LIBRARY Of HEBREW BIBLEI OLD TESTAMENT STIJDIES
460
£diron Ciludia V. ClOmp. Tuas Ch ri lti an Uni~ f)ity And rew Mein. w~\tcon H~. Cambridge
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M17ZYOTHETHICS AND THE JEWISH BIBLE
The End or Old Testam(Dt Theology
Gushom M. H. RatheiRf
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InIrOducIOly Tbougbts. and P~liminane.
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ANA\. VSlS Of APPROACII£S TO m~ JhWlSH BIBLE 1.1. Cbri>tion ApprQa<;he< to !be Icwi,h Bible:
'I1>«>loiY ""d History
xi xiii I
11
12
Ll.l. JoIwm PhiliPI' Goblet and !be llillumce ofH;'
Pn>:!cc""".
1.1.2. The Eigh<eenlh Century 1.1.3. The Nioe<=lh c..,tury 1.1.3.1. The f'inal Rearing Up of Pro!eSW!t Onbodoxy loU .1.1. E>curs ...: Oehler'. TheoIogie
liD Allen T~'r""",n " 1-Ll.L2. Ex",,",,": Rl!mbeld', TheoIogw Sacrw"""'d 1.1.3.2. Pbi\o$ophiClI Theo~ and !be Social·HiStorical A ....alo;...,.;.,g 1.1.4. Tho< TWCDti .... Cmnuy 1.1.5. ~Modem~ Theologies of the Jcwi... Bible 1.1.6. E1<:......: KJtiaht', of eluVIUm Theology
"jIMOJdTutumUOl 1.1.7. Modern Christian lbe<>logi.. oftf>< Jewish Bibl.andBe)ood 1.1.8. &c ........: CbriMion Ethical Studies oflbo Jcwiob Bible 1-2. .. wish Approacbes 10 the J.",isb Bible: The Ethinl T
dency 1.2.1. fuliminaty Though .. and Historieal !!nO)' 1.2.2. The J.",ish 1I""",,,,,uticaJ-Ex<wish BiblicaJ.Tbeologi""l SlUdi.. 1.3. A m.lOrieal·MlilologicaJ Mitzl'Olh Ethics oft"'" Jewiob Bible 1.3.1 Cootribu!ions and Probl..". ofChrioti"" and
Jewi>h PerJf"""ivn 1.3.2. Why Jewish and CleUtian Biblical Stholanllip Collide 1.3.3 . A P<»Oibl. W.y Out oflbo Hormmouticol Mno 1.3 .4. An Altcrn.ti". Hc"nc"curi •• I.Exeg.r:iCIII Approaooh
12 21 36
37 52 53
S5 70
72
&2 101 l OS
107 107 112 122 137 137 141 149 155
CI\af< .. 2 A.'< ALThJtNATrvE APnOM;II: TilE PA""DJ(]" Of Ex ..."PI.~s
2. L !l.at;i<: A""""P'ion. and Intn>duction to the Method 2-2. The ImpW ofTorah. Dlulo"," and Covenont An Oudi...2.3. The tntelllioo: The Cr-eaticn of.., Elhos of~~ 2.3.1. 1l0IiD..... Pillar of Biblicol MllZWJlh Ethics 2,). 1.1. Holiness iD the Jewish Bible: A BricfSummasy 2.3.1.2. The CoocepI of Holiness in the Book of lcviti<:w
2.3.1.2, I. Preliminary R......-kJ: Indicative ...cr Impentiv< 2.3.1.2.2. The Point of Oq:.snur.: The Exod ...
Tndition 2.3.1.2,]. Sanctuary, PriestMod ood "S,m>oi"",h2ft" 2.3.1.2 .4. 1I0lions .. Identity Morl<er 2.3. U. !lolin...: The E>$<;nce of all Jewish life 2.3.2. J.... i.., .. Pill .. of J<WiJb Biblical MilZWJln Ethic. 2-3.2.1. ~Ii",inanes about the Biblical UndersWldmg ofJustioe 21.2.2. 1I-H'':-": The G~or(i'T~ B.l.3. (l'I\''llI in the Kinl!Oh;p II\eo\ogy 2,3.2.4 . (l'I~'~ in the Coote>:t "fthe Cult ODd Wiodom Lit<-raIure B.l.S . (l'I~ as. QuoJifier 2.3.2.6. i"Cl t:;l':l:r, p'll!" 2.4. Comrnwricatina tho Ideal 2.S. The Biblical EIb"" ofTbcodky 2,S.1. The T..... fonnation of "\\'by'! into "Whal for'?" 25,2. Theodi<:y, Anthropodicy ODd tho Co"""",,,
=
Ch.pter 3 JosHUA nu; Ex£MPlARY WARlU()tO: 3.1. 1ntmdr.>ct0f)' Notes, Joohua .. an Eumple of ~-' · i'T-"_Pleasin,Uf.
171 181 182 182 191 193 19~
I'll! 201 20S 2m
209 219
226 211 24(1
241 249 256
258 259
268 27 1
3.2. koobua the Legitimate Su«<>lO< of Moon 3.3. n+i'T -': The Arlei..,t Ideal Anny Leader ) ,) ,/. Warrior Termioology Appl;.d 10 i'T -HI-' ),3.2. TOr: Ideal Warrior ood IIi< War: n -1-1I -' in Jewish Watf.... 3,3.3. 1I00i,.,.. ood Justi« in the W.... of~- h-;-' 3.3.3. 1. ExCUJ>UO: The Debolle "" C"I'T on
J."".'
3.3.3.2-
162 162
ExCll1$lUl: ~ ... d Its
Culrie ConIC"
275 291 291
296 304 3(17
JIG
3.4. )".,"'.. , The An' Exemplary Army lry S1<'pO Initi.Urini IIis War Activity 3.4 .1 .2. Josh ... ' , W in Against Jericbo, Ai and
3 IS
R<»I!llCDs 3.4.2. The CuI';c R"k CIw:o
11~
E~etnplary
Wurio< 3.4.3. Th. "JIl5I Rule<" Role CIwact.n.ric of Jooh... th_ I'rime WHrio< 3.4.4. Joshua and !be Mlt:w/lI Covonan' R......... od 3.4.5. Cooduoioo: The ~ 0... Recomes an E!ICOtIIaj!e!"
31 7 318
12S 336 342 348
Sumnwy and Concl\lSiOll
JS I
Sole<:t Bibliognphy
JS6
Index orR.feTen«> lode. of AUIbon
384 403
'I his p<Jg<' ilJl<'llliQllally kft blank
PREFACE The inilial thought 10 the theme ofW. book 0CCIII'ml to me in a course I look years ago as a $!00en1 willi Profe<sor Jan HeUer.1 the Prote
in!Crpl'eWion toward an ethical ond hi$toricaJ_phiJologicaI one. ProfC$SOf Hello:.- ro-dirttood my !houghu and added ~spon$ible and eonstrueli~ crilicism to my ideas for which I "'" ~ery g:ratcli.d. Anoth", SOUR:(; of ed knowledlle of rabbinic liltrature. &r>d to Professot Zo'.., Safrai, whose insighll wOIIld 1\01 ",am to have mi,sed from a number of privalt di""u..ions on some .babbalO! in Yavne, I...... t My IIf&tirude also eXlends 10 Prof• ...,. Ed Noon for.n his valuable ""BII«lions.
Ii; In the course of my writing, various libraries let me ~ly us. th.ir "sec",," facilities and provided .... y """es, to some of their "old uea.Ure5," Of greatest assiSl8llCe were the librarians of the team " Alte Druck." ;" ZOrich, the National Mus.eum of Pra, ,,. as ..... n as tilt Strallov Monastery ofPraS"', May this book be a written "Thank you" to all .rodents and facult y me mbe .... of all the lIIIiveniueo I srudiod and worked ot, in Great ijritain, SwilZ<;t\and, the C1:e<:h Republic,lsrael and the Netberand.s, who shaped "'Y lif. and oonvi~'liOJ\, and .....y it be • modest oontributioo to the interpretation or the kwish biblical traditioo Iha! marks a vital wnne" to the religious heritage of the J.wish religion and ilS younger Christian siblinS_
u..
Coo you find .... door !bin.. of ~ "' ~ " ? CAn yOlO """" .. \he end of"'" AlrniJhty? 11 is hij.b .. heaven: ....... can you do? Der tIw> S!Ie<.I; ....... can you .....,.,.. (Job tt :7--8)
I dedicate this book 10 my children, Nethallyab_D.alyah and JO$Chush lorac!.
Gel"Sbom M. H. Ratheiser ElI5Chede, the Netherlands
7th of Chesbvan, ~767 Oetober 29, 2006
ABBREVI"T10NS
.'1_
_Bible
no.
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MSib ,,-OAT ,,~
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BEATAl
DEvT Bib
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BWA(N/T
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Ilibli><:bel Kommeow: AI ... reoumm< BlblhlI ~ 8.11#111 Heilrts< 1111" Wn,:ng-b.ft """ Allen W>d Neuen T........... 1Ieihuhott< '" Ba.hO*l Exopio """ TIl"""'"
ConII NT
C""ioctanoa biblK:a.
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c.",~
N~
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om
bibl.,., Old TN" ' .... ~;" t/Ic h' 0.,.."..
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F_1#c1or 71Itot<>g1<
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'mOD,6 ......
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Forscb''"I1= nom "11m T....,....", F"""""",,, "" Blbol F""""""I1"":rut ~~ioo ond LitetWlr .... AI ......... N.....
_ _ _ ...,.., ~ """ AI.... r ....",,,..,,,. Edi.... by L. Koet.l
lUDdbuch zwn Allen TO''' oe", 1 1 _ .. !f;blirnJ n.m/og> IlarvaN $dnitk 11
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1M I"""""'''~ DIctkHJiJry of/It< IM/o. Edi .... by G. A- BIIItricIc
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Intematioual Commeotary
on !be Old r..........
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_'Guides
OIdT..... Old T _" .., Library Old Pu EdiIcd by I. II. Cbar\eowortb. 2 rob. 1'1_ YorI<: Doubleday. 19l!1
I'P",' ........
