Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary

M A n

e

d

i

a

E s s e n t i a l

A r a b i e V o c a b u l a r y

Elisabeth Kendall

Edinburgh University Press

CONTENTS

© Elisabeth Kendall, 2005 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh Reprinted 2007 Typeset in Times New Roman and Geeza Pro and printed and bound in Germany by Bercker Graphischer G m b H & Co. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library I S B N 0 7486 2150 4 (paperback) The right of Elisabeth Kendall to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Introduction

1

1. General

5

2. Politics

27

3. Elections

51

4. M i l i t a r y

55

5. E c o n o m i c s

67

6. Trade & Industry

75

7. L a w & Order

81

8. Disaster & A i d

87

INTRODUCTION The ability to access M e d i a A r a b i c — the language of printed or broadcast news items — has become increasingly important in the light o f recent developments i n the M i d d l e East. Consequently, the need for a ' q u i c k - f i x ' vocabulary o f M e d i a A r a b i c is greater than ever. A r a b i c dictionaries are not equipped to deal with M e d i a A r a b i c w h i c h involves many new coinages to express contemporary concepts (for example, multi-culturalism, anti-aircraft missile, globalisation). W h i l e English-speaking students can deduce some terms from A r a b i c to E n g l i s h by thinking laterally (for example, ministerial straightening equals cabinet reshuffle, the falsification o f elections equals election-rigging), this is a much more hit-and-miss process when attempted from E n g l i s h to A r a b i c . U n t i l now, getting to k n o w the A r a b i c for c o m m o n contemporary media terminology has necessitated a long period o f familiarisation with the A r a b i c media. This book is designed to help undergraduates, postgraduates, governmental, military, diplomatic and business personnel bypass this lengthy process. This book aims to supply the core vocabulary o f M e d i a A r a b i c i n a logical format to provide easy reference and easyto-learn lists testing both A r a b i c to E n g l i s h and E n g l i s h to A r a b i c . Familiarisation with this book w i l l furnish the reader w i t h an invaluable knowledge o f the key vocabulary components essential to comprehend, translate, write and speak contemporary M e d i a A r a b i c . W h i l s t independently useful, this book is best used in conjunction with Julia A s h t i a n y ' s excellent Media Arabic ( E U P , 1993), a coursebook w h i c h sets the vocabulary i n context and teaches students to manipulate typical M e d i a A r a b i c structures and formats.

2 •

INTRODUCTION

This book comprises eight sections, organised by topic: General; Politics; Elections; M i l i t a r y ; E c o n o m i c s ; Trade and Industry; L a w and Order; and Disaster and A i d . The initial General section comprises vocabulary pertaining to reports, statements, sources and c o m m o n media idioms o f a general nature. Prepositions and idiomatic time expressions are listed only where particular variations arise in M e d i a A r a b i c . F o r example, ' d a y ' , ' w e e k ' and so on are excluded whereas ' i n the l o n g t e r m ' , ' i n the near future' are included. Generally, basic vocabulary such as w o u l d be acquired during elementary grammatical training is excluded. The General and Politics sections are naturally the longest, since much o f this vocabulary is also used i n media discussions concerning the M i l i t a r y , E c o n o m i c s , Trade and Industry and so on. Vocabulary is not repeated except where this forms part o f an expression to produce a new meaning. Expressions have been excluded where the reader has the information to assemble these logically. F o r example, 'intelligence' and ' m i l i t a r y ' are both supplied as general media vocabulary items in the General section, therefore ' m i l i t a r y intelligence' does not feature as a separate entry in the M i l i t a r y section. E a c h section has its o w n internal l o g i c . F o r example, the Politics section begins w i t h c o m m o n political acronyms and organisations f o l l o w e d by political systems, descriptors o f political stance, political bodies and organisations, political offices and roles, geographical entities, and so on. Direct subtitles for groupings within each section have been avoided since not all vocabulary items can be neatly categorised beyond the broad section title. W i t h i n each logical grouping, alphabetical order has purposely been avoided since this has a negative impact on the learning of vocabulary lists. Lastly, this book does not c l a i m to be exhaustive and the choice of vocabulary is necessarily to some extent subjective. H o w e v e r ,

INTRODUCTION

• 3

every effort has been made to select the most useful and/or c o m m o n vocabulary items. Notes on the formal presentation The A r a b i c is vocalised to ensure correct pronunciation and entrench in the m i n d the vocalisation patterns o f certain structures. H o w e v e r , short vowels are not supplied where: • a fatha precedes a long alif or a ta' marbuta • a kasra precedes a long ya • a damma precedes a long w a w The pronunciation of sun and m o o n letters is assumed knowledge and has not been marked. E n d vowels have not been supplied where they are not generally pronounced or where they vary for case. In general, A r a b i c nouns are supplied in both the singular and plural; the plural is printed after the c o m m a . A circular ha is shown to indicate the location o f the direct object in cases where verbs take prepositions after the direct object. Where '+ idafah' is written i n the text, this indicates that the A r a b i c must be f o l l o w e d by the genitive construction. First form verbs These have been supplied in the form o f the basic stem (past tense masculine singular) f o l l o w e d by the present tense (masculine singular w i t h the middle v o w e l marked) and the masdar (verbal noun). The middle v o w e l o f the past tense has only been supplied where this is not a fatha. Where two short vowels are marked with the same letter, this indicates that both are possible.

