia 16 Netherlands 17 Belgium 18 Switzerland 19 Turkey 20 Sweden 21 Taiwan 22 Saudi Arabia 23 Austria 24 Poland

12,417 4,534 2,795 2,234 2,199 2,127 1,763 1,125 1,114 806 796 788 768 764 733 624 371 367 363 358 346 310 306 303

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48

Norway Indonesia Denmark South Africa Greece Ireland Finland Iran Argentina Portugal Hong Kong Thailand Venezuela Malaysia United Arab Emirates Czech Republic Israel Colombia Singapore Chile Pakistan Hungary New Zealand Algeria

296 287 259 240 225 202 193 190 183 183 178 177 140 130 130 124 123 122 117 115 111 109 109 102

Biggest economies by purchasing power GDP PPP, $bn 1 United States 2 China 3 Japan 4 India 5 Germany 6 United Kingdom 7 France 8 Italy 9 Brazil 10 Russia 11 Spain 12 Mexico 13 Canada 14 South Korea 15 Indonesia 16 Taiwan 17 Australia 18 Turkey 19 Thailand 20 Argentina

12,417 8,815 3,995 3,779 2,430 2,002 1,850 1,672 1,566 1,552 1,179 1,108 1,078 1,064 848 664 646 606 557 553

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Iran Netherlands Poland South Africa Philippines Pakistan Saudi Arabia Belgium Colombia Ukraine Egypt Sweden Bangladesh Austria Malaysia Switzerland Greece Vietnam Hong Kong Algeria

Note: For a list of 183 countries with their GDPs, see pages 248–252. a Includes overseas departments.

544 533 528 521 427 369 363 337 333 322 321 294 291 277 276 265 260 255 242 232

THE WORLD ECONOMY

27

Regional GDP $bn World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

44,688 34,143 27,068 10,007 4,004 2,539 2,189 1,004 809

% annual growth 2000–05 World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

4.0 2.1 1.9 1.4 7.9 2.7 5.5 4.9 4.8

Regional purchasing power GDP, % of total World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

100.0 52.3 41.2 14.8 27.1 7.4 7.1 2.8 3.3

$ per head World Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

9,480 32,830 34,270 27,350 4,840 8,620 9,530 7,360 2,540

No. of countriesc Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

29 7 12 23 33 28 13 48

Regional population % of total (6.5bn) Advanced economies G7 Euro area Asiaa Latin America Eastern Europeb Middle East Africa

15.3 11.4 4.9 52.3 8.5 7.3 3.7 12.8

Regional international trade Exports of goods and services, % of tot. Advanced economies 69.1 G7 40.4 Euro area 29.7 Asiaa 12.0 Latin America 4.5 Eastern Europeb 7.4 Middle East 4.5 Africa 2.5

Current account balances, $bn Advanced economies -473.4 G7 -586.9 Euro area 8.1 Asiaa 165.2 Latin America 34.6 Eastern Europeb 24.5 Middle East 189.0 Africa 14.6

a Excludes Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. b Includes Russia and other CIS, Turkey and Malta. c IMF definition.

28

WORLD RANKINGS

Living standards Highest GDP per head $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Luxembourg Bermudaab Norway Iceland Switzerland Ireland Qatar Denmark Cayman Islandsab United States Sweden Andorraa Netherlands Austria Finland United Kingdom Australia Faroe Islandsa Belgium Japan France Canada Germany Greenlanda Italy Kuwait Arubab United Arab Emirates Channel Islandsa New Zealand Singapore Spain Macaua Bruneia Hong Kong

77,760 69,230 64,240 53,230 50,280 49,220 49,200 47,910 43,090 41,640 39,740 39,010 38,290 37,330 37,150 36,830 36,260 36,170 35,660 35,390 35,150 34,480 33,800 30,360 30,340 29,920 29,630 28,820 28,470 27,320 27,150 26,090 25,690 25,620 25,390

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Cyprus 21,400 Greece 20,290 19,880 Martiniqueb Bahamas 19,440 Guadeloupeb 19,340 Bahrain 18,760 Israel 18,420 Puerto Ricoa 18,090 17,580 Réunionb Portugal 17,460 Slovenia 17,180 French Polynesiaac 16,960 South Korea 16,480 New Caledoniaac 15,280 Taiwan 15,110 Guama 14,790 ab Virgin Islands (US) 14,470 Malta 13,960 Netherlands Antillesab 12,730 Saudi Arabia 12,590 Czech Republic 12,190 Oman 11,860 Barbados 11,080 Trinidad & Tobago 11,050 Hungary 10,820 Estonia 10,080 Slovakia 8,590 Croatia 8,370 Poland 7,880 Lithuania 7,540 Mexico 7,180 Chile 7,070 Latvia 6,880 Libya 6,570 Equatorial Guinea 6,110

Lowest GDP per head $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Congo-Brazzaville Burundi Ethiopia Myanmara Malawi Liberia Guinea-Bissau Eritrea Sierra Leone 10 Afghanistan

a Estimate. b 2004

c 2003

90 110 140 150 160 170 190 220 220 240

13 14 16 17 18 19

Niger Rwanda Zimbabwe Madagascar Nepal Uganda Gambia, The Tanzania Central African Rep Mozambique

240 240 260 270 270 300 310 320 340 340

LIVING STANDARDS

29

Highest purchasing power GDP per head in PPP (USA = 100) 1 Bermudaab 166.9 2 Luxembourg 143.8 3 Channel Islandsa 123.7 4 Cayman Islandsab 104.6 5 United States 100.0 6 Norway 98.9 7 Andorraa 92.6 8 Ireland 91.9 9 Macau 87.3 10 Iceland 87.2 11 Switzerland 85.1 12 Hong Kong 83.2 13 Denmark 81.1 14 Austria 80.4 15 Canada 79.7 16 United Kingdom 79.3 17 Netherlands 78.0 18 Sweden 77.6 19 Finland 76.8 20 Belgium 76.7 21 Australia 75.9 22 Japan 74.6 23 Faroe Islandsac 74.0 24 France 72.5 25 Singapore 70.8 26 Germany 70.3 27 Taiwan 70.0 28 Italy 68.1 29 Qatara 65.4 30 Spain 64.9 31 Kuwait 62.8 32 Israel 61.7 33 Bruneia 61.1 34 United Arab Emirates 60.9 35 New Zealand 59.7

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 67 68 69 70

Greece Slovenia Cyprusa South Korea Arubaab Bahrain Czech Republic Portugal Greenlandac Martinique Malta Puerto Ricoa Hungary Guadeloupe French Polynesiaad Bahamase Barbadosa Réunion Seychelles Netherlands Antillesab Slovakia Saudi Arabia Estonia Oman Guama New Caledoniaad Trinidad & Tobago Lithuania Virgin Islands (US)ab Argentina Poland Latvia Croatia Mauritius Botswana

55.8 53.2 52.6 52.6 52.0 51.3 49.0 48.7 47.7 47.3 45.8 44.4 42.7 42.6 41.8 40.6 40.6 38.6 38.4 38.2 37.9 37.5 36.9 36.2 35.8 35.8 34.9 34.6 34.6 34.1 33.1 32.6 31.1 30.4 29.6

Lowest purchasing power GDP per head in PPP (USA = 100) 1 Somaliaa 1.4 2 Malawi 1.6 3 Burundi 1.7 Congo-Kinshasa 1.7 5 Tanzania 1.8 6 Afghanistanab 1.9 Niger 1.9 Sierra Leone 1.9 9 Guinea-Bissau 2.0

10 Madagascar Yemen 12 Liberiaa Zambia 14 Ethiopia Mali 16 Eritrea 17 Benin Nigeria

Note: for definition of purchasing power parity see page 247. a Estimate. b 2004 c 2001 d 2003 e 2002

2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7

30

WORLD RANKINGS

The quality of life Human development indexa Highest, 2004 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Australia 4 Ireland 5 Sweden 6 Canada 7 Japan 8 United States 9 Finland Netherlands Switzerland 12 Belgium Luxembourg 14 Austria 15 Denmark 16 France 17 Italy United Kingdom 19 Spain 20 New Zealand 21 Germany 22 Israel Hong Kong 24 Greece 25 Singapore 26 South Korea 27 Slovenia 28 Portugal 29 Cyprus 30 Czech Republic

96.5 96.0 95.7 95.6 95.1 95.0 94.9 94.8 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.5 94.5 94.4 94.3 94.2 94.0 94.0 93.8 93.6 93.2 92.7 92.7 92.1 91.6 91.2 91.0 90.4 90.3 88.5

31 Barbados 32 Malta 33 Brunei Kuwait 35 Hungary 36 Argentina 37 Poland 38 Bahrain Chile 40 Estonia 41 Lithuania 42 Slovakia 43 Uruguay 44 Croatia 45 Latvia 46 Qatar 47 Costa Rica 48 United Arab Emirates 49 Cuba 50 Bahamas 51 Mexico 52 Bulgaria 53 Oman 54 Panama Trinidad & Tobago 56 Malaysia Romania 58 Bosnia Mauritius 60 Libya

87.9 87.5 87.1 87.1 86.9 86.3 86.2 85.9 85.9 85.8 85.7 85.6 85.1 84.6 84.5 84.4 84.1 83.9 82.6 82.5 82.1 81.6 81.0 80.9 80.9 80.5 80.5 80.0 80.0 79.8

Mozambique Congo-Kinshasa Malawi Zambia Côte d’Ivoire Benin Tanzania Angola Guinea

39.0 39.1 40.0 40.7 42.1 42.8 43.0 43.9 44.5

Human development indexa Lowest, 2004 1 Niger 2 Sierra Leone 3 Mali 4 Burkina Faso 5 Guinea-Bissau 6 Central African Rep 7 Chad 8 Ethiopia 9 Burundi

31.1 33.5 33.8 34.2 34.9 35.3 36.8 37.1 38.4

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

a GDP or GDP per head is often taken as a measure of how developed a country is, but its usefulness is limited as it refers only to economic welfare. In 1990 the UN Development Programme published its first estimate of a Human Development Index, which combined statistics on two other indicators – adult literacy and life expectancy – with income levels to give a better, though still far from perfect, indicator of human development. In 1991 average years of schooling was combined with adult literacy to give a knowledge variable. The HDI is shown here scaled from 0 to 100; countries scoring over 80 are considered to have high human development, those scoring from 50 to 79 medium and those under 50 low.

THE QUALITY OF LIFE

31

Economic freedom indexb 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20

Hong Kong Singapore Australia United States New Zealand United Kingdom Ireland Luxembourg Switzerland Canada Chile Estonia Denmark Iceland Netherlands Finland Belgium Japan Germany Cyprus

89.3 85.7 82.7 82.0 81.6 81.6 81.3 79.3 79.1 78.7 78.3 78.1 77.6 77.1 77.1 76.5 74.5 73.6 73.5 73.1

21 Sweden 22 Lithuania 23 Bahamas Trinidad & Tobago 25 Austria 26 Taiwan 27 Spain 28 Barbados 29 El Salvador 30 Norway 31 Czech Republic 32 Armenia 33 Uruguay 34 Mauritius 35 Georgia 36 South Korea 37 Bahrain Botswana Israel Slovakia

72.6 72.0 71.4 71.4 71.3 71.1 70.9 70.5 70.3 70.1 69.7 69.4 69.3 69.0 68.7 68.6 68.4 68.4 68.4 68.4

Gender-related development indexc 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 16 17 18 19 20

Norway Iceland Australia Ireland Luxembourg Sweden Canada United States Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Finland Japan Denmark France United Kingdom Austria Italy Spain New Zealand

96.2 95.8 95.6 95.1 94.9 94.9 94.7 94.6 94.5 94.4 94.3 94.3 94.2 94.0 94.0 93.8 93.7 93.4 93.3 93.2

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 39 40

Germany Israel Greece Slovenia South Korea Portugal Cyprus Czech Republic Malta Hungary Kuwait Argentina Poland Estonia Lithuania Slovakia Chile Bahrain Uruguay Croatia

92.8 92.5 91.7 90.8 90.5 90.2 90.0 88.1 86.9 86.7 86.4 85.9 85.9 85.6 85.6 85.3 85.0 84.9 84.7 84.4

b Ranks countries on the basis of indicators of how government intervention can restrict the economic relations between individuals, published by the Heritage Foundation. The methodology changed in 2007 and now includes data on labour and business freedom as well as trade policy, taxation, monetary policy, the banking system, foreign-investment rules, property rights, the amount of economic output consumed by the government, regulation policy, the size of the black market and the extent of wage and price controls. Countries are scored from 80–100 (free) to 0–49.9 (repressed). c Combines similar data to the HDI (and also published by the UNDP) to give an indicator of the disparities in human development between men and women in individual countries. The lower the index, the greater the disparity.

32

WORLD RANKINGS

Economic growth Highest economic growth, 1995–2005 Average annual % increase in real GDP 1 Equatorial Guineaa 21.6 2 Bosnia 15.7 3 Liberia 13.9 4 Azerbaijan 10.2 5 China 9.0 6 Armenia 8.6 7 Mozambique 8.4 8 Myanmar 8.3 9 Chad 7.9 10 Angola 7.8 11 Ireland 7.4 Rwanda 7.4 13 Vietnam 7.2 14 Cambodia 6.9 Belarus 6.9 Latvia 6.9 17 Bhutan 6.7 18 Estonia 6.6 Georgia 6.6 20 United Arab Emirates 6.4 21 India 6.3 Kazakhstan 6.3 Sudan 6.3 Trinidad & Tobago 6.3 25 Laos 6.2 26 Uganda 6.0 27 Lithuania 5.9

28 Botswana Mali 30 Belize Tanzania Yemen 33 Albania 34 Bangladesh 35 Bahrain Dominican Republic Luxembourg Singapore 39 Tunisia 40 Mauritania 41 Ethiopia 42 Benin Burkina Faso Egypt Ghana Mauritius Senegal Tajikistan 49 Iran Jordan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Uzbekistan

5.7 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6

Lowest economic growth, 1995–2005 Average annual % change in real GDP 1 Zimbabwe -2.6 2 Guinea-Bissau -0.2 3 Congo-Kinshasa 0.0 4 Burundi 0.4 5 Dominica 0.6 6 Jamaica 0.7 7 Central African Republic 0.8 8 Haiti 1.0 9 Papua New Guinea 1.1 10 Italy 1.3 Japan 1.3 Paraguay 1.3 13 Germany 1.4 Côte d’Ivoire 1.4 15 Switzerland 1.5 Uruguay 1.5 Venezuela 1.5 18 Gabon 1.7 19 Bulgaria 2.0 a 1995–2004

20 Austria Belgium Denmark Portugal Romania 25 Brazil Colombia France Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands 32 Argentina Fiji 34 Eritrea 35 Czech Republic Kenya 37 El Salvador

2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6

ECONOMIC GROWTH

33

Highest economic growth, 1985–95 Average annual % increase in real GDP 1 China 10.0 2 Thailand 9.5 3 Singapore 8.7 South Korea 8.7 5 Malaysia 8.2 Taiwan 8.2 7 Belize 7.8 Botswana 7.8 9 Chile 7.7 10 Indonesia 7.5

11 Macau 12 Bhutan 13 Swaziland Vietnam 15 Hong Kong New Caledonia 17 Mauritius 18 Uganda 19 Malta

7.4 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8

Lowest economic growth, 1985–95 Lowest annual % change in real GDP 1 Liberia -20.9 2 Georgia -14.1 3 Tajikistan -8.5 4 Moldova -7.5 5 Latvia -4.6 6 Congo-Kinshasa -3.7 Rwanda -3.7 8 Estonia -3.2 9 Haiti -2.4 10 Sierra Leone -2.3 11 Cameroon -2.1

12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21

Romania Albania Hungary Nicaragua Slovakia Angola Bulgaria Trinidad & Tobago Zambia Congo-Brazzaville Suriname

-2.0 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2

Highest services growth, 1995–2005a Average annual % increase in real terms 1 Bosnia 16.1 2 China 9.7 3 Equatorial Guinea 8.6 4 Georgia 8.4 5 India 8.3 6 Bhutan 8.0 Burkina Faso 8.0 8 Mauritania 7.7

9 Azerbaijan 10 Rwanda 11 Albania Mozambique 13 Laos 14 Kazakhstan 15 Latvia 16 Belize

7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2

Lowest services growth, 1995–2005a Average annual % increase in real terms 1 Central African Rep -6.2 2 Congo-Kinshasa -1.4 3 Papua New Guinea -0.5 4 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 5 Brazil 0.2 6 Paraguay 0.5 7 Malaysia 0.6 8 Bulgaria 0.7

Seychelles Japan Gabon Argentina Jamaica Peru 15 Chile Poland

9 10 11 12

a Or nearest available years. Note: Rankings of highest and lowest industrial growth 2000–2005 can be found on page 46 and highest and lowest agricultural growth 1995–2005 on page 49.

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

34

WORLD RANKINGS

Trading places Biggest exporters % of total world exports (goods, services and income) 1 Euro area 16.36 23 Malaysia 2 United States 11.89 24 India 3 Germany 8.83 25 Australia 4 United Kingdom 6.33 26 Norway 5 China 5.95 27 Denmark 6 Japan 5.56 28 Hong Kong 7 France 4.69 29 Brazil 8 Netherlands 3.57 30 Thailand 9 Italy 3.56 31 Luxembourg 10 Canada 3.18 32 Poland 11 Belgium 2.56 United Arab Emirates 12 South Korea 2.34 34 Turkey 13 Spain 2.22 35 Indonesia 14 Switzerland 2.07 36 Finland 15 Russia 1.94 37 Czech Republic 16 Taiwan 1.64 38 Hungary 17 Mexico 1.60 39 South Africa 18 Ireland 1.46 40 Israel 19 Sweden 1.45 41 Iran 20 Singapore 1.35 Kuwait 21 Austria 1.33 Portugal 22 Saudi Arabia 1.26 Venezuela

1.13 1.10 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.78 0.78 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.52 0.48 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

Most trade dependent

Least trade dependent

Trade as % of GDP a 1 Aruba 164.5 2 Equatorial Guinea 139.3 3 Liberia 126.7 4 Malaysia 96.2 5 Singapore 94.0 6 United Arab Emirates 89.5 7 Suriname 89.4 8 Slovakia 71.6 9 Belgium 71.3 10 Iraq 70.7 11 Bahrain 68.2 12 Estonia 66.4 13 Puerto Rico 65.9 14 Lesotho 65.7 15 Swaziland 65.6 16 Cambodia 63.4 17 Czech Republic 63.2 18 Turkmenistan 62.9 19 Vietnam 62.7 20 Zimbabwe 61.7 21 Thailand 60.9

Trade as % of GDP a 1 North Korea 2 Bermuda 3 Somalia 4 Central African Rep 5 United States 6 Rwanda 7 Japan 8 Brazil 9 Cuba 10 Hong Kong 11 Benin 12 Euro area Nigerb 14 Uganda 15 India 16 Australia 17 Greece 18 Cameroon Pakistan 20 Colombia 21 Burkina Faso

5.1 7.6 9.6 10.2 10.3 11.3 11.6 12.1 12.2 13.6 13.8 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.8 16.2 16.3 16.8 16.8 17.1 17.4

Notes: The figures are drawn from balance of payment statistics so have differing definitions from trade statistics taken from customs or similar sources. For Hong Kong and Singapore, domestic exports and retained imports only are used.

TRADING PLACES

35

Biggest traders of goods % of world exports of goods 1 Euro area 15.16 2 Germany 9.72 3 United States 8.98 4 China 7.63 5 Japan 5.68 6 France 4.39 7 United Kingdom 3.84 8 Canada 3.74 9 Italy 3.73 10 Netherlands 3.48 11 South Korea 2.89 12 Belgium 2.63 13 Russia 2.44 14 Mexico 2.14 15 Taiwan 1.98 16 Spain 1.95 17 Saudi Arabia 1.75 18 Switzerland 1.51 19 Malaysia 1.42 20 Sweden 1.35 21 Singapore 1.25 22 Brazil 1.18 23 Austria 1.17

24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44

United Arab Emirates Thailand Australia Ireland Norway India Poland Indonesia Denmark Czech Republic Turkey Finland Hungary Iran Puerto Rico South Africa Venezuela Nigeria Kuwait Chile Argentina Israel Philippines

1.15 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.86 0.83 0.78 0.77 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40

Biggest traders of services and income % of world exports of services and income 1 Euro area 18.88 2 United States 18.02 3 United Kingdom 11.59 4 Germany 6.93 5 France 5.32 Japan 5.32 7 Netherlands 3.75 8 Switzerland 3.26 9 Italy 3.20 10 Spain 2.80 11 Hong Kong 2.69 12 Belgium 2.41 13 China 2.40 Luxembourg 2.40 15 Ireland 2.35 16 Canada 1.98 17 Austria 1.65 Sweden 1.65 19 Singapore 1.57 20 Denmark 1.40 21 India 1.32 22 South Korea 1.18 23 Norway 1.02

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 40 42 43 44 45 46

Australia Taiwan Russia Greece Finland Turkey Malaysia Thailand Israel Portugal Mexico Brazil Poland Egypt Czech Republic South Africa Hungary Indonesia Kuwait Lebanon Croatia Saudi Arabia Argentina

a Average of imports plus exports of goods as % of GDP.

b 2004

1.00 0.92 0.89 0.81 0.66 0.63 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.41 0.40 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.22

36

WORLD RANKINGS

Balance of payments: current account Largest surpluses $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Japan 165,780 China 160,818 Germany 116,030 Saudi Arabia 87,131 Russia 83,348 Switzerland 60,973 Netherlands 48,936 Norway 46,560 Singapore 33,212 Kuwait 32,634 United Arab Emirates 27,238 Canada 26,555 Venezuela 25,533 Nigeria 24,202 Sweden 23,643 Algeria 21,183 Hong Kong 20,284 Malaysia 19,980 South Korea 16,559 Taiwan 16,116 Libya 14,945 Brazil 14,199 Iran 14,000 Qatar 10,713 Finland 9,517

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Belgium Denmark Argentina Brunei Angola Oman Luxembourg Austria Israel Trinidad & Tobago Macau Ukraine Philippines Egypt Uzbekistan Bahrain Botswana Yemen Peru Morocco Indonesia Gabona Congo-Brazzaville Turkmenistan Chile

9,328 8,616 5,395 5,339 5,138 4,717 4,267 4,252 3,756 3,594 3,367 2,531 2,338 2,103 1,949 1,575 1,469 1,215 1,030 1,018 929 925 903 875 703

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Thailand Pakistan Sudan Bulgaria Iceland Croatia Serbia Czech Republic Jordan Bosnia Latvia Colombia Lebanon Lithuania Ethiopia Estonia Guatemala Equatorial Guineab Jamaica Syria

-3,670 -3,608 -3,013 -3,004 -2,627 -2,585 -2,500 -2,495 -2,311 -2,156 -2,002 -1,886 -1,881 -1,831 -1,568 -1,445 -1,387 -1,164 -1,079 -1,065

Largest deficits $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

United States Spain United Kingdom Australia France Euro area Italy Turkey Greece Portugal India Iraqa New Zealand South Africa Romania Hungary Ireland Poland Mexico Slovakia

-791,510 -83,136 -53,350 -40,977 -33,290 -28,060 -27,724 -23,155 -17,879 -17,007 -11,415 -9,728 -9,622 -9,142 -8,621 -8,106 -5,331 -5,105 -5,054 -4,090

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: CURRENT ACCOUNT

37

Largest surpluses as % of GDP % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Brunei Kuwait Libya Macau Singapore Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Qatar Nigeria Trinidad & Tobago Algeria Venezuela Angola Congo-Brazzaville Switzerland Norway Botswana Malaysia Oman Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Luxembourg Bahrain Gabona Hong Kong

56.0 43.7 38.6 29.1 28.4 28.1 26.1 25.2 24.5 24.3 20.7 18.4 18.3 17.7 16.7 16.4 15.7 15.4 15.3 14.3 12.9 12.6 12.1 11.5 11.4

26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

47 48 49 50

Russia Papua New Guinea Yemen Netherlands China Iran Namibia Sweden Bolivia Finland Taiwan Germany Japan Denmark Ukraine Israel Argentina Belgium Canada Egypt Philippines South Korea Morocco Brazil Swaziland

10.9 8.9 8.4 8.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 6.7 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7

Largest deficits as % of GDP % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20

Mauritania Equatorial Guineab Burundi Iraqa Bosnia Laos Jordan Iceland Zimbabwe Nicaragua Malawi Belize Sierra Leone Ethiopia Bahamas Barbados Burkina Faso Latvia Aruba Georgia

a 2004

b 2003

-46.5 -36.0 -32.8 -28.9 -23.0 -20.2 -18.0 -17.5 -16.9 -16.3 -16.2 -14.4 -14.1 -14.0 -13.0 -13.0 -12.8 -12.7 -12.1 -11.8

21 22 23 24 25 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40

Mozambique Bulgaria Jamaica Estonia Gambia, The Sudan Malta Suriname Togo Portugal Kyrgyzstan Serbia Moldova New Zealand Slovakia Romania Mali Lebanon Greece Senegal

-11.5 -11.3 -11.1 -11.0 -10.9 -10.9 -10.7 -10.7 -10.6 -9.8 -9.3 -9.2 -9.1 -8.8 -8.8 -8.7 -8.6 -8.5 -8.4 -8.3

38

WORLD RANKINGS

Workers’ remittances $m, 2006 1 Mexico 2 India 3 China 4 Philippines 5 France 6 Spain 7 Belgium 8 United Kingdom 9 Germany 10 Lebanon 11 Morocco 12 Bangladesh 13 Serbia 14 Pakistan 15 Romania 16 Russia 17 Poland 18 Brazil 19 Colombia 20 Guatemala 21 Egypt 22 Vietnam 23 El Salvador

25,038 23,548 22,492 14,923 12,742 7,927 7,158 6,722 6,542 5,723 5,196 4,810 4,703 4,600 4,466 3,642 3,547 3,540 3,510 3,439 3,341 3,200 3,124

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Portugal Austria United States Dominican Republic Australia Jordan Algeria Honduras Italy Nigeria Netherlands Bulgaria Jamaica Switzerland Indonesia Bosnia Peru Ecuador Sri Lanka Albania Tunisia Yemen

846,895 831,410 253,295 210,552 188,255 182,272 137,825 124,274 115,794 101,678 74,359 74,109 70,450 65,955 59,166 57,576 53,800 52,494 52,076 46,986 43,595 43,259 42,561

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Libya Indonesia Denmark Canada Venezuela Czech Republic Saudi Arabia Nigeria Argentina Israel Sweden Egypt Romania UAE South Africa Netherlands Ukraine Hungary Philippines Spain Chile Lebanon Morocco

3,017 2,941 2,924 2,915 2,858 2,681 2,527 2,400 2,398 2,273 2,227 2,037 1,959 1,910 1,865 1,849 1,846 1,749 1,590 1,435 1,393 1,283

Official reservesa $m, end-2005 1 Japan 2 China 3 Taiwan 4 South Korea 5 United States 6 Russia 7 India 8 Hong Kong 9 Singapore 10 Germany 11 France 12 Mexico 13 Malaysia 14 Italy 15 Algeria 16 Switzerland 17 Brazil 18 Turkey 19 Thailand 20 Norway 21 United Kingdom 22 Australia 23 Poland

a Foreign exchange, SDRs, IMF position and gold at market prices.

41,880 34,579 34,028 33,018 29,803 29,556 28,888 28,632 28,082 28,059 24,867 21,856 21,601 21,010 20,626 20,446 19,389 18,590 18,475 17,229 16,933 16,618 16,550

EXCHANGE RATES

39

Exchange rates The Economist’s Big Mac index Big Mac prices in local in $ currency

Implied PPPa of the $

Actual $ Under (–)/ exchange over (+) rate valuation against $, % Countries with the most under-valued currencies, January 2007 1 China 11.00 1.41 3.42 7.77 -56 2 Hong Kong 12.00 1.54 3.73 7.81 -52 3 Malaysia 5.50 1.57 1.71 3.50 -51 Venezuela 6,800.00 1.58 2,111.80 4,306.85 -51 5 Egypt 9.09 1.60 2.82 5.70 -50 6 Ukraine 9.00 1.71 2.80 5.27 -47 7 Indonesia 15,900.00 1.75 4,937.89 9,100.00 -46 Philippines 85.00 1.74 26.40 48.90 -46 Sri Lanka 190.00 1.75 59.01 108.59 -46 10 Thailand 62.00 1.78 19.25 34.74 -45 11 Russia 49.00 1.85 15.22 26.51 -43 12 Paraguay 10,000.00 1.90 3,105.59 5,250.00 -41 13 Slovakia 57.98 2.13 18.01 27.19 -34 South Africa 15.50 2.14 4.81 7.25 -34 15 Uruguay 55.00 2.17 17.08 25.33 -33 16 Costa Rica 1,130.00 2.18 350.93 519.08 -32 17 Poland 6.90 2.29 2.14 3.01 -29 Taiwan 75.00 2.28 23.29 32.93 -29 19 Japan 280.00 2.31 86.96 120.96 -28 Pakistan 140.00 2.31 43.48 60.73 -28 Countries with the most over-valued or least under-valued currencies, Jan. 2007 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 17 18

Iceland 509.00 Norway 41.50 Switzerland 6.30 Denmark 27.75 Sweden 32.00 United Kingdom 1.99 Euro areac 2.94 Turkey 4.55 New Zealand 4.60 Canada 3.63 South Korea 2,900.00 Chile 1,670.00 Colombia 6,900.00 Brazil 6.40 Hungary 590.00 Peru 9.50 UAE 10.00 Australia 3.45 Mexico 29.00

7.44 6.63 5.05 4.84 4.59 3.90 3.82 3.22 3.16 3.08 3.08 3.07 3.06 3.01 3.00 2.97 2.72 2.67 2.66

158.07 68.45 12.89 6.26 1.96 1.25 8.62 5.74 9.94 6.97 1.62b 1.96b 1.10d 1.30d 1.41 1.41 1.43 1.45 1.13 1.18 900.62 941.50 518.63 544.45 2,142.86 2,253.53 1.99 2.13 183.23 196.84 2.95 3.20 3.11 3.67 1.07 1.29 9.01 10.89

+131 +106 +57 +50 +43 +21 +19 0 -2 -4 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7 -8 -15 -17 -17

a Purchasing-power parity: local price divided by price in United States ($3.22, average of four cities). b Dollars per pound. c Weighted average of prices in euro area. d Dollars per euro.

40

WORLD RANKINGS

Inflation Consumer price inflation Highest, 2006, % 1 Zimbabwe 2 Guineaa 3 Angolaa 4 Yemen 5 Uzbekistana 6 Zambiaa 7 Jamaicaa 8 Haiti 9 Kenya 10 Venezuela 11 Burundia 12 Afghanistana Congo-Kinshasa Mozambique 15 Indonesia 16 Serbia 17 Eritreaa 18 Ethiopia 19 Irana 20 Moldovaa 21 Qatar 22 Costa Rica

1016.7 31.4 23.0 21.6 21.0 18.3 15.3 14.2 14.1 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.1 12.7 12.5 12.3 12.1 11.9 11.8 11.5

Lowest, 2006, % 1 Gabona 2 Niger 3 Japan 4 Singaporea 5 Taiwan 6 Poland Seychellesa Switzerland 9 Belarus Brunei 11 Finland 12 China Gambia, The Sweden 15 Austria Netherlands Senegala 18 Germany 19 Denmark France Mali

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9

Inflation, 2001–06 Highest average annual consumer price inflation, % 1 Zimbabwe 349.8 2 Angolaa 64.5 3 Belarusa 24.3 4 Myanmarb 22.6 21.5 5 Uzbekistanb 6 Venezuela 20.8 7 Zambiab 20.0 8 Haiti 19.7 9 Eritreab 19.2 10 Dominican Republic 17.9 11 Turkey 17.8 12 Ghana 15.9 13 Guineab 15.8 14 Congo - Kinshasa 15.1 15 Iranb 14.7 16 Serbia 14.2 17 Afghanistanb 13.9 19 Nigeria 13.7 Yemen 13.7 21 Suriname 13.6 22 Romania 12.9 23 Argentina 12.6 24 Russia 12.5 a 2005

b 2001–05

c 2001–04

Lowest average annual consumer price inflation, % -3.1 1 Libyab 2 Hong Kong -0.6 3 Japan -0.3 4 Bruneib 0.0 0.2 5 Omanc b 6 Singapore 0.6 0.7 7 Gabonb 8 Lithuaniab 0.8 Saudi Arabia 0.8 Switzerland 0.8 Taiwan 0.8 12 Kuwaitc 1.0 13 Finland 1.1 14 Panamab 1.2 15 Senegalb 1.3 16 China 1.5 Macedonia 1.5 Sweden 1.5 19 Germany 1.6 Norway 1.6 21 Mali 1.7 United Kingdom 1.7

INFLATION

41

Commodity prices 2006, % change on a year earlier 1 Zinc 136.9 2 Copper 83.0 3 Nickel 64.3 4 Sugar 49.4 5 Gold 35.8 6 Rubber 35.7 7 Aluminium 35.4 8 Lead 31.2 9 Tea 27.8 10 Wheat 26.2 11 Corn 24.1 12 Tin 18.8 13 Oila 16.8 14 Palm oil 12.5 15 Soya oil 10.9 16 Wool (NZ) 8.6 17 Hides 7.2 18 Coffee 6.9 19 Rice 6.8 20 Wool (Aus) 5.8 21 Cotton 5.7 22 Cocoa 3.2 23 Beef (US) 0.0 24 Coconut oil -0.7 25 Lamb -1.6 26 Beef (Aus) -2.5

2000–06, % change 1 Copper 2 Zinc 3 Lead 4 Nickel 5 Rubber 6 Oila 7 Gold 8 Sugar 9 Cocoa 10 Aluminium 11 Tin 12 Soya oil 13 Wheat 14 Palm oil 15 Rice 16 Lamb 17 Beef (Aus) 18 Coconut oil 19 Coffee 20 Beef (US) 21 Corn 22 Soyabeans 23 Timber 24 Hides 25 Wool (Aus) 26 Soya meal

271.4 189.7 182.5 180.4 119.1 117.7 116.3 80.5 78.8 65.7 61.1 56.5 56.2 54.4 48.7 40.1 38.7 32.2 31.4 25.5 24.5 18.7 9.1 7.6 7.1 3.6

The Economist’s house-price indicators Q4 2006b, % change on a year earlier 1 Denmark 23.3 2 South Africa 14.7 3 Belgium 11.8 4 France 11.1 5 Canada 10.8 Spain 10.8 7 Ireland 10.6 8 Sweden 10.5 9 United Kingdom 10.2 Singapore 10.2 11 New Zealand 8.8 12 Australia 8.3 13 Italy 6.2 Netherlands 6.2 15 United States 5.9 16 China 5.6 17 Hong Kong 3.0 18 Swizerland 1.8 19 Germany 0.7 20 Japan -2.7 a West Texas Intermediate. b Or latest.

1997–2006, % change 1 South Africa 2 Ireland 3 United Kingdom 4 Spain 5 France 6 Australia 7 Sweden 8 Belgium 9 Denmark 10 New Zealand 11 United States 12 Netherlands 13 Italy 14 Canada 15 Switzerland 16 Japan 17 Hong Kong

351 253 196 173 137 135 124 118 115 105 102 97 92 69 17 -32 -43

42

WORLD RANKINGS

Debt Highest foreign debta $bn 1 China 2 Russia 3 Brazil 4 Turkey 5 Mexico 6 South Korea 7 Indonesia 8 India 9 Argentina 10 Poland 11 Taiwan 12 Israel 13 Hong Kong 14 Hungary 15 Philippines 16 Thailand 17 Malaysia 18 Czech Republic 19 Chile 20 Venezuela 21 Kazakhstan 22 Romania 23 Colombia 24 United Arab Emirates 25 Egypt

281.6 229.0 188.0 171.1 167.2 152.8 138.3 123.1 114.3 98.8 90.8 76.4 72.3 66.1 61.5 52.3 51.0 46.8 45.2 44.2 43.4 38.7 37.7 36.7 34.1

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50

Pakistan Ukraine South Africa Croatia Peru Singapore Slovakia Lebanon Qatar Nigeria Iran Vietnam Bangladesh Sudan Slovenia Tunisia Ecuador Kuwait Algeria Bulgaria Morocco Serbia Uruguay Cuba Latvia

33.7 33.3 30.6 30.2 28.7 23.8 23.7 22.4 22.4 22.2 21.3 19.3 18.9 18.5 18.4 17.8 17.1 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.8 16.3 14.6 14.5 14.3

Kazakhstan Brazil Sierra Leone Cuba Colombia Ecuador Gambia, The Malawi Togo Croatia Indonesia Rwanda Myanmar Guinea Niger Jamaica Romania Uganda Pakistan

185 183 178 174 171 166 162 162 162 159 159 154 148 146 142 141 137 137 134

Highest foreign debt As % of exports of goods and services 1 Liberia 3,514 2 Somalia 1,137 3 Burundi 1,072 4 Central African Rep 715 5 Guinea-Bissau 660 6 Congo-Kinshasa 383 7 Sudan 358 8 Uruguay 332 9 Madagascar 323 10 Mauritania 289 11 Argentina 245 12 Zimbabwe 228 13 Eritrea 213 14 Latvia 211 15 Serbia 202 16 Laos 200 17 Peru 198 18 Burkina Faso 196 19 Turkey 195

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

29 31 32 33 34 35 36 38

a Foreign debt is debt owed to non-residents and repayable in foreign currency; the figures shown include liabilities of government, public and private sectors. Developed countries have been excluded.

DEBT

43

Highest foreign debt burden Foreign debt as % of GDP 1 Liberia 2 Guinea-Bissau 3 Congo-Brazzaville 4 Congo-Kinshasa 5 Mauritania 6 Uruguay 7 Lebanon 8 Burundi 9 Kazakhstan 10 Latvia 11 Estonia 12 Gambia, The 13 Jamaica 14 Panama 15 Croatia 16 Sudan 17 Zimbabwe 18 Myanmar 19 Togo 20 Argentina 21 Moldova 22 Côte d’Ivoire

1,087 290 124 123 117 116 114 110 106 104 102 99 93 90 89 88 85 75 74 73 70 69

26 27 29 30

33 34 36

39 41 42 43

Hungary Serbia Tunisia Bulgaria Central African Rep Philippines Jordan Gabon Laos Mongolia Slovakia Ecuador Ireland Angola Israel Turkey Cambodia Malawi Eritrea Indonesia Papua New Guinea

69 69 69 68 67 67 65 63 63 63 61 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 57 55 55

Mexico Philippines Jamaica Nigeria Bolivia Chile Russia Slovakia Thailand Cuba Estonia Tunisia Ukraine Zimbabwe Algeria Czech Republic Gambia, The India Israel Morocco Papua New Guinea Paraguay

17 17 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11

Highest debt service ratiosb %, average 1 Brazil 2 Kazakhstan 3 Burundi 4 Turkey Uruguay 6 Latvia 7 Colombia 8 Bulgaria 9 Ecuador Hungary 11 Poland 12 Peru 13 Croatia 14 Argentina 15 Namibia 16 Lebanon Panama Romania Slovenia 20 Indonesia Lithuania Madagascar

45 42 41 39 39 37 35 32 31 31 29 26 24 21 19 18 18 18 18 17 17 17

25 27

32 34

37

41

b Debt service is the sum of interest and principal repayments (amortisation) due on outstanding foreign debt. The debt service ratio is debt service expressed as a percentage of the country’s exports of goods and services.

