Гpaммaтичeскaя aнглo-pусскaя хpeстoмaтия-сaмoучитель

Ñîäåðæàíèå

ÁÁÊ 81.2 Àíãë. Ä 72 Äðàãóíêèí À. Í. Ãðàììàòè÷åñêàÿ ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêàÿ õðåñòîìàòèÿ-ñàìîó÷èòåëü. — ÑÏá.: Óìíàÿ ïëàíåòà: Ì.: ÀÍÄÐÀ-Ì, 2005. — 416 ñ.

Ãåíåðàëüíàÿ èäåÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Îá ýòîé êíèãå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Î êîììåíòàðèÿõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Î ìîåé «ðóñèôèöèðîâàííîé òðàíñêðèïöèè» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ISBN 5-87852-159-8

×ÀÑÒÜ I. Ó÷åáíûå òåêñòû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Äàííàÿ êíèãà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ýôôåêòèâíûì ó÷åáíûì ïîñîáèåì, íàïèñàííûì íà áàçå ìåòîäèêè À. Äðàãóíêèíà. Îíà óíèêàëüíà è ïî ìàíåðå ïîäà÷è ó÷åáíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, è ïî êà÷åñòâó ñàìîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Êíèãè À. Äðàãóíêèíà ïîìîãàþò âñåì æåëàþùèì áûñòðî è êà÷åñòâåííî âûó÷èòü àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Àâòîðñêèå ïðàâà çàùèùåíû. Èçäàíèå ïå÷àòàåòñÿ â àâòîðñêîé ðåäàêöèè Ëþáûå âèäû êîïèðîâàíèÿ èëè âîñïðîèçâåäåíèÿ äàííîé êíèãè ìîãóò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ òîëüêî ñ ïèñüìåííîãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ àâòîðà. Ïðè öèòèðîâàíèè ññûëêè íà äàííóþ êíèãó è íà ôàìèëèþ àâòîðà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûìè. Óâàæàåìûå êíèãîèçäàòåëè è êíèãîòîðãîâöû! Òîëüêî äàííàÿ êíèãà Èçäàòåëüñêîãî äîìà «Àíäðà» ÿâëÿåòñÿ àâòîðñêîé. Íå âñòóïàéòå â ïðîòèâîçàêîííûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ äðóãèìè èçäàòåëüñòâàìè, ïðåäëàãàþùèìè ñâîé ëåâàê ïîä âèäîì êíèã À. Äðàãóíêèíà.

Àëåêñàíäð Íèêîëàåâè÷ Äðàãóíêèí ÃÐÀÌÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÐÓÑÑÊÎ-ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÀß ÕÐÅÑÒÎÌÀÒÈß-ÑÀÌÎÓ×ÈÒÅËÜ Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 07.05.2005. Ôîðìàò 60×88/16. Ãàðíèòóðà Times. Ïå÷àòü îôñåòíàÿ. Áóìàãà òèïîãðàôñêàÿ. Îáúåì 26 ïå÷. ë. Òèðàæ 5000 ýêç. Çàêàç ¹ Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «ÀÍÄÐÀ-Ì» E-mail: [email protected] Îòïå÷àòàíî ñ ãîòîâûõ äèàïîçèòèâîâ â ÎÎÎ «Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé Ïå÷àòíûé Äâîð». 188350, Ëåíèíãðàäñêàÿ îáëàñòü, ã. Ãàò÷èíà, óë. Ñîëîäóõèíà, 2

ISBN 5-87852-159-8

© Äðàãóíêèí À. Í. © «Óìíàÿ ïëàíåòà» © «ÀÍÄÐÀ-Ì», 2005

Ãëàâà I. «Íè÷åãî ñ àíãëèéñêèìè ñëîâàìè íå äåëàåì!» . . . . 21 Òåêñò ¹1. «Ìåíÿ çîâóò …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Òåêñò ¹2. «Ñåé÷àñ ìû íàõîäèìñÿ …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Òåêñò ¹3. «×åì áîëüøå ìû ó÷èìñÿ, …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ãëàâà II. Ðàáîòà ñ îêîí÷àíèÿìè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò

¹4. ¹5. ¹6. ¹7.

«ß ïîêóïàþ …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Íàø îòåö …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Ìîé áðàò æèâ¸ò …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Ìîé äðóã ÷èòàåò …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30 33 35 36

Ãëàâà III. «Ïàøåì âîâñþ !!!» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò

¹8. «Î ñåáå» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ¹9. «ß íå ìîãó ðàáîòàòü äîìà …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ¹10. «Ñåé÷àñ ÿ ìîãó ðàññêàçàòü Âàì …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ¹11. «ß æèâó â Ìîñêâå …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 ¹12. «Îá ýòîé êíèãå» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ¹13. «ß ðåøèë íà÷àòü …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 ¹14. «Ïîñëå ìîåãî òðåòüåãî óðîêà …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 ¹15. «ß æèâó â ýòîì ñòàðîì ãîðîäå» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ¹16. «Ìîè ìûñëè» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 ¹17. «×òî äåëàòü?» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 ¹18. «Åñëè áû ÿ áûë …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 ¹19. «Êàæäûé äåíü ÿ …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ¹20. «Âîò ìîé ÷åìîäàí …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ¹21. «ß íèêîãäà íå áûë â Ëîíäîíå …» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ¹22. «Ôèëîñîôèÿ èðëàíäöà» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Ãëàâà IV. Æèòåéñêèå òåêñòû . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ !

Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò

Óíèêàëüíàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðóþ Âû äåðæèòå â ðóêàõ, ôàêòè÷åñêè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîþ ïîëíîöåííûé ñàìîó÷èòåëü àíãëèéñêîãî!,

¹23. «Ìîé äåíü» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹24. «Îäèí èç ìîèõ âå÷åðîâ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹25. «Âñòðå÷àÿ äðóãà» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹26. «Ïèñüìî» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹27. «Òðåâîãè» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹28. «Èíòðèæêà» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹29. «Ìóæ÷èíû è æåíùèíû ñåãîäíÿ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¹30. Èç «The Beatles» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117 124 129 135 141 150 155 165

òàê êàê îíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåëèêîëåïíûì ñî÷åòàíèåì àíãëèéñêîé ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ãðàììàòèêè è áîãàòîãî ñëîâàðíîãî çàïàñà. Ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ïîñëå ýòîé êíèãè Âàì îñòàíåòñÿ ïðàêòèêà, ïðàêòèêà è åù¸ ðàç ïðàêòèêà ..!!!

òîëüêî

Ïîýòîìó èìåííî â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîó÷èòåëÿ ÿ è ïðåäëàãàþ Âàì ýòó êíèãó èñïîëüçîâàòü ..!!!

Ãëàâà V. Î êíèãàõ è îá àíãëèéñêîì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò

¹31. ¹32. ¹33. ¹34. ¹35.

«Âàæíîñòü àíãëèéñêîãî» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Óðîê àíãëèéñêîãî» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñåãîäíÿ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Î ñëîâàðÿõ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Öåëü ýòîé êíèãè» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

168 175 183 188 192

Ãëàâà VI. «Ñåãîäíÿøíèå ïðîáëåìû» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Äàííûé ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêèé âàðèàíò «Ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé õðåñòîìàòèè», â êîòîðóþ âîøëè âñå ó÷åáíûå òåê-

ñòû, ðàíåå «ðàñêèäàííûå» ïî ìîèì ïîñîáèÿì, îðèåíòèðîâàí íà òåõ, äëÿ êîãî ãëàâíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ

óìåíèå ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè è ïåðåâîäèòü ðóññêèå òåêñòû íà àíãëèéñêèé.

Òåêñò ¹36. «Ïîìîãàÿ äðóãó ïðåîäîëåòü òðóäíûå âðåìåíà» . . . 196 Òåêñò ¹37. «Êàê ïðåâðàòèòü âðåìåííóþ ðàáîòó â ïîñòîÿííóþ?» . 204 Òåêñò ¹38. «Êàê çàñòàâèòü Âàøó àíêåòó ðàáîòàòü íà Âàñ?» . . . . 213

Îäíàêî ó ýòîé êíèãè åñòü è å¸ àíãëî-ðóññêèé «äâîéíèê», ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé óæå äëÿ òåõ, äëÿ êîãî ãëàâíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ

Ãëàâà VII. Ðàçãîâîðû î áèçíåñå . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

âîçìîæíîñòü ïîíèìàòü àíãëèéñêóþ ðå÷ü.

Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò Òåêñò

¹39. ¹40. ¹41. ¹42. ¹43.

«Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ òîðãîâëÿ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Î áàçàõ äàííûõ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Íåêîòîðûå óñëîâèÿ äîñòàâêè» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «Äåëîâûå ïîåçäêè òðåáóþò ïîäãîòîâêè» . . . . . . . . «Íèêàêîãî áèçíåñà áåç þðèäè÷åñêîé ýêñïåðòèçû» . .

×ÀÑÒÜ II. «Ïðûæîê â àíãëèéñêèé»

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Íà÷àëî. «Âûñîêèé ñòàðò» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. «Ðàçáåã» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. «Òîë÷îê» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. «Ïîë¸ò» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. «Ïðèçåìëåíèå» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. «Òðèóìô» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

228 235 239 246 254

266 267 287 303 345 356 398

Âûáîð òîãî èëè èíîãî âàðèàíòà ýòîé çàìå÷àòåëüíîé êíèãè çàâèñèò ëèøü îò Âàøåãî æåëàíèÿ è îò ïåðâîî÷åð¸äíîñòè Âàøèõ öåëåé è çàäà÷ …  ñêîðîì âðåìåíè ïëàíèðóåòñÿ âûõîä è äâóõ áëèçíåöîâ (= ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêîãî è àíãëî-ðóññêîãî) èìåííî

«Ëåêñè÷åñêîãî» âàðèàíòà õðåñòîìàòèè –

– è ãëàâíîé öåëüþ òîé êíèãè áóäåò îáîãàùåíèå Âàøåãî àíãëèéñêîãî óæå èìåííî ëåêñèêîé – – òî åñòü ñëîâàìè.  «Ëåêñè÷åñêóþ õðåñòîìàòèþ» òîæå âîéäóò ó÷åáíûå òåêñòû ðàçëè÷íîé òåìàòèêè, êîòîðûå óæå ïîëíîñòüþ «çàêðîþò» äëÿ Âàñ òåìó ñëîâàðíîãî ìèíèìóìà, è êîòîðûå åù¸ áîëüøå îáîãàòÿò è ðàçíîîáðàçÿò Âàø ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ. 5

ÃÅÍÅÐÀËÜÍÀß ÈÄÅß Äðóçüÿ! Ñðàçó æå ñîîáùàþ Âàì, ÷òî öåëü äàííîé êíèãè íå çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òîáû ïîìî÷ü Âàì â ïñåâäî«èçó÷åíèè» àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà –

– íåò!

Öåëü ýòîé îòëè÷íîé õðåñòîìàòèè çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè Âàì âîçìîæíîñòè

«íàó÷èòüñÿ ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè», èëè:

«íàó÷èòüñÿ ïåðåâîäèòü íà àíãëèéñêèé ëþáîé ðóññêèé òåêñò» !!! Âåäü åñëè Âû, íàïðèìåð, êóïèòå ìàøèíó, òî Âàì íóæíî áóäåò ó÷èòüñÿ åçäèòü íà íåé è ðàçáèðàòüñÿ â íåé, à íå çíàòü íàçóáîê «õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ïÿòîãî áîëòà êðåïëåíèÿ ëåâîãî ïåðåäíåãî êîëåñà» èëè «ïîëíûé ïåðå÷åíü ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ áàìïåðà» – à ýòî è åñòü òî, ÷åìó Âàñ «ó÷àò» è ÷åì Âàñ ìóðûæàò 99% òðàäèöèîííûõ ìåòîäèê è 99% «ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé» àíãëèéñêîãî, çàñòàâëÿÿ Âàñ èçó÷àòü íå àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, íî èõ çàìøåëóþ âåðñèþ àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè ñ èõ áåçóìíîé òåðìèíîëîãèåé – – à ñêîðåå, ñ êàêèì-òî ïðîôæàðãîíîì!, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðûõ îíè äèñòàíöèðóþòñÿ îò Âàñ – è ñ èõ íå ìåíåå áåçóìíûìè è íåëîãè÷íûìè «ïðàâèëàìè» …

Ó÷èòå à 6

ñî ìíîþ

íå

àíãëèéñêèé,

áàéêè î í¸ì !!!

ÄÎÐÎÃÈÅ ×ÈÒÀÒÅËÈ ! Êíèãà, ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ Âàøåìó âíèìàíèþ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ïîëåçíîé ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïðèâåä¸ííîãî â íåé ó÷åáíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, íî è óíèêàëüíîé ïî ñïîñîáó ïîäà÷è ýòîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Êàæäàÿ õðåñòîìàòèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñáîðíèêîì òåõ èëè èíûõ òåêñòîâ èëè îòðûâêîâ èç íèõ, ñïåöèàëüíî ïîäîáðàííûõ äëÿ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ ñ îïðåäåë¸ííûìè «ñðåçàìè» óïîðÿäî÷åííûõ çíàíèé («òåìàìè», ëåêñèêîé è ò.ä.), èëè æå äëÿ êîíêðåòíîãî îáó÷åíèÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ýòèõ òåêñòîâ. Äàííóþ «Ãðàììàòè÷åñêóþ õðåñòîìàòèþ» ïîòîìó è ìîæíî íàçâàòü èìåííî «ó÷åáíîé», ÷òî å¸ îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ íå òîëüêî â òîì, ÷òîáû â ðàìêàõ æèâûõ ñâÿçíûõ òåêñòîâ äàòü ó÷àùåìóñÿ áîãàòûé çàïàñ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, íî è – â îñíîâíîì – â òîì, ÷òîáû äàòü Âàì âîçìîæíî áîëåå ïîëíîå

ïðåäñòàâëåíèå îá àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêå (è îá å¸ íþàíñàõ) â îáú¸ìå, íåîáõîäèìîì äëÿ ñâîáîäíîãî âëàäåíèÿ ÿçûêîì. Çàíÿòèÿ ïî ýòîé êíèãå äàäóò Âàì ÷óäåñíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü î÷åíü áûñòðîãî è ë¸ãêîãî âõîæäåíèÿ â àíãëèéñêèé, äëÿ ÷åãî Âàì áóäåò äîñòàòî÷íî òîëüêî âíèìàòåëüíî ÷èòàòü ýòó êíèãó è ñòàðàòüñÿ çàïîìèíàòü êàê ìîæíî áîëüøå ãîòîâûõ ôðàç è ïðåäëîæåíèé … Êðîìå ýòîãî, íà ïðèìåðå ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ è áîãàòûõ ñëîâàìè ó÷åáíûõ òåêñòîâ Âû ñàìè óâèäèòå, ÷òî áîÿòüñÿ àíãëèéñêîãî íå íóæíî, è ÷òî äàæå äîâîëüíî «ñëîæíûå» àíãëèéñêèå òåêñòû îêàçûâàþòñÿ íå òàêèìè-òî óæ è òðóäíûìè äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è èõ ïî-ðóññêè, åñëè ê ýòîìó ïîäõîäèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîåé ìåòîäèêè. 7

Îñíîâíûìè îòëè÷èÿìè ìîèõ õðåñòîìàòèé îò èõ ðåäêèõ àíàëîãîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ:

ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûìè äëÿ ñêîðåéøåãî óñâîåíèÿ ïðàâèëüíîãî è áîãàòîãî àíãëèéñêîãî.

1) ñàì ñïîñîá ïîäà÷è ó÷åáíîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïðè ïîìîùè äåéñòâèòåëüíî ïàðàëëåëüíûõ äâóÿçû÷íûõ òåêñòîâ, ÷òî äåëàåò âîçìîæíûì (ïóò¸ì ïðîñòîé çàìåíû ñëîâ!) èçëîæåíèå ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëþáîé Âàøåé «ðóññêîÿçû÷íîé» ìûñëè ïî-àíãëèéñêè;

Ìåòîä îáó÷åíèÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ïàðàëëåëüíûõ òåêñòîâ ðåäîê, íî ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ýôôåêòèâåí – îñîáåííî, åñëè ó÷àùèéñÿ îáëàäàåò æåëàíèåì, òåðïåíèåì è àíàëèòè÷åñêèìè ñïîñîáíîñòÿìè.

2) ñïåöèàëüíàÿ îáðàáîòêà ýòèõ òåêñòîâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû êàæäàÿ ñòðî÷êà ðóññêîãî òåêñòà (â 99% ñëó÷àåâ) ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëà ñòðî÷êå àíãëèéñêîé, à ýòî – â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü – ñîçäà¸ò âñå ïðåäïîñûëêè äëÿ íàèëåã÷àéøåãî çàó÷èâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ êàòåãîðèé, öåëûõ ãîòîâûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé è èõ ôðàãìåíòîâ (ìèêðîôðàç) ñ öåëüþ äàëüíåéøåãî èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â Âàøåé æèâîé àíãëîðå÷è. Ñ ýòîé æå öåëüþ ðóññêàÿ ÷àñòü òåêñòîâ äîïîëíèòåëüíî îáðàáîòàíà òàêèì ñïîñîáîì, ÷òîáû (ïóò¸ì «ïîäñêàçîê» [â ñêîáêàõ] èëè «âîçìåùåíèé» òîãî, ÷åãî íåò â àíãëèéñêîì òåêñòå, îáîçíà÷åííûõ «ãàëî÷êàìè») îáëåã÷èòü ó÷àùåìóñÿ áîëåå ïðàâèëüíûé ïåðåâîä àíãëèéñêèõ òåêñòîâ íà ðóññêèé, à òàêæå áîëåå ïðàâèëüíîå ïîíèìàíèå àíãëèéñêîãî ìåíòàëèòåòà è – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – ñòðóêòóðû àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ; 3) ãðàììàòè÷åñêîå «íàïîëíåíèå» òåêñòîâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî îíè âêëþ÷àþò â ñåáÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå êàòåãîðèè è ÿâëåíèÿ, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ðåàëüíîãî îâëàäåíèÿ æèâûì ÿçûêîì; 4) íàëè÷èå (ïî âñåìó òåêñòó êíèãè) äàííîé êóðñèâîì ïîäñòðî÷íîé ðóñèôèöèðîâàííîé òðàíñêðèïöèè, ìàêñèìàëüíî ïðèáëèæ¸ííîé ê ðåàëüíîé (à íå ê èäåàëèçèðîâàííîé) è ïðàâèëüíîé ïîâñåäíåâíîé àíãëèéñêîé ðå÷è; 5) ïîñòîÿííîå âûäåëåíèå (ðàçëè÷íûìè ñïîñîáàìè) ïî âñåìó òåêñòó êíèãè âñåõ òåõ íþàíñîâ («ïðèçíàêîâ» ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ êàòåãîðèé = îêîí÷àíèé, êîíñòðóêöèé è ò.ï.), êîòîðûå 8

Íàïðèìåð, ïîëüçóÿñü èìåííî ïàðàëëåëüíûìè âåðñèÿìè «Ïîõîæäåíèé Òåëåìàõà» íà íåìåöêîì è äðåâíåãðå÷åñêîì ÿçûêàõ, âûäàþùèéñÿ àðõåîëîã Ãåíðèõ Øëèìàí (êîòîðûé íàø¸ë Òðîþ) ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî âûó÷èë äðåâíåãðå÷åñêèé.  íàøåì æå ñëó÷àå ýòîò ìåòîä ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñîáî ýôôåêòèâíûì, òàê êàê àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê îáëàäàåò î÷åíü êîíêðåòíûì êîëè÷åñòâîì íåäåëèìûõ «ýëåìåíòîâ» = ñëîâ, ïðîñòîå âûçóáðèâàíèå êîòîðûõ ìîæåò ðåøèòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå «ïðîáëåìû», ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïðàêòè÷åñêèì îâëàäåíèåì ÿçûêîì.

È èìåííî ìîé âèä ïîäà÷è ó÷åáíûõ òåêñòî⠖ – ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíàÿ «ñèíõðîííàÿ ïàðàëëåëüíîñòü» ñ ñèíõðîííîé æå ïîäñòðî÷íîé òðàíñêðèïöèåé – – óíèêàëåí è íå èìååò ïðåäûäóùèõ àíàëîãîâ. Âî âòîðîé ÷àñòè äàííîé «Õðåñòîìàòèè» èìååòñÿ ïðåêðàñíàÿ ãëàâà «Ïðûæîê â àíãëèéñêèé», ñàìà ïî ñåáå ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ó÷åáíûì ïîñîáèåì. Îíà íå òîëüêî äà¸ò ó÷àùåìóñÿ ïîëíóþ êàðòèíó íàñòîÿùåé ñîâðåìåííîé ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ãðàììàòèêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, íî è äåìîíñòðèðóåò ìîþ òî÷êó çðåíèÿ íà ñåãîäíÿøíåå åãî ñîñòîÿíèå, à òàêæå óêàçûâàåò ïðÿìîé ïóòü ê îáëåã÷åíèþ èçó÷åíèÿ è ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ñ ó÷¸òîì ñåãîäíÿøíèõ ðåàëèé. Íàëè÷èå ýòîé ãëàâû è äåëàåò äàííóþ êíèãó ïîëíîöåííûì

ñàìîó÷èòåëåì. 9

Áîëåå ïîäðîáíîå èçëîæåíèå íå òîëüêî ìîåé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, íî è ñàìîé íîâîé ìåòîäèêè ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî èìååòñÿ â ìîèõ êíèãàõ «Ïî÷èíè ñâîé àíãëèéñêèé!», «Îïòèìèçèðîâàííûé ó÷åáíèê àíãëèéñêîãî», «Ãàðàíòèðîâàííûé àíãëèéñêèé çà 3,5 äíÿ», «Ðåàíèìàòîð Âàøåãî àíãëèéñêîãî», «Íîâûé êëàññíûé ñàìîó÷èòåëü», « Íîâûé áûñòðûé àíãëèéñêèé» è äð., êîòîðûå ÿ ðåêîìåíäóþ Âàì â êà÷åñòâå ýôôåêòèâíåéøèõ åæåäíåâíûõ ó÷åáíûõ ïîñîáèé … Ïåðâàÿ æå ÷àñòü äàííîé êíèãè ñîñòîèò èç 43 ïàðàëëåëüíûõ òåêñòîâ, ðàçäåë¸ííûõ íà 7 ãëàâ è ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ïî ìåðå íàðàñòàíèÿ èõ (ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé) ñëîæíîñòè, ðàñøèðåíèÿ çàïàñà ëåêñèêè, å¸ îáîãàùåíèÿ è ñïåöèàëèçàöèè: Ãëàâà I: 3 ó÷åáíûõ òåêñòà, ïîëíîñòüþ ñîñòàâëåííûõ èç íåèçìåí¸ííûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ. Ôóíêöèÿ ýòèõ òåêñòîâ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òîáû íà äåëå ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü Âàì îãðîìíóþ âàæíîñòü ÷àñòîé íåèçìåíÿåìîñòè àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, âûÿâëåííîé è óñïåøíî èñïîëüçóåìîé ìíîþ (èç ýòîé «íåèçìåíÿåìîñòè» âûòåêàåò è ìàññà âîçìîæíîñòåé çíà÷èòåëüíîãî óñêîðåíèÿ îáó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîìó); Ãëàâà II: 4 ó÷åáíûõ òåêñòà äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ àíãëèéñêèìè îêîí÷àíèÿìè; Ãëàâà III: 15 ó÷åáíûõ òåêñòîâ â ôîðìå ìîíîëîãîâ íà ñâîáîäíûå òåìû (îò ïåðâîãî ëèöà), ñîäåðæàùèå áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ëåêñèêè è ýëåìåíòîâ àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè; Ãëàâà IV: 8 «Æèòåéñêèõ òåêñòîâ» äëÿ íàêà÷êè ïîâñåäíåâíîé ëåêñèêîé íà òåìû, ê êîòîðûì ó÷àùèåñÿ ïðèâûêëè åù¸ â øêîëå, è êîòîðûå íóæíû â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå (íåçàâèñèìî îò ìåòîäèêè ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ ÿçûêà); Ãëàâà V: 5 òåêñòîâ «Î êíèãàõ è îá àíãëèéñêîì»; Ãëàâà VI: «Ñåãîäíÿøíèå ïðîáëåìû» – 3 òåêñòà, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ñîáîé íåàäàïòèðîâàííûå âûäåðæêè èç àíãëèéñêîé è àìåðèêàíñêîé ïóáëèöèñòèêè; Ãëàâà VII: «Ðàçãîâîðû î áèçíåñå» – 5 òàêæå íåàäàïòèðîâàííûõ òåêñòîâ äëÿ åù¸ áîëüøåãî îáîãàùåíèÿ è óæå ñïåöèàëèçàöèè Âàøåé ëåêñèêè, à òàêæå äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ îáú¸ìà Âàøèõ çíàíèé î ïðàêòè÷åñêîé àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêå. 10

ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ !!! Òåêñòû ¹¹27, 28, 29, à òàêæå âñå òåêñòû ãëà⠓VI” è “VII” ÿ î÷åíü ðåêîìåíäóþ ïðîõîäèòü ñ ïðåïîäàâàòåëåì, òàê êàê óêàçàííûå òåêñòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàñòîÿùèìè àíãëîàìåðèêàíñêèìè òåêñòàìè, è íåêîòîðûå ìåñòà â íèõ (èç-çà îñîáåííîñòåé àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè è ëåêñèêè) íå íà 100% «ñîâïàäàþò» ñ ðóññêèìè. ß íå ñòàë «ïîäãîíÿòü» àíãëèéñêèå ÷àñòè ýòèõ òåêñòîâ ïîä ðóññêèå ÿçûêîâûå ðåàëèè, ïîñêîëüêó õî÷ó, ÷òîáû Âû ó÷èëè èìåííî îòëè÷íûé, áîãàòûé è íàñòîÿùèé àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê !!! Ìîÿ ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ â äàííîì ñëó÷àå îäíîçíà÷íà:

«Çàó÷èâàéòå öåëûå êóñêè òåêñòîâ íàèçóñòü !!!», òåì áîëåå, ÷òî ýòà êíèãà ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà íå äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ,

à äëÿ âíèìàòåëüíîé ðàáîòû !!! È, ïîâòîðÿþ, ïîñêîëüêó èìåííî èç-çà îïðåäåë¸ííûõ (íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ!) «îñîáåííîñòåé» àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íåêîòîðûå ìåñòà â òåêñòàõ – åñëè èõ Âàì íå îáúÿñíèòü! – ìîãóò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü äëÿ Âàñ äîïîëíèòåëüíóþ òðóäíîñòü ïðè èõ èçó÷åíèè, òî èìåííî â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Âàì è ïðèãîäÿòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îáúÿñíåíèÿ ñâåäóùåãî è äîáðîæåëàòåëüíîãî ÷åëîâåêà! Êðîìå ýòîãî, äàæå â ñëó÷àÿõ ïîëíîãî ñìûñëîâîãî ñîâïàäåíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ è ðóññêèõ ñòðî÷åê ÿ âñ¸ æå ïðîøó Âàñ îáðàùàòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà «ðàçíèöû», âîçìîæíî èìåþùèåñÿ â íèõ (ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ è ò.ï.). 11

Î ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈßÕ Ìíîãèå òåêñòû ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ ïîäðîáíûìè

ãðàììàòè÷åñêèìè êîììåíòàðèÿìè – â òîì ÷èñëå è ê ðàçëè÷íûì ñëó÷àÿì óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ôîðì è ýëåìåíòîâ, èìåþùèìñÿ â ýòîì òåêñòå è âûäåëåííûì ìíîþ.

NB !

äåëàòü ýòî êàê ìîæíî ÷àùå äî ïîëíîãî óñâîåíèÿ öåëûõ êóñêîâ òåêñòà, â êîòîðûõ ïîçäíåå Âàì áóäåò äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòî çàìåíÿòü→ îäíè àíãëèéñêèå

ñëîâà

íà→ äðóãèå

Ïîýòîìó, ïîâòîðÿþ, ìîÿ «ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ ¹1» çâó÷èò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: «Çóáðèòå öåëûå êóñêè òåêñòîâ

Âñå ýòè ôîðìû è ýëåìåíòû òàêæå îáÿçàòåëüíû äëÿ çàó÷èâàíèÿ!  îñòàëüíûõ òåêñòàõ äîñòàòî÷íûìè ÿâèëèñü: à) âûäåëåíèå ðàçëè÷íûìè øðèôòàìè âñåãî òîãî, íà ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî îáðàòèòü/îáðàùàòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå (è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, çàó÷è(âà)òü íàèçóñòü); á) ïîïûòêè ñîáëþäåíèÿ ïîëíîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ ðóññêèõ ñòðî÷åê – àíãëèéñêèì. Îáåèìè ñòîðîíàìè òåêñòà – è ðóññêîé, è àíãëèéñêîé – ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî óäîáíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ ïðè ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîì ïåðåâîäå ÷àñòåé òåêñòà èëè öåëûõ òåêñòîâ ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé è íàîáîðîò.

!!!

íàèçóñòü !!!»

–

– è ðåçóëüòàò áóäåò ïðîñòî âîëøåáíûé !!! (Êñòàòè, â Àìåðèêå ìíîãèå èìåííî òàê è äåëàþò – ìíå ïèñàëè, ÷òî â Íüþ-Éîðêå âèäåëè ëþäåé, èäóùèõ ïî óëèöå, è ÷èòàþùèõ ìîþ «Õðåñòîìàòèþ» ïðÿìî íà õîäó !!!).  òåõ íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà Âû âèäèòå, ÷òî ïîëíîãî, áóêâàëüíîãî ñîâïàäåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîé è ðóññêîé ñòðî÷åê íåò (èç-çà îñîáåííîñòåé àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè èëè èç-çà íþàíñîâ ïîñòðîåíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé), ñòàðàéòåñü

çàó÷èâàòü íàèçóñòü òå êóñêè àíãëèéñêîãî òåêñòà, â êîòîðûå ýòè «íåñîâïàäåíèÿ» âõîäÿò! ÏÎÂÒÎÐ:

Ñíà÷àëà ïðî÷òèòå òîò èëè èíîé òåêñò öåëèêîì,

Ðóññêàÿ ÷àñòü òåêñòîâ äîïîëíèòåëüíî îáðàáîòàíà òàêèì ñïîñîáîì, ÷òîáû (ïóò¸ì «ïîäñêàçîê») îáëåã÷èòü ó÷àùåìóñÿ áîëåå ïðàâèëüíûé ïåðåâîä òåñòîâ íà àíãëèéñêèé!

îáðàùàÿ îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà òåì èëè èíûì ñïîñîáîì âûäåëåííûå ìåñòà è íà êîììåíòàðèè, à çàòåì çàêðîéòå ñòðî÷êó èëè îïðåäåë¸ííóþ ÷àñòü ýòîãî òåêñòà, ïåðåâåäèòå å¸ ïèñüìåííî èëè óñòíî íà «…ñêèé» – è òóò æå ñåáÿ ïðîâåðüòå!, äåëàÿ îñîáûé àêöåíò íà àíàëèçå ñäåëàííûõ (?) Âàìè îøèáîê. Ñòàðàéòåñü

Îáðàùàéòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà êîììåíòàðèè, ñëåäóþùèå çà òåêñòàìè. Îíè ïîìîãóò Âàì ïîíÿòü è óñâîèòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ðåàëèè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà è ìàññó åãî íþàíñîâ.

12

13

 êîììåíòàðèÿõ ê òåêñòàì ìîãóò âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ïîâòîðû – ïóñòü îíè Âàñ íå ðàçäðàæàþò è íå óäèâëÿþò – êàæäîå îáúÿñíåíèå «ïðèâÿçàíî» ê êîíêðåòíîé ñèòóàöèè èìåííî â äàííîì òåêñòå, à êðîìå ýòîãî, ïîâòîðíûå îáúÿñíåíèÿ ââîäÿòñÿ ìíîþ åù¸ è ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ÷åðåç ìíîãîêðàòíûå íàïîìèíàíèÿ Âàì óâåëè÷èòü âåðîÿòíîñòü àâòîìàòè÷åñêîãî (?) çàïîìèíàíèÿ Âàìè íà ñàìîì äåëå âàæíîé èíôîðìàöèè. Òàêæå îïðåäåë¸ííûì «èñòî÷íèêîì ðàçäðàæåíèÿ» ìîæåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ è ïîñòîÿííîå, ïîâòîðÿþùååñÿ «íàâÿç÷èâîå» âûäåëåíèå ìíîþ â òåêñòàõ îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ñëîâ è/ëè âûðàæåíèé – – íî âåäü ÿ íàïèñàë ýòó êíèãó äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû Âàì ïîìî÷ü!, à íå äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû Âàì óãîäèòü ..! Ïîýòîìó: íóæåí Âàì àíãëèéñêèé – âîò è ó÷èòå åãî ..!!! ÄÎÐÎÃÈÅ ÄÐÓÇÜß !

Äîïîëíèòåëüíî è îñîáî

ðåêîìåíäóþ Âàì

ñâîè ïðåêðàñíûå «ÂÈÄÅÎÊÓÐÑÛ» è âîëøåáíóþ êíèãó «5

ñåíñàöèé»,

êîòîðàÿ óêàæåò Âàì ïðÿìîé ïóòü ê îáëåã÷åíèþ

çàó÷èâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ !!! Çàêàçû ïðèíèìàþòñÿ ïî E-mail: [email protected]  Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå çâîíèòå ïî òåëåôîíó (812) 274-18-12, à â Ìîñêâå (095) 517-00-95. Ïî âîïðîñó îáó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîìó ïî ìîåé ìåòîäèêå çâîíèòå ïî òåëåôîíàì: â Ìîñêâå: â Ïèòåðå: â Ðèãå: â Ëîíäîíå: 14

(095) 779-69-06, 779-69-07; 517-00-95 8-903-301-27-57 8-10-371-948-01-11 078-99-77-81-98.

Î ÌÎÅÉ «ÐÓÑÈÔÈÖÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÉ ÒÐÀÍÑÊÐÈÏÖÈÈ» Â ýòîé êíèãå (êàê è â îñòàëüíûõ ìîèõ ðàáîòàõ) ÿ ïîëüçóþñü òàê íàçûâàåìîé «ðóñèôèöèðîâàííîé òðàíñêðèïöèåé»,

òî åñòü çâó÷àíèå àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ ÿ ïåðåäàþ ðóññêèìè áóêâàìè. ß áûë ïåðâûì, êòî ñäåëàë ýòî â Ðîññèè â íàøå âðåìÿ ... Ýòî ïðîèçîøëî åù¸ â 1998 ãîäó, êîãäà â ïðåêðàñíîì êàëèíèãðàäñêîì èçäàòåëüñòâå «ßíòàðíûé ñêàç» ÿ âûïóñòèë ñâîþ ñàìóþ ïåðâóþ êíèãó «ÑóïåðÐóêîâîäñòâî äëÿ óìíûõ ëåíòÿåâ». Òîãäà ýòà ìîÿ òðàíñêðèïöèÿ âûçâàëà ïðîñòî øêâàë íàðåêàíèé è íåäîâîëüñòâà – è ÷òî æå?! Òåïåðü – ñ ìîåé ë¸ãêîé ðóêè – ðóñèôèöèðîâàííîé òðàíñêðèïöèåé ïîëüçóþòñÿ âñ¸ áîëüøå è áîëüøå ðàçëè÷íûõ àâòîðîâ è ñîñòàâèòåëåé ñëîâàðåé – è âñ¸ â ïîðÿäêå ! Îäíàêî ñ òåõ ïîð êîíòèíãåíò ìîèõ ÷èòàòåëåé çíà÷èòåëüíî ðàñøèðèëñÿ, è – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – â ñâÿçè ñ áîëåå âûñîêèì îáùèì óðîâíåì èõ àíãëîçíàíèé, â ýòîé è â ïîñëåäóþùèõ ñâîèõ (= ìîèõ) ðàáîòàõ äëÿ áîëåå òî÷íîé ïåðåäà÷è àíãëîçâóêîâ ÿ ïîëüçóþñü óæå ñëåäóþùèì âàðèàíòîì ñâîåé òðàíñêðèïöèè – êîìáèíèðîâàííûì – òî åñòü îñîáûìè (îáùåïðèíÿòûìè) çíà(÷)êàìè ìåæäóíàðîäíîé òðàíñêðèïöèè ÿ ïåðåäàþ òå àíãëîçâóêè, êîòîðûì íåò àíàëîãîâ â ðóññêîì ïðîèçíîøåíèè, è êîòîðûå ìîãóò èãðàòü ñìûñëîðàçëè÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü. Ýòèõ «îñîáûõ çíàêîâ» 4, ïëþñ «îáû÷íîå» àíãëèéñêîå “w” – – è âîò ïðèìåðíûå «ïðàâèëà» èõ ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ: 15

æ – ãëàñíûé çâóê. Äëÿ åãî ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ ïðèãîòîâüòå ðîòèê ê ïðîèçíîøåíèþ “i”, íî ñêàæèòå “à”;

Î×ÅÍÜ ÂÀÆÍÎ !!!

œ – ãëàñíûé çâóê. Èíîãäà ïîõîæ íà íàøå «¸», íî òàêîâûì íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ Äëÿ åãî ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ ïðèãîòîâüòå ðîòèê ê ïðîèçíîøåíèþ “i”, íî ñêàæèòå “î”.

 îáÿçàòåëüíåéøåì ïîðÿäêå Âû äîëæíû ñîáëþäàòü

θ – «ãëóõàÿ» ñîãëàñíàÿ. Äëÿ å¸ ïðàâèëüíîãî ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ âûñóíüòå ÿçûê ïîäàëüøå ìåæäó çóáàìè è âûïóñêàéòå âîçäóõ (íî òîëüêî çäåñü!!!) ÁÅÇ ÃÎËÎÑÀ!!! Çâóê èíîãäà ïîõîæ íà íàøå «ñ», à èíîãäà íà íàøå «ô»;

ð – «çâîíêèé» çâóê. È çäåñü íóæíî âûñóíóòü ÿçûê ìåæäó çóáàìè è òîæå âûïóñêàòü âîçäóõ (è òîæå òîëüêî çäåñü!), íî óæå Ñ ÃÎËÎÑÎÌ!!! Çâóê ìîæåò áûòü ïîõîæ (íî íå áîëåå!!!) íà íàøå «ç», íî òàêîâûì ÍÅ ÿâëÿåòñÿ !!!; w – ýòî êàê «ì», ïðîèçíåñåííîå ñ ÍÅÑÎÌÊÍÓÒÛÌÈ, ñ ÍÅÑÆÀÒÛÌÈ, ñ ÍÅÂÛÏß×ÅÍÍÛÌÈ ãóáàìè!!! Èíîãäà ýòîò çâóê ïîõîæ íà íàøå «ó», à èíîãäà íà íàøå «â».

Óäàðåíèå

â òðàíñêðèïöèè ÿ ïîêàçûâàþ, «äåëàÿ» óäàðíóþ ãëàñíóþ æèðíîé, ÍÅ âûäåëÿÿ å¸ êóðñèâîì, è ïîä÷¸ðêèâàÿ å¸, íàïðèìåð:

city – ñèòè = ãîðîä.

16

äîîîëãîòóóó ãëàñíûõ, òàê êàê îò äîëãîòûûû ãëàñíîé ìîæåò çàâèñåòü äàæå ñìûûûñë ñëîâà! Ïðè÷¸ì, ó÷òèòå, ÷òî àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ñëûøàò ðàçíèöó ìåæäó äîîîëãîé è êðàòêîé ãëàñíûìè !!! Ñëîâî ñ êðàòêîé ãëàñíîé:

Ñëîâî ñ òàêîé æå, íî äîîîëãîé ãëàñíîé:

full shit

– ôóë = íàïîëíåííûé, è: fool – ôóóë = äóðàê, – øüèò = äåðüìî, è: sheet – øüèèò = ëèñò (áóìàãè), bitch – áèò÷ = ñóêà, è: beach – áèèò÷ = ïëÿæ, cunt – êàíò = òî, ÷òî åñòü è: can’t – êààíò = íå ìîãó. òîëüêî ó æåíùèí, Íî äîîëãèå ãëàñíûå – ýòî ÍÅ «à+à» è ÍÅ «î+î» – – òî åñòü ýòî ÍÅ äâà «à» è ÍÅ äâà «î», ïðîèçíåñ¸ííûå îäíî çà äðóãèì è îòäåëüíî – íåò!!! Ýòî – ÎÄÈÍ ÇÂÓÊ, ïðîñòî ýòîò çâóê ïðîîòÿÿíóóò ... È èìåííî íà íåãî ïî÷òè âñåãäà ïàäàåò óäàðåíèå !!! Òî æå ñàìîå – òî åñòü äîîëãîòóó çâóóêàà – – ïîêàçûâàåò áóêâà «-ó» â «þó». 17

NB!

×ÀÑÒÜ I Ó×ÅÁÍÛÅ ÒÅÊÑÒÛ ÎÑÎÁÎÅ âíèìàíèå

îáðàòèòå íà òî, ÷òî

óæå ñ ñàìîãî ïåðâîãî òåêñòà â ñâîåé òðàíñêðèïöèè ÿ çà÷àñòóþ äàþ

ñëèòíîå ïðîèçíîøåíèå

àðòèêëåé ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè (èëè ñ èõ îïðåäåëåíèÿìè), à ÷àñòèöû “to” – c ãëàãîëàìè – – òî åñòü òàê, êàê ýòî è åñòü â ðåàëüíîé æèçíè!

Åù¸ ðàç îáðàùàþ Âàøå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî âñå òåêñòû, ïðèâåä¸ííûå íèæå, ïîäãîòîâëåíû îñîáûì îáðàçîì.  99% ñëó÷àåâ èìååòñÿ ïîëíîå ñîâïàäåíèå ìåæäó ðóññêîé è àíãëèéñêîé ñòðî÷êàìè êàê â ÷àñòè ëåêñèêè (ò. å. ñëîâ), òàê è â ÷àñòè ãðàììàòèêè.  òåõ æå ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà èç-çà ÿâíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ïîñòðîåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ýòîãî âñ¸ æå äîñòè÷ü íå óäàëîñü, îäèíàêîâûå èëè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñëîâà, ýëåìåíòû èëè ÷àñòè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûäåëåíû îäèíàêîâî – íàïðèìåð, ïîëóæèðíûì êóðñèâîì (= íàêëîííûì øðèôòîì) èëè ïîä÷¸ðêèâàíèåì. Êðîìå ýòîãî, â îáîèõ âàðèàíòàõ òåêñòà – è â ðóññêîì, è â àíãëèéñêîì (= ò. å. è â ëåâîé, è â ïðàâîé ñòîðîíàõ) – ðàçíûìè øðèôòàìè (ïîëóæèðíûì, êóðñèâîì, çàãëàâíûìè áóêâàìè) è èõ ñî÷åòàíèÿìè (èëè ïîä÷¸ðêèâàíèåì) âûäåëåíû âñå ýëåìåíòû è îñîáåííîñòè îáîèõ ÿçûêîâ, íà êîòîðûå â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå íóæíî îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå, è ïîìîùü â èçó÷åíèè êîòîðûõ, ñîáñòâåííî ãîâîðÿ, è ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç öåëåé äàííîé êíèãè. Íàïðèìåð, â î÷åíü ìíîãèõ ðóññêèõ âàðèàíòàõ òåêñòîâ çàãëàâíûìè áóêâàìè ìíîþ (è äîâîëüíî-òàêè íàâÿç÷èâî!) âûäåëåíû ïàäåæíûå è ãëàãîëüíûå îêîí÷àíèÿ. Ñäåëàíî ýòî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû åù¸ è åù¸ ðàç ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü Âàì îòñóòñòâèå ýòèõ îêîí÷àíèé â àíãëèéñêîì è – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – íåèçìåíÿåìîñòü àíãëèéñêèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ è ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ïî ïàäåæàì, à àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëî⠖ ïî ðîäà´ì. Îñíîâíûì îòëè÷èåì ìîåé ðóñèôèöèðîâàííîé òðàíñêðèïöèè (òî åñòü ïåðåäà÷è àíãëèéñêîãî òåêñòà ñèìâîëàìè ïèñüìåííîñòè ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà) ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî å¸ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïðèáëèæ¸ííîñòü ê æèâîìó çâó÷àíèþ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, íî è äîïîëíèòåëüíîå íåòðàäèöèîííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðóññêèõ áóêâ äëÿ áîëåå òî÷íîé ïåðåäà÷è ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ àíãëèéñêèõ çâóêîâ.

18

19

ÃËÀÂÀ I

Îñîáåííî ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ìÿãêîìó çíàêó, êîòîðûé ó ìåíÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ÍÅ äëÿ ðàçäåëåíèÿ çâóêî⠖ êàê îí èíîãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ðóññêîì (íàïðèìåð, â ñëîâå «ïÜÿíèöà» ñîãëàñíàÿ «ï» âåäü íå ìÿãêàÿ æå! – è ìÿãêèé çíàê çäåñü èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ÿâíî «íå ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ»!)!

ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ Ñ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÌÈ ÑËÎÂÀÌÈ ÍÅ ÄÅËÀÅÌ !

ß æå èñïîëüçóþ ìÿãêèé çíàê èìåííî äëÿ íàâÿç÷èâîãî ïîä÷¸ðêèâàíèÿ ÌßÃÊÎÑÒÈ

3 ÒÅÊÑÒÀ, öåëèêîì ñîñòîÿùèå èç íåèçìåí¸ííûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ.

íåêîòîðûõ àíãëèéñêèõ çâóêîâ òèïà “sh” èëè “g”.

3 ÄÎÏÏÎÂÒÎÐÀ: 1) Ïîâòîðÿþ, ÷òî â «Êîììåíòàðèÿõ» ê òåêñòàì åñòü ìíîãî ïîâòîðî⠖ îíè ââåäåíû ìíîþ ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïî õîäó äåëà ïîìîãàòü Âàì àâòîìàòè÷åñêè çàïîìèíàòü òî, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü âàæíûì äëÿ Âàøåé àíãëîãðàìîòíîñòè !!!; 2) Êðîìå ýòîãî, äàæå â ñëó÷àÿõ ïîëíîãî ñìûñëîâîãî ñîâïàäåíèÿ ðóññêèõ è àíãëèéñêèõ ñòðî÷åê ÿ âñ¸ æå ïðîøó Âàñ îáðàùàòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà «ðàçíèöû», âîçìîæíî èìåþùèåñÿ â íèõ (ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ è ò.ï.); 3)

Ïðèâåò!

Hello! – õýëîó

Ìåíÿ çîâóò …

My name is …* ìàé íýéì èç …

ß æèâó â …

I live in … àé ëèâ èí …

ß –* ó÷èòåëü.

I am* a teacher. àé æì ýòûû÷ý

Êàæäûé äåíü

Every day ýâðè äýé

ÿ ïðèõîæó â** øêîëó

I come to** my school àé êàì òó ìàé ñêóóë

è ó÷ó ìîé êëàññ,

and teach my class æíä òûû÷ ìàé êëæñ

êàê ïðîèçíîñèòü

how to pronounce õàó òó ïðýíàóíñ

È â òðåòèé ðàç ïîâòîðÿþ: â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå ìîÿ îäíîçíà÷íàÿ ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ çâó÷èò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:

«Çóáðèòå êóñêè òåêñòîâ öåëûìè ñòðî÷êàìè ïðÿìî âìåñòå ñî ñëîâàìè !!!».

20

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹1

21

ïðàâèëüíî

properly ïðîïýëè

ïî-àíãëèéñêè

English èíãëèøü

êàæäîå àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî,

every English word, ýâðè èíãëèøü wœœä

î÷åíü õîðîøî.

very well. âýðè wýë

êàê ÷èòàòü ëþáîé

how to read any õàó òó ðèèä ýíè

Ñëåäóþùèì ëåòîì ìû ïëàíèðóåì

Next summer we plan íýêñò ñàìý wè ïëæí

àíãëèéñêèé òåêñò

English text, èíãëèøü òýêñò

ïîñåòèòü Àíãëèþ.

to ***** visit England. òó âèçèò èíãëýíä

è êàê ïåðåâîäèòü åãî***

and how to translate it*** æíä õàó òó òðýíñëýéò èò

Ìû ïîñåòèì

íà** ðóññêèé (ÿçûê).

into** Russian. èíòó ðàøüí

ñòîëèöó ñòðàíû****** –

Ìû èçó÷àåì àíãëèéñêóþ ãðàììàòèêó è àíãëèéñêóþ ëèòåðàòóðó î÷åíü òùàòåëüíî,

We study wè ñòàäè

1 ñëîâî

→

2 ñëîâà

We will visit wè wèë âèçèò the capital

of the country****** ðýêæïèòë îâ ðýêàíòðè

– Ëîíäîí,

English grammar èíãëèøü ãðæìý

London ëàíäýí

è ÿ íàäåþñü,

and English literature æíä èíãëèøú ëèòðèò÷ý

and I hope æíä àé õîóï

÷òî ýòî ïóòåøåñòâèå

that this trip ðæò ðèñ òðèï

very thoroughly, âýðè θàðýëè

1 ñëîâî → 2 ñëîâà áóäåò* î÷åíü ïîëåçíûì, will be* very helpful wèë áèè âýðè õýëïôóë

è â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîãî

and as a result æíä æç ýðèçàëò

ìîé êëàññ ìîæåò

my class can ìàé êëæñ êæí

è ÷òî îíî*** and that it*** äàñò (áóä. âð.) íàì → will give us æíä ðæò èò wèë ãèâ àñ

ãîâîðèòü è ÷èòàòü****

speak and read**** ñïèèê æíä ðèèä

î÷åíü õîðîøóþ

22

a very good ý âýðè ãóä 23

äîïîëíèòåëüíóþ

âîçìîæíîñòü

supplementary opportunity ñàïëèìýíòðè ýïýòúþóíèòè

óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü (ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü)

to improve òó èìïðóóâ

íàø àíãëèéñêèé.

our English. àóý èíãëèøü

Ýòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîåé ìå÷òîé,

That is* my dream ðæò èç ìàé äðèèì

1 ñëîâî

è ÿ ñäåëàþ âñ¸,

→

÷òî (ÿ) ìîãó,

1 ñëîâî

÷òî ìû ñìîæåì âûïîëíèòü ýòî.

2 ñëîâà

and I will do all æíä àé wèë äóó îîë

(in order) to make sure (èí îîäý) òó ìýéê øþý →

3 ñëîâà

that we will be able ðæò wè wèë áèè ýéáë to accomplish this. òó ýêîìïëèøü ðèñ

*  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìû çà÷àñòóþ (îñîáåííî, â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè!) îïóñêàåì ãëàãîë «áûòü» (è åãî ôîðìû).  àíãëèéñêîì æå ïðåäëîæåíèè ïðèñóòñòâèå ëþáîãî ãëàãîëà â ëþáîé ôîðìå è â ëþáîì âðåìåíè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì !!! 24

â ëþáîé èç åãî ôîðì !!!; ** Îáðàùàéòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîãè, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê ýêâèâàëåíòû èõ ðóññêèì âàðèàíòàì (çà÷àñòóþ ñîâñåì íåîáÿçàòåëüíî, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ áóäóò 100%-ìè!);

that I can ðæò àé êæí

÷tîáû ãàðàíòèðîâàòü,

À çíà÷èò, ÎÁßÇÀÒÅËÜÍÎ íóæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü è ãëàãîë “be”

*** Ïîñêîëüêó ñëîâà «òåêñò» è «ïóòåøåñòâèå» îáîçíà÷àþò íå ëþäåé, òî ïî-àíãëèéñêè îíè îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì “it”, (à íå “he” äëÿ «òåêñòà»); **** Ïîñëå ýëåìåíòà “CAN” – êæí = «ìî÷ü» ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to”, òàê êàê ýëåìåíò “can” íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðâûì ãëàãîëîì, è – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – «ïîñëåäóþùèé» ãëàãîë íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ «âòîðûì» ãëàãîëîì !; ***** À âîò åñëè àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë èä¸ò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà (íàïðèìåð, «õî÷ó áåãàòü») – – òî åñòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ âòîðûì ãëàãîëîì, òî ïåðåä ýòèì âòîðûì ãëàãîëîì îáÿçàòåëüíî íóæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü ÷àñòèöó “to”: 1

2

1

ß õî÷ó + áåãàòü = I want +

2

to + run – àé wîíò òó ðàí;

****** “… OF the country” = «… ñòðàíÛ», “… OF your book” = «… ÂàøÅÉ êíèãÈ», “… impression OF you” = «… âïå÷àòëåíèå ÎÒ Âàñ» – – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïðè ïîìîùè àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîãà “ÎF” îáðàçóåòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâèå íàøåìó ðîäèòåëüíîìó ïàäåæó (Ñì. ñòð. 294). NB: Ïîä÷åðêíóòûå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ çàïîìèíàéòå ñðàçó æå êàê ýêâèâàëåíòû ðóññêèì âûðàæåíèÿì. 25

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹2

íà í¸ì***.

on it***. îí èò

Ñåé÷àñ ìû íàõîäèìñÿ

Now we are íàó wè àà

â ñòîëîâîé.

in the dining hall. èí ðý äàéíèíã õîîë

äâóõ ìóæ÷èí

Ýòî – ü* áîëüøàÿ êîìíàòà.

It is* a large room. èò èç à ëààäüæü ðóóì

two men òóó ìýí

çà ñòîëîì.

Îíà èìååò + îäíî îêíî («Â íåé …»)

It has + one window èò õæç wàí wèíäîó

at the table. æò ðýòýéáë

è îäíó äâåðü.

and one door. æíä wàí äîî

Îäèí ìóæ÷èíà äåðæèò (= «èìååò») âèëêó

One man has a fork wàí ìæí õæç ýôîîê

â ñâîåé**** (= â åãî) ëåâîé ðóêå,

in his**** left hand èí õèç ëåôò õæíä

è íîæ

and a knife æíä ýíàéô

â ñâîåé**** (= â åãî) ïðàâîé ðóêå.

in his**** right hand. èí õèç ðàéò õæíä

Îêíî (åñòü)* îòêðûòî. Ñåãîäíÿ ü* ÿðêèé

The window is* open. ðýwèíäîó èç îóïí Today is* a bright òýäýé èç ýáðàéò

îñåííèé äåíü.

autumn day. îîòýì äýé

 ñòîëîâîé

In the dining hall èí ðýäàéíèíã õîîë

ìû ìîæåì âèäåòü**

we can see** wè êæí ñèè

áîëüøîé ñòîë

a big table ýáèã òýéáë

ñ ïåðöåì è ñîëüþ

with pepper and salt wèð ïýïý æíä ñîëò

26

Ìû ìîæåì òàêæå âèäåòü** We can also see** wè êæí îîëñîó ñèè

*  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìû îïóñêàåì ãëàãîë «áûòü» (è åãî ôîðìû), â àíãëèéñêîì æå ãëàãîë “be” (êàê è ëþáîé äðóãîé ãëàãîë) ÎÁßÇÀÒÅËÅÍ ê óïîòðåáëåíèþ â ëþáîé ôîðìå è â ëþáîì âðåìåíè; ** Ïîñëå ýëåìåíòà “CAN” – êæí = «ìî÷ü» (è ïîñëå ëþáîãî äðóãîãî [ìîäàëüíîãî] ýëåìåíòà) ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to”; 27

*** «Ñòîë» – íå ÷åëîâåê, ïîýòîìó íèêàêèõ “he”, à òîëüêî “it”; **** Ó àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ íåò «îáùåãî» ñëîâà «ñâîé».

Âìåñòî

íåãî îíè â êàæäîì êîíêðåòíîì ñëó÷àå

èñïîëüçóþò ïîäõîäÿùåå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîìåíèå (òî åñòü ñëîâà “my”. “your”, “his”, “her”, “its”, “our”, “their”, êîòîðûå ÿ íàçûâàþ «îáÿçàòåëüíûìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè») – – ñòð. 272). Ïîä÷åðêíóòûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ çàïîìèíàéòå ñðàçó æå êàê ýêâèâàëåíòû ðóññêèì âûðàæåíèÿì.

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹3 Åñëè îïðåäåë¸ííûé àðòèêëü “the” – ðý ïîâòîðèòü 2 ðàçà, òî ýòî áóäåò óæå íå÷òî ÑÎÂÑÅÌ íîâîå:

“The ..., the ...” = «×åì ..., òåì ...». ÒÅÊÑÒ ÄËß ÓËÛÁÊÈ è ÇÀÇÓÁÐÈÂÀÍÈß:

“The more we study, the more we ðý ðý ìîî wè ñòàäè ìîî wè «×åì áîëüøå ìû ó÷èìñÿ, òåì áîëüøå ìû The more we ðý ìîî wè ×åì áîëüøå ìû

know, íîó çíàåì,

the more we forget. ðý ìîî wè ôýãýò òåì áîëüøå ìû çàáûâàåì.

The more we forget, the less we ðý ðý ìîî wè ôýãýò ëåñ wè ×åì áîëüøå ìû çàáûâàåì, òåì ìåíüøå ìû The less we ðý ëåñ wè ×åì ìåíüøå ìû

know, íîó çíàåì,

know. íîó çíàåì.

know. íîó çíàåì.

the less we forget. ðý ëåñ wè ôýãýò òåì ìåíüøå ìû çàáûâàåì.

The less we forget, the more we ðý ðý ëåñ wè ôýãýò ìîî wè ×åì ìåíüøå ìû çàáûâàåì, òåì áîëüøå ìû

know. íîó çíàåì.

Why study?”*. wàé ñòàäè Òàê çà÷åì æå ó÷èòüñÿ?». *  ðèòîðè÷åñêîì âîïðîñå ïîñëå ñëîâà “Why … ?” – wàé = «Ïî÷åìó …?», «Çà÷åì … ?» ïîñëåäóþùèé ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû “to”.

!!!!!!! Îáðàòèòå äîïîëíèòåëüíîå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî äàæå ÂÑß ýòà – ÷èñòî àìåðèêàíñêàÿ – «ïðèñêàçêà» ñîñòàâëåíà èç àáñîëþòíî ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, âçÿòûõ (áåç èçìåíåíèÿ !!!) ïðÿìî èç ñëîâàðÿ !!! 28

29

ÃËÀÂÀ II

ïîìîãàþò ìíå

help me õýëï ìèè

ÍÀ×ÈÍÀÅÌ ÏÐÈÁÀÂËßÒÜ ÎÊÎÍ×ÀÍÈß !!!

î÷åíü ñèëüíî.

Ó×ÅÁÍÛE ÒÅÊÑÒÛ äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ àíãëèéñêèìè îêîí÷àíèÿìè.

very much. âýðè ìàò÷

Ó ìåíÿ íåò

I have no àé õæâ íîó

áëèçêèõ äðóçåé çäåñü,

close friendS* here êëîóñ ôðýíäÇ õèý

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹4 (“+(e)S”)

ß ïîêóïàþ

I buy àé áàé

ïîñêîëüêó

since ñèíñ

î÷åíü ìíîãî

very many âýðè ìýíè

âñå ìîè ñòàðûå äðóçüÿ

all my old friendS îîë ìàé îóëä ôðýíäÇ

íîâûõ àíãëèéñêèõ êíèã

new English bookS* íúþó èíãëèøü áóêÑ

æèâóò â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ.

live in different placeS. ëèâ èí äèôðýíò ïëýéñèÇ

è æóðíàëîâ

and magazineS* æíä ìæãýçèíÇ

êàæäûé ìåñÿö,

every month, ýâðè ìàíθ

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

1-é ãëàã.

2-é ãëàã.

ÿ õî÷ó ü** çíàòü âñ¸!

Ýòè êíèãè 30

1-é ãëàã.

I want

* bookS, magazineS, friendS – – “+S” â êîíöå ñëîâà – ýòî îñíîâíîé ïîêàçàòåëü ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. Èëè íàîáîðîò: ÷òîáû ñäåëàòü èç åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà→ ìíîæåñòâåííîå, äîñòàòî÷íî ê ñëîâó ïðèáàâèòü “+(å)S”. 2-é ãëàã.

to** know everything! àé wîíò òó íîó ýâðèθèíã These bookS ðèèç áóêÑ

Íî íà ñëåäóþùåé ñòðàíèöå èìååòñÿ ñïèñîê 9 íåïðàâèëüíûõ (òî åñòü íå ïîä÷èíÿþùèõñÿ ýòîìó ïðàâèëó) àíãëèéñêèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. Ó íèõ (= “They have”) ñîáñòâåííûå (äðåâíèå) ôîðìû ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, êîòîðûå Âàì ïðèä¸òñÿ ïðîñòî âûó÷èòü íàèçóñòü êàê îòäåëüíûå ñëîâà. 31

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹5

9 «íåïðàâèëüíûõ» ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ è ôîðìû èõ ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: child foot goose louse man mouse ox tooth woman

– – – – – – – – –

÷àéëä ôóò ãóóñ ëàóñ ìæí ìàóñ îêñ òóóθ wóìýí

→ → → → → → → → →

children feet geese lice men mice oxen teeth women

– – – – – – – – –

÷ûëäðýí ôèèò ãèèñ ëàéñ ìýí ìàéñ îêñí òèèθ wèìèí

= = = = = = = = =

äåòè ñòóïíè (íîã) ãóñè âø è ìóæ÷èíû ìûøè áûêè çóáû æåíùèíû;

** Âñïîìíèòå, ÷òî ïåðåä êàæäûì âòîðûì èëè òðåòüèì àíãëèéñêèì ãëàãîëîì (ñëåäóþùèì/-è çà «ïåðâûì» ãëàãîëîì) íóæíî ñòàâèòü ÷àñòèöó/ñëîâå÷êî “to” – òó. ÂÀÆÍÎ ! Íî “to”

íå

ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå (ìîäàëüíûõ) ýëåìåíòîâ,

òàê êàê îíè

32

íå

ÿâëÿþòñÿ (ïåðâûìè) ãëàãîëàìè !!!

(“+(e)S”)

Íàø îòåö

Our father àóý ôààðý

ïîêóïàåò* è ïðîäà¸ò*

buyS* and sellS* áàéÇ æíä ñýëÇ

ðàçíûå ñòàðûå ïîëîìàííûå different old broken carS. ìàøèíû. äèôðýíò îóëä áðîóêí êààÑ Ìû ïîìîãàåì åìó –

We help him – wè õýëï õèì

ìîÿ ñåñòðà ìîåò** my sister washES** these carS, ýòè ìàøèíû, ìàé ñèñòý wîøüèÇ ðèèç êààÑ ÿ ðåìîíòèðóþ èõ,

I fix them, àé ôèêñ ðýì

à íàøà ìàìà

and our mom æíä àóý ìîì

ñ÷èòàåò* äåíüãè.

countS* money. êàóíòÑ ìàíè

Ó íàñ åñòü + ìíîãî

We have + many wè õæâ ìýíè

ïîñòîÿííûõ êëèåíòîâ.

constant clientS. êîíñòýíò êëàéýíòC

Èõ êîëè÷åñòâî

Their quantity ðýý êwîíòèòè 33

ïîñòîÿííî ðàñò¸ò* 1

constantly growS* êîíñòýíòëè ãðîóÇ

2

è äåëî íàøåãî îòöà***

1

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹6

(â êîòîðîì åñòü ïî÷òè âñå àíãëèéñêèå îêîí÷àíèÿ) 2

and our father’S*** business áèçíèñ æíä àóý ôààðýÑ

Ìîé áðàò æèâ¸ò*

My brother liveS* ìàé áðàðý ëèâÇ

â äîìå ñâîåãî äðóã’À**

in his friend’S** house èí õèç ôðýíäÑ õàóñ

* Ïîñëå «ÎíÑ/ ÎíàÑ/ ÎíîÑ/ ÊòîÑ?/ Ìîé êîòÑ» (òî åñòü ïîñëå “He/she/it/Who?/My cat”)

ñî ñâîèìè ñîáñòâåííûìè ðîäèòåëÿìè.

with his own parentS. wèð õèç îóí ïýýðýíòÑ

Îí âñåãäà õîòåë

â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè ê êîíöó ïîñëåäóþùåãî ãëàãîëà íóæíî ïðèáàâëÿòü îêîí÷àíèå “+(å)S”;

He always wanteD õè îîëwýéç wîíòèÄ

æèòü ñïîêîéíî

to live quietLY òy ëèâ êwàéýòËÈ

ñî ñâîåé îáîæàåìîé

with his adoreD*** wèð õèç ýäîîÄ

è îáîæàþùåé ñåìü¸é

and adorING **** family æíä ýäîîðÈÍà ôæìèëè

â áî´ëüøåì äîìå.

in a biggER house. èí ý áèãÝ õàóñ

3

1

2

î÷åíü ïîìîãàåò* íàì.

1

2

3

helpS* us very much. õýëïC àñ âýðè ìàò÷

** Ñëîâî îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà øèïÿùóþ ñîãëàñíóþ, ïîýòîìó çäåñü îêîí÷àíèå, ïðèáàâëåííîå ê íåìó, è èìååò ôîðìó “ES”; *** Åñëè Âàì íóæíî îáîçíà÷èòü

«âëàäåëüöà»

÷åãî-ëèáî,

òî Ê ýòîìó «âëàäåëüöó» íóæíî ÷åðåç àïîñòðîô (“ ’ “) ïðèáàâèòü “ ’S”:

“ÌcDonald’s” = «ÌàêÄîíàëüä’îâ» – – «×åé?».

* Ïîìíèòå, ÷òî ïîñëå «ÎíÑ/ ÎíàÑ/ ÎíîÑ/ ÊòîÑ?/ Ìîé êîòÑ» (òî åñòü ïîñëå “He/she/it/Who?/My cat”) â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè ê êîíöó ïîñëåäóþùåãî ãëàãîëà íóæíî ïðèáàâëÿòü îêîí÷àíèå “+(e)S”; ** Åñëè Âàì íóæíî îáîçíà÷èòü «âëàäåëüöà» ÷åãî-ëèáî, òî Ê ýòîìó «âëàäåëüöó» íóæíî ÷åðåç àïîñòðîô ïðèáàâèòü “ ’S” (“ÌcDonald’s” = «ÌàêÄîíàëüä’îâ»); *** Ýòî = ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå (= 3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà), çíà÷àùåå, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ðàç îíî «ïàññèâíîå»), «îáîæàåìûé» – òî åñòü: «òîò, êîãî …»; **** Ýòî = àêòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå (= INGîâàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà), çíà÷àùåå, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ðàç îíî «àêòèâíîå»), «îáîæàþùèé» – òî åñòü: «òîò, êòî …».

34

35

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹7 (ñî âñåìè îñíîâíûìè îêîí÷àíèÿìè, ïðèñîåäèíÿþùèìèñÿ ê êîíöó àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà).

Ìîé äðóã ÷èòàåò

My friend reads ìàé ôðýíä ðèèäç

ìíîãî êíèã.

many books. ìýíè áóêñ

Îí îáû÷íî ïîêóïàåò èõ* He usually buys them* õè þóæüåëè áàéç ðýì NB:** 1) in my uncle’s èí ìàé àíêëñ 2) seventh ñýâýíθ 3) bookstore. áóêñòîî

}

Ìîé äÿäÿ ü ñòàðøå,

2) â ñåäüìîì →

3) êíèæíîì ìàãàçèíå 1) ìîåãî äÿä’è.

My uncle is older ìàé àíêë èç îóëäý

÷åì ìîé îòåö (= «ìîåãî îòöà»),

than my father, ðæí ìàé ôààðý

íî íàø äåäóøêà –

but our grandfather áàò àóý ãðæíôààðý

(åñüòü) ñàìûé ñòàðûé (= «ñàìûé ñòàðøèé»).

is the oldest. èç ðý îóëäèñò

Ìîé äÿäÿ ðàáîòàë

My uncle worked ìàé àíêë wœœêò

36

âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü

all his life îîë õèç ëàéô

â ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ,

in different places, èí äèôðýíò ïëýéñèç

ñáåðåãàÿ*** êàæäóþ êîïåéêó

saving*** each penny ñýéâèíã èèò÷ ïýíè

íà ÷¸ðíûé äåíü****,

for a rainy day****, ôîî ý ðýéíè äýé

è åãî ðàáîòà

and his work æíä õèç wœœê

áûëà âñåãäà ñâÿçàíà*****

was always connected***** wîç îîëwýéç êýíýêòèä

ñ êíèãàìè.

with books. wèð áóêñ

Ïðîäàæà*** êíèã

Âooks selling*** áóêñ ñýëèíã

âñåãäà áûëà

always was îîëwýéç wîç

2

2

1

2

2

ëþáèìûì çàíÿòèåì 1 my uncle’s favourite occupation. ìîåãî äÿä’è. ìàé àíêëñ ôýéâðèò ýêúþïýéøüí Åãî êíèæíûé áèçíåñ

His book business õèç áóê áèçíèñ

– ü ðàñòóùèé*** è

is a growing*** and èç ý ãðîóèíã æíä 37

ðàñøèðÿþùèéñÿ*** áèçíåñ. expanding*** business. èêñïæíäèíã áèçíèñ Îí î÷åíü áûñòðî****** ðàñøèðÿåòñÿ

It spreads very quickly****** èò ñïðýäç âýðè êwèêëè

è ñòàíîâèòñÿ

and becomes æíä áèêàìç

(âñ¸) øèðÅ è øèðÅ.

widÅR and widÅR. wàéäý æíä wàéäý

* THEM – Àíãëèéñêèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü îáúåêòíûìè, è ÿ ðåêîìåíäóþ çàó÷èòü èõ íå êàê «ôîðìû» ñóáúåêòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé, à ïðîñòî êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå ñëîâà: ME YOU HIM HER IT US THEM

– ìèè = ÌÅÍß, ÌÍÅ, ÌÍÎÉ, ÌÍÎÞ – þó = ÒÅÁß, ÒÅÁÅ, ÒÎÁÎÉ, ÒÎÁÎÞ; ÂÀÑ, ÂÀÌ, ÂÀÌÈ – õèì = ÅÃÎ, ÍÅÃÎ, ÈÌ, ÍÈÌ – õœœ = Ũ, ÍŨ, ÅÞ, ÍÅÞ, ÅÉ, ÍÅÉ – èò = ÅÃÎ, ÍÅÃÎ, ÈÌ, ÍÈÌ Å¨, ÍŨ, ÅÞ, ÍÅÞ, ÅÉ, ÍÅÉ (íå î ëþäÿõ !) – àñ = ÍÀÑ, ÍÀÌ, ÍÀÌÈ – ðýì = ÈÕ, ÍÈÕ, ÈÌÈ, ÍÈÌÈ.

Ïðèìåðíî ýäàê ñ êîíöà XVIII – íà÷àëà XIX âåêà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïåðåñòàëî óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ íîðìàëüíîå àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî «òû» (“thou”) – îñòàëîñü òîëüêî “You”– þó = «Âû» – – è ñåãîäíÿ ýòèì “You” îáðàùàþòñÿ è ê ðàáî÷åìó, è ê êîðîëåâå …

î «øêàôå/ðóêå/îêíå» ñêàæóò “it”, î «ñëîíå» ñêàæóò “it”, íî è î «ñëîíèõå» îáû÷íî òîæå ñêàæóò “it” (à íå “she”) !!!; ** NB: Îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â ïîðÿäêå ñëîâ !!! *** “Saving” = «ñáåðåãàÿ» – òóò INGîâàÿ ôîðìà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íàøåìó äååïðè÷àñòèþ (= ôîðìå íà «-ÿ»); *** Çäåñü òà æå INGîâàÿ ôîðìà óæå îáîçíà÷àåò

ïðîöåññ

(“selling” = «ïðîäàæà», «ïðîäàâàíèå»); *** À çäåñü INGîâàÿ ôîðìà – ýòî óæå àêòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå (“growing” = «ðàñòóùèé», “expanding” = «ðàñøèðÿþùèéñÿ»); **** “For a rainy day” (áóêâàëüíî: «Äëÿ äîæäëèâîãî äíÿ») – ýòî âûðàæåíèå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íàøåìó âûðàæåíèþ «Íà ÷¸ðíûé äåíü». Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà îêîí÷àíèå “-y”, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîãî àíãëîÿçû÷íûå èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî «äåëàþò» îïðåäåëåíèå (“rain” → “rainy” – ðýéíè) «äîæäü» → «äîæäëèâûé»; ***** Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå; ****** È çäåñü îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â ïîðÿäêå ñëîâ â îáîèõ âàðèàíòàõ.

Ìåñòîèìåíèåì “it” – èò – ïî-àíãëèéñêè îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ÂѨ, êðîìå ëþäåé (íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, êàêîãî ðîäà ýòîò «ïðåäìåò/ëèöî» â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): 38

39

ÃËÀÂÀ III ÏÀØÅÌ ÂÎÂÑÞ !!! «ÌÎÍÎËÎÃÈ Î ÑÅÁÅ» ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹8

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

ïî÷òè âñå ó÷åáíèêè

almost all textbooks îîëìîóñò oîë òýêñòáóêñ

äåëàþò ýòî.

do it. äóó èò

1

2

1

2

ß ïðîñòî õî÷ó ñêàçàòü Âàì,

I just want to** tell you àé äæÿñò wîíò òó òýë þó

÷òî õîòÿ

that though ðæò ðîó

ìåíÿ î÷åíü èíòåðåñóåò

I’m very interested in àéì âýðè èíòðèñòèä èí

ìîÿ ðàáîòà,

my work ìàé wœœê

ó ìåíÿ âñ¸ æå åñòü + êó÷à

I still have + a lot àé ñòèë õæâ ýëîò

äðóãèõ èíòåðåñîâ.

of other interests. îâ àðý èíòðèñòñ

«Î ÑÅÁÅ»

“ABOUT MYSELF”

ß ðàáîòàþ êàæäûé äåíü

I work every day àé wœœê ýâðè äýé

ñ 10 óòðà*

from 10 a.m.* ôðîì òýí ýé æì

äî 6 âå÷åðà*.

till 6 p.m.*. òèë ñèêñ ïèè æì

ß íå ñîáèðàþñü

I’m not going àéì íîò ãîóèíã

ðàññêàçûâàòü Âàì,

to tell you òýòýë þó

êàê ÿ âñòàþ

how I get up õàó àé ãýòàï

ß ëþáëþ + õîäèòü

I like + to go** àé ëàéê òó ãîó

óòðîì

in the morning èí ðýìîîíèíã

â òåàòð,

to the theatre, òó ðýθèýòý

è êàê ÿ äîáèðàþñü

and how I get æíä õàó àé ãýò

÷èòàòü äåòåêòèâû

read*** detective**** stories, ðèèä äèòýêòèâ ñòîðèç

äî ñâîåé ðàáîòû,

to my work òó ìàé wœœê

è ïðîâîäèòü âðåìÿ

and spend*** time æíä ñïýíä òàéì

40

ýáàóò

ìàéñýëô

1

2

1-é ãëàãîë

2-é ãëàãîë

41

ñ êðàñèâûìè äåâóøêàìè.

with beautiful girls. wèð áúþóòèôóë ãœîëç

Ìíå åù¸ ñëèøêîì ðàíî

It’s too early for me èòñ òóó œœëè ôîî ìèè

òàê êàê ýòî ü –

æåíèòüñÿ,

to get** married, òýãýò ìæðèä

since this is ñèíñ ðèñ èç

ïðÿìàÿ äîðîãà

òàê êàê ñíà÷àëà

since first ñèíñ ôœœñò

the direct route ðý äàéðýêò ðóóò

ê óñïåõó

to success òó ñýêñýñ

ÿ õîòåë áû + äîñòè÷ü

I’d like to** + reach àéä ëàéê òó ðèèò÷

â îáëàñòè, (êîòîðóþ)

in the field (that) èí ðýôèèëä (ðæò)

óñòîé÷èâîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî

a solid financial ý ñîëèä ôàéíæíøüë

ÿ èçáðàë ...

I have chosen ... ******. àé õæâ ÷îóçí

ïîëîæåíèÿ.

situation. ñèòúþýéøüí

Íî ÿ ìîãó ñäåëàòü ýòî,

But I can do it áàò àé êæí äóó èò

òîëüêî ðàáîòàÿ óïîðíî.

only working***** hard. îóíëè wœœêèíã õààä

* 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. – àíãëè÷àíå ìîãóò íå ãîâîðèòü: ýé æì ïèè æì «10 ÷àñîâ óòðà» èëè «6 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà». Âìåñòî ýòèõ îáîçíà÷åíèé îíè èñïîëüçóþò ñîêðàùåíèÿ: “a.m.” – äëÿ âðåìåíè ñ 12 ÷àñîâ íî÷è (ïîëíî÷ü) äî 12 ÷àñîâ äíÿ, è “p.m.” – äëÿ âðåìåíè ñ 12 ÷àñîâ äíÿ (ïîëäåíü) äî 12 ÷àñîâ íî÷è.

Òàê ÷òî, ñåé÷àñ ÿ äåëàþ

So, now I do ñîó íàó àé äóó

âñ¸, ÷òî (ÿ) ìîãó,

all I can (èëè: all my best) oîë àé êæí (èëè: îîë ìàé áýñò)

÷tîáû ïîëó÷èòü ïîâûøåíèå.

(in order) to get a promotion. (èí îîäý) òýãýò ýïðýìîóøüí

1

Ïðåæäå âñåãî ÿ õî÷ó 42

1-é ãëàãîë

2-é ãëàãîë

1-é ãëàãîë

First of all, I want ôœœñò îâ îîë àé wîíò

2

2-é ãëàãîë

óëó÷øèòü ñâîé àíãëèéñêèé, to** improve my English òó èìïðóóâ ìàé èíãëèøü

Tî åñòü îíè ãîâîðÿò íå «23.00», à “11 p.m.” (= «11 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà»). Ïðèìåðû: 2 a.m. = 2 ÷àñà íî÷è, íî: 2 p.m. = 2 ÷àñà äíÿ. 6 a.m. = 6 ÷àñîâ óòðà. 6 p.m. = 6 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà. 11 a.m. = 11 ÷àñîâ óòðà, íî: 11 p.m. = 11 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà; ** to tell = ÒÓ òýë – â òðàíñêðèïöèè ÷àñòèöû “to” to improve = ÒÓ èìïðóóâ, óêàçàíû äâå íîðìû ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ, to go = ÒÝãîó, ïîñêîëüêó ñåãîäíÿ íà ñàìîì äåëå âîçìîæíû äâà âàðèàíòà å¸ ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ, à èìåííî: 43

1) «ÒÓ» – ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ãëàñíûõ, à òàêæå òîãäà, êîãäà ýòà ÷àñòèöà ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ îòäåëüíî îò ïîñëåäóþùåãî ñëîâà è ñïåöèàëüíî âûäåëÿåòñÿ ãîâîðÿùèì; 2) «ÒÝ» – ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ñîãëàñíûõ â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà èç-çà áûñòðîòû ðå÷è ÷àñòèöà «to» ñëèâàåòñÿ – – òî åñòü ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ñëèòíî – ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì ñëîâîì, ïðè÷¸ì «-Ý» â ýòîì «ÒÝ» ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íå ÿâíîå «Ý», à ãëàñíûé çâóê, î÷åíü ïîõîæèé íà ðóññêîå áåçóäàðíîå «-Î-» â ñëîâå «êÎðîâà». (Î ôóíêöèè ÷àñòèöû “to” ñì. êîììåíòàðèé ê òåêñòó ¹12). Åñëè æå ó Âàñ âîçíèêàþò êîëåáàíèÿ, êàê â òîì èëè èíîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèçíîñèòü ýòó ÷àñòèöó, íå ìîðî÷üòå ãîëîâó íè ñåáå, íè äðóãèì, è ñìåëî ãîâîðèòå «ÒÓ», òàê êàê òàêîå ïðîèçíîøåíèå âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ íå âåä¸ò íè ê êàêèì ïðîáëåìàì, òåì áîëåå, ÷òî åäèíîé ñòðîãîé íîðìû àíãëèéñêîãî ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ â ìèðå óæå (ê ñîæàëåíèþ?) ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ñóùåñòâóåò. Åñòü òîëüêî îïðåäåë¸ííûå îðèåíòèðû, êîòîðûå ïðåïîäàâàòåëü èëè ó÷àùèéñÿ âûáèðàåò ñåáå ñàì; *** … read … and spend time … – ïðè ïåðå÷èñëåíèè «çàíÿòèé» ïðè ïîìîùè ãëàãîëîâ òðåòüè, ÷åòâ¸ðòûå è ò.ä. ïî ñ÷¸òó ãëàãîëû ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â èõ 1-é = ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå, òî åñòü ÁÅÇ ÷àñòèöû “to”; **** … detectivE storieS – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå (ÿ íàçûâàþ èõ «îïðåäåëåíèÿìè») ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ ÍÈ ïî ÷èñëàì, ÍÈ ïî ðîäàì, ÍÈ ïî ïàäåæàì. Ïðèìåðû: nicE girlS = ñèìïàòè÷íÛÅ äåâóøêÈ a small house = ìàëåíüêÈÉ äîì a small bench = ìàëåíüêÀß ñêàìåéêà I see an interesting book = ß âèæó èíòåðåñíÓÞ êíèãÓ; 44

***** workING hard – îêîí÷àíèå «+ING» ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêèì ñóôôèêñàì «-ÓÙ-», «-ÞÙ-», «-ßÙ-», «-ÀÙ-» è ò. ï., èëè îêîí÷àíèþ äååïðè÷àñòèÿ «-ß», íàïðèìåð: áóäó÷è ïðèñîåäèíåíî ê ãëàãîëó “WORK” = «ðàáîòàòü», “+ING” ïðèäà¸ò ýòîìó ãëàãîëó çíà÷åíèÿ:

à) ðàáîòàÞÙèé; á) ðàáîòàÂØèé»; â) ðàáîòàß. Òàêæå INGîâàÿ ôîðìà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé «îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå» – òî åñòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñî ñìûñëîì ïðîöåññà è ñî çíà÷åíèåì ãëàãîëà, îò êîòîðîãî îíî ïðîèçâåäåíî, íàïðèìåð: îò “smoke” = «êóðèòü» → “smokING” = «êóðÅÍÈÅ», îò “shoot” = «ñòðåëÿòü» → “shootING” = «ñòðåëüÁÀ»; ****** “… I have chosen” = «…, (êîòîðóþ) ÿ èçáðàë»:

òî åñòü:

“I have + choseN” – áóêâàëüíî = = «Ó ìåíÿ + èçáðàÍà» = «ß èçáðàË», «Ôîðìà “HAVE” + 3-ÿ ôîðìà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà»

ïî÷òè âñåãäà = ðóññêîìó ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ ñîâåðøåííîãî íàïðèìåð, … have/ has MADE … have/ has killED … have/ has EATEN … have/ has BROUGHT … have/ has noticeD

âèäà, = = = = =

ÑäåëàË/-è, ÓáèË/-è, ÑúåË/-è, ÏÐÈí¸ñ/-ëè, ÇÀìåòèË/-è.

45

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹9

íàéòè* íèêàêîé**

find* any** ôàéíä ýíè decent job. äèèñíò äæü¸á

ß íå ìîãó ðàáîòàòü äîìà,

I can’t work at home àé êæíò wœœê æò õîóì

ïðèëè÷íîé ðàáîòû.

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

* Ïîñëå ëþáûõ (ìîäàëüíûõ) ýëåìåíòîâ

ó ìåíÿ íåò + êîìïüþòåðà.

(â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ïîñëå “SHOULD” è “COULD”) –

I have no + computer. àé õæâ íîó êýìïúþóòý

Âîò ïî÷åìó + ÿ äîëæåí

That is why + I have to ðæò èç wàé àé õæâ òó

ðàáîòàòü â íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå,

work in our library, wœœê èí àóý ëàéáðýðè

ãäå ìíå ðàçðåøåíî (= ìíå ìîæíî)

where I’m allowed to * wýý àéì ýëàóä òó

ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ èõ êîìïüþòåðîì.

use their computer. þóç ðýý êýìïúþóòý

Ìíå + ñëåäîâàëî áû

I + should * àé øþä

çàðàáîòàòü* íåìíîãî äåíåã,

make* some money ìýéê ñàì ìàíè

– è â èõ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå !!!) – íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to”, ïîñêîëüêó «ïîñëåäóþùèé» ãëàãîë íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âòîðûì (ïî ñ÷¸òó) ãëàãîëîì! Âîò ñïèñîê ýòèõ ìîäàëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ: can could may might must will shall

– – – – – – –

êæí êóä ìýé ìàéò ìàñò wèë øÿë

= = = = = = =

ìî÷ü (ôèçè÷åñêè) ñ/ìîã, ñ/óìåë, ñ/ìîã áû, ñ/óìåë áû ìîæíî … âîçìîæíî …, ìîæåò è … äîëæåí/ñòâîâàòü ïîêàçàòåëü/îáðàçîâàòåëü áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ïîêàçàòåëü/îáðàçîâàòåëü áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè äëÿ “I” è “We” would – wóä = … áû … should – øþä = äîëæåí áû …, ñëåäîâàëî áû …, ñëåäóåò … needn’t – íèèäíò = «íå íóæíî …», «íå íàäî …»

÷tîáû êóïèòü ëþáîé êîìïüþòåð, to buy any computer, òó áàé ýíè êýìïúþóòý

…d’ rather – äðààðý = … ñêîðåå … …d’ better – äáýòý = … ëó÷øå …

íî äo ñèõ ïîð

Îñîáåííîñòè ýòèõ ýëåìåíòîâ çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì:

ÿ íå ñìîã 46

but until now áàò àíòèë íàó I couldn’t àé êóäíò

}

+

than = ÷åì ... ðæí

à) ÍÈ ïåðåä íèìè, ÍÈ ïîñëå íèõ ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to” (òàê êàê îíè – íå ãëàãîëû !!!); 47

á) Ê íèì ÍÅ ïðèáàâëÿþòñÿ íèêàêèå “+S” (äàæå êîãäà ðå÷ü èä¸ò î «Í¨Ì» èëè î «ÍÅÉ»), è íèêàêèå “+ING” èëè “+(å)D” (â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè), òàê êàê ó íèõ ÍÅÒ (they don’t have) íè ëèö, íè âðåì¸í – – ïîñêîëüêó îíè – íå ãëàãîëû: He She It She She He It He

caN musT mighT maY woulD shoulD wilL needn’t

swim run happen enter come know happen come

= = = = = = = =

Îí Îíà Ýòî Åé Îíà Åìó Ýòî Åìó

óìååò ïëàâàòü. äîëæíà áåãàòü. ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè. ìîæíî âîéòè. áû ïðèøëà. áû ñëåäîâàëî çíàòü. ïðîèçîéä¸ò. íå íóæíî ïðèõîäèòü;

â) Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå èëè îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ýëåìåíòàìè ñòðîÿòñÿ áåç äðóæåñêîãî ó÷àñòèÿ ÷àñòèö “Do?/don’t”, “Does?/doesn’t” èëè “Did?/didn’t”. Âîïðîñ çàäà¸òñÿ ÑÀÌÈÌ ýëåìåíòîì (ïðè÷¸ì ýòîò «âîïðîøàþùèé» ýëåìåíò ñòàâèòñÿ â ñàìîì ÍÀ×ÀËÅ âîïðîñà), à îòðèöàíèå “NOT” ñëåäóåò ïðÿìî çà ýëåìåíòîì èëè æå ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ê íåìó: Can he swim? He cannot swim. May she enter? She may not enter. She wouldn’t come;

NB !!! ã) Îíè ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì, òî åñòü ïîñëå îäíîãî èç íèõ íåëüçÿ ïîñòàâèòü âòîðîé ýëåìåíò èç ýòîé æå ãðóïïû, íàïðèìåð:

íåëüçÿ

ãîâîðèòü: “I will + can” èëè “He would + must”, òàê êàê ïîñëå ýëåìåíòà äîëæåí èäòè ãëàãîë, à

48

 ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ «çàìåíèòåëè» ìîäàëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ = ãëàãîëû: Ýëåìåíò + ãëàãîë ↓ ↓ Ñìîã/ó … = … will + BE ABLE TO … Ìîã/ëè áû …, ñìîã/ëè áû = … would + BE ABLE TO … èëè = … COULD … Áûë/è áû äîëæ/-åí/-íû ñäåëàòü Áóä/ó äîëæåí ñäåëàòü Áóäåò ìîæíî … ÁÓÄÅÒ íóæíî …

= … would + HAVE TO do … = … will = … will = … will

+ HAVE TO do … + BE ALLOWED TO … + NEED TO …;

ä) Ñ íèìè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ

òîëüêî ñóáúåêòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ “I/you/he/she/it/we/they” – –à

íå

îáúåêòíûå (êàê â ðóññêîì):

Ìíå ìîæíî …

=→

I

Eé

=→

She

should …

We

needn’t …

ñëåäóåò …

Íàì íå íóæíî … =→

may ...