4 •

INTRODUCTION

Derived forms of the verb

1. GENERAL

These have been supplied only i n the form o f the basic stem (past tense masculine singular), since present tense vocalisation and masdars are predictable for derived forms o f the verb. The present tense and masdars have been supplied only where the spelling o f the verb changes significantly (for example, the present tense o f second form first radical hamza verbs), where a separate vocabulary item is intended, or where the w o r d is c o m m o n l y mis vocalised.

journalist

Abbreviations

newspaper

s.t. s.o. pi. lit.

the media the press press agency

something someone plural literally

interview '^ \

"~> J - ^ J - °

press conference source

d« 1U „

s

/N

j \l

informed sources

"*

'

sources close to reliable/trusted sources high-level sources d »j ^ 11 • a, r.*\

-v

vn

anonymity to say

JUL J ^ d ¿1 . A1 . i i . ^ u al

1

it was/is said to add

GENERAL

GENERAL

d-**<=> l j -

o - -

V_J J ]

to continue

to let s.o. k n o w s.t.,

a -

J ' j ^ ^ <Jj^ ^ < J ' j L°

carry on (lit. not to cease) -a

*4?JJ \ L$h (SJi

to deem, consider

- o

j^Jalxxi I

to go on to say

1

J^- J^^f

to mention, recall

j j ^ G J^JJ j l l

- - o

Ssklc\

to confirm t o

I -

inform s.o. o f s.t.

to continue,

^jli. Jjlc

refute, deny, repudiate #

to deny

to comment on

- a¬

to give a speech

o- o

^*/>« nl

to believe

to rule out;

jj-^al

to publish, express, issue

to regard as unlikely
V ^j- " a.

'

0

3

6 >-i <<~>j

i

L^- j-^- \

'

^_Lt-oj

I

to elucidate, clarify C->Ai C - ^

to declare, announce

^ J r . pj^^JI ^Jaii f^-j f ^ - j ^ f ^ O JjL» J i l i J j L ' ° i

jj I

to describe s.t./s.o. as

to express

. 1° !

J

to broadcast

to state

to claim t communicate, convey

j j j - i - ^

jj...^>j

j i c f l

to throw light on to be published

0

to state, quote, convey

^titi

to propagate, spread, publicise, publish

6^ IJI £>l=> V

to present one's opinions ^L*

6

o^- \ V

6

1

£r^'

to notify, inform s.o. o f s.t.

jitn'J ^jic J j J j - i J j

to respond to

to tell, inform s.o. about s.t. ^Js. <JL^| y j ? ^

^L. o £_LU

to be widespread

to tell s.o. s.t.

to answer, respond to s.t.

GENERAL

GENERAL

Jajlxii I

to answer, respond to s.o. '

O

' 0

c_j \ 6 i_Jlia

to interrogate, examine -

to stipulate to demand, request

0 - 0

¿,1 j ^ d L

to inquire, ask s.o. about

worth mentioning is the fact that

to ask L^i ^ J ^ J J^Af J ^ 1

1

a

to indicate, point to

<_j 6 j J - i l

to hint at, allude to to suggest, propose

O

to be cautious, wary o f J

\ ^

d L i . d i t.j J_LL '-.''^

to insist on survey, review

to doubt, suspect to avoid

JLL|

o - o

* > I ' Ito I

"

*

j-=w \ j a ^ . j ^ l ^ f

to assume, presume to impose upon s.o. s.t.

to warn s.o. about

to praise

- - 0

to define

S&J>\

to criticise

fj£

to evaluate

to concentrate, focus on to emphasise, stress i i J ^ La-i a ft i i j,j ^C_OJUJ 0 -

lX

'

^

a
it v j r

-

^j

djg,v,H j G |

to allow, permit s.o. s.t. to advise

^^Jc ^ J L o L ^ Y I

to raise doubts about the burden o f proof falls on

v_>

I

to admit, confess

6 i q.f/N t 4MI*SJ I 4.tiS

to expose, reveal

' o 0

' 0

to consult

10 •

GENERAL

GENERAL

J t


to show, prove

^

I

JLJ-U

to result in

0 -

o^y-

o^y-

^j^JaJ I s^a

to show, demonstrate JI

*

p

I>J"'J

p

g<"*^l

^y^-

L^"^

to go back to, stem from

< 7>jVi

to harm the image o f

J ] 1

J

to pave the w a y

as a result o f (+ idafah)

(+ idafah) ^-Ja ^-da^

to discover

to impress

to reflect ^

\ 6

I

to be impressed

<

to explore, investigate;

O^JLJ

to guarantee to discuss

<1U£ ^

L ^ L A VLx-ajl J J Ho--

J

0 -

'JJ

dljLij

to participate i n

^Ji Luu

to contribute to

VJ'"

^J^i J L J

JjLp

to exchange (e.g. views) to cooperate

to play a role i n

JjLu

to treat, deal with s.t.

to cause

J-aLc

to treat, deal with s.o.

^->l

to cause, provoke, give rise to

j ^ l

to provoke, incite, arouse

J - W >»'

Jj_a»iii \ (JXLXL J

4JJG ^JJJ

n •

MJ

J-s^uL

to incorporate, take i n , include

f ^ajl

to comprise, include

to influence J ! f-^J

to be influenced J l

to discuss

'

J

J^

^>^lj to make a phone call to

to lead to

jjilll

CJI—

^ j l u l l
to j o i n point o f v i e w

• 11

•

GENERAL

GENERAL

3

¿^0 V J J

context

—

<^>l <<^Lx.

area, field

o l - <JL^o

•13

instead o f

<_i}LL-i

other than, besides (+ idafah)

JJLLO

in exchange for; in relation to,

"

in comparison with L
I 11

J L ^ \ JP'JJ*

dU j J

level, plane ft

La_>

j\* <*~> J c

"

including on the other hand

method, w a y

3

' ". * -

J J L X . J (
I.

means according to

<_j 3-^*-^ ^-°t^ <j-=».lj ^

&

w i t h regard to from the point o f v i e w of,

o

J t I \<' J ^

with regard to (+ idafah) J l

» (+ idafah)

*

according to (+ verb) i n the manner of, on the pattern o f (+ idafah)

Ijj La

whether

L-^ic-

publicly

<\ y ,,'dL &

o

J J l '

-*

i

-i-ix-sJI 1.1A J
£> l ^ - ^

v i e w of, with regard to

in this respect

in the face of, towards towards

in the framework o f (+ idafah) I LLLLa . . . ¿,1 ._iT>j V

^L-ul J t

n

aspect, approach, standpoint p Ij ]