44

WORLD RANKINGS

Aid Largest bilateral and multilateral donorsa $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

United States Japan United Kingdom Germany France Netherlands Italy Canada Sweden Spain Norway Denmark Belgium

27,622 13,147 10,767 10,082 10,026 5,115 5,091 3,756 3,362 3,018 2,786 2,109 1,963

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Switzerland Saudi Arabiab Australia Austria Finland South Korea Ireland Turkey Kuwait Taiwan Greece Portugal New Zealand

1,767 1,734 1,680 1,573 902 752 719 601 547 483 384 377 274

Largest recipients of bilateral and multilateral aid $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Iraq 21,654 Nigeria 6,437 Afghanistan 2,775 Indonesia 2,524 Ethiopia 1,937 Vietnam 1,905 Sudan 1,829 Congo-Kinshasa 1,828 China 1,757 India 1,724 Pakistan 1,666 Tanzania 1,505 Congo 1,449 Bangladesh 1,321 Mozambique 1,286 Uganda 1,198 Sri Lanka 1,189 Serbia 1,132 Ghana 1,120 West Bank and Gaza 1,102 Zambia 945 Madagascar 929 Egypt 926 Kenya 768 Nicaragua 740 South Africa 700 Mali 691 Senegal 689 Honduras 681 Burkina Faso 660 Morocco 652 Jordan 622 Bolivia 583 Rwanda 576

35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 67 68

Malawi Philippines Bosnia Cambodia Haiti Niger Colombia Turkey Angola Nepal Cameroon Ukraine Peru Chad Tunisia Algeria Zimbabwe Burundi Eritrea Benin Sierra Leone Yemen Albania Georgia Laos Kyrgyzstan Papua New Guinea Guatemala Lebanon Tajikistan Liberia Somalia Macedonia Kazakhstan

575 562 546 538 515 515 511 464 442 428 414 410 398 380 376 371 368 365 355 349 343 336 319 310 296 268 266 254 243 241 236 236 230 229

AID

45

Largest bilateral and multilateral donorsa % of GDP 1 Norway Sweden 3 Luxembourg Netherlands 5 Denmark 6 Saudi Arabiab 7 Belgium 8 Austria 9 France United Kingdom 11 Finland 12 Switzerland 13 Ireland 14 Germany 15 Canada 16 Italy

0.94 0.94 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.69 0.53 0.52 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.36 0.34 0.29

17 Japan 18 New Zealand Spain 20 Australia 21 United States 22 Portugal 23 Iceland 24 Greece Turkey 26 Slovakia 27 Czech Republic Hungary 29 South Korea 30 Israel Poland

0.28 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.07

Largest recipients of bilateral and multilateral aid $ per head 1 Congo-Brazzaville 2 West Bank and Gaza 3 Timor-Leste 4 Bosnia 5 Serbia 6 Nicaragua 7 Jordan 8 Macedonia 9 Albania 10 Bhutan Suriname 12 Honduras 13 Mongolia 14 Eritrea Zambia 16 Equatorial Guinea 17 Fiji 18 Liberia 19 Georgia 20 Lebanon 21 Mozambique 22 Armenia Rwanda 24 Bolivia 25 Mauritania Sierra Leone 27 Namibia Sri Lanka 29 Haiti 30 Senegal

362 303 189 140 139 135 115 113 102 98 98 95 83 81 81 78 75 72 69 68 65 64 64 63 62 62 61 61 60 59

31 Kyrgyzstan 32 Ghana Mali 34 Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Laos Madagascar Sudan 39 Nigeria 40 Burundi 41 Moldova 42 Belize Malawi Papua New Guinea 45 Uganda 46 Benin Swaziland 48 Botswana 49 Chad Gabon Tanzania 52 Cambodia Gambia Lesotho Tunisia 56 Niger Tajikistan 58 Congo-Kinshasa 59 El Salvador Somalia

a China also provides aid, but does not disclose amounts. b 2004

52 51 51 50 50 50 50 50 49 48 46 45 45 45 42 41 41 40 39 39 39 38 38 38 38 37 37 32 29 29

46

WORLD RANKINGS

Industry and services Largest industrial output $bn 1 United States 2 Japan 3 China 4 Germany 5 United Kingdom 6 Italy 7 France 8 Spain 9 South Korea 10 Russia 11 Brazil 12 India 13 Mexico 14 Australia 15 Saudi Arabia 16 Netherlands 17 Indonesia 18 Norway 19 Switzerland 20 Sweden 21 Austria 22 Poland 23 Belgium 24 Turkey

2,732 1,360 1,072 838 572 476 447 337 315 290 289 218 200 198 183 150 132 127 103 100 95 94 89 87

25 Iran Taiwan 27 Thailand 28 Ireland 29 United Arab Emirates Venezuela 31 South Africa 32 Malaysia 33 Argentina 34 Denmark 35 Algeria 36 Finland 37 Nigeria 38 Chile 39 Greece 40 Czech Republic Portugal 42 Colombia 43 Kuwait 44 Singapore 45 Hungary Romania 47 Egypt Philippines

85 85 78 75 73 73 72 68 66 65 63 58 56 54 47 46 46 42 41 40 34 34 32 32

Highest growth in industrial output Average annual real % growth, 2000–2005 1 Chad 45.9 2 Afghanistan 21.1 3 Armenia 16.8 4 Azerbaijan 16.7 5 Cambodia 14.2 6 Trinidad and Tobago 12.7 7 Georgia 12.6 8 Laos 12.1 9 Tajikistan 11.6

Kazakhstan Belarus China Angola Estonia Lithuania 16 Mozambique 17 Vietnam 18 Tanzania 10 11 12 13

11.3 11.1 10.9 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.3 10.2 9.7

Lowest growth in industrial output Average annual real % growth, 2000–2005 1 Iraq -17.0 2 Zimbabwe -10.0 3 Burundi -6.2 4 Papua New Guinea -3.6 5 Hong Kong -3.4 6 Côte d’Ivoire -1.8 7 Portugal -1.1 8 Denmark -0.9 9 Syria -0.7

10 Dominican Republic 11 Oman 12 Italy Venezuela 14 Netherlands United Kingdom 16 Japan Yemen 18 Belgium

-0.6 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4

INDUSTRY

47

Largest manufacturing output $bn 1 United States 2 Japan 3 China 4 Germany 5 United Kingdom 6 Italy 7 France 8 South Korea 9 Spain 10 Mexico 11 Russia 12 India 13 Australia 14 Netherlands 15 Indonesia 16 Switzerland Taiwan 18 Sweden 19 Belgium 20 Thailand

1,738 952 760 643 330 317 276 221 180 138 137 129 88 87 80 73 73 72 63 62

21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 32 34 35 37 38 39

Austria Poland Ireland Turkey South Africa Argentina Finland Malaysia Denmark Norway Singapore Czech Republic Saudi Arabia Portugal Hungary Venezuela Greece Romania Iran Philippines

61 55 54 51 46 42 42 40 36 33 33 31 31 29 25 25 25 24 23 23

Largest services output $bn 1 United States 2 Japan 3 Germany 4 France 5 United Kingdom 6 Italy 7 China 8 Spain 9 Mexico 10 Australia 11 Netherlands 12 South Korea 13 India 14 Russia 15 Brazil 16 Belgium 17 Switzerland 18 Sweden Taiwan 20 Turkey 21 Austria 22 Poland 23 Denmark 24 Greece 25 Norway 26 Hong Kong South Africa

9,561 3,083 1,928 1,638 1,605 1,251 894 754 538 513 462 441 435 428 410 278 257 254 254 236 208 197 191 167 163 160 160

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 49 50 51 52

Portugal Finland Ireland Indonesia Saudi Arabia Argentina Iran Thailand Singapore Czech Republic Hungary Colombia Venezuela Pakistan Chile Romania United Arab Emirates Malaysia Philippines Peru Ukraine Egypt Kuwait Bangladesh Algeria Kazakhstan Slovakia

134 131 121 118 115 101 85 81 77 75 71 65 62 59 55 54 54 52 52 46 46 44 40 32 31 31 31

48

WORLD RANKINGS

Agriculture Most economically dependent on agriculture % of GDP from agriculture 1 Liberia 2 Guinea-Bissau 3 Central African Rep 4 Ethiopia 5 Sierra Leone 6 Congo-Kinshasa Laos 8 Tanzania 9 Rwanda 10 Togo 11 Cameroon 12 Nepal 13 Nigera 14 Ghana 15 Mali 16 Burundi 17 Malawi 18 Kyrgyzstan 19 Sudan 20 Uganda 21 Gambia 22 Cambodiab 23 Benin

63.6 61.8 53.9 47.7 46.1 46.0 46.0 44.5 42.2 41.8 40.8 40.2 39.9 38.8 36.0 34.9 34.7 34.1 33.7 33.5 33.0 32.9 32.2

24 Burkina Faso 25 Madagascar Uzbekistan 27 Kenya 28 Paraguay 29 Bhutanb 30 Guinea 31 Albaniab 32 Nigeria 33 Mozambique 34 Guatemala 35 Chad 36 Eritrea 37 Zimbabwe 38 Mongolia 39 Tajikistan 40 Vietnamb 41 Côte d’Ivoire 42 Pakistan 43 Syria 44 Moldova 45 Armenia Bangladesh

30.6 28.1 28.1 27.4 26.8 25.8 25.6 25.2 23.7 23.2 22.9 22.7 22.6 22.4 22.1 22.0 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.4 21.3 20.5 20.5

Least economically dependent on agriculture % of GDP from agriculture 1 Hong Kongb Singapore 3 Kuwaita 4 Luxembourgb 5 Puerto Ricoc 6 Trinidad & Tobagob 7 United Kingdomb 8 Germanyb 9 Japana 10 Belgiumb 11 Norwayb 12 Swedenb 13 Austriab Omanb 15 Denmarkb Jordan 17 Netherlandsb 18 Franceb Sloveniab 20 Botswana Italyb 22 Irelanda United Arab Emiratesb a 2003

b 2004

c 2001

0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7

24 South Africa 25 Finlandb 26 Australiaa Czech Republicb 28 Slovakia Spainb 30 Portugalb South Koreab 32 Hungaryb Mexico 34 Saudi Arabiab 35 Latviab 36 Estoniab 37 Venezuelaa 38 Poland 39 Barbadosa 40 Chile Jamaicab 42 Congo-Brazzaville Russia 44 Lithuania 45 Mauritius 46 Ecuador

3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3

AGRICULTURE

49

Highest growth Average annual real % growth, 1995–2005a 1 Sudan 10.9 2 Angola 10.3 3 United Arab Emirates 8.6 12 4 Rwanda 7.5 5 Kuwait 6.3 Mozambique 6.3 15 7 Tajikistan 5.8 16 8 Tunisia 5.7 9 Belize 5.6 18

Benin Yemen Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan United States Armenia Cameroon Gambia, The Algeria

5.6 5.6 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0

Lowest growth Average annual real % growth, 1995–2005a 1 West Bank and Gaza -4.0 9 2 Jamaica -3.3 3 Luxembourg -2.9 11 4 Japan -2.5 5 Switzerland -2.1 13 6 Barbados -1.6 14 7 Trinidad & Tobago -1.5 8 Fiji -1.2 16

Congo-Kinshasa Zimbabwe Burundi Eritrea Estonia Georgia Mongolia Slovenia

-1.1 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2

Biggest producers ’000 tonnes Cereals 1 2 3 4 5

China United States India Russia France

429,374 366,542 242,284 76,564 65,998

6 7 8 9 10

Indonesia Brazil Canada Germany Bangladesh

64,224 55,689 53,086 45,980 41,155

78,754 39,530 19,966 7,077 6,824

6 7 8 9 10

India Mexico Canada Spain Russia

87,127 47,031 36,863 26,977 18,015

6 7 8 9 10

Spain Mexico Indonesia Iran Philippines

15,490 14,888 13,777 13,193 12,958

429,256 77,029 35,984 25,064

5 6 7 8

Italy Egypt Russia Spain

15,664 15,475 14,323 12,788

Meat 1 2 3 4 5

China United States Brazil Germany France

6,716 5,551 5,547 5,254 4,881

Fruit 1 2 3 4 5

China India Brazil United States Italy

Vegetables 1 2 3 4

China India United States Turkey

a Or nearest available years.

50

WORLD RANKINGS

Commodities Wheat Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 EU27 2 China 3 India 4 United States 5 Russia 6 Canada 7 Australia 8 Pakistan 9 Ukraine 10 Turkey

133,800 97,500 68,600 57,300 47,600 26,800 25,100 21,600 18,700 18,000

Top 10 consumers ’000s tonnes 1 EU27 2 China 3 India 4 Russia 5 United States 6 Pakistan 7 Turkey 8 Egypt 9 Iran 10 Ukraine

129,400 100,500 72,200 38,000 31,200 21,100 15,700 15,600 14,800 12,000

126,414 91,790 34,959 28,758 22,772 18,200 10,440 9,820 8,257 7,874

Top 10 consumers ’000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Indonesia 4 Bangladesh 5 Vietnam 6 Philippines 7 Myanmar 8 Thailand 9 Brazil 10 Japan

128,000 85,220 35,800 29,000 18,250 11,000 10,400 9,500 8,974 8,250

28,135 21,698 15,216 9,785 6,784 5,619 5,393 4,589 2,839 2,719

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 India 2 EU25 3 China 4 Brazil 5 United States 6 Russia 7 Mexico 8 Pakistan 9 Indonesia 10 Egypt

20,110 16,765 11,785 10,950 9,248 6,600 4,877 4,075 4,052 2,675

298,700 149,000 148,300 44,400 34,600

Top 5 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 China 3 EU27 4 Brazil 5 Mexico

244,300 146,100 144,900 41,700 38,500

Ricea Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Indonesia 4 Bangladesh 5 Vietnam 6 Thailand 7 Myanmar 8 Philippines 9 Japan 10 Brazil

Sugarb Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Brazil 2 EU25 3 India 4 China 5 United States 6 Mexico 7 Australia 8 Thailand 9 Pakistan 10 Russia

Coarse grainsc Top 5 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 China 3 EU27 4 Brazil 5 India

COMMODITIES

51

Tea Top 10 producers ’000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Kenya 4 Sri Lanka 5 Indonesia 6 Turkey 7 Vietnam 8 Japan 9 Argentina 10 Bangladesh

935 928 329 317 166 135 109 100 73 59

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 India 2 China 3 Russia 4 Japan 5 Pakistan 6 Turkey 7 United Kingdom 8 United States 9 Egypt 10 Iran

757 587 173 150 139 133 128 100 77 62

1,977 810 718 520 277 270 240 221 192 130

Top 10 consumers ’000s tonnes 1 United States 2 Brazil 3 Germany 4 Japan 5 Italy 6 France 7 Spain 8 United Kingdom 9 Poland 10 Indonesia

1,246 957 501 433 328 303 186 144 131 120

1,286 599 460 200 184 171 116 48 37 36

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 Germany 3 France 4 United Kingdom 5 Russia 6 Japan 7 Italy 8 Spain 9 Brazil 10 Poland

781 278 246 220 184 153 110 90 88 63

Coffee Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Brazil 2 Vietnam 3 Colombia 4 Indonesia 5 India 6 Ethiopia 7 Mexico 8 Guatemala 9 Honduras 10 Côte d’Ivoire

Cocoa Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Côte d’Ivoire 2 Ghana 3 Indonesia 4 Nigeria 5 Cameroon 6 Brazil 7 Ecuador 8 Papua New Guinea 9 Colombia 10 Mexico

a Milled. b Raw. c Includes: maize (corn), barley, sorghum, rye, oats and millet.

52

WORLD RANKINGS

Copper Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 Chile 2 United States 3 Indonesia 4 Peru 5 Australia 6 Russia 7 China 8 Canada 9 Poland 10 Zambia

5,321 1,140 1,064 1,010 930 805 762 595 512 441

Top 10 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea 6 Russia 7 Italy 8 Taiwan 9 France 10 Mexico

3,656 2,270 1,229 1,115 869 792 681 638 472 437

1,327 767 441 319 135 79 64 60 60 51

Top 10 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 South Korea 4 Germany 5 Japan 6 Mexico 7 United Kingdom 8 Spain 9 Italy 10 France

1,985 1,460 353 330 294 289 282 279 262 210

2,548 1,367 1,202 748 667 477 473 429 364 216

Top 10 consumersc ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea 6 India 7 Italy 8 Belgium 9 Taiwan 10 France

2,989 1,120 602 514 443 389 373 345 306 271

121.6 120.0 42.1 18.7 11.7

Top 5 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea

115.5 42.1 33.2 19.1 17.9

Lead Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Australia 3 United States 4 Peru 5 Mexico 6 Canada 7 Ireland 8 India Sweden 10 Poland

Zinc Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Australia 3 Peru 4 United States 5 Canada 6 India 7 Mexico 8 Ireland 9 Kazakhstan 10 Sweden

Tin Top 5 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Indonesia 3 Peru 4 Bolivia 5 Brazil

COMMODITIES

53

Nickel Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 Russia 2 Canada 3 Australia 4 Indonesia 5 New Caledonia 6 China 7 Cuba 8 Colombia 9 South Africa 10 Brazil

289.2 199.9 186.0 134.6 111.9 72.7 72.0 52.7 42.4 36.6

Top 10 consumersb ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Japan 3 United States 4 South Korea 5 Germany 6 Taiwan 7 Italy 8 Finland 9 Belgium 10 Spain

200.7 171.0 128.0 117.7 116.4 84.1 60.0 50.4 49.3 48.0

7,806 3,647 2,894 2,480 1,903 1,498 1,377 942 851 850

Top 10 consumerse ’000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 Germany 5 South Korea 6 Russia 7 Italy 8 India 9 Canada 10 Brazil

7,119 6,114 2,276 1,759 1,201 1,020 977 958 803 759

297.3 263.0 255.0 208.8 207.8 156.6 138.7 120.5 86.0 68.7

Silver a Top 10 producers tonnes 1 Peru 2 Mexico 3 Australia 4 China 5 Chile 6 Poland 7 United States 8 Canada 9 Kazakhstan 10 Bolivia

3,193 2,870 2,417 2,000 1,400 1,263 1,225 1,124 804 420

Aluminium Top 10 producersd ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 Russia 3 Canada 4 United States 5 Australia 6 Brazil 7 Norway 8 India 9 South Africa 10 United Arab Emirates

Precious metals Gold a Top 10 producers tonnes 1 South Africa 2 Australia 3 United States 4 China 5 Peru 6 Russia 7 Indonesia 8 Canada 9 Uzbekistan 10 Papua New Guinea

Platinum Top 3 producers tonnes 1 South Africa 159.1 2 Russia 27.7 3 United States/Canada 11.4

Palladium Top 3 producers tonnes 1 Russia 143.7 2 South Africa 81.0 3 United States/Canada 28.1

a Mine production. b Refined consumption. c Slab consumption. d Primary refined production. e Primary refined consumption.

54

WORLD RANKINGS

Rubber (natural and synthetic) Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 Thailand 2 United States 3 Indonesia 4 China 5 Japan 6 Russia 7 Malaysia 8 India 9 Germany 10 France

3,077 2,366 2,321 2,060 1,627 1,147 1,082 867 855 655

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Japan 4 India 5 Germany 6 South Korea 7 Brazil 8 Russia 9 France 10 Malaysia

4,625 3,114 2,013 1,023 898 714 707 636 585 557

Raw wool Top 10 producersa ‘000 tonnes 1 Australia 2 China 3 New Zealand 4 Argentina 5 India 6 United Kingdom 7 Uruguay 8 South Africa Turkey 10 Iran

335 171 167 43 38 31 29 27 27 24

Top 10 consumersa ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Italy 4 Turkey 5 United Kingdom 6 Japan 7 Russia 8 Iran 9 Belgium 10 New Zealand

358 120 110 69 31 30 29 26 25 23

Cotton Top 10 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 India 4 Pakistan 5 Uzbekistan 6 Brazil 7 Turkey 8 Australia 9 Greece 10 Syria

5,714 5,201 4,148 2,089 1,210 1,038 800 598 430 330

Top 10 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 India 3 Pakistan 4 Turkey 5 United States 6 Brazil 7 Indonesia 8 Bangladesh 9 Mexico 10 Thailand

9,617 3,627 2,390 1,500 1,282 870 470 455 455 440

94,841 57,778 51,818 45,469 28,370

Top 5 consumers ‘000 tonnes 1 China 2 United States 3 Argentina 4 EU25 5 Brazil

78,526 63,566 37,659 37,385 32,850

Major oil seedsb Top 5 producers ‘000 tonnes 1 United States 2 Brazil 3 China 4 Argentina 5 India

COMMODITIES

55

Oilc Top 10 producers ‘000 barrels per day 1 Saudi Arabiad 11,035 2 Russia 9,551 3 United States 6,830 4 Irand 4,049 5 Mexico 3,759 6 China 3,627 7 Canada 3,047 8 Venezuelad 3,007 9 Norway 2,969 d 10 United Arab Emirates 2,751

Top 10 consumers ‘000 barrels per day 1 United States 2 China 3 Japan 4 Russia 5 Germany 6 India 7 South Korea 8 Canada 9 Mexico 10 France

20,655 6,988 5,360 2,753 2,586 2,485 2,308 2,241 1,978 1,961

Top 10 consumers Billion cubic metres 1 United States 2 Russia 3 United Kingdom 4 Canada 5 Irand 6 Germany 7 Japan 8 Italy 9 Ukraine 10 Saudi Arabiad

633.5 405.1 94.6 91.4 88.5 85.9 81.1 79.0 72.9 69.5

Natural gas Top 10 producers Billion cubic metres 1 Russia 2 United States 3 Canada 4 United Kingdom 5 Algeriad 6 Irand 7 Norway 8 Indonesiad 9 Saudi Arabiad 10 Netherlands

598.0 525.7 185.5 88.0 87.8 87.0 85.0 76.0 69.5 62.9

Coal Top 10 producers Million tonnes oil equivalent 1 China 1107.7 2 United States 576.2 3 Australia 202.4 4 India 199.6 5 South Africa 138.9 6 Russia 137.0 7 Indonesiad 83.2 8 Poland 68.7 9 Germany 53.2 10 Kazakhstan 44.0

Top 10 consumers Million tonnes oil equivalent 1 China 1081.9 2 United States 575.4 3 India 212.9 4 Japan 121.3 5 Russia 111.6 6 South Africa 91.9 7 Germany 82.1 8 Poland 56.7 9 South Korea 54.8 10 Australia 52.2

Oilc Top proved reserves % of world total 1 Saudi Arabiad 2 Irand 3 Iraqd 4 Kuwaitd

22.0 11.5 9.6 8.5

5 United Arab Emiratesd 6 Venezuelad 7 Russia

8.1 6.6 6.2

a Clean basis. b Soybeans, sunflower seed, cottonseed, groundnuts and rapeseed. c Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and natural gas liquids. d Opec members.

56

WORLD RANKINGS

Energy Largest producers Million tonnnes oil equivalent, 2004 1 United States 1,641.0 2 China 1,536.8 3 Russia 1,158.5 4 Saudi Arabia 556.2 5 India 466.9 6 Canada 397.5 7 Iran 278.0 8 Australia 261.8 9 Indonesia 258.0 10 Mexico 253.9 11 Norway 238.6 12 Nigeria 229.4 13 United Kingdom 225.2 14 Venezuela 196.1 15 Brazil 176.3

Algeria United Arab Emirates South Africa France Germany Kuwait Kazakhstan Iraq Japan Malaysia Argentina Libya 28 Poland 29 Ukraine 30 Colombia 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

165.7 164.0 156.0 137.4 136.0 132.8 118.6 103.4 96.8 88.5 85.4 85.4 78.8 76.3 76.2

Largest consumers Million tonnnes oil equivalent, 2004 1 United States 2,325.9 2 China 1,609.3 3 Russia 641.5 4 India 572.9 5 Japan 533.2 6 Germany 348.0 7 France 275.2 8 Canada 269.0 9 United Kingdom 233.7 10 South Korea 213.0 11 Brazil 204.8 12 Italy 184.5 13 Indonesia 174.0 14 Mexico 165.5 15 Iran 145.8

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Spain Saudi Arabia Ukraine South Africa Australia Nigeria Thailand Poland Netherlands Turkey Pakistan Argentina Belgium Egypt Malaysia

142.2 140.4 140.3 131.1 115.8 99.0 97.1 91.7 82.1 81.9 74.4 63.7 57.7 56.9 56.7

Energy efficiencya Most efficient GDP per unit of energy use, 2004 1 Hong Kong 11.5 2 Colombia 10.9 Peru 10.9 4 Bangladesh 10.5 5 Uruguay 10.4 6 Morocco 10.3 7 Namibia 10.2 8 Costa Rica 10.0 9 Ireland 9.5 10 Botswana 8.6

a 2000 PPP$, per kg of oil equivalent.

Least efficient GDP per unit of energy use, 2003 1 Uzbekistan 0.8 2 Tanzania 1.3 Trinidad & Tobago 1.3 4 Nigeria 1.4 5 Zambia 1.5 6 Kazakhstan 1.9 Kuwait 1.9 8 Moldova 2.0 Russia 2.0 Ukraine 2.0

ENERGY

57

Net energy importers % of commercial energy use, 2004 Highest 1 Hong Kong 100 2 Singapore 99 3 Moldova 98 4 Jordan 96 Lebanon 96 6 Morocco 94 7 Israel 92 8 Jamaica 88 9 Ireland 87 10 Belarus 86 11 Portugal 85

Lowest 1 Congo-Brazzaville -1084 2 Norway -763 3 Gabon -615 4 Angola -505 5 Kuwait -429 6 Algeria -404 7 Oman -391 8 Libya -369 9 Saudi Arabia -296 10 Turkmenistan -274 United Arab Emirates -274

Largest consumption per head Kg of oil equivalent, 2004 1 Kuwait 10,212 2 United Arab Emirates 10,142 3 Trinidad & Tobago 8,675 4 Canada 8,411 5 United States 7,921 6 Finland 7,286 7 Saudi Arabia 6,233 8 Singapore 6,034 9 Norway 6,024 10 Sweden 5,998 11 Australia 5,762

12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22

Belgium Netherlands Oman France Czech Republic Russia South Korea New Zealand Germany Japan Austria

5,536 5,045 4,667 4,547 4,460 4,460 4,431 4,344 4,218 4,173 4,060

Sources of electricity % of total, 2004 Oil 1 Yemen 2 Benin 3 Iraq 4 Jamaica 5 Cuba

100.0 98.8 98.5 96.5 95.3

Gas 1 Turkmenistan 100.0 2 Trinidad & Tobago 99.5 3 Moldova 97.9 4 United Arab Emirates 97.5 5 Algeria 97.0

Hydropower 1 Congo-Brazzaville Paraguay 3 Nepal 4 Congo-Kinshasa Mozambique

100.0 100.0 99.8 99.7 99.7

Nuclear power 1 Lithuania 2 France 3 Belgium 4 Slovakia 5 Sweden

Coal 1 Botswana 2 Poland 3 South Africa 4 Estonia 5 Australia

95.7 94.1 93.2 92.4 79.3

80.5 79.0 56.1 55.9 51.1

58

WORLD RANKINGS

Workers of the worlda Highest % of population in labour force 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11

14 16 17 18 19 20

Cayman Islands Bermuda China Switzerland Thailand Canada Denmark Iceland Norway Netherlands Brazil Portugal Singapore Hong Kong Japan Macau New Zealand Australia Sweden Russia

68.9 59.4 57.8 57.5 55.7 55.4 54.4 54.0 52.9 52.6 52.4 52.4 52.4 52.0 52.0 51.8 51.7 50.8 50.7 50.6

Most male workforce Highest % men in workforce 1 Pakistan 2 West Bank and Gaza 3 Algeria 4 Oman 5 Syria 6 Bahrain 7 Egypt 8 Bangladesh 9 Guatemala 10 Tunisia 11 Turkey 12 Morocco 13 Malta Nicaragua 15 India 16 Sri Lanka 17 Honduras 18 Costa Rica 19 Malaysia Mauritius 21 Mexico 22 Chile 23 Suriname 24 Panama 25 Philippines

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 38 39 40

Slovenia Czech Republic United Kingdom Finland Cyprus South Korea Slovakia Ecuador United States Latvia Brunei Estonia Austria Germany Ghana Belgium Spain Ireland Bahrain Lithuania

50.5 50.3 50.2 50.0 49.9 49.7 49.4 49.3 49.1 49.0 48.8 48.6 48.5 48.5 47.8 47.6 47.6 47.5 47.4 47.2

Most female workforce 83.9 83.4 83.0 81.6 80.6 78.3 78.1 77.7 77.4 74.3 73.7 72.9 69.2 69.2 68.4 66.5 66.3 65.4 65.3 65.3 64.5 64.4 63.1 62.7 62.2

Highest % women in workforce 1 Belarus 53.3 2 Benin 53.1 3 Moldova 51.0 Mongolia 51.0 Tanzania 51.0 6 Cayman Islands 49.7 7 Ghana 49.6 8 Armenia 49.5 Madagascar 49.5 10 Bahamas 49.4 Estonia 49.4 12 Guadeloupe 49.1 Lithuania 49.1 Russia 49.1 15 Kazakhstan 49.0 16 Ukraine 48.9 17 Barbados 48.7 Latvia 48.7 19 Bermuda 48.5 20 Zimbabwe 48.2 21 Papua New Guinea 47.9 Sweden 47.9 23 Ethiopia 47.8 24 Finland 47.7 Azerbaijan 47.7

WORKERS OF THE WORLD

59

Lowest % of population in labour force 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

West Bank and Gaza Algeria Syria Pakistan Egypt Congo-Brazzaville Armenia Turkey Suriname Bangladesh Botswana Guatemala Tunisia Nicaragua Puerto Rico Oman Morocco Panama India Georgia

21.9 27.6 29.3 29.6 30.5 32.3 32.4 33.5 34.6 34.7 35.0 35.0 35.0 36.5 37.0 37.3 37.4 38.7 39.1 39.3

22 23 24 25 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Mongolia Malta Moldova Chile Guinea-Bissau El Salvador Sri Lanka Croatia Honduras Macedonia Malaysia Zimbabwe Mexico Hungary Israel Italy Costa Rica Albania Bulgaria Greece

39.3 39.5 39.6 39.7 39.9 40.1 40.1 40.8 40.9 40.9 41.3 41.5 41.7 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.7 42.7

Lithuania Georgia Kyrgyzstan Iran Panama Nicaragua Bulgaria Morocco Syria Yemen Jamaica Germany Spain Philippines Bahamas Israel Puerto Rico Peru Latvia Trinidad & Tobago Turkey France Barbados Brazil Estonia

12.8 12.6 12.5 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.0 11.9 11.7 11.5 11.4 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.3 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.7

Highest rate of unemployment % of labour forceb 1 Macedonia 2 Namibia 3 South Africa 4 West Bank and Gaza 5 Guinea-Bissau 6 Guadeloupe 7 Ethiopia 8 Martinique 9 Botswana 10 Poland 11 Dominican Republic 12 Slovakia 13 Algeria 14 Uruguay 15 Venezuela 16 Argentina 17 Albania Serbia 19 Netherlands Antilles 20 Tunisia 21 Burundi Suriname 23 Croatia 24 Colombia 25 Jordan

37.2 33.8 27.1 26.7 26.3 24.7 22.9 22.4 19.6 19.0 18.4 18.1 17.7 16.9 15.8 15.6 15.2 15.2 15.1 14.3 14.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.2

a Latest available year. b ILO definition.

26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49

60

WORLD RANKINGS

The business world Global competitiveness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Overall United States Singapore Hong Kong Luxembourg Denmark Switzerland Iceland Netherlands Sweden Canada Austria Australia Norway Ireland China Germany Finland Taiwan New Zealand United Kingdom Israel Estonia Malaysia Japan Belgium Chile India France South Korea Spain Lithuania Czech Republic Thailand Slovakia Hungary Greece Jordan Colombia Portugal Slovenia Bulgaria Italy Russia Romania

Government Singapore Hong Kong Switzerland Denmark Ireland New Zealand Australia China Luxembourg Austria Canada Iceland Estonia Sweden Norway Chile Finland Netherlands United States Taiwan Malaysia United Kingdom Germany Portugal Israel Lithuania Thailand Belgium Spain Greece South Korea Jordan India Japan South Africa Colombia Slovakia Bulgaria Russia Hungary Czech Republic France Slovenia Mexico

Infrastructure United States Switzerland Singapore Denmark Sweden Japan Germany Iceland Norway Netherlands Finland Canada Austria Israel Luxembourg Australia Belgium France South Korea Hong Kong Taiwan United Kingdom New Zealand Ireland Hungary Malaysia Czech Republic China Spain Lithuania Estonia Portugal Slovenia Greece Italy Jordan Russia Slovakia Chile Poland Bulgaria Romania Croatia Argentina

Notes: Rankings reflect assessments for the ability of a country to achieve sustained high rates of GDP growth per head. Column 1 is based on 259 criteria covering: the openness of an economy, the role of the government, the development of financial markets, the quality of infrastructure, technology, business management and judicial and political institutions and labour-market flexibility. Column 2 looks at the extent to which government policies are conducive to competitiveness. Column 3 is based on the extent to which a country is integrated into regional trade blocks.

THE BUSINESS WORLD

61

The business environment 2007–11 score 2002–2006 score 1 Denmark 8.80 8.71 2 Singapore 8.77 8.69 3 Canada 8.74 8.63 Finland 8.74 8.67 5 Hong Kong 8.73 8.57 6 United States 8.67 8.61 7 Netherlands 8.65 8.53 8 Switzerland 8.62 8.48 9 Sweden 8.60 8.29 10 United Kingdom 8.55 8.61 11 Ireland 8.48 8.51 12 Australia 8.45 8.17 13 Germany 8.43 7.98 14 New Zealand 8.30 8.19 15 Austria 8.28 7.87 16 Belgium 8.20 8.01 17 Norway 8.17 7.92 18 France 8.13 7.86 19 Taiwan 8.09 7.66 20 Chile 7.94 7.76 21 Estonia 7.86 7.68 22 Spain 7.83 7.44 23 Israel 7.68 6.99 24 United Arab Emirates 7.54 7.25 25 South Korea 7.53 7.13 26 Czech Republic 7.51 6.84 Slovakia 7.51 7.02 28 Japan 7.48 7.01 29 Qatar 7.42 6.90 30 Portugal 7.41 6.70 31 Malaysia 7.40 7.29 32 Bahrain 7.39 6.70 Slovenia 7.39 7.08 34 Hungary 7.25 6.79 35 Poland 7.16 6.68 36 Latvia 7.12 6.61 37 Cyprus 7.03 6.68 38 Lithuania 7.02 6.60 39 Italy 6.99 6.44 40 Mexico 6.96 6.60 41 South Africa 6.93 6.21 42 Thailand 6.84 6.72 43 Brazil 6.83 6.40 44 Greece 6.82 6.31 45 Bulgaria 6.76 5.89 50 Romania 6.75 5.89

2002–2006 ranking 1 2 4 3 7 6 8 10 11 5 9 13 15 12 17 14 16 18 21 19 20 22 29 24 25 31 28 28 30 35 23 34 26 32 37 38 36 40 42 39 46 33 43 44 50 49

Note: Scores reflect the opportunities for, and hindrances to, the conduct of business, measured by countries’ rankings in ten categories including market potential, tax and labour-market policies, infrastructure, skills and the political environment. Scores reflect average and forecast average over given date range.

62

WORLD RANKINGS

Business creativity and research Innovation indexa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

United States Taiwan Japan Finland Sweden South Korea Israel Switzerland Denmark Norway Germany Canada

6.51 6.32 5.86 5.85 5.57 5.19 4.96 4.78 4.62 4.55 4.53 4.35

Iceland Australia Netherlands Singapore Belgium United Kingdom France Austria Ireland 22 New Zealand 23 Slovenia 24 Greece 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

4.32 4.20 4.12 4.10 4.08 4.07 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.76 3.69 3.63

Information and communications technology indexb Sweden Iceland Denmark Netherlands United States Luxembourg Australia Finland Switzerland Hong Kong Taiwan 12 Norway

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5.89 5.87 5.69 5.63 5.59 5.54 5.48 5.47 5.29 5.24 5.24 5.18

13 Singapore South Korea 15 United Kingdom 16 Austria 17 Canada 18 Israel 19 Japan 20 New Zealand 21 Estonia Germany 23 Malta 24 France

5.17 5.17 5.14 5.11 5.08 4.98 4.89 4.65 4.64 4.64 4.56 4.43

Brain drainc Highest 1 Guyana 2 Lesotho 3 Zimbabwe 4 Zambia 5 Bulgaria 6 Albania Ethiopia Kenya Kyrgyzstan Moldova Nepal Philippines Romania Serbia 15 Bosnia

0.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2

Lowest 1 United States 2 Japan Qatar 4 Norway 5 Ireland United Arab Emirates 7 Finland Iceland Kuwait 10 Chile 11 Switzerland 12 Netherlands

6.1 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0

a The innovation index is a measure of the adoption of new technology, and the interaction between business and the scientific sector. It includes measures of the number of patents granted and higher education enrolment rates. b The information and communications technology (ICT) index is a measure of ICT usage and includes per capita measures of telephone lines, internet usage, personal computers and mobile phone users. c Talented people: 1=normally leave for other countries, 7=almost always remain in home country.