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Il'fTRODUCTORY THoUOHTS AND PREU\llNARJES
The prnenl study providC!l the f""""""or\[ for • non-confessiorvJ , mll:_h cthics-centred..,d hio!nri""l.pbilological approacll 10 the Jewi,b bible and deals with the ba.i~ IIC'pS of III alLemalivc paradigmali~ per_ .pectiv. on the biblical I~~!. ' II milS! be unl;QC:utieal method, I oed: 10 demonstrale the ineptness of con r.... tional aod ahi$tarical approacb.. to the Jewish bible. SurveyiDg for Ibis purpose the bistorical developmenl of theological exegesis oflhe bibli_ cal leJll from !he ei&bleenlb eentury onward.' I attempt to ","ow !hat Christi.., theological .~egeleo-from advocalCS of !he diCla probomia method of the pasl to schol.IlI favourill8 bistorical-<:riticll or alternative approach ... in ""'"' rcttJ\llimeo-have not yet attempted to erad;';lte conr..,ionali"" from their inlcrp"","li"" oftbe J_i.h bibl •. T h i. COIIfeMlona! p«Spe<1ive is, mon: 011 ... than not, expressed to various degrees in "'adi"8 devices ouch I. dogmatism, elitism. l u"""".. i"" ism (. form of"'(:ooSWttinian lriumphalism~ ), chriJIIId)oi> .... kwiohbihle. Tho qualifiet"Cbristiao" ;. uci~ zod "hall!I"'kq .00...1 tb< biblical <0,I0Il of tb< Cbrioti.. r ..... oM <m .;., t<>Condary ~ J. 0... to .... """"" oftllis iD ....iption. Ihot it, <100 '" ill< oI1cmpl KI indi~ tb< _ .... ODd..,.",..... ofCbri";_ 11" we .... ';'ol pt, ...... li,.. tb< .. <., -""'" of 1M ","ull> Jiven ill Chapter 1 will """ be • blend of hol~ • IUdimoIllaly .......... ~ of biblical .....-;. in to "Old T.", • "I lhooIoc1" ond "CIIti .. ;." bi!lli<.ol """""aY" ,-J • .....,.", .... _ gfllle OOIIf.. siooal chlr."' ... gf Chriotiollu;'.
,.Iat.,.,
,
Mi ..... olh ElIoics """ 1M J",,-w. Bihle
In <><de.- to> prnolode misWldemandingl' I do In no way q""'M~ 'he kgltUtra
of"hiSlOry of the ~Iigi"" oflSl'aa:ies" {(II" • hi,torical-criticilly oriented ""ademia. TradiliOllal Jewisb inlC1Jlrelillion has nOl beeD witbout ilS own per_ spectival IrapS ei1ll ... UI' 10 the twentieth ceuNry. Jewi'" (biblical) scbolanha"" IIQuhown grc.at imerest in historical pm;pcctivn but have. ror various rnson .. COOgieal Of philoaoplrical intorpmarion. of the bibl;.:.! ta&ical methoo with the bi.wncal. What il more, Jewisb ne&esis did 001 escape ronfe .. ionaliun e;lber. Judaism has olway. "'garded the Jewisll bible as its basic text bul betd ;t 10 be inlc:rpretcd in the light of fullt""'" tradition (Le. 1"l!l ~::J;!) 1': "1'1 :r.:l:ltl ~"1nl), !hat i .. in the light of tlt. robbin;c ..ug.tical ,"""ilion. And yO!, there is. fundameiltal differeoce between Jewioh and Cbri.tian conf....iortal approaches 10 !be biblicallexl respectively. In !be ca"" of lite latter, b<x:luse Christianity h1 to it. tn eootrast Jt>daism'. inlerprt\a!i~e IJ8dition i. determiDtd by standina in an ""broken line ofapplying COVClWltal ethic •. Although ilupplica_ Ii"" of the mit::Vf)/h traditioo also entail. a eoolinoow; m;ootextualizati"" oftbe te~t, in wltic~ its """",ing i. exletJdcd in 5UC~ as way thai it comes to include new elements, Ibc"" clemen!1 Ofe • conlinuatMm of the 4. 1"Ilio is DOl '" 'por< the fOc< .......... the .. "Ued "re~bicb~im the ido.I th ... direcllinc eon I>< tnIOo of the biblical """"p tho _;"'t hiM po"" 1*.. ..:I th< N~ '" ill< ........"""1><>< j<> .... OLowb
"""*''''
"_i.
, ",lInmh-ethical cOle of !he biblical ""'1 and Slem from tbe snuggle !O pullhe lexl into p""" ice. mal i .. from tb • • nempt to connec\ 1he leX!', cor<: as ;1 il with hfe u it is; it fried 1\01 to infuse thetcxI with lMological"""", r... ianal meaning as did Chri$tianity. Conscqutnll y, JOOai$m has IlOl cuI itself ofTfrom the cord of its tradition, its prime religious !ex!', prime ~COIl f... ,iooal~ elhoJ, th,u ;1., "';l:>r its fundamen!al elhicaJ impof'Wl.e fur the orthopraxil-oriemed kw-must 1001 be .~IM j"l0 'M luI aJ 1/11 wrn! 1M _ult oj~clor liftc iNlVS,jgatJom, 0.. the olhcr har>l:t itself, lhal ill. tOward tho ",ligious·idwlogical tthosof !he J"",lfir community fmm which !he biblical leX! arose. Havilla said Lllal. the l""itive .ontribOltioo (If Jewisb scholarship 10 modem biblica l .rudie. 1ics in its ethical and philological cooceolCalion. AnOlbc. foelor I seck !O dwell OIl i. !he ehri .. ian preoccupalion wim "!heology of!he Jewi.Ollli,· Ii<; and prie.lly<--<:ompiling and moulding of ancienl sooree, inlo Ihe preSCOI Jewid! bible. I """k 10 demonstrale thaI whal was of CSSC1\lia l imporW>CC for the.., aulhoRlrcda.clOr< wallO provide "" explana~on for !he lragedy of Ihe e.. ile. The "",""er !O Ihis quesli"" rcs!S DO! 01\ • descripDon of;"! + ".' .1>\11 ... ther OIlthe effects of loyally or disloyally lO !he ",j,...,11o CO"manl. that i.. 10 !he . pecific e!hkol rule. mat 01"". IIl.O.l. JewUh life f.asible. Consequently. ~how 10 liv •• life un S. -P'"""""'"'ion" ...... be III>IItnoood iD the ...... ..... i, Iw .1. . - "" ... billicaI-Ihook>JicaI ...... tioD ...... CbrisIiu ",""tar seeb the cu!mmaor ".."y r-s of; ... e" ...tn:ute with the Je"iob l>il>tie ",oduct"", of • "1heoIos.v" of Il:e JewW: biblo. 6. ",:I:< _ ~ i"' I " ion. propht< bui:: of tbe ..oj.. ronn oft!>< li:en:
I"
..,..i..
1<.,..
Of_'
J hope to be abk to oonv;""e the rc/IdeT that a noo-confcss;"naJ. yet and hi$lorical.philologi<:al htrmtneu!;., i, a justifiable
elhi<:'~ezltred exc~ical
means for inttrprelinathe lew;sh biblc kkoIt>giaJJ/y, oompri$. ;113 the fields of'"biblicJol ethics" and "(hi1ilOry of the) rebgion ohnd ... l Isr:>el." 10 oth ... wQT(\s, The Jewi$h bible. if approached idoologi""lI y. should be studied 'eligioou/y, no< 'Mvlogic;JI/y, ' The oonscq= is a bibl ital .. i"""'h~thioc:al modc:llhat docs juab.e to the hi5tOrical develop. ment of the religion o f the ancient JeW$. Based on these ob$e .....ations. I would like to introdll<'e an .tttmatiw h<mn.".utical-acSclllrt7/ .ko<'. ", Jew. ondlor J"",'" ,u such. it $(NOS as • reli¥iol>$-tthieal iden· tity mark..- thai provid03 the onei ...1 Jews and their ~IS wiob "" 3(:\;"logy of Jewish life. In this, scl f.idenlificarion via Iht Jewish way Qf living (rormJ, ~)-mil%>'()lh ecbict--undtr the pnlIOCtion. i\Iidanee and "supervi.ion" of tIN: paradoxically hidden butcv"'-prese11 CODvi<:lions. _poclivdy. As Slated above, tIN: Jew;sh bible does indeed have a God·1.lndentandilli wher.:upon ils ethics is built Bul iOll....:l of inlCflding to dc:seribe or npli<:ale thi. idea. it rather aspires to be • ""urcc of mlnmth-ethiea l OODK'I""t>Ce5 foo its people. th. k",... oneienl and la ter.' Sll<'b • bibUcal ... ligi ......·bchavi<JWal ""de.. l>.nding i, notnriCflIed toward theology, but loward O(:\;"logy ..... teritJg OIl the " hi.ulric-historical" ;nter\lCfllion of ;1 -1-:1 . ' in bringina the "",,;en, Jewl from EgypI throuab tIN: desc:n into
..,f", .,.
" "t~"" i,.....:I ""'" '" ~ly iaodequaI< bioI t;~ ........,oo\It.......tIIt.1! .r realily (Ihoooy)_1" 0............... i.JiOU$ly" .. ra. 10 • __ Iboolopoal ..... ..,;.;tuaI world ..... lif<mcn
_
offlith. I . Steel &0.. thi. penpec1i ••• - . .."""'trw.. mp..l...,.; ... oftinJl< II""",, bur 01\00 marks tho ..... oflheir I~ll>ll! etlrios. 9. Wb<1her!hi..... pen.D<e ;. Ihot of an .Ii.. layer of 1IOC;ay Of
_at,..,.. ....
, !he prurniStd land. Thi.ooncepcion waJoombined with !hecovenant and 1M giving Ollr (cf Om! $: I ~). Muoh of what can be foond in the: Jew ish bible I regard Llms.s. re-in!erprCl4liOll and repelitioo of !hi! nOlion atOWId which. specific religious cth;cs i. formed.
