Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Volume 3
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Volume 3 Best Practices in the Agrochemical Industry
Edited by
Nicholas P Cheremisinoff and Paul E. Rosenfeld
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO G
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William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OXS 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2011 Copyright r 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (144) (0) 1865 843830; fax (144) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-1-4377-7825-0 For information on all William Andrew publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company, Chennai, India www.macmillansolutions.com Printed and bound in the UK 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
1
Industry and Products 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fertilizers 1.3 Pesticides and Other Agricultural Chemicals 1.4 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1.5 Manufacturing Technologies
1 1 2 4 10 10
2
Pollution and Pollution Prevention 2.1 Sources of Pollution 2.2 Case Study 2.3 Environmental Aspects 2.4 Recommended Pollution Prevention and Control Options 2.5 Source Reduction Opportunities 2.6 Water Management and Technical Challenges 2.7 Steam Losses and Sensible Heat Recovery 2.8 Pollution Prevention Opportunities
25 25 25 53 56 59 60 62 68
3
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
81
4
Atrazine 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Regulations 4.3 How Atrazine Works 4.4 Breakdown Products 4.5 Water Contamination Issues 4.6 Syngenta Atrazine Monitoring Program (AMP) 4.7 Health Effects 4.8 Atrazine Exposure Case Studies 4.9 Atrazine Removal Technologies 4.10 Alternatives to Atrazine
215 215 215 216 218 219 220 225 226 228 229
5
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Toxicology and Health Risks 5.3 Regulations and Standards 5.4 The TCP DCP Fumigant Link 5.5 Groundwater Contamination Case Studies 5.6 Another Toxic Soil Fumigant: Dibromochloropropane 5.7 Treatment and Remediation Technologies
233 233 234 236 237 239 239 242
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Contents
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DDT and Related Compounds 6.1 Introduction 6.2 History of DDT: Production and Uses 6.3 Distribution, Transport, and Environmental Fate 6.4 Impact on Wildlife 6.5 Health Effects 6.6 Current Use, Malaria Controversy, and Alternatives
247 247 247 250 252 253 255
7
Agent Orange 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Chemical Composition 7.3 Uses in the Vietnam War 7.4 Health Effects 7.5 Government Response 7.6 Litigation 7.7 Other Uses
261 261 261 262 264 265 266 267
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Pesticide Residue in Foods 8.1 Federal Monitoring and Surveillance of Residue Contamination 8.2 Modification of Pesticides During Post-Harvest 8.3 The Food Quality Protection Act (US EPA, 2008) 8.4 Organic Foods 8.5 The ‘Dirty Dozen’ 8.6 Measuring Residual Levels (Nasreddine et al., 2002) 8.7 Acute Exposures and Contamination Variability
269 269 272 272 273 274 275 276
9
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
281
Index
307
1 Industry and Products 1.1
Introduction
The fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural chemical industry sector is diverse. The justification for this industry is that as the world population increases, crop lands are increasingly strained and unable to meet the growing demand for food without employing some method of crop enhancement. There are generally believed to be five common practices capable of meeting the growing demand: G
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increasing tilled acreage improving plant strains introducing or expanding irrigation controlling pests by chemical or biological methods, and initiating or increasing fertilizer usage.
The last two methods have created a large agrichemical industry which produces a wide variety of products designed to increase crop production and protect crops from disease and pests. Along with the benefits there have been increasingly negative impacts on the environment, various natural resources, and to human health. Plant life requires 18 elements to grow, with the most important ones being oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen are obtained from the atmosphere and water, while nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium are naturally obtained from soils. Under current high-yield production methods, soils are stripped of the essential nutrients, thereby requiring the addition of fertilizers, particularly those comprised of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in order to resupply the land. The additional 12 essential nutrients are generally maintained in soil at sufficient levels for plant growth, but they may be added to some fertilizer formulations to improve crop yields. There are more than 8000 establishments identified by the United States EPA that manufacture, formulate, and package pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. Many of these are relatively small establishments and are comprised of facilities that have a primary line of business other than producing pesticides and other miscellaneous agricultural chemicals. The industry is therefore diverse with a significant number of stakeholders. This chapter provides an overview of the industry and various chemical products and building blocks used in the manufacture of agrochemicals. From this general overview, we will build on an understanding of the pollution issues stemming from Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00001-7 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
the industry and then discuss pollution prevention and responsible care practices in subsequent chapters.
1.2
Fertilizers
There are two important classes: nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers.
1.2.1
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
The nitrogenous fertilizer industry includes the production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and urea. Synthetic ammonia and nitric acid are used primarily as intermediates in the production of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilizers. The following is a list of primary specific products classified as nitrogenous fertilizers: G
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ammonia liquor ammonium nitrate ammonium sulfate anhydrous ammonia aqua ammonia fertilizers, mixed, produced in nitrogenous fertilizer plants fertilizers, natural nitric acid nitrogen fertilizer solutions plant foods, mixed in nitrogenous fertilizer plants urea.
Synthetic ammonia is ammonia that has been synthesized from natural gas in which natural gas molecules are reduced to carbon and hydrogen. The hydrogen is then purified and reacted with nitrogen to produce ammonia. About 75% or more of the synthetic ammonia produced in the United States is used as fertilizer, either directly as ammonia or indirectly after fertilizer synthesis into urea, ammonium nitrate, and monoammonium or diammonium phosphates. Roughly one-third of the fertilizer nitrogen is applied directly to the land as anhydrous ammonia. The remaining 25% of ammonia produced is used as raw material in the manufacture of polymeric resins, explosives, nitric acid, and other products. Nitric acid is formed by concentration, absorption, and oxidation of anhydrous ammonia. About 70% of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which is largely used in fertilizers. Up to 10% of the nitric acid produced is used in adipic acid manufacturing which is an intermediate in nylon production. Explosive manufacturing uses nitric acid for organic nitrations to produce nitrobenzene, dinitrotoluenes, and other chemical intermediates. Other end uses of nitric acid are gold and silver separation, military munitions, steel and brass pickling, photoengraving, and acidulation of phosphate rock.
Industry and Products
3
Ammonium nitrate is produced by neutralizing nitric acid with ammonia. Up to 20% of ammonium nitrate is used for explosives and the remainder for fertilizer production. Liquid ammonium nitrate may be sold as a fertilizer, generally in combination with urea. Liquid ammonium nitrate may also be concentrated to form an ammonium nitrate ‘melt’ for use in solids formation processes. Solid ammonium nitrate may be produced in the form of prills, grains, granules, or crystals. Prills, round or needle-shaped aggregates, can be produced in either high- or low-density form, depending on the concentration of the melt. High-density prills, granules, and crystals are used as fertilizer, grains are used solely in explosives, and low-density prills can be used as either fertilizer or explosives. Urea (also known as carbamide or carbonyl diamide) is produced by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide. Roughly 85% of urea solution produced is used in fertilizer mixtures, with 3% used as animal feed supplements and 12% used for plastics and other uses. Urea is marketed as a solution or in solid form. Most solids are produced as prills or granules for use as fertilizer or protein supplement in animal feed, and in plastics manufacturing. Ammonium sulfate is not economically feasible to produce for use as a fertilizer. However, it is formed as a by-product of other process such as acid scrubbing of coke oven gas, synthetic fiber production, and the ammoniation of process sulfuric acid.
1.2.2
Phosphatic Fertilizers
The phosphatic fertilizer industry is organized into three major segments: phosphoric acid, granular ammonium phosphate, and normal and triple superphosphate. The following is a list of important products: G
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ammonium phosphates calcium meta-phosphates defluorinated phosphates diammonium phosphates fertilizers, mixed, produced in phosphatic fertilizer plants phosphoric acid plant foods, mixed in phosphatic fertilizer plants superphosphates, ammoniated and not ammoniated.
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) can be manufactured using either a wet or a thermal process to react phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. Approximately 96% of the domestic phosphoric acid produced is made using the wet process. Wet process phosphoric acid has a phosphorous concentration typically ranging from 26 30% as phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) and is used in the production of ammonium phosphates and triple superphosphates. Thermal process phosphoric acid is used in the manufacture of high-grade chemicals which require high purity. Ammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4) is produced by reacting phosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia. Both solid and liquid ammonium phosphatic fertilizers are produced. The most common ammonium phosphatic fertilizer grades are
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). DAP is among the most commonly used fertilizers because it provides a large quantity of plant food, is compatible with most mix fertilizer ingredients, and is nonexplosive. It may be directly applied in irrigation systems because it is completely soluble in water. DAP is also preferred over MAP because it is capable of fixing twice as much ammonia per phosphorous pentoxide in solid form. MAP contains a higher concentration of phosphorous pentoxide than DAP. It is favored for use with alkaline soils and may be applied either directly or in a dry blend. Normal, or ‘ordinary,’ superphosphate fertilizers are produced by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. Normal superphosphate (NSP) retains calcium sulfate which forms by the reaction between phosphate rock and sulfuric acid. For this reason NSP retains its importance wherever sulfur deficiency limits crop yields. NSP refers to fertilizer material containing 15 21% phosphorous as phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5). NSP contains no more than 22% of available P2O5. Production of NSP has given way to the higher-yielding triple superphosphates and ammonium phosphates since the 1990s. Because of its low P2O5 concentration, shipping can be prohibitively expensive due to the large volumes required. NSP is favored in low-cost nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) mixes because it is a less expensive form of phosphorous; however, it is unacceptable for higher-grade mixes. Triple superphosphates (TSP) are produced by reacting ground phosphate rock with phosphoric acid. Triple superphosphate is also known as double, treble, or concentrated superphosphate. The phosphorus content of TSP is over 40% measured as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), which is its main advantage over other phosphatic fertilizers. TSP began to be produced in large quantities when wet process phosphoric acid production became available commercially. It is commonly produced along with phosphoric acid near phosphate rock supplies. TSP may be applied directly or as a bulk blend. Table 1.1 provides a product characterization summary of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers.
1.2.3
Fertilizers, Mixing Only
A significant part of the fertilizer industry only purchases fertilizer materials in bulk from fertilizer manufacturing facilities and mixes them to sell as a fertilizer formulation. Phosphorous is the single nutrient most likely to be applied in a typical fertilizer mixture.
1.3
Pesticides and Other Agricultural Chemicals
The pesticides and agricultural chemicals industry group formulates and prepares ready-to-use agricultural and household pesticides and various other agricultural chemicals. There are more than 850 different pesticide formulations and preparations. Most pesticides can be classified as either insecticides, herbicides, or fungicides, although many other minor classifications exist. Also included in this
Product
Profile
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Products Synthetic ammonia
Nitric acid
Ammonium nitrate
This is ammonia that has been synthesized from natural gas. In this process, natural gas molecules are reduced to carbon and hydrogen. The hydrogen is then purified and reacted with nitrogen to produce ammonia. Approximately 75% of the synthetic ammonia produced in the US is used as fertilizer, either directly as ammonia or indirectly after fertilizer synthesis into urea, ammonium nitrate, and monoammonium or diammonium phosphates. One-third of the fertilizer nitrogen is applied directly to the land as anhydrous ammonia. The remaining 25% of ammonia produced is used as raw material in the manufacture of polymeric resins, explosives, nitric acid, and other products Nitric acid is formed by concentration, absorption, and oxidation of anhydrous ammonia. About 70% of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which is largely used in fertilizers. Another 5 10% of the nitric acid produced is used in adipic acid manufacturing, an intermediate in nylon production. Explosive manufacturing utilizes nitric acid for organic nitrations to produce nitrobenzene, dinitro-toluenes, and other chemical intermediates. Other end uses of nitric acid are gold and silver separation, military munitions, steel and brass pickling, photoengraving, and acidulation of phosphate rock Ammonium nitrate is produced by neutralizing nitric acid with ammonia. Approximately 15 20% of ammonium nitrate is used for explosives and the balance for fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate is marketed in several forms, depending upon its use. Liquid ammonium nitrate may be sold as a fertilizer, generally in combination with urea. Liquid ammonium nitrate may also be concentrated to form an ammonium nitrate ‘melt’ for use in solids formation processes. Solid ammonium nitrate may be produced in the form of prills, grains, granules, or crystals. Prills, round or needle-shaped aggregates, can be produced in either high- or low-density form, depending on the concentration of the melt. High-density prills, granules, and crystals are used as fertilizer, grains are used solely in explosives, and low-density prills can be used as either fertilizer or explosives
Industry and Products
Table 1.1 Product Characterization Profiles
(Continued) 5
6
Table 1.1 (Continued) Profile
Urea
Urea, also known as carbamide or carbonyl diamide, is produced by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide. Eighty-five percent of urea solution produced is used in fertilizer mixtures, with 3% going to animal feed supplements and 12% is used for plastics and other uses. Urea is marketed as a solution or in solid form. Most solids are produced as prills or granules for use as fertilizer or protein supplement in animal feed, and in plastics manufacturing It is not economically feasible to produce ammonium sulfate for use as a fertilizer. However, ammonium sulfate is formed as a by-product of other process such as acid scrubbing of coke oven gas, synthetic fiber production, and the ammoniation of process sulfuric acid
Ammonium sulfate
Phosphatic Fertilizers Phosphoric acid
Ammonium phosphates
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) can be manufactured using either a wet or a thermal process to react phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. Approximately 96% of the phosphoric acid produced in the US is produced using the wet process. Wet process phosphoric acid has a phosphorous concentration typically ranging from 26 30% as phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) and is used in the production of ammonium phosphates and triple superphosphates. Thermal process phosphoric acid is commonly used in the manufacture of high-grade chemicals requiring a much higher purity Ammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4) is produced by reacting phosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia. Both solid and liquid ammonium phosphatic fertilizers are produced in the United States. The most common ammonium phosphatic fertilizer grades are monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). DAP
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Product
Triple superphosphates
Industry and Products
Normal superphosphates
has become one of the most commonly used fertilizers because it provides a large quantity of plant food, is compatible with most mix fertilizer ingredients, and is nonexplosive. It may be directly applied or used in irrigation systems as it is completely soluble in water. DAP is also preferred over MAP because it is capable of fixing twice as much ammonia per phosphorous pentoxide in solid form. MAP contains a higher concentration of phosphorous pentoxide than DAP. It is favored for use with alkaline soils and may be applied either directly or in a dry blend Like phosphoric acid, normal, or ‘ordinary,’ superphosphate fertilizers are produced by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. However, normal superphosphate (NSP) retains calcium sulfate which forms by the reaction between phosphate rock and sulfuric acid. For this reason NSP retains its importance wherever sulfur deficiency limits crop yields. NSP refers to fertilizer material containing 15 21% phosphorous as phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5). As defined by the Census Bureau, NSP contains not more than 22% of available P2O5. Production of NSP has given way to the higher-yielding triple superphosphates and ammonium phosphates. Because of its low P2O5 concentration, shipping can be prohibitively expensive due to the large volumes required. NSP is favored in low-cost nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) mixes because it is a less expensive form of phosphorous, however, it is unacceptable for higher-grade mixes Triple superphosphates (TSP) are produced by reacting ground phosphate rock with phosphoric acid. Triple superphosphate is also known as double, treble, or concentrated superphosphate. The phosphorus content of triple superphosphates is over 40%, measured as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), which is its main advantage over other phosphatic fertilizers. TSP began to be produced in large quantities when wet process phosphoric acid production became available commercially. It is commonly produced along with phosphoric acid near phosphate rock supplies. TSP may be applied directly or as a bulk blend.
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category are blends of fertilizers and pesticides produced at pesticide formulating and mixing facilities. The following is a list of common pesticides and important products: G
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agricultural disinfectants agricultural pesticides arsenates and arsenites Bordeaux mixture cattle dips and sheep dips DDT defoliants fly sprays fungicides growth regulants herbicides insecticides, agricultural and household lime-sulfur, dry and solution lindane, formulated moth repellants nicotine and salts Paris green pesticides, household phytoactin plant hormones poison, household pyrethrin rodenticides rotenone soil conditioners sulfur dust thiocyanates trace elements (agrichemical) xanthone.
1.3.1
Herbicides
Herbicides are the largest class of pesticides used in the world. This class of pesticides comprises 50% of the value of aggregate world pesticide usage. Products are used to destroy or control a wide variety of weeds and other unwanted plants. Because of its demonstrated farm labor savings, nearly all the agricultural land in the United States is currently being treated with some type of herbicide. About 50% of total United States pesticide consumption (by value) is comprised of herbicides.
1.3.2
Insecticides
Insecticides are the second largest pesticide category (by value) used throughout the world. Historically, the category of synthetic organic insecticides has been divided into one of four major chemical groups: organochlorines (e.g., DDT and
Industry and Products
9
chlordane), organophosphates (e.g., parathion and diazinon), carbamates (e.g., carbaryl), and pyrethroids (e.g., natural and synthetic). Several compounds, discovered during the 1950s, found widespread use in agriculture because of their high toxicity to a variety of insects. However, the qualities that made these chemicals so desirable also led to their eventual removal from the market, as these products also proved extremely harmful to humans. A new series of less toxic synthetic compounds called pyrethroids replaced these chemicals. These compounds are based on the natural pyrethroids, which are found in such plants as the chrysanthemum.
1.3.3
Fungicides
Fungicides are used primarily to protect agricultural crops and seeds from various fungi; farmers previously used inorganic products, such as elemental sulfur and copper sulfate. Initially, synthetic products were commercially unsuccessful, because of their high manufacturing costs. By the 1940s, however, newer, less expensive products became commercially successful. Today, fungicides are manufactured from a variety of chemical classes. Commercially, the most important fungicides are halogenated compounds, the carbamates and dithiocarbamates, and organophosphates.
1.3.4
Other Pesticides
A number of other classes of pesticide products are employed. Some well-known examples are listed below: G
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Biological pesticides, also known as biopesticides, include true biological agents, living or reproduced biological entities such as viruses or bacteria, and naturally occurring biochemicals such as plant growth regulators, hormones, and insect sexual attractants (pheromones) that function by modes of action other than innate toxicity. Generally, biological pesticides pose little or no risk to human health or the environment. EPA generally requires much less data to register a biopesticide than to register a conventional pesticide. In 1994, EPA established the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division in the Office of Pesticide Programs to aid in rapid registration of these products. Plant growth regulators have been developed to improve crop production. Plant growth regulators are produced for a variety of purposes, including loosening ripened fruits for faster harvest; controlling the size and firmness of fruits; and regulating the size of a plant to increase branching. Sex attractants may be used to attract insects to traps or to confuse specific male insects, making it difficult to locate females for mating. Commercially available sexual attractants are synthetically produced compounds. Insect growth regulators, such as juvenile growth hormones, are synthetic compounds similar to the natural chemicals that regulate insect growth. Genetically modified plants are plants developed through the use of biotechnology. There are three types of plants that are relevant to pest control: herbicide-tolerant plants (which can tolerate certain types of herbicides), insect-resistant plants (which can withstand attacks by certain insects), and virus- and other pest-resistant plants (which are immune to some types of plant viruses and other plant pests).
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1.3.5
Pesticide Formulations
Pesticide formulations may exist as liquid, dry, and pressurized gas. The liquid formulation may be applied directly in liquid form or propelled as an aerosol. Some common dry-based formulations are dusts, wettable powders, granules, treated seed, bait pellets, encapsulated, and cubes. Pressurized gas formulations are used primarily for soil fumigation. Gaseous pesticides can be subjected to high pressures which often convert the formulation to a liquid which can be stored, transported, and applied from gas cylinders. Repackaging of pesticide formulations is common when materials are to be transferred from bulk storage to a smaller scale of packaging for use by a consumer. Products are typically repackaged in smaller containers and consumer-specific labeling is added.
1.4
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) requires that all establishments that produce pesticides in the United States or that import pesticides into the country register and report their production volume to the EPA. The term, ‘produce’ has been defined under FIFRA and 40 CFR Part 167 to mean ‘to manufacture, prepare, propagate, compound, or process any pesticide, including any pesticide produced pursuant to Section 5 of FIFRA, any active ingredient, or device, or to package, repackage, label, relabel, or otherwise change the container of any pesticide or device.’ Repackaging or otherwise changing the container of any pesticide or device in bulk amounts constitutes pesticide production. Under FIFRA Section 7, products are reported under one of four product types: 1. 2. 3. 4.
technical material or active ingredient end-use blend, formulation, or concentrate repackaged or relabeled product or device.
There are approximately 12 000 13 000 Active Registered Pesticide-Producing Establishments, however not all produce pesticides but rather maintain registration. Also facilities producing a variety of products might not be classified under all applicable NAIC codes.
1.5
Manufacturing Technologies
The three most important nutrients for plant growth are nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. However, the production of the major potassium fertilizer salts, or potash as they are commonly known, is considered an inorganic chemical process. The fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural chemical industry can be classified into nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, fertilizers (mixing-only), and the formulating and preparing of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals.
Industry and Products
1.5.1
11
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
The major nitrogenous fertilizers include synthetic ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea. Synthetic ammonia (NH3) is produced by reacting hydrogen with nitrogen at a molar ratio of 3:1. Nitrogen is obtained from the air, which is primarily comprised of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). Hydrogen is obtained from either the catalytic steam reforming of natural gas (methane) or naptha, or as the byproduct from the electrolysis of brine at chlorine plants. In the US, about 98% of the hydrogen used to synthesize ammonia is produced by catalytic steam reforming of natural gas, and about 2% is obtained from chlorine plants. There are six process steps used to produce synthetic ammonia using the catalytic steam reforming method: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
natural gas desulfurization catalytic steam reforming carbon monoxide shift carbon dioxide removal methanation ammonia synthesis.
The first, third, fourth, and fifth steps remove impurities such as sulfur, CO, CO2, and water from the feedstock, hydrogen, and synthesis gas streams. In the second step, hydrogen is manufactured and mixed with air (nitrogen). The last step produces anhydrous ammonia from the synthetic gas. An anhydrous compound is inorganic and does not contain water either adsorbed on its surface or combined as water of crystallization. While almost all ammonia plants use these basic process steps, details such as operating pressures, temperatures, and quantities of feedstock vary from plant to plant. Figure 1.1 provides a schematic of a generic ammonia plant. Table 1.2 provides a summary description of each process step.
1.5.2
Nitric Acid Production
Nitric acid (HNO3) is produced by two methods. The first method utilizes oxidation, condensation, and absorption of ammonia to produce a ‘weak’ nitric acid. Weak nitric acid has a concentration ranging from 30 70% nitric acid. The second method combines dehydrating, bleaching, condensing, and absorption to produce ‘high-strength’ nitric acid from weak nitric acid. High-strength nitric acid generally contains more than 90% nitric acid. Table 1.3 provides a brief description of the manufacturing steps.
1.5.3
Ammonium Nitrate and Urea
The manufacture steps for ammonium nitrate (NH4NO2) and urea (CO(NH2)2) are similar. In both processes the unit operations are: G
G
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solution formation concentration solids formation
12 G
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
finishing screening coating product bagging and/or bulk shipping.
Not all of the steps are always necessary depending on the end product desired. For example, plants producing ammonium nitrate or urea liquid solutions alone use only the solution formation, solution blending, and bulk shipping operations. Plants producing a solid product may employ all of the unit operations. Table 1.4 provides summary descriptions of the process steps.
Natural gas
Fuel Steam
Air
Process condensate
Feedstock desulfurization
Emissions during carbon regeneration
Primary reformer
Fuel combustion emissions
Secondary reformer
High temperature shift Low temperature shift
CO2
Voc emissions CO2 solution regeneration
CO2 absorber CO2 solution regeneration
Methanation
Steam Wastewater to treatment
Steam Wastewater to treatment
Purge gas vented to primary reformer for fuel
Catalytic ammonia synthesis
Ammonia synthesis
Finished NH
Figure 1.1 Process schematic of an ammonia plant.