BUSINESS CREATIVITY AND RESEARCH

63

Total expenditure on R&D % of GDP, 2004 1 Israel 2 Sweden 3 Finland 4 Japan 5 Iceland 6 United States 7 South Korea 8 Denmark 9 Switzerland 10 Germany 11 Taiwan 12 Austria 13 Singapore 14 France 15 Canada 16 United Kingdom 17 Belgium 18 Luxembourg 19 Norway 20 Netherlands 21 Australia 22 Slovenia 23 Czech Republic 24 Croatia 25 China

4.55 3.95 3.48 3.20 2.87 2.66 2.63 2.61 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.26 2.24 2.16 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.47 1.27 1.25 1.23

New Zealand Ireland Russia Italy Spain Brazil Estonia Hungary India Jordan Portugal South Africa Hong Kong Turkey Chile Malaysia Greece Poland Slovakia Bulgaria Venezuela Argentina Mexico Romania Thailand

1.22 1.19 1.17 1.13 1.05 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.39 0.39 0.28

No. of patents in force Per 100,000 people 1 Luxembourg 2 Switzerland 3 Sweden 4 Taiwan 5 Singapore 6 Japan 7 Belgium 8 Ireland 9 United Kingdom 10 Netherlands 11 Finland 12 Denmark 13 South Korea 14 France 15 United States 16 Germany 17 Australia 18 Canada 19 Portugal 20 Slovenia

5,804 1,152 1,144 1,094 932 865 851 831 792 776 714 701 689 644 556 498 481 457 349 314

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Patents No. of patents granted to residents Total, average 2002–04 1 Japan 109,823 2 United States 84,958 3 South Korea 31,915 4 Taiwan 29,773 5 Russia 18,264 6 Germany 12,804 7 France 9,023 8 China 5,913 9 United Kingdom 3,430 10 Italy 2,298 11 Sweden 2,276 12 Netherlands 1,887 13 Spain 1,432 14 Finland 1,150 15 Canada 1,057 16 Austria 1,029 17 Poland 742 18 Romania 709 19 India 695 20 Brazil 676

64

WORLD RANKINGS

Business costs and FDI Office rents Occupation costa, $ per square metre, November 2006 1 London (West End), UK 2,282 15 Leeds, UK 2 Tokyo (Inner Central), 16 Seoul, South Korea Japan 1,568 17 Birmingham, UK 3 London (City), UK 1,558 18 Glasgow, UK 4 Tokyo (Outer Central), 19 Bristol, UK Japan 1,437 20 Madrid, Spain 5 Hong Kong 1,251 21 Milan, Italy 6 Moscow, Russia 1,176 22 Aberdeen, UK 7 Mumbai, India 1,142 23 Zurich, Switzerland 8 Paris, France 1,136 24 New York, Midtown 9 Dublin, Ireland 996 Manhattan, US 10 Dubai, UAE 938 25 Stockholm, Sweden 11 New Delhi, India 881 26 Jersey, UK 12 Edinburgh, UK 845 27 Luxembourg City, Manchester, UK 845 Luxembourg 14 Paris La Défense, France 831 28 Geneva, Switzerland

774 769 754 739 734 714 689 679 670 668 631 623 617 614

Employment costs Pay, social security and other benefits, $ per hr. worked for a production worker 1 Denmark 39.29 11 Canada 26.67 2 Norway 39.15 12 Australia 25.86 3 Germany 33.50 13 France 25.58 4 Finland 33.14 14 United States 24.71 5 Netherlands 32.09 15 Ireland 23.99 6 Belgium 31.71 16 Italy 21.80 7 Switzerland 30.98 17 Japan 20.88 8 Austria 30.38 18 Spain 18.50 9 Sweden 29.96 19 New Zealand 14.45 10 United Kingdom 27.25 20 Singapore 8.63

Foreign direct investmentb Inflow, $m 1 United Kingdom 2 United States 3 China 4 France 5 Netherlands 6 Hong Kong 7 Canada 8 Germany 9 Belgium 10 Spain 11 Singapore 12 Italy 13 Mexico 14 Brazil 15 Russia 16 Bermuda 17 Sweden 18 UAE

164,530 99,443 72,406 63,576 43,630 35,897 33,822 32,663 23,691 22,987 20,083 19,971 18,055 15,066 14,600 13,615 13,389 12,000

Outflow, $m 1 Netherlands 2 France 3 United Kingdom 4 Japan 5 Germany 6 Switzerland 7 Italy 8 Spain 9 Canada 10 Hong Kong 11 Sweden 12 Belgium 13 Norway 14 Russia 15 Ireland 16 China 17 Denmark 18 Austria

119,454 115,668 101,099 45,781 45,634 42,858 39,671 38,772 34,083 32,560 25,938 22,925 14,461 13,126 12,938 11,306 9,328 9,293

BUSINESS BURDENS AND CORRUPTION

65

Business burdens and corruption Number of days taken to register a new company Highest 1 Suriname 2 Guinea-Bissau 3 Haiti 4 Laos 5 Congo 6 Brazil 7 Venezuela 8 Equatorial Guinea 9 Angola 10 Mozambique 11 Botswana 12 Indonesia 13 Zimbabwe 14 Namibia 15 West Bank and Gaza 16 Cambodia

694 233 203 163 155 152 141 136 124 113 108 97 96 95 93 86

Lowest 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 Denmark Iceland United States 6 Singapore 7 Puerto Rico 8 Afghanistan France Jamaica Portugal 12 Turkey 13 Netherlands 14 Hong Kong Romania Tunisia

2 3 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 11 11

Corruption perceptions indexc 2006, 10 = least corrupt Lowest 1 Finland Iceland New Zealand 4 Denmark 5 Singapore 6 Sweden 7 Switzerland 8 Norway 9 Australia Netherlands 11 Austria Luxembourg United Kingdom 14 Canada 15 Hong Kong 16 Germany

Highest 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.1 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.3 8.0

1 Haiti 2 Guinea Iraq Myanmar 5 Bangladesh Chad Congo-Kinshasa Sudan 9 Belarus Cambodia Equatorial Guinea Côte d’Ivoire Uzbekistan

1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

8 Cameroon 9 Algeria Bolivia Paraguay Russia Zambia

84 83 83 83 83 83

Business software piracy % of software that is pirated 1 Vietnam Zimbabwe 3 Indonesia 4 China Pakistan 6 Kazakhstan Ukraine

90 90 87 86 86 85 85

a Total rent, taxes and operating expenses. b Investment in companies in a foreign country. c This index ranks countries based on how much corruption is perceived by business people, academics and risk analysts to exist among politicians and public officials.

66

WORLD RANKINGS

Businesses and banks Largest businesses By sales, $bn 1 Exxon Mobil 2 Wal-Mart Stores 3 Royal Dutch Shell Group 4 BP 5 General Motors 6 Chevron 7 DaimlerChrysler 8 Toyota Motor 9 Ford Motor 10 ConocoPhillips 11 General Electric 12 Total Fina Elf 13 ING Group 14 Citigroup 15 AXA 16 Allianz 17 Volkswagen 18 Fortis 19 Crédit Agricole Group 20 American Intl. Group 21 Assicurazioni Generali 22 Siemens 23 Sinopec 24 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone 25 Carrefour 26 HSBC Holdings 27 Aviva ENI 29 IBM 30 McKesson 31 Honda Motor 32 State Grid 33 Hewlett-Packard 34 BNP Paribas 35 PDVSA 36 UBS 37 Bank of America Corp 38 China National Petroleum Hitachi 40 Pemex 41 Nissan Motor 42 Berkshire Hathaway 43 Home Depot 44 Valero Energy

United States United States United Kingdom/Netherlands United Kingdom United States United States United States Japan United States United States United States France Netherlands United States France Germany Germany Netherlands France United States Italy Germany China Japan France United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy United States United States Japan China United States France Venezuela Switzerland United States China Japan Mexico Japan United States United States United States

339.9 315.7 306.7 267.6 192.6 189.5 186.1 185.8 177.2 166.7 157.2 152.4 138.2 131.0 129.8 121.4 118.4 112.4 110.8 108.9 101.4 100.1 98.8 94.9 94.5 93.5 92.6 92.6 91.1 88.1 87.5 87.0 86.7 85.7 85.6 84.7 84.0 83.6 83.6 83.4 83.3 81.7 81.5 81.4

Notes: Industrial and service corporations. Figures refer to the year ended December 31, 2005, except for Japanese companies, where figures refer to year ended March 31, 2006. They include sales of consolidated subsidiaries but exclude excise taxes, thus differing, in some instances, from figures published by the companies themselves.

BUSINESSES AND BANKS

67

Largest banks By capital, $m 1 Citigroup 2 HSBC Holdings 3 Bank of America Corp 4 JPMorgan Chase 5 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group 6 Crédit Agricole Groupe 7 Royal Bank of Scotland 8 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group 9 Mizuho Financial Group 10 Santander Central Hispano 11 China Construction Bank 12 HBOS 13 UniCredit 14 Barclays Bank 15 ABN-AMRO Bank 16 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China 17 Bank of China 18 UBS 19 Wells Fargo & Co. 20 Rabobank Group 21 Wachovia Corporation 22 ING Bank 23 Deutsche Bank 24 BNP Paribas 25 Crédit Mutuel 26 Société Générale 27 Groupe Caisse d’Epargne 28 Credit Suisse Group 29 Lloyds TSB Group 30 Washington Mutual 31 Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria 32 Norinchukin Bank 33 Fortis Bank 34 Banca Intesa 35 National Australia Bank 36 Groupe Banques Populaires 37 Royal Bank of Canada 38 Scotiabank 39 US Bancorp 40 Commerzbank 41 Dexia 42 MBNA Corporation 43 Nordea Group 44 Dresdner Bank 45 KBC Group 46 Sanpaolo IMI

United States United Kingdom United States United States Japan France United Kingdom Japan Japan Spain China United Kingdom Italy United Kingdom Netherlands China China Switzerland United States Netherlands United States Netherlands Germany France France France France Switzerland United Kingdom United States Spain Japan Belgium Italy Australia France Canada Canada United States Germany Belgium United States Sweden Germany Belgium Italy

79,407 74,403 74,027 72,474 63,898 60,599 48,585 39,573 38,807 38,377 35,647 35,584 34,030 32,533 32,302 31,670 31,346 30,391 29,873 29,326 28,654 27,614 25,832 25,146 23,130 22,750 22,407 20,047 19,762 19,661 19,204 18,996 18,515 17,808 17,346 17,263 16,016 15,372 15,145 14,346 14,031 13,804 13,493 13,125 13,053 12.903

Notes: Capital (tier one) is essentially equity and reserves. Figures for Japanese banks refer to the year ended March 31, 2006. Figures for all other countries refer to the year ended December 31, 2005.

68

WORLD RANKINGS

Stockmarkets Largest market capitalisation $m, end 2006 1 United States 2 Japan 3 United Kingdom 4 France 5 China 6 Hong Kong 7 Canada 8 Germany 9 Spain 10 Switzerland 11 Australia 12 Russia 13 Italy 14 South Korea 15 India 16 Netherlands 17 South Africa 18 Brazil 19 Taiwan 20 Sweden 21 Belgium 22 Mexico 23 Saudi Arabia 24 Norway 25 Singapore 26 Finland

19,426 4,726 3,794 2,429 2,426 1,715 1,701 1,638 1,323 1,213 1,096 1,057 1,027 835 819 780 715 711 655 573 396 348 327 281 276 265

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 52

Malaysia Denmark Greece Austria Chile Israel Ireland Turkey Poland Thailand Indonesia United Arab Emirates Kuwait Portugal Egypt Argentina Luxembourg Philippines Qatar Peru Colombia Czech Republic Morocco Pakistan New Zealand Kazakhstan

235 231 208 191 175 173 163 162 149 141 139 139 129 104 93 80 80 68 62 60 56 49 49 46 45 44

Highest growth in market capitalisation, $ terms % increase, 2001–06 1 Vietnama 2 Kazakhstan 3 Ukraine 4 Amenia 5 Uzbekistan 6 United Arab Emirates 7 Macedonia 8 Kyrgyzstan 9 Bulgaria 10 Romania 11 Serbiab 12 Russia 13 Kenya 14 Pakistan 15 Croatia 16 Iceland 17 Lithuania 18 Austria 19 Georgia 20 India

5,805 3,529 3,041 2,900 2,454 2,299 2,287 2,225 1,945 1,444 1,397 1,287 984 821 774 768 750 680 651 642

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Malawia Lebanon Oman Ghana Nigeria Indonesia Sri Lanka Poland Kuwait Morocco Peru Slovenia Fiji Czech Republic South Africa Montenegroc Jordan Zambia China Saudi Arabia

583 566 520 512 507 504 483 473 456 443 436 435 426 421 412 394 371 367 363 347

STOCKMARKETS

69

Highest growth in value traded $ terms, % increase, 2001–06 1 Serbia 133,900 2 United Arab Emirates 77,834 3 Barbados 10,260 4 Vietnama 6,588 5 Saudi Arabia 6,213 6 Kazakhstan 5,151 7 Lebanon 3,470 8 Kenya 3,150 9 Colombia 3,090 10 Ecuador 2,800 11 Iceland 2,212 12 Russia 2,145 13 Bulgaria 2,056 14 Jordan 2,049 15 Romania 1,564 16 Georgia 1,483 17 Croatia 1,458 18 West Bank and Gaza 1,323 19 Morocco 1,286 20 Côte d’Ivoire 1,238 21 Papua New Guineab 1,150 22 Egypt 1,118

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Austria Pakistan Lithuania Czech Republic Montenegroa Oman Poland Bahrain El Salvador Nigeria Chile Norway Sri Lanka Hungary Mongolia Malta Ukraine Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Peru Kuwait South Africa

998 916 897 882 860 651 641 631 630 618 581 571 556 547 450 443 431 426 405 404 388 348

Highest growth in number of listed companies % increase, 2001–06 1 Serbia 15,771 2 Macedonia 2,050 3 Uzbekistan 1,800 4 United Arab Emirates 575 5 Vietnama 364 6 Croatia 195 7 Canada 192 8 Slovenia 163 9 Uganda 150 10 Spain 129 11 Kazakhstan 116 12 Kuwait 109 Taiwan 109 14 Ukraine 90 15 Montenegroa 60 16 Zambia 56 17 United Kingdom 51 18 El Salvador 50 Tanzania 50 20 Ghana 45 21 Jordan 41 22 West Bank and Gaza 38 23 Hong Kong 36 Japan 36 a 2003–06

b 2002–06

c 2004–06

Oman 26 Thailand 27 Australia Russia 29 Papua New Guinea 30 Malaysia 31 Netherlands 32 China Qatarc 34 Bolivia 35 South Korea 36 Swaziland 37 Singapore 38 Trinidad & Tobago 39 Morocco 40 Bangladesh Bahrain New Zealand Malta 44 Poland 45 Nepal 46 Botswana Saudi Arabia Sweden

36 35 31 31 29 27 26 24 24 21 20 20 19 19 18 17 17 17 17 16 14 13 13 13

70

WORLD RANKINGS

Transport: roads and cars Longest road networks Km, 2004 or latest 1 United States 2 India 3 China 4 Brazil 5 Canada 6 Japan 7 France 8 Australia 9 Spain 10 Russia 11 Italy 12 Turkey 13 Sweden 14 Poland 15 United Kingdom 16 Indonesia 17 South Africa 18 Pakistan 19 Bangladesh 20 Mexico

6,433,272 3,383,344 1,870,661 1,751,868 1,408,900 1,177,278 951,220 810,200 666,292 537,289 484,688 426,906 424,947 423,997 387,674 368,360 364,131 258,340 239,226 235,670

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Germany Argentina Vietnam Philippines Romania Nigeria Iran Ukraine Hungary Congo-Kinshasa Saudi Arabia Belgium Austria Czech Republic Netherlands Greece Colombia Algeria South Korea Malaysia

231,420 231,374 222,179 200,037 198,817 193,200 179,388 169,739 159,568 153,497 152,044 150,567 133,901 127,672 126,100 114,931 112,988 108,302 100,279 98,721

Densest road networks Km of road per km2 land area, 2004 or latest 1 Macau 21.3 2 Malta 7.1 3 Bahrain 5.1 24 4 Singapore 5.0 25 5 Belgium 4.9 6 Barbados 3.7 27 7 Japan 3.1 8 Netherlands 3.0 9 Puerto Rico 2.8 30 10 Luxembourg 2.0 31 11 Jamaica 1.9 Slovenia 1.9 33 13 Hong Kong 1.8 14 Bangladesh 1.7 Denmark 1.7 36 France 1.7 Hungary 1.7 Switzerland 1.7 19 Austria 1.6 40 Czech Republic 1.6 Italy 1.6

Trinidad & Tobago United Kingdom Sri Lanka Ireland Poland Cyprus Estonia Spain Lithuania Latvia Netherlands Antilles India Mauritius South Korea Greece Portugal Slovakia Sweden Israel Romania

1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

TRANSPORT: ROADS AND CARS

71

Most crowded road networks Number of vehicles per km of road network, 2004 or latest 1 Qatar 283.6 26 Switzerland 2 Hong Kong 254.1 27 Croatia 3 Germany 206.9 28 Netherlands 4 Macau 185.5 29 Guatemala 5 Kuwait 180.7 30 Tunisia 6 Singapore 178.8 31 Russia 7 South Korea 144.7 32 Greece 8 Malta 113.2 33 Ukraine 9 Brunei 112.7 34 Cyprus 10 Israel 112.4 France 11 Serbia 102.1 36 United States 12 Mexico 92.8 37 Belgium 13 Netherlands Antilles 84.7 38 Austria 14 Mauritius 79.4 39 Spain 15 United Kingdom 78.7 40 Finland 16 Bahrain 77.2 41 Poland 17 Jordan 77.0 42 Slovakia 18 Italy 72.7 43 Denmark 19 Portugal 67.4 44 Czech Republic Malaysia 67.4 45 Honduras 21 Japan 63.6 46 New Zealand 22 Bulgaria 63.4 47 Moldova 23 Luxembourg 63.3 48 Morocco 24 Barbados 63.1 49 Chile 25 Indonesia 62.4 Panama

58.0 57.7 53.9 52.7 49.1 47.3 45.8 38.5 37.9 37.9 36.9 36.6 36.5 34.7 34.5 32.2 32.1 31.7 31.5 30.7 30.6 28.9 28.6 27.1 27.1

Most used road networks ‘000 vehicle-km per year per km of road network, 2004 or latest 1 Hong Kong 5,565.6 21 Norway 2 Singapore 4,049.6 22 Mexico 3 Germany 2,761.6 23 Austria 4 Israel 2,242.2 24 Ireland 5 Bahrain 1,528.0 25 Romania 6 South Korea 1,314.5 26 Spain 7 United Kingdom 1,272.8 27 Poland 8 Switzerland 831.5 28 Guatemala 9 Cyprus 783.5 29 Ghana 10 Luxembourg 778.5 Suriname 11 United States 738.6 31 Egypt 12 Greece 690.3 32 Morocco 13 Japan 664.0 33 Slovenia 14 Denmark 647.5 34 Slovakia 15 Finland 637.0 35 Australia 16 Croatia 635.9 36 Tanzania 17 Peru 633.6 37 Pakistan 18 Belgium 621.0 38 Cambodia 19 France 580.8 39 Sweden 20 Ecuador 568.1 40 India

381.3 381.2 357.1 351.1 341.2 336.7 325.7 322.6 320.6 320.6 310.6 310.3 281.2 255.6 247.0 243.8 192.4 188.5 173.3 168.3

72

WORLD RANKINGS

Highest car ownership Number of cars per 1,000 population, 2004 or latest 1 Luxembourg 647 26 Ireland 2 Iceland 601 27 Greece 3 New Zealand 592 28 Denmark 4 Italy 590 29 Czech Republic 5 Canada 561 30 Estonia 6 Germany 546 Kuwait 7 Australia 524 32 Barbados 8 Malta 523 33 Qatar 9 Switzerland 516 34 Bahrain 10 Austria 503 35 Netherlands Antilles 11 France 495 36 Bulgaria 12 Portugal 471 37 Croatia 13 Belgium 468 38 Latvia 14 United States 465 39 Poland 15 Sweden 457 40 Hungary 16 Slovenia 456 41 Israel 17 United Kingdom 451 42 Malaysia 18 Finland 446 43 Slovakia 19 Spain 445 44 South Korea 20 Japan 441 45 Serbia 21 Netherlands 429 46 Belarus 22 Norway 422 47 Suriname 23 Cyprus 406 48 Romania 24 Brunei 397 49 Costa Rica 25 Lithuania 383 50 Mexico

382 368 360 358 349 349 343 335 325 321 314 302 297 294 274 234 225 222 218 181 174 171 149 146 142

Lowest car ownership Number of cars per 1,000 population, 2004 or latest 1 Ethiopia 1 21 Ecuador Rwanda 1 22 Kyrgyzstan 3 Sierra Leone 2 23 Swaziland 4 Gambia, The 5 24 Botswana 5 Cameroon 8 Namibia Guinea 8 26 Colombia India 8 27 Zimbabwe 8 Kenya 9 28 Morocco 9 China 10 29 Albania Pakistan 10 30 Honduras Philippines 10 31 Azerbaijan 12 Bhutan 12 Guatemala Syria 12 Hong Kong 14 Sri Lanka 13 34 Georgia 15 Bolivia 15 35 Moldova 16 Nigeria 17 36 Jordan 17 Nicaragua 18 37 Panama 18 Cambodia 25 38 Turkey 19 Mongolia 26 39 Kazakhstan 20 Peru 30 40 Tunisia

32 39 40 42 42 44 45 47 48 52 53 53 53 56 65 71 73 75 80 83

TRANSPORT: ROADS AND CARS

73

Most injured in road accidents Number of people injured per 100,000 population, 2004 or latest 1 Qatar 9,989 26 Croatia 2 Kuwait 2,231 27 United Kingdom 3 Mauritius 1,580 28 Switzerland 4 Saudi Arabia 1,305 29 Malta 5 Costa Rica 1,231 30 Sri Lanka 6 Malaysia 1,222 31 Chile 7 Panama 1,212 32 Iceland 8 Botswana 1,025 33 Mongolia 9 Jordan 1,023 34 Peru 10 Suriname 913 35 Israel 11 Barbados 769 36 Czech Republic 12 Japan 745 37 New Zealand 13 Brunei 734 38 Cyprus 14 United States 647 39 Nicaragua 15 Slovenia 637 40 Bahrain 16 Austria 522 41 Bolivia 17 Swaziland 501 42 Latvia 18 Canada 473 Spain 19 Belgium 467 44 Hong Kong 20 South Korea 459 45 Lesotho 21 Namibia 440 46 Hungary 22 Germany 411 47 Sweden 23 Oman 406 48 Lithuania 24 Italy 390 49 United Arab Emirates 25 Portugal 387 50 Norway

386 346 310 298 290 287 277 275 271 261 260 255 252 245 237 230 220 220 218 215 207 201 185 183 178

Most deaths in road accidents Number of people killed per 100,000 population, 2004 or latest 1 Botswana 30 Namibia 2 South Africa 28 20 Kuwait 3 Malaysia 25 Lesotho 4 Russia 24 22 Greece Swaziland 24 Jordan 6 Gabon 23 Poland Oman 23 Suriname Thailand 23 Tunisia 9 Latvia 22 Ukraine Lithuania 22 United States United Arab Emirates 22 29 Croatia 12 Kazakhstan 21 Cyprus Qatar 21 Czech Republic Saudi Arabia 21 Jamaica 15 Kyrgyzstan 18 Slovenia 16 Belarus 17 South Korea Colombia 17 Vietnam Mongolia 17

17 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

74

WORLD RANKINGS

Transport: planes and trains Most air travel Million passenger-kma per year 1 United States 1,238,952 2 China 201,948 3 United Kingdom 196,488 4 Germany 152,909 5 Japan 151,080 6 France 115,116 7 Australia 77,112 8 Canada 70,956 9 South Korea 69,276 10 Singapore 69,084 11 Netherlands 68,316 12 Hong Kong 66,168 13 Spain 66,084 14 United Arab Emirates59,292 15 Italy 56,650

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Russia Brazil Malaysia Thailand India South Africa Belgium Saudi Arabia Switzerland Mexico New Zealand Ireland Turkey Indonesia Austria

48,828 48,779 47,304 41,570 34,092 33,103 32,650 30,183 28,488 27,864 24,942 20,796 20,328 19,917 18,828

Busiest airports Total passengers, m 1 Atlanta, Hartsfield 84.8 2 Chicago, O’Hare 76.2 3 London, Heathrow 67.5 4 Tokyo, Haneda 65.2 5 Los Angeles, Intl. 61.0 6 Dallas, Ft. Worth 60.1 7 Paris, Charles de Gaulle 56.8 8 Frankfurt, Main 52.8 9 Beijing, Capital 48.5 10 Denver, Intl. 47.3 11 Las Vegas, McCarran Intl. 46.2 12 Amsterdam, Schipol 46.1

Total cargo, m tonnes 1 Memphis, Intl. 3.69 2 Hong Kong, Intl. 3.61 3 Anchorage, Intl. 2.80 4 Seoul, Inchon 2.34 5 Tokyo, Narita 2.28 6 Shanghai, Pudong Intl. 2.16 7 Frankfurt, Main 2.13 8 Louisville, Standiford Fd. 1.98 9 Paris, Charles de Gaulle 1.95 10 Singapore, Changi 1.93 11 Los Angeles, Intl. 1.91 12 Miami, Intl. 1.83

Average daily aircraft movements, take-offs and landings 1 Atlanta, Hartsfield 2,675 11 Paris, Charles de 2 Chicago, O’Hare 2,626 Gaulle 1,484 3 Dallas, Ft. Worth 1,919 12 Detroit, Metro 1,320 4 Los Angeles, Intl. 1,800 13 Charlotte/Douglas, 5 Las Vegas, McCarran Intl. 1,396 Intl. 1,697 14 Toronto, Pearson Intl. 1,146 6 Houston, George Bush 15 Madrid 1,192 Intercont. 1,651 16 Frankfurt, Main 1,341 7 Denver, Intl. 1,636 17 London, Heathrow 1,307 8 Phoenix, Skyharbor 18 Salt Lake City 1,152 Intl. 1,483 19 Newark 1,217 9 Philadelphia, Intl. 1,413 20 Amsterdam, Schipol 1,206 10 Minneapolis, St Paul 1,303

a Air passenger–km data refer to the distance travelled by each aircraft of national origin.

TRANSPORT: PLANES AND TRAINS

75

Longest railway networks ‘000 km 1 United States 2 Russia 3 India 4 China 5 Canada 6 Argentina 7 Germany 8 Brazil France 10 Mexico 11 Ukraine 12 Japan 13 South Africa 14 Poland 15 Italy 16 United Kingdom 17 Spain 18 Kazakhstan 19 Romania 20 Sweden 21 Australia

229.0 85.5 63.5 62.2 57.7 35.8 34.2 29.3 29.3 26.7 22.0 20.1 20.0 19.6 16.7 16.2 14.5 14.2 10.8 9.9 9.5

Czech Republic Turkey Hungary Chile Pakistan Iran Austria Finland Belarus Sudan Egypt Bulgaria Norway Serbia Uzbekistan Slovakia Algeria Congo-Brazzaville Belgium Nigeria

9.5 8.7 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.1 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Germany Belgium Kazakhstan Italy United Kingdom Hungary Finland Czech Republic

874 832 809 803 734 714 696 663

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Germany Mexico Australia Poland Belarus France Japan United Kingdom

88,022 54,387 46,164 46,060 43,559 41,898 22,632 22,110

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 36 37 38 40

Most rail passengers Km per person per year 1 Switzerland 2 Japan 3 Belarus 4 France 5 Russia 6 Ukraine 7 Denmark 8 Austria 9 Netherlands

2,040 1,922 1,357 1,284 1,149 1,120 1,092 1,073 921

Most rail freight Million tonnes-km per year 1 United States 2,717,513 2 China 1,934,612 3 Russia 1,801,601 4 India 407,398 5 Canada 338,661 6 Ukraine 223,980 7 Brazil 221,600 8 Kazakhstan 171,855 9 South Africa 108,513

76

WORLD RANKINGS

Transport: shipping Merchant fleets Number of vessels, by country of domicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Japan Greece China Germany Russia United States Norway South Korea Turkey United Kingdom

3,091 3,027 2,893 2,786 2,157 1,679 1,665 993 801 779

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Singapore Denmark Netherlands Indonesia Italy Hong Kong Taiwan India Switzerland Canada

754 744 722 711 702 663 553 406 372 356

United Kingdom Denmark Russia Italy India Switzerland Belgium Saudi Arabia Turkey Iran

21.3 19.6 16.7 14.5 13.8 11.8 11.6 11.4 10.3 9.8

By country of domicile, deadweight tonnage, m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Greece Japan Germany China United States Norway Hong Kong South Korea Taiwan Singapore

163.4 131.7 71.5 65.5 46.9 45.4 43.8 29.7 24.4 23.0

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Maritime trading % of value of world trade generated 1 United States 12.5 2 Germany 8.3 3 China 6.7 4 Japan 5.3 5 France 4.5 6 United Kingdom 4.2 7 Netherlands 3.6 8 Italy 3.5 9 Canada 3.2 10 Belgium 3.1 11 Hong Kong 2.8 12 South Korea 2.6 13 Spain 2.2

14 Mexico 15 Singapore 16 Russia Taiwan 18 Austria Malaysia Switzerland 21 Australia Sweden Thailand 24 India 25 Brazil

2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9

% of world fleet deadweight tonnage, by country of ownership 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Japan United States Hong Kong Germany China Singapore United Kingdom South Korea Taiwan Russia

14.1 10.1 7.9 7.5 7.1 5.9 3.9 3.3 2.5 1.9

Italy India Belgium Malaysia Netherlands Switzerland 17 France 18 Canada Sweden 20 Brazil 11 12 13 14

1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6

TOURISM

77

Tourism Most tourist arrivals Number of arrivals, ‘000 1 France 2 Spain 3 United States 4 China 5 Italy 6 United Kingdom 7 Germany 8 Mexico 9 Turkey 10 Austria 11 Russia 12 Canada 13 Malaysia 14 Poland 15 Greece 16 Hong Kong 17 Thailand 18 Portugal 19 Hungary 20 Netherlands

76,001 55,577 46,085 41,761 36,513 29,970 21,500 20,617 20,273 19,952 19,940 19,152 15,703 15,200 14,276 13,655 11,737 11,617 10,048 10,012

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Saudi Arabia Croatia Macau Egypt South Africa Ireland Switzerland Belgium Tunisia Czech Republic Japan Morocco South Korea Indonesia Bulgaria Brazil Australia Denmark Norway Puerto Rico

9,100 8,467 8,324 8,244 7,518 7,333 7,229 6,747 6,378 6,336 6,138 5,843 5,818 5,321 4,837 4,794 4,774 4,562 3,859 3,541

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Belgium South Korea Spain Austria Hong Kong Sweden Australia Switzerland Norway Taiwan

14,250 12,638 12,545 12,136 11,446 10,568 10,166 9,285 9,081 8,764

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Greece Canada Japan Mexico Switzerland Netherlands Hong Kong Thailand Belgium Malaysia

13,731 13,584 12,439 11,803 11,040 10,475 10,286 10,108 9,863 8,543

Biggest tourist spenders $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Germany United States United Kingdom Japan France Italy China Netherlands Russia Canada

78,530 66,733 61,070 40,587 30,527 21,981 21,135 17,928 16,923 16,584

Largest tourist receipts $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

United States Spain France Italy United Kingdom China Germany Turkey Australia Austria

81,680 47,891 42,276 35,398 30,669 29,296 29,204 18,152 16,866 15,467

78

WORLD RANKINGS

Education Highest primary enrolment Number enrolled as % of relevant age group 1 Sierra Leone 155 15 2 Brazil 141 3 Madagascar 138 4 Cambodia 134 18 5 Lesotho 132 6 Gabon 130 7 Netherlands Antilles 126 21 8 Belize 124 Syria 124 10 Russia 123 24 11 Malawi 122 12 Rwanda 120 Suriname 120 14 Argentina 119

China Mongolia Uganda Cameroon Ecuador Indonesia India Laos Portugal Aruba Equatorial Guinea Guatemala Kenya Peru

118 118 118 117 117 117 116 116 116 114 114 114 114 114

Lowest primary enrolment Number enrolled as % of relevant age group 1 Somalia 17 15 2 Niger 47 16 3 Central African Rep 56 17 4 Burkina Faso 58 5 Sudan 60 6 Congo-Brazzaville 62 7 Eritrea 64 21 8 Mali 66 9 Côte d’Ivoire 72 10 Papua New Guinea 75 24 11 Chad 77 25 12 Gambia, The 81 26 Guinea 81 27 14 United Arab Emirates 83

Oman Burundi Afghanistan Andorra Pakistan Yemen Congo Ghana Senegal West Bank and Gaza Cayman Islands Saudi Arabia Moldova

84 85 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 89 90 91 92

Ukraine Iceland Russia Spain Estonia Argentina Belgium Italy Belarus Cuba Macau Poland

69 68 68 66 65 64 63 63 62 61 61 61

Highest tertiary enrolmenta Number enrolled as % of relevant age group 1 Finland 90 13 South Korea 90 14 3 New Zealand 86 4 Sweden 84 16 5 United States 82 17 6 Norway 80 18 7 Greece 79 19 8 Denmark 74 Latvia 74 21 Slovenia 74 22 11 Lithuania 73 12 Australia 72

Notes: Latest available year 2000–04. The gross enrolment ratios shown are the actual number enrolled as a percentage of the number of children in the official primary age group. They may exceed 100 when children outside the primary age group are receiving primary education.

EDUCATION

79

Least literate % adult literacy rate 1 Mali 2 Burkina Faso 3 Chad 4 Afghanistan 5 Niger 6 Guinea 7 Bermuda 8 Sierra Leone 9 Senegal 10 Central African Rep Nepal 12 Côte d’Ivoire 13 Pakistan 14 Mauritania 15 Morocco 16 Togo

19.0 21.8 25.7 28.1 28.7 29.5 34.7 35.1 39.3 48.6 48.6 48.7 49.9 51.2 52.3 53.2

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Papua New Guinea Ghana Burundi Bhutan Sudan India Malawi Rwanda Uganda Congo-Brazzaville Angola Cameroon Zambia Laos Guatemala Tanzania

57.3 57.9 59.3 59.5 60.9 61.0 64.1 64.9 66.8 67.2 67.4 67.9 68.0 68.7 69.1 69.4

Highest education spending % of GDP 1 Cuba 2 Yemen 3 Lesotho 4 Denmark 5 Iceland Tunisia 7 Malaysia 8 Norway 9 Sweden 10 Cyprus 11 Israel

9.8 9.6 9.0 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3

12 Barbados Namibia 14 New Zealand Saudi Arabia 16 Kenya Morocco 18 Finland 19 Bolivia Fiji Ukraine

6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4

Zambia 13 Chad 14 Botswana Congo Uruguay 17 Kazakhstan Laos Macau Mauritania Niger Pakistan

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Lowest education spending % of GDP 1 Equatorial Guinea 2 Indonesia 3 Myanmar United Arab Emirates 5 Qatar 6 Cameroon Dominican Republic 8 Bermuda Cambodia 10 Gambia, The Guinea

0.6 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0

a Tertiary education includes all levels of post-secondary education including courses leading to awards not equivalent to a university degree, courses leading to a first university degree and postgraduate courses.

80

WORLD RANKINGS

Life expectancy Highest life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Andorraa 2 Japan 3 Hong Kong 4 Iceland 5 Switzerland 6 Australia 7 Spain Sweden 9 Canada France Israel Macau 13 Italy 14 New Zealand Norway 16 Cayman Islandsa 17 Singapore 18 Austria Netherlands 20 Greece Martinique 22 Belgium Faroe Islandsa Germany

83.5 82.6 82.2 81.8 81.7 81.2 80.9 80.9 80.7 80.7 80.7 80.7 80.5 80.2 80.2 80.1 80.0 79.8 79.8 79.5 79.5 79.4 79.4 79.4

28 29 30 32 33 34

37 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Malta United Kingdom Virgin Islands (US) Finland Guadeloupe Channel Islands Cyprus Ireland Costa Rica Luxembourg Puerto Rico United Arab Emirates Chile South Korea Cuba Denmark United States Portugal Bermudaa Slovenia Kuwait Taiwana Barbados Brunei

79.4 79.4 79.4 79.3 79.2 79.0 79.0 78.9 78.8 78.7 78.7 78.7 78.6 78.6 78.3 78.3 78.2 78.1 78.0 77.9 77.6 77.4 77.3 77.1

Highest male life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Andorraa 2 Iceland 3 Hong Kong 4 Japan Switzerland 6 Australia 7 Sweden 8 Israel 9 Macau

80.6 80.2 79.4 79.0 79.0 78.9 78.7 78.6 78.5

10 11 12 13 14 15

Canada New Zealand Singapore Norway Spain Cayman Islandsa Italy Netherlands 18 Malta

78.3 78.2 78.0 77.8 77.7 77.5 77.5 77.5 77.3

Virgin Islands (US) 11 Sweden 12 Canada 13 Faroe Islandsa Israel Macau 16 Cayman Islandsa Puerto Rico 18 Austria

83.3 83.0 82.9 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.7 82.7 82.6

Highest female life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Andorraa 2 Japan 3 Hong Kong 4 Spain Switzerland 6 France 7 Australia 8 Italy 9 Iceland a 2006 estimate.

86.6 86.1 85.1 84.2 84.2 84.1 83.6 83.5 83.3

LIFE EXPECTANCY

81

Lowest life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 2 Mozambique 3 Zambia 4 Lesotho Sierra Leone 6 Angola 7 Zimbabwe 8 Afghanistan 9 Central African Rep 10 Liberia 11 Rwanda 12 Guinea-Bissau 13 Congo-Kinshasa 14 Nigeria 15 Somalia 16 Côte d’Ivoire Malawi 18 South Africa 19 Burundi 20 Cameroon 21 Botswana Chad 23 Uganda 24 Equatorial Guinea 25 Burkina Faso

39.6 42.1 42.4 42.6 42.6 42.7 43.5 43.8 44.7 45.7 46.2 46.4 46.5 46.9 48.2 48.3 48.3 49.3 49.6 50.4 50.7 50.7 51.5 51.6 52.3

26 Tanzania 27 Ethiopia Namibia 29 Kenya 30 Mali 31 Congo-Brazzaville 32 Guinea 33 Benin Gabon 35 Niger 36 Papua New Guinea 37 Eritrea 38 Togo 39 Sudan 40 Gambia, The Madagascar 42 Iraq 43 Cambodia 44 Ghana 45 Haiti 46 Myanmar 47 Yemen 48 Senegal 49 Turkmenistan 50 Nepal

52.5 52.9 52.9 54.1 54.5 55.3 56.0 56.7 56.7 56.9 57.2 58.0 58.4 58.6 59.4 59.4 59.5 59.7 60.0 60.9 62.1 62.7 63.1 63.2 63.8

Liberia Guinea-Bissau Congo-Kinshasa Nigeria Somalia Côte d’Ivoire Burundi Malawi 19 South Africa 20 Chad

44.8 44.9 45.2 46.4 46.9 47.5 48.1 48.1 48.8 49.3

Liberia Nigeria Congo-Kinshasa Rwanda Guinea-Bissau Malawi Côte d’Ivoire Somalia South Africa

46.6 47.3 47.7 47.8 47.9 48.4 49.3 49.4 49.7

Lowest male life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 2 Sierra Leone 3 Angola 4 Mozambique 5 Zambia 6 Lesotho 7 Central African Rep 8 Afghanistan 9 Zimbabwe 10 Rwanda

39.8 41.0 41.2 41.7 42.1 42.9 43.3 43.9 44.1 44.6

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Lowest female life expectancy Years, 2005–10 1 Swaziland 2 Lesotho 3 Mozambique 4 Zambia 5 Zimbabwe 6 Afghanistan 7 Sierra Leone 8 Angola 9 Central African Rep

39.4 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.7 43.8 44.2 44.3 46.1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

82

WORLD RANKINGS

Death rates and infant mortality Highest death rates Number of deaths per 1,000 population, 2005–10 1 Sierra Leone 22.1 49 Czech Republic 2 Swaziland 21.2 50 Germany 3 Angola 20.5 51 Portugal 4 Afghanistan 19.9 52 Italy 5 Mozambique 19.8 53 Gambia, The 6 Lesotho 19.2 54 Denmark 7 Zambia 18.8 55 Kazakhstan 8 Guinea-Bissau 18.4 Sudan 9 Liberia 18.3 Sweden 10 Central African Rep 18.1 Togo Congo-Kinshasa 18.1 59 Belgium 12 Zimbabwe 17.9 Poland 13 Rwanda 17.2 Slovakia 14 South Africa 17.0 62 Greece 15 Nigeria 16.8 North Korea 16 Somalia 16.6 Slovenia 17 Ukraine 16.4 United Kingdom 18 Russia 16.2 66 Finland 19 Burundi 15.6 Madagascar 20 Chad 15.4 Myanmar Côte d’Ivoire 15.4 69 Armenia 22 Bulgaria 14.8 Papua New Guinea Equatorial Guinea 14.8 71 Bosnia Malawi 14.8 Channel Islands 25 Belarus 14.7 73 Austria Mali 14.7 74 Ghana 27 Burkina Faso 14.4 75 Eritrea Cameroon 14.4 Haiti 29 Estonia 14.3 Macedonia 30 Botswana 14.1 Uruguay 31 Niger 13.8 79 Iraq 32 Latvia 13.6 Norway 33 Uganda 13.4 81 Cambodia 34 Hungary 13.2 Japan 35 Ethiopia 13.0 Senegal 36 Tanzania 12.9 84 France 37 Moldova 12.5 85 Spain 38 Namibia 12.4 86 Faroe Islands a Luxembourg Romania 12.4 88 Netherlands 40 Lithuania 12.3 89 Thailand 41 Croatia 12.1 90 India 42 Guinea 11.9 Turkmenistan 43 Georgia 11.8 United States Kenya 11.8 93 Kyrgyzstan 45 Gabon 11.7 Switzerland 46 Serbia 11.6 Trinidad & Tobago 47 Congo-Brazzaville 11.4 96 Malta 48 Benin 11.2

10.9 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.0

Note: Both death and, in particular, infant mortality rates can be underestimated in certain countries where not all deaths are officially recorded. a 2006 estimate.