COfI<>lh)
coven.'" with TI·~-"-· _'The ancien' Jewi$h forefalh(:r$ are ponroyed ..
hIoving I:nOwtl what ,,'as nkt
beard. He""., history IZIdiOI .wry. thai is. the bi5torical and/or lbe hi.. oric, ~ be<:lme actua~zed by pc""",.1 inlemaliwion via the ptaClice <>fa ope<:ificaUy Jewisb religious bebavioun.l system, Upon lhis fOWl<wion I seek 10 oped .for cooseq1,lellCC (the ... bi~ly and llecuril)' llmo'phcrc, 017;:0) ........ commnnic"ed 10 the people of the CO"'tun~ the ancienl Jews. C""""'I\IeIllly. the MillSlnlClio ... for life" (m/lzw)lh) and !hei. ethical pill ... (holiness and Iibenling ju.tice) were in need of pem>nIIl and instiMionll_ ijathrough "itich lbey could be communicated. II win be lQ. ./I~"""~"""'" ~kr '" Ibc f",,1U>! (;:. 0..--..: "!li.w;." and "IIi.lOriswry" and "'hi''''''''" ",fer 10 !he non-r""w.!. "'" .ignifi<... , (io> o.m...: -o.",~i<""" ond "1\<>' lit;, up<>i"""" mn.ol"'; d..... clio, 1.. w .........11)/ t .... I.. o _ 1
• demonstrated that the Jewisb culti. system. wilh its prime ioa.J in lb. tal>emaclc/temple cull. 5C1'"oIed as lbe place of orientation for the search for l>ehaviouraJ/e1llical palIenu in ancient JewLsb sociely. Thereby. Ihe main cbal1lC1eristics of me suucs1ed plRdigm of •• amplcs com.to the fo«' (I) !he ideal 0(;1-1 ...,·-.. In'ealed in ';tt t'1"1f' '::I . "'...uperimp05ed
01110 (2) prime enmple" that is, ""(:Itlplary charactm ,,'110 visuali~N Illi' unfathomabk ideal fo< Jewish uiSl~, .'I""Slicd as C'~I' ~";"T'I ')l'I t'1-rp ':::I (t..v 11:44; 19,2; 20:7, 26). Through !he onl and wri\\nI lraditions, these exampl •• ,..""hod (3) !he C(lvt:naI11l't"'P1., the intended recipients of the parodigm. In thi. COIIIeJlI, Ibe didactic fUDCII"" and value ofM,tory.tellin&" liDd their Joe .... "!times, the ab,,,,._meotione
Under the auspice< of lh~ d It red.oclio,.tauth<mhip, the inJIUnar<:M, prnphcu. nc.), In coottadistincti<>n to tho ~old exesetical ""boo[." hWorlcily js 11<>1 1M fi>a<s or the lilelll/')'
.,pounded
1l. 'I1IroupoII,!h;' >1001)1. !be commonly ""-'1'''' obbrevilli _ _ ...... in iDdlcalinloowceo «.1- Goo. for 0.- d. c.". R. {'"
siP.. M.", or, des'e opocW lII
~,..,u
RubNIt '''',J, Some
~; DellI ~
D<mon>oomy; 12- 16); dIr _ """,,,ronomiOti<; Ottli2 -
OtIdI - la .. «>rpIIO in ON (<1\ d _ ..... (.... ,!;oJ~ ... «>poo;ti,<'ic rcdoctioo wi"'-;" DtrH ~ ...... DtrH). and DtrN • dlr """"" within DlrH ()'I
H"""":
, bas probably IlOl been in llIe foregr<>lllld of the early Jewi.
of Jcw;,b ",;~,h ethics (late priestly JlIIlguage), Although he", hi. tori. cal and ac1ioi"llica l ""nstrucu may go hand in hand, the final edi«>r', concentralion rested rather on the bisroric imp&cllhese--mostly p~ exilic----humlll eumpl •• bad OIl the ""il ic and post-eJricol ch..,..,ter. II.IICe. p=i scly be¢a .... thCK bWMJI eumplc:s (....... ll as the onci.cm lewisii cull ""d tbe community of file) .... 00' delioeated as spiritual
gi... \s. lbey IC"..., .. valid ~isua1izatio", oftl>< ideal and .. intrinsic 1m '<> ,he experience of ' heir aDd later kwish gcncnltions. facing the Some problem .. temptation. and doub!s in • honh life whicb i. believed 10 be controlled by ;, -1-;"T -'. !he God oflhe /fl;mmh cove",,"!. In funclioning "" ex,,",ples. Iheoe ch=',," and figure. ill ",nne ;, -, -;"T - • " AJlII"'Cian.,., of humankind's .tJ'Ug81e in lDd wilh lik ;"T +,F don not CQndenm hm"". should !hey f.il. bul give. them anotheT chanee lime and again (of. es"""ially loogosl· ;'1 -1-;'1-' i, "'" portrayed and ~ved OS &
')nIl'
,,'ho _Its pcrittli"" bc<:aute of ~if OWn ollcgcd pcrfoction. but il depicted as I"",ing to '
poIen'i.1 and dignity_ In Itoe oonehxling pan. I Sttk '" apply the panId;gm .,fexamples to Jewish war oo1hi~ and ' 0 !h. bibl;cal charac;.", of Joshua, It will be dclJlQllstr;ued that Joshua fun<'ion.as a j\l$' warrio.- fighti ng . war of sanC1ific.tioo for the sake of the wildemeSs/$C1UC1l'I/!nt people_ In doing so. be Jymbol~s tbe prime exemplary warrior 'cpt_sen,ing the ideal warrior (l'1-H 'I-' J. that is. as fighting.,. exemplary war on behalf of the ideal wor $Uakgi ... H=. tho two ~I pillor--s of!be Jewi$IJ bihtc jIUid< 1IIe!aking of!he promised I.,.d, (1) hoi;"" .. leads '0 the consecration of !he people of Goo to 1'T -' -1'T -' and!he consecn\ti"" offor<:ign e le1lle!lts to qUCT'Cd" land mitmn !he olemenl of Ube~i,,¥justlco, whieh is pm b 'jcd as 1110 hoped_for conslall. in the camp of the ancion, JeWl. Havin& ...;d 1haI, holiD ... and (kind) l;beratingjlWice can only be established if adherence to tbe ",1I::w>ln;1 upheld. For Ibis purpo .... Joshua i. portrayed a. coofirming 111. SinaiticIMosaic cov<:naot at Sbc<:bem (Josh 24). In oonclu_ sion. Ihen, !he milZYOln were !he ....biliziog factor io and"", Jewiih society that guarantced--if adhered lO--SOCial jUSlke and brooght about '1IURWI"
1II01'T+1'T -' c, ~. From what bas been...;d obove. the implicit bcrmceeutica1-exaical method i. appu· cnt. 1Dr; uegeticol LaSl: mUSt corruncn<:< with • philological inY.iti,o_ ti"" of selected biblical .... to and their $O~ for tho fu.t thing tho
• ;"leiptet...,. generally """""",ter'5 i. the Hebrcw(IAramaic) 1<:11 (first Ie",,[ reading). The oecond exegetical task focuses 011 Ibc: text bistoricllly (IICd ond pla«>d undc:r ~ ",j<mn!r-cthical iok"" which Cf)'SlaIlized unlillbc finoJ form oflbe biblical material (approximately fnurthl fifth cennuy B.C.E.) w.. tho:! ODd became binding for normati"" Judaism I>mc'forth ," From !be perspeen. "",eive !heir fi,..d in!clJlretarioo in spe-ilogical readiog of the lexl To . lreslI the impor· lMCe (If one perspective over the other is either LO lose ligbt of the ~terary eod product .. we bave i1 or to ignore !be developmtotal .tag •• lhalled up 10 !be final formalioo or sourceslO wlw we mow today as the
"r.
"Jewisb bible."
A, !hi, i"""'....e. some ",marks .... apt cQoo<:mmg lcnn. and NIe.. used m dU. study. With rc
14. Far lhemodcl, ... a..pm2. IS. F.,.. Ihe ~ ... Chop<er l . 16. "p<>('USi'"<" ..-.j • " «>nomo." ABD 3: ~ 5 ; - ' E. Y_h~ " Hob ..... " in 7lN N_I_ioIIDI ~"'lIihl~,j>"C~(od. E. M. IJIo;kIock ond IL K. HonUon; Grand
f.,..
Ropido: Zo1IdIon.
ro< •.
1981~
12J.-N.
• below, \he term ~Jcws" covers \he genealogically coonected generations "fbelieve" in the God "nsrael in \he same way .. llIe term "Christians" COven Ihe innumerable JJOups thaI. Ihroughout Christianity', h istory. adhcreJ ODd $lill adhere in manifold wa~ I<.> tlIc: D\e~g. and po:r$OII of the N~. Pre5eoHI.y Jewry i. (be di=l and unintenupled religi""" beir and gaIe• • •1descendant "ftlle p""p'" woo te5lificd 10 the bibli· c I I experience of the God oflmlel. of the people who gave IiIORr)' shape 10 the onll and leu llal tradition' llIal rom. l~e Jewi sh sacm1 biblicai lellL A ,imi la. problem is JlOS"d by the terms "First Te5Iametl,M and "Old Tcstament," "They.re .~posed here os Chri s';"" confe ..ional lobcl •.• , !hey int<1pre,ively presuppose a .. cood or ".wor ,c5lameDl, ID <""If"1. the term MH.~ bibl,," I regard .. too neutral and misleading" a label for. book thaI is "" inlriMically religiously 000 ethnically orienled-----oo ODe. for thaI maner, call. tbe Christian "New Testament" the "'Greek bible" either," Conseqllc'llly. MIl.~w bible" aod "G=k bible" are mi..
nomen iust .. "Old Teswnem" 0IId " ) ,T..lalJlCfll" are ChriOli.., conf.... • ,,,,,.1 '''''''Inl. Altho same time, the 1"",, "Jewish bible" makes n",,· Jewisb readen and exesc, •• awore thai !bey are confronted with tbe principal pan of. religiou.< ",";Ilen tradition that i. fIUlu,ully not tmirs. Por this reason, I will also make u..e oflbe IC'mI M)ewish bible ",hen d;sc~'iSing "'Old Tesl8ment lheologies" or "Chri"ian biblical theologiesM" (except when quotiog scholarly opinions); Ibe mere utilization of Ibe deoignalion MJewish bible" in 111= contexts will often
ioto question many • theological """"I... ion. Yet anom....probl= is posed by the mitization oflbe name orlbe God ofthc Jewi'" bible in schol.orly wmt: •. The biblical narnlN>n h.. it thai Ibe God of the ancient .lews revealed hl",,,,lfwith. name, a name whicb the Jewisb tradition interprets .. beini fOfbiddet! to beullefed or wrilten; ~-~ .~ .' ''-!he ineffable """",("ml'o.1 D ~ ODd \TI".!C;"! I:C). J.wish inlet"· p.. 19. The fQtlowing ",,';11 do",,"""'" Ii>aO "'" dirT_ l>eoIOiieo onJid ~ tWt J. 10). 20. To _ _ _ h _ , from "'" """" by • ~yphooo is ~n.d by kwis/llt-..:!ibool. "" """ .... _ _ . . _ I fo< .... t_ wi""""_1
.,isI=c
"""Y
_em _
Dr""" r.th
lbe....,.ofGod,
Etromon'.