Leakdown separator
Process
Description
Natural gas desulfurization
Sulfur content (primarily H2S) in the natural gas feedstock is reduced to below 280 micrograms per cubic meter to prevent poisoning of the catalyst used in the catalytic steam reforming step. Desulfurization is accomplished by passing the natural gas through a bed of either activated carbon or zinc oxide. In both systems, the hydrogen sulfide in the gas adsorbs to the surface of the activated carbon or zinc oxide medium and the desulfurized natural gas passes through. Over 95% of the ammonia plants use activated carbon fortified with metallic oxide additives for feedstock desulfurization. After a certain amount of impurities adsorb to the activated carbon, its effectiveness is reduced and it must be regenerated by passing superheated steam through the carbon bed. The superheated steam strips out the sulfur impurities, is condensed, and sent to the wastewater treatment plant. One disadvantage of the activated carbon system is that some of the heavy hydrocarbons in the natural gas adsorb to the carbon, decreasing its effectiveness and lowering the heating value of the desulfurized gas Desulfurized natural gas is preheated by mixing with superheated steam. The mixture of steam and gas enters the primary reformer tubes, which are filled with a nickel-based reforming catalyst, and the tubes are heated by natural gas or oilfired burners. About 70% of the methane (CH4) is converted to hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2); the remainder of the CH4 is converted to H2 and CO. This process gas is then sent to the secondary reformer, where it is mixed with compressed hot air at 540 C (1004 F). Sufficient air is added to produce a final synthesis gas having a hydrogen-to-nitrogen mole ratio of 3:1. The gas leaving the secondary reformer (primarily hydrogen, nitrogen, CO, CO2, and H2O is cooled to 360 C (680 F) in a waste heat boiler before being sent to the carbon monoxide shift After cooling, the secondary reformer effluent gas enters a high temperature (350 400 C) CO shift converter which converts the CO to CO2, followed by a low temperature (200 250 C) shift converter which continues to convert CO to CO2. The high temperature CO shift converter is filled with chromium oxide initiator and iron oxide catalyst. The exit gas is then cooled in a heat exchanger before being sent to a low-temperature shift converter for ammonia, amines, and methanol where CO continues to be converted to CO2 by a copper oxide/zinc oxide catalyst. In some plants, the gas is first passed through a bed of zinc oxide to remove any residual sulfur contaminants that would poison the lowtemperature shift catalyst. In other plants, excess low-temperature shift catalyst is added to ensure that the unit will operate as expected. Final shift gas from this converter is cooled from 210 to 110 C (410 to 230 F) and unreacted steam is condensed and separated from the gas in a knockout drum. The final shift gas then enters the bottom of the
Catalytic steam reforming
Carbon monoxide shift
13
(Continued)
Industry and Products
Table 1.2 Process Steps to Produce Synthetic Ammonia Using the Catalytic Steam Reforming Method
Process
14
Table 1.2 (Continued) Description carbon dioxide absorption system. The condensed steam (process condensate) contains ammonium carbonate ([(NH4)2 CO3 H2O]) from the high-temperature shift converter, methanol (CH3OH) from the low- temperature shift converter, and small amounts of sodium, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and calcium. Process condensate is sent to the stripper to remove volatile gases such as ammonia, methanol, and carbon dioxide. Trace metals remaining in the process condensate are removed in an ion exchange unit CO2 in the final shift gas is removed. CO2 removal can be done by using one of two methods: monoethanolamine (C2H4NH2OH) scrubbing or hot potassium scrubbing. Approximately 80% of the ammonia plants use monoethanolamine (MEA) for removing CO2. In this process, the CO2 gas is passed upward through an adsorption tower countercurrent to a 15 30% solution of MEA in water fortified with corrosion inhibitors. After absorbing the CO2, the amine CO2 solution is preheated and regenerated in a reactivating tower. The reacting tower removes CO2 by steam stripping and then by heating. The CO2 gas (98.5% CO2) is either vented to the atmosphere or used for chemical feedstock in other parts of the plant complex. The regenerated MEA is pumped back to the absorber tower after being cooled in a heat exchanger and solution cooler Carbon dioxide absorption is not 100% effective in removing CO2 from the gas stream, and CO2 can poison the synthesis converter. Therefore, residual CO2 in the synthesis gas must be removed by catalytic methanation. In a reactor containing a nickel catalyst and at temperatures of 400 600 C (752 1112 F) and pressures up to 3000 kPa (435 psia) methanation occurs. Exit gas from the methanator is almost a pure 3:1 mole ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen Hydrogen and nitrogen synthesis gas from the methanator is converted to ammonia. First, the gas is compressed to pressures ranging from 13 800 34 500 kPa (2000 5000 psia), mixed with recycled synthesis gas, and cooled to 0 C (32 F). This results in a portion of the gas being converted to ammonia which is condensed and separated from the unconverted synthesis gas in a liquid vapor separator and sent to a let-down separator. The unconverted synthesis gas is further compressed and heated to 180 C (356 F) before entering a synthesis converter containing an iron oxide catalyst. Ammonia gas exiting the synthesis converter is condensed and separated, then sent to the let-down separator. A small portion of the overhead gas is purged to prevent the buildup of inert gases such as argon in the circulating gas system. Ammonia in the letdown separator is flashed to atmospheric pressure (100 kPa (14.5 psia)) at 33 C (227 F) to remove impurities from the make-up gas. The flash vapor is condensed in a let-down chiller where anhydrous ammonia is drawn off and stored at low temperature G
Carbon dioxide removal
Ammonia synthesis
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Methanation
Process Step
Description
Weak nitric acid production
Process is based on the high-temperature catalytic oxidation of ammonia. This process consists of three steps: 1. ammonia oxidation 2. nitric oxide oxidation 3. absorption. Each step corresponds to a distinct chemical reaction. During ammonia oxidation, a 1:9 ammonia to air mixture is oxidized at a temperature of 750 800 C (1380 1470 F) as it passes through a catalytic converter. The most commonly used catalyst is made of gauze squares of fine wire constructed of 90% platinum and 10% rhodium. Under these conditions the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide (NO) proceeds in an exothermic reaction with 93 98% yield. Higher catalyst temperatures increase reaction selectivity toward nitric oxide (NO) production. Lower catalyst temperatures tend to be more selective toward nitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The nitric oxide then passes through a waste heat boiler and a platinum filter in order to recover the precious metal platinum The nitric oxide process stream is passed through a cooler/condenser and cooled to 38 C (100 F) or less at pressures up to 800 kPa (116 psia). The nitric oxide reacts noncatalytically with residual oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide and its liquid dimer, dinitrogen tetroxide (a dimer is a small polymer whose molecule is composed of two molecules of the same composition). This slow, homogeneous reaction is temperature and pressure dependent. Operating at low temperatures and high pressures promotes maximum production of NO2 within a minimum reaction time The final step introduces the gaseous nitrogen dioxide/dimer mixture into an absorption process after being cooled. The mixture is pumped into the bottom of an absorption tower with trays, while liquid dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) is added at a higher point. Deionized water enters the top of the column. Both liquids flow countercurrent to the dioxide/ dimer gas mixture. An exothermic reaction occurs. A secondary air stream is introduced into the column to re-oxidize the NO that is formed. This secondary air also removes NO2 from the product acid. Oxidation of NO to NO2 takes place in the free space between the trays, while absorption of NO2 into the water occurs on the trays. An aqueous solution of 55 65% (typically) nitric acid is withdrawn from the bottom of the tower. The acid concentration can vary from 30 70% nitric acid depending upon the temperature, pressure, number of absorption stages, and concentration of nitrogen oxides entering the absorber. There are two variations of the process described above to produce weak nitric acid: single-stage pressure process and dual-stage pressure process. In the past, nitric acid plants
Nitric oxide oxidation
Nitrogen dioxide absorption
15
(Continued)
Industry and Products
Table 1.3 Process Steps in Nitric Acid Production
Description
High-strength nitric acid
have been operated at a single pressure, ranging from atmospheric pressure to 1400 kPa (14.7 203 psia). However, since the oxidation of ammonia is favored by low pressures and the oxidation of nitric oxide and the absorption of nitrogen dioxide are favored by higher pressures, newer plants tend to operate a dual-stage pressure system, incorporating a compressor between the ammonia oxidizer and the condenser. The oxidation reaction is carried out at pressures from slightly negative to about 400 kPa (58 psia), and the absorption reactions are carried out at 800 1400 kPa (116 203 psia). In the dual-stage pressure system, the nitric acid formed in the absorber (bottoms) is usually sent to an external bleacher where air is used to remove (bleach) any dissolved oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, etc.). The bleacher gases are then compressed and again passed through the absorber. The absorber tail gas (distillate) is sent to an entrainment separator for acid mist removal. Next, the tail gas is reheated in the ammonia oxidation heat exchanger to approximately 200 C (392 F). The gas is then passed through catalytic reduction units for NOx emissions control. The final step expands the gas in the power-recovery turbine. The thermal energy produced in this turbine can be used to drive the compressor High-strength nitric acid (98 99% concentration) can be obtained by concentrating weak nitric acid (30 70% concentration) using extractive distillation. Extractive distillation is distillation carried out in the presence of a dehydrating agent. Concentrated sulfuric acid (typically 60% sulfuric acid) is most commonly used for this purpose. The weak nitric acid cannot be concentrated by simple fractional distillation, in which acid is concentrated by removing water vapor in a column with trays or plates. The nitric acid concentration process consists of feeding strong sulfuric acid and 55 65% nitric acid into the top of a packed dehydrating column at approximately atmospheric pressure. The acid mixture flows downward and concentrated nitric acid leaves the top of the column as 99% vapor, containing a small amount of NO2 and O2 resulting from dissociation of nitric acid. The concentrated acid vapor then goes to a bleacher and a countercurrent condenser system to condense strong nitric acid and then separate out the oxygen and nitrogen oxide by-products. The bleacher uses air to strip nitrogen oxides out of the nitric acid and the countercurrent condenser system cools the vapor by flowing air through the vapor causing droplets to separate out. These nitrogen oxide by-products then flow to an absorption column where the nitric oxide mixes with auxiliary air to form NO2, which is recovered as weak nitric acid. Inert and unreacted gases are vented to the atmosphere from the top of the absorption column. Emissions from this process are relatively small compared to weak acid production
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Process Step
16
Table 1.3 (Continued)
Process
Unit Process
Description
Ammonium nitrate
Solution synthesis
Urea
Solution synthesis
Ammonium nitrate
Solids concentration
Ammonium nitrate plants produce an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution through the reaction of ammonia and nitric acid in a neutralizer where water is evaporated by the heat of the reaction as follows: NH3 1 HNO3 - NH4NO3 1 26 kcal/g mol. The temperature, pressure, and final concentration of the ammonium nitrate are interdependent. Higher temperatures and pressures can be used to produce a higher concentration of ammonium nitrate; however, the temperature of the operation should be below 120 C (250 F) in order to prevent explosions. Up to 99.5% of the ammonia and nitric acid is converted to ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate solution can then be used as an ingredient for nitrogen solution fertilizers or concentrated to a solid form. Ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are reacted to form ammonium carbamate (NH2CO2NH4) as follows: 2NH3 1 CO2 - NH2CO2NH4 Operating conditions include temperatures from 180 200 C (356 392 F), pressures from 14 000 25 000 kPa (140 250 psia), molar ratios of NH3 to CO2 from 3:1 to 4:1, and a retention time of 20 30 minutes. The ammonium carbamate is then dehydrated to yield 70 77% aqueous urea solution. This reaction follows: NH2CO2NH4 - NH2CONH2 1 H2O. Urea solution can be used as an ingredient of nitrogen solution fertilizers, or it can be concentrated further to produce solid urea To produce a solid product, the aqueous ammonium nitrate solution is concentrated in an evaporator or concentrator. The resulting liquid ‘melt’ contains about 95 99.8% ammonium nitrate at approximately 149 C (300 F). This melt is then used to make solid ammonium nitrate products
Industry and Products
Table 1.4 Process Steps Used in the Manufacture of Ammonium Nitrate and Urea
(Continued)
17
18
Table 1.4 (Continued) Unit Process
Description
Urea
Solids concentration
Ammonium nitrate or urea
Solids formation
The three methods of concentrating the urea solution are vacuum concentration, crystallization, and atmospheric evaporation. The method chosen depends upon the level of biuret (NH2CONHCONH2) impurity allowable in the end product. Biuret can cause mottling in urea solutions, reducing the fertilizer’s effectiveness in foliar applications. Aqueous urea solution decomposes with heat to biuret and ammonia. Therefore, if only a low level of biuret impurity is allowed in the end product, the method with the least heat requirement will be chosen, such as crystallization and vacuum concentration. The simplest and most common method of solution concentration is atmospheric evaporation Prilling and granulation are used to produce solid ammonium nitrate and urea. Prills are round or needle-shaped artificially prepared aggregates of a material. To produce prills, concentrated melt is sprayed into the top of a prill tower. In the tower, melt droplets fall countercurrent to a rising air stream that cools and solidifies the falling droplets into prills. Prill density can be varied by using different concentrations of ammonium nitrate melt. Low-density prills, in the range of 1.29 specific gravity, are formed from a 95 97.5% ammonium nitrate melt, and high-density prills, in the range of 1.65 specific gravity, are formed from a 99.5 99.8% melt. Low-density ammonium nitrate prills are used for making blasting agents because they are more porous than high-density prills and will absorb oil. Most high-density prills are used as fertilizers. Granulated ammonium nitrate and urea are produced by spraying a concentrated melt (99.0 99.8%) onto small seed particles of ammonium nitrate or urea in a long rotating cylindrical drum. As the seed particles rotate in the drum, successive layers of the nitrogenous
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Process
Solids cooling
Ammonium nitrate or urea
Solids screening
Ammonium nitrate or urea
Solids coating
Industry and Products
Ammonium nitrate or urea
chemical are added to the particles, forming granules. Pan granulators operate on the same principle as drum granulators, except the solids are formed in a large, rotating circular pan. Pan granulators produce a solid product with physical characteristics similar to those of drum granules. Additives such as magnesium nitrate or magnesium oxide may be injected directly into the melt stream. Additives can serve three purposes: to raise the crystalline transition temperature of the final solid product in order to retain its strength and density; to act as a desiccant, drawing water into the final product to reduce caking; and to allow solidification to occur at a low temperature by reducing the freezing point of molten ammonium nitrate The temperature of the nitrogenous product exiting the solids formation process is approximately 66 124 C (150 255 F). To prevent deterioration and agglomeration, the product must be cooled before storage and shipping. Typically, rotary drums or fluidized beds are used to cool granules and prills leaving the solids formation process. Because low-density prills have a high moisture content, they require drying in rotary drums or fluidized beds before cooling Since the solids are produced in a wide variety of sizes, they must be screened for consistently sized prills or granules. After cooling, off-size prills are dissolved and recycled back to the solution concentration process. Granules are screened before cooling. Undersize particles are returned directly to the granulator and oversize granules may be either crushed and returned to the granulator or sent to the solution concentration process Following screening, products can be coated in a rotary drum to prevent agglomeration during storage and shipment. The most common coating materials are clays and diatomaceous earth. However, the use of additives in the melt before solidification may preclude the use of coatings
19
Process
20
Table 1.5 Description of Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing Processes Description
Phosphoric acid is produced by reacting sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with naturally occurring phosphate rock. The phosphate rock is mined, dried, crushed until 60 70% of the rock is less than 150 µm in diameter, and then continuously fed into the reactor along with sulfuric acid. The reaction combines calcium from the phosphate rock with sulfate, forming calcium sulfate (CaSO4), commonly referred to as gypsum. Gypsum is separated from the reaction solution by filtration. A dihydrate process produces gypsum in the form of calcium sulfate with two molecules of water (CaSO4 2H2O or calcium sulfate dihydrate). During the reaction, gypsum crystals are precipitated and separated from the acid by filtration. The separated crystals must be washed thoroughly to yield at least a 99% recovery of the filtered phosphoric acid. After washing, the slurried gypsum is pumped into a gypsum settling pond for storage. Water is siphoned off and recycled through a surge cooling pond to the phosphoric acid process. Depending on a variety of factors, such as average ambient temperature and annual rainfall, settling and cooling ponds may require between 0.25 and 1.0 acre for each ton of daily P2O5 capacity. Considerable heat is generated in the reactor when the sulfuric acid and phosphate rock react. In older plants, this heat was removed by blowing air over the hot slurry surface. Modern plants vacuum flash cool a portion of the slurry, and then recycle it back into the reactor. Wet process phosphoric acid normally contains 26 30% P2O5. The acid must be further concentrated to meet phosphate feed material specifications for fertilizer production. Depending on the types of fertilizer to be produced, phosphoric acid is usually concentrated to 40 55% P2O5 by using two or three vacuum evaporators. The evaporators operate with a forced circulation and generate a vacuum through vacuum pumps, steam ejectors, or an entraining condenser downstream of the evaporator Wet process An alternative process uses a hemihydrate process which produces calcium sulfate with a half molecule of water phosphoric (CaSO4 1/2 H2O). This one-step hemihydrate process has the advantage of producing wet process phosphoric acid with acid-hemihydrate a higher phosphate pentoxide (P2O5) concentration and less impurities than the dihydrate process. To make the strongest phosphoric acid possible and to decrease evaporation costs, a highly concentrated 93% sulfuric acid is normally used. Because the proper ratio of acid to rock in the reactor is critical, precise automatic process control equipment is employed in the regulation of these two feed streams Ammonium phosphate Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and monoammonium phosphate are the major types of ammonium phosphatic fertilizer. Ammonium phosphates are produced by reacting phosphoric acid with ammonia. The ammonium phosphate liquid slurry produced is then converted to solid granules. Approximately 95% of ammoniationWet process phosphoric acid-dihydrate
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21
(Continued)
Industry and Products
Normal superphosphate
granulation plants in the United States use a rotary drum mixer developed and patented by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). In the TVA DAP process, phosphoric acid is mixed in an acid surge tank with 93% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and recycled acid from wet scrubbers. The mixed acids are then partially neutralized with liquid or gaseous anhydrous ammonia in a brick-lined acid reactor. All of the phosphoric acid and approximately 70% of the ammonia needed to complete the reaction are introduced into this vessel. A slurry of ammonium phosphate and 22% water are produced and sent through steam-traced lines to the ammoniator granulator. Slurry from the reactor is distributed in the rotary drum granulator, and the remaining ammonia (approximately 30%) is sparged under the slurry. The basic rotary drum granulator consists of an open-ended, slightly inclined rotary cylinder, with retaining rings at each end and a scraper or cutter mounted inside the drum shell. A rolling bed of dry material is maintained in the unit while the slurry is introduced through distributor pipes set lengthwise in the drum. Gravity forces the slurry to travel through the turning granulator to the lower end. Moist DAP granules are then discharged into a rotary dryer, where excess water is evaporated and the chemical reaction is accelerated to completion by the dryer heat. Dried granules are cooled and then sized on vibrating screens. The product ranges in granule diameter from 1 4 millimeters (mm). The oversized granules are crushed, mixed with the undersized, and recycled back to the ammoniator-granulator. Product-size DAP granules are allowed to cool, screened, bagged, and shipped. Before being exhausted to the atmosphere, particulate and ammonia rich off-gases from the granulator, cooler, and screening operations pass through cyclones and wet scrubbers. TVA developed two minor modifications in their DAP process to produce monoammonium phosphate (MAP). In one, the phosphoric acid is ammoniated to an ammonia to phosphoric acid ratio of only 0.6 in the preneutralizer and then 1.0 in the granulator. This compares to a ratio of about 1.4 for DAP. With the second modification, the ammonium to phosphoric acid ratio is brought to 1.4 in the preneutralizer, then additional phosphoric acid is added in the granulator to bring the ratio back to 1.0. The second method is preferred as higher temperatures may be used to dry the MAP, increasing production rates Normal superphosphates (NSP) are prepared by reacting ground phosphate rock with 65 75% sulfuric acid to produce a solid fertilizer material. NSP is most often used as a high-phosphate additive in the production of granular fertilizers. It can also be granulated for sale as granulated superphosphate or granular mixed fertilizer. There are two primary types of sulfuric acid used in superphosphate manufacture: virgin and spent acid. Virgin acid is produced from elemental sulfur, pyrites, and industrial gases and is relatively pure. Spent acid is a recycled waste product from various industries that use large quantities of sulfuric acid. Problems encountered with using spent acid include unusual color, unfamiliar odor, and toxicity. An important factor in the production of normal superphosphates is the
Process
Description amount of iron and aluminum in the phosphate rock. Aluminum (as Al2O3) and iron (as Fe2O3) above 5% imparts stickiness to the superphosphate and makes it difficult to handle. Ground phosphate rock is weighed and mixed with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and held in an enclosed area for about 30 minutes until the reaction is partially completed. The mixing may be done in a cone mixer, which relies on an inputted swirling motion of the acid to mix the rock and acid, a pug mill, which operates with one or two mixing shafts, or a pan mixer, which agitates the solution. The mixture is transferred, using an enclosed conveyer known as the den, through the cutter which breaks up clumps, and finally to a storage pile for curing. Off-gases from the reactor are typically treated in a wet scrubber. Particulates throughout the process are controlled with cyclones and baghouses. To produce granulated normal superphosphate, cured superphosphate is fed through a clod breaker and sent to a rotary drum granulator where steam, water, and acid may be added to aid in granulation. Material is processed through a rotary drum granulator, a rotary dryer, and a rotary cooler, and is then screened to specification similar to the process used for ammonium nitrate and urea. Finally, it is stored in bagged or bulk form prior to being sold Two processes have been used to produce triple superphosphate: run-of-the-pile (ROP-TSP) and granular (GTSP). GTSP yields larger, more uniform particles with improved storage and handling properties than ROP-TSP. Most GTSP material is made with the Dorr-Oliver slurry granulation process. This process is similar to that for normal superphosphates with the major exception being that phosphoric acid is used instead of sulfuric acid. In this process, ground phosphate rock or limestone is reacted with phosphoric acid in one or two reactors in series. The reaction is: Ca5F(PO4)3 1 7H3PO4 1 5H2O - 5Ca(H2PO4)2 H2O 1 HF. The phosphoric acid used in this process has a low concentration (40% P2O5). The lower-strength acid maintains the slurry in a fluid state during a mixing period of 1 2 hours. A small side stream of slurry is continuously removed and distributed onto dried, recycled fines in a granulator, where it coats the granule surfaces and builds up its size. Granules are then dried in a rotary dryer, elevated and passed through screens to eliminate oversize and undersize granules. Oversize granules are crushed and sent back to the first screen, while undersize ones are sent into the emission control systems. The granules within the size range of the product are then cooled and stored in a curing pile where the reaction is completed. Particulates from the rock handling, drying, screening, cooling, and storing processes are typically controlled with cyclones and baghouses and off-gases from the reactor, granulator, and cyclones and baghouses are typically treated with wet scrubbers G
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Triple superphosphate
22
Table 1.5 (Continued)
Industry and Products
1.5.4
23
Phosphatic Fertilizers
The primary products of the phosphatic fertilizers industry are phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate, normal superphosphate, and triple superphosphate. Phosphoric acid is sold as is or is used as an intermediate in producing other phosphatic fertilizers. Monoammonium phosphate is favored for its high phosphorous content, while diammonium phosphate is favored for its high nitrogen content. Normal superphosphate has a relatively low concentration of phosphorous, however it is used in mixtures because of its low cost. Triple superphosphate provides a high concentration of phosphorous, more than 40% phosphorous pentoxide. The industrial processes for each of these products are described below. Table 1.5 summarizes the manufacturing steps for the major products.
Wet scrubber
Wastewater
Cyclone
Carbon Ammonia dioxide
Particulates Coating
Particulates Solution synthesis
Solution concentration
Solids formation
Solids cooling
Bagging Screening Bulk loading
Offsize recycle Bulk loading
Solutions
Figure 1.2 Process diagram for ammonium nitrate and urea manufacturing.
Phosphate rock weigh feeder
Vacuum flash cooler
Water Sulfuric acid
Reactor
Gypsum filtration
Crystal washes
Phosphoric acid (26–30%)
Figure 1.3 Process diagram for wet process dihydrate phosphoric acid plant.
Settling pond
Gypsum
24
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Gypsum pond water
Secondary scrubber Cyclone Primary scrubber
Phosphoric acid
Oversize Ammoniator granulator
Acid surge tank
Sulfuric acid
Mill
Cooling air Reactor Rotary dryer
Anhydrous ammonia Fuel air
Screens
Rotary cooler
Undersize Dust suppressant
Product
Figure 1.4 Process diagram for diammonium phosphate production.
Particulate and fluoride emissions Ground phosphate rock
Particulate emissions
Baghouse
Rock unloading
Scrubber
Dust cyclone
Scrubber
Recycled Particulate pond water and fluoride emissions
Recycled pond water
Particulate emissions
Wet process Rock Bin
Phosphoric acid
Baghouse
Dust cyclone
Scrubber
Dust cyclone
Curing building (Storage and shipping)
Acid control Particulates Rock dust
t uc od en Pr cre s
Reactor
Gr an ula tor
ize rs n ve ee O scr
Recycled to granulator
Weigher feeder
Dryer
Crusher
Cooler Air
Figure 1.5 Process diagram for triple superphosphate manufacturing.
1.5.5
Process Diagrams
Figures 1.2 1.5 provide simplified process flow sheets for various processes summarized above. Process flow sheets may be consulted to identify major waste streams within the manufacturing process.
2 Pollution and Pollution Prevention 2.1
Sources of Pollution
There are numerous sources of pollution within the different manufacturing processes. Major emission and waste streams have been summarized in the tables presented below. Table 2.1 provides a summary of sources of air emissions from within the industry sector. Table 2.2 identifies different sources of air emissions within manufacturing trains. Table 2.3 identifies different types and sources of wastewater and solid wastes. Table 2.4 provides information on several of the chemical toxins that are released from different agro-industrial operations.