– àé ìýé – øüè øþä – wè íèèäíò;

**  îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè/ñ ëþáûì îòðèöàíèåì (« … íå ìîãó …») ñëîâî “any” èìååò çíà÷åíèå «íèêàêîé»: Ó ìåíÿ íèêîãäà íå áûëî + íèêàêèõ äåíåã. I never had + any money. àé íýâý õæä ýíè ìàíè

ýëåìåíòû – íå ãëàãîëû !!!

49

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹10

ìîæåò áûòü íóæíî â åãî

can need* in his êæí íèèä èí õèç

ïîâñåäíåâíîé æèçíè (= «êàæäîäíåâíîé»),

everyday life ýâðèäýé ëàéô

Ñåé÷àñ ÿ ìîãó ðàññêàçàòü Âàì

Now I can tell* you íay àé êæí òýë þó

î÷åíü ìíîãîå î ñåáå (ñàìîì).

very much about myself. âýðè ìàò÷ ýáàóò ìàéñýëô

âêëþ÷àÿ ìåáåëü

including furniture èíêëóóäèíã ôœœíè÷ý

Ìîÿ ñåìüÿ èìååò

My family has ìàé ôæìèëè õæç

(êðîâàòè, ñòóëüÿ, ñòîëû,

(beds, chairs, tables, áýäç ÷åýç òýéáëç

íåìíîãî äåíåã,

some money, ñàì ìàíè

øêàôû, êíèæíûå ïîëêè,

wardrobes, bookshelves, wîîäðîóáç áóêøüåëâç

òàê ÷òî ìû ìîãëè

so we could coy wè êóä

êîâðû è ò.ä.).

carpets etc.). êààïèòñ èòñýòýðý

ïîçâîëèòü ñåáå

afford* ýôîîä

To åñòü + ìû èìååì âñ¸ (= «÷òî óãîäíî»),

That is + we have anything ðæò èç wè õæâ ýíèθèíã

ïîêóïêó ïðèëè÷íîãî äîìà

buying a decent house áàéèíã ý äèèñíò õàóñ

÷òî ìû õîòèì.

(that) we want. ðæò wè wîíò

â íàøåì ìèêðîðàéîíå.

in our neighborhood. èí àóý íýéáýõóä

Íàøè äåòè èìåþò (= Ó íàøèõ äåòåé åñòü)

Our children have àóý ÷ûëäðýí õæâ

Íîâûé äîì èìååò ìíîãî

The new house has many ðý íúþó õàóñ õæç ìýíè

ñâîè ñîáñòâåíûå êîìíàòû –

their own rooms – ðýý îóí ðóóìç

âåëèêîëåïíûõ êîìíàò.

wonderful rooms. wàíäýôóë ðóóìç

è ýòè êîìíàòû

and these rooms æíä ðèèç ðóóìç

Ýòè êîìíàòû ñîäåðæàò

These rooms contain ðèèç ðóóìç êýíòýéí

ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ èõ(-íèìè).

are totally theirs. àà òîóòýëè ðýýñ

âñ¸, ÷òî ÷åëîâåêó

everything that a man ýâðèθèíã ðæò ýìæí

ß ëþáëþ êíèãè

I like books, àé ëàéê áóêñ

50

51

òàê ÷òî òåïåðü ÿ íàêîíåö èìåþ (= ó ìåíÿ åñòü)

so now I finally have coy íàó àé ôàéíýëè õæâ

ìû íå ïîêóïàåì íèêàêèõ***

we don’t buy any*** wè äîíò áàé ýíè

íàä¸æíîå ìåñòî,

a secure place ý ñèêúþóý ïëýéñ

íåíóæíûõ âåùåé (áîëüøå).

unnecessary things (anymore). àííýñýñýðè θèíãç ýíèìîî

ãäå ÿ ìîãó õðàíèòü

where I can keep* wýý àé êæí êèèï

ñâîþ áèáëèîòåêó.

my library. ìàé ëàéáðýðè

Ìû äîëæíû + óáèðàòü

We’ve got to + clean wèâ ãàò òó êëèèí

íàø äîì è ðåìîíòèðîâàòü åãî

our house and repair it àóý õàóñ æíä ðèïýý èò

â íóæíîå + âðåìÿ (= «êîãäà ýòî íåîáõîäèìî»).

in due + time. èí äúþó òàéì

Ñëåäóþùèì ëåòîì

Next summer íýêñò ñàìý

ÿ áóäó äîëæåí

I will have to àé wèë õæâ òó

êóïèòü íîâóþ ìàøèíó.

buy a new car. áàé ý íúþó êàà

Ñåé÷àñ ìû ïûòàåìñÿ

Now we try íàó wè mpaé

ñáåðå÷ü êàæäûé äîëëàð,

to save every dollar, òó ñýéâ ýâðè äàëý

òàê ÷òî

so ñîó

52

1

2

* Ïîñëå ëþáûõ ýëåìåíòî⠖ òî åñòü ïîñëå ñëîâ: can, could, may, might, must, will, shall, would, should, needn’t, …d’rather …, …d’better … (è â èõ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå !!!)

íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to”. Òîëüêî ýëåìåíò “ought to …” ñàì ïî ñåáå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ýòîé ÷àñòèöåé (“She + ought to + know!” = = «Îíà + äîëæíà áûëà áû + çíàòü»); ** Åñëè àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà “-f” èëè íà “-fe”, òî ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè åãî ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà (òî åñòü ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè ê åãî êîíöó “+s”) ýòî ïîñëåäíåå “-f” ÷àñòî ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â→ “-v-”, è âñ¸ îêîí÷àíèå òåïåðü óæå âûãëÿäèò êàê “-ves” (“knife” → “knives” íàéô → íàéâç); ***  îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè – òî åñòü ñ îòðèöàíèåì (« … íå ïîêóïàåì …») ñëîâî “any” èìååò çíà÷åíèå «íèêàêîé». Ïîä÷åðêíóòûå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ çàïîìèíàéòå ñðàçó æå êàê ýêâèâàëåíòû ðóññêèì âûðàæåíèÿì.

53

îíà áû + ðàáîòàëà***

she would + work*** øúè wóä wœœê

â êàêîì-ëèáî äðóãîì ìåñòå.

in some other place. èí ñàì àðý ïëýéñ

Íàøè äåòè õîäÿò

Our children go àóý ÷ûëäðýí ãîó

â**** øêîëó êàæäûé äåíü.

to**** school every day. my ñêóóë ýâðè äýé

Òàì îíè èçó÷àþò

There they study ðýý ðýé ñòàäè

in my sister’s* flat èí ìàé ñèñòýñ ôëæò

êó÷y + ïðåäìåòîâ.

a lot of + subjects. ýëîò îâ ñàáäæüèêòñ

ñî ñâîåé ñåìü¸é,

with my family wèð ìàé ôæìèëè

Ìîé ñûí ëþáèò

My son likes ìàé ñàí ëàéêñ

ñîñòîÿùåé èç ìåíÿ,

consisting of me, êýíñèñòèíã îâ ìèè

âñå èç íèõ,

all of them, îîë îâ ðýì

ìîåé æåíû è äâîèõ äåòåé.

my wife and two children. ìàé wàéô æíä òóó ÷ûëäðýí

íî áîëüøå âñåãî

but most of all áàò ìîóñò îâ îîë

ß ðàáîòàþ äîìà,

I work at home, àé wœœê æòõîóì

îí ëþáèò àíãëèéñêèé.

he likes English. xu ëàéêñ èíãëèøü

íî ìîÿ æåíà

but my wife áàò ìàé wàéô

Îí çíàåò + ìàññó

Íå knows + a lot of õè íîóç ýëîò îâ

ðàáîòàåò çà ãðàíèöåé è

works abroad and wœœêñ ýáðîîä æíä

àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ è

English words and èíãëèøü wœœäç æíä

ÿ íå** äóìàþ, ÷òî

I don’t** think that àé äîíò θèíê ðæò

ñòèõîâ íàèçóñòü.

verses by heart. ✜ñèç áàé õààò

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹11 Ýòîò òåêñò íà ñâîèõ êóðñàõ ÿ äàþ êàê äîìàøíåå çàäàíèå ïî ïåðåâîäó óæå ïîñëå ïåðâîãî çàíÿòèÿ – íåçàâèñèìî îò ñòåïåíè ïîäãîòîâëåííîñòè èëè íåïîäãîòîâëåííîñòè ó÷àùèõñÿ – è îíè óñïåøíî ñ íèì ñàìè ñïðàâëÿþòñÿ. Âàì æå ÿ ïðîñòî ðåêîìåíäóþ çàçóáðèòü ýòîò òåêñò ïðÿìî öåëèêîì, îïÿòü æå – ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè – ñòàðàÿñü âñòàâëÿòü â åãî ìèêðîôðàçû äðóãèå/ëþáûå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà.

ß æèâó â Ìîñêâå 1

2

I live in Moscow àé ëèâ èí ìîñêýó 3

â êâàðòèðå ìîåé ñåñòð’û*

54

→

2

3

1

55

→

Ìîÿ äî÷êà ó÷èò

My daughter learns ìàé äîîòý 뜜íñ

è ÿ êóïëþ

ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê,

French ôðýíò÷

íîâûå áðþêè äëÿ ñåáÿ

è îíà ãîâîðèò

and she speaks æíä øüè ñïèèêñ

new trousers for me íúþó òðàóçýç ôîî ìèè

è ìíîãî ìîðîæåíîãî

ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè î÷åíü õîðîøî.

French ***** very well. ôðýíò÷ âýðè wýë

and a lot of ice-cream æíä ýëîò îâ àéñêðèèì

äëÿ íèõ.

Ìîè äåòè ÷àñòî

My children often ìàé ÷ûëäðýí îôí

for them. ôîî ðýì

Ìû åäèì ìíîãî

ñïðàøèâàþò ìåíÿ

ask me ààñê ìèè

We eat a lot of wè èèò ýëîò îâ

ìîðîæåíîãî,

î ìîèõ ïóòåøåñòâèÿõ,

about my travels ýáàóò ìàé òðæâëç

ice-cream àéñêðèèì

ïîòîìó ÷òî

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

because áèêîîç

1

2

ÿ ìíîãî ïóòåøåñòâîâàë,

→

2

1 ñëîâî

1

2

ìû åãî î÷åíü ëþáèì.

→

1

2 ñëîâà

and I will buy æíä àé wèë áàé

2

1

we like it very much. wè ëàéê èò âýðè ìàò÷

I travelled a lot àé òðæâëä ýëîò

Íàì + íóæíî áûëî áû

êîãäà (ÿ) áûë ìîëîäûì.

when I was young. wýí àé wîç ÿíã

ïîòðàòèòü

Çàâòðà

Tomorrow òýìîðîó

spend*** ñïýíä

íåìíîãî äåíåã,

some money ñàì ìàíè

ïîëó÷åííûõ ìíîþ

received by me ðèñèèâä áàé ìèè

1 ñëîâî

ìû ïîéä¸ì ïî ìàãàçèíàì, 56

→

2 ñëîâà

we will go shopping wè wèë ãîó ø¸ïèíã

→

We ****** + should øþä wè

57

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

Books writing ******* áóêñ ðàéòèíã

îíè äîëæíû âñòàâàòü

they must get up** ðýé ìàñò ãýòan

äåëàåò ìåíÿ

makes me ìýéêñ ìèè

î÷åíü ðàíî.

very early. âýðè œœëè

ñâîáîäíûì è ñ÷àñòëèâûì.

free and happy. ôðèè æíä õæïè

Íî ÿ ìîãó ÷èòàòü

But I can read*** áàò àé êæí ðèèä

Âå÷åðîì

In the evening èí ðý èèâíèíã

è ïèñàòü

and write*** æíä ðàéò

òàê äîëãî, êàê (ÿ) õî÷ó.

as long as I want. æç ëîíã æç àé wîíò

çà ìîþ íîâóþ êíèãó. 2

1

Ïèñàíèå ******* êíèã

for my new book. ôîî ìàé íúþó áóê →

1 ñëîâî

ìû âåðí¸ìñÿ îáðàòíî äîìîé,

1

→

2

3 ñëîâà

we will come back home, wè wèë êàì áæê õîóì

Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ

read books ðèèä áóêñ

ýòîò + îáðàç æèçíè

and watch TV æíä wîò÷ òèè âèè

this + way of life ðèñ wýé îâ ëàéô

è ÿ äóìàþ, ÷òî

ñèäÿ â íàøèõ

sitting in our ñèòèíã èí àóý

and I think that æíä àé θèíê ðæò

ÿ ñ/ìîã áû æèòü òàê

óäîáíûõ êðåñëàõ,

comfortable armchairs, êàìôýòýáë ààì÷åýç

I could live*** like this aé êóä ëèâ ëàéê ðèñ

âñþ ñâîþ******** æèçíü.

íî íå ñëèøêîì ïîçäíî.

but not too late. áàò íîò òóó ëýéò

all my******** life. îîë ìàé ëàéô

* Ïðè ïîìîùè “ ’s ” ïîêàçàíà «õîçÿéêà» êâàðòèðû;

(áóäåì) ÷èòàòü êíèæêè è ñìîòðåòü òåëåâèçîð,

Ìîèì äåòÿì + íóæíî

My children + should ìàé ÷ûëäðýí øþä

ëîæèòüñÿ ñïàòü â 9 ÷àñîâ, («èäòè â ïîñòåëü»)

go to bed at nine o’clock ãîó òóáýä æò íàéí ýêëîê

58

=→ I***** like aé ëàéê

** Ýòî – îäíî èç 4 àíãëèéñêèõ «íå» (“don’t”, “doesn’t”, “didn’t” è “won’t”); *** Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ãëàãîë íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ; **** Ðóññêèå è àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîãè ìîãóò íå ñîâïàäàòü; 59

***** Àíãëîÿçû÷íûå íå ãîâîðÿò «ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè» èëè «ïî-àíãëèéñêè» … «Îíè» ïðîñòî ãîâîðÿò “speak French”, “speak English” – – è âñ¸!;

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹12 Ïðè èçó÷åíèè ýòîãî ↓ òåêñòà îñîáîå âíèìàíèå îáðàòèòå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ è âûäåëåííûõ ïðåäëîãîâ.

«ÎÁ ÝÒÎÉ ÊÍÈÃÅ» «ABOUT THIS BOOK»

****** Â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè «äåéñòâóåò» ÒÎËÜÊÎ ñóáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, à íå îáúåêòíîå:

ýáàóò

1

Ìíå + íóæíî óåõàòü =→

I

+ need to leave.

Åìó + ìîæíî áeãàòü =→

He

+ may run.

Íàì + ñëåäóåò âûïèòü =→

We

+ should drink;

2

ðèñ

áóê

1

2

Âû õîòèòå èçó÷àòü àíãëèéñêèé.

You want to study English þó wîíò òó ñòàäè èíãëèøü

Êàæäîå ïóòåøåñòâèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ

Every journey begins ýâðè äæüœœíè áèãèíç

ñ îäíîãî ìàëåíüêîãî øàãà.

with A small step. wèð ýñìîîë ñòýï

******** Ó àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ íåò îáùåãî ñëîâà «ñâîé» – – ïîýòîìó «îíè» âñåãäà óòî÷íÿþò, «÷åé» …

Ýòà êíèãà ÿâëÿåòñÿ* îäíèì èç**

This book is* one of** ðèñ áóê èç wàí îâ

Ïðè ýòîì Âàì íóæíî íàó÷èòüñÿ çàìåíÿòü íàøå ñëîâî «ñâîé» ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì àíãëèéñêèì ñëîâîì – òî åñòü âûáèðàòü ïðàâèëüíîå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (ÿ èõ íàçûâàþ «îáÿçàòåëüíûìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè») ïî ñëåäóþùåé ïîëåçíåéøåé òàáëèöå:

Âàøèõ ïåðâûõ øàãîâ.

your first steps. ¸î ôœœñò ñòýïñ

Ýòî – ü* îáû÷íàÿ êíèãà,

It is* a normal book èò èç ýíîîìë áóê

èìåþùàÿ îáëîæêó,

having a cover, õæâèíã ýêàâý

400 ñòðàíèö òåêñòà

400 pages of text ôîî õàíäðýä ïýéäæüèç îâòýêñò

è íåñêîëüêî èëëþñòðàöèé.

and some illustrations. æíä ñàì èëþñòðýéøüíç

******* Èìååòñÿ â âèäó ïðîöåññ;

I YOU HE SHE IT WE THEY 60

→ → → → → → →

MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR THEIR

– – – – – – –

ìàé ¸î õèç õœœ èòñ àóý ðýý

61

Ýòî – ü* íîâûé ó÷åáíèê.

This is* A new textbook. ðèñ èç ýíüþó òýêñòáóê

ß çàíèìàþñü àíãëèéñêèì (ÿçûêîì)**

I’m A student of English** àéì ýñòúþóäýíò îâ èíãëèøü

Îí ü* î÷åíü ïîëåçåí,

It is* very helpful èò èç âýðè õýëïôóë

è ÿ èçó÷àþ åãî

and I study it æíä àé ñòàäè èò

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

â** (îäíîé) ÿçûêîâîé øêîëe,

at** A language school, æò ýëæíãwèäæü ñêóóë

òàê ÷òî,

so, ñîó

1

ó÷åáíèêè ïîìîãàþò ëþäÿì 2

1

textbooks helð people òýêñòáóêñ õýëï ïèèïë 2

èçó÷àòü ðàçëè÷íûå íàóêè,

to learn different sciences òó 뜜í äèôðýíò ñàéýíñèç

ü* + äëÿ ìåíÿ âàæíî**

it is* + important for me** èò èç èìïîîòýíò ôîî ìèè

à ýòîò êîíêðåòíûé ó÷åáíèê

and this particular textbook æíä ðèñ ïýòèêüþëý òýêñòáóê

èìåòü õîðîøèé ó÷åáíèê.

to have A good textbook. òó õæâ ýãóä òýêñòáóê

1 ñëîâî

ïîìîæåò Âàì

→

2 ñëîâà

will help you wèë õýëï þó

1

 áóäóùåì** ìû âñå õîòèì 2

1-é ãëàãîë

In the future** we all want èí ðýôúþó÷ý wè îoë wîíò 2-é ãëàãîë

ïðîäâèíóòü Âàø àíãëèéñêèé. to advance your English. òó ýäâààíñ ¸î èíãëèøü

èìeòü õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó, íî

to have À good job but òýõæâ ýãóä äæü¸á áàò

Àíãëèéñêèé – ü* íå

Ånglish is* not èíãëèøü èç íîò

ìû íå ñìîæåì

we will not be able wè wèë íîò áèè ýéáë

òðóäíûé ÿçûê,

A difficult language, ýäèôèêýëò ëæíãwèäæü

íàéòè (ýòè) ðàáî÷èå ìåñòà,

to find these jobs, òýôàéíä ðèèç äæü¸áç

íî, êàê âñå äðóãèå ÿçûêè,

but like all other languages áàò ëàéê îoë àðý ëæíãwèäæüèç

åñëè ìû íå (áóäåì) ãîâîðèòü if *** we don’t *** speak ñïèèê èô wè äîíò

îí òðåáóåò ìíîãî ïðàêòèêè. it needs a lot of practice. èò íèèäç ýëîò îâ ïðæêòèñ 62

íà èíîñòðàííîì ÿçûêå**.

A foreign language**. ýôîðèí ëæíãwèäæü 63

Ìû – ü* (ýòî) ãðóïïà ëþäåé, We are* A group of people, wè àà ýãðóóï îâ ïèèïë êîòîðûå ü* çàèíòåðåñîâàíû

who are* interested õóó àà èíòðèñòèä

â ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé êàðüåðå,

in A professional ñareer, èí ýïðýôýøüíë êýðèý

òàê ÷òî ìû óïîðíî ñòàðàåìñÿ**,

so we try hard ** ñîó wè òðàé õààä

÷tîáû + ïîëó÷èòü

in order to + obtain èí îîäý òó ýáòýéí

íàèëó÷øèå ðåçóëüòàòû.

best results. áýñò ðèçàëòñ

Âîò ïî÷åìó**

That’s* the reason why** ðæòñ ðýðèèçí wàé

ìû ïðåäïî÷èòàåì ýòîò ó÷åáíèê

we prefer this textbook wè ïðèôœœ ðèñ òýêñòáóê

äðóãèì** ó÷åáíèêàì.

to other** textbooks. òýêñòáóêñ òó àðý

* Âñ¸ ýòî – ôîðìû ãëàãîëà “be”, îáÿçàòåëüíûå äëÿ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè; ** À òàêèå «ñëó÷àè» ïðîñòî çàó÷èâàéòå íàèçóñòü; *** Ïîñëå “IF” â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ýëåìåíòû “will” è “shall” (êðîìå óñòîÿâøåãîñÿ âûðàæåíèÿ âåæëèâîñòè “… if you will …” = «ïîæàëóéñòà»). 64

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ TO study, TO learn, to advance, to have, to find, to obtain – – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ÷àñòèöà “ÒÎ …” ïåðåä àíãëèéñêèì ãëàãîëîì óêàçûâàåò íà íåñîâåðøåííûé âèä ýòîãî ãëàãîëà è ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îêîí÷àíèÿì «-ÒÜ /-ÒÈ» íà êîíöå ðóññêîãî ãëàãîëà, íàïðèìåð: «áåãàÒÜ», «èäÒÈ». Îäíàêî ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ ãëàãîëîâ òèïà “help” (à ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ýëåìåíòî⠖ âñåãäà!) ïîñëåäóþùèå ãëàãîëû ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû “to”; I wanT, you begiN, – Åñëè äåéñòâèå ïðîèñõîäèò â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè – we helP, you neeD, they studY, people trY, – òî åñòü ñåé÷àñ èëè âîîáùå, these girlS prefeR òî ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé «ß/òû/âû/ìû/îíè/», à òàêæå ïîñëå ñóáúåêòîâ, ñòîÿùèõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ. Íî êîãäà â íàñòîÿùåì æå âðåìåíè äåéñòâóþò «ÎíÑ», «ÎíàÑ», «ÎíîÑ» èëè «ÊòîÑ?» (“Íe beginS, she needS, it growS”) èëè êàêîé-íèáóäü ñóáúåêò, ñòîÿùèé â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (íàïðèìåð: «Ìîé êîòÑ»), òî ê êîíöó ãëàãîëà íóæíî ïðèáàâëÿòü îêîí÷àíèå “+(e)S” = ðóññêîìó «-åÒ/-èÒ», íàïðèìåð: “Íe runS” = «Îí áåãàåÒ/ áåæèÒ»; … DON’T speak – Òàì, ãäå åñòü îòðèöàíèå ñ ãëàãîëîì – – òî åñòü ïðèñóòñòâóåò àíãëèéñêàÿ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà = = îäíî èç 4 àíãëèéñêèõ «ÍÅ …» (íàïðèìåð, «… ÍÅ çíàþò»), ñàì àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë âîîáùå íèêîãäà ÍÅ èçìåíÿåòñÿ (= doesn’t changE), 65

à èçìåíÿåòñÿ/çàìåíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñàìà îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ

÷àñòèöà

(DON’T …, DOESN’T …, DIDN’T … èëè WON’T …) Íàñò. âðåìÿ

â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, ÊÒÎ è/ëè

Ïðîø.

ÊÎÃÄÀ

Áóä.

÷åãî-òî «ÍÅ äåëà…»;

WILL helP, WILL NOT be able to … – óñâîéòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ÷òî ýëåìåíò “WILL” (è åãî îòðèöàòåëüíûå ôîðìû “WILL NOT → WON’T”) – – ýòî êîíêðåòíûå ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè, êîòîðûå âñåãäà ñòîÿò ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì. Ïîñëå ýëåìåíòà «WILL» ñàì ãëàãîë â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå îñòà¸òñÿ íåèçìåí¸ííûì, íàïðèìåð: “I’LL knoW” = “I WILL knoW”, “I WON’T knoW” = “I WILL NOT knoW”. Êðîìå ýòîãî, õî÷ó äîïîëíèòåëüíî îáðàòèòü âàøå âíèìàíèå íà îáîðîò “WILL (NOT) BE ABLE TO …”. wèë (íîò) áèè ýéáë òó

÷òî, ñîáñòâåííî, çíà÷èò «ÁÛÒÜ â ñîñòîÿíèè … (ñ/äåëàòü ÷òî-òî)». À ïîñêîëüêó åäèíñòâåííîé èçìåíÿåìîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé â ýòîì îáîðîòå ÿâëÿåòñÿ (is) ãëàãîë “BE”, òî ìû çàîäíî ïîâòîðèì è åãî âîçìîæíûå ôîðìû ïðÿìî â ñîñòàâå ýòîãî æå âåëèêîëåïíîãî îáîðîòà: I AM èëè You ARE He IS She IS It IS We ARE They ARE

(not) able to … = I’m (not) (not) (not) (not) (not) (not)

able to … = able to … = able to … = able to … = able to … = able to … =

(not) …

You’re (not) … He’s (not) … She’s (not) … It’s (not) … We’re (not) … They’re (not) …

= = = = = =

You He She It We They

aren’t … isn’t … isn’t … isn’t … aren’t … aren’t …

I, he, she, it WAS (not) able to … = … wasn’t … You, we, they WERE (not) able to … = … weren’t … Âñå WILL BE able to … = I’ll be … è ò. ä. èëè = … won’t be …

Ýòî – åäèíñòâåííàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü «îáðàçîâàíèÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè» äëÿ ýëåìåíòà “CAN” – êæí = «ÌÎ×Ü», òàê êàê ñàì àíãëèéñêèé ýëåìåíò “CAN” ÍÅ èìååò ñâîåé ôîðìû áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè (âåäü ýëåìåíòû ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì, ïîýòîìó îáðàçîâàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ýëåìåíòû “will/shall” è íåëüçÿ ñòàâèòü ïåðåä ýëåìåíòîì “can” !!!). Ïîýòîìó, ÷òîáû ñêàçàòü «Ñ+ìîãó», «Ñìîæåøü», «Ñìîæåì», «Ñìîãóò» è ò. ä., àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðåêðàñíûì çàìåñòèòåëåì ýëåìåíòà “CAN” = = îáîðîòîì/ãëàãîëîì “BE ABLE TO …”, 66

67

áåç àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.

without English. wèðàóò èíãëèøü

Âîò ïî÷åìó

That’s why ðæòñ wàé

è ìîé óñïåõ, è ìîÿ êàðüåðà

both my success and my career áîóθ ìàé ñýêñýñ æíä ìàé êýðèý

çàâèñÿò îò ìîåãî ïðîãðåññà

I want to improve my* English àé wîíò òó èìïðóóâ ìàé èíãëèøü

depend on my progress äèïýíä îí ìàé ïðîãðýñ

â àíãëèéñêîì.

òàê ÷òî + ÿ ñìîãó («ÿ áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè»)

so that + I will be able ñîó ðæò àé wèë áèè ýéáë

in English. èí èíãëèøü

Â÷åðà ÿ ïîø¸ë ïî ìàãàçèíàì,

ãîâîðèòü è ÷èòàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè

to speak and to read English òýñïèèê æíä òó ðèèä èíãëèøü

ïîñêîëüêó (ÿ) õîòåë êóïèòü

î÷åíü áåãëî.

very fluently. âýðè ôëþóýíòëè

since I wanted to buy ñèíñ àé wîíòèä òýáàé

êàêîé-íèáóäü íîâûé ñëîâàðü

Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàøèì

English is our èíãëèøü èç àóý

some new dictionary ñàì íúþó äèêøüíýðè

äëÿ ìîèõ êóðñîâ àíãëèéñêîãî.

for my English course. ôîî ìàé èíãëèøü êîîñ

ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ÿçûêîì

International Language èíòýíæøüíë ëæíãwèäæü

Íàø ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ñêàçàë íàì

Our teacher told us àóý òûû÷ý òîóëä àñ

¹1.

Number 1. íàìáý wàí

ïîñòàðàòüñÿ è íàéòè

to try and to find òýòðàé æíä òýôàéíä

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹13 1

2

ß ðåøèë íà÷àòü íîâóþ ôàçó (â) ñâîåé* æèçíè. 1

2

ß õî÷ó óëó÷øèòü ñâîé* àíãëèéñêèé,

1-é ãëàãîë

2-é ãëàãîë

I decided to start àé äèñàéäèä òó ñòààò

a new phase in my* life. ýíúþó ôýéç èí ìàé ëàéô 1-é ãëàãîë 2-é ãëàãîë

Âû íå ìîæåòå ñäåëàòü You cannot make þó êæíîò ìýéê ↓ ↓ íèêàêîé** ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé any** professional career ýíè ïðýôýøüíë êýðèý êàðüåðû 68

êàêîé-íèáóäü íîâûé ó÷åáíèê. Îí ïîñîâåòîâàë íàì ïîèñêàòü

Yesterday I went shopping åñòýäýé àé wýíò ø¸ïèíã

some new textbook. ñàì íúþó òýêñòáóê He advised us to look for õè ýäâàéçä àñ òýëóê ôîî 69

êàêîé-íèáóäü ó÷åáíèê,

some textbook ñàì òýêñòáóê

ýòîãî èçâåñòíîãî è

of this famous and îâ ðèñ ôýéìýñ æíä

îñíîâàííûé íà

based on áýéñò îí

áëåñòÿùåãî ìåòîäà.

brilliant method. áðèëüýíò ìýθýä

«Íîâîì ðóññêîì ìåòîäå»,

the «New Russian Method» ðýíúþó ðàøüí ìýθýä

ß ïîçâîíèë ñâîåìó äðóãó, («ìîåìó»)

I called my friend, àé êîîëä ìàé ôðýíä

ñîçäàííîì Àëåêñàíäðîì Äðàãóíêèíûì.

created – êðèýéòèä by A. Dragunkin – áàé ↑ Êåì?

Ýòîò «Íîâûé ðóññêèé ìåòîä» This «New Russian Method» ðèñ íúþó ðàøüí ìýθýä

ìû ñîãëàñèëèñü âñòðåòèòüñÿ

we agreed to meet wè ýãðèèä òýìèèò

â öåíòðå + ãîðîäà.

in the centre + of the city. èí ðýñýíòý îâ ðýñèòè

Ìû âñòðåòèëèñü

We met wè ìýò

ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèëó÷øåé âîçìîæíîñòüþ

is the best way èç ðýáýñò wýé

èçó÷èòü àíãëèéñêèé

to learn English òý뜜í èíãëèøü

î÷åíü áûñòðî

very quickly âýðè êwèêëè

* Íó íåò ó «íèõ» îáùåãî ñëîâà «ñâîé»! – – ïîýòîìó àíãëîÿçû÷íûå âñåãäà óòî÷íÿþò, «÷åé» …;

è î÷åíü óñïåøíî.

and very successfully. æíä âýðè ñýêñýñôóëè

**  îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè/ñ îòðèöàíèåì (« … íå ìîæåòå …»)

ß î÷åíü ðàä èìåòü

I’m very glad to have àéì âýðè ãëæä òýõæâ

òàêóþ õîðîøóþ âîçìîæíîñòü

such a good opportunity ñàò÷ ý ãóä ýïýòúþóíèòè

ïðîâåðèòü êà÷åñòâî

to check the quality òýò÷ýê ðý êwîëèòè

70

è âìåñòå and went shopping together. ïîøëè ïî ìàãàçèíàì. æíä wýíò ø¸ïèíã òýãýðý

ñëîâî “any” èìååò çíà÷åíèå «íèêàêîé».

71

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹14

ÿ áóäó (áûòü) â ñîñòîÿíèè I will be able to** àé wèë áèè ýéáë òó (= «ÿ ñìîãó»)

Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå îáðàòèòå íà ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ, ðàñïîëîæåííûå â íà÷àëå òåêñòà è âûäåëåííûå îäèíàêîâûì îáðàçîì. Ïî íèì Âû ìîæåòå óáåäèòüñÿ â òîì, ÷òî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷àòü íîâûå ïðàâèëüíûå àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, Âàì çà÷àñòóþ äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòî áðàòü èç ñëîâàðÿ ëþáûå (äðóãèå) ñëîâà!!!

=

Ïîñëå ìîåãî After my ààôòý ìàé

→ Ïåðåä òâîèì = Before your ¸î áèôîî ÿ I àé

ìîãó can êæí

→ òû ìîæåøü can → you þó êæí

òðåòüåãî óðîêà third lesson θœœä ëåñí èëè: ÷åòâ¸ðòûì óðîêîì fourth lesson ôîîθ ëåñí

àíãëèéñêîãî → of English → îâ èíãëèøú êèòàéñêîãî of Chinese îâ ÷àéíèèç

óæå ñêàçàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè → already say in English → ñýé èí èíãëèøü îîëðýäè èëè: óæå ñïåòü ïî-êèòàéñêè already sing in Chinese îîëðýäè ñèíã èí ÷àéíèèç

ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè áåãëî, speak English fluently ñïèèê èíãëèøü ôëþóýíòëè è âûðàæàòü íà ýòîì ÿçûêå

and to express in this language æíä òó èêñïðýñ èí ðèñ ëæíãâèäæú

âñå ñâîè (= ìîè) ìûñëè.

all my thoughts. îîë ìàé θîîòñ

To åñòü

That is ðæò èç

ÿ áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè (= «ÿ ñìîãó»)

I will be able to** àé wèë áèè ýéáë òó

ñêàçàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè

say in English ñýé èí èíãëèøü

ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñ¸.

practically everything. ïðæêòèêýëè ýâðèθèíã

ïî÷òè âñ¸,

almost everything îîëìîóñò ýâðèθèíã

Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü This can be very important î÷åíü âàæíî, ðèñ êæí áèè âýðè èìïîîòýíò

÷òî* ÿ/òû

(that)* I/you ðæò àé/þó

ïîòîìó ÷òî ÿ õî÷ó ñäåëàòü êàðüåðó.

because I want to make a career. áèêîîç àé wîíò òó ìýéê ý êýðèý

õî÷ó/õî÷åøü ñêàçàòü/ñïåòü.

want to say / to sing. wîíò òýñýé / òýñèíã

À ÷toáû ñäåëàòü ýòî,

And to do this æíä my äóó ðèñ

Î÷åíü ñêîðî

Very soon âýðè ñóóí

ìíå íóæíî

I need àé íèèä

72

73

çíàòü àíãëèéñêèé î÷åíü õîðîøî.

to know English very well. my íîó èíãëèøú âýðè wýë

Òàì ÿ ïîñòàðàþñü íàéòè

There I will try to find ðýý àé wèë òðàé òó ôàéíä

Ìîè áðàò è ñåñòðà

My brother and my sister ìàé áðàðý æíä ìàé ñèñòý

íîâûé ó÷åáíèê, îñíîâàííûé

a new text-book based ý íúþó òýêñòáóê áýéñò

íà ìåòîäå, ñîçäàííîì

on the method created îí ðýìýθýä êðèýéòèä

èçó÷àþò àíãëèéñêèé òîæå***, learn English too***, 뜜í èíãëèøü òóó 1

1

2

ïîòîìó ÷òî îíè õîòÿò 2 ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü.

because they want to travel. áèêîîç ðýé wîíò òýòðæâë

Êàæäûé ãîä îíè åçäÿò

Every year they go ýâðè éèý ðýé ãîó

â êàêóþ-íèáóäü ñòðàíó,

to some country my ñàì êàíòðè

ãäå îíè + äîëæíû

where they + have to õæâ òó wýý ðýé

ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè,

speak English ñïèèê èíãëèøü

ïîòîìó ÷òî ìåñòíûå ëþäè

because local people áèêîîç ëîóêë ïèèïë

1 + 2

åù¸ íå ãîâîðÿò ïî-ðóññêè. 1 ñëîâî

Ñåãîäíÿ ÿ ïîéäó 2

â êíèæíûé ìàãàçèí 1 ìîåãî äðóã’à. 74

→

→ →

2

1

don’t speak Russian yet. äîíò ñïèèê ðàøüí åò 2 ñëîâà

Today I will go òýäýé àé wèë ãîó 1

2

to my friend’s book-store. òó ìàé ôðýíäç áóêñòîî

Êåì? ↓ Àëåêñàíäðîì Äðàãóíêèíûì. bó**** Alexander Dragunkin. áàé àëåêñàíäý äðàãóíêèí Ãîâîðÿò*****,

They say ***** ðýé ñýé

÷òî ýòîò ìåòîä

that this method ðæò ðèñ ìýθýä

ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî

of teaching English îâ òûû÷ûíã èíãëèøü

ìîæåò ïîìî÷ü íàì

can help us êæí õýëï àñ

âûó÷èòü ïðàâèëüíûé àíãëèéñêèé

to learn correct English òó 뜜í êýðýêò èíãëèøü

î÷åíü áûñòðî.

very quickly. âýðè êwèêëè

Ïîñëå ýòîãî

After that ààôòý ðæò

ÿ ïîéäó ïî ìàãàçèíàì.

I will go shopping. àé wèë ãîó ø¸ïèíã 75

ß çàéäó â íåñêîëüêî ìàãàçèíîâ,

I will visit some shops àé wèë âèçèò ñàì ø¸ïñ

ãäå ÿ ïîñòàðàþñü êóïèòü

where I will try to buy wýý àé wèë òðàé òó áàé

íîâóþ êàññåòó

a new tape ý íúþó òýéï

 íåêîòîðûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ ýòî ìîæåò áûòü î÷åíü «ïîõîæå» íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: “I want to be loveD + BY+you!”. àé wîíò òó áèè ëàâÄ + ÁÀÉ þó «ß õî÷ó áûòü ëþáÈÌîé + òî+ÁÎÉ!» = = «ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû òû ìåíÿ ëþáèë!» (ïåëà Ìýðèëèí Ìîíðî);

ñ ìîèìè ëþáèìûìè ïåñíÿìè. with my favourite songs. wèð ìaé ôýéâðèò ñîíãç

***** Â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü ñóáúåêò (òî åñòü äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî).

* Ñëîâî “that” – ðæò = «..., ÷òî ...»

Ïîýòîìó â íàøè «áåçëè÷íûå» âûðàæåíèÿ

ÍÅÎÁßÇÀÒÅËÜÍÎ äëÿ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ðàçãîâîðíîì àíãëèéñêîì.

«ü Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî …» èëè «ü Ïèøóò, ÷òî …» àíãëîÿçû÷íûå âñòàâëÿþò ìåñòîèìåíèå «Îíè» = “They”,

Ìîæíî ñïîêîéíî ñêàçàòü: “... almost everything I want to say”; ** Ïîìíèì, ÷òî ïî-àíãëèéñêè íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü “I will can”, òàê êàê ýëåìåíò ïîñëå ýëåìåíòà óïîòðåáëÿòü

è òîãäà ýòè âûðàæåíèÿ çâó÷àò ïî-àíãëèéñêè óæå êàê «Îíè ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî …» (“They say that …”) è «Îíè ïèøóò, ÷òî …» (“They write that …”).

íåëüçÿ.

Ïîýòîìó àíãëîÿçû÷íûå è çàìåíÿþò âòîðîé ýëåìåíò→ ãëàãîëîì (= “be able to …”); *** Àãëèéñêîå ñëîâå÷êî “too” – myy = «òîæå», «òàêæå» âñåãäà ñòàâèòñÿ â ñàìûé êîíåö âûñêàçûâàíèÿ èëè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (èëè èõ ñìûñëîâîé ÷àñòè); **** Åñëè ÷òî-òî ñäåëàíî/ñîçäàíî êåì-òî (èëè ÷åì-òî), òî óêàæèòå íà ýòîãî «êîãî-òî» ñëîâå÷êîì/ïðåäëîãîì “BY” – áàé. 76

77

Ìîè ìàòü è îòåö

My father and my mother ìàé ôààðý æíä ìàé ìàðý

íå ðàáîòàþò,

don’t work äîíò wœœê

à ìîé áðàò è ìîÿ ñåñòðà

and my brother and my sister æíä ìàé áðàðý æíä ìàé ñèñòý

èçó÷àþò àíãëèéñêèé.

study English. ñòàäè èíãëèøü

Îíè ìîãóò ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè

They can speak*** English ðýé êæí ñïèèê èíãëèøü

î÷åíü õîðîøî.

and buildings. æíä áèëäèíãç

very well. âýðè wýë

Ó íàñ + áîëüøàÿ êâàðòèðà,

We have wè õæâ

We have + a big flat ýáèã ôëæò wè õæâ

è ìû íå õîòèì ïîêèäàòü

îäíà ðåêà*.

one river, too*. wàí ðèâý òóó

and we don’t want to leave æíä wè äîíò wîíò òó ëèèâ

íàø ãîðîä.

Ìû ÷àñòî ïëàâàåì â íåé**.

We often swim in it**. wè îôí ñwèì èí èò

our city. àóý ñèòè

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹15 «ß ÆÈÂÓ Â ÝÒÎÌ ÑÒÀÐÎÌ ÃÎÐÎÄÅ» “I LIVE IN THIS OLD CITY” àé

ëèâ

èí

ðèñ

ß æèâó â ýòîì ñòàðîì ãîðîäå. Ó íàñ (åñòü) + ìíîãî êðàñèâûõ óëèö è çäàíèé. Òàêæå* ó íàñ åñòü

îóëä

ñèòè

I live in this old city. àé ëèâ èí ðèñ îóëä ñèòè We have + many ìýíè wè õæâ beautiful streets áúþóòèôóë ñòðèèòñ

1

2

3

Ìû åãî** î÷åíü ëþáèì*.

→

1

3

2

We like* it** very much. wè ëàéê èò âýðè ìàò÷

Òû æèâ¸øü â òîì íîâîì ãîðîäå,

You live in that new city þó ëèâ èí ðæò íúþó ñèòè

Êàæäîå óòðî ìû åäèì õëåá

è ó âàñ òàì íåò ðåêè*.

and you have no river there*. æíä þó õæâ íîó ðèâý ðýý

Every morning we eat bread ýâðè ìîîíèíã wè èèò áðýä

è ïü¸ì ìîëîêî –

and drink milk – æíä äðèíê ìèëê

Ìîÿ ñåìüÿ òîæå* æèâ¸ò çäåñü*.

My family lives here, too*. ìàé ôæìèëè ëèâç õèý òóó

– ýòî ïîìîãàåò íàì

this helps us ðèñ õýëïñ àñ

78

79

áûòü çäîðîâûìè.

to be healthy. òó áèè õýëθè

* Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ðóññêîì è â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ; ** «Ðåêà» – íå æåíùèíà, «ãîðîä» – íå ìóæ÷èíà, ïîýòîìó î íèõ ïî-àíãëèéñêè ãîâîðÿò “it”; *** Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ (“… can speak …”) íå ñòàâèòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to”. Êðîìå ýòîãî, âñïîìíèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ÷òî «îíè» íå ãîâîðÿò «ïî-àíãëèéñêè» – – «îíè» ïðîñòî “speak English” !

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹16 «ÌÎÈ ÌÛÑËÈ»

“MY THOUGHTS” θîîòñ

Ó ìåíÿ* çàíÿòèÿ êàæäûé äåíü.

I have * my lectures every day. àé õæâ ìàé ëåêò÷ýñ ýâðè äýé

ß äîëæåí* óïîðíî òðóäèòüñÿ,

I have to * work hard àé õæâ òó wœœê õààä

1

2

1-é ãëàãîë

2-é ãëàãîë

åñëè ÿ õî÷ó äîáèòüñÿ

if I want to achieve èô àé wîíò òó ý÷ûûâ

÷åãî-íèáóäü â ýòîé æèçíè.

something in this life. ñàìθèíã èí ðèñ ëàéô

Ìîé áðàò ÿâëÿåòñÿ**

My brother is** ìàé áðàðý èç

ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì

à representative ý ðýïðèçýíòýòèâ

áîëüøîé èíîñòðàííîé ôèðìû,

80

ìàé

of a big foreign company îâ ýáèã ôîðèí êàìïýíè

êîòîðàÿ ïðîèçâîäèò áóìàãó.

that produces paper. ðæò ïðýäúþóñèç ïýéïý

Îí –** õîðîøèé ñïåöèàëèñò

He is** a good specialist õè èç ýãóä ñïýøüåëèñò

â äàííîé îáëàñòè,

in this field, èí ðèñ ôèèëä 81

íî ó íåãî åñòü ïðîáëåìû

but he has problems áàò õè õæç ïðîáëåìç

ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêà.

of teaching a foreign language. îâ òûû÷ûíã ýôîðèí ëæíãwèäæü

ñ èíîñòðàííûìè ÿçûêàìè.

with foreign languages. wèð ôîðèí ëæíãwèäæüèç

Âîò + íàøè ó÷åáíèêè

Here are + our textbooks àóý òýêñòáóêñ õèý àà

Åñëè áû îí çíàë àíãëèéñêèé If he knew*** English èíãëèøü èô õè íúþó

íà áàçå ýòîãî ìåòîäà (= «îñíîâàííûå íà …»).

based ****** on this method. áýéñò îí ðèñ ìýθýä

ëó÷øå, ÷åì + îí çíàåò,

better than + he does****, õè äàç áýòý ðæí

Îíè èìåþò

They have ðýé õæâ

îí áû ïîëó÷àë*****

he would earn***** õè wóä œœí

î÷åíü õîðîøóþ ðåïóòàöèþ.

a very good reputation. ý âýðè ãóä ðèïúþòýéøüí

â äâà ðàçà áîëüøå.

twice more. òwàéñ ìîî

ß – íå ãåíèé, íî ÿ ìîãó âûó÷èòü

I’m not a genius, àéì íîò ýäüæüèíüåç but I can learn áàò àé êæí 뜜í

àíãëèéñêèé î÷åíü áûñòðo,

English very quickly èíãëèøü âýðè êwèêëè

ïîòîìó ÷òî çäåñü, â Ðîññèè

since here in Russia ñèíñ õèý èí ðàøÿ

ó íàñ åñòü «Íîâûé ðóññêèé we have the “New Russian wè õæâ ðý íúþó ðàøüí ìåòîä», êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ

Method”, that is ìýθýä ðæò èç

ñàìûì ýôôåêòèâíûì ìåòîäîì

the most efficient method ðýìîóñò èôèøüåíò  ìýθýä

82

* Ñðàâíèòå 2 ðàçíûõ çíà÷åíèÿ ãëàãîëà “have”; ** Óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëà “be” èëè åãî ôîðì îáÿçàòåëüíî!; *** IF he KNEW ... = ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ îí ÇÍÀË ... – ñëîâå÷êî “IF ” èìååò äâà çíà÷åíèÿ: «ÅÑËÈ» è «ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ»; **** ... better than he DOES – â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ãëàãîë “do” â ôîðìå “DOES” ÇÀÌÅÙÀÅÒ ñëîâî “KNOWS”. Ýòî ÿâëåíèå çàìåùåíèÿ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ î÷åíü ÷àñòî è ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìîé; ***** Âèäèòå: ïî-ðóññêè ãëàãîë ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (= «… ïîëó÷àë …»), à ïî-àíãëèéñêè ãëàãîë íå èçìåí¸í, òàê êàê ïîñëå ëþáîãî ýëåìåíòà (â òîì ÷èñëå è ïîñëå “would”) àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ !!!; 83

****** baseD on ... – ýòî 3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “base” – áýéñ = «îñíîâûâàòü(-ñÿ)», òî åñòü ýòî – ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå, ïðîèçâåä¸ííîå èç ýòîãî æå ãëàãîëà. Ó ïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ýòà 3-ÿ ôîðìà (= ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå) îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðàâèëüíî (= “+(e)D”), à ó íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ å¸ íóæíî ãîòîâîé áðàòü èç 3-ãî ñòîëáèêà ëþáîé «Òàáëèöû íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ» – – ïîýòîìó-òî ýòà ôîðìà è íàçûâàåòñÿ «3-åé»!, íàïðèìåð: baseD on … = îñíîâÀÍíûé íà … wantED = æåëàÅÌûé; æåëÀÍíûé regardED = ðàññìàòðèâàÅÌûé fillED = íàïîëíÅÍíûé constructED = ïîñòðîÅÍíûé brought = ïðèíåñ¨Ííûé eateN = ñúåäÅÍíûé takeN = âçÿÒûé killED = óáèÒûé.

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ 1) I HAVE, he HAS, we HAVE – – àíãëè÷àíå âìåñòî «Ó ìåíÿ åñòü …» ãîâîðÿò «ß èìåþ …». Òî æå ñàìîå îíè äåëàþò è â äðóãèõ âðåìåíàõ: è:

«ß èìåë ...» âìåñòî «Ó «ß áóäó èìåòü …»

ìåíÿ áûë …»,

âìåñòî «Ó ìåíÿ áóäåò …».

«ÈÌÅÒÜ» ïî-àíãëèéñêè “HAVE” – õæâ, è âîò âñå ôîðìû ýòîãî îáû÷íîãî ãëàãîëà, ðàçäåë¸ííûå ïî âðåìåíàì: 84

Íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ:

Ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ:

I, you, we, they HAVE = Ó … ÅÑÒÜ … He, she, it, my dog HAS I, you, he, she, it, we, they HAD = = Ó … ÁÛË/-à/-î/-è

Áóäóùåå âðåìÿ: I, you, he, she, it, we, they WILL HAVE = = Ó … ÁÓÄ/-åò/-óò; 2) ProperLY, quickLY – îêîí÷àíèå “+LY” ïðèíàäëåæèò íàðå÷èþ è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêèì îêîí÷àíèÿì «+λ èëè «+È»: íåæíÎ ãðîìêÎ ðàíÎ òåõíè÷åñêÈ

= = = =

tenderLY loudLY earLY tecnicalLY;

3) IF he KNEW … = ÅÑËÈ (ÁÛ) îí ÇÍÀË … – – ñëîâå÷êî “IF” èìååò äâà çíà÷åíèÿ: «ÅÑËÈ» è «ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ». Íþàíñû: à) Êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ñ “if” â åãî çíà÷åíèè «ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ» ñî÷åòàåòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ ÂÐÅÌß ãëàãîëà, òî åñòü åãî 2-ÿ ôîðìà (= «Ãëàãîë+(å)D» ó ïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, è îñîáàÿ äëÿ êàæäîãî ãëàãîëà ó íåïðàâèëüíûõ); á) Â

î÷åíü

ïðàâèëüíîì àíãëèéñêîì “if” â åãî çíà÷åíèè «ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ» ãëàãîë “BE” óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ â ôîðìå “WERE” (à íå “was”) íåçàâèñèìî îò ëèöà, òî åñòü: 85

Åñëè áû ÿ

ÁÛË ë¸ò÷èêîì =→ IF I

Åñëè áû îí ÁÛË ó÷èòåëåì =→ IF HE WERE a teacher. Íî êàê ÷åñòíûé ÷åëîâåê ÿ äîëæåí îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ëè÷íî âñòðå÷àëñÿ è ñ ðåçêî îòðèöàòåëüíûì îòíîøåíèåì ìîëîäûõ àíãëîãîâîðÿùèõ ê ýòîìó ïðàâèëó – îíè ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî óïîòðåáëÿòü ïîñëå “if” (= «åñëè áû») òîëüêî ñëîâî “were” – – ýòî ÷èñòûé ñíîáèçì! Ïîýòîìó íå óäèâëÿéòåñü, åñëè Âû â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå óñëûøèòå ôðàçó “If I was …” – ýòî, âîçìîæíî, íå îøèáêà, à ïîçèöèÿ (òåíäåíöèÿ ?!);

– çíà÷èò è «Åñëè ÿ è «Åñëè ÿ

“IF HE comeS” – çíà÷èò è «Åñëè îí è «Åñëè îí

«×ÒÎ ÄÅËÀÒÜ?»

wîò

òó äóó

1

2

We all want to live wè oîë wîíò òy ëèâ

ëó÷øå, ÷åì ìû æèâ¸ì*.

better than we do*. áýòý ðæí wè äóó

Íî ÷òî ìîæåò ïîìî÷ü íàì

But what can help us áàò wîò êæí õýëï àñ

ñäåëàòü áûñòðûé ïðîãðåññ?

to ** make a quick progress? òyìýéê ýêwèê ïðîãðýñ

ïðèÕÎÆÓ», ïðèÄÓ».

Âñ¸, (÷åãî) ìû õîòèì –

All we want oîë wè wîíò

ïðèÕÎÄÈÒ», ïðèĨһ.

(ýòî) ü áðàòü, à íå äàâàòü!

is to take, not to give! èç òýòýéê íîò òýãèâ

Áîëüøèíñòâî èç íàñ äóìàþò,

Most of us think ìîóñò îâ àñ θèíê

÷òî âñ¸ çàâèñèò

that everything depends ðæò ýâðèθèíã äèïýíäç

îò*** ìåñòà,

on*** the place ðýïëýéñ îí

ãäå Âû ðàáîòàåòå,

where you work, wýý þó wœœê

íî ýòî ü

but this is áàò ðèñ èç

“IF WE sell it” – çíà÷èò è «Åñëè ìû ïðîäà¨M åãî», è «Åñëè ìû ïðîäàÄÈÌ åãî». Íî: “… if you will!” = «…, ïîæàëóéñòà!»; 4) … he WOULD earn … – ýëåìåíò “WOULD”. ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó «ÁÛ»: … he WOULD earn = … îí ÁÛ çàðàáàòûâàë … Ïîâòîðÿþ: Ïîñëå ëþáîãî ýëåìåíòà àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ !!! 86

“WHAT TO DO?”

Ìû âñå õîòèì æèòü

â) Ñî ñëîâå÷êîì “IF” íè â îäíîì èç åãî çíà÷åíèé â ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ýëåìåíòû “will/shall”: “IF I come”

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹17

WERE a pilot.

87

àáñîëþòíî îøèáî÷íî!

completely wrong! êýìïëèèòëè ðîíã

äàæå íå + çàìåòèâ å¸.

without even + noticing it. wèðàóò èèâí íîóòèñèíã èò

Âñ¸ ïîëíîñòüþ

Everything entirely ýâðèθèíã èíòàýëè

Õîðîøåå ìåñòî ðàáîòû

A good place of work ýãóä ïëýéñ îâ wœœê

çàâèñèò îò Âàñ,

depends on you, äèïýíäç îí þó

ïðîñòî äà¸ò Âàì øàíñ

just gives you a chance äæÿñò ãèâç þó ý÷ààíñ

îò Âàøåãî èíòåëëåêòà,

on your intelligence, îí ¸î èíòýëèäæüåíñ

ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü

to demonstrate òy äýìýíñòðýéò

ñìåëîñòè, âûíîñëèâîñòè

courage, endurance, êàðèäæü èíäúþóýðýíñ

è ïðèìåíèòü

and to apply æíä òó ýïëàé

òåðïåíèÿ è ãîòîâíîñòè

patience and readiness ïýéøüåíñ æíä ðýäèíýñ

Âàøè ïðèðîäíûå

âñòðåòèòü óñïåõ

to meet success òýìèèò ñýêñýñ

your natural ¸î íæò÷ðýë

ñïîñîáíîñòè è òàëàíòû,

è óäà÷ó, êîãäà Âàì

and luck when**** you þó æíä ëàê wýí

faculties and talents ôæêýëòèç æíä òæëåíòñ

íàêîíåö-òî óäàñòñÿ

finally managå**** ôàéíýëè ìæíèäüæü

íî îíè íå ãàðàíòèðóþò Âàì ↓ ↓ íèêàêîé áûñòðîé êàðüåðû,

but they don’t garantee you áàò ðýé äîíò ãæðýíòèè þó

çàïîëó÷èòü èõ îáîèõ.

to get them both. òýãýò ðýì áîóθ

Íåïîäãîòîâëåííûé ÷åëîâåê

An unprepared man æí àíïðèïýýä ìæí

ìîæåò ëåãêî

can easily êæí èèçèëè

ïðîïóñòèòü öåëü,

miss the aim ìèñ ðý ýéì

88

any***** quick career, ýíè êwèê êýðèý

→ 1+2 åñëè (òîëüêî) Âû íå æåíèòåñü unless you marry àíëåñ þó ìæðè 1

2

íà îäíîé èç

one of your bosses’ ****** wàí îâ ¸î áîñèç

ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ äî÷åðåé Âàøèõ øåôîâ.

numerous daughters. íúþóìýðýñ äîîòýñ 89

* Ãëàãîë “DO” èñïîëüçîâàí çäåñü äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû äâàæäû íå ïîâòîðÿòü “live” â îäíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, òî åñòü îí çàìåíÿåò äðóãîé àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë – – çäåñü “do” çàìåíÿåò “live”; ** Çäåñü “to” ïåðåä “make” ñòàâèòü ìîæíî è íóæíî, òàê êàê ãëàãîë “make” ÿâëÿåòñÿ óæå âòîðûì ãëàãîëîì, è èä¸ò íå çà ýëåìåíòîì “can”, à çà ãëàãîëîì “help”; *** ... dependS ON you

–

Ïðåäëîãè, óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ñ òåìè èëè èíûìè àíãëèéñêèìè ãëàãîëàìè, ÍÅ ÂÑÅÃÄÀ ñîâïàäàþò ñ èõ ðóññêèìè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿìè.

Íàïðèìåð, ðóññêîìó «çàâèñåòü ÎÒ ...» ñîîòâåòñòâóåò àíãëèéñêîå “depend ON” (òî åñòü: «çàâèñåòü ÍÀ ...»), ðóññêîìó «ñìîòðåòü ÍÀ ...» ñîîòâåòñòâóåò “look AT...” (òî åñòü: «ñìîòðåòü  ...»), è òàê äàëåå. Åñòü ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ÁÅÇ ïðåäëîãîâ, à â àíãëèéñêîì – òîëüêî Ñ ïðåäëîãàìè: «îæèäàòü/æäàòü ü ÊÎÃÎ-Òλ, íî “wait FOR ...”, è íàîáîðîò: «æåíèòüñÿ ÍÀ (êîì-òî)», íî “marry SOMEONE” (áåç ïðåäëîãà). Ïîýòîìó, ðåêîìåíäóþ ñðàçó æå çàó÷èâàòü, Ñ êàêèì ïðåäëîãîì (èëè, ìîæåò, ÁÅÇ ïðåäëîãà âîîáùå?) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîò èëè èíîé àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë, è íå óäèâëÿòüñÿ è íå ïàíèêîâàòü, åñëè âäðóã Âû îáíàðóæèòå òàêèå «íåñîîòâåòñòâèÿ». Âî ìíîãèõ ñëîâàðÿõ ïîñëå ãëàãîëà óêàçûâàåòñÿ è òî, ñ êàêèì ïðåäëîãîì (è ñ ïðåäëîãîì ëè?) ýòîò ãëàãîë èñïîëüçóåòñÿ; 90

**** “... WHEN you finally MANAGE ...” = «... êîãäà Âàì íàêîíåö-òî óäàÑÒÑß ...». Âñïîìíèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ÷òî ïîñëå “WHEN” (è ïîñëå “IF”) â ñëó÷àå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ åãî íå êàê âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà,

ÍÅ íóæíû

ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè “will/ shall”, ïîýòîìó ôðàçà “... WHEN you finally MANAGE ...” ìîæåò çíà÷èòü è: «... êîãäà Âàì íàêîíåö-òî óäà¨Òñÿ ...», è: «... êîãäà Âàì íàêîíåö-òî óäàÑÒñÿ ...»; ***** Ïîñëå ëþáîãî îòðèöàíèÿ (“… don’t guarantee …”) ñëîâî “any” çíà÷èò «íèêàêîé»; ****** Åñëè «õîçÿèí/âëàäåëåö» ñàì çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà “-s”, òî åù¸ îäíî “ ’s” ïðèáàâëÿòü íå íóæíî – õâàòèò òîëüêî àïîñòðîôà: “bosses’ ” = «áîññîâ» (òî åñòü «ïðèíàäëåæàùèé áîññàì»).

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ 1) “We all want …” = «Ìû âñå õîòèì …» – îáû÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ íîðìàëüíûì ïîðÿäêîì ñëîâ, îäíàêî ñìîòðèì äàëüøå: “The car ü we all want – «Ìàøèíà, ÊÎÒÎÐÓÞ ìû âñå õîòèì to have” èìåòü» – – àíãëîÿçû÷íûå áîëåå ñêóïû íà ñëîâà, è âîò òàêèå «óòî÷íÿþùèå» âñòàâêè (òèïà «… ÊÎÒÎÐÓÞ …») îíè ÷àñòî ïðîïóñêàþò, îáõîäÿñü áåç íèõ.

Áóäüòå âíèìàòåëüíû!

Ïðèìåðû: All (that) we want is … = Âñ¸, ×ÅÃÎ ìû õîòèì, ýòî … The man (that) I’m looking for = ×åëîâåê, ÊÎÒÎÐÎÃÎ ÿ èùó. The woman (that) you loved = Æåíùèíà, ÊÎÒÎÐÓÞ òû ëþáèë. I don’t have ü what you need = Ó ìåíÿ íåò ÒÎÃÎ, ÷òî òåáå íóæíî; 91

2) “UNprepareD” = «ÍÅïîäãîòîâëÅÍíûé» = 3-ÿ ôîðìà ïðàâèëüíîãî ãëàãîëà «prepare» («ãîòîâèòü», «ïðèãîòàâëèâàòü»), ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ïàññèâíûì îïðåäåëåíèåì. Ïðèñòàâêà “UN-…” – àí = «ÍÅ-…» ïðèäà¸ò ëþáîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ èëè ëþáîìó ñëîâó, Ê êîòîðîìó îíà ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ, îòðèöàòåëüíîå (èëè îáðàòíîå) çíà÷åíèå: Îïðåäåëåíèÿ: uncivilized unpopular uncommon uncomfortable

Ãëàãîëû: = = = =

ÍÅöèâèëèçîâàííûé ÍÅïîïóëÿðíûé ÍEîáû÷íûé ÍÅóäîáíûé

uncork = undress = undo = unfasten =

ÎÒêóïîðèâàòü ÐÀÇäåâàòü(-ñÿ) ÐÀÇâÿçûâàòü ÐÀÑñò¸ãèâàòü;

3) “… OF work” = «ðàáîòÛ» – ïðè ïîìîùè ïðåäëîãà “OF” â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îáðàçóåòñÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ íàøåìó ðîäèòåëüíîìó ïàäåæó. Ýòèì ïðåäëîãîì óêàçûâàþòñÿ îòíîøåíèÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòè èëè ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, à òàêæå ñîçäàþòñÿ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå êîíñòðóêöèè, ïðè÷¸ì ïðåäëî㠓of ” ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ ëþáûì ñóáúåêòîì (ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñ èìåíåì ñîáñòâåííûì) – ïðè ýòîì óæå ñàìî ýòî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íà÷èíàåò âûñòóïàòü êàê îïðåäåëåíèå, íàïðèìåð: a game OF cards = êàðòÎ×ÍÀß èãðà, íî: a game OF words = èãðà ñëîÂ, è: the house OF my mother = äîì ìîÅÉ ìàòåðÈ. Åù¸ îá îäíîé âîçìîæíîñòè îáîçíà÷åíèÿ «ñîáñòâåííèêà/ âëàäåëüöà» ñìîòðèòå íà ñëåäóþùåé ñòðàíèöå; 92

4) “ …bosseS’ daughterS” = «äî÷åðÈ øåôλ – – ïðè ïîìîùè äîáàâëåíèÿ “ ’s” (òî åñòü “S” ñ àïîñòðîôîì “ ’ ”) ê ëþáîìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó èëè ê èìåíè ñîáñòâåííîìó ìû îáîçíà÷àåì «âëàäåëüöà/ñîáñòâåííèêà» ÷åãî-òî, ïðè÷¸ì “ ’s” ïðèáûâëÿåòñÿ èìåííî Ê ñàìîìó ÂËÀÄÅËÜÖÓ, íàïðèìåð: my father’s flat = êâàðòèðà ìîÅÃÎ îòö’À, the expert’s opinion = ìíåíèå ýêñïåðò’À, Britain’s foreign policy = âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà Áðèòàíè’È, father-in-law’s car = ìàøèíà îò÷èì’À. Ïî-ðóññêè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âëàäåëåö ñòîèò â ðîäèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå. Îáðàòèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà îñîáûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì ýêâèâàëåíòå ðóññêèì âûðàæåíèÿì – – îí îáðàòíûé !!!, òàê êàê «îíè» ãîâîðÿò: 1

+

2

1

+

2

1

+

2

Ìîåé ìàòåð’È êâàðòèðà, ýêñïåðò’À ìíåíèå, îò÷èì’À ìàøèíà, òî åñòü ñíà÷àëà – ÂËÀÄÅËÅÖ, à óæ ïîòîì – ÒÎ, ÷åì âëàäåþò. Òàêæå åù¸ ðàç ïðîøó Âàñ îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå âîò íà ÷òî: åñëè àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî, îáîçíà÷àþùåå âëàäåëüöà, ñàìî çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà “+S” (èëè íà äðóãóþ øèïÿùóþ ñîãëàñíóþ), èëè åñëè îíî ñòîèò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – òàêæå çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà “S”, òî åù¸ îäíî “+S” ê íåìó ÍÅ ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ, à åãî ïðèñóòñòâèå òîëüêî îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ àïîñòðîôîì:

our sisters’ successes = óñïåõè íàøèõ ñåñò¸ð. àóý ñèñòýç ñýêñýñèç 93

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹18 «ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ ß ÁÛË ...»*

“IF I WERE ...”* èô àé

wœœ

Ïîòîì ÿ áû

After that I would ààôòý ðæò àé wóä

ïîåõàë** â Ëîíäîí, («ñúåçäèë»)

go** to London ãîó òy ëàíäýí

Åñëè áû ÿ ñòàë

If I became* èô àé áèêýéì

÷tîáû óëó÷øèòü****

to improve **** òó èìïðóóâ

áîãàòûì ÷åëîâåêîì,

à rich man ý ðèò÷ ìæí

ñâîé*** àíãëèéñêèé.

my*** English. ìàé èíãëèøü

À ïîñëå Ëîíäîíà

And after London æíä ààôòý ëàíäýí

ÿ áû + âåðíóëñÿ**

I would + return** àé wóä ðèòœœí

1

ÿ áû íà÷àë 2

1-é ãëàãîë

I would start** àé wóä ñòààò 2-é ãëàãîë

âåñòè

to lead òy ëèèä

îáðàòíî äîìîé

back home áæê õîóì

àáñîëþòío èíóþ æèçíü,

an absolutely different life, æí æáñýëþóòëè äèôðýíò ëàéô

è êóïèë** áû êâàðòèðû

and I would buy** flats æíä àé wóä áàé ôëæòñ

òî åñòü ÿ áû + èçìåíèë

that is I would + change ðæò èç àé wóä ÷ýéíäæü

äëÿ ñåáÿ è äëÿ ñâîèõ***

for myself and for my*** ôîî ìàéñýëô æíä ôîî ìàé

ñâîé*** îáðàç æèçíè.

my*** way of life. ìàé wýé îâ ëàéô

ðîäèòåëåé.

parents. ïýýðýíòñ

Ïðåæäå âñåãî

First of all ôœœñò îâoîë

Îíè – ü ñòàðûå ëþäè,

They are old people ðýé àà îóëä ïèèïë

ÿ áû + çàïëàòèë**

I would + pay** àé wóä ïýé

è ÿ õî÷ó,

and I want æíä àé wîíò

âñå ñâîè*** äîëãè.

all my*** debts. oîë ìàé äýòñ

÷tîáû îíè

94

=→ them ***** to ðýì òó 95

æèëè***** ëó÷øå. («èìåëè ëó÷øóþ æèçíü»).

have***** a better life. õæâ ýáýòý ëàéô

ÿ áû + ñ/äåëàë**,

ß – ü íå + áèçíåñìåí,

I’m not + a businessman, àéì íîò ýáèçíèñìæí

åñëè áû (ÿ) áûë* áîãàò(ûì).

íî äóìàþ, ÷òî

but I think that áàò àé θèíê ðæò

ÿ + ñìîã áû

I + would be able to àé wóä áèè ýéáë òó

îòêðûòü ôèðìó

open a company îóïí ýêàìïýíè

è äîáèòüñÿ óñïåõa.

and win success. æíä wèí ñýêñýñ

Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ïîìîãàòü

I like to help àé ëàéê òy õýëï

ëþäÿì, òàê ÷òî

people, so, ïèèïë ñîó

ÿ äóìàþ, ÷òî ìîÿ ôèðìà

I think that my firm àé θèíê ðæò ìàé ôœœì

ìîãëà áû

could êóä

ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàòüñÿ

specialize ñïýøüåëàéç

íà ïåðåâîäàõ.

in translations. èí òðýíñëýéøüíç

Âîò ÷òî

That’s what ðæòñ wîò

96

I would + do** àé wóä äóó if I were* rich. èô àé wœœ ðèò÷

* “If I became ...” = «Åñëè áû ÿ ñòàë ...» – – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïîñëå “IF” â åãî ñìûñëå «Åñëè áû ...» èñïîëüçóåòñÿ 2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà – – òî åñòü ïðîñòîå ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ (êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïîñëå «Åñëè áû ...»). “If I were ...” = «Åñëè áû ÿ áûë ...» – – åù¸ ðàç íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïðè yïîòðåáëåíèè ãëàãîëà “BE” ïîñëå “IF” â åãî ñìûñëå «Åñëè áû ...» â î÷åíü ïðàâèëüíîì àíãëèéñêîì èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ ôîðìà “WERE” (à íå “was”) – – íåçàâèñèìî îò ëèöà è ÷èñëà, íàïðèìåð: Åñëè áû ÿ ÁÛË ñîëäàòîì =→ If I WERE + a soldier Åñëè áû îí ÁÛË îïòèìèñòîì =→ If heWERE + an optimist, è îáû÷íîå: If you (we, they) WERE here = Åñëè áû âû ÁÛËÈ çäåñü; ** I would start ..., I would pay ... = ß áû ... – – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî “WOULD” = = ðóññêîìó «ÁÛ», íî â àíãëèéñêîì ïîñëå “would” èä¸ò ÍÅ ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëà, à òîëüêî åãî ñëîâàðíàÿ ôîðìà ( ÁÅÇ ÷àñòèöû “to”) – – òî åñòü ïðîñòî ãëàãîë èç ñëîâàðÿ (íåèçìåí¸ííûé!); 97

***  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íåò «îáùåãî» ñëîâà «ñâîé» – âìåñòî íåãî â êàæäîì êîíêðåòíîì ñëó÷àå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîäõîäÿùåå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (èëè – êàê ÿ èõ íàçûâàþ – «îáÿçàòåëüíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü» – ñòð. 272): my, your, his, her, its, our, their; **** “... ÒÎ improve my English” = = «×tîáû óëó÷øèòü ñâîé àíãëèéñêèé»  – – “TO ...” ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì ìîæåò òàêæå çíà÷èòü

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹19 Êàæäûé äåíü ÿ ïðîãóëèâàþñü

Every day I walk ýâðè äýé àé wîîê

ïî óëèöàì ìîåãî ãîðîäêà.

down the streets of my town. äàóí ðýñòðèèòñ îâ ìàé òàóí

ß òåïåðü – âçðîñëûé ÷åëîâåê,

I’m a grown up man now àéì ý ãðîóí àï ìæí íàó

è ÿ æèâó î÷åíü ñïîêîéíîé

and I live a very quiet æíä àé ëèâ ý âýðè êwàéýò

æèçíüþ.

life. ëàéô

Ó ìåíÿ åñòü + äðó㠖

I have + a friend – àé õæâ ý ôðýíä

– îí ðàáîòàåò â øêîëå.

he works in a school. õè wœœêñ èí ý ñêóóë

Îí – ó÷èòåëü.

He is a teacher. õè èç ý òûû÷ý

Ìû – ñòàðûå äðóçüÿ,

We are old friends, wè àà îóëä ôðýíäç

õîòÿ ìû íèêîãäà íå* áûëè

though we never* were ðîó wè íýâý wœœ

äîñòàòî÷íî áëèçêè –

close enough – êëîóñ èíàô

– îí áûë àêòèâíûì ìàëü÷èêîì,

he was an active boy, õè wîç æíæêòèâ áîé

«×tîáû ... (÷òî-íèáóäü ñäåëàòü)»; ***** “I WANT THEM TO ...” = «ß õî÷ó, ÷ÒÎáû ÎÍÈ ...» = = êîíêðåòíàÿ ôîðìóëà äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ÷üåãî-ëèáî æåëàíèÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äðóãîìó ëèöó. Ïðè÷¸ì ýòî «äðóãîå ëèöî» âñåãäà îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ îáúåêòíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, à ãëàãîë, îáîçíà÷àþùèé òî, ÷òî äîëæíî ñäåëàòü ýòî «äðóãîå ëèöî», âñåãäà ñòîèò â íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìå (Ñ ÷àñòèöåé “to ...”). Ïðèìåðû: He wantS US TO disappear = Îí õî÷ÅÒ, ×ÒÎÁÛ ìû èñ÷åçëè. We want HIM TO leave = Ìû õîòÈÌ, ×ÒÎÁÛ îí óø¸ë. I wantED YOU TO laugh = ß õîòÅË, ×ÒÎÁÛ òû ñìåÿëàñü; ... would BE ABLE TO ... – ýòî (â äàííîì ñëó÷àå) ñèíîíèìû ... could ... ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, òàê êàê îáà ýòèõ âûðàæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ êàê (è çíà÷àò) «Ñìîã(-ëà) áû ...». Íî ðàçëè÷èå âñ¸ æå ñóùåñòâóåò: ñëîâî «COULD» ïðåäïîëàãàåò ìåíüøóþ ñòåïåíü çàâèñèìîñòè îò âíåøíèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, áoë´ üøóþ ñòåïåíü óâåðåííîñòè. 98

99

ïîëíûì ýíåðãèè,

full of energy, ôóë îâ ýíýäüæè

êàðòàìè è ïóòåâîäèòåëÿìè.

maps and guidebooks. ìæïñ æíä ãàéäáóêñ

à ÿ áûë ëåíèâûì,

and I was lazy æíä àé wîç ëýéçè

Ó íåãî + ñàìàÿ áîëüøàÿ

He has + the biggest ðýáèãèñò õè õæç

è (ÿ) âñåãäà

and I always æíä àé îîëwýéç

êîëëåêöèÿ

collection êýëåêøüí

ëþáèë ìå÷òàòü

liked to dream ëàéêò òýäðèèì

äîðîæíûõ êàðò Åâðîï’û.

of Europe’s road maps îâ þóýðýïñ ðîóä ìæïñ

î (ñâî¸ì) áóäóùåì.

about my future. ýáàóò ìàé ôúþó÷ý

(êîòîðóþ) ÿ êîãäà-ëèáî âèäåë.

I have ever seen. àé õæâ ýâý ñèèí

ß âñ¸ åù¸ ïðîäîëæàþ ìå÷òàòü,

I still keep on dreaming, àé ñòèë êèèï îí äðèèìèíã

ß áû õîòåë + + ïîïóòåøåñòâîâàòü,

I’d like to + travel, àéä ëàéê òó òðæâë

è (ÿ) äóìàþ, (÷òî) áóäó ìå÷òàòü

ànd I think I will dream æíä àé θèíê àé wèë äðèèì

è ÿ áû, êîíå÷íî, äåëàë ýòî,

and I would certainly do it æíä àé wóä ñœœòíëè äóó èò

âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü.

all my life. îîë ìàé ëàéô

åñëè áû + ÿ íå áûë

if + I were not èô àé wœœ íîò

Ìîé äðóã ëþáèò

My friend likes ìàé ôðýíä ëàéêñ

òàêèì áåäíûì.

so poor. ñîó ïóý

ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü,

to travel, òýòðæâë

Ìû îáà äóìàåì,

We both think wè áîóθ θèíê

íî îí íå ëþáèò ìå÷òàòü.

but he doesn’t like to dream. áàò õè äàçíò ëàéê òýäðèèì

÷òî ìíå** íóæíî

that I** should ðæò àé øþä

íà÷àòü ñâî¸ ñîáñòâåííîå äåëî,

start my own business, ñòààò ìàé îóí áèçíèñ

íî ó ìåíÿ âñåãäà ìàëî

but I’m always short of áàò àéì îîëwýéç ø¸îò îâ

Îí âñåãäà îêðóæ¸í 100

×åì? ↓ He is always surrounded by õè èç îîëwýéç ñýðàóíäèä áàé

101

äåíåã.

money. ìàíè

ìîåãî äðóãà

my friend ìàé ôðýíä

Ìîé äðóã ÷àñòî

My friend often ìàé ôðýíä îôí

îäîëæèòü ìíå

to lend me òy ëýíä ìèè

ñïðàøèâàåò ìåíÿ:

asks me: ààñêñ ìèè

íåìíîãî äåíåã.

some money. ñàì ìàíè

«Ó òåáÿ åñòü (õîòü) êàêèåíèáóäü***

? “Do you have any*** äóó þó õæâ ýíè

Êðîìå ýòîãî, ÿ íå óâåðåí,

Âesides, I’m not sure áèñàéäç àéì íîò øþý

ïëàíû íà áóäóùåå?

plans for your future? ïëæíñ ôîî ¸î ôúþó÷ý

(ëè) äàñò îí ìíå

whether he will give me wýðý õè wèë ãèâ ìèè

ýòè äåíüãè, èëè íåò.

this money or not. ðèñ ìàíè îî íîò

 ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, ÿ äîëæåí

In any case I must èí ýíè êýéñ àé ìàñò

1

2

1

2

Ïîñòàðàéñÿ èçìåíèòü

Try to change òðàé òó ÷ýéíäæü

ñâîþ æèçíü!».

your life!”. ¸î ëàéô

ß íå çíàþ,

I don’t know àé äîíò íîó

ïðåêðàòèòü ìå÷òàòü,

stop dreaming, ñòîï äðèèìèíã

÷òî ñêàçàòü â îòâåò.

what to say in response. wîò òýñýé èí ðèñïîîíñ

è ÿ äîëæåí + áûòü áîëåå

and I have to + be more æíä àé õæâ òó áèè ìîî

ß áû îõîòíî íà÷àë

I would eagerly start àé wóä èèãýëè ñòààò

îòâåòñòâåííûì çà ñâîþ

responsible for my ðèñïîíñèáë ôîî ìàé

ñâî¸ ñîáñòâåííîå äåëî, íî

my own business, but ìàé îóí áèçíèñ áàò

ñîáñòâåííóþ æèçíü.

own life. îóí ëàéô

ÿ ñëèøêîì ñòåñíèòåëüíûé,

I’m too shy àéì òóó øÿé

ß íå ìîãó çàáûòü, ÷òî

I can not forget that àé êæíîò ôýãýò ðæò

÷tîáû ïîïðîñèòü

to ask òó ààñê

Áîã äàë

God gave ãîä ãýéâ

102

103

å¸**** ìíå,

it**** to me, èò òó ìèè

è ÷òî ìíå** íåëüçÿ

and that I** may not æíä ðæò àé ìýé íîò

ðàñòðàòèòü å¸ ****

spend it **** ñïýíä èò

 í¸ì ëåæèò* êó÷à âåùåé, (= «èìååòñÿ»*)

ïðîñòî òàê.

for nothing. ôîî íàθèíã

êîòîðûå áóäóò íóæíû ìíå

that I will (= I’ll) need ðæò àé wèë (= àéë) íèèä

íà þãå.

in the South**. èí ðýñàóθ

ß äîëæåí*** óåõàòü çàâòðà

I’ve got to*** leave tomorrow aéâ ãàò òó ëèèâ òýìîðîó

* Àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî

“never” ñàìî ïî ñåáå «íèêîãäà íå …»;

ñðàçó æå çíà÷èò

**  àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âñåãäà «äåéñòâóåò» òîëüêî ñóáúåêò, êîòîðûé îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ òîëüêî ñóáúåêòíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì – – òî åñòü òîëüêî: I, you, he, she, it, we, they !!!;

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹20 Âîò ü + ìîé ÷åìîäàí. 1

2

Here is + my suitcase. õèý èç ìàé ñúþóòêýéñ →

íà ïîåçëå (= ïîåçäîì). ß ñïðàøèâàþ ñâîþ ïîäðóãó:

***  âîïðîñå “any” çíà÷èò «(õîòü) êàêîé-íèáóäü»; **** “Life” – íå æåíùèíà, ïîýòîìó î íåé íóæíî ãîâoðèòü “it”.

1 2 → «×òî åù¸ ìíå (íóæíî) âçÿòü?».

À

104

îíà ãîâîðèò:

2

1

There is* a lot of things in it ðýý èç ýëîò îâ θèíãç èí èò

×åì? ↓ by train. áàé òðýéí I ask my girlfriend: àé ààñê ìàé 㜜ëôðýíä 2

1

“What else should I take?”. wîò ýëñ øþä àé òýéê And she says: æíä øüè ñýç

«Áåðè**** âñ¸, ÷òî

“Take**** all (that) òýéê îîë (ðæò)

òåáå ìîæåò ïîíàäîáèòüñÿ,

you can need, þó êæí íèèä 105

è íå çàáóäü ïîçâîíèòü ìíå

ànd don’t forget to call me æíä äîíò ôýãýò òó êîîë ìèè

ñâîÿ ñîáñòâåííàÿ æèçíü,

her own life, õœœ îóí ëàéô

(ñðàçó), êàê òîëüêî + + ïðèåäåøü!».

as soon as + you get there!”. þó ãýò ðýý æç ñóóí æç

à ó ìåíÿ (äîëæíà áûòü)

ànd I should have æíä àé øþä õæâ

Ýòî – ü ïåðâûé ðàç

This is the first time ðèñ èç ðýôœœñò òàéì

– ñâîÿ (= «ìîÿ»).

mine. ìàéí

(÷òî) ÿ ïîêèäàþ å¸.

that I leave her. ðæò àé ëèèâ õœœ

Êîíå÷íî, ÿ íå õî÷ó

Certanly, I don’t want cœœòíëè àé äîíò wîíò

È (ýòî) ü óæå ñåäüìîé

And it’s already the seventh æíä èòñ îîëðýäè ðýñýâýíθ

çàñòàâëÿòü å¸ + ïëàêàòü,

to make her + cry, òýìýéê õœœ êðàé

ðàç çà ýòîò óèêýíä

time during this weekend òàéì äúþóýðèíã ðèñ wèèêýíä

ïîòîìó ÷òî

since ñèíñ

NB! ÿ âèæó, êàê îíà ïëà÷åò. → (that) I see her crying. ðæò àé ñèè õœœ êðàéèíã

ìíå***** å¸ æàëêî,

→ I***** feel pity for her àé ôèèë ïèòè ôîî õœœ

è, âîîáùå-òî ãîâîðÿ,

and generally speaking æíä äüæeíýðýëè ñïèèêèíã

ß áû íå óåçæàë áåç íå¸,

I wouldn’t leave without her àé wóäíò ëèèâ wèðàóò õœœ

ÿ ïðåäïî÷èòàþ

I prefer àé ïðèôœœ

íî íàì***** èíîãäà íàäî

but we***** should øþä áàò wè

ñìåþùèõñÿ æåíùèí.

laughing women. ëààôèíã wèìèí

ðàññòàâàòüñÿ.

part sometimes. ïààò ñàìòàéìç

Êðîìå ýòîãî, ÿ ïðîñòî

Besides of that I simply áèñàéäç îâ ðæò àé ñèìïëè

ß âñåãäà äóìàë, ÷òî

I always thought that àé îîëwýéç θîîò ðæò

ëþáëþ å¸.

love her. ëàâ õœœ

ó íå¸ äîëæíà áûòü

she should have øüè øþä õæâ

Íî ÿ äóìàþ,

But I think áàò àé θèíê

106

107

÷òî ýòî – ü ïîñëåäíèé ðàç,

that it’s the last time (ðæò) èòñ ðýëààñò òàéì

÷òî ÿ ïîêèäàþ å¸,

that I leave her, ðæò àé ëèèâ õœœ

è ïîñëå ýòîãî

and after that æíä ààôòý ðæò

ìû ïîæåíèìñÿ. 1

2

1

2

=

3

3

“There + is/ are/ was/ were/ will be” âñåãäà ñòàâèòñÿ â ñàìîå íà÷àëî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à òî, ÃÄÅ âñ¸ ýòî «âèñèò-ëåæèò-ñòîèò-èìååòñÿ» ñòîèò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ !!!; ** «Ñòîðîíû ñâåòà» ïî-àíãëèéñêè âñåãäà «îôîðìëÿþòñÿ» îïðåäåë¸ííûì àðòèêëåì “the”:

we’ll get married. wèë ãýò ìæðèä

I want + to love + her àé wîíò òó ëàâ õœœ 4

è õî÷ó, ÷tîáû îíà ëþáèëà ìåíÿ!

→

1

2

the the the the

3

ß õî÷ó ëþáèòü å¸, 1

3

2

4******

and I want + her + to love me! æíä àé wîíò õœœ òó ëàâ ìèè

* there IS, there ARE – ýòî îñîáûé àíãëèéñêèé îáîðîò,

êîòîðûé íóæíî ïðîñòî âîcïðèíÿòü êàê äàííîñòü è âûó÷èòü íàèçóñòü.