J^J J

with regard to

on the basis o f (+ idafah)

it doesn't have to ... as long as

14 •

GENERAL

GENERAL

to some extent

0^ c ^ j J j ^ - ^ ' 3-°

• 15

it is necessary to

to the extent that equally

Je-'

0-°

for the sake o f (+ idafah) thanks to (+ idafah)

s^

mere, pure (+ idafah) meaning that

¿,1 ^ ( ¿ 1 1 ¿1 Jj^">. .it I 1

01

L»

x'

-

a

£

-

on the international stage

o *

L*J I f. LaJ I >
o l — < J lft"i-sI ¿ 1 J al=> 11 ^ ¿ 1 ¿^1X1 ¿ 1 £-^¿1^11 ^ ¿,1 j h V t t I

2

ol— < j ' ^

i various parts o f the world n

'

0

1

£ - * > ^ ' i3-°

it is inevitable/essential that decision resolution

•"

L^-Û \ o l — ^ j j - J i o JcJaiw <
agenda plan, project plan declaration, announcement

all over the w o r l d '34f

possibility eventuality, probability it is likely/probable that

statement, declaration, communique, manifesto

ol—

statement

o l - ,6jLi.1

indication, sign

OUJJA-O o o

information ( A r a b i c pi.)

oljL^JL-ul

intelligence ( A r a b i c pi.)

it is possible that it is clear that it is anticipated that ol—

0

it is not inconceivable that

j l U N Of

°'~ o l — <
"J ^

JLACVI J j J ^ .

V^

<_JjoJI L_JI J ^

it is inconceivable that

j l t> ^

It

1!

^

investigation

it is expected that ' yy*-*

report, account

GENERAL

GENERAL 0 **

analysis o l ~ ^ 1 A 1 explanation, clarification *

\

0

^jjLo ^ j i - ^ IJ_Û <

j-o

impasse, predicament date; appointment

'

elucidation, explanation 0 '

o 1— < J LLU argumentation, justification justification, vindication

^JJI^J ' ^ J L J

date; history

LLo < ) .^>^ft

intention, aim

«—alwi_AI
aim, objective

description °Î

i 1 J .

matter; order

i i ,

J-J LI Uft< <Jl. I.IJ

issue, affair, matter, question

jc-l

ft occurrence, incident event, occurrence

0

£

^ ^-j^Ja

ambition

JJ^Ij

a i m i n g at

£jLii

occasion, opportunity opportunity

/, 0

, . i ^ Jljkl

result

0

chain o f events

.

target, a i m , goal

matter, affair 0

.' o

J L

, ^^JAC c_Jal^c i i ^ L c Lie \ o l —

upshot, outcome consequence, outcome impediment, obstacle

L-»

influence

•"

cause, reason

position position, stance circumstance, state, condition circumstances

'ùiiâ

cause, factor

18 •

GENERAL

GENERAL

o l — <jjy> ^_flljj i ^ i l j

Jj^o

justification, excuse motive dynamics ( A r a b i c pi.)

^ j l .VKMI (3.^ iX

J_al^c <J-ALC j'^*> *<*

civil advisory popular

0 ^

factor

national, people's (i.e. o f the people)

element

U N (adj.) fact; reality, truth commercial Adjectives

industrial; artificial ^

0

regional

political

local

cultural

^

0

professional

religious w

0

administrative

social tx

emotional

agricultural i*

^J-u LLJJ 1

0

intellectual ^

o

economic structural

financial

0-

jl

negative

military vi

positive

0

official * *>

0

"

fundamental, basic

0 '

unofficial

*

optimistic pessimistic

•

19

20

•

GENERAL

GENERAL

practical theoretical C£>^ ' aI

v

0^'

J ^ ^-sjj*-* l

7

lft

ju?4- - - \

j ^ - ^

oral

hitherto k n o w n as famous, w e l l - k n o w n prominent

(3

written

it ^ ^

specific

J*-^

factual, actual;

it* *

distinct

efficient; practical (3%^

real

(^-^'j

realistic, real

L L u <JJLC\ j L .

private, special if

general, public -.J>

various

completely untrue

different just

<_£jLc 0

•-^^-O- \ L5^*-°

ordinary

balanced 0

implicated, concerned,

responsible

involved |M

0

'

O

0

'

irresponsible

f

partial ) LLxll 1

lj

harmful to far-reaching

-

0 -

degenerate, weak comprehensive spurious, forged entire, complete Si* n

complicated, complex

jJL

cautious

firm, solid guaranteed unprecedented

o --

legitimate

• 21

22

•

GENERAL

GENERAL

f^^Le

tangible iX

J

suitable, appropriate

?


important pivotal p i n L^.

similar

Time expressions

decisive, crucial, definitive critical, crucial

I

significant, grave

I

j^-a_a

o i j ^j-^l J JSpLxi

o f the utmost importance II

JI I J c

^jfLa-j La £ j^uul

instrumental serious

I Jc-

^jJ^SW

\ ^y* La

II

in the long term in the short term as q u i c k l y as possible as soon as possible former

past present, current

0

1 ^La"LfcVI o l j \ (JIt

jj

j-iILa &

o f mutual significance controversial

*

main, p r i n c i p a l A-JLLXI

J^-o

future, forthcoming

widespread prevailing current, widespread, universal

^JL5 j^-l

overwhelming

JLfj

compatible w i t h

dL-ciij

existing, existent recent; final final imminent

•

23

GENERAL

GENERAL

•

25

in the wake o f (+ idafah)

permanent 0

-

subsequently

temporary, interim y o ^

as soon as

fleeting continuously

<- Lu V I 61_A

J

meanwhile

o

recently; finally soon usually rarely often sometimes at the same time, simultaneously t _ u ^ i l l jj\\"u o i l