DEATH RATES AND INFANT MORTALITY

83

Highest infant mortality Number of deaths per 1,000 live births, 2005–10 1 Sierra Leone 160.3 21 Equatorial Guinea 2 Afghanistan 157.0 22 Malawi 3 Liberia 132.5 23 Togo 4 Angola 131.9 24 Cameroon 5 Mali 128.5 25 Ethiopia 6 Chad 119.2 26 Iraq 7 Côte d’Ivoire 116.9 27 Uganda 8 Somalia 116.3 28 Turkmenistan 9 Congo-Kinshasa 113.5 29 Gambia, The 10 Guinea-Bissau 112.7 30 Tanzania 11 Rwanda 112.4 31 Azerbaijan 12 Niger 110.8 32 Swaziland 13 Nigeria 109.5 33 Congo-Brazzaville 14 Burkina Faso 104.4 34 Pakistan 15 Guinea 102.5 35 Myanmar 16 Burundi 99.4 36 Senegal 17 Benin 98.0 37 Madagascar 18 Central African Rep 96.8 38 Sudan 19 Mozambique 95.9 39 Lesotho 20 Zambia 92.7 40 Kenya

92.3 89.4 88.6 87.5 86.9 81.5 76.9 74.7 74.2 72.6 72.3 71.0 70.3 67.5 66.0 65.7 65.5 64.9 64.6 64.4

Lowest death rates

Lowest infant mortality

No. deaths per 1,000 pop., 2005–10 1 United Arab Emirates 2 Kuwait 3 Qatar 4 Oman 5 Brunei 6 Bahrain 7 Syria 8 Saudi Arabia West Bank and Gaza 10 Belize 11 Jordan 12 Costa Rica Libya 14 Malaysia 15 Macau Nicaragua 17 Mexico Philippines 19 Algeria Cayman Islandsa 21 Panama 22 Ecuador Venezuela Vietnam 25 French Polynesia

No. deaths per 1,000 live births, 2005–10 1 Iceland 2.9 2 Singapore 3.0 3 Japan 3.2 Sweden 3.2 5 Norway 3.3 6 Finland 3.7 Hong Kong 3.7 8 Czech Republic 3.8 9 Andorraa 4.0 10 South Korea 4.1 Switzerland 4.1 12 Belgium 4.2 France 4.2 Spain 4.2 15 Germany 4.3 16 Australia 4.4 Austria 4.4 Denmark 4.4 19 Luxembourg 4.5 20 Israel 4.7 Netherlands 4.7 22 Canada 4.8 Slovenia 4.8 United Kingdom 4.8 25 Ireland 4.9

a 2006 estimate.

1.4 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2

84

WORLD RANKINGS

Death and disease Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease

% of population aged 20–79, 2007 1 United Arab Emirates 19.5 2 Saudi Arabia 16.7 3 Kuwait 14.4 4 Oman 13.1 5 Trinidad & Tobago 11.5 6 Mauritius 11.1 7 Egypt 11.0 8 Malaysia 10.7 Puerto Rico 10.7 10 Mexico 10.6 Syria 10.6 12 Jamaica 10.3 13 Nicaragua 10.1 Singapore 10.1 15 Iraq 10.0 16 Jordan 9.8 17 Afghanistan 9.7 Panama 9.7 19 Pakistan 9.6

Deaths per 100,000 population, age standardised, 2002 1 Turkmenistan 844 2 Tajikistan 753 3 Kazakhstan 713 4 Afghanistan 706 5 Russia 688 6 Uzbekistan 663 7 Ukraine 637 8 Moldova 619 9 Azerbaijan 613 10 Kyrgyzstan 602 11 Belarus 592 12 Georgia 584 13 Somalia 580 14 Albania 573 15 Egypt 560 16 Bulgaria 554 17 Yemen 553 18 Turkey 542 19 Sierra Leone 515

Cancer

Tuberculosis

Deaths per 100,000 population, age standardised, 2000 1 Mongolia 306 2 Bolivia 256 3 Hungary 201 4 Sierra Leone 181 5 Poland 180 6 Angola 179 7 Czech Republic 177 8 Peru 175 9 Slovakia 170 Uruguay 170 11 Liberia 169 Niger 169 South Korea 169 14 Croatia 167 Denmark 167 Kazakhstan 167 17 Mali 166 18 Burkina Faso 162 Swaziland 162 20 Congo-Kinshasa 161 Lithuania 161 22 Côte d’Ivoire 160 Slovenia 160

Incidence per 100,000 population, 2005 1 Swaziland 1,262 2 Namibia 697 3 Lesotho 696 4 Botswana 654 5 Kenya 641 6 Zimbabwe 601 7 South Africa 600 Zambia 600 9 Cambodia 506 10 Sierra Leone 475 11 Mozambique 447 12 Malawi 409 13 Côte d’Ivoire 382 14 Togo 373 15 Uganda 369 16 Congo-Brazzaville 367 17 Rwanda 361 18 Congo-Kinshasa 356 19 Ethiopia 344 20 Tanzania 342 21 Burundi 334 22 Central African Rep 314 23 Gabon 308

Note: Statistics are not available for all countries. The number of cases diagnosed and reported depends on the quality of medical practice and administration and can be under-reported in a number of countries.

DEATH AND DISEASE

Measles immunisation

DPTa immunisation

Lowest % of children aged 12–23 months, 2005 1 Chad 2 Central African Rep Nigeria Somalia 5 Laos 6 Angola 7 Côte d’Ivoire 8 Haiti 9 Gabon 10 Congo-Brazzaville 11 India 12 Ethiopia Guinea Madagascar 15 Papua New Guinea Sudan Swaziland 18 Mauritania 19 Afghanistan Bolivia

Lowest % of children aged 12–23 months, 2005 1 Chad 2 Nigeria 3 Somalia 4 Gabon 5 Central African Rep 6 Haiti 7 Angola 8 Laos 9 Côte d’Ivoire 10 Ethiopia India Sudan 13 Madagascar Papua New Guinea 15 Sierra Leone 16 Congo-Brazzaville 17 Guinea 18 Indonesia 19 Mauritania Swaziland

23 35 35 35 41 45 51 54 55 56 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 61 64 64

85

20 25 35 38 40 43 47 49 56 59 59 59 61 61 64 65 69 70 71 71

HIV/AIDS

AIDS

Prevalence among population aged 15–49, %, 2005 1 Swaziland 33.4 2 Botswana 24.1 3 Lesotho 23.2 4 Zimbabwe 20.1 5 Namibia 19.6 6 South Africa 18.8 7 Zambia 17.0 8 Mozambique 16.1 9 Malawi 14.1 10 Central African Rep 10.7 11 Gabon 7.9 12 Côte d’Ivoire 7.1 13 Uganda 6.7 14 Tanzania 6.5 15 Kenya 6.1 16 Cameroon 5.4 17 Congo-Brazzaville 5.3 18 Nigeria 3.9 19 Guinea-Bissau 3.8 Haiti 3.8 21 Angola 3.7 22 Chad 3.5 23 Bahamas 3.3 Burundi 3.3

Estimated deaths per 100,000 pop., 2005 1 Swaziland 1,455 2 Zimbabwe 1,395 3 Lesotho 1,278 4 Botswana 1,000 5 Zambia 899 6 Namibia 850 7 Mozambique 729 8 South Africa 708 9 Malawi 634 10 Central African Rep 615 11 Kenya 432 12 Côte d’Ivoire 385 13 Tanzania 371 14 Uganda 341 15 Gabon 336 16 Congo-Brazzaville 289 17 Cameroon 282 18 Rwanda 247 19 Angola 213 20 Equatorial Guinea 197 21 Belize 192 22 Haiti 190 23 Barbados 185 24 Burundi 183

a Diptheria, pertussis and tetanus

86

WORLD RANKINGS

Health Highest health spending

Lowest health spending

As % of GDP 1 United States 2 West Bank and Gaza 3 Malawi 4 Lebanon 5 Switzerland 6 Germany 7 France 8 Austria 9 Serbia 10 Iceland 11 Canada Jordan Portugal 14 Belgium Norway 16 Argentina Australia 18 Malta Netherlands 20 Sweden 21 Brazil 22 Israel Italy Slovenia 25 Denmark South Africa 27 New Zealand 28 Bosnia 29 Nicaragua Uruguay

As % of GDP 1 Equatorial Guinea 2 Angola 3 Myanmar Pakistan 5 Qatar 6 Congo-Kinshasa 7 Indonesia Kuwait 9 Mauritania United Arab Emirates 11 Madagascar Oman 13 Bangladesh 14 Brunei Burundi 16 Saudi Arabia Sierra Leone 18 Philippines 19 North Korea Thailand Trinidad & Tobago 22 Algeria Azerbaijan Papua New Guinea 25 Singapore 26 Côte d’Ivoire Kazakhstan Libya Malaysia 30 Laos

15.4 13.0 12.9 11.6 11.5 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.1 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.2

Highest pop. per doctor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Niger Malawi Tanzania Burundi Sierra Leone Mozambique Ethiopia Liberia Togo Benin Chad Botswana Rwanda Eritrea Papua New Guinea Lesotho Burkina Faso Senegal

56,278 52,374 50,834 35,434 35,420 34,362 32,807 31,269 30,725 30,576 27,385 24,513 21,265 20,471 20,300 19,942 19,743 18,864

1.6 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9

Lowest pop. per doctor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17

Cuba Georgia Belarus Belgium Greece Estonia Russia Turkmenistan Italy Lithuania Andorra Armenia Israel Kazakhstan Bulgaria Uruguay Azerbaijan Iceland

169 215 217 227 230 231 236 236 244 253 256 271 275 278 279 279 281 281

HEALTH

87

Most hospital beds Beds per 1,000 pop. 1 Japan 2 North Korea 3 Belarus 4 Russia 5 Ukraine 6 Czech Republic Germany 8 Azerbaijan 9 Lithuania 10 Hungary 11 Kazakhstan 12 Austria Latvia 14 France Iceland Malta Mongolia 18 Australia 19 Barbados 20 Finland 21 Slovakia

14.3 13.2 11.1 9.7 8.7 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.0 6.9

22 Romania South Korea 24 Bulgaria Moldova 26 Israel Luxembourg 28 Tajikistan 29 New Zealand 30 Serbia 31 Estonia 32 Ireland Switzerland 34 Croatia 35 Belgium Poland 37 Uzbekistan 38 Kyrgyzstan 39 Netherlands 40 Cuba Turkmenistan

6.6 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9

Child well-being Rankinga Average Material rankb well-being 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Netherlands Sweden Denmark Finland Spain Switzerland Norway Italy Ireland Belgium Germany Canada Greece Poland Czech Republic France Portugal Austria Hungary United States United Kingdom

4.2 5.0 7.2 7.5 8.0 8.3 8.7 10.0 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.8 11.8 12.3 12.5 13.0 13.7 13.8 14.5 18.0 18.2

10 1 4 3 12 5 2 14 19 7 13 6 15 21 11 9 16 8 20 17 18

Health/ Educational Family/ safety well-being friends relationships 2 6 3 1 5 15 4 8 9 3 4 17 6 15 8 9 14 4 8 11 10 5 20 1 19 7 7 16 1 5 11 10 13 13 2 18 18 16 11 15 3 14 10 9 19 7 18 12 14 21 2 20 19 16 17 13 6 21 12 20 12 17 21

Note: Data for these health rankings refer to the latest year available, 1999–2005. a Comparing 21 OECD countries. b Average of six measures.

88

WORLD RANKINGS

Marriage and divorce Highest marriage rates Number of marriages per 1,000 population, 2005 or latest available year 1 Bermuda 13.8 South Korea 2 Barbados 13.1 Turkey 3 Aruba 12.1 33 Singapore Vietnam 12.1 34 Belize 5 Jordan 9.7 Romania 6 Iran 8.9 36 Costa Rica 7 Mauritius 8.8 Hong Kong 8 Algeria 8.7 Malta 9 Jamaica 8.3 Tajikistan 10 Guam 8.2 Tunisia 11 United States 8.0 41 China 12 Azerbaijan 7.6 Malaysia West Bank and Gaza 7.6 Ukraine 14 Taiwan 7.5 44 Bahamas 15 Belarus 7.3 Lithuania Cyprus 7.3 Mongolia Indonesia 7.3 Trinidad & Tobago Iraq 7.3 48 Channel Islandsa 19 Denmark 7.1 Finland 20 Kazakhstan 7.0 Serbia Moldova 7.0 51 Bosnia 22 Macedonia 6.9 Greece 23 Kyrgyzstan 6.8 Japan Philippines 6.8 54 Australia Russia 6.8 55 Armenia Uzbekistan 6.8 Israel 27 Albania 6.7 Mexico Egypt 6.7 Spain 29 Turkmenistan 6.6 Switzerland 30 Puerto Rico 6.5

6.5 6.5 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3

Lowest marriage rates Number of marriages per 1,000 population, 2005 or latest available year 1 Colombia 1.7 13 Martinique 2 Dominican Republic 2.8 14 El Salvador 3 Venezuela 2.8 Macau 4 Andorra 2.9 South Africa Peru 2.9 17 Guadeloupe 6 United Arab Emirates 3.1 Netherlands Antilles 7 Argentina 3.2 Nicaragua Slovenia 3.2 20 Bulgaria 9 Panama 3.3 New Caledonia 10 Chile 3.4 Portugal Georgia 3.4 Suriname 12 Qatar 3.5 Uruguay

3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

a Guernsey only Note: The data are based on latest available figures and hence will be affected by the population age structure at the time. Marriage rates refer to registered marriages only and, therefore, reflect the customs surrounding registry and efficiency of administration.

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE

89

Highest divorce rates Number of divorces per 1,000 population, 2005 or latest available year 1 Aruba 5.0 Portugal 2 Russia 4.4 34 Canada 3 Uruguay 4.3 Cyprus 4 Moldova 4.1 France 5 South Korea 3.9 Sweden 6 Puerto Rico 3.7 38 Guadeloupe Ukraine 3.7 Singapore United States 3.7 Slovakia 9 Czech Republic 3.3 41 Bulgaria Lithuania 3.3 Japan 11 Cuba 3.2 43 Iceland 12 Estonia 3.1 Kuwait Taiwan 3.1 Netherlands 14 Belgium 3.0 46 Bahamas Bermuda 3.0 Jordan Denmark 3.0 48 Israel 17 Belarus 2.9 Romania Channel Islandsa 2.9 50 Poland United Kingdom 2.9 51 China 20 Netherlands Antilles 2.8 Suriname 21 Germany 2.7 53 Croatia New Zealand 2.7 Greece 23 Australia 2.5 Slovenia Finland 2.5 Trinidad & Tobago Switzerland 2.5 Turkmenistan 26 Hungary 2.4 58 New Caledonia Norway 2.4 Réunion 28 Austria 2.3 Serbia Hong Kong 2.3 Spain Kazakhstan 2.3 Thailand Latvia 2.3 Tunisia Luxembourg 2.3 West Bank and Gaza

2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Lowest divorce rates Number of divorces per 1,000 population, 2005 or latest available year Uzbekistan 1 Colombia 0.2 13 Ireland 2 Libya 0.3 Jamaica 3 Bosnia 0.4 Turkey Georgia 0.4 16 Azerbaijan Mongolia 0.4 Brazil Tajikistan 0.4 Egypt 7 Chile 0.5 Indonesia Vietnam 0.5 Italy 9 Armenia 0.6 Macedonia El Salvador 0.6 Venezuela Mexico 0.6

a Guernsey only

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

90

WORLD RANKINGS

Households and living costs Biggest number of householdsa m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

China India United States Indonesia Russia Brazil Japan Germany Nigeria United Kingdom Bangladesh France Vietnam Mexico

372.1 206.3 112.7 58.6 53.0 50.0 48.5 39.3 26.8 26.1 25.5 25.3 25.2 24.6

Italy Pakistan Ukraine Congo-Kinshasa South Korea Thailand Philippines Egypt Turkey Spain Ethiopia Poland Myanmar

22.4 22.1 19.8 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.1 16.0 15.4 15.2 14.7 13.6 13.5

Sudan 11 Algeria 12 Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan 15 French Polynesia Kyrgyzstan 17 Guinea-Bissau Jordan

6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7

15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Biggest householdsa Population per dwelling 1 Congo-Brazzaville 2 Pakistan 3 Papua New Guinea 4 United Arab Emirates 5 Gabon Guinea Kuwait 8 Cambodia 9 Réunion

8.2 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1

Highest cost of livingb End 2006, USA=100 1 Norway 2 France 3 Denmark 4 United Kingdom 5 Japan 6 Iceland 7 Finland 8 South Korea 9 Austria Switzerland 11 Singapore 12 Hong Kong 13 Australia Germany 15 Belgium Ireland

132 130 126 125 124 118 116 115 112 112 108 107 106 106 104 104

19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30

New Caledonia Sweden Netherlands Russia Italy Spain Canada Luxembourg Cote d’Ivoire Israel New Zealand Taiwan Turkey Czech Republic Greece

104 104 101 101 98 97 96 95 89 88 86 85 85 84 84

a Latest available year. b The cost of living index shown is compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit for use by companies in determining expatriate compensation: it is a comparison of the cost of maintaining a typical international lifestyle in the country rather than a comparison of the purchasing power of a citizen of the country. The index is based on typical urban prices an international executive and family will face abroad. The prices

HOUSEHOLDS AND LIVING COSTS

91

Smallest number of householdsa m 1 Cayman Islands Virgin Islands 3 Bermuda 4 Aruba Guam 6 French Polynesia New Caledonia 8 Netherlands Antilles 9 Barbados 10 Bahamas Brunei 12 Suriname 13 Martinique 14 Belize Guadeloupe

0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11

16 Malta 17 Equatorial Guinea Iceland Réunion 20 Macau 21 Fiji Luxembourg Qatar 24 Bahrain 25 Swaziland 26 Gabon 27 Mauritius 28 Cyprus 29 Guinea-Bissau Trinidad & Tobago

0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.28 0.28

Smallest householdsa Population per dwelling 1 Finland Germany Sweden 4 Denmark Switzerland 6 Austria Iceland

2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3

Netherlands Norway United Kingdom 11 Belgium Estonia France Ukraine

2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4

34 43 44 45 45 45 46 51 52 53 54 54 57 57 58 58

17 Cambodia 18 Bulgaria Kazakhstan Peru 21 Panama 22 Ecuador Uraguay Vietnam 25 Brunei Kuwait Oman 28 South Africa 29 Saudi Arabia 30 Bahrain Romania

59 60 60 60 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 64 65 66 66

Lowest cost of livingb End 2006, USA=100 1 Iran 2 Philippines 3 Pakistan 4 India Libya Nepal 7 Bangladesh 8 Paraguay 9 Algeria 10 Costa Rica 11 Argentina Uzbekistan 13 Syria Venezuela 15 Egypt Sri Lanka

c are for products of international comparable quality found in a supermarket or department store. Prices found in local markets and bazaars are not used unless the available merchandise is of the specified quality and the shopping area itself is safe for executive and family members. New York City prices are used as the base, so United States = 100.

92

WORLD RANKINGS

Consumer goods ownership TV Colour TVs per 100 households 1 Belgium 99.8 2 United States 99.7 3 Ireland 99.4 4 Taiwan 99.3 5 Hong Kong 99.1 Saudi Arabia 99.1 7 Japan 99.0 8 Canada 98.8 9 Finland 98.7 Netherlands 98.7 Singapore 98.7 Spain 98.7 13 Portugal 98.3 United Kingdom 98.3 15 New Zealand 98.2 16 Austria 97.9

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Germany United Arab Emirates Sweden Israel Switzerland Venezuela Italy France Norway South Korea Jordan Slovenia Hungary Denmark Kuwait Argentina

97.4 97.3 97.0 96.9 96.8 96.3 96.0 95.9 94.0 93.8 93.4 92.8 92.7 92.6 92.2 92.1

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

29 30 31 32 33 34

Faroe Islands Malta Cyprus Australia Ireland South Korea Guadeloupe Netherlands Austria Greenland Norway Belgium Japan Martinique Bahamas Italy New Zealand

50.7 50.4 50.3 50.2 49.5 49.2 48.7 46.6 45.7 45.7 45.7 45.4 45.3 44.5 43.9 43.1 42.9

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Austria Belgium Finland United States Switzerland Hong Kong Singapore Portugal Spain Ireland Peru

69.7 66.3 64.1 61.3 59.2 58.4 56.0 43.1 42.4 41.1 36.3

Telephone Telephone lines per 100 people 1 Bermuda 86.2 2 Switzerland 69.0 3 Germany 66.6 4 Iceland 65.9 5 Canada 64.1 6 Virgin Islands (US) 63.9 7 Denmark 61.7 8 Taiwan 59.8 9 United States 58.8 10 Sweden 58.2 11 Greece 56.8 12 France 55.7 13 Hong Kong 53.9 14 United Kingdom 53.3 15 Andorra 52.8 16 Luxembourg 52.6 17 Guam 50.9

CD player CD players per 100 households 1 Norway 89.5 2 Denmark 89.1 3 New Zealand 88.5 4 Netherlands 87.7 5 United Kingdom 87.1 6 Australia 85.5 7 Germany 85.2 8 Sweden 83.4 9 Canada 81.5 10 Taiwan 70.6 11 Japan 69.8

CONSUMER GOODS OWNERSHIP

93

Computer Computers per 100 people 1 Switzerland 2 United States 3 Sweden 4 Israel 5 Canada 6 Australia 7 Netherlands 8 Denmark 9 Luxembourg 10 Singapore 11 Austria 12 United Kingdom 13 Hong Kong 14 France 15 Taiwan 16 Norway 17 Germany 18 Japan 19 South Korea 20 Bermuda 21 Ireland 22 Estonia 23 Iceland 24 Finland

86.2 76.2 76.1 73.4 69.8 68.9 68.5 65.5 62.4 62.2 61.1 60.0 59.3 57.9 57.5 57.2 54.5 54.2 53.2 52.3 49.7 48.9 48.3 48.2

New Zealand Slovenia Italy Réunion Slovakia Saudi Arabia Macau Belgium Cyprus Spain Czech Republic Costa Rica Kuwait Macedonia Latvia Martinique Guadeloupe United Arab Emirates Malaysia Croatia Poland 46 Qatar 47 Bahrain 48 Malta

48.2 41.1 37.0 36.3 35.7 35.4 34.8 34.7 30.9 28.1 24.0 23.1 22.3 22.2 21.9 20.8 20.3 19.8 19.2 19.1 19.1 17.9 16.9 16.6

Netherlands Spain Andorra Germany Greece Hungary Qatar Switzerland Australia Netherlands Antilles Belgium Faroe Islands Nepal Ukraine Cuba Armenia Bosnia Réunion Thailand South Africa Uzbekistan Ecuador

97.2 96.8 96.1 95.8 92.3 92.3 92.2 91.6 91.4 90.1 90.0 89.4 85.9 83.9 83.4 78.9 76.4 75.5 73.0 71.6 68.4 66.9

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Mobile telephone Subscribers per 100 people 1 Luxembourg 2 Aruba 3 Lithuania 4 Italy 5 Hong Kong 6 Macau 7 Czech Republic 8 Israel 9 United Kingdom 10 Portugal 11 Estonia 12 Austria Jamaica 14 Iceland 15 Bahrain 16 Ireland Norway 18 United Arab Emirates 19 Singapore 20 Sweden 21 Finland 22 Denmark 23 Taiwan

154.8 135.1 127.1 124.3 123.5 115.9 115.2 112.4 109.8 109.1 108.8 105.8 105.8 103.4 103.0 102.9 102.9 100.9 100.8 100.5 100.4 100.3 97.4

24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

94

WORLD RANKINGS

Cinema and newspapers Cinema attendances Total visits, m 1 India 2 United States 3 China 4 Indonesia 5 France 6 United Kingdom 7 Japan 8 Mexico 9 Germany 10 Spain 11 Canada 12 Australia 13 Italy 14 Russia 15 Philippines 16 South Africa 17 Venezuela 18 Brazil 19 South Korea 20 Argentina 21 Poland 22 Turkey 23 New Zealand 24 Netherlands 25 Belgium 26 Austria 27 Taiwan 28 Ecuador 29 Switzerland 30 Ireland 31 Sweden 32 Portugal

1,618.7 1,422.2 1,420.7 272.0 204.8 178.8 176.3 159.7 159.0 146.7 130.7 127.9 119.2 113.7 94.2 61.3 53.1 49.0 47.8 44.7 36.2 31.2 30.7 24.1 23.3 20.5 19.0 18.9 17.6 17.1 16.8 16.3

Visits per head 1 New Zealand 2 Australia 3 United States 4 Ireland 5 Canada 6 France Spain 8 United Kingdom 9 Norway 10 Austria 11 Denmark Singapore Switzerland 14 Belgium 15 Italy 16 Venezuela 17 Germany Sweden 19 Portugal Slovenia 21 India Netherlands Mexico 24 Ecuador Greece Japan 27 Czech Republic Finland Hungary Israel South Africa

7.7 6.3 4.8 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

16 Estonia 17 New Zealand Slovenia 19 United States 20 Hong Kong 21 Canada 22 Latvia 23 Belgium 24 Australia 25 Hungary 26 Italy 27 Ireland 28 France 29 Poland 30 Malaysia

190 183 183 182 181 180 157 144 143 139 134 131 129 116 106

Daily newspapers Copies per ’000 population, latest year 1 Japan 546 2 Norway 514 3 Sweden 488 4 Finland 436 5 Singapore 380 6 Denmark 368 7 Austria 339 8 Switzerland 334 9 United Kingdom 284 10 Germany 262 11 Bulgaria 253 12 Netherlands 243 13 Luxembourg 240 14 Iceland 217 15 Czech Republic 204

MUSIC AND THE INTERNET

95

Music and the internet Music sales Total including downloads, $m 1 United States 7,011.9 2 Japan 3,718.4 3 United Kingdom 2,162.2 4 Germany 1,457.5 5 France 1,248.3 6 Canada 544.3 7 Australia 440.0 8 Italy 428.5 9 Spain 368.9 10 Brazil 265.4 11 Mexico 262.7 12 Netherlands 246.3 13 Switzerland 205.9 14 Russia 193.7 15 Belgium 161.8 16 South Africa 158.8 17 Sweden 148.2 18 Austria 138.7 19 Norway 133.1 20 Denmark 113.1

$ per head 1 United Kingdom 2 Japan 3 Norway 4 Switzerland 5 United States 6 Ireland 7 Australia 8 Denmark 9 France 10 New Zealand 11 Germany 12 Austria Canada 14 Sweden 15 Belgium Finland 17 Netherlands 18 Hong Kong 19 Spain

36.2 29.0 28.9 28.2 23.5 22.2 21.8 20.9 20.6 19.4 17.6 16.9 16.9 16.5 15.6 15.6 15.1 9.5 8.6

Internet hosts By country, January 2007 1 United States 245,327,938 2 Japan 30,841,523 3 Italy 13,853,673 4 Germany 13,093,255 5 France 10,335,974 6 Netherlands 9,014,103 7 Australia 8,529,020 8 Brazil 7,422,440 9 Mexico 6,697,570 10 United Kingdom 6,650,334 11 Poland 5,001,786 12 Taiwan 4,418,705 13 Canada 4,257,825 14 Finland 3,187,643 15 Belgium 3,150,856 16 Sweden 3,039,770 17 Spain 2,929,627 18 Denmark 2,807,348 19 Switzerland 2,570,891 20 Norway 2,370,078 21 Russia 2,353,171 22 Austria 2,330,325 23 China 1,933,919 24 Argentina 1,837,050 25 India 1,684,958

Per 1,000 pop., January 2007 1 United States 822.7 2 Iceland 696.9 3 Finland 613.0 4 Netherlands 553.0 5 Denmark 519.9 6 Norway 515.2 7 Australia 422.2 8 Switzerland 352.2 9 Estonia 345.4 10 New Zealand 338.9 11 Sweden 337.8 12 Belgium 303.0 13 Ireland 294.7 14 Austria 284.2 15 Japan 240.8 16 Italy 238.4 17 Greenland 235.5 18 Singapore 211.5 19 Israel 195.8 20 Taiwan 193.0 21 Luxembourg 191.4 22 Cayman Islands 172.9 23 France 170.8 24 Germany 158.3 25 Czech Republic 147.3

96

WORLD RANKINGS

Nobel prize winners: 1901–2006 Peace (two or more) United States United Kingdom France Sweden Belgium Germany 7 Austria Norway South Africa 10 Argentina Egypt Israel Russia Switzerland 1 2 3 4 5

Economicsa 17 11 9 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

Literature (three or more) France United States United Kingdom Germany Sweden Italy Spain 8 Norway Poland Russia 1 2 3 4 5 6

7

10 12 14

United States United Kingdom Germany France Netherlands Russia Japan Sweden Switzerland Austria Italy Canada Denmark Colombia India Ireland Pakistan Poland

30 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Medicine (three or more) 14 12 10 7 6 5 5 3 3 3

Physics 1 2 3 4 5

1 United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Norway Sweden 5 France Germany Israel Netherlands Russia

United States United Kingdom Germany Sweden France Switzerland 7 Austria Denmark 9 Australia Belgium Italy 1 2 3 4 5

50 21 14 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 3

Chemistry 48 19 18 8 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

United States United Kingdom Germany France Switzerland Sweden Canada Japan 9 Argentina Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland Israel Italy Netherlands Norway Russia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

42 22 14 7 6 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a Since 1969. Notes: Prizes by country of residence at time awarded. When prizes have been shared in the samefield,onecreditgiventoeachcountry.Onlytoprankingsineachfieldareincluded.

OLYMPIC MEDAL WINNERS

Olympic medal winners Summer games, 1896–2004 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

United States Soviet Uniona United Kingdom France Italy Germanyb Germany (East) Hungary Sweden China Australia Finland Japan Romania Netherlands Russiac Poland Germany (West) Cuba Canada

Gold 895 440 180 173 172 162 153 148 138 112 100 100 98 74 60 59 56 56 56 52

Silver 690 357 233 187 136 191 129 130 154 96 106 80 97 86 65 53 72 67 46 79

Bronze 604 325 225 203 153 205 127 154 171 78 131 113 103 106 84 47 113 81 41 99

Silver 117 102 63 81 64 32 57 38 37 31 26 24 30 8 10 5 16 3 1 0

Bronze 93 75 67 59 70 34 52 44 43 33 21 32 23 6 13 15 13 0 1 2

Winter games, 1924–2006 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Germanyb Norway Soviet Uniona United States Austria Sweden Finland Canada Switzerland Italy Russia France Netherlands South Korea Japan United Kingdom China Croatia Estonia Australia

Gold 129 96 87 78 50 46 42 38 37 36 35 25 25 17 9 8 4 4 4 3

a 1952-1992. b Germany 1896-1936, unified teams in 1956-64, then since 1992. c Russia 1896-1912, then since 1996. Note: Figures exclude mixed teams in 1896, 1900 and 1904 and Australasia teams in 1908 and 1912.

97

98

WORLD RANKINGS

Drinking and smoking Beer drinkers

Wine drinkers

Off-trade sales, litres per head of pop. 1 Czech Republic 82.4 2 Venezuela 71.6 3 Australia 68.7 4 Germany 67.5 5 Austria 66.6 6 Finland 64.6 7 United States 61.7 8 Slovakia 60.6 9 Hungary 56.7 10 Russia 55.5 11 Netherlands 54.4 12 New Zealand 53.9 13 Canada 51.6 14 Denmark 50.9 Poland 50.9 16 Romania 49.7 17 Belgium 45.7 18 Bulgaria 43.7 19 Mexico 42.5 20 Norway 41.5 21 Sweden 38.4 22 Japan 38.1 23 South Africa 38.0

Off-trade sales, litres per head of pop. 1 Portugal 32.1 2 Switzerland 29.5 3 Italy 29.4 4 France 27.4 5 Denmark 24.5 6 Argentina 24.0 7 Hungary 23.9 8 Germany 21.9 9 Netherlands 21.8 10 Belgium 19.0 11 Australia 18.7 12 United Kingdom 17.5 13 New Zealand 17.2 14 Austria 17.0 15 Sweden 15.6 16 Ireland 14.4 17 Chile 13.7 18 Spain 13.0 19 Norway 11.7 20 Czech Republic 10.4 21 Finland 9.6 22 Canada 9.5

Alcoholic drinks

Smokers

Off-trade sales, litres per head of pop. 1 Australia 99.2 2 Czech Republic 98.2 3 Germany 96.2 4 Finland 92.0 5 Austria 87.8 6 Hungary 84.9 7 Russia 80.6 8 Netherlands 79.8 9 New Zealand 78.7 10 Denmark 78.2 11 Venezuela 75.2 12 United States 73.8 13 Slovakia 73.1 14 Belgium 68.0 15 Canada 67.1 16 Portugal 66.9 17 Poland 66.2 18 United Kingdom 64.7 19 Switzerland 61.5 20 Argentina 60.5 21 Sweden 60.4 22 Romania 60.3 23 Norway 57.2 24 France 54.7

Av. ann. consumption of cigarettes per head per day 1 Greece 2 Macedonia 3 Russia 4 Czech Republic 5 Slovenia 6 Spain 7 Japan 8 Ukraine 9 Bulgaria Latvia Moldova Serbia 13 Bosnia 14 Cyprus 15 Albania Kazakhstan Poland Taiwan 19 South Korea 20 Armenia 21 Belgium 22 Austria Lebanon

8.4 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

99

Crime and punishment Death penalty

Murders Per 100,000 pop. 1 Ecuador 2 Swaziland 3 Mongolia 4 Suriname 5 Lithuania 6 Latvia 7 Zimbabwe 8 Belarus 9 Kyrgyzstan 10 Uganda Ukraine 12 Estonia 13 Moldova Sri Lanka 15 Costa Rica Georgia 17 Uruguay 18 Peru United States 20 Philippines

18.3 13.6 12.8 10.3 9.4 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.0 7.4 7.4 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.2 6.2 5.6 5.5 5.5 4.3

Executions, 2004 1 Chinaa 2 Iran 3 Vietnama 4 Uzbekistan 5 United States 6 North Korea 7 Saudi Arabia 8 Pakistan 9 Kuwait 10 Bangladesh 11 Egypt Yemen 13 Belarus 14 Somalia 15 Indonesia Lebanon Taiwan 18 Japan Sudan

3,400 159 64 62 52 40 33 15 9 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 2

Prisoners Total prison pop., latest available year 1 United States 2,193,798 2 China 1,548,498 3 Russia 871,693 4 Brazil 385,317 5 India 332,112 6 Mexico 214,452 7 Thailand 164,443 8 Ukraine 162,602 9 South Africa 160,198 10 Iran 147,926 11 Indonesia 99,946 12 Poland 90,268 13 Philippines 89,639 14 Pakistan 89,370 15 Vietnam 88,414 16 United Kingdom 88,197 17 Japan 79,052 18 Germany 77,166 71,200 19 Bangladesha 20 Rwandaa 67,000 21 Turkey 65,458 22 Ethiopiaa 65,000 23 Spain 64,721 24 Argentina 63,357 a Estimate.

Per 100,000 pop., latest available year 1 United States 2 Russia 3 Virgin Islands (US) 4 Belize 5 Turkmenistan 6 Cuba 7 Bermuda 8 Bahamas 9 Cayman Islands 10 Belarus 11 Barbados 12 Netherlands Antilles Panama 14 Puerto Rico Suriname 16 Singapore Ukraine 18 Botswana 19 Guam 20 Kazakhstan 21 South Africa 22 Estonia 23 Aruba 24 Trinidad & Tobago

737 613 549 505 489 487 464 462 453 426 367 364 364 356 356 350 350 348 345 340 336 333 324 296

100

WORLD RANKINGS

Stars… Space missions Firsts and selected events 1957 Man-made satellite Dog in space, Laika 1961 Human in space, Yuri Gagarin Entire day in space, Gherman Titov 1963 Woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova 1964 Space crew, one pilot and two passengers 1965 Space walk, Alexei Leonov Computer guidance system Eight days in space achieved (needed to travel to moon and back) 1966 Docking between space craft and target vehicle Autopilot re-entry and landing 1968 Live television broadcast from space Moon orbit 1969 Astronaut transfer from one craft to another in space Moon landing 1971 Space station, Salyut Drive on the moon 1973 Space laboratory, Skylab 1978 Non-Amercian, non-Soviet, Vladimir Remek (Czechoslovakia) 1982 Space shuttle, Columbia (first craft to carry four crew members) 1983 Five crew mission 1984 Space walk, untethered Capture, repair and redeployment of satellite in space Seven crew mission 1985 Classified US Defence Department mission 1986 Space shuttle explosion, Challenger Mir space station activated 1990 Hubble telescope deployed 2001 Dennis Tito, first paying space tourist 2003 Space shuttle explosion, Columbia. Shuttle programme suspended China’s first manned space flight, Yang Liwei 2004 SpaceShipOne, first successful private manned space flight 2005 Space shuttle, resumption of flights

Space vehicle launches By host country 2003 1 United States 2 Russia 3 China 4 France 5 India Japan

24 19 6 4 2 2

2005 1 Russia 2 United States 3 France 4 China 5 Japan 6 India Sweden

21 15 5 3 2 1 1

2004 1 United States 2 Russia 3 China France 5 India Sweden

21 17 2 2 1 1

2006 1 United States 2 Russia 3 Japan 4 France 5 China 6 Sweden

20 19 7 5 4 3

STARS AND WARS

101

…and Wars Defence spending As % of GDP 1 Oman 2 Myanmar 3 Saudi Arabia 4 Israel 5 Jordan 6 Kuwait 7 Eritrea 8 Burundi 9 Vietnam 10 Syria 11 Armenia 12 Brunei 13 Madagascar 14 Qatar 15 Angola

12.3 9.0 8.8 8.0 7.6 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.9

16 Singapore 17 Uzbekistan 18 Egypt Guinea-Bissau 20 Colombia Cuba United States Zimbabwe 24 Morocco 25 Bahrain 26 Pakistan Russia Yemen 29 Chile 30 Belarus

4.8 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5

Defence spending $bn 1 United States 2 China 3 France 4 United Kingdom 5 Japan 6 Germany 7 Italy 8 Saudi Arabia 9 India 10 South Korea 11 Australia 12 Brazil 13 Spain 14 Canada 15 Turkey

495.3 104.0 53.1 51.7 43.9 38.0 31.4 25.4 21.7 20.3 15.6 13.3 13.2 12.8 11.7

29 30

Netherlands Israel Indonesia Taiwan Greece Myanmar Ukraine Sweden Poland Singapore Iran Colombia Norway Belgium Kuwait

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Regulars Reserves Thailand 307 200 Indonesia 302 400 Taiwan 290 1,657 Brazil 288 1,340 France 255 22 Japan 239 44 Mexico 238 40 Saudi Arabia 225 Colombia 209 62 Eritrea 202 120 Morocco 201 150 Italy 191 57 UK 191 199

16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 26 27

9.9 9.8 8.4 8.0 6.9 6.9 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.4

Armed forces ’000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Regulars Reserves China 2,255 800 US 1,506 973 India 1,316 1,155 North Korea 1,106 4,700 Russia 1,027 20,000 South Korea 687 4,500 Pakistan 619 Iran 545 350 Turkey 515 379 Myanmar 482 Egypt 469 479 Vietnam 455 5,000 Syria 308 354

102

WORLD RANKINGS

Environment Biggest emitters of carbon dioxide Tonnes, m, 2003 1 United States 2 China 3 Russia 4 India 5 Japan 6 Germany 7 Ukraine 8 United Kingdom 9 Canada 10 South Korea 11 Italy 12 Mexico 13 Iran 14 France 15 Australia 16 Poland 17 Saudi Arabia 18 Brazil 19 Indonesia 20 South Africa 21 Spain 22 Algeria 23 Kazakhstan 24 Malaysia 25 Turkey 26 Netherlands

4,816.2 4,143.5 1,493.0 1,273.2 1,231.3 805.0 684.0 569.1 565.5 455.9 445.5 415.9 381.4 373.9 354.1 304.5 302.3 298.3 295.0 285.4 211.8 163.6 159.2 156.4 146.2 140.9

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Egypt Uzbekistan Argentina Venezuela Czech Republic Pakistan Belgium Greece Thailand Romania Kuwait North Korea Philippines Iraq Austria Israel Finland Serbia Belarus Chile Hungary Portugal Colombia Denmark United Arab Emirates

139.6 129.2 127.5 117.3 116.3 114.1 102.8 96.2 95.7 91.1 78.5 77.5 76.9 72.9 70.3 68.3 67.8 65.4 62.5 58.5 58.2 57.5 55.5 54.2 54.2

Carbon dioxide emissions Average annual % change, 1990–2003 Biggest increase 1 Laos 16.7 2 Bosnia 15.3 3 Swaziland 12.0 4 Vietnam 11.5 5 Nepal 11.4 6 Kuwait 11.0 7 Sri Lanka 8.8 8 Oman 8.7 9 Madagascar 8.5 10 Ethiopia 8.0 11 Algeria 7.8 Togo 7.8 13 Honduras 7.5 14 Benin 7.4 15 Haiti 7.2 Uganda 7.2 17 Bangladesh 6.9 18 Dominican Republic 6.8 Malaysia 6.8 20 Guatemala 6.7

Biggest fall 1 Tajikistan 2 North Korea 3 Georgia 4 Moldova 5 Gabon 6 Afghanistan 7 Kyrgyzstan 8 Latvia 9 Ukraine 10 Congo-Kinshasa 11 Kazakhstan 12 Lithuania 13 Azerbaijan 14 Belarus 15 Puerto Rico 16 Romania 17 Estonia 18 Albania 19 Bulgaria 20 Russia

-12.5 -11.9 -11.3 -10.1 -9.1 -9.0 -7.5 -6.9 -6.6 -6.5 -6.0 -5.2 -5.1 -4.4 -4.1 -4.0 -3.9 -3.7 -3.6 -3.3

ENVIRONMENT

103

Largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions per person Tonnes, 2003 1 United Arab Emirates 2 Kuwait 3 Trinidad & Tobago 4 United States 5 Canada 6 Australia 7 Senegal 8 Estonia 9 Finland 10 Oman 11 Czech Republic Singapore 13 Kazakhstan 14 Ireland 15 Russia 16 Israel 17 Denmark 18 Belgium Norway 20 Germany 21 Japan 22 South Korea 23 United Kingdom 24 Turkmenistan 25 Libya

33.4 32.7 22.1 19.9 17.9 17.8 13.7 13.5 13.0 12.8 11.4 11.4 10.7 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.2 8.9

26 Austria Greece Netherlands New Zealand 30 Poland 31 South Africa 32 Italy Slovenia 34 Spain 35 Slovakia 36 Ukraine 37 Malaysia 38 Belarus 39 France Serbia a 41 Sweden 42 Hungary Iran 44 Bulgaria Hong Kong Venezuela 47 Portugal Switzerland 49 Croatia Lebanon

8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4

Carbon dioxide emissions relative to GDP Kg per $PPP of GDP b, 2003 1 Uzbekistan 2 Mongolia Trinidad & Tobago 4 Kazakhstan 5 United Arab Emirates 6 Kuwait 7 Russia Ukraine 9 Estonia Lebanon Venezuela 12 Azerbaijan Belarus Jamaica Moldova Yemen 17 Oman

a Includes Montenegro. b Constant (2000) $.