Îí ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåñòâóåò ðóññêèì: «èìåÅòñÿ – èìåÞòñÿ», «åñòü» «ëåæÈò – ëåæÀò», «ñòîÈò – ñòîßò», «âèñÈò – âèñßò», è òàê äàëåå. Ðàçíîé â ýòîì îáîðîòå, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëà è îò âðåìåíè, áûâàåò òîëüêî ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “BE”: 1

There There There There There There 108

Êðîìå ýòîãî, çäåñü èìååòñÿ î÷åíü êîíêðåòíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü â ïîðÿäêå ñëîâ (ïîñìîòðèòå âûøå!), òàê êàê îáîðîò

2

is a big house here/there. are big houses here/there. was a big house here/there. were big houses here/there. will be a big house here/there. will be big houses here/there.

North South East West

– – – –

ðý ðý ðý ðý

íîîθ ñàóθ èèñò wýñò

= = = =

ñåâåð þã âîñòîê çàïàä.

È àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ãîâîðÿò «â þãå/ñåâåðå/âîñòîêå/çàïàäå» = “in”, à íå «íà …» !!!; *** «Äîëæåí» = “must …”, “have/has to …” è “ ’ve/ ’s got to …”; **** ×òîáû ïî-àíãëèéñêè ïîïðîñèòü èëè ïðèêàçàòü, Âàì äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòî âçÿòü ãëàãîë èç ñëîâàðÿ, è «ïðèêàçàòü» ïðÿìî ýòèì ãëàãîëîì, íè÷óòü åãî íå èçìåíÿÿ !; ***** Òîëüêî

ñóáúåêòíîå

ìåñòîèìåíèå !!!!!

****** Îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â ïîðÿäêå (îäíèõ è òåõ æå !!!) ñëîâ â äâóõ ÷àñòÿõ ýòîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Âñïîìíèòå ôîðìóëó: → → → → → → → → ↑ ↓ «ß õî÷ó, ÷tîáû îí çíàë» → “I want + him + to + ãëàãîë”. ↓ ↑ → → → → → → →

Íàøå ñóáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ïåðåõîäèò→ â èõ îáúåêòíîå !!! 109

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹21 (3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “be”)

↓ ß + íèêîãäà íå á↓ûë + â* + Ëîíäîíå. I + have never been + to* + London. òó ëàíäýí àé õæâ íýâý áèèí

Òåïåðü ÿ íåðâíè÷àþ,

Now I’m getting nervous, íàó àéì ãýòèíã 휜âýñ

ïîòîìó ÷òî ìíå êàæåòñÿ,

because it seems to me áèêîîç èò ñèèìç òó ìèè

÷òî

that ðæò

Ýòî – ãîðîä

It is the city èò èç ðýñèòè

ìîè ïëàíû òàþò

my plans are vanishing ìàé ïëæíç àà âæíèøüèíã

ìîåé ìå÷òû.

of my dream. îâ ìàé äðèèì

â âîçäóõå.

in the air. èí ðý ýý

Ó ìåíÿ + ñëèøêîì ìíîãî

I’ve got + too much àéâ ãàò òóó ìàò÷

ðàáîòû, (êîòîðóþ ÿ)

work wœœê

äîëæåí ñäåëàòü, (= «ê äåëàíèþ»)

to do òó äóó

è ÿ äîëæåí ïîìîãàòü

↓ I read so many books about**. àé ðýä ñîó ìýíè áóêñ ýáàóò

and I have to help æíä àé õæâ òó õýëï

ñâîèì

my ìàé

ß ïëàíèðîâàë ýòó

I was planning this àé wîç ïëæíèíã ðèñ

ñòàðåíüêèì ðîäèòåëÿì,

old parents, îóëä ïýýðýíòñ

ïîåçäêó âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü***. Ïîòîì

trip all my life***. Then, ðýí òðèï îîë ìàé ëàéô

è ó ìåíÿ

and I have æíä àé õæâ

ñëèøêîì ìíîãî äîëãîâ.

too many debts. òóó ìýíè äýòñ

1

ß áû î÷åíü õîòåë 2

1

I’d love to àéä ëàâ òó 2

óâèäåòü âñå òå èçâåñòíûå

see all those famous ñèè îîë ðîóç ôýéìýñ

óëèöû è çäàíèÿ,

streets and buildings, ñòðèèòñ æíä áèëäèíãç 2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “read”

î êîòîðûõ ÿ ïðî÷¸ë** ñòîëüêî êíèã.

ÿ ïåðåñòàë ïëàíèðîâàòü. I stopped planning. (= «ïðåêðàòèë ïëàíèðîâàíèå») àé ñòîïò ïëæíèíã 110

111

Ìîÿ ñåñòðà + íàøëà

My sister + has found ìàé ñèñòý õæç ôàóíä

ÿ áóäó äîæèäàòüñÿ

I’ll be waiting for àéë áèè wýéòèíã ôîî

î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûé

a very interesting ý âýðè èíòðèñòèíã

åãî çâîíêà äîïîçäíà.

his call untill late. õèç êîîë àíòèë ëýéò

ïóòåâîäèòåëü äëÿ ìåíÿ,

guide-book for me, ãàéäáóê ôîî ìèè

òàê ÷òî + ÿ ÷èòàþ åãî

so + I read it ñîó àé ðèèä èò

* Åñëè Âû õîòèòå ñêàçàòü, ÷òî «Âû ãäå-òî ïîáûâàëè», òî íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü âûðàæåíèå “have been to …”, ïðè÷¸ì â äàííîì ñëó÷àå â êà÷åñòâå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ íàøåìó «â» àíãëîÿçû÷íûå èñïîëüçóþò ïðåäëî㠓to” (à íå “in”):

êàæäûé äåíü.

every day. ýâðè äýé

À îäèí ìîé äðóã

And a friend of mine æíä ý ôðýíä îâ ìàéí

ïåðåñåëèëñÿ â Ëîíäîí

moved to London ìóóâä òó ëàíäýí

2 ãîäà (òîìó) íàçàä.

2 years ago. òóó éèýç ýãîó

Îí ðåãóëÿðíî**** çâîíèò ìíå.

He uses to**** call me. êîîë ìèè õè þóçèç òó

Â÷åðà ÿ óçíàë,

Yesterday I learned åñòýäýé àé 뜜íä

÷òî îí áóäåò çâîíèòü*****

that he would call***** ðæò õè wóä êîîë

ìíå ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì.

me tonight. ìèè òóíàéò

Òàê ÷òî, 112

So, ñîó

ß áûë â Ìîñêâå óæå 3 ðàçà = = I have been to Moscow 3 times already; àé õæâ áèèí òó ìîñêýó θðèè òàéìç îîëðýäè ** Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ìåñòî ïðåäëîãà â îáîèõ âàðèàíòàõ; *** Ñëîâà «all my life» îáÿçûâàþò ê èñïîëüçîâàíèþ èìåííî ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè, ïåðåäàþùåé èìåííî äëèòåëüíûå, ðàñòÿíóòûå äåéñòâèÿ; **** «Ðåãóëÿðíîñòü», «ïîâòîðÿåìîñòü» äåéñòâèé ìîæíî ïåðåäàâàòü ïðè ïîìîùè îáîðîòà “use to …” – þóç òó, êîòîðûé ñàì æå è èçìåíÿåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ëèöà è îò âðåìåíè ýòîãî «ðåãóëÿðíîãî» äåéñòâèÿ: We USE TO hunt here every autumn. þóç òó õàíò õèý ýâðè îîòýì wè Ìû ÎÁÛ×ÍÎ îõîòèìñÿ çäåñü êàæäóþ îñåíü. He õè Îí

USES TO hunt here every autumn. þóçèç òó õàíò õèý ýâðè îîòýì ÎÁÛ×ÍÎ îõîòèòñÿ çäåñü êàæäóþ îñåíü.

hunt here every autumn. We USED TO õàíò õèý ýâðè îîòýì wè þóçä òó Ìû ÎÁÛ×ÍÎ îõîòèëèñü çäåñü êàæäóþ îñåíü;  áóäóùåì âðåìåíè ýòîò îáîðîò íå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ! *****  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïðàâèëî «ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ âðåì¸í» (ñòð. 381). 113

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹22 À òåïåðü ïîóëûáàéòåñü, ÷èòàÿ âåëèêîëåïíûé îáðàçåö «Ôèëîñîôèè èðëàíäöà», êîòîðûé ÿ ñïèñàë â Ïåòåðáóðãå â îòëè÷íîì «Èðëàíäñêîì ïèâíîì áàðå «Øåìðîê» íà Òåàòðàëüíîé ïëîùàäè.

«Ôèëîñîôèÿ èðëàíäöà». “An Irishman’s Philisophy”. æí àéðèøüìæíñ ôèëîñýôè

î êîòîðûõ íóæíî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ:

to worry about: òówîðè ýáàóò

1 ñëîâî

3 ñëîâà

èëè Âû + âûçäîðîâååòå, 1 ñëîâî

èëè Âû + óìð¸òå.

either you + will get well àéðý þó wèë ãýò wýë →

2 ñëîâà

or you + will die. îî þó wèë äàé

Åñòü âñåãî äâå âåùè,

There are only two things ðýý àà îóíëè òóó θèíãç

Åñëè Âû âûçäîðîâååòå,

If* you get well,* èô þó ãýò wýë

î êîòîðûõ íóæíî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ:

to worry about: òó wîðè ýáàóò

òî Âàì íå î ÷åì

there is nothing ðýý èç íàθèíã

èëè Âû çäîðîâû,

åither you are well àéðý þó àà wýë

áåñïîêîèòüñÿ.

to worry about. òówîðè ýáàóò

èëè Âû áîëüíû.

or you are sick. îî þó àà ñèê

Åñëè æå Âû óìð¸òå,

If* you die,* èô þó äàé

Åñëè Âû çäîðîâû,

If you are* well, èô þó àà wýë

åñòü òîëüêî äâå âåùè,

there are only two things ðýý àà îóíëè òóó θèíãç

òîãäà Âàì íå î ÷åì

then there’s nothing ðýí ðýýç íàθèíã

î êîòîðûõ íóæíî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ:

to worry about: òówîðè ýáàóò

áåñïîêîèòüñÿ.

to worry about. òówîðè ýáàóò

èëè Âû ïîïàä¸òå â ðàé,

Íî åñëè Âû áîëüíû,

But if you are* sick, áàò èô þó àà ñèê

èëè â àä.

or hell. îî õýë

åñòü òîëüêî äâå âåùè,

there are only two things ðýý àà îóíëè òóó θèíãç

Åñëè Âû ïîïàä¸òå íà íåáåñà,

If* you go* to heaven, èô þó ãîó òó õýâí

114

1 ñëîâî

→

2 ñëîâà

either you will go to heaven àéðý þó wèë ãîó òó õýâí

115

òî Âàì íå î ÷åì áåñïîêîèòüñÿ.

there is nothing to worry about. ðýý èç íàθèíã òówîðè ýáàóò

Íî åñëè Âû ïîïàä¸òå â àä,

But if* you go* to hell, áàò èô þó ãîó òó õýë

1 ñëîâî

Âû áóäåòå

→ 2 ñëîâà you’ll be þóë áèè

òàê, Âàøó ìàòü, çàíÿòû

so damn busy ñîó äæì áèçè

ïîæèìàÿ ðóêè ïðèÿòåëÿì,

shaking hands with friends, øüåéêèíã õæíäç wèð ôðýíäç

(÷òî) ó Âàñ íå áóäåò âðåìåíè (= «Âàì áóäåò íåêîãäà»)

you won’t have time þó wîóíò õæâ òàéì

áåñïîêîèòüñÿ …

to worry ... òówîðè

* Íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïîñëå ñëîâà “If” – èô = â åãî ñìûñëå «Åñëè» â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ

ÃËÀÂÀ IV ÆÈÒÅÉÑÊÈÅ ÒÅÊÑÒÛ ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹23  ýòîì ↓ òåêñòå ìíîãî âûðàæåíèé/ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé, êîòîðûå íåëüçÿ ïåðåâåñòè ñ àíãëèéñêîãî íà ðóññêèé äîñëîâíî. Ïîýòîìó îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðóññêèå ýêâèâàëåíòû èìåííî òàêèì àíãëèéñêèì âûðàæåíèÿì (= íà ïîä÷¸ðêíóòûå ôðàçû è îáîðîòû), à òàêæå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ.

«ÌÎÉ ÄÅÍÜ»

ìàé

äýé

ß âñòàþ â 7 ÷àñîâ

I get up at 7 o’clock àé ãýòàï æò ñýâí ýêëîê

óòðà,

in the morning, èí ðýìîîíèíã

ðàñêðûâàþ øòîðû è

draw the curtains and äðîî ðýꜜòíñ æíä

äåëàþ çàðÿäêó

do gymnasticS äóó äüæüèìíæñòèêñ (èëè: “do my morning exercises”) äóó ìàé ìîîíèíã ýêñýñàéçèç

ïåðåä

in front of èíôðàíò îâ

îòêðûòûì îêíîì.

an open window. æí îóïí wèíäîó

ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè “will” è “shall”.

116

“MY DAY”

117

Ïîòîì ÿ èäó â âàííóþ,

Then I go to the bathroom ðýí àé ãîó òó ðý áààθðóóì

ãäå õîðîøåíüêî ìîþñü,

where I have a good wash wýý àé õæâ ýãóä wîøü

è ãäå ÿ ìîãó ïåòü

and where I can sing æíä wýý àé êæí ñèíã

ìîè ëþáèìûå ïåñíè

my fafourite songS ìàé ôýéâðèò ñîíãç

òàê ãðîìêî, êàê + õî÷ó.

as loudly as + I want. æç ëàóäëè æç àé wîíò

«Èíñòðóìåíò»

îäíèì èç ïîëîòåíåö, êîòîðûå åñòü â âàííÎÉ

↓ I wash with cold àé wîøü wèð êîóëä

that are in the bathroom ðæò àà èí ðýáààθðóóì

(÷òî äåëàåò ìåíÿ ñóõèì = (which makes me dry). = «äðàèò ìåíÿ»). wèò÷ ìýéêñ ìèè äðàé Ïîñëå ýòîãî ÿ âîçâðàùàþñü

After that I go back ààôòý ðæò àé ãîó áæê

â (ñâîþ) ñïàëüíþ,

to my bedroom, òó ìàé áýäðóóì

îäåâàþñü è

dress and äðýñ æíä

«Èíñòðóìåíò»

ß ìîþñü õîëîäíîé

↓ with one of the towels wèð wàí îâ ðýòàóýëç

è ãîðÿ÷åé âîäîé

and hot water æíä õîò wîîòý

ïðè÷¸ñûâàþñü

brush my hair áðàøü ìàé õýý

(÷òî äåëàåò ìåíÿ ýíåðãè÷íûì),

(which makes me brisk), wèò÷ ìýéêñ ìèè áðèñê

ïåðåä çåðêàëîì

in front of a mirror èíôðàíò îâ ýìèðý

«Èíñòðóìåíò»

(ÿ î÷åíü ëþáëþ ñìîòðåòü (I like to look at myself íà ñåáÿ, àé ëàéê òó ëóê æò ìàéñýëô ↑ ← ← ← ← ← ← very much âýðè ìàò÷

(÷òî äåëàåò ìåíÿ ÷èñòûì)

(which makes me clean), wèò÷ ìýéêñ ìèè êëèèí

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

è çàòåì ÿ âûòèðàþñü (= «äðàþ ñåáÿ»)

and then I dry MYSELF æíä ðýí àé äðàé ìàéñýëô

ìóæ÷èíà â çåðêàëå –

the man in the mirror ðýìæí èí ðýìèðý

øàìïóíåì è ìûëîì

118

↓ with shampoo and soap wèð øÿìïóó æíä ñîóï

119

ü ìîé ñàìûé ëó÷øèé äðóã).

is my best friend). èç ìàé áýñò ôðýíä

è íå óæèíàþ

and I eat no supper æíä àé èèò íîó ñàïý

ß áðåþñü êàæäîå óòðî,

I shave every morning àé øüåéâ ýâðè ìîîíèíã

âå÷åðîì,

in the evening èí ðýèèâíèíã

à èíîãäà è âå÷åðîì,

and sometimes in the evening, æíä ñàìòàéìç èí ðýèèâíèíã

òàê êàê (ÿ) õî÷ó

since I want to ñèíñ àé wîíò òó

êîãäà êóäà-íèáóäü èäó.

when I go out. wýí àé ãîó àóò

ñáåðå÷ü íåìíîãî çäîðîâüÿ.

save some health. ñýéâ ñàì õýëθ

ß äåðæó

I keep àé êèèï

Îêîëî 8 ÷àñîâ

At about 8 o’clock æò ýáàóò ýéò ýêëîê

î÷åíü õîðîøóþ áðèòâó

a very good razor ýâýðè ãóä ðýéçý

ÿ óõîæó èç ñâîåé êâàðòèðû (= «ïîêèäàþ ñâîþ …»)

I leave my flat àé ëèèâ ìàé ôëæò

è êàêîé-íèáóäü êðåì äëÿ áðèòüÿ

and some shaving cream æíä ñàì øüåéâèíã êðèèì

è èäó íà (ñâîþ) ðàáîòó,

and go to my office æíä ãîó òó ìàé îôèñ

íà ïîëêå

on the shelf îí ðýøüåëô

òàê êàê ÿ + âñ¸ åù¸ õî÷ó ïîïðîáîâàòü

since I + still want to try ñèíñ àé ñòèë wîíò òýòðàé

íàä ðàêîâèíîé.

above the wash-basin. ýáàâ ðýwîøüáýéñèí

ñòàòü áîëüøîé øèøêîé

to become a big boss òýáèêàì ýáèã áîñ

ß íå çàâòðàêàþ

I eat no breakfast àé èèò íîó áðýêôýñò

è ðàáîòàòü

and to work æíä òówœœê

óòðîì,

in the morning, èí ðýìîîíèíã

ïî 16 ÷àñîâ â äåíü

16 hours a day ñèêñòèèí àóýñ ýäýé

òàê êàê õî÷ó

since I want to ñèíñ àé wîíò òy

âìåñòî + 8.

instead of + 8. èíñòýä îâ ýéò

ñáåðå÷ü íåìíîãî äåíåã,

save some money, ñýéâ ñàì ìàíè

ß èäó ïåøêîì,

I walk àé wîîê

120

1

2

121

åñëè ü + äåíü õîðîøèé,

if it’s + a fine day, èô èòc ýôàéí äýé

(åñëè ÿ óæå íå ãîëûé)

(unless I’m already naked) àíëåñ àéì îîëðýäè íýéêèä

èëè åäó íà àâòîáóñå,

or I take a bus îî àé òýéê ýáàñ

è ëîæóñü ñïàòü

and go to bed æíä ãîó òó áýä

åñëè ü + èä¸ò äîæäü,

if it’s + raining, èô èòñ ðýéíèíã

ïîñëå äóøà

after taking shower ààôòý òýéêèíã øÿóý

ïîòîìó ÷òî + ýòî ü äåøåâëå,

because + it is cheaper áèêîîç èò èç ÷ûûïý

(î äóøå ñì. âûøå).

(see above). ñèè ýáàâ

÷åì êóïèòü çîíòèê.

than to buy an umbrella. ðæí òýáàé æíàìáðýëý

Êàê âèäèòå,

As you can see, æç þó êæí ñèè

Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ðàáîòû

After finishing my work ààôòý ôèíèøüèíã ìàé wœœê

ÿ ñïëþ 7 ÷àñîâ

ÿ âîçâðàùàþñü îáðàòíî äîìîé

I return back home àé ðèòœœí áæê õîóì

I sleep 7 hours àé ñëèèï ñýâí àóýñ

(êàê ïðàâèëî).

è äåëàþ âñ¸, ÷òî ìîãó,

and do whatever I can æíä äóó wîòýâý àé êæí

(as a rule). æç ýðóóë

âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû äåëàòü (= «âìåñòî + äåëàíèÿ»)

instead of + doing èíñòýä îâ äóóèíã

âñ¸, ÷òî õî÷ó.

whatever I want. wîòýâý àé wîíò

Îêîëî ïîëóíî÷è

At about midnight æò ýáàóò ìèäíàéò

ÿ èäó â ñïàëüíþ,

I go to my bedroom, àé ãîó òó ìàé áýäðóóì

ðàçäåâàþñü

undress àíäðýñ

122

123

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹24

1

«ÎÄÈÍ ÈÇ ÌÎÈÕ ÂÅ×ÅÐλ “ONE OF MY EVENINGS” wàí

îâ

ìàé

èèâíèíãç

Çäåñü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå îáðàòèòå íà ïîä÷¸ðêíóòûå ôîðìû íåïðàâèëüíûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ (è íà èõ ðóññêèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ!) – çàó÷èâàéòå ýòè ôîðìû ïðÿìî â òåêñòå ïðîñòî êàê ñëîâà !!!

Â÷åðà âå÷åðîì

Yesterday evening åñòýäýé èèâíèíã

ÿ ðåøèë ïîéòè

I decided to go àé äèñàéäèä òó ãîó

â êèíî,

to the cinema, òó ðý ñèíýìý

íî ïîòîì îäèí ìîé äðóã

but then a friend of mine áàò ðýí ýôðýíä îâ ìàéí

1

2

çàø¸ë íàâåñòèòü ìåíÿ (= «...÷toáû ïîâèäàòü...»)

1-é ãëàãîë

came êýéì

2-é ãëàãîë

to òó

see me ñèè ìèè

è ïðèí¸ñ ìíå

and brought me æíä áðîîò ìèè

áèëåò íà îïåðÓ.

a ticket for the opera. ýòèêèò ôîî ðý îóïýðý

Òàê ÷òî, ÿ ïåðåäóìàë

So, I changed my mind ñîó àé ÷ýéíäüæüä ìàé ìàéíä

è ïîø¸ë

and went æíä wýíò

124

2

âìåñòî ýòîãî + â òåàòð.

→

2

1

to the theater + instead. òó ðý θèýòý èíñòýä

Ìû ñìîòðåëè

We saw wè ñîî

«Ïèêîâóþ äàìó»,

“The Queen of Spades” ðýêwèèí îâ ñïýéäç

è ÿ íàñëàæäàëñÿ åþ*

and I enjoyed it* æíä àé èíäæü¸éä èò

÷ðåçâû÷àéíî.

very much. âýðè ìàò÷

Ïåíèå áûëî âåëèêîëåïíûì,

The singing was excellent, ðýñèíãèíã wîç ýêñýëåíò

è ïåâåö, êîòîðûé ïåë

and the singer who sang æíä ðýñèíãý õóó ñæíã

ãëàâíóþ ïàðòèþ,

the leading part ðýëèèäèíã ïààò

áûë ïåðâîêëàññíûì ïåâöîì

was a first-rate singer wîç ý ôœœñò ðýéò ñèíãý

è ó (íåãî) áûë + êðàñèâûé

and had + a beautiful æíä õæä ýáúþóòèôóë

ñèëüíûé ãîëîñ.

strong voice. ñòðîíã âîéñ

Îðêåñòðîì äèðèæèðîâàë** (= «… áûë óïðàâëÿåì …»)

The orchestra was conducted** ðýîîêèñòðý wîç êýíäàêòèä 125

Êåì?

î÷åíü èçâåñòíûé (= «èçâåñòíûì»)

↓ by a very famous áàé ýâýðè ôýéìýñ

è ìû ïîøëè

and we went æíä wè wýíò

â áóôåò

to the refreshment-room òó ðýðèôðýøüìýíò ðóóì

äèðèæ¸ð(-îì) è

conductor and êýíäàêòý æíä

(÷tîáû) âûïèòü

to have òó õæâ

ìóçûêà áûëà çàìå÷àòåëüíîé.

the music was wonderful. ðýìúþóçèê wîç wàíäýôóë

ïî áîêàëó øàìïàíñêîãî.

a glass of champagne. ýãëààñ îâ øÿìïýéí

Ïîñêîëüêó ìû ñèäåëè â ëîæå

Since we sat in a box ñèíñ wè ñæò èí ýáîêñ

Òàì ó íàñ ñîñòîÿëàñü («Ó íàñ áûëà»)

There we had ðýý wè õæä

íåäàëåêî îò ñöåíÛ,

not far from the stage, íîò ôàà ôðîì ðýñòýéäæü

î÷åíü èíòåðåñíàÿ áåñåäà

a very interesting talk ý âýðè èíòðèñòèíã òîîê

(òî) ìû ìîãëè âèäåòü âñ¸

we could see everything wè êóä ñèè ýâðèθèíã

îá îïåðå è

about opera and ýáàóò îóïýðý æíä

î÷åíü õîðîøî, è

very well and âýðè wýë æíä

î òåêóùèõ ñîáûòèÿõ.

about current events. ýáàóò êàðýíò èâýíòñ

ÿ îáíàðóæèë, ÷òî

I found that àé ôàóíä ðæò

Ïîñëå òåàòðà

After the theater ààôòý ðýθèýòý

äåêîðàöèè áûëè*** ÷óäåñíûìè.

the scenery was*** marvellous. ðýñèèíðè wîç ìààâýëýñ

ìû ïîøëè + ïðîãóëÿòüñÿ.

we went + for a walk. wè wýíò ôîî ýwîîê

Âî âðåìÿ àíòðàêòà

During the interval äúþýðèíã ðýèíòýâë

Ïîãîäà áûëà ïðåêðàñíîé

The weather was fine ðýwýðý wîç ôàéí

ÿ âñòðåòèë

I met àé ìýò

è ü áûëî î÷åíü òåïëî.

and it was **** very warm. âýðè wîîì æíä èò wîç

îäíîãî ñâîåãî ñòàðîãî äðóãà,

an old friend of mine æíîóëä ôðýíä îâ ìàéí

Ìíå î÷åíü íðàâèòñÿ

I like àé ëàéê

126

127

ýòîò òèï ïîãîäû.

this type of weather ðèñ òàéï îâ wýðý

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹25 «ÂÑÒÐÅ×Àß ÄÐÓÃÀ» “MEETING A FRIEND”

very much – âýðè ìàò÷ – Ñòàâèòñÿ â êîíåö ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.

ß âçÿë òàêñè è

ß ïðèø¸ë äîìîé

I came home àé êýéì õîóì

I took a taxi and àé òóê ýòæêñè æíä

ïîåõàë â àýðîïîðò,

went to the airport wýíò òó ðýýýïîîò

ê ïîëóíî÷è

by midnight áàé ìèäíàéò

÷tîáû âñòðåòèòü

to meet òy ìèèò

è ñ÷àñòëèâûé.

and happy. æíä õæïè

îäíîãî ìîåãî ñòàðîãî äðóãà,

an old friend of mine æíîóëä ôðýíä îâ ìàéí

êîòîðûé ïðèëåòàë

who was coming õóó wîç êàìèíã

ýòèì óòðîì

this morning ðèñ ìîîíèíã

èç-çà ãðàíèöû.

from abroad. ôðîì ýáðîîä

Õîòÿ + ü áûëî *

Although + it was * îîëðîó èò wîç

ðàííåå óòðî,

**** Â ïðàâèëüíîì è ïîëíîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü ñóáúåêò (òî åñòü ïðåäìåò èëè ëèöî) èëè ñëîâî, åãî çàìåíÿþùåå.

early morning œœëè ìîîíèíã

àýðîïîðò áûë

the airport was ðýýýïîîò wîç

Çäåñü âìåñòî ñóáúåêòà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå “it”.

ïîëîí æèçíè.

full of life. ôóë îâ ëàéô

* «Ïèêîâàÿ äàìà» – íå æåíùèíà, à îïåðà, ïîýòîìó-òî îíà “it”,

à íå “she”;

ìèèòèíã

** Ïàññèâíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ; *** Âèäèòå: ïî-ðóññêè «äåêîðàöèè» âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, à ïî-àíãëèéñêè – â åäèíñòâåííîì (“scenery”) ! Ïîýòîìó ïîñëå ñëîâà “scenery” è íóæíî óïîòðåáèòü “was”, à íå “were”;

128

ýôðýíä

129

Áîëüøèå àâòîáóñû

Big buses áèã áàñèç

çàâòðàêàëè

were having breakfast wœœ õæâèíã áðýêôýñò

ïðèâîçèëè

were bringing wœœ áðèíãèíã

ïåðåä

before áèôîî

ïóòåøåñòâåííèêîâ èç ãîðîäà. travellers from town. òðæâëåç ôðîì òàóí

ïîñàäêîé íà ñàìîë¸ò.

getting on board. ãýòèíã îí áîîä

 íèæíåì çàëå

In the hall downstairs èí ðýõîîë äàóíñòýýç

Êàê òîëüêî

As soon as æç ñóóí æç

ïàññàæèðàì âçâåøèâàëè **

passengers were having ïæñèíäæüåç wœœ õæâèíã

ðàäèî îáúÿâèëî,

the radio announced **** ðýðýéäèîó ýíàóíñò

èõ áàãàæ

their luggage weighed** ðýý ëàãèäüæü wýéä

÷òî ñàìîë¸ò

that the plane ðæò ðýïëýéí

è ïðîâåðÿëè** èõ

and their passports æíä ðýý ïààñïîîòñ

èç Ñèäíåß

from Sidney ôðîì ñèäíè

ïàñïîðòà è áèëåòû.

ànd tickets examined**. æíä òèêèòñ èãçæìèíä

âîò-âîò + ñÿäåò****,

was**** about + to land ýáàóò òy ëæíä wîç

Íîñèëüùèêè (ðàç)íîñèëè

Porters were carrying ïîîòýç wœœ êæðèíã

íîñèëüùèêè è

the porters and ðýïîîòýç æíä

áàãàæ ïàññàæèðî⒠***.

passengers’ *** luggage. ïæñèíäæüåñ ëàãèäüæü

âåçäåñóùèå òàêñèñòû

the omnipresent taxi- drivers ðý îóìíèïðýçíò òæêñè äðàéâýç

 ðåñòîðàíå íàâåðõó

In the restaurant upstairs èí ðýðýñòðîíã àïñòýýñ

ïîäáåæàëè

came hurrying out êýéì õàðèíã àóò

ÿ îáíàðóæèë

I found àé ôàóíä

ê «Ïðèë¸òó»

to the “Arrivals” òó ðý ýðàéâëç

ìíîãî ëþäåé, êîòîðûå

many people who ìýíè ïèèïë õóó

â ñâîåé âå÷íîé

in their eternal èí ðýý èòœœíë

130

(«â èõíåé»)

131

ïîãîíå çà êëèåíòàìè. («îõîòå»)

hunt for clients. õàíò ôîî êëàéýíòñ

ïàñïîðòíûé êîíòðîëü

passport control ïààñïîîò êýíòðîyë

Ïîñëå òîãî êàê (ñàìîë¸ò) ñäåëàë (= «Ïîñëå äåëàíèÿ …»)

After making ààôòý ìýéêèíã

è ïîøëà íà òàìîæíþ,

and walked to the customs æíä wîîêò òó ðýêàñòýìç

î÷åíü êðóãëûé êðóæîê

a very round circle ý âýðè ðàóíä ñœœêë

÷tîáû èõ áàãàæ

to have their luggage òy õæâ ðýý ëàãèäüæü

íàä àýðîïîðòîì,

over the airfield îóâý ðý ýýôèèëä

áûë ïðîâåðåí **

checked ** ÷ýêò

ïèëîò è åãî êîìàíäà

the pilot and his crew ðýïàéëýò æíä õèç êðóó

(«èõíþþ»)

ïîñàäèëè ñâîþ ìàøèíó

landed their machine ëæíäèä ðýý ìýøüèèí

è ïîäðóëèëè

and taxied up æíä òæêñèä àï

ê çäàíèþ àýðîïîðòà.

to the airport-building. òó ðý ýýïîîò áèëäèíã

Ãðóïïà ïàññàæèðîâ

A group of passengers ýãðóóï îâ ïæñèíäæüåç

ëåíèâî âûøëà èç

lazily got out off ëýéçèëè ãàò àóò îô

îãðîìíîãî ñàìîë¸òà,

the huge plane, ðýõúþóäæü ïëýéí

2 ñëîâà → 1 ñëîâî ïðîøëà íèêîãäà íå ñïÿùèé passed the never-sleeping ïààñò ðý íýâý ñëèèïèíã 132

Êåì ?

↓ by the customs-officers. áàé ðýêàñòýìç îôèñýç

òàìîæåííèêàìè.

*  ïðàâèëüíîì è ïîëíîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü ñóáúåêò (òî åñòü ïðåäìåò èëè ëèöî) èëè ñëîâî, åãî çàìåíÿþùåå. Çäåñü âìåñòî ñóáúåêòà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå “it”; ** Çäåñü è äàëåå – ýòî ïðèìåðû êîíñòðóêöèé, êîãäà ÷òî-òî äåëàåòñÿ «÷óæèìè ðóêàìè», íàïðèìåð: 1

2

3

→

1

2

3

«Ìíå + ïî÷èíèëè + ÷àñû» = “I had + my watch + repaired”; *** Êîãäà íà êîíöå ñëîâà óæå åñòü “-s” èëè äðóãàÿ øèïÿùàÿ ñîãëàñíàÿ, òî äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ «âëàäåëüöà» ìîæåò áûòü äîñòàòî÷íî òîëüêî àïîñòðîôà, íàïðèìåð: “My sisters’ dresses” = «Ïëàòüÿ ìîèõ ñåñò¸ð»; 133

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹26

**** Ðàç ïðåäûäóùèé â ýòîì (àíãëèéñêîì) ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë (“announceD”) ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè,

«ÏÈÑÜÌλ

òî è ïîñëåäóþùèé â ýòîì æå ïðåäëîæåíèè (àíãëèéñêèé) ãëàãîë òîæå äîëæåí ñòîÿòü â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (“was”)!

“Be about to …” – áèè ýáàóò òó = = «Ñîáèðàòüñÿ (÷òî-òî ñäåëàòü)» – – è èçìåíÿåòñÿ â ýòîì âûðàæåíèè

òîëüêî

134

ãëàãîë

“be”.

ýëåòý

Äîðîãîé äðóã!

Dear friend! äèý ôðýíä

Ìíå

It gives me èò ãèâç ìèè

Çäåñü ðàáîòàåò «Ïðàâèëî ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ âðåì¸í» (ñòð. 381)! NB:

“A LETTER”

î÷åíü ïðèÿòíî

a great pleasure ý ãðýéò ïëýæå (= «Ìíå äîñòàâëÿåò áîëüøîå óäîâîëüñòâèå») óçíàòü, ÷òî

to learn that òó 뜜í ðæò

òû ïëàíèðóåøü

you are planning þó àà ïëæíèíã

ïîñåòèòü íàø ãîðîä.

to visit our city. òó âèçèò àóý ñèòè

ß çíàþ, (÷òî)

I know (that) àé íîó ðæò

òû íàìåðåâàåøüñÿ + + îñòàíîâèòüñÿ

you are going to + stay þó àà ãîóèíã òó ñòýé

â ãîñòèíèöÅ,

in a hotel, èí ý õîóòýë

òàê ÷òî, ìîãó* òåáÿ óâåðèòü,

so I can* assure you ñîó àé êæí ýøþý þó 135

÷òî çäåñü** åñòü ìíîãî

that there are many ðæò ðýý àà ìýíè

ïðÿìî â ãîñòèíèöÓ,

straght to the hotel, ñòðýéò òó ðý õîóòýë

õîðîøÈÕ ãîñòèíèÖ,

good hotels here**, ãóä õîóòýëñ õèý

òàê ÷òî, òû íå ïîòåðÿåøü âðåìåíè.

so you’ll lose no time. ñîó þóë ëóóç íîó òàéì

è ÿ ñäåëàþ âñ¸, ÷òî ìîãó,

and I’ll do my best æíä àéë äóó ìàé áýñò

Òàì òû íàéä¸øü è

÷tîáû çàáðîíèðîâàòü ñàìûé óäîáíûé

to book òó áóê the most comfortable ðýìîóñò êàìôýòýáë

íîìåð äëÿ òåáÿ

room for you ðóóì ôîî þó

â ìîåé ëþáèìîé ãîñòèíèöÅ.

in my favourite hotel. èí ìàé ôýéâðèò õîóòýë

Òàê ÷òî, åñëè òû õî÷åøü

So, if you wish ñîó èô þó wèøü

áûòü óâåðåííÛÌ â ýòîì,

to be certain about it, òýáèè ñœœòí ýáàóò èò

ïîæàëóéñòà, ïîçâîíÈ ìíå

please, give me a call ïëèèç ãèâ ìèè ýêîîë

ïåðåä (òåì, êàê) ïðèåäåøü ñþäà.

before you come here. áèôîî þó êàì õèý

ß íà ìàøèíå îòâåçó òåáÿ

I’ll drive you àéë äðàéâ þó

ñ âîêçàëà

from the station ôðîì ðýñòýéøüí

136

1 ñëîâî

→

2 ñëîâà

There you’ll also find ðýý þóë îîëñîó ôàéíä

âñå âîçìîæíûå óäîáñòâà,

all possible conveniences îîë ïîñèáë êýíâèíúåíñèç

âêëþ÷àÿ âåëèêîëåïíûé

including a wonderfull èíêëóóäèíã ý wàíäýôóë

ðåñòîðàí ñ

restaurant with ðýñòðîíã wèð

èçûñêàííÎÉ êóõíÅÉ.

an exquisite cuisine. æí èêñêwèçèò êwèçèèí

(Ta) Ãîñòèíèöà,

The hotel ðýõîóòýë

î (êîòîðîé) ÿ ïèøó,

I’m writing about àéì ðàéòèíã ýáàóò

íàõîäèòñÿ ïðÿìî â öåíòðÅ

is right in the center èç ðàéò èí ðý ñýíòý

ãîðîäÀ è

of the city and îâ ðýñèòè æíä

áî´ëüøàÿ ÷àñòü

most of ìîóñò îâ 137

ëó÷øÈÕ ìóçåÅÂ,

the best museums, ðýáýñò ìúþóçèýìç

òåàòðΠè êèíî

theaters and cinemas θèýòýç æíä ñèíýìýç

Ãîñòèíèöà ïðåäîñòàâèò åé

íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèÈ

are within àà wèðèí

õîðîøÅÃÎ ãèäÀ,

íåñêîëüêÈÕ ìèíóò õîäüáÛ

a few minutes walk ýôúþó ìèíèòñ wîîê

ìíîãî äåë

a lot of things to do. ýëîò îâ θèíãç òy äóó

(«÷toáû ñäåëàòü»). 1 ñëîâî

1 ñëîâî

êîòîðûé ïîâîäèò å¸

→ 2 ñëîâà The hotel will get her θýõîóòýë wèë ãýò õœœ a good guide ýãóä ãàéä →

2 ñëîâà

who will take her õóó wèë òýéê õœœ

èëè åçäÛ îò íå¸***.

or drive from it***. îî äðàéâ ôðîì èò

Åñòü òàêæå è

There is also ðýý èç îîëñîó

áîëüøîé

a big ý áèã

êîíöåðòíûé çàë

concert hall êîíñýò õîîë

and will go shopping with her è ïðîéä¸òñÿ ñ íåé ïî ìàãàçèíàì, æíä wèë ãîó ø¸ïèíã wèð õœœ

ïðÿìî ÷åðåç äîðîãó**.

just across the road**. äæÿñò ýêðîñ ðýðîóä

ïîêà òû ü çàíÿò.

while you are busy. wàéë þó àà áèçè

Åñëè òâîÿ î÷àðîâàòåëüíàÿ æåíà

If your charming wife èô ¸î ÷ààìèíã wàéô

ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî

I remember that àé ðèìýìáý ðæò

ïðèåçæàåò

is coming along èç êàìèíã ýëîíã

âñåãäà, êîãäà îíà ïîëó÷àåò

whenever she gets wýíýâý øüè ãýòñ

ñ òîáîþ,

with you wèð þó

ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü äåíåã, (òî)

some money, ñàì ìàíè

ó íå¸ áóäåò

she will have øüè wèë õæâ

îäåæäà – ü ýòî ïåðâîå,

clothes are the first thing êëoóðñ àà ðýôœœñò θèíã

138

ïî ãîðîäÓ,

round the city, ðàóíä ðýñèòè

ïîêàæåò åé âñå ìóçåè

will show her all the museums wèë ø¸ó õœœ îîë ðýìúþóçèýìç

139

íà ÷òî îíà èõ*** òðàòèò!

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹27

she spends it*** on! øüè ñïýíäç èò îí

* Ïî-àíãëèéñêè íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü ïðîñòî «Ìîãó …» – – òîëüêî «ß ìîãó …», òàê êàê íàëè÷èå ñóáúåêòà (òî åñòü äåéñòâóþùåãî ëèöà) â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì !!!; ** Êîãäà Âû (ïî-àíãëèéñêè!) ãîâîðèòå, ÷òî “here” èëè “there” ÷òî-òî «èìååòñÿ», òî àíãëèéñêîå «èìååòñÿ/èìåþòñÿ» = “There is/are …” ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (èëè åãî ñìûñëîâîé ÷àñòè), à âîò ñëîâà, îáîçíà÷àþùèå «ãäå» ýòî «èìååòñÿ» ñòàâÿòñÿ â êîíåö ïðåäëîæåíèÿ; *** «Ãîñòèíèöà» è «äåíüãè» – íå ëþäè, ïîýòîìó è î òîì, è î äðóãîì àíãëè÷àíå ãîâîðÿò “it”. Ïðè÷¸ì, àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî “money” = «äåíüãè» èìååò òîëüêî åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî, à íå ìíîæåñòâåííîå, êàê â ðóññêîì. Ïîýòîìó î “money” è ãîâîðÿò “it”, à íå “they”.

«ÒÐÅÂÎÃÈ» 1

2

ß íèêîãäà íå* áûëà

òðàáëç

→

1+2

I never* was àé íýâý wîç

â òàêîé òðóäíîé

in such a difficult èí ñàò÷ý äèôèêëò

ñèòóàöèè ðàíüøå.

situation before. ñèòúþýéøüí áèôîî

ß âñåãäà ïûòàëàñü

I always tried àé îîëwýéç òðàéä

íå âìåøèâàòüñÿ

not to interfere íîò òó èíòýôèý

3

1

2

â äåëà äðóãèõ ëþä’åé,

→

1

2

3

in other people’s affairs, èí àðý ïèèïëç ýôýýç

íî æèçíü çàñòàâëÿëà ìåíÿ

but life made ** me áàò ëàéô ìýéä ìèè

äåëàòü ýòî.

do ** that. äóó ðæò

Õîòÿ ÿ (è) íå õîòåëà ↓ ↓ èìåòü + íèêàêèõ íåïðèÿòíîñòåé,

Though I didn’t want ðîó àé äèäíò wîíò

ÿ ðåãóëÿðíî *** 140

“TROUBLES”

to have + any troubles òýõæâ ýíè òðàáëç I used *** to òó àé þóçä 141

â íèõ ïîïàäàëà***

come across*** them ðýì êàì ýêðîñ

÷òî èçìåíèëî ìî¸ ìíåíèå

that changed my mind ðæò ÷ýéíäüæüä ìàé ìàéíä

âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü.

all my life. îîë ìàé ëàéô

î ïðèêëþ÷åíèÿõ,

about adventures, ýáàóò ýäâýíò÷ýç

Äî + íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè

Untill + recently àíòèë ðèèñíòëè

êîòîðûå ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü (= «äîñòóïíûõ»)

available ýâýéëýáë

ÿ íèêîãäà íå* âåðèëà ↓ ↓ íèêàêèì**** èñòîðèÿì,

I never* believed àé íýâý áèëèèâä

â ðåàëüíîì ìèðå.

in the real world. èí ðýðèýë wœœëä

any**** of the stories ýíè îâ ðýñòîðèç

ß áûëà íå äîìà –

I was out àé wîç àóò

(êîòîðûå) ÿ ÷èòàëà

I’ve read àéâ ðýä

– òàíöåâàëà***** â

dancing***** at æò äæíñèíã

â æóðíàëàõ.

in magazines. èí ìæãýçèíç

èçâåñòíîì êëóáå,

a well-known club ý wýë íîóí êëàá

ß èìåþ â âèäó,

I mean àé ìèèí

è âñþ íî÷ü (íàïðîë¸ò)

and throughout the night æíä θðóóàóò ðýíàéò

(÷òî) âñå ýòè èñòîðèè

all those stories îîë ðîóç ñòîðèç

ÿ ïîñòîÿííî****** îáðàùàëà âíèìàíèå

I kept****** noticing àé êýïò íîóòèñèíã

çâó÷àëè äëÿ ìåíÿ

sounded to me ñàóíäèä òó ìèè

(íà) äâóõ ìîëîäûõ ëþäåé,

two young people òóó ÿíã ïèèïë

êàê ÷ü’è-òî ñíû.

like somebody’s night-dreams. ëàéê ñàìáîäèç íàéòäðèèìç

êîòîðûå îòëè÷àëèñü îò (îñòàëüíîé) òîëïû

who stood out of the crowd õóó ñòóóä àóò îâ ðýêðàóä

×òî-òî ñëó÷èëîñü ñî ìíîþ,

Something happened to me õæïíä òó ìèè ñàìθèíã

î÷åíü ðåçêî.

in a big way. èí ýáèã wýé

îäíàêî,

though, ðîó

Îáà áûëè ìèíèìóì

Both were at least áîóθ wœœ æòëèèñò

142

143

(ïî) øåñòü ôóòîâ ðîñòîì,

six feet tall ñèêñ ôèèò òîîë

Îíà æå – â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü (åìó) – áûëà

She was by contrast øüè wîç áàé êîíòðààñò

è êàæäûé (èç íèõ) áûë êðàñèâ

and each was beautiful æíä èèò÷ wîç áüþóòèôóë

èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî áëåäíîé,

an extremely pale æí èêñòðèèìëè ïýéë

ïî-ñâîåìó.

in his own way. èí õèç îóí wýé

ñ ðûæèìè âîëîñàìè, (= «ðûæóõîé»),

redhead, ðýäõýä

Îí áûë ÷¸ðíûì,

He was black õè wîç áëæê

è å¸ çåë¸íûå ãëàçà

and her green eyes æíä õœœ ãðèèí àéç

è âûãëÿäåë, êàê åñëè áû

and looked as if æíä ëóêò æç èô

äðàìàòè÷íî îòòåíÿëèñü (= (áûëè … îòòåíåíû …)

were dramatically offset wœœ äðýìæòèêëè îôñýò

îí áûë èçâàÿí

he was sculptured õè wîç ñêàëï÷ýä

×åì?

↓ by her áàé õœœ

èç (íàè-)ïðåêðàñíåéøåãî

of the finest îâ ðýôàéíèñò

å¸

÷¸ðíîãî äåðåâà.

abony. ýáýíè

ìîëî÷íî-áåëûì öâåòîì ëèöà.

milk-white complexion. ìèëêwàéò êýìïëýêøüí

Åãî âîëîñû *******

His hair******* õèç õýý

Íàøè ãëàçà âñòðåòèëèñü,

Our eyes met àóý àéç ìýò

áûëè******* ñòÿíóòû òóãî

was******* pulled tight wîç ïóëä òàéò

è ýòî áûë

and this was æíä ðèñ wîç

íà + çàòûëêå,

at + the back of his head æò ðýáæê îâ õèç õýä

ïåðâûé øàã

the first step ðýôœœñò ñòýï

à åãî ãëàçà

and his eyes æíä õèç àéç

(ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ) ê

towards òýwîîäç

áûëè ïðîíçèòåëüíî ãîëóáûìè (= «…ïðîíçèòåëüíîé ãîëóáèçíîé»).

were à piercing blue. wœœ ýïèèñèíã áëþó

ìîèì òðåâîãàì.

my troubles. ìàé òðàáëç

144

145

*  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îòñóòñòâóþò äâîéíûå îòðèöàíèÿ, ïîýòîìó ñëîâî “never” ñðàçó æå çíà÷èò «íèêîãäà íå»; ** Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà “make” â åãî ñìûñëå «çàñòàâëÿòü» ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì íå íóæía ÷àñòèöà “to”: Îíà çàñòàâëÿåò íàñ + ñìåÿòüñÿ! = She makes us + laugh!; øüè ìýéêñ àñ ëààô *** Îáîðîò “use to + ãëàãîë” ïåðåäà¸ò/îáîçíà÷àåò ðåãóëÿðíîñòü, ïîâòîðÿåìîñòü äåéñòâèé.  îñíîâíîì, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè! «Âðåìÿ» çäåñü ìû ïîêàçûâàåì ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà “use”: “used to …” = ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ; **** “Any” ïîñëå ëþáîãî îòðèöàíèÿ (è ïîñëå “never”) çíà÷èò «íèêàêîé»; ***** Òàêîé ôîðìîé ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ ïðîöåññ («ß áûëà… è òàíöåâàëà»); ****** Ñî÷åòàíèå “Keep + INGîâàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà” ïåðåäà¸ò ïîñòîÿííîå äåéñòâèå; ******* Ïðîøó Âàñ îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå â àíãëèéñêîé ÷àñòè óïîòðåáëåíà ôîðìà “WAS” – òî åñòü ãëàãîë “BE” â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè è â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, òîãäà êàê â ðóññêîé ÷àñòè ãëàãîëû è ïðîèçâîäíûå îò íèõ ôîðìû ñòîÿò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå («áûëÈ», «çàòÿíóòÛ»). Ýòî – ïðèìåð òîãî, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóþò àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà, èìåþùèå òîëüêî åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî (çäåñü, íàïðèìåð, ñëîâî “hair” = «âîëîñÛ»), è ñ êîòîðûìè àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (“is”, “was”). 146

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ I never was …, I never believed

= ß ÍÈêîãäà ÍÅ áûë(à) …, = ß ÍÈêîãäà ÍÅ âåðèë(à) … – – â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå åñòü ñëîâà, êîòîðûå ÑÐÀÇÓ æå çíà÷àò «ÍÈêîãäà ÍÅ …», «ÍÈêòî ÍÅ …», «ÍÈ÷òî ÍÅ …» è ò. ï., ïîýòîìó ïðèáàâëÿòü ê íèì åù¸ îäíî îòðèöàíèå “NOT” èëè “NO” ÍÅ íóæíî !;

“… other people’S affairs” = «… äåëà äðóãÈÕ ëþäÅÉ» – – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïðèáàâëåíèå ê ñëîâó áóêâû “’s” ÷åðåç àïîñòðîô îçíà÷àåò «âëàäåëüöà» ÷åãî-íèáóäü, ïðè÷¸ì ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â îáÿçàòåëüíîì ïîðÿäêå ÈÇÌÅÍßÅÒÑß è âûãëÿäèò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 1

2

3

«Äðóãèõ ëþä’åé äåëà», òî åñòü ÑÍÀ×ÀËÀ ñòàâèòñÿ «ÂËÀÄÅËÅÖ», à òîëüêî ÏÎÒÎÌ òî, ×ÅÌ «âëàäåþò»; “… life MADE me …” – ãëàãîë “MAKE” â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè èìååò çíà÷åíèå «çàñòàâëÿòü», «ïðèíóæäàòü». Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè åãî â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè âòîðîé ãëàãîë (òî åñòü òî, ×ÒÎ çàñòàâëÿþò äåëàòü) èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â 1-é (= ñëîâàðíîé) ôîðìå (= ÁÅÇ ÷àñòèöû “to”), íàïðèìåð: me + SOLVE this problem. She MADE øüè ìýéä ìèè ñîëâ ðèñ ïðîáëåì ðåøèòü ýòó ïðîáëåìó. Îíà çàñòàâèëà ìåíÿ 147

He tried to MAKE må + REGRET about it. ìèè ðèãðýò ýáàóò èò õè òðàéä òóìýéê Îí (ïî)ïûòàëñÿ çàñòàâèòü ìåíÿ ñîæàëåòü îá ýòîì; “I didn’t want to …” – îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè 4 îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ÷àñòèö: “DON’T” è “DOESN’T” (äëÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè), “DIDN’T” (äëÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè) “WON’T” (äëÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè), êîòîðûå ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóññêîìó «… í养. Îíè (ýòè 4 àíãëèéñêèõ «íå») ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ ïî âðåìåíàì, ïîýòîìó ýòèìè æå ÷àñòèöàìè ìû ïîêàçûâàåì è âðåìÿ «îòðèöàíèÿ»

 ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè ïî ëèöàì è ïî âðåìåíàì èçìåíÿåòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ ãëàãîë “KEEP” (“kept” – ýòî 2-ÿ ôîðìà, òî åñòü ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ ãëàãîëà “keep” = = â äàííîì ñëó÷àå: «ïðîäîëæàëà»); … WAS sculptureD,

= òî÷íî êàê ïî-ðóññêè: «ÁÛË èçâàßÍ»,

… WAS pullED tight

=

«ÁÛËè ïëîòíî çàòÿíóÒû» –

– ôîðìà íà “+(e)D” = “pullED” – – ýòî 3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà, ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ïàññèâíûì îïðåäåëåíèåì.

(èëè ïî íèì ìû âèäèì/ñëûøèì âðåìÿ ýòîãî «îòðèöàíèÿ»); “I USED to …” – ãëàãîë «USE» â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè ïðèäà¸ò äåéñòâèþ çíà÷åíèå ïîâòîðÿåìîñòè, ðåãóëÿðíîñòè. Îí èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïî ëèöàì (I/you/we/they usE to …, he/she/it useS to …) è ïî âðåìåíàì (“… useD to …”), è ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ «íåãëàãîëüíûìè» ñëîâàìè (íàïðèìåð, íàðå÷èÿìè) «ðåãóëÿðíî», «çà÷àñòóþ», «îáû÷íî» è ò. ï.; “I kept noticing him” = «ß ïîñòîÿííî îáðàùàëà íà íåãî âíèìàíèå». “I kept noticing thàt …” = «ß âñ¸ âðåìÿ çàìå÷àëà, ÷òî …» – – ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëà “KEEP” ñ INGîâîé ôîðìîé äðóãîãî ãëàãîëà îçíà÷àåò ïîñòîÿííóþ ïîâòîðÿåìîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, îáîçíà÷àåìîãî ýòèì äðóãèì ãëàãîëîì. 148

149

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹28 È çäåñü ↓ îáðàùàéòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà âûäåëåííûå îêîí÷àíèÿ ðóññêèõ èçìåíÿåìûõ ñëîâ, êîòîðûå â àíãëèéñêîì íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ. Òàêæå ñëåäèòå çà íåñîîòâåòñòâèåì ðóññêèõ è àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîãîâ.

«ÈÍÒÐÈÆÊÀ»

“AN AFFAIR” æí

ýôýý

ß áûëÀ òàì îäíÀ,

I was there alone, àé wîç ðýý ýëîóí

òàê æå êàê è

so was ñîó wîç

ìîÉ ñòàðÛÉ äðóã Õ.,

my old friend X, ìàé îóëä ôðýíä ýêñ

êîòîðÎÃÎ ÿ íå âèäåëà (äî ýòîãî ìîìåíòà)

whom I hadn’t seen õóyì àé õæäíò ñèèí

Ýòî ïðîèçîøËî,

It happenED èò õæïíä

ìíîãî ëåò.

for years. ôîî éèýç

èëè, ñêîðåå,

or, rather, îî ðààðý

ß íå äîëæíà áûËà

I diDn’t have to àé äèäíò õæâ òó

ÍÅ ïðîèçîøËî

it diD no´ t happen èò äèä íîò õæïí

ãîâîðèòü åìó, ÷òî

tell him that òýë õèì ðæò

â îäíÎÉ ãîñòèíèöÅ â ËîíäîíÅ.

at a hotel in London. æò ýõîóòýë èí ëàíäýí

ÿ áûëÀ â ðàçãàðÅ

I was in the middle àé wîç èí ðýìèäë

Òàêàÿ ãîñòèíèöà, («Òèï»)

The kind of hotel ðýêàéíä îâ õîóòýë

ëþáîâíÎÃÎ êðèçèñÀ –

of a love crisis – îâ ý ëàâ êðàécèñ

ãäå ïàðû

where couples wýý êàïëç

îí óæå äîãàäàËñÿ («ê òîìó âðåìåíè»).

he had already guessED. õè õæä îîëðýäè ãýñò

ðåãèñòðèðóÞÒñÿ êàê

sign in as ñàéí èí æç

Âîò ïî÷åìó

That’s why ðæòñ wàé

ìèñòåð è ìèññèñ Ñìèò

Mr. and Mrs. Smith ìèñòý æíä ìèñèç ñìèθ

îí ïðåäëÎÆÈË

he suggestED õè ñýäæüåñòèä

èëè Mð. è Mññ. Äæîóíñ.

or Mr. and Mrs. Jones. îî ìèñòý æíä ìèñèç äæ¸óíç

ïåðåéòè èç áàðÀ («ïåðåõîä»)

moving from the bar ìóóâèíã ôðîì ðýáàà

150

151

â îäíÓ èç

to one of òó wàí îâ

÷òî ÿ íå ñìîãëà* áû ñïðàâèòüñÿ (ñ)

that I couldn’t* handle ðæò àé êóäíò õæíäë

îòäåëüíÛÕ êîìíàò.

the private rooms. ðý ïðàéâèò ðóóìç

íè ñ êàêÈÌÈ äîïîëíèòåëüíÛÌÈ òðóäíîñòßÌÈ

any more complications ýíè ìîî êýìïëèêýéøüíç

Çäåñü ÿ ðàññêàçàËà åìó,

Here I tolD him õèý àé òîóëä õèì

â ñâîÅÉ** æèçíÈ.

in my** life. èí ìàé ëàéô

â ÷¸ì áûëÀ ìîß ïðîáëåìà.

what my problem was. wîò ìàé ïðîáëåì wîç

Äåëà îáñòîÿËè

Things were θèíãç wœœ

Îí äàË ìíå òðåçâûé,

He gave me sober, õè ãýéâ ìèè ñîóáý

äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîõî, âçäîõíóËa ÿ.

bad enough, I sighED. áæä èíàô àé ñàéä

ðàâíîäóøíûé ñîâåò.

disinterested advice. äèçèíòðèñòèä ýäâàéñ

Êîãäà ìû + ïîäíÿËèñü

Ïîñëå ÷àñΠñë¨Ç è

Hours of tears and àóýç îâ òèýñ æíä

As we + maDe our way ìýéä àóý wýé æç wè

ââåðõ ïî ëåñòíèöÅ,

äåðæàíèÿ çà ðóêè

hand holding later, õæíä õîóëäèíã ëýéòý

up the stairs, àï ðýñòýýç

îí äàË ìíå

îí ïðåäëÎÆÈË, ÷òîáû

he suggestED that õè ñýäæüåñòèä ðæò

he gave me õè ãýéâ ìèè

ìû óäàëèëèñü

we retire wè ðèòàéý

â åãî ñïàëüíÞ.

to his bedroom. òó õèç áýäðóóì

ß ñêàçàËà «ÍÅÒ»,

I saiD* no, àé ñýä íîó

÷òî ýòî íåóäà÷íàÿ ìûñëü,

that it wasn’t* a good idea, ðæò èò wîçíò ýãóä àéäèý

152

1

2

3

íîìåð ñâîÅÉ** êîìíàòÛ

→

2

3

1

his** room number õèç ðóóì íàìáý

ïðîñòî + íà òîò ñëó÷àé,

just + in case äæÿñò èíêýéñ

(åñëè) ÿ ïåðåäóìàþ.

I change(d) my mind. àé ÷ýéíäüæü(ä) ìàé ìàéíä

«Ìû åù¸ áóäåì

“Will we still be wèë wè ñòèë áèè 153

äðóçüÿÌÈ, –

friends, – ôðýíäç

âñõëèïíóËa ÿ, –

I sobbED, – àé ñîáä

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹29 «ÌÓÆ×ÈÍÛ È “MEN AND

ìýí

ÆÅÍÙÈÍÛ WOMEN

æíä

wèìèí

ÑÅÃÎÄÍß» TODAY”

òýäýé

åñëè*** ÿ íå

if I don’t*** èô àé äîíò

ß âåðþ, ÷òî

I believe that àé áèëèèâ ðæò

ïåðåäóìàþ?»***.

change*** my mind?”. ÷ýéíäüæü ìàé ìàéíä

ü íèêîãäà íå áûëî

there’s never been ðýýç íýâý áèèí

Îí + êèâíóË ìíå,

He + gave me a nod õè ãýéâ ìèè ýíîä

áîëåå èíòåðåñíîãî âðåìåíè

a more exciting time ý ìîî èêñàéòèíã òàéì

÷òî ìîãËî ëåãêÎ

that coulD easiLY ðæò êóä èèçèëè

(÷tîáû) áûòü æåíùèíîé.

to be a woman. òýáèè ýwóìýí

çíà÷èòü «Íåò»,

have meant “No” õæâ ìýíò íîó

Êîíå÷íî, åù¸ ñóùåñòâóþò (= «èìåþòñÿ»)

Sure, there are still øþý ðýý àà ñòèë

òàê æå êàê è «Äà».

as “Yes”. æç éåñ

ìíîãî «âûçîâîâ» –

many “challenges” – ìýíè ÷æëåíäüæüèç

íåðàâåíñòâî â óðîâíå

the disparity in levels ðý äèñïæðèòè èí ëåâýëñ

îïëàòû ìóæ÷èí è æåíùèí,

of pay for men and women, îâ ïýé ôîî ìýí æíä wèìèí

ïîñòîÿííàÿ óãðîçà

the constant threat ðý êîíñòýíò θðýò

íàñèëèÿ è ïðåñòóïíîñòè,

of violence and crime, îâ âàéýëýíñ æíä êðàéì

óâåêîâå÷èâàíèå

the perpetuation ðý ïœïýòúþýéøüí

* Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå: âñå 3 ñëîâà èìåþò ôîðìó ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè – ýòî ïðèìåð îáÿçàòåëüíîãî «ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ âðåì¸í» âíóòðè àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ñòð. 381); ** Ïîìíèì, ÷òî îáùåãî ñëîâà «ñâîé» â àíãëèéñêîì íåò !; *** Ïîñëå “if” â 99% ñëó÷àåâ íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ “will” è “shall” (êðîìå âûðàæåíèÿ âåæëèâîñòè “if you will!” = «ïîæàëóéñòà!»). 154

155

Êåì?

îïðåäåë¸ííûìè âëèÿòåëüíûìè

↓ by certain influential áàé ñœœòí èíôëþýíøüë

ÿ ÷óâñòâóþ (ïðèñóòñòâèå) îïòèìèçì(à)

I sense an optimism àé ñýíñ æíîïòèìèçì

(â âîçäóõå).

in the air. èí ðý ýý

Îí åñòü íå òîëüêî

It’s there not only èòñ ðýý íîò îóíëè

ïîòîìó, ÷òî + ìîëîäûå æåíùèíû

because + young women ÿíã wèìèí áèêîîç

êðóãàìè îáùåñòâà

strands of society ñòðæíäç îâ ñýñàéýòè

ñìåøíûõ æåíñêèõ

of ridiculous female îâ ðèäèêúþëýñ ôèèìýéë

ñòåðåîòèïîâ,

stereotypes, ñòèðèîóòàéïñ

ñåãîäíÿ ü ñèëüíÅå**,

today are strongÅr**, òýäýé àà ñòðîíãý

íåðàâíîâåñèå âëàñòè.

the imbalance of power. ðý èìáæëýíñ îâ ïàóý

õðàáðÅå**,

bravÅr**, áðýéâý

ß ìîãëà áû ïðîäîëæàòü.

I could go on. àé êóä ãîó îí

áîëåå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíû**,

more exceptional** ìîî èêñýïøüíë

Íî, ïðàâäà òàêîâà ü,

But, the truth is, áàò ðýòðóóθ èç

÷åì + êîãäà áû òî íè áûëî,

than + ever, ðæí ýâý

(÷òî) áëàãîäàðÿ ïðåäûäóùèì

thanks to previous θæíêñ òó ïðèâüýñ

íî òàêæå è ïîòîìó, ÷òî,

but also because, áàò îîëñîó áèêîîç

ïîêîëåíèÿì æåíùèí

generations of women, äüæüåíýðýéøüíç îâ wèìèí

íåñìîòðÿ íà âñ¸ áîëåå

despite the ever-more äèñïàéò ðý ýâýìîî

âðåìåíà ìåíÿþòñÿ*.

times are changing*. òàéìñ àà ÷ýéíäüæüèíã

êîíêóðåíòíîå è íàïðÿæ¸ííîå

competitive and stressful êýìïýòèòèâ æíä ñòðýñôóë

Êîãäà ÿ ðàçãîâàðèâàþ

When I talk wýí àé òîîê

îáùåñòâî, â êîòîðîì ìû æèâ¸ì,

society in which we live, ñýñàéýòè èí wèò÷ wè ëèâ

ñ äðóãèìè ìîëîäûìè æåíùèíàìè,

to other young women, òó àðý ÿíã wèìèí

âîçìîæíîñòè

the opportunities ðý ýïýòúþóíèòèç

156

157

äëÿ æåíùèí èìåþòñÿ.

for women are there. ôîî wèìèí àà ðýý

â òî âðåìÿ êàê + ÷èñëî

while + the number ðýíàìáý wàéë

Íî ÷òî-òî

But something áàò ñàìθèíã

ðàáîòàþùèõ æåíùèí

of working women îâ wœœêèíã wèìèí

ïðîèñõîäèò* ñ ìóæ÷èíàìè.

is happening* to men. èç õæïíèíã òó ìýí

äåéñòâèòåëüíî âîçðîñëî

has actually risen õæç æê÷óýëè ðàéçí

They say*** ðýé ñýé

íà 2 ìèëëèîíà****.

by 2 millioN****. áàé òóó ìèëüýí

Ìóæ÷èíû ìîãóò áûòü çàèíòðèãîâàíû

Ìen can be åxcited ìýí êæí áèè èêñàéòèä

Ãîâîðÿò, (÷òî)

→

èì òðóäíî

they’re having trouble* ðýéð õæâèíã òðàáë

«óäåðæèâàòü ãîëîâû

“keeping their heads êèèïèíã ðýý õýäç

íàä âîäîé»

above water” – ýáàâ wîîòý

ñèëüíûìè

êàê ëþáîâíèêàì, êàê îòöàì

as lovers, as fathers æç ëàâýç æç ôààðýñ

óäà÷ëèâûìè æåíùèíàìè,

è êàê ðàáîòíèêàì.

and as workers. æíä æç wœœêýç

ü íî òàêæå îíè ìîãóò

×èñëî ðàáîòàþùèõ ìóæ÷èí

The number of men in work ðýíàìáý îâ ìýí èí wœœê

÷óâñòâîâàòü ñåáÿ èñïóãàííûìè.

ñîêðàòèëîñü ïî÷òè íà («óïàëî»)

has dropped by almost õæç äðîïò áàé îîëìîóñò

Êåì?

successful women, ñýêñýñôóë wèìèí but they can áàò ðýé êæí feel intimidated ôèèë èíòèìèäýéòèä Êåì?

3 ìèëëèîíà****

3 millioN**** θðèè ìèëüýí

èìè.

çà ïîñëåäíèå 20 ëåò,

over the last 20 years, îóâý ðýëààñò òwýíòè éèýç

Îäèí 30-ëåòíèé õîëîñòÿê ãîâîðèò:

158

↓ by powerful, áàé ïàóýôóë

↓ ü by them, too. áàé ðýì òóó A 30-yeàrs-old bachelor says: ý θœœòè éèýç îóëä áæò÷ýëý ñýç 159

«×åòûðå ãîäà + + (òîìó) íàçàä

“Four years + ago ôîî éèýç ýãîó

îíà ìåíÿ áðîñèëà».

she dumped me”. øüè äàìïò ìèè

ÿ âñòðå÷àëñÿ ñ + äåâóøêîé,

I dated + a girl, àé äýéòèä ý㜜ë

Õîòÿ èìåþòñÿ (è)

Though, there are ðîó ðýý àà

êîòîðàÿ çàðàáàòûâàëà

who earned õóó œœíä

äðóãèå ñëó÷àè.

other cases. àðý êýéñèç

â äâà ðàçà áîëüøå, ÷åì ÿ***** (= «äâàæäû êàê ÿ»),

twice as much as me*****, òwàéñ æç ìàò÷ æç ìèè

Îäèí 29-ëåòíèé

A 29 years-old ý òwýíòè íàéí éèýç îóëä

è áûëà áîëåå óñïåøíà**

and was more successful** æíä wîç ìîî ñýêñýñôóë

ìåíåäæåð ïî ïðîäàæàì ðàññêàçûâàåò:

sales executive says: ñýéëç èêçýêúþòèâ ñýç

«ß çàðàáàòûâàþ

“I earn àé œœí

ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå,

She had a BMW car, øüè õæä ý áèè ýì äàáë þó êàà

much less ìàò÷ ëåñ

÷åì ìîÿ ïîäðóãà.

a big flat and she ýáèã ôëæò æíä øüè

than my girl-friend. ðæí ìàé 㜜ëôðýíä

ß âñåãäà çíàë,

I always knew àé îîëwýéç íúþó

(÷òî) îíà õîðîøî ïîëó÷àåò****** («ïîëó÷àëà»),

she was a high earner****** øüè wîç ý õàé œœíý

â ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîì ïëàíå. Ó íå¸ áûëà «ÁÌ», áîëüøàÿ êâàðòèðà, è îíà

professionally. ïðýôýøüíëè

ïîêóïàëà âåùè íà Áîíä-ñòðèò.

shopped in Bond Street. ø¸ïò èí áîóíä ñòðèèò

Íî êîãäà îíà ïîíÿëà, ÷òî

But when she realized that áàò wýí øüè ðèýëàéçä ðæò

äàæå äî òîãî,

even before èèâí áèôîî

ÿ (íàõîäèëñÿ) íèæÅ íå¸*****

I was lowÅR than her***** àé wîç ëîóý ðæí õœœ

êàê ìû íà÷àëè âñòðå÷àòüñÿ.

we started dating. wè ñòààòèä äýéòèíã

íà ñîöèàëüíîé ëåñòíèöå,

on the social ladder, îí ðýñîóøüåë ëæäý

Ýòî – ü íå

It’s not èòñ íîò

160

161

íàñòîëüêî áîëüøîå äåëî,

a big enough issue ýáèã èíàô èñúþó

èëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû

or by îî áàé

÷tîáû ðàçðóøèòü

to ruin òó ðóèí

ïðîêóòèòü êàêèå-òî äåíüãè

blowing some money áëîóèíã ñàì ìàíè

íàø êîìïëåêñ îòíîøåíèé,

our relationship, àóý ðèëýéøüíøüèï

íà ðîìàíòè÷åñêèé îáåä.

on a romantic meal. îí ý ðîóìæíòèê ìèèë

íî ÿ èíîãäà

but I sometimes áàò àé ñàìòàéìç

ß äîëæåí äåëàòü ýòè âåùè,

I have to do these things àé õæâ òó äóó ðèèç θèíãç

÷óâñòâóþ ñåáÿ êàñòðèðîâàííûì,

feel emasculated, ôèèë èìæñêúþëýéòèä

÷tîáû íå äàòü ðàçðóøèòüñÿ ìîåìó «ýãî».

to keep my ego intact”. òýêèèï ìàé èãîó èíòæêò

êàê, íàïðèìåð, + êîãäà îíà ïëàòèò

such as + when she pays ñàò÷ æç wýí øüè ïýéç

* Òàêèì îáðàçîì ïåðåäàåòñÿ ïðîöåññ, òî åñòü «äëèòåëüíîå» äåéñòâèå;

çà íàø îòäûõ

for our holidays ôîî àóý õîëèäýéç

èëè ðàçáèðàåòñÿ ñî ñ÷¸òîì

or picks up the bill îî ïèêñàï ðýáèë

â ðåñòîðàíå.

in a restaurant. èí ýðýñòðîíã

** Âîò Âàì ñðàçó îáà ïðèìåðà îáðàçîâàíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ñòåïåíåé ñðàâíåíèÿ: 1) “+(e)R” ê ñëîâàì, ê êîòîðûì åù¸ íèêàêîe îêîí÷àíèå íå áûëî ïðèáàâëåíî: (“strong” → “strongER” «ñèëüíûé» → «ñèëüíÅå»);

ß íàñòàèâàþ íà òîì, ÷òîáû

I insist on treating her àé èíñèñò îí òðèèòèíã õœœ

âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè äàðèòü åé

now and again íàó æíä ýãýéí

ìàëåíüêèå ïîäàðêè,

with little presents wèð ëèòë ïðýçíòñ

êîãäà îíà ýòîãî íå æä¸ò*,

when she’s not expecting it*, wýí øüèç íîò èêñïýêòèíã èò

162

2) “more” (= «áîëå-å») ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, ê êîòîðûì óæå áûëî ÷òî-òî ïðèáàâëåíî: (“exept+ion+al” → “more exeptional”); ***  àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü ñóáúåêò (òî åñòü äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî). Ïîýòîìó â íàøè «áåçëè÷íûå» âûðàæåíèÿ «Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî …» èëè «Ïèøóò, ÷òî …» àíãëîÿçû÷íûå âñòàâëÿþò ìåñòîèìåíèå «Îíè» = “They”, è òîãäà ýòè âûðàæåíèÿ çâó÷àò ïî-àíãëèéñêè óæå êàê «Îíè ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî …» (“They say that …”) è «Îíè ïèøóò, ÷òî …» (“They write that …”); 163

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹30

**** Ïî-ðóññêè – «3 ìèëëèîíÀ» (= ìíîæ. ÷èñëî) ÷åãî-òî, à ïî-àíãëèéñêè – «3 ìèëëèîÍ …» ( ÷åãî-òî) = “3 millioN” (áåç “+S”); *****  îáîðîòå “as much as …” = «ñòîëüêî æå …, êàê è …», «òàêîé æå …, êàê è …» èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òîëüêî (àíãëèéñêîå) îáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå. Êðîìå ýòîãî, ïî-ðóññêè åñòü äâå âîçìîæíîñòè ñðàâíèòü êîãî-ëèáî ñ êåì-ëèáî: è:

1) Îí ñèëüíåå, +

÷åì ÿ,

2) Îí ñèëüíåå +

ìåíÿ.

Ïî-àíãëèéñêè æå (áóêâàëüíî!) íóæíî/ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü

òîëüêî: «Îí ñèëüíåå +

÷åì ìåíÿ» !!! ↑ Îáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå !

Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, âñ¸ ýòî âûãëÿäèò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:

As much + She is better + Îíà - ëó÷øå, +

as than + ÷åì

{

me you him her it us them;

****** Ýòî – ïðèìåð «ñî÷åòàåìîñòè âðåì¸í», òàê êàê îáå ÷àñòè àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîÿò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè. 164

È, íà çàêóñêó – ïàðà ñòðî÷åê èç “The Beatles”:

«Åñëè áû ÿ âëþáèëñÿ

“If I FELL in love* èô àé ôýë èí ëàâ

 òåáÿ,

With you, wèð þó

Ïîîáåùàëà ÁÛ òû

WOULD you promise** wóä þó ïðîìèñ

Áûòü âåðíîé

To be true òó áèè òðóó

È ïîìî÷ü ìíå

And HELP me *** æíä õýëï ìèè

Ïîíÿòü?

Understand? àíäýñòæíä

Ïîòîìó ÷òî ÿ (óæå)

“’Ñause I’ve been**** êîîç àéâ áèèí

Âëþáëÿëñÿ ðàíüøå

IN love before, èí ëàâ áèôîî

È ÿ îáíàðóæèë,

And I found æíä àé ôàóíä

×òî ëþáîâü – ýòî áîëüøå,

Òhat love is more ðæò ëàâ èç ìîî

×åì ïðîñòî

Than just ðæí äæÿñò

ÄåðæÀÍèå çà ðóêè …».

HoldING handS …”*****. õîóëäèíã õæíäç 165

ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ * “If + I FELL in love …” = «Åñëè áû + ÿ ÂËÞÁÈËÑß …» – – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïîñëå “IF” â åãî ñìûñëå «ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ …» ãëàãîëû (êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå!) óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ âî 2-é ôîðìå (ò. å. â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè): “FELL” = 2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “FALL” – ôîîë = «ïàäàòü»; ** “WOULD you promise …?” = «Òû ÁÛ ïîîáåùàëà … ?» – – âîïðîñû ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè çàäàþòñÿ ÁÅÇ âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöû “DO …?” – – ñàìèìè ýòèìè ýëåìåíòàìè, ïðè÷¸ì ýëåìåíò âûíîñèòñÿ â ÍÀ×ÀËÎ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ! Ïðîèñõîäèò ýòî ïîòîìó, ÷òî ïðè ïîìîùè âñåõ àíãëèéñêèõ âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ÷àñòèö (òî åñòü ïðè ïîìîùè “Do …?/ Does …?/ Did …?/ Will …?”) âîïðîñû çàäàþòñÿ ê ãëàãîëàì, à ýëåìåíòû ãëàãîëàìè íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ !!! È åù¸ ðàç îáðàùàþ Âàøå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî (â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî àíàëîãà!) ãëàãîë, ñëåäóþùèé çà ýëåìåíòaìè “would” è/ëè “should”, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÍÅ â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, à òîëüêî â ñâîåé ÑËÎÂÀÐÍÎÉ ôîðìå (áåç ÷àñòèöû “to”);

(òî åñòü â åãî ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå). Ýòî ìîæåò òðàêòîâàòüñÿ êàê îñîáåííîñòü èëè âîëüíîñòü, ïðèñóùàÿ ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, è ïîçâîëèòü ñåáå óïîòðåáëÿòü å¸ íåîñîçíàííî ìîãóò òîëüêî òå, äëÿ êîãî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ðîäíîé èëè ëþäè, õîðîøî çíàþùèå àíãëèéñêèé – – äëÿ íàñ æå ýòî ìîãëî áû áûòü îøèáêîé; **** “’Ñause I’ve been IN love before …” … – “ ’Cause” = = ñîêðàù¸ííîå “Because”; ***** HoldING – íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî îäíî èç çíà÷åíèé INGîâîé ôîðìû – – ýòî îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñî ñìûñëîì ãëàãîëà, ê êîòîðîìó “+ing” ïðèáàâëåíî: “ÒÎ hold”

= «äåðæàÒÜ», à “holdING” = «äåðæÀÍÈÅ»,

“TO run”

= «áåãàÒÜ»,

“TO smoke” = «êóðèÒÜ»,

à “runnING” = «áåã», «áåãÀÍÜÅ», à “smokING” = «êóðÅÍÈÅ»,

“TO shoot” = «ñòðåëÿÒÜ», à “shootING” = «ñòðåëüÁÀ».

*** … help me understand – êàê óæå ãîâîðèëîñü ðàíüøå, ãëàãîë “help” = «ïîìîãàòü» äîïóñêàåò óïîòðåáëåíèå ïîñëåäóþùåãî ãëàãîëà (â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ãëàãîëà “understand”) ÁÅÇ ÷àñòèöû “ÒΔ 166

167

ÃËÀÂÀ V «Î ÊÍÈÃÀÕ è ÎÁ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ» ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹31 Â ýòîì òåêñòå îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â óïîòðåáëåíèè (è â «íåóïîòðåáëåíèè»!) ðóññêèõ è àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîãîâ.

«ÂÀÆÍÎÑÒÜ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÃλ “IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH” èìïîîòýíñ

1

2

îâ

èíãëèøü

1-é ãëàãîë

è âèäåòü íîâûå ìåñòà.

and to see new places. æíä òó ñèè íúþó ïëýéñèç

Êîãäà Âû ïîïàäàåòå â***

When you get to*** wýí þó ãýò òó

÷óæóþ ñòðàíó,

a foreign country, ýôîðèí êàíòðè

Âû âñåãäà õîòèòå

you always want þó îîëwýéç wîíò

óçíàòü

to learn òó 뜜í

êàê ìîæíî áîëüøå (= «ñòîëüêî, ñêîëüêî âîçìîæíî»)

as much as possible æç ìàò÷ æç ïîñèáë

î ìåñòàõ,

about places ýáàóò ïëýéñèç

î (êîòîðûõ)**** Âû ñëûõàëè.

you’ve heard about *****. þóâ õœœä   ýáàóò

2-é ãëàãîë

ß ëþáëþ ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü.

I like to travel. àé ëàéê òó òðæâë

ß áûë â(-î)*

I have been to* àé õæâ áèèí òó

ìíîãèõ åâðîïåéñêèõ

many European ìýíè þýðýïèýí

ñòðàíàõ.

countries. êàíòðèç

Òàê ÷òî, + Âû âñåãäà

So, + you always ñîó þó îîëwýéç

ü + Âñåãäà

It is + always èò èç îîëwýéç

äîëæíû + ÷èòàòü

have to + read õæâ òó ðèèä

î÷åíü âîëíóþùå

very exciting âýðè èêñàéòèíã

ïóòåâîäèòåëè

city-guides ñèòè ãàéäç

âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ñ**

to meet** òó ìèèò

è ïðîñèòü

and ask æíä ààñê

íîâûìè ëþäüìè

new people** íúþó ïèèïë

ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé

local people ëîóêë ïèèïë

168

169

î*** ïîìîùè.

for*** help. ôîî õýëï

ÿçûêîì â ìèðå.

language in the world. ëæíãwèäæü èí ðýwœœëä

Âîò ïî÷åìó

That’s (the reason) why ðæòñ ðýðèèçí wàé

ü + Î÷åíü ïîëåçíî

It’s + very useful èòñ âýðè þóñôóë

ÿ îáðàùàþ òàê

I pay so àé ïýé ñîó

ìíîãî âíèìàíèÿ

much attention ìàò÷ ýòýíøüí

áåãëî ãîâîðèòü to speak English ïî-àíãëèéñêè, òó ñïèèê èíãëèøü ↓ → → → → → → → fluently – ôëþóýíòëè

íà*** ìîè

òàê êàê ýòè çíàíèÿ******

to*** my òó ìàé

since this****** knowledge íîîëèäæü ñèíñ ðèñ

ïîìîãàþò óíè÷òîæèòü

çàíÿòèÿ àíãëèéñêèì (= «àíãëèéñêèå óðîêè»).

English lessons. èíãëèøü ëåñíñ

helps****** to destroy õýëïñ òó äèñòðîé

ìíîæåñòâî èñêóññòâåííûõ

Õîòÿ ìíîãèå (ëþäè)

Though many people ðîó ìýíè ïèèïë

many artificial ìýíè ààòèôèøüåë

áàðüåðîâ

â Åâðîïå

in Europe èí þóýðýï

barriers áæðèýñ

ìåæäó ëþäüìè.

ñåé÷àñ ãîâîðÿò èëè ïîíèìàþò

speak or understand ñïèèê îî àíäýñòæíä

between people. áèòwèèí ïèèïë

ïî-ðóññêè,

Russian now, ðàøüí íàó

àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê

the English language ðý èíãëèøü ëæíãwèäæü

îñòà¸òñÿ ñàìûì

remains the most ðèìýéíç ðýìîóñò

ïîïóëÿðíûì

popular international ïîïúþëý èíòýíæøüíë

170

ìåæäóíàðîäíûì

* «Ïîáûâàòü â …» ïî-àíãëèéñêè áóäåò “have been

to …”,

à íå “in”; ** Ìeet people, speak Russian

= «Âñòðå÷àòüñÿ Ñ ëþäüìè», = «Ãîâîðèòü ÏÎ ðóññêè», è ò. ï.

Åñòü ñëó÷àè, êîãäà àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç ïðåäëîãà, à åãî ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò – ñ ïðåäëîãîì! (è íàîáîðîò: «æäàòü ü êîãî-òî» = “wait for someone”); 171

*** Get to a country, ask for help, – Íàïîìèíàþ, pay attention to … ÷òî àíãëèéñêèì ïðåäëîãàì ÍÅ âñåãäà ñîîòâåòñòâóþò èõ ðóññêèå «áðàòüÿ»; **** “… places ü you’ve = «… ìåñòà, î êîòîðûõ heard about” Âû ñëûõàëè». Ìû óæå çíàåì, ÷òî ñëîâî “that” â àíãëèéñêîì äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî ïðîïóñêàåòñÿ; ***** “... places you’ve heard ABOUT” = = «... ìåñòà, Î (êîòîðûõ) Âû ñëûõàëè». Ñâîåîáðàçíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ñòàâèòü ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÈ ïîñëå ñëîâ, ê êîòîðûì îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ, à èìåííî – â ñàìûé êîíåö ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ðàíüøå ýòà âîçìîæíîñòü áûëà îñîáåííîñòüþ ðàçãîâîðíîãî ÿçûêà, òåïåðü æå îíà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áåç îãðàíè÷åíèé, íàïðèìåð: Òhe man I managed to talk ÒÎ = ðýìæí àé ìæíèäæüä òýòîîê òó = ×åëîâåê, Ñ êîòîðûì ìíå óäàëîñü ïîãîâîðèòü. Òhe girl you loved BEFORE = Äåâóøêà, êîòîðóþ ðý㜜ë þó ëàâä áèôîî òû ëþáèë ÄÎ ... Òhe help we thanked FOR = Ïîìîùü, ÇÀ êîòîðóþ ìû ðýõýëï wè θæíêò ôîî (ïî-)áëàãîäàðèëè; ****** thiS knowledgE helpS – â àíãëèéñêîì ñóùåñòâóþò ñëîâà, óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ ïî-àíãëèéñêè ÒÎËÜÊÎ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê íåêîòîðûå èõ ðóññêèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ìîãóò èìåòü è åäèíñòâåííîå, è ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëà, 172

íàïðèìåð: advice = ñîâåò/-û ýäâàéñ craft = ñóä/-íî/-à êðààôò evidence = äîêàçàòåëüñòâ/-î/-à ýâèäýíñ furniture = ìåáåëü ôœœíèò÷ý

hair = âîëîñ/-û õýý knowledge = çíàíè/-å/-ÿ íîîëèäæü luggage = áàãàæ. ëàãèäæü nonsense = åðóíäà, ÷åïóõà. íîíñýíñ

Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ñ ýòèìè ↑ àíãëèéñêèìè ñëîâàìè ãëàãîëû èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (òî åñòü ñ “+(e)S”): THIS evidence showS ... = Ýò/î(-è) äîêàçàòåëüñòâ/î(-à) ðèñ ýâèäýíñ ø¸óÇ äåìîíñòðèðó/åò(-þò) ... TÍÅ aircraft IS big = Ò/îò(-å) ñàìîë¸ò(-û) áîëüø/îé(-èå). ðý ýýêðààôò  èÇ áèã

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ “I have been TO London” = «ß áûë (ÏÎÁÛÂÀË)  Ëîíäîíå». Åù¸ ðàç ïîâòîðÿþ, ÷òî êîãäà ãîâîðÿò, êòî è ãäå «áûë» èëè «ïîáûâàë» â ñìûñëå «ïîñåòèë», òî îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóþò ôîðìóëó “… HAVE/ HAS BEEN + TO …”, â êîòîðîé ðîëü «… â …» âûïîëíÿåò ïðåäëî㠓ÒΔ, à íå “in”. Îäíàêî ïðîøó Âàñ îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå è íà òî, ÷òî â äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ýòîé ôîðìóëû ñ ãëàãîëîì “BE” èñïîëüçóåòñÿ îáû÷íûé ïðåäëî㠓IN”: I have been IN love before = ß âëþáëÿëñÿ è ðàíüøå. She has never been IN this situation = Îíà íèêîãäà íå áû(âà)ëà  ýòîé ñèòóàöèè; 173

you HAVE TO + read … – îáîðîò “HAVE TO + ÃËÀÃÎË

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹32

(â ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå)”

«ÓÐÎÊ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÃλ “AN ENGLISH LESSON”

ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàìåíèòåëåì/ çàìåñòèòåëåì/ ñèíîíèìîì ýëåìåíòà “MUST” = «ÄÎËÆÅÍñòâîâàòü», íî ñ òîé ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî “MUST” ÍÅ èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïî âðåìåíàì è ëèöàì, à îáîðîò “HAVE TO …” èçìåíÿåòñÿ, íàïðèìåð: I have to + go home = ß äîëæåí + èäòè äîìîé. = I must + go home. He has to + go home = Îí äîëæåí + èäòè äîìîé. = He must + go home. Âñå had to + go home = Âñå äîëæíû áûëè + + èäòè äîìîé. Âñå’ll have to + go home = Âñå äîëæíû áóäóò + + èäòè äîìîé;

the English language – Âûðàæåíèå «àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê» ìîæåò çâó÷àòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè è êàê “English”, è êàê “the English language”, òîãäà êàê âûðàæåíèå “the English” çíà÷èò «àíãëè÷àíå»; Ïîëíîñòüþ âûðàæåíèå «Âîò ïî÷åìó …» çâó÷èò ïî-àíãëèéñêè êàê “That’s the reason why …”, íî áîëåå ïîïóëÿðíà åãî «ñîêðàù¸ííàÿ» âåðñèÿ: “That’s why …” – ðæòñ wàé.