J

in the near future during

before shortly before ^

x

^ o ^

after shortly after

G M T (Greenwich M e a n Time)

2. POLITICS JjLjtUI j J ^

GCC ( G u l f Cooperation C o u n c i l )

6a^li I »I

I

U N (United Nations)

J O '

"LoUJI <Us_o^JI

The ( U N ) General A s s e m b l y

j ^ l ^ U N E S C O (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) ^jjVI

JLVÜVI

E U (European U n i o n )

J o j L V I J U l i . ^.LL

N A T O (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)

L j j J I <3LL11

<Jlsyl

I A E A (International A t o m i c Energy A u t h o r i t y )

A\\\Ut,A'
P L O (Palestinian Liberation Organisation)

""

" *

I Jj-ii I <^> L J

the A r a b League

O

<^"}LuuVI <_LJ^]I ^•iL-uV I

I 4 nkift

the M u s l i m League O I C (the Organisation o f the Islamic Conference)

0

f

0

^^AL_UJJ JJI^LVI

the M u s l i m Brotherhood

28

•

POLITICS

POLITICS

Jl L d I

J

J34JI

I

0

0 9

W J C (the W o r l d Jewish

the Republicans

Congress) o-» " j ' ^ t l ^ ü L - u V I j U L V I «4-19. i ^ ^ y i

S^a^aJI 4AJÔ1O

¿»4ftJ 1

the Knesset

the R i g h t the Left

the Islamic Salvation Front

the political apparatus

O A U (the Organisation o f

*- -

conservatism

African Unity) O f

0

-

(juK o «LjuÀaJI o l j ^.ift-^il J j u i l l 0

,Ay ft J < ^ U I

the Security C o u n c i l

<JI j_l_J

liberalism

«ÜJJJLJ

pluralism

the F i v e Permanent

multi-culturalism

M e m b e r States o f the Security C o u n c i l

^^JjjJI ^_ft*<^ 11

the international community

L_uJ 1 51 JLJU

4-JLajuu 1 j

j

'

°

f

'

Cl I f

J

1 r "

0 ^

V1 , »1. >-.t 1 «î'i » A the R e d Cross

4_Jj d l JÛ*1I Ï«1;«A JLÛJJI *_>3^(j\Jà^ LaJJ v '^-^

^

O

< tr

1 Ua 1

feudalism neo-Nazism

A m n e s t y International the L a b o u r Party

communism totalitarianism

f

the Red Crescent

capitalism socialism

Axis of Evil Greenpeace

anti-semitism

1

^ ' 13(3 *"'***

Zionism racism

the Conservative Party 5- -

the Liberals

extremism

0

the Democrats

terrorism

•

POLITICS

POLITICS

factionalism J

0

4 A 1 , ^ c \ 1 separatism

d «aM U \ <_u_Aj_a
LA \

6 j-v < ft J-J^SJ

factional

sectarianism

constitutional

fundamentalism

unconstitutional

self-rule, autonomy

democratic

self-determination

electoral

o

JjLfl

one-party system "

JJ

o -

of

4 _ i j j " uu J 4_i5LLo ^

\

s

L»

J

^

racial

decentralised rule

extremist

constitutional monarchy

radical, bigot

socialist

hard-line

totalitarian

revolutionary

communist

right-wing

capitalist

left-wing, leftist

fundamentalist

neutral

Zionist

union

secularist

confederation, league

separatist

(state of) alliance

sectarian

council

0

J L w i i j 1

multi-party system

0

iX

J j ^

tribal

o

\

^-

U L i J J I

a

society, club, assembly

• 37

32

•

POLITICS

POLITICS 0'

ol—

^

organisation 5

<4 (j i >

o l (j

0

j U J \

committee, c o m m i s s i o n , board, c o u n c i l

opposition

4j-<=>jL*_a



plUl.nil a - .»

^

«J " aj| is

d

U I • ,. interim authority *

rule
^ — p a r t y

<^i^.l <

''

government

'

team o f mediators "UaLu^JI delegate, envoy

transition government,

delegate, agent, representative

provisional government SJLAII ^ij)*>ir-> 0

^^J-ULJ-UJI _n s 11 <

' ^ - ^ Ja!^j

representative

leadership ranks official parliament the political headquarters

l

jj)<<~>*

0 -

-

L->^^

leadership

ç- Q lj) U» < pJî I ta team, crew


regime

delegation

wing

o l — <
the authorities

a*

0

resistance

ruling party

5

authority

board, c o u n c i l , c o m m i s s i o n

<
<—» I j ^ - 1

establishment, foundation

front

-

ol—

ol—

^ *

bloc

IS&J

palace court (royal)

33

' >

network

t4*\\in

•

O^JJ-^^

high-ranking officials û

^

«Q a

inspector eyewitness

POLITICS

POLITICS ^

(. L - u j j < ^ j ^ i j j P

P

' J J J ' J^JJ

-/ 'JJJ^'

J

* 'JJL^' ^uLJullij , M^\n R

^l^aj
president minister

UL3

SJL5 \ JI^S <*uLS

0

terrorist

^ ^ j j

P 1 Jr. 1 < j j r .

prime minister ( P M )

r i v a l , competitor

the office o f p r i m e minister

member o f parliament ( M P ),

politician leader

enemy public enemy number one

1^

delegate '^5^^-°

-

-s.