2.2
Case Study
The following is a case study of a manufacturing facility audited by one of the authors. The case study provides the reader with a general roadmap to identifying waste and pollution problems and in developing a pollution prevention program. This case study focuses on the Aqaba Fertilizer Complex owned and operated by the Jordan Phosphate Mines Co. (JPMC). While observations and conclusions arrived at are specific to the operations surveyed, environmental aspects and the recommended strategies for improving environmental performance and water management are considered applicable to this industry sector as a whole. The upstream phosphate mining and downstream chemicals manufacturing operations are essentially managed as different business units. This is an important distinction because the environmental management practices as a whole greatly differ between the units. Specifically, downstream chemical manufacturing units have well-established EMSs (Environmental Management Systems) built around ISO 14001, whereas upstream mining operations do not. This means that there is a much greater awareness of and structure to water and wastewater management practices in fertilizer manufacturing operations compared to phosphate exploitation operations. The site is located at WADI 2, 15 km south of the port of Aqaba. Production started in 1982 to produce sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, diamonium phosphate (DAP), and aluminum fluoride (AlF3). The complex is designed to be self-sufficient for all utilities with the exception of raw water, seawater for cooling, and fuel oil. Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00002-9 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
26
Table 2.1 Sources of Air Emissions From Within the Industry Sector Process
Air Emissions
Process Wastewater
Residual Waste
Nitric acid absorption tower Solution formulation and granulation
NO, NO2, HNO3 in tailgas NH3, HNO3, particulates
Spent tower materials, trays NA
Solids formation Regeneration of desulfurization and filter beds Screening
Particulates, NOx, SiF4, HF Hydrocarbons, CO, NH3, CO2
NA Condensed steam with NH4NO3 and NH3 NA Condensed steam, NH3, CO2
Dust
NA
Dusts Spent bed material
Source: Guide to Pollution Prevention, The Pesticide Formulating Industry, Center for Environmental Research Information, United States EPA, Washington DC, 1990.
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Mixed undersized captured dusts, used screens Pond water Gypsum Wet process phosphoric acid production SiF4, HF Unloading of materials into blending tanks Dust/particulates released in transfer NA Leftover raw material containers NA NA Open processing and storage equipment VOCs Equipment and facility cleaning NA Washwater, waste solvent Waste sands and clays, used mops/squeegees/etc. Laboratory procedures VOCs and dusts released Washwater, lab testing water Off-spec product used for testing/analysis Spills and runoff Dust/particulates released by spill Contaminated rainfall/runoff Contaminated solid product Pollution control systems NA Contaminated scrubber water Spent filter material
Process
Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Synthetic ammonia
Air pollutants from the manufacture of synthetic anhydrous ammonia are emitted primarily from four process steps: (1) regeneration of the desulfurization bed; (2) heating of the catalytic steam; (3) regeneration of carbon dioxide scrubbing solution; and (4) steam stripping of process condensate. Most ammonia plants use activated carbon fortified with metallic oxide additives for feedstock desulfurization. This generates the air emissions listed below
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the synthesis gas by scrubbing with monoethanolamine (C2H4NH2OH) or hot potassium carbonate solution. Regeneration of this CO2 scrubbing solution with steam produces emissions of water, NH3, CO, CO2 and monoethanolamine. Cooling the synthesis gas after low temperature shift conversion forms a condensate containing NH3, CO2, methanol (CH3OH), and trace metals. Condensate steam strippers are used to remove NH3 and methanol from the water, and steam from this may be vented to the atmosphere, emitting NH3, CO2, and methanol
Nitric acid
(Continued)
27
Vented regeneration steam contains sulfur oxides (SOx) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Regeneration also emits hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO) The reformer, heated with natural gas or fuel oil, emits combustion products such as NOx, CO, SOx, hydrocarbons, and particulates Emissions from nitric acid manufacturing consist primarily of Scrubbers, process controls, and preventive maintenance are primary methods of controlling NO and NO2 (which account for visible emissions), and emissions. The amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) trace amounts of HNO3 mist and NH3. The major source of emissions is directly related to the kinetics of nitrogen oxides is the tail gas from the acid absorption the nitric acid formation reaction and absorption tower tower design. NOx emissions can increase when there is: (1) insufficient air supply to the oxidizer and absorber; (2) low pressure, especially in the absorber; (3) high temperatures in the
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Table 2.2 Sources of Air Emissions
28
Table 2.2 (Continued) Process
Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Ammonium nitrate
The acid production system and storage tanks can be a significant source of visible NOx emissions at nitric acid plants. Emissions from acid storage tanks are most likely to occur during tank filling The primary air emissions are particulate matter (ammonium Baghouses, scrubbers, enclosures nitrate and coating materials), ammonia and nitric acid. Ammonia and nitric acid are emitted primarily from solution formation and granulators. Particulate matter (largely as ammonium nitrate) can be emitted from most of the process operations The emission sources in solution formation and concentration Scrubbers processes are neutralizers and evaporators, emitting nitric acid and ammonia. The vapor stream off the top of the neutralization reactor is primarily steam with some ammonia and NH4NO3 particulates present. Specific plant operating characteristics, however, make these emissions vary depending upon use of excess ammonia or acid in the neutralizer
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
cooler/condenser and absorber; (4) production of an excessively high-strength product acid; (5) operation at high-throughput rates; (6) faulty equipment such as compressors or pumps which lead to lower pressures, leaks, and reduced plant efficiency. Comparatively small amounts of nitrogen oxides are also lost from acid-concentrating plants. These losses (mostly NO2) are from the condenser system, but the emissions are small enough to be controlled easily by absorbers Generally not controlled
29
(Continued)
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Particulate emissions from these operations tend to be Emissions from solids formation processes are ammonium smaller in size than those from solids production and nitrate particulate matter and ammonia. The sources of handling processes and generally are recycled back primary importance are prill towers (for high-density and to the process low-density prills) and granulators (rotary drum and pan). Emissions from prill towers result from carryover of fine particles and fume by the prill cooling air flowing through the tower. These fine particles are from microprill formation, attrition of prills colliding with the tower or one another, and rapid transition of the ammonia nitrate between crystal states Microprill formation resulting from partially plugged orifices Certain designs (spinning buckets) and practices (vibration of spray plates) help reduce plugged of melt spray devices can increase fine dust loading and orifices and thus microprill formation emissions. High ambient air temperatures can cause increased emissions because of entrainment as a result of higher air flow required to cool prills and because of increased fume formation at the higher temperatures Emissions from screening operations are generated by the Almost all screening operations used in the ammonium attrition of the ammonium nitrate solids against the screens nitrate manufacturing industry are enclosed or have a and against one another cover over the upper-most screen. Emissions are ducted from the process for recovery or reuse Particulate emissions from bulk loading are not Bagging and bulk loading operations are a source of generally controlled, however, visible emissions particulate emissions. Dust is emitted from each type of must be within typical state regulatory requirements bagging process during final filling when dust-laden air is (below 20% opacity) displaced from the bag by the ammonium nitrate. The potential for emissions during bagging is greater for coated than for uncoated material. It is expected that emissions from bagging operations are primarily the kaolin, talc, or diatomaceous earth coating matter. About 90% of solid ammonium nitrate produced domestically is bulk loaded
30
Table 2.2 (Continued) Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Urea
Emissions are mainly ammonia and particulate matter. Formaldehyde and methanol, hazardous air pollutants, may be emitted if additives are used. FormalinTM, used as a formaldehyde additive, may contain up to 15% methanol. Ammonia is emitted during the solution synthesis and solids production processes. Particulate matter is emitted during all urea processes Typical emission sources from the solution synthesis process In the synthesis process, some emission control is inherent in the recycle process where carbamate are noncondensable vent streams from ammonium gases and/or liquids are recovered and recycled. The carbamate decomposers and separators. Emissions from synthesis and concentration operations are usually synthesis processes are generally combined with emissions uncontrolled except for recycle provisions to recover from the solution concentration process and are vented ammonia through a common stack. Combined particulate emissions from urea synthesis and concentration operations are small compared to particulate emissions from a typical solidsproducing urea plant Uncontrolled emission rates from prill towers may be affected by the following factors: (1) product grade being produced; (2) air flow rate through the tower; (3) type of tower bed; (4) ambient temperature and humidity. The total of mass emissions per unit is usually lower for feed-grade prill production than for agricultural grade prills, due to lower airflows. Uncontrolled particulate emission rates for fluidized bed prill towers are higher than those for nonfluidized bed prill towers making agricultural grade prills, and are approximately equal to those for nonfluidized bed-feed-grade prills
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Process
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Phosphoric acid
Ambient air conditions can affect prill tower emissions. Available data indicate that colder temperatures promote the formation of smaller particles in the prill tower exhaust. Since smaller particles are more difficult to remove, the efficiency of prill tower control devices tends to decrease with ambient temperatures. This can lead to higher emission levels for prill towers operated during cold weather. Ambient humidity can also affect prill tower emissions. Air flow rates must be increased with high humidity, and higher air flow rates usually cause higher emissions In the solids screening process, dust is generated by abrasion Screening operations used in the urea manufacturing industry are enclosed or are covered over the of urea particles and the vibration of the screening uppermost screen mechanisms. Emissions attributable to coating include entrained clay dust from loading, in plant transfer, and leaks from the seals of the coater Gaseous fluorides such as silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are major emissions from wet process acid production. Phosphate rock contains 3.54.0% fluorine. Part of the fluorine from the rock is precipitated with the gypsum, another part is leached out with the phosphoric acid product, and the remaining portion is vaporized in the reactor or evaporator. The relative quantities of fluorides in the filter acid and gypsum depend on the type of rock and the operating conditions. Final disposition of the volatilized fluoride depends on the design and operation of the plant (Continued)
31
32
Table 2.2 (Continued) Process
Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Vacuum flash cooling has replaced the air cooling The reactor in which phosphate rock is reacted with sulfuric method to a large extent, since emissions are acid is the main source of emissions. Fluoride emissions minimized in the closed system accompany the air used to cool the reactor slurry Acid concentration by evaporation is a source of fluoride emissions. Approximately 2040% of the fluorine originally present in the rock vaporizes in this operation. Particulate matter containing fluorides can be emitted directly from process equipment. About 36% of the particulates can be fluorides Ammonium phosphates The major sources of air emissions include the reactor, the These two exhaust streams are generally combined and ammoniator-granulator, the dryer and cooler, product sizing passed through primary and secondary scrubbers and material transfer, and the gypsum pond. The reactor and ammoniator-granulator produce emissions of gaseous ammonia, gaseous fluorides such as hydrogen fluoride (HF) and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4), and particulate ammonium phosphates Exhaust gases from the dryer and cooler also contain These streams are commonly combined and passed ammonia, fluorides, and particulates through cyclones and primary and secondary scrubbers. Particulate emissions and low levels of ammonia and fluorides from product sizing and material transfer operations are controlled the same way Normal superphosphates Sources of emissions include rock unloading and feeding, mixing operations (in the reactor), storage (in the curing building), and fertilizer handling operations. Rock unloading, handling, and feeding generate particulate emissions of phosphate rock dust. The mixer, den, and
Pesticide formulating, packaging, and repackaging
33
(Continued)
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Triple superphosphates
curing building emit gases in the form of silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and particulates composed of fluoride and phosphate material Emissions of fluorine compounds and dust particles occur during the production of granulated triple superphosphate. Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are released by the acidulation reaction and they evolve from the reactors, den, granulator, and dryer. Evolution of fluoride is essentially finished in the dryer and there is little fluoride evolved from the storage pile in the curing building Sources of particulate emissions include the reactor, granulator, dryer, screens, cooler, mills, and transfer conveyors. Additional emissions of particulate result from the unloading, grinding, storage, and transfer of ground phosphate rock. Facilities may also use limestone, which is received in granulated form and does not require additional milling Meticulous housekeeping practices are needed in order Input raw materials include the pesticide concentrates from to control spills and fugitive emissions pesticide manufacturing plants as well as diluents and other chemical additives used in the formulating process. Active ingredients include organic/inorganic pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and others. These are all poisons and are sources of spills and leaks. In addition there are formulation and preparation materials. Dry formulations include organic flours, sulfur, silicon oxide, lime, gypsum, talc, pyrophyllite, bentonites, kaolins, attapulgite, and volcanic ash. Liquid formulations include various solvents such as xylenes, kerosenes, methyl
34
Table 2.2 (Continued) Process
Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
isobutyl ketone, amyl acetate, and chlorinated solvents. In addition propellants are used in some formulations these include carbon dioxide and nitrogen. In some formulations wetting and dispersing agents, masking agents, deodorants, and emulsifiers are used. In addition to pesticide materials, some facilities produce fertilizer/pesticide blends. A variety of nitrogenous, phosphatic, and mixed fertilizers may be inputted into bulk blending tanks to produce these combinations. Spills and leaks lead to fugitive emissions Air emissions can be generated throughout the pesticide Most dust or granule blending mills are equipped with formulating and packaging processes, mostly when fine vacuum systems, cyclones, and wet scrubbers to particulates of pesticide dust become suspended in air collect fugitive dust. Some vacuum systems are while the materials are being moved, processed, or stored dedicated to certain processes to facilitate reuse of the dust. Other systems are used to collect dust from a number of areas. Dust generated by pesticide formulation processes contains ingredients which are toxic to humans and the environment. Thus, they are important to contain Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions such as xylene arise when solvent-based liquid formulations are produced. VOC emissions may also be generated during equipment cleaning with solvents
Process
Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Wastewater from fertilizer manufacturing operations are classified into four groups: (1) process effluents resulting from contact with gas, liquids, or solids; (2) dedicated effluents which may be separated for use in one process or for recycling at a controlled rate; (3) effluents from general services such as cleaning or pretreatment; (4) occasional effluents such as leaks or spills. A number of process wastewater streams from the nitrogenous fertilizer industry have been identified. Frequently these wastewaters contain high levels of nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia, nitrates, and organic nitrogen. In ammonia production, wastewater is generated from process condensate stripping. Ammonium nitrate manufacturing produces process wastewater in the neutralization process, the evaporation unit, and air cooling equipment. The vacuum condenser in urea plants is a source of wastewater. Most scrubbing operations are also a source of wastewater. Nitric acid production generates relatively little wastewater since there is no process wastewater source. Steam generated in nitrogenous fertilizer processing may contain dissolved and suspended solids, alkalinity, and hardness The major source of wastewater is ‘pond water.’ Phosphoric acid production creates large quantities of pond water for cooling of the process, concentration of the product and for processing and storage of the gypsum byproduct. Gypsum slurry water is decanted from the top of the gypsum stacks and sent to the cooling pond through collection ditches. Through evaporation and recycling, contaminant concentrations in pond water can reach several grams per liter of
The most common methods for removing nitrogenous compounds include: biological nitrification/denitrification; air or steam stripping; ion exchange; break point chlorination
Wastewater Fertilizer manufacturing general
Phosphatic fertilizer manufacturing
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Table 2.3 Sources of Wastewater and Solid Wastes
The most common industry treatment for removing phosphorous is lime neutralization and settling
35
(Continued)
36
Table 2.3 (Continued) Process
Comments/Controls/Remedies
phosphates and fluoride. Additional elemental contaminants in pond water which originate in phosphate rock are arsenic, cadmium, uranium, vanadium, and radium Pollution prevention practices are the best Occasional wastewater is generated by leaks, spills, cleaning, remedies for controlling and minimizing these maintenance, and laboratory tests. Cleaning of cooling and pollution sources control systems also produces process wastewater. Cooling water may contain ammonia, sulfate, chloride, phosphate, chromate, and dissolved solids which become concentrated through evaporation. The laundry of workers’ clothing is another source of wastewater originating outside the actual process Process wastewater is defined in 40 CFR 122.2 as ‘any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, byproduct, intermediate product, finished product, or waste product.’ Wastewater from the pesticide formulating industry is typically due to cleaning of equipment and related process areas and not the actual formulating processes. Cleaning and decontaminating blending and liquid pesticide mixing and storage equipment generates pesticidecontaminated wastewater or solvent, depending upon whether the equipment is used to formulate water- or solvent-based pesticides. Decontamination is performed between batches of different types of formulations to prevent cross-contamination of the subsequent batch. Decontamination is also performed prior to taking the equipment out of service for maintenance. The decontamination is commonly performed using high-pressure water hoses equipped with spray nozzles, portable steam generators, or by running a batch of solvent through the formulating equipment. Active ingredient containers,
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Pesticide manufacturing
Sources
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
such as 55-gallon drums, are often decontaminated by triple rinsing. The decontamination is usually performed using a high-pressure water hose equipped with a spray nozzle or a portable steam jenny. The containers can then be sold or given to commercial recycling firms, depending on label directions. Formulations procedures handle large amounts of ingredients including solvents, pesticide and fertilizer mixes, wetting agents, and other toxins. Operations inevitably lead to spills and leaks. Floor, wall, and equipment exterior washing is typically performed using water hoses equipped with spray nozzles. It may also involve the use of mops and squeegees. Wastewater is also generated by clean-up of spills and leaks. Wastewater from these operations contains formulation ingredients, solvents, and wetting agents Other sources of wastewater include: pollution control scrubber water; Department of Transportation leak test water; safety equipment wash water; laboratory equipment wash water; shower water; laundry water; fire protection test water; contaminated precipitation runoff
Solid/Hazardous/Residual Wastes Fertilizer manufacturing general
One of the largest solid wastes is phosphogypsum which is produced The use of waste phosphogypsum for other during phosphoric acid production. Approximately 1.5 tons of purposes has been widely encouraged, but phosphogypsum are produced per ton of phosphate rockfed, or 5 tons economic and/or quality problems and/or the per ton of phosphoric acid produced (expressed as P2O5). Gypsum demand for the resulting products frequently inhibit or prevent this. These problems relate (calcium sulfate dihydrate) is a mineral which also occurs in nature. not only to the impurities in the gypsum, but Phosphogypsum is produced by the reaction of phosphate rock with also to its relatively high moisture content. sulfuric acid during the process of producing phosphoric acid. The Plasterboard, plaster, and cement are the main term ‘phosphogypsum’ is used to specify the particular gypsum possibilities arising from the acidulation of phosphate rock, because it contains trace amounts of many of the mineral impurities that accompany phosphate rock. One of these impurities is radium, the parent of 37
(Continued)
38
Table 2.3 (Continued) Process
Sources
Comments/Controls/Remedies
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
radon. Other trace impurities found in phosphogypsum include arsenic, nickel, cadmium, lead, aluminum, fluoride, and phosphoric acid. Mainly because of the radium content, the USEPA restricts use of phosphogypsum and stipulates that no phosphogypsum with radium over 10 pCi/g can be removed from the stacks adjacent to the agricultural chemical plants All phosphate ores contain traces of radioactive elements and a number It is also possible to recycle phosphogypsum in sulfuric acid production. The ready of metals. During processing, these are partitioned between availability of natural gypsum and the high beneficiation process wastes, the waste from the further processing cost of gypsum-based sulfuric acid, as well as into intermediate and finished fertilizer production, and some end up the presence of trace contaminants, are the in the final product main obstacles to its use. In countries where gypsum and other sulfurous raw materials are scarce, phosphogypsum has been successfully used for these purposes Dumping gypsum on land is not possible everywhere because the material settles and dries slowly and requires an adequate land area and certain climatic and soil conditions where the stack is situated. Gypsum stacks are being increasingly regulated in terms of lining and cap systems to prevent contaminated leaching or runoff
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Pesticide manufacturing
The fertilizer industry has for some decades tried Cadmium is a heavy metal. The quantity of cadmium contained in a to develop cadmium separation processes. phosphatic fertilizer depends on the source of the rock or waste Processes studied so far have shown serious material from which it was made. The cadmium content of phosphate limitations and problems, with regard to rocks varies from almost zero to over 300 mg/kg P2O5. The safety, cost, energy consumption, or acidulation of phosphate rock partitions the cadmium between the environmental concerns. Currently available fertilizer product and the by-products, mainly the phosphogypsum processes are expensive and are not arising from phosphoric acid production economically viable except for phosphates destined for human or animal consumption, which have a greater added value Off-specification product, spills, and dusts collected in emission control Many of these wastes are transported off-site for disposal. Good housekeeping techniques and systems are potential sources of residual wastes. Products are dedicated systems can reduce some of these occasionally suspended or canceled, leaving stockpiles of residual wastes which may be recycled back into the product. Other possible sources of solid wastes are spent catalysts, process instead of being wasted spent containers, wastewater treatment sludges, and spent filters Catalysts used in the steam reforming process need to be replaced every These waste streams are typically returned to the 26 years. Spent catalysts contain oxides of hexavalent chromium, manufacturer or other metal recovery zinc, iron, and nickel companies for recycling and reclamation of valuable materials EPA may allow the use of existing stocks or Residual wastes include containers and container liners potentially prohibit such use. State environmental contaminated with pesticides, as well as off-spec product, dust agencies occasionally collect unusable collected from emission control equipment, and product spills. pesticides Contaminated laboratory equipment and protective workers’ clothing are other potential solid waste sources. Decontamination of the solidbased pesticide blending mills may generate solid diluent contaminated with pesticides. The diluent typically consists of clay for dust mills and sand for granule mills. In case of pesticide products which have been suspended or canceled, there may be existing stocks of these products remaining
39
40
Table 2.4 Summary of Data and Properties of Releases from Manufacturing Operations Toxic Chemical Ammonia
Sources
Toxicity
The primary Anhydrous ammonia is nitrogen source irritating to the skin, for all eyes, nose, throat, and nitrogenous upper respiratory fertilizers and system ammonium phosphatic fertilizers
Carcinogenicity
Ammonia is a source of There is nitrogen (an essential currently no element for aquatic plant evidence to growth), and may suggest that therefore contribute to ammonia is eutrophication of carcinogenic standing or slow-moving surface water, particularly in nitrogenlimited waters such as the Chesapeake Bay. In addition, aqueous ammonia is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms There is currently no evidence to suggest that phosphoric acid is carcinogenic
Environmental Fate
Physical Properties
Ammonia combines with Ammonia is a sulfate ions in the colorless gas at atmosphere and is atmospheric washed out by rainfall, pressure, but is resulting in rapid shipped as a return of ammonia to liquefied the soil and surface compressed gas. It waters. Ammonia is a is soluble to about central compound in 34% in water and the environmental has a boiling point cycling of nitrogen. of 28 F. Ammonia is Ammonia in lakes, corrosive and has a rivers, and streams is pungent odor converted to nitrate The acidity of phosphoric Phosphoric acid is a acid may be reduced thick, colorless, readily by natural and odorless water hardness crystalline solid, minerals. The often used in an phosphate will persist aqueous solution. until used by plants as Its boiling point is a nutrient 415 F and it is soluble in water
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid is Phosphoric acid is toxic the primary by ingestion and phosphorous inhalation, and is an source used for irritant to skin and phosphatic eyes. The toxicity of fertilizers phosphoric acid is related to its corrosivity as an acid, with ulceration of membranes and tissues with which it comes in contact. Because it is a source of phosphorous, an essential element
Ecological Considerations
Many different nitrate compounds are formed during nitrogenous fertilizer production
There is currently no evidence to suggest that nitrate compounds are carcinogenic
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Nitrate compounds
for aquatic plant growth, phosphoric acid may contribute to eutrophication of standing or slowmoving surface water, particularly in phosphorous-limited waters such as the Great Lakes Nitrate compounds that are soluble in water release nitrate ions which can cause both human health and environmental effects. Human infants exposed to aqueous solutions of nitrate ion can develop a condition in which the blood’s ability to carry oxygen is reduced. This reduced supply of oxygen can lead to damaged organs and death. Because it is a source of nitrogen, an essential element for aquatic plant growth, nitrate ion may contribute to
Nitrogen in nitrate is the form of nitrogen most available to plants. In the environment, nitrate ion is taken up by plants and becomes part of the natural nitrogen cycle. Excess nitrate can stimulate primary production in plants and can produce changes in the dominant species of plants, leading to cultural eutrophication and ultimately to deterioration of water quality
41
(Continued)
42
Table 2.4 (Continued) Toxic Chemical
Methanol is generated in ammonia production. It is also used as a solvent and for equipment cleaning in pesticide formulations
Toxicity
Ecological Considerations
Carcinogenicity
eutrophication of standing or slowmoving surface water, particularly in nitrogen-limited waters, such as the Chesapeake Bay Methanol is readily Ecologically, methanol is There is absorbed from the expected to have low currently no gastrointestinal tract toxicity to aquatic evidence to and the respiratory organisms. suggest that tract and is toxic to Concentrations lethal to methanol is humans in moderate to half the organisms of a carcinogenic high doses. In the test population are body, methanol is expected to exceed 1 mg converted into methanol per liter water. formaldehyde and Methanol is not likely to formic acid. Methanol persist in water or to is excreted as formic bioaccumulate in aquatic acid. Observed toxic organisms effects at high dose levels generally
Environmental Fate
Physical Properties
Methanol is highly Methanol is a volatile and colorless liquid flammable. Liquid with a methanol is likely to characteristic evaporate when left pungent odor. It is exposed. Methanol miscible with reacts in air to produce water, and its formaldehyde which boiling point is contributes to the 147 F formation of air pollutants. In the atmosphere it can react with other atmospheric chemicals or be washed out by
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Methanol
Sources
rain. Methanol is readily degraded by microorganisms in soils and surface waters
There is currently no evidence to suggest that sulfuric acid is carcinogenic
Releases of sulfuric acid to surface waters and soils will be neutralized to an extent due to the buffering capacities of both systems. The extent of these reactions will depend on the characteristics of the specific environment
Sulfuric acid is an oily, odorless liquid which can be colorless to dark-brown. It is miscible, and its boiling point is 554 F. Sulfuric acid reacts violently with water with evolution of heat and is corrosive to metals. Pure sulfuric acid is a solid below 51 F
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Sulfuric acid
include central nervous system damage and blindness. Long-term exposure to high levels of methanol via inhalation causes liver and blood damage in animals Sulfuric acid is a Concentrated sulfuric Ecologically, accidental raw material of acid is corrosive. In its releases of solution most fertilizer aerosol form, sulfuric forms of sulfuric acid products acid has been may adversely affect implicated in causing aquatic life by inducing and exacerbating a a transient lowering of variety of respiratory the pH (i.e., increasing ailments the acidity) of surface waters. In addition, sulfuric acid in its aerosol form is also a component of acid rain. Acid rain can cause serious damage to crops and forests
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
The company has a formal Environmental Management System based on ISO 14001 accredited by Lloyds of Britain. Their corporate environmental policy states that they focus on a commitment of recycling and pollution prevention. The complex consists of the following production facilities. Sulfuric acid plant (SAP) rehabilitated in 1994 to produce 1.45 million tons per year of sulfuric acid for the use of phosphoric acid, fertilizers, utilities, and sales. Raw materials are solid sulfur, air and industrial water. The sulfuric acid plant includes the following sections: G
G
G
G
G
solid sulfur storage solid sulfur melting and filtration molten sulfur storage two identical sulfuric acid production lines that includes: air drying, sulfur combustion, SO2 to SO3 conversion, and gas-acid absorption, and acid cooling systems sulfuric acid storage.