174

æí

èíãëèøü

ëåñí

È â ýòîì ↓ òåêñòå òàêæå îáðàùàéòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â óïîòðåáëåíèè (è â «íåóïîòðåáëåíèè»!) ðóññêèõ è àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîãîâ.

Ó íàñ

We are having wè àà õæâèíã

ñåé÷àñ óðîê àíãëèéñêîãî.

an English lesson now. æíèíãëèøü ëåñí íàó

Íàø ó÷èòåëü ñòîèò

Our teacher is standing àóý òûû÷ý èç ñòæíäèíã

ó äîñêè è

at the blackboard and æò ðý áëæêáîîä æíä

ïèøåò óïðàæíåíèÿ

(is)* writing exercises ýêñýñàéçèç ðàéòèíã

è àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà íà íåé.

and English words on it. æíä èíãëèøü wœœäç îí èò

Îí äåëàåò ýòî

He makes it õè ìýéêñ èò Èíñòðóìåíò (×åì?)

êóñêîì ìåëà. Íàø ó÷èòåëü ïðåïîäà¸ò

↓ with a piece of chalk. wèð ýïèèñ îâ ÷îîê

Our teacher is teaching àóý òûû÷ý èç òûû÷ûíã 175

íàì àíãëèéñêèé (ÿçûê).

English to us. èíãëèøü òó àñ

ìû ìîæåì âèäåòü

we can see wè êæí ñèè

Ó÷àùèåñÿ + ñèäÿò

The students + are sitting ðýñòúþóäýíòñ àà ñèòèíã

áîëüøîé ãîðîä.

a big city. ýáèã ñèòè

çà ñâîèìè ñòîëàìè

at their desks æò ðýý äýñêñ

 í¸ì (åñòü)** + ìíîãî

There are** + many ðýý àà ìýíè

è ñìîòðÿò íà íåãî.

and (are)* looking at him. æíä aa ëóêèíã æò õèì

âûñîêèõ è êðàñèâûõ

tall and nice òîîë æíä íàéñ

Îíè + ïèøóò

They are + writing ðýé àà ðàéòèíã

çäàíèé.

buildings áèëäèíãñ

Ïîãîäà ü ïëîõàÿ,

The weather is bad, ðý wýðý èç áæä

èä¸ò ñèëüíûé äîæäü (= «äîæäèò ñèëüíî»).

it’s raining heavily. èòñ ðýéíèíã õýâèëè

Èíñòðóìåíò (×åì?)

ðó÷êàìè,

↓ with pens, wèð ïýíñ

in it**. èí èò

à ïåðåä + íèìè

and in front of + them ðýì æíä èíôðàíò îâ

Íàñòóïàåò îñåíü,

Autumn is coming, îîòýì èç êàìèíã

ìû ìîæåì âèäåòü êíèãè,

we can see books, wè êæí ñèè áóêñ

ëèñòüÿ ìåíÿþò

the leaves are changing ðýëèèâç àà ÷ýéíäæüèíã

òåòðàäêè

exercise-books ýêñýñàéç áóêñ

ñâîè (= èõ) öâåòà.

their colors. ðýý êàëýc

è ñëîâàðè.

and dictionaries. æíä äèêøüíýðèç

Íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ

Some of them ñàì îâ ðýì

 îêíà (áóêâ.: «Ñêâîçü îêíà …»)

Through the windows θðóó ðýwèíäîóç

ü âñ¸ åù¸ çåë¸íûå,

are still green, àà ñòèë ãðèèí

íàøåãî êëàññà

of our class-room îâ àóý êëæñ ðóóì

íî åñòü** óæå

but there are** already áàò ðýý àà îîëðýäè

176

177

ìíîãî æ¸ëòûõ,

many yellow ones *** ìýíè åëîó wàíñ

ïîêàçàòü íàì êàðòó

show us the map ø¸ó àñ ðýìæï

ëåæàùèõ íà çåìëÅ,

lying on the ground, ëàéèíã îí ðýãðàóíä

Áðèòàíñêèõ îñòðîâîâ.

of the British Isles. îâ ðý áðèòèøü àéëç

õîòÿ òðàâà

though the grass ðîó ðýãðààñ

Íà ýòîé êàðòå

On this map îí ðèñ ìæï

ü âñ¸ ðàâíî åù¸ çåë¸íàÿ.

is still green anyway. èç ñòèë ãðèèí ýíèwýé

ìû ìîæåì âèäåòü Àíãëèþ,

we can see England, wè êæí ñèè èíãëýíä

Õîòÿ ïîãîäà (è) ü ïëîõàÿ,

Though the weather is bad, ðîó ðýwýðý èç áæä

Øîòëàíäèþ, Óýëüñ

Scotland, Wales ñêîòëýíä wýéëç

è Èðëàíäèþ.

it’s not cold yet. èòñ íîò êîóëä åò

and Ireland. æíä àéýëýíä

Àíãëèÿ – ýòî òîëüêî ÷àñòü

Íî ìû ü

But we are áàò wè àà

England is only a part èíãëýíä èç îóíëè ý ïààò

Ñîåäèí¸ííîãî êîðîëåâñòâà,

ñëèøêîì çàíÿòû,

too busy òóó áèçè

of the United Kingdom, îâ ðý þíàéòèä êèíãäýì

÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ

which is wèò÷ èç

÷tîáû îáðàùàòü

to pay òy ïýé

îôèöèàëüíûì íàèìåíîâàíèåì

the official name ðý îôèøüåë íýéì

õîòü êàêîå-òî âíèìàíèå

any attention ýíè ýòýíøüí

âñåé ñòðàíû.

of the whole country. îâ ðý õîóë êàíòðè

íà âíåøíèé ìèð.

to the outside world. òó ðý àóòñàéä wœœëä

Íåêîòîðûå ÷àñòè Àíãëèè

Some parts of England ñàì ïààòñ îâ èíãëýíä

Íàø ó÷èòåëü + ñîáèðàåòñÿ

Îur teacher + is going to àóý òûû÷ý   èç ãîóèíã òó

ü î÷åíü êðàñèâû.

are very beautiful. àà âýðè áúþóòèôóë

1

2

3

ü åù¸ íå õîëîäíî.

178

→

1

3

2

179

 ÀíãëèÈ (åñòü)** ìíîãî

There are** many ðýý àà ìýíè

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ

îç¸ð, ðåê, õîëìîâ

lakes, rivers, hills ëýéêñ ðèâýñ õèëç

è ãîð,

ànd mountains in England**, æíä ìàóíòèíñ èí èíãëýíä

íî ãîðû

but the mountains áàò ðýìàóíòèíñ

ü íå î÷åíü âûñîêè.

are not very high. àà íîò âýðè õàé

1) We are havING, – ýòî êîíêðåòíûå ñëó÷àè … is standING, óïîòðåáëåíèÿ INGîâîé ôîðìû â ñîñòàâå êîíñòðóêöèé, ïåðåäàþùèõ «äëèòåëüíûå» äåéñòâèÿ, òî åñòü äåéñòâèÿ, «ðàñòÿíóòûå» âî âðåìåíè èëè ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â î÷åíü êîíêðåòíûé ìîìåíò/ îòðåçîê/ ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè, èëè æå ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ. Ïî÷òè âñåãäà ýòè äåéñòâèÿ èìåþò ïðèâÿçêó ê êîíêðåòíîìó ìîìåíòó èëè ïåðèîäó âðåìåíè.

* Ýòè “(is)” è “(are)” çäåñü íå íóæíû – îíè óæå åñòü ðàíåå, è îäíîãî “is/are” õâàòàåò äëÿ îáåèõ INGîâûõ êîíñòðóêöèé. ß âñòàâèë åù¸ ïî îäíîìó “is/are” òîëüêî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû Âû «íå ðàçðûâàëè» äëÿ ñåáÿ INGîâûå êîíñòðóêöèè (“… is standing … and writing …”, “… are sitting … and looking …”); ** … there IS, there ARE = «åñòü …», «èìåþòñÿ …». Íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ýòî – îñîáûé àíãëèéñêèé îáîðîò, êîòîðûé íóæíî ïðîñòî âîñïðèíÿòü êàê äàííîñòü è âûó÷èòü íàèçóñòü. Îí âñåãäà ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èëè åãî ñìûñëîâîé ÷àñòè! À ñëîâà, îáîçíà÷àþùèå, «ãäå» âñ¸ ýòî «íàõîäèòñÿ/èìååòñÿ»; íóæíî ñòàâèòü â êîíåö ïðåäëîæåíèÿ !; ***  ïðàâèëüíîì è ïîëíîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü ñóáúåêò (òî åñòü ïðåäìåò èëè ëèöî). Èíîãäà îí ìîæåò çàìåíÿòüñÿ ñëîâå÷êàìè “one” (åñëè ðå÷ü èä¸ò î åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå) èëè “ones” (î ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå). 180

NB!

Îäíàêî, åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü «INGîâóþ ôîðìó» ãëàãîëà óæå ÍÅ êàê ãëàãîë, à êàê àêòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå, îïèñûâàþùåå ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅ ÷åëîâåêà, à íå åãî äåéñòâèÿ (âåäü, ïî ñóòè äåëà, ýòî òàê è åñòü: “smokING” = «êóðßÙèé» èëè «êóðèÂØèé»), òî âñå ýòè «óæàñíûå» INGîâûå êîíñòðóêöèè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ àáñîëþòíî ïîíÿòíûìè è ëåãêî óñâàèâàåìûìè, íàïðèìåð: “Now I + am reading + a book”. «Ñåé÷àñ ÿ + ÿâëÿþñü ÷èòàþùèì + êíèãó». “She + was reading + a book when he came in”. «Îíà + áûëà ÷èòàâøåé + êíèãó, êîãäà îí âîø¸ë». Ýëåìåíò Ãëàãîë Îïðåäåëåíèå ↓ ↓ ↓

“Tomorrow at 5 o’clock I will be signing this document”. «Çàâòðà â 5 ÷àñîâ ÿ áóäó ïîäïèñûâàþùèì ýòîò äîêóìåíò». 181

Ñ INGîâûìè ôîðìàìè ñóùåñòâóþò è óñòîé÷èâûå îáîðîòû òèïà: “be goING to …” = «íàìåðåâàòüñÿ», «ñîáèðàòüñÿ». áèè ãîóèíã òó  ýòîì ↑ îáîðîòå èçìåíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ãëàãîë “ÂŔ, òî åñòü äëÿ (3) ðàçíûõ âðåì¸í (è ëèö) Âû ïðîñòî áóäåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàçíûå åãî ôîðìû, èëè ðàçíûìè åãî

ôîðìàìè

Âû áóäåòå ïîêàçûâàòü

ðàçíîå âðåìÿ äåéñòâèÿ: Äëÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè: I am going to … (swim) = ß ñîáèðàþñü … (ïîïëàâàòü) … is going to … = … ñîáèðàåòñÿ … … are going to … = … ñîáèðàåøüñÿ, ñîáèðàåìñÿ, ñîáèðàåòåñü …;

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹33 «ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ ÑÅÃÎÄÍß» “ENGLISH TODAY” èíãëèøü

ÎöåíêÈ îòíîñèòåëüíî

EstimateS as to ýñòèìýéòñ æç òó

êîëè÷åñòâÀ àíãëîãîâîðÿùÈÕ

the number OF English userS ðýíàìáý îâ èíãëèøü þóçýñ

â ìèðÅ

in the world èí ðýwœœëä

çíà÷èòåëüíÎ ðàçíÿòñÿ.

vary considerabLY. âýýðè êýíñèäýðýáëè

ÖèôðÛ êîëåáëþòñÿ îò

The figureS range from ðýôèãýñ ðýéíäüæü ôðîì

óìåðåííÛÕ 800 ìèëëèîíÎÂ

a conservative 800 millioN ý êýíñœœâýòèâ 800 ìèëüýí ýéò õàíäðýä ìèëüýí

äî öåëûõ 2 ìèëëèàðäΠ–

up to as many as 2 billioN, àï òó æç ìýíè æç òóó áèëüýí

– ïî÷òè äâÓÕ ïÿòÛÕ

almost two-fifthS îîëìîóñò òóó ôèôθñ

íàñåëåíèß ìèð’À.

OF the world’S population. îâ ðýwœœëäç ïîïúþëýéøüí

Ïðîáëåìà ïîäñ÷¸òÀ

The problem OF calculation ðýïðîáëåì îâ êæëêúþëýéøüí

Äëÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè: … was going to … = … ñîáèðàËñÿ … … were going to … = … ñîáèðàËèñü …; Äëÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè: … will be going to … = … ÁÓÄ … ñîáèðàòüñÿ …; 2) … writing WITH pens … = … ïèøóò ðó÷êAÌÈ – – ïðè ïîìîùè ïðåäëîãà “WITH” – wèð â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îáðàçóåòñÿ ïîäîáèå ðóññêîãî òâîðèòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà òî, ×ÅÌ ÷òî-òî äåëàþò, ò. å. íà èíñòðóìåíò. 182

òóäýé

183

÷ðåâàòà òðóäíîñòßÌÈ.

is fraught with difficultieS. èç ôðîîò wèð äèôèêýëòèç

íà (êîòîðîé) ìû îñòàíîâèìñÿ –

we settle on, wè ñýòë îí

Íàïðèìåð, äîëæíû (ëè) òå,

For example, are those ôîî èãçààìïë àà ðîóç

à (íà) 1 ìèëëèàðä áîëüøå

and 1 billion plus æíä wàí áèëüýí ïëàñ

êòî âûó÷èë(-è)

who HAVE learnED õóó õæâ 뜜íä

ÁÛËÎ ÁÛ ðàçóìíÛÌ

WOULD BE a reasonable wóä áèè ýðèèçíáë

àíãëèéñêèé

English èíãëèøü

ïðèáëèæåíèåÌ –

êàê âòîðîé èëè

as a second or æç ýñýêýíä îî

approximation, ýïðîêñèìýéøüí

– îäíà âåùü ü ÿñíà.

(êàê) èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê,

a foreign language ýôîðèí ëæíãwèäæü

one thing is certain. wàí θèíã èç ñœœòí

Àíãëèéñêèé ñåãîäíÿ

English today èíãëèøü òýäýé

ßÂËßÅÒÑß

IS èç

ìåæäóíàðîäíÛÌ ÿçûêÎÌ,

the international language, ðý èíòýíæøüíë ëæíãwèäæü

è áåãëîñòü â àíãëèéñêÎÌ

and fluency in English æíä ôëþóýíñè èí èíãëèøü

îáåñïå÷èâàÅÒ äîñòóï

provideS a passport ïðýâàéäç ýïààñïîîò

áûòü ó÷òÅÍû ? (= «ó÷èòûâàòüñÿ»?).

to BE countED ? òýáèè êàóíòèä

Åñëè «äà», (òî) íàñêîëüêî «áåãëûìè»

If so, how fluent èô ñîó õàó ôëþóýíò

ÄÎËÆÍÛ îíè áûòü,

MUST they be ìàñò ðýé áèè

ïðåæäå ÷åì

before áèôîî

ÈÕ âêëþ÷àÞÒ («áûòü âêëþ÷¨Ííûìè»)

THEY ARE includeD ðýé àà èíêëþóäèä

â ýòîò ñïèñîê?

in the reconing? èí ðýðýêíèíã

â ïîñòîÿííî ðàñøèðÿÞÙèéñÿ

to the ever expandING òó ðý ýâý èêñïæíäèíã

Êàêîé áû íè áûëà + öèôðà,

Whatever + the figure ðýôèãý wîòýâý

àíãëîãîâîðÿùèé ìèð.

anglophone world. æíãëîôîóí wœœëä

184

185

ÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÈ

We WERE to + do this work =

* 800 millioN, 2 billioN – êîãäà àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà “hundred”, “thousand”, “million” è “billion” («ñòî», «òûñÿ÷à», «ìèëëèîí» è «ìèëëèàðä»)

= Ìû äîëæíû

Íî:

íàïðèìåð: five ten seven three

hundreD thousanD millioN billioN

= = = =

ïÿòüÑÎÒ, äåñÿòü òûñÿ×, ñåìü ìèëëèîíÎÂ, òðè ìèëëèàðäÀ.

HundredS (thousandS, millionS, billionS) + OF inhabitantS. CîòíÈ (òûñÿ÷È, ìèëëèîíÛ, ìèëëèàðäÛ) + æèòåëÅÉ;

** … ARE to + be countED = «… äîëæíû + áûòü ïîäñ÷èòÀÍû/ ó÷òÅÍû» – – ôîðìóëà “BE to …” â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äðóãèì ãëàãîëîì èëè ñ äðóãîé ãëàãîëüíîé êîíñòðóêöèåé îçíà÷àåò äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå ñ îòòåíêîì âûíóæäåííîñòè. Ýòà ôîðìóëà ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ (â îñíîâíîì) â íàñòîÿùåì è â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíàõ,

+ ñäåëàòü ýòó ðàáîòó;

*** “They ARE + includeD” = «Èõ âêëþ÷àþò»:

íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñîñòàâå ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ,

òî îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ÒÎËÜÊÎ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå,

áûëè

ôîðìóëà «Ãëàãîë “BE” + 3-ÿ ôîðìà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà» ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóñêîìó ïàññèâó è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê «Ìåíÿ …-þò/ -ëè» è ïð., íàïðèìåð: I’m + regardED as an enemy = Ìåíÿ ðàññìàòðèâàÞÒ êàê âðàãà. He’s + regardED as a friend = Åãî ðàññìàòðèâàÞÒ êàê äðóãà. We were + regardED as strangers = Íàñ ðàññìàòðèâàËè êàê ÷óæàêîâ. They will be + regardED as guests = Èõ áóäóò ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê ãîñòåé. Êàê Âû, íàäåþñü, çàìåòèëè, ïî ëèöàì è

ïî âðåìåíàì

èçìåíÿåòñÿ ↑ çäåñü âñ¸ òîò æå ãëàãîë “BE”.

à èçìåíÿåòñÿ â íåé, åñòåñòâåííî, ñàì ãëàãîë “BE”: I

AM to

He IS to

+ leave for Sochi tomorrow = = Çàâòðà ÿ äîëæåí + óëåòåòü â Ñî÷è. + go now = Òåïåðü îí äîëæåí + óéòè.

She WAS to + complete this = = Îíà äîëæíà 186

áûëà

+ çàâåðøèòü ýòî. 187

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹34 «Î ÑËÎÂÀÐßÕ»

“ABOUT DICTIONARIES” ýáàóò

äèêøüíýðèç

ó íåãî (åñòü) + äâà çíà÷åíèÿ:

it has + two meanings: èò õæç òóó ìèèíèíãç

«âèä ìÿãêîãî

“a kind of a soft ýêàéíä îâ ýñîôò

Ñëîâàðè ü î÷åíü ïîëåçíû.

Dictionaries are very usefuL. äèêøüíýðèç àà âýðè þóñôóë

ïëîñêîãî ãîëîâíîãî óáîðà»,

flat hat” ôëæò õæò

Ïîëüçóÿñü + èìè,

By using + them áàé þóçèíã ðýì

èëè: «ïëîñêàÿ êðûøå÷êà

Âû ìîæåòå îïðåäåëèòü,

you can find out þó êæí ôàéíä àóò

or: “a flat lid îî ýôëæò ëèä

íà áóòûëêå».

÷òî çíà÷èò (êàêîå-ëèáî) ñëîâî.

what a word means. wîò ýwœœä ìèèíç

on a bottle”. îí ýáîòë

Ñëîâàðè òàêæå ïîêàçûâàþò,

Èíîãäà

Sometimes ñàìòàéìç

Dictionaries also show you äèêøüíýðèç îîëñîó ø¸ó þó

êàê ïðîèçíîñèòü ñëîâà,

Âû + îáíàðóæèòå,

you + will find out þó wèë ôàéíä àóò

how to spell the words, õàó òó ñïýë ðýwœœäç

è ïîìîãàþò Âàì

÷òî + ó íåãî (èìååòñÿ) + + áîëüøå,

that + it has + more ðæò èò õæç ìîî

and help you æíä õýëï þó

èñïîëüçîâàòü èõ ïðàâèëüíî.

÷åì îäíî çíà÷åíèå.

than one meaning. ðæí wàí ìèèíèíã

to use them properly. òó þóç ðýì ïðîïýëè

ü + Ëåã÷å

Ïîñìîòðèòå íà ñëîâî «ñàð»,

Look * at the word “cap”, ëóê æò ðýwœœä êæï

It is + easier èò èç èèçèý

èñêàòü ñëîâà

íàïðèìåð!

for example! ôîî èãçààìïë

to look words up òó ëóê wœœäç àï

â ñëîâàðå (òîãäà), êîãäà

in à dictionary when èí ýäèêøüíýðè wýí

Âû ìîæåòå íàçâàòü («ïåðå÷èñëèòü»)

you can say þó êæí ñýé

1 ñëîâî

Âû óâèäèòå, ÷òî 188

→

2 ñëîâà

You will see that þó wèë ñèè ðæò

189

áóêâû àëôàâèòà

the letters of the alphabet ðýëåòýñ îâ ðýæëôýáèò

áûñòðåå**

more quickly** ìîî êwèêëè

â ïðàâèëüíîì ïîðÿäêå.

in correct order. èí êýðýêò îîäý

î÷åíü ñêîðî.

very soon. âýðè ñóóí

(Äëÿ òîãî) ×tîáû íàéòè ñëîâî,

Òo look up a word òó ëóê àï ýwœœä

Âàì òàêæå áóäåò íóæíî

you will also need þó wèë îîëñîó íèèä

âíèìàòåëüíî ïîñìîòðåòü

to look carefully òó ëóê êåýôóëè

íà âñå áóêâÛ â í¸ì. (, ñîäåðæàùèåñÿ)

at all the letters in it. æò îoë ðýëåòýñ èí èò

Ñíà÷àëà

At first, æò ôœœñò

Âàì + ìîæåò ïîíàäîáèòüñÿ

you + might need þó ìàéò íèèä

ìèíóòà èëè äâå,

a minute or two ýìèíèò îî òóó

÷tîáû íàéòè êàêîå-ëèáî ñëîâî. 1 ñëîâî

Íî Âû íàó÷èòåñü íàõîäèòü èõ 190

→

to find a word. òó ôàéíä ýwœœä

* “LOOK at the word …!” – ýòî – ïîâåëèòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå, òî åñòü ôîðìà, êîòîðîé ïðîñÿò èëè ïðèêàçûâàþò.  àíãëèéñêîì âñ¸ ýòî ñäåëàòü î÷åíü ëåãêî: îòêðûë ñëîâàðü, óâèäåë ñëîâî – – ýòèì ñëîâîì è ïðîñè èëè ïðèêàçûâàé, íå èçìåíÿÿ åãî!; ** Ýòî – ñòåïåíü ñðàâíåíèÿ íàðå÷èÿ, ïðè÷¸ì ïîñêîëüêó ñëîâî “quickly” ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîñòàâíûì – – òî åñòü â í¸ì óæå åñòü ïðèáàâëåííîå îêîí÷àíèå (“quick+ly”) – – òî âòîðîå îêîí÷àíèå ïðèáàâëÿòü óæå íåëüçÿ (= ìî¸ «Ïðàâèëî ¹3»: «Íà íàâåøåííîå – íå íàâåøèâàé!»). Ïîýòîìó àíãëîÿçû÷íûå è ãîâîðÿò íå «áûñòðÅå», à «áîëåå áûñòðî» = “more quickly”!

2 ñëîâà

But you will learn áàò þó wèë 뜜í to find them òýôàéíä ðýì 191

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹35 «ÖÅËÜ ÝÒÎÉ ÊÍÈÃÈ» “THE PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK” ðýîïýñ

îâ

ðèñ

áóê

(êîòîðûì)* Âû ïîëüçóåòåñü

you use þó þóç

êàæäûé äåíü,

every day ýâðè äýé

íå ìîãóò ñóùåñòâîâàòü áåç

cannot do without êæíîò äóó wèðàóò

ïðàâèëüíîé ãðàììàòèêè.

correct grammar. êýðýêò ãðæìý

Êàæäîå ïðåäëîæåíèå,

Every sentence ýâðè ñýíòýíñ

(êîòîðîå)* Âû ïðîèçíîñèòå,

you pronounce þó ïðýíàóíñ

Öåëü ýòîé êíèãè

The purpose of this book ðýïýñ îâ ðèñ áóê

çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ (â òîì), + + ÷tîáû

is + to èç òó

ïîêàçàòü Âàì,

show you ø¸ó þó

êàê ïîëüçîâàòüòüñÿ ãðàììàòèêîé,

how to use grammar, õàó òó þóç ãðæìý

è (â òîì,) ÷tîáû

and to æíä òó

äîëæíî ñîäåðæàòü

should contain øþä êýíòýéí

óáåäèòü Âàñ,

convince you êýíâèèíñ þó

òîëüêî ïðàâèëüíûå

only right îóíëè ðàéò

÷òî êíèãè,

that the books ðæò ðýáóêñ

ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå êîìáèíàöèè.

grammatical combinations. ãðæìæòèêë êýìáèíýéøüíç

(êîòîðûå)* Âû ÷èòàåòå,

you read, þó ðèèä

Åñëè** Âû (êîãäà-íèáóäü áóäåòå) îáùàòüñÿ**

If** you ever talk** èô þó ýâý òîîê

ðàáîòà,

the work ðýwœœê

ñ îáðàçîâàííûì ÷åëîâåêîì,

to an educated man, òó æí ýäúþêýéòèä ìæí

(êîòîðóþ)* Âû âûïîëíÿåòå,

you do þó äóó

Âû äîëæíû (áóäåòå)

you have to þó õæâ òy

è ÿçûê,

and the language æíä ðýëæíãwèäæü

îáðàùàòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå

pay special attention ïýé ñïýøüë ýòýíøüí

192

193

íà ïðàâèëüíîñòü

to the correctness òó ðý êýðýêòíèñ

* Âñïîìíèòå, ÷òî â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âñå ýòè «êîòîð…» íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûìè!;

Âàøåãî ÿçûêà,

of your language, îâ ¸î ëæíãwèäæü

ïîñêîëüêó åãî ïåðâîå

since his first*** ñèíñ õèç ôœœñò

âïå÷àòëåíèå o Âàñ

impression of you èìïðýøüí îâ þó

áóäåò çàâèñåòü

will depend wèë äèïýíä

** Ïîñëå “IF” íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ýëåìåíòû “will” è “shall”: … if you talk … – âñïîìíèòå, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë ïîñëå “if” ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê è íàñòîÿùèì, è áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì. Ïîýòîìó, âûðàæåíèå “If you talk …” ìîæåò çíà÷èòü è «Åñëè Âû ðàçãîâàðèâàåòå …» è «Åñëè Âû áóäåòå ðàçãîâàðèâàòü …»;

îò ïåðâûõ ìèíóò

on the first*** minutes îí ðýôœœñò ìèíèòñ

Âàøåãî ðàçãîâîðà.

of your conversation. oâ ¸î êýíâýñýéøüí

Òàê ÷òî, íå òåðÿéòå****

So, don’t lose**** ñîó äîíò ëóóç

íèñêîëüêî (= «íèêàêîãî»)

any ýíè

äðàãîöåííîãî âðåìåíè è

precious time and ïðýøüåñ òàéì æíä

1-é ãëàãîë

2-é ãëàãîë

íà÷èíàéòå**** ðàáîòàòü

start **** to work ñòàðò òy wœœê (start working ñòààò wœœêèíã)

*** Ïåðåä àíãëèéñêèì ïîðÿäêîâûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ñòîÿòü îäèí èç 21 îáÿçàòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé (ñòð. 272); **** “DON’T lose!” = «ÍÅ òåðÿé!», “START to work!” = «ÍÀ×ÈÍÀÉ ðàáîòàòü!» – – ýòî åù¸ äâà ïðèìåðà àíãëèéñêîãî ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, òî åñòü ôîðìû, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîé ïðèêàçûâàþò, ïðîñÿò, ñîâåòóþò, ðåêîìåíäóþò èëè çàïðåùàþò. Ïðè÷¸ì ïîñëå «çàïðåòèòåëüíîé» ÷àñòèöû “Don’t ... !” ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì ÍÅ ñòàâèòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to” (òàê êàê îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðâûì ãëàãîëîì), íî åñëè Âû «êîìàíäóåòå» ïðè ïîìîùè ãëàãîëà (“Start … !”), òî ïåðåä âòîðûì ãëàãîëîì ýòà “ … to …” îáÿçàòåëüíî íóæíà !!!

ÄÎÏÊÎÌÌÅÍÒÀÐÈÉ

íàä Âàøèì àíãëèéñêèì

on your English îí ¸î èíãëèøü

“… cannot do …” = “can+not” – ýòî îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà (ìîäàëüíîãî) ýëåìåíòà “can” = «ìî÷ü». “… should contain …” – “Should” òàêæå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýëåìåíòîì.

êàê ìîæíî áûñòðåå!

as soon as possible! æç ñóóí æç ïîñèáë

Ïîñëå [ìîäàëüíûõ] ýëåìåíòîâ ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to”.

194

195

ÃËÀÂÀ VI ÑÅÃÎÄÍßØÍÈÅ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹36 «Ïîìîãàÿ äðóãó ïðåîäîëåòü òðóäíûå âðåìåíà» “Helping a Friend through Tough Times” õýëïèíã

ýôðýíä

θðóó

òàô

òàéìç

÷tîáû íà (íåãî) îïåðåòüñÿ èëè íà (í¸ì) ïîïëàêàòü.

to lean or cry on. òó ëèèí îî êðàé îí

Äîïóñòèòå*,

Admit* ýäìèò

1

2

3

÷òî áîëü Âàøåãî äðóã’à

→

2

3

1

that your friend’s pain ðæò ¸î ôðýíäç ïýéí

çàòðàãèâàåò è Âàñ,

Sometimes it’s + hard to know ñàìòàéìç èòñ õààä òýíîó

affects you, too, ýôýêòñ þó òóó

íî óáåäèòåñü*,

what to do wîò òó äóó

but make sure* áàò ìýéê øþý

÷òî (ýòî) íà åãî/å¸ ýìîöèÿõ

è ÷òî (íóæíî) ãîâîðèòü.

and what to say. æíä wîò òýñýé

that it is her/ his emotions ðæò èò èç õœœ õèç èìîóøüíç

Âû ôîêóñèðóåòå âíèìàíèå,

Íî â òðåâîæíûå ìîìåíòû

But, in times of trouble, áàò èí òàéìç îâ òðàáë

you focus on, þó ôîóêýñ îí

à íå íà ñâîèõ ñîáñòâåííûõ.

ñëîâà ìóäðîñòè –

words of wisdom wœœäç îâ wèçäýì

not your own. íîò ¸î îóí

Áóäüòå* ñàìèìè ñîáîþ

Be* yourself áèè ¸îñýëô

– (ýòî) ü ïîñëåäíåå, (÷òî)

are the last thing àà ðýëààñò θèíã

è íå íà÷èíàéòå*

and don’t start* æíä äîíò ñòààò

Âàø äðóã õî÷åò ñëûøàòü.

your friend wants to hear. ¸î ôðýíä wîíòñ òýõèý

âåñòè ñåáÿ èíà÷å.

behaving differently. áèõýéâèíã äèôðýíòëè

(Âñ¸,) ×òî íóæíî Âàøåìó äðóãó –

What your friend needs wîò ¸î ôðýíä íèèäç

Òàê ÷òî, õîòÿ

So, although ñîó îîëðîó

ü – (ýòî) äîáðîå ñèëüíîå ïëå÷î,

is a good, strong shoulder èç ý ãóä ñòðîíã ø¸óëäý

Âàì ìîæåò áûòü òðóäíî,

it may be hard for you, èò ìýé áèè õààä ôîî þó

Èíîãäà ü + òðóäíî çíàòü, ÷òî äåëàòü

196

197

ïîñòàðàéòåñü* áûòü

try* to be òðàé òó áèè

Ðàçðåøèòå* ñâîåìó äðóãó (= «Äàéòå …»)

Give* your friend ãèâ ¸î ôðýíä

òåì æå ñàìûì ÷åëîâåêîì,

the same person ðýñýéì ñí

ïî/ãîâîðèòü.

permission to talk. ìèøüí òýòîîê

(êîòîðûì) Âû âñåãäà áûëè.

(that) you always have been. (ðæò) þó îîëwýéç õæâ áèèí

Íå ñòàðàéòåñü* + óéòè îò

Don’t try * to + avoid äîíò òðàé òó ýâîéä

Ãîâîðèòå* ìåíüøå,

Talk* less, òîîê ëåñ

åãî/å¸ áîëè,

her/his pain õœœ õèç ïýéí

ñëóøàéòå* áîëüøÅ.

listen* morÅ. ëèñí ìîî

Õîòÿ Âàì, âîçìîæíî,

×åì? Êàêèì îáðàçîì?

Although you may îîëðîó þó ìýé

çàõî÷åòñÿ äàòü ñîâåò,

want to give advice, wîíò òýãèâ ýäâàéñ

1 2 3 → îí ðåäêî îêàçûâàåòñÿ 4 ïîëåçíûì.

1

ü + Ãîðàçäî áîëåå êîíñòðóêòèâíî

It is + much more constructive èò èç ìà÷ ìîî êýíñòðàêòèâ

(áóäåò) ïîìî÷ü Âàøåìó äðóãó

to help** your friend òó õýëï ¸î ôðýíä

ðàññìîòðåòü âñå âîçìîæíîñòè

*explore all the possibilities èêñïëîî oîë ðý ïîñèáèëèòèç

è ïðîãîâîðèòü èõ

and **talk them out æíä òîîê ðýì àóò

ñ Âàìè.

with you. wèð þó

198

3

2

4

it is seldom useful. èò èç ñýëäýì þóñôóë

ìåíÿÿ òåìó ðàçãîâîðà (= «ïóò¸ì èçìåíåíèÿ»). ↑

↓ by changing the subject. áàé ÷ýéíäæüèíã ðýñàáäæüèêò

×åì? Êàêèì îáðàçîì?

Âûïîëíÿéòå* ñâîè îáåùàíèÿ.

Keep* your promises. êèèï ¸î ïðîìèñèç

Åñëè Âû ñêàçàëè, (÷òî)

If you said** èô þó ñýä

Âû çàãëÿíåòå («çàñêî÷åòå») («Áóäóùåå â ïðîøåäøåì»)

you would** pop in þó wóä ïîï èí

ïðîâåäàòü ñâîåãî äðóãà,

and see your friend, æíä ñèè ¸î ôðýíä

îáÿçàòåëüíî ñäåëàéòå ýòî.

make sure you do it. ìýéê øþý þó äóó èò

Åñëè Âû ïðîñòî ñêàæåòå, (= «Ïðîñòî ñêàçàâ»,)

Just saying äæÿñò ñýéèíã

1 ñëîâî

(÷òî) Âû ïîìîæåòå,

→

2 ñëîâà

that you will help ðæò þó wèë õýëï 199

Íèêîãäà íå ãîâîðèòå * íè÷åãî âðîäå (= «… âåùåé òèïà: »):

Never say * things like: íýâý ñýé θèíãç ëàéê

«Òåáå ñëåäîâàëî áû

but, unless you áàò àíëåñ þó

“You should þó øþä

(óæå) ïåðåæèòü ýòî

be over it áèè îóâý èò

âûïîëíèòå ýòîãî,

follow it through, ôîëîó èò θðóó

ê ñåãîäíÿøíåìó äíþ!».

by now”. áàé íàó

òî ýòî íè÷åãî íå + äàñò (= «íè÷åãî íå + ñäåëàåò»)

it will do + nothing èò wèë äóó íàθèíã

Äàéòå* ñâîåìó äðóãó

Allow* your friend ýëàó ¸î ôðýíä

Âàøåìó äðóãó (= «äëÿ Âàøåãî äðóãà»).

for your friend. ôîî ¸î ôðýíä

ñòîëüêî âðåìåíè, ñêîëüêî

as much time as æç ìàò÷ òàéì æç

åé/åìó íóæíî, ÷tîáû âûãîâîðèòüñÿ,

she/ he needs to talk, øüè õè íèèäç òýòîîê

(òî) ýòî ìîæåò çàñòàâèòü Âàñ

might make you ìàéò ìýéê þó

÷óâñòâîâàòü ñåáÿ ëó÷øå,

feel better ôèèë áýòý

íî åñëè Âû íå

Âûçîâèòå îãîíü íà ñåáÿ! Take the flak!* (= Íàáåðèòåñü ïîíèìàíèÿ!). òýéê ðýôëæê Ïîí¸ñøèì ëèøåíèÿ èëè

The bereaved or ðý áèðèèâä îî

äàæå åñëè Âû âñ¸ ýòî ñëûøàëè óæå

even if you have heard it all èèâí èô þó õæâ õœœä èò oîë

íàõîäÿùèìñÿ â øîêå (= «òåì, [êòî] â øîêå»)

those in shock ðîóç èí ø¸ê

ñòî ðàç.

a hundred times already. ýõàíäðýä òàéìç îîëðýäè

òðóäíî óñëóæèòü.

are hard to please. àà õààä òó ïëèèç

Áóäüòå ïðàêòè÷íû*.

Be practical*. áèè ïðæêòèêë

Íå îæèäàéòå*

Do not expect* äóó íîò èêñïýêò

Çà÷àñòóþ (ýòî – )

Often, it is îôí èò èç

áëàãîäàðíîñòè èëè ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòè.

gratitude or acknowledgement.

ñàìûå ìàëåíüêèå ïîñòóïêè

the smallest gestures ðýñìoîëèñò äüæüåùåç

Áóäüòå òåðïåëèâû*.

Be patient*. áèè ïýéøüåíò

(êîòîðûå) ïîìîãàþò áîëüøå âñåãî.

that help the most. ðæò õýëï ðýìîóñò

200

ãðýéòèòúþóä îî ýêíîîëèäæüìýíò

201

 êîíå÷íîì èòîãå,

Ultimately, àëòèìýòëè

ïîìîùü äðóãó

helping a friend õýëïèíã ýôðýíä

âî âðåìÿ êðèçèñà –

through a crisis θðóó ýêðàéñèñ

ýòî ìåíüøå (çíà÷èò) äåëàòü,

is less about doing èç ëåñ ýáàóò äóóèíã

è áîëüøå (çíà÷èò) áûòü (ñ íèì).

and more about being. æíä ìîî ýáàóò áèèíã

Ñàìûé áîëüøîé ïîäàðîê,

The greatest gift ðýãðýéòèñò ãèôò

(êîòîðûé) ìû ìîæåì ñäåëàòü –

we can give wè êæí ãèâ

(ýòî) ü + ïðîñòî

is + simply èç ñèìïëè

ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü (òàì)*** («áûòü»).

to be there***. òó áèè ðýý

* Âñå îòìå÷åííûå çâ¸çäî÷êîé ôðàãìåíòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáðàçöàìè ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ; ** Íàïîìèíàþ, ÷òî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà “help” ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèìè ãëàãîëàìè (“… explore”, “… talk”) ñåãîäíÿ óæå íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ñòàâèòü ÷àñòèöó “to”; *** “… saiD (that) you + would pop in …” = = «… ñêàçàËè, ÷òî + çàãëÿíÅÒÅ …» –

òàê íàçûâàåìîãî «Áóäóùåãî â ïðîøåäøåì», òî åñòü òàêîãî ñëó÷àÿ, êîãäà (ïî-àíãëèéñêè) â ïðîøëîì ãîâîðèëîñü («ñêàçàËè») î òîì, ÷òî åù¸ òîëüêî ïðîèçîéä¸ò («çàãëÿíÅÒÅ») â áóäóùåì.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿ «áóäóùíîñòü» äåéñòâèÿ ïåðåäà¸òñÿ ÍÅ ïðè ïîìîùè ýëåìåíòî⠓will/shall”, à ÒÎËÜÊÎ ïðè ïîìîùè ýëåìåíòà “WOULD” (à ñìûñë äåéñòâèÿ ïåðåäà¸òñÿ çíà÷èìûì ãëàãîëîì â åãî ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå – òî åñòü íåèçìåí¸ííûì) !!!: ß äóìàË, ÷òî (ÿ) + ÑÒÀÍÓ + âðà÷îì. I thoughT that I + WOULD become + a doctor. àé θîîò ðæò àé wóä áèêàì ýäàêòý Ìû ïîäîçðåâàËè, ÷òî ýòè ëþäè + ÏÐÅÄÀÄÓÒ + íàñ. We suspectED that these people + WOULD betray + us. wè ñýñïýêòèä ðæò ðèèç ïèèïë wóä áèòðýé àñ Ñì. ñòð. 381; **** Ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå “be there” ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê öåëüíîå âûðàæåíèå ñî çíà÷åíèÿìè «èìåòüñÿ», «ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü», «íàëè÷åñòâîâàòü». ÑÎÂÅÒ. Âåçäå îáðàùàéòå âíèìàíèå íà ïîä÷¸ðêíóòûå âûðàæåíèÿ – – îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáðàçöàìè ÍÅ äîñëîâíîãî ïåðåâîäà, à ïðèìåðàìè ïåðåäà÷è ÎÑÍÎÂÍÎÉ ÌÛÑËÈ. Ýòè âûðàæåíèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî îáîãàòÿò è óêðàñÿò Âàø àíãëèéñêèé, ïîýòîìó Âàì ñëåäóåò (= “you SHOULD”) çàó÷èòü èõ íàèçóñòü, è ñòàðàòüñÿ îïðîáîâàòü èõ è ñ äðóãèìè àíãëèéñêèìè ñëîâàìè.

– ýòî ïðåêðàñíûé ïðèìåð 202

203

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹37 «Êàê ïðåâðàòèòü âðåìåííóþ ðàáîòó â ïîñòîÿííóþ?» “How to Turn a Temporary Job into a Permanent One?” õàó òó òœœí ý òýìïðýðè äæü¸á èíòó ý ìýíýíò wàí

áîëüøîå âïå÷àòëåíèå

a big impression ýáèã èìïðýøüí

â êîìïàíèÿõ,

within the companies wèðèí ðý êàìïýíèç

íà (êîòîðûå) îíè õîòåëè áû ðàáîòàòü.

they’d like to work for. ðýéä ëàéê òó wœœê ôîî

Ñàìûé íîâûé ïðè¸ì ïðè ïîèñêå ðàáîòû

The newest job-hunting trick ðýíúþóèñò äæü¸á õàíòèíã òðèê

Ââÿçûâàéòåñü âî

Get involved in ãýò èíâîóëâä èí

çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ (â òîì,

is èç

ñòîëüêî âûçîâîâ,

as many challenges æç ìýíè ÷æëåíäæüèç

÷toáû) ñàìîìó ÿâèòüñÿ

to take yourself òýòýéê ¸îñýëô

(âî) ñêîëüêî (ñ-)ìîæåòå.

as you can. æç þó êæí

íà ðàáîòó,

to the job òó ðý äæü¸á

(ñêîðåå) ÷åì îæèäàòü,

rather than * expect* ðààðý ðæí èêñïýêò

1 ñëîâî

Ýòî ïîìîæåò

→

2 ñëîâà

It will help èò wèë õýëï

ïîääåðæèâàòü Âàøó çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòü

keep you interested êèèï þó èíòðèñòèä

÷tîáû** îíà ïðèøëà ê òåáå. it to** come to you. èò òó êàì òó þó

è ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü Âàøè äàðîâàíèÿ

and show off your abilities æíä ø¸ó îô ¸î ýáèëèòèç

Âîò + íåñêîëüêî

Here are + some ñàì õèý àà

â íàèëó÷øåì ñâåòå.

in the best light. èí ðýáýñò ëàéò

õîðîøèõ ñîâåòîâ

pieces of good advice ïèèñèç îâ ãóä ýäâàéñ

Ñàìîìîòèâàöèÿ

Self-motivation ñýëô ìîóòèâýéøüí

äëÿ âûïóñêíèêîâ, êîòîðûå

for the graduates who ôîî ðý ãðæäúþýéòñ õóó

è ýíòóçèàçì

and enthusiasm æíä èíθþóçèýçì

õîòÿò ïðîèçâåñòè

want to make wîíò òó ìýéê

ìîãóò áûòü

can be êæí áèè

204

205

1 2 → 3 1 2 ñàìûìè ñèëüíûìè 3 a graduate’s greatest strength. ñòîðîíàìè âûïóñêíèê’à. ý ãðæäúþýéòñ ãðýéòèñò ñòðýíãθ

Ïîñòàðàéòåñü ïîëó÷èòü

Try to get òðàé òó ãýò

Òàê ÷òî, íå èçáåãàéòå

So, don’t dodge ñîó äîíò äîäæü

áîëåå øèðîêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå

a broader view ý áðîîäý âúþó

÷åãî-ëèáî

something ñàìθèíã

îá (ýòîé) îòðàñëè.

of the industry. îâ ðý èíäàñòðè

òîëüêî ïîòîìó, ÷òî

just because äæÿñò áèêîîç

Âû äîëæíû + óçíàòü (= «Âàì íóæíî áûëî áû +»)

You should learn þó øþä 뜜í

Âû íå çíàåòå,

you don’t know þó äîíò íîó

êàê ìîæíî áîëüøå

as much as possible æç ìàò÷ æç ïîñèáë

êàê ýòî äåëàåòñÿ (= «êàê ñäåëàòü ýòî»);

how to do it; õàó òó äóó èò

î

about ýáàóò

ñïåöèàëüíî + ñïðàøèâàéòå,

make a point of + asking ìýéê ýïîéíò îâ ààñêèíã

1

2

3

êàê ðàáîòàåò ïðîãðàììà, 1

2

3

ãäå íàõîäÿòñÿ êàíöòîâàðû, 1

2

3

êàê îòïðàâëÿþòñÿ ñðî÷íûå 4

→

→

→

1

3

3

3

4

how urgent packages õàó œœäæüåíò ïæêèäæüèç 2

ïîñûëêè,

are sent – àà ñýíò

èëè ÷òî-óãîäíî (åù¸).

or whatever. îî wîòýâý

206

2

where the stationary is, wýý ðýñòýéøüíðè èç 1

1

2

2

3

áèçíåñå Âàøåé ôèðì’û

1

→

2

how the software works, õàó ðýñîôòwýý wœœêñ 1

1

2

2

3

1

your company’s business ¸î êàìïýíèç áèçíèñ

è ÷óâñòâîâàòü ñåáÿ

and feel æíä ôèèë

êðàéíå óâåðåííî,

hugely confident õúþóäæüëè êîíôèäýíò

ðàçãîâàðèâàÿ

when talking wýí òîîêèíã

1

2

3

ñ ïàðòí¸ðàìè êîìïàíè’è. Âàø íîâûé îïûò

→

1

3

2

with the company’s partners. wèð ðý êàìïýíèç ïààòíýñ Your new experience ¸î íúþó èêñïèðèýíñ 207

1 ñëîâî

ïîñòàâèò Âàñ âïåðåäè

→

2 ñëîâà

will put you ahead wèë ïóò þó ýõýä

äðóãèõ ñîèñêàòåëåé.

of other wannabes. îâ àðý wîíýáèç

Íå ïîçâîëÿéòå

Don’t let äîíò ëåò

(ñâîèì) ñëàáûì ñòîðîíàì

weaknesses wèèêíèñèç

óìåíüøàòü Âàøè ñèëüíûå ñòîðîíû.

detract from your strengths. äèòðæêò ôðîì ¸î ñòðýíãθñ

Ïîçàáîòüòåñü (î òîì, ÷òîáû)

Make sure ìýéê øþý

áûòü õîðîøî èíôîðìèðîâàííûì,

you’re well-informed þóð wýë èíôîîìä

÷èòàÿ ãàçåòû (= «ïóò¸ì ÷òåíèÿ»),

Âíåäðÿéòåñü â îïûò Òap into the expertise (= «Ïîäêëþ÷àéòåñü ê») òæï èíòó ðý ýêñïàòèèç (óæå) èìåþùåãîñÿ of existing staff – ïåðñîíàëà – îâ èãçèñòèíã ñòààô îíè çíàþò

they know ðýé íîó

âñå íþàíñû all the short cuts, (= «âñå ìåòîäû äîñòèæåíèÿ»), oîë ðý ø¸îòêàòñ òàê ÷òî, ó÷èòåñü ó íèõ.

so learn from them. ñîó 뜜í ôðîì ðýì

Áóäüòå âåæëèâû ñ áþðî îáñëóæèâàíèÿ –

Be polite to the receptionists áèè ïýëàéò òó ðý ðèñýïøüíèñòñ

îíè áóäóò (âûñòóïàòü) çà Âàñ

they will vouch for you ðýé wèë âàóò÷ ôîî þó

by reading newspapers, áàé ðèèäèíã íúþóñïýéïýñ

äàæå â Âàøå îòñóòñòâèå.

even in your absence. èèâí èí ¸î æáñýíñ

ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå æóðíàëû

trade magazines òðýéä ìæãýçèíç

Íàìåòüòå (äëÿ ñåáÿ) (òå) êîìïàíèè,

Target the companies òààãèò ðýêàìïýíèç

è ôèðìåííûå áóêëåòû.

and office bulletins. æíä îôèñ áóëèòèíç

íà (êîòîðûå) Âû äåéñòâèòåëüíî õîòèòå ðàáîòàòü.

you really want to work for. þó ðèýëè woíò òýwœœê ôîî

Åñëè Âàì íåîáõîäèìî

If you need èô þó íèèä

Âû ïîïàä¸òå

You only get þó îóíëè ãýò

êàêîå-òî äîïîëíèòåëüíîå îáó÷åíèå,

some extra training, ñàì ýêñòðý òðýéíèíã

(òóäà), êóäà Âû õîòèòå ïîïàñòü,

where you want to get wýý þó wîíò òó ãýò

îðãàíèçóéòå åãî äëÿ ñåáÿ.

book it up for yourself. áóê èò àï ôîî ¸îñýëô

òîëüêî ñïðàøèâàÿ (= «ïóò¸ì ñïðàøèâàíèÿ»).

by asking. áàé ààñêèíã

208

209

Âû äîëæíû îñîçíàâàòü, ÷òî

You should realize that þó øþä ðèýëàéç ðæò

íîâûå âûðåçêè (èç ãàçåò),

new cuttings íúþó êàòèíãç

äàæå î÷åíü õîðîøèì

even very good èèâí âýðè ãóä

âàæíûå äëÿ êîìïàíèè

relevant to the company ðýëèâýíò òó ðýêàìïýíè

è ïðåñòèæíûì êîìïàíèÿì

and prestigious companies æíä ïðýñòèäæüåñ êàìïýíèç

è å¸ áèçíåñà,

and its business, æíä èòñ áèçíèñ

íóæíû õîðîøèå ðàáîòíèêè,

need good workers, íèèä ãóä wœœêýñ

âûèñêèâàéòå íîâûõ êëèåíòîâ,

source new clients, ñîîñ íúþó êëàéýíòñ

íî òîëüêî

but only áàò îóíëè

îáíîâëÿéòå áàçû äàííûõ,

update data bases, àïäýéò äýéòý áýéñèç

îãðàíè÷åííîå íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî

a limited few ýëèìèòèä ôúþó

ãîòîâüòå ðåêëàìíûå ìàòåðèàëû

prepare presentation material ïðèïýý ïðýçýíòýéøüí ìæòèðüýë

ÿâëÿþòñÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíî êîìïåòåíòíûìè.

are actually competent. àà æêò÷óýëè êýìïèèòýíò

èëè îòâå÷àéòå çà òåëåôîííûå çâîíêè,

or cover the phones îî êàâý ðý ôîóíñ

Áóäüòå î÷åíü ïðåäàíû äåëó.

Be very commited. áèè âýðè êýìèòèä

êîãäà äðóãèå îòñóòñòâóþò.

when others are out. wýí àðýñ àà àóò

Îñòàâàéòåñü äîïîçäíà,

Stay late ñòýé ëýéò

Âñ¸ ýòî áóäåò ÷àñòüþ

åñëè Âû ü íóæíû,

if you’re needed èô þóð íèèäèä

Âàøåé áóäóùåé ðàáîòû,

of your future job – îâ ¸î ôúþó÷ý äæü¸á

è âûðàæàéòå æåëàíèå (= «áóäüòå æåëàþùèìè»)

and be willing æíä áèè wèëèíã

è Âû áóäåòå ñòàðàòüñÿ

ànd you’ll be trying æíä þóë áèè òðàéèíã

äåëàòü âñ¸, ÷òî óãîäíî.

to do anything. òó äóó ýíèθèíã

ñîçäàòü èëëþçèþ, ÷òî

to create the illusion that òó êðèýéò ðý èëþóæüí ðæò

Ïðåäëîæèòå ñîáèðàòü è êëàññèôèöèðîâàòü

Îffer to collect and file îôý òó êýëåêò æíä ôàéë

îíà óæå ü Âàøà.

it is already yours. èò èç îîëðýäè ¸îç

210

1 ñëîâî

→

2 ñëîâà

This will all be part ðèñ wèë oîë áèè ïààò

211

* Ïîñëå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ “rather (than)” – ðààðý ðæí = «ñêîðåå …, ÷åì … » ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì íå íóæíà ÷àñòèöà “to”. Ñëîâî “rather” âõîäèò è â ñîñòàâ ýëåìåíòà “ ’d rather”: «ß ñêîðåå çàïëà÷Ó ´, ÷åì óéäÓ!» – âèäèòå, â îáåèõ ÷àñòÿõ ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ãëàãîë ñòîèò â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè, ïî-àíãëèéñêè æå ïîñëå ýëåìåíòî⠓’d rather than” = «ñêîðåå …, ÷åì …» è “’d better than” = «ëó÷øå …, ÷åì …» ãëàãîë èçìåíÿòü âîîáùå íå íóæíî!, à òàêæå íå íóæíî óïîòðåáëÿòü è íèêàêèõ “will/shall”: «ß ëó÷øå + çàïëà÷Ó,´ ÷åì + óéäÓ!». “I’d rather + PAY than + GO!”; ↑ ← Àíãë. ãëàãîëû → ↑ íå èçìåíåíû !

** Çäåñü îò÷¸òëèâî âèäíà âîçìîæíîñòü çíà÷åíèÿ «÷toáû» ó ñëîâå÷êà/÷àñòèöû “to” â êîíñòðóêöèè òèïà

«Ãëàãîë + îáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå + to …» (âìåñòî íàøåãî ñóáúåêòíîãî !!!)

(îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â ïîðÿäêå ñëîâ è íà «ïåðåâîä» ðóññêîãî ñóáúåêòíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â→ àíãëèéñêîå îáúåêòíîå !!!): 1

→

2

2

1

ß õî÷ó, ÷tîáû îí + ïðèø¸ë = ß want him + to come. 1

2

Îíà æä¸ò, ÷tîáû îíè + èçâèíèëèñü = →

2

1

= She expects them + to apologize.

212

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹38 «Êàê çàñòàâèòü Âàøó àíêåòó ðàáîòàòü íà Âàñ?» “How to Make Your Application Form Work for You?” õàó òó ìýéê ¸î æïëèêýéøüí ôîîì wœœê ôîî þó Äëÿ âñåõ

For all ôîî oîë

ðàáî÷èõ ìåñò â íåêîììåð÷åñêèõ îðãàíèçàöèÿõ (= «â îáùåñòâåííûõ»)

public service appointments ïàáëèê ñœœâèñ ýïîéíòìýíòñ

è äëÿ âîçðàñòàþùåãî

and for increasing æíä ôîî èíêðèèçèíã

÷èñëà êîìïàíèé

number of companies, íàìáý îâ êàìïýíèç

óñïåøíîå çàïîëíåíèå

the successful completing ðý ñýêñýñôóë êýìïëèèòèíã

àíêåò

of application forms îô æïëèêýéøüí ôîîìç

ÿâëÿåòñÿ â äàííûé ìîìåíò

is now èç íàó

åäèíñòâåííîé âîçìîæíîñòüþ (= «åäèíñòâåííûì ïóò¸ì»)

the only way ðýîóíëè wýé

äîáðàòüñÿ

to make it òó ìýéê èò

äî ñòàäèè èíòåðâüþ.

to the interview stage. òó ðý èíòýâúþó ñòýéäæü 213

Èäåÿ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ (â òîì),

The idea is ðý àéäèý èç

÷òî

that ðæò

çàäàâàÿ êàæäîìó êàíäèäàòó (= «ïóò¸ì çàäàâàíèÿ»)

by asking each candidate áàé ààñêèíã èèò÷ êæíäèäýò

îäíè è òå æå âîïðîñû,

identical questions, àéäýíòèêë êwýùüíç

ü + ëåã÷å

it is + easier èèçèý èò èç

ïðîâîäèòü ñðàâíåíèÿ.

to make comparisons. òýìýéê êýìïýðèçíñ

À íîâîé òåíäåíöèåé

And the new trend æíä ðýíúþó òðýíä

ü êîìïàíèé

for companies ôîî êàìïýíèç

ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáëàäàíèå («èìåòü»)

is to have èç òýõæâ

ñâîèìè ñîáñòâåííûìè («èõ ñîáñòâåííûå»)

their own ðýý îóí

àíêåòàìè («àíêåòû»).

forms. ôîîìç

Âîò íåñêîëüêî çîëîòûõ ïðàâèë,

Here are some golden rules õèý àà ñàì ãîóëäí ðóóëç

(êîòîðûì) íóæíî ñëåäîâàòü (= «÷tîáû») + ïðè

to follow + when òó ôîëîó wýí

çàïîëíåíèè àíêåòû filling out an application form: («çàïîëíÿÿ àíêåòó»): ôèëèíã àóò æí æïëèêýéøüí ôîîì 214

à) ׸òêî âûñòðàèâàéòå ñâîè ôàêòû (= «ôàêòû î ñåáå»)!

à) Marshal your facts! ìààøüë ¸î ôæêòñ

Ñâåäèòå âîåäèíî

Get together ãýò òýãýðý

âñþ âàæíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ

all the relevant information oîë ðý ðýëèâýíò èíôýìýéøüí

î ñâîåé êâàëèôèêàöèè,

about your qualifications, ýáàóò ¸î êwîëèôèêýéøüíç

îïûòå ðàáîòû,

work experience, wœœê èêñïèðüåíñ

îñîáûõ äîñòèæåíèÿõ,

special achievements ñïýøüë ý÷ûûâìýíòñ

è î òîì, êàê Âû

and your æíä ¸î

ïðåäïî÷èòàåòå ïðîâîäèòü ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ.

leisure pursuits. ëåæå ñúþòñ

Âû òàêæå ìîãëè áû

You could also þó êóä îîëñîó

îòìåòèòü òî,

make notes of ìýéê íîóòñ îâ

÷òî Âû ñ÷èòàåòå

what you consider to be wîò þó êýíñèäý òýáèè

ñâîèìè îñîáåííûìè

your particular ¸î ïýòèêúþëý

óìåíèÿìè è ñèëüíûìè ñòîðîíàìè.

skills and strengths. ñêèëç æíä ñòðýíãθñ 215

Çàâåäèòå ïàïêó,

Start a folder, ñòààò  ý ôîóëäý

ü + Âàæíî, ÷òîáû

It is + essential that èò èç èñýíøüèýë ðæò

÷òîáû ýòà èíôîðìàöèÿ (= «òàê, ÷òî …»)

so that this information ñîó ðæò ðèñ èíôýìýéøüí

Âû îïðåäåëèëè êëþ÷åâûå óìåíèÿ,

you identify the key skills þó àéäýíòèôàé ðý êèè ñêèëç

âñåãäà áûëà ïîä ðóêîé;

is always easily available; èç îîëwýéç èèçèëè ýâýéëýáë

(êîòîðûå) èùåò ýòà sought by that organization îðãàíèçàöèÿ (= «èñêîìûå ñîîò áàé ðæò îoãýíàéçýéøüí ýòîé îðãàíèçàöèåé»),

á) Ïîçàíèìàéòåñü b) Do some detective work! íåìíîæêî ðàññëåäîâàíèÿìè! äóó ñàì äèòýêòèâ wœœê

è ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàëè, ÷òî

and demonstrate that æíä äýìýíñòðýéò ðæò

Íàéäèòå

Find out ôàéíä àóò

ó Âàñ åñòü

âñ¸, (÷òî) Âû ìîæåòå,

everything you can ýâðèθèíã þó êæí

you have þó õæâ

èìåííî òå êà÷åñòâà,

îá îðãàíèçàöèè,

about the organization ýáàóò ðý îoãýíàéçýéøüí

just the qualities äæÿñò ðýêwîëèòèç

(êîòîðûå) îíà õî÷åò.

(íà êîòîðóþ) Âû íàöåëèâàåòåñü.

you are targeting. þó àà òààãýòèíã

it wants. èò wîíòñ

Ýòè êà÷åñòâà

Èçó÷èòå

Study ñòàäè

These qualities ðèèç êwîëèòèç

äîëæíû áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíû

1 + 1 → 2 1+1 ïðåäìåò äåÿòåëüíîñòè 2 the company’s profile êîìïàíè’è, ðý êàìïýíèç ïðîóôàéë

must be presented ìàñò áèè ïðèçýíòèä

êîíêðåòíî.

in a concrete way. èí ý êýíêðèèò wýé

à ïîòîì ñîñòàâüòå ñïèñîê

and then make a list æíä ðýí ìýéê ýëèñò

ü + Áûëî áû íåäîñòàòî÷íî

It + would be not enough èò wóä áèè íîò èíàô

òîãî, (÷òî) ýòà êîìïàíèÿ

of what this company îâ wîò ðèñ êàìïýíè

ïðîñòî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî

just to say that äæÿñò òó ñýé ðæò

ôàêòè÷åñêè èùåò.

is actually looking for. èç æêò÷óýëè ëóêèíã ôîî

ó Âàñ (èìååòñÿ) õîðîøàÿ

you have good þó õæâ ãóä

216

217

êîììóíèêàáåëüíîñòü.

communication skills. êýìúþíèêýéøüí ñêèëç

è ïîëüçóéòåñü åþ and use that as a first draft. êàê ïîäëèííèêîì. æíä þóç ðæò æç ýôœœñò äðààôò

Âàì íóæíî ñêàçàòü

You should say þó øþä ñýé

Íå ïîæàëåéòå âðåìåíè,

Take the time òýéê ðýòàéì

÷òî-íèáóäü âðîäå:

something like: ñàìθèíã ëàéê

÷tîáû îïðåäåëèòü,

to work out òó wœœê àóò

«Êàê ðóêîâîäèòåëü

“As leader of æç ëèèäý îâ

÷òî ïîäîéä¸ò êóäà,

what will fit where wîò wèë ôèò wýý

è êàê

and how æíä õàó

Âû + ñîáèðàåòåñü

you + are going to þó àà ãîóèíã òy

1

2

íàó÷íîãî îáùåñòâà 3

→

4

íàøåé øêîë’û

3

4

1

2

our school’s scientific society, àóý ñêóóëç ñàéýíòèôèê ñýñàéýòè

ÿ î÷åíü ìíîãî óçíàë

I learned a lot àé 뜜íä ýëîò

ðàçìåñòèòü èíôîðìàöèþ. space the information. ñïýéñ ðý èíôýìýéøüí

è î ïóáëè÷íûõ âûñòóïëåíèÿõ,

about both public speaking ýáàóò áîóθ ïàáëèê ñïèèêèíã

Ñêîïèðóéòå Ñopy the finished form çàïîëíåííóþ àíêåòó, êîïè ðý ôèíèøüò ôîîì

è îá îáìåíå ìíåíèÿìè»;

and the exchange of opinions”; æíä ðý èêñ÷ýéíäüæü îâ ýïèíüåíç

÷tîáû ñâåðÿòüñÿ ñ íåé,

to use it as a reference òó þóç èò æç ý ðýôýðýíñ

â) Ïëàíèðóéòå ïðàâèëüíî! c) Plan properly! ïëæí ïðîïýëè

åñëè Âû âñ¸ æå áóäåòå âûçâàíû

if you do get called èô þó äóó ãýò êîîëä

Ïðî÷òèòå àíêåòó

Read the application form ðèèä ðý æïëèêýéøüí ôîîì

äëÿ (íà) èíòåðâüþ.

for an interview. ôîî æí èíòýâúþó

òùàòåëüíî, è çàòåì

thoroughly and then θàðýëè æíä ðýí

Ýòî, ê òîìó æå, ïîìîæåò Âàì

This will also help you ðèñ wèë îîëñîó õýëï þó

ïðî÷òèòå å¸ ñíîâà.

read it again. ðèèä èò ýãý(é)í

çàïîëíÿòü ïîäîáíûå àíêåòû

fill out similar forms ôèë àóò ñèìèëý ôîîìç

Ñíèìèòå ñ íå¸ êîïèþ

Make a copy of it ìýéê ýêîïè îâ èò

â áóäóùåì;

in the future; èí ðýôúþó÷ý

218

219

ã) «Ïðîäàâàéòå» ñåáÿ!

d) “Sell” yourself ! ñýë ¸îñýëô

Ñîñðåäîòî÷üòåñü íà

Concentrate on êîíñýíòðýéò îí

Áóäüòå ïîçèòèâíû

Be positive áèè ïîçèòèâ

îïèñàíèè (òîãî), ÷òî Âû ìîæåòå

desribing what you can äèñêðàéáèíã wîò þó êæí

è íå áåñïîêîéòåñü î òîì,

ànd don’t worry about æíä äîíò wîðè ýáàóò

ïðèâíåñòè â îðãàíèçàöèþ,

bring to an organization, áðèíã òó æí îîãýíàéçýéøüí

÷òî Âàøà ðå÷ü õâàñòëèâà (= «çâó÷àíèÿ õâàñòëèâî»).

sounding boastful. ñàóíäèíã áîóñòôóë

Ñåé÷àñ íå âðåìÿ

This isn’t the time ðèñ èçíò ðýòàéì

à íå (íà òîì) (= «÷åì íà òîì, …»),

rather than ðààðý ðæí

÷òî Âû íàäååòåñü

äëÿ ëîæíîé ñêðîìíîñòè.

for false modesty. ôîî ôîîëñ ìîóäýñòè

what you hope wîò þó õîóï

ïîëó÷èòü îò íå¸.

Ïîäóìàéòå î (òîì,) êàê

Think about how θèíê ýáàóò õàó

to get out of it. òýãýò àóò îâ èò

Íå çàáóäüòå

Don’t forget äîíò ôýãýò

âêëþ÷èòü ëþáûå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå óìåíèÿ,

to include any extra skills òó èíêëþóä ýíè ýêñòðý ñêèëç

(êîòîðûå) ó Âàñ ìîãóò áûòü –

you may have, þó ìýé õæâ

– òàêèå êàê âîæäåíèå àâòîìîáèëÿ

like driving ëàéê äðàéâèíã

èëè óìåíèå ãîâîðèòü (= «ãîâîðåíèå»)

or speaking îî ñïèèêèíã

Âû ìîãëè áû èñïîëüçîâàòü

you could use þó êóä þóç

ñâîþ êâàëèôèêàöèþ è

your qualifications and ¸î êwîëèôèêýéøüíç æíä

ñâîé îïûò ðàáîòû

your work experience ¸î wœœê èêñïèðüåíñ

òàê, ÷òîáû

in a way that èí ýwýé ðæò

îíè ïîêàçàëèñü

makes them sound ìýéêñ ðýì ñàóíä

îñîáåííî âàæíûìè

particularly relevant ïýòèêúþëýëè ðýëèâýíò

íà èíîñòðàííîì ÿçûêå,

a foreign language, ýôîðèí ëæíãwèäæü

äëÿ ðàáîòû, + (êîòîðóþ) Âû õîòèòå.

to the job + you want. òó ðýäæü¸á þó wîíò

åñëè Âû ÷óâñòâóåòå, (÷òî)

if you feel (that) èô þó ôèèë ðæò

220

221

îíè ü âàæíû.

they are relevant. ðýé àà ðýëèâýíò

Ïîëüçóéòåñü ÷¸ðíûìè ÷åðíèëàìè.

Use black ink. þóç áëæê èíê

Ðàáîòîäàòåëè ñòðåìÿòñÿ

Employers are keen èìïëîéýç àà êèèí

Ïèøèòå àêêóðàòíî, è

Write neatly and, ðàéò íèèòëè æíä

áðàòü íà ðàáîòó

to recruit òó ðèêðóóò

åñëè Âû çíàåòå,

if you know èô þó íîó

êàíäèäàòîâ, èìåþùèõ ðàçëè÷íûå íàâûêè,

well-rounded candidates, wýëðàóíäèä êæíäèäýòñ

(÷òî) Âàø ïî÷åðê

(that) your writing ðæò ¸î ðàéòèíã

òàê ÷òî, âêëþ÷àéòå ëþáûå õîááè

so include any hobbies, ñîó èíêëþóä ýíè õîáèç

ü + òðóäåí äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ (= «òðóäíî ÷èòàòü»),

is + hard to read, èç õààä òó ðèèä

èëè ëþáûå íàãðàäû,

or any prizes îî ýíè ïðàéçèç

èñïîëüçóéòå ïå÷àòíûå áóêâû.

use capital letters. þóç êæïèòë ëåòýñ

(êîòîðûå) Âû, âîçìîæíî, you may + have won. çàâîåâàëè þó ìýé õæâ wàí (= «... + ó Âàñ çàâî¸âàíû»).

Èñïîëüçóéòå ñëîâàðü,

Use a dictionary þóç ýäèêøüíýðè

Ðàñïèñûâàéòå ñâîþ êâàëèôèêàöèþ

“Talk up” your qualifications òîîê àï ¸î êwîëèôèêýéøüíç

÷tîáû ïðîâåðÿòü ïðàâîïèñàíèå;

to double-check spelling; òó äàáë÷ýê ñïýëèíã

è îïûò,

and experience æíä èêñïèðüåíñ

å) Áóäüòå êðàòêè!

f) Be concise! áèè êýíñàéç

÷tîáû çàñòàâèòü èõ çâó÷àòü

to make them sound òó ìýéê ðýì ñàóíä

ü + Íå (î÷åíü-òî)

It is + not èò èç íîò

êàê ìîæíî áîëåå âïå÷àòëÿþùå,

as impressive as you can æç èìïðýñèâ æç þó êæí

õîðîøî

a good idea ýãóä àéäèý

(íî,) êîíå÷íî, áåç

without, of course, wèðàóò ýâêîîç

âêëþ÷àòü ìàññó

to include masses òó èíêëþóä ìààñèç

îáìàíà;

being dishonest; áèèíã äèñîíèñò

äîïîëíèòåëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè

of extra information îâ ýêñòðý èíôýìýéøüí

ä) Ïîäóìàéòå î ïðåçåíòàáåëüíîñòè!

e) Think about presentation! θèíê ýáàóò ïðýçýíòýéøüí

íà ïðèëàãàåìûõ êóñî÷êàõ áóìàãè.

on attached pieces of paper. îí ýòæ÷ò ïèèñèç îâ ïýéïý

222

223

ü ñëèøêîì ïîäðîáíû, è

are too detailed and àà òóó äèòýéëä æíä

êîãäà îá ýòîì

when it is wýí èò èç

ýòî ìîæåò ïðîèçâåñòè

it can make èò êæí ìýéê

ñïåöèàëüíî çàïðàøèâàþò (= «çàïðîøåíî»),

specifically requested ñïýñèôèêëè ðèêwýñòèä

î÷åíü ïëîõîå âïå÷àòëåíèå;

a very bad impression; ý âýðè áæä èìïðýøüí

è äàæå òîãäà

and, even then, æíä èèâí ðýí

æ) Îòâå÷àéòå íà âñå âîïðîñû!

g) Answer all the questions! ààíñý îoë ðýêwýùüíç

îíà äîëæíà îñòàâàòüñÿ

it should be kept èò øþä áèè êýïò

ü + Æèçíåííî âàæíî

It is + very vital èò èç âýðè âàéòë

íàñòîëüêî êðàòêîé è ïî ñóùåñòâó,

as brief and as relevant æç áðèèô æíä æç ðýëèâýíò

çàïîëíÿòü + êàæäóþ ãðàôó.

to fill in + every box. òó ôèë-èí ýâðè áîêñ

íàñêîëüêî ýòî âîçìîæíî.

as possible. æç ïîñèáë

Ñòàðàéòåñü íå ññûëàòüñÿ íà

Try not to make references to òðàé íîò òýìýéê ðýôðýíñèç òó

Íå + ïîääàâàéòåñü ñîáëàçíó («Íå áóäüòå ñîáëàçíåíû»)

Do not + be tempted äóó íîò áèè òýìòèä

äðóãèå èñòî÷íèêè èíôîðìàöèè –

other sources of information – àðý ñîîñèç îâ èíôýìýéøüí

äàâàòü óñòàðåâøóþ èíôîðìàöèþ

to add any old information òó æä ýíè îóëä èíôýìýéøüí

– ýòî íå ïîìîæåò,

– it is not helpful, èò èç íîò õýëïôóë

òîëüêî äëÿ òîãî, ÷tîáû çàïîëíèòü ïðîáåëû

just to fill up the spaces äæÿñò òó ôèë àï ðýñïýéñèç

òàê êàê àíêåòû

because forms áèêîîç ôîîìç

ìåæäó âîïðîñàìè.

between the questions. áèòâèèí ðý êwýùüíç

òðåáóþò ñïåöèôè÷åñêóþ

require specific ðèêwàéý ñïýñèôèê

Èíîãäà îòâåòû,

Sometimes the answers ñàìòàéìç ðýààíñýñ

è èñ÷åðïûâàþùóþ èíôîðìàöèþ.

and explicit information. æíä èêñïëèñèò èíôýìýéøüí

(êîòîðûå) äàþò ëþäè,

(that) people give ðæò ïèèïë ãèâ

224

↔

This should only be done ðèñ øþä îóíëè áèè äàí

↔

Ýòî íóæíî äåëàòü òîëüêî (òîãäà),

1

Åäèíñòâåííîå, (êàê)

1

The only way ðý îóíëè wýé 225

ïîòåíöèàëüíûé êàíäèäàò

a prospective candidate ý ïðîñïýêòèâ êæíäèäýò

â àíêåòó

on an application form îí æí æïëèêýéøüí ôîîì

ìîæåò îêàçàòü

can do êæí äóó

ìîæåò èíîãäà áûòü

can sometimes be êæí ñàìòàéìç áèè

ñàìîìó ñåáå óñëóãó –

himself/ herself justice õèìñýëô/õœœñýëô äæÿñòèñ

óãîëîâíî íàêàçóåìûì ïðåñòóïëåíèåì;

a sackable offence; ý ñæêýáë îôýíñ

– ýòî ü îòâåòèòü íà âñ¸,

is to answer everything èç òó ààíñý ýâðèθèíã

è) Ñëåäèòå çà ñâîåé ëåêñèêîé!

i) Check your vocabulary! ¸î âýêýáúþëýðè ÷ýê

î ÷¸ì åãî/å¸ ñïðàøèâàþò;

he/she is asked; õè øüè èç ààñêä

Èçáåãàéòå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

Avoid using ýâîéä þóçèíã

ç) Íèêîãäà íå + ëãèòå!

h) Never + lie! ëàé íýâý

èçëèøíå

unnecessarily àííýñýñýðèëè

Êðîìå òîãî, + ÷òî

Apart from the fact + that ýïààò ôðîì ðýôæêò ðæò

ñëîæíîãî ÿçûêà.

complicated language. êîìïëèêýéòèä ëæíãwèäæü

Âû ìîæåòå áûòü ïîéìàíû (íà ýòîì),

you might be caught out þó ìàéò áèè êîîò àóò

Ýòî íå ïðîèçâåä¸ò (íóæíîãî) âïå÷àòëåíèÿ.

This will not impress. ðèñ wèë íîò èìïðýñ

è Âàñ ïîïðîñÿò ðàññêàçàòü êîìèññèè

and asked to tell interviewers æíä ààñêä òó òýë èíòýâúþóýç

Ñëåäèòå çà çàóìíûìè ñëîâàìè

Watch out for wimpy words wîò÷ àóò ôîî wèìïè wœœäç

î Âàøåì âûìûøëåííîì

about your fictional ýáàóò ¸î ôèêøüíë

òèïà “mostly”, “quite”

like “mostly”, “quite” ëàéê ìîóñòëè êwàéò

ïîäú¸ìå íà Ýâåðåñò,

ascent of Everest, æñýíò îâ ýâýðèñò

èëè “fairly”:

or “fairly” – îî ôýýëè

âïèñûâàíèå

writing ðàéòèíã

– îíè íå (ñîç-)äàþò âïå÷àòëåíèÿ

they do not give the impression ðýé äóó íîò ãèâ ðý èìïðýøüí

çàâåäîìî ëîæíûõ äàííûõ

deliberate falsehoods äèëèáðèò ôîîëñõóäç

ýíåðãèè è ýíòóçèàçìà.

of energy or enthusiasm. îâ ýíýäüæè îî èíθúþóçèýçì

226

227

ÃËÀÂÀ VII ÐÀÇÃÎÂÎÐÛ Î ÁÈÇÍÅÑÅ

Èìååòñÿ íå ñëèøêîì ìíîãî

There are not too many ðýý àà íîò òóó ìýíè

êóëüòóðíûõ ðàçëè÷èé,

cultural differences êàëò÷ýðýë äèôðýíñèç

è ü + ëåã÷å

and it is + easier æíä èò èç èèçèý

ïîíèìàòü äðóã äðóãà,

to understand each other, òó àíäýñòæíä èèò÷ àðý

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹39 «ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀß ÒÎÐÃÎÂËß» “INTERNATIONAL èíòýíæøüíë

TRADE” òðýéä

Âû ñîáèðàåòåñü

Are you intending àà þó èíòýíäèíã

òî åñòü + ïîíÿòü è

i.g. + understand and ðæò èç àíäýñòæíä æíä

ýêñïîðòèðîâàòü èëè èìïîðòèðîâàòü?

to export or to import? òó ýêñïîîò îî òó èìïîîò

áûòü ïîíÿòûì.

be understood. áèè àíäýñòóä

(Ïðîöåññ) Ïîèñê(à) íîâûõ ðûíêîâ

Seeking out new markets ñèèêèíã àóò íúþó ìààêèòñ

Íî óñòàíîâëåíèå

But establishing áàò èñòæáëèøüèíã

è óâåëè÷åíèå Âàøèõ çàðàáîòêîâ

ànd increasing your earnings æíä èíêðèèçèíã ¸î œœíèíãç

äåëîâûõ îòíîøåíèé

business relations áèçíèñ ðèëýéøüíç

âñåãäà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé is always èç îîëwýéç

íå áóäåò + ë¸ãêèì.

is not going to be + easy. èç íîò ãîóèíã òýáèè èèçè

ïðèâëåêàòåëüíóþ ïåðñïåêòèâó.

an attractive prospect. æí ýòðæêòèâ ïðîñïýêò

Âû äîëæíû ïîëíîñòüþ

You should fully þó øþä ôóëè

ü + Âñåãäà ëåã÷å

It is + always easier èò èç îîëwýéç èèçèý

ïîäãîòîâèòüñÿ

prepare yourself ïðèïýý ¸îñýëô

íà÷èíàòü ñî ñòðàíû,

to start with a country òýñòààò wèð ýêàíòðè

è ïîñòàðàòüñÿ ïîëó÷èòü

and try to get æíä òðàé òó ãýò

êîòîðàÿ íàïîìèíàåò Âàøó.

which resembles your country. wèò÷ ðèçýìáëç ¸î êàíòðè

ñòîëüêî ïîëåçíîé èíôîðìàöèè

as much useful information æç ìàò÷ þóñôóë èíôýìýéøüí

228

229

îò ðàçëè÷íûõ îïûòíûõ

from different experienced ôðîì äèôðýíò èêñïèðúåíñò

è ïîñëóøàéòå, + ÷òî

and listen to + what æíä ëèñí òó wîò

è çíàþùèõ êîíòàêòîâ

and knowing contacts æíä íîóèíã êîíòæêòñ

îíè ìîãóò ñêàçàòü.

they can say. ðýé êæí ñýé

è èñòî÷íèêîâ,

and sources æíä ñîîñèç

Ïîòîì íàñòóïàåò âðåìÿ

Then comes the time ðýí êàìç ðýòàéì

ñêîëüêî ìîæíî.

as possible. æç ïîñèáë

íà÷èíàòü ðàñ÷¸òû

to begin calculations òýáèãèí êæëêúþëýéøüíç

Íà÷íèòå ñ (òîãî, ÷òî) îãëÿíèòåñü

Start by looking ñòààò áàé ëóêèíã

è ïðîäóìûâàòü

and think over æíä θèíê îóâý

âîêðóã ñåáÿ.

around you. ýðàóíä þó

Åñëè Âû íàéä¸òå* íóæíûõ ëþäåé,

If you find* necessary people èô þó ôàéíä íýñýñýðè ïèèïë

íå ìåäëèòå

don’t hesitate äîíò õýçèòýéò

çíà÷èòåëüíûå äîïóñêè,

generous margins, äüæüåíýðýç ìààäüæüèíç

âñòóïàòü ñ íèìè â êîíòàêò,

to get in touch with them òýãýò èíòàò÷ wèð ðýì

÷toáû + óìåíüøèòü ñâîþ

so as to + reduce your ñîó æç òó ðèäúþóñ ¸î

è ïîëíîñòüþ âîñïîëüçóéòåñü

and make full use of æíä ìýéê ôóë þóc îâ

çàâèñèìîñòü

succeptibility cýêñýïòèáèëèòè

èõ çíàíèÿìè

their knowledge ðýý íîîëèäæü

îò íåïðèÿòíûõ ñþðïðèçîâ. to nasty surprises. òó íààñòè ñýïðàéçèç

è îïûòîì.

and experience. æíä èêñïèðúåíñ

Ïðèìèòå ðåøåíèÿ

Deñide äèñàéä

Ñâÿæèòåñü ñ êîìïàíèÿìè â (íóæíîé Âàì) ìåñòíîñòè

Ñontact companies in the area êîíòæêò êàìïýíèç èí ðýýðèý

ïî ñòðàòåãèè ñâîåãî áèçíåñà.

on your business strategy. îí ¸î áèçíèñ ñòðæòýäæüè

230

1 2 3 → 2 3 1 ñòðàòåãèþ Âàøåãî áèçíåñ’à. your business’ strategy. ¸î áèçíèñ ñòðæòýäæüè

Íå çàáóäüòå ïðåäóñìîòðåòü Don’t forget to foresee äîíò ôýãýò òó ôîîñèè

231

Ïëàíèðóéòå òùàòåëüíî,

Plan carefully, ïëæí êýýôóëè

äîëæíû áûòü ðåøåíû

should be decided øþä áèè äèñàéäèä

íî ïîçâîëÿéòå ñèòóàöèè

but allow things áàò ýëàó θèíãç

çàðàíåå.

in advance. èí ýäâààíñ

ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ëó÷øå,

go better ãîó áýòý

À ïîòîì ïðèä¸ò* âðåìÿ («ïðèõîäèò»)

And then comes* the time æíä ðýí êàìç ðýòàéì

÷åì Âû îæèäàëè.

than you expected. ðæí þó èêñïýêòèä

(è) äëÿ áóõãàëòåðîâ.

for accountants. ôîî ýêàóíòýíòñ

Åñòü ëè ó Âàñ âîçìîæíîñòè, Have you the resources õæâ þó ðýðèñîîñèç

Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ

An international æí èíòýíæøüíë

÷tîáû ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñ ðàñòóùèìè

áóõãàëòåðñêàÿ ôèðìà

firm of accountants ôœœì îâ ýêàóíòýíòñ

óæ òî÷íî áóäåò èìåòü

will** have wèë õæâ

çíà÷èòåëüíî áî´ëüøèå âîçìîæíîñòè

far greater resources ôàà ãðýéòý ðèñîîñèç

è îïûò ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî áèçíåñà,

and experience of foreign business æíä èêñïèðúåíñ îâ ôîðèí áèçíèñ

÷åì Âàø ìåñòíûé áóõãàëòåð.

than your local accountant. ðæí ¸î ëîóêë ýêàóíòýíò

Òî æå ñàìîå

The same ðýñýéì

1

2

çàÿâêàìè íà êîëè÷åñòâî?