'"nln'H:
Tea_" ,,,Ira-
of the God or Ibe ancien! Jews as blasphemy, F.,,- these I regard !he often persi'tem utiliwion .,f!he vocalized form .,f!be gmmmallHl by many Christian ",holan of the J.wish bible----ca very noceo( e.u.mple!>dna W. Brueggtmlltll----ti all """"""'sary obsacle for Ibe ob..,...,.ant Jew to panicipate in the biblical discussion. On the ocher hand, realizing thai Chri. ti.., biblical scholars would find il .trange or . ",kward 10 read Ihe tradiliOOll Jewish renderina: lIas~m for the bihlieal God, I will ttaJ<. US
vocali:tOO." Although .. fi<$ll !hought to make II$(: .,fthe propIcd Laoin e<:au$t; I ,ealiwl that Chri.ti"" reader> of'kn find Ibe Hebrew ttndcrinp confusing, as for"" mpic in the cUe of the ulih7.alion of Shlnmlt for Ex<:>dus and Wa.ryiw for Leviticus. Furt/1cl1TJOf"C. in lhe fil$t;' !/lat, ... tim JI"""', migll! Kem eumbcl"&<>lIle-lhat iI. 1 make use of rather exteosive fOOOlOlillg. <>CCOJiiooaJly referring in mbef \oni quotaliOllJ to IlI1hon ODd their worh . The n:a1lOf\ fur ttli , i, n.tber plain, in ordeT to dcmonstnltt: the cot'txn,eU of my OSsertiOR' a nd evaluation .. the ""tbon' voices need be beard verba,im. Moreover. in <>rder to evade the possible criti<:ill1ll that the authon referred to are qElOtcd out o f ooote~t. I also oulli,.., the cootenl. ofllleir wom 10 the degree nccesoaF)'. Finally. the ,,<,ale ofa work ouoh .. the ODe inteodtd here cannot but be . ketchy. This goco fOT the di"<'us.ioo oftb< variolH 8pJll'*'b.. to the Jewilh bible from the ebriotion and Jewish side ' ","""",lively. as well .. for the lIII.IIy otbc1' lSP""U thaI oerve os "ingredieflts forlhe presentation of an alternative hormc:llCUti"oJ-e~egeti •• l approoch to the Jewish bible. Any sptxi~I;SI ;n any of u.e fields toochM upon will surely app"",iale M
.a
ba"".
11 . Some _ Jo:w;sh ............. ptnilar ""","0< (of. <.J. I. O. levaI· _. Si...u """ zu.-: ,b £w:ry In", ,M .kwiJ ~ IJ~ [ "'i~¢ w _: 1'11S1 ';;').
Chapter I
ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO TIlE JEWISH BIBLE
in Lhe introductory .hapter, io thi, 61'$1 section I seek to present some major Christian and J..... ish approecbe, 10 tbe I ..... isll bibl. tilat ...."'" produced ,joc. I . p, Gabl.r. I allempllO ,how Itow Ih. Chrisl;an approach focu$oed il< anenlioo OIl the 'hM/ogy of lb. Jewish bibl. and on the hi3Wry o f the !J;"",lile ",Iillion. Whil. I think !hal \h. hi,lOrical a pproach 10 Lhe k .... ish bibl. has greal value and should be ",garded as the major rontribulion o(Chri,ti.., scholarship 10 lbe scieo· li6c fi.ld of bib~cal srudi.., I also wani 10 ilIdicale Lhe basic probl.m ofChri>lian '"theological" approaches 10 the I ...... i'h bibl.: """f=ional· As was
. ~ plained
ism, ' Jewisll inlorpl'Clations suffered from a similar problem. This Jlresri=1 approach taken by I ..... • isll intelpr''''rs up unlil = l y.' What makco mailers more complicated is !hal J..... ish exegetes often read Ibe biblicaltcxl through Lhe lenses of Je""islllnufili<m. !la ving: said tha~ Ilic pooili". conlri\Hltioo o f Jewish scholarship 10 b iblical studies i. discernible io \h. lasting val ... of ilS ethical andphUoJogicoJ ~ive. which modem Jewi'h biblical scool· an in r«:ctll times ftuilfully .nmbi... with modern his{onc.l ~.
1_ Sot t/I< in~ chapter fOf "" ••pWWiooo <>fib< "";liWloto <>fib< """,;6< _lintlois.!Udy. ~ _ 1lri< is "'" iO <J;_.iIt thoI within .... 1<,..;.......... ic>l bod (pbik>Iosieol.)biawri<:aI pdO _ _ tho nbbinic bu _"",n< li ....l ~.) 00 po-....... i~ J,*"alo hblieol dIUokinio ...... tboua:ll tIIy> up to "'" "i<' orS,...
f..,.
......un.
,...-do".,.
" 1.1. Ck,ulian Approacloes /0 1M Je>o:;,h Bible: '11tft>I0I'!!' aM HislOT)'
The following: investi8ation pteSUJ>JlOSeS an arbitrary~! \>('tIt;ttO "'hal could be ,,"lit:1011Y and ""Old T..,tamtot theology" and iH lIWIy important prede<:~ With tbi, in mind, the pre$eIl\ investiplion commetlce$ with the o<:veo_ (tenth and cigblcentb <:enhIri($ and CO~IrJ.\es on th< nowl ~"inl\ Chriilian lhe
theo1oay of tbe Jewish bible. 1.1. 1. Jo/uJ"" Philipp Gable, and tke l~,= 0/ His PretJeceuOl7 :>Iowadays. two equally accqIled ideas underlie the labd "biblical theol· ogy": it .,j!he< ( I) denotes olhr<>logy whicb.1ll be rouoo in m. scriplint Of it (2) ehar.ot<:riu. a theo1oaY in ICcordance willi the scriprut<'t. While !be former m(W", within and limilS ihclfIQ the pararnnro oftbo: scriptuteS. the lallo:t in CO"b'!! seekll n~tivc measure. valid fot all Chri.tionity .' One: of lllc decisive halhnarb in I.h< bistory ofhlblic.o.l intcrpteWion that made this diShnction pou;bl. was tbe henntncutiell pcnpttlive imrod...:td by JohanD Philipp ..abler ( 1753-1826)' in hi, inOUg.,lnlion
SJ"'ecl\ delivertd 01 the Uni""rsjly of Altdorf. G<:rmIlllY, ;0 1787. The 1. G. Ebolilll , "Tho M_ins of ' BiM"' . '~; " JT.I'n." 6 (l9~') : 11 ()"1' (210). cr 0100 O. Merk. 81b1iJcIo< 1loroIofk du N _ 110 JItJ'er Ao(""FA"iI: lltn _M~ P'J obk . .. b<ei .loJocwIl'IUlipp G4b1.. _ ~ lAn>rz Jkrwr wNi """" NacIJ~"itb"linl (M.ro.qer TbooIoJi .. be Srudi"" 9; M ~ ; f.1w< _ _ i". orlloo Iobd w... 10< ""'"' "<;pIo of.h< R<:fom>&li<>1to. Smc:. ~UIbet. 111< _ _ k.,. for I!o< _ , • • jolrino) .. """taiflOd m boIh _oh biblt and CIIristi ... ,,"'" T.... """"WOO lhe chin& prinoo •• 1oontn, oflbe ""ke oo ....... "'"CI>rioI"·pMcipio. nw """ UnptiaIJlia model for e.urnpk. ",,,,"",ed tin. ...... ".1 ",ii' : .'i.. . ...... I'inh«, 4. Scot a. c. OIl"*""P, 'llibli<>ol ~: Sit"';"1 ""' o."'iplio<," m ,aood;ttg 1M ~ t>{,...Mart/ ~ A"",,"_ (<4. J. T. aotl.,,-eI Ill,; JSO'fStJp 31; 51>0Il10101: JSOT Prno. 19S5). 31~1 ; J. H. Horn ond F. C. f'ruIon<1, OldT",,_ ~.' '" H;'",,>,_~,(I.ondou: SCM Pteu. 1985). H,61~ ; lb>
r"w-""
Q." ..
Chri,,""
•,C·
thol'" ..."m
u_ ..
W""',
.. H_
title of this oddress indicate. tile """" in wlticb biblical interpretation fOllDd itself: de i",w discrimjne IheoJogiae bibJ;c"" el dogmolictJe reg.mdisque reck! ~lrj",1f1I" jinihus.' ··Building upoo lbe urlier suggestions of (JIhers (O$p'<:1)' fif"llllt1lte doa· malic int"'Prettli"" of $Cripturca and hi, feor of eikgetical mothudologi.
cal p"""i<e: All who "'" <10_ to 'M ""'''''' f.it/> ofCM ..... ity ...profn . ..it), on< "",1«1 ..,;.,. ' hot tM soaod boob. <>p«i.Uy of!he N..... T .... II< !he""" olear......." from ..... iwledi< of"'" e...,uion "'~t" ion i. _ ADd !hey ",or... _lhat ...... boob ore !he only""""'" IAllf di,in< m...... ..... i f,.. wish to~ • • ~rm ..... ___ hope of ..I . ... "". Gi ...... III;' ~1Il<>< "Pi,;""" why !hen .;., ,beK
'D«I'.
p'" '" •
","."or...,,,,,,,.,,, _ 7 I\'lIy . - f..oJ _
"",0"1
of.1Io: • .,."" DoubII ... \hi. di ~ "",in""'. in pori from !he """"sionai obo.lOmof .--tin, one·, """ "!'inion ..... iodtem.... into .... Bib". '" from • ..",ile manner ofinte<pr .. in, i1. O<J..M... rite ~fr,I>< "'flHwd .ruri",,1Ion - . . . •.rlJsioo and ,'-'/otv: . -finoi" ;, ....... fr- .. ....,.,. <¥> I"" " " _ <>f'1>< ,Ioyl.,ity _ _ _ of b/bl/c<JI ,/u!Q/aIj!}""-;1Io ,11< ",hlkty - ' diffi«
di<_"'" ""U
s. J. P. Gobles. "All Omioio: Oolhe Proper DiotinoJ by J. SoDdyo-Wunooh on!! l... Eu...d", in \heir " J. P. Gobles lOll .... Diotin<.ion Bibl'.s:7: T....1ation. C<>mmonIary.
Il<,.",,,
and Dis< ... ion of JIi. OriIP .. ,ity." $IT )} (198(l): llJ-,B. F(It on ~i Inn>btioo of .... (..ali . . . . t iRlO 000 ......" ... J. P. C.,bl
U."""'ht>Juna .. B;l>Iio<'- und <10, IJoam..o ~:K""" TII<:oloP: unh/;"-';" a..:»ox;"du N..... r..."",,-... , 27J84. Bod. Smolyo-I\' LIIISclt onIes·, KIri",,. ~iI< s,,~(UIm. IS)I). 17993. SodIY. .... ori~"'" _ _ .. no ioojet «tog< (NulMl"" _ 4 11_ 1 99) ~ 11-22. I. Gobl"'. "QrI .... Proper Distinction." 134-)' (n.t." "" _ ) .
l1.yo."""
" Upon dcalinll boicHy willi lIN: inte"".!iv. lcntleocy to cnplI" in cisegw_ cal practice,' Gabler .tresse.llhe proper .. paration ofbiblicallhwlngy from dogmatic theology. The difference i. lhat biblical relisiooftheology (c geM'" hisl.mco) describes the bask Christ;an knowledge a. repr<"_ ..,n!cd in \be"";pIUJ'eS Ihemsclves, whereas dogmalics/theology proper (.. geMre did.r/Ico) dchllems anaincd knowledge draWII from !he scripWres, phiJosophie&l ODd hilogy ----po ...... ing I didactic cl!.aracter" ' ''Il1nes responsibility for the euct ")"'ttmlltic and norme.tive formulation of biblical Ibeology, "teaching wha l each Iheologi.., philosoph; ... rationally aboUI divine thing •. &CC!her similar faClOrS.""