/ "V

i ^>

^

adversary

1

£J ^jj—

supporter

, 4 Ul a*" ft sympathiser

< l*i 1 ti \ ft \ In i"iL*t

activist

0-0 ?

settler £-sJ JA

authority (e.g. cleric)

< JC 1

1

u ftaide, associate

J^j— < j\ i t n . .i ft consultant pessimist ¿^5— <J1=^> ->>

analyst optimist

-

P l^>^. < *

expert '

member

>- *

membership

^jj— < ^ ^,, ^ V " ft specialist, expert Jjj

-

j-c

jLaj \ ¿13— < jiL» * Ij i a j <

king

critic counterpart, peer

J I J J <^JG

hostage

observer; censor

rebel, insurgent, revolutionary

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queen monarch

a * '*

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j j j — <3 IM'I ft dissident

C r o w n Prince

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of

o ^

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sultan

nation-state

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prince

capital (geographical)

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ft (J^OJ

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H i s Majesty

governor, ruler

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the Superpowers the G u l f States

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ambassador

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Guardian o f the T w o H o l y Shrines (i.e. Saudi king)

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the O c c u p i e d Territories the West B a n k

secretary general

the G a z a Strip

spokesperson

the Occupation

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f

ijjlj ol—

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pioneer

human rights

republic state

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nation, homeland

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a people

political circles

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entrenched interests A ~\ i i i ^ - a ^ e J I i

ft

public life ^ I jJL i J^LJ 4^Lj Jjj ft J j J

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country developing countries developing (lit. backward) countries

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constitution draft b i l l , charter; document act, decree

38

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<<_UULAJ_U

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policy

compromise •

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principle

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peace settlement J"

p^Li_u 6 J-A Ln-ft

ol- ^ u i i

peace treaty/peace accord

o

o l — <*-_à^Là.l *

peace process

difference

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pledge J j U * 'J J ^

difference, distinction

<_i5Làjl \

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agreement

o

o l — <<JLLJ £_al^j Î ^ Û I J J J

pact, alliance

similarity I—>J Lai!

programme

rapprochement

o

J > o l — <£pLu&\

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isolation

reform coalition

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modernisation alignment

^LL^

(ministerial) portfolio to take over the portfolio o f (+ idafah)

olOil

cabinet reshuffle o

<j

dialogue

Î^LXJÙÙ

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slogan, watchword summit

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credentials

conference, congress

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p.^L_u


peace

o 1— <^ 1 ft 1 ol—

conciliation


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meeting, gathering meeting

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amnesty for solution

< < (j a> l^o encounter

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QI I^IjLà_o IGJL^O \

o I ' *•* Lua

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negotiations

<Û,

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appreciation of/for

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talks, discussions

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trilateral relations

I^LaVI SJJJLIÛ o Liable,

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suggestion

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bjà-juà i l i i i A $'

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p.ji*j

progress

innovations, recent measures

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backwardness

<1A I^J I <J L=J I

the status quo

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o l — < <Jj)~^

round ( o f talks); tour round ( o f talks)

ol ^

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parliamentary

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session, sitting stage, phase

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term/session o l — «Sji^j

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measures

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pressure

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relations with

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choice, option

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initiative oLâ^UJI ^ j . ' ^

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revolution

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revolt, coup state o f emergency

41

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assassination attempt


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abuse, insult, bickering 0

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disapproval, horror ^LLallI U*, ,iI

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to sow the seeds o f conflict

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43

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safety valve


of


sectarian rivalries

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to hand over power/authority

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withdrawal, dissolution; retirement, resignation

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to demonstrate

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to reject, refute, refuse

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to dominate, control, seize to suppress, repress

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to fight, struggle

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to abolish

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to dismiss

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to attend, be present

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to disband s.t. 0-° J j ^ - 1

to withdraw from

^jc 3 - » ^ '

to break away, secede,

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to last to continue

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split o f f from ii&aj 0

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to end s.t.

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«_L.^ p. L i p ^ i j ^ . l i

to take/make a trip

to clear the w a y <,\ r>, j S j L ^ c^LS lt

to assassinate

* ftlal^ I

to meet with

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to receive (visitor)

¿^0 S^c j j

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to pay a state/official visit at the invitation o f to travel

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to head for on his way back from

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to settle

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to support II

to obtain, receive to get hold of, obtain

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to receive, obtain, take to agree on r

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to lean towards, favour

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to call on s.o. to i **

to sign

to develop s.t.

to decide, resolve

to develop (intransitive)

to decide on, determine

to promote, develop s.t.

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to grow, develop (intransitive)

ISJ** LSJ^

LSJ^

to expand s.t.

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to occur, happen "

to expand (intransitive) j^-

to change, transform s.t.

\

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to change (intransitive) to improve s.t.

jjja

IJJ

j ^ ^ J a ^ - L L i j$Ja

to seem to emerge, appear, seem

j L t to reappear, re-emerge

j^^JaJI

to improve (intransitive)

J^=»*

to undertake

jij

to fulfil, realise to implement, carry out

to direct, administer

<~^ij I

to commit, perpetrate

to adopt (e.g. measures)

^JJJJLO

to practise

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to embrace (doctrine; person)

JJ>O

LUULJJJ

to orientate s.t. towards r

more o f

under the leadership o f

0

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(+ idafah)

to supervise, oversee, watch over to observe, watch, censor to scrutinise

SJLJUU

o Ijiai*. j-=»^» I J

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sovereignty

to take steps

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to become a reality < j j i <_*ij

a strong step in

to befall, happen to s.o. I 6 LaJV I <jicjj S^iJa

the right direction quantum leap

50

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J ^ a J
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to be exemplary/a b y w o r d o l — <(-jLk!jl

9

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to impose sanctions

j £-iJJ ^

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by-elections

to lift sanctions

<-Jia ^ I U J ^ l U ^JUU I 1

election

0

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Jill 9

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turning point

to seek political asylum

general elections

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early elections

9

C£i - L J J - ^ J ^ - K O

^ I j ^^U=L1CIJI

to link, unite

opinion poll

o - - 0

ol-

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<£IJJSI

to be linked to

<£I ^ I j l i i l ^

vote o f confidence

to be related to o!*Laj*. <
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JUJUU-O ^.JUJ_A

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to snatch the limelight

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to be afflicted by ( A r a b i c ^