Phosphoric acid plant (PAP) rehabilitated in 1993 to produce 413 000 tons per year of P2O5 (phosphoric anhydride) as: G
G
G
30% P2O5 phosphoric acid 52% P2O5 unclarified phosphoric acid for fertilizer plant uses 52% P2O5 clarified phosphoric acid for sales.
Raw materials are phosphate rock, sulfuric acid and industrial water. The phosphoric acid plant produces the following by products: G
G
20% hexafluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) gypsum 2530% water.
The phosphoric acid plant includes the following sections: G
G
G
G
G
G
G
phosphate rock unloading reclaiming and storage phosphate rock grinding attack and filtration three concentration lines phosphoric acid storage hexafluosilicic acid storage gypsum disposal facilities.
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 is a viscous liquid commercially prepared by the addition of sulfuric acid to phosphate rock. The clarified properties of phosphoric acid are listed in Table 2.5. Aqaba relies on the wet process in which phosphate rock is added to a mixture of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, in a slurry of calcium sulfate solids in a reactor. This rock is reacted with the sulfuric acid, for a time, and then filtered. Cooling of the reaction section is necessary. Off gases are removed, scrubbed (cleaned) with water and discharged to atmosphere. The phosphoric acid removed from the filters is sent to storage as either 30% or 40% P2O5. Solids removed by the filters are sent to disposal/storage as a waste product.
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Table 2.5 Properties of Phosphoric Acid P2O5 Solids H2SO4 F Cl CaO Aluminum (Al2O3) Iron (Fe2O3) Magnesium (MgO) SiO2 Cd Specific gravity, at 20 C
54% Max. 1% Max. 5% Max. 1% Max. 0.03% Max. 0.3% Max. 0.7% Max. 0.7% Max. 0.5% Max. 1.0% Max. 20 PPM Max. 1.66
The granulation plant is capable of manufacturing diammonia phosphate (DAP) for a total of 800 000 tons per year. Raw materials are liquid ammonia and phosphoric acid. The granulation plant includes the following sections: G
G
G
ammonia storage two identical granulation production lines that include: reaction, granulation, wet and drying systems, conveying, screening, milling and gas scrubbing systems fertilizer bulk storage and reclamation.
The aluminum fluoride (AlF3) plant produces 20 000 tons per year. Raw materials are aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 and hexaflurosilicic acid (H2SiF6). The AlF3 plant includes the following sections: G
G
G
Al(OH)3 storage, handling and drying AlF3 production facility includes: hot H2SiF6 production, reaction, silica filtration, crystallization, AlF3 filtration, drying, calcing and cooling systems AlF3 handling and bagging facilities.
A utility plant makes the complex self-sufficient for all utilities with the exception of raw water, seawater for cooling, and fuel oils. The utility plant includes the following sections: G
G
G
G
G
G
Compression, cooling and drying equipment is provided for the supply of instrument and plant air. Fuel oil and diesel oil are stored in tanks (two heated tanks for fuel oil, three tanks for diesel oil). High-pressure steam is extracted from the sulfuric acid plant waste heat boilers. Low-pressure steam is extracted from HP steam by expansion through the turbo blowers. Supplemental LP steam could be obtained as required by direct expansion and desuperheated of HP steam. Electrical power for the complex is generated by two turbo generator sets. Water treatment facilities are provided to produce instrument water, drinking water, and demineralized water from Qa-Disi raw water source.
46 G
G
G
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Sea water is used for cooling purposes in the power plant and sulfuric acid plants. It is pumped to the site and distributed as necessary. Chlorinating treatment for the sea water is provided. A closed circuit treated cooling water system is provided to cool equipment not connected to the sea water cooling system. A fire water system using water from the industrial water storage tank is furnished.
Material handling facilities handle all importing and exporting materials both inland and by sea. The material handling facilities includes: G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
solid sulfur unloading fertilizer loading fuel oil unloading liquid ammonia unloading phosphoric acid loading gypsum disposal DAP bagging facilities and DAP bulk loading phosphate unloading.
The fertilizer complex has its own jetty for shipping. The jetty has two berths that are provided for 40 000 and 30 000 ton vessels. The jetty is equipped with loading, unloading, and transfer facilities for imported products (solid sulfur, fuel oil and liquid ammonia) and for exported products (fertilizer and phosphoric acid). The dock has a roadway, electric power cable and pipelines as required for marine cargo handling. Also the jetty serves Arab Potash Company and Al Safi Industrial Salt Company. While the technologies employed in the manufacture of the various products are conventional, the processes, plant layout, and integration of various units are sophisticated and complex. There are significant challenges to both maintenance and improved environmental performance of this important facility.
2.2.1
Products
Sulfuric acid (98.5%) is a clear, viscous liquid, made by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide, and the absorption of the resulting sulfur trioxide by diluting sulfuric acid. It is used in the manufacture of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock as well as many different industrial/chemical processes. These include manufacture of rayon, coke, pulp and paper, soaps and detergents, paints, metal cleaning, metal processing and refining, chemical processing, explosives, and batteries (lead/acid type). Additionally, it is used in water treatment to adjust pH and to control corrosion and scaling. Diammonium phosphate (DAP), (NH4)2HPO4, is manufactured by the reaction of ammonia and phosphoric acid. Its nitrogen to phosphate ratio allows direct application product or one that blends with other fertilizer materials to produce a variety of NPK fertilizers. DAP is typically 90% water-soluble (expressed as a percentage
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
47
of available P2O5). The typical pH of the product is 7.5 when it is measured on saturated slurry of the product. In the soil, the initial stages of the product’s breakdown release ammonia (NH3) and causes a small zone around the DAP particles in the soil to have a pH of about 8.0. After a short time and as the DAP continues to breakdown, the product has a net effect of acidifying the soil. Aluminum fluoride (AlF3) (anhydrous) is an off-white, free-flowing powder or granular material. Its crystalline structure is similar to that of alumina. It is insoluble in most organic and inorganic liquids, while it is soluble in many fused salts. At ambient temperatures it is chemically inactive. Aluminum fluoride is considered a nontoxic chemical unless heated to above 932 F (500 C) in the presence of moisture, at which a pyrohydrolysis occurs with the evolution of hydrogen fluoride vapor, which become a respiratory irritant if inhaled. Aluminum fluoride is used by aluminum producers to lower the melting point of electrolytes in the smelting process and increase production efficiency. It is also used as a flux ingredient for the removal of magnesium in the refining of aluminum scrap. The ceramic industry uses aluminum fluoride for glaze mixtures and in the production of specialty refractory products. Moreover, it is used in the manufacture of aluminum silicates and in the glass industry as a filler.
2.2.2
Technology Overview
The Aqaba complex uses conventional technology. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by adding acid to ground or pulverized phosphate rock. Their process uses sulfuric acid, enabling the manufacture of single or normal phosphate (SSP), with a phosphorus content of 1621% as phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5). When phosphoric acid is used to acidulate the phosphate rock, triple phosphate (TSP) is the result. TSP has a phosphorus content of 4348% as P2O5. SSP production involves mixing the sulfuric acid and the rock in a reactor. The reaction mixture is discharged onto a slow-moving conveyor in a den. The mixture is cured for 46 weeks before bagging and shipping. Two processes are used to produce TSP fertilizers: run-of-pile and granular. The run-of-pile process is similar to the SSP process. Granular TSP uses lower-strength phosphoric acid (40%, compared with 50% for run-of-pile). The reaction mixture, a slurry, is sprayed onto recycled fertilizer fines in a granulator. Granules grow and are then discharged to a dryer, screened, and sent to storage. As noted, the manufacturing complex has sulfuric and phosphoric acid production units. Sulfuric acid is produced by burning molten sulfur in air to produce sulfur dioxide, which is then catalytically converted to sulfur trioxide for absorption in oleum. Phosphoric acid is manufactured by adding sulfuric acid to phosphate rock. The reaction mixture is filtered to remove phosphogypsum, which is discharged to settling ponds and waste heaps.
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
2.2.3
Sulfuric Acid Unit
The main features of this unit are: G
G
storage facilities sulfur melting and filtration stages.
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is important in the production of fertilizers (e.g., ammonium sulfate (sulfate of ammonia), (NH4)2SO4, and superphosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, which is formed when rock phosphate is treated with sulfuric acid). Sulfuric acid is manufactured at the site using the well-known contact process. The process involves the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide, SO2, to sulfur trioxide, SO3. The following are the manufacturing steps: 1. Solid sulfur, S(s), is burned (melted) in air to form sulfur dioxide gas, SO2 S(s) 1 O2(g) - SO2(g). 2. The gases are mixed with more air then cleaned by electrostatic precipitation to remove any particulate matter. 3. The mixture of sulfur dioxide and air is heated to 450 C and subjected to a pressure of 101.3202.6 kPa (12 atmospheres) in the presence of a vanadium catalyst to produce sulfur trioxide, SO3(g), with a yield of 98%. 2SO2(g) 1 O2(g) - 2SO3(g). 4. Any unreacted gases from the above reaction are recycled back into the above reaction. 5. Sulfur trioxide, SO3(g) is dissolved in 98% (18M) sulfuric acid, H2SO4, to produce disulfuric acid or pyrosulfuric acid, also known as fuming sulfuric acid or oleum, H2S2O7. SO3(g) 1 H2SO4 - H2S2O7. This is done because when water is added directly to sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid SO3(g) 1 H2O(l) - H2SO4(l) the reaction is slow and tends to form a mist in which the particles refuse to coalesce. 6. Water is added to the disulfuric acid, H2S2O7, to produce sulfuric acid, H2SO4 H2S2O7(l) 1 H2O(l) - 2H2SO4(l).
The oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in step (3) above is an exothermic reaction (i.e., energy is released). Hence, a by-product of this process is steam. Higher temperatures will force the equilibrium position to shift to the left-hand side of the equation favoring the production of sulfur dioxide. Lower temperatures would favor the production of the product sulfur trioxide and result in a higher yield. However, the rate of reaching equilibrium at the lower temperatures is extremely low. A higher temperature means equilibrium is established more rapidly but the yield of sulfur trioxide is lower. A temperature of 450oC is a compromise whereby a faster reaction rate results in a slightly lower yield. Similarly, at higher pressures, the equilibrium position shifts to the side of the equation in which there are the least numbers of gaseous molecules: 2SO2 ðgÞ 1 O2 ðgÞ-2SO3 On the left-hand side of the reaction there are 3 moles of gaseous reactants, and on the right-hand side there are 2 moles of gaseous products, so higher pressure favors the right-hand side. Higher pressure results in a higher yield of sulfur
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
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trioxide. A vanadium catalyst is used in this reaction in order to speed up the rate of the reaction.
2.2.4
Major Aspects of the Chemistry
The primary chemical reaction in the production of wet process phosphoric acid is between the calcium phosphate constituent of the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid to form phosphoric acid and calcium sulfate. The principal difference in the processes used throughout the world is the degree of hydration of the calcium sulfate, which can be varied by changing the temperature and P2O5 concentration in the reaction. The most popular process used throughout the world, and the technology used by JPMC’s Aqaba facility, is the dihydrate process in which gypsum is precipitated. Phosphoric acid production by the wet process requires three main operations: G
G
G
reaction between the phosphate rock and sulfuric acid separation of the gypsum from the phosphoric acid and the concentration of the phosphoric acid to the desired P2O5 level. The production units include large reaction vessels where finely ground phosphate rock (dry or wet slurried) is first treated with weak phosphoric acid and then reacted with approximately 55% sulfuric acid the calcium sulfate is then separated by vacuum filtration and washed for optimum recoveries of phosphoric acid. Various concentrations of phosphoric acid are produced from the filtration operation with the weak portions recirculated for proper process controls and the end product containing usually 2832% P2O5.
In the final stage, the filtration product is concentrated under vacuum and with heat to the desired P2O5 level, depending upon the specific end use, with the highest concentration normally being 5254% P2O5. The dihydrate process used for the sulfuric acid manufacturing step has a disadvantage in that high water use per unit of phosphoric acid production is needed (about 7.2 m3 per ton of acid) compared with hemihydrate which consumes 4.24.5 m3 per ton). This automatically places the facility at a disadvantage in terms of water use efficiency.
2.2.5
Manufacture of Fertilizer
To make 1 pound of commercial fertilizer, about 5 pounds of contaminated phosphogypsum slurry (calcium sulfate) is produced. This slurry is piped from the processing facilities up into the acidic wastewater ponds. The production of each ton of phosphoric acid is accompanied by the production of 41/2 tons of the by-product calcium sulfate, also known as phosphogypsum. Phosphate rock, which is processed to make phosphoric acid, contains about 70% calcium phosphate, as well as a large number of impurities, such as calcium fluoride, chlorides, chromium, rare earths, and radionuclides. At the end of the production process, the radionuclides end up in the phosphogypsum. Figures 2.12.6 provide photographs of the chemical manufacturing complex, providing the reader with a sense of scale for this important facility.
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Figure 2.1 Phosphoric acid unit.
Figure 2.2 Ammonia unit.
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Figure 2.3 Sulfuric acid storage.
Figure 2.4 Bone yard for discarded equipment.
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Figure 2.5 Fluorosilicate intermediate.
Figure 2.6 Photo from back end of plant complex.
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2.3 2.3.1
53
Environmental Aspects Waste Characteristics
Fluorides and dust are emitted to the air from the fertilizer plant. All aspects of phosphate rock processing and finished product handling generate dust. Typical point sources are: G
G
G
G
grinders pulverizers pneumatic conveyors screens.
The mixer/reactors and dens generate fumes that contain silicon tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride. Liquid effluents are not normally expected from the fertilizer plant, since it is feasible to operate with a balanced process water system. The fertilizer plant generates minimal solid wastes. Solid wastes from the sulfuric acid plant are normally limited to spent vanadium catalyst. The sulfuric acid plant has two principal air emissions: sulfur dioxide and acid mist. Ammonia emissions are a serious concern for the facility. A separate discussion is provided below. The phosphoric acid plant generates dust and fumes, both of which contain hydrofluoric acid and silicon tetrafluoride. Phosphogypsum generated in the process (at an approximate rate of about 5 tons per ton of phosphoric acid produced) is disposed of as a slurry to a storage/settling pond and to a waste heap. Process water used to transport the waste is returned to the plant after the solids have settled out. The complex uses a closed-loop operating system to avoid a liquid effluent (refer to Figure 2.7). The process liquid waste generated contains phosphorus (as PO4), fluorides, and suspended solids. The phosphogypsum contains trace metals, and fluorides that have been carried through from the phosphate rock.
2.3.2
Target Pollution Loads and Control Technologies
Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. The following productionrelated targets are recommended by the World Bank. The numbers relate to the production processes before the addition of pollution control measures. Because detailed information was not available, the comments presented bellow are based in part on assumption that standard technologies are employed at the complex. In sulfuric acid plants that use the double-contact, double-absorption process, emissions levels of 24 kilograms of sulfur dioxide per metric ton (kg/t) of sulfuric acid can be achieved, and sulfur trioxide levels of the order of 0.150.2 kg/t of sulfuric acid are attainable.
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Figure 2.7 Effluent channel from acid production.
Scrubbers are used to remove fluorides and acid from air emissions. The effluent from the scrubbers is recycled to the process. If it is not known what is done with the spent catalyst, however normal practice with other plants is to return the spent vanadium catalyst to the supplier for recovery, or, if that cannot be done, this waste can be locked in a solidification matrix and disposed of in a secure landfill. Opportunities to use gypsum wastes as a soil conditioner (for alkali soil and soils that are deficient in sulfur) should be explored to minimize the volume of the gypsum stack.
2.3.3
Ammonia Scrubbing
Large amounts of ammonia are used in the neutralization of phosphoric acid. Liquid anhydrous ammonia is received at battery limits. A portion is vaporized by steam and sent to the reactor to partially neutralize the phosphoric acid. The remaining portion is metered to the drum granulator for a final neutralization. The ammonia storage facility consists of a 30 000-ton capacity, single-wall atmospheric vessel with a peak electric refrigeration system that maintains the tank contents at the required temperature. Liquid ammonia is held at 33 C by the refrigeration unit, compensating for heat absorbed by the ambient. Ammonia vapor
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is drawn from the top of the tank by the refrigeration system. Vapor is compressed and condensed by fresh cooling water and then recovered in a receiver. Liquid is returned to the storage tank after expansion. Gaseous ammonia is sparged into the reactor. The reaction between the acid and ammonia is violent, resulting in the generation of a large amount of heat. This results in the production of steam as a major byproduct. The high partial pressure of ammonia over the slurry results in ammonia losses from the reactor. The loss is estimated to be as high as 15% of the flow of the plant. The ammonia is captured in the reactor granulator scrubber (refer to Figure 2.8). The scrubber is a significant environmental aspect of the facility. The unit is a packed column based on old technology (circa 1980). The design rating for this unit is an ammonia discharge of 700 ppm, but frequent upsets have resulted in excursions exceeding 2000 ppm. Because of a lack of air pollution regulations in Jordan, the facility is not currently out of compliance; however, this is a major air pollution point source that poses a significant chronic and possibly acute health risks. The scrubber technology requires a major investment. Likely only incremental improvements to recovery can be achieved by upgrades to the scrubber. Options include extending the height of packing, adding a second stage, and changing the packing material for more intimate contacting. Step out improvement in recovery
Figure 2.8 Ammonia scrubber unit.
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would require a modern design or a series of scrubbers (possibly cross-flow units). A feasibility study would be required to identify a suitable design to address this environmental aspect. Costs for replacement of this unit will run in the league of 1 to perhaps above 2 million USD.
2.4 2.4.1
Recommended Pollution Prevention and Control Options Desalination
JPMC currently obtains process makeup water from the Disi reservoir, with small amounts of seawater used for cooling purposes and ancillary operations. Water demands are discussed later on in this section, however, it is important to note that a clear indication of the growing demands (i.e., long-range planning needs) was not gained from discussions with JPMC technical personnel. JPMC is considering the possibility of investing in a power desalination plant capable of producing 5 million tons per year of fresh water. Total dissolved solids would be under 5 ppm, including chlorides, which is a major concern for the facility (discussed below). The argument for this scheme is that 9095% of the heat from the circulating sulfuric acid plant could be economically recovered. The potential viability of energy recovery from the sulfuric acid unit was independently concluded in this study and is discussed below. This recovered heat may be in the league of 60360 kWh/m3 of fresh water produced. Estimates provided by JPMC suggest that 4.2 tons of high-pressure steam at 47 bar and 405 C can be generated for a 1 MkW plant. Projected steam of about 119.5 t/hr steam could be generated. From this, about 36 t/hr would be consumed by a turbo-blower and 82.5 t/hr for export to produce approximately 20 MkW/hr at the utility plant. This conceptual scheme has merits worth defining, but there are other configurations that may be more beneficial and should be examined from both cost and technical standpoints. As an example, combined heat and power applications should be explored as they may provide possible faster returns on investment and/or may be lower capital investments. There may also be an argument to explore a combination of micro-turbine/fuel cell applications for sale of possible electricity into a local grid. Of greatest concern with this approach are waste brines that will be generated from the process. This will require a detailed EIA (environmental impact assessment) and definition of economical schemes for long-term waste disposal. Returning effluents to the Red Sea is not an option. This scheme is in very early stages of conceptual study, but clearly falls into the high-cost category. It is not a P2 technology, but has merits as a green technology. Using Aqaba treated water The alternative large-scale and possibly longterm scheme for supplemental water supplies to the plant complex is to utilize excess treated water from the Acaba WWTP (wastewater treatment plant). The Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) master plan calls for a sizable increase in the capacity of the city’s WWTP facility in order to accommodate
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projected population needs. The WAJ (Water Authority of Jordan) has entered into an agreement (with USAID support) to prepare a formal design of the upgrading and expansion of the municipal plant. The WAJ (Water Authority of Jordan) has entered into two agreements, one with ASEZA regarding the use of reclaimed water for landscape and irrigation purposes in the city, and the other with JPMC’s Aqaba industrial complex. The latter agreement calls for 6000 m3/day treated water to be sold to the facility and used for production units. The proposed scheme has economic advantages over the desalination concept in that the plant intends to blend treated water with incoming fresh water. The cost for blended water to meet process make-up water demands will be substantially lower.
2.4.2
Other Recommendations
The main source of potential pollution and lost revenues from waste materials is solids from spills, operating upsets, and dust emissions. It is essential that tight operating procedures be in place and that close attention be paid to constant cleanup of spills and to other housecleaning measures. Product must be retained, the need for disposal of waste product should be controlled, and potential contamination of stormwater run off from the property (regardless of how infrequent) should be minimized. Figures 2.9 and 2.10 provide examples of poor housekeeping observed during the walkthrough.
Figure 2.9 Acidic losses observed at acid plant.
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Figure 2.10 Upset in operations resulting in silcate intermediate dumped to ground.
The discharge of sulfur dioxide from sulfuric acid plants should be minimized by using the double-contact, double-absorption process, with high-efficiency mist eliminators. This is standard technology in modern plants. Spills and accidental discharges should be prevented by using well-bunded storage tanks, by installing spill catchment and containment facilities, and by practicing good housekeeping and maintenance. While tankage seems to have adequate design to handle spills with containment, housekeeping needs improvement. In the phosphoric acid plant, emissions of fluorine compounds from the digester/reactor should be minimized by using well-designed, well-operated, and well-maintained scrubbers. Design for spill containment is essential for avoiding inadvertent liquid discharges. An operating water balance should be maintained to avoid an effluent discharge. The management of phosphogypsum tailings is a problem because of the large volumes and large area required and because of the potential for release of dust and of fluorides and cadmium in seepage. The following measures will help to minimize the impacts: G
G
Keep the tailings vegetated to reduce dust. Line the tailings storage area to prevent contamination of groundwater by fluoride.
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Phosphogypsum may find a use in the production of gypsum board for the construction industry. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. The following production-related targets can be achieved by measures such as those described above. The numbers relate to the production processes before the addition of pollution control measures. In sulfuric acid plant use the double-contact, doubleabsorption process, emissions levels of 24 kilograms of sulfur dioxide per metric ton (kg/t) of sulfuric acid can be achieved, and sulfur trioxide levels of the order of 0.150.2 kg/t of sulfuric acid are attainable.
2.5
Source Reduction Opportunities
Inventory control, in-process recycling, process optimization, and spill and leak prevention are frequently used source reduction techniques in this industry sector. G
G
G
G
G
Spill and leak prevention: The storage, handling, and processing of the materials are critical to controlling emissions. Regular inspection and maintenance of piping, pumps, valves, process vessels, storage tanks, and containers can effectively minimize material losses. A wet scrubber and condensate stripper are commonly used to recover and recycle ammonia. The wet scrubber for the complex needs to be upgraded or replaced. Production scheduling: For fertilizer blending, scheduling production into longer runs of the same formulation reduces the need to clean equipment between batches. Products with similar formulations can be scheduled together as well. Scheduling in this manner also promotes better operational efficiency, though inventory costs may be increased. In-process recycling: Ammonia and ammonium nitrate emissions can be captured and reintroduced to the process. Cleaning wastes can also be reused in future formulations. The use of the same material in the formulation as the cleaning agent allows the cleaning waste to be reused later in the make-up of the same product formulation. Most of the liquid formulations use water, thus the rinse water could be reused. With dry formulations an inert material such as clay or sand can be used to flush out the process equipment. This material can later be reused as the inert carrier in the next batch. Residues in equipment can be removed prior to rinsing by the use of wiper blades or squeegees. These residues can be collected and reused. The volume of cleaning waste can also be reduced by using low-volume high-efficiency cleaning systems, such as high-pressure spray nozzles, water knives, and steam jennies. Process optimization/quality control: Significant waste reductions can be achieved through better-quality control. The use of statistical process control, automation, and employee training can lead to a more efficient operation. Because the cost of generating off-spec material includes the cost of the raw materials, all the labor and overhead costs associated with processing that material, and the disposal costs, it is quite apparent that this is an area that can provide significant economic benefits. Alternative packaging: Small-volume packaging of fertilizers can result in solid wastes. The use of returnable containers for raw materials, and washing drums for reuse or recycling can help reduce waste.