H.".,., Gabler refuled the mingling or I h4Lorical discip\il>< (biblical theology) with I confc$'i"11 said
1tIaI_.
9 . Sot Gab .... ', ~.,. ;toid,. 13S. 10. R. ferriq bock '" .... worbofEmesti, Semler. Tollor.Spoklinf. TOII...,...d Tillm' " .. 00 bad already u.d;caoed ..... Ihe .. i., considerable diff......,. bdw<en "'Ii&ioeol<>sY. (dbI .. ora-! lhoI ",lip.. i. p",'1 "" 1»' .... dooo ill 0
bowL ... ill IhiI life or.d III< on< 10 rome, Rol;p.a i. tb .. Ian>_'y c .... ~ , In C, compl«dy "', .... ihdIp, fco: bsIa!>« \he . implicity of_they call biblicol theol<>sY with \he ... 1101«), of dotm,ric 1lIeoIoslr; aIo",".b k cmainly _ _ 10 ... \hat .... roe thinJ mus' bo """" obarply diotin",ished from \he OIlIer _ ......... """"""" pro<1l'" "p 10 ..,..."(iIrid,.I,!6-37), II, 1bid,.I36. 12, Ibid, !), Ibid" 1JJ, 14, To bo .ure. Uabler "'... ill b il OWII 'iib< or.d ~mo, • hiaorio:ol opl>Iap, _ 1 : " !kodo ioc"" Se<:hatlicol srammoricaI M""""'utico, _ ....... ... ilI "'" do j ...1ico "' .... om. ill auoboriaI -;"11 00<1 ill ;.,...., ...... mber, '1 d)anloo <Jb<1h. duo our" ,ge,,·endeo .-.left """'" (ibid.).
,odjr<.
"''''.Y' ",,0
r.:.c..."" .... . _
.i.
"
tho~
it i. diffirull to know "'hctllcr hi, two-c<>mpartrnCfl!$ hcrmlogy on equal fOOling ,,;!h dogmatic theol· ogy, as i. often "''''mtd by many modern students Df biblical hcmtc:. ""utic •. Of w!>ether Gabler merely ",tablisbed the biblical theological d; "" il'linc as a 50Wld exesotkal bouncinS-boud to get to Ill. highest 1. ",,1oflheologizilljl. IhaI is, dogmaIic theology, the place where "eMIlio and undoubted unh'cnal ideas {can] be singled 001. !hose ide ... wbicb alone ore useful in dogmaIic lboology . ~ " Despih: thi, ~eil.d inteot: I~\> ........ Gobler',
w'ocbripeo _Anlio
.,j, ;.....,.
DopWik' i ... ""' .. """' olio "!>;tllioch< DopIotik [fWtl_ rue biblioo ...iI< "'I" ~
""f
The foUowinj stops, wbicb cltarac1criz.e Gobler', biblical inlelprCtalion and formularion "fbiblical and dojmalic theology. ,",'ere 1\"" ullimately decisive for the ... paration of the eM",;"" "Old Te.tamenl" from the "New Testament":" r"", bUAIc'"
•
'''''''''v:r ('M d<.crJpsIw 14<.1 .. lit< bwoJ """'~
<>OV'" "' foIl_ by «>Iltdinj; and oomparinlllh< "Ilo>l)' id<..- .ftll< Ordivi
I S. II is in fact.tb " _"'lE .... 1tortnmeutH:aJ ijJjJt_b: """","'»
"dc>c""';e ...... "'Il"." 16. Gablet, "Oo .... Proper J;)istit>;1ioft, " 143. 11, Tha, ;,.,.flerhi."Ontion." II, MorIc lJiNiJcIw: 1'Itt.>Io:wtk. r"m~·."". 9tl (tIto Kalioo . . mine). The in, ...... COIIIItla> Mtin
,.me...
"'no<"
"#w'
r....",..."" moren« .. .....
_._IIW. ",'''00'$ .. "",
lM>Iy man', """ .uti,', ....lh~ ..... hi, na, ...1 ok""'yed.~ by ..... i,.,;O". Put .. th;,., Gobi", urpI "'''' on i~ Moo"'"", ~ .. )111 .... wltieh loeb proof, -I .Iso i\Oolj!< """ when ~ is •
!boo'" .""""1....,.
........;n be d ......o..tod RIIo • .,..,... epooh>("'" epooho or ),!_
•
Do.OJ
~e
" - bINi"", ,i>«>I."" (dw _ _ ""~ i~ 1M """"'" ......~,.. • Ibi. step ...... the liDe belWftD !be ',..0 "theoiot:ies,"lifwmll 011' .. hal day ",i'" potic wk" • "'''oriWl y ",I.ti ............ '" be <:PPIioobihty • _ .. _lion>I_(_< ,,",,0 ofho<motn ... ioo
."""Id
no. """'pwlk ~ (pbilooopll;. chtiSiiano)" •
in 00IItn>11O ... Iie .. tbooloi)', ~< IbooIosY is di4M:tic ;n IIOIUR tIl;, ~dI;;fi<' I, II><
•
~~is_IOIdy_,,"wlQ ocrlplomJ
•
Gabler', epochal in1etpretivc programme'" was preshadowed in the "CDII~glum Blbli""m I~ quo dlfflJ ~I NoW Tel/la_nil luriD .U!r~m I"""",,,. """,unillm ,/u")logil:oru,,. tttpllC<>nlur" (Simibow'&. 1671--96) by llIe SIraSI>our&im Lnlheran Iheologian Sebastian Schmidt." This en "'... characlerized by. "Bew<:iSlCXlmen\a~tII"~emplified in the study oflhe diclo probantialc/"".ica''-whicb had focused its atienlion 00 me vcrificalioo oflheological and dosma1ic position, with the .... i' .. .,... of
Ian._
"
21. Gallier _ _ d of ,be biblie .. and !be cuI,on! """ lOCi.l _ i o n of
22. See ibid .. 142..... 3, 23. 1b>J.. I J9---4(1, 24. Tho i1<;J;nl prin<;,Io O. III .. "~ery"';'" ...... bo ~isbed by "-'o¢K:al
_ _ ""I" ...,
0. .. with <........ op,"in £p«1wrt IMr B;lH/hi,;A (Ek;1rlp _ F.... ,,
,"Wo
Kait«.1991).3:104--16.
,;no cr. w. /,~, OP, 110< P...Jo lh>! ~(l_ (;;n '" M",,"';I\an. 1973). 1.....21: It... ~ 0/;1 T",.,..", ~, 123 I . 11>< dkta pn>b<mJWCw.ko ..... .. bticol ..... ""-"
0'''''' _ ,
"''''''1)'
biblical leMS. This so-called ProleStalll ..,holasl icilm w .. !be systematic ond inldll:clual expan.ion or tbe herilllge of Luther, M ellnchtboo, Zwingli, Calvin tI a l. However, il must be added 10 Schmidt '. cred;1 tMt be was the ftrstexplicitly 1<> ..t tbe Cbril!lian New TeStamellllpan from the l e wisii b;b~c.1 text ;n tbe Mexegeticar usk-dlough only to aid dogmatics. lienee, Gibler'. method did notevol"e in a ocbolarty but was • reactioo apinst N «>ntin .... tion of tbe idea.J of hi. predec"".".... D Joh&nnc:. Cocceius ( 1603-1669) i. probably the most notable and prominent of them. " I n bis Su ..."", do<:lTlna fk f~re ,., 1~",,,,e"l0 tkI of 164$." Coccc;'u attempted to harmonize Christian ( actually refotmed C/tril!lian) doclrincs w ith the ful! ,ootent oflbe Christian bible, bc:~""in& \hal he had $\lCCC$Sfully oombated ab§tract and dogmatic 1h",,10iies."
""""U"'.
n . cr. 01.., R. P. Kn;mJll, " " rMl of 014 r •.-." n-Icv: s.~ Me'/oQoI, a.odC_ (Cambtq,. • .itA; EmJm.,. 1995), ~9S-5~. Knierim p!QVidn OIl . . . . lOIIdinJ ........y of...:em ~ .fGable,· • .;..,.. onl"k)' of.k ... , ,U CI>C<..... (JNJJM /<1/19) , ....... R. A. BI,d :"'..-: SO>dieo in .... IliS1Or)' of CIoristiao ThouSh' ' 00: 1"-: B";II.100'). s... ol.., Sntirll. 0/4 7I>oIcrlc!.J ""' ... 8 ....... ,."J Wttn. [.,- oo rrl...-.ch~ ~ ,,*1_ 0'14 _ _ (_ .... Hopp<4<"" 4<. 00:1.: editio .e.U , ~. 1.91). )~. cr. ;bi4.. ;;";v. ~ '" CD<" ;S ....... _ h oW" ~O;.ol"""""";O fiodinp in "'. op;n.' s.>< ...... ~ of ""monk;""" , nil ("I- pp. :ro- ~l. 39-41 . 721f.. lOb_7. ~36fJ.~ op .... .... .. Iborit)o of tb< Roman _lilT (aDO 1'1111 cbap<er. 6lO-l7) or ."jn" \be Roman c..0<>I1< chun:b in _ I (e .•. pp. 130--31. s.o9--~JI . Coo:«iuo' ucilizatioll 4icw~ ...-.... • . oopcciaIly <>iolm in hiodiocussWn ofSocino. Ken ..... ;0 other ..... .,.". (see pp. l-lillf. """ .Iso S29-629 ..,.,.,. Ibo Cbri"im oocr&II>liorI "wbeo .... olIi'.nn 1.....1 _ro ... tP""" ,.at<, ro m .... (1)< . ... 111><)< "'''''' ;"*"'-'<1«1 """"'" .... .\>out .... 00"",.0&."" of IlIe Son .fGod fj-.,.,. heo."",,, .. . Foro .... """"" .... 1....1;"" ....... _ lOW....... j, "';d ...... oflatJ« porto _irtJ .. ,"" tdlecto lti, inlt-rpf, peroe_. hope ond <>:><>lirmotioo of""", on
cr.
r.,._",
''''UIM''' ...
r..'_ ....
,6th
"'b"
of,,,,
'e.•.