2.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9

Saudi Arabia 19 Algeria Iran Macedonia South Africa Syria 24 Bulgaria Jordan Malaysia Poland Tajikistan 29 Australia Canada China Czech Republic Kyrgyzstan Romania

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

104

WORLD RANKINGS

Population using improved sanitation facilitiesa Lowest, %, 2004 1 Chad Eritrea 3 Burkina Faso Ethiopia Niger 6 Cambodia 7 Ghana Guinea 9 Namibia 10 Somalia 11 Central African Rep Congo-Brazzaville Liberia 14 Congo-Kinshasa Haiti Laos 17 Angola 18 Mozambique 19 Benin India 21 Afghanistan Madagascar Mauritania

9 9 13 13 13 17 18 18 25 26 27 27 27 30 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 34 34

Sudan 25 Guinea-Bissau Nepal Togo 28 Burundi Gabon 30 Côte d’Ivoire Lesotho 32 Bangladesh Sierra Leone 34 Botswana Rwanda 36 Kenya Uganda Yemen 39 China Nigeria Papua New Guinea 42 Bolivia Mali 44 Belize Nicaragua Tanzania

34 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 39 39 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 46 46 47 47 47

City health and sanitation index New York, November 2006=100b Highest 1 Calgary, Canada 131.7 2 Honolulu, US 130.3 3 Helsinki, Finland 128.5 4 Ottawa, Canada 127.2 5 Minneapolis, US 125.7 6 Oslo, Norway 125.0 Stockholm, Sweden 125.0 Zurich, Switzerland 125.0 9 Katsuyama, Japan 123.8 10 Bern, Switzerland 123.7 Boston, United States 123.7 Geneva, Switzerland 123.7 Lexington, USc 123.7 Montreal, Canada 123.7 Nuremberg, Germany 123.7 Pittsburgh, US 123.7 Vancouver, Canada 123.7 18 Auckland, N. Zealand 123.1 Wellington, N. Zealand 123.1

Lowest 1 Baku, Azerbaijan 27.6 2 Dhaka, Bangladesh 29.6 3 Antananarivo, Madag. 30.1 4 Port au Prince, Haiti 34.0 5 Mexico City, Mexico 37.7 6 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 37.9 7 Mumbai, India 38.2 8 Baghdad, Iraq 39.0 9 Brazzaville, Congo-Braz.39.1 Almaty, Kazakhstan 39.1 11 Ndjamena, Chad 39.7 12 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 40.4 13 Bangui, Central Afr. Rep. 42.1 14 Moscow, Russia 43.4 Ouagadougou, B. Faso 43.4 16 Bamako, Mali 43.7 17 Pointe Noire, Congo-Braz. 43.8 18 Lomé, Togo 44.1 19 Conakry, Guinea 44.2

a Mostly some type of flush-to-sewage system. b Based on a range of factors, including: hospital care; pollution; sewage systems; waste removal; water potability. c Kentucky.

ENVIRONMENT

105

Organic croplanda % of total agricultural land, 2003 1 Austria 11.60 2 Switzerland 10.00 3 Italy 8.00 4 Finland 7.00 5 Denmark 6.65 6 Sweden 6.09 7 Czech Republic 5.09 8 United Kingdom 4.22 9 Germany 4.10 10 Uruguay 4.00 11 Norway 3.13 12 Costa Rica 3.11 13 Estonia 3.00 14 Spain 2.28 15 Australia 2.20 Portugal 2.20 Slovakia 2.20 18 Netherlands 2.19 19 Slovenia 1.91 20 Argentina 1.70 France 1.70 Hungary 1.70 23 Chile 1.50 24 Belgium 1.45 25 Uganda 1.39

26 Belize Canada 28 Bolivia 29 Israel 30 Greece 31 Latvia 32 Ecuador 33 Iceland Ireland 35 Sri Lanka 36 Ukraine 37 Peru 38 Papua New Guinea 39 Dominican Republic 40 Paraguay 41 Poland Tunisia 43 Guatemala New Zealand 45 El Salvador 46 Serbia 47 Suriname 48 Romania 49 Jamaica 50 Lithuania

1.30 1.30 1.04 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.58 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25

Intensity of fertilisers used in agricultureb Kgs per hectare, 2002 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Iceland Singapore Martinique Guadeloupe Ireland Egypt South Korea Netherlands Slovenia Belgiumc United Kingdom Costa Rica Japan China New Zealand Mauritius Vietnam

2,555.4 1,209.0 842.9 740.0 522.7 370.8 370.3 354.1 353.0 340.4 308.7 288.7 269.6 256.6 252.9 235.8 224.1

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Germany Switzerland Norway France Virgin Islands (US) Chile Israel Colombia Bangladesh Malaysia Oman Uzbekistan Sri Lanka Austria Pakistan Finland United Arab Emirates

216.2 214.9 211.3 202.6 200.0 197.2 190.4 179.6 168.9 162.2 151.0 148.8 148.3 142.5 133.0 132.6 131.6

a Converted or in the process of conversion to certified organic agriculture. Definitions of organic vary among countries. b Fertiliser use intensity is the amount of fertiliser consumed for agriculture per hectare of arable and permanent cropland. c 1999, includes Luxembourg.

106

WORLD RANKINGS

Protected areas as % of total land areaa 2004 1 Venezuela 2 Bhutan 3 Germany 4 Switzerland 5 Belize 6 Austria 7 New Zealand 8 Dominican Republic 9 Denmark 10 Cambodia 11 Israel 12 Tajikistan 13 Botswana 14 Equatorial Guinea 15 United Kingdom

34.2 29.6 29.3 28.7 28.6 28.0 24.0 22.9 21.8 20.5 18.4 18.3 18.1 16.8 15.3

16 17 18 19 20

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Tanzania Slovenia Congo-Brazzaville Mongolia Latvia Suriname Thailand Central African Rep Burkina Faso China Bolivia Poland Senegal Jordan Armenia

14.6 14.4 14.1 13.5 12.7 12.7 12.7 11.8 11.5 11.3 11.1 11.0 10.7 10.2 10.1

National parks and nature reservesab ’000 hectares, 2004 1 United States 2 Australia 3 Canada 4 Russia 5 Brazil 6 Mongolia 7 Venezuela 8 Algeria 9 Congo-Kinshasa 10 Bolivia 11 Sudan 12 Colombia 13 Zambia 14 Indonesia 15 Botswana

54,312 48,473 45,636 25,203 20,973 19,052 12,462 11,821 11,264 10,865 8,473 7,490 6,359 5,668 4,551

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Tanzania Sweden Argentina South Africa Peru India Congo-Brazzaville Thailand Kenya Central African Rep Namibia Ethiopia Angola Zimbabwe Nigeria

4,100 3,928 3,893 3,889 3,664 3,562 3,534 3,486 3,432 3,304 3,159 3,036 2,958 2,717 2,509

Largest number of national parks and nature reservesab 2004 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 United States 4 Sweden 5 Slovakia 6 Brazil 7 Estonia 8 New Zealand 9 Indonesia 10 Malaysia 11 Norway

2,537 1,814 803 750 590 311 281 131 122 114 110

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Russia Argentina India Mexico Thailand Finland Bulgaria Japan Sri Lanka Philippines South Africa

108 91 83 81 59 55 54 53 48 47 44

a As recognised by the UN Environment Programme. Includes nature reserves, natural monuments and areas managed for sustainable use. b Including protected wilderness areas.

Country profiles

108

COUNTRY PROFILES

ALGERIA Area 2,381,741 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Algiers Algerian dinar (AD)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

32.9m Life expectancy: men 70.9 yrs 13.8 women 73.7 yrs Adult literacy 69.9% 1.51% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.4 29.6% Urban population 63.3% 12.3% per 1,000 pop. 102 Crude birth rate 20.8 72.8 Crude death rate 4.9

The economy GDP AD7,493bn GDP per head $3,110 GDP $102bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 16.9 GDP 1995–2005 4.0% Economic freedom index 52.2 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 9 62 6 30

% of total 33.6 11.8 22.1 45.2 -20.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 21 Unemployed 2004 20.1 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 27.0 55

Energy m TOE 165.7 Net energy imports as % 32.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-404

1,017

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.5% Narrow money (M1) 18.3% 2.3% Broad money 19.4% 2.34%

Exchange rates AD per $ AD per SDR AD per 7

end 2006 71.16 Effective rates 107.05 – nominal 93.93 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 85.25 83.09

ALGERIA

109

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 19.3 7.3 6.3 46.5

Crude oil Natural gas Condensate Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Italy Spain France

$bn cif 7.9 3.7 3.4 20.0

Capital goods Semi-finished goods Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 21.2 15.4 9.7 9.3

France Italy Spain Germany

% of total 31.3 8.6 7.9 7.4

Balance of paymentsa, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balanceb Overall balanceb

32.2 -18.0 14.3 2.9 -8.5 1.5 11.1 20.7 -2.0 5.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

13.5 59.2 23.1 5.6 16.9 21 45 12

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.6 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 114 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.7 secondary 81 Improved-water source access, tertiary 15 % of pop. 85

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2004 b 2001

5.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 6.0 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 8.7 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 52 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

75.6 78.2 41.5 1.1 …

110

COUNTRY PROFILES

ARGENTINA Area 2,766,889 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Buenos Aires Peso (P)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

38.7m Life expectancy: men 71.6 yrs 14.0 women 79.1 yrs Adult literacy 97.2% 1.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.3 26.4% Urban population 90.1% 13.9% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 17.5 86.3 Crude death rate 7.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

P532bn GDP per head $4,730 $183bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 34.1 2.3% Economic freedom index 57.5

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 9.5 35.8 23.3 54.7

% of total 61.3 11.9 21.5 25.1 -19.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agricultural Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 1 Unemployed 2003 15.6 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 16.2 75

Energy m TOE 85.4 Net energy imports as % 63.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head kg oil equivalent

-34

1,661

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 10.9% Narrow money (M1) 29.1% 12.6% Broad money 13.0% 7.2%

Exchange rates P per $ P per SDR P per 7

end 2006 3.04 Effective rates 4.58 – nominal 4.01 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

ARGENTINA

111

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 13.2 11.9 7.9 7.0 40.1

Agricultural products Manufactures Primary products Fuels Total incl. others Main export destinations Brazil United States Chile China

$bn cif 10.4 7.1 3.2 1.5 28.7

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Fuels Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 16.6 11.2 10.9 8.6

Brazil United States China Germany

% of total 33.8 15.7 5.1 5.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

40.1 -27.3 12.8 10.4 -18.3 0.6 5.4 2.9 1.6 7.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

8.4 28.1 7.4 1.8 114.3 73 245 21

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.6 Education spending, % of GDP 3.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.8 Enrolment, %: primary 119 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.1 secondary 86 Improved-water source access, tertiary 48 % of pop. 96

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

10.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.2 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 54 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

92.1 24.5 57.4 8.4 47.5

112

COUNTRY PROFILES

AUSTRALIA Area 7,682,300 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 6 Currency

Canberra Australian dollar (A$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

20.2m Life expectancy: men 78.9 yrs 2.6 women 83.6 yrs Adult literacy … 1.01% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 19.5% Urban population 88.2% 17.8% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 12.4 95.7 Crude death rate 7.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

A$959bn GDP per head $36,260 $733bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 75.9 3.6% Economic freedom index 82.7

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP % of total 7.9 Private consumption 12.2 Public consumption 79.9 Investment Exports Imports

Agriculture & mining Manufacturing Other

% of total 59.9 18.1 27.0 17.2 -22.4

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 5.6 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.1 75

Energy m TOE 261.8 Net energy imports as % 115.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-126

5,762

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.5% Narrow money (M1) 14.3% 2.9% Broad money 10.3% 5.81% Household saving rate, 2006 -1.7%

Exchange rates A$ per $ A$ per SDR A$ per 7

end 2006 1.26 Effective rates 1.90 – nominal 1.66 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 118.6 127.4

AUSTRALIA

113

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 56.0 21.1 18.8 10.0 105.9

Minerals & metals Manufacturing goods Rural goods Other goods Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan China South Korea United States EU25

$bn cif Intermediate & other goods 37.7 Consumption goods 37.2 Capital goods 28.1 Fuels and lubricants 12.9 Total incl. others 118.6 Main origins of imports

% of total 20.4 11.5 7.9 6.7 10.7

United States China Japan Singapore EU25

% of total 13.9 13.7 11.0 5.6 23.2

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

107.0 -120.4 -13.4 47.4 -74.7 -0.3 -41.0 -5.8 48.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

7.3 6.3 43.3 2.7 2.6 1.68 0.25

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.6 Education spending, % of GDP 4.8 2.5 Enrolment, %: primary 101 7.4 secondary 149 tertiary 63 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

7.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 92.1 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 50.2 5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.5 per 100 pop. 91.4 Computers per 100 pop. 68.9 106 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 422.3

114

COUNTRY PROFILES

AUSTRIA Area 83,855 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Vienna Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

8.2m Life expectancy: men 76.9 yrs 97.8 women 82.6 yrs Adult literacy … 0.36% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 15.8% Urban population 66.0% 21.9% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 9.2 94.4 Crude death rate 9.4

The economy 7246bn GDP per head $37,330 $306bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 80.4 2.1% Economic freedom index 71.3

GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.6 29.7 … 68.6

% of total 56.1 18.1 20.5 54.3 -49.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 6 Unemployed 2004 4.9 28 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 4.0 66

Energy m TOE 9.9 Net energy imports as % 33.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

70

4,060

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Deposit rate, h’holds, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 1.7% Euro area: 1.8% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 2.15% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 9.7%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 106.4 101.5

AUSTRIA

115

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 54.4 30.5 16.6 9.1 7.0 117.9

Consumer goods Investment goods Intermediate goods Raw materials (incl. fuels) Food & beverages Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Eastern Europe Italy United States EU25

$bn cif 51.0 26.8 19.9 15.5 6.8 120.1

Consumer goods Investment goods Raw materials (incl. fuels) Intermediate goods Food & beverages Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 32.8 19.1 9.2 6.2 71.1

Germany Eastern Europe Italy Switzerland EU25

% of total 48.4 14.8 7.0 4.5 75.0

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

117.2 -113.8 3.4 78.1 -74.6 -2.6 4.3 1.4 -1.9

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-0.8 -0.4 11.8 0.8 9.7 1.57 0.52

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

10.3 Education spending, % of GDP 5.5 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 103 7.7 secondary 101 tertiary 56 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

3.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.4 2.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 45.7 4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.3 per 100 pop. 105.8 Computers per 100 pop. 61.1 112 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 284.2

116

COUNTRY PROFILES

BANGLADESH Area 143,998 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 61 Currency

Dhaka Taka (Tk)

People Population 141.8m Life expectancy: men 63.2 yrs Pop. per sq km 984.7 women 65.0 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy … in pop. 2005–10 1.67% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.8 Pop. under 15 35.2% Urban population 25.1% Pop. over 60 5.7% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 105 Crude birth rate 24.8 Human Development Index 53.0 Crude death rate 7.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

Tk3,707bn GDP per head $60.0bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 5.3% Economic freedom index

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$420 4.9 47.8

Components of GDPa % of total 22.3 28.3 16.5 49.4

% of total 74.2 5.6 24.4 15.4 -22.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 66 Unemployed 2003 4.3 10 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 2.7 24

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

18.4 Net energy imports as % 22.8 of energy use

19

164

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Deposit rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 6.3% Narrow money (M1) 11.8% 5.7% Broad money 14.9% 9.11%

Exchange rates Tk per $ Tk per SDR Tk per 7

end 2006 69.07 Effective rates 103.90 – nominal 91.17 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

BANGLADESH

117

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 5.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 7.2

Clothing Fish & fish products Jute goods Leather Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Germany United Kingdom France Italy

$bn cif 3.4 2.8 1.6 0.5 12.9

Capital goods Textiles & yarn Fuels Cereal & dairy products Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 24.2 13.2 10.6 6.0 3.8

India China Kuwait Singapore Japan

% of total 14.7 14.6 8.0 6.0 4.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

9.2 -12.3 -3.1 1.4 -3.1 4.7 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 -0.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-0.4 2.8 2.2 0.1 18.9 22 102 5

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.1 Education spending, % of GDP 2.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.3 Enrolment, %: primary 106 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 3.0 secondary 51 Improved-water source access, tertiary 5 % of pop. 74

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

25.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 46 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a Fiscal year ending June 30 2005.

2.7 0.8 6.4 1.2 …

118

COUNTRY PROFILES

BELGIUM Area 30,520 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 28 Currency

Brussels Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

10.4m Life expectancy: men 76.5 yrs 340.8 women 82.7 yrs Adult literacy … 0.24% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 17.0% Urban population 97.2% 22.1% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 10.4 94.5 Crude death rate 10.0

The economy 7298bn GDP per head $35,660 $371bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 76.7 2.1% Economic freedom index 74.5

GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.1 24.0 … 74.9

% of total 53.3 23.1 19.9 87.2 -84.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 7.4 25 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 8.2 73

Energy m TOE 13.5 Net energy imports as % 57.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

77

5,536

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.3% Euro area: 2.0% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 2.73% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 11.5%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 108.2 116.9

BELGIUM

119

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 44.1 36.1 35.9 25.0 335.8

Chemicals Transport equipment Machinery Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main export destinations France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif 40.5 38.7 31.2 22.3 318.7

Chemicals Machinery Transport equipment Agriculture, food & drink Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 17.6 17.0 12.4 8.1 76.3

Netherlands Germany France United Kingdom EU25

% of total 21.1 15.8 12.8 7.1 73.4

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

263.0 -257.1 5.9 113.7 -103.7 -6.4 9.3 2.6 -11.5

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-2.2 -2.0 12.0 0.4 7.3 1.96 0.53

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.7 Education spending, % of GDP 6.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.5 Enrolment, %: primary 105 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 5.3 secondary 109 Improved-water source access, tertiary 57 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

4.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.8 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 45.4 4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.0 per 100 pop. 100.0 Computers per 100 pop. 34.7 104 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 303.0

120

COUNTRY PROFILES

BRAZIL Area 8,511,965 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Brasilia Real (R)

People Population 186.4m Life expectancy: men 68.8 yrs Pop. per sq km 21.9 women 76.1 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 88.6% in pop. 2005–10 1.26% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.3 Pop. under 15 27.8% Urban population 84.2% Pop. over 60 8.8% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 97 Crude birth rate 19.2 Human Development Index 79.2 Crude death rate 6.3

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

R1,938bn GDP per head $4,270 $796bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 20.1 2.2% Economic freedom index 60.9

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 8.0 37.9 … 54.1

% of total 55.5 19.5 20.6 16.8 -12.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 20 Unemployed 2003 9.7 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 8.5 58

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

176.3 Net energy imports as % 204.8 of energy use

14

1,114

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 4.2% Narrow money (M1) 14.2% Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 8.1% Broad money 14.2% Money market rate, 2006 15.28%

Exchange rates R per $ R per sdr R per 7

end 2006 2.14 Effective rates 3.22 – nominal 2.82 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

BRAZIL

121

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob $bn cif Transport equipment & parts 17.8 Machines & electrical Metal goods 13.1 equipment 18.2 Soyabeans etc. 8.7 Chemical products 12.4 Chemical products 2.4 Oil & derivatives 11.9 Transport equipment & parts 8.3 Total incl. others 118.3 Total incl. others 77.6 Main export destinations United States Argentina China Netherlands

Main origins of imports % of total 19.2 8.4 5.8 4.5

United States Argentina Germany China

% of total 17.5 8.5 8.4 7.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

118.3 -73.6 44.8 19.3 -53.4 3.6 14.2 1.8 14.5 27.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.9 53.8 5.1 0.4 188.0 34 183 45

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.8 Education spending, % of GDP 4.1 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.2 Enrolment, %: primary 166 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.7 secondary 102 Improved-water source access, tertiary 15 % of pop. 90

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

50.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 72 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

87.9 21.4 46.3 16.1 39.8

122

COUNTRY PROFILES

BULGARIA Area 110,994 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 29 Currency

Sofia Lev (BGL)

People Population 7.7m Pop. per sq km 69.4 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.72% Pop. under 15 13.8% Pop. over 60 29.9% No. of men per 100 women 94 Human Development Index 81.6

Life expectancy: men 69.5 yrs women 76.7 yrs Adult literacy 98.2% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 73.0% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 8.9 Crude death rate 14.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

BGL41.9bn GDP per head $3,460 $26.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 21.6 2.0% Economic freedom index 62.2

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 9.3 30.4 … 60.3

% of total 78.8 9.8 23.8 60.8 -77.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 9 Unemployed 2005 12.1 34 Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 15.2 57

Energy m TOE 10.3 Net energy imports as % 18.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

46

2,434

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann change 2000–05 7.3% Narrow money (M1) 21.0% 5.3% Broad money 21.3% 2.79%

Exchange rates BGL per $ BGL per SDR BGL per 7

end 2006 1.49 Effective rates 2.23 – nominal 1.97 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 113.20 127.62

BULGARIA

123

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.0 1.2 1.0 0.7 11.7

Clothing Other metals Iron & steel Chemicals Total incl. others Main export destinations Italy Turkey Germany Greece

$bn cif 2.9 1.8 1.7 1.2 18.2

Mineral fuels Machinery & equipment Textiles Chemicals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 12.0 10.5 9.8 9.4

Italy Germany Russia Turkey

% of total 15.6 13.6 9.0 5.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

11.8 -17.1 -5.4 5.8 -4.6 1.2 -3.0 -11.3 4.9 2.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-0.6 8.7 4.8 1.3 16.8 68 105 32

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.0 Education spending, % of GDP 4.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.6 Enrolment, %: primary 104 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.4 secondary 102 Improved-water source access, tertiary 43 % of pop. 99

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.0 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 60 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

67.8 32.2 80.8 5.9 28.6

124

COUNTRY PROFILES

CAMEROON Area 475,442 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 13 Currency

Yaoundé CFA franc (CFAfr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.3m Life expectancy: men 50.0 yrs 34.3 women 50.8 yrs Adult literacy 67.9% 2.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 4.3 41.8% Urban population 54.6% 5.4% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 34.5 50.6 Crude death rate 14.4

The economy GDP CFAfr8,901bn GDP per head $1,040 GDP $16.9bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 5.5 GDP 1995–2005 4.3% Economic freedom index 54.4 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 41 14 7 45

% of total 71 10 21 23 -25

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 70 Unemployed 2005 … 13 Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 … 17

Energy m TOE 12.5 Net energy imports as % 6.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-80

433

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2001–05 Deposit rate, 2006

av. ann. change 2000–05 2.0% Narrow money (M1) 5.7% 2.3% Broad money 8.6% 4.33%

Exchange rates CFAfr per $ CFAfr per SDR CFAfr per 7

end 2006 498.07 Effective rates 749.30 – nominal 657.45 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 112.1 114.3

CAMEROON

125

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 1.3 Capital goods 0.2 Intermediate goods 0.2 Minerals & raw materials 2.5 Total incl. others

Crude oil Cocoa Cotton Total incl. others Main export destinations Spain Italy France United Kingdom

$bn cif 0.4 0.4 0.3 2.5

Main origins of imports % of total 16.7 13.2 9.2 8.8

France Nigeria China United States

% of total 24.5 11.3 5.8 5.2

Balance of paymentsb, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

2.4 -2.1 0.3 0.5 -1.6 0.1 -0.7 -3.3 1.0 0.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.1 1.0 2.9 0.0 7.2 14 61 1

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.2 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.2 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 66

1.8 91 44 5

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2004 b 2003

4.3m Colour TVs per 100 households … 3.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 0.6 … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. 13.8 Computers per 100 pop. 1.2 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. …

126

COUNTRY PROFILES

CANADA Areaa 9,970,610 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 5 Currency

Ottawa Canadian dollar (C$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

32.3m Life expectancy: men 78.3 yrs 3.2 women 82.9 yrs Adult literacy … 0.90% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 17.6% Urban population 80.1% 17.8% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 10.3 95.0 Crude death rate 7.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

C$1,350bn GDP per head $34,480 $1,114bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 79.7 3.4% Economic freedom index 78.7

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 2.2 Industry, of which: 29.5 manufacturing & mining 20.9 Services 68.3

% of total 55.4 19.3 20.7 37.9 -34.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 3 Unemployed 2004 7.2 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 8.1 75

Energy m TOE 397.5 Net energy imports as % 269.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-48

8,411

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.0% Narrow money (M1) 13.5% 2.2% Broad money 21.6% 4.02% Household saving rate, 2006 1.5%

Exchange rates C$ per $ C$ per SDR C$ per 7

end 2006 1.17 Effective rates 1.75 – nominal 1.54 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 122.3 129.9

CANADA

127

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 78.2 72.9 72.1 69.8 30.0 358.9

Machinery & equipment Motor vehicles and parts Energy products Other industrial goods Forest products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan United Kingdom China EU25

$bn fob 91.0 64.8 64.6 40.8 27.9 323.2

Machinery & equipment Industrial goods Motor vehicles & parts Consumer goods Energy products Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 83.2 2.1 1.8 1.6 5.5

United States China Mexico Japan EU25

% of total 63.4 8.2 4.2 3.7 11.6

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

374.3 -320.5 53.8 93.5 -120.3 -0.4 26.6 2.4 -22.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

1.3 -1.5 33.0 0.9 0.1 3.76 0.34

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.8 Education spending, % of GDP 5.2 2.1 Enrolment, %: primary 99 3.6 secondary 109 tertiary 60 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Including freshwater.

12.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.8 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 64.1 4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.2 per 100 pop. 52.5 Computers per 100 pop. 69.8 96 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 131.8

128

COUNTRY PROFILES

CHILE Area 756,945 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Santiago Chilean peso (Ps)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.3m Life expectancy: men 75.5 yrs 21.5 women 81.5 yrs Adult literacy 95.7% 1.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 24.9% Urban population 87.6% 11.6% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 15.0 85.9 Crude death rate 5.4

The economy GDP 64.549bn pesos GDP per head $7,070 GDP $115bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 28.7 GDP 1995–2005 4.3% Economic freedom index 78.3 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 6.0 49.3 35.6 44.7

% of total 57.1 11.6 22.1 41.8 -33.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 13 Unemployed 2004 7.8 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.1 64

Energy m TOE 8.4 Net energy imports as % 27.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

70

1,732

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.1% Narrow money (M1) 12.4% 2.4% Broad money 12.4% 5.02%

Exchange rates Ps per $ Ps per SDR Ps per 7

end 2006 534.43 Effective rates 804.00 – nominal 705.45 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 97.0 95.0

CHILE

129

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 18.3 2.1 1.7 40.6

Copper Fruit Paper products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China Japan Netherlands South Korea

$bn cif 18.5 7.2 4.7 32.6

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 15.4 10.8 10.8 5.6 5.3

Argentina United States Brazil China South Korea

% of total 14.7 13.6 10.8 7.1 4.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

40.6 -30.4 10.2 9.3 -20.5 1.7 0.7 0.6 2.1 1.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.9 16.9 4.0 0.0 45.2 52 114 15

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.1 Education spending, % of GDP 3.7 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 107 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.4 secondary 89 Improved-water source access, tertiary 38 % of pop. 95

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

4.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.4 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 68 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

63.4 22.0 67.8 14.8 38.1

130

COUNTRY PROFILES

CHINA Area 9,560,900 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 11 Currency

Beijing Yuan

People Population 1,315.8m Pop. per sq km 137.6 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 0.58% Pop. under 15 21.6% Pop. over 60 11.0% No. of men per 100 women 107 Human Development Index 76.8

Life expectancy: men 71.3 yrs women 74.8 yrs Adult literacy 90.9% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 Urban population 40.4% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 13.1 Crude death rate 7.1

The economy GDP Yuan18,309bn GDP per head $1,700 GDP $2,234bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 16.1 GDP 1995–2005 9.0% Economic freedom index 54.0 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 13 48 34 40

% of total 38.0 13.9 41.5 36.7 -31.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 49 Unemployed 2005 4.2 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 3.5 29

Energy m TOE 1,536.8 Net energy imports as % 1,609.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

5

1,242

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Deposit rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 1.5% Narrow money (M1) 14.4% 1.5% Broad money 17.0% 2.52%

Exchange rates Yuan per $ Yuan per SDR Yuan per 7

end 2006 7.81 Effective rates 11.75 – nominal 10.31 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 97.18 95.83

CHINA

131

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 110.7 94.9 75.5 74.2 47.2

Office equipment Telecoms equipment Electrical machinery Apparel & clothing Misc. manufactures Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Hong Kong Japan South Korea Germany

$bn cif 137.7 59.5

Electrical machinery Petroleum products Professional & scientific instruments Office equipment Other machinery 762.0 Total incl. others

41.4 35.8 24.3 660.0

Main origins of imports % of total 21.4 16.3 11.0 4.6 4.3

Japan South Korea Taiwan United States Germany

% of total 15.2 11.6 11.3 7.4 4.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

762.5 -628.3 134.2 113.4 -112.1 25.4 160.8 7.2 63.0 207.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

208.5 831.4 13.5 19.3 281.6 14 40 3

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.7 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 106 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.5 secondary 73 Improved-water source access, tertiary 7 % of pop. 77

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

372.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.9 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.3 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 80 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

Note: Data excludes Special Administrative Regions ie, Hong Kong and Macau.

46.8 26.6 29.9 4.1 1.5

132

COUNTRY PROFILES

COLOMBIA Area 1,141,748 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 2 Currency

Bogota Colombian peso (peso)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

45.6m Life expectancy: men 69.2 yrs 40.0 women 76.6 yrs Adult literacy 92.8% 1.27% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.2 30.3% Urban population 72.7% 7.5% per 1,000 pop. 97 Crude birth rate 18.7 79.0 Crude death rate 5.4

The economy GDP 283,848bn pesos GDP per head $2,680 GDP $122bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 17.4 GDP 1995–2005 2.2% Economic freedom index 60.5 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 12.3 34.3 15.4 53.4

% of total 60.3 20.1 19.0 21.6 -21.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 22 Unemployed 2004 13.7 19 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 14.7 59

Energy m TOE 76.2 Net energy imports as % 27.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-175

616

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 4.3% Narrow money (M1) 15.2% 5.7% Broad money 15.3% 6.49%

Exchange rates Peso per $ Peso per SDR Peso per 7

end 2006 2,225 Effective rates 3,348 – nominal 2,938 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 98.5 106.9

COLOMBIA

133

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 5.6 Intermediate goods & 2.6 raw materials 1.5 Capital goods Consumer goods 21.1 Total

Oil Coal Coffee Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Venezuela Ecuador Peru

$bn cif 9.5 7.7 4.0 21.2

Main origins of imports % of total 40.4 9.2 5.7 3.5

United States Venezuela Mexico Brazil

% of total 28.1 6.4 5.9 5.5

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

21.7 -20.1 1.6 3.7 -11.3 4.0 -1.9 -1.5 3.2 1.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

1.4 15.0 5.7 0.3 37.7 43 171 35

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.8 Education spending, % of GDP 4.8 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.4 Enrolment, %: primary 113 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.2 secondary 75 Improved-water source access, tertiary 22 % of pop. 93

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

12.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 1.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.2 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 69 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

87.2 16.8 47.9 4.2 15.8

134

COUNTRY PROFILES

CÔTE D’IVOIRE Area 322,463 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Abidjan/Yamoussoukro CFA franc (CFAfr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

18.2m Life expectancy: men 47.5 yrs 56.4 women 49.3 yrs Adult literacy 48.7% 1.84% Fertility rate (per woman) 4.5 41.7% Urban population 45.0% 5.1% per 1,000 pop. 103 Crude birth rate 35.3 42.1 Crude death rate 15.4

The economy GDP CFAfr8,621bn GDP per head GDP $16.3bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1995–2005 1.4% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$900 3.9 55.5

Components of GDP % of total 23 26 19 51

% of total 74 8 11 50 -42

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2005 … … Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 … …

Energy m TOE 7.2 Net energy imports as % 6.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-4

388

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2001–05 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. change 2000–05 3.9% Narrow money (M1) 3.9% 2.9% Broad money 4.8% 4.95%

Exchange rates CFAfr per $ CFAfr per SDR CFAfr per 7

end 2006 498.1 Effective rates 749.3 – nominal 657.5 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 115.0 119.6

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

135

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 2.2 1.0 0.3 0.2 6.9

Cocoa beans & products Petroleum products Timber Coffee & products Total incl. others Main export destinations France United States Netherlands Nigeria Panama

$bn cif 1.2 0.9 0.9

Capital equipment Foodstuffs Fuel & lubricants Total incl. others

5.7

Main origins of imports % of total 18.3 14.1 11.0 8.0 4.4

France Nigeria Singapore China United Kingdom

% of total 27.7 24.5 6.6 3.1 3.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

7.5 -5.1 2.4 1.0 -2.9 -0.5 -0.0 -0.1 -0.9 -0.9

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-0.4 1.3 2.0 0.0 10.7 69 131 6

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.8 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.1 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 84

4.6 77 25 7

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2004

3.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 89 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

28.0 1.4 12.9 1.6 0.1

136

COUNTRY PROFILES

CZECH REPUBLIC Area 78,864 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 39 Currency

Prague Koruna (Kc)

People Population 10.2m Pop. per sq km 129.3 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.03% Pop. under 15 14.8% Pop. over 60 19.9% No. of men per 100 women 95 Human Development Index 88.5

Life expectancy: men 73.4 yrs women 79.5 yrs Adult literacy … Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 Urban population 73.5% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.2 Crude death rate 10.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

Kc2,978bn GDP per head $12,190 $124bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 49.0 2.5% Economic freedom index 69.7

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.9 38.6 … 58.5

% of total 48.7 22.3 25.5 71.7 -69.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 8.3 40 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.8 56

Energy m TOE 34.2 Net energy imports as % 45.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

25

4,460

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.5% Narrow money (M1) 18.4% 1.8% Broad money 7.6% 2.17% Household saving rate, 2005 1.2%

Exchange rates Kc per $ Kc per SDR Kc per 7

end 2006 20.88 Effective rates 31.41 – nominal 27.56 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 134.75 134.67

CZECH REPUBLIC

137

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Chemicals Raw materials & fuels Total incl. others

39.9 16.9 4.9 4.4 78.0

Main export destinations Germany Slovakia Austria Poland France EU25

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Raw materials & fuels Chemicals Total incl. others

30.9 15.5 9.2 8.5 76.4

Main origins of imports % of total 33.6 8.7 5.5 5.5 5.3 84.2

Germany Russia Slovakia China Poland EU25

% of total 33.0 6.3 6.0 5.7 4.9 70.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

78.2 -76.5 1.7 15.4 -20.5 0.9 -2.5 -2.0 5.9 3.9

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

1.1 29.6 3.7 0.4 46.8 38 50 12

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.3 Education spending, % of GDP 4.5 3.5 Enrolment, %: primary 104 8.4 secondary 96 tertiary 29 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

3.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 91.2 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 31.5 5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.3 per 100 pop. 115.2 Computers per 100 pop. 24.0 84 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 147.3

138

COUNTRY PROFILES

DENMARK Area 43,075 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 53 Currency

Copenhagen Danish krone (DKr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

5.4m Life expectancy: men 76.0 yrs 125.4 women 80.6 yrs Adult literacy … 0.21 Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 18.8% Urban population 85.6% 21.2% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 11.2 94.3 Crude death rate 10.3

The economy GDP DKr1,552bn GDP per head $47,910 GDP $259bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 81.1 GDP 1995–2005 2.1% Economic freedom index 77.6 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.6 31.8 … 65.6

% of total 48.5 25.9 20.8 18.6 -43.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 3 Unemployed 2004 5.6 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.6 73

Energy m TOE 31.0 Net energy imports as % 20.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-55

3,716

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 1999–2004 1.9% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 1.9% Broad money 8.1% 3.18% Household saving rate, 2006 -2.2%

Exchange rates DKr per $ DKr per SDR DKr per 7

end 2006 5.66 Effective rates 8.52 – nominal 7.47 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 108.3 115.1

DENMARK

139

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 61.7 8.7 8.3 83.6

Manufactured goods Energy & products Agric. products Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Sweden United Kingdom United States France Netherlands Norway EU25

$bn cif 30.6 21.1 10.5 74.3

Intermediate goods Consumer goods Capital goods excl. ships Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 17.6 13.2 8.7 6.4 5.5 5.3 5.1 70.6

Germany Sweden Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States France EU25

% of total 20.8 13.7 6.7 6.6 5.9 5.9 4.2 71.2

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

82.7 -74.6 8.0 66.0 -61.2 -4.2 8.6 3.4 -9.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.5 -5.9 34.0 3.0 2.1 2.11 0.81

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

8.6 Education spending, % of GDP 8.4 2.9 Enrolment, %: primary 102 3.8 secondary 124 tertiary 56 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 92.6 2.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 61.7 7.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.0 per 100 pop. 100.3 Computers per 100 pop. 65.5 126 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 519.9

140

COUNTRY PROFILES

EGYPT Area 1,000,250 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Cairo Egyptian pound (£E)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

74.0m Life expectancy: men 69.1 yrs 74.0 women 73.6 yrs Adult literacy 71.4% 1.76% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.9 33.3% Urban population 42.8% 7.2% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 24.2 70.2 Crude death rate 5.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

£E537bn GDP per head $1,210 $89.4bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 10.4 4.7% Economic freedom index 53.2

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 15 36 17 49

% of total 71.4 12.3 18.7 31.3 -33.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 27 Unemployed 2004 11.0 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.6 52

Energy m TOE 64.7 Net energy imports as % 56.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-14

783

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 4.2% Narrow money (M1) 10.2% 5.3% Broad money 14.9% 9.50%

Exchange rates £E per $ £E per SDR £E per 7

end 2006 5.70 Effective rates 8.58 – nominal 7.52 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

EGYPT

141

Trade Principal exportsb

Principal importsb $bn fob 5.3 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.2 13.1

Petroleum & products Cotton yarn & textiles Metals Agricultural products Pharmaceuticals Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Italy Spain India

$bn fob 6.8 4.9 4.0 3.2

Intermediate goods Investment goods Fuels Consumer goods Total incl. others

20.0

Main origins of imports % of total 30.6 11.3 7.3 5.3

United States United Kingdom Germany Switzerland

% of total 18.9 9.7 6.5 5.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

16.1 -23.8 -7.7 16.1 -12.0 5.7 2.1 2.4 5.5 5.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

6.5 21.9 7.3 2.4 34.1 36 99 7

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.9 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary 100 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.2 secondary 87 Improved-water source access, tertiary 39 % of pop. 98

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Year ending June 30, 2006. b Year ending June 30, 2005.

