Pathogens (Volume 1)

PATTY'S TOXICOLOGY Fifth Edition Volume 1

EULA BINGHAM BARBARA COHRSSEN CHARLES H. POWELL Editors

CONTRIBUTORS Michael Attfield Eula Bingham Judy Buelke-Sam Vincent Castranova Barbara Cohrssen John Dement Joan S. Dollarhide Michael L. Dourson Christopher De Rosa H. A. EI-Masri Donald E. Gardner L. Faye Grimsley

Lynne T. Haber Hugh Hansen Debra L. Hunt Carole A. Kimmel Eileen Kuempel Richard A. Lemen Morton Lippmann Andrew Maier Ronald Melnick James A. Merchant Moiz M. Mumtaz Daniel W. Nebert

A Wiley-lnterscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC New York / Chichester / Weinheim

/

Brisbane /

Richard W. Niemeier H. R. Pohl Charles H. Powell Gloria Rachamin Carol Rice Amy Roe Jerry J. Tulis Gregory Wagner S. Wilbur John Zapp

Singapore /

Toronto

DISCLAIMER: Extreme care has been taken in preparation of this work. However, neither the publisher nor the authors shall be held responsible or liable for any damages resulting in connection with or arising from the use of any of the information in this book. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Patty's toxicology / [edited by] Eula Bingham, Barbara Cohrssen, Charles H. Powell.— 5th ed. p. ; cm. "A Wiley-Interscience publication." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-31932-5 (cloth: v. 1 : alk.paper); 0-471-31943-0 (set) 1. Industrial toxicology—Encyclopedias. I. Bingham, Eula. II. Cohrssen, Barbara. III. Powell, Charles. H. IV. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology [DNLM: 1. Occupational Medicine. 2. Occupational Diseases. 3. Poisons. 4. Toxicology. WA 400 P3222 2000] RA1229 .P38 2000 613.6'2—dc21 99-053898 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contributors Michael Attfield, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia

Donald E. Gardner, Ph.D., Fellow ATS, Raleigh, North Carolina

Eula Bingham, Ph.D., Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

L. Faye Grimsley, MSPH, CIH, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

Judy Buelke-Sam, Toxicology Services, Greenfield, Indiana

Lynne T. Haber, Ph.D., TERA, Cincinnati, Ohio

Vincent Castranova, NIOSH Morgantown, West Virginia

Hugh Hansen, Ph.D., ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia

Barbara Cohrssen, MS, CIH, Cohrssen Environmental, San Francisco, California

Debra L. Hunt, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

John Dement, Ph.D., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Carole A. Kimmel, Ph.D., US EPA NCEA, Washington, DC

Joan S. Dollarhide, MS, MTSC, JD, TERA, Cincinnati, Ohio Michael L. Dourson, Ph.D., DABT, TERA, Cincinnati, Ohio

Eileen Kuempel, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia Richard A. Lemen, Ph.D., MSPH, Duluth, Georgia

Christopher De Rosa, Ph.D., ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia

Morton Lippmann, Ph.D., CIH, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York

H. A. El-Masri, ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia

Andrew Maier, MS, CIH, TERA, Cincinnati, Ohio

CONTRIBUTORS

VI

Ronald Melnick, Ph.D., NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina James A. Merchant, MD, University of Iowa, Iowa City Moiz M. Mumtaz, ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia Daniel W. Nebert, MD, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Richard W. Niemeier, Ph.D., NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio H. R. Pohl, ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia Charles H. Powell ScD, CIH (deceased) Gloria Rachamin, Ph.D., Occupational Health and Safety Branch Ontario, Ministry of Labour, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Carol Rice, Ph.D., CIH, University of Cincinnati Medical Center Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio Amy Roe, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Jerry J. TWis, MD, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham North Carolina Gregory Wagner, MD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia S. Wilbur, ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia John Zapp (deceased)

Preface In this Preface to the Fifth Edition, we acknowledge and note that it has been built on the work of previous editors. We especially need to note that Frank Patty's words in the preface of the second edition are cogent: This book was planned as a ready, practical reference for persons interested in or responsible for safeguarding the health of others working with the chemical elements and compounds used in industry today. Although guidelines for selecting those chemical compounds of sufficient industrial importance for inclusion are not clearly drawn, those chemicals found in carload price lists seem to warrant first consideration. Where available information is bountiful, an attempt has been made to limit the material presented to that of a practical nature, useful in recognizing, evaluating, and controlling possible harmful exposures. Where the information is scanty, every fragment of significance, whether negative or positive, is offered the reader. The manufacturing chemist, who assumes responsibility for the safe use of his product in industry and who employs a competent staff to this end, as well as the large industry having competent industrial hygiene and medical staffs, are in strategic positions to recognize early and possibly harmful exposures in time to avoid any harmful effects by appropriate and timely action. Plant studies of individuals and their exposures regardless of whether or not the conditions caused recognized ill effects offer valuable experience. Information gleaned in this manner, though it may be fragmentary, is highly important when interpreted in terms of the practical health problem. While we have not insisted that chemical selection be based on carload quantities we have been most concerned about agents (chemical and physical) in the workplace that are of toxicological concern for workers. We have attempted to follow the guide as expressed by Frank Patty in 1962 regarding practical information. The expansion of this edition to include biological agents, e.g., wood dust, Histoplasma, not previously covered, reflects our concern with their toxicology and potential for adverse health effects in workers. In the workplace of the new century, physical agents and human factors appear to be of more concern. Traditionally, these agents or factors, ergonomics, biorhythms, vibration, and heat and cold stress were centered on how one vii