" 'mp'' '
in_ r
r)·
""*' """'''
,.mert, "'*'
,ft«
"
H.. method was I"idtd by Iwo illtc.p.c(ivc purposes and • ..,Ired lU'ouDd OM loty' """ .... MIl, theol"IIY_" Thu~ CO""';." $La'od ;olentia", n.oI l lJIIIYpmo:n, tho "";fonnity ood_~or""'CIwi."_ qlwbich '" lhi. md .. ~ >Oal> in • io """,ploidy kd ",,_ond ""'""""" _ (diffd _ _ """ pr
<ell'"
Hcnce, Coc<;eius """ght to dimoce Ibe Jewish bible from the .bottacl ""d dogmatic speculatioll!l of his """temporaries and undc .. tood it l<> rw.clion as a kind of medialOl' befweeo God OIld ""mankind.• C""",,;u,' model reslcd upoll the assumpTion of tlrrn MW!>Ja1lls and ~ dispcn"" iOM: • !he work OOVcnlll' ~ opel1lmlna!~rae). focusing on th.
lim. from creati"" JUSl before iIIe fall ofbumankiDd- its in,enlion ..... lI&lvation,'" 36. A~ tho " w...". ..... Confession' hod .1", been bo-t OlIO CI 1IIJy. i< .... Coc.:ciI>a _ _lied i< riaorowly 10 all .., 600ds and _lies of God u ~ ill .... kwiM biblo. Co<:oei". ",Odi,idod hi> IbeoIoc' iDIo .... ........ purpoo< aod """" ..ity of.1WOfukI Ih< reo""" [.. dimWnna; .... -old"o.....-(0)0p0:n).4. \~. Uaod 16\ u.. _ _ ........ iCl\Oplcn2. 4 aod ,~ .... diOp< '.ll\o)Jil)" or .... rwo maia W_m Cbrillli.. ,burdI lradmo.u (Ch_ 14). )7. C<>« aod .... )"1110 enjoy !he l<>ve of~foId: Wot1<s ..... ~ F.,.. Sctipruttplo<="""'"", ....... 10 lIIainin"''''''' .... ''.. well .. bli>o oa_ ""'~ 0Iht.: .. h<1., 19-20 aod .10). C~WI .............. pooil;'" "illt ",,""', to .... • ffoc1iV<11<Sl ollll< old covmonl. """'&h b< .. w cffe,;:to"..... to M ill tbo: . ymbolic ~ of"""" Chri1t": Thi • ....,.,. ..... , "'Hn.1m. promix, tIIot is.. promiK of!if< IJ>. 11)..... hich ~ ... 1O <1..... llir. io "J ..... Christ" (psi. 41.... 2: OIl and b
«>_
«>_
"'"
•
Ihc grace CO'eJ\allI/.foeJus groIltJe). focusing 011 the lime ,lIer ibc f. ll-che demarcarioo line being indiC&~ by Gen 3: I S.the fal~.r-,nd-$()n OOvC1>a/lt (actually pn!hiJtOric),'
•
Sincc!Ot'duJ i>[N"'''' was no looser ;0 \he posilioo 10 beslOw .. l,.rion. fWd..s gralioe .... as div;DCly insta.lled 10 secure redemp~on in I~'e" dUfJ""Sh1 hms. '" Salvation by grace in arxl through "Jesus ChriS!" ••, . . Ihc
The: "' ....... for lilt ullimaot i""If...;....... ond dismlll6ll of tho old c.,..minI throup tht _ of " I...... ChriJ1" in !dtifth (pp. 631-1 11): lit. from tht . - (pp. 118--"= for . ilion ~,mm"l' of .... C<m1at1 oflll< fi.. I<>pic •• I « p. 801 ofCo«< ~Iii lIapputod imputiol Iyl_ OD tit< Iow/ .. t.ich .190 tht -a: •••iI caJledj""ifiCllioW .. .w!tich is ~ ibo"t by. """""," (p. I lJ). polK[ fa: by tht .... wboolweo the n>Ow .. of""-", be.-.....J ODd of the _ "be ,,,I La", the N_.tht P ...... ' ;.,d_iah (pp. II+--JO). 41. This """ ..... , is oJ\-decisiv. ON(. j_eo tht miIo'oooory &e-t ... i'" the JOtt .. . , ,,!>en the sool of"'" 100 p-ovideo the ",ilt· off~• ..",.1 _ _and .... pt-w-e (. W""I&efiollm ') of"'" Lon! oh. n ..,.". . - 1It~ b;' ....... a", trom _ ,i4< """"'" tho: ..... of Ch,-iotI... 1>o ... J. ... ~; ...elrOr tile ~o.11: See. h
!co"""""'"
0.-
_.ide
(p. )05,
42.
,.,...anI
305---17~
eo.:m",
dilTemrtiOlcd bctw"", "'" pbao
~
-0..;,.,
gr<>tI(,,, lilt
bou>eIo:<:piq or tho: r",,, .. , time (in tho: "l'<"'OIion of ond ..... of tho: I\olfllied time (in "'" fVtlo of "DIri .."lo!I..- l>io n.vcLotioo) (i\oid.. JUl. no.. two _lop it , ,m,c... _ _ tht ..... 6f"'" N. ,..,·, ....th...dlhe deotnL1ionof tho: Sorooo Temple. both 'Y"0"" ,. ... Or 011'«:<: "But wbeo • the cer<"""';" of....
chan>ctcriSlie <>f oil diopenSlll;oll'l !hal make up /oedu1 grnt/ix: (0) tile p
poSt.law ruop<:llSlll;OII (universali ..;o phase)"
"w were";l1 ill""" olurinf: ",.!imoo ofa.. ap»'''' (f", .. 100,. a.. oempIe";l!
&eod.omofa..iol pIo_ WCO"O ...I>onti""" ,""",,, I>< h;, (lod ond Ib< God of h; • ....:I... [lIWI " IMe 000 """"""'" hm<S ~ 1Ii"""lf .. 00fI, ..... is .. . <e ......"""ion is brwpt .bout ... W~ ile Abrabom .... juRiliod ~ his fa ithlwitboot the vmri:. of m.. ....... ,;" a.. ...,., ....y obaIl _ . - ...... of &;tb"il>< bl",od with ... Ab..h...... 1M ohi. is .... faith ofChRot" (pp. 32.1-1$), 44. Tho oeoond dispc;. ' wi"" ~ rlz~~ by/IlIrotWo (or. ibid., 127 and lllO). Thi, ' 10"" is , .. id ro.- I .~j1' . d to .... loownifi.oJ and ID< .. po ;M'doa' " .. DOl be0 hod "'" yet b<eo ,,,,,''''';i00i _ I h Ib< """'" ,,' ''''' """,;n,,- priot to his«l01..... of 1;1\0 (p, 19<)' "the eq<m< .......... "'~i<~ .i>< """Ie of "'" la... is '" I>< OppI;e.:lIi,' .... ;".".,. or 1;';"1 faitb" (p. .$ I;.f. . 1", sw-:m . • $, Thetbird< i~pIion "fOod ', low into "'" Ioum- _ _wIo;ob ;, pIoocod ov., "1";0" ioost ...,.itu050 (pp. 473ft'.): (6) peoo:e, ... lIieli is pIocod <W« opiDs1 IIIaI enmity tMa was betwcao .... Je,.. IOId .... H......... 11'1', 486/T.), The e_ai", of these JOOOh DOW Ji.,..h .... beai ••• m, of ohe uni..... li
"""'-''b\i.
emu"""
"""*'
1<.,'.. •
f"""._ ...
= _;, •
f..-,
"
The combinalioo of Coccei ... · and Gabl .. ·• C
''' IUS.
1.1.2. TM Eighleelllh C~~""Y While I~ ~d of the .. ventotth cenlury w;hl<'SSed 1M culm;""tion of Proteotant Orthodo.y. the oi &JIt=th «ntury le$ti fieI\ victioo rhAl scriplute$ and dogma could 1>(11 be hannonize,J found increasing apprai,o.I. Tw<> forces began ' n fight the old method (Orthodoxy): piet;,,;c roma.uicism. focusing 011 expeneoce, and rationa~.m, focusing OIl human reason," Hence, the eighteentb cen_ tury " 'as the lime of the die'" pro",,,,{I,, method .. won IS that of rat;onalism" Pmiominanlly in Halle and Gottin,gm, the ralionaliJlic tendency IUlderstood bibJioallheoloiY to be the eXptt$
A main cbaraoteristic ofth. new emphasis w.. bistoriog:raplly and the undttstanding of the evolurionary dcvel<>pment of religKm. In this context. the Jewish bible was to be §a"oJ for Christianity 1$ • p",cursor of the uttimately . uperior ,di,ion of tbe Chri,,;.., New Testame-nL Important historical-chal~ fuur·""lun'I< won- "" tbe CtIIIOn." ~.
So. 0110 II, S. Child>, 8#J#aJ/ 11o«>1OlD' of ~ Old <WI NA '
~~ ~ ""'~ CIrrHtiao a;t,j.. ( ~:
10. 11 -19, ~ 1 . So< 5",. .... 0I"T...... .,.'~. ~I.
Iloy.. oad " " ' - . Old T.., , _ 49. So. ib .... H - 70.
l~ ~
_
"""1D:tr.
r.._.,,,
X""' .. Repoi"''' 1'196). }--
I~l. l~.
SO. /bi4" 5<'. SI. I. G, F.;c~horn. DI';J: W _ .. 1780-413), Soo: 01"" J. A, EtnQli·. I""u.,., 1"",/.,,10 NvvI rm_,.ri (17611 wlUc~ .... very m\IC~ ill Ii"" .. ilb EicbbonI· . ...""'. SZ. Soc H . ScbIOO",h-luiti",be The<>Io&i< -..-urdo ",boo "'" ..mea Zeit<" - 7T:n
-"'''''t
Under !he influence or his proctor, Siegmund Jacob Ba~mgancn, Scmler thougln hi. method til ~ mi leiner beWluSI hi.lOri",bcn Frageslel_ lUllS an der Bibcl Klin k zu Obcn und damil zusJcicll dcm scbolastischcn SySTem den cmp6r>dliclmcn SchIll! zu vene\7.cn.- ScmJcr f~1t thaI il waI impOrtant 10 liberate !he inl"""ted,!hat the oducated Christian. &om thep,.,..:ligt$IM myths "fbi. teachers 8IId from historically uncriti-
u..
cal thinking. ~ HerI<'e. Semler', bl",,· apiJl>t the JlTI'V'.iling Jy1tcms wu hi, oOll-idcntitlcllliOll of tho .;onoopI$ ~word of God" IltId "holy scripture ." Semler wrole, H' ilig< Sc/orift unor .w"",,!u;Io<• .. tati .. termio", wtIer den Ju&. ... fre<""""'" i •. rcMn hili, £J,!off. Iisr... IkWIId *" oboJ zmn W",.. 0 -. ..... aile Memcheft in 0I1eo. Zcil<'ll w
U"_,
[Scmlerl ' " 'U< B .. ,mprteM H _ .... Pll
T'hoo.' _./Iilut'
1....... 7-,," , . .O«!en "" neuproI< ..... is<;ben (Hirsch). '<1<0 enlOch1,.., ~ und ... Iebo von ibm beUmpllal "TorhoiIpUkeft" ~ 1M""", 5<.,)".. II~ """ frMr V"''''"''~ du C_" £i.,. /flllnulJ IT<>" "" Kircheoo· WIhn. 1%7), S).