16.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 58 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

52.4 14.0 18.4 3.7 1.2

142

COUNTRY PROFILES

ESTONIA Area 45,200 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 14 Currency

Tallinn Kroon (EEK)

People Population 1.3m Pop. per sq km 28.8 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.35% Pop. under 15 15.2% Pop. over 60 21.6% No. of men per 100 women 85 Human Development Index 85.8

Life expectancy: men 65.9 yrs women 76.8 yrs Adult literacy 99.8% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 Urban population 69.1% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 10.8 Crude death rate 14.3

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

EEK165bn GDP per head $10,080 $13.1bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 36.9 6.6% Economic freedom index 78.1

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.7 28.5 … 67.8

% of total 51.8 17.4 31.1 80.0 -86.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 9.6 34 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.7 61

Energy m TOE 3.6 Net energy imports as % 5.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

31

3,835

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 4.4% Narrow money (M1) 18.4% 3.3% Broad money 20.0% 3.16%

Exchange rates EEK per $ EEK per SDR EEK per 7

end 2006 11.88 Effective rates 17.80 – nominal 15.68 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

ESTONIA

143

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 7.7

Machinery & equipment Wood & paper Clothing & footwear Food Furniture Total incl. others Main export destinations Finland Sweden Latvia Russia Germany

$bn cif 2.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 10.2

Machinery & equipment Transport equipment Metals Chemicals Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 26.8 13.2 8.8 6.5 6.3

Finland Germany Russia Sweden Lithuania

% of total 19.6 14.0 9.2 8.7 6.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

7.8 -9.6 -1.8 3.8 -3.5 0.1 -1.4 -11.0 1.8 0.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.2 1.9 1.8 0.0 11.3 102 115 14

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

5.3 Education spending, % of GDP 5.7 4.5 Enrolment, %: primary 103 5.8 secondary 98 tertiary 53 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

0.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 89.0 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 33.3 4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.1 per 100 pop. 108.8 Computers per 100 pop. 48.9 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 345.4

144

COUNTRY PROFILES

FINLAND Area 338,145 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Helsinki Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

5.2m Life expectancy: men 76.1 yrs 15.4 women 82.4 yrs Adult literacy … 0.29% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 17.4% Urban population 61.1% 21.4% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 11.1 94.7 Crude death rate 9.7

The economy 7155bn GDP per head $37,150 $193bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 76.8 3.5% Economic freedom index 76.5

GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 3.0 Industry, of which: 35.6 manuf., mining & utilities 30.5 Services 61.4

% of total 51.6 19.6 19.5 45.8 -37.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 8.9 26 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.9 69

Energy m TOE 15.9 Net energy imports as % 38.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

58

7,286

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2001–05 1.3% Euro area: 1.1% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 3.08% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 -1.5%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 109.9 111.1

FINLAND

145

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Metals, machinery & transport equipment Basic manufactures Chemicals Crude materials Total incl. others Main export destinations Russia Sweden Germany United Kingdom United States Netherlands

$bn cif 22.9 8.0 6.9 6.6

Raw materials 28.7 Energy 19.6 Basic manufactures 5.0 Chemicals & plastics 3.8 65.2 Total incl. others

58.5

Main origins of imports % of total 11.0 10.8 10.6 6.7 5.8 4.8

Germany Russia Sweden China United Kingdom United States

% of total 14.9 13.9 10.6 6.0 4.5 4.2

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

65.5 -55.9 9.6 31.0 -29.5 -1.6 9.5 4.9 -3.5

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-0.2 -1.7 11.3 1.6 1.6 0.90 0.46

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.4 Education spending, % of GDP 6.5 3.2 Enrolment, %: primary 101 7.0 secondary 109 tertiary 84 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.7 2.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 40.4 5.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.5 per 100 pop. 100.4 Computers per 100 pop. 48.2 116 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 613.0

146

COUNTRY PROFILES

FRANCE Area 543,965 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 34 Currency

Paris Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

60.5m Life expectancy: men 77.1 yrs 111.2 women 84.1 yrs Adult literacy … 0.49% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 18.4% Urban population 76.7% 20.8% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 12.2 94.2 Crude death rate 8.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

71,710bn GDP per head $35,150 $2,127bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 72.5 2.2% Economic freedom index 66.1

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.2 21.4 … 76.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

% of total 56.5 24.1 19.6 26.3 -27.4

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 9.9 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.7 74

Energy m TOE 137.4 Net energy imports as % 275.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

50

4,547

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 1.9% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 2.0% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% Deposit rate, households, 2006 2.85% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 11.5%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 109.2 102.3

FRANCE

147

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 132.8 Intermediate goods 100.6 Capital goods 67.4 Consumer goods Motor vehicles & other 64.5 transport equipment 37.5 Energy 437.6 Total incl. others

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Motor vehicles & other transport equipment Food & drink Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Spain Italy United Kingdom Belgium-Luxembourg EU25

$bn cif 141.2 98.4 78.3 78.3 65.7 473.8

Main origins of imports % of total 14.5 10.2 9.2 8.8 8.0 65.0

Germany Italy Belgium-Luxembourg Spain United Kingdom EU25

% of total 17.2 8.6 8.5 7.1 5.9 61.3

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

439.2 -471.4 -32.1 251.5 -235.2 -27.4 -33.3 -1.6 -37.8

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-9.1 -3.0 74.4 1.3 91.0 10.03 0.47

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

10.5 Education spending, % of GDP 5.9 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 105 7.5 secondary 111 tertiary 53 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

25.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 95.9 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 55.7 4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.2 per 100 pop. 79.5 Computers per 100 pop. 57.9 130 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 170.8

148

COUNTRY PROFILES

GERMANY Area 357,868 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 34 Currency

Berlin Euro (7)

People Population 82.7m Pop. per sq km 231.0 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.07% Pop. under 15 14.4% Pop. over 60 25.1% No. of men per 100 women 96 Human Development Index 93.2

Life expectancy: men 76.5 yrs women 82.1 yrs Adult literacy … Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 Urban population 75.2% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 8.2 Crude death rate 10.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

72,247bn GDP per head $33,800 $2,795bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 70.3 1.4% Economic freedom index 73.5

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 0.9 29.6 … 69.5

% of total 58.9 18.7 17.3 40.7 -35.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 9.8 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.1 68

Energy m TOE 136.0 Net energy imports as % 348.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

61

4,218

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2006 1.8% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 1.6% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% Deposit rate, households, 2006 2.56% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 10.5%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 111.2 95.9

GERMANY

149

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 187.1 137.6 127.5 50.9 48.3 977.9

Road vehicles Machinery Chemicals Metals Electricity devices Total incl. others Main export destinations France United States United Kingdom Italy Netherlands Belgium Austria

$bn cif 87.4 79.2 64.2 52.2 49.3 780.4

Chemicals Road vehicles Fuels Machinery Computer technology Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.2 8.8 7.8 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4

France Netherlands United States China United Kingdom Italy Belgium Austria

% of total 9.0 7.8 7.3 6.1 6.1 4.9 3.8 2.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

972.1 -782.8 189.3 327.6 -364.9 -36.0 116.0 4.2 -132.7

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-2.6 4.5 101.7 1.1 110.2 10.08 0.36

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

10.6 Education spending, % of GDP 4.7 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 105 8.4 secondary 100 tertiary 46 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

39.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.4 2.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 66.6 4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.7 per 100 pop. 95.8 Computers per 100 pop. 54.5 106 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 158.3

150

COUNTRY PROFILES

GREECE Area 131,957 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 20 Currency

Athens Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

11.1m Life expectancy: men 77.1 yrs 84.1 women 81.9 yrs Adult literacy 96.0% 0.21% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 14.3% Urban population 59.0% 23.3% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 9.3 92.1 Crude death rate 9.9

The economy 7181bn GDP per head $20,290 $225bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 55.8 3.8% Economic freedom index 57.6

GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 4.1 Industry, of which: 17.2 mining & manufacturing 9.7 Services 78.7

% of total 68.7 14.2 23.4 18.4 -25.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 13 Unemployed 2004 10.2 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.4 65

Energy m TOE 10.3 Net energy imports as % 30.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

66

2,755

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.3% Euro area: 3.4% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 3.44% Broad money 7.7%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 105.5 123.9

GREECE

151

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 3.0 2.7 2.1 15.5

Machinery Food Transport equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Italy United Kingdom United States EU25

$bn cif 10.3 7.1 6.8 49.8

Machinery Chemicals & plastics Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 12.4 10.4 6.7 5.3 53.0

Germany Italy Russia France EU25

% of total 12.7 12.4 7.8 5.2 55.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

17.6 -51.9 -34.3 38.2 -25.8 4.0 -17.9 -8.4 18.2

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-0.1 -0.4 2.3 0.4 3.5 0.38 0.17

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.9 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.4 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.7 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. …

4.0 99 96 55

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2004

3.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.2 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 84 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

91.8 56.8 92.3 8.9 71.9

152

COUNTRY PROFILES

HONG KONG Area 1,075 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 5 Currency

Victoria Hong Kong dollar (HK$)

People Population 7.0m Life expectancy: men 79.4 yrs Pop. per sq km 6,511.6 women 85.1 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 93.5% in pop. 2005–10 1.00% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.0 Pop. under 15 15.1% Urban population 100.0% Pop. over 60 15.4% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 92 Crude birth rate 7.6 Human Development Index 92.7 Crude death rate 5.9

The economy GDP HK$1,382bn GDP per head $25,390 GDP $178bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 83.2 GDP 1995–2005 3.9% Economic freedom index 89.3 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 0 10 4 90

% of total 53.2 8.0 22.7 180.8 -164.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 0 Unemployed 2004 6.8 15 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.1 85

Energy m TOE 0.0 Net energy imports as % 17.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

100

2,488

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.2% Narrow money (M1) 11.3% -0.6% Broad money 3.4% 3.94%

Exchange rates HK$ per $ HK$ per SDR HK$ per 7

end 2006 7.78 Effective rates 11.67 – nominal 10.27 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

HONG KONG

153

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal imports $bn fob 7.2 Raw materials & semi-manufactures 2.4 Capital goods 0.9 Consumer goods 0.6 Fuel 0.4 Food 17.5 Total incl. others

Clothing Electrical machinery & apparatus Jewellery Textiles Printed matter Total incl. others Main export destinations China United States Japan Germany

$bn cif 27.9 16.7 16.2 7.3 6.5 299.9

Main origins of imports % of total 45.8 15.3 5.4 3.2

China Japan Taiwan Singapore

% of total 45.0 11.0 7.2 5.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

289.6 -297.2 -7.6 127.0 -97.0 -2.1 20.2 11.4 -22.1 1.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.7 124.3 3.8 0.1 72.3 41 17 2

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

… Education spending, % of GDP … Enrolment, %: primary … secondary tertiary …

4.2 94 85 27

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.1 3.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 53.9 6.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.3 per 100 pop. 123.5 Computers per 100 pop. 59.3 107 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 114.5

a Domestic, excluding re-exports. Note: Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China on July 1 1997.

154

COUNTRY PROFILES

HUNGARY Area 93,030 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 51 Currency

Budapest Forint (Ft)

People Population 10.1m Pop. per sq km 108.6 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.29% Pop. under 15 15.8% Pop. over 60 20.8% No. of men per 100 women 91 Human Development Index 86.9

Life expectancy: men 69.2 yrs women 77.4 yrs Adult literacy … Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 66.3% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.3 Crude death rate 13.2

The economy GDP Ft21,802bn GDP per head $10,820 GDP $109bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 42.7 GDP 1995–2005 4.1% Economic freedom index 66.2 Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.9 27.4 … 68.7

% of total 68.2 10.3 23.2 66.4 -68.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 6.1 32 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.3 63

Energy m TOE 10.2 Net energy imports as % 26.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

61

2,608

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.9% Narrow money (M1) 14.3% 4.8% Broad money 13.0% 6.87% Household saving rate, 2006 13.2%

Exchange rates Ft per $ Ft per SDR Ft per 7

end 2006 191.62 Effective rates 288.27 – nominal 252.94 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 109.9 137.1

HUNGARY

155

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 37.7 17.4 3.8 1.7 1.3 62.2

Machinery & equipment Other manufactures Food, drink & tobacco Fuels & electricity Raw materials Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Austria Italy France

$bn cif 33.1 21.9 6.7 2.6 1.2 65.8

Machinery & equipment Other manufactures Fuels Food, drink & tobacco Raw materials Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 29.3 6.4 5.6 4.9

Germany Russia China Austria

% of total 27.6 7.2 7.0 6.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

62.2 -64.0 -1.8 15.0 -20.9 0.2 -7.5 -7.4 14.7 4.9

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.6 18.6 2.6 0.1 66.1 69 96 31

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.9 Education spending, % of GDP 5.9 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.3 Enrolment, %: primary 103 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 7.9 secondary 97 Improved-water source access, tertiary 37 % of pop. 99

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2003

3.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 92.2 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 33.2 4.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.4 per 100 pop. 92.3 Computers per 100 pop. 15.0 67 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 116.5

156

COUNTRY PROFILES

INDIA Area 3,287,263 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 54 Currency

New Delhi Indian rupee (Rs)

People Population 1,103.4m Pop. per sq km 335.7 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 1.46% Pop. under 15 33.0% Pop. over 60 7.1% No. of men per 100 women 107 Human Development Index 61.1

Life expectancy: men 63.2 yrs women 66.4 yrs Adult literacy 61.0% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.8 Urban population 28.7% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 23.0 Crude death rate 8.2

The economy GDP Rs35,672bn GDP per head GDP $806bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1995–2005 6.3% Economic freedom index Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$730 8.2 55.6

Components of GDPb % of total 19.0 27.4 15.9 53.6

% of total 61.7 10.6 24.8 19.1 -16.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2004 5.0 … Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.3 …

Energy m TOE 466.9 Net energy imports as % 572.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

19

531

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 6.1% Narrow money (M1) 15.6% Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 4.4% Broad money 15.3% Lending rate, 2006 11.19%

Exchange rates Rs per $ Rs per SDR Rs per 7

end 2006 44.25 Effective rates 66.56 – nominal 58.41 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

INDIA

157

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa $bn fob 20.9 15.6 15.1 11.2 9.9 102.9

Engineering goods Textiles Gems & jewellery Petroleum & products Agricultural goods Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China United Arab Emirates United Kingdom

$bn cif 26.2 13.8 9.9 8.4 6.9 145.7

Petroleum & products Capital goods Electronic goods Gold & silver Gems Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 19.1 9.4 8.4 4.9

China United States Belgium Singapore

% of total 7.3 6.5 5.2 4.8

Balance of paymentsa, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

105.2 -157.0 -51.8 67.1 -48.7 24.3 -9.2 -1.5 17.2 15.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

6.2 137.8 8.0 11.5 123.1 16 73 12

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.8 Education spending, % of GDP 3.7 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.6 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.7 secondary 54 Improved-water source access, tertiary 7 % of pop. 86

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Year ending March 31, 2006. b Year ending March 31, 2005.

206.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 45 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

36.5 4.5 8.2 1.5 1.5

158

COUNTRY PROFILES

INDONESIA Area 1,904,443 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 13 Currency

Jakarta Rupiah (Rp)

People Population 222.8m Life expectancy: men 68.7 yrs Pop. per sq km 116.9 women 72.7 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 90.4% in pop. 2005–10 1.16% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.2 Pop. under 15 28.4% Urban population 48.1% Pop. over 60 8.3% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 100 Crude birth rate 18.7 Human Development Index 71.1 Crude death rate 6.3

The economy GDP Rp2,730trn GDP per head $1,290 GDP $287bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 9.2 GDP 1995–2005 2.7% Economic freedom index 55.1 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 14.5 44.0 28.1 41.5

% of total 65.4 8.2 22.0 33.5 -29.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 44 Unemployed 2004 9.9 18 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.7 38

Energy m TOE 258.0 Net energy imports as % 174.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-48

800

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 13.1% Narrow money (M1) 11.0% 9.6% Broad money 9.9% 9.18%

Exchange rates Rp per $ Rp per SDR Rp per 7

end 2006 9,020 Effective rates 13,570 – nominal 11,906 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

INDONESIA

159

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 10.1 9.2 8.6 84.6

Petroleum & products Natural gas Garments & textiles Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan United States China Singapore

$bn cif 44.1 8.3 4.6 69.5

Raw materials Capital goods Consumer goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 22.3 13.9 9.1 8.9

Japan China Singapore Thailand

% of total 18.0 16.1 12.8 7.7

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

86.2 -63.9 22.3 15.3 -37.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 -4.5 -5.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-1.7 34.6 4.1 3.1 138.3 55 159 17

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 2.8 Education spending, % of GDP 0.9 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.1 Enrolment, %: primary 108 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.6 secondary 64 Improved-water source access, tertiary 11 % of pop. 77

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

58.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 7.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 76 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

53.4 5.7 21.1 1.4 1.2

160

COUNTRY PROFILES

IRAN Area 1,648,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Tehran Rial (IR)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

69.5m Life expectancy: men 69.4 yrs 42.2 women 72.6 yrs Adult literacy 77.0% 1.35% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 28.8% Urban population 66.9% 6.4% per 1,000 pop. 103 Crude birth rate 20.3 74.6 Crude death rate 5.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

IR1,701trn GDP per head $2,730 $190bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 19.0 4.6% Economic freedom index 43.1

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10 45 12 45

% of total 46 12 33 39 -30

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 25 Unemployed 2003 11.6 30 Av. ann. rate 2000–2003 13.2 45

Energy m TOE 278.0 Net energy imports as % 145.8 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-91

2,167

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2005 12.1% Narrow money (M1) 20.6% Av. ann. inflation 2001–05 14.7% Broad money 24.5% Deposit rate, 2006 11.78%

Exchange rates IR per $ IR per SDR IR per 7

end 2006 9,223 Effective rates 13,875 – nominal 12,174 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 73.87 140.71

IRAN

161

Trade Principal exportsa

Principal importsa

$bn fob Oil & gas 36.8 Chemicals & petrochemicals 1.4 Fruits 0.8 Total incl. others 44.4

Capital goods Industrial goods Consumer goods Total incl. others

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

Japan China Italy South Korea Turkey

% of total 16.0 10.6 5.7 5.5 5.4

Germany United Arab Emirates China Italy France

$bn cif 12.1 12.0 6.4 35.2 % of total 14.6 8.8 8.7 7.4 6.6

Balance of paymentsb, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles net Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

60.0 -41.0 19.0 -5.9 0.9 14.0 7.1 -0.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

… … … … 21.3 13 39 4

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.6 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.9 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.7 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 94

4.7 88 82 10

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

13.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 8.9 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 34 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a 2004 b Iranian year ending March 20, 2006.

9.5 27.3 10.4 10.5 …

162

COUNTRY PROFILES

IRELAND Area 70,282 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 18 Currency

Dublin Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

4.1m Life expectancy: men 76.5 yrs 58.3 women 81.4 yrs Adult literacy … 1.77% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 20.7% Urban population 60.5% 15.3% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 15.5 95.6 Crude death rate 7.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

7162bn GDP per head $49,220 $202bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 91.9 7.4% Economic freedom index 81.3

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.3 38.8 … 57.9

% of total 46.1 14.2 27.0 79.4 -66.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 6 Unemployed 2004 4.4 28 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.9 66

Energy m TOE 1.9 Net energy imports as % 15.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

87

3,738

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 2.7% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 3.2% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% Money market rate, 2004 2.21% Broad money 7.7% Deposit rate, households, 2006 2.64%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

IRELAND

163

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob $bn cif 50.1 Machinery & transport equipment 30.8 29.2 Chemicals 9.1 12.9 Miscellaneous manufactures 8.6 7.9 Fuels 4.8 109.6 Total incl. others 69.2

Chemicals Machinery & transport equipment Manufactured materials Food & live animals Total incl. others Main export destinations United States United Kingdom Belgium Germany France EU25

Main origins of imports % of total 18.7 17.4 15.1 7.5 6.4 63.3

United Kingdom Germany United States China Netherlands EU25

% of total 31.2 14.1 14.1 6.6 4.0 57.4

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

104.1 -67.3 36.8 111.2 -156.0 0.7 -5.3 -2.7 -2.7

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.8 -2.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.72 0.42

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.2 Education spending, % of GDP 4.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.8 Enrolment, %: primary 119 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 5.7 secondary 112 Improved-water source access, tertiary 46 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

1.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.4 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 49.5 5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.7 per 100 pop. 102.9 Computers per 100 pop. 49.7 104 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 294.7

164

COUNTRY PROFILES

ISRAEL Area 20,770 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 15 Currency

Jerusalem New Shekel (NIS)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

6.7m Life expectancy: men 78.6 yrs 322.6 women 82.8 yrs Adult literacy 97.1% 1.66% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.8 27.9% Urban population 91.6% 13.2% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 19.7 92.7 Crude death rate 5.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

NIS554bn GDP per head $18,420 $123bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 61.7 3.2% Economic freedom index 68.4

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.6 31.7 21.2 65.7

% of total 55.1 26.9 16.8 44.6 -44.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2003 10.7 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 8.7 76

Energy m TOE 1.7 Net energy imports as % 20.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

92

3,049

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.1% Narrow money (M1) 14.5% 1.9% Broad money 6.1% 4.3%

Exchange rates NIS per $ NIS per SDR NIS per 7

end 2006 4.23 Effective rates 6.36 – nominal 5.58 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 84.68 79.45

ISRAEL

165

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob Diamonds 12.1 Diamonds Chemicals 6.8 Fuel Communications, medical & Machinery & equipment scientific equipment 6.0 Chemicals Electronics 2.4 Total incl. others 42.8 Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Belgium Hong Kong United Kingdom Germany

$bn fob 9.6 6.8 4.9 2.9 47.1

Main origins of imports % of total 42.4 8.6 4.9 4.6 3.9

United States Belgium Germany Switzerland United Kingdom

% of total 19.7 9.9 7.2 6.6 6.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

40.1 -43.9 -3.8 22.4 -21.0 6.0 3.8 3.0 -5.1 1.3

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

1.0 28.1 5.2 0.0 76.4 60 117 11

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

8.7 Education spending, % of GDP 7.3 3.8 Enrolment, %: primary 114 6.3 secondary 93 tertiary 50 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 96.9 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 42.6 5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.6 per 100 pop. 112.4 Computers per 100 pop. 73.4 88 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 195.8

166

COUNTRY PROFILES

ITALY Area 301,245 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 26 Currency

Rome Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

58.1m Life expectancy: men 77.5 yrs 192.9 women 83.5 yrs Adult literacy 98.4% 0.13% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 14.0% Urban population 67.6% 25.3% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 9.2 94.0 Crude death rate 10.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

71,417bn GDP per head $30,340 $1,763bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 68.1 1.3% Economic freedom index 63.4

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.1 29.1 … 68.8

% of total 58.5 20.7 20.6 26.3 -26.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 8.0 31 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.3 65

Energy m TOE 30.1 Net energy imports as % 184.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

84

3,171

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.2% Euro area: 2.4% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 3.09% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2004 10.2%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 108.9 132.4

ITALY

167

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 107.5 47.9 40.2 37.5 20.0 372.9

Engineering products Textiles & clothing Transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany France United States Spain United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif 73.9 51.1 51.1 50.8 24.9 384.8

Engineering products Energy products Transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 13.6 12.4 7.9 7.3 7.1 58.6

Germany France Netherlands United Kingdom United States EU25

% of total 18.0 11.0 5.9 4.3 3.5 57.2

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

372.8 -372.7 0.1 151.4 -169.0 -10.0 -27.7 -1.6 25.2

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.0 3.6 66.0 1.5 78.8 5.09 0.29

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.7 Education spending, % of GDP 4.9 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.2 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.0 secondary 99 Improved-water source access, tertiary 47 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

22.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 96.0 2.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 43.1 4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.8 per 100 pop. 124.3 Computers per 100 pop. 37.0 98 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 238.5

168

COUNTRY PROFILES

JAPAN Area 377,727 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 12 Currency

Tokyo Yen (¥)

People Population 128.1m Life expectancy: men 79.0 yrs Pop. per sq km 339.1 women 86.1 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy … in pop. 2005–10 -0.02% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Pop. under 15 13.9% Urban population 65.8% Pop. over 60 26.4% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 95 Crude birth rate 8.3 Human Development Index 94.9 Crude death rate 9.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

¥500trn GDP per head $35,390 $4,534bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 74.6 1.3% Economic freedom index 73.6

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.7 30.0 21.0 68.3

% of total 57.4 18.0 23.2 14.3 -12.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 4.7 28 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 4.4 68

Energy m TOE 96.8 Net energy imports as % 533.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

82

4,173

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 0.2% Narrow money (M1) 7.8% -0.3% Broad money -3.2% 0.12% Household saving rate, 2006 2.9%

Exchange rates ¥ per $ ¥ per SDR ¥ per 7

end 2006 118.0 Effective rates 179.0 – nominal 157.0 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 77.7 65.7

JAPAN

169

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 137.9 132.1 120.9 53.1 27.6 594.9

Transport machinery Electrical equipment Non-electrical machinery Chemicals Metals Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China South Korea Taiwan Hong Kong

$bn cif 132.1 118.4 50.4 39.2 31.5 514.9

Mineral fuels Machinery & equipment Food Chemicals Raw materials Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 22.6 13.5 7.8 7.3 6.0

China United States Australia South Korea Taiwan

% of total 21.0 12.4 4.7 4.7 3.5

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

567.6 -473.6 94.0 251.3 -171.9 -7.6 165.8 3.7 -127.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

22.3 2.2 846.9 15.7 24.6 13.15 0.28

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.8 Education spending, % of GDP 3.7 2.0 Enrolment, %: primary 101 14.3 secondary 102 tertiary 46 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2003

48.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.0 2.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 45.3 5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.0 per 100 pop. 75.3 Computers per 100 pop. 54.2 124 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 240.8

170

COUNTRY PROFILES

KENYA Area 582,646 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 8 Currency

Nairobi Kenyan shilling (KSh)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

34.3m Life expectancy: men 53.0 yrs 58.9 women 55.2 yrs Adult literacy 73.6% 2.65% Fertility rate (per woman) 5.0 42.6% Urban population 20.7% 3.9% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 39.2 49.1 Crude death rate 11.8

The economy GDP KSh1,415bn GDP per head GDP $18.7bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1995–2005 2.5% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Other

$550 3.0 59.4

Components of GDP % of total 26.0 … 9.9 64.1

% of total 75.3 17.6 16.1 26.2 -33.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2004 … … Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 … …

Energy m TOE 13.7 Net energy imports as % 16.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

19

506

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 14.1% Narrow money (M1) 14.2% 9.5% Broad money 10.0% 6.43%

Exchange rates KSh per $ KSh per SDR KSh per 7

end 2006 69.4 Effective rates 104.4 – nominal 91.6 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

KENYA

171

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $m fob 590 560 128 61 3,293

Horticultural products Tea Coffee Fish products Total incl. others Main export destinations Uganda United Kingdom United States Netherlands

$m cif Industrial supplies 1,781 Machinery & transport equip. 735 Consumer goods 399 Food & drink 342 Total incl. others 6,149 Main origins of imports

% of total 14.0 10.4 9.2 7.8

United Arab Emirates United States Saudi Arabia South Africa

% of total 13.0 10.2 9.4 8.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

3.2 -5.4 -2.2 2.0 -1.3 1.0 -0.5 -2.8 0.6 0.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.3 1.8 3.2 0.0 6.2 28 103 4

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.1 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.1 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.9 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 61

6.7 91 33 1

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

7.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 68 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

11.9 0.8 13.5 1.0 0.4

172

COUNTRY PROFILES

LATVIA Area 63,700 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 18 Currency

Riga Lats (LVL)

People Population 2.3m Pop. per sq km 36.1 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.52% Pop. under 15 14.4% Pop. over 60 22.4% No. of men per 100 women 85 Human Development Index 84.5

Life expectancy: men 67.3 yrs women 77.7 yrs Adult literacy 99.7% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 67.8% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.3 Crude death rate 13.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

LVL8.9bn GDP per head $6,880 $15.8bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 32.6 6.9% Economic freedom index 68.2

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4.1 21.7 12.8 74.2

% of total 62.4 17.7 29.8 48.1 -62.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 12 Unemployed 2005 8.7 26 Av. ann. rate 1996–2005 13.3 62

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

2.1 Net energy imports as % 4.6 of energy use

53

1,988

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 6.5% Narrow money (M1) 21.8% 4.8% Broad money 25.2% 3.24%

Exchange rates LVL per $ LVL per SDR LVL per 7

end 2006 0.54 Effective rates 0.81 – nominal 0.71 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

LATVIA

173

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.4 5.1

Wood & wood products Metals Machinery & equipment Textiles Total incl. others Main export destinations Estonia Lithuania Germany United Kingdom Russia EU25

$bn cif 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.8 8.6

Machinery & equipment Mineral products Transport equipment Base metals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.8 10.8 10.3 10.1 8.0 76.2

Germany Lithuania Russia Estonia Poland EU25

% of total 13.8 13.7 8.6 7.9 6.3 75.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

5.4 -8.4 -3.0 2.9 -2.5 0.6 -2.0 -12.7 2.8 0.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.3 2.4 2.6 0.2 14.3 104 211 37

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.1 Education spending, % of GDP 5.3 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.0 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 7.7 secondary 97 Improved-water source access, tertiary 50 % of pop. 99

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

0.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.3 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

72.2 31.7 81.1 21.9 57.5

174

COUNTRY PROFILES

LITHUANIA Area 65,200 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 30 Currency

Vilnius Litas (LTL)

People Population 3.4m Pop. per sq km 52.1 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.53% Pop. under 15 16.8% Pop. over 60 20.3% No. of men per 100 women 87 Human Development Index 85.7

Life expectancy: men 67.5 yrs women 78.3 yrs Adult literacy 99.6% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 66.6% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.1 Crude death rate 12.3

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

LTL71.1bn GDP per head $7,540 $25.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 34.6 5.9% Economic freedom index 72.0

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 5.7 34.3 … 60.0

% of total 65.3 16.7 22.4 58.3 -65.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 14 Unemployed 2005 8.3 29 Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 14.1 57

Energy m TOE 5.2 Net energy imports as % 9.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

43

2,666

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.8% Narrow money (M1) 24.1% 1.3% Broad money 22.6% 2.72%

Exchange rates LTL per $ LTL per SDR LTL per 7

end 2006 2.63 Effective rates 3.96 – nominal 3.47 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

LITHUANIA

175

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 3.2 1.5 1.1 1.0 11.8

Mineral products Machinery & equipment Textiles Transport equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Russia Latvia Germany France Estonia EU25

$bn cif 4.0 2.8 1.8 1.2 15.5

Mineral products Machinery & equipment Transport equipment Chemicals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.4 10.3 9.4 7.0 5.9 65.4

Russia Germany Poland Latvia Netherlands EU25

% of total 27.8 15.2 8.3 4.0 3.7 59.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

11.8 -14.7 -2.9 3.6 -3.1 0.7 -1.8 -7.2 2.6 0.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.2 3.8 2.6 0.2 11.2 52 90 17

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.5 Education spending, % of GDP 5.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.0 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 8.1 secondary 102 Improved-water source access, tertiary 40 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

1.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 76.0 2.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 22.1 5.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.3 per 100 pop. 127.1 Computers per 100 pop. 15.5 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 70.8

176

COUNTRY PROFILES

MALAYSIA Area 332,665 sq km Capital Kuala Lumpur Arable as % of total land 6 Currency Malaysiandollar/ringgit(M$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

25.3m Life expectancy: men 72.0 yrs 76.0 women 76.7 yrs Adult literacy 88.7% 1.69% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.6 31.4% Urban population 67.3% 6.7% per 1,000 pop. 103 Crude birth rate 20.6 80.5 Crude death rate 4.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

M$495bn GDP per head $5,150 $130bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 26.0 4.6% Economic freedom index 65.8

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 8.7 48.7 30.5 42.6

% of total 43.7 13.1 20.0 123.1 -99.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 15 Unemployed 2004 3.5 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.2 55

Energy m TOE 88.5 Net energy imports as % 56.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-56

2,279

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.6% Narrow money (M1) 9.1% 2.2% Broad money 7.8% 3.38%

Exchange rates M$ per $ M$ per SDR M$ per 7

end 2006 3.53 Effective rates 5.31 – nominal 4.66 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 99.5 101.6

MALAYSIA

177

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob Electronics & electrical mach. 48.5 Intermediate goods Chemicals & products 4.9 Capital goods & transport Palm oil 4.4 equipment Wood products 2.7 Consumption goods Re-exports Total incl. others 140.9 Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Singapore China Japan Thailand

$bn cif 71.0 14.0 5.7 5.0 114.4

Main origins of imports % of total 22.4 17.6 13.0 9.5 5.2

Singapore Japan China United States Thailand

% of total 29.2 12.1 10.2 10.0 5.5

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

141.8 -108.7 33.2 24.9 -33.7 -4.5 20.0 15.4 -9.8 3.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

3.6 70.5 5.9 1.2 51.0 46 35 6

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.8 Education spending, % of GDP 8.0 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.7 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.8 secondary 76 Improved-water source access, tertiary 23 % of pop. 99

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

5.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.9 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 68 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

90.2 16.8 75.2 19.2 6.6

178

COUNTRY PROFILES

MEXICO Area 1,972,545 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 13 Currency

Mexico city Mexican peso (PS)

People Population 107.0m Life expectancy: men 73.7 yrs Pop. per sq km 54.2 women 78.6 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 91.0% in pop. 2005–10 1.12% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.2 Pop. under 15 30.8% Urban population 76.0% Pop. over 60 8.4% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 95 Crude birth rate 19.3 Human Development Index 82.1 Crude death rate 4.8

The economy GDP 8,374bn pesos GDP per head $7,180 GDP $768bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 25.7 GDP 1995–2005 3.6% Economic freedom index 65.8 Origins of GDP

Components of GDP

% of total Agriculture 3.8 Industry, of which: 25.9 manufacturing & mining 19.2 Services 70.3

% of total 68.3 11.5 19.3 29.9 -31.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 15 Unemployed 2004 3.0 26 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 2.7 59

Energy m TOE 253.9 Net energy imports as % 165.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-53

1,622

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.6% Narrow money (M1) 13.2% 4.4% Broad money 9.3% 7.51%

Exchange rates PS per $ PS per SDR PS per 7

end 2006 10.88 Effective rates 16.37 – nominal 14.36 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

MEXICO

179

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 175.2 97.4) 31.9 6.0 213.9

Manufactured products (Maquiladoraa Crude oil & products Agricultural products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Canada Spain Japan

$bn fob 164.1 75.7) 31.5 26.2 221.4

Intermediate goods (Maquiladoraa Consumer goods Capital goods Total Main origins of imports

% of total 85.7 2.0 1.3 1.1

United States Germany Japan South Korea

% of total 59.5 3.8 3.4 3.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

214.2 -221.8 -7.6 21.9 -39.8 20.5 -5.1 -0.7 12.0 7.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

9.9 74.1 3.4 0.1 167.2 26 79 17

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.5 Education spending, % of GDP 5.8 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.0 Enrolment, %: primary 113 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.0 secondary 80 Improved-water source access, tertiary 20 % of pop. 97

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

24.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.6 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 79 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a Manufacturing assembly plants near the Mexican-US border where goods for processing may be imported duty-free and all output is exported.