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2.6
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Water Management and Technical Challenges
Water requirements and management of water are complex at this facility. Both have implications to and restrictions from the existing technologies and plant hardware. The complex uses about 3.5 MCM per year (average annual consumption) at a cost of 1 JD/m3. This is a significant financial incentive to reduce water demand and/or to utilize water more effectively to reduce this cost. Figure 2.11 compares the specific consumption of raw industrial water consumed for the different product lines. The highest water consumers are the phosphoric acid and aluminum fluoride units. Actual water demands are higher than those shown in Figure 2.11 due to support operations and joint venture plant operations. Figure 2.12 shows a distribution of the total water demands in 2002. Roughly 90% of the total water demand is by the complex’s production units. Hence, the potential for major conservation lies in improving the environmental performance and efficiencies of these units.
250,000 Sulfuric Acid CM water per year
200,000 Aluminum Fluoride
150,000 100,000
NPK
50,000 DAP 0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
CM water per year
2,500,000 Total
2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000
Phosphoric Acid 500,000 0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Figure 2.11 Water demands by production units (excludes utilities). (Source: Halaseh, K, ‘Water Management in the Aqaba Industrial Complex.’ Document of JPMC.)
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Production units Drinking Fire fighting Nippon Jordan Fertilizer Co.
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Utilities Cooling Port Indo Jordan Chemicals Co.
Users Users m3/yr Percent m3/yr Percent 76.1 6,000 0.2 Production units 2,740,510 Fire fighting 569,776 15.8 5,016 0.1 Utilities Port 112,155 3.1 66,578 1.8 Drinking Nippon Jordan 88,441 Indo Jordan Chemicals 12,801 Cooling 2.5 0.4
Figure 2.12 Water use distribution. Total water consumption for 2002 was about 3.6 MCM.
Water demands for utilities are the second largest water users (roughly 16% of the demand or about 570 m3/year). This is also an area where attention should be focused to identify improvements to environmental performance, which may lead to water reductions and/or recycling opportunities. Opportunities are likely to lie within energy efficiency and/or capturing lost steam opportunities. The following discussions provide some recommended areas to focus attention on. Detailed feasibility assessments are needed to determine whether there are viable technical and cost-effective opportunities to capture.
2.6.1
Energy Efficiency in the Sulfuric Acid Unit
In the sulfuric acid unit, each step of this process generates heat. In general, sulfuric acid plants are excellent energy sources. Steam from the plant can be used to provide energy for other processes or to generate power. The air used in the furnace is first pulled through a drying tower where sulfuric acid absorbs the water from the air so it cannot condense and form acid in the ‘dry’ portions of the plant. Heat recovery systems built of 310 stainless steel operating in very tightly controlled temperature and concentration ranges allow steam to be produced from heat formerly thrown away. Plants built or upgraded since 1990 can produce as much as 1.7 tons of steam for each ton of sulfuric acid produced. Power generation has become an important part of most modern sulfuric acid facilities. This should be a focus of the Aqaba complex. It is recommended that the plant perform an energy audit and feasibility assessment to determine whether steam can be effectively used to support other parts of
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the complex’s operations as well as the sulfuric acid unit. The opportunities that should be sought include hot water, direct steam, and power/electricity. The steps for this assessment are: 1. Estimate or measure steam generation and quality from acid production. 2. Determine steam availability per ton of sulfuric acid production and compare to standard designs as a basis for scale-up economy. 3. Survey the entire complex to identify applications that can consume the potential energy available through steam from acid production. These should include demands for hot water, direct steam, air heating, and electricity. Take into consideration intermittent operations such as equipment and vehicle cleaning operations that may require the use of steam. 4. Develop a preliminary design basis for a combined heat and power system (steam turbine, transformer, transmission grid, boiler). Estimate amount of electricity and heat that could be generated based on the available steam and quality. Develop a capital cost estimate for the design. 5. Develop a separate preliminary design basis for hot water and air heating, and direct steam applications. Develop capital cost estimates for the designs. 6. Match steam and power demands to plant consumers. Assess technical feasibility and rank them in terms of their costbenefits. 7. For each design case, consider condensate recovery so that every drop of water is reused. 8. Develop detailed design and cost basis for most promising alternatives identified. Perform complete LCC analysis and develop a P2 investment portfolio to recommend to senior management.
The approach outlined above will identify cost-effective alternatives that will enable water to be used more efficiently in fertilizer production. It will lower the overall O&M costs for production and will conserve water by displacing raw water feeds and recycle streams normally used for energy purposes.
2.7
Steam Losses and Sensible Heat Recovery
A walkthrough of the facility revealed numerous steam losses from stacks, vents, lines, and various fugitive emission sources. Figures 2.132.16 provide examples. The energy audit outlined above can be applied to assessing the feasibility of either heat recovery alternatives, or the possibility of condensing the steam to recover water. Low-cost options may include simple steam traps and channeling of condensate to a collection vessel for makeup purposes. Another opportunity may lie with either sensible heat recovery or condensation of vapors from the phosphoric acid cooling tower operations (see Figure 2.17). These are large forced-draft units where moisture losses have been estimated to be about 50 m3/hr. A feasibility study should be implemented to assess the technical merits of this concept. JPMC has started evaluating options for recovery of water and energy from the acid cooling tower train. They have estimated there to be a thermal capacity of 90 756 000 Kcal/hr with a steam capacity of 12 500 m3. This is a potentially important study that should be supplemented by examining international experience and
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Figure 2.13 Example of steam losses.
Figure 2.14 Steam venting.
developing cost information for conversion of the sensible heat to steam recovery options. Alternative options of condensing vapor and recycling the water into process applications should also be surveyed to assess whether these are practical and costeffective.
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Figure 2.15 Steam losses.
Figure 2.16 Fugitive steam losses.
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2.7.1
65
Low-Cost Options
Identifying many low-cost options that will conserve water at the facility is unlikely. The energy audit is likely to identify some small opportunities that may be addressed by steam traps. Still, the effort is worthwhile because of the potential for identifying higher green technology investments with attractive ROIs. One low-cost opportunity identified during the walkthrough is to conserve raw water that is held in reserve. Large lagoon contains tens of thousands of cubic meters of fresh water that is held for emergency purposes. Given the severe climate, more than 50% of this reserve is lost to evaporation over a matter of weeks. A low-cost option for conserving this water is to simply provide a floating cover to reduce evaporative losses. Plant personnel can justify this by performing the following simple costbenefit analysis. 1. Determine the capacity of the lagoon and the annual cost for water for this reserve. 2. Account for the water used for upsets and emergency needs based on past demands. 3. Estimate losses due to evaporation from pan evaporation data and the lagoon surface area. 4. Determine the lost revenues from evaporated water.
Lightweight tarp made from EPDM rubber (ethylene-propyelene-diene monomer) is commercially available in 50-foot-wide sheets. There are other lower-cost sheeting materials that may be suitable, but EPDM is generally more durable and highly resistant to heat and ozone attack. As a cover material or liner, it generally has a 20-year warrantee. The plant can estimate the ROI for covering the pond to minimize losses.
Figure 2.17 Mechanical, forced draft cooling tower units under repair.
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2.7.2
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
High-Cost Options
Several of the large-scale P2 investment concepts have already been outlined. An additional area may lie with ion exchange. Water management for the facility is complicated by the fact that water entering the plant contains impurities (mainly Fe and Cl). Investment into an on-site wastewater treatment plant is likely to be cost-prohibitive, and given the fact that environmental regulations prohibit effluent discharges to the sea, the technical viability is questionable. Present operations call for 100% recycling of process effluents; however a problem is in the build up of chloride levels in the acid cooling tower units. Cl concentrations increase to such high levels in the effluent from the aluminum fluoride plant to the point where they cannot be completely reused in the phosphoric acid production unit (effluent from the aluminum fluoride unit is typically 12001400 m3/day with Cl levels in the league of 11001500 ppm). Cl levels in process waters are controlled to about 650 ppm maximum. The following are important observations: 1. Chloride content has a significant impact on the acid cooling tower water circuit efficiency. 2. Chloride content needs to be adjusted to a target level below 500 ppm in order for the facility to minimize excessive fouling and corrosion problems. 3. The phosphoric acid plant must be run at full design capacity in order to consume 100% of the effluent water. 4. The facility must consider upgrades to newer materials of construction in order to maintain performance and productivity.
These considerations make a possible argument for ion-exchange technologies. Commercial ion-exchange resins remove the common ions found in most water supplies. The prevalent ions in water supplies are derived from salts of calcium, magnesium, and sodium, primarily the bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, and silica. Ion-exchange resins have different affinities for different ions. These affinities vary with the ion-exchange resin. Most ion-exchange resins have ionic capacities that are equivalent to an equal volume of caustic or acid at a concentration of 510%. Ion-exchange resins can be regenerated and reused many times. The waste volume created by the regeneration is small compared to the volume of water treated by the resin. The concentrated waste can be recovered or batch treated. The net effect would be to concentrate chlorides in this application. An ion-exchange process is optimized when the ratio of regenerated wastewater to the amount of water processed during the service cycle is minimized. Deionized water is essentially free of cations such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium as well as anions like sulfate, bicarbonate, chloride, and silica. Both the pH and water composition play an important role in deciding between various kinds of selective resins. All of these resins have very high affinities for the hydrogen ion.
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They tend to auto regenerate at a low pH. In some cases the selection of resin type is entirely based on the effect the pH plays in the operating capacity of the deficient types of resins. Closing the loop eliminates any discharge by recycling all of the water. This is common in the plating industry and involves the use of demineralized water for makeup water in rinse tanks. The wastewater from the rinse tanks is recycled back through ion-exchange resins to remove any metals or salts and restore the water to its original demineralized condition. Usually two ion-exchange systems are employed: one demineralizes the influent water used for makeup of the rinse baths, and the other system treats the wastewater from the rinse baths. The wastewater treatment system would be regenerated separately. The optimum system would include recovery of chlorides from the regenerant waste to further improve the economy of the closed-loop system and replace waste hauling with the sale of valuable recovered resources. While the Acaba fertilizer Complex is ISO 14001 certified, there does not appear to be a strong P2 program which reinforces continual improvements in environmental performance through a series of well-planned investments. As noted in the first report in this series, there is also a disconnect in the corporate-wide EMS between the Acaba Fertilizer Complex and the Eshidiya Mining Operations. This implies that there is a lack of overall vision and planning on the part of JPMC decision makers in addressing water conservation, recycling, and reuse. The Eshidiya facility in fact does not even have an individual responsible for environmental issues. Since the intent of this evaluation is to gain a better understanding of the business and industry challenges, the analysis has been limited only to the identification of key environmental aspects. The reviewer must also bear in mind that this evaluation is based on a brief snapshot of the operations, and hence conclusions and observations are first impressions only. With these considerations in mind, the following plant-specific recommendations need to be carefully reviewed and assessed by JPMC decision makers to determine whether they indeed will help improve overall environmental and financial performances. Principle recommendations are: 1. Reinforcement of the EMS through targeted employee training on pollution prevention and the application of life cycle costing tools for feasibility assessments. 2. Water balance rationalization study that includes projections for water demands that reflect the needs for 5- and possibly 10-year business plans. 3. A prioritization of the environmental aspects of the facility operations, with the initial focus on water-related issues. Clear criteria for the prioritization must first be established. Criteria should include but not be limited to unit cost for water, water demand per unit production, sustainability, environmental impact, health risk, product quality, productivity indices. 4. Establish achievable water demand reductions and/or improved water-use targets. These will become more apparent after the environmental aspects have been prioritized. 5. From the prioritized aspects, commit resources for costbenefit and engineering studies. Develop investment portfolios that will enable decision makers to perform long-range
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planning and to seek sources of financing where needed. USAID should consider providing models and case studies that provide a boiler plate approach. 6. The water rationalization study should encompass supply chain issues. The principal supply chain link is the Eshidiya Phosphate Mining Co. It is common practice in many industry sectors outside of Jordan for ISO 14001 lead companies to impose EMS standards to their suppliers. It is even more crucial that it be applied when the supply chain link is a part of the same company. JPMC should integrate the cost and environmental indices that are used in investment decisions on a corporate-wide basis, and consider the two complexes as integral, not separate and distinct. This will help to establish water and cost reduction targets and develop a better rational for making technology investments. 7. Accelerate the study for a power desalination plant. This concept has long-range sustainability implications despite potential negative environmental impacts. The route of World Bank and possibly USTDA assistance should be explored. USAID assistance in this matter may be beneficial. 8. Energy recovery from the sulfuric acid unit and fugitive steam emissions should be a high priority. The potential for identifying and capturing combined heat and power opportunities are likely very high. Such opportunities will enable a higher level of productivity in water management, they will reduce water demands to the facility through reductions in utility plant demands, and they could result in significant operating cost reductions. A detailed energy-savings audit should be initially implemented and a screening of opportunities made so that resources can be assigned by decision makers for detailed cost and engineering feasibility studies.
2.8
Pollution Prevention Opportunities
Waste and emission reductions can be achieved through pollution prevention (P2) practices. This can be accomplished by adopting best management practices and cleaner production technologies such as reducing material inputs, re-engineering processes to reuse by-products, improving management practices, and substituting toxic chemicals with those less toxic. Some smaller facilities are able to actually get below regulatory thresholds by reducing pollutant releases through aggressive pollution prevention policies. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 established a national policy of managing waste through source reduction. The spirit of this legislation is to practice preventing the generation of waste. The Pollution Prevention Act also established as national policy a hierarchy of waste management options for situations in which source reduction is not feasible. In the waste management hierarchy, if source reduction is not feasible the next alternative is recycling of wastes, followed by energy recovery, and waste treatment as a last alternative. This section provides general and company-specific descriptions of some pollution prevention advances that have been implemented within the fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural chemical industry. Table 2.6 provides examples of successful P2 practices and may be used as a guide to generating ideas and or the adoption of practices.
P2 Practice
Description
Best management practices
Triple-rinsing raw material shipping containers directly into the formulation Scheduling production to minimize cleanouts Segregating processing/formulating/packaging equipment by individual product; solvent-based versus water-based formulations; and products that contain similar active ingredients in different concentrations Storing interior equipment rinse waters for use in formulating the same product Packaging products directly from formulation vessels Using raw material drums for packaging final products Dedicating equipment (possibly only mix tank or agitator) for ‘hard-to-clean’ formulations Performing preventive maintenance on all valves, fittings, and pumps Placing drip pans under leaky valves and fittings or under any valves or fittings where hoses or lines are routinely connected and disconnected Cleaning up spills or leaks in outdoor bulk containment areas to prevent contamination of storm water Equipment that promotes pollution prevention by reducing or eliminating wastewater generation includes low-volume/high-pressure hoses; spray nozzle attachments for hoses; squeegees and mops; low-volume/ recirculating floor scrubbing machines; portable steam cleaners; drum triple rinsing stations; roofs over outdoor tank farms Maximize production runs
Good housekeeping practices
Technology adaptations
Waste minimization equipment cleaning wastes
Controlling spills and area washdowns
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Table 2.6 Examples of P2 Practices
Store and reuse cleaning wastes Use of wiper blades and squeegees Use of low-volume, high-efficiency cleaning Use of plastic or foam ‘pigs’ Use of dedicated vacuum system
69
Use of dry cleaning methods Use of recycled water for initial cleanup Actively involved supervision (Continued)
70
Table 2.6 (Continued) Description
Reduce off-specification products
Strict quality control and automation Reformulating off-spec batches Return containers to supplier and/or reuse as directed Triple rinse containers Use drums with liners versus plastic drums or bags Segregate solid waste Control bulk storage air emissions Dedicate dust collection systems Use automatic enclosed cut-in hoppers Eliminate emissions of ammonia from reaction of anhydrous ammonia and phosphoric acid Pave high-spillage areas
Manage containers
Air emissions
Controlling miscellaneous wastewater streams Shipping container/drum cleaning operations
Fertilizer and pesticide facilities frequently receive raw materials in containers such as 55-gallon plastic or steel drums or 30-gallon fiber drums. In some cases, the empty drums are returned to the supplier, but usually the facility is responsible for disposal of the drums. The simplest, most cost-effective, and best approach to prevent pollution associated with cleaning drums and shipping containers is to rinse empty drums prior to disposal to capture the raw material residue for direct reuse in future formulations of the same product. In this way, the facility not only eliminates a potential highly contaminated wastewater source, but is also able to recover the product value of the raw material and avoids costs associated with storage of the wastewater Rinsing procedures for pesticide drums are provided in 40CFR Part 165. The most common method of drum rinsing in the agrichemical industry is triple rinsing. After the drum is emptied, it should be triple rinsed with the solvent that will be used in the formulation. This method prevents the creation of a rinsate that cannot be added directly to the formulation (e.g., a facility will not create a water-based rinsate when producing a solvent-based product). Note in some cases the label may specify how to rinse
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
P2 Practice
71
(Continued)
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Some facilities use a high-pressure, low-volume wash system equipped with a hose and a spray nozzle to triple rinse drums; volumes of 515 gallons of water per drum have been reported. EPA has identified many facilities that reuse these rinsates directly in product formulations. Other facilities treat drum rinsate and reuse the effluent for further drum or equipment rinsing. If the rinsate cannot be reused directly in product formulations, another effective method to reduce wastewater generation during shipping container/drum cleaning processes is the use of drum rinsing stations EPA has noted one facility uses a three-cell station for triple-rinsing drums. The water in the first cell is used for the first rinse, the water in the second cell is used for the second rinse, and the water in the third cell is used for the final rinse. The rinse water in the first cell is reused until it is visually too contaminated to effectively clean the drums. At that time, it is removed from the cell (for treatment) and the rinse water from the second cell is transferred into the first cell. The rinse water from the third cell is transferred into the second cell, and the third cell is refilled with treated effluent from their treatment system. Each cell contains approximately 100 gallons of water; approximately 70 drums can be rinsed before the first cell requires water changing EPA has noted a site uses a unique, closed-loop set-up for emptying and triple rinsing raw material drums. The system was designed by the facility for several purposes: to aid it in emptying and cleaning drums and performing the triple rinse, to eliminate the need for storage of the water (or solvent) for reuse, and to prevent mathematical errors by the operators during the weighing out of raw materials and water (or solvent). The system consists of two 55-gallon drums, a formulation tank, and connecting hoses. One of the drums is permanently fixed on top of the formulation tank. The formulation tank and drum are situated on a load cell (used for weighing). The second drum, which is full of raw material, is placed on the ground next to the formulation tank. One hose is used to vacuum out the raw material and transfer it to the drum on the formulations tank/load cell. The other hose is equipped with a doughnut-shaped nozzle that provides the triple rinse by spraying the interior of the now empty raw material drum. The rinsate that is created by the triple rinse procedure is automatically removed by the vacuum line and is transferred to the drum on the formulation tank/load cell. The load cell can be used to weigh the amount of raw material and/or rinsate that is added to the formulation by zeroing out the weight of the tank and drum. This allows the volume of both raw material and rinse water (or solvent) to be factored into the total volume of water (or solvent) required in the formulation. The drum on top of the formulation tank
P2 Practice
Bulk tank and equipment cleaning
72
Table 2.6 (Continued) Description
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
is equipped with a spring-loaded valve that enables the operator to take weight measurements prior to emptying the contents of the drum into the mix tank. This set-up has almost completely eliminated operator math errors and related formulation specification problems Product changeover cleanings can be eliminated or greatly reduced by dedicating equipment to specific products or groups of products. Although entire lines are not generally dedicated, there are many facilities that dedicate tanks to formulation mixing only, thereby eliminating one of the most highly contaminated wastewater streams generated at pesticide formulating and packaging facilities. Facilities also dedicate lines to the production of a specific product type, such as water- versus solvent-based products, thereby reducing the number of cleanings required, and allowing greater reuse of the cleaning water or solvent Another effective pollution prevention technique is to schedule production to reduce the number of product changeovers, which reduces the number of equipment interior cleanings required. Facilities may also reduce the number of changeover cleanings required or the quantity of water or solvent used for cleaning by scheduling products in groups. Products may lend themselves to a particular production sequence if they have common active ingredients, assuming the products also have the same solvent base (including water). Where other raw material cross-contamination problems are not a concern, no cleaning would be required between changeover. Facilities that have implemented this technique have conducted testing to ensure that product quality is not adversely affected Scheduling production according to packaging type can reduce changeover cleanings of packaging equipment. Packaging lines are often able to handle containers of different sizes; a slight adjustment to one packaging line, such as adding a short length of hose, may prevent the use of an entirely different set of packaging equipment that would also require cleaning. Packaging can also be performed directly out of the formulation vessels to avoid using and subsequently cleaning interim storage tanks and transfer hoses Another effective pollution prevention and water conservation technique to minimize the quantity of rinse water generated by equipment interior cleaning is the use of water hoses equipped with hand-control
73
(Continued)
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
devices (for example, spray-gun nozzles such as those used on garden hoses). This practice prevents the free flow of water from unattended hoses. Another technique to conserve water is the use of highpressure, low-volume washers instead of ordinary hoses. One of the facilities visited indicated that, by using high-pressure washers, they reduced typical equipment interior rinse volumes from 20 gallons per rinse to 10 gallons per rinse Steam cleaning can also be a particularly effective method to clean viscous products that otherwise require considerable volumes of water and/or the addition of a detergent to remove. Many facilities have access to steam from boilers onsite; however, if there is no existing source of steam, steam cleaning equipment can be purchased. Although steam generation can increase energy consumption and add NOx and SOx pollutants to the atmosphere, there are benefits to be gained. Facilities may end up creating a much smaller volume of wastewater and may potentially avoid the need to use detergents or other cleaning agents that could prevent product recovery. However, steam would be a poor choice for cleaning applications where volatile organic solvents or inerts are part of the product, as the steam would accelerate the volatilization of the organic compounds Facilities also clean equipment interiors by using squeegees to remove the product from the formulation vessel and by using absorbent ‘pigs’ to clean products out of the transfer lines before equipment rinsing. These techniques minimize the quantity of cleaning water required, although they generate a solid waste stream requiring disposal. Regardless of whether or not residual product is removed from equipment interiors before rinsing, if certain conditions are met, equipment interior rinsate can be reused as makeup water the next time that a water-based product is being formulated with the same chemical. Pesticide chemicals formulating and packaging facilities and pesticide repackaging and refilling facilities should consult the List of Pollution Prevention Alternative Practices and ensure compliance with the effluent guidelines and standards found in 40 CFR Part 455 Subparts C and E before implementing pollutionprevention techniques involving bulk tank and other equipment cleaning One facility uses a unique method of cleaning to reduce the volume of water needed to clean equipment interiors. At this facility, the production lines are hooked to dedicated product storage tanks. Prior to rinsing these production lines, the facility uses air to ‘blow’ the residual product in the line back to product storage. Not only will these lines require less water to clean, but the residual product that is blown back to storage is not diluted and should not affect the product specifications in any way
P2 Practice
Aerosol container leak testing
Description Another facility drastically reduced dichloromethane usage at several plants by switching to soap and water for cleaning. This change enabled the facility to cut its target chemicals by two-thirds. The facility also reduced the release of carbon tetrachloride, and installed a closed-loop recycling system, to reduce water usage No method of eliminating wastewater from test baths has been identified. However, the volume of water used may be minimized by using a contained (or batch) water bath as opposed to a continuous overflow water bath. A contained water bath is completely emptied and refilled with water when required, based upon visual inspection by the operator. Therefore, the quantity of wastewater generated depends on the frequency of refilling and the volume of the bath (200 gallons is a typical volume of the contained water baths). One facility uses a contained water bath and heats the bath with steam to ensure that the temperature of the cans reaches 130 F. This facility indicated that steam condensation causes some overflow that exits the bath via a standpipe. A continuous overflow bath would probably generate more wastewater per production unit than a batch water bath One facility has installed a diatomaceous earth filter on one DOT test bath. The facility recirculates the bath water through the filter to remove contaminants such as oil and grease and suspended solids. The filtered water is then reused in the bath, thereby extending the usefulness of the bath water. The facility anticipates they will dispose of the filter as nonhazardous waste Another facility uses a can-washing step prior to the DOT test bath, presenting an additional source of wastewater. This can washing is performed at the operator’s discretion to reduce the quantity of contaminants entering the bath water. The effectiveness of this step has not been quantitatively determined Many pesticide formulating and packaging facilities operate on-site laboratories for conducting quality control tests of raw materials and formulated products. Wastewater is generated from these tests and from cleaning glassware used in the tests. One effective pollution prevention/reuse technique during laboratory equipment cleaning operations is to dedicate laboratory sinks to certain products, and collect any wastewater generated from the testing of those products either for reuse in the same product or for transfer back to the AI manufacturer or product registrant. In the cases where the facility uses solvents