'l. J. S. Srmkr,II-''W-.-frrtl l _ mifdid<", " GlI,, 1%7). 111< _ _ of !!>"......n. IhoI; .. .-<>Is. ; ..... foQo..<>1 peen to "'. fuOlI'01..".: ..... 2 (1m): .... , ; (177;): vol. 4 (11n). S<mII .. •• "A_II" of171S ,....<><110""," R.udoIt AnIon Pidmt to """'" ~'" to tho CO'p"S £_Ii«<""". 11""" ,,<>. So ..I.. ",,"pod Pi C"",,", IJ--I~. SeeaJ .. G, II""';" JohaM 'uk '" s..J", _.~ Ub#1t """ W" l da H"'I. __ "~_ 111, ,I "''' (HaI_ho 1kiIrtg..... EuropWcbrnAulkIanm, 2:"fGbin&0",,-"'1'(""- A. H. S. Guzme .... ODdO. JWoer: GMtin,..,: V&Ddenho<>o:t.t ~1tI. 1979~ S'J-79.
,_,ot"
r...-.-•.
_",o:
';no, '., ... ",... lIomc"_ erholl
_rlic"
.....
Semler oouih! !O .limi""I' the fimd&m.n! of the Christian doclrine of inspirniOll." The OIIly!ac,,,,,, \hal he viewed as histori~ly verifiable i. \ha! the Chri .. ian chW'Cbes had composed lbeir O"''D compilations of alllhoriwive Kriprure ••1 some point ill time." Thus arose Seml.r·, rhewri~ quesliOll regarding the Jewish bible: [W]eil die l odeo dies< Blkher HIr I/dIIlic'" ltelli~ Bll
,.l.orut....
"""". k";'" , US""";'"
An,,,,,,, """ """" "" ...1.. ~. ~ ....
l>< "";1, w«
."'gell.
Semler .mphasi7..ed 1ltal Ihe lrulh oflhe J. wish bible"' could be cally uncartbed only if one fim exlrapOlaled ilS Jewish colouring. lhal ~ \he anciC'lll J.w,· pankuluistic elemC'lllS." Only in lhi$ w.y can \he ~_
S<ml... r""tmid.. J 1. l 8, ScJl<j~1o. J.:>1o.>rPr St>i."", Scool". 6. Sc<: .. "" S<mIer. v... /Mff U."," ,,,,,""'w c.-. 29: -nu z.wg..u "" Ki>clro< bcoteill. wie Pot · ."".. \ehrm, _ io riDen ~ifiiuns ~ """'" .. _ .. ........ Dit "' ...... ......" 19, Fo< Semle.r. fOllfiy;..- U~"lIdaC~, 18-26. tile dev<\opm. depend;',. "" the tTaditiom of,he >Iriou> Clri>ri"" c h " - (cf, p, 21), 110. Ibid.. 13. 61 . Tl>< Jownh "oiblical "'~"''''"' 111<'" '" i~ OIIiy due '" the rlrh -IlJ. fot tbem a!>d there. it "lao""'" natun.I to ",1Ie<:t .""" trho:.......,Oristor> diooerr}'JJscAco >mdoiedenoi "''''''' "","""hen. WD d",d ~..;,g."lI dnulbm 11< . .... """ dcr Riclrtiakeit
",""i_
_lira,
I.- ...
dlfferenlialiOfl between Ihc coooll/<>n,,/<md uncondllll>l,Q/ ....,m ofGcd be successfully accompli,hed." k:b
,..'ebo ...loo.... I.);.,,..- A"""¥ ... den B _ . .... T....
..."..., ... oru. di< tIftrIen un/rudub..... F.I7.lhl....p ' IIf>(!
_
er
""'"""'II'<"
&fahnm8 <mpf."
lIo:m:c. Sernkr asli*""d
1(1
the J«o'ish bible a particularistic and non-
inspired IUluS" lDd lfiUCd th/II it, as l ~ historical dOCUIDtnl. had 10 be shldied purely historically." lie. on !he o ll>et hand.llso "'.ieoted III tho$e earlier ~rnptS al a ··tltrologia blblico~ in wlticIJ material,.... mc«ly colkdcd 10 """" dopnari
_ , Boo
H_
...,os"", Abctila._ _ _ _ 0;... ni«lrij< • _ _ D«ol:.-' ""
""It<
';I'ril'" Jookn ......, ."'~, ........ ,Is ..... _ _hi,,1nen /oIJt4/k:ItM Qdt, ...lttle'· WId .... VMOOirunl ,II.. j«riF' rr.;"" Geb
~ ' , ..b< _lfU~_klt.
aimilar to.!. for him. ,I.- ~ ......... 10 mbo_ ........ _lode< ond. """-,,, invov< """"I lifo. H...... , ... ]o .. n .. abodi< Vnbindlio:hlci1 ... bcr'
lilt t:dn1ich •
..,.JOI>on no baltton1 ... SoII",, _ _
CIIri>lM oiehl 10 ,,,,I ...... Eiooicbl WId 1~1 .. _ dII_obad>y""""r\;llrm-....dkich ....... oincr~ J< . o I l k _ Roli,;"" Chri ..... jrl>t ".od iIo> noaJ""''''
1'1_""'"
Qooe""
,inc.
ond _,.....,.,......
67. Ibid.. 'l_!l.
Rolipoo der
J"""'-U>. m·
ou_. . .
Altbou&h SemlersoughllO ~ture 1I>e original inleDlion"flh. bibli· .:.1 lUthon 0$ oth0 ""'" and $klptrior Christian religion." A mort SUb$W1tia1 move 10Wanhm ir>depeodeol tbe<>!"8YOf1lle Jew_ isb bihk wu made in GotthilfTraugou Zacharil·." 8 ibJix!oe T1>eologi~ (! 771 -75)." After bavina 8i= up-ta1l>er uosuccessfuJly"---his iO;lia! 68. For iDsW>ce, Ekhhom, 69. Cf. S<ml .... I'''''fr~ u"""",,~ do> C"""". 72_71 10. _ . " CMII"" """ P""I ... UbeD dabe, _ ZIt OlD taIIt, d .... Jimaritth palilJu>b.n (Jrillctl jenon ),1 _ _ .... dutcb Seb",iIon dcm robon uod untauglicl>mjMittlwrr SY'l<m Dr ",,,.,,,,be;" den", [""'Jodo< Chri>n>o" ,oodt P""/",, bol ...di ... Bllcb<....t. .... daso I'ro.l .... ...... ~ ..... J...... bta<>ch ""'''' ..... """,tIrodill11; cf, .... H.Y<' orrd I'nu ...... Old r",_~. S~), 11 . S; .......... ",""h 0 _ '" CI\rioIionily .. ......, oo-ber "~ ,""". 1ft foct, III< only lifIk ......'... tI>e ...... relipon. is tI>e P""";r!od by _ early coo._ '" Christianity ...... bapponed '" be ""Iarf< deli''"' lew, (or. v""
"bo,,,,,, .non'·
bi._ ..no.
c...-.
fr<jn- U"r",~dn 11-1< and 17). Hence. ,dlio. ;s.dor _GrtmJ _ IhrI<:hW des ChrisI<1llUml, daoo . """ J&I Ot'IIFIP'" .ind. llciop;.k """I>
a.._
","'.isoact
V<><'"
"'*'"
n.
_." UW92(I98QI; 1-23. cr.'oo HoscI.OJJT""a_~, I.... IS. H G. T. Zacharil. 8jbliK~ nr.,,~, otkr do> blblittNot G .....&n tkr "" ''''.''''..... ,~..~ lLIq.1I.l SOW. 1 17 1 _1S~ A fiftll voIwDc ........ued poolllumouoly ill 11116 (odi .... by I. C. Vollbonh ond rubti>hod by J. O. G, 1:1..,.., ~~ Hoy", and
U"""""/tu,,,
"
pbm I<J write an eugc!;.;al <X>nlmcnLlry Oil ~ dictll classica," ZachariJ in!ended !O conWUCt his theology around the obsf:n..atioo that tbe biblical lat Delther rclIeclO III e:cpUcil iheology nor provide, a frame_ wor~ thai coot.>in. s1nlCtured leaching. lie, therefore, dwelled on the
evolutionary development of the biblical "Re ligiooswaJuheilen '-from the primitive """ient Jewish religion to \be perfect Christian "'1;8iOll~ and attempted to demon.true!hi. in hi. method ',\. inerJ
Th..,logi. angenommcocn L<:hr;Ut."" Althougll h. ,egrettcd \hal such . I'ruoon
(or, 04i
11>«>1_. 6(l~ 74. s... labk
T.,_
of COll'.... on«>Iori<. S41-60J : of."",_ S4S-49 ond jll. J 5, This "' .. prOOobIy due '" tb< he, til .. proof..."" ...,,;.. had " " " ' - . tar"", of .. thrr IIOVete < oighloenth • ...rury. 1!aIedow", di.. "",,1lI of .... commonly occq>I«I notioo ..... G." I OIl(! I ~ 1<00
1..,.,
76.
n.
cr. Zo
Zoolwil """"Iud«! ..... no 011'<"1 oflh< M_k "l.pI" """"" .... _ • • hanaer b 0.;.,; ..... "<>0<1n"" m''''', .I>oll < - ' MOMC .....• (ibiIL. 4:4 ~6; d. esp. 44 2 _~ _lid -469-7 1_ _ 0: in tho. cant'" U 2~ 2 · ~ .... bt' '-:I .. l.l2 _ ~). 18. Ibid., 4:vii. ZaoOaril- , mI<mati<:al1y from!he I_ish bjbk throu;h .. 1be />,,,,, Tn 'tJlMIft. Next, he obowtd Ih< ;oq:w<' _ certai" Iad 011 Ibe Oldy ( and!alo<) C/oriI,'" "~"ocl ODd. i. """".,;0." iP(e, p, ,«I it from. "='lI'_", P<> op«tiv<:. l~ "';, "*Y, Zachorili .,.111>1_ hi> """ .... (,~? "" II" ""'(, ",h,,;· ,,. • .mo_"'. biblic..! thta. mirrorirq !he: ndiMnol _ oIo<:b i,oaI pOIi'iOll. (ef.. <.1 .. vol . 4: 'Die I u« " 6< Wi<do, ba IIori>ation of the Cloi .....