→

to meet increasing òó ìèèò èíêðèèçèíã 2

1

volume demands? âîëúþóì äèìààíäç

Ñìîæåòå ëè Âû

Will you be able wèë þó áèè ýéáë

ñêàçàòü «Õâàòèò!»,

to say “Enough!” òýñýé èíàô

êîãäà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà

when things wýí θèíãç

íå áóäóò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü* (= «íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò»)

do not come up* äóó íîò êàì àï

Âàøèì îæèäàíèÿì?

to your expectations? òó ¸î ýêñïýêòýéøüíç

Ýòè âîïðîñû

These matters ðèèç ìæòýñ

232

ìîæåò êàñàòüñÿ è þðèñòîâ (= «ìîæåò áûòü «ïðèëîæåíî»). Âàø ìåñòíûé þðèñò

can be applied to lawyers êæí áèè ýïëàéä òó ëîîéåñ

Your local lawyer ¸î ëîóêë ëîîéå 233

ìîæåò áûòü

might be ìàéò áèè

íå âïîëíå êîìïåòåíòåí

not fully versed íîò ôóëè ✜ñä

â âîïðîñàõ äâîéíîãî íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ

in the matters of double taxation èí ðýìæòýñ îâ äàáë òæêñýéøüí

è ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ

and international æíä èíòýíæøüíë

äåëîâûõ êîíòðàêòîâ.

business contracts. áèçíèñ êîíòðæêòñ

* Ïîñëå ñëîâa “if” ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåãäà (à ïîñëå ñëî⠓when” è “then” âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ) íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ýëåìåíòû “will/ shall”; ** Õî÷ó ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ýëåìåíò “will” (îñîáåííî, ïðîèçíåñ¸ííûé ñ óäàðåíèåì!) ïðèäà¸ò âûðàæåíèþ áî´ëüøóþ ñòåïåíü óâåðåííîñòè:

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹40 «Î ÁÀÇÀÕ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ» “ABOUT DATA BASES” ýáàóò

äýéòý

áýéñèç

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå áàçÛ äàííÛÕ Using a data base þóçèíã ýäýéòý áýéñ ìîæåò áûòü âåëèêîëåïíÛÌ

can be an excellent êæí áèè æí ýêñýëåíò

êðàò÷àéøèì ïîäõîäÎÌ

short cut ø¸îòêàò

ê õîðîøÅÌÓ áèçíåñÓ.

to good business. òó ãóä áèçíèñ

Ãàçåòíàÿ áàçà äàííûõ,

A newspaper data base, ý íúþóñïýéïý äýéòý áýéñ

íàïðèìåð,

for example, ôîî èãçààìïë

ìîæåò îáåñïå÷èòü Âàñ

can provide you êæí ïðýâàéä þó

Îí ïðèä¸ò îáÿçàòåëüíî! = He will come! – õè wè´ë êàì

Èíñòðóìåíò

âñåì, ÷òî áûëî îïóáëèêîâàíî (= «îïóáëèêîâàííûì»)

234

↓ with everything published wèð ýâðèθ èíã ïàáëèøüä

î êîíêðåòíîé

about a given ýáàóò ý ãèâí

îòðàñëÈ áèçíåñÀ,

branch of business, áðààíò÷ îâ áèçíèñ 235

êîíêóðåíòÅ èëè ïðîäóêöèÈ.

a competitor or a product. ý êýìïýòèòý îî ý ïðîäýêò

à ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî

which means that wèò÷ ìèèíñ ðæò

Äåëîâàÿ áàçà äàííûõ

A business data base ý áèçíèñ äýéòý áýéñ

ñ ñàìÎÃÎ íà÷àëÀ

from the very beginning ôðîì ðýâýðè áèãèíèíã

ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíà (äëÿ òîãî),

can be used êæí áèè þóçä

Âû ìîæåòå äàâàòü

you are able to give þó àà ýéáë òó ãèâ

÷tîáû îòñëåäèòü

to trace òó òðýéñ

íåñêîëüêî ðàçëè÷íÛÕ êðèòåðèÅÂ

several different criteria ñýâðýë äèôðýíò êðèòýðèý

ïîòåíöèàëüíÛÕ êëèåíòÎÂ,

prospective customers, ïðýñïýêòèâ êàñòýìýñ

äëÿ èíôîðìàöèÈ,

for the information ôîî ðý èíôýìýéøüí

íàïðèìåð, èìïîðò¸ðÎÂ

for example, importers ôîî èãçààìïë èìïîîòýñ

(êîòîðàÿ) Âàì íóæíà.

you require. þó ðèêwàéý

èìåííî ÂàøÅÃÎ âèäÀ

of just your type îâ äæÿñò ¸î òàéï

Êàê, íàïðèìåð,

Such as, for example, ñàò÷ æç ôîî èãçààìïë

ïðîäóêöèÈ.

of product. îâ ïðîäýêò

êîãäà Âû èùåòå

when you are looking for wýí þó àà ëóêèíã ôîî

Èëè, âåðîÿòíî, îíà ìîæåò

Or perhaps it can îî ïýõæïñ èò êæí

ïîñòàâùèêΠêàêÈÕ-òî

suppliers of some ñýïëàéýç îâ ñàì

ïîìî÷ü Âàì

help* you õýëï þó

ðåäêÈÕ ìàòåðèàëΠ(= «ðåäêÎÃÎ ñûðüß»)

rare raw materials ðýý ðîî ìæòèðèýëç

íàéòè ïîñòàâùèêÀ

*find a supplier ôàéíä ý ñýïëàéý

â êîíêðåòíÎÉ ìåñòíîñòÈ

in a certain area èí ý ñœœòí ýðèý

êàêÎÃÎ-íèáóäü âèíòÀ íåîáû÷íÎÃÎ ðàçìåðÀ.

of some odd sized screw. îâ ñàì îä ñàéçä ñêðóó

èëè â îòäåëüíÎÉ

or in a particular îî èí ý ïýòèêúþëý

Âû ÷àñòî ìîæåòå âûáðàòü

You can often select þó êæí îôí ñèëåêò

îòðàñëÈ áèçíåñÀ.

branch of business. áðààíò÷ îâ áèçíèñ

íåñêîëüêî âàðèàíòÎÂ,

several variables, ñýâðýë âýðèýáëç

Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ãîâîðÿ,

In practical terms èí ïðæêòèêë òœœìç

236

237

ýòî ìîæåò îçíà÷àòü,

that can mean ðæò êæí ìèèí

÷òî Âû ïîäïèñûâàåòå äîãîâîð that you sign an agreement ðæò þó ñàéí æí ýãðèèìýíò ñ êîìïàíèåé, (èìåþùåé) áàçó äàííûõ,

with a data base company, wèð ý äýéòý áýéñ êàìïýíè

è ïîñëå ýòîãî

and after that, æíä ààôòý ðæò

Âàñ ïîäñîåäèíÿò (= «Âû áóäåòå ïîäñîåäèíåíû»)

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹41 «ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß ÄÎÑÒÀÂÊÈ» “SOME CONDITIONS OF DELIVERY” ñàì

êýíäèøüíç

îâ

äèëèâðè

Êîãäà Âû ýêñïîðòèðóåòå

When exporting wýí ýêñïîîòèíã

you’ll be coupled þóë áèè êàïëä

èëè èìïîðòèðóåòå òîâàðû,

or importing goods, îî èìïîîòèíã ãóäç

÷åðåç ìîäåì

via modem âàéý ìîóäýì

Âàì íóæíî + çíàòü,

you need + to know þó íèèä òó íîó

ê ýòîé êîìïàíèÈ.

to this company. òó ðèñ êàìïýíè

êàê îíè

how they õàó ðýé

Ýòî ïîçâîëèò Âàì

This will allow you ðèñ wèë ýëàó þó

ïðåäïîëàãàþòñÿ áûòü

are going to be àà ãîóèíã òó áèè

âûçûâàòü íà ýêðàíå

to call-up on the screen òy êîîë àï îí ðýñêðèèí

äîñòàâëåíû.

ÂàøÅÃÎ ñîáñòâåííÎÃÎ êîìïüþòåðÀ

of your own computer îâ ¸î îóí êýìïúþóòý

delivered. äèëèâýä

Óñëîâèÿ ïîñòàâêè

The delivery terms ðý äèëèâðè òœœìç

ïî êîíòðàêòÓ

of the contract îâ ðý êîíòðæêò

1 2 → 2 1 íóæíÓÞ Âàì + èíôîðìàöèÞ the information + you require ðý èíôýìýéøüí þó ðèêwàéý

êîãäà áû îíà Âàì whenever you need it. íè ïîíàäîáèëàñü wýíýâý þó íèèä èò (= «êàæäûé ðàç, êîãäà îíà âàì íóæíà»). * Âñïîìíèòå, ÷òî â ðàçãîâîðíîì ÿçûêå ïîñëå ãëàãîëà “help” ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì ãëàãîëîì ìîæíî íå óïîòðåáëÿòü ÷àñòèöó “to”. 238

1 ñëîâî

îïðåäåëÿò, êàêîé ïàðòí¸ð

→

2 ñëîâà

will determine wèë äèòœœìèí which partner wèò÷ ïààòíý 239

ü îòâåòñòâåíåí çà

is responsible for èç ðèñïîíñèáë ôîî

êîòîðûå óñòàíàâëèâàþò,

which state wèò÷ ñòýéò

òðàíñïîðòèðîâêÓ

the transportation ðý òðæíñïîîòýéøüí

÷òî îäèí ïàðòí¸ð

that one partner ðæò wàí ïààòíý

ýòÈÕ òîâàðÎÂ.

of these goods. îâ ðèèç ãóäç

îïëàòèò ðàñõîäû,

Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü ÷àñòî ìîæåò

Responsibility can often ðèñïîíñèáèëèòè êæí îôí

à äðóãîé

áûòü ïîäåëåíà

be divided áèè äèâàéäèä

òàê(-èì îáðàçîì), ÷òî

so that ñîó ðæò

ïðîäàâåö îïëà÷èâàåò

the seller pays ðýñýëý ïýéç

ðàñõîäû è ðèñêè

the costs and risks ðýêîñòñ æíä ðèñêñ

äî îïðåäåë¸ííÎÃÎ ïóíêòÀ,

1 ñëîâî

1 ñëîâî

ïðèìåò íà ñåáÿ ðèñêè.

→

2 ñëîâà

will pay the costs, wèë ïýé ðýêîñòñ and the other æíä ðý àðý

→

2 ñëîâà

will take the risks. wèë òýéê ðýðèñêñ

Èçáðàííûé ìåòîä

The chosen method ðý ÷îóçí ìýθýä

òðàíñïîðòèðîâêÈ

of transportation îâ òðæíñïîîòýéøüí

up to a given point, àï òó ý ãèâí ïîéíò

ìîæåò çàâèñåòü

can depend êæí äèïýíä

à ïîêóïàòåëü + ïðèíèìàåò (ðàñõîäû è ðèñêè)

and the buyer + takes over òýéêñ îóâý æíä ðýáàéý

îò ñòîèìîñòÈ,

on the cost, îí ðýêîñò

îò òîãî ìåñòà.

from there. ôðîì ðýý

(îò) êîíêðåòíÎÃÎ âðåìåíÈ,

the time taken, ðýòàéì òýéêí

Èìåþòñÿ + òàêæå

There are + also ðýý àà îîëñîó

(îò) âèäÀ òîâàðΠè ò. ä.

type of goods etc. òàéï îâ ãóäç èòñýòðý

«îãîâîðêè ïîñòàâêè»,

delivery clauses äèëèâðè êëîîçèç

×åòûðüìÿ ãëàâíûìè

The four major ðý ôîî ìýéäæüå

240

241

âèäàìè ïåðåâîçîê ÿâëÿþòñÿ

shipping methods are øüèïèíã ìýθýäç àà

ýêñïåðòÀÌÈ ïî ïåðåâîçêÅ òîâàðîâ

experts in transporting goods ýêñïœòñ èí òðæíñïîîòèíã ãóäç

ìîðñêîé, íàçåìíûé,

sea, road, ñèè ðîóä

â ðàçíûå ñòðàíû è èç íèõ,

to and from different countries, òó æíä ôðîì äèôðýíò êàíòðèç

æåëåçíîäîðîæíûé è âîçäóøíûé.

rail and air. ðýéë æíä ýý

è ïî âñåìó, ÷òî

and in everything that æíä èí ýâðèθèíã ðæò

Åñëè Âû íå óâåðåíû,

If you are not sure èô þó àà íîò øþý

êàñàåòñÿ òàìîæåííÎÃÎ ðåãóëèðîâàíèß,

entails customs regulations, èíòýéëç êàñòýìç ðýãúþëýéøüíç

êàêîé âèä ïåðåâîçêÈ

which method of transportation wèò÷ ìýθýä îâ òðæíñïîîòýéøüí

îãðàíè÷åíèÉ ïî èìïîðòó è ýêñïîðòó,

import / export restrictions, èìïîîò ýêñïîîò ðèñòðèêøüíç

íàèáîëåå ïîäõîäèò

is most suitable èç ìîóñò ñúþóòáë

óñëîâèé ïîñòàâêè,

delivery terms, äèëèâðè òœœìç

äëÿ ÂàøÈÕ òîâàðÎÂ,

for your goods, ôîî ¸î ãóäç

îôîðìëåíèÿ ôàêòóð è ò.ä.

business invoicing etc. áèçíèñ èíâîéñèíã èòñýòðý

èëè êàê

or how îî õàó

Äàæå åñëè Âû

Even if you èèâí èô þó

äîêóìåíòàöèÿ

the documentation ðý äîêúþìýíòýéøüí

â îñíîâíîì ïîíèìàåòå,

basically understand áýéñèêëè àíäýñòæíä

êàê (ýòà) ñèñòåìà ðàáîòàåò,

how the system works õàó ðýñèñòýì wœœêñ

it would be wise for you èò wóä áèè wàéç ôîî þó

Âû ìîæåòå íàíÿòü

you can employ þó êæí èìïëîé

to contact a forwarding agent.

ýêñïåäèöèîííÎÃÎ àãåíòÀ,

a forwarding agent ý ôîîwýäèíã ýéäüæåíò

Forwarding agents are ôîîwýäèíã ýéäüæåíòñ àà

÷tîáû (îí) ïîçàáîòèëñÿ îáî âñÅÉ

to take care of all òó òýéê êåý îâ îîë

äîëæíà áûòü îôîðìëåíà, should be organized, øþä áèè îîãýíàéçä 1

2

→

òî äëÿ Âàñ áûëî áû ðàçóìíûì

ñâÿçàòüñÿ ñ ýêñïåäèòîðÎÌ. Ýêñïåäèòîðû ÿâëÿþòñÿ 242

2

1

òy êîíòæêò ý ôîîwýäèíã ýéäüæåíò

243

èëè î ÷àñòÈ ðàáîòÛ,

or of part of the work îî îâ ïààò îâ ðýwœœê

ðàçíûìè ýêñïåäèöèîííûìè different forwarding agencies àãåíòñòâàìè, äèôðýíò ôîîwýäèíã ýéäüæåíñèç

êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà

that has to ðæò õæç òó

÷òîáû + Âû ìîãëè

so that + you can ñîó ðæò þó êæí

áûòü âûïîëíåíà.

be fulfilled. áèè ôóëôèëä

ñðàâíèòü ðàñöåíêè,

compare prices, êýìïýý ïðàéñèç

Ìíîãèå ýêñïåäèöèîííûå àãåíòû

Many forwarding agents ìýíè ôîîwýäèíã ýéäüæåíòñ

ÿâëÿþòñÿ è ïåðåâîç÷èêÀÌÈ,

are also shippers, àà îîëñîó øüèïýñ

ãðàôèêè äâèæåíèÿ è óñëîâèÿ.

timetables and conditions. òàéìòýéáëç æíä êýíäèøüíç

òî åñòü, îíè òîæå ïåðåâîçÿò

i.e. they transport ðæò èç ðýé òðæíñïîîò

òîâàðû,

goods as well, ãóäç æç wýë

Êîãäà ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíûå ïîñòàâêè,

{

When regular deliveries wýí ðýãúþëý äèëèâðèç are being considered àà áèèíã êýíñèäýä

òî ìîæåò áûòü ëó÷øå ïîèñêàòü

it may be best to look for èò ìýé áèè áýñò òyëóê ôîî

ñàìÓÞ äåø¸âÓÞ àëüòåðíàòèâÓ,

the cheapest alternative, ðý÷ûûïèñò îîëòœœíýòèâ

íî Âàì ñëåäóåò ïîìíèòü,

but you should remember áàò þó øþä ðèìýìáý

÷òî íèçêàÿ ñòîèìîñòü ïåðåâîçêè

that a low transportation cost ðæò ý ëîó òðæíñïîîòýéøüí êîñò

íî îíè òàêæå ìîãóò

but they also can áàò ðýé îoëñîó êæí

íàíÿòü äðóãÈÕ ïåðåâîç÷èêÎÂ,

contract other shippers êîíòðæêò àðý øüèïýñ

÷tîáû òå âûïîëíèëè (= «÷tîáû âûïîëíèòü»)

to carry out òó êæðè àóò

ñàìÓ ïåðåâîçêÓ.

the transportation itself. ðý òðæíñïîoòýéøüí èòñýëô

ü + Î÷åíü ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ

It is + mostly advisable èò èç ìîóñòëè ýäâàéçýáë

íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ

is not necessarily èç íîò íýñýñýðèëè

ñâÿçàòüñÿ ñ íåñêîëüêÈÌÈ

to contact several òó êîíòæêò ñýâðýë

(íàè-)ëó÷øèì ðåøåíèåì.

the best decision. ðýáýñò äèñèæüí

244

245

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹42 «Äåëîâûå ïîåçäêè òðåáóþò ïîäãîòîâêè»

×åì?

äðàìàòè÷íûìè àêòàìè òåððîðèçìà,

“Business trips require preparation” áèçíèñ

×åì?

òðèïñ ðèêwàéý ïðýïýðýéøüí

à îáû÷íûìè Ïóòåøåñòâèÿ

Travels òðæâëç

âñåãäà àññîöèèðîâàëèñü

have always been associated õæâ îoëwýéç áèèí ýñîóøüèýéòèä

ñ íåîïðåäåë¸ííîñòüþ è îïàñíîñòüþ.

with uncertainty and danger. wèð àíñœœòýíòè æíä äýéíäæüå

Õîòÿ ìû íå äîëæíû (áûëè áû)

Although we shouldn’t îîëðîó wè øþäíò

ïðåóâåëè÷èâàòü îïàñíîñòè, exaggerate the dangers, èãçæäæüåðýéò ðýäýéíäæüåñ ìû îïðåäåë¸ííî íå äîëæíû we definitely shouldn’t wè äýôèíèòëè øþäíò

↓ by dramatic terrorist acts, áàé äðýìæòèê òýðýðèñò æêòñ

çàáîëåâàíèÿìè

↓ but by conventional illnesses áàò áàé êýíâýíøüíë èëíèñèç

è òðàäèöèîííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòüþ.

and traditional criminality. æíä òðýäèøüíë êðèìèíæëèòè

Çàáîëåòü,

Falling ill, ôîîëèíã èë

èëè ïîïàñòü â íåñ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé,

or suffering an accident, îî ñàôðèíã æí æêñèäýíò

èëè ñòàòü æåðòâîé (= «ïîäâåðãíóòüñÿ»)

or being subjected to îî áèèíã ñàáäæüåêòèä òó

ïðåñòóïíîé àêòèâíîñòè

criminal activity êðèìèíë æêòèâèòè

âî âðåìÿ ïðåáûâàíèÿ çà ãðàíèöåé

during a sojourn abroad äúþýðèíã ý ñîäæü¸îí ýáðîîä

(è) èãíîðèðîâàòü èõ.

ignore them. èãíîî ðýì

ìîãëî áû èìåòü

could have êóä õæâ

Ñàìûå îïàñíûå óãðîçû

The most dangerous threats ðýìîóñò äýéíäæüåðýñ θðýòñ

ñåðü¸çíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ.

serious consequencies. ñèðúåñ êýíñèêwèíñèç

äëÿ ïóòåøåñòâåííèêà çà ãðàíèöåé

to the traveller abroad òó ðý òðæâëý ýáðîîä

Ïàñïîðòà, âîäèòåëüñêèå ïðàâà,

Passports, driving licences, ïààñïîîòñ äðàéâèíã ëàéñýíñèç

ñîçäàþòñÿ íå

are not generated àà íîò äæüåíýðýéòèä

êðåäèòíûå êàðòî÷êè è äðóãèå

credit cards and other êðýäèò êààäç æíä àðý

246

247

ïîäîáíûå äîêóìåíòû

similar documents ñèìèëý äîêúþìýíòñ

Íåò ñìûñëà

It makes no sense èò ìýéêñ íîó ñýíñ

ÿâëÿþòñÿ

are àà

ïîäâåðãàòü ñåáÿ

to expose yourself òó èêñïîóç ¸îñýëô

ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûìè äëÿ âîðîâ attractive to thieves ýòðæêòèâ òó θèèâç

ðèñêó

to the risk òó ðýðèñê

è (èõ) òðóäíî çàìåíèòü.

âíåçàïíî îêàçàòüñÿ («âíåçàïíîãî áûòèÿ»)

of suddenly being îâ ñàäíëè áèèíã

Òàê ÷òî, (âñå) äàííûå So the registration numbers (= «ðåãèñòðàöèîííûå íîìåðà») ñîó ðý ðýäæüèñòðýéøüí íàìáýñ

áåç (õîòü) êàêîãî-íèáóäü

without any wèðàóò ýíè

òàêèõ äîêóìåíòîâ

of such documentation îâ ñàò÷ äîêúþìýíòýéøüí

óäîñòîâåðåíèÿ ëè÷íîñòè

form of identification, ôîîì îâ àéäýíòèôèêýéøüí

äîëæíû áûòü ïåðåïèñàíû

should be noted down øþä áèè íîóòèä äàóí

èëè áåç îñíîâíûõ

or without the basic îî wèðàóò ðý áýéñèê

ïåðåä îòúåçäîì

before departure áèôîî äèïààò÷ý

äîêóìåíòîâ, (íóæíûõ) äëÿ ðàáîòû,

documentation for the job äîêúþìýíòýéøüí ôîî ðýäæ¸á

è ñîõðàíåíû äîìà.

and kept at home. æíä êýïò æòõîóì

(êîòîðóþ) ïðåäñòîèò ñäåëàòü.

to be carried out. òy áèè êæðèä àóò

Äðóãîé ïðàêòè÷åñêèé ñïîñîá – Another practical measure ýíàðý ïðæêòèêë ìýæüå

Âûáîð Âàøåé ãîñòèíèöû

Selecting your hotel ñèëeêòèíã ¸î õîóòýë

– ñäåëàòü (ôîòî-)êîïèè

is to take (photo)copies èç òó òýéê ôîòîêîïèç

òàêæå âàæåí.

is also important. èç îoëñîó èìïîîòýíò

âàæíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ

of important documentation îâ èìïîîòýíò äîêúþìýíòýéøüí

Ñòîèò + ïîâíèìàòåëüíåå ïîñìîòðåòü

It pays to + take a closer look èò ïýéç òy òýéê ý êëîócý ëóê

ïåðåä îòúåçäîì.

before leaving. áèôîî ëèèâèíã

íà òî, ÷òî ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ («äîñòóïíî»).

at what is available. æò wîò èç ýâýéëáë

248

and difficult to replace. æíä äèôèêýëò òó ðèïëýéñ

249

Ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå

The location ðýëîóêýéøüí

ïðèíèìàòüñÿ âî âíèìàíèå («áûòü ïðèíÿòà»)

be taken into account áèè òýéêí èíòó ýêàóíò

ü çà÷àñòóþ âàæíåå,

is often more important èç îôí ìîî èìïîîòýíò

ïðè + çàêàçå ãîñòèíèöû.

when + booking your hotel. áóêèíã ¸î õîóòýë wýí

÷åì

than ðæí

Ïîæàðû â ãîñòèíèöàõ (= «Ãîñòèíè÷íûå ïîæàðû»)

Hotel fires õîóòýë ôàéýç

óðîâåíü îáñëóæèâàíèÿ.

the service standard. ðý ñœœâèñ ñòæíäýä

÷àñòî áûâàþò ïðè÷èíîé

often cause îôí êîîç

Åñëè âàøà ãîñòèíèöà ðàñïîëîæåíà

If your hotel is situated èô ¸î õîóòýë èç ñèòúþýéòèä

ñåðü¸çíîãî óðîíà è ñìåðòåé.

serious damage and deaths. ñèðüåñ äæìèäæü æíä äýθñ

âáëèçè (= íåïîäàëåêó)

in the vicinity èí ðýâèñèíèòè

Áóäüòå îñòîðîæíû è ïîñòàðàéòåñü

Be careful and try áèè êeýôóë æíä òðàé

îò òðàíïîðòà,

of communications îâ êýìúþíèêýéøüíç

óäîñòîâåðèòüñÿ (â òîì), ÷òî

to make sure (that) òy ìýéê øþý ðæò

(êîòîðûì) Âàì íóæíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ,

(that) you need to use ðæò þó íèèä òó þóç

ó Âàñ åñòü äîñòóï

you have access þó õæâ æêñýñ

è (îò) ìåñò,

and places æíä ïëýéñèç

ê ïîæàðíîìó âûõîäó

to a fire escape òó ý ôàéý èñêýéï

(êîòîðûå) Âû íàìåðåâàåòåñü ïîñåòèòü,

you intend to visit, þó èíòýíä òó âèçèò

ñ Âàøåãî ýòàæà.

from your hotel floor. ôðîì ¸î õîóòýë ôëîî

òîãäà Âû ìîæåòå ñýêîíîìèòü

then you can save ðýí þó êæí ñýéâ

Ðèñê + çàáîëåâàíèÿ + + çà ãðàíèöåé

The risk of + falling ill + abroad ðýðèñê îâ ôîîëèíã èë ýáðîîä

ìàññó âðåìåíè.

a lot of time. ýëîò îâ òàéì

÷àñòî ñîîòíîñÿò ñî

is often related to èç îôí ðèëýéòèä òó

Áåçîïàñíîñòü äîëæíà òàêæå

Safety should also ñýéôòè øþä îîëñîó

ìíîæåñòâîì ðàçëè÷íûõ ôàêòîðîâ,

a number of different factors, ýíàìáý îâ äèôðýíò ôæêòýñ

250

251

íî ëþáóþ áîëåçíü, (êîòîðóþ)

but any illness áàò ýíè èëíèñ

âìåñòî âîäû èç-ïîä êðàíà,

instead of tap water, èíñòýä îâ òæï woîòý

Âû + ìîãëè áû

you + are likely to þó àà ëàéêëè òó

èçáåãàòü îïðåäåë¸ííîé ïèùè («èçáåãàíèå») è ò.ä.

etc. avoiding certain food ýâîéäèíã ñœœòí ôóóä èòñýòðý

çàïîëó÷èòü + çà ãðàíèöåé

get + abroad ãýò ýáðîîä

Åñëè Âû ïðîâîäèòå çà ãðàíèöåé

If you are spending abroad èô þó àà ñïýíäèíã ýáðîîä

(çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì òðîïè÷åñêèõ),

(except tropical ones), èêñýïò òðîïèêë wàíñ

Âû òî÷íî òàê æå ñìîãëè áû

you are equally likely to þó àà èêwýëè ëàéêëè òy

çàïîëó÷èòü äîìà.

get at home. ãýò æòõîóì

äëèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, an extended period of time æí èêñòýíäèä ïèýðèýä îâ òàéì (òî) Âàì áóäåò íóæåí äîñòóï

you will need access þó wèë íèèä æêñýñ

ê õîðîøåé ìåäèöèíñêîé

to a good medical òó ý ãóä ìýäèêë

ñëóæáå îõðàíû çäîðîâüÿ.

health care service. õýëθ êýý ñœœâèñ

Ïîïûòàòüñÿ èçáåæàòü («Ïîïûòêà»)

Trying to prevent òðàéèíã òýïðèâýíò

Âàì ñëåäóåò ïîïûòàòüñÿ

ïîäõâàòûâàíèÿ êàêîé-íèáóäü ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé áîëåçíè

catching a specific illness êæò÷ûíã ý ñïýñèôèê èëíèñ

You should try þó øþä òðàé

ñâÿçàòüñÿ

ü + òðóäíî,

is + difficult, èç äèôèêýëò

to get in touch òýãýò èíòàò÷

ñ õîðîøèì äîêòîðîì

íî Âû ìîæåòå

but you can áàò þó êæí

with a good doctor wèð ý ãóä äàêòý

ïðåäïðèíÿòü êîå-êàêèå ìåðû,

take some measures òýéê ñàì ìýæüåñ

êàê, íàïðèìåð, + ïèòü («ïèòèå»)

suñh as + drinking ñàò÷ æç äðèíêèíã

(åñëè âäðóã + Âû çàáîëååòå) (should + you fall ill) øþä þó ôîîë èë

ìèíåðàëüíóþ âîäó

mineral water ìèíðýë wîîòý

êàê ìîæíî áûñòðåå.

252

è èçó÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòè ïîëó÷åíèÿ (âðà÷åáíîé) ïîìîùè

and investigate the possibilities æíä èíâýñòèãýéò ðýïîñèáèëèòèç of obtaining assistance îâ ýáòýéíèíã ýñèñòýíñ

as soon as possible. æç ñóóí æç ïîñèáë 253

ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹43 «ÍÈÊÀÊÎÃÎ ÁÈÇÍÅÑÀ ÁÅÇ ÞÐÈÄÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÝÊÑÏÅÐÒÈÇÛ» “NO BUSINESS WITHOUT LEGAL EXPERTISE”

èíîãäà

sometimes ñàìòàéìç

îäíîé èëè äâóõ ñòðàíèö

one or two pages wàí îî òóó ïýéäæüèç

áóäåò äîñòàòî÷íî.

will suffice. wèë ñýôàéñ

íîó áèçíèñ wèðàóò ëèèãë ýêñïàòèèç

Äîãîâîð ìåæäó

An agreement between æí ýãðèèìýíò áèòwèèí

 ëþáîì ñëó÷àå,

However, õàóýâý

(äâóìÿ è áîëåå) ôèðìàìè

(two and more) companies òóó æíä ìîî êàìïýíèç

ü + âàæíî, ÷òîáû

it is + important that èò èç èìïîîòýíò ðæò

äîëæåí ÿñíî è ñæàòî

must clearly and succinctly ìàñò êëèýëè æíä ñýêñèíêòëè

äîêóìåíò áûë îôîðìëåí òàê,

êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ïðàâà

state the rights ñòýéò ðýðàéòñ

this document is designed ðèñ äîêúþìýíò èç äèçàéíä

è îáÿçàííîñòè

and responsibilities æíä ðèñïîíñèáèëèòèç

÷toáû ïîçâîëèòü âñåì ó÷àñòíèêàì

to allow all parties òó ýëàó îîë ïààòèç

ó÷àñòâóþùèõ ñòîðîí,

of the parties concerned, îâ ðýïààòèç êýíñœœíä

òî åñòü (ñòîðîí), ó÷àñòâóþùèõ

i.e. participating ðæò èç ïààòèñèïýéòèíã

â ýòîì ñîãëàøåíèè.

in this agreement. èí ðèñ ýãðèèìýíò

Ñîãëàøåíèå íå äîëæíî

An agreement doesn’t have to æíýãðèèìýíò äàçíò õæâ òó

áûòü ñëèøêîì äëèííûì,

be too long, áèè òóó ëîíã

254

ïîäòâåðäèòü ñâî¸ ïðèñóòñòâèå to confirm their presence in it. («èõ») â í¸ì. òy êýíôœœì ðýý ïðýçíñ èí èò Åñëè ðàíåå (óæå) ïðîèçîø¸ë

If many letters èô ìýíè ëåòýñ

îáìåí ìíîãèìè ïèñüìàìè

have been previously exchanged

è ìíîãî äèñêóññèé

and a lot of discussions æíä ýëîò îâ äèñêàøüíç

óæå ñîñòîÿëîñü,

have already taken place, õæâ îîëðýäè òýéêí ïëýéñ

õæâ áèèí ïðèâüýñëè èêñ÷ýéíäüæüä

255

ü + áûëî áû ðàçóìíî

it + would be wise èò wóä áèè wàéç

è òàêèì îáðàçîì îíè óïóñêàþò

and therefore they leave out æíä ðýýôîî ðýé ëèèâ àóò

è íåîáõîäèìî

and necessary æíä íýñýñýðè

ìíîãî âàæíûõ

many impotant ìýíè èìïîîòýíò

ñóììèðîâàòü âñå ïóíêòû,

to summarize all the points òy ñàìýðàéç îîë ðýïîéíòñ

ïðîáëåì è äåòàëåé.

matters and details. ìæòýñ æíä äèòýéëç

(ïî êîòîðûì) «äîãîâîðåíî»,

agreed upon ýãðèèä ýïîí

Îïðåäåë¸ííûå òðåáîâàíèÿ

Certain requirements ñœœòí ðèêwàéìýíòñ

â îäíîì äîêóìåíòå,

in one document, èí wàí äîêúþìýíò

è óñëîâèÿ

and conditions æíä êýíäèøüíç

òî åñòü â êîíòðàêòå.

i.e. in a business contract. ðæò èç èí ýáèçíèñ êîíòðæêò

ïðîïóñêàþòñÿ + ïî îøèáêå,

are left out + by mistake, àà ëåôò àóò áàéìèñòýéê

Î÷åíü ìíîãèõ ñïîðîâ

Very many disputes âýðè ìýíè äèñïúþóòñ

íåêîòîðûå ÷àñòè (äîãîâîðà) some sections ñàì ñýêøüíç

ìîæíî áûëî áû èçáåæàòü,

could be avoided êóä áèè ýâîéäèä

ü èçëîæåíû

are stated àà ñòýéòèä

åñëè áû ïàðòí¸ðû áûëè

if the partners were èô ðýïààòíýñ wœœ

íå÷¸òêî èëè íå ïîëíîñòüþ.

vaguely or incompletely. âýéãëè îî èíêýìïëèèòëè

áîëåå äàëüíîâèäíûìè.

more long-sighted. ìîî ëîíãñàéòèä

Êîíå÷íî, èíîãäà

Of course, sometimes ñàìòàéìç ýâêîîç

Ìíîãî äîãîâîðîâ

Many agreements ìýíè ýãðèèìýíòñ

òàêèå äîãîâîðà

such agreements ñàò÷ ýãðèèìýíòñ

ñîñòàâëÿþòñÿ

are drawn up àà äðîîí àï

áóäóò ðàáîòàòü â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå,

áåç þðèäè÷åñêîé ïîääåðæêè, without legal assistance wèðàóò ëèèãë ýñèñòýíñ 256

ïîòîìó ÷òî îáà ïàðòí¸ðà

will work anyway wèë wœœê ýíèwýé

because both partners áèêîîç áîóθ ïààòíýñ 257

îäèíàêîâî çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â òîì, (= «èìåþò îáîþäíûé èíòåðåñ»)

have a mutual interest õæâ ý ìúþó÷óýë èíòðèñò

âïèñàíû â äîãîâîð,

written into the agreement, ðèòí èíòó ðý ýãðèèìýíò

÷òîáû ãàðàíòèðîâàòü («â ãàðàíòèðîâàíèè»),

in making sure èí ìýéêèíã øþý

òîãäà ñïîðû

then the disputes ðýí ðý äèñïúþóòñ

(÷òî) äîãîâîð

the agreement ðý ýãðèèìýíò

ìîãóò îáðóøèòüñÿ êàê ñíåã íà ãîëîâó.

can come thick and fast. êæí êàì θèê æíä ôààñò

áóäåò + âûïîëíåí,

will be + carried out, wèë áèè êæðèä àóò

Ìíîãèå ôèðìû

Many companies ìýíè êàìïýíèç

è ïîòîìó, ÷òî îíè

and because they æíä áèêîîç ðýé

have found it convenient õæâ ôàóíä èò êýíâèíüýíò

äåéñòâèòåëüíî õîòÿò

really want ðèýëè wîíò

ñî÷ëè óäîáíûì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ↓ óëó÷øàòü ↓

äåëàòü áèçíåñ äðóã ñ äðóãîì.

to do business with each other. òy äóó áèçíèñ wèð èèò÷ àðý

Íî åñëè

But if áàò èô

ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ îáñòàíîâêà

the economic climate ðý èêýíîìèê êëàéìèò

óõóäøàåòñÿ, 1

2

3

íåïðåäâèäåííûå ñèòóàöèè,

}

2

→

↓ ↓ ↓

deteriorates, äèòèýðèðýéòñ

èëè âîçíèêàþò

ìåæäóíàðîäíûå äîãîâîðà,

or unforeseen îî àíôîîñèèí 3

1

situations arise ñèòüþýéøüíç ýðàéç

to develop òó äèâýëýï international contracts èíòýíæøüíë êîíòðæêòñ → successively, ñýêñýñèâëè

íî, êàê ïðàâèëî,

but as a rule, áàò æç ý ðóóë

ôèðìà èñïîëüçóåò

the company uses ðýêàìïýíè þóçèç

ñâîé ñàìûé ïîñëåäíèé äîãîâîð

its most recent agreement èòñ ìîóñò ðèèñíò ýãðèèìýíò

êîòîðûå äîëæíû áûëè,

that should have (been) ðæò øþä õæâ (áèèí)

êàê åäèíñòâåííûé îáðàçåö,

as a single model, æç ý ñèíãë ìîóäë

íî íå áûëè

but haven’t been áàò õæâíò áèèí

ïðîñòî ìåíÿÿ äàòû,

just changing dates äæÿñò ÷ýéíäüæüèíã äýéòñ

258

259

è âñòàâëÿÿ

and inserting æíä èíñœœòèíã

ñîñòàâëÿòü äîãîâîðà (òàê),

to draw up contracts òó äðîî àï êîíòðæêòñ

ñòàíäàðòíûå ïàðàãðàôû,

the standard paragraphs ðý ñòæíäýä ïæðýãðaaôñ

÷tîáû èçáåãàòü

to avoid òó ýâîéä

êîòîðûå ïðèìåíÿëèñü

which have been applied wèò÷ õæâ áèèí ýïëàéä

áóäóùèõ ñïîðîâ.

future disputes. ôúþó÷ý äèñïúþóòñ

ìíîãî ëåò,

for many years, ôîî ìýíè éèýç

Êàêèå

òàêèì îáðàçîì + ïîâòîðÿÿ

hence + replying õýíñ ðèïëàéèíã

What kind of wîò êàéíä îâ

èçìåíåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ

óæå ñóùåñòâóþùèå îøèáêè,

the already existing mistakes, ðý îîëðýäè èãçèñòèíã ìèñòýéêñ

alterations to circumstances îîëòýðýéøüíç òó ñœœêýìñòýíñèç

ñäåëàþò íåîáõîäèìûì

will necessitate wèë íèñýñèòýéò

ñîñòàâëåíèå íîâîãî äîãîâîðà?

the drawing of a new agreement? ðý äðîîèíã îâ ý íúþó ýãðèèìýíò

ü + Âîçìîæíî ëè

Is it + possible èç èò ïîñèáë

ââåñòè ïàðàãðàô,

to introduce a paragraph òó èíòðýäúþóñ ý ïæðýãðààô

èçáàâëÿþùèé ïîñòàâùèêîâ

exempting suppliers èãçýìòèíã ñýïëàéýç

âíîñÿ èõ ïðÿìî

putting them right ïóòèíã ðýì ðàéò

â ñåãîäíÿøíèå (= «â îñîâðåìåíåííûå»)

in updated èí àïäýéòèä

âåðñèè (äîãîâîðîâ),

versions, ✜øüíç

è îáðàùàÿ ñëèøêîì ìàëî âíèìàíèÿ

and paying too little attention æíä ïýéèíã òóó ëèòë ýòýíøüí

íà èçìåíÿþùèåñÿ óñëîâèÿ.

to altering conditions. òó îîëòýðèíã êýíäèøüíç

ü + Âîîáùå,

It is + generally èò èç äæüåíýðýëè

îò ìåñòíûõ íàëîãîâ,

from local taxes, ôðîì ëîóêë òæêñèç

÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âàæíî

most important ìîóñò èìïîîòýíò

îò÷èñëåíèé íà ñîöíóæäû,

social charges, ñîóøüë ÷ààäæüèç

260

261

îò èìïîðòíûõ ïîøëèí import duties etc.? è ò. ä.? èìïîîò äúþóòèç èòñýòðý →

1 ñëîâî

Êòî ïîíåñ¸ò õóó wèë áýý

2 ñëîâà

Who will bear

â îäíîì ïàðàãðàôå –

into one paragraph – èíòó wàí ïæðýãðaaô

ýòî äà¸ò (= «îáåñïå÷èâàåò») that provides ðæò ïðýâàéäç õîðîøóþ îáùóþ êàðòèíó.

a good overview. ý ãóä îóâýâúþó

Åñëè âîçìîæíî, (òî)

caused by force majeure? êîîçä áàé ôîîñ ìýéäæüå (ìæäæ¸î)

If possible èô ïîñèáë

Âû äîëæíû ïðåäóñìîòðåòü

It is + always èò èç îîëwýéç

you should anticipate þó øþä æíòèñèïýéò

è ïðåäóïðåäèòü

÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âàæíî

extremely important èêñòðèèìëè èìïîîòýíò

and prevent æíä ïðèâýíò

ëþáûå þðèäè÷åñêèå ñïîðû

÷¸òêî çàôèêñèðîâàòü

to state clearly òó ñòýéò êëèýëè

any legal disputes ýíè ëèèãë äèñïúþóòñ

ïðåæäå, ÷åì îíè âîçíèêíóò.

before they arise. áèôîî ðýé ýðàéç

È Âû äîëæíû ïîìíèòü,

And you should remember æíä þó øþä ðèìýìáý

financial responsibility. ôàéíæíøüèýë ðèñïîíñèáèëèòè

÷òî âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ

that in many countries ðæò èí ìýíè êàíòðèç

Íàïðèìåð,

For example, ôîî èãçààìïë

óñòíûå ñîãëàøåíèÿ

verbal agreements ✜áë ýãðèèìýíòñ

õîðîøî ñîáðàòü

a good idea is to gather ý ãóä àéäèý èç òó ãæðý

íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ

are not àà íîò

âñå öåíîâûå ïîëèòèêè

all pricing policies îîë ïðàéñèíã ïîëèñèç

þðèäè÷åñêè îáÿçûâàþùèìè. legally binding. ëèèãëè áàéíäèíã

îñíîâíîå áðåìÿ ðàñõîäîâ â ñëó÷àå ôîðñ-ìàæîðà? ü + Âñåãäà

↓

ôèíàíñîâóþ ↓ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü âñåõ ó÷àñòíèê’îâ. ← ↓

262

the brunt of costs ðýáðàíò îâ êîñòñ

← all parties’ îîë ïààòèç

263

Ëþäè

People ïèèïë

íè÷åãî íå èìåþò ïðîòèâ

have nothing against õæâ íàθèíã ýãýéíñò

çàêëþ÷åíèÿ òàêèõ ñîãëàøåíèé,

making such agreements, ìýéêèíã ñàò÷ ýãðèèìýíòñ

íî ïîçæÅ,

but latER áàò ëýéòý

êîãäà âîçíèêàåò ñïîð,

when a dispute arises wýí ý äèñïúþóò ýðàéçèç

èëè îäíà èç «Ñòîðîí»

or one of the parties îî wàí îâ ðýïààòèç

(çà-)õî÷åò ïîäòâåðäèòü

wishes to uphold wèøüèç òó àïõîóëä

ñâîè ïðàâà,

its rights, èòñ ðàéòñ

îòñóòñòâèå ïèñüìåííîãî ñîãëàøåíèÿ

the lack of a written agreement ðýëæê îâ ý ðèòí ýãðèèìýíò

ìîæåò äîñòàâèòü

can cause êæí êîîç

õëîïîòû è ïîòåðè.

trouble and losses. òðàáë æíä ëîñèç

Àëåêñàíäð Äðàãóíêèí

Ãð à ì ì àò è ÷ å ñ ê à ÿ ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêàÿ

ÕÐÅÑÒÎÌÀÒÈßÑÀÌÎÓ×ÈÒÅËÜ Èçäàíèå âòîðîå, èñïðàâëåííîå è äîïîëíåííîå

Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã «ÓÌÍÀß ÏËÀÍÅÒÀ» Ìîñêâà «ÀÍÄÐÀ-Ì» 2005

264

×ÀÑÒÜ II «ÏÐÛÆÎÊ Â ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ» ÏÎÑÎÁÈÅ äëÿ ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈß – è ÎÁÓ×ÅÍÈß ÎÁÙÈÅ ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈÈ: ñíà÷àëà ïðî÷òèòå âåñü òåêñò «Ïðûæêà» íà îäíîì äûõàíèè, ðàçìåòüòå åãî ìàðêåðîì, âûäåëèâ ñàìûå âàæíûå äëÿ Âàñ ìåñòà. Óáåäèòåñü, ÷òî â òåêñòå èìåþòñÿ îòâåòû ïî÷òè íà âñå âîïðîñû, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ó Âàñ âîçíèêàòü ïî ìåðå ÷òåíèÿ ýòîãî ïîñîáèÿ. Ó÷èòå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà ñðàçó æå ïðÿìî â ñîñòàâå ïðèìåðîâ/îáðàçöîâ è ïî ìåðå ÷òåíèÿ ýòîãî ïîñîáèÿ, è ñðàçó æå ïîñëå ïåðâîãî ïðî÷òåíèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ýòè ñëîâà Âàì âñ¸ ðàâíî î÷åíü íóæíû … Ñòàðàéòåñü çàïîìèíàòü è èõ ïðîèçíîøåíèå, è èõ íàïèñàíèå !!! Òàêæå çàó÷èâàéòå íàèçóñòü è ñàìè ïðèìåðû/îáðàçöû, òàê êàê îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ äëÿ Âàñ ïðîòîòèïàìè, â êîòîðûõ Âû ïîçäíåå ñ/ìîæåòå ïðîñòî çàìåíÿòü îäíè àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà íà äðóãèå, ïîëó÷àÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì ìàññó ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé. Ó÷òèòå, ÷òî ÿ íå ìîãó âëèÿòü íà òî, ñ êàêîé ñêîðîñòüþ Âû áóäåòå çàó÷èâàòü íîâûå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà, íî çàòî ýòî ïîñîáèå äàñò Âàì ìîìåíòàëüíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ñòðîèòü èç ëþáûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ ëþáûå ïî ñëîæíîñòè ïðàâèëüíûå àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ïîýòîìó îòíåñèòåñü ê ýòîé êíèãå íå êàê ê ñîêðàù¸ííîìó ýêñêóðñó â àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, à êàê ê ïîëíîöåííîìó ó÷åáíîìó ïîñîáèþ, ïîñëå êîòîðîãî Âàì íà 80% íóæíî áóäåò

òîëüêî ó÷èòü àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà !!!

———————————————————————————————— 265

1. «ÐÀÇÁÅû.

ÑÒÐÎÃÀß ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈß. Ó÷èòå ÂѨ è ÑÐÀÇÓ åù¸ è ïîòîìó, ÷òî â ýòîì êîìïàêòíîì ïîñîáèè íåò ìåñòà äëÿ ïîâòîðîâ, òåì áîëåå, ÷òî èíôîðìàöèÿ, äàâàåìàÿ â ýòîì ïîñîáèè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíå÷íîé è ñàìîäîñòàòî÷íîé äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ñóïåðàíãëîðåçóëüòàòà. Ïîýòîìó, íå ìàéòåñü äóðüþ, íàöåëüòåñü íà ðåçóëüòàò è «Îò äîáðà äîáðà íå èùèòå» ..! ————————————————————————————————

(Ïåðâûé ýòàï – 20 ìèíóò ÷òåíèÿ).

ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÏÎÄÃÎÒÎÂÊÀ. À)

ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè (èëè: ïî Âàøåìó æåëàíèþ) ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëþáîãî (êðîìå âñåãî-òî 27 øòóê – – ñìîòðè «Ñïðàâî÷íóþ ÷àñòü») ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, âçÿòîãî Âàìè ïðÿìî èç ëþáîãî ñëîâàðÿ, Âû áóäåòå ïðèáàâëÿòü îêîí÷àíèå “+S”, ÷òîáû ïîñòàâèòü ýòî ñëîâî/ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå

âî→ ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî !!!

(Ïåðâûå 3 ýòàïà – 65 ìèíóò).

Table → tableS òýéáë òýéáëÇ

ÇÀÄÀÍÈÅ: çíàêîìñòâî ñî 127 ñëîâåñíûìè åäèíèöàìè + ñ 3-ÿ (îäèíàêîâûìè!!!) îêîí÷àíèÿìè.

ÁÀÇÀ. Âûÿâëåííûå ìíîþ: à) ôàêò íàëè÷èÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äîñòàòî÷íîãî êîëè÷åñòâà âîîáùå ÍÅèçìåíÿåìûõ ñëîâ, á) ôåíîìåí ÷àñòîé ÍÅèçìåíÿåìîñòè äàæå èçìåíÿåìûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, â) íîâûå çàâèñèìîñòè âíóòðè ÿçûêà è ã) íîâûå âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñëîâàìè, à òàêæå âûäåëåííûå ìíîþ ä) íîâûå «ãðóïïû»/êàòåãîðèè ñëîâ, îáúåäèí¸ííûå åäèíûì/-è ïðèçíàêîì/-àìè. ÂÐÅÌß íà îçíàêîìëåíèå:

266

Ïåðâûé ýòàï:

«Ðàçáåã»

20 ìèíóò.

Âòîðîé ýòàï:

«Òîë÷îê»

15 ìèíóò.

Òðåòèé ýòàï:

«Ïîë¸ò»

30 ìèíóò.

àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà = = «Ïðàâèëî “+S”»:

ê êîíöó

«ÂÛÑÎÊÈÉ ÑÒÀÐÒ».

ÖÅËÜ: äîñòèãíóòàÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå «3-õ ýòàïîâ» (èëè çà 65 ìèíóò) òåõíè÷åñêàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ñêàçàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè 70-80% òîãî, ÷òî Âû îáû÷íî ãîâîðèòå ïî-ðóññêè.

Ïåðâîå èçìåíåíèå

= Ñòîë

ñòîëÛ. + Ñì. ñòð. 288 !

→

ÍÞÀÍÑ !!! Îäíàêî â àíãëèéñêîì åñòü è âûäåëåííàÿ ìíîþ ãðóïïà «íå-ïðàâèëüíûõ» ñëî⠖ â òîì ÷èñëå è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ – – òî åñòü ñëîâ, íå ïîä÷èíÿþùèõñÿ îáùèì äëÿ îñòàëüíûõ ñëîâ ýòîãî êëàññà ïðàâèëàì. Òàêèõ ñëî⠖ âñåãî 4 âèäà: 1) 2) 3) 4)

«ÍÅ-ïðàâèëüíûå» «ÍÅ-ïðàâèëüíûå» «ÍÅ-ïðàâèëüíûå» «ÍÅ-ïðàâèëüíûå»

ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ãëàãîëû ÷èñëèòåëüíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ

= = = =

27 178 7 10

øòóê øòóê øòóê øòóê

(ñòð. 398): (ñòð. 349); (ñòð. 393); (ñòð. 396).

Âñå ýòè «íå-ïðàâèëüíûå ñëîâà» íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ ïî ñåãîäíÿøíèì ïðàâèëàì – è âñå èõ ãîòîâûå ôîðìû (òî åñòü ïðîñòî ñëîâà) Âàì íóæíî ïîñòåïåííî çàó÷èòü íàèçóñòü; Á) Çíàêîìèìñÿ ñ 43 ÍÅèçìåíÿåìûìè àíãëèéñêèìè ñëîâàìè + ñ ëþáûì êîëè÷åñòâîì ñëîâ èçìåíÿåìûõ,

è íè ... ñ íèìè íå äåëàåì !!! – – òî åñòü âîîáùå èõ íèêàê ÍÅ èçìåíÿåì – 267

– òàê êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ÍÅÒ íè ðîäîâ, íè ïàäåæåé ..!!!

È äàæå:

Ìû òîëüêî ñêëàäûâàåì ñëîâà ñî ñëîâàìè !!!!!!;

Ìîèõ

———————————————————————————————— Â) Äàþ èíôîðìàöèþ, ÷òî

ëþáîé (îáÿçàòåëüíûé) îïðåäåëèòåëü

(↓)

èç 21 øòóêè, äàííîé äàëåå íà ñòð. 272 (íàïðèìåð: “my” – ìàé = «ìîé»),

ìîæíî ñî÷åòàòü ñ ëþáûì íåèçìåí¸ííûì ñëîâîì/ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, âçÿòûì íàìè ïðÿìî èç ëþáîãî ñëîâàðÿ, èëè (ñîîáðàçíî çäðàâîìó ñìûñëó êðîìå «îïðåäåëèòåëåé» “this”, “that”, “such a”, “an/a”)

ñî ñëîâîì, ïîñòàâëåííûì→ íàìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî (= “+S” !), òàê êàê ñàìè îïðåäåëèòåëè ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ íè ïî ðîäàì, íè ïî ÷èñëàì, íè ïî ïàäåæàì – – òî åñòü ÍÈÊÀÊ !!! Çíà÷èò (âûó÷èâ ýòè îáÿçàòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëè = 21 øòóêó), ìû óæå ñ/ìîæåì ñêàçàòü

(= ñëîæèòü ëþáîé îïðåäåëèòåëü (ñòð. 272) ñ ëþáûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñòîÿùèì â ëþáîì ÷èñëå !!!): Ðóññêèé îïðåäåëèòåëü ↓ èçìåíÿåòñÿ

↓

Ìîÿ Ìîé Ìî¸ Ìîè 268

ðóêà ñòîë ñîëíöå ðóêÈ

MY MY MY MY

hand table sun handS

– – – –

ìàé ìàé ìàé ìàé

= MY handS

–

ìàé õæíäÇ

(Âåäü ïàäåæåé-òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÍÅÒ !!!).

Ìîèì ðóêàì = MY handS Ìîèìè ðóêàìè = MY handS

– –

ìàé õæíäÇ ìàé õæíäÇ

– – –

ìàé õæíä ìàé õæíä ìàé õæíä

À òàêæå:

Ìîåé Ìîåé Ìîåé

ðóêè ðóêîé ðóêå

= MY hand = MY hand = MY hand

è ò. ä. ————————————————————————————————

ËÎÃÈÊÀ: Ôóíêöèÿ íåèçìåíÿåìûõ – çíà÷èò, – çíà÷èò,

«îïðåäåëèòåëåé» (ñòð. 272) = = «îïðåäåëÿòü» îáñëóæèâàåìîå ñëîâî –

«îïðåäåëèòåëè» ÿâëÿþòñÿ è

«îïðåäåëåíèÿìè»,

äðóãèå îïðåäåëåíèÿ òîæå ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ íè ïî ðîäàì, íè ïî ÷èñëàì, íè ïî ïàäåæàì, è òîæå àáñîëþòíî íåèçìåí¸ííûìè ìîãóò ñî÷åòàòüñÿ/èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñ ËÞÁÛÌ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èç ëþáîãî ñëîâàðÿ (è ñòîÿùèì â ëþáîì ÷èñëå) !!! è

âñå

Çíà÷èò:

Àíãëèéñêèé îïðåäåëèòåëü ↓ íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ!!!

= = = =

ðóê

õæíä òýéáë ñàí õæíäÇ

âûó÷èâàåì ýòîò 21 «îïðåäåëèòåëü» (ñòð. 272), ñòàâèì ïîñëå ëþáîãî èç íèõ ëþáîå äðóãîå íåèçìåí¸ííîå îïðåäåëåíè-å/-ÿ + ëþáîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïðÿìî èç ñëîâàðÿ (èëè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå = «ñëîâî+S») – – è ìû óæå ìîæåì ñêàçàòü: 269

1 +2 +3 Ìîÿ ÷èñòàÿ, áåëàÿ è íåæíàÿ ðóêà = 1 +2 +3 = MY clean, white and tender hand. ìàé êëèèí wàéò æíä òýíäý õæíä Èëè äàæå:

Åñëè æå Âû «óâàæàåòå Âàøèõ ñåñò¨Ð» òî âñ¸ ðàâíî

ñ îñòàëüíûìè ñëîâàìè òàêæå

Ìîè ÷èñòûå, áåëûå è íåæíûå ðóêÈ =

1

ÂÈÄÈÒÅ, «èçìåíèëîñü» òîëüêî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (=→ “hand+S”), íî è îïðåäåëèòåëü (“MY”), è âñå îïðåäåëåíèÿ îñòàëèñü

2

Ïðè÷¸ì

4

4

ÈÇÌÅÍßß

«ñîñòàâèòü» èõ â ïðàâèëüíîå è íîðìàëüíîå àíãëèéñêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: 3

4

4

5

I + respect + my + beautiful and clever + sister. ñèñòý àé ðèñïýêò ìàé áúþóòèôóë æíä êëåâý 270

– ñèñòýÇ

We + solve + many + difficult + problemS. ñîëâ ìýíè äèôèêëò ïðîáëåìÇ wè Ìû + ðåøàåì + ìíîãî + òðóäíûõ + ïðîáëåì

5

(òî åñòü ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ñ íèìè ÍÅ äåëàÿ !!!),

2

5

À ìîæíî è òàê:

×òîáû ñêàçàòü òî æå ñàìîå (↑) ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íàì íóæíî òîëüêî âçÿòü ñëîâàðü, îòêðûòü åãî, íàéòè âñå íóæíûå íàì (àíãëèéñêèå!) ñëîâà è,

1

4

ìîæåòå ñåáå òîëüêî âîîáðàçèòü!

ß + óâàæàþ + ìîþ/ñâîþ + êðàñèâóþ è óìíóþ + ñåñòðó.

ÍÅ

íàäî:

êîòîðûå Âû ñ ýòèìè «ñ¸ñòðÀÌÈ» (= òîæå “sisterS”!)

Âîçüì¸ì, íàïðèìåð, ðóññêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå

ÎÄÍÎ ÈÇ ÍÈÕ

4

íå

è âñå îñòàëüíûå âàðèàíòû,

(÷òîáû ó Âàñ ñðàçó æå àæ ðó÷êè çàä¸ðãàëèñü!).

ÍÈ

äåëàòü

çíà÷èò è «ñ¸ñòðÛ», è «ñåñò¨Ð», è «ñ¸ñòðÀÌ»,

ÑÒÈÌÓË

ÂÎÎÁÙÅ

3

“sisterS”

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûìè !!!

3

íè÷åãî

I + respect + my + beautiful and clever + sisterS. àé ðèñïýêò ìàé áúþóòèôóë æíä êëåâý ñèñòýÇ ß + óâàæàþ + ìîèõ + êðàñèâûõ è óìíûõ + ñåñò¸ð.

————————————————————————————————

2

ìíîãî!),

(êðîìå «ñåñò¨Ð» = “sister+S”)

= MY clean, white and tender handS. ìàé êëèèí wàéò æíä òýíäý õæíäÇ

1

(à èõ

(è â ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ↑ èçìåíåíî òîëüêî ñëîâî “problemS”) ! ————————————————————————————————

NB. Îêîí÷àíèå “+S” ìîæåò ïðîèçíîñèòüñÿ è êàê «-Ñ», è êàê «-Ç». Íî ïîñêîëüêó ýòà ðàçíèöà â ïðîèçíîøåíèè íå âëèÿåò íà ñìûñë, òî ìû íå áóäåì ñåé÷àñ çàîñòðÿòü íà íåé âíèìàíèÿ. ————————————————————————————————

×ÒÎ «ÑÊËÀÄÛÂÀÒÜ» è ÊÀÊ «ÑÊËÀÄÛÂÀÒÜ», ÷òîáû ïîëó÷àòü ïîëíûå è ïðàâèëüíûå àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ïðè÷¸ì ñðàçó æå îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû â ýòîé → ñõåìå ìû âîîáùå íå èçìåíÿåì !). 271

ÑÕÅÌÀ ïîñòðîåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ñëîâà ¹¹ 1-31): 1 ↓

+

+

2 ↓ Ëþáîé

ÍÅèçìåí¸í.

ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ + ÃËÀÃÎË + (Êòî? ↓ èëè ×òî?) ↓

3 ↓

+

ÎÁßÇÀÒ. ÎÏÐÅÄÅ- + ËÈÒÅËÜ

4 ↓

+

5 ↓

NB 1 !!!

ÎÏÐÅÄÅ- + ÎÁÚÅÊÒ (Êîãî?): ËÅÍÈÅ

AN-A – æí/ý = îäèí, êàêîé-òî THE – ðý = òîò ñàìûé, òå ñàìûå

íè îäíî èç 31 ñëîâà ýòîé l ãðóïïû ÍÈêàê ÍÅ èçìåíÿåòñÿ !!!

Ó÷òèòå, ÷òî

Ëþáîå

(Êàêîé?) ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ + LOVE + + GOOD + ↓ ↓ ↓ MY – ìàé = ìîé ìåíÿ = ME – ìèè I – àé = ÿ YOU – þó = òû, âû YOUR – ¸î = òâîé, âàø òåáÿ = YOU– þó WE – wè = ìû HIS – õèç = åãî, «åâîíûé»* åãî = HIM – õèì THEY – ðýé = îíè HER – õœœ = å¸ å¸ = HER – õœœ ITS – èòñ = «åâîíûé»*, å¸ ýòî = IT – èò èëè OUR – àóý = íàø íàñ = US – àñ ëþáîå THEIR – ðýý = èõ(-íèé)* èì, èõ = THEM ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå NO ðýì – íîó = íå, íåò òîëüêî ANY – ýíè = ëþáîé èëè âî ìíîæ. ÷èñëå THIS – ðèñ = ýòîò ëþáîå (= «Ñëîâî+S» THAT – ðæò = òîò ñóùåñòâèò. èëè ñòð. 398). EVERY – ýâðè = êàæäûé â ëþáîì EACH – èèò÷ = êàæäûé + Ñëîâî ÷èñëå. SOME – ñàì = íåêèé, êàêîé-òî AND – æíä = è íåêîòîðûå; íåñêîëüêî SUCH A – ñàò÷ ý = òàêîé SUCH – ñàò÷ = òàêèå THESE – ðèèç = ýòè THOSE – ðîóç = òå

}

ò.í. «àðòèêëè» (Ñòð. 388).

———————————↑———————————————————— Ãåíèàëüíûé Èòîãî: 31 ñëîâî. ñòîëáèê 272

* Ýòè ñëîâà (çäåñü è äàëåå) óïîòðåáëåíû ìíîþ äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû óòî÷íÿòü çíà÷åíèå ñëîâ àíãëèéñêèõ! ————————————————————————————————

————————————————————————————————

NB 2 !!!

È ãëàãîë ïîñëå ñóáúåêòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé “I/you/we/they” è ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè (!) èçìåíÿòü ÍÅ íóæíî !!! ————————————————————————————————

NB 3 !!! Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó (è â çíà÷åíèè!) ìåæäó àíãëèéñêèìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè è îáúåêòàìè (ðóññêèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ êîòîðûì çâó÷àò è âûãëÿäÿò îäèíàêîâî): (-íóþ)

Íî:

(ñàìîãî´ )

Ho:

Îïðåäåëèòåëü

ß âèæó ÅÃÎ ñîáàêó = I såe HIS dog – àé ñèè õèÇ äîã ↑ Îáúåêò ↓ ß âèæó ÅÃÎ =→ I see HIM – àé ñèè õèÌ (-íèå)

Îïðåäåëèòåëü

Ìû ñëûøèì ÈÕ ãîëîñà = We hear THEIR voices. ðýÝ âîéñèç wè õèý ↑ ↓ Îáúåêò Ìû ñëûøèì ÈÕ =→ We hear THEM – wè õèý ðýÌ (ñàìèõ) (-íûé)

Îïðåäåëèòåëü

ß ëþáëþ ÅÃÎ (î æóêå) öâåò = I like ITS color – êàëý ↑ Îáúåêò Íî: ↓ ß ëþáëþ ÅÃÎ (ñàìîãî´ «æóêà») =→ I like IT. ————————————————————————————————

ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈß.

Êîãäà Âû ìîæåòå çàìåíèòü ñëîâà «ÅÃÎ-» è «ÈÕ-» íà→ «åâîíûé» è «èõíèé», òî ïî-àíãëèéñêè ñìåëî ãîâîðèòå “HIS” è “THEIR”. À åñëè ýòèõ çàìåí ïðîèçâåñòè íåëüçÿ, íî ìîæíî âñòàâèòü ñëîâà «åãî

ñàìîãî» èëè «èõ ñàìèõ» – ñìåëî ãîâîðèòå “HIM” è “THEM” !!!

———————————————————————————————— 273

ÊÐÀÉÍÅ ÂÀÆÍÎ !!!

Íî – êîíå÷íî æå – îïðåäåëèòåëè “an/a” = «îäèí» íåëüçÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñòîÿùèì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå! À çíà÷èò: ÍÈÊÀÊÈÕ “an apples” èëè “a girls” !!! Òî åñòü íèêàêèõ «îäèí ÿáëîêÈ» èëè «îäíà äåâî÷ÊÈ» !!!

2 «Åäèíûõ ïðèçíàêà» ïî «Ãåíèàëüíîìó ñòîëáèêó» ↑: 1) «ÎÁßÇÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ïðèìåíåíèÿ»

îäíîãî

èç îáÿçàòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì !!!

Ïî÷åìó ñëîâà èç «Ãåíèàëüíîãî ñòîëáèêà» íàçâàíû ìíîþ «îáÿçàòåëüíûìè» îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè? Ïîòîìó, ÷òî åñëè ÌÛ, íàïðèìåð, ïî-ðóññêè ìîæåì ïðîñòî ñêàçàòü: «ß ìîãó îõìóðèòü √ äåâóøêó!», òî

ïî-àíãëèéñêè

èìåííî òàê ñêàçàòü ÍÅËÜÇß,

òàê êàê ïî-àíãëèéñêè ïåðåä ýòîé «äåâóøêîé» (åñëè ñ íåé âñ¸ o’kay!) îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíî ñòîÿòü õîòü êàêîå-òî ñëîâî èç âûøåïðèâåä¸ííîãî ñòîëáèêà, òî åñòü ìîæíî/ íóæíî òîëüêî òàê: Î Á ß Ç À Ò↓Å Ë Ü Í Î !!! HIS = åãî (= åâîíóþ) NO = íèêàêóþ* (ñòð. 278) ANY = ëþáóþ I can charm + THIS = ýòó SUCH A = òàêóþ àé êæí ÷ààì SOME = íåêóþ A/THE = îäíó/òó ñàìóþ è ò.ä. ↑ Áåç ýòîãî êàòåãîðè÷åñêè íåëüçÿ !!! ↓ THESE = ýòèõ I can charm + THOSE = òåõ SUCH = òàêèõ 274

È ýòî – òîò ñëó÷àé, êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò îñòàòüñÿ áåç îïðåäåëèòåëÿ (+ ñì. ñòð. 391-392) !; ————————————————————————————————

2) «ÂÇÀÈÌÎÂÛÒÅÑÍÅÍÈÅ».

ÂÑÅ

«îáÿçàòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëè»

(èëè êàæäûé èç ÷ëåíîâ ýòîãî ↑ «Ãåíèàëüíîãî ñòîëáèêà)

ÂÛÒÅÑÍßÞÒ/ çàìåíÿþò äðóã äðóãà !!! Òî åñòü, åñëè ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ïåðåä åãî îïðåäåëåíèÿìè) åñòü îäíî èç ýòèõ ↑ 21 ñëîâ, òî ðÿäîì èëè ïîäðÿä ÍÅ ìîæåò áûòü íèêàêîãî äðóãîãî èç íèõ !!!

}

À çíà÷èò:

+ girl.

ÍÈÊÀÊÈÕ “my any”, “the your” èëè “a this” !!! ———————————————————————————————— Ñîáëþäåíèå ýòîãî ↑ ìîåãî ïðàâèëà ïðèâîäèò ê ïîëíîé àíãëîãðàìîòíîñòè, òàê êàê îïðåäåëèòåëè

âûòåñíÿþò/ çàìåíÿþò è «àðòèêëü»,

î êîòîðîì Âû íàâåðíÿêà óæå ñëûøàëè, è êîòîðîãî Âû, âîçìîæíî, áîèòåñü!!!

}

Íàïðèìåð (è çàìåòüòå, îïðåäåëèòåëè + girlS.

ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ):

Ìû + ïèøåì + ËÞÁÛÅ + êíèãÈ = We + write + ANY + bookS. wè ðàéò ýíè áóêÑ 275

1 + 2 3 4 5 ß + âèæó + ÝÒÎÃÎ + áîëüøîãî êðàñèâîãî áåëîãî ñëîíà. I + see + THIS + big beautiful white elephant. àé ñèè ðèñ áèã áúþóòèôóë wàéò ýëèôýíò ———————————————————————————————— NB !!!

Îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå ↑ !!! Ñêîëüêî áû îïðåäåëåíèé íè ñòîÿëî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (« √ áîëüøîé, êðàñèâûé, áåëûé …»), íî

îïðåäåëèòåëü» ÏÅÐÅÄ âñåìè îïðåäåëåíèÿìè,

«îáÿçàòåëüíûé

âñ¸ ðàâíî ñòîèò òàê êàê ëþáîé «îáÿçàòåëüíûé

îïðåäåëèòåëü» «îïðåäåëåíèå ¹1» !!!

–

– ýòî ————————————————————————————————

È äåëàåòñÿ ýòî î÷åíü ïðîñòî, òàê êàê ïîñëå “I” = «ÿ», “you” = «òû», «âû», “we” = «ìû», “they” = «îíè» è ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= «ñëîâî+S») â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè (ñì. íà 6, 5 ñì. íèæå)

ñ àíãëèéñêèì ãëàãîëîì âîîáùå ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ äåëàòü ÍÅ íàäî – – áåðèòå åãî, êàê îí åñòü – è Íàïðèìåð:

íåèçìåí¸ííûì

âñòàâëÿéòå â Âàøå àíãëèéñêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå!

ÍÅèçìåí¸í. ãëàãîë = ↓

Ìû ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÌ î÷åíü óñåðäíî = We WORK very hard. wè wœœê âýðè õààä Òå ïàðÍÈ ÒÀÍÖÓÞÒ çäåñü êàæäóþ íî÷ü. DANCE here every night. Those guyS ðîóç ãàéÇ äaaíñ õèý ýâðè íàéò

ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ !!! 1)  «Ñõåìå» (íà ñòð. 272) ñïðàâà ó íàñ åñòü «îáúåêòû» (¹5), à â íà÷àëå ñõåìû åñòü «ñóáúåêòû» (¹1).

↑ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

Ñóáúåêòîì èëè îáúåêòîì ìîæåò áûòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ëþáîì ÷èñëå (“cat” èëè “catS”), ìåñòîèìåíèå (“I”, “he” è ò.ä.), èìÿ ñîáñòâåííîå (Pete, Moscow è ò.ä.).

À «íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ» – ýòî êîãäà ÷òî-òî ïðîèñõîäèò

( âûøåïðèâåä¸ííîé ñõåìå ÿ ïîòîìó äàë Âàì òîëüêî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ “I/ you/ we/ they”, ÷òî ïîñëå íèõ [â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè !]

——————————————↓——— ———————————————

àíãëèéñêèé

ãëàãîë èçìåíÿòü íå íóæíî !!!).

«Ñóáúåêò» äåéñòâóåò ñàì, à «Îáúåêò» ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ âîç/äåéñòâèþ («ñóáúåêòà»), ïðè÷¸ì ñàìî âîç/äåéñòâèå âñåãäà âûðàæàåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì (ò. å. ñëîâîì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå). Çíà÷èò, 276

ãëàãîëîì

ìû ìîæåì «ñâÿçûâàòü» ñóáúåêò ñ îáúåêòîì ...

«ñåãîäíÿ», «ñåé÷àñ», «òåïåðü», «îáû÷íî», «âñåãäà», ↓ «â íàøè äíè» è ò.ï. ÂÛÓ×ÈÒÅ ÑËÎÂÀ (¹¹ 32-38): now – íàó = ñåé÷àñ, òåïåðü usually – þóæüåëè = îáû÷íî today – òóäýé, òýäýé = ñåãîäíÿ always – îîëwýéç = âñåãäà generally – äæüåíýðýëè = îáû÷íî as a rule – æç ýðóóë = êàê ïðàâèëî

+

nowadays – íàóýäýéç = â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ

every ... (+ minute, day, week, month, Sunday, year) ýâðè ìèíèò äýé wèèê ìàíè ñàíäýé éèý êàæä…: ìèíóòà, äåíü, íåäåëÿ, ìåñÿö, âîñêðåñåíüå, ãîä è ò. ä.; ———————————————————————————————— 277

2)  ïåðå÷íå «îáúåêòîâ» íà ñòð. 272 Âàì äàíî 7 «îáúåêòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé» ñ èõ çíà÷åíèÿìè (= ñëîâà òèïà «ìåíÿ», «åãî» è ò. ï.). Îäíàêî ïîñêîëüêó

â àíãëèéñêîì ÍÅÒ ïàäåæåé,

òî ýòè ñëîâà (“me”, “him” è ò.ä.) ñîîòâåòñòâóþò âñåì ðóññêèì «âàðèàíòàì», à èìåííî: = ìåíÿ, ìíå, ìíîþ = òåáÿ, òåáå, òîáîþ âàñ, âàì, âàìè HIM – õèì = èì, åìó, íèì, íåìó, í¸ì HER – õœœ = å¸, åé, åþ, íå¸, íåé, íåþ IT * – èò = îíî, åìó, èì, îíà, åé, åþ, îí, åìó * US – àñ = íàñ, íàì, íàìè THEM – ðýì = èõ, èì, èìè, íèõ, íèì, íèìè. ME YOU

– ìèè – þó

* Ó “it” òàê ìíîãî çíà÷åíèé/ñîîòâåòñòâèé ïîòîìó, ÷òî ýòèì ñëîâîì ïî-àíãëèéñêè îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ÂÑÅ è ÂѨ,

êðîìå ìóæ÷èí è æåíùèí (ò.å. êðîìå ëþäåé)

(è íåçàâèñèìî îò ïîëà/ðîäà: ñëîí – ñëîíèõà, ìåäâåäü – ìåäâåäèöà, âåòåð, ëþáîâü, ñòîë, ñíåã è ò. ä. – âñ¸ ýòî “IT”); ———————————————————————————————— 3) Åñëè

ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì

(èëè ïåðåä åãî îïðåäåëåíè/-åì/-ÿìè)

Âû ïîñòàâèòå ñëîâå÷êî “NO” – íîó = «Íå», «Íåò», «Íèêàêîé», òî Âû ÓÆÅ ñ/ìîæåòå ñêàçàòü î ìíîãîì è â

îòðèöàòåëüíîé

ôîðìå

(ïðè÷¸ì î÷åíü êàòåãîðè÷íî !!!). Íî ó÷òèòå, ÷òî åñëè åñòü «îïðåäåëèòåëü» “NO”, òî ðÿäîì ñ íèì óæå áîëüøå íåëüçÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü íèêàêèõ äðóãèõ «îïðåäåëèòåëåé» – â òîì ÷èñëå è ÍÈÊÀÊÎÃÎ «àðòèêëÿ» !!!: 278

ß ÍÅ âèæó + áîëüøèõ êîøåê = I see + NO big cats. êæòñ àé ñèè ÍÎÓ áèã Áóêâàëüíî: ß âèæó + ÍÅ áîëüøèõ êîøåê. Îïðåäåëåíèå = ↓ Ìû + ÍÅ ÷èòàåì + íîâûõ êíèã = We + read NO + new books. wè ðèèä ÍÎÓ íúþó áóêñ Áóêâàëüíî: Ìû ÷èò... + ÍÅ íîâûå êíèãè.

ÂÈÄÈÒÅ: Ìû îòðèöàåì ãëàãîë (= «… íå ÷èòàåì …»), à àíãëîÿçû÷íûå (ïðè ïîìîùè “NO”)

«îòðèöàþò» ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå âìåñòå ñ åãî îïðåäåëåíèÿìè !!! (“… NO new interesting books”). Òî åñòü:

÷åãî îíè «íå âèäÿò» èëè «íå ÷èòàþò» – – òî îíè è îòðèöàþò !!!

Äåëàéòå, ðåáÿòà, è Âû òàê æå – – Âàì ÷òî, ñëàáî´, ÷òî ëè! ×ÒÎ ÌÛ ÓÆÅ

ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈ

ÓÌÅÅÌ ?

(×åðåç 10 ìèíóò ïîñëå íà÷àëà ÷òåíèÿ !!!). Âîò Âàì ↓ , íàïðèìåð, 37 àíãëèéñêèõ «ñëîâ» ↓ (íå âõîäÿùèõ â âûøåóïîìÿíóòûå 127), èç êîòîðûõ ñëîâà â êîëîíêàõ ¹ 2, 4 è 5 âçÿòû ìíîþ ïðîèçâîëüíî, è ìîãóò áûòü çàìåíåíû ËÞÁÛÌÈ äðóãèìè âîîáùåÍÅèçìåí¸ííûìè àíãëèéñêèìè ñëîâàìè ïðÿìî èç ëþáîãî ñëîâàðÿ. Èç ýòèõ ñëî⠖ èëè èç ëþáûõ äðóãèõ – ìîæíî òóò æå ñëîæèòü (ïî ñõåìå, äàííîé ðàíåå íà ñòð. 272) êîëîññàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ËÞÁÛÕ êîìáèíàöèé, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðàâèëüíûìè çíà÷èìûìè àíãëèéñêèìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè – 279

– ìíå ïðîñòî ëåíü ñ÷èòàòü, ñêîëüêî èìåííî ïðåäëîæåíèé Âû ìîæåòå òóò æå ñëîæèòü – – íî ÿ äóìàþ, ÷òî áîëåå 20.000 ... ÍÀÏËÞÉÒÅ ÍÀ ÑÌÛÑË è ïðîñòî + ñêëàäûâàéòå + ëþáûå ñëîâà + ñ ëþáûìè äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè èç ýòîãî ↓ ñïèñêà (íå áåñïîêîÿñü î ïðàâèëüíîñòè, òàê êàê î íåé ïîçàáîòèëèñü âðåìÿ è ÿ) !!!

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÉ ÏÐÈÌÅÐ/ÎÁÐÀÇÅÖ íà ïîñòðîåíèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èç âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûõ ñëîâ: I + carry + any + clever + monkey/s. ýíè êëåâý ìàíêè/ç àé êæðè ß + íîøó + ëþá... + óìí... + îáåçüÿ/-íó/-í. ØÓÐÓÉÒÅ È ÂÛ ÒÀÊ ÆÅ ↑ – – ÊÒÎ/×ÒÎ ÂÀÌ ÌÅØÀÅÒ ???

Òîëüêî (åñëè íóæíî!) ïðèáàâëÿéòå “+S” ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó !!! Òàêæå ïîìíèòå î ðàçíèöå ìåæäó: “this/that” → ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è “these/those” → ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= “+S”)!

Ñóáúåêò + 1

+

I + You We They People ïèèïë (= ëþäè) These girls è ò.ä.

{

Ãëàãîë

2 respect + love adore hate count expect carry save touch touch have* è ò.ä.

Ë Þ Á Î -É/-Å

Îïðåäåëèò. Îïðåäåëåíèå

+

+

3 my no any this that these those

+

4 serious + clever big beautiful white è ò.ä.

Ñóùåñòâèò.

+

5 friend/s girl/s dog/s table/s hand/s face/s house/s monkey/s book/s room/s è ò.ä.

 äàííîì âûøå ñïèñêå (↑) ÿ ïîä÷åðêíóë 5 ïðîèçâîëüíî âûáðàííûõ ñëîâ è (íàïëåâàâ íà ñìûñë!) ïðîñòî ñëîæèë ýòè ñëîâà, ïîëó÷èâ ïðè ýòîì (ãðàììàòè÷åñêè) àáñîëþòíî ïðàâèëüíîå àíãëèéñêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå! 280

* ÂÀÆÍÎ !!! Ïîçíàêîìüòåñü ñ ìîåé íîâîé ðàçðàáîòêîé ïîä íàçâàíèåì

«Ðóññêî-Ðóññêèå Ôîðìóëû»

èëè

«ÐÐÔ» !

Èõ öåëü – ïîìî÷ü Âàì ïîíÿòü ïðèíöèï, ïî êîòîðîìó àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ñòðîÿò íåêîòîðûå ñâîè êîíñòðóêöèè. ÐÐÔ – ýòî ðóññêèå ôðàçû èëè îáîðîòû, ïîíÿòíûå äëÿ ðóññêîÿçû÷íûõ, è ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ òî÷íûìè êàëüêàìè/êîïèÿìè ôðàç/îáîðîòîâ àíãëèéñêèõ! (Ñì. ñòð. 399 â «Ñïðàâî÷íîé ÷àñòè»). ———————————————————————————————— ÂÛÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ !!! À âîò Âàì è ïåðâàÿ ↓ ÐÐÔ: Àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ÍÅ ãîâîðÿò: «Ó ìåíÿ/òåáÿ/âàñ/íàñ/íèõ åñòü ...»! ↓ ñëîâî ¹39

Îíè ãîâ↓îðÿò: «ß ÈÌÅÞ ...» «Òû èìååøü ...» «Ìû èìååì ...» «Âû èìååòå ...» «Îíè èìåþò ...» «Ýòè äåâóøêè èìåþò ...»

= = = = = =

“I HAVE ...” “You have ...” “We have ...” “You have ...” “They have ...” “These girls have”

– àé õæâ – þó õæâ – wè õæâ – þó õæâ – ðýé õæâ – 㜜ëç õæâ 281

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ: Ó íàñ ÅÑÒÜ + ìíîãî + áåëûõ êîøÅÊ. We HAVE + many + white catS. wè õæâ ìýíè wàéò êæòÑ Áóêâàëüíî: Ìû ÈÌÅÅÌ + ... Åñëè æå ó èõ äðóçåé, íàïðèìåð, «íåò + êîøåê», òî «îíè» îòêðîâåííî îá ýòîì è çàÿâëÿþò: Ó íèõ ÍÅÒ + áîëüøèõ áåëûõ êîøåê. They HAVE NO + big white cats. áèã wàéò êæòñ ðýé õæâ íîó Ó ýòèõ ñòîëîâ ÍÅÒ íîæåê = These tableS HAVE NO legs. = Ýòè ñòîëÛ ÍÅ ÈÌÅÞÒ … ðèèç òýéáëÇ õæâ íîó ëåãç ———————————————————————————————— ÈËÈ (ðàñøèðåíèå!): «Ó ìåíÿ/òåáÿ/íåãî/íå¸/íàñ/âàñ/íèõ ÁÛË/-à/-î/-è» =→ ↓ =→ «ß/òû/îí/îíà/îíî/ìû/âû/îíè ÈÌÅË/-à/-î/-è» = ↓ = “I/you/he/she/it/we/they HAD ...” = Ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ õæä ↑

(= òàê íàçûâàåìàÿ «2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà»). ↓ ñëîâî ¹ 40

Ó ... ÍÅ ÁÛË/-î (íèêàêîé) + êîøêè = ... HAD NO + cat. õæä íîó êæò ———————————————————————————————— ÈËÈ: «Ó ìåíÿ/òåáÿ/íåãî/íå¸/íàñ/âàñ/íèõ ÁÓÄ/-åò/-óò …» =→ ↓ =→ «ß/òû/îí/îíà/îíî/ìû/âû/îíè ÁÓÄ... ÈÌÅÒÜ …» = ↓ ↓ = «I/you/he/she/it/we/they WILL HAVE ...». õæâ ... wèë 282

È: ↓ ñëîâî ¹ 77 (ñòð. 47) Ó ... ÍÅ ÁÓÄÅÒ (íèêàêîé) + êîøêè = ... WILL HAVE NO + cat. wèë õæâ íîó êæò ———————————————————————————————— ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ íà ôîðìû ãëàãîëà “have” – õæâ = «èìåòü» (ïðè÷¸ì ýòè ↓ ôîðìû Âû ìîæåòå èñïîëüçîâàòü

ñ ëþáûìè ñóáúåêòàìè, â òîì ÷èñëå è ñ ëþáûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè):

Ó ìåíÿ ÁÛËÀ + (ìîÿ) êðàñèâàÿ + ïîäðóãà. HAD + (my) beautiful + girlfriend. I àé õæä (ìàé) áúþóòèôóë 㜜ëôðýíä 1

2

Ó íàñ ÍÅ ÁÛËÎ + óìíûõ äðóçåé. 2

1

HAD NO + clever friends. õæä íîó êëåâý ôðýíäç

We wè

1+2

Ó ... ÁÓÄÅÒ + 1

êó÷à

+ ïðîáëåì.

2

... WILL HAVE + a lot of + problems. ... wèë õæâ ýëîò îâ ïðîáëåìç ↑ Ëþáîå ìåñòîèìåíèå Ëþáîé ñóáúåêò 3

1+2

Ó ... ÍÅ ÁÓÄÅÒ + ïðîáëåì. 1

2

3

... WILL HAVE NO ... wèë õæâ íîó ↑

+ problems. ïðîáëåìç

Ëþáîå ìåñòîèìåíèå Ëþáîé ñóáúåêò

———————————————————————————————— 283

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ:

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ. Çàçóáðèâàÿ ïðèìåðû/îáðàçöû (↑) è êîïèðóÿ èõ, Âû – – ñ ïîìîùüþ ñëîâàðÿ – ÓÆÅ ìîæåòå ñêàçàòü î÷åíü ìíîãîå î ñâîèõ, òâîèõ, âàøèõ, íàøèõ è èõ(-íèõ) äåéñòâèÿõ â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè !!! (À ñ ãëàãîëîì “have” – õæâ = «èìåòü» – âî âñåõ 3 âðåìåíàõ – – òî åñòü äàæå åù¸ è â ïðîøåäøåì è â áóäóùåì !!!). ———————————————————————————————— ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ ¹1. ÊËÀÑÑ !!! → Íî åñëè â êîíåö èëè â íà÷àëî Âàøåãî àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Âû ïîñòàâèòå îäíó èç ñëåäóþùèõ ñëîâåñíûõ åäèíèö (¹ 41-43), òî Âû ïîëó÷èòå ìîìåíòàëüíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü îïèñàíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ,

ïðîèñõîäÿùåãî

â áóäóùåì !!!

ÂÛÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ: → Tomorrow = çàâòðà (¹¹ 41-43) òóìîðîó, òýìîðîó The day after tomorrow = ïîñëåçàâòðà ðýäýé ààôòý òýìîðîó Next ... (+ week, Sunday, year, summer, Christmas). íýêñò wèèê ñàíäýé éèý ñàìý êðèñìýñ Â/íà ñëåäóþùåå: íåäåëÿ, âîñêðåñåíüå, ãîä, ëåòî, Ðîæäåñòâî, è ò.ï. ÊÎÍÊÐÅÒÈÊÀ: I + You + We + They + People + These girls è ò.ä. 284

↓

= ëþáîé íåèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

leave come arrive è ò.ä. … +…

+ tomorrow. + the day after tomorrow. + next + week. + ~ + Sunday. + ~ + year. + ~ + Summer. + ~ + Christmas, è ò.ä.