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52

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ELECTIONS

ELECTIONS

loyalty to

to secure an o v e r w h e l m i n g

o y

LUI o

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J j k ...o

^ I j l S V I £jl^S ^

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registered voters

majority < ^j<-v 11 <_i£.] j j k l j i J u

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the electorate -

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seat

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vote Q <^)l uga->->I

ol— o

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election-rigging free and fair elections the most widespread party the fastest-growing party propaganda

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to hold elections o

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to delay elections to cancel elections to vote '

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J e ^ -s ^ I

to abstain from

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victory

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sailor marine a i r m a n , pilot

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paratrooper

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sniper

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m i litary s t a f f

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light/mobile task force -

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precision weapons weapons o f mass destruction

anti-aircraft missile

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deterrent force

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cruise missile

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strike force J'

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long-/short-range missile

execution squad, firing squad patrol (military) unit

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squadron

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intercontinental ballistic missile

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rocket/missile launcher torpedo

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J j L i í<_Lla in - I * j j - v i \ 61 J I

bomb explosive device

MILITARY*

58 • MILITARY

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radiation

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automatic rifle

no-fly zone armoured personnel carrier

revolver machine gun

air cover

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gun

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use o f force

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bullet

preemptive strike

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precision b o m b i n g

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rocket fire shrapnel ( A r a b i c pi.)

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anti-aircraft submarine

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aircraft carrier

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destroyer

60 • MILITARY J O '

MILITARY • 61

f t

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warship, frigate

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acts o f violence acts o f sabotage

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theatre o f war

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car bomb (lit. booby-trapped car) massacre genocide death; battleground

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murder, k i l l i n g

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MILITARY • 63 0.-

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MILITARY • 65

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IJ

(3

to exchange fire

to open fire

to defend t

I

I

< a^flia L$

_ L Aj^=wJi p

Cy ^ ^ - ^

to evacuate, p u l l out o f

to be martyred ( A r a b i c pass

-1^-I

L o j ^ - A J^-JJ

¿¿-1^

to suffer serious/minor

to evacuate (transitive)

¿¡¿5*

- 0

p 1"•"' "I 1

to surrender

j?*k '

to attack

j ^ i . j ^ * ^ 'j * \

-0

injuries ( A r a b i c passive)

oj

protect s.t. against

to withdraw (intransitive)

LS

\ S j j U - ^ ^-j^a-j . _ n .

o

^

'

to detain t

o

release

to attack, invade, raid I J j l L I

to launch an attack/ a campaign

4

Lv

1

"

L f ^

1

to set s.o. free to let s.o. go

-g'O

Jj-Ua

1

to launch JLlill

(missile, torpedo, etc.) ^ aJli I

^

i-à^n. . J j»>jl-fl

to storm

JJLUJ

to infiltrate

J^-JJ

to advance further, to penetrate deeply into

UU-v J-OLJ i

0

-

Ijjj-^I

-

to resume fighting to resist to plan to plot

0 - 0

to target specifically

66 • MILITARY o

-

t

to erect road blocks

5. ECONOMICS J

IjL^a.

^j^e

-

0

-

of

IMF

to impose a cordon/

(International M o n e t a r y Fund) blockade on the W o r l d B a n k to break out (war) the European Central B a n k to be in s.o.'s power to the Federal Reserve to occupy the C o m m o n M a r k e t to take the place o f black market to cross the border(s) free market to estimate the strength

0-

the Stock Exchange

o f forces at

1!

to debrief 0

oj

-o

f

of

°

£

exchange markets

£

d*»i\-s.VI .-»^I^VAI 1 ^l^_tui

foreign currency markets foreign currency reserves

ALC £ L U i

public sector private sector

^

0

%

-

economic integration

0 -

v o l u m e o f trade trade exchange

68 •

ECONOMICS

ECONOMICS

'"' 1

trade embargo J

O

d . j I . ^>"a i o L i ^ i c

economic sanctions

Jjljlll J^liJ ^JJ

at the close o f trade

o

-

1^

0 '

I«

O f

soft currency capital

-

0 0.'

-

Jjk. j j 1

o J

< ,. d

bond

*

tax

hard currency

4 I o r

0 d

JAJ "

C> 1 4. 1 I Ti Oderivatives

o ^


i

j -a

?

,*bjl d

> j • ^ income tax

0

(j~ -

a|. At 1

d t

d

-

..V1

value added tax ( V A T )

5»ij,X

* .at 1

»«j,

d

A

II

capital gains tax

O '

inheritance tax

income • I*

purchasing power

11

<1XL

d^UL

\

per cent

? 0

ol-

.jlSsLl

monopoly; cartel market forces competition

„I

*

o f

d > < MQLII S j j i competitiveness 0

o -

exchange rate »Uil

CJ 1—

1

< j

VJ i

1

1° *

CJI— i j l J J |

£_LAJ I J.».I.U

preferential rate o f interest

deposit

dividend, return revenue, profit income, y i e l d

interest rate

.Li 6 j i m o 6J_il

investment

asset

CJ 1— < JJLC

'

i

ill

id_j|_jjj

^Jlljj t

o

£J L - o

-0 < ^

1

> o

amount profit

retail price

o

j V j j J I J j L l a JjJ-JI

profitable

the price o f the euro o >>

against the dollar ^ 0

J

0 -

share

^JJLI_Jli-a t^JII 1^ o

bankrupt

ECONOMICS

ECONOMICS o

^LJI^J

oULaj ^yJLaja.1 ^ L - Ä

iA">H JJI j U y i i J

^.Jt

V_> J j Jj

expenses

5 , V. » * I 1

^j-J}

0

S

standard o f l i v i n g

ß 0 -

«LûajJ-a

price control

3^ ' " 1

J

i>t

A

debt/indebtedness outstanding debt

0

loan

price stability -

0 -

globalisation 0

>n

o

<JjjJI <_ij|\j_a

grace period

-

j-^,r

budget deficit

^

ûLàjJI <Jjj if

o -

La-i-u SjHâ

the global village

0

fluctuation

debt

<JajJI 0

U , i A

in real terms >*

v^ijia ¿^0 j LA^LXI^ I 6 j j Lxua

instability

bankruptcy

total, gross net

J«J

o

jlJSLL I.VI

costs

trade deficit

the welfare state 0

'

-

j , ^ » t 1 <_û_Lâ the amount o f the deficit

money laundering

Ji

surplus

recession ß

liquidity

decline, slump o

inflation -

s-/ 0

detail

rate o f inflation

a

---^11

d.^~al

economy o f scale

^UJI

the financial year

« J U J "
-

A »à »

-

o

record figure

devaluation ^

forecasting -

ß

< »jl 'Art

speculation

0

III ~ \ »p

1 #

statistics

e

- .»