90.9 18.2 44.0 13.1 62.6

180

COUNTRY PROFILES

MOROCCO Area 446,550 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 19 Currency

Rabat Dirham (Dh)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

31.5m Life expectancy: men 69.0 yrs 70.5 women 73.4 yrs Adult literacy 52.3% 1.20% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.4 30.3% Urban population 58.7% 7.5% per 1,000 pop. 97 Crude birth rate 20.5 64.0 Crude death rate 5.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

Dh458bn GDP per head $1,640 $51.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 10.9 3.9% Economic freedom index 57.4

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 12.4 30.7 17.6 56.9

% of total 62.4 20.5 23.5 29.6 -36.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 47 Unemployed 2004 11.2 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 15.1 32

Energy m TOE 0.7 Net energy imports as % 11.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

94

384

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.3% Narrow money (M1) 11.7% 2.0% Broad money 10.2% 2.58%

Exchange rates Dh per $ Dh per SDR Dh per 7

end 2006 8.46 Effective rates 12.72 – nominal 11.17 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 95.4 93.1

MOROCCO

181

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 2.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 10.5

Textiles Phosphoric acid Electrical components Phosphate rock Citrus fruits Total incl. others Main export destinations France Spain United Kingdom Italy

$bn cif 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.0 1.7 20.3

Semi-finished goods Energy & lubricants Consumer goods Capital goods Food, drink & tobacco Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 37.5 16.4 5.1 4.0

France Spain Italy China

% of total 30.0 11.6 5.4 5.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

10.7 -18.9 -8.2 8.8 -4.9 5.3 1.0 2.0 -0.2 0.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-0.1 16.6 8.4 0.7 16.8 34 77 11

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.1 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.9 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 81

6.7 90 48 9

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

6.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 72 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

49.6 4.4 40.9 2.5 8.5

182

COUNTRY PROFILES

NETHERLANDS Areaa 41,526 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 27 Currency

Amsterdam Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

16.3m Life expectancy: men 77.5 yrs 392.5 women 81.9 yrs Adult literacy … 0.21% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.7 18.4% Urban population 80.2% 19.3% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 11.1 94.7 Crude death rate 8.6

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

7502bn GDP per head $38,290 $624bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 78.0 2.2% Economic freedom index 77.1

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.7 23.1 … 74.2

% of total 48.9 24.1 19.3 69.9 -62.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 3 Unemployed 2003 4.3 20 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 4.5 77

Energy m TOE 67.9 Net energy imports as % 82.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

17

5,045

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 1999–2004 inflation 2006 1.7% Euro area: Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 2.1% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% Lending rate, 2004 2.75% Broad money 7.7% Deposit rate, households, 2006 3.23% Household saving rate, 2006 7.0%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 109.2 114.4

NETHERLANDS

183

Trade Principal exportsb

Principal importsb $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Fuels Total incl. others

103 54 46 29 318

Main export destinations Germany Belgium France United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Chemicals Food, drink & tobacco Fuels Total incl. others

108 36 33 26 284

Main origins of imports % of total 28.7 14.0 10.7 10.7 75.8

Germany Belgium China United States EU25

% of total 19.6 10.8 10.2 9.1 56.9

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

347.9 -301.4 46.5 177.1 -164.1 -10.5 48.9 8.2 -46.3

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.8 -0.6 20.4 0.5 22.3 5.12 0.82

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.2 Education spending, % of GDP 5.3 3.2 Enrolment, %: primary 108 5.0 secondary 119 tertiary 52 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Includes water. b 2004

7.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.7 2.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 46.6 4.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.8 per 100 pop. 102.9 Computers per 100 pop. 68.5 101 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 553.0

184

COUNTRY PROFILES

NEW ZEALAND Area 270,534 sq km Capital Wellington Arable as % of total land 6 Currency New Zealand dollar (NZ$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

4.0m Life expectancy: men 78.2 yrs 14.8 women 82.2 yrs Adult literacy … 0.90% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 21.5% Urban population 86.2% 16.6% per 1,000 pop. 97 Crude birth rate 13.7 93.6 Crude death rate 7.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

NZ$155bn GDP per head $27,320 $109bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 59.7 3.1% Economic freedom index 81.6

Origins of GDP

Components of GDP % of total 6.7 Private consumption 14.7 Public consumption 78.6 Investment Exports Imports

Agriculture & mining Manufacturing Other

% of total 61.4 17.3 27.4 31.8 -37.9

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 7 Unemployed 2004 3.9 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.8 71

Energy m TOE 13.0 Net energy imports as % 17.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

26

4,344

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.4% Narrow money (M1) 7.4% 2.6% Broad money 8.5% 7.26%

Exchange rates NZ$ per $ NZ$ per SDR NZ$ per 7

end 2006 1.42 Effective rates 2.13 – nominal 1.87 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 128.3 132.5

NEW ZEALAND

185

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 3.6 3.3 1.3 0.8 21.7

Dairy produce Meat Forestry products Fish Total incl. others Main export destinations Australia United States Japan China

$bn cif Machinery & electrical equipment Transport equipment Mineral fuels Total incl. others

5.9 4.7 3.1 26.2

Main origins of imports % of total 21.4 14.2 10.6 5.1

Australia United States Japan China

% of total 20.6 11.0 10.9 10.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

22.0 -24.7 -2.7 10.0 -17.3 0.4 -9.6 -8.8 11.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

2.4 3.6 8.9 2.5 0.0 0.27 0.27

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.4 Education spending, % of GDP 6.8 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.4 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.0 secondary 118 Improved-water source access, tertiary 66 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

1.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.2 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 42.9 5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.7 per 100 pop. 87.6 Computers per 100 pop. 48.2 86 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 338.9

186

COUNTRY PROFILES

NIGERIA Area 923,768 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 34 Currency

Abuja Naira (N)

People Population 131.5m Life expectancy: men 46.4 yrs Pop. per sq km 142.4 women 47.3 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy … in pop. 2005–10 2.27% Fertility rate (per woman) 5.3 Pop. under 15 44.3% Urban population 48.2% Pop. over 60 4.6% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 100 Crude birth rate 39.9 Human Development Index 44.8 Crude death rate 16.8

The economy GDP N12,990bn GDP per head GDP $99.0bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1995–2005 4.2% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Manufacturing Other

Components of GDP % of total 41.2 Private consumption 3.8 Public consumption 55.0 Investment Exports Imports

$750 2.7 52.6

% of total 61.9 15.1 16.0 33.3 -26.3

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2001 3.9 … Av. ann. rate 1995–2001 3.7 …

Energy m TOE 229.4 Net energy imports as % 99.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-132

769

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate 2005

av. ann. increase 2000–05 8.3% Narrow money (M1) 18.9% 13.7% Broad money 20.5% 7.63%

Exchange rates N per $ N per SDR N per 7

end 2006 134.0 Effective rates 201.0 – nominal 176.9 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 67.3 130.4

NIGERIA

187

Trade Principal exports Oil Gas

Total incl. others

Principal imports $bn fob 46.8 Manufactured goods 0.5 Chemicals Machinery & transport equipment Agric products & foodstuffs 48.1 Total incl. others

Main export destinationsa % of total United States 54.0 Brazil 10.4 Spain 8.3 France 3.2

$bn cif 6.1 4.6 4.2 1.3 17.7

Main origins of importsa China United States United Kingdom Netherlands

% of total 10.5 7.4 6.9 6.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

48.1 -17.3 30.8 4.9 -14.8 3.3 24.2 24.5 -23.6 10.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

11.4 28.6 10.7 0.7 22.2 34 53 16

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.6 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.3 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.2 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 48

… 98 35 4

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Estimate.

26.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 83 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

54.8 0.9 14.1 0.9 …

188

COUNTRY PROFILES

NORWAY Area 323,878 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Oslo Norwegian krone (Nkr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

4.6m Life expectancy: men 77.8 yrs 14.2 women 82.5 yrs Adult literacy … 0.62% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 19.6% Urban population 77.4% 19.7% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 11.9 96.5 Crude death rate 9.1

The economy GDP Nkr1,904bn GDP per head $64,240 GDP $296bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 98.9 GDP 1995–2005 2.7% Economic freedom index 70.1 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.9 41.4 … 56.7

% of total 41.9 20.4 18.7 45.2 -27.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 3 Unemployed 2004 4.4 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 4.0 76

Energy m TOE 238.6 Net energy imports as % 27.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-763

6,024

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Interbank rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–03 2.3% Narrow money (M1) 9.8% 1.6% Broad money 6.6% 3.10% Household saving rate, 2006 5.2%

Exchange rates Nkr per $ Nkr per SDR Nkr per 7

end 2006 6.26 Effective rates 9.42 – nominal 8.26 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 109.4 130.8

NORWAY

189

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Oil, gas & products 70.5 Machinery & transport equip. 9.6 Metals 7.8 Food, drink & tobacco 3.6 Total incl. others 101.9

$bn cif Machinery & transport equip. 21.5 Metals 6.2 Chemicals 5.7 Textiles 3.2 Total incl. others 54.8

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United Kingdom Germany France Netherlands United States Sweden EU25

% of total 24.3 14.7 9.2 8.4 6.9 6.7 80.2

Sweden Germany Denmark United Kingdom Netherlands United States EU25

% of total 14.7 14.0 7.7 7.2 4.7 4.7 71.9

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

104.2 -54.5 49.7 48.1 -48.4 -2.8 46.6 16.4 -34.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

4.5 2.7 47.0 5.5 0.0 2.79 0.94

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.7 Education spending, % of GDP 7.7 3.1 Enrolment, %: primary 101 4.2 secondary 116 tertiary 68 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 94.0 2.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 45.7 4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.4 per 100 pop. 102.9 Computers per 100 pop. 57.2 132 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 515.2

190

COUNTRY PROFILES

PAKISTAN Area 803,940 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 28 Currency

Islamabad Pakistan rupee (PRs)

People Population 157.9m Life expectancy: men 65.2 yrs Pop. per sq km 196.4 women 65.8 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 49.9% in pop. 2005–10 1.84% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.5 Pop. under 15 37.2% Urban population 34.9% Pop. over 60 5.9% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 106 Crude birth rate 27.2 Human Development Index 53.9 Crude death rate 7.1

The economy GDP PRs6,548bn GDP per head GDP $111bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1995–2005 4.0% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP

$700 5.7 58.2

Components of GDPa

% of total Agriculture 21.6 Industry, of which: 25.0 manufacturing & mining 20.2 Other 53.4

% of total 80.0 7.8 16.9 15.3 -19.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 42 Unemployed 2004 7.7 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.4 37

Energy m TOE 59.0 Net energy imports as % 74.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

21

489

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 7.9% Narrow money (M1) 21.4% 5.4% Broad money 16.6% 8.89%

Exchange rates PRs per $ PRs per SDR PRs per 7

end 2006 60.92 Effective rates 91.65 – nominal 80.41 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 76.80 96.31

PAKISTAN

191

Trade Principal exportsa Cotton fabrics Knitwear Bedwear Cotton yarn & thread Rice Total incl. others

Principal importsa $bn fob 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.9 13.4

Main export destinationsa % of total United States 24.0 United Arab Emirates 7.6 United Kingdom 6.2 Afghanistan 5.2 Germany 4.8

$bn fob Machinery & transport equip. 6.0 Fuels etc 4.3 Chemicals 3.6 Manufactures 2.3 Total incl. others

17.9

Main origins of importsa Saudi Arabia China United Arab Emirates United States Japan

% of total 12.3 8.9 8.3 7.6 7.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

15.4 -21.8 -6.3 4.3 -10.7 9.1 -3.6 -3.3 4.3 0.5

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.4 11.1 4.1 2.1 33.7 30 134 10

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 2.2 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.7 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.7 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 91

2.3 96 27 4

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

27.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 7.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 44 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

a Fiscal year ending June 30, 2005.

39.4 3.4 8.3 … 0.6

192

COUNTRY PROFILES

PERU Area 1,285,216 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Lima Nuevo Sol (New Sol)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

28.0m Life expectancy: men 68.9 yrs 21.8 women 74.0 yrs Adult literacy 87.7% 1.15% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.5 31.8% Urban population 72.6% 8.1% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 20.9 76.7 Crude death rate 6.1

The economy GDP New Soles 262bn GDP per head $2,840 GDP $79.4bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 14.4 GDP 1995–2005 3.3% Economic freedom index 62.1 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 8.9 26.8 15.3 64.3

% of total 65.9 10.1 18.8 24.2 -18.8

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 1 Unemployed 2004 10.5 24 Av. ann. rate 1996–2004 8.5 75

Energy m TOE 9.5 Net energy imports as % 13.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

28

479

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Deposit rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.0% Narrow money (M1) 18.5% 2.0% Broad money -3.6% 3.21%

Exchange rates New Soles per $ New Soles per SDR New Soles per 7

end 2006 3.20 Effective rates 4.81 – nominal 4.22 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

PERU

193

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 3.4 3.1 1.3 0.8 16.6

Copper Gold Fishmeal Zinc Total incl. others Main export destinations United States China Chile Canada

$bn fob 6.6 3.1 2.3 0.1 12.1

Intermediate goods Capital goods Consumer goods Other goods Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 31.0 10.8 6.6 5.9

United States China Brazil Ecuador

% of total 19.9 9.3 8.7 8.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

17.2 -12.1 5.2 2.8 -8.7 1.8 1.0 1.3 -0.1 1.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

1.5 14.2 8.2 1.1 28.7 49 198 26

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.1 Education spending, % of GDP 2.4 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.1 Enrolment, %: primary 128 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.1 secondary 90 Improved-water source access, tertiary 29 % of pop. 83

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

5.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 2.9 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 60 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

50.5 8.1 20.0 10.0 10.1

194

COUNTRY PROFILES

PHILIPPINES Area 300,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 19 Currency

Manila Philippine peso (P)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

83.1m Life expectancy: men 69.5 yrs 277.0 women 73.9 yrs Adult literacy 92.6% 1.90% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.2 36.2% Urban population 62.7% 6.0% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 25.8 76.3 Crude death rate 4.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

P5,419bn GDP per head $1,190 $99.0bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 12.3 4.2% Economic freedom index 57.4

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 14.3 32.2 23.3 53.5

% of total 69.6 9.7 14.9 47.3 -52.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 37 Unemployed 2004 10.9 15 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.4 48

Energy m TOE 23.4 Net energy imports as % 44.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

47

542

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 6.2% Narrow money (M1) 9.7% 5.2% Broad money 6.7% 7.84%

Exchange rates P per $ P per SDR P per 7

end 2006 49.13 Effective rates 73.91 – nominal 64.85 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 83.9 105.4

PHILIPPINES

195

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Electrical & electronic equipment Semiconductors Clothing Coconut products Petroleum products Total incl. others

27.3 20.2 2.2 0.7 0.6 39.9

Main export destinations United States Japan China Netherlands Hong Kong Singapore

$bn fob Semi-processed raw materials 16.8 Telecom & electrical machinery 8.9 Crude petroleum 3.8 Manufactured goods 3.8 Chemicals 3.3 Total incl. others 47.0 Main origins of imports

% of total 18.0 17.5 9.9 9.8 8.1 6.6

United States Japan Singapore Taiwan China South Korea

% of total 17.8 17.0 8.0 7.5 6.4 4.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

40.2 -47.8 -7.5 8.4 -9.9 11.4 2.3 2.4 0.1 1.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.2 18.5 3.8 5.0 61.5 67 120 17

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.4 Education spending, % of GDP 3.2 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.6 Enrolment, %: primary 113 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.2 secondary 86 Improved-water source access, tertiary 29 % of pop. 85

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

17.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.0 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.8 Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 43 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

68.5 4.0 41.3 4.5 2.9

196

COUNTRY PROFILES

POLAND Area 312,683 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 40 Currency

Warsaw Zloty (Zl)

People Population 38.5m Pop. per sq km 123.1 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.15% Pop. under 15 16.3% Pop. over 60 17.2% No. of men per 100 women 93 Human Development Index 86.2

Life expectancy: men 71.3 yrs women 79.8 yrs Adult literacy … Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 Urban population 62.1% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.5 Crude death rate 10.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

Zl981bn GDP per head $7,880 $303bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 33.1 4.2% Economic freedom index 58.8

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 5 31 18 64

% of total 62.8 18.3 18.2 37.2 -37.5

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 17 Unemployed 2005 17.7 29 Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 15.6 54

Energy m TOE 78.8 Net energy imports as % 91.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

14

2,403

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 1.0% Narrow money (M1) 16.2% 1.9% Broad money 7.2% 4.1% Household saving rate, 2006 7.4%

Exchange rates Zl per $ Zl per SDR Zl per 7

end 2006 2.91 Effective rates 4.38 – nominal 3.84 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 111.1 112.0

POLAND

197

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Manufactured goods Other manufactured goods Agric. products & foodstuffs Total incl. others

34.9 20.2 13.0 7.8 89.3

Main export destinations Germany France Italy United Kingdom

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment Manufactured goods Chemicals Mineral fuels Total incl. others

36.1 20.9 14.4 11.6 100.9

Main origins of imports % of total 28.1 6.2 6.1 5.6

Germany Russia Italy Netherlands

% of total 29.3 8.6 6.5 5.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

96.4 -99.2 -2.8 18.7 -28.0 6.9 -5.1 -1.7 15.5 8.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

5.8 42.6 4.0 3.3 98.8 39 98 29

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.2 Education spending, % of GDP 5.6 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.5 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 5.3 secondary 97 Improved-water source access, tertiary 50 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2002

13.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 87.8 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 30.7 5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.5 per 100 pop. 75.7 Computers per 100 pop. 19.1 80 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 129.9

198

COUNTRY PROFILES

PORTUGAL Area 88,940 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Lisbon Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

10.5m Life expectancy: men 75.0 yrs 118.0 women 81.2 yrs Adult literacy … 0.37% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 15.7% Urban population 57.6% 22.1% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 10.5 90.4 Crude death rate 10.6

The economy 7147bn GDP per head $17,460 $183bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 48.7 2.1% Economic freedom index 66.7

GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.8 22.3 … 74.9

% of total 66.5 20.8 22.9 32.6 -42.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 13 Unemployed 2004 6.7 33 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.7 55

Energy m TOE 3.9 Net energy imports as % 26.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

85

2,528

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Deposit rate, h’holds, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.1% Euro area: 2.9% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 2.13% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 9.4%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 106.3 112.3

PORTUGAL

199

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 6.0 4.7 4.1 2.8 32.2

Machinery Clothing Transport goods Agricultural goods Total incl. others Main export destinations France Germany Spain United Kingdom United States EU25

$bn cif 14.6 8.9 8.4 2.4 53.4

Machinery Agricultural goods Transport goods Pharmaceuticals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 24.9 14.0 13.5 9.6 4.0 79.4

Spain Germany France Italy United Kingdom EU25

% of total 29.0 13.5 8.5 5.2 4.6 73.5

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

38.2 -59.0 -20.9 22.8 -21.7 2.7 -17.0 -9.8 16.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.7 -1.3 10.4 1.5 13.4 0.38 0.21

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.8 Education spending, % of GDP 5.9 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.4 Enrolment, %: primary 123 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 3.7 secondarya 97 Improved-water source access, tertiary 47 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

3.9m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.3 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 40.4 4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.3 per 100 pop. 109.1 Computers per 100 pop. 13.3 83 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 143.9

a Includes training for unemployed.

200

COUNTRY PROFILES

ROMANIA Area 237,500 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 40 Currency

Bucharest Leu (RON)

People Population 21.7m Pop. per sq km 91.4 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.45% Pop. under 15 15.7% Pop. over 60 19.3% No. of men per 100 women 95 Human Development Index 80.5

Life expectancy: men 69.0 yrs women 76.1 yrs Adult literacy 97.3% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Urban population 53.7% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.8 Crude death rate 12.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

RON287bn GDP per head $4,540 $98.6bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 21.6 2.1% Economic freedom index 61.3

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10.1 35.0 … 54.9

% of total 75.2 12.3 23.4 33.5 -44.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 32 Unemployed 2004 8.0 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 7.1 38

Energy m TOE 28.1 Net energy imports as % 38.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

27

1,778

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Bank rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 6.6% Narrow money (M1) 39.6% 12.9% Broad money 29.2% 8.6%

Exchange rates RON per $ RON per SDR RON per 7

end 2006 2.57 Effective rates 3.86 – nominal 3.39 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 63.24 135.63

ROMANIA

201

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 5.2 4.9 4.1 3.0 27.7

Textiles Basic metals & products Machinery & equipment Minerals & fuels Total incl. others Main export destinations Italy Germany France EU25

$bn cif 9.5 6.3 4.1 3.0 40.5

Machinery & equipment Fuels & minerals Textiles & footwear Chemicals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 19.2 14.0 7.9 67.6

Germany Italy Russia EU25

% of total 15.5 14.0 8.3 62.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

27.7 -37.3 -9.6 6.6 -10.0 4.3 -8.6 -8.8 14.8 6.8

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

5.5 21.6 5.5 3.4 38.7 351 137 18

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.1 Education spending, % of GDP 3.6 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.9 Enrolment, %: primary 102 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.6 secondary 85 Improved-water source access, tertiary 24 % of pop. 57

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

7.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.6 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 66 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

55.4 20.3 61.8 11.3 53.9

202

COUNTRY PROFILES

RUSSIA Area 17,075,400 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Moscow Rouble (Rb)

People Population 143.2m Life expectancy: men 59.0 yrs Pop. per sq km 8.4 women 72.6 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 99.4% in pop. 2005–10 -0.51% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Pop. under 15 15.1% Urban population 73.0% Pop. over 60 17.1% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 86 Crude birth rate 10.7 Human Development Index 79.7 Crude death rate 16.2

The economy GDP Rb21,598bn GDP per head $5,330 GDP $764bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 25.9 GDP 1995–2005 3.9% Economic freedom index 54.0 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDPa % of total 5.6 38.0 … 56.4

% of total 49.8 16.6 20.1 35.1 -21.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 10 Unemployed 2004 7.9 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 10.1 60

Energy m TOE 1,158.5 Net energy imports as % 641.5 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-81

4,460

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 9.7% Narrow money (M1) 34.4% 12.5% Broad money 35.7% 3.43%

Exchange rates Rb per $ Rb per SDR Rb per 7

end 2006 26.33 Effective rates 39.61 – nominal 34.76 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 99.71 166.16

RUSSIA

203

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 154.2 34.3 14.4 13.6 243.6

Fuels Metals Chemicals Machinery & equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Netherlands Italy Germany China

$bn fob 60.6 24.3 22.7 9.5 137.8

Machinery & equipment Food & drink Chemicals Metals Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 10.1 9.6 8.1 5.4

Germany Ukraine China United States

% of total 13.4 7.9 7.3 4.6

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

243.6 -125.3 118.3 42.0 -75.8 -1.1 83.3 10.9 -7.0 65.0

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

56.0 182.3 10.9 12.4 229.0 40 104 15

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.0 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 4.3 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 9.7 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 97

3.7 85 93 65

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Production based.

53.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.8 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 4.4 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 101 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

75.7 27.9 83.6 12.1 16.4

204

COUNTRY PROFILES

SAUDI ARABIA Area 2,200,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 2 Currency

Riyadh Riyal (SR)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

24.6m Life expectancy: men 70.9 yrs 11.2 women 75.3 yrs Adult literacy 79.4% 2.24% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.4 34.5% Urban population 81.0% 4.2% per 1,000 pop. 122 Crude birth rate 24.9 77.7 Crude death rate 3.7

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

SR1,161bn GDP per head $12,590 $310bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 37.5 3.3% Economic freedom index 59.1

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.3 60.7 9.6 36.0

% of total 26.3 23.1 15.0 60.7 -26.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2002 5.2 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2002 4.4 74

Energy m TOE 556.2 Net energy imports as % 140.4 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-296

6,233

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Deposit rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.3% Narrow money (M1) 11.4% 0.8% Broad money 11.8% 5.02%

Exchange rates SR per $ SR per SDR SRE per 7

end 2006 3.75 Effective rates 5.63 – nominal 4.95 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 88.1 80.3

SAUDI ARABIA

205

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Crude oil & refined petroleum Oil products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan South Korea China

$bn cif

Machinery & transport 120.6 equipment 24.0 Foodstuffs 180.6 Total incl. others

26.9 8.8 59.5

Main origins of imports % of total 17.0 16.8 8.7 7.2

United States Japan Germany United Kingdom

% of total 13.2 9.8 8.1 7.4

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

174.6 -51.3 123.3 10.9 -32.6 -14.4 87.1 28.1 -87.6

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid givena – as % of GDPa

-0.5 -0.4 28.9 4.1 4.6 1.73 0.69

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.3 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.4 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.3 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. …

6.8 68 68 22

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2004

4.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 5.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 65 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

99.1 15.5 54.1 35.4 2.8

206

COUNTRY PROFILES

SINGAPORE Area 639 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 1 Currency

Singapore Singapore dollar (S$)

People Population 4.3m Life expectancy: men 78.0 yrs Pop. per sq km 6,729.3 women 81.9 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy 92.5% in pop. 2005–10 1.19% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 Pop. under 15 19.5% Urban population 100.0% Pop. over 60 12.3% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 101 Crude birth rate 8.2 Human Development Index 91.6 Crude death rate 5.3

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

S$194bn GDP per head $27,150 $117bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 70.8 5.1% Economic freedom index 85.7

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 0 30.4 26.8 69.6

% of total 41.9 10.6 21.8 243.0 -213.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 0 Unemployed 2003 5.4 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 3.8 70

Energy m TOE 0.1 Net energy imports as % 25.6 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

99

6,034

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 1.0% Narrow money (M1) 6.7% 0.6% Broad money 5.2% 3.46%

Exchange rates S$ per $ S$ per SDR S$ per 7

end 2006 1.53 Effective rates 2.31 – nominal 2.02 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 104.0 95.1

SINGAPORE

207

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 135.2 27.6 26.2 10.5 2.3 229.6

Machinery & equipment Mineral fuels Chemicals Manufactured products Food Total incl. others Main export destinations Malaysia United States Hong Kong China Japan Thailand South Korea

$bn cif 111.8 18.5 15.0 12.5 4.0 200.0

Machinery & equipment Petroleum Manufactured products Chemicals Food Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 14.3 11.0 10.1 9.3 5.9 4.4 3.8

Malaysia United States China Japan Saudi Arabia Thailand Hong Kong

% of total 14.2 12.1 10.7 10.0 4.7 3.9 2.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

232.3 -194.4 37.9 74.3 -77.8 -1.2 33.2 28.4 -20.2 12.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

3.6 115.8 5.1 … 23.8 20 8 1

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

3.7 Education spending, % of GDP 1.4 Enrolment, %: primary 2.8 secondary tertiary 100

3.7 80 … 44

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

1.0m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.7 3.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 42.4 6.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.1 per 100 pop. 100.8 Computers per 100 pop. … 108 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 211.5

208

COUNTRY PROFILES

SLOVAKIA Area 49,035 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 29 Currency

Bratislava Koruna (Sk)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

5.4m Life expectancy: men 70.7 yrs 110.1 women 78.5 yrs Adult literacy 99.6% 0.03% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 16.8% Urban population 56.2% 16.1% per 1,000 pop. 94 Crude birth rate 10.0 85.6 Crude death rate 10.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: Services

Sk1,440bn GDP per head $8,590 $46.4bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 37.9 4.3% Economic freedom index 68.4 Components of GDP % of total 3.9 Private consumption 31.2 Public consumption 64.9 Investment Exports Imports

% of total 56.4 18.5 26.8 77.3 -82.4

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 18.1 39 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 15.7 56

Energy m TOE 6.5 Net energy imports as % 18.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

65

3,407

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 4.4% Narrow money 20.3% 5.3% Broad money 7.2% 4.83% Household saving rate, 2006 7.3%

Exchange rates Sk per $ Sk per SDR Sk per 7

end 2006 26.25 Effective rates 39.48 – nominal 34.65 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 124.33 152.89

SLOVAKIA

209

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Other manufactured goods Chemicals Total incl. others

14.3 8.0 3.3 1.9 32.0

Main export destinations Germany Czech Republic Italy Austria EU25

$bn fob Machinery & transport equipment Semi-manufactures Fuels Chemicals Total incl. others

13.7 6.5 5.0 3.5 36.2

Main origins of imports % of total 26.1 14.1 7.1 6.6 85.4

Germany Czech Republic Russia Poland EU25

% of total 21.0 12.7 10.7 4.1 71.1

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

32.0 -34.5 -2.4 6.1 -7.7 0.0 -4.1 -8.8 5.2 2.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.6 15.5 4.4 1.1 23.7 61 73 15

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

7.2 Education spending, % of GDP 4.4 3.2 Enrolment, %: primary 103 6.9 secondary 94 tertiary 29 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

2.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.9 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

84.1 22.2 84.1 35.7 90.0

210

COUNTRY PROFILES

SLOVENIA Area 20,253 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 9 Currency

Ljubljana Tolars (SIT)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

2.0m Life expectancy: men 74.1 yrs 98.8 women 81.5 yrs Adult literacy … 0.01% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.3 14.1% Urban population 51.0% 20.5% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 9.0 91.0 Crude death rate 9.9

The economy GDP SIT6,620bn GDP per head $17,180 GDP $34.4bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 53.2 GDP 1995–2005 3.9% Economic freedom index 63.6 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.5 34.1 24.6 63.4

% of total 55.0 19.5 24.5 64.7 -65.2

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 9 Unemployed 2004 6.1 37 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.9 54

Energy m TOE 3.4 Net energy imports as % 7.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

52

3,591

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.7% Narrow money (M1) 23.5% 4.4% Broad money 12.5% 3.38%

Exchange rates SIT per $ SIT per SDR SIT per 7

end 2006 181.9 Effective rates 273.7 – nominal 240.2 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

SLOVENIA

211

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 7.2 Machinery & transport equipment 7.0 Manufactures 2.4 Chemicals 0.4 Mineral fuels 17.9 Total incl. others

Manufactures Machinery & transport equipment Chemicals Food & live animals Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany Italy Croatia France Austria EU25

$bn fob 6.4 6.4 2.5 2.0 19.6

Main origins of imports % of total 19.9 12.6 9.1 8.2 8.0 67.7

Germany Italy Austria France Croatia EU25

% of total 20.0 19.1 12.3 7.4 3.8 80.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

18.1 -19.4 -1.3 4.8 -4.1 -0.1 -0.7 -2.0 0.7 0.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

-0.7 8.2 4.2 0.2 18.4 54 80 18

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.7 Education spending, % of GDP 6.0 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 2.3 Enrolment, %: primary 98 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 4.8 secondary 100 Improved-water source access, tertiary 53 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

0.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.2 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

92.8 41.5 89.5 41.1 32.1

212

COUNTRY PROFILES

SOUTH AFRICA Area 1,225,815 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 12 Currency

Pretoria Rand (R)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

47.4m Life expectancy: men 48.8 yrs 38.7 women 49.7 yrs Adult literacy 82.4% 0.55% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.6 32.1% Urban population 59.3% 6.7% per 1,000 pop. 97 Crude birth rate 22.3 65.3 Crude death rate 17.0

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

R1,523bn GDP per head $5,050 $240bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 26.5 3.3% Economic freedom index 64.1

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.5 30.4 18.6 67.1

% of total 63.5 20.2 16.8 27.1 -28.6

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 10 Unemployed 2004 27.1 25 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 24.1 65

Energy m TOE 156.0 Net energy imports as % 131.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-19

2,829

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 4.7% Narrow money (M1) 1.8% 4.9% Broad money 13.4% 7.23%

Exchange rates R per $ R per SDR R per 7

end 2006 6.97 Effective rates 10.49 – nominal 9.2 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 97.2 97.2

SOUTH AFRICA

213

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 33.4 16.2 2.4 52.1

Manufactures Mining Agriculture Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan United Kingdom United States Germany

$bn cif 46.4 8.0 0.7 55.3

Manufactures Mining Agriculture Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 9.9 9.7 9.5 6.5

Germany China United States Canada

% of total 14.1 9.0 7.8 6.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

55.3 -56.5 -1.2 15.8 -21.7 -2.0 -9.1 -3.8 11.4 5.8

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

5.7 20.6 3.2 4.0 30.6 14 47 7

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 8.6 Education spending, % of GDP 5.4 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.8 Enrolment, %: primary 119 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 90 Improved-water source access, tertiary 15 % of pop. 88

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

12.5m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.9 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 3.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 64 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

66.1 10.0 71.1 8.4 21.9

214

COUNTRY PROFILES

SOUTH KOREA Area 99,274 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 17 Currency

Seoul Won (W)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

47.8m Life expectancy: men 75.0 yrs 481.5 women 82.2 yrs Adult literacy … 0.33% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 18.6% Urban population 80.8% 13.7% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 9.3 91.2 Crude death rate 5.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

W807trn GDP per head $16,480 $788bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 52.6 4.4% Economic freedom index 68.6

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 3.3 37.6 28.4 59.1

% of total 52.6 14.1 29.3 42.5 -40.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 8 Unemployed 2004 3.5 27 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.8 65

Energy m TOE 38.0 Net energy imports as % 213.0 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

82

4,431

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.2% Narrow money (M1) 10.5% 3.0% Broad money 6.5% 4.2% Household saving rate, 2006 3.5%

Exchange rates W per $ W per SDR W per 7

end 2006 930 Effective rates 1,399 – nominal 1,227 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

SOUTH KOREA

215

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 88.3 32.1 27.2 24.8 22.5 284.4

Electronic products Machinery Motor vehicles Chemicals Metal goods Total incl. others Main export destinations China United States Japan Hong Kong Taiwan

$bn cif 54.4 42.7 31.8 26.8 25.1 261.2

Electrical machinery Crude petroleum Machinery & equipment Consumer durables Semiconductors Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 21.8 14.5 8.5 5.5 3.8

Japan China United States Saudi Arabia Australia

% of total 18.5 14.8 11.7 6.2 3.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

289.0 -255.5 33.5 55.6 -70.0 -2.5 16.6 2.1 0.5 19.9

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

11.4 210.6 7.8 0.5 152.8 19 44 6

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.6 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.6 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.6 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 92

4.6 99 93 72

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

17.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 115 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

93.8 49.2 79.4 53.2 6.4

216

COUNTRY PROFILES

SPAIN Area 504,782 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 27 Currency

Madrid Euro (7)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

43.1m Life expectancy: men 77.7 yrs 85.4 women 84.2 yrs Adult literacy … 0.77% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 14.4% Urban population 76.7% 21.7% per 1,000 pop. 97 Crude birth rate 10.8 93.8 Crude death rate 8.8

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

7904bn GDP per head $26,090 $1,125bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 64.9 3.5% Economic freedom index 70.9

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4.1 29.2 … 66.8

% of total 57.6 17.4 27.2 26.3 -28.7

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 5 Unemployed 2004 11.0 30 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 16.2 65

Energy m TOE 32.5 Net energy imports as % 142.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

77

3,331

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.6% Euro area: 3.4% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 2.83% Broad money 7.7% Household saving rate, 2006 10.0%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 106.4 123.7

SPAIN

217

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Raw materials & intermediate products Consumer goods Capital goods Energy Total incl. others

91.9 73.0 18.5 7.8 191.0

Main export destinations France Germany Italy United Kingdom EU25

$bn cif Raw materials & intermediate products (excl. fuels) 130.6 Consumer goods 83.1 Energy 39.7 Capital goods 33.9 Total incl. others 287.7 Main origins of imports

% of total 19.2 11.4 8.5 8.4 72.1

Germany France Italy United Kingdom EU25

% of total 14.6 14.2 8.9 5.7 60.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

194.5 -280.1 -85.6 132.4 -125.8 -4.1 -83.1 -7.4 82.4

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-1.9 -2.5 17.2 0.5 14.7 3.02 0.27

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

8.1 Education spending, % of GDP 4.3 3.3 Enrolment, %: primary 105 3.8 secondary 119 tertiary 58 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

15.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.1 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 97 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

98.7 42.9 96.8 28.1 68.0

218

COUNTRY PROFILES

SWEDEN Area 449,964 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 7 Currency

Stockholm Swedish krona (Skr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

9.0m Life expectancy: men 78.7 yrs 20.0 women 83.0 yrs Adult literacy … 0.45% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 17.4% Urban population 84.2% 23.4% per 1,000 pop. 98 Crude birth rate 11.3 95.1 Crude death rate 10.1

The economy GDP Skr2,673bn GDP per head $39,740 GDP $358bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 77.6 GDP 1995–2005 2.7% Economic freedom index 72.6 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.9 27.9 24.1 70.2

% of total 48.0 27.2 17.0 48.6 -40.9

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 6.5 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.4 76

Energy m TOE 35.1 Net energy imports as % 53.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

35

5,998

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Repurchase rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 2001–05 1.5% Narrow money 10.6% 1.5% Broad money 5.5% 1.50% Household saving rate, 2006 7.8%

Exchange rates Skr per $ Skr per SDR Skr per 7

end 2006 6.86 Effective rates 10.33 – nominal 9.06 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 102.2 95.9

SWEDEN

219

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & transport equipment 58.4 Manufactured goods 26.6 Chemicals 14.6 Miscellaneous manufactures 11.3 Total incl. others 130.2

$bn cif Machinery & transport equipment 43.8 Manufacturing goods 16.9 Miscellaneous manufactures 13.6 Mineral fuels 13.1 Total incl. others 111.2

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Germany Norway United Kingdom Denmark EU25

% of total 10.6 10.4 8.7 7.4 6.9 58.4

Germany Denmark Norway United Kingdom Netherlands EU25

% of total 18.1 9.4 8.1 6.9 6.8 71.3

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

134.9 -115.2 19.7 78.2 -69.6 -4.6 23.6 6.7 -21.9

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

0.2 0.1 24.9 1.6 5.4 3.36 0.94

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

9.1 Education spending, % of GDP 7.5 3.3 Enrolment, %: primary 109 3.6 secondary 103 tertiary 66 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

4.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.0 2.1 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 58.2 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.2 per 100 pop. 100.5 Computers per 100 pop. 76.1 104 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 357.8

220

COUNTRY PROFILES

SWITZERLAND Area 41,293 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10 Currency

Berne Swiss franc (SFr)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

7.3m Life expectancy: men 79.0 yrs 176.8 women 84.2 yrs Adult literacy … 0.38% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.4 16.7% Urban population 75.2% 21.1% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 9.2 94.7 Crude death rate 8.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

SFr457bn GDP per head $50,280 $367bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 85.1 1.5% Economic freedom index 79.1

Origins of GDPa Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.0 26.3 … 72.7

% of total 60.3 11.4 21.4 47.9 -41.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 4.3 23 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.4 73

Energy m TOE 11.8 Net energy imports as % 27.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

56

3,672

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 1.0% Narrow money (M1) 8.3% 0.8% Broad money 5.5% 1.94% Household saving rate, 2006 7.8%

Exchange rates SFr per $ SFr per SDR SFr per 7

end 2006 1.22 Effective rates 1.84 – nominal 1.61 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 106.5 116.9

SWITZERLAND

221

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn Chemicals 44.1 Machinery 28.1 Watches & jewellery 9.9 Metals & metal manufactures 9.4 Precision instruments 9.2 Total incl. others 126.1

Chemicals Machinery Motor vehicles Textiles Precision instruments Total incl. others

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

Germany United States France Italy United Kingdom Spain EU25

% of total 20.0 10.7 8.5 8.1 5.1 4.3 62.1

Germany Italy France Netherlands Austria United States EU25

$bn 26.3 23.8 10.8 9.9 8.8 119.8 % of total 33.3 11.2 9.4 5.2 4.6 4.6 82.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

151.3 -145.4 5.9 153.8 -89.7 -9.0 61.0 16.7 -92.7

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-17.7 -17.0 57.6 2.9 41.5 1.77 0.44

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

11.5 Education spending, % of GDP 6.1 3.6 Enrolment, %: primary 108 5.7 secondary 93 tertiary 40 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a Latest available.

3.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 96.8 2.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 69.0 5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.5 per 100 pop. 91.6 Computers per 100 pop. 86.2 112 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 352.2

222

COUNTRY PROFILES

TAIWAN Area 36,179 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 25 Currency

Taipei Taiwan dollar (T$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

22.9m Life expectancy:a men 74.7 yrs 633.0 women 80.3 yrs Adult literacy 96.1% 0.60% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.6 21.0% Urban population … 12.1% per 1,000 pop. 104 Crude birth rate 13.0 … Crude death ratea 6.5

The economy GDP T$11,132bn GDP per head $15,110 GDP $346bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) 70.0 GDP 1995–2005 4.5% Economic freedom index 71.1 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.7 Private consumption 25.0 Public consumption 73.3 Investment Exports Imports

% of total 62.1 13.4 20.5 65.9 -61.7

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 8 Unemployed 2004 4.4 36 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 3.3 56

Energy m TOE … Net energy imports as % … of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

…

…

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 0.6% Narrow money (M1) 9.4% 0.8% Broad money 5.3% 1.75%

Exchange rates T$ per $ T$ per SDR T$ per 7

end 2006 32.59 Effective rates 48.89 – nominal 43.03 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

TAIWAN

223

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

Machinery & electrical equipment Base metals & manufactures Plastics and rubber products Textiles & clothing Vehicles, aircraft & ships Total incl. others

90.7 20.3 14.6 11.8 7.2 197.8

Main export destinations China Hong Kong United States Japan

$bn cif Machinery & electrical equipment 68.1 Minerals 29.9 Chemicals 19.5 Metals 18.7 Precision instruments, clocks & watches 11.3 Total incl. others 182.6 Main origins of imports

% of total 21.6 16.2 15.1 7.6

Japan United States China South Korea

% of total 25.3 11.6 11.0 7.3

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

198.5 -180.6 17.9 43.3 -40.8 -4.3 16.1 4.7 1.6 20.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

10.8 253.3 13.7 0.0 90.8 26 38 3

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

… Education spending, % of GDP … Enrolment, %: primary … secondary tertiary …

… … … …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a 2002 estimate.