Îíè + óåçæàþò (= óåäóò) + çàâòðà = They + leave + tomorrow. ðýé ëèèâ òýìîðîó Ýòè ïàðíÈ + ïðèáûâàþò … These guyS + arrive … Îíè + ïðèáûâàþò (= ïðèáóäóò) ñþäà + â ñëåäóþùåå âîñêðåñåíüå. next Sunday. They + arrive here + ðýé ýðàéâ õèý íýêñò ñàíäýé Åãî áðàòÜß + ïîêóïàþò + íàø äîì + çàâòðà. (= êóïÿò) His brotherS + buy + our house + tomorrow. õèç áðàðýÑ áàé àóý õàóñ òýìîðîó Ìíîãî ãîñòÅÉ + ïðèäóò + ïîñëåçàâòðà. Many guestS + come + the day after tomorrow. ìýíè ãýñòÑ êàì ðýäýé ààôòý òýìîðîó ————————————————————————————————

ÎÎÎ×ÅÍÜ ÂÀÆÍÎ !!! Ïåðåä êàæäûì âòîðûì, òðåòüèì

àíãëèéñêèì ãëàãîëîì îáÿçàòåëüíåéøåì ïîðÿäêå

è ò.ä.

â íóæíî ñòàâèòü ñëîâå÷êî/÷àñòè÷êó “to”: 1

2

1

√

2

ß + õî÷ó + √ ïðûãàòü = I + want + to jump. àé wîíò òó äæÿìï ————————————————————————————————

ÎÁÀËÄÅÍÍÎÅ ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ. ×àñòèöà “to” – òó (ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì) ìîæåò åù¸ çíà÷èòü

«÷toáû»: 1

2

3

ß ðàáîòàþ, + ÷tîáû + áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè ó÷èòüñÿ! + be able to study! I work + to àé wœœê òó áèè ýéáë òó ñòàäè 285

Êàæäûé äåíü îíè ïðèõîäÿò ñþäà, + ÷tîáû + ïîâèäàòü íàñ. + see us. Every day they come here + to ýâðè äýé ðýé êàì õèý òó ñèè àñ

(Bñåãî ÷åðåç 15 ìèíóò ïîñëå íà÷àëà ÷òåíèÿ !!!).

I have no àé õæâ íîó close friendS here áëèçêèõ äðóçÅÉ çäåñü, êëîóñ ôðýíäÇ õèý since ïîñêîëüêó ñèíñ all my old friendS âñå ìîè ñòàðûå äðóÇÜß îîë ìàé îóëä ôðýíäÇ live in different placeS. æèâóò â ðàçíûõ ìåñòÀÕ. ëèâ èí äèôðýíò ïëýéñèÇ ————————————————————————————————

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÉ ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹1

2. «ÒÎË×ÎÊ».

×tîáû + ñäåëàòü ýòî, òû äîëæåí áûòü ñèëüíûì! To + do this you must be strong! òó äóó ðèñ þó ìàñò áèè ñòðîíã ————————————————————————————————

ÑÌÎÒÐÈÒÅ, ×ÒÎ ÂÛ ÓÆÅ ÓÌÅÅÒÅ !!!

ß ïîêóïàþ î÷åíü ìíîãî íîâûõ àíãëèéñêèõ êíèà è æóðíàëΠêàæäûé ìåñÿö, ïîòîìó ÷òî 1

2

ÿ õî÷ó √ çíàòü âñ¸. Ýòè êíèãÈ ïîìîãàþò ìíå î÷åíü ñèëüíî.

286

Ó ìåíÿ íåò

I buy àé áàé very many âýðè ìýíè new English bookS íúþó èíãëèøü áóêÑ and magazineS æíä ìæãýçèíÇ every month, ýâðè ìàíè because áèêîîç 1

2

I want to know everytning. àé wîíò òóíîó ýâðèèèíã These bookS ðèèç áóêÑ help me õýëï ìèè very much. âýðè ìàò÷

(Âòîðîé ýòàï – 15 ìèíóò). ÇÀÄÀÍÈÅ: åù¸ 14 ñëîâ + 3 èçìåíåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà (êîòîðûå äàíû íèæå); ÖÅËÜ: ïðèîáðåòåíèå åù¸ 5% àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ âîçìîæíîñòåé; ÂÐÅÌß: åù¸ 15 ìèíóò ÷òåíèÿ. ———————————————————————————————— ÏÎÍÅÑËÀÑÜ !!! Âûó÷èâàåì åù¸ 14 íåèçìåíÿåìûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ + + ñêîëüêî óãîäíî èçìåíÿåìûõ, è ñðàçó æå ïðîèçâîäèì ïåðâûå 3 èçìåíåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà: → 1)2)3) = “+S” (èç îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñåãî-íàâñåãî 10 ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ èçìåíåíèé, ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â àíãëèéñêîì !!!). ÂÀÆÍÀß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß.  àíãëèéñêîì âñå ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå (èëè: êîòîðûå Âû ìîæåòå ïðîèçâîäèòü) ñî ñëîâîì, ÿâëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî âíåøíèìè! Ýòèõ èçìåíåíèé âñåãî 10 øòóê, è çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ îíè â ïðèáàâëåíèè ê êîíöó àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà îäíîãî èç 8 îêîí÷àíèé! 287

(Òàáëèöà ýòèõ 8 îêîí÷àíèé åñòü â «Ñïðàâî÷íîé ÷àñòè» äàííîãî ïîñîáèÿ íà ñòð. 401-402).

îá ÎÄÍÎÌ ëè «êóñòå», íàïðèìåð, øëà ðå÷ü, èëè î ÌÍÎÃÈÕ «êóñòàõ» –

Âíóòðè àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà ìû ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ñ/äåëàòü ÍÅ ìîæåì !!! ———————————————————————————————— ÐÅÇÞÌÅ → Çíà÷èò, ïîñëå ýòîãî «Ýòàïà» Âàì îñòàíåòñÿ âûó÷èòü âñåãî-íàâñåãî 7 âîçìîæíûõ èçìåíåíèé ! (10 – 3 “+S” = 7) À ïåðâûå 3 èçìåíåíèÿ = ýòî îäíî è òî æå “+S”, òîëüêî èíîãäà ýòî “+S” ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ ê êîíöó àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà è â âèäå “+ES”, òî åñòü ñ òàê íàçûâàåìûì ïðîìåæóòî÷íûì/ «áóôåðíûì» “-å-”!

NB ! “-E-” ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåæäó êîíöîì ñëîâà è îêîí÷àíèåì “+S” òîãäà, êîãäà

ó Âàñ íåò

äðóãîé

âîçìîæíîñòè

ÃÎËÎÑÎÌ «ïîêàçàòü»

ýòî ïðèáàâëåííîå îêîí÷àíèå “+S” – à ïîêàçàòü-òî åãî íàäî !!!

Êàê, íàïðèìåð, áåç ýòîãî “-Å-” Âû ïðîèçíåñ¸òå ñëîâî “bush” – áóøü = «êóñò» âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= “bushES” – áóøüÈÇ = «êóñòÛ») ? À ñëîâî “fixES” – ôèêñÈÇ = «÷èíÈÒ» ? Âåäü ïðîèçíåñòè «ôèêñÑÑÑ» òàê, ÷òîáû áûëî îäíîçíà÷íî ñëûøíî, ÷òî “+S” ïðèáàâëåíî, âîîáùå íåðåàëüíî, ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì íåò äîëãèõ ñîãëàñíûõ ..!!!

– ïîïðîáóéòå, ïðîèçíåñèòå ñëîâî “bushS” – áóøñ! Íå âñåãäà âåäü è ïîëó÷èòñÿ!!! Ïîýòîìó â ïîäîáíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ (= ïîñëå òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «øèïÿùèõ ñîãëàñíûõ» = = ïîñëå “SH-”, “S-”, “CH-”, “J-”, “X” è “Z-”) ýòî “-E-” ïåðåä “+S” è íà êîíöå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, è íà êîíöå ãëàãîëîâ (ñòð. 290) îáÿçàòåëüíî è âñòàâëÿåòñÿ !!! ————————————————————————————————

NB !!!

Íî ïîñëå ñîãëàñíîé “-th” (êàê áû îíà íè ïðîèçíîñèëàñü) áóôåðíàÿ “-e-” ÍÅ ñòàâèòñÿ, òàê êàê – çàìåòüòå !!! – äëÿ àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ

(è èñòîðè÷åñêè, è ïî ïðèíöèïó îáðàçîâàíèÿ) ñîãëàñíàÿ “-è” áëèæå ê «-Ò», ÷åì ê «-ñ», à ñîãëàñíàÿ “-ð” áëèæå ê «-Ä», ÷åì ê «-ç» !!!,

ïîýòîìó: 5 ìåñÿöÅ = 5 monthS – ôàéâ ìàíèÑ, a íå “5 monthes”. 3 áóäêÈ = 3 boothS – èðèè áóóðÑ, à íå “3 boothes” !!! ————————————————————————————————

ÒÐÈ “+S”: 1) “+(e)S” ïðèáàâëÿéòå Ê êîíöó ëþáîãî (êðîìå 9+18 = 27

ÂÈÄÈÒÅ !

øòóê – ñì. â «Ñïðàâî÷íîé ÷àñòè») ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî èç ñëîâàðÿ, ÷òîáû ïîñòàâèòü åãî→ âî→ ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:

Åñëè áû íå ïðîìåæóòî÷íîå/«áóôåðíîå» “-E-” â îáîèõ ýòèõ ↑ ñëó÷àÿõ, òî îêîí÷àíèå “+S” ñëèâàëîñü áû ñ ïîñëåäíèì “-SH” èëè ñ “-S” (èëè, íàïðèìåð, ñ “-Z”), è Âàø ñîáåñåäíèê íå ïîíÿë áû èëè ïðîñòî ìîã áû íå óñëûøàòü,

table → tableS – òýéáëÇ bush → bushES – áóøüÈÇ tax → taxES – òæêñÈÇ = íàëîãÈ; ————————————————————————————————

288

289

“+(e)S” ïðèáàâëÿéòå Ê êîíöó ËÞÁÎÃÎ ãëàãîëà â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè

2)

¹ 44

¹ 45

– òî åñòü ïîñëå «Îí», «Îíà», «Îíî» è «Êòî?», êîòîðûå ÿ ðåêîìåíäóþ «ïåðåèíà÷èòü» â ìèëûå ñëîâå÷êè→ → «ÎíÑ», «ÎíàÑ», «ÎíîÑ» è «ÊòîÑ?» (+ äî êó÷è «Ìîé êîòÑ»),

íàïîìèíàëè ïîñëå íèõ

Âàì î òîì, ÷òî

Ê êîíöó àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà íóæíî ïðèáàâèòü “+(å)S”: → → → → He + readS many + bookS = Îí + ÷èòàÅÒ ìíîãî + êíèÃ. → → She + planS + to + leave = Îíà + ïëàíèðóÅÒ + óåõàòü. øüè ïëæíç òó ëèèâ ———————————————————————————————— ÊÐÀÉÍÅ ÂÀÆÍÎ. Íå îòõîäÿ îò êàññû, ïðîøó Âàñ ïîçíàêîìèòüñÿ åù¸ ñ îäíèì êðàéíå íóæíûì ñëîâîì/ôîðìîé íà “+S” = = “... HAS ...” – õæÇ = «... ÈÌÅÅÒ ...» (¹ 47) ↑ ÎíÑ, îíàÑ, îíîÑ, ÊòîÑ?, Ìîé êîòÑ + haS

(òî åñòü ýòî – “HAveS”, ó êîòîðîãî ñðåäèííîå “-vå-” ïðîñòî ñî âðåìåíåì âûâàëèëîñü è ïîòåðÿëîñü): Ó íåãî (åñòü) + ìíîãî + äðóçåé = He HAS + many + friendS. = Îí ÈÌÅÅÒ + ... õè õæÇ ìýíè ôðýíäÇ

È:

Ó íåãî ÍÅÒ + õîðîøèõ äðóçåé = He HAS NO + good friendS; õè õæÇ íîó ãóä ôðýíäÇ ———————————————————————————————— 290

÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü «âëàäåëüöà» ÷åãî-ëèáî:

¹ 46

ÏÎÑËÅ ìåñòîèìåíèé “HE”, “SHE”, “IT” è “WHO?” – õè øüè èò õóó

÷òîáû îíè àâòîìàòè÷åñêè

3) Òðåòüå “ ’S” ÷åðåç àïîñòðîô (= “ ’ ” ) ïðèáàâëÿéòå Ê êîíöó àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà, NB. Òóò æå âñïîìíèòå “McDonald’s” = «ÌàêÄîíàëüä’λ (×åé?), èëè «Íàòóðàëüíûå ÷èïñû “Lay’s”» = «Ëýé’åâû» (×üè?), èëè “Uncle Ben’s” = «Äÿäè Áåí’ÈÍû» (ÿñíî, «×üè?»). ———————————————————————————————— À âîò è

ÏÅÐÂÛÉ «ÍÀÏÐßû, êîòîðûé çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â èçìåíåíèè ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ (ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðóññêèì!).

Âîçüì¸ì, íàïðèìåð, ðóññêóþ ôðàçó: 1

2

3

«Êâàðòèðà ìîåé ìàòåðÈ». Áóêâàëüíûå àíãëèéñêèå ýêâèâàëåíò è ïåðåâîä (= ÐÐÔ) ýòîé ôðàçû âûãëÿäÿò ÷óòü èíà÷å çà ñ÷¸ò èçìåíåíèÿ ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ: 2 3 1 =→ 2 3 1 «Ìîåé ìàòåð’È êâàðòèðà» =→ “My mother’S flat”.

Êòî «âëàäåëåö» êâàðòèðû? – Ìàòü? – Òàê âîò èìåííî

ê «ìàòåðè»

è ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ ýòî “ ’S” !!!

Åù¸ ðàç îáðàòèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â ïîðÿäêå ñëîâ ↑↓ â ðóññêîì è â àíãëèéñêîì âàðèàíòàõ. Ìû âåäü òîæå ãîâîðèì: «Ýòî æå ìîåé ìàòåðè êâàðòèðà !!!» ...

———————————————————————————————— ÖÅÍÍÎÅ ÓÊÀÇÀÍÈÅ. Çàçóáðèòå ðóññêóþ ôðàçó (= ÐÐÔ) 1

2

3

«ÌÎÅÉ + ÌÀÒÅÐ’È + ÊÂÀÐÒÈÐÀ», è ñòðîéòå âñå Âàøè àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ «ÂËÀÄÅËÜÖÅÌ» ïðÿìî ïî íåé ↑ !!! 291

ÍÈêàêîé «àðòèêëü» ïåðåä òåì, ÷åì «âëàäåþò» çäåñü íå íóæåí:

– òàê êàê ÍÈ ó êàêèõ àíãëèéñêèõ ìåñòîèìåíèé (â òîì ÷èñëå è ó ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ)

1 2 → 2 1 “My father’S car” – ìàé ôààðýñ êàà = «Ìàøèíà + ìîåãî îòö’À».

ÍÅÒ íè ïàäåæåé, íè ðîäîâ, íè ÷èñåë,

“My father’S cars” – ìàé ôààðýñ êààc = «Ìàøèíû ìîåãî îòö’À». Britain’S + foreign policy – áðèòíñ ôîðèí ïîëèñè = = Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà + Áðèòàíè’È. ———————————————————————————————— ÍÞÀÍÑ !!! Òåïåðü, çíàÿ î ñóùåñòâîâàíèè “ ’S” (= «õîçÿèí») Âàì ëåã÷å áóäåò ïîíÿòü è óñâîèòü ñëåäóþùèé î÷åíü âàæíûé íþàíñ. Çíàéòå, ÷òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìåþòñÿ

2

(ÄÂÀ) ðàçíûõ òèïà ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé.

ÇÀÓ×ÈÒE (¹¹48-52) ! I: ìîé òâîé, âàø, Âàø åãî(-íûé) å¸ åãî, å¸ (î íåîäóø.) íàø èõ(-íèé)

MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR THEIR

– – – – – – –

II: ìàé ¸î õèç õœœ èòñ àóý ðýý

mine yourS hiS herS itS ourS theirS

– – – – – – –

ìàéí ¸îÇ õèç õœœÇ èòÑ àóýÇ ðýýÇ

¹48 ¹49 ¹50 ¹51 ¹52

Îáðàòèëè âíèìàíèå?

↑ Âåçäå (êðîìå “mine”) íà êîíöàõ ñëîâ ïðècó↑òñòâóåò “+S” (= «õîçÿèí») !!!

+ Îáùåå äëÿ îáåèõ ãðóïï ñëîâî «×åé?» = WHOSE? – õóóç ¹95

Íàäåþñü, Âû ïîìíèòå, ÷òî, íàïðèìåð,

“MY” – ìàé

è «ìîé», è «ìîÿ», è «ì, è «ìîè», è «ìîèõ», è «ìîèì» è ò.ä. – 292

çíà÷èò

à çíà÷èò, ñàìè îíè (êàê è âñå àíãë. îïðåäåëåíèÿ)

ïî ðîäàì ´ è ÷èñëàì ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ. Íî ñåé÷àñ äåëî íå òîëüêî â ýòîì! ———————————————————————————————— Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ 1-ãî ÒÈÏÀ óïîòðåáëÿéòå ÒÎËÜÊÎ ñ äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè/ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, íåçàâèñèìî îò èõ ÷èñëà è ò. ï.: MY house, ìàé õàóñ Ìîé äîì, Ìîåãî äîìà,

YOUR sisters, ¸î ñèñòýç òâîè ñ¸ñòðû, òâîèõ ñåñò¸ð,

HIS cars è ò.ä. õèç êààç åãî ìàøèíû, åãî ìàøèíàì.

Ýòîò òèï àíãëèéñêèõ ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé ïîëíîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêèì ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì. ———————————————————————————————— Ñëîâà æå 2-ãî ÒÈÏÀ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ÑÀÌÎÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÍÎ, è îáû÷íî ñëóæàò êðàòêèìè îòâåòàìè íà âîïðîñû òèïà «×åé ýòî äîì?», èëè æå êîðîòêèìè, ðåçêèìè óòâåðæäåíèÿìè: Ýòè êíèãè – ìîè = These books are mine (+ ñòð. 295). Òå êíèãè òîæå ìîè = Those books are mine too. ðîóç áóêñ àà ìàéí òóó Ýòè êíèãè – òâîè = These books are yours. Ýòè êíèãè – òâîè? = Are these books yours? ¸îç àà ðèèç áóêñ “Whose house is this one?” – “It’s mine!”, èëè ïðîñòî: “Mine!” õóóç õàóñ èç ðèñ wàí èòñ ìàéí ìàéí «×åé äîì ýòî(-ò)» – «Ìîé!». ß âèæó, ÷òî òû íîñèøü ñòàðûå ðóáàøêè! Âîçüìè ÌÎÈ! I see that you wear old shirts! Take MINE! àé ñèè ðæò þó wýý îóëä øüœœòñ òýéê ìàéí 293

Ýòî – ÍÀØÅ! = It’s OURS! – èòñ àóýç The money is YOURS, and nobody will take it from you! ðýìàíè èç ¨ÎÇ æíä íîóáîäè wèë òýéê èò ôðîì þó! Äåíüãè – ÒÂÎÈ, è íèêòî íå çàáåð¸ò èõ ó (îò) òåáÿ! ———————————————————————————————— ÎÒËÈ×ÍÛÉ ÏÐÈÌÅÐ (è î÷åíü æèâîé !): Scratch my back, and I’ll scratch YOURS !!! = «Ïî÷åøè ìîþ ñêðæò÷ ìàé áæê æíä àéë ñêðæò÷ ¨ÎÇ ñïèíêó, à ÿ – òâîþ!». Òî åñòü: «Òû – ìíå, ÿ – òåáå!». ———————————————————————————————— ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÎÑÒÅÉ (÷óòü «îïåðåæàþùåå» – ìîæåòå âåðíóòüñÿ ê íåìó è ïîçäíåå!). 3 ÂÀÆÍÅÉØÈÕ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÀ: 1) Îáîçíà÷èòü «âëàäåëüöà» èëè âûðàçèòü îòíîøåíèÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòè ïî-àíãëèéñêè ìîæíî åù¸ îäíèì ñïîñîáîì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÏÅÐÅÄ «ÂËÀÄÅËÜÖÅÌ» èëè ïåðåä âñåìè åãî îïðåäåëåíèÿìè ñòàâèòñÿ î÷åíü ïîõîæåå íà åãî ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò íåêîå ñëîâå÷êî-ïðåäëîã. Ýòî – ïðåäëîã

“of”

= «îâ» èëè «îô»,

è åìó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå åñòü íó ïðîñòî 100 %-ÿ ïàðàëëåëü – – íî òîëüêî â âèäå íå ïðåäëîãà, à ñóôôèêñà «-ÎÂ-»: ÁîðèñÎÂà ìàøèíà = the car OF Boris – ðý êàà Πáîðèñ ÎòöΠäîì = the house OF my father – ðý õàóñ Πìàé ôààðý Íî òî, ÷òî ó ðóññêèõ ÏÐÈÑÎÅÄÈÍßÅÒÑß ê êîíöó ñëîâà, ó àíãëè÷àí ñòàâèòñÿ ÏÅÐÅÄ ñëîâîì !!!

+ èëè: 294

«À ÊÂÀÐÒÈÐÀ

+ of ÌÎÅÉ ÌÀÒÅÐÈ»,

«Òhe ÊÂÀÐÒÈÐÀ + of ÌÎÅÉ ÌÀÒÅÐÈ».

ÅÙ¨ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ. My brother’s car = the car of my brother = ìàøèíà ìîåãî áðàò’à, ìàé áðàðýñ êàà ðý êàà Πìàé áðàðý áðàòÎÂà ìàøèíà; His sister’s name = the name of his sister = èìÿ åãî ñåñòð’û, ðý íýéì Πõèç ñèñòý «ñåñòðÎÂî» èìÿ. õèç ñèñòýç íýéì Ýòîò ïðåäëîã “of” âîîáùå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ òîìó, ÷òî ó íàñ íàçûâàåòñÿ ðîäèòåëüíûì ïàäåæîì, ïðîñòî ó áåäíÿæåê-àíãëè÷àí «ïàäåæîâ» ÍÅÒ, âîò èì è ïðèõîäèòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü îáõîäíûå ìàí¸âðû: Âranches áðààíò÷ûç

of trees îâ òðèèç

=

Ìillions ìèëüýíñ

of dollars = îâ äàëýç

Âåòâè

äåðåâüÅ («-åâ» = “of”).

Ìèëëèîíû, êàê Âû äóìàåòå, ÷åãî? («äîëëàðλ).

È: Òhe companies of our family = (Òå) ôèðìû íàøÅÉ ñåìüÈ. ðý êàìïýíèç îâ àóý ôæìèëè ———————————————————————————————— NB ¹ 1 (åù¸ ðàç âåðíèòåñü ñþäà ïîïîçäíåå!). Âîçìîæåí è ñîâñåì óæ, êàçàëîñü áû, íåâîçìîæíûé âàðèàíò – – ñî÷åòàíèå ïðåäëîãà “of” + «âëàäåëüöà» ñ “’s» íà êîíöå

(îáîçíà÷åííîãî, ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî, ïðîñòî èìåíåì ñîáñòâåííûì)

èëè «ïðåäëî㠓of” + ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå 2-ãî òèïà» (ñòð. 292) – – â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âñ¸ âûðàæåíèå ïðèîáðåòàåò îòòåíîê «îäèí èç …»: These friends + OF JOHN’S … = Ýòè äðóçüÿ + ÄæîíÀ … ðèèç ôðýíäç îâ äæ¸îíç She is a friend + OF MINE = Îíà – îäíà èç + ÌÎÈÕ + ïîäðóã. øüè èç ýôðýíä îâ ìàéí He was a slave + OF HERS = Îí áûë + Ũ + ðàáîì; îâ õœœç õè wîç ýñëýéâ ———————————————————————————————— 295

2) Ïðåäëî㠓BY” – «áàé» îáîçíà÷àåò, «ÊÅÌ» èëè «×ÅÌ» ÷òî-òî ñäåëàíî: A mistake made + BY you. ýìèñòýéê ìýéä ÁÀÉ þó Îøèáêà, ñäåëàííàÿ + ÒÎÁÎÞ = Òâîÿ îøèáêà. The house built + BY this man = Äîì, ïîñòðîåííûé + ðýõàóñ áèëò ÁÀÉ ðèñ ìæí + ÝÒÈÌ ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÎÌ; ———————————————————————————————— 3) Îäíàêî êîãäà ðå÷ü èä¸ò î ÷¸ì-íèáóäü, ÷òî ìû ðàññìàòðèâàåì ÊÀÊ ÈÍÑÒÐÓÌÅÍÒ, òî èñïîëüçóéòå ïðåäëîã “WITH” – wèð (= ðóññêîìó «ñ ...»): Òo eat soup + WITH a fork = Åñòü ñóï + âèëêÎÉ. òó èèò ñóóï wèð ýôîîê I built it + WITH my own hands. àé áèëò èò wèð ìàé îóí õæíäç ß ïîñòðîèë ýòî + ñâîÈÌÈ ñîáñòâåííÛÌÈ ðóêÀÌÈ. ———————————————————————————————— ÏÎÌÎÙÜ ! Åù¸ îäíà ìîÿ ðàçðàáîòêà – åù¸ îäíà ãðóïïà àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ, îáúåäèí¸ííûõ åäèíûì ïðèçíàêîì: ÑËÎÂÀ» (= «ñëîâà-ïîäñêàçêè»),

«ÓÊÀÇÓÞÙÈÅ òî åñòü òàêèå ñëîâà, êîòîðûå

óêàçûâàþò

Âàì,

÷òî íóæíî äåëàòü ïîñëå íèõ !!! ÏÎÑËÅ 12 «óêàçóþùèõ» ñëîâ èëè «ñëîâ-ïîäñêàçîê» (+ ¹ 53-57), ïðèâåä¸ííûõ äàëåå k, Âû îáÿçàíû Ê êîíöó ïîñëåäóþùåãî àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà ïðèáàâëÿòü îêîí÷àíèå “+(e)S” 296

(ïðè÷¸ì ÑÀÌÈ ýòè ↓ «óêàçóþùèå ñëîâà» íèêîãäà ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ !!!): HE SHE IT WHO?

– õè – øüè – èò – õóó

= = = =

îí îíà îíî Êòî?

MANY (¹ 53) FEW (¹ 54) SEVERAL (¹ 55) A LOT OF (¹ 56) PLENTY OF (¹57) SUCH (¹ 21)

+

THESE THOSE

– ìýíè – ôúþó – ñýâðýë – ýëîò îâ – ïëåíòè îâ – ñàò÷ – ðèèç – ðîóç

= = = = = =

ìíîãî ìàëî íåñêîëüêî ìíîãî ìíîãî òàêèå, òàêèõ è ò. ä. = ýòè = òå

×ÒÎ è ÊÀÊ ÑÊËÀÄÛÂÀÒÜ: → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → ↑ ↓ ↑ Ëþáîé ↓ ↑ ÍÅèçìåí¸ííîå Ëþáîå ↓ HE + Ãëàãîë+S + MANY + ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ + ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒ.+S è äð. è äð. èç ñëîâàðÿ ↓ ÊÎÍÊÐÅÒÈÊÀ: ↓ → → → ↓→ → → → → ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ HE + seeS + MANY + good + friendS + very often. She + meetS + a lot of + nice + girlS + âýðè îôí It + … + several + … + guyS + î÷åíü ÷àñòî. Who? + … + few + … + … + … + plenty of + such + these + those Ïåðåâîä ïåðâîãî ïðèìåðà ↑: Îí + âèäÈÒ + ÌÍÎÃÎ + õîðîøèõ + äðóÇÅÉ + ... Ïåðåâîä âòîðîãî ïðèìåðà ↑: Îíà + âñòðå÷àÅÒ + ÌÍÎÃÎ + ìèëûõ + äåâóøÅÊ + ... ———————————————————————————————— 297

ÊÐÓÒÎ !!!

À âîò ÂÒÎÐÎÉ «ÍÀÏÐßû,

Âû óæå ñïîêîéíî ìîæåòå ñêàçàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íàïðèìåð, ñëåäóþùåå:

ñîçäàííûé òåì, ÷òî

ÎÍÀ âñòðå÷àÅÒ + ÒÀÊÈÕ êðàñèâûõ ïàðÍÅÉ + î÷åíü ðåäêî. SHE meetS + SUCH beautiful guyS + very seldom. ØÜÈ ìèèòÑ ñàò÷ áúþóòèôóë ãàéÇ âýðè ñýëäýì ÊÒÎ + ÷èòàÅÒ + ÍÅÑÊÎËÜÊÎ + èíòåðåñíÛÕ + êíèà + êàæäóþ íåäåëþ?

WHO + readS + SEVERAL + interesting + bookS + every week? ÕÓÓ ðèèäÇ ÑÝÂÐÝË èíòðèñòèíã áóêÑ ýâðè wèèê ———————————————————————————————— ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ. Âñïîìèíàåì, ÷òî

â íàñòîÿùåì

âðåìåíè c ãëàãîëîì

èëè ÍÈ÷åãî ÍÅ íàäî äåëàòü, èëè Ê åãî êîíöó íóæíî ïðîñòî ïðèáàâëÿòü “+(e)S” ïîñëå “He”, “She”, “It”, “Who?” (= ïîñëå «ÎíÑ», «ÎíàÑ», «ÎíîÑ», «ÊòîÑ?»), à òàêæå ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= ïîñëå «Ìîÿ ñîáàêàÑ»): Êàæäûéäåíü + ÌÛ + ñ÷èòàÅÌ + íàøèõ êðàñèâûõ ñîáàê. Every day + WE + COUNT + our beautiful dogS. ýâðè äýé wè êàóíò àóý áúþóòèôóë äîãÇ Èõ(-íèå) äðóçüß + ïîÞÒ + î÷åíü ãðîìêî. Their FRIENDS + SING + very loudly. ðýý ôðýíäÇ ñèíã âýðè ëàóäëè ÎÍ ÷àñòî + ÷èòàÅÒ + ÌÍÎÃÎ + ñòàpûõ àíãëèéñêèõ + æóðíàëÎÂ. HE often + readS + MANY + old English + magazineS. ìýíè îóëä èíãëèøü ìæãýçèíÇ õè îôí ðèèäÇ

Íàøà ÑÎÁÀÊÀ êóñàÅÒ âñåõ = Our DOG biteS everyone. (= êàæäîãî) àóý äîã áàéòÑ ýâðèwàí ———————————————————————————————— 298

«Îáùåãî» ñëîâà «ñâîé» â àíãëèéñêîì ÍÅÒ !!! Ïîýòîìó

âìåñòî

èñïîëüçóéòå

íåãî âñåãäà (è â îáÿçàòåëüíåéøåì ïîðÿäêå !!!)

ïîäõîäÿùåå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, èëè – êàê ãîâîðþ ÿ – – îäèí èç «îáÿçàòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé» (ñì. ñòð. 272). Òî åñòü àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ÂÑÅÃÄÀ «óòî÷íÿþò»,

×ÜÞ «æåíó îíè ëþáÿò» èëè ×ÜÈ «íîãè îíè ìîþò»!!! Âûáîð íóæíîãî/ïîäõîäÿùåãî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ = îáÿçàòåëüíîãî îïðåäåëèòåëÿ çàâèñèò îò ñóáúåêòíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, êîòîðûì îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî = = ñóáúåêò. Òî åñòü çäåñü èìååò ìåñòî ñëåäóþùàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ ïðÿìàÿ (è îáðàòíàÿ!) çàâèñèìîñòü = ñîîòâåòñòâèå: I YOU HE SHE IT

←→ ←→ ←→ ←→ ←→

MY YOUR HIS HER ITS

– – – – –

ìàé ¸î õèç õœœ èòñ

WE ←→ OUR – àóý THEY ←→ THEIR – ðýý

= = = = =

ìîé òâîé, âàø, Âàø åãî, «åâîíûé»* å¸ åãî = «åâîíûé»*, å¸, «åéíûé»* = íàø = èõ(-íèé*).

* Ïîìíèì, ÷òî ýòè ñëîâà (çäåñü è ðàíåå) óïîòðåáëåíû ìíîþ äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû óòî÷íÿòü çíà÷åíèå ñëîâ àíãëèéñêèõ ! ———————————————————————————————— 299

ÏÎÄÑÊÀÇÊÈ ê ïðèìåðàì ↓:

1) «ÎíÑ» (ñì. ñòð. 290); 1

2

3

2) «Ìîåé ìàòåð’è êâàðòèðà». ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ / ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ ÄËß ÊÎÏÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß è ÏÎÄÐÀÆÀÍÈß: → → → → → → → → → → → ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ÎÍ îáû÷íî ïðîäà¨Ò + ìàøèíÛ + ÑÂÎÅÃÎ îòö’À. ↓ HE usually sellS + HIS father’S + carS. õè þóæüåëè ñýëÇ + õèç ôààðýÑ êààÑ ÎÍÀ ÷àñòî ãëàäÈÒ + ðóêÈ + ÑÂÎÅÃÎ ìóæ’À. SHE often strokeS + HER husband’S + handS. õœœ õàçáýíäÑ õæíäÇ øüè îôí ñòðîóêÑ Ìîé ÊÎÒ + âñåãäà ëèæÅÒ + ÑÂÎÈ ëàïÛ. My CAT + always lickS + ITS pawS. îîëwýéç ëèêÑ èòñ ïîîÇ ìàé êæò ÎÍÈ ÷èòàÞÒ + ÑÂÎÈ êíèãÈ. THEY read + THEIR bookS – ðýé ðèèä ðýý áóêÑ ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÉ ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹2 (âñåãî ÷åðåç 20 ìèíóò ïîñëå íà÷àëà). Íàø îòåö

Our father àóý ôààðý

ïîêóïàÅÒ è ïðîäà¨Ò

buyS and sellS áàéÇ æíä ñýëÇ

ðàçíûå ñòàðûå ìàøèíÛ.

different old carS. äèôðýíò îóëä êààÑ

Ìû ïîìîãàåì åìó –

We help him – wè õýëï õèì

300

ìîÿ ñåñòðà ìîÅÒ èõ,

my sister washES them, ìàé ñèñòý wîøüÈÇ ðýì

ÿ ðåìîíòèðóþ èõ,

I fix them, àé ôèêñ ðýì

à íàøà ìàìà

and our mom æíä àóý ìîì

ñ÷èòàÅÒ äåíüãè.

countS money. êàóíòÑ ìàíè

Ó íàñ åñòü ìíîãî

We have many wè õæâ ìýíè

ïîñòîÿííûõ êëèåíòÎÂ,

constant clientS, êîíñòýíò êëàéýíòÑ

èõ êîëè÷åñòâî

their quantity ðýý êwîíòèòè

ïîñòîÿííî ðàñò¨Ò.

constantly growS êîíñòýíòëè ãðîóÇ

è äåëî íàøåãî îòö’À

and our father’S business æíä àóý ôààðýÑ áèçíèñ

î÷åíü ïîìîãàÅÒ íàì.

helpS us very much. õýëïÑ àñ âýðè ìàò÷ ————————————————————————————————

ÒÐÅÒÈÉ «ÍÀÏÐßû. À âîò ñåé÷àñ, îáúåäèíèâ ïðîéäåííîå, Âû íàó÷èòåñü ñòðîèòü ñâîþ/Âàøó ïåðâóþ àíãëèéñêóþ êîíñòðóêöèþ! 1

Ìû ãîâîðèì: «ß õî÷ó, +

2

÷tîáû + îí

3

+ äàë ìíå …».

Ó «íèõ»

æå: ———————————————————————————————— 1) íå ñóáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, à îáúåêòíîå (ñòð. 272) (íàøå «îí» → “him”); ———————————————————————————————— 301

2) äðóãîé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ

→ 2 1 (íàøå «… ÷tîáû + îí …» → “… him + to …”); ———————————————————————————————— 3) âòîðîé (è ò.ä.) ãëàãîë íå èçìåíÿéòå, 1

à

2

áåðèòå

åãî

ïðÿìî èç ñëîâàðÿ: to + give me …”!!!

“… him + ———————————————————————————————— Çäåñü ïîëåçíîé áóäåò ñëåäóþùàÿ

«Ñõåìà ïîñòîÿííûõ ñîîòâåòñòâèé»:

1

«… «… «… «… «… «… «…

÷tîáû ÷tîáû ÷tîáû ÷tîáû ÷tîáû ÷tîáû ÷tîáû

→ ÿ …» → òû …» → îí …» → îíà …» → îíî …» → ìû …» → îíè …» → 2

2

“… “… “… “… “… “… “…

1

me you him her it us them

+ + + + + + +

to to to to to to to

íåèçìåí. ãëàãîë” …” …” …” …” …” …”.

Òî åñòü «îíè» ãîâîðÿò: «ß õî÷ó + “ I want +

åãî him

+ ÷tîáû + + to +

äàòü give

ìíå …». me …”:

ß õî÷ó, + ÷tîáû + îíè + óåõàëè! = I want + them + to + leave! àé wîíò ðýì òó ëèèâ Îíèõîòÿò, +

÷tîáû + ìû + êóïèëè ↓

+ ýòîò ñòàðûé äîì!

They want + us + to + buy + this old house! ðýé wîíò àñ òó áàé ðèñ îóëä õàóñ ———————————————————————————————— Òàêæå “to” ìîæíî ïðèðàâíÿòü è ê íàøåìó «÷to»: Îí ïëàíèðóåò, + ÷to ÿ + óåäó çàâòðà. He plans + me to + leave tomorrow. õè ïëæíç ìèè òó ëèèâ òýìîðîó

302

Íî âåäü è çäåñü òîæå – ãîâîðÿ ïî-ðóññêè! – ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ñëîâî «ñâîé», êîòîðîãî â àíãëèéñêîì íåò! È çäåñü

òîæå

èìååòñÿ ïîñòîÿíîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå (ñîîòíåñèòå òàáëè÷êó ↓ ñ ïðèìåðàìè):

Îáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå:

me you him her it us them

Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé åìó

«çàìåíèòåëü» ñëîâà «ñâîé»: → → → → → → →

ß õî÷ó, ÷toáû îí ñúåë + him to eat + I want ↓ ↓ ↑ → → →

– – – – – – –

my your his her its our their ñâîé his

ìàé ¸î õèç õœœ èòñ àóý ðýý:

+ çàâòðàê. + breakfast – áðýêôýñò

Ìû õîòèì, ÷toáû îíè óáðàëè + ñâîþ + êðîâàòü. We want ↓ them to remove + their + bed. ðýý áýä ↓ ↑ ðèìóóâ → → → ————————————————————————————————

3. «ÏÎ˨һ. (Òðåòèé ýòàï – 30 ìèíóò). ÇÀÄÀÍÈÅ: çíàêîìñòâî åù¸ ñ 70 ñëîâåñíûìè åäèíèöàìè; ÖÅËÜ: äîñòèæåíèå âîçìîæíîñòè ñêàçàòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè ìèíèìóì 70-80% òîãî, ÷òî ìû îáû÷íî ãîâîðèì ïî-ðóññêè; ÂÐÅÌß: åù¸ 30 ìèíóò ÷òåíèÿ. ————————————————————————————————

ÏÎÅÅÅÕÀËÈ !!! 303

29 ñëó÷àåâ

ÍÅèçìåíÿåìîñòè àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà.

26+2

ñëó÷àåâ ÍÅèçìåíÿåìîñòè àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ.

(ñòð. 307)

È çäåñü Âàì íóæíî âûó÷èòü 2 ãðóïïû ñëîâ = = 34 ñëîâà/âûðàæåíèÿ = = 34 ñëîâåñíûå åäèíèöû (¹58-83 + ¹85-92),

«×ÀÑÒÈÖÛ» è «ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ», ïîñëå êîòîðûõ

ÏÎÑËÅ êîòîðûõ àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë áåðèòå ïðÿìî èç ñëîâàðÿ

×ÀÑÒÈÖÛ: 58) ... do ...!

– äóó

59) ... does ...! – äàç

«ÅÄÈÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÇÍÀÊÈ»,

60) ... did ...! – äèä

èëè

61) Do ...?

– äóó

62) Does ...?

– äàç

63) Did ...?

– äèä

64) Will ...?

– wèë

ÏÐÀÂÈËÀ ÏÎ ÏÅÐÂÎÉ → ÏÎÄÃÐÓÏÏÅ ñëîâ!

ÎÄÍÎÇÍÀ×ÍÅÉØÅ !!!: 1)

«ÂÇÀÈÌÎÍÅÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ»

ÂÑÅ 26 ×ËÅÍΠÝÒÎÉ (→) ÏÎÄÃÐÓÏÏÛ (= 26 ñëîâ)

ÍÅËÜÇß

ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËßÒÜ ÄÐÓÃ Ñ ÄÐÓÃÎÌ!

Òî åñòü ÷ëåíû âñåé ýòîé ïåðâîé ïîäãðóïïû ¹¹ 58-83 (= 26 ñëîâ)

äðóã ñ äðóãîì ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ !!! À ê ýëåìåíòàì îòíîñèòñÿ åù¸ è çàêîí «ÂÇÀÈÌÎÂÛÒÅÑÍÅÍÈß» – – òî åñòü îíè âûòåñíÿþò äðóã äðóãà (+ ñì. ñòð. 331); 2) Êðîìå ýòîãî, ñàìè

÷ëåíû ýòîé ïîäãðóïïû «ñëîâ» âîîáùå ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ !!!;

3) Ïîñëå

ÂÑÅÕ

÷ëåíîâ ýòîé ïîäãðóïïû (ïîñëå ¹¹ 53-83) àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë ÍÅ èçìåíÿåòñÿ !!!!! ———————————————————————————————— 304

65) ... don’t ... – äîíò 66) ... doesn’t ... – äàçíò 67) ... didn’t ... – äèäíò 68) ... won’t ... – wîÓíò 69) Do ...! = ñèëüíûé ÏÐÈÊÀÇ 70) Don’t ...! = ÇÀÏÐÅÒ

71) CAN – êæí = ìî÷ü, óìåòü 72) COULD – êóä = ñ/ìîã, ñ/óìåë; ñ/ìîã áû, ñ/óìåë áû 73) MAY – ìýé = ìîæíî 74) MIGHT – ìàéò = âîçìîæíî, …, ìîæåò, … 75) MUST – ìàñò = äîëæåí 76) OUGHT TO – îîò òó = äîëæåí áû 77) WILL – wèë = îáðàçîâàòåëü áóäóù. âðåìåíè 78) SHALL – øÿë = òî æå ñàìîå, íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ “I” è “We” 79) WOULD – wóä = ... áû ..., ñòàë áû …, ... áû ñòàë … 80) SHOULD – øþä = äîëæåí (áûë) áû, ñëåäîâàëî áû, íóæíî (áûëî) áû … 81) NEEDN’T – íèèäíò = íå íóæíî ..., íå íàäî ... 82-83) ...’d better ... = ëó÷øå ... äáýòý ...’d rather ... = ñêîðåå ... äðààðý

«Ïðåäïî÷òåíèå äåéñòâèÿ»

3

ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ: Óñèëèòåëüíûå

è âîîáùå åãî ÍÅ èçìåíÿéòå !!! ————————————————————————————————

àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë ÍÅ èçìåíÿåòñÿ:

Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå

Âîò

¹84

+ ÐÀÑØÈÐÈÒÅËÜ: … than … – ðæí = …, ÷åì …: Better + than + me = Ëó÷øå, + ÷åì + ÿ. ðæí ìèè áýòý ↑ Òîëüêî îáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ! 305

ÑÒÐÎÃÎÅ ÍÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÍÈÅ !!! Âî ÂÑÅÕ ýòèõ (↑) 26 «ñëó÷àÿõ» (¹¹ 58-83)

ãëàãîëû è ïîñëå ÷àñòèö, è ïîñëå ýëåìåíòîâ ñòàâüòå ÍÅÈÇÌÅͨÍÍÛÌÈ, áåðÿ èõ ïðÿìî èç ñëîâàðÿ !!! Òî åñòü: ÍÅ äåëàéòå âîîáùå ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ !!! Ñìîòðèòå ïðèìåðû íèæå! ———————————————————————————————— Î×ÅÍÜ ÏÎËÅÇÍÀß ÄÎÏÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß: «Òðàäèöèîíàëèñòû» íàçûâàþò «ýëåìåíòû» «ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè» – íî, ïðåäóïðåæäàþ – ýòî èõ îøèáêà, òàê êàê

ó ýëåìåíòîâ ÍÅÒ ÍÈ îäíîãî

ãëàãîëüíîãî ïðèçíàêà !: ———————————————————————————————— 1) Ýëåìåíòû (â îòëè÷èå îò ãëàãîëîâ !!!) âîîáùå ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ (òî åñòü ê íèì ÍÅ ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ ÍÈ îäíîãî îêîí÷àíèÿ) !!! ———————————————————————————————— 2) ÍÈ ñëåâà, ÍÈ ñïðàâà îò ýëåìåíòîâ (â îòëè÷èå îò ãëàãîëîâ !!!) ÍÅ ñòàâèòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to” !!! ———————————————————————————————— 3) Íàëè÷èå ýëåìåíòà (â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè) ÍÅ èñêëþ÷àåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè íàëè÷èÿ ãëàãîëà !!! ———————————————————————————————— Âñ¸ äåëî â òîì, ÷òî 1000 ëåò íàçàä ýòè ñëîâà ÁÛËÈ ãëàãîëàìè – íî îíè ïåðåñòàëè èìè áûòü, òî÷íî òàê æå êàê äåðåâî, âûðîñøåå èç ñåìå÷êà, ïåðåñòà¸ò áûòü ñåìå÷êîì !!!!! Ìîæåòå íàçûâàòü ýòè ñëîâà «ìîäàëüíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè» !!! ———————————————————————————————— 306

+ Åù¸ 2 ñëó÷àÿ íåèçìåíÿåìîñòè ¹27)

ÏÐÎÑÜÁÀ

èëè

ÏÐÈÊÀÇ

=

àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà:

“Take this !”: òýéê

ðèñ

«Õî÷åøü ïî-àíãëèéñêè ÷òî-íèáóäü ïîïðîñèòü èëè ïðèêàçàòü – – îòêðîé ñëîâàðü, âûáåðè ñëîâî/ãëàãîë, è ïðÿìî ýòèì ñëîâîì ïðîñè èëè ïðèêàçûâàé, âîîáùå åãî ÍÅ èçìåíÿÿ !!!». À. Äðàãóíêèí; ———————————————————————————————— ¹28) â âîñêëèöàíèÿõ è â ðèòîðè÷åñêèõ âîïðîñàõ

ïîñëå âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ñëîâ: Íåèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë (è ÁÅÇ ÷àñòèöû “to” !!!!!).

↓ “Why gamble?” – wàé ãæìáë = «À çà÷åì èãðàòü?» – – ñïðàøèâàåò ñàìà ñåáÿ Êýðè â ñåðèàëå «Ñåêñ â áîëüøîì ãîðîäå», ïðîèãðàâ õàëÿâíóþ øòóêó áàêñîâ; ———————————————————————————————— 29-é ñëó÷àé «íåèçìåíÿåìîñòè» àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà. ÂÒÎÐÀß ïîäãðóïïà ñëîâ = «+ 8 ãëàãîëîâ» (¹¹85-92), ÏÎÑËÅ êîòîðûõ äðóãèå ãëàãîëû ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ !!! Òàêæå ïîñëå ýòèõ ↓ 8 ãëàãîëîâ ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèìè ãëàãîëàìè íå íóæíî ñòàâèòü ÷àñòèöó “to” !!! – ìýéê make = çàñòàâëÿòü, ïðèíóæäàòü – ëåò let = ïîçâîëÿòü, ðàçðåøàòü = «äàâàòü» «ïóñòü» – ñèè see = âèäåòü – õèý hear = ñëûøàòü Ãëàãîëû – ôèèë feel = ÷óâñòâîâàòü «÷óâñòâåííîãî – íîóòèñ = çàìå÷àòü notice âîñïðèÿòèÿ». – ýá眜â = íàáëþäàòü observe – wîò÷ watch = ñëåäèòü (çà) ↑ Ñàìè æå ýòè ãëàãîëû ìîãóò èçìåíÿòüñÿ êàê óãîäíî !!!

}

307

Îáÿçàòåëüíî è ñðàçó æå âûó÷èòå âñå ↑ ýòè 8 ãëàãîëîâ, òàê êàê îíè â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå íóæíû Âàì ïî æèçíè !!! ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ: ↓

↓ = íåèçìåí¸ííûå ãëàãîëû

Òû + çàñòàâëÿåøü + ìåíÿ + ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÜ! You + make + me + SUFFER! þó ìýéê ìèè ñàôý

Îíà + çàñòàâëÿåò + íàñ + ÏÈÒÜ ýòî ëåêàðñòâî êàæäûé äåíü! + us + DRINK this medicin every day! She + makeS øüè ìýéêÑ àñ äðèíê ðèñ ìýäèñèí ýâðè äýé

ìîæíî åù¸ ïðèðàâíÿòü ê íàøåìó

«Ïóñòü …!»

(íî ïîñëå “Let” èä¸ò òîëüêî îáúåêòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, à íå ñóáúåêòíîå, êàê â ðóññêîì!): ↓

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë!

him

↓

+ go! – ëåò

õèì

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

↓

ãîó

= «Äàâàé(-òå) …!»: Èçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë!

↓

+ dance – ëåòñ äààíñ = Äàâàé(-òå) ïîòàíöóåì! ———————————————————————————————— 308

íèêàêèõ

“to” !!!

(= «… , êàê îí …» èëè «… , ÷òî îíà …»)

ÍÅ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ

íà àíãëèéñêèé

áóêâàëüíî,

à ýòîé ÷àñòè ðóññêîé êîíñòðóêöèè ïðîñòî âñåãäà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îïðåäåë¸ííîå àíãëèéñêîå

îáúåêòíîå

ìåñòîèìåíèå

(íî ÍÅ ñóáúåêòíîå, êàê â ðóññêîì),

ÑÕÅÌÀ:

Îòñþäà ïîëó÷èëîñü è âñåì èçâåñòíîå ïðèãëàøåíèå ê äåéñòâèþ

“Let’s …” – ëåòñ

↑ ↓ = I see + HIM + kiss her handS. ↓ → → → → → → ↑ ↓ Ìû ñëûøèì, + ×ÒÎ ÎÍÀ + ïî¸ò =→ ↓ =→ We hear + HER + sing. (Áóêâàëüíî: «Ìû ñëûøèì + Ũ + ïåòü»).

â òîì, ÷òî ðóññêàÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè

Ïîçâîëü + åé + … Äàé + åé + ïîòàíöåâàòü! = Let + her + dance – ëåò õœœ äààíñ

Ïóñòü + îí + óõîäèò! = Let +

Ïîñëåäóþù. ãëàãîë íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ → → → →

Ýòîò «×åòâ¸ðòûé “Íàïðÿ㔻 çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ (êàê âèäèòå ↑)

Íå + äà(âà)é + åìó + ÓÉÒÈ! = Don’t + let + him + GO! äîíò ëåò õèì ãîó

Èçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

ß âèæó, + ÊÀÊ ÎÍ + öåëóåò å¸ ðóêÈ

È

↓ ÁÅÇ “to” ↓

Let’s

×ÅÒ¨ÐÒÛÉ «ÍÀÏÐßû

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

↓ ÁÅÇ “to” ↓

“Let”

è

(=→ Âàøà âòîðàÿ àíãëèéñêàÿ «êîíñòðóêöèÿ»): ÁÅÇ “to” ↓

Ãëàãîë

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ ê ï. 29 (l)

à èìåííî,

———————————————————————————————— Àíãëèéñêîå îáúåêòíîå → → → → → → ìåñòîèìåíèå ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ «..., êàê/÷òî îí ...» =→ àíãëèéñêîå “... him ...”, à «..., êàê/÷òî îíà ...» =→ àíãëèéñêîå “... her ...”, ———————————————————————————————— è ò.ä. !!! 309

Ýòî ðóññêîå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå («… êàê îíà …») ìîæåò äàæå âûãëÿäåòü è êàê «… çà òåì, êàê îíà …» – íî ïî-àíãëèéñêè ýòî âñ¸ ðàâíî áóäåò ïðîñòî→ “… her …”: Êàæäûé äåíü ÿ + íàáëþäàþ + çà òåì, êàê îíà + óõîäèò ê äðóãó.

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ íà ÷àñòèöû è íà ýëåìåíòû.

NB.

Ïðè÷¸ì, ó÷òèòå, ÷òî ðàçíûìè ×ÀÑÒÈÖÀÌÈ ìû

ïîêàçûâàåì

Èëè íàîáîðîò: ïî ×ÀÑÒÈÖÀÌ ìû

ÇÍÀ×ÈÒ:

ÓÑÈËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ

«..., êàê/÷òî «..., êàê/÷òî «..., êàê/÷òî «..., êàê/÷òî «..., êàê/÷òî «..., êàê/÷òî

ÿ ...» òû/âû ...» îí ...» îíà ...» ìû ...» îíè ...»

→ → → → → →

“... me ...” “... you ...” “... him ...” “... her ...” “... us ...” “... them ...”

}

Ãëàãîë + èç ñëîâàðÿ (Áåç “to” !) –

– è ÍÈÊÀÊÈÕ àíãëèéñêèõ «..., êàê ...» èëè «..., ÷òî ...»!!!

ÂÐÅÌß

ðàçíîå

↓ ↓ Every day I + watch +→ her + go to her friend. ýâðè äýé àé wîò÷ õœœ ãîó òó õœœ ôðýíä ————————————————————————————————

äåéñòâèÿ !!!

âèäèì ÂÐÅÌß !!!

÷àñòèöû (do … !, does … !, did … !) – äóó äàç äèä – ýòèìè ÷àñòèöàìè ìû ïîä÷¸ðêèâàåì, óñèëèâàåì íàøå âûñêàçûâàíèå!

(È ñìîòðèòå, êàê àíãëèéñêîå “… do … !” – äóó ïîõîæå íà ðóññêîå «Äà … !»). ———————————————————————————————— Äëÿ

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè:

íå èçìåí¸í ↓ ÄÀ + ëþáëþ æå ÿ òåáÿ! = I + DO + love you! ↓ àé äóó ëàâ þó ↓→ → → → → → → → →↑ Àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë

Áëàãîäàðÿ ýòîé ↑ «òðàíñôîðìàöèè» Âû ïîëó÷àåòå ìîìåíòàëüíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ñòðîèòü Âàøó ñëåäóþùóþ àíãëèéñêóþ êîíñòðóêöèþ!!! Ñîîáùàþ Âàì, ÷òî ïðè òðàäèöèîííîì ïîäõîäå îáúÿñíåíèå ïîñòðîåíèÿ ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èç ñåáÿ èçâåñòíóþ (= áîëüøóþ) ñëîæíîñòü äëÿ ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ, à å¸ óñâîåíèå – íå ìåíüøóþ ñëîæíîñòü äëÿ ó÷àùåãîñÿ. ÍÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÍÈÅ:

Ïîñëå ÷àñòèö è ýëåìåíòîâ àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû âîîáùå ÍÅ èçìåíÿéòå, à ïðîñòî áåðèòå èõ ïðÿìî èç ñëîâàðÿ !!! È íèêàêèõ “to” !!! 310

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë =

ÄÀ

+ ðàáîòàåò æå

îí(c)!

= He + õè

DOES

↓ + work! wœœê

↓ ↓ äàç ↓ ↓ ↑ → → → → → → → → → → → ———————————————————————————————— Äëÿ

ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè: ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë =

↓ æå îíà! = She + DID + come! äèä êàì ↓ ↓ ↓ øüè ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑ → → → → → → → → → → ————————————————————————————————

ÄÀ + ïðèõîäèËà

311

ÊÐÓÒÎ !!! Åñëè Âû ýòè æå ñàìûå ÷àñòèöû (Do … ?, Does … ?, Did … ?) ïåðåíåñ¸òå â íà÷àëî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî îíè ñòàíóò

ÂÎÏÐÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÛÌÈ

÷àñòèöàìè

(èëè êàê áû «âîïðîñèòåëüíûìè çíàêàìè», ïîñòàâëåííûìè

è â íà÷àëî

âîïðîñà/ïðåäëîæåíèÿ).

È çäåñü òîæå ìû ýòèìè ÷àñòèöàìè íå òîëüêî «îáîçíà÷àåì» ñàì ôàêò âîïðîñà, íî èìåííî

÷àñòèöåé

ìû ïîêàçûâàåì è

ÂÐÅÌß «âîïðîñà» !!!:

NB: Åù¸ ýòè ÷àñòèöû ìîæíî «ïðèðàâíÿòü» ê ÷åòûð¸ì àíãëèéñêèì «Ýé!» èëè «Ðàçâå?», ïîñëå êîòîðûõ ñëåäóåò ñàì âîïðîñ! È äëÿ êàæäîãî âðåìåíè – ñâî¸ «Ýé!» èëè ñâî¸ «Ðàçâå?» !!! ————————————————————————————————

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ

âðåìÿ ïîêàçûâàåì 2-ìÿ ÷àñòèöàìè (“Do … ?” è “Does … ?”) ↑ Äëÿ «ÎíÑ/îíàÑ/îíîÑ/ ìîé êîòÑ»:

Àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë À ðóññêèé – èçìåí¸í! = íåèçìåí¸í ↓ ↓ DO + you work? = ? + Òû ðàáîòàåøü ? äóó þó wœœê ?

= Àíãëèéñêèé ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë ↓ DOES + she work? = ? + Îíà ðàáîòàÅÒ ? äàÇ øüè wœœê ↑ Ðóññêèé ãëàãîë ↑ = Äëÿ èçìåí¸í ! «ÎíÑ/îíàÑ/îíîÑ/Ìîé êîòÑ» ———————————————————————————————— ?

312

———————————————————————————————— ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ âðåìÿ ïîêàçûâàåì ÷àñòèöåé “Did … ?” (= îäíà äëÿ âñåõ): ? ↓ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë DID + they work? = ? + Îíè ðàáîòàËè? ðýé wœœê äèÄ ↑ À ðóññêèé – èçìåí¸í ! ———————————————————————————————— + 1 íîâàÿ ÷àñòèöà (Âû å¸ óæå çíàåòå (è) êàê ýëåìåíò !) äëÿ

ÁÓÄÓÙÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè: WILL ... ? – Wèë ... ?:

= ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë ? ↓ WILL + he work? = ? ÁÓÄÅÒ + îí ðàáîòàòü? wèë õè wœœê ↓

= ÍÅèçìåí¸íí. ãëàãîë

WILL + my brother + live here? wèë ìàé áðàðý ëèâ õèý ÁÓÄÅÒ + ìîé áðàò + æèòü çäåñü? ————————————————————————————————

ÓÑÈËÈÌ !!!

ýâý

DO/DOES/DID/WILL you +

+ wash your hands? òû + õîòü êîãäà-íèáóäü + wash ñâîè ðóêè? wîøü = ìûòü ————————————————————————————————

EVER

???

ÊÐÀÉÍÅ ÂÀÆÍÎ !!!

Îäíàêî, åñëè â âîïðîñå åñòü åù¸ è âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî èëè âûðàæåíèå (ñòð. 315), òî

Ñ íåãî

è

íà÷èíàéòå

âîïðîñ,

à íóæíóþ ÷àñòèöó ñòàâüòå ÑÐÀÇÓ ÆÅ ÏÎÑËÅ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà! Òî åñòü ìû íè÷åãî íå èçìåíÿåì, à ïðîñòî â ñàìîì íà÷àëå åù¸ ñòàâèì è âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî èëè âûðàæåíèå. ———————————————————————————————— 313

NB.

È – â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå! – âñ¸ «âîïðîñèòåëüíîå» ìû ïðîñòî «ñãðåáàåì» â ñàìîå íà÷àëî âîïðîñà !!!!! ———————————————————————————————— ÑÌÎÒÐÈÒÅ: 1

2

3

1) ß çíàþ å¸ = I know her – àé íîó õœœ À òåïåðü

+

È

åù¸

DO

+ I know her? =

4

1

?

2

3

+ ß çíàþ å¸?

«íàðàùèâàåì»: + + 3) WHY + DO + I know her? Ïî÷åìó + ? + ÿ çíàþ å¸? 5

4

1

2

3

———————————————————————————————— Òî åñòü – âñ¸ ýëåìåíòàðíî: 1) «âûïàëèëè» âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî (èëè âûðàæåíèå);

ÂÐÅÌß; íåèçìåí¸ííûì ÃËÀÃÎËÎÌ ïåðåäàâàéòå ÑÌÛÑË âîïðîñà

2) ÷àñòèöåé «ïîêàçàëè» 3) à äàëüøå

– è âñ¸ !!!:

1 2 3 → 1 3 WHERE + DO + you go now? = ÊÓÄÀ + òû ñåé÷àñ èä¨ØÜ? wýý äóó þó ãîó íàó 1

2

3

→

1

3

WHAT + DOES + he know? = ×ÒÎ + îí çíàÅÒ? wîò äàç õè íîó 1

2

HOW õàó

+ DID äèä 1

ÊÎÃÄÀ 314

→

3

1

WHEN wýí È:

2

3

+ WILL wèë

you return + my money? þó ðèòœœí ìàé ìàíè

1

ÊÀÊ ÑÈËÜÍÎ 1

2

+

?

3

+ òû ìåíÿ ëþáèøü?

2

3

+ DO + you love me? ìàò÷ äóó þó ëàâ ìèè õàó ———————————————————————————————— ÑÏÈÑÎÊ 23 ÂÎÏÐÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÑËÎÂ è ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈÉ — ¹¹ 93-112:

HOW MUCH

«íàðàùèâàåì»: 2)

À ó «íèõ»:

1

3

+ you do that? = ÊÀÊ + òû ýòî ñäåëàË? þó äóó ðæò 2+3

+ òû ÂÅÐͨØÜ

+ ìîè äåíüãè?

k

Êòî? Êîãî? ×åé? Ãäå? Êóäà? Îòêóäà? ×òî? ×åãî...? Êàêîé? Çà÷åì? Äëÿ ÷åãî? Çà ÷òî? Êàêèì îáðàçîì? Êàê? Êîòîðûé (èç)? Êàêîé (èç)? Êàêîãî òèïà ... ? Êàêîãî öâåòà...? Êîãäà? Ïî÷åìó? Çà÷åì? Êàê? Äà êàê (æå) ... !? Êàê äîëãî ... ? Ñêîëüêî (ñ÷èòàåìîãî)? Ñêîëüêî (ÍÅñ÷èòàåìîãî)? Êàê ÷àñòî? ... õîòü êîãäà-íèáóäü ... ? ... êîãäà óãîäíî ...

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Who? Whom? Who? Whose? Where? Where from? What? What for? In what way? Which (of)? What kind of ... ? What color ... ? When? Why? How? How come ... ? How long? How many? How much? How often?

} = ... ever ... ?

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

õóó? õóóì? õóó? õóóç? wýý? wýý ôðîì? wîò? wîò ôîî? èí wîò wýé? wèò÷ (îâ)? wîò êàéíä îâ ... ? wîò êàëý? wýí? wàé? õàó? õàó êàì ... ? õàó ëîíã ... ? õàó ìýíè? õàó ìàò÷? õàó îôí?

... ýâý ... ?

Âûðàæåíèå «Êàê», «Êàêèì îáðàçîì» èìååò åùå âàðèàíò “In what manner?” – èí wîò ìæíý? 315

ÏÎËÍÛÉ ÀÒÀÑ !!!

+ ÇÀÏÎÌÍÈÒÅ åø¸ 3 äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ âûðàæåíèÿ äëÿ óêðàøåíèÿ Âàøåé àíãëîðå÷è: 1) Äà êàê òû ñìååøü ...? = How dare you + ...? õàó äýý þó + ... Äà êàê òû ñìååøü + îñêîðáëÿòü å¸? How dare you + insult her? õàó äýý þó èíñàëò õœœ Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî: Äà êàê îí ñìåÅÒ ...? = How dareS he + ...? – ... äýýç ... 2) Òû áû (íå) õîòåë/-à ... ? = Would you like to + ... ? Òû íå ïðîòèâ ...? wóä þó ëàéê òó ... Òû áû íå õîòåëà Would you like to wóä þó ëàéê òó

+ ïîéòè ñî ìíîþ? + come with me? êàì wèð ìèè

3) Òû íå ïðî÷ü ... ? = Do you care to + ... ? Äàâàé, ..! äóó þó êåý òó + ... Äàâàé, + ïîòàíöóåì! = Do you care to + dance? Òû íå ïðî÷ü + ïîòàíöåâàòü? äóó þó êåý òó äaaíñ

Ê

À îí/-à íå ïðî÷ü + ...? = DoeS s/he care to ...? Ïîñëå ýòèõ ↑ âûðàæåíèé òîæå ïðîñòî ñòàâüòå ÃËÀÃÎË ÈÇ ÑËÎÂÀÐß,

ÍÅ èçìåíÿÿ

åãî! ————————————————————————————————

ýòèì æå ñàìûì

÷àñòèöàì (“Do+”, “Does+”, “Did+” è “Will+”)

ïðèáàâèòü

ðóññêîå «Íå(ò)» = àíãëèéñêîìó “NoT” =→ “+N’T”,

òî îíè ïðåâðàùàþòñÿ→ â ÷àñòèöû

ÎÒÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ (= ðóññêîìó «... íå ...» ) !!! ———————————————————————————————— Òî åñòü òåïåðü ìû èìååì 4 àíãëèéñêèõ «... íå ...», ïîñëå êîòîðûõ ñàì ãëàãîë òîæå âîîáùå ÍÅ èçìåíÿåòñÿ, à áåð¸òñÿ ïðÿìî èç ëþáîãî ñëîâàðÿ ! È çäåñü òîæå

ýòèìè

(4-ìÿ) ðàçíûìè àíãëèéñêèìè

«íå»

ìû áóäåì ïîêàçûâàòü ðàçíîå ÂÐÅÌß «îòðèöàíèÿ» !!!, èëè æå ïî ýòèì «íå» ìû áóäåì âèäåòü ÂÐÅÌß «îòðèöàíèÿ» !!!!! ———————————————————————————————— Åñòü

2 «íå»

Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî:

316

Åñëè

äëÿ

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè

äîíò

äàçíò

(= “don’t” è “doesn’t”): ↓ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë ß + ÍÅ + ÷èòàÞ = I + DON’T + read. ↓ àé äîíò ðèèä ↓ È: ↓

ÎíÑ/îíàÑ/îíîÑ + ÍÅ + çíàÅÒ = Íe/she/it + DOESN’T + know. õè/øüè/èò äàÇíò íîó ———————————————————————————————— 317

————————————————————————————————

1 «íå» äëÿ ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè (= “didn’t” – äèäíò): ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓

+ ÍÅ + âèäåË/-à/-î/-è = ... + DIDN’T + see. äèäíò ñèè ————————————————————————————————

1 «íå» äëÿ

ÁÓÄÓÙÅÃÎ

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓

+ ÍÅ Óâèäèò = ... + WON’T + see. wîÓíò ñèè = ... íå áóäåò âèäåòü ————————————————————————————————

âñå ÷àñòèöû ↑ è óáåäèòåñü â òîì, ÷òî ìû ìîæåì âèäåòü ÂÐÅÌß äåéñòâèÿ, èëè æå â òîì, ÷òî

×ÀÑÒÈÖÀÌÈ ìû ïîêàçûâàåì ÂÐÅÌß äåéñòâèÿ !!! ———————————————————————————————— ÑÈËÜÍÎÅ ÏÐÈÊÀÇÀÍÈÅ è ÇÀÏÐÅÒ

òîæå îáðàçóþòñÿ

Ðóññêèé ↓ = èçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

ÄÀ + íàêàæè

æå + åãî!!! =

ÍÅ + íàêàçûâàé + åãî!

÷àñòèöàìè:

Àíãëèéñêèé ↓ = íåèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

DO + punish äóó

ïàíèøü

+ him!!! õèì

↓ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

+ him! äîíò ïàíèøü õèì ———————————————————————————————— 318

=

ýòèìè

DON’T + punish

òîëüêî îäíî

îòðèöàíèå!!!:

ß ÍÅ ÷èòàþ êíèã = I read NO books. àé ðèèä íîó áóêñ Èëè: = I DON’T read books – àé äîíò ðèèä áóêñ Èëè: = I DON’T read ANY book/s – àé äîíò ðèèä ýíè áóê/ñ ↑ ↑ Íå …

Ëþáîé ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ

ïî ×ÀÑÒÈÖÀÌ

ìîæåò áûòü

âðåìåíè

(“will+not” =→ “WON’T” – wîóíò):

Åù¸ ðàç ïðîñìîòðèòå

ÓÑËÎÂÈÅ ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÎÑÒÈ !!!

 àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè â ëþáîì «âðåìåíè»

Ëþáîé ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ

È

ƨÑÒÊÎÅ

íèêàêèõ …

Íî â àíãëèéñêîì åñòü ñëîâà, êîòîðûå ñðàçó æå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò íàøèì äâîéíûì îòðèöàíèÿì (¹¹ 113-117): ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ, ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ ÍÅ ... ÍÈÊÒÎ, ÍÈÊÒÎ ÍÅ ... èëè: ÍÈ×ÒÎ, ÍÈ×ÒÎ ÍÅ ... ÍÈÃÄÅ, ÍÈÃÄÅ ÍÅ ... ÍÈÊÓÄÀ, ÍÈÊÓÄÀ ÍÅ ... 1

2

= = = =

}=

NEVER NOBODY NO ONE NOTHING

– – – –

íýâý íîóáîäè íîówàí íàèèíã

NOWHERE – íîówýý 1+2

ß ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ ÍÅ áðåþñü = I NEVER shave. àé íýâý øüåéâ 1

2

1+2

ß ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ ÍÅ óìåë ïëàâàòü = I could NEVER swim. àé êóä íýâý ñwèì 1

2

1+2

ß ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ ÍÅ ïîëþáëþ òåáÿ = I will NEVER love you. ëàâ þó àé wèë íýâý 1

2

1+2

ß ÍÅ âèæó ÍÈÊÎÃÎ = I see NOBODY – àé ñèè íîóáîäè 1

2

1+2

Îí ÍÅ èìååò ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ = He has NOTHING – õè õæç íàèèíã = Ó íåãî ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ÍÅÒ. 319

1

2

ÍÅ

1

2

1+2

ÍÅ ãîâîðè åìó ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ! = Tell him NOTHING! òýë õèì íàèèíã ———————————————————————————————— ÇÍÀÉÒÅ, ÷òî:

ãîâîðè åìó

Î×ÅÍÜ ÂÀÆÍÎ è ÈÍÒÅÐÅÑÍÎ

îïðåäåëèòåëè ÍÅ èçìåíÿþòñÿ

Âñïîìíèì, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèå

2) ÂÑÅ îòðèöàíèÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëîâîì “ANY” – ýíè èëè «anyñîäåðæàùèìè» ñëîâàìè (¹¹ 118-122 + ñòð. 323): = ANYBODY – ýíèáîäè – ýíèwàí èëè: = ANYONE ×ÒÎ ÓÃÎÄÍÎ = ANYTHING – ýíèèèíã ÃÄÅ ÓÃÎÄÍÎ = ANYWHERE – ýíèwýý ÊÓÄÀ ÓÃÎÄÍÎ ÊÎÃÄÀ ÓÃÎÄÍÎ = ANYTIME – ýíèòàéì ————————————————————————————————

}

ÑÐÀÂÍÈÒÅ è ÇÀÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ! Ïîýòîìó, åñëè Âû èñïîëüçóåòå îäíó èç îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ÷àñòèö, òî äàëüøå ýòî äîëæíî âûãëÿäåòü óæå âîò òàê ↓ (è ñîîòíåñèòå ýòè 4 ïðèìåðà ñ ïðåäûäóùèìè):

ÍÅ

Îí

ÍÈÊÎÃÎ

âèæó +

ÍÅ

èìååò

ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ

= Ó íåãî ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ÍÅÒ

ß

ÍÅ

320

(ïî-)ø¸ë

= I DON’T see + àé äîíò ñèè

ANYBODY.

= He DOESN’T have = õè äàçíò õæâ

ÍÈÊÓÄÀ

= I DIDN’T go àé äèäíò ãîó

îïðåäåëåíèÿ

À òåïåðü ñíîâà ïðîøó Âàñ îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà îäèí èç «îáÿçàòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé» – – íà óæå çíàêîìîå Âàì ñëîâå÷êî “ANY” – ýíè =

ÊÒÎ ÓÃÎÄÍÎ

ß

è

íè ïî ðîäàì, íè ïî ïàäåæàì, íè ïî ÷èñëàì !!!

“NO” = “NOT (èëè “+N’T”) + ANY”;

1)

ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ !

= DON’T tell him ANYTHING ! äîíò òýë õèì ýíèèèíã ————————————————————————————————

1+2

ß ÍÅ (ïî-)ø¸ë ÍÈÊÓÄÀ = I went NOWHERE. àé wýíò íîówýý

ýíèáîäè

ANYTHING. ýíèèèíã

ANYWHERE. ýíèwýý

«ËÞÁÎÉ», «ÊÀÊÎÉ ÓÃÎÄÍλ,

ïîëüçóÿñü êîòîðûì Âû ìîæåòå ïîëíîñòüþ çàáûòü îá «àðòèêëå» !!!: ß ìîãó äîñòàòü ËÞÁÓÞ êíèãó = I can get ANY book. àé êæí ãýò ýíè áóê ————————————————————————————————

NB ! Îäíàêî â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ “ANY” óæå çíà÷èò è îíî ß

ÍÅ

î÷åíü

÷èòàþ

«ÍÈÊÀÊÎÉ»,

óñèëèâàåò Âàøå àíãëèéñêîå âûñêàçûâàíèå:

ÍÈÊÀÊÈÕ

êíèã = I DON’T read àé äîíò ðèèä

ANY ýíè

books. áóêñ

ß + ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ ÍÅ + íîøó + ÍÈÊÀÊÎÃÎ + áåëüÿ. I + NEVER + wear + ANY + underwear. wýý ýíè àíäýwýý àé íýâý ———————————————————————————————— È â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ “ANY” òîæå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ê ìåñòó! 321

Íî â âîïðîñàõ “ANY” óæå çíà÷èò «(ÕÎÒÜ) ÊÀÊÎÉ-ÍÈÁÓÄÜ»:

ÎÁÎÃÀÙÅÍÈÅ.

Òû ÷èòàåøü (ÕÎÒÜ) ÊÀÊÈÅ-ÍÈÁÓÄÜ àíãëèéñêèå êíèãè? ?Do you read ANY English books? äóó þó ðèèä ýíè èíãëèøü áóêñ ————————————————————————————————

ANYHOW – ýíèõàó = êàê óãîäíî ANYWAY – ýíèwýé = êàê áû òî íè áûëî, â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå ANYTIME – ýíèòàéì = êîãäà óãîäíî, â ëþáîå âðåìÿ:

À âîò òåïåðü ñìîòðèòå: åñëè Âû â Âàøå àíãëèéñêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå

âáîòèíèòå âòóôëÿ÷èòå

“ANY”,

à â êîíåö Âàøåãî àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ åù¸ è

âñàíäàëèòå

ß íàéäó òåáÿ â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå! = I’ll find you anyway ! àéë ôàéíä þó ýíèwýé (“I’ll ...” – àéë ←= “I will ...”). ————————————————————————————————

îòðèöàòåëüíóþ èëè âîïðîñèòåëüíóþ ÷àñòèöó, ïîòîì

Çàïîìíèòå åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ïîëåçíåéøèõ ñëîâ ñ “ANY”:

âûðàæåíüèöå “at all” = «âîîáùå-òî», æòîîë «ñîâñåì»,

òî Âàø àíãëèéñêèé (ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïîñòîðîííèõ !!!) ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ñîñòîÿëñÿ !!! (Òîëüêî îáðàùàéòå äîïîëíèòåëüíîå âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â ïîðÿäêå ñëîâ!): ß ÍÅ ñ÷èòàþ + ÍÈÊÀÊÈÕ + ñîáàê + ÑÎÂÑÅÌ! I DON’T count + ANY + dogs + AT ALL! àé äîíò êàóíò ýíè äîãç æòîîë = Òû èìååøü ...? Ó òåáÿ åñòü ÕÎÒÜ ÊÀÊÈÅ-ÍÈÁÓÄÜ äåíüãè ÂÎÎÁÙÅ? ?DO you have ANY money AT ALL? äóó þó õæâ ýíè ìàíè æòîîë Îíà ÂÎÎÁÙÅ ÕÎÒÜ ÊÀÊÈÅ-ÒÎ àíãëèéñêèå êíèãè ÷èòàåò? ? DOES she read ANY English books AT ALL? äàç øüè ðèèä ýíè èíãëèøü áóêñ æòîîë ————————————————————————————————

ÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ ÍÅ ÑÒÅÑÍßßÑÜ !!!!! ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ ÍÀ

ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ

(+ íåèçìåí¸ííûå ãëàãîëû).

!!!!! Ïîñëå ýëåìåíòîâ ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì íå ñòàâèòñÿ ÷àñòèöà “to” !!! (Ïîòîìó ÷òî ýëåìåíòû íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ «ïåðâûìè ãëàãîëàìè» !): ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

ß ÌÎÃÓ/ÓÌÅÞ ïëàâàòü = I CAN swim – àé êæí ñwèì ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

ß Ñ/ÌÎà ñäåëàòü ýòî = I COULD do it – àé êóä äóó èò ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

ÌÍÅ* ÌÎÆÍÎ ðèñîâàòü =

I*

MAY draw – àé ìýé äðîî

Áåç “to” ↓ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë

Îí, ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÎ, ïðèä¸ò = He MIGHT comå – õè ìàéò êàì ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

Ìû ÄÎËÆÍÛ çàïëàòèòü = We MUST pay – wè ìàñò ïýé 322

323

Îíà ÁÛ ÄÎËÆÍÀ èãðàòü íà óëèöå =

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

= She OUGHT TO play in the street. øüè îîò òó ïëýé èí ðýñòðèèò

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

Îíè ÁÓÄÓÒ áåãàòü = They WILL run – ðýé wèë ðàí = Îíè ÏÎáåãóò = Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå: ãëàãîë

“be” – áèè

= «áûòü» – ýòî òàêîé æå ãëàãîë, êàê è âñå îñòàëüíûå ãëàãîëû, è åãî áóäóùåå âðåìÿ îáðàçóåòñÿ òî÷íî òàê æå êàê è ó âñåõ äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ:

1 ñëîâî → 2 ñëîâà ß ÁÓÄÓ òàì = I WILL BE + there – àé wèë áèè ðýý

Òî åñòü:

I I I I

will will will will

be … read … write … have

= = = =

ß ß ß ß

áóäó áóäó áóäó áóäó

(áûòü) … ÷èòàòü … ïèñàòü … èìåòü/Ó ìåíÿ áóäåò …, è ò.ä.

ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓

ß/ìû ÁÓÄÓ/ÁÓÄÅÌ åñòü = I/we SHALL eat – àé/wè øÿë èèò ß/ìû ÏÎåì/ÏÎåäèì = ————————————————————————————————

NB ! ìîæåò åù¸ îáîçíà÷àòü è î÷åíü âåæëèâîå ïðèãëàøåíèå ê

“Shall we … ?”

äåéñòâèþ:

øÿë wè ãîó òóáýä äèý SHALL we + go to bed, dear? = Äàâàé, ïðèëÿæåì, äîðîãàÿ! = À íå ïðèëå÷ü ëè íàì, äîðîãîé? ———————————————————————————————— 324

Îí ÁÛ ïðèåõàë çàâòðà = He WOULD come tomorrow. õè wóä êàì òýìîðîó ↓ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë, È áåç “to” Îíà ÑÒÀËÀ ÁÛ èãð↓àòü, åñëè áû (îíà) èìåëà õîòü êàêèå-òî äåíüãè.

play if she had any She WOULD øüè wóä ïëýé èô øüè õæä ýíè = Îíà ÁÛ … = …, åñëè áû ó íå¸ áûëè …

money. ìàíè

ÍÀÌ* ìîæíî ïëàâàòü â ýòîì áàññåéíå öåëûé äåíü. WE* may swin in this pool all day long. wè ìýé ñwèì èí ðèñ ïóóë îîë äýé ëîíã ↓ = ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë, è áåç “to”

ÅÌÓ* ÁÛ ÑËÅÄÎÂÀËÎ íàâå↓ùàòü ñâîèõ ðîäèòåëåé êàæäóþ íåäåëþ. HE* SHOULD visit his parents every week. õè øþä âèçèò õèç ïýýðýíòñ ýâðè wèèê ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë = ↓ È áåç “to”

ÅÉ*

ÍÅ ÍÓÆÍÎ/ ÍÅ ÍÀÄÎ ðàññ↓òðàèâàòüñÿ! SHE* NEEDN’T be upset! øüè íèèäíò áèè àïñýò Ïî÷åìó + Why + wàé

ÈÌ* ÍÅ ÍÓÆÍÎ + óåçæàòü çàâòðà? NEEDN’T THEY* + leave tomorrow? íèèäíò ðýé ëèèâ òýìîðîó

* Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ÷åòûð¸õ ïîñëåäíèõ ïðèìåðàõ – â íèõ âìåñòî îáúåêòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ñóáúåêòíûå – – è òàê âñåãäà! Ñìîòðèòå 1-å «Áàçîâîå ïðàâèëî Äðàãóíêèíà» (ñòð. 329) ! ————————————————————————————————

325

ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ

è

ÎÒÐÈÖÀÍÈß

Îäíàêî, åñëè â âîïðîñå åñòü åù¸ è âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî èëè âûðàæåíèå,

ñ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÀÌÈ. Ýëåìåíòû è âîïðîñèòåëüíûå è îòðèöàòåëüíûå ÷àñòèöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷ëåíàìè îäíîé ãðóïïû – – ïîýòîìó èõ âìåñòå èñïîëüçîâàòü ÍÅËÜÇß

(= «ÂÇÀÈÌÎÍÅÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ») !!!

òî Ñ íåãî è íà÷èíàéòå âîïðîñ, à ýëåìåíò ñòàâüòå ÑÐÀÇÓ ÆÅ ÏÎÑËÅ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà: 1

ÊÎÃÄÀ

Êðîìå ýòîãî, âåäü ïîñëå ÷àñòèö äîëæíû èäòè ãëàãîëû, à

ýëåìåíòû – ýòî ÍÅ ãëàãîëû ...

1

ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÀÌÈ

âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ÷àñòèö !!!

 âîïðîñå Âû (òî÷íî êàê ïî-ðóññêè !!!) ïðîñòî ñòàâüòå ýëåìåíò â íà÷àëî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî åñòü íà÷èíàéòå âîïðîñ ñ ýëåìåíòà !!! Âû ìîæåòå âçÿòü ëþáîé èç «Óñòàíîâî÷íûõ ïðèìåðîâ» (ñòð. 323)

I* MAY

3

→

2

1

3

2

1

3

draw → MAY* I* draw? = ÌÎÆÍÎ* ìíå* ðèñîâàòü?

He MIGHT + comå → MIGHT he + come? = = ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÎ ëè, ÷òî îí ïðèä¸ò? 1 2 3 → 2 1 3 We MUST + pay → MUST we + pay? = ÄÎËÆÍÛ ìû + + çàïëàòèòü?

è ò. ä. – – òî åñòü Âû ïðîñòî –à 326

2

Ïðè îòðèöàíèè òîæå «ðàáîòàþò»

ÑÀÌÈ ýëåìåíòû,

è àíãëèéñêîå «ÍÅ(ò)» = “NOT” ëèáî ñëåäóåò ñðàçó æå ÇÀ ýëåìåíòîì, ëèáî ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ Ê íåìó â ñâîåé ñîêðàù¸ííîé ôîðìå “+N’T” – âîò è âñå!!!: Ìû ÍÅ ÄÎËÆÍÛ ïëàòèòü = We MUST NOT pay. wè ìàñò íîò ïýé

è ïðåâðàòèòü ëþáîé ïðèìåð â âîïðîñ: 2

3

CAN you + return my money? wýí êæí þó ðèòœœí ìàé ìàíè ————————————————————————————————

WHEN

ÁÅÇ «ïîìîùè»

1

3

Íî:

Ïîýòîìó è âîïðîñû, è îòðèöàíèÿ «äåëàþòñÿ»

ÑÀÌÈÌÈ

2

òû ñ/ÌÎÆÅØÜ + âåðíóòü ìîè äåíüãè?

ïåðâîå→ ñëîâî äåëàåòå→ âòîðûì, âòîðîå→ ïåðâûì …

Îí ÁÛ ÍÅ ïðèåõàë çàâòðà = He WOULDN’T come tomorrow. õè wóäíò êàì òýìîðîó Îíà ÍÅ ÑÒÀËÀ ÁÛ èãðàòü, åñëè áû (îíà) èìåëà õîòü êàêèå-òî äåíüãè. if she had any money. She WOULDN’T play øüè wóäíò ïëýé èô øüè õæä ýíè ìàíè ÅÌÓ* ÁÛ ÍÅ ÑËÅÄÎÂÀËÎ íàâåùàòü å¸ òàê ÷àñòî! HE* SHOULDN’T visit her so often! õè øþäíò âèçèò õœœ ñîó îôí ———————————————————————————————— * Ñìîòðèòå 1-å «Áàçîâîå ïðàâèëî Äðàãóíêèíà» (ñòð. 329) ! 327

NB 1.

Åñëè “NO´T” ñòîèò «öåëèêîì» (= íå «ñîêðàù¸ííî») è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îòäåëüíî,

òî ÓÄÀÐÅÍÈÅ ïàäàåò ÍÀ ÍÅÃÎ !!!; ———————————————————————————————— NB 2. ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ñ ó÷àñòèåì ýëåìåíòîâ ìîæíî çàäàâàòü è îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ôîðìàìè ýëåìåíòîâ: COULDN’T you + do this for me? êóäíò þó äóó ðèñ ôîî ìèè ÍÅ ÌÎà ÁÛ òû + ñäåëàòü ýòî äëÿ ìåíÿ? ———————————————————————————————— ÑÎÊÐÀÙ¨ÍÍÛÅ îòðèöàòåëüíûå ôîðìû ýëåìåíòîâ: CAN’T – êæíò, êààíò = íå ìîãó ..., íå óìåþ ...; ↑ – Òÿíóóóòü íóæíî îáÿçàòåëüíî!!! – êóäíò

= íå ìîã (áû) ..., íå óìåë ...; íå ñìîã (áû)..., íå ñóìåë (áû)...; = íåëüçÿ ...; MAYN’T – ìýéíò – ìàéòíò = íå ìîãëî ..., íå ìîæåò ...; MIGHTN’T – ìàñòíò = íå äîëæåí ...; MUSTN’T OUGHTN’T to – îîòíò òó = íå äîëæåí áûë áû ...; SHAN’T – øÿàíò = íå áóäó, íå áóäåì; WON’T* – wîóíò* = íå áóä... (îáî âñåõ); WOULDN’T – wóäíò = ... áû íå ..., íå ñòàë áû ..., áû íå ñòàë ...; = íå ñëåäîâàëî áû ..., SHOULDN’T – øþäíò íå ñëåäóåò ..., íå íóæíî (áûëî) áû ..., íå äîëæåí (áûë) áû ...