VIII

PREFACE

measures them. Today, understanding the toxicology of these agents (factors) is of great importance because it can assist in the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of the physical agent. Their mechanisms of actions and the assessment of adverse health effects are as much a part of toxicology as dusts and the heavy metals. Chapters on certain topics such as reproduction and development, and neurotoxicology reflect the importance of having at hand for practical use such information to help those persons who are responsible for helping to safeguard health to better understand toxicological information and tests reported for the various chemicals. As noted in Chapter One, the trend in toxicology is increasingly focused on molecular biology and, for this "decade of the genome," molecular genetics. Therefore, it seemed crucial to have a chapter that would help to explain the dogma of our teachers in industrial toxicology that, frequently, there are two workers side by side, and one develops an occupational disease and the other does not. Hence the chapter on genetics was authored by an expert in environmental genetics. The thinking and planning of this edition was a team effort by us: Charlie, Barbara, and Eula. Over many months we worked on the new framework and selected the contributors. When Charlie died in September, 1998, we (Barbara and Eula) knew that we had a road map and, with the help of our expert contributors, many of whom the three of us have known for 10, 20, or even 30 years, would complete this edition. The team effort was fostered among the current editors by many of the first contributors to Patty's such as Robert A. Kehoe, Francis F. Heyroth, William B. Deichmann, and Joseph Treon, all of whom were at Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati sometime during their professional lives. The three of us have a long professional association with the Kettering Laboratory: Charles H. Powell received a ScD., Barbara Cohrssen received a MS, and Eula Bingham has been a lifetime faculty member. Many of the authors were introduced to us through this relationship and association. The authors have performed a difficult task in a short period of time for a publication that is as comprehensive as this one is. We want to express our deep appreciation and thanks to all of them. Kettering Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio San Francisco, California

EULA BlNGHAM,

Ph.D.

BARBARA COHRSSEN, MS

CHARLES H. POWELL, ScD.

USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

1 kilometer=0.6214 mile 1 meter=3.281 feet 1 centimeter=0.3937 inch 1 micrometer = 1/25,4000 inch=40 microinches = 10,000 Angstrom units 1 foot=30.48 centimeters 1 inch = 25.40 millimeters 1 square kilometer=0.3861 square mile (U.S.) 1 square foot=0.0929 square meter 1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters 1 square mile (U.S.) = 2,589,998 square meters = 640 acres 1 acre=43,560 square feet=4047 square meters 1 cubic meter=35.315 cubic feet 1 cubic centimeter=0.0610 cubic inch 1 cubic foot=28.32 liters = 0.0283 cubic meter = 7.481 gallons (U.S.) 1 cubic inch= 16.39 cubic centimeters 1 U.S. gallon = 3,7853 liters = 231 cubic inches =0.13368 cubic foot 1 liter=0.9081 quart (dry), 1.057 quarts (U.S., liquid) 1 cubic foot of water=62.43 pounds (4°C) 1 U.S. gallon of water=8.345 pounds (4°C) 1 kilogram=2.205 pounds

1 gram =15.43 grains 1 pound=453.59 grams 1 ounce (avoir.) = 28.35 grams 1 gram mole of a perfect gas =c= 24.45 liters (at 25°C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) 1 atmosphere = 14.7 pounds per square inch 1 foot of water pressure = 0.4335 pound per square inch 1 inch of mercury pressure = 0.4912 pound per square inch 1 dyne per square centimeter=0.0021 pound per square foot 1 gram-calorie = 0.00397 Btu 1 Btu = 778 foot-pounds 1 Btu per minute = 12.96 foot-pounds per second 1 hp = 0.707 Btu per second=550 foot-pounds per second 1 centimeter per second = 1.97 feet per minute = 0.0224 mile per hour 1 footcandle = 1 lumen incident per square foot = 10.764 lumens incident per square meter 1 grain per cubic foot = 2.29 grams per cubic meter 1 milligram per cubic meter=0.000437 grain per cubic foot

To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit: °C (9/5) + 32 = °F To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius: (5/9) (°F - 32) = °C For solutes in water: 1 mg/liter =c= 1 ppm (by weight) Atmospheric contamination: 1 mg/liter =0= 1 oz/1000 cu ft (approx) For gases or vapors in air at 25°C and 760 mm Hg pressure: To convert mg/liter to ppm (by volume): mg/liter (24,450/mol. wt.)=ppm To convert ppm to mg/liter: ppm (mol. wt./24,450)=mg/liter