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Laboratory equipment cleaning
74
Table 2.6 (Continued)
Air emission control systems
75
(Continued)
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Storage tanks
in conjunction with the quality control tests performed in the laboratory, the solvent-contaminated water may not be able to be reused in the process One method to reduce the amount of wastewater from ammonium nitrate production is to incorporate a wastewater evaporator system which reduces the amount of contaminated cooling water discharge. The wastewater passes through a series of evaporation steps whereby the vapors are used as wash water in the calcium carbonate filters and the concentrated solution is pumped to the neutralizers where it is mixed with the acidic nitrogenphosphate solution and used to regulate the nitrogenphosphate nutrient ratio of the fertilizer. Through this modified technology, steam and electric energy consumption increases somewhat, but such increases are balanced by the more effective utilization of nitrogen and the reduction of wastewater Many methods are available for reducing the amount of emissions resulting from fixed roof storage tanks. Some of these methods include use of conservation vents, conversion to floating roof tanks, use of nitrogen blanketing to suppress emissions and reduce material oxidation, use of refrigerated condensers, use of lean-oil or carbon absorbers, or use of vapor equilibration lines. When dealing with volatile materials, employment of one or more of these methods can result in cost savings to the facility by reducing raw material losses and improving compliance with local air quality requirements Agricultural chemical facilities often produce large quantities of dust which are collected from numerous sources. The chemical composition of the various dust sources can vary widely. Opportunities often exist to reduce waste generation through segregation of these waste dusts and particulates At Daly-Herring Co., in Kingston, NC, dust streams from several different production areas were handled by a single baghouse. Since all of the streams were mixed, none of the waste could be recycled to the process that generated them. By installing separate dedicated baghouses for each production line, all of the collected pesticide dust could be recycled. The initial investment for the equipment was $9600. The payback period was only 10 months. Daly-Herring saved over $9000 per year in disposal costs and $2000 per year in raw material costs At FMC Corp. in Fresno, CA, common dust collectors were used by multiple production systems. Due to the cross contamination of materials, recycling was impossible. To promote recycling, the company compartmentalized the dust collectors with each compartment serving a single source. All collected materials are analyzed for cross contamination and if none exists, they are reused in the succeeding
P2 Practice
Microprill formation
Description product batch. Other work involved the installation of self-contained dust collectors at each inlet hopper dump station so that captured dust can be returned to the system Facilities may also use wet scrubbers to control air emissions. Some facilities may only need a wet scrubber on one particular process (i.e., a dedicated scrubber). These facilities have been able to reuse the scrubber blowdown or changed-out scrubber water as make-up water in the formulation of that particular product. Some facilities with nondedicated scrubbers have been able to use the scrubber blowdown or changed-out scrubber water for floor or equipment exterior cleaning Microprill formation resulting from partially plugged orifices of melt spray devices can increase fine dust loading and emissions. Certain designs (spinning buckets) and practices (vibration of spray plates) help reduce microprill formation. Reducing the ambient air temperature reduces emissions because the air flow required to cool prills and the formation of fumes are decreased at lower temperatures During processing, formulating, and packaging operations, the exteriors of equipment may become soiled from drips, spills, and dust (especially equipment located near dry lines). The floors in the area become dirty in the same manner and also from normal traffic. Facility workers clean the equipment exteriors and floors for general housekeeping purposes, and to keep sources of product contamination to a minimum. When water is used, these cleaning procedures become a source of wastewater Wastewater can again be minimized through the use of high-pressure, low-volume washers rather than ordinary water hoses. Additionally, some facilities practice steam cleaning rather than water cleaning of equipment exteriors to reduce the amount of wastewater generated Instead of hosing down the exterior of a piece of equipment, some facilities wipe equipment exteriors with rags or use a solvent cleaner, such as a commercially available stainless steel cleaner. This practice avoids generating a wastewater stream, but does create a solid waste that, depending on the solvent used, could be considered a hazardous waste. Squeegees are also used to clean equipment exteriors and floors, and are not disposed of after single uses. It may be possible to dedicate squeegees to a certain line or piece of equipment, but using squeegees may still require using some water Some facilities use automated floor scrubbers, which replace the practice of hosing downfloors. Floor scrubbers are mechanical devices that continually recirculate cleaning water to clean flat, smooth
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Floor/wall/equipment exterior cleaning
76
Table 2.6 (Continued)
Stormwater runoff
77
(Continued)
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Leaks and spills clean-up
surfaces with circulating brushes. During operation, the scrubber collects the cleaning water in a small tank that is easily emptied after the cleaning process, or at a later date. Using a floor-scrubbing machine can require as little as 515 gallons of cleaning solution (typically water) per use. A mop and a single bucket of water can also be used in place of a hose. Floor mopping can generate as little as 10 gallons of water per cleaning depending on the size of the surface to be cleaned Dry products that have leaked or spilled can be vacuumed or swept without generating any wastewater. Liquid leaks and spills can be collected into a trench or sump (for reuse, discharge, or disposal) with a squeegee, leaving only a residue to be mopped up or hosed down if further water cleanup is required. Liquid leaks and spills can also be cleaned up using absorbent material, such as absorbent pads or soda ash. For an acidic product, soda ash or a similar base material will also serve to neutralize the spill. If a residue remains, some water may be used for mopping up or hosing the area down, but methods to reduce floor wash should be implemented whenever possible. Many facilities clean up leaks and spills from water-based products with water and then solvent-based products with absorbent materials. Using an absorbent material may be the best practice for cleaning up small-scale solvent-based leaks and spills; however, EPA does recognize that this material then needs to be disposed of (cross-media transfer). Therefore, good housekeeping practices may be even more important in the case of organic solventbased product spills and leaks because, if not prevented, these spills and leaks may have to be cleaned up with absorbent material and disposed of Direct reuse of products which have leaked or spilled is another possible pollution-prevention technique. If drip pans or other containers are used to catch leaks and spills, the material (either water-based or solvent-based) can be immediately reused in the product being processed, formulated, or packaged, or stored for use in the next product batch. Collection hoppers or rubs can be installed beneath packaging fillers to capture spills and immediately direct the spills back to the fillers. Leaks or spills around bulk storage tanks can be contained by dikes, which, in fact, are often required by state regulations Precipitation runoff includes all precipitation that falls on facility surfaces that are believed to be contaminated. Contaminated precipitation runoff can be prevented by bringing all operations indoors, as many facilities have done, or by covering outdoor storage tanks and dikes with roofs, which has also been done at many facilities. The roofs would ideally extend low enough to prevent crosswinds from blowing rain into spill-containment dikes. To prevent rainwater contamination, the drain spouts and
78
Table 2.6 (Continued) P2 Practice
gutters should conduct roof runoff to areas away from process operations, and the roofs should be kept in good repair If operations remain outdoors, a transfer or containment pad should be installed with a sump or other means of collecting rinsewater. The pad should be constructed of asphalt or concrete and maintained with crack sealer and a top coat sealer to control infiltration. The pad should also be large enough to contain wind-blown particulates from dry materials. If pads are cleaned before a rainfall, then uncontaminated precipitation runoff may be directly discharged to surface drains. Facilities can also monitor the water in a containment system by periodically testing for a variety of contaminants. It may be difficult for facilities that do not require large volumes of water to reuse all the precipitation collected in the containment system. These facilities could keep the containment system free of any spilled pesticides through good housekeeping practices so that precipitation falling into the containment system does not become contaminated. Some facilities house their pesticide bulk storage area inside a building or under a covered area to eliminate precipitation from collecting in the containment system, as well as to protect the area from vandalism and severe weather Agrichemical dealers sometimes install loading/containment pads in the operation area to contain and collect any product spills that may occur during pesticide loading operations. The pad is usually installed contiguous to the bulk storage tanks and the repackaging of products into smaller containers. Facilities may also conduct all their portable cleaning operations, such as rinsing minibulk containers, directly on the pad in order to contain and collect the rinsates.
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Containment pad in the loading/unloading area
Description
A mixture of steam and natural gas with a volumetric ratio of steam to carbon of about 3.5:1 is reacted in the primary reformer of reforming ammonia plants. Most of the steam is generated from heat sources within the plant, but the balance of the steam has to be produced in auxiliary boilers. This retrofit permits the use of low-level heat from the flue gases, which would otherwise be lost, to be used in saturating the feed natural gas with water. This generates extra steam which replaces some of the steam generated in the boiler Low-heat removal of carbon dioxide The traditional systems used for removal of carbon dioxide from the process steam uses hot potassium carbonate which requires heat for regeneration. This heat comes from process heat but needs to be supplemented with external steam. A new low-heat removal system is now available, which uses flashing for part of the regeneration process, and requires less external heat Ammonia converter retrofit The vertical quench-type converters are changed from axial flow to radial flow, greatly decreasing the pressure drop across the converter which in turn allows the use of smaller-size catalyst with a larger surface area. This improved catalyst yields a higher conversion per pass, generating a lower recycle volume. The lower recycle volume and the lower pressure drop result in reduced energy requirements. This modification yields an increase in effective capacity of the ammonia converter of about 35% Hydrogen recovery from the Inert gases must be pumped from the plant to avoid their buildup in the system. This purge is carried out purge gas by removing a side stream of synthesis gas after recovering the ammonia. By installing the proper recovery system, the hydrogen in this gas mixture can be recovered decreasing the energy requirements of the process by about 5% or permitting an increase of about 5% in production capacity
Pollution and Pollution Prevention
Installation of a feed-gas saturator
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3 Toxic and Dangerous Properties This chapter provides a compilation of health, chemical compatibility, and fire hazard data for 450 chemicals which are manufactured within the industry sector. The data were compiled from reviewing product Material Safety Data Sheets. The reader will find two tables. Table 3.1 provides a list of product names, synonyms, applications, and a listing of carcinogenic ingredients. Table 3.2 lists the NFPA rating for each chemical listed in Table 3.1 along with products reported under conditions of decomposition, conditions and materials to avoid to ensure product stability and shelf life, and fire characteristics. Entries with the designation NA refer to not applicable.
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00003-0 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
82
Table 3.1 Product Names, Synonyms, Applications and List of Carcinogenic Ingredients Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
39148-24-8
Aluminum tris (o-ethyl phosphonate)
Fosetyl-Al Technical
Fungicidal
39148-24-8 and 36734-19-7
Aluminum tris (o-ethyl phosphonate), (3,5dichlorophenyl)-N(1 methylethyl) -2,4 -dioxo-1imidazolidine-carboxamide Bromacil; Diuron
Starts brand 15G Fungicide
Ethyl Hydrogen Phosphonate; Phosphonic Acid; Monoethyl Ester; Aluminum Salt Ethyl hydrogen phosphonate; Fosetyl-Al; Glycophene; Promidione; Iprodione
Fosetyl-Al has been classified by EPA as a Class C carcinogen Fosetyl-Al has been classified by EPA as a Class C carcinogen
[1689-99-2]; [83164-33-4]; [872-50-4]; [90438-79-2]
Bromoxynil octanoate, Diflufenican, N-Methylpyrrolidone, Hydrocarbon solvent
Barracudas Selective Herbicide
314-40-9
5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil
Bromacil
133-06-2
N-Trichloromethylthio4- cyclohexe-1, 2Dicarboximide
Captan 4L
63-25-2
Carbaril (1 -naphthyl n-methylcarbamate)
Carbaryl 4L
Propylene glycol
98-82-8
Isopropylbenzene
Cumene
Isopropylbenzene; Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-; 2-
314-40-9 and 33054-1
Weed Blast Residual Weed Control
5-Bromo-3sec-butyl-6methyluracil; 3(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)1,1-dimethylurea None
Borea, Bromax 4G, Bromax 4L, Borocil, Rout, Cynogan, Uragan, Isocil, Hyvar X, Hyvar XL, Urox B, Urox HX, Krovar Captan; Agrosol s; Amercide; Bangton; Captaf
Agricultural herbicide
Weed Control
None
Agricultural herbicide
Diflufenican was not mutagenic, carcinogenic or teratogenic and did not show reproductive effects in animal studies Bromacil is classified as a Group C possible human carcinogen
Bromacil is an herbicide used for brush control on non-cropland areas
Is a fungicide, meaning it is a chemical that is used to control fungus
Fungicidal
The U.S. EPA has assigned captan a carcinogenicity classification of B2, a probable human carcinogen This product does not contain any ingredient designated by IARC, NTP, ACGIH or OSHA as probable or suspected carcinogens This product is not known to contain any components at
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
HCC 30, methane dichloride, methylene chloride, methylene dichloride, aerothene MM, DCM, narkotil, solaesthin, solmethine, NCI-C50102, R 30, methylene bichloride, Freon 30
115-32-2
Dicofol
Dicofol
1,1-bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2trichloroethanol, di(p-chlorophenyl) trichloromethylcarbinol, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol, 4-chloro-alpha-(4chlorophenyl)-alpha(trichloromethyl) benzenemethanol, kelthane, acarin, CPCA
330-54-1
N-(3,4-dichlophenyl)N,N-dimethyl urea
Diuron
72178-02-0
5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-N(methylsulfonyl)2-nitrobenzamide Azinphos-methyl
Fomesafen
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, ldimethylurea, 1,l-dimethyl3-(3,4dichlorophenyl) urea, 40 -(3,4-dichlorophenyl)N,N-dimethylurea, 1-(3,4dichlorophenyl)3,3-dimethylurea Flexstar, Reflex, Tornado, Twister, Typhoon
86-50-0
Guthion
Postemergence, over the top, on soybeans
ND
Guthion has been used on a variety of orchard
ND
83
75-09-2
concentrations above 0.1% which are considered carcinogenic by OSHA, IARC or NTP Classified 1 (Proven) by Dichloromethane’s OSHA. Classified 2B volatility and ability to (Possible for human) by dissolve a wide range IARC. Causes damage to of organic compounds the following organs: makes it a useful lungs, the nervous system, solvent for many liver, mucous membranes, chemical processes central nervous system (CNS) EPA has determined that Dicofol is used to kill there is limited evidence crop-feeding mite that dicofol may cause pests such as the red cancer in laboratory spider mite. In many animals, but that there is countries, dicofol is no evidence that it causes also used in cancer in humans combination with other pesticides such as the organophosphates parathionmethyl, and dimethoate The US Environmental Diuron is a substituted Protection Agency (EPA) urea herbicide used to has classified diuron as a control a wide variety ‘known/likely’ carcinogen of annual and since 1997 based on the perennial broadleaf results of two studies and grassy weeds Is used to produce phenol and its co-product acetone
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
Phenylpropane; (1-Methylethyl)benzene
(Continued)
84
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Application
O, O-Dimethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl) methyl]phosphorodithionate Brushkiller, C10926, DPX 3674, Gridball, Hexazinone, Hexazinone [ANSI:BSI:ISO], s-Triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 3-cyclohexyl-6(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-, SHA 107201, Velpar, Velpar L, Velpar weed killer
fruits, cotton, almonds, sugarcane, and other crops; Hexazinone is unlikely to be Forestry uses on carcinogenic to humans Christmas tree under normal plantations, conifer circumstances nurseries, conifer release, forest plantings, terrestrial food crop use on pastures, rangeland, and fallowland An increased incidence of Iprodione is a tumors in animals treated dicarboximide contact at the maximum tolerated fungicide used to dose. Iprodione is NOT control a wide variety mutagenic or teratogenic of crop diseases Insecticide Use of malathion by farmers in Iowa and Minnesota has recently been linked to an increased risk of one type of cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Agricultural chemical, No components are listed as insecticide, acaricide carcinogens
51235-04-2
3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)1-methyl-1,3,5-
Hexazinone
36734-19-7
3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(1methylethyl)-2,4-dioxo-1imidazolidinecarboxamide
Iprodione Technical
121-75-5
S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbony) ethyl O Melathion
Cythion, Fyfanonorganophosphate
298-00-0
dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothionate
56-38-2
O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) Parathion phosphorothioate N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4- Pendimethalin xylidene (IUPAC).
diemthyl parathion, methylthiophos, bladan M, dalf, dalif, folidol-M, metacide, metaphor, metron, nitrox 80, nitrox, wofatox OMS 19, E 605, Thiophos, SNP
40487-42-1
1610-18-0
2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6methoxy-s-triazine
Methyl Parathion
Pramitols 5 PS
Glycophene, promidione, iprodione, RP 26019
AC 92553, Accotab, Go-Go-San, Herbadox, Penoxalin, Prowl, Sipaxol, Stomp and Way-Up. Prometon
Carcinogen
Insecticide, Acaricide, Parathion is a possible avicide carcinogen Herbicide - for the control EPA is currently reviewing of various weeds. the carcinogenicity data for pendimethalin Used for control of weeds None observed
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Synonyms
7287-19-6
O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-Oethyl-s-propyl phosphorothioate N, 40 -bis(1-methylethyl)-6(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine2,4-diamine
Profenofos
Curacron; Polycron; Selecron; Profenophos
Prometryn
Caparol; Aurora Ka-3878; ‘LGC’ Herbicide (1627); G34161;Gesagard
Amide herbicide; aniline Dropaven, Propanilo, Supernox, derivative Erban, FW-734, Herbax, Propanex, Riselect, Stampede, Stam-F-34, Stam M-4, Surcopur Fungicidal 1h-1,2,4-triazole,1-((2-(2,4dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl1,3-dioxolan-2-yl) methyl; banner; cgd92710f; desmel; orbit; proconazole; radar It is used to control Aquazine, Caliber, Cekusan, broad-leaved weeds Cekusima, Framed, Gesatop, and annual grasses in Primatol S, Princep, Simadex, field, berry fruit, nuts, Simanex vegetable and ornamental crops, turfgrass, orchards, and vineyards Dimethyl 4,40 -o-phenylenebisSystemic fungicide (3-thioallophanate), thiophanate
709-98-8
30 ,40 -dichloropropionanilide
Propanil
60207-90-1
1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2ylmethyl)-1h-1,2,4-triazol
Propiconazole
122-34-9
6-chloro-N2,N4-diethyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine
Simazine
23564-05-8
1,2-bis(methoxycarbonylthioureido) benzene
Thiophanate methyl
1582-09-8
a-a -a -trifluor-2,6-dinitro-N,Ndipropyl-p-toluidin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin is used on winter wheat and barley, set-aside
None observed.
The tumor-causing, or oncogenic, potential ofprometryn cannot be determined until more chronic studies are conducted and submitted to the EPA for review No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in long-term studies of mice and rats EPA has classified propiconazole as Group ‘C’ for carcinogenicity (possible human carcinogen) EPA has classified simazine as a possible human carcinogen because it may have caused cancer in test animals which received high doses over the course of their lifetimes ,1% of this product is considered a Group 1 carcinogen by fARC which indicates that there is evidence of carcinogenicity in humans Possible human carcinogen bladder, renal pelvis,
85
2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine
Used only on cotton crops.
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
41198-08-7
(Continued)
86
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application (arable land temporarily taken out of cultivation), oilseed rape, brassicas, carrots, lettuce, sugar beet, and beans Fungicidal
Chlorothalonil and Pyrimethanil
Walabi SC Fungicide
None
33956-49-9
(E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
ISOMATEs-CM/OFM TT
ND
66332-96-5
N-{3-(1-methylethoxy) phenyl}-2 - (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (active ingredient)
Prostar 70 WP Fungicide
NA 304/01 (prosta 70WP)
thydoid, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
NOHSC have classified chlorothalonil in Category 3 Possibly carcinogenic to humans None
Isomate-CM Flex suppresses mating of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana), pandemis leafroller (Pandemis pyrusana), fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospilus), threelined leafroller (Pandemis limitata), European leafroller (Archips rosanus) in apples, pears, quince and other pome fruits; peaches, prunes, plums, nectarines, cherries and other stone fruits; walnut, pecan and other tree nut crops Is a fungicide for use on Group A4 carcinogen turf
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
1897-45-6 and 53112-28-0
Carcinogen
1- Nephthaleneacetamide
Amid -Thins W
None
Thinning Apples and Pears
112-30-1
n-Decanol
Royaltacs
Plant growth regulator
71-23-8
1- Propanol
Plrp-S - in 1-Propanol/Water
1-Decanol; capric alcohol; decylalcohol 99%; n-Decatyl alcohol, Nonyl carbinol 1-Propanol; Ethyl Carbinol; 1-Hydroxypropane; n-Propanol
4080-31-3
1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1azoniaadamantane chloride
DOWICIL* 75 Preservative
1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza1-azoniaadamantane chloride, Dowicide Q
Fungicidal
71-55-6
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
{1,1,1-}Trichloroethane
Methylchloroform
Fungicidal
75-91-2
tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide
tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide
Fungicidal
107-06-2
1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylene Dichloride
2-Hydroxyperoxy-2Methylpropane EDC; 1,2-Dichloroethane; EDC/ Cl2 Equivalent
process chemical
Classified as human carcinogen
643-79-8
1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde
Laboratory Reagent
None
78-87-5 91-53-2
1,2-Dichloropropane 6-Ethoxy-1,2dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline
1,2-Dichloropropane Ethoxyquin
Fungicidal Fungicidal
Group 3 Not available
135-77-3
1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene
1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene
1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde; OPA; o-Phthalic Aldehyde; o-Phthaldialdehyde Propylene dichloride Ethyoxyquin, Santoquin, Aries Antox; 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4trimethyl-6-ethoxyquinoline None
Fungicidal
120-82-1 95-50-1
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene o-dichlorobenzene
Unsym-Trichlorobenzene Chloroben, chloroden, cloroben, dilantin DB, dilatin DB, dizene, orth dichlorobenzene, termitkil
Laboratory Reagent Solvent, insecticide and ingredient in a varied range of industrial products
Not listed as a carcinogen by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 None Group 3 (not classifiable)
Fungicidal
Group 2A classified as a probable human carcinogen None
Group A3 Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans Is not believed to pose a measurable carcinogenic risk to man when handled as recommended A4 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen None
87
(Continued)
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
86-86-2
88
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
107-88-0
1,3-Butanediol
1,3-Butanediol
1,3-Butylene glycol
Fungicidal
118-52-5
1,3-Dichloro-5, 5-Dimethylhydantoin 1,3 Dichloropropene
Robarb Bromochem
ND
Fungicidal
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Listed as a carcinogen
Inline Soil Fumigant
(1)RTECS 85-86
ND
77-48-5
1,3-Dibromo-5,5dimethylhydantoin
1,3-Dibromo-5,5dimethylhydantoin
16079-88-2
Swimming pool sanitizer
35691-65-7
1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5Omni Brominating Tablets for dimethylhydantoin Pools 1,2 Dibromo - 2,4 Dicyanobutane DBDCB
DDH, 1,3-Dibromo-5,5dimethyl-2,4imidazolidinedione; Dibromantin; Dibromantine; N,N0 -Dibromodimethylhydantoin ND
The predominant component of several formulations used in agriculture as soil fumigants for parasitic nematodes. Laboratory Reagent.
109-79-5
1-Butanethiol
1-Butanethiol
N-Butyl Mercaptan; 1-Butyl Mercaptan: N-Butyl Thioalcohol
Chemical intermediate
25655-41-8
1-ethyenyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer
Betadines Solution
PVP-I
Topical microbiocide
3391-86-4
1-Octen-3-ol
1-Octen-3-ol
Used in pesticide production
141-43-5
2-Aminoethanol
Liquid Laundry Detergent
Pentylvinyl carbinol; 1Vinylhexanol; Vinyl amyl carbinol Ethanolamine
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen None of the components of Betadines Solution are listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA, or ACGIH as a carcinogen NA
542-75-6
Fungicidal
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
1,2 Dibromo - 2,4 Dicyanobutane Fungicidal
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Add-2 Prevent Mildew Mildewcide Additive
Thiabendazole
Benzimidazole fungicide
88-82-4
2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid
2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid
ND
Fungicidal
1929-73-3
Crossbow * L Herbicide
3,2,5,6 Trichloro - 2pyridinyloxyacetic acid 2,4 - D Ethylhexyl Ester
Herbicidal
1928-43-4
2,4 Dichlorphenoxyacetic acid, butoxyethyl ester 2,4 D: Isooctyl (2 ethylhexyl) ester of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
97-00-7
2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene
Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
93-76-5
2,4,5-Trichlotophenoxyacetic Acid, Potassium salt
{2,4-}Dinitrochlorobenzene 2,4,5-Trichlotophenoxyacetic Acid, Potassium salt
88-06-2
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Phenol, 2,4,6-trichloro-
Dowcide 2S, Dowicide 2S, OMAL, Phenchlor,;
Use in pesticide production
24157-81-1 128-37-0
2,6 - bis (1- methylerhyl) Napthalene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol
Amplifys Aerosol Grade Sprout Inhibitor 2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4Methylphenol
Use in pesticide production Laboratory Reagent
109-86-4
2-Methoxyethanol
2-Methoxyethanol
94-96-2
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
2,6 - diisopropylnaphthalene; DIPN BHT; Butylated hydroxytoluene; 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol; DBPC; 2,6-Bis(1,1dimethylethyl)-4methylphenol; Ionol Methyl Cellosolve; Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether ND
2492-26-4
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole solution, sodium salt
Westco NaMBT 50
ND
Alco
s
Citrus Fix t
Herbicidal
Used in pesticide production Use in pesticide Arbokan,BCF-bushkiller Brush production -OFF 445 Low Volatile Brush killer, Brush Rhap, Brushtox
Use in pesticide production Printing Ink; Urethane Coatings; Cosmetics Use in pesticide production
No carcinogenic substances as defined by IARC, NTP and/or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA. Group 2B Not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA; IARC Group 2B (limited evidence for carcinogenicity in humans) ND This product is or contains a component that has been reported to be possibly carcinogenic based on its IARC, ACGIH, NTP or EPA classification Classified 2 (some evidence) by NTP; IARC: IARC agent not assigned an overall evaluation Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
ND Not Established ND
89
2-(4-Thiazolyl)Benzimidazole
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
148-79-8
(Continued)
90
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
2682-20-4
2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
Freeman White Cold Glue- High Viscosity
ND
NA
120-23-0
2-Napthoxyacetic Acid
2-Napthoxyacetic Acid
(2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid
90-43-7
2-Biphenylol
2-Phenylphenol
81-81-2
Courmarin, 3-(alphaacetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxy-
3-alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin
55406-53-6
3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate
Wolmans RainCoats Clear Water Repellent
2-Biphenylol, 2Hydroxybiphenyl Warfarin, Warficide, Warfarat, Solfarin, Rodafarin, Ro-Deth, Rat-ola, Rat-kill, Rat-Mix, Liquatox, Coumadin, Coumarins, Coumafen, Athrombin-K IPBC,1-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate
Used in pesticide production Is as an agricultural fungicide Used in pesticide production
IARC, NTP, and OSHA do not list any component as carcinogenic Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not classifiable for human
140-67-0
4-allyl-1-methoxybenzene
4-Allylanisole
88-04-0
4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol
4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol
59-50-7
4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol
4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol
59756-60-4
4(1h)-pyridinone, 1-methyl-3phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]
Sonar A.S.