COULDN’T

* Çäåñü åñòü îäíà ìàëåíüêàÿ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ðóññêîãî óõà – – ñëîâî “won’t” – wîÓíò = «íå áóä… » äëÿ ìíîãèõ ðóññêèõ çâó÷èò èëè âûãëÿäèò î÷åíü ïîõîæå íà ñëîâî “want” – wîíò = «õîòåòü» – ïðîñòî áóäüòå âíèìàòåëüíåå, ýòî –

ðàçíûå

ñëîâà …:

I won’t want him to … = ß íå çàõî÷ó, ÷toáû îí … ———————————————————————————————— 328

3 1)

ÁÀÇÎÂÛÕ

«ÏÐÀÂÈËÀ ÄÐÀÃÓÍÊÈÍÀ»:

«Â ïðàâèëüíîì è ïîëíîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè

ÂÑÅÃÄÀ ïðèñóòñòâóåò ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ

(òî åñòü “òîò, êòî äåëàåò”).»

Ñóáúåêò ìîæåò îáîçíà÷àòüñÿ è ìåñòîèìåíèåì, íî ÒÎËÜÊÎ – êîíå÷íî æå! –

ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÌ (= I, you, he, she, it, we, they)”.

ÏÎÝÒÎÌÓ – ñîãëàñíî «Ïðàâèëó Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹1 (↑) – ñ ýëåìåíòàìè “may”, “should” è “needn’t” íóæíî/ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü òîëüêî àíãëèéñêèå ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÅ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ (õîòÿ, ãîâîðÿ ïî-ðóññêè, ìû â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïîëüçóåìñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè îáúåêòíûìè!): ÌÍÅ + ÌÎÆÍÎ + ïèòü ïèâî =→

+ MAY + drink beer. àé ìýé äðèíê áèý

I

↓ = «Åâîíóþ» (óòî÷íÿþò, ÷üþ?)

ÅÌÓ + ÑËÅÄÓÅÒ + ïîìûòü ñâîþ ìàøèíó. HE + SHOULD + wash his car. êàà õè øþä wîøü õèç ÍÀÌ + ÍÅ ÍÓÆÍÎ + óåçæàòü =→

WE wè

+ NEEDN’T + leave. íèèäíò ëèèâ

Òî åñòü çäåñü òîæå ñóùåñòâóåò îáÿçàòåëüíîå ïîñòîÿííîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå ìåæäó íàøèìè îáúåêòíûìè, è «èõíèìè» ñóáúåêòíûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè! Òî åñòü ↓ Ðóññêèå … ïåðåõîäÿò â→ Àíãëèéñêèå …:

Ìíå Òåáå Åìó Åé

õî÷åòñÿ õî÷åòñÿ õî÷åòñÿ õî÷åòñÿ

=→ =→ =→ =→

I You He She

want. want. wants. wants. 329

Åìó/åé (î æóêå) Íàì õî÷åòñÿ Âàì õî÷åòñÿ Èì õî÷åòñÿ 2)

It We You They

=→ =→ =→ =→

wants. want. want. want;

«Â ïðàâèëüíîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè

ÂÑÅÃÄÀ ïðèñóòñòâóåò ÃËÀÃÎË

â ëþáîé ôîðìå»

(ñì. òàêæå ñòð. 337).

ÏÎÝÒÎÌÓ – ñîãëàñíî «Ïðàâèëó Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹2 (↑) – ïî-àíãëèéñêè íóæíî ãîâîðèòü «ïîëíîñòüþ»: Ìû + ÍÀÕÎÄÈÌÑß + â ëåñó (à ÍÅ «Ìû – â ëåñó»)! We + ARE + … 1+2 1 Ìû + ÁÓÄÅÌ + òàì = We + WILL Ýëåìåíò↑

↑ Ãëàãîë

– è òîëüêî òàê !!!

Ïîòîìó ÷òî ãëàãîë îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, à âåäü “will” – ÍÅ ãëàãîë, à ýëåìåíò !!!; ————————————————————————————————

3) «Íà íàâåøåííîå

–

íå íàâåøèâàé !!!».

Òî åñòü, åñëè Âû óæå ïðèáàâèëè ê ñëîâó îäíî îêîí÷àíèå, òî áîëüøå ê ýòîìó ñëîâó ïðèáàâëÿòü óæå ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ÍÅËÜÇß !!! (Íî ê ýòîìó ïðàâèëó åñòü 3 «äîïîëíåíèÿ» – ñì. ñòð. 352 è 354). Ýòî «Ïðàâèëî ¹3» î÷åíü ñèëüíî ïîìîæåò Âàì ïðè ðàáîòå ñî «ñòåïåíÿìè ñðàâíåíèÿ» (ñòð. 394). ———————————————————————————————— 330

ÍÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÍÈÅ. Áóäóùåå âðåìÿ âñåõ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ýëåìåíòî⠓will” è “shall”: I + SHALL stay + here in any case! àé øÿë ñòýé õèý èí ýíè êýéñ ß + ÎÑÒÀÍÓÑÜ + çäåñü â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå! She + WILL be + there. ðýý øüè wèë áèè Îíà + ÁÓÄÅÒ + òàì. ———————————————————————————————— ÕÈÒÐÎÓÌÍÎÑÒÜ ÀÍÃËÎßÇÛ×ÍÛÕ.

«ÎÁÕÎÄ»

çàêîíîâ «ÂÇÀÈÌÎÍÅÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈß»

è/ëè «ÂÇÀÈÌÎÂÛÒÅÑÍÅÍÈß» ýëåìåíòîâ.

2

BE + there

————————————————————————————————

Èç ñêàçàííîãî íà ñòð. 304 ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ïî-àíãëèéñêè ÿêîáû íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, íàïðèìåð, «Ñìîãó», òàê êàê ïîêàçàòåëè/ îáðàçîâàòåëè áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè = ýëåìåíòû “will” è “shall” – òàê æå êàê è ñëîâà, íàïðèìåð, “can” = «ìî÷ü», “may” = «ìîæíî» è “must” = «äîëæåí» – ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷ëåíàìè îäíîé ãðóïïû = ýëåìåíòàìè, è ïîýòîìó

äðóã ñ äðóãîì ÍÅ ñî÷åòàþòñÿ !

Aíãëîÿçû÷íûå ñàìè çàãíàëè ñåáÿ â òóïèê – – íî ñàìè æå è íàøëè èç íåãî ïðîñòîé è ãåíèàëüíûé âûõîä! Îíè ïðîñòî ïðåâðàòèëè â→

5

4

íóæíûõ èì ýëåìåíòà

ãëàãîëîâ,

òî åñòü «ñîòâîðèëè» äëÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ñèíîíèìû èëè «âûðàæåíèÿ-äóáë¸ðû» (êîòîðûå íóæíî çàïîìíèòü «öåëèêîì»)! 331

ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ «ÏÐÅÂÐÀÙÅÍÈÉ». ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ → ÃËÀÃÎËÛ: 1) CAN

2) MAY

= ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß:

→ BE able to ... áèè ýéáë òó ...

= ÌÎ×Ü, ÓÌÅÒÜ

→ BE allowed to ... áèè ýëàóä òó ...

= ÌÎÆÍÎ ...

~

Ñëîâà = ÔÎÐÌÛ ãëàãîëà “BE” – áèè = = «áûòü», «ÿâëÿòüñÿ»; «íàõîäèòüñÿ» (¹¹ 123-127), îáÿçàòåëüíûå äëÿ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ â àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ (+ ñòð. 337):

AM

2 «à») MAY NO´T BE NO´T allowed to ... áèè íîò ýëàóä òó 3) MUST

ÂÛÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ !!!

ARE –

àà

= ÍÅËÜÇß ...

→ HAVE to ... – õæâ òó ...= ÄÎËÆÅÍ ... → BE to ... – áèè òó ...

– æì

= ÄÎËÆÅÍ ...

IS

– èç

↑ Ôîðìàìè “be” è “have” áóäåì

âî âñåõ ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïîêàçûâàòü âðåìÿ !

4) NEEDN’T → Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t NEED to …

WAS* wîç

↑ Ýòèìè ÷àñòèöàìè ìû ïîêàçûâàåì ÂÐÅÌß

WERE* wœœ

NB! Îáðàòèòå îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà äâå ïåðâûå «çàìåíû» – – â íèõ àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ôàêòè÷åñêè

âìåñòî

«ìî÷ü» ãîâîðÿò «áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè …» (= “be able to …”),

à

âìåñòî

«ìîæíî» ãîâîðÿò «áûòü ðàçðåø¸ííûì …» (= “be allowed to …”). ↑

Èçìåíÿåìàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ !!! ———————————————————————————————— 332

= (ÿ) åñòü, ÿâëÿþñü, íàõîæóñü – óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî c “I”; = åñòü, ÿâëÿåøüñÿ, íàõîäèøüñÿ; – óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ åñòü, ÿâëÿåìñÿ, íàõîäèìñÿ; åñòü, ÿâëÿåòåñü, íàõîäèòåñü; “you”, “we”, “they” åñòü, ÿâëÿþòñÿ, íàõîäÿòñÿ; èëè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ìíîæåñòâåí. ÷èñëå; = åñòü, ÿâëÿåòñÿ, íàõîäèòñÿ – óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ “he”, “she”, “it” èëè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå; = áûë, ÿâëÿëñÿ, íàõîäèëñÿ – óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ “I”, “he”, “she”, “it”, èëè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå; = áûëè, ÿâëÿëèñü, íàõîäèëèñü – óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ “you”, “we”, “they” èëè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå;

= áóäó/áóäåøü/áóäåò/áóäåì/áóäåòå/áóäóò ÿâëÿòüñÿ/ íàõîäèòüñÿ; áóäó/áóäåøü/áóäåò/áóäåì/áóäåòå/áóäóò êåì-òî, ÷åì-òî èëè ãäå-òî. Óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè è ñóáúåêòàìè.

WILL BE wèë

áèè

* Ñëîâà “was” è “were” ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàê íàçûâàåìûìè «2-ìè ôîðìàìè» = «ôîðìàìè ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè» àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà “be” = «áûòü». 333

Òåïåðü (òî åñòü ïîñëå «ïðåâðàùåíèÿ») ýòè áûâøèå ýëåìåíòû (âåðíåå, èõ ñèíîíèìû) ìîãóò èçìåíÿòüñÿ è èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òàê, êàê Âàì/íàì ýòî íóæíî è ãäå Âàì/íàì ýòî íóæíî, ïîòîìó ÷òî â íèõ ïîÿâèëàñü/åñòü èçìåíÿåìàÿ ÷àñòü = = ãëàãîëû “BE” è “HAVE”!

ß + äîëæåí

ÁÛËÎ

+ ïëàâàòü = I + àé

2

1

WAS

ÁÛË + óåõàòü

wîç ↑

+ allowed TO + swim. ýëàóä òó ñwèì

= I + HAD TO + leave – ëèèâ ↑ Êàê âèäèòå, 2-ìè ôîðìàìè ãëàãîëî⠓be” è “have” ìû ïîêàçûâàåì ÂÐÅÌß äåéñòâèÿ ↑ !!! (2-å ôîðìû = ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ!).

Ýòè «íîâûå» ãëàãîëû

ìîãóò

ñàìè

(íî

íå

èõ ôîðìû)

ê òîìó æå ñïîêîéíî

1

ñî÷åòàòüñÿ

2

1

Åìó + He + õè

ÁÓÄÅÒ +

ÁÛ WOULD wóä

Ýëåìåíò =

↑

1

2

óåõàòü = He + WILL + HAVE to + leave. õæâ òó ëèèâ õè wèë

= ÍÅèçìåí¸ííûé ãëàãîë =

↑

———————————————————————————————— 334

“ÂÅ” – áèè = «áûòü», «ÿâëÿòüñÿ», «íàõîäèòüñÿ», “HAVE” – õæâ = «èìåòü», à “BE to” / “HAVE to” = «... äîëæåí ...». Âûó÷èòå ÔÎÐÌÛ ãëàãîë⠓be” è “have”,

ïî «âðåìåíàì», Âû è áóäåòå ïîêàçûâàòü ÂÐÅÌß:

ñãðóïïèðîâàííûå ìíîþ

————————————————————————————————

ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè

(= 2-å ôîðìû !!!):

2

+ ÐÀÇÐÅØÈËÈ + ïîïëàâàòü, åñëè áû ... + BE ALLOWED TO + swim if ... áèè ýëàóä òó ñwèì èô ... ↑

AÌ TO go – àé æì òó ãîó

“What + AM I TO + do?” = «×òî + ÿ ÄÎËÆÅÍ + äåëàòü?» – æì àé òó äóó wîò – îáðå÷¸ííî ñïðàøèâàåò Kurt Russel â àìåðèêàíñêîì ôèëüìå «Ðåøåíèå óíè÷òîæèòü»:

Äëÿ

ß + Ñìîãó + áåãàòü = I + WILL + BE able TO + run. áèè ýéáë òó ðàí àé wèë Îí + äîëæåí

ÄOËÆÅÍ èäòè = I

òàê êàê èìåííî èìè

ñ ËÞÁÛÌ ýëåìåíòîì: 1+2

òî ÎÁÀ ýòèõ ãëàãîëà íà÷èíàþò çíà÷èòü «ÄÎËÆÅÍ» !!!:

ß

2

Ìíå + ìîæíî

åñëè ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ “have” è “be” ìû ïîñòàâèì ÷àñòèöó “to” – òó,

Îí ÄÎËÆÅÍ èäòè = He HAS TO go – õè õæç òó ãîó

ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ: 1

À î «ïðåâðàùåíèÿõ» ¹3 (ñòð. 332) ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è òàê:

WAS/ WERE; HAD; wîç wœœ õæä ———————————————————————————————— Äëÿ

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè:

AM / IS / ARE; HAVE/ HAS; æì èç àà õæâ õæç ———————————————————————————————— Äëÿ

ÁÓÄÓÙÅÃÎ

âðåìåíè:

WILL BE; WILL HAVE. wèë õæâ wèë áèè ———————————————————————————————— 335

Âîò ýòèìè-òî ôîðìàìè ↑ (Ñ ïðèáàâëåííîé ÷àñòèöåé “to” – òó) Âû è áóäåòå ïîêàçûâàòü,

ÊÎÃÄÀ à òàêæå èëè

ìû «ÄÎËÆÍÛ ...», «ÁÛËÈ ÄÎËÆÍÛ ...» èëè «ÁÓÄÅÌ ÄÎËÆÍÛ ...»,

ÊÎÃÄÀ ÊÎÃÄÀ

ìû « Ñ-ìîæåì» «íàì ÁÓÄÅÒ ìîæíî» !!!

ËÅÍÒßÉÑÊÎÅ ÏÐÀÂÈËÎ ¹2 (= Áàçîâîå «Ïðàâèëî Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹2) ãëàñèò, ÷òî  ÊÀÆÄÎÌ ïðàâèëüíîì è ïîëíîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëoæåíèè (â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ) íàëè÷èå ËÞÁÎÃÎ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ â ëþáîé ôîðìå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíåéøèì !!!

åäèíñòâåííàÿ è î÷åíü âàæíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ýòèõ ôîðì !!!

(È ãëàãîëà “BE” èëè – âåðíåå, åãî ôîðì – ÒÎÆÅ !

————————————————————————————————

Òî åñòü àíãëîãîâîðÿùèé ÍÅ ñêàçàë áû, íàïðèìåð:

Ýòî è åñòü

ÏÎÄÑÊÀÇÊÀ. Òàì, ãäå â «çàìåíèòåëå» åñòü

“be” – çàìåíÿéòå åãî

ôîðìû

(am, is, are, was, were, will be), òàì æå, ãäå â «çàìåíèòåëå» åñòü

“have”

(“must” = “have to”),

áåãàéòå «ïî âðåìåíàì» ôîðìàìè “have”

Îí ÷òî, õóæå äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ, ÷òî ëè?).

«ß â ëåñó!». Îí îáÿçàòåëüíî ñêàçàë áû «öåëèêîì»: «ß ÍÀÕÎÆÓÑÜ â ëåñó» = “I AM in the forest”. àé æì èí ðý ôîðèñò Áóêâàëüíî: «ß ÅÑÒÜ â ëåñó» –

(have, has, had, will have) !!! ————————————————————————————————

– è ÒÎËÜÊÎ òàê !!! ————————————————————————————————

Àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë “to + be” – òàê æå, êàê è åãî ðóññêèé ñîáðàò = = ãëàãîë «áû +òü» (= «ïîõîæåñòü íàîáîðîò !») – îáîçíà÷àåò

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ/ÎÁÐÀÇÖÛ

ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ÷åëîâåêà èëè ïðåäìåòà â ýòîì ìèðå (íå âàæíî – ñîöèàëüíîå, òî åñòü «ÊÒÎ ýòîò ...?», èëè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå – òî åñòü «ÃÄÅ ýòîò ...?»), à òàêæå ïåðåäà¸ò åãî ÑÓÒÜ – – ñóòü ëèöà, ïðåäìåòà, ïîíÿòèÿ èëè ÿâëåíèÿ.  ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íàëè÷èå ãëàãîëà (â òîì ÷èñëå è ãëàãîëà «áûòü») íå âñåãäà îáÿçàòåëüíî (íàïðèìåð: «ß – êðàñèâà» èëè «ß – â ëåñó» – ãäå òóò ãëàãîëû?). Òîãäà êàê (âñïîìíèòå!) 336

(è ïîìíèì, ÷òî äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû «óáåæàòü» îò «àðòèêëÿ», ìîæíî/íóæíî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè èëè ïåðåä èõ îïðåäåëåíèÿìè óïîòðåáëÿòü îäèí èç 18 «îñòàëüíûõ» îïðåäåëèòåëåé): Ýòî – ïîëíûå è ïðàâèëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òàê êàê â íèõ åñòü è ãëàãîë, è îïðåäåëèòåëü !!!

↓ ß – √ òîò áåëûé ñëîí = I AM àé æÌ Îíà – √ íàøà ìàòü = She IS øüè ÈÇ

↓ that white elephant. ðæò wàéò ýëèôýíò our mother. àóý ìàðý

337

Âû – ÍÅ ÷¸ðíûå êîøêè = You ARE + NO black cats. þó ÀÀ ÍÎÓ áëæê êæòñ ß/îí/îíà/îíî ÁÛË/-à/-î òàì = I/he/she/it WAS there – ðýý Ìû/âû/îíè/êîøêè ÁÛËÈ òàì = We/you/they/cats WERE there. ß/òû/îí/îíà/îíî/ìû/âû/îíè/ñëîíû ÁÓÄÓÒ òàì = = ... WILL BE there. ↑Ãëàãîë Ýëåìåíò↑ ———————————————————————————————— ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ è ÎÒÐÈÖÀÍÈß «äåëàþòñÿ»

ÑÀÌÈÌÈ ôîðìàìè

ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ

ñ ó÷àñòèåì ôîðì “be” ìîæíî çàäàâàòü è îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ôîðìàìè “be”:

“ISN’T she lovely?” = «(Ðàçâå) Îíà ÍÅ ( åñòü) õîðîøåíüêàÿ?». èçíò øüè ëàâëè (Èç ïåñíè Ñòèâè Óàíäýðà). ————————————————————————————————

NB! Îäíàêî, åñëè â âîïðîñå åñòü åù¸ è âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî èëè âûðàæåíèå,

ãëàãîëà “be” –

à

– ÁÅÇ ó÷àñòèÿ

ÑÐÀÇÓ ÆÅ ÏÎÑËÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÑËÎÂÀ:

âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ÷àñòèö. Êðîìå ýòîãî, âåäü ïîñëå ÷àñòèö äîëæíû èäòè ñàìè íåèçìåí¸ííûå ãëàãîëû, à ÍÅ èõ ôîðìû ... ————————————————————————————————  ÂÎÏÐÎÑÅ Âû ïðîñòî ñòàâüòå

ôîðìó

“be” â íà÷àëî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî åñòü C íå¸ è íà÷èíàéòå âîïðîñ !!!

Âû ìîæåòå âçÿòü ëþáîé èç «Óñòàíîâî÷íûõ ïðèìåðîâ» (↑) è ïðåâðàòèòü ëþáîé ïðèìåð â→ âîïðîñ: 1

→

2

2

1

I AM that white elephant

→

AM I that white elephant?

You ARE + NO black cats

→

ARE you NO black cats?

I/he/she/it WAS there

→

WAS ... there?

We/you/they/cats WERE there!

→

WERE ... there?

1

2

3

... WILL BE there! ↑ Ëþáîé ñóáúåêò/ìåñòîèìåíèå 338

C íåãî è íà÷èíàéòå âîïðîñ, ôîðìó “be” (ëþáóþ) ñòàâüòå

òî èìåííî

→

2

1

3

WILL ... BE there?

1

2

WHO õóó

+ ARE you? àà þó

WHERE + IS this tree? wýý èç ðèñ òðèè

1

2

= ÊÒÎ + (ÅÑÒÜ) òû? = ÃÄÅ + ÍÀÕÎÄÈÒÑß ýòî äåðåâî?

WHEN + WAS she there? = ÊÎÃÄÀ + ÁÛËÀ îíà òàì? wîç øüè ðýý wýí ———————————————————————————————— Ïðè

ÎÒÐÈÖÀÍÈÈ

òîæå «ðàáîòàþò» ÑÀÌÈ ôîðìû “be”,

è àíãëèéñêîå «ÍÅ(ò)» = “NOT” ëèáî ñëåäóåò ñðàçó æå ÇÀ ôîðìîé “be” («öåëèêîì»), ëèáî ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ Ê íåé â ñâîåé ñîêðàù¸ííîé ôîðìå “+N’T” – âîò è âñ¸ !!! Âîò ñïèñîê ÑÎÊÐÀÙ¨ÍÍÛÕ ôîðì ãëàãîëî⠓be” è “have”, â òîì ÷èñëå è â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå “Not” ïîñëå “am” âñåãäà ñòàâèòñÿ îòäåëüíî è öåëèêîì: I’m not – àéì íîò = ß íå ÿâëÿþñü ..., ß íå íàõîæóñü ...): 339

Ïîýòîìó, åñëè ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ïåðåä ÅÃÎ îïðåäåëåíèÿìè Âû ïîñòàâèëè “NO”,

You’re not þóð íîò

→

You aren’t þó ààíò

= Òû/âû – íå ...

He’s not õèç íîò

→

He isn’t õè èçíò

= Îí – íå ...

She’s not øüèç íîò

→

She isn’t øüè èçíò

= Îíà – íå ...

It’s not èòñ íîò

→

It isn’t èò èçíò

= Îíî – íå ...

We’re not wèð íîò

→

We aren’t wè ààíò

= Ìû – íå ...

è äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îïÿòü æå «óáåæàòü» îò «àðòèêëÿ»,

They’re not ðýéð íîò

→

They aren’t ðýé ààíò

= Îíè – íå ...

è äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû î÷åíü óêðàñèòü è èíòåíñèôèöèðîâàòü Âàøå àíãëîâûñêàçûâàíèå:

... was not wîç íîò

→

... wasn’t wîçíò

= ... íå áûë ...

... were not wœœ íîò

→

... weren’t wœœíò

= ... íå áûëè ...

... have not õæâ íîò

→

... haven’t õæâíò

= Ó ... íåò ...

... has not õæç íîò

→

... hasn’t õæçíò

= Ó ... íåò ...

... had not õæä íîò

→

... hadn’t õæäíò

= Ó ... íå áûëî ...

... will not have wèë íîò õæâ

→

... won’t have wîóíò õæâ

She is NOT ugly! = Îíà ÍÅ ñòðàøíàÿ! øüè èç íîò àãëè ————————————————————————————————

= Ó ... íå áóäåò ...

ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÎ×ÍÛÉ ÒÅÊÑÒ ¹3

òî íèêàêèì äðóãèì

îòðèöàíèÿì ìåñòà

óæå

íåò !!!

Åñëè æå Âû ðåøèëè èñïîëüçîâàòü áîëåå óíèâåðñàëüíîå “NOT”/“+N’T” (â ëþáîé åãî ôîðìå ←, â òîì ÷èñëå è, íàïðèìåð, â ñëîâå÷êàõ “isn’t”, “don’t” è ò. ï.), òî ðåêîìåíäóþ è çäåñü âñàíäàëèòü çàìå÷àòåëüíîå “ANY”,

ß – ÍÅ (ÿâëÿþñü) ìîøåííèê(-îì)! I’M NO crook! = I AM NOT + ANY crook! – êðóê ↑ = ÍÈÊÀ↑ÊÎÉ ÿ ÍÅ ìîøåííèê! “NOT” ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïåðåä ðàçíûìè ÷àñòÿìè ðå÷è: I’m NOT there! = ß ÍÅ òàì! àéì íîò ðýý

(âñåãî ÷åðåç 55 ìèíóò ïîñëå íà÷àëà ÷òåíèÿ!): Ïîìíèì òîëüêî, ÷òî

äâóõ îòðèöàíèé â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè áûòü ÍÅ ÌÎÆÅÒ !!!

340

ß ÍÅ ÌÎÃÓ ðàáîòàòü äîìà,

I CANNOT work at home àé êæíîò wœœê æòõîóì

ïîòîìó ÷òî

because áèêîîç

Ó ÌÅÍß ÍÅÒ + êîìïüþòåðà.

I HAVE NO + computer. àé õæâ íîó êýìïúþóòý 341

Âîò ïî÷åìó + ÿ ÄÎËÆÅÍ

That is why + I HAVE TO ðæò èç wàé àé õæâ òó

ðàáîòàòü â íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå,

work in our library, wœœê èí àóý ëàéáðýðè

ãäå ÌÍÅ ÐÀÇÐÅØÅÍÎ (= ÌÎÆÍÎ)

where I’M ALLOWED TO ýëàóä òó wýý àéì

ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ èõ êîìïüþòåðîì.

use their computer. þóç ðýý êýìïúþóòý

Ìíå + ÑËÅÄÎÂÀËÎ ÁÛ

I + SHOULD àé øþä

â êîòîðîì ÂÐÅÌß, ÊÎÃÄÀ ÷òî-òî «èìååòñÿ/áûëî/ëåæàëî/ñòîÿëî/âèñåëî» ïîêàçûâàåòñÿ – åñòåñòâåííî !!! – ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà

“be” !!!

(Ïðè÷¸ì â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïåðâîå ñëîâî “there” íå èñêëþ÷àåò åù¸ îäíî “there” â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ) ! ————————————————————————————————

ÇÀÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ !!!  íà÷àëå

 êîíöå

Òàì √ ìíîãî ëþäåé = There is + a lot of people + there. ðýý èç ýëîò îâ ïèèïë ðýý

çàðàáîòàòü íåìíîãî äåíåã,

make some money ìýéê ñàì ìàíè

÷ÒÎáû êóïèòü ëþáîé êîìïüþòåð,

TO buy any computer, òó áàé ýíè êýìïúþóòý

íî + äo ñèõ ïîð

but + until now áàò àíòèë íàó

ÿ + íå Ñ/ÌÎÃ

I + COULDN’T àé êóäíò

3 1 2 → 1 2 3 Íà ñòîëå + ëåæèò + êîøêà = There is + a cat + on the table. ðýý èç ýêæò îíðýòýéáë

íàéòè ÍÈÊÀÊÎÉ

find ANY ôàéíä ýíè

Íà ñòîëå + ÍÅÒ + êîøêè = There is NO + cat + on the table. There isn’t ANY + cat + on the table.

ïðèëè÷íîé ðàáîòû.

decent job. äèèñíò äæü¸á

————————————————————————————————

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ I. Àíãëîÿçû÷íûå íå ãîâîðÿò « …åñòü», «… ëåæèò», «… ñòîèò» èëè «… âèñèò» â ñìûñëå «… èìååòñÿ …»! Âìåñòî ýòîãî «îíè» èñïîëüçóþò ïîñòîÿííûé îáîðîò 1

2

“There + is/are/was/were/will be ðýý 342

Âðåìÿ !

3

4

+ ÷òî-òî + òàì-òî”,

 íà÷àëå

 êîíöå

Òàì + ÍÈêîãî ÍÅÒ = There is NOBODY + there. ðýý ðýý èç íîóáîäè

Òàì + ñòîÿë + áîëüøîé êîìïüþòåð. There was + a big computer + there. wîç ýáèã êýìïúþóòý ðýý ðýý Âî äâîðå + áûëî (= «èìåëîñü») + ìíîãî ñîáàê = = There were + many dogs + in the yard. ðýý wœœ ìýíè äîãç èíðýÿàä Çàâòðà + â ìîèõ êàðìàíàõ + áóäåò + ìíîãî äåíåã = = There will be + a lot of money + in my pockets + tomorrow. ðýý wèë áèè ýëîò îâ ìàíè èí ìàé ïîêèòñ òýìîðîó ———————————————————————————————— 343

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ II.

4. «ÏÐÈÇÅÌËÅÍÈÅ».

Ñåé÷àñ Âû ïîñêëàäûâàåòå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà, ðåçêî óâåëè÷èâ ïðè ýòîì ñâîé ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ: +BODY +ONE Êàæäûé = EVERY+ +THING ýâðè +TIME +WHERE

{

+PLACE

=→ =→ =→ =→ =→

ýâðèáîäè = ýâðèwàí = ýâðèèèíã = ýâðè òàéì = ýâðèwýý =

儁 儁 儬

ÊÀÆÄÛÉ ÐÀÇ

ÂÅÇÄÅ, ïîâñþäó =→ ýâðèïëýéñ = ÂÅÇÄÅ (àìåðèêàíèçì)

È: Íåêèé = SOME+

{

+BODY +ONE +THING +TIMES +WHERE +PLACE

ÊÒÎ-ÒÎ ÊÒÎ-ÒÎ ×ÒÎ-ÒÎ ÈÍÎÃÄÀ ÃÄÅ-ÒÎ, ÊÓÄÀ-ÒÎ =→ ñàìïëýéñ = ÃÄÅ-ÒÎ, ÊÓÄÀ-ÒÎ

=→ =→ =→ =→ =→

ñàìáîäè ñàìwàí ñàìèèíã ñàìòàéìç ñàìwýý

= = = = =

1) Ñîñòàâíûå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà ñ “Some-” èìåþò ïî-ðóññêè åù¸ è ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ñî ñëîâîì «-íèáóäü»: «êòî-íèáóäü», «÷òî-íèáóäü», «ãäå-íèáóäü/ êóäà-íèáóäü» !!!; 2) Ñëîâà ñ “-one” ãîðàçäî áîëåå äåòàëèçèðîâàíû, è èìåþò îòòåíîê «êàæäûé èç …»; 3) Ñëîâà ñ “-place” – ïëýéñ ÿâëÿþòñÿ àìåðèêàíèçìàìè. ———————————————————————————————— ÏÐÈÌÅÐ: “EVERYBODY + loves my body now ...”. ýâðèáîäè ëàâç ìàé áîäè íàó «ÂÑÅ òåïåðü ëþáÿò ìî¸ òåëî ...» (ñòðî÷êà èç àìåðèêàíñêîé ïåñíè). 344

(×åòâ¸ðòûé ýòàï – 15 ìèíóò). Âû óæå çíàåòå 3 “+(e)S” – íî ðàç â àíãëèéñêîì åñòü (âñåãî ëèøü!) 10 ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ îêîí÷àíèé (ñòð. 401-402), òî – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – ïîñëå «òð¸õ» äîëæíî áûòü è

×ÅÒ¨ÐÒÎÅ ÎÊÎÍ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ýòî îêîí÷àíèå ñàìî ïî ñåáå î÷åíü Âàì ïîëåçíî, òàê êàê è îíî ñ ìèíèìàëüíåéøèìè òðóäîçàòðàòàìè ñàìî´ çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èâàåò Âàø ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ ... Ïðèáàâüòå Ê êîíöó ãëàãîëà ýòî

4-å îêîí÷àíèå = “+(e)D”

(ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ è êàê «-èä», è êàê «-ä», è êàê «-ò» – – íî íåòî÷íîñòü ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ íå âëèÿåò íà ïîíèìàíèå), è Âû ïîëó÷èòå

2

ðåçóëüòàòà:

1) Tàê íàçûâàåìóþ «2-þ ôîðìó» ãëàãîëà, òî åñòü ôîðìó ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ýòîãî æå ãëàãîëà – çíà÷èò, òàêèì îáðàçîì Âû ïîñòàâèòå ýòîò ãëàãîë→ â→ ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ: punish → punisheD = íàêàçàòü → íàêàç(ûâ)àË. ïàíèøüÒ ïàíèøü  àíãëèéñêîì åñòü íåñêîëüêî âîçìîæíîñòåé ñêàçàòü î ÷¸ìíèáóäü â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ïîýòîìó èìåííî ýòó «2-þ ôîðìó» (= “+(å)D” èëè ñëîâî èç 2-ãî ñòîëáèêà «Òàáëèöû íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ», î êîòîðîé ïðî÷ò¸òå íèæå) ÿ ðåêîìåíäóþ óïîòðåáëÿòü òîãäà, êîãäà Âû ìîæåòå óêàçàòü,

êîãäà

â ïðîøëîì ýòî äåéñòâèå ïðîèçîøëî/ñîñòîÿëîñü –

– îñîáåííî ïîñëå «óêàçóþùèõ ñëîâ» òèïà: â÷åðà = yesterdày – åñòýäýé ïîçàâ÷åðà = the day before yesterday – ðýäýé áèôîî åñòýäýé 345

íåäàâíî = recently – ðèèñíòëè â 2005 ãîäó = in the year 2005 – èí ðý éèý 2005 (â) ïîñëåäíèé ðàç = last – ëààñò (â) ïðîøëûé ðàç = last time – ëààñò òàéì â ïðîøëóþ ïÿòíèöó = last Friday – ëààñò ôðàéäè â ïðîøëîå Ðîæäåñòâî = last Christmas – ëààñò êðèñìýñ íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå = last week – ëààñò wèèê â ïðîøëîì ìåñÿöå = last month – ëààñò ìàíè ïðîøëîé âåñíîé = last spring – ëààñò ñïðèíã â ïðîøëîì ãîäó = last year – ëààñò éèý ïðîøëîé îñåíüþ = last autumn (àíãë.) – ëààñò îîòýì = last fall (àìåðèê.) – ëæñò ôîîë 5 ìèíóò íàçàä = 5 minutes ago – ôàéâ ìèíèòñ ýãîó Ïîñëå âñåõ ýòèõ ↑ ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé (åñëè îíè íå ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ êàêèìè-ëèáî äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè «óòî÷íåíèÿìè» òèïà «âåñü äåíü» = “all day long” – îîë äýé ëîíã, êîòîðûå «óâîäÿò» íàñ â «ïðîöåññ» – óâèäèòå!) Âû äîëæíû èñïîëüçîâàòü èìåííî 2-þ ôîðìó ãëàãîëà (= “+(å)D” èëè èç «Òàáëèöû»). ———————————————————————————————— 2 ÍÓÆÍÅÉØÈÅ ÂÐÅÇÊÈ: à) Êðîìå ýòîãî, «2-þ ôîðìó» ãëàãîëà (= “+(e)D” èëè èç «Òàáëèöû») Âû äîëæíû – íå äóìàÿ íè î ÷¸ì! – èñïîëüçîâàòü ïîñëå ñëîâå÷êà “IF” – èô â åãî çíà÷åíèè «Åñëè ÁÛ ...» (îíî Âàì, êñòàòè, óæå â ïðèìåðàõ âñòðå÷àëîñü!). ÑÌÎÒÐÈÒÅ ! ÒÎ×ÍÎ ÊÀÊ ÏÎ-ÐÓÑÑÊÈ: ÅÑËÈ ÅÑËÈ

346

ÁÛ ÁÛ

ÿ ðèñîâàË

= IF I paintED – èô àé ïýéíòÈÄ

ÿ ÁÛË òàì = IF I WERE there – èô àé Wœœ ðýý ↑ Ïîñëå “if” ↓ → → â åãî çíà÷åíèè «åñëè áû» → èç âñåõ ôîðì ãëàãîëà “be” èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òîëüêî ôîðìà “were”.

+

ß áû âûïèë âîäêè, ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ + îíà ó ìåíÿ ÁÛËÀ. I would drink vodka IF + I HAD it. àé wóä äðèíê âîäêà ÈÔ àé ÕæÄ èò ↑ = 2-ÿ ôîðìà!

Áóêâàëüíî: ..., ÅÑËÈ ÁÛ + ÿ ÈÌÅË å¸ (ÍÅ æåíùèíó = “it”!). ————————————————————————————————

NB ! Åù¸ “IF” çíà÷èò ïðîñòî

«ÅÑËÈ»

–

– è êîãäà ÂÛ çàõîòèòå óïîòðåáèòü “if” â ýòîì åãî çíà÷åíèè, òî ïîñëå íåãî ìîæåòå ñïîêîéíî ñòàâèòü îáû÷íîå äëÿ ìåñòîèìåíèé “I” è “He” ñëîâî “WAS” (= âñ¸ ðàâíî 2-ÿ ôîðìà!): ÅÑËÈ + ÿ ÁÛË òàì, ... = IF + I WAS there ... – èô àé wîç ðýý á) Ïîñëå “if” äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè

ÍÅËÜÇß èñïîëüçîâàòü ýëåìåíòû “will” è “shall”, ïîýòîìó ïîñëå “if” äàæå äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ïðîñòî ñòàâüòå ãëàãîë â íóæíîé ôîðìå âðåìåíè íàñòîÿùåãî: ÅÑËÈ ìû ÇÀÏËÀÒÈÌ, … = IF we PAY … èô wè ïýé ÅÑËÈ îí(Ñ) ÏÐÈÅÄÅÒ, … = IF he comeS …; èô õè êàìÇ ————————————————————————————————

ÂÀÆÍÎÎÎ ! 2) Ëèáî, ïðèáàâèâ òî æå ñàìîå îêîí÷àíèå “+(e)D”, Âû ïîëó÷àåòå, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, òî æå ñàìîå àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî – – íî ýòî óæå «3-ÿ ôîðìà» ãëàãîëà = ÏÀÑÑÈÂÍÎÅ îïðåäåëåíèå, 347

è ýòî óæå áóäåò íå òîò, ÊÒÎ ÷òî-òî «ñäåëàë», à òîò, ÊÎÃÎ «ñäåëàëè» – – òî åñòü òîò, Ñ ÊÅÌ ÷òî-òî «ñäåëàëè» èëè «äåëàþò»: repair → repairED ðèïýý ðèïýýÄ

=

÷èíèòü → ïî÷èíÅÍ/-íûé, ïî÷èíÿÅÌûé.

Ýòî îêîí÷àíèå “+D” î÷åíü áëèçêî ðóññêîìó «-Ò-» â ïîíÿòíûõ âñåì ñëîâàõ òèïà «ïîêóñàÒ/ûé», «ïîëîìàÒ/ûé», «ïîöàðàïàÒ/ûé», «ïîöåëîâàÒ/ûé», è ò.ä. Ïðè÷¸ì, åñëè ðóññêèå ñëîâà ìîãóò èìåòü ôîðìó è êðàòêóþ: íàêàçàÍ, è ïîëíóþ: íàêàçàÍ/íûé, òî àíãëèéñêèå «ïàññèâíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ» èìåþò òîëüêî

“By” – áàé = ñîîòâåòñòâèå ðóññêîìó òâîðèòåëüíîìó ïàäåæó: by me – áàé ìèè = ìíîþ, by him – áàé õèì = èì (Êåì?), by my father – áàé ìàé ôààðý = ìîèì îòöîì è ò. ä. ———————————————————————————————— ÐÀÇÂÅÈÂÀÍÈÅ ÌÈÔÎÂ. ÀÊÑÈÎÌÀ. ×òîáû ïîëó÷èòü «ôîðìó ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè» (= «2-þ ôîðìó») èëè «ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå» (= «3-þ ôîðìó») îò àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà, Ê íåìó (òî åñòü Ê êîíöó ýòîãî ãëàãîëà) íóæíî ïðèáàâèòü îêîí÷àíèå “+(å)D”. Ýòî – òî æå ñàìîå ↑ áóôåðíîå “-å-”, êîòîðîå Âû âñòàâëÿåòå è ïåðåä “+S”, ÷òîáû èìåòü âîçìîæíîñòü ãîëîñîì «ïîêàçàòü» ïðèáàâëåííîå îêîí÷àíèå: ß (íà-)ðèñîâàË = I paintEd – àé ïýéíòÈä

îäíó – óæå áîëåå ÍÅèçìåíÿåìóþ ôîðìó, íàïðèìåð: punishED = íàêàçÀÍ, íàêàçÀÍ/íûé (= íàêàçàÒ/ûé), íàêàçÀÍ/íàÿ, íàêàçÀÍ/íîìó, íàêàçÀÍ/íîé è ò. ä. ïàíèøüÒ È ýòè íîâûå ñëîâà/îïðåäåëåíèÿ (= “Ãëàãîë+(å)D”) Âû â 90% ñëó÷àåâ ìîæåòå îáðàçîâûâàòü ÑÀÌÈ, ðåçêî óâåëè÷èâàÿ òåì ñàìûì ñâîé ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ !!! ———————————————————————————————— ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ: Ïåòÿ ÏÎÊÐÀÑÈË ýòó ñòåíó. Pete PAINTED this wall – ïèèò ïýéíòèä ðèñ wîîë (“painted” = àêòèâíîå äåéñòâèå). Íî: Ñòåíà, ÏÎÊÐÀØÅÍÍÀß + Ïåòåé. + by Pete – ý wîîë ïýéíòèä áàé ïèèò A wall PAINTED (Çäåñü òî æå ↑ ñàìîå “painted” = óæå ÿâíûé ïàññèâ).

348

NB! Ïðèáàâëåíèå “+D”

–

ýòî ÏÐÀÂÈËÎ !!!

Íî 178 àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ ýòîìó ïðàâèëó ÍÅ ïîä÷èíÿþòñÿ – – òî åñòü ó íèõ åñòü ñâîè = äðóãèå ôîðìû È ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (= 2-ÿ ôîðìà), È ïàññèâíîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ (= 3-ÿ ôîðìà) (íàïðèìåð: 1-ÿ ô.:

2-å ô.:

3-ÿ ô.:

“be” – “was/were” – “been”). Çíà÷èò, ýòè 178 ãëàãîëîâ «ÍÅ-ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛ» !!!

349

2-å è 3-è ôîðìû ýòèõ/òàêèõ ãëàãîëîâ èìåþòñÿ â ñïåöèàëüíûõ «Òàáëèöàõ íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ» (ñòð. 403).  1-ì ñòîëáèêå òàêîé «Òàáëèöû» äàþòñÿ ãëàãîëû â ñâîåé 1-é = ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå (òî åñòü, êàê â ñëîâàðå), âî 2-ì ñòîëáèêå – 2-å ôîðìû (= ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ), â 3-ì ñòîëáèêå (äîãàäàëèñü?!) – 3-è ôîðìû (= ïàññèâíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ) – – è âñåõ èõ ïðÿìî îòòóäà ãîòîâåíüêèìè è ò¸ïëåíüêèìè ìîæíî è áðàòü! ———————————————————————————————— ÓÄÈÂËßÞÙÀß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß, ÓÄÈÂÈÒÅËÜÍÀß ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ.

Íà÷èíàåì ñ÷èòàòü òî, ÷òî åñòü ÍÀ ÑÀÌÎÌ ÄÅËÅ !!! 178 íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ; – 22 ãëàãîëà, ó êîòîðûõ ÂÑÅ 3 ôîðìû îäèíàêîâû (ñòð. 403); – 28 ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå Âàì ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå íóæíû (óñòàðåâøèå). ———————————————————————————————— Îñòàþòñÿ: 51 ãëàãîë, ó êîòîðîãî 2-ÿ è 3-ÿ ôîðìû îäèíàêîâû (1-ÿ – 2-ÿ = 3-åé find – found ← = found = íàéòè – íàø¸Ë = íàéäÅÍ/íûé); 77 ãëàãîëîâ, ó êîòîðûõ âñå 3 ôîðìû ðàçíûå

(1-ÿ – 2-ÿ – 3-ÿ write – wrÎte – written = ïèñàòü – íà/ïèñàË – íàïèñÀÍ/íûé). ———————————————————————————————— = 128 ñëîâ. 350

1) Çàó÷èâàíèå 1-ûõ ôîðì ëþáûõ ãëàãîëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÍÎÐÌÎÉ, à íå ïðîáëåìîé – – òàê çà÷åì èõ âîîáùå ñ÷èòàòü? (Âû æå âñ¸ ðàâíî íèêóäà íå äåíåòåñü áåç ñëîâ òèïà «íàõîäèòü» èëè «òåðÿòü» – ïðàâäà?); 2) Âû ñ òåëÿ÷üåé ðàäîñòüþ ó÷èòå ñëîâà òèïà «áåëûé», «ñèíèé» èëè «÷¸ðíûé» – – òàê ïî÷åìó æå Âàì ñàìèì ñ òàêîé æå ãîòîâíîñòüþ ê ñàìîîòäà÷å íå âûó÷èòü (îäíîðàçîâî) 128 ñëîâ òèïà: «íàéäåí/íûé», «íàïèñàí/íûé», «êóïëåí/íûé», «ïðîäàí/íûé» è ò.ï. (= 128 øòóê 3-èõ ôîðì «íåïðàâèëüíûõ» ãëàãîëîâ =

Íè÷åãî ñòðàøíîãî!!!

+

ÒÅÏÅÐÜ ÑÌÎÒÐÈÒÅ:

= 128 íîðìàëüíûõ àíãëèéñêèõ (â. ò.÷. è ïàññèâíûõ) îïðåäåëåíèé, êîòîðûå íè ÷åì íå õóæå ñëîâ òèïà «áåëûé» èëè «êðàñíûé», è êîòîðûå âñ¸ ðàâíî î÷åíü íóæíû Âàì ïî æèçíè) ? Ïåðåíåñèòå áî´ëüøóþ ÷àñòü «ìîðàëüíîé ïðîáëåìû» íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ â→ ïðîñòîå çàó÷èâàíèå «äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ» (?) (îòãëàãîëüíûõ) àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ/ îïðåäåëåíèé = 3-èõ ôîðì ãëàãîëîâ, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ âñ¸ ðàâíî, ïîâòîðÿþ, íóæíà Âàì ïî æèçíè !!!; 3) Òåïåðü ó÷òèòå, ÷òî 51 èç âñåõ ýòèõ 3-èõ ôîðì = = ñëîâ/îïðåäåëåíèé – – ýòî ê òîìó æå åù¸ è

ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè 51-ãî íåïðàâèëüíîãî ãëàãîëà !!!

À Âû èõ óæå ìîæåòå çíàòü (?!) – ñì. ↑ ï.2 – è íå âàæíî, â êàêîé «èïîñòàñè» !!!; 351

4) Òàê ÷òî – íà ñàìîì-òî äåëå – ïîñëå âûó÷èâàíèÿ 3-èõ ôîðì íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ = = (ïàññèâíûõ) îïðåäåëåíèé (↑) êàê îáû÷íûõ îïðåäåëåíèé (êîòîðûå Âàì âñ¸ ðàâíî â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå çíàòü íàäî), ÂÑß «ïñåâäîïðîáëåìà» íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñâîäèòñÿ ê òîìó, ÷òî Âàì èìåííî ìàêñèìóì äî

77

äîïîëíèòåëüíî

íóæíî âûó÷èòü

ñëîâ = 2-ûõ ôîðì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè

îò 77 íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëî⠖ è Âû â äàìêàõ (èëè â äàìàõ?)! È íå ìîðî÷üòå áîëüøå ñåáå (è íèêîìó!) ãîëîâó !!! ———————————————————————————————— ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ !!! ÏÅÐÂÎÅ «äîïîëíåíèå» ê Áàçîâîìó «Ïðàâèëó Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹3: 1) Ê ýòîé ↑ ôîðìå (= ñ “+(e)D”) ìîæíî åù¸ ïðèáàâëÿòü

6-å

îêîí÷àíèå “+LY” – ëè, îáðàçîâûâàÿ ïðè ýòîì íîâûå ñëîâà (íàðå÷èÿ), íàïðèìåð:

hurry → hurriED → hurriedLY õàðè õàðèä õàðèýäËÈ òîðîïèòüñÿ òîðîïëèâûé òîðîïëèâÎ, âòîðîïÿõ. ———————————————————————————————— Íó âîò è ÏßÒÎÅ ÎÊÎÍ×ÀÍÈÅ (êîòîðîå òîæå ñðàçó æå îîî÷åíü óâåëè÷èò Âàø ñëîâàðíûé çàïàñ). Ñåé÷àñ, ïðèáàâèâ Ê ÊÎÍÖÓ ëþáîãî ãëàãîëà “+ING” – èíã, Âû çà ìåäíûé ãðîø êóïèòå áèëåò â ñâÿòàÿ ñâÿòûõ àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè. Òî åñòü: Âû óáü¸òå ñðàçó 3-õ çàéöåâ !!!: 352

à) Íóæíî Âàì àíãëèéñêîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå ðóññêîìó äååïðè÷àñòèþ = = ïðèáàâëÿéòå “+ing” Ê ÊÎÍÖÓ íóæíîãî Âàì ãëàãîëà – – è âñ¸ !!!: smoke → smoking = ñìîóêèíã ñìîóê

êóðèòü → êóðÿ;

á) Íóæíî Âàì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñî ñìûñëîì êàêîãî-òî ãëàãîëà = = ïðèáàâëÿéòå Ê ÊÎÍÖÓ ýòîãî ãëàãîëà “+ing” – è âñ¸ !!! smoke →

smoking

=

êóðèòü →

walk wîîê

→

walking wîîêèíã

=

èäòè

→

õîäüáà

ride ðàéä

→

riding ðàéäèíã

=

åçäèòü

→

åçäà;

êóðåíèå

â) Êðîìå ýòîãî, ïðèáàâëåíèå “+ING” äà¸ò Âàì

åù¸ îäíî îïðåäåëåíèå, íî òåïåðü óæå îïðåäåëåíèå

ÀÊÒÈÂÍÎÅ

(òî åñòü «ÒÎÒ, ÊÒÎ äåëàåò») = = “Ãëàãîë+ing” – è âñ¸ !!!: smoke → smoking = êóðèòü → êóðÿùèé walk → walking = èäòè → èäóùèé, õîäÿùèé. ————————————————————————————————

Èëè íàîáîðîò:

îäíî è òî æå ñëîâî ñ îêîí÷àíèåì “+ING” (íàïðèìåð, “smokING”) ìîæåò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü ðóññêèì/ áûòü ïåðåâåäåíî íà ðóññêèé: 1) è êàê äååïðè÷àñòèå («êóðß»); 2) è êàê àêòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå («êóðßÙèé»); 3) è êàê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå («êóðÅÍèå») – – íàïðèìåð, “NO SMOKING” = = «ÍÅÒ ÊÓÐÅÍÈÞ». ———————————————————————————————— 353

ÑÅÄÜÌÎÅ

NÂ-åíèùå !!! Ïîìíèòå, ÷òî

à

“-D”

= ýòî âñåãäà ÐÅÇÓËÜÒÀÒ !!!!!,

“-ING” = ýòî âñåãäà ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑ !!!!!

———————————————————————————————— ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ !!! ÅÙ¨ ÄÂÀ «ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈß» ê «Ïðàâèëó ¹ 3»: !!!!!!! Èìåííî ýòà (↑) òàê íàçûâàåìàÿ «INGîâàÿ ôîðìà» è «äà¸ò» åù¸ ÄÂÀ (îñòàâøèõñÿ) òåõ ñàìûõ «äîïîëíåíèÿ» ê «Ïðàâèëó Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹3 (= «Íà íàâåøåííîå – íå íàâåøèâàé!!!»). Òî åñòü ýòó «INGîâóþ ôîðìó» ìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü åù¸ è: ———————————————————————————————— 2) âî→ ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî, ïðèáàâèâ ê íåé “+S”, íàïðèìåð: Ãëàãîë: → «INGîâîå» ñóùåñòâèò.: → Åãî ìíîæ. ÷èñëî: blessingS bless blessing áëåñ áëåñèíã áëåñèíãÇ áëàãîñëîâëÿòü áëàãîñëîâåíèÅ áëàãîñëîâåíèß. ———————————————————————————————— Èëè æå: ———————————————————————————————— 3) ñäåëàòü INGîâóþ ôîðìó åù¸ è íàðå÷èåì, ïðèáàâèâ ê íåé (6-å îêîí÷àíèå =) “+LY” !!!, íàïðèìåð: Ãëàãîë: → «INGîâàÿ ôîðìà»: → Íàðå÷èå: seemingLY seem seeming ñèèì ñèèìèíã ñèèìèíãËÈ êàçàòüñÿ êàæÓÙèéñÿ; «êàæàñü» êàê áóäòÎ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, è ò. ä. ———————————————————————————————— 354

ÎÊÎÍ×ÀÍÈÅ.

Ïðîùå íåêóäà !!! È èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ Âû ñàìè ìîæåòå äåëàòü

îïðåäåëåíèÿ, ïðîñòî ïðèáàâëÿÿ Ê êîíöàì ýòèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ îêîí÷àíèå “+Y” – è: cloud → cloudY êëàóä êëàóäè îáëàêî → îáëà÷íûé. ————————————————————————————————  ÏÎÌÎÙÜ ËÅÍÒßßÌ. Ñëîâà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âîîáùå Î×ÅÍÜ ËÅÃÊÎ «ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ» äðóã ñ äðóãîì, äàâàÿ ïðè ýòîì äîâîëüíî èíòåðåñíûå ðåçóëüòàòû, ïðè÷¸ì ÏÅÐÂÎÅ ñëîâî â ýòîì ñî÷åòàíèè âñåãäà ÎÏÐÅÄÅËßÅÒ èëè ÎÏÈÑÛÂÀÅÒ âòîðîå, íàïðèìåð: game – ãýéì

+

hall

– õîîë

= èãðà

a “GAME hall” = ÈÃÐÎÂÎÉ çàë,

= õîëë, çàë, a “HALL game” = èãðà ÄËß ÇÀËÀ; («Çàëüíàÿ» èãðà)

border – áîîäý = ãðàíèöà, a “BORDER state” = = (ÏÎ-)ÃÐÀÍÈ×ÍÎÅ ãîñóäàðñòâî, state – ñòýéò = ãîñóäàðñòâî, a “STATE border” = = ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÀß ãðàíèöà;

+

spring – ñïðèíã = èñòî÷íèê, êëþ÷, à “SPRING water” = = ÊËÞ×ÅÂÀß âîäà, water – wîîòý = âîäà, a “WATER spring” = = ÂÎÄßÍÎÉ êëþ÷.

+

355

Òî åñòü Âû ñàìè ìîæåòå ëåãêî îáðàçîâûâàòü «íîâûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ» – ïîñòàâèëè îäíî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïåðåä äðóãèì – – è âñ¸ â ïîðÿäêå, íàïðèìåð: army + division =→ army division – ààìè äèâèæüí àðìèÿ + äèâèçèÿ =→ àðìåéñêàÿ äèâèçèÿ.  «ðóññêîì âàðèàíòå» ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ, íî âñ¸ ðàâíî – ñìîòðèòå, êàê óäîáíî!: house + number äîì + íîìåð

=→ house number – õàóñ íàìáý =→ íîìåð äîìà !

Street name – ñòðèèò íýéì = íàçâàíèå óëèöû,

è ò.ä.

Äâà ñëîâà ìîãóò ñîåäèíÿòüñÿ â îäíî, îáðàçóÿ íîâîå (ñîñòàâíîå) ñëîâî, íàïðèìåð: mail (ìýéë) + box (áîêñ) =→ MAILBOX – ìýéëáîêñ ïî÷òà + ÿùèê =→ ÏÎ×ÒÎÂÛÉ ßÙÈÊ. Ñîñòàâíûå ñëîâà, îáðàçîâàííûå ñ ó÷àñòèåì INGîâûõ ôîðì, ìîãóò ïèñàòüñÿ ÷åðåç ÷¸ðòî÷êó, à ìîãóò è ïðîñòî ðàçäåëüíî: dining-hall – äàéíèíã õîîë = ñòîëîâàÿ smoking area – ñìîóêèíã ýðèý = ìåñòî äëÿ êóðåíèÿ. ————————————————————————————————

5. «ÒÐÈÓÌÔ». (Ïÿòûé ýòàï – 35 ìèíóò). «Òðàäèöèîííàÿ» ãðàììàòèêà íå âûäåëÿåò 4-õ òèïîâ äåéñòâèé – îíà âñ¸ îáúåäèíÿåò â êðàéíå ñëîæíóþ ñèñòåìó – – è âñ¸ (òî åñòü íå òîëüêî ñàìè âðåìåíà = Past, Present è Future, íî è êîíñòðóêöèè) îíà íàçûâàåò «Âðåìåíàìè» = “Òenses”. Ïîýòîìó âìåñòî 4-õ ÿâíûõ òèïîâ äåéñòâèé â 3-õ âðåìåíàõ ó òðàäèöèîíàëèñòîâ àæ 12 «âðåì¸í» – – ýòî íà êàêîé æå ïëàíåòå îíè æèâóò ??? 356

Íî ïîñêîëüêó – êàê Âû ñàìè óáåäèòåñü – «âðåì¸í» íà ñàìîì äåëå âñ¸ æå òîëüêî 3, òî â ìîåé ïîíÿòíîé è ïðîçðà÷íîé òåðìèíîëîãèè äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ «òèïîâ äåéñòâèÿ» ÿ èñïîëüçóþ àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî “Action” – æêøüí = «äåéñòâèå».

ÿ ñ÷èòàþ, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê âûäåëÿåò ÍÅ 4 “Groups of Tenses” (1. “Simple” èëè “Indefinite”, 2. “Continuous” èëè “Progressive”, 3. “Perfect” è 4. “Perfect Continuous”), Òî åñòü

à

4 “Types

of Actions” =

4 «Òèïà äåéñòâèé»,

êàæäîå èç êîòîðûõ ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè

â ëþáîì èç 3

«âðåì¸í» –

– è âñ¸ ñðàçó æå ñòàíîâèòñÿ íà ñâîè ìåñòà !!! «Âðåì¸í» îñòà¸òñÿ 3, à «Òèïîâ äåéñòâèé» – 4! Òèï äåéñòâèÿ:

Ìî¸ íàçâàíèå:

«Ëàòèíñêîå» íàçâàíèå:

1) «Ïðîñòûå» = “One-time Actions” = “Simple” èëè “Indefinite”, 2) «Äåéñòâèÿ = “Prolonged Actions” = “Continuous” «ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÀ» èëè “Progressive”, 3) «Äåéñòâèÿ «Ê»

= “BY-Actions”

= “Perfect”,

4) «Ïðîöåññ = “Prolonged BY-Actions” = “Perfect Continuous”. «Äλ

↑ È êàæäîå äåéñòâèå ìîæåò ñîñòîÿòüñÿ â êàæäîì èç 3 âðåì¸í (è â “Past”, è ⠓Present”, è âî “Future”) !!! Âñ¸, ðåáÿòà, ïðèåõàëè !!! 357

Âñÿ àíãëèéñêàÿ «ãðàììàòèêà» – ýòî òå èëè èíûå

ñî÷åòàíèÿ ôîðì ãëàãîëî⠓have” èëè “be” + c îäíèì èç äâóõ îïðåäåëåíèé,

– ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû

îáðàçîâàííûì îò ñìûñëîâîãî

Òî åñòü:

ãëàãîëà:

1) ñ ïàññèâíûì (= ñ 3-é ôîðìîé) èëè 2) ñ àêòèâíûì (= ñ INGîâîé ôîðìîé) – – ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû.

}{

HAVE + WRITTEN ( ← ýòèìè ñîñòàâëÿþùèìè BE WRITING ← ïåðåäà¸òñÿ ñìûñë è ïàññèâíîñòü èëè àêòèâíîñòü). Âîçìîæíû – êàê âèäèòå! ↑ – 2 × 2 = 4 «âàðèàíòa ñëîæåíèÿ», íî èç íèõ òîëüêî 3 âàðèàíòa äàþò «êîíñòðóêöèè» – è ýòî âñ¸! Äëÿ óäîáñòâà ðàçìåñòèì ýòè âàðèàíòû/êîíñòðóêöèè â òàêîé âîò ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè: 1) “BE + WRITTEN”; 2) “BE + WRITING”; 3) “HAVE + WRITTEN”. ↑ «Èçìåíÿþùàÿñÿ» ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ – – åþ ìû ïîêàçûâàåì âðåìÿ. ÂÇÃËßÍÈÒÅ ↑, âåäü ÂÑÅ 3 âàðèàíòà/êîíñòðóêöèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïî ñóòè äåëà, ïîâòîðÿþ, ñî÷åòàíèÿìè ôîðì ãëàãîëî⠓be” èëè “have” ñ òåì èëè èíûì îïðåäåëåíèåì ! ———————————————————————————————— È çäåñü òîæå (êàê è â çàìåíèòåëÿõ ýëåìåíòîâ !) ÔÎÐÌÀÌÈ ãëàãîëî⠓be” è/ëè “have” ìû (êàê âñåãäà!) ïðîñòî áóäåì ïîêàçûâàòü ÂÐÅÌß äåéñòâèÿ â ËÞÁÎÉ êîíñòðóêöèè – è âñ¸ !!! 358

Òî åñòü:

ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ

âðåìÿ:

(2-å ôîðìû)

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ

âðåìÿ:

âðåìÿ:

↔ ↔

WAS, WERE; HAD

↔ ↔

AM, IS, ARE; HAVE, HAS

↔ ↔

WILL BE; WILL HAVE

———————————————————————————————— ×ÐÅÇÂÛ×ÀÉÍÎ ÂÀÆÍÎ !!! Çíàéòå, ÷òî ËÞÁÛÅ àíãëèéñêèå êîíñòðóêöèè

ïðîøåäøåãî

âðåìåíè

Âû áóäåòå ñòðîèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ 2-ûõ ôîðì ãëàãîëîâ “be” èëè “have” !!! (Òî åñòü ïðè ïîìîùè ñëî⠓was”, “were” èëè “had”). ———————————————————————————————— ÂÛ ÝÒÎ ÓÆÅ ÓÌÅÅÒÅ !!! Òî åñòü, äàæå ÍÅ ïîíèìàÿ ÑÌÛÑËÀ êîíñòðóêöèé, Âû âñ¸ ðàâíî óæå ìîæåòå èõ ñòðîèòü, ïðîñòî âàðüèðóÿ (ïî âðåìåíàì) ôîðìû “be” èëè “have”, è ïðîñòî ïîäñòàâëÿÿ ïàññèâíûå èëè àêòèâíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ !!!: Íàñò. âðåìÿ Ïðîøåäø. Áóäóùåå AM/ IS/ ARE/ WAS/ WERE/ WILL BE

} { +

HAVE/ HAS/

HAD/

WILL HAVE

COUNTED èëè COUNTING.

(À âîîáùå-òî, ÷èòàéòå ìîþ îáàëäåííóþ áðîøþðó «Àíãëèéñêèå «âðåìåíà» è êîíñòðóêöèè» !!!). 359

ÐÀÇƨÂÛÂÀÍÈÅ

ÒÅÌÛ

«ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÉ».

O’kay! Íà÷í¸ì ñ ï. «à» = ñ «ïîíèìàáåëüíîñòè» = «ïîíèìàíèÿ» è ñ ï. «á» = ñ óìåíèÿ «ñòðîèòü» êîíñòðóêöèþ.

ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈß ¹1. à) ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ. Êòî íå ïîéì¸ò âàðèàíò/ñî÷åòàíèå: ↓ = Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå Ôîðìà “BE” + WRITTEN – áèè ðèòí ÁÛÒÜ + ÍÀÏÈÑÀÍÍÛÌ = = ÏÀÑÑÈ (è íå ÷åðåç ïîëãîäà «îáó÷åíèÿ» !!!)?

×òî òóò íåïîíÿòíîãî-òî?

á*) ÌÎÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÎÅ ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ.  ýòó ïàññèâíóþ êîíñòðóêöèþ (â ëþáîì âðåìåíè) ìîæåò çàòåñàòüñÿ (èëè Âû ñàìè ìîæåòå ñïîêîéíî – íè î ÷¸ì íå äóìàÿ! – âñòàâëÿòü) åù¸ è ñëîâå÷êî “being” – áèèíã, êîòîðîå ñðàçó æå ïðèäà¸ò ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè çíà÷åíèå ïðîöåññà (= “…ing”!!!), è êîòîðîå ñàìî ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîâàìè: «èìåííî òîãäà», «(êàê ðàç) â òî âðåìÿ», «êàê ðàç â ýòîò/òîò ìîìåíò» è ò. ï.: Âðåìÿ ↓

«ÊÒÎ/×Òλ «áûëî íàïèñàí/-î» èëè «ïèñà´ëîñü» – è òàê ñðàçó æå ÿñíî, òàê êàê (ïî Äðàãóíêèíó!)

ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè äîëæåí áûòü âñåãäà !!!

á) ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ. ÑÕÅÌÀ: ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ

+

{

WAS/ WERE (ïðîøåäø.) AM/ IS/ ARE (íàñò.) WILL BE (áóäóù.)

↓ Ïðîöåññ

That picture + WAS BEING painted + at that particular time. ðæò ïèêò÷ý wîç áèèíã ïýéíòèä æòðæò ïýòèêúþëý òàéì + êàê ðàç â òî âðåìÿ. Òó êàðòèíó + ÐÈÑÎÂÀËÈ = Òà êàðòèíà + ÐÈÑÎÂÀËÀÑÜ + ...

+

3-ÿ ÔÎÐÌÀ ãëàãîëà (= ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå)

Âîò Âàì è «óìåíèå» êîíñòðóêöèþ ýòó «ñòðîèòü»!!! ÂÀÆÍÅÉØÈÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÀËÜÍÛÉ ÑÎÂÅÒ !!! Âñïîìíèòå, ÷òî

Çíà÷èò, «ÊÎÃÄÀ» êòî-òî èëè ÷òî-òî

“…ING”

– ýòî âñåãäà =

«ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑ».

«áûë/î (èëè áóäåò) íàïèñàí/íûì» – – íå äóìàÿ íè î ÷¸ì, ïîêàçûâàéòå ÔÎÐÌÎÉ “be”!!! ↓ Êíèãà + ÁÛËÀ + íàïèñàíà = The book + WAS + written. ↓ = Êíèãó + ÍÀÏÈÑÀËÈ. ↑ Îïðåäåëåíèå ↓ ↑ Êíèãà + ÁÓÄÅÒ + íàïèñàíà = The book + WILL BE + written, ðý áóê wèë áèè ðèòí = Êíèãó + ÍÀÏÈØÓÒ. ↑ Ãëàãîë Ýëåìåíò ↑ è ò. ä.; 360

ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈß ¹2. à) ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ.  ýòîì âòîðîì ↓ âàðèàíòå/ñî÷åòàíèè Âû

âìåñòî

ïàññèâíîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ

èñïîëüçóåòå îïðåäåëåíèå Ôîðìà

“BE”

+

àêòèâíîå: ↓

WRITING

– áèè ðà´éòèíã 361

= ÁÛÒÜ

ÏÈØÓÙÈÌ =

+

↓ Âðåìÿ !!!

= â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå ýòî = ÀÊÒÈ – – çíà÷èò, â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, «êòî-òî ÷òî-òî äåëàåò», à òî÷íåå – «íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðîöåññå äåëàíèÿ» ÷åãî-òî!!! ↑ = +ing → ↑ Äà!  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå èìåííî òàêîé êîíñòðóêöèè íåò, íî â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå îíà äëÿ ðóññêîãî óõà ïîíèìàáåëüíà ...: Êîãäà îí âîø¸ë, ÿ

= When he came in I = Êîãäà îí âîø¸ë, ÿ

ÁÛËÀ ÌÎÊÐÎÉ, = WAS wet, Ñ×ÀÑÒËÈÂÎÉ è ÏËÀ×ÓÙÅÉ! (3 îïðåäåëåíèÿ ↑)

=

= áûëà

happy

= and cryING! (Òîæå 3 ↑ îïðåäåëåíèÿ !!!)

=

We wè

ARE ÀÀ

We WERE wè Wœœ

smoking ñìîóêèíã smoking ñìîóêèíã

We WILL BE smoking wè WÈË ÁÈÈ ñìîóêèíã

ñ÷àñòëèâîé

= è ÏËÀÊÀËÀ! ↑ «Ïëàêingîâàëà»

«ÑÒÐÎÈÒÜ» ýòó êîíñòðóêöèþ ¹ 2 íóæíî òî÷íî òàê æå, êàê è ÏÀÑÑÈ = êîíñòðóêöèþ ¹1, òîëüêî çàìåíÿéòå ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå → íà àêòèâíîå = =→ “Ãëàãîë+ING”. ÑÕÅÌÀ:

è ïîëüçóåìñÿ äëÿ ýòîãî ÃËÀÃÎËÎÌ,

àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ãîðàçäî ÷àùå

ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅ, ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅÌ !!!

( òîì ÷èñëå è îòãëàãîëüíûì = «INGîâûì»!!!). Íà ðóññêèé ýòà ↑ êîíñòðóêöèÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðîñòî ãëàãîëîì (íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà) â òîì èëè èíîì âðåìåíè – à â

362

= Ìû ÁÓÄÅÌ ÊÓÐÈÒÜ (= áóäóùåå);

á) ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ.

òàì, ãäå ìû (ïî-ðóññêè!) îïèñûâàåì ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ

è ïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ýòîãî

= Ìû ÊÓÐÈËÈ (= ïðîøåäøåå).

ìîêðîé,

Ñàìûì âàæíûì çäåñü ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñîçíàíèå Âàìè òîãî ôàêòà, ÷òî

îïèñûâàþò

= Ìû ÊÓÐÈÌ (= íàñòîÿùåå).

êàêîì âðåìåíè – òîæå ñðàçó æå âèäíî ïî ôîðìå ãëàãîëà “be”:

ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ

+

{

Âðåìÿ äåéñòâèÿ ↓ WAS/ WERE (ïðîø.) AM/ IS/ ARE (íàñò.) WILL BE (áóäóù.)

+

Ñìûñë ↓ Ãëàãîë+ING (= Àêòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå).

Ïðè÷¸ì (êàê âèäèòå) ÔÎÐÌÀÌÈ “be” Âû è çäåñü (íè î ÷¸ì íå äóìàÿ!) áóäåòå ïðîñòî ïîêàçûâàòü

ÂÐÅÌß ÊÎÃÄÀ

ïðîèñõîäÿùåãî, òî åñòü,

ñóáúåêò («ÿ, Âû, ìû, îí, êîò, êîòû» è ò.ï.)

ÅÑÒÜ, ÁÛË èëè ÁÓÄÅÒ «...ÞÙ/ÓÙ/ÀÙ/ÓÙ-èì» – – òî åñòü «ÂÎÒ ÒÀÊÈÌ-òî è òàêèì-òî» ... 363

2-é

Èìåííî òàê Âû è áóäåòå «ïåðåâîäèòü» íàøå «äåéñòâèå»→ â→ èõ «ñîñòîÿíèå» – – à èìåííî ýòî è íóæíî ..! ———————————————————————————————— È íàêîíåö!

ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈß ¹3 (ïåðåäàþùàÿ – ê òîìó æå – åù¸ è «3-é òèï äåéñòâèé»).

âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè:

He + HAS + STOLEN + this car – õè õæç ñòîóëí ðèñ êàà = Îí + Ó Ê Ð À Ë* + ýòó ìàøèíó (è ñì. * íèæå). ↓ = Áóäóùåå âðåìÿ Áóäóùåå âðåìÿ = ↓ He + WILL HAVE STOLEN + this car = Îí + ÓÊÐÀÄ¨Ò + + ýòó ìàøèíó. Òî åñòü, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, êàê áû áóêâàëüíûé ïåðåâîä ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè íè «çâó÷àë» ïî-ðóññêè, àíãëèéñêàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ âñ¸ ðàâíî ÀÊÒÈÂÍÀ –

à) ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ.

– Âû ïîñìîòðèòå, ÊÒÎ â íåé «äåéñòâóåò»?

Êòî íå ïîéì¸ò ñëåäóþùåãî ? 1-é

(À ÷òî ÿ ãîâîðèë?)

âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà: We wè

Ó

HAVE õæâ íàñ

+ already prepareD + everything. îîëðýäè ïðèïýýä ýâðèèèíã + óæå ÏÐÈÃÎÒÎÂËÅÍÎ + âñ¸. ↓ = Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå = 3-ÿ ô.

I HAVE + WRITTEN + a book – àé õæâ ðèòí ýáóê = Ó ÌÅÍß + ÍÀÏÈÑÀÍÀ + êíèãà = ß íàïèñàË êíèãó. Èëè:

Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå = 3-ÿ ôîðìà îò “buy” – áàé = «êóïèòü» ↓

He HAS + BOUGHT + some paper = Îí õè õæç áîîò ñàì ïýéïý = Ó ÍÅÃÎ + ÊÓÏËÅÍÎ + íåìíîãî áóìàãè.

êóïèË áóìàãó.

↑ = Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå

÷òî çäåñü ↑ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå, êîíñòðóêöèÿ âñ¸ ðàâíî ÀÊÒÈÂÍÀ,

364

äåéñòâóåò

òîëüêî

– Òî åñòü âñ¸ ðàâíî «òîò, ÊÒÎ ...», à ÍÅ «òîò, êîãî ...»!!!

Íà ðóññêèé ýòà êîíñòðóêöèÿ îáû÷íî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ (êàê Âû ñàìè âèäèòå!) ãëàãîëîì «ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («êóïÈË», «êóïËÞ» è ò. ï. – – íî ÍÅ «ïîêóïàë» è ÍÅ «áóäó ïîêóïàòü»!). * Çà÷àñòóþ (äàæå åñëè ãëàãîë “have” ñòîèò â îäíîé èç ñâîèõ ôîðì âðåìåíè íàñòîÿùåãî = “have” èëè “has”) ýòà êîíñòðóêöèÿ ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé è âðåìåíåì íàñòîÿùèì, è âðåìåíåì He HAS + LIVED + in this house for 10 years already

Íî âèäèòå, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî,

òàê êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè

Ñ Ó Á Ú Å Ê Ò !!!

Áóêâàëüíî:

}

=

Ó íåãî

ïðîøåäøèì:

1) Îí ÆÈÂ¨Ò + â ýòîì äîìå óæå 10 ëåò; 2) Îí ÏÐÎÆÈË + â ýòîì äîìå óæå ... +

ïðîæèÒî

+ (â ýòîì äîìå) …;

ñóáúåêò !!! 365

á)

Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå → Ïàññèâíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ: ↓ I HAVE/He HAS/HAD BEEN + PAINTED = ÌÅÍß/ÅÃÎ ÏÎêðàñèë/è.

ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ.

I.

ÑÕÅÌÀ: ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ

+

{

HAD (ïðîø.) HAVE/ HAS (íàñò.) WILL HAVE (áóä.)

+

3-ÿ ÔÎÐÌÀ ãëàãîëà (= Ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå)

ÔÎÐÌÎÉ ãëàãîëà “have” Âû è çäåñü ↑ ñïîêîéíî ïîêàçûâàåòå (èëè: ïî ôîðìå ãëàãîëà “have” Âû ÿñíî âèäèòå)

ÂÐÅÌß,

à òî÷íåå,

Ê

î êîòîðîì èä¸ò ðå÷ü,

ÂÐÅÌß, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèòñÿ «òî÷êà îòñ÷¸òà» = «ìîìåíò»,

Â÷åðà Ê 5.00 Ó ÍÅÃÎ + He +

êîòîðîìó «ïîäãîíÿåòñÿ» «íàïèñàíèå ýòîé êíèãè»: ÁÛËÀ HAD

+ ÍÀÏÈÑÀÍÀ + òà êíèãà. + WRITTEN + that book. ðèòí

Çàâòðà Ê 5.00 Ó ÍÅÃÎ + ÁÓÄÅÒ + ÍÀÏÈÑÀÍÀ + òà êíèãà. He + WILL HAVE + WRITTEN + that book; õè wèë õæâ ðèòí ðæò áóê ———————————————————————————————— â) ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ. ÏÐÎÑÒÎ ÂÎÑÏÐÈÌÈÒÅ è ÇÀÇÓÁÐÈÒÅ. Íå óäèâëÿéòåñü, íî Âû ìîæåòå âñòðåòèòüñÿ è ñ «óäëèí¸ííûìè» âàðèàíòàìè ýòîé êîíñòðóêöèè, à ÷óòü ïîçäíåå Âû – íàäåþñü – áóäåòå ñòðîèòü èõ è ñàìè !!!

4-é òèï

äåéñòâèé (ñòð. 374).

Ïàññèâí. èëè Àêòèâí.

I HAVE/He HAS/HAD/WILL HAVE + BEEN + ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ. áèèí ↑ = 3-ÿ ôîðìà “be” 366

áèèí

ïýéíòèä + PAINTED =

BEEN ÌÅÍß è ò. ä. ÍÀðèñóþò; ————————————————————————————————

I WILL HAVE

Àêòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå → Àêòèâíûé ↓ I HAVE/ He HAS BEEN + PAINTING =

II.

áèèí

BEEN

I HAD

ïðîöåññ: ß

ðèñóþ/ ðèñîâàë.

+ PAINTING =

ß

ðèñîâàë.

+ PAINTING =

ß

ïýéíòèíã

áóäó ðèñîâàòü (äîëãî ê …). (È âî âñåõ 3 âðåìåíàõ Âû «ýòî» áóäåòå äåëàòü óæå äîëãî è ê ..!). ———————————————————————————————— I WILL HAVE

BEEN

ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ êîíñòðóêöèé. Ñ «ïîíèìàáåëüíîñòüþ», ÷óâñòâóþ, âñ¸ áîëåå-ìåíåå â àæóðå! Òåïåðü äàâàéòå ïîñìîòðèì,

êîãäà

íóæíî

ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËßÒÜ

òó èëè èíóþ àíãëèéñêóþ êîíñòðóêöèþ?

 àíãëèéñêîì (êàê è ïî÷òè âî âñåõ ÿçûêàõ) åñòü

3

«âðåìåíè» (= ïðîøåäøåå, íàñòîÿùåå è áóäóùåå).

Êðîìå ýòîãî, àíãëèéñêèé âûäåëÿåò è òåõíè÷åñêè îôîðìëÿåò 4 «òèïà äåéñòâèé»: èëè:

1) «ðàçîâûå», 2) «ðàñòÿíóòûå» è 3-4) «ñîâåðø¸ííûå», 1) «ïðîñòûå»; + 2)3) îáîçíà÷àåìûå êîíñòðóêöèÿìè ¹2 è ¹3 (î «×åòâ¸ðòîì òèïå äåéñòâèé» ñì. íà ñòð. 374),

ïðè÷¸ì êàæäîå èç äåéñòâèé ìîæåò ñîñòîÿòüñÿ â ëþáîì/ â êàæäîì èç 3-õ «âðåì¸í». ———————————————————————————————— 367

1-é òèï

äåéñòâèé.

ÐÀÇÎÂÛÅ

Âñ¸ ýòî

äåéñòâèÿ (= «Äåéñòâèÿ “Áàö!” = = “One-Time” Actions»).

Åñëè äåéñòâèå ïðîèñõîäèò âñåãäà, îáû÷íî, êàæäûé äåíü èëè ðåãóëÿðíî (è íå âàæíî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè – òî åñòü â ëþáîì èç 3 !), ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíî-/ìíîãî-ðàçîâûì, èìïóëüñíûì (Áàö ! – È âñ¸!), è íå ñâÿçàííûì íè ñ êàêèìè äðóãèìè äåéñòâèÿìè (îíî îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ êàê áû «òî÷êîé» íà «ëèíèè âðåìåíè») – ýòî «ïðîñòîå äåéñòâèå» = «Äåéñòâèå “Áàö!”»: ————————————————————————————————

ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ

âðåìÿ (= 2-å ôîðìû):

“Ãëàãîë+(e)D” èëè ãîòîâàÿ ôîðìà èç 2-é êîëîíêè «Òàáëèöû íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ»: Â÷åðà ÿ ÏÎÊÐÀÑÈË/ÑÚÅË òî ÿéöî = = Yesterday I PAINTED/ATE that egg; åñòýäýé àé ïýéíòèä/ýéò ðæò ýã ————————————————————————————————

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ

âðåìÿ: Ñ ãëàãîëîì ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ÍÅ äåëàåì èëè “+(e)S”:

ß/îí ÅÌ/ÅÑÒ îäíî ÿéöî êàæäûé äåíü = = I/he EAT/S one egg every day. àé/õè èèò/ñ wàí ýã ýâðè äýé ß âñåãäà ÏÎÌÍÞ âñ¸! = I always REMEMBER everything! àé îîëwýéç ðèìýìáý ýâðèèèíã ————————————————————————————————

ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ

âðåìÿ: “WILL/SHALL + ãëàãîë èç ñëîâàðÿ”:

ß ÑÚÅÌ îäíî ÿéöî çàâòðà = I WILL EAT one egg tomorrow. àé wèë èèò wàí ýã òýìîðîó ———————————————————————————————— 368

l

òàêæå ìîæíî ïîêàçàòü è â âèäå âîò òàêîé âîò

ÑÕÅÌÛ ïîñòðîåíèÿ òð¸õ «ïðîñòûõ» âðåì¸í ↓: ————————————————————————————————

← Áóäóùåå WILL + ... (çàâòðà). ↓ ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ + ↓ LIVE← èëè LIVES ← Íàñòîÿùåå (ñåãîäíÿ). ↑ ↑+(e)D ← Ïðîøåäøåå (â÷åðà).

———————————————————————————————— ÏÎËÅÇÍÎÅ ÍÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÍÈÅ. Î÷åíü ÷àñòî ýòè «ïðîñòûå» âðåìåííû´ å ôîðìû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïîñëå ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé òèïà (+ òàêæå ïîñìîòðèòå ñòð. 345): = generally äæüåíýðýëè ñåãîäíÿ = today òýäýé êàæäûé äåíü, = every day åæåäíåâíî ýâðè äýé

îáû÷íî = usually þóæåëè ñåé÷àñ = now íàó âñåãäà = always îîëwýéç

âîîáùå

÷àñòî

åæåäíåâíî

ðåäêî ðåäêî

+

= often îôí = rarely ðýýëè = seldom ñýëäýì â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ =

= daily äýéëè èíîãäà = sometimes ñàìòàéìç ðàç â ìåñÿö = once a month wàíñ ýìàíè nowadays – íàóýäýéç

Ëþáûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ/îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè ñ ó÷àñòèåì ñëîâà “every ...” – ýâðè = «êàæä...» (“every Friday” è ò. ï.):

We + SAW + this elephant + every morning. ñîî ðèñ ýëèôýíò ýâðè ìîîíèíã wè Ìû + ÂÈÄÅËÈ + ýòîãî ñëîíà + êàæäîå óòðî. ———————————————————————————————— 369

2-é òèï

ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ

äåéñòâèé (òàêæå ñìîòðè ñòð. 361).

↓ → → → → → 2-ÿ ôîðìà → → → →

“ÐÀÑÒßÍÓÒÛŔ, «ÄËßÙÈÅÑß» äåéñòâèÿ (= «Äåéñòâèÿ “Ïðîöåññà”» = “Prolonged Actions”). Åñëè äåéñòâèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñòÿíóòûì, äëÿùèìñÿ, èëè ïðîèñõoäèò/ñëó÷àåòñÿ ÈÌÅÍÍÎ â îïðåäåë¸ííûé ìîìåíò (= «ðîâíî â ...») è/ëè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè îïðåäåë¸ííîãî ïåðèîäà (= «ñ ... äî ...», «öåëûé ...», «âåñü …»), òî ïî-ðóññêè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå Âû îïèñûâàåòå äåéñòâèå è ïîëüçóåòåñü ãëàãîëîì,

NB !!! à ãîâîðÿ

ïî-àíãëèéñêè,

Âû â òàêîì ñëó÷àå –

INGîâîãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ – äîëæíû, îáÿçàíû !!! îïèñàòü ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅ ñóáúåêòà – ïðè ïîìîùè

(òî åñòü ñêàçàòü, êàêèì îí â ýòîò ìîìåíò èëè â ýòîò ïåðèîä

âðåìÿ (= «2-ÿ ôîðìà “be” + …ING»):

ÿâëÿåòñÿ),

↑ Â÷åðà Ñ 5 ÄÎ 7 ÿ ÏÈÑÀË = = Yesterday from 5

=

¹2 ...ÞÙèì»),

= ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÅÉ (= «ÁÛÒÜ òî åñòü

ñî÷åòàíèåì

ÔÎÐÌ “be” ñ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅÌ !!! Ñ àêòèâíûì !!!

ß íàçûâàþ ýòîò ↑ òèï äåéñòâèé «Äåéñòâèÿìè ïðîöåññà» (+ ñòð. 362), òàê êàê îíè

âñåãäà

ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîþ

êàêîé-ëèáî «ïðîöåññ» (= ðàñòÿíóòîå äåéñòâèå = “+ing”)!: ———————————————————————————————— 370

I

WAS WRITING.

————————————————————————————————

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ

âðåìÿ: → → → → → → ↓ ↓ ↓ Â ÄÀÍÍÛÉ ÌÎÌÅÍÒ ÿ ÏÈØÓ. ↓ AT THIS PARTICULAR MOMENT I AM WRITING. æò ðèñ ïýòèêúþëý ìîóìýíò àé æì ðàéòèíã

= … ÿâëÿþñü ïèøÓÙèì;

————————————————————————————————

ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ ↓ Çàâòðà

âðåìÿ: → → → → → → ↓ Ñ 5 ÄÎ 7 ÿ + ÁÓÄÓ ÏÈÑÀÒÜ.

Tomorrow from 5 till 7 I + WILL

BE

WRITING.

= … áóäó (áûòü) ïèøÓÙèì … ↑ ↑ ↑ Ýëåìåíò Ãëàãîë Îïðåäåëåíèå

ñî÷åòàíèåì

INGîâûì !!!)

7

åñòýäýé ôðîì ôàéâ òèë ñýâí àé wîç ðàéòèíã = … áûë ïèøÓÙèì;

è âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ãëàãîëà “ÂŔ ñ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅÌ (= c

till

↓ ↓

———————————————————————————————— Ôàêòè÷åñêè, äåëî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî àíãëîÿçû÷íûå âîîáùå î÷åíü ÷àñòî «óõîäÿò» îò ãëàãîëà, è âìåñòî íåãî ïîëüçóþòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèåì, íà ñàìîì äåëå îïèñûâàÿ ñåáÿ,

âìåñòî

òîãî, ÷òîáû ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî îíè «äåëàþò»:

Âìåñòî «ñïàòü»: “be Âìåñòî «óñòà(âà)òü»: “be Âìåñòî «îïîçäàòü»: “be

← Îïðåäåëåíèÿ → ↓ ↓ asleep” = «áûòü ñïÿùèì», tired” = «áûòü óñòàëûì», late” = «áûòü îïîçäàâøèì», è äåñÿòêè ò.ä. 371

À ÷åì «INGîâûå» îïðåäåëåíèÿ õóæå, ÷åì îñòàëüíûå ? Âîò àíãëîÿçû÷íûå â íåêîòîðûõ êîíêðåòíûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ è îïèñûâàþò ñåáÿ ïðè ïîìîùè «INGîâûõ» îïðåäåëåíèé

âìåñòî

«ïåðåäà÷è äåéñòâèé» –

– âîò è âñ¸ !!! ———————————————————————————————— Òî åñòü â òàêèõ ↑ ñëó÷àÿõ Âû ÍÅ äîëæíû ãîâîðèòü, «÷òî» êòî-òî «äåëàë» ..! Âû äîëæíû

îïèñàòü

ñåáÿ èëè ýòîò ñóáúåêò è ñêàçàòü,

÷òî ÿ/îí «ÁÛË ...ÞÙèì» !!!