7.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.3 3.2 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 59.8 7.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.1 per 100 pop. 97.4 Computers per 100 pop. 57.5 85 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 193.0

224

COUNTRY PROFILES

THAILAND Area 513,115 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 28 Currency

Bangkok Baht (Bt)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

64.2m Life expectancy: men 66.5 yrs 125.1 women 75.0 yrs Adult literacy 92.6% 0.66% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.9 21.7% Urban population 32.3% 11.3% per 1,000 pop. 95 Crude birth rate 14.6 78.4 Crude death rate 8.5

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

Bt7,104bn GDP per head $2,750 $177bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 20.7 2.7% Economic freedom index 65.6

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10.2 44.1 34.8 45.7

% of total 57.1 11.9 29.0 73.8 -75.1

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 43 Unemployed 2004 1.5 20 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 1.9 37

Energy m TOE 50.1 Net energy imports as % 97.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

48

1,524

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 4.6% Narrow money (M1) 11.7% 2.8% Broad money 6.3% 4.64%

Exchange rates Bt per $ Bt per SDR Bt per 7

end 2006 36.05 Effective rates 54.23 – nominal 47.59 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

THAILAND

225

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Machinery & mech. appliances 16.2 Electrical appliances 8.9 Integrated circuits & parts 5.5 Textiles 5.5 Total incl. others 110.2

$bn cif Raw materials & intermediates 49.4 Capital goods 32.0 Petroleum & products 20.8 Consumer goods 8.4 Total incl. others 118.2

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Japan China Singapore Hong Kong

% of total 15.3 13.7 8.3 6.8 5.6

Japan China United States Malaysia United Arab Emirates

% of total 22.0 9.4 7.3 6.9 4.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

109.2 -106.0 3.2 24.0 -33.9 3.0 -3.7 -2.1 8.4 5.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.2 52.1 4.5 2.7 52.3 32 44 15

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 3.5 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.4 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.2 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 99

4.2 94 73 32

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

17.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.1 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 69 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

84.9 11.0 43.0 5.8 14.6

226

COUNTRY PROFILES

TURKEY Area 779,452 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 31 Currency

Ankara Turkish Lira (YTL)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

73.2m Life expectancy: men 69.4 yrs 93.9 women 74.3 yrs Adult literacy 87.4% 1.26% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.1 28.3% Urban population 67.3% 8.2% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 18.4 75.7 Crude death rate 5.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

YTL487bn GDP per head $4,950 $363bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 20.1 4.1% Economic freedom index 59.3

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 10.3 29.8 … 59.9

% of total 68.3 13.2 19.8 27.8 -34.4

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 30 Unemployed 2005 10.3 25 Av. ann. rate 1995–2005 8.3 45

Energy m TOE 24.1 Net energy imports as % 81.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

71

1,151

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 9.6% Narrow money (M1) 41.7% Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 17.8% Broad money 33.0% Money market rate, 2006 15.59%

Exchange rates YTL per $ YTL per SDR YTL per 7

end 2006 1.41 Effective rates 2.12 – nominal 1.86 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

TURKEY

227

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 18.7 10.2 6.9 4.9 71.9

Textiles Motor vehicles & parts Metals Machinery & equipment Total incl. others Main export destinations Germany United Kingdom Italy United States France EU25

$bn cif 17.4 14.4 13.6 12.3 99.0

Chemicals & products Crude oil & natural gas Metals Motor vehicles & parts Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 12.9 8.1 7.7 6.7 5.2 52.3

Germany Russia Italy China France EU25

% of total 11.7 11.0 6.5 5.9 5.0 42.2

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

76.9 -109.9 -32.9 29.5 -21.2 1.5 -23.2 -6.4 44.1 23.2

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

15.2 52.5 4.8 3.7 171.1 59 195 39

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.7 Education spending, % of GDP 4.0 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.4 Enrolment, %: primary 101 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 2.6 secondary 79 Improved-water source access, tertiary 15 % of pop. 96

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

15.4m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 6.5 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.7 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 85 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

68.2 25.9 59.6 5.1 21.6

228

COUNTRY PROFILES

UKRAINE Area 603,700 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 56 Currency

Kiev Hryvnya (UAH)

People Population 46.5m Pop. per sq km 77.0 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 -0.76% Pop. under 15 14.7% Pop. over 60 20.6% No. of men per 100 women 86 Human Development Index 77.4

Life expectancy: men 62.1 yrs women 73.8 yrs Adult literacy 99.4% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.2 Urban population 67.8% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 9.2 Crude death rate 16.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry Services

UAH425bn GDP per head $1,780 $82.9bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 16.3 2.7% Economic freedom index 53.3 Components of GDP % of total 12.1 Private consumption 36.5 Public consumption 51.4 Investment Exports Imports

% of total 61 19 19 54 -53

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 19 Unemployed 2004 8.6 24 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.6 57

Energy m TOE 76.3 Net energy imports as % 140.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

46

2,958

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 9.0% Narrow money (M1) 36.5% 7.4% Broad money 43.6% 3.58%

Exchange rates UAH per $ UAH per SDR UAH per 7

end 2006 5.05 Effective rates 7.60 – nominal 6.67 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 95.90 112.40

UKRAINE

229

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Metals 14.0 Machinery & equipment 4.7 Fuels & mineral products 4.4 Food & agricultural produce 4.3 Chemicals 3.0 Total incl. others 34.2

Fuels, mineral products Machinery & equipment Chemicals Food & agricultural produce Metals Total incl. others

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

Russia Turkey Italy Germany

% of total 21.9 5.9 5.5 3.8

Russia Germany Poland Turkmenistan

$bn cif 11.3 10.1 3.1 2.7 2.5 36.1

% of total 35.5 9.4 7.4 5.0

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

35.0 -36.2 -1.1 10.1 -9.3 2.8 2.5 3.1 8.0 10.7

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

9.9 19.4 5.1 0.5 33.3 53 89 13

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 6.5 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.0 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 8.7 secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 96

6.4 81 93 43

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

19.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 2.4 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 5.9 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.7 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 72 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

79.8 25.8 37.0 3.9 5.9

230

COUNTRY PROFILES

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Area 83,600 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 1 Currency

Abu Dhabi Dirham (AED)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

4.5m Life expectancy: men 77.2 yrs 53.8 women 81.5 yrs Adult literacy … 2.85% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.3 19.8% Urban population 76.7% 1.8% per 1,000 pop. 210 Crude birth rate 16.2 83.9 Crude death rate 1.4

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

AED476bn GDP per head $28,820 $130bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 60.9 6.4% Economic freedom index 60.4

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2.9 50.6 13.4 46.5

% of total 44.1 11.1 21.3 89.3 -66.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2001 2.3 … Av. ann. rate 1995–2001 2.1 …

Energy m TOE Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

164.0 Net energy imports as % 43.8 of energy use

-274

10,142

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2001–05

av. ann. increase 2000–05 7.8% Narrow money (M1) 25.1% 4.7% Broad money 20.6%

Exchange rates AED per $ AED per SDR AED per 7

end 2006 3.67 Effective rates 5.51 – nominal 4.85 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 88.5 …

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

231

Trade Principal exports

Principal importsa $bn fob $bn cif 43.5 Machinery & electrical equip. 12.4 38.0 Precious stones & metals 10.4 Transport equipment 6.4 115.4 Total incl. others 61.6

Crude oil Re-exports Total incl. others Main export destinations Japan South Korea Thailand India

Main origins of imports % of total 25.6 9.3 5.8 5.1

China United Kingdom United States India

% of total 9.9 9.7 9.6 8.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles, net Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

115.4 -71.1 44.3 -13.2 -5.9 27.2 26.1 -26.9 2.6

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.5 21.0 2.6 0.0 36.7 28 26 2

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

2.9 Education spending, % of GDP 2.0 Enrolment, %: primary 2.2 secondary tertiary 100

1.3 94 66 12

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

0.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.3 6.5 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 27.5 3.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. 100.9 Computers per 100 pop. 19.8 70 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 74.6

232

COUNTRY PROFILES

UNITED KINGDOM Area 242,534 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 24 Currency

London Pound (£)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

59.7m Life expectancy: men 77.2 yrs 246.1 women 81.6 yrs Adult literacy … 0.42% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.8 18.0% Urban population 89.7% 21.2% per 1,000 pop. 96 Crude birth rate 12.0 94.0 Crude death rate 9.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

£1,209bn GDP per head $36,830 $2,199bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 79.3 2.7% Economic freedom index 81.6

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 1.0 23.6 14.1 75.4

% of total 65.3 21.8 16.6 26.1 -30.0

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 1 Unemployed 2004 4.6 22 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.1 77

Energy m TOE 225.2 Net energy imports as % 233.7 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

4

3,906

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.3% Narrow money (M0) 6.4% 1.7% Broad money (M4) 9.4% 4.77% Household saving rate, 2006 5.3%

Exchange rates £ per $ £ per SDR £ per 7

end 2006 0.51 Effective rates 0.77 – nominal 0.67 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 100.4 102.5

UNITED KINGDOM

233

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob

$bn fob Finished manufactured Finished manufactured products 206.0 products 285.4 Semi-manufactured products 108.5 Semi-manufactured products 113.6 Fuels 39.4 Food, drink & tobacco 44.4 Food, drink & tobacco 19.4 Fuels 42.9 Basic materials 7.3 Basic materials 12.3 Total incl. others 371.4 Total incl. others 483.0 Main export destinations United States Germany France Ireland Netherlands EU25

Main origins of imports % of total 14.6 10.9 9.4 7.8 6.0 56.8

Germany France United States Netherlands Belgium-Luxembourg EU25

% of total 13.8 7.9 7.9 7.3 5.4 55.8

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

384.3 -509.4 -125.1 547.6 -453.8 -22.1 -53.4 -2.4 60.9

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

1.7 -6.1 43.6 0.5 10.0 10.77 0.47

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

8.1 Education spending, % of GDP 5.5 2.3 Enrolment, %: primary 99 4.2 secondary 105 tertiary 58 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

26.1m Colour TVs per 100 households 98.3 2.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 53.3 5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers 2.9 per 100 pop. 109.8 Computers per 100 pop. 60.0 125 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 111.4

234

COUNTRY PROFILES

UNITED STATES Area 9,372,610 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 19 Currency

Washington DC US dollar ($)

People Population 298.2m Life expectancy: men 75.6 yrs Pop. per sq km 31.8 women 80.8 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy … in pop. 2005–10 0.97% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.0 Pop. under 15 20.8% Urban population 80.8% Pop. over 60 16.6% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 97 Crude birth rate 14.0 Human Development Index 94.8 Crude death rate 8.2

The economy GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

$12,417bn GDP per head $41,640 GDP per head in purchasing 3.4% power parity (USA=100) 100 Economic freedom index 82.0

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Servicesa

Components of GDP % of total 1.0 18.5 12.0 80.5

% of total Private consumption 70.2 Public consumption 19.1 Non-government investment 16.6 Exports 10.5 Imports -16.2

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 2 Unemployed 2004 5.5 21 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 5.1 77

Energy m TOE 1,641.0 Net energy imports as % 2,325.9 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

29

7,921

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Treasury bill rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 3.2% Narrow money 2.1% 2.6% Broad money 5.7% 4.72% Household saving rate, 2006 -0.2%

Exchange rates $ per SDR $ per 7

end 2006 1.50 Effective rates 1.32 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 80.2 83.0

UNITED STATES

235

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Capital goods, excl. vehicles 361.8 Industrial supplies 231.8 Consumer goods, excl. vehicles 115.5 Vehicles & products 97.8 Food & beverages 58.9 Total incl. others 907

$bn fob Industrial supplies 520.7 Consumergoods,excl.vehicles 407.0 Capital goods, excl. vehicles 379.5 Vehicles & products 240.0 Food & beverages 68.1 Total incl. others 1,732

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

Canada Mexico Japan China United Kingdom EU25

% of total 23.7 13.5 6.2 4.7 4.3 20.9

Canada China Mexico Japan Germany EU25

% of total 17.2 14.5 10.2 8.2 5.1 18.4

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

898.5 -1,677.4 -778.9 851.4 -777.9 -86.0 -791.5 -6.4 767.0

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-14.1 -2.2 188.3 0.9 261.6 27.62 0.22

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. Improved-water source access, % of pop.

15.4 Education spending, % of GDP 5.9 2.6 Enrolment, %: primary 100 3.3 secondary 95 tertiary 72 100

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

112.7m Colour TVs per 100 households 99.7 2.7 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 58.8 8.0 Mobile telephone subscribers 3.7 per 100 pop. 71.4 Computers per 100 pop. 76.2 100 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.b 822.7

a Including utilities. b Includes all hosts ending “.com”, “.net” and “.org” which exaggerates the numbers.

236

COUNTRY PROFILES

VENEZUELA Area 912,050 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 3 Currency

Caracas Bolivar (Bs)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

26.7m Life expectancy: men 70.9 yrs 29.3 women 76.8 yrs Adult literacy 93.0% 1.67% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.6 31.3% Urban population 93.4% 7.5% per 1,000 pop. 101 Crude birth rate 21.4 78.4 Crude death rate 5.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

Bs293trn GDP per head $5,250 $140bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 15.8 1.5% Economic freedom index 47.7

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4.0 40.9 16.2 55.1

% of total 47.3 11.3 21.7 41.0 -21.3

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 11 Unemployed 2003 16.8 20 Av. ann. rate 1995–2003 13.2 69

Energy m TOE 196.1 Net energy imports as % 56.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-248

2,148

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 Money market rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 13.6% Narrow money 39.8% 20.8% Broad money 36.6% 5.26%

Exchange rates Bs per $ Bs per SDR Bs per 7

end 2006 2,147 Effective rates 3,230 – nominal 2,834 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 30.2 77.6

VENEZUELA

237

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 49.2 2.3 1.1 55.5

Oil Iron & steel Aluminium Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Netherlands Antilles Canada Dominican Rep

$bn fob 3.9 3.3 2.9 21.8

Machinery Vehicles Electrical equipment Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 57.8 4.6 2.9 2.8

United States Colombia Brazil China

% of total 28.9 8.4 6.0 3.8

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

55.5 -23.7 31.8 5.5 -11.7 -0.1 25.5 18.4 -16.9 5.4

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

6.4 29.8 10.1 11.5 44.2 48 118 9

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 4.7 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.9 Enrolment, %: primary 102 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 0.9 secondary 72 Improved-water source access, tertiary 29 % of pop. 83

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

5.8m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.6 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 2.8 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.9 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 57 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

96.3 13.5 46.7 8.2 4.6

238

COUNTRY PROFILES

VIETNAM Area 331,114 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 21 Currency

Hanoi Dong (D)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

84.2m Life expectancy: men 72.3 yrs 254.3 women 76.2 yrs Adult literacy 90.3% 1.32% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.1 29.6% Urban population 26.4% 7.6% per 1,000 pop. 100 Crude birth rate 18.8 70.9 Crude death rate 5.1

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005 Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry Services

D838trn GDP per head $52.4bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 7.2% Economic freedom index Components of GDP % of total 20.9 Private consumption 41.0 Public consumption 38.1 Investment Exports Imports

$620 7.3 50.0

% of total 63.6 6.2 33.1 69.0 -73.3

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 58 Unemployed 2004 2.1 17 Av. ann. rate 2003–2004 2.2 25

Energy m TOE 65.3 Net energy imports as % 50.2 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

-30

611

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2005 Av. ann. inflation 2001–05 Treasury bill rate, 2005

av. ann. increase 2000–05 8.3% Narrow money (M1) 21.6 5.8% Broad money 26.9 6.13%

Exchange rates D per $ D per SDR D per 7

end 2006 16,054 Effective rates 24,152 – nominal 21,191 – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

VIETNAM

239

Trade Principal exports

Principal imports $bn fob 7.4 4.8 3.0 2.7 31.6

Crude oil Textiles & garments Footwear Fisheries products Total incl. others Main export destinations United States Japan Australia China Singapore Germany United Kingdom

$bn cif 5.3 5.0 3.0 2.3 36.5

Machinery & equipment Petroleum products Steel Textiles Total incl. others Main origins of imports

% of total 20.6 13.0 7.9 7.3 5.2 4.9 3.8

China Singapore South Korea Japan Thailand Malaysia Hong Kong

% of total 17.0 13.4 11.7 10.8 7.1 4.1 3.9

Balance of payments, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance Overall balance

32.4 -33.3 -0.8 4.5 -6.9 3.4 0.2 0.4 2.9 2.1

Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

2.0 9.2 2.8 0.0 19.3 38 56 3

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 5.5 Education spending, % of GDP … Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.5 Enrolment, %: primary 108 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 1.4 secondary 73 Improved-water source access, tertiary 10 % of pop. 85

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

25.2m Colour TVs per 100 households 3.3 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 12.1 Mobile telephone subscribers 0.5 per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. 62 Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

42.2 18.8 11.4 1.3 0.2

240

COUNTRY PROFILES

ZIMBABWE Area 390,759 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 8 Currency

Harare Zimbabwe dollar (Z$)

People Population Pop. per sq km Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 Pop. under 15 Pop. over 60 No. of men per 100 women Human Development Index

13.0m Life expectancy: men 44.1 yrs 33.2 women 42.7 yrs Adult literacy … 0.95% Fertility rate (per woman) 3.2 45.7% Urban population 35.9% 5.2% per 1,000 pop. 99 Crude birth rate 27.9 49.1 Crude death rate 17.9

The economy GDP Z$75,421bn GDP per head GDP $3.4bn GDP per head in purchasing Av. ann. growth in real power parity (USA=100) GDP 1995–2005 -2.6% Economic freedom index Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

$260 4.9 35.8

Components of GDP % of total 18 23 13 59

% of total 70 27 14 43 -53

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force … Unemployed 2002 8.2 … Av. ann. rate 1997–2002 7.1 …

Energy m TOE 8.6 Net energy imports as % 9.3 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

8

719

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 1,016.7% Narrow money (M1) 283.4% Av. ann. inflation 2001–06 349.8% Broad money 274.8% Interbank rate, 2006 203.4%

Exchange rates Z$ per $ Z$ per SDR Z$ per 7

end 2006 … Effective rates … – nominal … – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 … …

ZIMBABWE

241

Tradea Principal exportsb

Principal importsb $m fob 366 227 185 121 1,520

Gold Tobacco Ferro-alloys Platinum Total incl. others Main export destinations South Africa China Switzerland Japan United Kingdom

$m cif Fuels 413 Chemicals 401 Machinery & transport equip. 271 Manufactured products 269 Total incl. others 1,957 Main origins of imports

% of total 40.7 8.8 8.6 6.9 5.9

South Africa China Botswana Zambia Mozambique

% of total 43.6 4.4 3.3 2.8 1.9

Balance of paymentsa, reserves and debt, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles, net Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balancec Overall balancec

1.6 -2.1 -0.5 -0.4 0.3 -0.6 -16.9 -0.4 -0.4

Change in reservesd Level of reservesd end Dec. No. months of import coverd Official gold holdings, m ozd Foreign debt – as % of GDP – as % of total exports Debt service ratio

0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 4.3 85 228 13

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 7.5 Education spending, % of GDP Doctors per 1,000 pop. 0.2 Enrolment, %: primary Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary Improved-water source access, tertiary % of pop. 81

… 97 36 4

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a b c d

Estimates. 2004 2001 estimates. 2002

3.3m Colour TVs per 100 households 4.0 Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

2.1 2.8 5.6 7.1 1.1

242

COUNTRY PROFILES

EURO AREAa Area 2,497,000 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 26 Currency

– Euro (7)

People Population 310.2m Life expectancy: men 78.1 yrs Pop. per sq km 124.2 women 84.2 yrs Av. ann. growth Adult literacy … in pop. 2005–10 0.24% Fertility rate (per woman) 1.5 Pop. under 15 16.0% Urban population 78.9% Pop. over 60 22.0% per 1,000 pop. No. of men per 100 women 96 Crude birth rate 9.7 Human Development Index 93.7 Crude death rateb 9.9

The economy GDP GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

77,974bn GDP per head $32,130 $9,980bn GDP per head in purchasing power parity (USA=100) 69.6 2.1% Economic freedom index 69.3

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 2 26 19 72

% of total 58 21 20 37 -36

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

Structure of employment Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4.2 Unemployed 2004 9.2 28.7 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 9.5 67.1

Energy m TOE 462.9 Net energy imports as % 1,245.1 of energy use

Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

63

3,990

Inflation and finance Consumer price inflation 2006 Av. ann. inflation 2000–06 Repo rate, 2006

av. ann. increase 2000–05 2.2% Narrow money (M1) 10.8% 2.2% Broad money 7.7% 2.87%

Exchange rates 7 per $ 7 per SDR

end 2006 0.76 Effective rates 1.14 – nominal – real

December 2006 2000 = 100 121.8 121.7

EURO AREA

243

Tradeb Principal exports

Principal imports

$bn fob Machinery & transport equip. 596 Manufactures 315 Chemicals 203 Energy and raw materials 81 Food, drink & tobacco 64 Total incl. others 1,333

$bn cif Machinery & transport equip. 467 Energy & raw materials 372 Manufactures 352 Chemicals 117 Food, drink & tobacco 74 Total incl. others 1,469

Main export destinations

Main origins of imports

United States Switzerland Russia China Japan

% of total 23.5 7.7 5.3 4.9 4.1

United States China Russia Japan Norway

% of total 13.9 13.4 9.1 6.2 5.7

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

1,516.2 -1,448.2 68.0 892.2 -903.4 -84.9 -28.1 -0.3 93.2

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid given – as % of GDP

-23.9 -4.8 377.3 1.9 375.9 39.5 0.41

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 9.6 Education spending, % of GDP 4.81 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 3.9 Enrolment, %: primary 104 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. 6.6 secondary 106 Improved-water source access, tertiary 54 % of pop. …

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

129.6m Colour TVs per 100 households 97.1 2.39 Telephone lines per 100 pop. 52.6 4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers 1.9 per 100 pop. 98.9 Computers per 100 pop. 45.2 … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop. 198.3

a Data refer to the 12 EU members that had adopted the euro before December 31 2006. b EU25 data, excluding intra-trade.

244

COUNTRY PROFILES

WORLD Area 148,698,382 sq km Capital Arable as % of total land 10.7 Currency

… …

People Population 6,464.7m Pop. per sq km 43.8 Av. ann. growth in pop. 2005–10 1.17% Pop. under 15 28.3% Pop. over 60 10.3% No. of men per 100 women 102 Human Development Index 74.1

Life expectancy: men 65.0 yrs women 69.5 yrs Adult literacy 82.2% Fertility rate (per woman) 2.6 Urban population 48.7% per 1,000 pop. Crude birth rate 20.3 Crude death rate 8.6

The economy GDP Av. ann. growth in real GDP 1995–2005

$44.6trn GDP per head $6,910 GDP per head in purchasing 3.1% power parity (USA=100) 22.7 Economic freedom index 58.4

Origins of GDP Agriculture Industry, of which: manufacturing Services

Components of GDP % of total 4 28 18 68

Private consumption Public consumption Investment Exports Imports

% of total 61 17 22 26 -26

Structure of employmenta Agriculture Industry Services

% of total % of labour force 4 Unemployed 2004 6.4 26 Av. ann. rate 1995–2004 6.8 70

Energy Total output Total consumption Consumption per head, kg oil equivalent

m TOE 11,171.2 Net energy imports as % 11,026.3 of energy use

-2

1,793

Inflation and finance Consumer price av. ann. increase 2000–05 inflation 2006 3.5% Narrow money (M1)a 9.0% Av. ann. inflation 2000–06 3.6% Broad moneya 7.5% LIBOR $ rate, 3-month, 2006 5.19% Household saving rate, 2006a 4.0%

WORLD

245

Trade World exports $bn fob 7,830 Ores & metals 1,040 Agricultural raw materials 730 Total incl. others

Manufactures Fuels Food Main export destinations United States Germany China France United Kingdom Japan

$bn fob 310 210 10,430

Main origins of imports % of total 15.6 7.4 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.5

China Germany United States Japan France United Kingdom

% of total 9.4 9.1 9.1 6.2 4.2 3.5

Balance of payments, reserves and aid, $bn Visible exports fob Visible imports fob Trade balance Invisibles inflows Invisibles outflows Net transfers Current account balance – as % of GDP Capital balance

10,322 -10,279 43 4,746 -4,787 -9 -6 -0.0 -41

Overall balance Change in reserves Level of reserves end Dec. No. months of import cover Official gold holdings, m oz Aid givenb – as % of GDPb

6 435 4,694 4 878.2 108.7 0.32

Health and education Health spending, % of GDP 10.1 Education spending, % of GDP 4.5 Doctors per 1,000 pop. 1.5 Enrolment, %: primary 103 Hospital beds per 1,000 pop. … secondary 70 Improved-water source access, tertiary 24 % of pop. 82

Society No. of households Av. no. per household Marriages per 1,000 pop. Divorces per 1,000 pop. Cost of living, Dec. 2006 New York = 100

a OECD countries. b OECD and Middle East countries.

… TVs per 100 households … Telephone lines per 100 pop. … Mobile telephone subscribers … per 100 pop. Computers per 100 pop. … Internet hosts per 1,000 pop.

… 19.4 33.9 12.4 66.9

246

GLOSSARY

Glossary Balance of payments The record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world. The current account of the balance of payments consists of: visible trade (goods); “invisible” trade (services and income); private transfer payments (eg, remittances from those working abroad); official transfers (eg, payments to international organisations, famine relief). Visible imports and exports are normally compiled on rather different definitions to those used in the trade statistics (shown in principal imports and exports) and therefore the statistics do not match. The capital account consists of long- and short-term transactions relating to a country’s assets and liabilities (eg, loans and borrowings). The current account and the capital account, plus an errors and omissions item, make up the overall balance. In the country pages of this book this item is included in the overall balance. Changes in reserves include gold at market prices and are shown without the practice often followed in balance of payments presentations of reversing the sign. Big Mac index A light-hearted way of looking at exchange rates. If the dollar price of a burger at McDonald’s in any country is higher than the price in the United States, converting at market exchange rates, then that country’s currency could be thought to be overvalued against the dollar and vice versa. CFA Communauté Financière Africaine. Its members, most of the francophone African nations, share a common currency, the CFA franc, which used to be pegged to the French franc but is now pegged to the euro. Cif/fob Measures of the value of merchandise trade. Imports include the cost of “carriage, insurance and freight” (cif) from the exporting country to the importing. The value of exports does not include these elements and is recorded “free on board” (fob). Balance of payments statistics are generally adjusted so that both exports and

imports are shown fob; the cif elements are included in invisibles. Crude birth rate The number of live births in a year per 1,000 population. The crude rate will automatically be relatively high if a large proportion of the population is of childbearing age. Crude death rate The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 population. Also affected by the population’s age structure. Debt, foreign Financial obligations owed by a country to the rest of the world and repayable in foreign currency. The debt service ratio is debt service (principal repayments plus interest payments) expressed as a percentage of the country’s earnings from exports of goods and services. EU European Union. Members are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom and, as of May 1 2004, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia and, as of January 1 2007, Bulgaria and Romania. Effective exchange rate The nominal index measures a currency’s depreciation (figures below 100) or appreciation (figures over 100) from a base date against a trade-weighted basket of the currencies of the country’s main trading partners. The real effective exchange rate reflects adjustments for relative movements in prices or costs. Euro area The 13 euro area members of the EU are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain and, from January 1 2007, Slovenia. Their common currency is the euro, which came into circulation on January 1 2002.

GLOSSARY

Fertility rate The average number of children born to a woman who completes her childbearing years. GDP Gross domestic product. The sum of all output produced by economic activity within a country. GNP (gross national product) and GNI (gross national income) include net income from abroad eg, rent, profits. Household saving rate Household savings as % of disposable household income. Import cover The number of months of imports covered by reserves ie, reserves ÷ 1 ⁄12 annual imports (visibles and invisibles). Inflation The annual rate at which prices are increasing. The most common measure and the one shown here is the increase in the consumer price index. Internet hosts Websites and other computers that sit permanently on the internet. Life expectancy The average length of time a baby born today can expect to live. Literacy is defined by UNESCO as the ability to read and write a simple sentence, but definitions can vary from country to country. Median age Divides the age distribution into two halves. Half of the population is above and half below the median age. Money supply A measure of the “money” available to buy goods and services. Various definitions exist. The measures shown here are based on definitions used by the IMF and may differ from measures used nationally. Narrow money (M1) consists of cash in circulation and demand deposits (bank deposits that can be withdrawn on demand). “Quasimoney” (time, savings and foreign currency deposits) is added to this to create broad money.

247

OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The “rich countries” club was established in 1961 to promote economic growth and the expansion of world trade. It is based in Paris and now has 30 members. Opec Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Set up in 1960 and based in Vienna, Opec is mainly concerned with oil pricing and production issues. Members are; Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. PPP Purchasing power parity. PPP statistics adjust for cost of living differences by replacing normal exchange rates with rates designed to equalise the prices of a standard “basket”of goods and services. These are used to obtain PPP estimates of GDP per head. PPP estimates are shown on an index, taking the United States as 100. Real terms Figures adjusted to exclude the effect of inflation. Reserves The stock of gold and foreign currency held by a country to finance any calls that may be made for the settlement of foreign debt. SDR Special drawing right. The reserve currency, introduced by the IMF in 1970, was intended to replace gold and national currencies in settling international transactions. The IMF uses SDRs for book-keeping purposes and issues them to member countries. Their value is based on a basket of the US dollar (with a weight of 44%), the euro (34%), the Japanese yen (11%) and the pound sterling (11%).

248

LIST OF COUNTRIES

List of countries Whenever data is available, the world rankings consider 183 countries: all those which had (in 2005) or have recently had a population of at least 1m or a GDP of at least $1bn. Here is a list of them. Population GDP

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan

m 29.9 3.1 32.9 0.1 15.9 38.7 3.0 0.1 20.2 8.2 8.4

$bn 7.3 8.4 102.3 2.8a 32.8 183.2 4.9 2.1b 732.5 306.1 12.6

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 800ab 652 5,320 29 7,060 2,382 38,800a 0.4 2,330 1,247 14,280 2,767 4,950 30 21,800ab 0.2 31,790 7,682 33,700 84 5,020 87

Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi

0.3 0.7 141.8 0.3 9.8 10.4 0.3 8.4 0.1 2.2 9.2 3.9 1.8 186.4 0.4 7.7 13.2 7.5

5.9 12.9 60.0 3.1 29.6 370.8 1.1 4.3 4.5ab 0.8 9.3 10.0 10.3 796.1 6.4 26.6 5.2 0.8

17,020b 14 21,480 1 2,050 144 17,000a 0.4 7,920 208 32,120 31 7,110 23 1,140 113 69,900ab 1 1,400ab 47 2,820 1,099 7,630 51 12,390 581 8,400 8,512 25,600a 6 9,030 111 1,210 274 700 28

28.0 28.8 22.2 35.5 37.4 40.3 20.9 17.7 39.0 22.3 20.8 37.1 21.1 26.9 26.2 40.8 16.8 17.0

2,730 2,300 33,380 43,800ab 1,220 1,430 51,820a 12,030 6,760 7,300 710

20.1 18.7 38.6 37.0 18.3 16.8 40.0 30.6 32.5 25.6 18.8

Cambodia 14.1 6.2 Cameroon 16.3 16.9 Canada 32.3 1,113.8 Cayman Islands 0.0 d 1.9ab Central African Rep 4.0 1.4 Chad 9.7 5.5 Channel Islands 0.1 4.2a Chile 16.3 115.3 China 1,315.8 2,234.3 Colombia 45.6 122.3 Congo-Kinshasa 4.0 7.1

181 475 9,971 0.3 622 1,284 0.2 757 9,561 1,142 2,345

Median age years 16.4 28.6 24.0 40.0 16.6 28.9 31.7 35.5 36.7 40.1 27.7

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

GDP Area Median per head age $PPP ’000 sq km years

m

$bn

57.5 4.3 18.2 4.6 11.3 0.8 10.2

5.1 20.0 16.3 38.5 40.1a 16.7 124.4

1,260 10,180 1,650 13,040 3,500a 21,600a 20,540

342 51 322 57 111 9 79

16.3 26.1 18.5 40.6 35.6 35.3 38.9

5.4 8.9

258.7 29.5

33,970 8,220

43 48

39.5 23.9

Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia

13.2 74.0 6.9 0.5 4.4 1.3 77.4

36.5 89.4 17.0 3.2 1.0 13.1 11.2

4,340 4,340 5,250 7,640a 1,110 15,480 1,050

272 1,000 21 28 117 45 1,134

24.0 22.9 23.4 18.7 18.1 38.9 17.5

Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia

0.0d 1.7a 0.9 2.7 5.2 193.2 60.5 2,126.6c 0.3 4.6ab

31,000ab 6,050 32,150 30,390 17,500ab

1 18 338 544 3

34.0 23.7 40.9 38.9 27.1

Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau

1.4 8.1 1.5 0.5 4.5 6.4 82.7 2,794.9 22.1 10.7 11.1 225.2 0.1 1.7 0.4 8.7b 0.2 2.5a 12.6 31.7 9.4 3.3 1.6 0.3

6,950 268 1,920 11 3,370 70 29,460 358 2,480 239 23,380 132 20,000ab 2,176 17,855 2 15,000a 1 4,570 109 2,320 246 830 36

21.5 19.5 35.5 42.1 19.9 40.1 34.0 34.0 28.4 18.2 18.1 16.2

Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary

8.5 7.2 7.0 10.1

4.3 8.3 177.7 109.2

1,660 3,430 34,830 17,890

28 112 1 93

20.3 19.4 38.9 38.7

0.3 1,103.4 222.8 69.5

15.8 805.7 287.2 189.8

36,510 3,450 3,840 7,970

103 3,287 1,904 1,648

34.2 23.8 26.5 23.4

Congo-Brazzaville Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic

Iceland India Indonesia Iran

249

250

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

Iraq Ireland Israel Italy

m $bn 28.8 33.6 4.1 201.8 6.7 123.4 58.1 1,762.5

Jamaica Japan Jordan

2.7 9.6 128.1 4,534.0 5.7 12.7

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 3,400a 438 38,500 70 25,860 21 28,530 301

Median age years 18.9 33.4 28.8 42.0

4,290 31,270 5,530

11 378 89

24.7 42.9 21.1

Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan

14.8 34.3 2.7 5.3

57.1 18.7 80.8 2.4

7,860 1,240 26,320 1,930

2,717 583 18 199

28.8 18.1 29.2 23.9

Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg

5.9 2.3 3.6 1.8 3.3 5.9 3.4 0.5

2.9 15.8 21.9 1.5 0.5 38.8 25.6 36.5

2,040 13,650 5,580 3,340 1,000a 11,400a 14,490 60,230

237 64 10 30 111 1,760 65 3

19.2 39.3 27.1 18.8 16.4 24.1 37.9 38.3

Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar

0.5 2.0 18.6 12.9 25.3 13.5 0.4 0.4 3.1 1.2 107.0 4.2 2.6 31.5 19.8 50.5

11.56a 5.8 5.0 2.1 130.3 5.3 5.6 8.6b 1.9 6.3 768.4 2.9 1.9 51.7 6.6 7.5

24,300a 7,200 920 670 10,880 1,030 19,190 19,830 2,230 12,710 10,750 2,100 2,110 4,550 1,240 1,700a

0.02 26 587 118 333 1,240 0.3 1 1,031 2 1,973 34 1,565 447 799 677

36.5 34.2 17.9 16.4 24.7 16.0 37.6 36.4 19.6 30.5 25.6 32.5 24.2 24.3 17.7 26.8

2.0 27.1 16.3 0.2 0.2 4.0 5.5

6.1 7.4 624.2 2.8ab 3.3b 109.3 4.9

7,590 1,550 32,680 16,000ab 15,000ab 25,000 3,670

824 147 42 1 19 271 130

19.5 20.1 39.1 36.4 28.8 35.5 20.3

Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Romania Russia Rwanda

m 14.0 131.5 22.5 4.6 2.6 157.9 3.2 5.9 6.2 28.0 83.1 38.5 10.5 4.0 0.9 0.8 21.7 143.2 9.0

$bn 3.4 99.0 40.0a 295.5

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 780 1,267 1,130 924 1,700a 121 41,420 324

Median age years 16.0 17.6 32.1 38.0

30.8

15,360b

310

22.5

110.7 15.5 5.0 7.3 79.4 99.0 303.2 183.3 72.4a

2,370 7,610 2,560 4,640 6,040 5,140 13,850 20,410 18,600a

804 77 463 407 1,285 300 313 89 9

20.3 26.1 19.5 21.7 24.3 21.8 36.8 39.1 33.8

42.5

27,400a

11

31.1

13.7b 98.6 763.7 2.2

16,150 9,060 10,840 1,210

3 238 17,075 26

29.7 36.7 37.3 17.4

2,200 197 102 72 1 49 20 638 1,226 99 505 66 2,506 164 17 450 41 185

23.3 18.5 36.6 18.5 37.5 35.6 40.2 17.9 23.9 35.0 38.8 29.5 19.4 25.4 18.9 40.2 40.1 20.6

36 143 945 513

34.0 19.2 17.5 32.6

Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria

24.6 309.8 11.7 8.2 10.5 26.2 5.5 1.2 4.3 116.8 5.4 46.4 2.0 34.0 8.2 4.8 47.4 239.5 47.8 787.6 43.1 1,124.6 20.7 23.5 36.2 27.5 0.5 1.3 1.0 2.7 9.0 357.7 7.3 367.0 19.0 26.3

15,710 1,790 4,400a 810 29,660 15,870 22,270 600a 11,110 22,030 27,170 4,590 2,080 4,100a 4,820 32,530 35,630 2,810

Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand

22.9 6.5 38.3 64.2

29,320 1,360 740 8,680

345.9 2.3 12.1 176.6

251

252

LIST OF COUNTRIES

Population GDP

Togo Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan

m 6.1 1.3 10.1 73.2 4.8

$bn 2.2 14.4 28.7 362.5 8.1

GDP Area per head $PPP ’000 sq km 1,510 57 14,600 5 8,370 164 8,410 779 8,000a 488

Uganda 28.8 8.7 Ukraine 46.5 82.9 United Arab Emirates 4.5 104.2b United Kingdom 59.7 2,198.8 United States 298.2 12,416.5 Uruguay 3.5 16.8 Uzbekistan 26.6 14.0

1,450 6,850 25,510 33,240 41,890 9,960 2,060

Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands (US)

26.7 84.2 0.1

6,630 3,070 14,500ab

West Bank and Gaza

3.7

140.2 52.4 1.6ab 3.5b

Median age years 18.1 28.6 26.7 26.7 23.3

241 604 84 243 9,373 176 447

15.3 38.9 29.4 38.9 36.0 32.6 22.6

912 331 0.4

24.6 24.9 35.0

6

16.9

1,500a

Yemen

21.0

15.1

930

528

16.7

Zambia Zimbabwe

11.7 13.0

7.3 3.4

1,020 2,040

753 391

16.9 19.0

27,350

2,497

40.4

9,480 148,698

29.2

Euro area (12) World

a b c d

310.7 9,950 6,465

44,650

Estimate. Latest available year. Including French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion. Populations less than 50,000.

SOURCES

253

Sources Airports Council International, Worldwide Airport Traffic Report Amnesty International BP, Statistical Review of World Energy British Mountaineering Council Business Software Alliance CB Richard Ellis, Global Market Rents Central banks Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook Confederation of Swedish Enterprise Corporate Resources Group, Quality of Living Report Council of Europe The Economist www.economist.com Economist Intelligence Unit, Cost of Living Survey; Country Forecasts; Country Reports; Ereadiness rankings; Global Outlook – Business Environment Rankings ERC Statistics International, World Cigarette Report Euromonitor, International Marketing Data and Statistics; European Marketing Data and Statistics Europa Publications, The Europa World Yearbook Eurostat, Statistics in Focus Financial Times Business Information, The Banker The Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom

IFPI IMD, World Competitiveness Yearbook IMF, Direction of Trade; International Financial Statistics; World Economic Outlook International Cocoa Organisation, Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics International Coffee Organisation International Cotton Advisory Committee, Bulletin International Road Federation, World Road Statistics International Rubber Study Group, Rubber Statistical Bulletin International Grains Council, The Grain Market Report International Sugar Organisation, Statistical Bulletin International Tea Committee, Annual Bulletin of Statistics International Telecommunication Union, ITU Indicators ISTA Mielke, Oil World Johnson Matthey Mercer Human Resource Consulting National statistics offices Network Wizards Nobel Foundation OECD, Development Assistance Committee Report; Environmental Data Space.com

254

SOURCES

Standard & Poor’s Emerging Stock Markets Factbook Taiwan Statistical Data Book The Times, Atlas of the World Time Inc Magazines, Fortune International Transparency International UN, Demographic Yearbook; Global Refugee Trends; State of World Population Report; Statistical Chart on World Families; Survey on Crime Trends; Trends in Total Migrant Stock; World Contraceptive Use; World Population Prospects; World Urbanisation Prospects UNAIDS, Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport; World Investment Report UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Centre UN Development Programme, Human Development Report UNESCO, website: unescostat. unesco.org Unicef, Child Poverty in Perspective Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, Statistiques Internationales des Chemins de Fer US Census Bureau US Department of Agriculture University of Michigan, Windows to the Universe website

WHO, World Health Statistics Annual; World Report on Violence and Health The Woolmark Company World Bank, Doing Business; Global Development Finance; World Development Indicators; World Development Report World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Metal Statistics World Economic Forum/Harvard University, Global Competitiveness Yearbook World Resources Institute, World Resources World Tourist Organisation, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics World Trade Organisation, Annual Report