< ^.i.u^a»a

index, indicator

•

ECONOMICS

ECONOMICS

^_Lx, <
o

commodity

•

73

to cost

consumer goods

1

^

to consolidate

S -

cil^(]"i< ni J^a-a

O-a I

the average consumption o f (+ idafah)

J^jj

finance minister

\

to insure

>A-ijl

to blossom, flourish

j

to raise/lower taxes

j

# - >• -

ÙL9

—

'dta-*-^

1 ulj-^lI

financier J

OJ

—

«^jL-alSl

j j j — <J^L*^

economist trader, dealer

t> -

O

^ ' j f * ' cr*

-

' j

a

j ^

^ i> -

1

to reduce the budget deficit J^-i

to come into effect

broker Cx$~ ' ¿ ¿ 3 —

n

V

i^_ALxto

j j — , j T> 1,10 ft

0 - 0

speculator shareholder investor

^

j j — uill(j"\. no

consumer

P I^JJUL _£jL»Ji ^LfJ-^

trade partner

">*'al oL^fljc. aaj

to apply economic sanctions

i(

Jj-o ^ L ^ u l j Ji-iij 3^' f L ^ l

to finance to invest capital to spend to squander

jLu^al^V I U itn J L j JIJ-LXI \ JJ-U J 1' M j-uo 1

¿3"*"* "' uH-L^ I <_LOAJ I i a j j J a j j j J a j j

to stimulate the economy to repay a debt to become payable to become bankrupt to tie the currency to the dollar

6. TRADE & INDUSTRY JJJÎ

OPEC

Làill S j j ' ^ t I J j ^ l I dloialo

Organisation o f the Petroleum Exporting Countries

1

Jtc. - L i l l i < V ^ ' J j ^

non-OPEC

dUjI ^ j i f I » A r VI Î

j'

«J.L*JI SjUwlJI 3otVift

WTO ( W o r l d Trade Organisation)

^ L a i l I
G 8 (Group o f 8)

Sj L a - J

trade

<£. LL-o

industry

o Ij j L - a

exports

CJIJJIJ

imports

0

-

ol—

o

conglomerate

o l — <<_a_aLuu-o

corporation

o l — <<^l jjài

partnership

o

ol— i^Lajjl

merger

J ^ L A ÎJSLIA

structure

£j»L-£a-o Σ_LCÂA

factory

TRADE &

TRADE &

INDUSTRY

I I >•» O < 6 I Ö , refinery

oil w e l l (Arabic fern.)

JLacI JU».j « J L ^ I J ^ - j ^_àjLiàj i
a -

O '

0

wage increase

-


oil supply o *-

businessman job

j^a^VI S J L ^

crude o i l

INDUSTRY

unemployment

o

strike

o i l production

Jailli ^

0

o l — <
barrel

trade union

ß *

±3*3

^LaU

fuel (petrol/gas for cars)

4j**>">- ***
raw materials

J^i-Ltlll j ^ u u

foodstuffs

j^*.

natural resources , iA*_a ^a»LLa < A

UcbJI j J I

the workforce

oLaiju ^ L u l

C

- ß

Ù J - '<-i-U>a

employee, functionary

(JLox. <<J-oLc

worker

Ù J - <J-ULc

o l —
ß

director, head

o -

>i

-

contract deal loss damage insurance

flexibility

-

ç. L ^ £ J I J-JJJJ < U ^ a
director general

running cost

restriction


unemployed person - o -

- ß

6 j l • uà>

jlj^-csl <JJ-<-<=>

dlLLsJI £>äJI ö

t

infrastructure

government subsidy

ol— « jiL*j

mineral

\ es mine

jLail

power station energy

78

• TRADE &

TRADE &

INDUSTRY

to compensate for

pollution -

0 £

O -

0

-

to privatise

p 1 J_C-<_u j LLa_a 1 black rain t


o

-

to deregulate (lit. to lift

environmental protection

0-

-

government restrictions)

marketing campaign - 0 - 0

- -

o

o -

website

u^J

-

-

-

-

L ^ J e cy^J £_a (J-aLsLÎ

J

0

-

Laj) In

4_LJ

i

a

-

J J < fi i J

J J

\

J

0 -

IT (information technology) to export

o

J L > ^ '

to import to distribute to supply to retire, resign

i

«*

to employ i --

Jlil 6 j l j l JJJJ j l j l

to dismiss (from job) to direct to increase s.t.