This product is classified as Hazardous under OSHA regulations Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
No known significant effects or critical hazards
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
To protect wood decks and other wood surfaces Chavicol Methyl Ether; Esdragol; Laboratory reagent Isoanethole; pmethoxyallylbenzene; Methoxyallylbenzene; 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) benzene; Chavicol; Methyl Chavicol 4-Chloro-3,5-xylenol; PCMX Broad-spectrum bactericide, used in soaps, shampoos, bactericidal sprays 4-Chloro-M-Cresol; 6-ChloroUsed as an external 3-Hydroxytoluene germicide. Used as a preservative in paints and inks 4(1h)-pyridinone, 1-methylHerbicide 3-phenyl-5-[3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]
Classified possible for human
4-Aminopyridine
4-Aminopyridine
122-88-3
4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid
4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid
4-aminopyridine; amino-4 pyridine; gammaaminopyridine; 4-pyridylamine Tomatone
108-83-8
4-Heptanone, 2,6-dimethyl-
4-Heptanone, 2,6-dimethyl-
Di-iso-Butyl Ketone; Isovalerone
80-46-6
4-tert-Amylphenol
ND
98-54-4
4-tert.-Butylphenol
BioZidet Disinfectant / Deodorant 4-tert.-Butyl phenol
26172-55-4
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4isothiazolin-3-one (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-yl Acetate
52207-99-5
10380-28-6
8-Hydroxyquinoline, Copper Salt
8-Quinolinol, copper (II) chelate
Isothiazolin
8-Hydroxyquinoline, Copper Salt 0
PB-ROPE L
Phenol, p-(tert-butyl)-; p-terc. Butylfenol; Butylphen; p-tertButylphenol; 4-t-Butylphenol; 4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)phenol; 1-Hydroxy-4-tert-butylbenzene; Phenol, 4-(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)-; PTBP 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4isothiazolin-3-one ND
0
85-00-7
6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2 ,1 -c) Reward Landscape and Aquatic pyrazinediium dibromide Herbicide
ND
71751-41-2 30560-19-1
Abamectin Acephate
Temprano Acephate 90 Prill
64-19-7
Acetic acid
Glacial
ND O,S-Dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate Acetic acid, glacial, Ethanoic acid, methanecarboxylic acid.
Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Used in pesticide production Laboratory Reagent.
Not listed as a carcinogen
Used in pesticide production Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Biocide
ND
PB-Rope L suppresses mating of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in cotton and okra Used in pesticide production Bipyridilium (dipyridilium) contact herbicide Insecticide Used in pesticide production Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
504-24-5
ND No evidence of carcinogenicity in rat and mouse studies ND ND
(Continued)
91
Not listed as carcinogen by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, OSHA, or CA Prop 65
92
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
34256-82-1
2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) acetamide Acetone
Acetochlor
ND
Used in pesticide production
Combustible, possible carcinogen
Acetone
Dimethylformaldehyde; Dimethyl ketone; 2-Propanone; Pyroacetic acid; Pyroacetic ether
A4 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
LESCO Tracker
Blue Spray Pattern Indicator
Roughly 75% of the available acetone is used to produce other chemicals, 4 and 12% is used as a solvent Used in pesticide production Herbicidal
67-64-1
2650-18-2
Blazer
107-02-8
Acrolein, Inhibited
Acrolein, Inhibited
107-13-1
Acrylonitrile, Inhibited
Acrylonitrile, Inhibited
25322-69-4
polypropylenglycol
Pluriols P 425 Pluracols P 425
15972-60-8
Alachlor
Alachlor
Acraldehyde; Acrylaldehyde; Acrylic Aldehyde; Allyl Aldehyde; 2-Propenal; Prop2-EN-1-AL; 2-Propen-1-AL 2-Propenenitrile; Propenenitrile; Vinyl Cyanide; Cyanoethylene; Acrylonitrile; AN; VCN; Acrylon Pluracol P425 Polypropylene Glycol None
116-06-3
Aldicarb
Bolsters 15G Smartboxs
None
Carbamate Pesticide
107-18-6
Allyl alcohol
Allyl alcohol
2-Propen-1-ol
57-06-7
Allyl isothiocyanate, natural
Mustard oil, natural oil
Oil of Mustard; Oils, brassica alba; Oils, brassica nigra; Oils, Mustard
Used in pesticide production Use as a nematicide/ fungicide in around turf and ornamentals
s
Herbicide
ND
Used in pesticide production
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Has been designated as a probable human carcinogen A4 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Production of plastics, surface coatings
Anticipated human carcinogen
Used in pesticide production Herbicidal
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Has been designated as a probable human carcinogen There were no carcinogenic effects related to the administration of aldicarb Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA. Classified 3 (not classifiable for human)
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
62476-59-9
Proprietary Blue Dye Concentrate Acifluorfen
S-Metolachlor
Chloroacetanilide Herbicide
Alpha-Terpineol
7446-70-0
Aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride Solution
alpha,alpha-4-Trimethyl-3cyclohexene-1-methanol Aluminum trichloride
20859-73-8
Aluminum phosphide
Weevil Cides Tablets
ND
10043-01-3
Aluminum Sulfate
Phosfloc
ND
7429-90-5
Aluminum Metal
Aluminum Powder
834-12-8
Ametryn Amitraz
ND
61-82-5
2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino6-methylthio-s-triazine N-methyl bis(2,4xylylininomethyl) amine Amitrole
Aluminum, aluminum metallic powder; CI 77000 ND
Used in pesticide Not classifiable as a human production carcinogen Not listed as a carcinogen by Paint manufacturing ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or antiperspirants CA Prop 65 petroleum refining production of synthetic rubber making Fumigant Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Used in pesticide Not listed as a carcinogen by production ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Used in pesticide Not classifiable as a human production carcinogen Herbicidal None observed
Amitrol 240 Liquid Herbicide
7664-41-7
Ammonia
Ammonia
Amitrole; aminotriazole; ATA; 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine; 3-amino-s-triazole; 3-amino1,2,4-triazole; 1H-1,2,4triazol-3-ylamine. Ammonia
506-87-6
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
7664-41-7
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Solution
7783-20-2
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
7783-18-8
Ammonium thiosulfate
Ammonium thiosulfate solution
33089-61-1
Ammonium sesquicarbonate; Carbonic acid, diammonium salt; Crystal ammonia; Diammonium carbonate None
Used in pesticide production Herbicidal
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Synthetic/Analytical chemistry Used in pesticide production
ND
Used in pesticide production Used in pesticide production Used in pesticide production
Not listed as a carcinogen
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA (Continued)
93
Diammonium sulfate; Sulfuric acid, diammonium salt Ammonium thiosulfate, ATS, 12-0-0-26S
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
Pennant Magnum
98-55-5
Acetamide, 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl6-methylphenyl)-N-(2methoxy-1-methylethyl]-,(S) Alpha-Terpineol
87392-12-9
94
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
12771-68-5
Ancymidol
Ancymidol
Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
84-65-1
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone
a-Cyclopropyl-a-[4methoxyphenyl]-5pyrimidinemethanol Anthraquinone
28300-74-5
Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate
Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
68477-31-6
Aromatic Petroleum Solvent
ACES II
Antimonate(2)-, bis(mu-tartrato (4-))di-, dipotassium, trihydrate; Antimonyl potassium tartrate; Potassium antimonyl tartrate; Tartaric acid, antimony potassium salt ACES II CF
Used in pesticide production Used in pesticide production
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
7778-39-4
Arsenic Acid
Arsenic Acid Solution
ND
1303-28-2
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic(V) oxide
8052-42-4
Asphalt
Asphalt
1912-24-9
Atrazine
Bicep Lite II Magnum
86-50-0
Azinphos-methyl
Guthions 50 WSB
513-77-9
Barium Carbonate
Barium Carbonate
1344-73-6
Basic Copper Sulfate solution
BCS-COPPER FUNGICIDE
548-62-9
Crystal Violet
Crystal Violet
Diarsenic pentaoxide; Arsenic acid anhydride; Arsenic anhydride. Paving Asphalt, Performance Graded Asphalts, (PG) PG 5228, PG 58-22, PG 64-16, PG 64-28, PITCH, 888100004477 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6isopropylamino-s-triazine O,O-Dimethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3benzotriazin- 3(4H)-yl) methyl]phosphorodithioate Carbonic Acid, Barium Salt; Barium Carbonate (1:1) Basic Copper Sulfate solution; Tri-Basic Copper Sulfate solution Basic Violet 3
Fuel oil, diesel oil, kerosene, and bunker oil additive Industrial Technical Grade Laboratory Reagent
Confirmed human carcinogen A1 Confirmed human carcinogen
Construction material
May contain trace amounts of benzene a chemical known to cause cancer
Triazine Herbicide
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ND
Used in pesticide production Laboratory Reagent Used in pesticide production Other non-specified industry: Analytical reagent
A4 not classifiable as a human carcinogen ND
Possible human carcinogen
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Bifenazate
Acramites -4SC
ND
Acaricide
22781-23-3
Bendiocarb
FICAM PLUS
ND
1861-40-1
Benfluralin
Balan DF
Benefin
Used in pesticide production Herbicidal
17804-35-2
Benomyl
Benomyl
Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl) benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate (IUPAC)
83055-99-6
Bensulfuron mehtyl
Londax
None
s
741-58-2
Bensulife
Prefar
4 -E Selective Herbicide
100-52-7 or 202-860-4 68391-01-5
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) ester of N- (2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide None
Benzalkonium cloride
Estesols FH
None
s
98S
68584-22-5
Benzene sulfonic acid
NAXSOFT
71-43-2
Benzene
Benzene
121-54-0
Benzethonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
8032-32-4
Benzine
Petroleum Ether
A broad spectrum fungicide for use in plant cell and protoplast culture Herbicidal Pesticidal
Used in pesticide production Skin cleansing Used in pesticide production
Benzol, Cyclohexatriene, Benzole, Phene, Pyrobenzol, Pyrobenzole, Carbon Oil, Coal Tar Naphtha, Phenyl Hydride, Benzolene, Bicarburet of Hydrogen, Coal Naphtha, Motor Benzol, Annulene (Diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl)dimethylbenzylammonium chloride; Hyamine 1622 Ligroin; VM&P Naphtha; Benzin; Petroleum Naphtha, Naphtha ASTM, Petroleum Spirits
Is used for printing and lithography, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and coatings, detergents, extraction and rectification Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA It is not possible to determine the carcinogenicity of benomyl Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA This product is not considered to be a human or animal carcinogen A1 Confirmed human carcinogen
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Used as solvents, cleaning Not classifiable as a human fluids, pain carcinogen
(Continued)
95
C10-16 alkyl derivs
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not established
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
149877-41-8
96
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
94-09-7
Benzocaine
Benzocaine
65-85-0
Benzoic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Used in pesticide production As a food preservative
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
100-51-6
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol
Is used as a general solvent; in the formulation of inks and lacquers
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
120-51-4
Benzyl Benzoate
Benzyl Benzoate
Ethyl p-aminobenzoate; ethyl PABA; anesthesin Benzenecarboxylic Acid; Carboxybenzene; Dracylic Acid Benzenecarbinol; benzenemethanol; alphahydroxytoluene; Phenylmethyl alcohol; Phenyl carbinol None
1214-39-7
6-Benzylaminopurine
6-Benzylaminopurine
None
82657-04-3
Bifenthrin
Orthos MAX PRO TM Insecticide
Is widely used in the perfume and pharmaceutical industries Is a wide-spectrum plant growth regulator Pyrethroid pesticide
92-52-4
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
56-35-9
Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide
Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, stabilized
(2-methyl[1,1-biphenyl] - 3 - yl) 3-(2- choloro- 3,3,3- trifluoro1-propenyl)-2,2,dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate Used in pesticide Bibenzene; 1,10 -Biphenyl; production Diphenyl; Phenylbenzene; PHPH; Tetrosin LY; Xenene; Bibenzene; 1,10 -Biphenyl; Biphenyl; Carolid AL; CP 390; Diphenyl; Lemonene; MCS 1572; Phenador-X; Phenylbenzene Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, Used in pesticide stabilized production
None of the components in this chemical are listed by IARC, NTP, or OSHA as a carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
125401-92-5
Bispyribac - Sodium
Regiment
TM
Herbicide
V-10029 80 S Herbicide; Nominees
Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not listed as a carcinogen by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Black pepper oil
Black pepper oil
1303-96-4
Borax
Borax
10043-35-3
Boric Acid
Boric Acid
56073-10-0
Brodifacoum Technical
Talon G
28772-56-7
Bromadiolone
Bromadiolone
From the plant called Piper nigrum L. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, borax decahydrate, Borax 10 Mol Inorganic borates Ortho-Boric acid; boracic acid; Borofax, boric acid (H3BO3) 3-[3-(40 -bromo[1,10 -biphenyl]4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H1-benzopyran-2- one None
13863-41-7
Bromine Chloride
Bromine Chloride
None
1689-99-2 69327-76-0
Bromoxynil Octanoate Buprofezin
Bromoxynil Octanoate Buprofezin TC
124-65-2
Cacodylic acid, sodium salt
Cacodylic acid, sodium salt
ND 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5phenylperhydro-1,3,5thiadiazin-4-one Dimethylarsinic acid sodium salt
7790-78-5
Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate
Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate
Cadmium dichloride, hydrate (2:5)
471-34-1
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Carbonate
Carbonic acid calcium salt; calcite; aragonite; limestone
10043-52-4
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Chloride
1344-95-2
Calcium Silicate
Synthetic Calcium Silicate Hydrate
Calcium dichloride; calcium chloride anhydrous; Caltacs; Dowflake MICRO-CELs: A, B, ES, EX, T-26, T-38, T-49, C (ALL GRADES)
Used in pesticide production Industrial manufacturing
ND
Used in pesticide production A coumarin-type anticoagulant rodenticide
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Used in pesticide production Used in pesticide production Laboratory Reagent Insecticide
Contains no known or suspected carcinogens Classified 4 (no evidence)
Used in pesticide production Used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide Used in agriculture, industries, architecture and other environmental issues Used as a preservative in packed foods Used in pesticide production
Borax is not a known carcinogen
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
8006-82-4
ND Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Classified A1 (confirmed for human) A2 Suspected human carcinogen (as Cd) (listed as ‘Cadmium compounds’) Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Group 1 suspected human carcinogen
97
(Continued)
98
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
7778-18-9
Calcium sulfate, anhydrous
Calcium sulfate, anhydrous
Crysalba; Drierite; Thiolite
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
10124-41-1
Calcium thiosulfate
CaTSs
124-07-2
Caprylic acid
Octanoic acid
Calcium thiosulfate, Thiosulfuric acid; calcium salt, calcium hyposulfite None
Is used as a desiccant. It is also used as a coagulant in products like tofu Used as an herbicide
404-86-4
6-Nonenamide, N-((4-Hydroxy3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8methyl-,(E)-
Capsaicin, Natural
10605-21-7
Carbendazim
CLOUT CM
56-23-5
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
7440-44-0
Carbon, Activated
Carbon, Activated
1184-64-1
Copper carbonate
Copper Carbonate
Black Pearls; Charcoal Black; Graphite Nautural; Purified Charcoal; Activated Carbon None
Used in pesticide production Laboratory reagent
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA ND
Used in pesticide production Used in fire extinguishers and as a fumigant to kill insects in grain Laboratory reagent
Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect Classified as human carcinogen
An inorganic material used as a coloring agent in glass coatings on ceramic, steel, aluminum or glass substrates
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 ND
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
(E)-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6nonenamide; trans-8-MethylN-vanillyl-6-nonenamide; 6-Nonenamide, 8-methyl-Nvanillyl-,(E)- (8CI); E-Capsaicin; Capsaicin, natural; Capsaicine; transN-((4-Hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)methyl)-8methyl-6-nonenamide Methyl benzimidazole-2ylcarbamate Carbon Chloride, Carbon Tet, Halon 1040, R 10
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Carfentrazone-ethyl
Sharks Herbicide
Ethyl 2-chloro-3-[2-chloro-4fluoro-5-[4- (difluoromethyl)4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl]propanoate
Is registered for use on wheat, corn and soybeans
8001-79-4
Castor Oil
Castor Oil
Ricinus Oil; Castor Oil Aromatic
8000-27-9
Cedar Wood Oil
Cedar Wood Oil
Oil of Cedarwood
7782-50-5
Chlorine
Chlorine
RQ Chlorine
999-81-5
Chlormequat chloride
Chlormequat E- pro Plant Growth Regulator
(2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium cloride
108-90-7
Chlorobenzene
VANCHEMs HM-50
Monochlorobenzene, mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), higher oligomers of MDI, and phenyl isocyanate
67-66-3
Chloroform
Chloroform
Formyl Trichloride; Methane Trichloride; Methane, Trichloro-; Methenyl Trichloride; Methyl Trichloride; Trichlormethan; Trichloroform; Trichloromethane
Used in pesticide production Is widely used for its tranquilizing effects Manufacturing of inorganic and organic chemicals, sanitation in industrial and municipal waters and sewage, disinfectant for swimming pools, and for bleaching textiles Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, Use of the plant growth NTP, or CA Prop 65 regulator chlormequat chloride to control the aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae on blackcurrants Classified as A3 Is as an intermediate in the production of commodities such as herbicides, dyestuffs, and rubber Potential occupational Is used as an important carcinogen solvent particularly for fats, waxes, rubber, etc.
A2 - limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals with relevance to humans Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Classified as possible human carcinogen
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
128639-02-1
99 (Continued)
100
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
95-57-8
o-Chlorophenol
o-Chlorophenol
2-Chlorophenol
Used in pesticide production Is registered for use in non-agricultural areas for the control of weeds Laboratory reagent Used in pesticide production
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic
s
s
Chlorsulfuron
Riverdale Corsair Herbicide
Selective
None
67-97-0 7738-94-5; 766439-3; 13746-66-2
Cholecalciferol Chromic acid, Hydrofluoric Acid, Potassium ferricyanide
Cholecalciferol ALODINEs 1201
Vitamin D3; None
1333-82-0
Chromium(VI) Oxide (1:3)
Chromium Trioxide
77-92-9
Citric acid
Citric Acid
Chromium (VI) oxide (1:3); chromic acid, solid; chromic anhydride 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid
8000-29-1
Citronella oil
Citronella oil
ND
74115-24-5
Clofentezine
Scottss Ovations SC
81777-89-1
Clomazone
147150-35-4 56802-99-4
Cloransulam-methyl Chlorinated trisodium phosphate
Commands 3 me Microencapsulated Herbecide FirstRate Herbicide Chlorinated Vegetable Cleaner
(3,6-bis-(2- Chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine) 2-(2-chlorophenyl) methyl - 4,4dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone None None
8007-45-2
Coal Tar
Coal Tar
Crude Coal Tar
Internally generated byproduct material
137-16-6
Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate
Sarkosyl
N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium; Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate
Used in pesticide production
Uses of chromic acid are in wood preservation Uses include flavor enhancement, bacterial inhabitant, pH adjustment, and as an anti oxidant Is a renowned plant-based insect repellent, and has been registered for this use in the United States since 1948 Ornamental plant ovicide/ meticide Herbicidal Herbicidal Herbicidal
ND A4 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen (as F) (related to Fluorides) Known to be human carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 ND Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Classified as A1 (confirmed human carcinogen) by ACGIH Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
64902-72-3
Copper Oxide
Copper Oxide
Cuprous Oxide, Dicopper Monoxide, Cuprite
7758-99-8
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate pentrahydrate
82027-59-6
Copper triethanolamine complex
7440-50-8
Copper
Omni Concentrated Copper Algicide Copper, Turnings
Blue vitriol; Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate None
8001-29-4
Cottonseed Oil
8001-58-9
Is the preparation of cuprammonium hydroxide solutions for the rayon industry Fungicidal Swimming pool algaecide
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Not available Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Geriatric patients treated with androgens may be at an increased risk of developing prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma although conclusive evidence to support this concept is lacking. It is listed as carcinogenic by IARC 2A Probable
ND
Laboratory reagent
Testosterone Cypionate Injection
Androst-4-en-0ne, 17-(3cyclopentyl-1-oxopropoxy)-, 17 beta-
Medical treatment: Replacement therapy in males deficient in testosterone
Creosote
Creosote Oil
3251-23-8
Cupric Nitrate
Cupric Nitrate
1317-38-0
Cupric Oxide
Cupric Oxide
7758-98-7
Cupric Sulfate
Cupric Sulfate
Coal Tar Creosote, KMG-B Coal Wood preservative Tar Creosote Cupric nitrate hemipentahydrate; Used as catalyst, oxidizer, Known to be human carcinogen activating agent for nitric acid, copper (2 1) salt, luminescent powder, hydrate (2:5); copper II nitrate and photosensitive hemihydrate resistance materials Not classifiable as a human Black copper oxide; copper (II) Is used for glass carcinogen oxide manufacture, ceramics, optical polishing agent, production of flares, dry cell batteries and copper salt production Copper (II) sulfate (1:1); copper Is used in copperplating, Not classifiable as a human monosulfate; sulfuric acid in dyeing (as a carcinogen
101
(Continued)
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
1317-39-1
102
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms copper (2 1) salt (1:1); blue copper
Cupric Hydroxide
Cupric Hydroxide
Kocide Cupric Hydroxide Technical; Copper (ii) Hydroxide
12069-69-1
Cupric Carbonate
Copper (II) Carbonate Basic Monohydrate
Cupric Carbonate
13426-91-0 420-04-2
Cupriethylenediamine Cyanamide
Cupriethylenediamine, 1.0 M Cyanamide
1134-23-2
Cycloate
110-82-7
Cyclohexane
RO-Neets E-6 Selective Herbicide Cyclohexane
None Alzogur; Amidocyanogen; Carbamonitrile; Carboiimide; Carbimide; Cyanogen nitride; Cyanomine; Cyanogenamide; Hydrogen cyanamide; N-Cyanoamine None
108-94-1
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone
66-81-9
Cycloheximide
Cycloheximide
Benzene hexahydride; Hexahydrobenzene; Hexamethylene Ketohexamethylene; Pimelic ketone. 4-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2oxocyclohexyl)-2hydroxyethyl]-2,6piperidinedione
mordant), in wet-cell batteries, in pigments, and in insecticides, fungicides, and algicides Used as an alternative to the Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide and nematacide Used in wet cell batteries as the cathode, with lithium as an anode, and dioxalane mixed with lithium perchlorate as the electrolyte Laboratory reagent Is used as a fertilizer, defoliant, herbicide, fungicide, and pesticide; in the manufacture and refining of iron Selective herbicide Used in a number of industrial applications Used in pesticide production Used as an inhibitor of protein synthesis in Neurosporo
Carcinogen
Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not available Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 A3 Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans Not available
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
20427-59-2
Application
Cypermethrin
CynoffFs Ec Insecticide
94361-06-5
Cyproconazole
Alto 100 SL
121552-61-2
Cyprodinil
Vangard WG
2439-10-3
Dodine
Syllit 65W Fruit Fungicide
533-74-4
Dazomet
Basamid
trans-3-(2,2- dichloroethenyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate; IUPAC: (RS)-acyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate Alpha-(4-Chlorophenyl)-alpha(1-cyclopropylethyl)-1H1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol 4-Cyclopropyl-6-methyl-Nphenylpyrimidiamine Dodine; n-dodecylguanidine acetate None
123-42-2
Diacetone alcohol
Diacetone alcohol
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone Laboratory Reagent.