.u-. ,.....
tbo>,,,,
twofold intention might mak~ his work: appear lonpiJlded.. he streJlsed th< _easity of!hi, pro<:edure: p.rrJ<;t i. _ ..... . "..,.. I...oirionn .. Ji<. HieJ:m iotl" ·""hrlic~ t>()O'l- W' man .... !lllt mit ""'" NW
eUl".,I>en,"" """
r""
re.... '" obwei<",.10
Although Zacharil mode allusions 1<>. "pure b;bl;CIIllhcology" almost two decades bef"", Gobi...." in other ~ he "'as """ble to tnIniCetId llIe DOIiODS o f bi. time. While rtj Zacharil coo\inucd I<> ... gard th< ,,,,,,'ish bible a$ a rnert shadow and pr«:uno< o( the glorious final "'''ela,i"" in ".!c .... Chri ..."OJ Mainly boelUS<: his ",a. often. me ... KlIcm. .... lion of older opproache. that looktd ;"1<> the Jewish bible for propositional truths ... 1.~LltlI (or Ihe ChriSliLltl 5en myohoo .... W.... _ ... "'" CIwioIo, .... l'IIIIt\icbdo "leo. lribl;"'1I<. _ ~ oufoo>I<>t:i< ...... Edh.......... Un, ;"t ' ... I.icI!o .... >«=~(p. . 1.
II . Cf. ibid .. 4:;'. 82. Ibid" 092~, Zaohoril Oe\d!he divine
,-. i.....,.,..,' ..... (ioIt",." Tho divino
OOftO
PII. 3911-911).
8J. W"" "'$p«< '" tb< "old" .. "IIi""",,,," of'''' kwith t.1oI<:.l.IObaoil lUled lII&l it ;. in rO
Ubr<.""
Ptriode '" P'
HI: 0(,.100 12:1_27). 114. ZxhoriI cal10d .......... mop «e ' . ', oflh< holy .mp:ur< ... tb< 0"1 ""'" <1...11 (p .• i~ " . Liu J. A, Emeoci (1161), Zaolwil bold III tb< Onopirotioo of .... biblluJ tw (ef. also ~..J, " ...... Vi« Bihi;"c"~: I"" G'scA;cIo .. ....t ~ [Noukiro ...... V1"l"': N
_i.
G ......... _ FolIII;"b b.y L I <0 WId ~ " ' _ ', , , _ ~ WId &uhlunF', alief flit volko ....... F"';' WId ..... ......ttmen. !Icy Gon loots"" .. nkb ............ &I ..... &Is Gon dun:II
...u...
0_
l>I>oI ;nspira6000, ho: ._11>0 oflho (1;""" """"0 bil>l;".1 ,.. t>---on ·.Do>=u.a. elm FricdriclI
Hul'ilagiop'(2 .......; ErIanal",,1 ~ h; ~.lIy> - ' H"fnqel' . _ rho: 11"""""",10 of_SIlle rTX* o.uporfkiol .. ort it! 1ho II
"*'
rq>O""'"
<_ .
WIIilo l.ron< dool odmill<>l lhat..,.... Chrioti .. does ';Iy be ..... iW>IicaI_"'. He, Iheteok>Ji<> of l.roI "'"' "'" ~ lQt]Iinli i, ....il. "'" (1;";"" pow" ./f""",,, """ ud _ mot:Il ", ... 1.. (pp. 241 ....J). Zaolw\l, """, ..... , 8(i.
IDOItn!., ho:
n..
ex_
..... "b' lb" . ud! pIillaoophiII
""",101 find _ _ ond 'od-"
"W_ ich driml< BeIriIT• .., ir...,.., b<sot: ..dria d \heir oppliati<.ro: "I,. ";11.. .... die biblioche _ _ _ .i0 .....,...., . . . . -.lib .....1 doOCtiptiorr of Iho b;blical--lh<>Ji<>lic,ol " lUuprlcbrblieoI fwr_ ~ buI "I"<" fot _ "" ... _ orlile . . . - oflile Chriotio
Lo""'.
,,,,,d'"
*"'........ runt_ ... Pt"'--.......:1
B~"';"" Rol,S"'" ....hml, bey ..... ~
pooI
............. dH, ..... .;. ~i
w"
This sl\ortooming ofZathciA's won: detttlbd S(I()d afteo- il$ publico(ion, 50 thaI Gabkr. though praising biOI for laI
VQJI
Ammon' , Bibli,d", '11It!<>/ogi>!" did nOl
contribute much 10 the dillwSliO01l'S II«<>nd «IioO. ~. Goble<. "Qo. .... Proper 0;" ..... ""- I)S: -E>-..... y "'.. will_1l>ooIofy \>e _ _ _ _ in and ...... l\tnl, ond d>Ott wiU \>e "'be f _ f... " rr...n ot.o"..,.. ...... OUCk _ do """"'ie•. Tho ...., f'n>(.....- 7..oo_";d "'10 .cryeopOb!)' loll....,., .. 1 .. ' Bibl_ n..o/ogieof I 77S]. buI I hardly need .. mniDd)'<>ll or .... fOCI ..... be left 10m< IhiD¥> for <>
"""""-l\U1boo-
iI·.
rono;;,ly. ODd omplify" id. 0100 p. I"').
<,_
S9. V"""'mmon. Bib/mile ~ie. 0D0 may ..."""' ..... his E""""'i CII. of <00' .... onfold. hi,I""'P<'
v.mo...
~._""ogyand~; ""'. 2_wi!h~of""I""'·
""bible .. itl hi~ _10; vol.> dull with -notop ...... it, "V..-..lolun,ofblunankillod """"'" ··1 ..... a.n: ..-(missioD. .... No' ,'. oolvi6c _ -.I .... upoctl of .... otiooo: bop'i ..... faith. .in, repenlOl>C<. i""ific .. ion, I.00:I', oupper. gIOce) and the u.. imot< <J
_i_
~0Dd5"'iu<Jcroo>'~ '10. V"" Ammoo!'. Bibli«If<
~...
W",
oriP>aIly _
..: "'thoit.
Ill)lr...oi"'" """ I>os.... "" .... 't..;n Le,tfodon ZII Vor\< ;'..,... .bot ~ie _ Tl\tol .... .... R,I>l:. F.,.- him. ~ _.....-ely ...... .,..,.-id« of..,. """<ed", """"""
"",,1<,,,,"
wi th Gabler ', hamcneu.ical sys\enL, the cooclu,ion, o f hi. oxegC'lical "ndin", were IlCvcrthel... o:gulated by mjooabstio comidoration" How.ver. von Ammon uli!iw;lthe hisroncal"";licalmjpn.ltik ...... Kit¢>arf. iM;pten Ilu!!ote "...,..i<mte llcooUkommo .... <1<. 1Ien iIeoIimmOD", ,[und is! beflhiJI,] die Ob
.... I/<"''''''oh._
W_ i l ' " chri
He"" .. all biblical trufus ~.i "" omwcdor durcb Wl\'erwerll icbe Zeugni ....
bclegt, also Iti' wrisch ... [.) ode. ,;. , ,00 dem me nschlicbon Vemando nIbor ge!egt. v .... irutlicbt und d W'Ch Smllicbos An .. h"" ve .. tlrkl, .lso dogmaliscbo ...•rl<l lbto1otY .,... '"" .... lor ..., Amm,",. _i"'1«1 (of. ibid, 1'>-10~ """"" lbey. in lh< ~ of ti.". . ..... bocomo o!jlip> Scml'lstellen Ol"''' """'1oC)' _ . ocic<> it> an e.!Oo odmin.;d "~)e fm .. w-od ..".r....1Itt ..... lAuf iM, &n _ _ E..<, wird .... G<xblJlc dn biblioebcn ~ "'orm or .. inc Ur\unllIIIiooe ZW' objOdiv"" W~, _ loin und do/lq'" ..-:ilr ( h ri). lltl>«...... . . - " ("1I<"_mx~"I") "'" "'" 0\1< _ina only; "Sovio'---",,_ onit ........_ ... 0e l\; _ ,,. • o m "bat""I"" 0.0.. «IdIal_ ",,,,I .... WhoI, ..... - , . . ., Itdocb"" WId geioNoll« iOl, .k ........ jMiI " ........ ~ (I ",.f.: cf. olio p. J~). Thi, io 10 moon tho! !be ""P»tic... "'" 10 "'if1d ~ dopl"i< .y.l<m .. noo--e. ioIenI """I he _ ......... pu« Oit,I;o.1 _ . _
"'0<
..,If_ ..
" helped VOII Ammon 10
The application "fthi' exegtlical maxim aI"" ... ign!O the Jewish bible and the Christian New TestamCIIl lheir re.pec· t;ve pll<:¢S in \he ""heme ofthc "",elotion "fthe wi ll orGod." Al1hough lb. Jew;.b bible """lains many absolute Inll/u (obje<:t;vej-whicb cannot eveo be f<>W>d in any oth"" lIOp/li51icated religion "fi1' Iime-il. nevenhc le$$, d,,; mil div;I>e origin for "funny" dcscripti{KI' of!be divinohuman encounter in history (subjective)" Having said IhM, \lOTI AII'DlIOI'I believed that the lewisii bibl. prtp;\ll'd for the '''PCrior religion of the OlTimon Now Tcstruncn~ as; 1 is not the biblkal h;~t IIIaI i. ;nsvi~. but the idea! contained u. it Lf. Due 10 the progressively vun "'" "' wichu. sind. al • ..,k die DUS ........ ...... ick'hl un,hich .. lie OMChl ........ ~ I
,,,,,siDd,
Alon, these lines. von Ammon explicated llIe progrnasive!y rn<elalive stag., through which the !twish biblical COI><xpl. of 000 and Christ devdoptd &lid hclie'mllO ha"" found !hei. culminAtion in the Christion biblical ide. of the trinity"" OS well .. in u-.. un·JewiSh n>II "Z<1tvonlOllllIIP"" ...J. ..m;.cti..., opiniom. r"""" Ibc I>osi. of ""'" "\.dIO. _ " (1 " '"1_iii"';" .,... 10 eoW>!i' h • \>iNnl """'logy, "" ..", i, ~It 01", ., ... _ Il1o wriline< of Il1o k-..is/l lriblt ~ wi'" Ibc 0.;.... Now TOOIameJ .... iob.ltibl< (~'" o;J r.._", ~(rev ..... : Now YOf~ : Subvy. I%3D. w. VOlt Ammon. Bjbll>cJw~, 1:17_18, 32~1. 100. cr.•110 Zocharil.'oov<. 101. V"" AIDlOOII. B~ ~. 1;7(1: cf. 01 ... )31. For I'QII AmIOOII, """'" _Ibc """'" ~ "h'och '"""' ......y b< oI>oo