0

to increase (intransitive) to exceed

INDUSTRY

to sponsor to do business with

1

7. LAW & ORDER C?yl>S

law

J^IJ , al»

article (of law)

^ L ^ - o 14 t i \ ^ o.

court

<-JjjJI J^AJI 4 . , ^ ^ n

the International Court o f Justice

of

0

'

Lk. 4 o^-^ o

J

high court

LS-^-k^' u ^ " > ^ '

the national guard

I CJ I j i

the security forces

- o

-

_

1^

• " i l I 4-Uj^iiJ I -

ol_>JL^I J

'

the intelligence service

Of

<^LUCL5 A Ul 11> 0

-

*

j u d i c i a l power

of

i U x j ^ i ^ 4 U l . .i ° i

4-ilol

the military police

>•

legislative power

°

oU

security measures

l^=J

- t

o t

<<^fi

accusation on charges o f (+ idafah)

4_ik. ^J*N->. o

sentenced to

•-J O ' ^ -

convicted o f

#

j 4_>I

0

0

.I

in response to

L/iPFc£ ORDER • 5 3

• LAW & ORDER o

•0

*

¿¿3— <£ \~\ n ¿¿3—

i^Tifs

ol—

protester

ol«.> <j >

demonstrator

a-*

Cxsr~ 4-° P 1 X . u ^ L x x i C/ ->'" < c

o l — <6^J&Lla-a \ jJb Ltaj smuggler

ol—

itJLuuujl

political prisoner

*t -

. t i r>

<<J

¿^3—

L ,t«

SUSpeCt

demonstration

Hi

clash, scuffle drugs

-

oL53^.1 it a

criminal

d C\ 17i a

challenge

*

0 1 j J*^ < • >

1»

<(

threat

0

to

ULT~ ' f

-

ijjj^j

0

stolen goods

'

i i j L l a h o l — <^JLL^ ^ i<8ai **t

c r i m i n a l investigation s.o. with a (criminal) record

gunman 0

o l — <<jl <^r

i £ 1 J^=s»-J 1 delinquency

gang

^

o l — .<^AJLL

ol-

legality 0 >-

permit, licence

crime, offence <1UVI j - a i ^

crime, felony

<* /X

'

0

o l — i«JLflil 5^JUU5 J i l l I <-au,>=».

abuse, violation

0

-

dX^l

0 -

1 2 ...U

nJ

0

'

burglary, theft

t

< A j ^ l E j l <JjLi-a

L^'j

non-binding opinion

& ^jl-i| ¿^4? o L i

to convict s.o. o f s.t.

attempted coup

o

o l — <^LaJLai I

court hearing

(fatal) shooting f0^> J ^ - ^

o l — <<3j^ / <Sj_uu

legally incompetent

punitive, penal

homicide

^ 0 -*

Jljia

legally competent

c r i m i n a l (adj.)

abuse, cruelty

-

^L^jlL

-

network -

^ j l ^ . i
0

protest

0

or*

-

-

^>*^=e

to contest, appeal against

Z ^ p r <& ORDER

84 » LAW & ORDER

v_j Ù

to accuse s.o. o f s.t.

^ ^_àjlc I

to confess, admit

cr^ ^ - ^ J £

-0

j j J s o L a L ^ I
o f

to press charges against

'

o -

1

j

t

j - L ^ . _>A^

to impose a curfew

L

t 2

f^- *

to sentence s.o. to death 4lJj 3 _u_o. JJJCI L

S> '

f

jLiji

o

J

o-'

I ¿7* < oJ L
.a. j£. I s -

'

0

to execute

s

k _ à i j \ *_àij I

to arrest

f-Lj ^J] S 3 c . j j c . j j I c j I )

4_LL*II PLUI

I

to mistreat

to deport, expatriate, expel, exile

o

o

- o-

-

• * •

J >

o-

-

^^àlLI ^j-à J^c ^jnj^j

to live i n exile

L

V^-o'

to c o m m i t (a crime)

to call a strike

iX - 0

£j-=»-l

0 -

"

to organise

iJ < A I

.

O ^ A i

to claim/declare one's

responsibility for

to sentence to life imprisonment

L5"^-

to put on red alert

to protest against

^-o ^P^L

to c o m p l y with

ur^

to be i n v o l v e d in

o 6 JJA

to threaten s.o. w i t h s.t.

8. DISASTER & AID CJ

La J I < ^-aj ji

crisis

CJJIJ^ <<JJI^

disaster, catastrophe

^ L a <^ L_ui_a

tragedy

I^j'j-'

3

'^jL^

emergency

*-Q a i d

cJj£.Lu-a CAI^^UI s>*

<J£J

" (Arabic pi.) U N R W A (United Nations

'i

6JJ=^UI ,a-_a^U

R e l i e f and Works A g e n c y )

f-cj ^ l a i A ~* \ A

support grant gift

Igenerosity AJL\±L

cjljcf'-ua


food

aid

technical aid financial

aid

0

¿3^011^1x11

debt cancellation

¿¿3- <^jJala

volunteer

DISASTER & AID •

• DISASTER & AID

Jill

aid

j - u

& i * . y i

t

5-LacV 1 6 JLC 1

worker

reconstruction

a *

sorrow,

aid/relief organisation ^J

t

S

o -

voluntary

o

depression

organisation

anxiety

charity

Cxsr < L r ^

earthquake earth tremor, seismic '

0

shock

^JJI

jJLU

<*jJn\

<_JLU

1—

0

o l —

11

< j

^ d LLJO O 1-

1

«"»f

0

jLv^-j 1

0

-

A1

a

-~v

tsunami

emergency

mudslide

developmental humanitarian

o l —

voluntary

famine

to m i g r a t e , r o a m

drought

.d '»1

- V.

to m i g r a t e ,

malnutrition food

<_,ji.Vl

(adjective)

0 -

of

<_i jJLjJ 1 p JJ-U

(person)

urgent

^

,

(person)

hurricane

fire <£. 1 0

asylum seeker

homeless

iA
¿31

<

refugee

starving

0

on the Richter scale

o

distress

0

to p o u r into

convoy

lorry, truck

emigrate

J'J^

\

>

J>Ai

^

to flee

Jl * * 0 p

1 > \ ^

o l —

< A t\\~^.

\tlluVI SJLCI

tent resettlement

to b e e x p o s e d to to r u i n , d a m a g e ,

destroy

• DISASTER & AID

\ S j j ^ - a l o
¿ İ£. >

I

to proclaim s.t. a disaster

* °"

o- „ ' ° '

$

J j j <JjJ^» j L l

to reschedule a debt

j f J j ^ f

to cancel, write o f f a debt

,

^y^-1 o-

i -

Luj j A i .

to freeze a debt