äåéñòâèé.

ÑÎÂÅÐبÍÍÛÅ

äåéñòâèÿ

(= «Äåéñòâèÿ “Ê”» = “BY”-Actions”). Ýòî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå íà÷àëèñü ðàíåå êàêîãî-òî «ìîìåíòà» èëè êàêîé-ëèáî «òî÷êè îòñ÷¸òà», è ñàìè ýòè äåéñòâèÿ èëè «ñîâåðøàþòñÿ Ê» îïðåäåë¸ííîìó «ìîìåíòó», èëè ýôôåêò îò íèõ «ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ Äλ îïðåäåë¸ííîãî ìîìåíòà âî âðåìåíè, à ñàì ýòîò «ìîìåíò» èëè ñàìà «òî÷êà îòñ÷¸òà» ìîæåò íàõîäèòüñÿ

â ëþáîì

èç 3 «âðåì¸í»!

(Â íàñòîÿùåì, â ïðîøåäøåì è â áóäóùåì). have/has

Çäåñü â êà÷åñòâå «óêàçóþùèõ ñëîâ» (= “Indicating words”) ìîãóò âûñòóïàòü âûðàæåíèÿ òèïà:

had

will have

all (day, month è äð.) long – îîë (äýé, ìàíè) ëîíã =

ß íàçûâàþ ýòîò òèï äåéñòâèé «Äåéñòâèÿìè “Ê”», ïîòîìó ÷òî ýòè äåéñòâèÿ (èëè èõ ðåçóëüòàò) âñåãäà ïîäãîíÿþòñÿ Ê îïðåäåë¸ííîé «òî÷êå îòñ÷¸òà» – à ñàìà ýòà «òî÷êà îòñ÷¸òà» ìîæåò, ïîâòîðÿþ, íàõîäèòüñÿ â ëþáîì âðåìåíè.

= âåñü (äåíü, ìåñÿö è äð.)

Ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèå «òî÷êè îòñ÷¸òà» âî âðåìåíè

right now – ðàéò íàó = ïðÿìî ñåé÷àñ

at this (particular) moment – æò ðèñ ïýòèêúþëý ìîóìýíò =

(òî åñòü «âðåìÿ,

Ê

êîòîðîìó “ïîäãîíÿåòñÿ” äåéñòâèå»)

= (èìåííî) â ýòîò ìîìåíò ...

Âû – íè î ÷¸ì íå äóìàÿ! (óãàäàéòå!) –

from ... till ... – ôðîì ... òèë ...

– ïîêàæåòå ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà “have”: ————————————————————————————————

= ñ ... äî ..., îò ... äî ...

è äðóãèå.

Òî åñòü, êîãäà Âû â ñâî¸ì ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòå (èëè: ìîæåòå óïîòðåáèòü) îäíî èç ýòèõ ↑ âûðàæåíèé, òî è êîíñòðóêöèþ Âû äîëæíû èñïîëüçîâàòü èìåííî ýòó (= «BE + INGîâîå îïðåäåëåíèå»), òàê êàê ïî÷òè âñåãäà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå ýòè ↑ ñëîâà, ïåðåäàþò

«ïðîöåññû» èëè «ðàñòÿíóòûå», «äëÿùèåñÿ» äåéñòâèÿ !!! ———————————————————————————————— 372

3-é òèï

ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ

âðåìÿ

(= «2-ÿ ôîðìà = “had” + 3-ÿ ôîðìà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà»):

↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↓ ↑↓ òîò ñóï â÷åðà Ê 5 ÷àñàì. ß ↓ ÑÂÀÐÈË I HAD + COOKED that soup yesterday BY 5 o’clock; àé õæä êóêò ðæò ñóóï åñòýäýé áàé 5 ýêëîê Áóêâàëüíî: ↓ «Ó ìåíÿ ÁÛË + ÑÂÀÐÅÍ ...»; ← ← ← ———————————————————————————————— 373

ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ ß

âðåìÿ:

Íå äóìàéòå íè î ÷¸ì!, è â «êîíñòðóêöèþ ¹ 3» ïðîñòî

â ýòîì äîìå óæå 10 ëåò (íà÷àë æèòü ðàíüøå è æèâó äî ñèõ ïîð = Hàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ = Ê «ñåãîäíÿøíåìó» ìîìåíòó). ↓ I HAVE + LIVED in this house for 10 years already. àé õæâ ëèâä èí ðèñ õàóñ ôîî òýí éèýç îîëðýäè Áóêâàëüíî: «Ó ìåíÿ + ÏÐÎÆÈÒÎ ...»; ————————————————————————————————

ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ

âðåìÿ: ↓ ß ↓ ÑÂÀÐÞ òîò ñóï Ê 5 ÷àñàì çàâòðà. I WILL HAVE + COOKED that soup BY 5 o’clock tomorrow. êóêò ðæò ñóóï áàé 5 ýêëîê òýìîðîó àé wèë õæâ Áóêâàëüíî: «Ó ìåíÿ ÁÓÄÅÒ + ÑÂÀÐÅÍ ...». ————————————————————————————————

ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÈÅ. ×åòâ¸ðòûé

òèï äåéñòâèé.

Ýòîò òèï äåéñòâèé âûðàæàåòñÿ ïî àíãëèéñêè äîâîëüíîòàêè «ãðîìîçäêîé» êîíñòðóêöèåé, íî êîíñòðóêöèÿ ýòà íàñòîëüêî êðàñèâà, ÷òî ðàäè íå¸ ìîæíî è ÷óòîê ïîäíàïðÿ÷üñÿ ..!!! Åñëè äåéñòâèå, «ïîäãîíÿåìîå» ïîä îïðåäåë¸ííûé ìîìåíò âî âðåìåíè (= Êîíñòðóêöèÿ ¹3 = «Äåéñòâèå “Ê”»), ÿâëÿåòñÿ/ ÿâëÿëîñü/áóäåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ ê òîìó æå åù¸ è «Ïðîöåññîì “ÄΔ, “ÐÀÑÒßÍÓÒÛÌ”, “ÄËßÙÈÌÑß”» (= –è

Âû

INGîâûì “Prolonged “BY”-Action”) – õîòèòå ýòó

«äëèòåëüíîñòü»

ïîä÷åðêíóòü –

òî Âû ìîæåòå òåõíè÷åñêè î÷åíü ëåãêî ýòî ñäåëàòü! 374

ââåäèòå 2

ÆÈÂÓ

ÏÎÑÒÎßÍÍÎÅ:

îáÿçàòåëüíûõ

ñëîâà:

à) â êà÷åñòâå âòîðîãî ñëîâà –

– ñëîâî “BEEN” = 3-þ ôîðìó ãëàãîëà “be”, ÷òîáû îáðàçîâàòü êîíñòðóêöèþ «Äλ, «Ê», è ÇÀÌÅÍßÅÌÎÅ:

á) «INGîâóþ ôîðìó» ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà

(êîòîðîé Âû òåïåðü è áóäåòå ïåðåäàâàòü è «äëèòåëüíîñòü», è ñìûñë êîíñòðóêöèè – – òî åñòü ñàìî äåéñòâèå). ÂÐÅÌß æå êîíñòðóêöèè (òî åñòü, ãäå íàõîäèòñÿ òî÷êà, ê êîòîðîé Âû «ïîäãîíÿåòå» äåéñòâèå) Âû – êàê è âñåãäà – ïîêàçûâàåòå

ôîðìîé

“have”:

Íàñòîÿùåå ↓ Îîî÷åíü äîëãî!!! I HAVE + BEEN WAITING àé õæâ áèèí wýéòèíã Æ Ä À Ë ß + Æ Ä Ó = ß +

+ for this money + all my life! ôîî ðèñ ìàíè îîë ìàé ëàéô + … ýòèõ äåíåã âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü! + … ... = íà÷àë æäàòü êîãäà-òî, îæèäàíèå áûëî äëèòåëüíûì (“all my life”), è æäó ÿ ÄÎ íàñòîÿùåãî ìîìåíòà (= “have”) !!!

ÅÙ¨ ÐÀÇ. Ôîðìîé “have” (have/ has – had – will have) Âû – êàê âñåãäà – ïîêàæåòå, ÃÄÅ âî âðåìåíè íàõîäèòñÿ òîò «ìîìåíò» èëè òà «òî÷êà îòñ÷¸òà», ïîä êîòîðóþ «ïîäãîíÿåòñÿ» ýòî Âàøå «ðàñòÿíóòîå», «äëÿùååñÿ» äåéñòâèå (= äëèòåëüíîå «îæèäàíèå») ! ( äàííîì ñëó÷àå ýòà ↑ «òî÷êà îòñ÷¸òà» íàõîäèòñÿ â «ñåé÷àñ» = â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè =→ “... have ...” !!!). 375

À âîò çäåñü ↓ «òî÷êà îòñ÷¸òà» íàõîäèòñÿ

â áóäóùåì !!!

Ê òîìó âðåìåíè + ÿ áóäó æäàòü (= ïðîæäó) + óæå 5 ÷àñîâ. By that time áàé ðæò òàéì

+ I will have + been waiting + for 5 hours already. àé wèë õæâ áèèí wýéòèíã ôîî ôàéâ àóýç îîëðýäè

Ñìîòðèòå, êàê âñ¸ ëîãè÷íî: “…

will

have +

↑ Âðåìÿ

Ïîêàçûâàåì:

+ waiting …” ! ↑ ↑ «… Ê …» Ïðîöåññ

been

ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈÈ ÏÎ

ÑÎÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÈÞ íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÕ ÔÎÐÌ è ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÉ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÌ è ÏÎ ÈÕ ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÞ:

{

(= Äëèòåëüíîñòü).

———————————————————————————————— ÀÏÎÔÅÎÇ.

Â×ÅÐÀ

À ñåé÷àñ ìû óêðàñèì îáñóæäåíèå òåìû «âðåì¸í» êîðîë¸ì ïðèìåðî⠖ ôðàçîé, êîòîðóþ ïðîèçíîñèò íà ÷èñòîì àíãëèéñêîì Leonardo di Caprio â ôèëüìå «×åëîâåê â æåëåçíîé ìàñêå», è êîòîðàÿ âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ è õîðîøî äåìîíñòðèðóåò ÑÐÀÇÓ

öåëûõ 3

òèïà äåéñòâèé:

“I HAVE BEEN in prison for 6 years = «ß ïðîáûË â òþðüìå 6 ëåò àé õæâ áèèí èí ïðèçí ôîî ñèêñ éèýç (ò.å. «îò ... è äî ñåãîäíÿøíåãî äíÿ»),

you FREED me þó ôðèèä ìèè

= âû îñâîáîäèËè ìåíÿ (îäíîðàçîâîå äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì),

and now you ARE ASKING me = à ñåé÷àñ âû ïðîñèÒÅ ìåíÿ (èìåííî â äàííûé! ìîìåíò) æíä íàó þó àà ààñêèíã ìèè to enter another prison”. = ñåñòü â äðóãóþ òþðüìó». òó ýíòý ýíàðý ïðèçí ————————————————————————————————

2-ÿ

1) Â×ÅÐÀ =→

ÿ ïîñ÷èòàë/ñúåë = I counted/ate

...

= 2-ÿ ôîðìà.

ñ 5 äî 7 ðîâíî â 7.34 âåñü äåíü

Ê

5.00

}

ÿ ñ÷èòàë/åë = I

+ + counting/eating.

was*

ÿ ïîñ÷èòàë/ñúåë = I had* + + counted/eaten.

* “WAS” è “HAD” = 2-å ôîðìû;

———————————————————————————————— ÍÈ÷åãî ÍÅ äåëàåì èëè “+S”, 2) ÑÅÃÎÄÍß =→

{

ÑÅÉ×ÀÑ Ê ...

{

=→ =→ ...

WAS/WERE/WILL be.

AM / IS / ARE + “...ing”; HAVE / HAS / WILL have + 3-ÿ ôîðìà:

ÿ ñ÷èòàþ/åì

ïðÿìî ñåé÷àñ ÿ

=

count/eat ... ñ÷èòàþ/åì = I am + I

+ counting/eating.

âåñü äåíü

ÿ ñ÷èòàþ/åì

= I am + + counting/eating.

ñ 5 äî 7

ÿ ñ÷èòàë/åë

= I was + + counting/eating.

ÑÅÃÎÄÍß

↓ íà

376

ÔÎÐÌÀ (= “+(e)D” èëè èç «Òàáëèöû»):

(= Ê

ýòî âðåìÿ ÿ ñîñ÷èòàë ýòîìó ìîìåíòó)

= I have + + counted/eaten.

377

ÑÅÃÎÄÍß

{

Ê

ÿ ñîñ÷èòàë/ñúåë = I had + + counted/eaten.

5.00

ñ 5 äî 7

Ê

ÿ

áóäó

ñ÷èòàòü/åñòü = = I will be counting/eating.

5.00

ÿ ñîñ÷èòàþ/ñúåì = I will + + have counted/eaten; ———————————————————————————————— 3) ÇÀÂÒÐÀ =→

{

ÇÀÂÒÐÀ

... ...

{

WILL + ãëàãîë; WILL be + ...ing; WILL have + 3-ÿ ôîðìà: ÿ áóäó ñ÷èòàòü/åñòü = I ÿ ñîñ÷èòàþ

ñ 5 äî 7 ðîâíî â 7.34 âåñü äåíü

}

will

ÿ áóäó ñ÷èòàòü/åñòü = = I will be + counting/eating.

– õîòÿ, ïîâòîðÿþ, êàêèå æå ýòî ãëàãîëû, åñëè îíè âîîáùå íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ è ó íèõ íåò íè îäíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ïðèçíàêà ???

CÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈß ÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠñ «ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈßÌÈ».

«Ý Ë Å Ì Å Í Ò + ...»: ————————————————————————————————

… + Ïàññèâ:

Âèäèòå ↑, âåçäå è

â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå

èëè æå ÔÎÐÌÀÌÈ “be” è/ëè “have” (â êîíñòðóêöèÿõ).

ñìûñë

I + CAN + BE killED. àé êæí áèè êèëä ß + ÌÎÃÓ + ÁÛÒÜ óáèÒ(-ûì) = Ìåíÿ ìîæíî óáèòü. ————————————————————————————————

… + 1-é òèï

ìû ïîêàçûâàåì

2-îé ÔÎÐÌÎÉ ñàìîãî´ ãëàãîëà (1-é òèï äåéñòâèé)

åãî (â êîíñòðóêöèÿõ)

ìû ïîêàçûâàåì «3-åé» èëè «INGîâîé» ÔÎÐÌÎÉ ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà (òî åñòü òåì èëè èíûì îïðåäåëåíèåì) !!! ———————————————————————————————— 378

òî åñòü ñ òåì, ÷òî äî ìåíÿ íàçûâàëè «ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè» –

+ count/eat.

Ê

«ÒÈÏ» æå äåéñòâèÿ è

ÂÑÅ «êîíñòðóêöèè» â ñâîåé íåèçìåí¸ííîé ôîðìå (è âñå «òèïû äåéñòâèé») ïðåêðàñíî ìîãóò ñî÷åòàòüñÿ ñ (ëþáûìè) ýëåìåíòàìè,

(Ñìîòðèòå ìîé «Íîâûé êëàññíûé ñàìîó÷èòåëü»).

5.00 ÿ ñîñ÷èòàþ/ñúåì = = I will have + counted/eaten. ————————————————————————————————

ÂÐÅÌß

ÍÎÂÛÅ ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÎÑÒÈ.

äåéñòâèé =

+

«Äåéñòâèÿ «Áàö!»:

I + CAN + READ + any English book. àé êæí ðèèä ýíè èíãëèøü áóê ß + ÌÎÃÓ + ÏÐÎ×ÅÑÒÜ + ëþáóþ àíãëèéñêóþ êíèãó. ————————————————————————————————

… + 2-é òèï

äåéñòâèé =

+

«Äåéñòâèÿ «Ïðîöåññà»:

You + SHOULD + BE LIVING + here. þó øþä áèè ëèâèíã õèý ÆÈÒÜ + çäåñü. Òåáå + ÁÛ ÑËÅÄÎÂÀËÎ + ———————————————————————————————— 379

ÍÅÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß

————————————————————————————————

… + 3-é òèï

äåéñòâèé =

+ «Äåéñòâèÿ

«Ê»:

I + COULD + HAVE EATEN + this soup. àé êóä õæâ èèòí ðèñ ñóóï ß + ÌÎÃ + (óæå) ÑÚÅÑÒÜ + ýòîò ñóï. ————————————————————————————————

… + 4-é òèï

äåéñòâèé =

+ «Ïðîöåññ

«Äλ:

I + MIGHT + HAVE BEEN WAITING + for you all my life.

àé

ìàéò

ß + ÌÎÃ ÁÛ +

õæâ

áèèí

wýéòèíã

ÏÐÎÆÄÀÒÜ

ôîî þó îîë ìàé ëàéô

+ òåáÿ âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü. ↓ «ìîþ» ———————————————————————————————— È óëûáíèòåñü, âñïîìíèâ, êàê êîãäà-òî áåçîòâåòñòâåííî ïåëè ëåãêîìûñëåííûå «Àðàáåñêè»: “We + SHOULD + BE THINKING + about some drinking!”. wè øþä áèè èèíêèíã ýáàóò ñàì äðèíêèíã Â ñìûñëå:

«À íå ïîðà ëè íàì ïîääàòü?!».

À â «Ìîåé ïðåêðàñíîé ëåäè» Ýëèçà Äóóëèòë çàëèâàëàñü: “I + And + æíä

COULD COULD êóä

+ HAVE DANCED + all night, + HAVE BEGGED + for more!” õæâ áýãä ôîî ìîî

«ß + ÌÎÃËÀ ÁÛ + ÒÀÍÖÅÂÀÒÜ + âñþ íî÷ü, È + ÌÎÃËÀ ÁÛ + ÏÎÏÐÎÑÈÒÜ + åù¸!». ———————————————————————————————— ÍÅ ÇÀÁÛÂÀÉÒÅ !!! Ìîé E-mail àäðåñ:

[email protected] 380

ÏÎ

ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈÞ

«ÂÐĄ̊ͻ ÄÐÓÃ Ñ ÄÐÓÃÎÌ

(Äëÿ ÏÐÀÊÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈß). 1) Âîò ÃËÀÂÍÎÅ äëÿ Âàñ è äîâîëüíî-òàêè ïðîñòîå ÏÐÀÂÈËÎ ¹1: Åñëè ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ – òî åñòü ïåðâîé ÷àñòè âñåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ – ñòîèò â ïðîñòîì ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè = âî 2-é ôîðìå, òî è ãëàãîë âòîðîé ÷àñòè ýòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ äîëæåí îáÿçàòåëüíî ñòîÿòü òîæå â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ëèáî ñ ýëåìåíòîì “would” – ñìîòðè äàëåå). Òî åñòü: åñëè ïî-ðóññêè ìîæíî ñêàçàòü: «ß äóìàË, ÷òî ñõîÆÓ ñ óìà» – – òî åñòü ôîðìà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè («ñõîÆÓ») âíóòðè «ïðîøåäøåãî» äåéñòâèÿ («äóìàË»), òî ïî-àíãëèéñêè ÎÁÀ äåéñòâèÿ äîëæíû ñòîÿòü â ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÌ âðåìåíè.

m

I THOUGHT (that) I + WAS GETTING MAD. ãýòèíã ìæä àé èîîò ðæò àé wîç ß äóìàë, ÷òî ÿ ñõîæó/ñõîäèë ñ óìà = = ß äóìàË, ÷òî ÿ ÑÒÀÍÎÂÈËÑß ñóìàñøåäøèì. Âîò òàêèå ïðèìåðû íà ýòó òåìó äàâàë ïðîô. Â.Ê. Ìþëëåð â ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé ÷àñòè ñâîåãî èçâåñòíåéøåãî ñëîâàðÿ: ß ñïðîñèë, êàê åãî çîâóò = I asked what his name was. àé ààñêò wîò õèç íýéì wîç ß ñêàçàë åìó, ÷òî åìó ìîæíî (áûëî) ñäåëàòü ýòî. I told him (that) he was allowed to do this. àé òîóëä õèì ðæò õè wîç ýëàóä òó äóó ðèñ ———————————————————————————————— 381

NB! Åñëè æå ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â îäíîì èç íàñòîÿùèõ èëè áóäóùèõ «âðåì¸í», òî ãëàãîë âòîðîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè â ëþáîì âðåìåíè ñîîáðàçíî ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ ãîâîðÿùåãî: ß çíàþ, ÷òî îí ýòî ãîâîðèë! = I know (that) he said it! àé íîó ðæò õè ñýä èò ß íèêîãäà íå ïîâåðþ, ÷òî îí òàêîå ñêàçàë = I will never believe (that) he said such a thing. ß ñëûøàë, ÷òî îí âîçâðàùàåòñÿ. I have heard (that) he is coming back; àé õæâ õœœä ðæò õè èç êàìèíã áæê ———————————————————————————————— 2) Âòîðîå

Î×ÅÍÜ

ÂÀÆÍÎÅ äëÿ Âàñ

ïðàâèëî

=

Êàê Âû, íàäåþñü, çàìåòèëè, «ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ» â «ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÌ» âî âñåõ âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûõ ïðèìåðàõ – à âîîáùå-òî,

èä¸ò ÷åðåç «... WÓÄ ...» = “...

ÑÒÀÍÓ + ë¸ò÷èêîì. ß âñåãäà äóìàË, ÷òî + a pilot. I always thoughT (that) + I WOULD become + àé îîëwýéç èîîò (ðæò) àé WÓÄ áèêàì ýïàéëýò ÏÐÅÄÀÑÒ + òåáÿ. Òû íèêîãäà íå ïîäîçðåâàËà, ÷òî îí + You never suspecteD (that) he + WOULD betray + you. þó íýâý ñýñïýêòèä (ðæò) õè WÓÄ áèòðýé þó Îí íå çíàË, ÷òî ÁÓÄÅÒ æàëåòü îá ýòîì âñþ ñâîþ æèçíü. He didn’t know (that) he WOULD regret about it all his life. õè äèäíò íîó (ðæò) õè WÓÄ ðèãðýò ýáàóò èò îîë õèç ëàéô (= +

ß

ÁÓÄÓ ÄÎËÆÅÍ

+ …)

ß íå îæèäàË, ÷òî + ìíå ÏÐÈĨÒÑß + óåõàòü. I didn’t expect (that) + I WOULD HAVE TO + leave. àé äèäíò èêñïýêò (ðæò) ÀÉ WÓÄ Õæ ÒÓ ëèèâ 382

WOULD ...”,

à ÍÅ ÷åðåç “will”! ———————————————————————————————— Êðîìå ýòîãî, åù¸ ðàç îáðàùàþ Âàøå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî â ìîèõ àíãëèéñêèõ ïðèìåðàõ (l) ñëîâå÷êî “... that ...” – ðæò = «..., ÷òî ...», «..., êîòîðûé ...» çà÷àñòóþ ñòîèò â ñêîáêàõ, ò.ê. â àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îíî ñîâñåì íå îáÿçàòåëüíî! ———————————————————————————————— ÅÙ¨ ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ ÄËß ÇÀÇÓÁÐÈÂÀÍÈß:

= «ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ â ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÌ»: him + I would come. ß ñêàçàË åìó, ÷òî ïðèäó = I told àé wóä êàì àé òîóëä õèì

ÂÑÅÃÄÀ –

È:

ß çíàë, ÷òî îíà + ñêàæåò + åìó ýòî. I knew (that) she + WOULD tell + him this. àé íúþó ðæò øüè wóä òýë õèì ðèñ ß çíàë, ÷òî îíà (åù¸ ðàíüøå) + ñêàçàëà + åìó ýòî. I knew she + HAD TOLD + him this. àé íúþó øüè õæä òîóëä õèì ðèñ

Ìû çíàëè, ÷òî îíè + íå çàãîâîðÿò + ïî-àíãëèéñêè. We knew they + WOULDN’T speak + English. wè íúþó ðýé wóäíò ñïèèê èíãëèøü áóäóò + ãîëîäíû. Íàì ñêàçàëè, ÷òî îíè + We were told (that) they + WOULD be + hungry. wè wýý òîóëä ðæò ðýé wóä áèè õàíãðè ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ + íå ïîéäó + òóäà. I said (that) I + WOULDN’T GO + there. wóäíò ãîó ðýý àé ñýä ðæò àé 383

ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî + åìó íå ñêàæóò. they + WOULDN’T tell him. I hoped àé õîóïò ðýé wóäíò òýë õèì ———————————————————————————————— È äëÿ ïóùåé óáåäèòåëüíîñòè âîò Âàì ôðàçà èç Äýâèäà Ìîðýëà (= àâòîðà «Ïåðâîé êðîâè»): “Here’s the postcard I THOUGHT I WOULD never SEND”. õèýç ðýïîóñòêààä àé èîîò àé wóä íýâý ñýíä «Âîò îòêðûòêà, (êîòîðóþ) ÿ äóìàËà, (÷òî) íèêîãäà íå ÏÎØËÞ». ———————————————————————————————— NB! ÎÁÍÀĨÆÈÂÀÞÙÈÉ ÍÞÀÍÑ ÑÊÎÐÅÅ ÄËß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ, ×ÅÌ ÄËß ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß. Îäíàêî, åñëè Âû ãîâîðèòå î ÷¸ì-òî îáùåèçâåñòíîì èëè ðåãóëÿðíî ïîâòîðÿþùåìñÿ, òî ìîæíî è íå ñîáëþäàòü «Ïðàâèë ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ âðåì¸í»: I read that drinking IS not good for health. àé ðýä ðæò äðèíêèíã èç íîò ãóä ôîî õýëè ß ÷èòàë, ÷òî ïüÿíñòâî íå ïîëåçíî äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ. usually BEGINS. We didn’t know what time the film wè äèäíò íîó wîò òàéì ðýôèëì þóæüåëè áèãèíç Ìû íå çíàëè âî ñêîëüêî îáû÷íî íà÷èíàåòñÿ ôèëüì. ———————————————————————————————— Óâàæàåìûå ãîñïîäà! Îñîáåííî ðåêîìåíäóþ Âàì ñâîþ íîâóþ êíèãó

«5 ñåíñàöèé»,

êîòîðàÿ (êðîìå âñåãî ïðî÷åãî) óêàæåò Âàì è ïðÿìîé ïóòü ê çàó÷èâàíèþ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ! Òàêæå î÷åíü ñîâåòóþ ïðèîáðåòàòü ìîè «ÂÈÄÅÎÊÓÐÑÛ» !!!

384

ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÐßÌÎÉ ÐÅ×È Â→ ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÓÞ. Ïðàâèëà «Ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ/ñî÷åòàíèÿ âðåì¸í» äåéñòâóþò è ïðè ïåðåâîäå «ïðÿìîé» àíãëèéñêîé ðå÷è â→ «êîñâåííóþ». Ãëàâíûì ïðàâèëîì â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíîñòü äëÿ îáåèõ ÷àñòåé ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîÿòü â îäíîì è òîì æå âðåìåíè. Îäíàêî åñòü è äîïîëíèòåëüíûå 7 ïðàâèë ýòîãî «ïåðåâîäà», íå èìåþùèå ïðÿìîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê àíãëèéñêèì «âðåìåíàì» è «êîíñòðóêöèÿì», è êîòîðûå ìîæíî ïåðå÷èñëèòü âêðàòöå è ïî´õîäÿ, (÷óòü äàëåå ýòè ïðàâèëà ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ êîíêðåòíûìè ïðèìåðàìè) : 1) Ãëàãîë “say” çàìåíÿåòñÿ→ íà ãëàãîë “tell” (òî åñòü “say → tell”); 2) Çàïÿòûå, êàâû÷êè è âîïðîñèòåëüíûå çíàêè îïóñêàþòñÿ; 3) Ñóáúåêòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ (= ñóáúåêòû) è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ (= «îáÿçàòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëè») çàìåíÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ñìûñëó; 4) Ïðîèñõîäèò ñëåäóþùàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ «çàìåíà» ñëîâ: will this these now today yesterday tomorrow ago here

→ → → → → → → → →

would that those then that day the day before the next day before there; 385

ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÀÖÈß

5) Ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè «äîáàâëÿþòñÿ» ñëîâà “whether” – wýðý (èëè “if” – èô) = «... ëè ...»; 6)  ïîâåëèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè ãëàãîë â 1-é (= â ñëîâàðíîé) ôîðìå çàìåíÿåòñÿ→ íà ãëàãîë ñ ÷àñòèöåé “to …”;

DO you know him?

×ÅÌ

ÑÏÐÀØÈÂÀÞÒ

– YES, I DO!

– NO, I DON’T !

DOES she know him? – YES, she DOES! – NO, she DOESN’T !

Ïîñëåäíèå 2 ïóíêòà ìîæíî ñâåñòè ê ïðîñòîé çàìåíå “Don’t” → “... not to ...”. ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ: → → →

ÎÒÂÅ×ÀÉÒÅ òåì æå,

(ëèáî â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé, ëèáî â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå):

7) Çàïðåùàþùàÿ ÷àñòèöà “Don’t …” çàìåíÿåòñÿ→ íà ïðîñòîe îòðèöàíèå “not”.

She said to me: “We will leave tomorrow”

ÏÎ ÄÎÑÒÈÆÅÍÈÞ ÁÛÑÒÐÎÃÎ ÐÅÇÓËÜÒÀÒÀ.

told me (that) would leave the next day.

She we

DID they write this?

– YES, they DID!

WILL they come?

– YES, they WILL! – NO, they WON’T!

CAN she do this?

– YES, she CAN!

– NO, she CA´NNOT!

HAVE you a friend?

– YES, I HAVE!

– NO, I HAVEN’T!

HAS she a book?

– YES, she HAS!

– NO, she HASN’T!

HAD they any money? – YES, they HAD

– NO, they DIDN’T !

– NO, they HADN’T!

They asked us: “Have you read the book?”

→ → =

You asked me: “Where do you go?”

= = → →

You asked me where

WERE our cats there? – YES, they WERE! – NO, they WEREN’T!

I went.

WILL our cats be there? – YES, they WILL! – NO, they WON’T!

He said to her: “Come to me!”

→ → →

He told her to come to him.

They asked us +

whether

(èëè:

if)

we had

read the book.

→ She told me She said to me: → not to “Don’t kiss her!” = kiss her. ———————————————————————————————— 386

WILL we have a lunch? – YES, we WILL! – NO, we WON’T! IS our cat there?

– YES, it IS!

– NO, it ISN’T!

ÍÎ: DON’T you read it?

– YES, I DO!

– NO, I DON’T!

ISN’T she there?

– YES, she IS!

– NO, she ISN’T!

WON’T you come?

– YES, I WILL!

– NO, I WON’T!

CAN’T they play?

– YES, they CAN! – NO, they CAN’T! è ò.ä. 387

ÎÁßÇÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÈÒÅËÈ “AN”, “A” è “THE” (ò.í. «àðòèêëè»). Äî ñèõ ïîð ìû ñòàðàëèñü «óáåãàòü» îò «àðòèêëÿ», òåïåðü æå äàâàéòå çà ñ÷¸ò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ àðòèêëÿ ÎÁÎÃÀÒÈÌ íàø àíãëèéñêèé è ñäåëàåì åãî åù¸ áîëåå áîãàòûì è ïðàâèëüíûì !!! «Áîÿòüñÿ» àðòèêëÿ íå íóæíî, òàê êàê îí íà ñàìîì-òî äåëå î÷åíü óäîáåí – ïðîñòî îòíåñèòåñü ê íåìó êàê ê ñëîâó, êàê ê

îäíîìó

èç

«îáÿçàòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé»

è êàê ê åù¸ îäíîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ – íî

«îïðåäåëåíèþ ¹1»

(òàê êàê îí âñåãäà ñòîèò ïåðåä äðóãèìè îïðåäåëåíèÿìè). Àíãëîÿçû÷íûå – áîëüøèå áóêâîåäû, è îíè ëþáÿò âñ¸ óòî÷íÿòü – ïîýòîìó îíè âñåãäà

ïðè ïîìîùè àðòèêëÿ (= «îïðåäåëèòåëÿ») â îáÿçàòåëüíåéøåì ïîðÿäêå ïîêàçûâàþò íàì (èëè ìû – ãîâîðÿ ïî-àíãëèéñêè – îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíû ïîêàçûâàòü) î

êàêîì

ïðåäìåòå èëè ëèöå (= ñóáúåêòå/îáúåêòå) èä¸ò ðå÷ü ...

Åñëè ìû ýòîò ïðåäìåò èëè, íàïðèìåð, ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà ÓÆÅ çíàåì èëè î í¸ì ÓÆÅ êîãäà-òî øëà ðå÷ü (òî åñòü îí äëÿ íàñ «îïðåäåë¸í», «èçâåñòåí») – òî ìû (ãîâîðÿ ïî-àíãëèéñêè) è äîëæíû îáÿçàòåëüíî âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ «îïðåäåë¸ííûì àðòèêëåì», òî åñòü îáÿçàòåëüíî ñêàçàòü: «ÒÎÒ ...», «ÒÎÒ ñàìûé ...», «ÒÅ ñàìûå ...» = = ïî-àíãëèéñêè “THE ...” – ðý. È ñòàâèòñÿ ýòî “THE” ïåðåä ñóáúåêòàìè/îáúåêòàìè â ëþáîì ÷èñëå (= è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì = the boy/the boys) !!! 388

Åñëè æå ýòîò ñóáúåêò/îáúåêò âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íàì âïåðâûå, è ìû äî ýòîãî î í¸ì íå ñëûõàëè – òî îò íåãî îáÿçàòåëüíî íóæíî íà âñÿêèé ñëó÷àé îòáîÿðèòüñÿ, îáÿçàòåëüíî âîñïîëüçîâàâøèñü «ÍÅîïðåäåë¸ííûì àðòèêëåì», è ñêàçàâ: «ÎÄÈÍ ...», «ÊÀÊÎÉ-ÒÎ ...», «ÍÅÊÈÉ ...» = “AN” èëè “A” – æí/ý, ÷òî ðàíüøå ïðîñòî çíà÷èëî «ÎäèÍ»!!!: 1) “I seå 2) “I see

A girl”; THE girl”

– è òî, è òî

ãðàììàòè÷åñêè

ïðàâèëüíî,

íî ðàçíèöà åñòü, è îíà çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ýòà «äåâóøêà» – ëèøü îäíà èç ìíîãèõ, âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå – èìåííî òà ñàìàÿ, êîíêðåòíàÿ «äåâóøêà» !

Ãëàâíîå – ÷òîáû õîòü êàêîé-òî

îïðåäåëèòåëü/àðòèêëü

ÁÛË !!!

À âûáèðàòü ýòîò îïðåäåëèòåëü íóæíî ïðîñòî ñîîáðàçíî çäðàâîìó ñìûñëó !!! ———————————————————————————————— Íó à ðàç “AN/A” çíà÷èò «ÎÄÈÍ», òî åãî (åñòåñòâåííî !!!) ÍÅËÜÇß ñòàâèòü ïåðåä ñóáúåêòàìè/îáúåêòàìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå!!! – – âåäü «Îäèí ñòîëÛ» è ïî-ðóññêè âðÿä ëè êòî-íèáóäü ñêàæåò ..! Òî åñòü â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ↑ «íåîïðåäåë¸ííîå» ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (ñòîÿùåå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå!) ìîæåò áûòü «ãîëûì» = áåç «îïðåäåëèòåëÿ» !!! (Ñòð. 392). ———————————————————————————————— 389

×òîáû ëåã÷å áûëî ïðîèçíîñèòü, ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, êîòîðûå íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ ãëàñíûõ, íóæíî ãîâîðèòü “an ...” – æí, à ïåðåä ñîãëàñíûìè íóæíî ãîâîðèòü “a ...” – ýòî è åæó ÿñíî: A boy = ìàëü÷èê ý áîé

AN apricot = àáðèêîñ. æí ýéïðèêýò

Íî åñòü è ïàðà ë¸ãêèõ íþàíñîâ: 1) äåëî â òîì, ÷òî áóêâà “h-” â íà÷àëå àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà èíîãäà òîëüêî ïèøåòñÿ, íî íå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ – – â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü “AN”, íàïðèìåð: íî:

AN hour – æÍ àóý = ÷àñ, A hot dish – Ý õîò äèøü = ãîðÿ÷åå áëþäî;

2) áóêâà “U-” â íà÷àëå àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà èíîãäà ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê «À-», à èíîãäà êàê «Þó-». Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî: AN umbrella – æÍ Àìáðýëý = çîíò(-èê), è: A union – Ý Þóíèýí = ñîþç. ———————————————————————————————— À âîò Âàì 2 òåêñòèêà, ïîçâîëÿþùèå ïîíÿòü ôóíêöèþ àðòèêëåé è ñóòü èõ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ (îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïîÿñíåíèÿ ïîñëå òåêñòîâ): ↓ îäíîãî Â÷åðà ÿ âñòðåòèë √ äðóãà.

Yesterday I met A friend. åñòýäýé àé ìýò ýôðýíä

↓ òîãî ↓ îäíî Ó √ äðóãà áûëî √ ñòàðîå ïàëüòî. THE friend had AN old coat. ðýôðýíä õæä ýíîóëä êîóò 390

↓ òî √ Ïàëüòî áûëî çåë¸íîå.

The coat was green. ðýêîóò wîç ãðèèí

…* Íà í¸ì áûëè √ äûðû.,

…* There were √ holes on it. ðýý wœœ õîóëç îí èò

…* çàøèòûå √ çåë¸íûìè íèòêàìè.

…* mended with √ green threads. ìýíäèä wèð ãðèèí èðýäç

↓ îäèí Ìû ñåëè â √ àâòîáóñ.

We took A bus. wè òóê ýáàñ

↓ Òîò √ Àâòîáóñ áûë ïåðåïîëíåí.

THE bus was overcrowded. ðýáàñ wîç îóâýêðàóäèä

Êàê âèäèòå ↑, ïðîñòûì «êóðñèâîì» (òî åñòü íàêëîííûì øðèôòîì) âûäåëåíû ñëîâà, âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ  ÏÅÐÂÛÉ ÐÀÇ, è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ÅÙÅ íàì ÍÅÇÍÀÊÎÌÛÅ. Îíè, åñòåñòâåííî, îôîðìëåíû ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅ˨ÍÍÛÌ àðòèêëåì (“an/a” – æí/ý). Äàëåå ÝÒÈ ÆÅ ÑÀÌÛÅ ñëîâà, âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì êóðñèâîì, îáîçíà÷àþò ÓÆÅ ÇÍÀÊÎÌÛÅ – òîëüêî ÷òî (èëè ðàíåå) âñòðå÷àâøèåñÿ íàì ïîíÿòèÿ. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (òàê êàê î íèõ ÓÆÅ ãîâîðèëîñü ÐÀÍÜØÅ), ýòè ñëîâà îôîðìëÿþòñÿ ÎÏÐÅÄÅ˨ÍÍÛÌ àðòèêëåì (“the” – ðý). Òî åñòü, åñëè ñëîâî ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ âòîðîé ðàç, òî îíî îáû÷íî îôîðìëÿåòñÿ àðòèêëåì “the” !!! ———————————————————————————————— * Ñì. ñòð. 392 391

ÏÎÐßÄÊÎÂÛÉ

È åù¸ îäèí òåêñò: AN old man lived æíîóëä ìæí ëèâä

(ÎÄÈÍ) ñòàðèê æèë

in A small house èí ýñìîîë õàóñ

â (ÎÄÍÎÌ) ìàëåíüêîì äîìå

near A forest. íèý ýôîðèñò

ðÿäîì ñ (ÎÄÍÈÌ) ëåñîì.

One day THE old man wàí äýé ðýîóëä ìæí

Îäíàæäû (ÝÒÎÒ ÑÀÌÛÉ) ñòàðèê

left THE house ëåôò ðýõàóñ

óø¸ë èç (ÒÎÃÎ ÑÀÌÎÃÎ) äîìà

and went into THE forest

è ïîø¸ë â (ÒÎÒ ÑÀÌÛÉ) ëåñ

æíä wýíò èíòó ðýôîðèñò ↓ ... *

to collect √ mushrooms. òó êýëåêò ìàøüðóóìç

×òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü ÏÎÐßÄÊÎÂÛÉ íîìåð ÷åãî-íèáóäü, Âàì íóæíî Ê ÷èñëó (= Ê öèôðå)

↓0*

(÷tîáû) ñîáèðàòü √ ãðèáû.

THE mushrooms were tasty. (ÒÅ) ãðèáû áûëè âêóñíûìè. ðý ìàøüðóóìç wœœ òýéñòè ———————————————————————————————— * Êàê âèäèòå, ïåðåä ýòèìè ñëîâàìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ÍÅÒ íèêàêèõ «àðòèêëåé»/îïðåäåëèòåëåé! Ïðîèçîøëî ýòî ïîòîìó, ÷òî è î «äûðàõ», è î «íèòêàõ», è î «ãðèáàõ» â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîìèíàåòñÿ âïåðâûå – à çíà÷èò, «óíèâåðñàëüíîå» “the” ñòàâèòü çäåñü íåëüçÿ – è â òî æå âðåìÿ âñå ýòè 3 ñëîâà ñòîÿò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå – çíà÷èò, î íèõ íåëüçÿ ãîâîðèòü è «îäèí» (= “an/a”) – – âîò îíè è îñòàëèñü «ãîëûìè» … Òàê êàê îïðåëåëèòåëÿ «îäíè» â àíãëèéñêîì ïðîñòî íåò !!! ———————————————————————————————— 392

ÍÎÌÅÐ.

ïðîñòî ïðèáàâèòü ÂÎÑÜÌÎÅ îêîí÷àíèå “+th” – è, íàïðèìåð: 4 = four – ôîî → ÷åòâ¸ðòûé = four+TH – ôîîè.  òåõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ, êîòîðûå ñîñòîÿò èç íåñêîëüêèõ ñëîâ – äàæå â î÷åíü äëèííûõ –

ê ÏÎÑËÅÄÍÅÌÓ ñëîâó (òî÷íî êàê ïî-ðóññêè !!!):

“+th” ïðèáàâëÿéòå òîëüêî

24 = twenty four – òâýíòè ôîî → äâàäöàòü ÷åòâ¸ðòûé = = twenty fourTH. òwýíòè ôîîè ———————————————————————————————— «ÍÅ-ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÅ» ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå (7 øòóê): (the) (the) (the) (the) (the) (the) (the)

first second third fifth eighth ninth twelfth

– – – – – – –

ôœœñò ñýêýíä 蜜ä ôèôè ýéè íàéíè òwýëôè

= = = = = = =

ïåðâûé, âòîðîé, òðåòèé, ïÿòûé, âîñüìîé, äåâÿòûé, äâåíàäöàòûé.

Ïî÷åìó (“the ...”) ? – Ñìîòðèòå íà 10 ñì. äàëåå! ———————————————————————————————— Ñî âñåìè îñòàëüíûìè ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè ïðîáëåì, ïîâòîðÿþ, ÍÅÒ: ÷òîáû îáðàçîâàòü îò íèõ ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå, Âàì äîñòàòî÷íî Ê êîíöó ñëîâà = Ê ÷èñëèòåëüíîìó ïðîñòî ïðèáàâèòü ñòàíäàðòíîå îêîí÷àíèå “+th” – è. 393

È – êàê ÿ ïèñàë â «Ãàðàíòèðîâàííîì àíãëèéñêîì çà 3,5 äíÿ»: «Â îäíîé øåðåíãå ìîæåò áûòü ÒÎËÜÊÎ ÎÄÈÍ “äâàäöàòü ïÿòûé ñîëäàò” – – çíà÷èò, îí ÿâíî “ÈÇÂÅÑÒÅÍ”, çíà÷èò, îáÿçàòåëüíî óêàæèòå íà ýòî ß âîçüìó + òðèäöàòü ñåäüìÓÞ + êíèãó. I’ll take + THE thirty sevenTH + book. àéë òýéê ðý 蜜òè ñýâýíè áóê

ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÈÒÅËÅÌ

ïîýòîìó ìû

îáû÷íî îôîðìëÿþòñÿ “THE” !

ÑÕÅÌÀ: ———————————————————————————————— ÏÎÐßÄÊÎÂÎÅ ÎÁßÇÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ + ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ + ÑËÎÂÎ. ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÈÒÅËÜ (ñ “+th” èëè îäíî ← èç 6-òè) ———————————————————————————————— Êîãäà â 1927 ãîäó íà çàâîäå Ôîðäà â Õàéëýíä-Ïàðêå ñ êîíâåéåðà ñîøëà 15-òèìèëëèîííàÿ «Ìîäåëü «Ò», â êîòîðîé åõàëè ñàì Õýíðè Ôîðä è åãî ñûí Ýäñýëü, íà áîðòó àâòîìîáèëÿ è áûëî íàïèñàíî: “THE fifteen millionTH” !!! ————————————————————————————————

ÑÒÅÏÅÍÈ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß. Ñðàâíèòü ÷òî-íèáóäü ñ ÷åì-íèáóäü ïî-àíãëèéñêè åù¸ ëåã÷å, ÷åì ïî-ðóññêè ...

394

ÍÅ óäëèíÿåì

= big = nice

→ biggER, → nicER è ò.ä.

ñëîâî åù¸ îäíèì îêîí÷àíèåì,

à äåëàåì è ýòî êàê ïî-ðóññêè, òî åñòü ãîâîðèì: «ÁÎËÅÅ ...» = “MORE ...” – ìîî: èëè: ÁÎËÅÅ óñòàëûé =→ MORE tireD – ìîî òàéýä Óæå ïðèáàâëåííûå îêîí÷àíèÿ = ↓↑

ÁÎËÅÅ èíòåðåñíûé =→ MORE interestING. À ÷òîáû ïî-àíãëèéñêè ñêàçàòü «ÑÀÌÛÉ ...» èëè «ÍÀÈ...», ìû íà òåõ æå ñàìûõ óñëîâèÿõ äîëæíû ê êîíöó (íåèçìåí¸ííîãî) ñëîâà ïðèáàâèòü îêîí÷àíèå “+EST” – èñò, à ïåðåä ñëîâîì îáÿçàòåëüíî ïîñòàâèòü åù¸ è îïðåäåë¸ííûé àðòèêëü “THE ...” (èëè äðóãîé «îáÿçàò. îïðåä.»), òàê êàê óæ åñëè êòî-òî, íàïðèìåð, «ñàìûé ìèëûé», òî óæ ÿâíî èçâåñòíî, êòî ...! Åñëè æå ñëîâî ÓÆÅ îäèí ðàç áûëî èçìåíåíî (= «…+îêîí÷àíèå»), òî – âñïîìíèâ è çäåñü «Ïðàâèëî Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹3 – ìû îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíû óïîòðåáèòü àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî È ïîëó÷àåòñÿ: ÑÀÌÛÉ ìèëÛÉ ...

– è àíãëîÿçû÷íûå äåëàþò òî÷íî òàê æå – – òîëüêî ïèøóò îíè ÷óòü èíà÷å: “+ER”,

ïðÿìî ê ñëîâó

→ áîëüøÅ → ìèëåÅ

«ÑÀÌÛÉ ...» = “(the) MOST ...” – ðýìîóñò

Ìû ïðèáàâëÿåì ê êîðíþ ñëîâà “+Å” –

è ïðèáàâëÿþò îíè ýòî “+ER” íå ê êîðíþ, à

áîëüøÎÉ ìèëÛÉ

Åñëè æå ê àíãëèéñêîìó ñëîâó ÓÆÅ ÷òî-íèáóäü êîãäà-íèáóäü áûëî ïðèáàâëåíî (è íå âàæíî, äëèííîå ýòî ñëîâî èëè êîðîòêîå), òî, âñïîìíèâ ïðåêðàñíîå «Ïðàâèëî Äðàãóíêèíà» ¹3, ìû çíàåì, ÷òî «Áîëüøå íàâåøèâàòü óæå íåëüçÿ!!!» –

“ÎÏÐÅÄÅ˨ÍÍÛÌ ÀÐÒÈÊËÅ̔ !!!»:

Òî åñòü ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå

– ïðè÷¸ì “-R” íå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ, à òîëüêî ïèøåòñÿ:

–

=→ THE nicEST ... – ðý íàéñèñò = Ñàìûé ñèìïàòè÷íûé

ÑÀÌÛÉ èíòåðåñíûé =→

THE MOST interestING ... =

Ñàìûé

èíòåðåñíûé 395

È:

ÑÀÌÛÉ óñòàëûé

=→ =

THE MOST tireD ... ðý ìîóñò òàéýä Ñàìûé

óñòàëûé.

old îóëä ñòàðûé

Åñòü 10 îïðåäåëåíèé ↓, ñ êîòîðûìè ýòè ↑ ìàíèïóëÿöèè ïðîèçâîäèòü íåëüçÿ. Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ îò íèõ íå îáðàçóþòñÿ íèêàê – – òàê ÷òî 14 ñëîâ = 14 íåïðàâèëüíûõ ñòåïåíåé ñðàâíåíèÿ îò ýòèõ 10 îïðåäåëåíèé – – íóæíî ïðîñòî îäíîðàçîâî âûçóáðèòü !!!: «ÍÅ-ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÅ» ÑÒÅÏEÍÈ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß:

→

elder ýëäý ñòàðøå, ñòàðåå, âçðîñëåå

→

the eldest ðý ýëäèñò ñàìûé ñòàðøèé, ñàìûé âçðîñëûé, ñàìûé ñòàðûé, ñòàðåéøèé, íàèñòàðåéøèé.

Îäíàêî ó ñëîâà “old” âîçìîæíû è ôîðìû “older” = «ñòàðøå» è “the oldest” = «ñàìûé ñòàðøèé», îóëäý ðý îóëäèñò åñëè ðå÷ü èä¸ò èìåííî è òîëüêî î ÂÎÇÐÀÑÒÅ, à ÍÅ î ñòàðøèíñòâå. ———————————————————————————————— Íó ÷òî æ, ãîñïîäà è äðóçüÿ! Òåïåðü ó Âàñ åñòü 2 àëüòåðíàòèâû:

well, wýë, õîðîøî,

good ãóä õîðîøèé

→

better áýòý ëó÷øå

→

the best ðýáýñò ñàìûé ëó÷øèé íàèëó÷øèé

bad, áæä, ïëîõîé,

evil èèâë çëîé

→

worse wœœñ õóæå, çëåå

→

the worst ðýwœœñò ñàìûé ïëîõîé, íàèõóäøèé

1) Âû ìîæåòå ðûñüþ ïîáåæàòü íà êàêèå-íèáóäü «êóðñû», îòäàòü

→ more ìîî áîëüøå, áîëåå

the most ðýìîóñò ñàìûé, íàèáîëåå, íàèáîëüøee

2) Âû ìîæåòå ïîéòè â êíèæíûé ìàãàçèí, çà êîïåéêè êóïèòü òàì

→

less → ëåñ ìåíüøå, ìåíåå

the least ðýëèèñò ñàìoe ìàëoe, íàèìåíüøee, íàèìåíåå

→

farther ôààðý

many, much ìýíè, ìàò÷ ìíîãî few, little ôúþó, ëèòë ìàëo far ôàà äàë¸êèé, äàëåêî

396

→

→

èëè: further → ôœœðý äàëüøå, äàëåå

the farthest ðýôààðèñò the furthest ðýôœœðèñò ñàìûé äàëüíèé, ñàìûé äàë¸êèé

íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí áàêñîâ «ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿì» è ëåò åù¸ ýäàê 5 ïîñâÿòèòü âû(ì)ó÷èâàíèþ îñòàâøèõñÿ 20% àíãëîçíàíèé = ëåêñèêè è íþàíñîâ; äðóãèå

êíèãè Àëåêñàíäðà Äðàãóíêèíà (+ åãî «Âèäåîêóðñ»),

è òàêèì îáðàçîì ðåøèòü ïî÷òè âñå Âàøè àíãëîÿçû÷íûå ïðîáëåìû !!! ———————————————————————————————— Ïèøèòå ìíå íà àäðåñ

[email protected] Äðóãèå êíèãè è «ÂÈÄÅÎÊÓÐÑÛ» À. Äðàãóíêèíà ìîæíî òàêæå ïðèîáðåñòè, ïîçâîíèâ ïî òåëåôîíàì: 8-901-301-27-57 â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå. (095) 517-00-95 â Ìîñêâå. 397

ÑÏÐÀÂÎ×ÍÀß ×ÀÑÒÜ.

â) Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿåìûå òîëüêî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= ñ ãëàãîëîì íà “+(e)S”):

1) ÍÅïðàâèëüíûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå (27 øòóê): à) Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, èìåþùèå íå-ïðàâèëüíóþ ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Åäèíñòâ. ÷èñëî:

→

child ò÷àéëä foot ôóò goose ãóóñ louse ëàóñ mouse ìàóñ man ìæí woman wóìýí ox îêñ tooth òóóè

→ → → → → → → → →

Ìíîæ. ÷èñëî: ñhildren ÷ûëäðýí feet ôèèò geese ãèèñ lice ëàéñ mice ìàéñ men ìýí women wèìèí oxen îêñí teeth òèèè

= äåòÈ = ñòóïíÈ = ãóñÈ

– – – – – – –

ýýêðààôò äèý ãðæíä êwèä ñààìýí øüèèï òðàóò

= = = = = = =

ýäâàéñ êðààôò ýâèäýíñ ôœœíèò÷ý èíôýìýéøüí õýý íîîëèäæü ëàãèäæü ìàíè ïðîãðýñ íîíñýíñ

= = = = = = = = = = =

ñîâåò/-û ñóä/-íî,-à äîêàçàòåëüñòâ/-î,-à ìåáåëü èíôîðìàöèÿ âîëîñ/-û çíàíè/-å,-ÿ áàãàæ äåíüãè ïðîãðåññ åðóíäà, áåññìûñëèöà

= âøÈ ———————————————————————————————— = ìûøÈ = ìóæ÷èíÛ = æåíùèíÛ = âîëÛ = çóáÛ;

á) Îäèíàêîâàÿ ôîðìà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â åäèíñòâåííîì è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: aircraft deer grand quid salmon sheep trout

– – – – – – – – – – –

àdvice ñraft evidence furniture information hair knowledge luggage money progress nonsense

ñàìîë¸ò/-û îëå/-íü/-íè øòóêà (òûñÿ÷à) ôóíò ñòåðëèíãîâ (àíãë.) ëîñî/-ñü/-ñè îâö/-à/-û ôîðå/-ëü/-ëè;

Ðóññêî-Ðóññêèå Ôîðìóëû. ÇÍÀÉÒÅ, ÷òî ÂÒÎÐÛÌ (II) âàðèàíòàì ÐÐÔ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò èõ áóêâàëüíûå àíãëèéñêèå ïåðåâîäû: I:

=→

=

II:

Àíãë.:

ß ðîäèëñÿ

=→ ß áûë ðîæä¸í

= I was born – áîîí

Ñèëüíåå ìåíÿ

=→ Ñèëüíåå, ÷åì ìåíÿ = Stronger than me.

Äàé åìó ñäåëàòü ýòî =→ Ïîçâîëü åìó + ñäåëàòü ýòî! = Let him + do it Ó ìåíÿ åñòü ... =→ =→ Ó íåãî åñòü ... =→ =→

ß èìåþ ... Ó ìåíÿ èìååòñÿ … Îí èìååò ... Ó íåãî èìååòñÿ …

= = = =

I have ... I’ve got … He has ... He’s got

Òû ïîäãëÿäûâàë çà íèìè? – Íåò, ÿ ÍÅ ÄÅËÀË ýòîãî ... No, I DIDN’T DO that ... Ìåíÿ íàêàçàëè =→ ß áûë íàêàçàí = I was punished – ïàíèøüò

398

399

Åãî îáèäåëè =→ Îí áûë îáèæåí = He was offended – îôýíäèä 1 2 3 Êâàðòèðà ìîåé ìàòåðè =→ Ìîåé ìàòåð’è êâàðòèða. = My mother’s flat. ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ìåíÿ íàãðàäèëè =→ ß õî÷ó + áûòü íàãðàæä¸í(-íûì). = I want + to be rewarded. ðèwîîäèä

ÑÂÎÄÍÀß ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÄÅÑßÒÈ ÎÊÎÍ×ÀÍÈÉ (äëÿ ïðèìåðîâ âîçüì¸ì ïðàâèëüíûé ãëàãîë “paint” – ïýéíò = «êðàñèòü»): ¹

1à.

Âèä îêîí÷àíèÿ: Ê ÷åìó ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ?

+S

ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: boyS =

+S

ïîñëå «Oí/-à/-î» è «Kòî?» è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ê ãëàãîëó: paintS =

’S

ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì è ê èìåíàì ñîáñòâåííûì: my mother’S = Michael’S =

ß áóäó õóäîæíèêîì =→ ß + áóäó áûòü + õóäîæíèêîì. = I + will be + an artist – ààòèñò ß ñìîãó … =→ ß áóäó (áûòü) â ñîñòîÿíèè … = I will be able (to) …

1á.

ß êóïèë … =→ Ó ìåíÿ (åñòü) + êóïëåí(-íûé) … = I have + bought … – áîîò Ìíå áû ïîéòè =→ ß + äîëæåí áûë áû + ïîéòè. = I + should + go.

1â.

Ìíå áû ñúåñòü ÿáëîêî = 1) ß + áû õîòåë + ñúåñòü ÿáëîêî. = I’d like to + eat an apple; 2) ß + äîëæåí áûë áû + ñúåñòü ÿáëîêî. I + should + eat an apple.

2.

Ìíå õî÷åòñÿ =→ ß õî÷ó = I want (to) ... 3.

+ING – èíã

ê ëþáîìó ãëàãîëó: paintING = à) äååïðè÷àñòèå: á) àêòèâíîå îïðåäåë.: â) ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå:

400

Ìíîæåñòâ. ÷èñëî: = ìàëü÷èêÈ;

= êðàñÈÒ;

«Âëàäåëüöà»: = ìîåé ìàòÅВÈ, = Ìàéêë’ÎÂ;

ê ïðàâèëüíîìó ãëàãîëó:

+(e)D – ä, paintED = – èä, à) ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ: –ò á) ïàññèâíîå îïðåäåë.:

Ìíå ñêàçàëè =→ ß áûë èçâåù¸í = I was told … – òîóëä

Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ... =→ ß ñèìïàòèçèðóþ / îáîæàþ ... = I like (to) ... – ëàéê

×òî îíî äà¸ò?

= (ïî-)êðàñèË; = ïîêðàøÅÍ/íûé, = îêðàøèâàÅÌûé;

= êðàñß; = êðàñßÙèé, = êðàñèÂØèé; = êðàøÅÍÈÅ;

401

¹

Âèä îêîí÷àíèÿ: Ê ÷åìó ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ?

×òî îíî äà¸ò?

+LY – ëè

ê îïðåäåëåíèÿì: quickLY = è ê ñóùåñòâèò.: timeLY = dayLY =

5.

+Y

ê ñóùåñòâèòâèòåëüíûì: Îïðåäåëåíèå: windY = = âåòðÅÍÛÉ;

6.

+TH – è

ê êîëè÷åñòâåííûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì: sevenTH =

Ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå: = ñåäüìÎÉ; =

+ER – ý

ê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì: smartER = è ê íàðå÷èÿì: earliER =

4.

7.

8.

–è

+EST – èñò

Íàðå÷èå: = áûñòðÎ; = =

ê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì: the smartEST = è ê íàðå÷èÿì: the earliEST =

âî´âðåìÿ, åæåäíåâíÎ;

«áîëåå ...»: = óìíåÅ = ðàíüøÅ, ðàíåÅ;

= ñàìûé óìíûé, íàèóìíåéøèé; = ñàìûé ðàííèé.

———————————————————————————————— ÂÎÒ È ÂѨ !!! Áîëüøå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ÍÈ×ÅÃÎ ñî ñëîâîì (â öåëÿõ èçìåíåíèÿ åãî

ôóíêöèè)

ñäåëàòü ÍÅËÜÇß !!! ————————————————————————————————

402

ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ «ÍÅ-ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ» ÃËÀÃÎËÎÂ. ÏÅÐÂÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ (ñî

âñåìè òðåìÿ îäèíàêîâûìè ôîðìàìè (22 øòóêè), òî åñòü èõ èõ

è èõ ïàññèâíîå – ýòî ôàêòè÷åñêè bet (bet, bet,) burst (burst, burst) cast (cast, cast) cost (cost, cost) cut (cut, cut) hit (hit, hit) hurt (hurt, hurt) knit (knit, knit) let (let, let) put (put, put) quit (quit, quit) rid (rid, rid)* set (set, set) shed (shed, shed)* shred (shred, shred)* shut (shut, shut) slit (slit, slit)* split (split, slplit) spread (spread, spread) sweat (sweat, sweat) thrust (thrust, thrust)*

ñëîâàðíàÿ ôîðìà, ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ îïðåäåëåíèå – îäíî è òî æå ñëîâî): – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

áýò ᜜ñò êààñò êîñò êàò õèò õœœò íèò ëåò ïóò êwèò ðèä ñýò øüåä øüðåä øÿò ñëèò ñïëèò ñïðýä ñwýò θðàñò

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

äåðæàòü ïàðè, ñïîðèòü ëîïíóòü áðîñàòü; ëèòü (ìåòàëë) ñòîèòü ðåçàòü óäàðÿòü äåëàòü áîëüíî âÿçàòü ïîçâîëÿòü ñòàâèòü, êëàñòü îñòàâèòü îñâîáîæäàòü ñòàâèòü òåðÿòü êðîìñàòü çàêðûâàòü ðàçðåçàòü êîëîòü ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü ïîòåòü òîëêàòü.

* Çâ¸çäî÷êàìè îòìå÷åíû ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ñëîâà. 403

ÂÒÎÐÀß

«ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ (î÷åíü ë¸ãêàÿ äëÿ çàó÷èâàíèÿ) ñ îäèíàêîâûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè (1-ÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé ãðóïïû – 27 øòóê). NB. Âñïîìèíàåì, ÷òî 2-ÿ ôîðìà – ýòî ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ, à 3-ÿ ôîðìà – ýòî (ïàññèâíîå) îïðåäåëåíèå, îáðàçîâàííîå èç ýòîãî æå ãëàãîëà.

ÊÀÊ èõ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ? a)

Èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðîèçîøåäøèå âî 2-õ è â 3-õ ôîðìàõ ñëåäóþùèõ ãëàãîëîâ ↓ î÷åíü îäíîîáðàçíû.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå îíè ñâåëèñü ëèøü ê «óêîðà÷èâàíèþ» ãëàñíîé â ñåðåäèíå ãëàãîëà: bleed breed feed lead speed

(bled, bled) (bred, bred) (fed, fed) (led, led) (sped, sped)

– – – – –

have

(had, had)

– õæâ

+

áëèèä áðèèä ôèèä ëèèä ñïèèä

(áëåä) (áðýä) (ôýä) (ëåä) (ñïýä) (õæä)

= = = = =

êðîâîòî÷èòü ïîðîæäàòü êîðìèòü âåñòè ñïåøèòü, ãíàòü

= èìåòü

(à çäåñü «ïðî↑ïàëî» “ve-” è ïðèáàâèëîñü «íîðìàëüíîå» “+d”);

á)

Òóò ↓ âñå èçìåíåíèÿ – – ýòî ïåðåõîä “-d” â→ bend build lend send spend

404

(bent, bent) (built, built) (lent, lent) (sent, sent) (spent, spent)

– – – – –

“-t”

áýíä áèëä ëýíä ñýíä ñïýíä

íà êîíöå ãëàãîëà:

(áýíò) (áèëò) (ëýíò) (ñýíò) (ñïýíò)

= = = = =

ñãèáàòü ñòðîèòü îäàëæèâàòü ïîñûëàòü òðàòèòü;

â)

Çäåñü ↓ òîæå 2-ÿ è 3-ÿ ôîðìû îäèíàêîâû !

Èçìåíåíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ è â ýòîé ↓ ïîäãðóïïå

òàêæå ëåãêè äëÿ çàó÷èâàíèÿ,

è ñâîäÿòñÿ

ïîÿâëåíèþ “-t” íà êîíöå ãëàãîëà, ñ îäíîâðåìåííûì «óêîðà÷èâàíèåì» ãëàñíîé ê

â åãî ñåðåäèíå (è ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì èçìåíåíèåì â å¸ ïðîèçíîøåíèè !!!): burn (burnt, burnt) – ᜜í (᜜íò) = ãîðåòü creep (crept, crept) – êðèèï (êðýïò) = ïîëçòè deal (dealt, dealt) – äèèë (äýëò) = èìåòü äåëî ñ… äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ dwell (dwelt, dwelt) – äwýë (äwýëò) = ïðîæèâàòü, æèòü feel (felt, felt) – ôèèë (ôýëò) = ÷óâñòâîâàòü keep (kept, kept) – êèèï (êýïò) = (ñî)äåðæàòü kneel (knelt, knelt) – íèèë (íýëò) = âñòàòü íà êîëåíè; ñòîÿòü íà êîëåíÿõ mean (meant, meant) – ìèèí (ìýíò) = èìåòü â âèäó ãîâîðèòü ñåðü¸çíî meet (met, met) – ìèèò (ìýò) = âñòðå÷àòü(-ñÿ) = ñòðåëÿòü shoot (shot, shot) – øþóò (ø¸ò) sleep (slept, slept) – ñëèèï (ñëýïò) = ñïàòü smell (smelt, smelt) – ñìýë (ñìýëò) = ïàõíóòü, íþõàòü spell (spelt, spelt) – ñïýë (ñïýëò) = ïðîèçíîñèòü ïî áóêâàì spill (spilt, spilt) – ñïèë (ñïèëò) = ïðîëèâàòü(-ñÿ), ðàçáðûçãèâàòü(-ñÿ) sweep (swept, swept) – ñwèèï (ñwýïò) = ìåñòè´, ïîäìåòàòü weep (wept, wept) – wèèï (wýïò) = ïëàêàòü.

405

ÒÐÅÒÜß

«ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ

ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ ñ îäèíàêîâûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè (2-ÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé ãðóïïû – 18 + 6 øòóê).

á) Ýòî ↓ – òîæå ÷àñòü ãðóïïû ãëàãîëîâ ñ îäèíàêîâûìè 2-é = ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì è 3-é = ïàññèâíûì îïðåäåëåíèåì ôîðìàìè. Íî ýòè ôîðìû çíà÷èòåëüíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò èõ æå 1-é ôîðìû.

ÊÀÊ èõ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ? à)

Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî âî 2-õ è â 3-õ ôîðìàõ ýòèõ ↓ ãëàãîëîâ èçìåíèëàñü

òîëüêî ãëàñíàÿ âíóòðè

ñàìîãî´ ñëîâà, (÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî îáëåã÷àåò çàïîìèíàíèå):

ÊÀÊ èõ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ? Çäåñü ↓ ÷óòü-÷óòü ïîòðóäíåå, íî «Íàäî – çíà÷èò íàäî!». Âî âñåõ 2-3-èõ ôîðìàõ êîíåö ñëîâà ïðåâðàòèëñÿ â→ “-ought” = «-ooò»:

1-ÿ ô.: 2-ÿ ô. = 3-é ô.:

cling dig fight find grind hold say

(clung, clung) (dug, dug) (fought, fought) (found, found) (ground, ground) (held, held) (said, said)

– – – – – – –

sell

(sold, sold)

shine sit slide spin

stand stick sting swing win wind

êëèíã äèã ôàéò ôàéíä ãðàéíä õîóëä ñýé

(êëàíã) (äàã) (ôîîò) (ôàóíä) (ãðàóíä) (õýëä) (ñýä)

= = = = = = =

öåïëÿòüñÿ êîïàòü äðàòüñÿ íàõîäèòü ìîëîòü äåðæàòü ñêàçàòü

– ñýë

(ñîóëä)

= ïðîäà(âà)òü

(shone, shone) (sat, sat) (slid, slid) (spun, spun)

– – – –

øÿéí ñèò ñëàéä ñïèí

(ø¸óí) (ñæò) (ñëèä) (ñïàí)

= = = =

(stood, stood) (stuck, stuck) (stung, stung) (swung, swung) (won, won) (wound, wound)

– – – – – –

ñòæíä ñòèê ñòèíã ñwèíã wèí wàéíä

(ñòóä) (ñòàê) (ñòàíã) (ñwàíã) (wàí) (wàóíä)

= = = = = =

(çäåñü èçì↑åíèëîñü òîëüêî íàïèñàíèå ãëàñíîé: “y → i”) (à çäåñü åù¸ ↑ ïðèáàâèëîñü «íîðìàëüíîå» “+d”)

406

ñâåòèòü ñèäåòü ñêîëüçèòü ïðÿñòü; êðóòèòü(-ñÿ) ñòîÿòü ëèïíóòü æàëèòü êà÷àòü ïîáåæäàòü íàìàòûâàòü; èçâèâàòüñÿ;

bring (brought, brought) – áðèíã (áðîîò) = ïðèíîñèòü buy (bought, bought) – áàé (áîîò) = ïîêóïàòü catch (cought, cought) – êæò÷ (êîîò) = õâàòàòü; ëîâèòü, ïîéìàòü; seek (sought, sought) – ñèèê (ñîîò) = èñêàòü teach (taught, taught) – òûû÷ (òîîò) = îáó÷àòü, ó÷èòü think (thought, thought) – θèíê (θîîò) = äóìàòü. ——————————————————————————————

NB !

Î÷åíü ðåêîìåíäóþ îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå íà ìîè êíèãè

«5 ñåíñàöèé» è

«Â íà÷àëå áûëî ñëîâî. Ðóññêîå». Ñïðàøèâàéòå èõ â ìàãàçèíàõ Âàøåãî ãîðîäà èëè çàêàçûâàéòå â ìî¸ì èíòåðíåò-ìàãàçèíå ïî àäðåñó:

www.dragunkin.ru

À. Äðàãóíêèí. 407

×ÅÒ¨ÐÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ

beat (beat, beaten) begin (began, begun)

ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ (ñ ðàçíûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè – âñåãî 55 øòóê): à)

ÊÀÊ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ ýòè 3 ñëîâà?

↓ Ëåãêî! – Ïîòîìó ÷òî 3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ïîäãðóïïû ñîâïàäàåò ñî ñëîâàðíîé:

become (became, become) – áèêàì (áèêýéì, áèêàì) = = ñòàíîâèòüñÿ come (came, come) – êàì (êýéì, êàì) = ïðèäòè, ïðèõîäèòü run (ran, run) – ðàí (ðæí, ðàí) = áåæàòü, áåãàòü; á)

À ÝÒÈ ↓ ? Òîæå ëåãêî, ïîòîìó ÷òî èõ 2-å ôîðìû ïðàâèëüíûå – âñå íà “+D”, à 3-è – íåïðàâèëüíûå = âñå íà “+N”: lade mow rive saw shave show sow strew swell

â)

(laded, laden) (mowed, mown) (rived, riven) (sawed, sawn) (shaved, shaven) (showed, shown) (sowed, sown) (strewed, strewn) (swelled, swîllen)

408

ëýéä (ëýéäèä, ëýéäí) ìîó (ìîóä, ìîóí) ðàéâ (ðàéâä, ðàéâí) ñîî (ñîîä, ñîîí) øüåéâ (øüåéâä, øüåéâí) ø¸ó (ø¸óä, ø¸óí) ñîó (ñîóä, ñîóí) ñòðóó (ñòðóóä, ñòðóóí) ñwýë (ñwýëä, ñwîîëí)

= = = = = = = = =

ãðóçèòü êîñèòü (òðàâó) (ðàç)ðóáèòü ïèëèòü áðèòü ïîêàç(ûâ)àòü ñåÿòü ñûïàòü ðàñïóõàòü;

Íó à çäåñü íàäî äåöë íàïðÿ÷üñÿ!

arise (arose, arisen) bear (bore, born) bear

– – – – – – – – –

(bore, borne)

– ýðàéç (ýðîóç, ýðàéçí) = âîçíèêàòü – áýý (áîî, áîîí) = ðîæ(ä)àòü – áýý (áîî, áîîí) = íåñòè, íîñèòü

blow (blew, blown) break (broke, broken) choose (chose, chosen) do (did, done)

– áèèò (áýò, áèèòí) = áèòü – áèãèí (áèãæí, áèãàí) = íà÷èíàòü – áë¸ó (áëþó, áë¸óí) = äóòü – áðýéê (áðîóê, áðîóêí) = ëîìàòü – ÷óóç (÷îóç, ÷îóçí) = âûá(è)ðàòü – äóó (äèä, äàí) = äåëàòü

draw (drew, drawn) drive (drove, driven)

– äðîî (äðóó, äðîîí) = òàùèòü; ðèñîâàòü – äðàéâ (äðîóâ, äðàéâí) = ãíàòü; âîäèòü (ìàøèíó)

eat (ate, eaten) fall (fell, fallen) fly (flew, flown) forbear(forbore, forborne)

– – – –

(ôîáîî, ôîáîîí) forget (forgot, forgotten) – ôýãýò (ôîãîò, ôîãîòí) freeze (froze, frozen) – ôðèèç (ôðîóç, ôðîóçí) give (gave, given) – ãèâ (ãýéâ, ãèâí)

= = = =

go* (went*, gone) grow (grew, grown)

– ãîó – ãðîó

= èäòè; óõîäèòü

know (knew, known) lie (lay, lain)

– –

ride ring rise see shake sing

(rode, ridden) (rang, rung) (rose, risen) (saw, seen) (shook, shaken) (sang, sung)

– – – – – –

slay

(slew, slain)

speak (spoke, spoken) spring (sprang, sprung) steal (stole, stolen)

èèò ôîîë ôëàé ôîáýý

(ýéò, èèòí) (ôýë, ôîîëí) (ôëþó, ôëîóí)

(wýíò, ãîí)

(ãðóó, ãðîóí) íîó (íúþó, íîóí) ëàé (ëýé, ëýéí) ðàéä (ðîóä, ðèäí) ðèíã (ðæíã, ðàíã) ðàéç (ðîóç, ðàéçí) ñèè (ñîî, ñèèí) øüåéê (øþê, øüåéêí) ñèíã (ñæíã, ñàíã)

– ñëýé

(ñëþó, ñëýéí)

= åñòü, êóøàòü = ïàäàòü = ëåòàòü

= = = =

âîçäåðæèâàòüñÿ çàáû(âà)òü çàìåðçàòü äà(âà)òü ðàñòè çíàòü ëåæàòü åõàòü (âåðõîì)

= çâîíèòü = âñòà(âà)òü = âèäåòü, ñìîòðåòü = òðÿñòè = ïåòü = óáè(âà)òü

– ñïèèê (ñïîóê, ñïîóêí) = ãîâîðèòü – ñïðèíã (ñïðæíã, ñïðàíã) = ïðûãíóòü – ñòèèë (ñòîóë, ñòîóëí) = (ó)êðàñòü

stink (stank, stunk) – ñòèíê (ñòæíê, ñòàíê) = âîíÿòü stride (strode, stridden) – ñòðàéä (ñòðîóä, ñòðèäí) = øàãàòü strive (strove, striven) – ñòðàéâ (ñòðîóâ, ñòðàéâí) = ñòàðàòüñÿ 409

swear (swore, sworen) swim (swam, swum)

– ñwýý – ñwèì

take

– òýéê

(took, taken)

tear (tore, torn) throw (threw, thrown) wear (wore, worn)

– òýý – θ ðîó – wýý

weave (wove, woven) write (wrote, written)

– wèè⠖ ðàéò

(ñwîî, ñwîîí)

= êëÿñòüñÿ

(ñwîì, ñwàì) (òóê, òýéêí)

= ïëàâàòü, ïëûòü = áðàòü, âçÿòü

(òîî, òîîí) (θðóó, θðîóí)

= ðàçðûâàòü = áðîñàòü

(wîî, wîîí) (wîóâ, wóâí) (ðîóò, ðèòí)

= íîñèòü (îäåæäó) = òêàòü = (íà)ïèñàòü.

* Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå: ñåãîäíÿøíÿÿ 2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà “go” (= “went” – wýíò = «óø¸ë») «âçÿòà» àíãëè÷àíàìè ó ñîâñåì äðóãîãî ãëàãîëà – – ó ñòàðîãî ãëàãîëà “wend”, êîòîðûé – ñëàâà Áîãó! – – òîæå çíà÷èë «èäòè», «óõîäèòü» (ñì. ñòð. 416)! Òåïåðü Âû çíàåòå óæå ïðèìåðíî 70% âîîáùå âñåõ íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, è/ëè çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå ïîëîâèíû íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ «ïåðâîé íåîáõîäèìîñòè». ——————————————————————————————

NB !

«ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ (ñ òðåìÿ ðàçíûìè ôîðìàìè. È îíà æå ñàìàÿ «ï¸ñòðàÿ»! = = 29 øòóê). Ýòî, ïîæàëóé, ñàìàÿ òðóäíàÿ ãðóïïà ãëàãîëîâ, ïîñêîëüêó ïî÷òè âñå èç íèõ èìåþò ïî äâå 2-ûõ èëè 3-èõ ôîðìû – – íî çíàòü-òî èõ âñå ðàâíî íàäî! (Ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå â êîíöå ýòîãî ñïèñêà). Âåäü – êðîìå âñåãî ïðî÷åãî – ýòî åù¸ è îáû÷íîå óâåëè÷åíèå Âàøåãî æå ñëîâàðíîãî çàïàñà! Ïîìíèì, ÷òî âî âòîðîì ñòîëáèêå – – ãîòîâûå ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè – – áåðèòå è ãîâîðèòå!, à â òðåòüåì – ãîòîâûå ôîðìû (ïàññèâíîãî) îïðåäåëåíèÿ – – áåðèòå è ïîëüçóéòåñü! 1-ÿ ôîðìà Çíà÷åíèå: (ñëîâàðíàÿ):

2-ÿ ôîðìà (ïðîø. âðåìÿ):

3-ÿ ôîðìà (îïðåäåëåíèå):

awake ýwýéê

= ïðîñûïàòüñÿ

awoke ýwîóê

awaked/awoke ýwýéêò, ýwîóê

bid áèä

= âåëåòü; ïðåäëàãàòü

bid/bade áèä, áýéä

bid/bidden áèä, áèäí

Ìîæíî ñîâìåñòèòü ïðèÿòíîå ñ ïîëåçíûì!

bind áàéíä

= çàâÿçûâàòü

bound áàóíä

bound/bounden* áàóíä, áàóíäýí

E-mail: [email protected]

bite áàéò

= êóñàòü

bit áèò

bit /bitten áèò, áèòí

cleave êëèèâ

= ðàñêàëûâàòü

clave/cleft êëýéâ, êëýôò

Ìîÿ ìîñêîâñêàÿ ôèðìà «ÀÍÄÐÀ-Ì» îðãàíèçóåò îáó÷åíèå àíãëèéñêîìó ïî ìîåé ìåòîäèêå ñ âûåçäîì â ò¸ïëûå ñòðàíû èëè â Àíãëèþ. Ïðåïîäàþ ÿ ñàì.

Òåë.: (095) 517-00-95 À. Äðàãóíêèí

410

ÏßÒÀß

cleft êëýôò 411

dare äýý

= îñìåëèòüñÿ

dared/durst äýýä, 䜜ñò

dared äýýä

quit êwèò

= ïîêèäàòü

quitted/quit êwèòèä, êwèò

quitted/quit êwèòèä, êwèò

dream äðèèì

= ìå÷òàòü

dreamed/dreamt äðèèìä, äðýìò

dreamed/dreamt äðèèìä, äðýìò

rot ðîò

= ãíèòü

rotted ðîòèä

rotted/rotten* ðîòèä, ðîòí

drink äðèíê

= ïèòü

drank äðæíê

drunk/drunken äðàíê, äðàíêí

seethe ñèèð

= êèïåòü

seethed ñèèðä

seethed/sodden ñèèðä, ñîäí

get ãýò

= ïîëó÷àòü

got ãîò

got/gotten* ãîò, ãîòí

sew ñúþó

= øèòü

sewed ñúþóä

sewed/sewn* ñúþóä, ñúþóí

grave ãðýéâ

= âûñåêàòü

graved ãðýéâä

graved/graven* ãðýéâä, ãðýéâí

shrink = ñú¸æè(âà)òüñÿ shrank øüðèíê øüðæíê

shrunk/shrunken* øüðàíê, øüðàíêí

hang õæíã

= âåøàòü

hanged/hung õæíãä, õàíã

hanged/hung õæíãä, õàíã

sink ñèíê

= îïóñêàòü

sank ñæíê

sunk/sunken* ñàíê, ñàíêí

hide õàéä

= ïðÿòàòü

hid õèä

hid/hidden* õèä, õèäí

spit ñïèò

= ïëåâàòü

spit/spat ñïèò, ñïæò

spat ñïæò

lean ëèèí

= îïèðàòüñÿ

leaned/leant ëèèíä, ëýíò

leaned/leant ëèèíä, ëýíò

spoil ñïîéë

= ïîðòèòü

spoiled/spoilt ñïîéëä, ñïîéëò

spoiled/spoilt ñïîéëä, ñïîéëò

learn 뜜í

= èçó÷àòü

learned 뜜íä

learned/learnt* 뜜íä, 뜜íò

strike = óäàðÿòü ñòðàéê

struck ñòðàê

struck/stricken* ñòðàê, ñòðèêí

light ëàéò

= îñâåùàòü

lighted/lit ëàéòèä, ëèò

lighted/lit ëàéòèä, ëèò

thrive θðàéâ

= ïðîöâåòàòü

thrived/throve θðàéâä, θðîóâ

thrived/thriven θðàéâä, θðàéâí

melt ìýëò

= ïëàâèòü

melted ìýëòèä

melted/molten* ìýëòèä, ìîëòí

tread òðèèä

= ñòóïàòü

trod òðîä

trod/trodden òðîä, òðîäí

owe îó

= áûòü äîëæíûì owed/ought îóä, îîò

owed îóä

work wœœê

= ðàáîòàòü

worked/wrought wœœêò, ðîîò

worked/wrought. wœœêò, ðîîò

412

(÷óâñòâàìè)

413

ØÅÑÒÀß

«ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ (î÷åíü ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ):

* Ôîðìû, îòìå÷åííûå çâ¸çäî÷êîé, ñåãîäíÿ óæå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñîñòàâå êîíñòðóêöèé,

à òîëüêî: à)

êàê

ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå íàïðèìåð:

îïðåäåëåíèÿ,

A SUNKEN

ship

A LEARNT

scholar = ÏÐÎÑÂÅÙ¨ÍÍÛÉ ó÷¸íûé.

WROUGHT iron

= ÇÀÒÎÍÓÂØÅÅ ñóäíî.

= ÊÎÂÀÍÎÅ æåëåçî;

á) èëè êàê ÷àñòü «ñîñòàâíûõ» îïðåäåëåíèé, íàïðèìåð: An horror-STRICKEN man = ×åëîâåê, ÎÕÂÀ×ÅÍÍÛÉ óæàñîì æíîðýñòðèêí ìæí (= «óæàñî-ÎÁÚßÒÛÉ»).

NB ! ×èòàéòå äðóãèå ïîñîáèÿ À. Äðàãóíêèíà: «Íîâûé êëàññíûé ñàìîó÷èòåëü», «Ïî÷èíè ñâîé àíãëèéñêèé!», «Îïòèìèçèðîâàííûé ó÷åáíèê àíãëèéñêîãî», «Ðåàíèìàòîð Âàøåãî àíãëèéñêîãî», «Íîâûé áûñòðûé àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ ýíåðãè÷íûõ ëåíòÿåâ» è ò.ä.

414

abide (abode, abode)

– ýáàéä (ýáîóä)

= æèòü

beget (begot, begotten)

– áèãýò (áèãîò, áèãîòí)

= ðîæäàòü

behold (beheld, beheld)

– áèõîóëä (áèõýëä)

= âèäåòü

beseech (besought, besought)

– áèñèèò÷ (áèñîîò)

= óìîëÿòü

chide (chid, chid/chidden)

– ÷àéä (÷ûä, ÷ûä/÷ûäí)

= áðàíèòü

fling (flung, flung)

– ôëèíã (ôëàíã)

= êèäàòü

forsake (forsook, forsaken)

– ôîñýéê (ôîñóê, ôîñýéêí)

= ïîêèäàòü, = áðîñàòü

gild (gilded, gilded/gilt*)

– ãèëä = çîëîòèòü (ãèëäèä, ãèëäèä/ãèëò)

gird (girded/girt, girt)

– 㜜ä = îïîÿñ(ûâ)àòü (㜜äèä/㜜ò, 㜜ò)

hew – õúþó = ðóáèòü (hewed, hewed/hewn*) (õúþóä, õúþóä/õúþóí) ken** (kent, kent)

– êåí (êåíò)

= çíàòü

415

rend (rent, rent)

– ðýíä (ðýíò)

= ðâàòü

shear – øüèý = ñòðè÷ü (sheared, sheared/shorn*) (øüèýä, øüèýä/ø¸îí) sling (slung, slung)

– ñëèíã (ñëàíã)

= ìåòàòü (èç ïðàùè)

slink (slunk, slunk)

– ñëèíê (ñëàíê)

= êðàñòüñÿ

smite (smote, smit/smitten)

– ñìàéò = óäàðÿòü (ñìîóò, ñìèò/ñìèòí)

stave – ñòýéâ (staved/stove, staved/stove) (ñòýéâä, ñòîóâ)

= ïðîëàìûâàòü

string (strung, strung)

– ñòðèíã (ñòðàíã)

= íàíèç(ûâ)àòü

wend** (went, went)

– wýíä (wýíò)

= óõîäèòü

wring (wrung, wrung)

– ðèíã (ðàíã)

= æàòü (õëåá).

* Ýòè 3-è ôîðìû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî êàê îïðåäåëåíèÿ; ** Ýòè ãëàãîëû ñåãîäíÿ óæå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, íî ñëîâî/ôîðìà “went” ñåé÷àñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ åù¸ è 2-îé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà “go”. Äî ñâèäàíèÿ, äîðîãèå äðóçüÿ! Äî âñòðå÷è â äðóãèõ ìîèõ êíèãàõ!!!

416

À. Äðàãóíêèí