XIII

CONVERSION TABLE FOR GASES AND VAPORS (Continued) (Milligrams per liter to pans per million, and vice versa; 25°C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) 1 Molecular mg/liter Weight ppm

Ippm mg/liter

212.6 210.8 209.0 207.2 205.5 203.8 202.1 200.4 198.8 197.2 195.6 194.0 192.5 191.0 189.5 188.1 186.6 185.2 183.8 182.5 181.1 179.8 178.5 177.2 175.9 174.6 173.4 172.2 171.0 169.8 168.6 167.5 166.3 165.2 164.1 163.0 161.9 160.9

0.00470 0.00474 0.00479 0.00483 0.00487 0.00491 0.00495 0.00499 0.00503 0.00507 0.00511 0.00515 0.00519 0.00524 0.00528 0.00532 0.00536 0.00540 0.00544 0.00548 0.00552 0.00556 0.00560 0.00564 0.00569 0.00573 0.00577 0.00581 0.00585 0.00589 0.00593 0.00597 0.00601 0.00605 0.00609 0.00613 0.00618 0.00622

115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

1 Molecular mg/liter Ippm Weight ppm mg/liter 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190

159.8 158.8 157.7 156.7 155.7 154.7 153.7 152.8 151.9 150.9 150.0 149.1 148.2 147.3 146.4 145.5 144.7 143.8 143.0 142.2 141.3 140.5 139.7 138.9 138.1 137.4 136.6 135.8 135.1 134.3 133.6 132.9 132.2 131.5 130.7 130.1 129.4 128.7

0.00626 0.00630 0.00634 0.00638 0.00642 0.00646 0.00650 0.00654 0.00658 0.00663 0.00667 0.00671 0.00675 0.00679 0.00683 0.00687 0.00691 0.00695 0.00699 0.00703 0.00708 0.00712 0.00716 0.00720 0.00724 0.00728 0.00732 0.00736 0.00740 0.00744 0.00748 0.00753 0.00757 0.00761 0.00765 0.00769 0.00773 0.00777

1 Molecular mg/liter Ippm ppm mg/liter Weight 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 120 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228

128.0 127.3 126.7 126.0 125.4 124.7 124.1 123.5 122.9 122.3 121.6 121.0 120.4 119.9 119.3 118.7 118.1 117.5 117.0 116.4 115.9 115.3 114.8 114.3 113.7 113.2 112.7 112.2 111.6 111.1 110.6 110.1 109.6 109.2 108.7 108.2 107.7 107.2

0.00781 0.00785 0.00789 0.00793 0.00798 0.00802 0.00806 0.00810 0.00814 0.00818 0.00822 0.00826 0.00830 0.00834 0.00838 0.00843 0.00847 0.00851 0.00855 0.00859 0.00863 0.00867 0.00871 0.00875 0.00879 0.00883 0.00888 0.00892 0.00896 0.00900 0.00904 0.00908 0.00912 0.00916 0.00920 0.00924 0.00928 0.00933

XV

CONVERSION TABLE FOR GASES AND VAPORS (Continued) (Milligrams per liter to parts per million, and vice versa; 25° C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) 1 Molecular mg/liter Weight ppm

1 ppm mg/liter

106.8 106.3 105.8 105.4 104.9 104.5 104.0 103.6 103.2 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.5 101.0 100.6 100.2 99.8 99.4 99.0 98.6 98.2 97.8 97.4 97.0

0.00937 0.00941 0.00945 0.00949 0.00953 0.00957 0.00961 0.00965 0.00969 0.00973 0.00978 0.00982 0.00986 0.00990 0.00994 0.00998 0.01002 0.01006 0.01010 0.01014 0.01018 0.01022 0.01027 0.01031

229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 a

1 Molecular mg/liter Ippm mg/liter Weight ppm 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276

96.6 96.3 95.9 95.5 95.1 94.8 94.4 94.0 93.7 93.3 93.0 92.6 92.3 91.9 91.6 91.2 90.9 90.6 90.2 89.9 89.6 89.2 88.9 88.6

0.01035 0.01039 0.01043 0.01047 0.01051 0.01055 0.01059 0.01063 0.01067 0.01072 0.01076 0.01080 0.01084 0.01088 0.01092 0.01096 0.01100 0.01104 0.01108 0.01112 0.01117 0.01121 0.01125 0.01129

1 Molecular mg/liter Ippm ppm mg/liter Weight 227 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300

88.3 87.9 87.6 87.3 87.0 86.7 86.4 86.1 85.8 85.5 85.2 84.9 84.6 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.2 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.8 81.5

0.01133 0.01137 0.01141 0.01145 0.01149 0.01153 0.01157 0.01162 0.01166 0.01170 0.01174 0.01178 0.01182 0.01186 0.01190 0.01194 0.01198 0.01202 0.01207 0.01211 0.01215 0.01219 0.01223 0.01227

A. C. Fieldner, S. H. Katz, and S. P. Kinney, "Gas Masks for Gases Met in Fighting Fires," U.S. Bureau of Mines, Technical Paper No. 248, 1921.

XVI