1596-84-5
Daminozide
B-NINEs WSG
None
20824-56-0
Diammonium Dihydrogen Salt
EDTA Diammonium Dihydrogen EthylenediamineSalt tetraacetate Acid Diammonium Dihydrogen Salt; Diammonium Dihydrogen Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Dihydrate; EDTA; Diammonium Edetate
Pyrethroid insecticide
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Triazol derivative fungicide
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Fungicidal
Group 2A
Fungicidal
Not available
Soil sterilant
Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen EPA has classified daminozide and its metabolite UDMH as probable human carcinogens based on the occurrence of tumors in laboratory animals Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Plant growth regulator
Used in pesticide production
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
52315-07-8
(Continued)
103
104
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
33-41-5
Diazinon
Diazinon 4EC (AG)
Organophosphate Insecticide
None observed
84-74-2
Dibutyl Phthalate
900 Catalyst
O,O-diethyl-0-(2,-isopropyl-6methyl-4pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate Aromatic Polyisocyanates
2B Possible carcinogen
1194-65-6
Dichlobenil
Dichlobenil
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile
Used in pesticide production Herbicidal
8023-53-8
Dichlorobenzalkonium chloride
Tetrosans
75-71-8
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Halocarbon 12)
2893-78-9
s-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trione, dichloro-, sodium salt
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid Sodium Salt
Alkyl(C8H17 to C18H37) dimethyl 3,4-dichlorobenzyl ammonium chloride Algofrene type 2; arcton 6; dichlorodifluoromethane; dichlorodifluoromethane (dot); difluorodichloromethane; dwuchlorodwufluorometan (polish); electro-cf 12; f 12; fc 12; fluorocarbon-12; freon 12; eskimon 12; freon f-12; frigen 12 Troclosene Sodium; 1,3,5Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trione, 1,3-dichloro, sodium salt; 1-Sodium-3,5-dichloro1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione; 1- Sodium-3,5-dichloros-triazine-2,4,6-trione; Isocyanuric acid, dichloro-, sodium salt; Sodium dichlorisocyanurate; Sodium dichlorocyanurate; Sodium dichloroisocyanurate; Sodium salt of dichloro-s-triazinetrion
Used in pesticide production
EPA Group C possible human carcinogen Not available
A4 (not classifiable for humans or animals)
Used in pesticide production
Not available
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Synthetic/analytical chemistry
Dichloromethane
Rock Miracle Paint And Varnish Remover Moldex CARD-O-VAP 8
97-23-4 and 67-63-0 62-73-7
Dichlorophen and Propan-2-OL Dichlorvos
7173-51-5 104653-34-1
Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride Difethialone
55290-64-7
Dimethipin
GenerationTM BlueMax Mini Blocks Narvades 5 F
60-51-5
Dimethoate
Chemnova dimethoate 4E
1861-32-1
Dimethyl
DACTHALs W-75 Herbicide
2164-07-0
Dipotassium endothall salt
Aquathols Super K
None
Aquatic herbicide
25265-71-8
Dipropylene Glycol
Dipropylene Glycol
Dipropylene Glycol
138-93-2
Disodium Cyanodithioimicarbinate
IWM 411
NABE M
Use in pesticide production Laboratory reagent
144-21-8
Disoium methanearsenate
Campbell Passtox Flowable Herbicide
None
Herbicide for use on turf
Blue Wave Halr 50
Proprietary Mixture
Organic Solvents
EPA Group 2B
None 2,2- Dichlorovinyl Dimethyl Phosphate Related Compounds Equivalent to 8% dichlorovos (DDVP) Technical Grade None
Mortuary fungal inhibitor Organophosphate insecticide
Not available This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer DDVP
Used in pesticide production Anticoagulant rodenticide with Difethialone Plant growth regulator
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Contains no known or suspected carcinogens Not classifiable as a human carcinogen None listed in OSHA, NTP, IARC or ACGIH
None (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin- 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide) (O,O-Dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate (Dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; Chlorthal-dimethyl; DCPA; TCTP; Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate)
Organophosphate Insecticide Herbicidal
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
75-09-2
This product contains small amounts of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which has been listed as a known carcinogen by IARC, NTP, and the state of California Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not available Not listed in any OSHA Standard, Section 1910.1200 sources as carcinogenic; not tested by Buckman Laboratories, Inc. Not available
105
(Continued)
106
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
1314-56-3
Diphosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus Pentoxide
Diphosphorus Pentoxide; Phosphoric Anhydride; Phosphorus (V) Oxide; POX
298-04-4
Disulfoton
Di-Systoms 8 Emulsifiable systemic insecticide
ND
77182-82-2
DL-Phosphinothricin, Monoammonium Salt
DL-Phosphinothricin, Monoammonium Salt
14808-60-7 and 27176-87-0 13590-97-1
Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and Quartz Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride HC
Emerel Multi-Surface Creme Cleanser VeriGuard Plus
2-Amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic Acid, Monoammonium Salt None
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, The major use of NTP, or CA Prop 65 phosphorus compounds is in fertilizers EPA Group A4 Insecticide for mites & aphids on small grains, corn & sorghum, cotton, other field crops, vegetables, fruit & nuts, ornamentals Postemergent herbicide; Not classifiable as a human desiccant carcinogen
33189-72-9
Isomates-Lbam Plus
107-21-1
E-11-Tetradecen-1-yl Acetate (E,E)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-yl Ethylene glycol
115-29-7
66230-04-4
Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride HCL/Ortho Phenyl Phenol Blend None
Dowtherm* SR-1 Heat Transfer Fluid, Dyed
ND
Endosulfan
Thionexs (endosulfan) 50W
Esfenvalerate
Conquers Residual Insecticide Concentrate 2662
Endosulfan: Hexachlorohexahydromethano-2,4,3benzodioxathiepin oxide Evercide 2662
Carcinogen
Cleaning product
None known
Amine solution
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Used in pesticide production Used as antifreeze in cooling and heating systems, in hydraulic brake fluids, and as a solvent Used in pesticide production
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Ethylene glycol did not cause cancer in long-term animal studies
Pyrethroid insecticide concentrate
None of the components present in this material at concentrations equal to or greater than 0.1% are listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH as being carcinogens
Group 1 suspected human carcinogen
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Ethalfluralin
Ethalfluralin Manufacturing Concentrate (EMC)
64-17-5
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol, Denatured (A407) Ethanol denatured, grain alcohol denatured, ethyl hydroxide denatured, ethyl hydrate denatured, algarin denatured
16672-87-0
Ethephon
Proxy Growth Regulator
563-12-2
Ethion
ETHIOs 400EC
80844-07-1
Etofenprox
Zenivex E20
26225-79-6
Ethofumesate
Prograsss herbicide
141-78-6 and 11082-7 759-94-4
Ethylacetate and Cyclohexane
SC4000 Cement
Ethephon ((2-Chloroethyl) Phosphonic Acid) O,O,O0 ,O0 -tetraethyl S,S0 -methylene bis (phosphorodithioate) (IUPAC) Used in pesticide 1-[[2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)production 2-methylpropoxy]methyl]3-phenoxybenzene 2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydroHerbicidal 3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate ND Adhesive
EPTC: (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate Ethyl Formate
Eptek 7EC
ND
Thiocarbamate
Ethyl Formate
Formic acid, ethyl ester; Ethyl Methanoate; Formic Ether
Used as a fumigan
109-94-4
None
A liquid herbicide that is applied to granular fertilizer or blended with liquid fertilizer. EMC-treated fertilizer is broadcast and incorporated into the soil prior to seeding. EMC controls certain seedling weeds in oilseed and pulse crops Used as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines Is a general use pesticide (GUP) Acaricide/insecticide
Ethalfluralin did not cause tumors in long-term studies
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
55283-68-6
A4 not classified as human carcinogen
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ND
Is not listed as a carcinogen by NTP or IARC and is not regulated by OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 No carcinogenicity data available for this product None known Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
107
(Continued)
108
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
96-45-7
Ethylene Thiourea
ETU
ND
Classifiable as a human carcinogen
74-85-1
Ethylene
Ethylene
107-15-3
Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine
Acetene; athylen (german); bicarburretted hydrogen; elayl; ethene; ethylene (dot); liquid ethyene; olefiant gas; athylen(german); dicarburretted hydrogen; liquid ethelyne; ncl-c5066; olefant gas 1,2-Ethanediamine; 1,2diaminoethane
Is used as an accelerator in synthetic rubber production and as a curing agent for epichlorohydrin elastomers Synthetic/analytical chemistry
75-21-8
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Oxide
97-53-0
Eugenol
Eugenol
A4 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
A2 Suspected human carcinogen
Not available Is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a local antiseptic and anesthetic
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Oxirane; Dihyrooxirene; Dimethylene oxide; Epoxyethane; 1,2Epoxyethane; Ethene oxide; ETO; EO; Oxacyclopropane; Oxane; Oxidoethane; Alpha, Beta-Oxidoethane; Oxiran; UN 1040 Hydroxy-1-methoxy-2-allyl-4benzene
Used in the manufacture of fuel additives, bleach activators, chelating agents and corrosion Is typically used as an intermediate or ingredient for many organic syntheses
A4 (not classifiable for humans or animals)
Fenamiphos
Fenamiphos
Ethyl 4-methylthio-m-tolyl isopropylphosphoramidate
000110-71-4 and 60168-88-9
Ethylene glycol and Fenarimol
Rubigan 12% SC
None
114369-43-6
Fenbuconazole
Fenbuconazole Technical Fungicide
Alpha-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]alpha-phenyl-1H-1,2,4triazole-1-propanenitrile
126833-17-8
Fenhexamid
Judget 50 WDG
122-14-5
Fenitrothion
Fendures 500ULV
72490-01-8
Fenoxycarb
Precision
N-(2,3-dichloro-4hydroxyphenyl) -1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrom-tolyl phosphorothioate (IUPAC) Ethyl(2-[4-phenoxyphenoxy] ethyl)carbamate
39515-41-8
Fenpropathrin
Fenpropathrin
Alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2, 2, 3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
134098-61-6
Fenpyroximate
Akari 5SC Miticide/Insecticide
Tert-butyl (E)-α-(1,3-dimethyl5-phenoxypyrazol- 4ylmethylene-aminoxy)p-toluate
55-38-9
Fenthion
Baytex 550 Insecticide
Lebaycid Insecticide Spray
Used as a soil treatment, with or without incorporation, as a root dip, as a seed treatment or as a foliar application Agricultural fungicide
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Organophosphorus Pesticide Carbamate (noncholinesterase inhibiting) Insecticide Fenpropathrin controls many species of mites and insects on pome fruit, citrus, vines, hops, vegetables, cotton andornamentals Used in pesticide production
Is not carcinogenic
The ingredients of this preparation are not classified by their suppliers as carcinogenic or mutagenic under EU rules For fenbuconazole, available As an agricultural and data are inadequate to horticultural fungicide evaluate carcinogenicity spray for the control of leaf spot Used in pesticide Is not a carcinogen production
Insecticide concentrate for pest control use
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
22224-92-6
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Avoid contact with alkaline materials
Fenpyroximate had no significant effect on mortality and was not carcinogenic at any of the doses tested Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
109
(Continued)
110
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
51630-58-1
Fenvalerate
Fenvalerate
Alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl
Group 3 (not classifiable for human)
14484-64-1 10028-22-5
Ferbam Ferric sulfate
Ferbam Ferric sulfate
ND Iron (III) sulfate; iron persulfate; sulfuric acid, iron (31) salt (3:2) hydrate
79622-59-6
Fluazinam
Allegro 500F
IKF-1216, Fluazinam 500F
Is a contact and sytemic pyrethroid insecticide that is used to control insects on numerous leaves and fruits Fungicidal Is used for increasing the rate of sedimentation in wastewater cleaning processes Agricultural industry: Fungicide
131341-86-1
Fludioxonil
Scholar
142459-58-3
Flufenacet Techncial
Definet SC Herbicide
4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3carbonitrile ND
62924-70-3
Flumetralin
Drexalin Plus
ND
103361-09-7
Flumioxazin
Flumioxazin Herbicide
2-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4benzoxazin-6-yl]-4,5,6,7tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3 (2H)-dione
117337-19-6
Fluthiacet-methyl
Cadett
133-07-3
Folpet
FOLPANs 80WDG
Acetic acid, [[2-chloro-4-fluoro5-[(tetrahydro-3-oxo-1H,3H[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,4-alpha] pyridazin-1-ylidene)amino] phenyl]thio]-,methyl ester N-(Trichloromethylthio) phthalimide
Herbicidal Used in pesticide production Herbicidal
Technical herbicide
Fungicidal
Listed as carcinogen by IARC, NTP, OSHA, CA Prop 65 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not established Flumioxazin technical has been tested extensively in rats, mice and dogs. Results from these studies show that this chemical is not carcinogenic Group 2B (possible human carcinogen)
Not available
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Substituted benzodioxalcarbonitrile fungicide
Not available Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Fomesafen Sodium Salt
Reflex Herbicide
5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)2-nitrobenzamide, sodium salt 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)2-nitrobenzamide
72178-02-0
Fomesafen
Fomesafen
23422-53-9 39148-24-8
Formetanate hydrochloride Fosetyl-Al
Dicarzol 50% SP Quali-Pros Fosetyl-Al 80WDG
110-17-8
Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid
77-06-5
Gibberellic acid
Gibberellic acid
Floraltone; Gibberellin; 2,4a,7Trihydroxy-1-Methyl-8Methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10Dicarboxylic Acid 1,4aLactone
56-81-5
Glycerine
Glycerine
70161-44-3
Glycine, N-(hydroxymethyl)-, monosodium salt; Water
Suttocide A 50% Solution
79-14-1 38641-94-0
Glycolic acid Glyphosate
Glycolic acid Glyfos Herbicide
Glycerol; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; Glyceritol; Glycic Alcohol; Sodium Hydroxymethylglycinate; Aqua (INCI NAMES) Hydroxyacetic acid ND
100784-20-1
Halosulfuron methyl
Sedgehammers Herbicide
ND Aluminum tris (O-ethyl phosphonate) 2-Butenedioic acid
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Used for early postemergence control of broad-leaved weeds in soyabeans Agricultural insecticide Used in pesticide production Is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes Is a chemical found naturally in plants which, when applied in small amounts, functions as a growth hormone Laboratory reagent
Classifide as possible human carcinogen
Used as a supportive treatment for schizophrenia Laboratory reagent Herbicidal
Herbicidal
Not established Not available Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA ND
Not available No component is listed as carcinogens by ACGIH, IARC, OSHA or NTP Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
111
Methyl 3-chloro-5-(4,6dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-caeboxylate (IUPAC)
Contact broadleaf herbicide
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
108731-70-0
(Continued)
112
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
51235-04-2
Hexazinone
Velpars DFs herbicide
ND
78587-05-0
Hexythiazox
Hexythiazox
67485-29-4
Hydramethylnon
Maxforces Professional Insect Controls Granular
(4RS,5RS)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)N-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-2oxo-1, 3-thia zolidine-3carboxamide AMDRO, Fire Ant Insecticide
For the control of certain The following components are listed by IARC, NTP, sedges, perennial OSHA or ACGIH as grasses, broadleaf and carcinogens woody weeds in Pinus radiata forests and industrial weed control situations Not classifiable as a human Used on field corn in carcinogen Texas for mite treatments
7647-01-0
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen chloride
74-90-8
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide, Anhydrous, Stabilized
7722-84-1
Hydrogen Peroxide
Duroxs Reg
Used in/around buildings, on lawns, and other non-crop areas for control of roaches, crickets and a variety of ants species Muriatic acid; Chlorohydric acid; It is used in the production of Hydrogen chloride in aqueous chlorides, fertilizers. solution Hydrogen chloride is a common synonym for hydrochloric acid Is used in the production Hydroyanic Acid; Prussic Acid; of certain plastics, Formonitrile; Carbon Hydride perhaps acrylic resins Nitride Standard 27, 35 and 40%
Most suitable grade for industrial bleaching, processing, pollution abatement and general oxidation reactions
Carcinogen
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
The following component is listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH as carcinogens Group 3 not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Imazalil
Imazalil
1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)2-(2-propenyloxy) ethyl]1H-imidazole
81334-34-1 and 330- Imazapyr and Diuron 54-1
MOJAVE 70 EG
133-32-4
Indole-3-butyric Acid
Indole-3-butyric Acid
(6)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl4-(1-methylethyl)- 5-oxo1Himidazol-2-yl]-3pyridinecarboxylic acid; N0 -(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N, N-dimethylurea 1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid; 3-indolebutyric acid
173584-44-6
Indoxacarb
Avatars insecticide
None
79-31-2
Isobutyric Acid
Isobutyric Acid
2-Methylpropionic acid
108-21-4
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
ND
67-63-0
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl Alcohol
525-79-1
Kinetin
Kinetin
2-Propanol; sec-propyl alcohol; isopropanol; sec-propanol; dimethylcarbinol N^6-furfuryl-Adenine
143390-89-0
Kresoxim-methyl
VISTA Flo
Used on many crops and ornamentals to promote growth and development of roots, flowers and fruits, and to increase crop yields For the control of Lepidopteran insect pests in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbages, cauliflower, apples and pears Is used in the preparation of various butanoate esters Is used mainly as a solvent for rotogravure and flexographic printing inks Used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic Plant growth regulator Used against this fungus in the field
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Indoxacarb is not considered a carcinogenic
Not available Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
A4 not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ND
113
(E)-(a)-(methoxyimino)-2[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl] benzeneacetic acid methyl ester
Not classifiable as a human Used as a seed dressing carcinogen and for postharvest treatment of citrus, banana and other fruit to control storage decay A dispersible granule Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, herbicide NTP, or CA Prop 65
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
35554-44-0
(Continued)
114
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
8006-54-0
Lanolin, anhydrous
Lanolin, anhydrous
Wool wax, wool grease
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
301-04-2
Lead Acetate
Lead Acetate
8007-02-1
Lemongrass oil
Lemongrass oil
Lead Acetate, Trihydrate; lead (II) acetate, trihydrate; acetic acid lead (II) salt, trihydrate; lead diacetate, trihydrate; Salt of Saturn None
Used in cosmetic product like skin care product, face cream Used as a mordant in textile printing and dyeing
7786-30-3
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium chloride, hexahydrate; Magnesium chloride, 6-hydrate, crystal
10034-99-8
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
8018-01-7
Mancozeb
Dithane M-45 Fungicide
Sulfuric acid, magnesium salt (1:1), heptahydrate ND
108-39-4
m-Cresol
m-Cresol
24307-26-4 7487-94-7
Mepiquat Chloride Mercuric chloride
PixsWSG Mercuric chloride
Used in pesticide production
Plant growth regulator Used in dilute solution as an antiseptic for inanimate objects and as a fungicide
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
None observed Classified as possible human carcinogen
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
M-Cresol practical; phenol, 3-methyl-; 3-hydroxytoluene; meta-Cresylic Acid; 3-Cresol; m-Cresylic Acid ARY- 0494-005 Calochlor; Mercury (II) Chloride; Bichloride of Mercury
Used as a pesticide and preservative, is put on the ancient palm-leaf manuscripts found in India as a preservative Is used as a de-icer or anti-icer by many state highway departments throughout the United States Used in pesticide production Is a synthetic pesticide
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Metalaxyl-M
Metalaxyl-M
108-62-3
Metaldehyde
Metaldehyde TC
137-42-8
Metham Sodium
VAPAMs HL Soil Fumigant
950-37-8
Methidathion
Methidathion
2724-375
Methoprene
Altosids Briquets
161050-58-4
Methyl Bromide
Halocarbon 40B1
99-76-3
Methyl Paraben
Methyl Paraben
51218-45-2
Metolachlor
Metolachlor
21087-64-9
Metribuzin
Metribuzin
443-48-1
Metronidazole
Metronidazole
methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)N-(2,6-xylyl)-Dalaninate; methyl (R)-2-{[(2,6dimethylphenyl) methoxyacetyl] amino} propionate (IUPAC) 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl1,3,5,7-tetraoxacyclooctane Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate solution S-2,3-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-oxo1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-ylmethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
None observed Used to control soilborne pathogens causing root and lower stem rots on avocado and citrus Control of slugs and snails in agriculture and horticulture Soil fumigant
ND
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
(Continued)
115
Is used to control a broad Not classifiable as a human carcinogen spectrum of agricultural insects and mite pests on a variety of nut, citrus and stone Not classifiable as a human Methoprene: Isopropyl (E,E,)-11- Is an insect growth regulator carcinogen methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl2,4-dodecadienoate Not classifiable as a human Bromomethane Used in the control of carcinogen pest insects, nematodes, weeds, pathogens, and rodents Not classifiable as a human Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, Used as an inhibitor of carcinogen methyl ester microbial growth and to extend shelf life of products 2-chloro-60 -ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-1- Herbicidal Not classifiable as a human methylethyl)acet-o-toluidide [1] carcinogen Used to control weeds in Not classifiable as a human 4-Amino-6-tert-butyl-3agricultural settings carcinogen (methylthio)-as-[ring-6-14C] triazin-5(4H)-one Classified 2 (reasonably 2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazoleIs used to treat parasitic anticipated) 1-ethanol infections including Giardia infections of the small intestine, amebic liver abscess and amebic
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
70630-17-0
116
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
2212-67-1
Molinate Technical
Ordram 15GM
S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine1-carbothioate
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
21351-39-3
Monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate MSMA Crabgrass Killer2
None
2163-80-6
Monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate Monosodium methanearsonate
300-76-5
Naled
TRUMPETs EC Insecticide
A thiocarbamate herbicide, germination inhibitor Used in pesticide production Used for weed control in cotton Insecticide
15299-99-7
Napropamide
United Phosphorus Devrinol WG Herbicide
54-11-5
Nicotine
L-Nicotine
27314-13-2
Norflurazon
EVITALs 5G
19044-88-3
Oryzalin
Quali-Pros Oryzalin 4 Pro
19666-30-9
Oxadiazon
Quali-Pros Oxadiazon 2G
7091-57-8 and 67-63-0
Oxine Benzoate and Isopropyl Alchohol
Oxine Benzoate
ND 1,2-Dibromo-2,2Dichloroethenyl dimethylphosphate None
ND Possible human carcinogen
Used in pesticide production Fungicide for plants
Product is not listed as a possible carcinogen by NTP, IARC, or OSHA Product is not listed as a possible carcinogen by NTP, IARC, or OSHA Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Agricultural herbicide for Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 use as described on the product label Used as an insecticide in Not available the past, and currently nicotine
Nicotine; (-)-3-(Methyl2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine; (S)-3-(1-Methyl-2pyrrolidinyl)pyridine; (S)-Nicotine; 1-Methyl2-(3pyridyl)pyrrolidine; 3-(NMethylpyrrolidino) pyridine; beta-Pyridyl-alphaNmethylpyrrolidine; S-(-)Nicotine A granular herbicide for [4-Chloro-5-(methylamino)use on cranberries 2-(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluorom-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] 3,5-dinitro-N4, Herbicidal N4-dipropylsulfanilamide Oxadiazon: 2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazoline-5-one None
Not available
Oxydemeton-methyl and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Paclobutrazol
INJECT-A-CIDEs
None
Insecticide
Paclobutrazol
Fungicide
1910-42-5
Paraquat
Paraquat
1-tert-Butyl-2-(p-chlorobenzyl)2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanol 1,10 -dimethyl-4,40 -bipyridylium dichloride
87-86-5
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
298-02-2
Phorate
Umet 100G Systemic Soil Granular Insecticide
2310-17-0
Phosalone
Phosalone
732-11-6
Phosmet
Imidans 50-WP Instapaks
52508-35-7
Pinscher
Pinschers PGR
142-64-3 and 7757-93-9
Piperazine Dihydrochloride and Dicalcium Phosphate
Pipa-Tabs 50 mg and 250 mg
1-Hydroxypentachlorobenzene; 2,3,4,5,6Pentachlorophenol; Penchlorol; Pentachlorofenol; Pentachlorophenate; Phenol, pentachloroNone
S-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2oxobenzoxazol-3-ylmethyl O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate (IUPAC) N-(Mercaptomethyl)phthalimide, S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1methylethylidene)-a-L-xylo2-hexulofuranosonic acid, sodium salt None
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not available
Is used as a quaternary ammonium herbicide, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world Used as a pesticide and ACGIH: A3 Animal wood preservative carcinogen
Agricultural insecticide for use on cotton as described on the product label Used as both an insecticide and acaricide
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
301-12-2 and 108-10-4 76738-62-0
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Organophosphorous pesticide
Not available
Tree growth regulator
ND
Used as a one day wormer, Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 either in water or feed, for the control of roundworms in poultry, swine and horses
117
(Continued)
118
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
52645-53-1 and 51-03-6 23103-98-2
Permethrin and Piperonyl buxide Pirimicarb
Permanone 31-66
ND
Pirimicarb
9003-39-8
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone K15
7758-02-3
Potassium bromide
Potassium bromide
7789-00-6
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Chromate
151-50-8
Potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide
None
7778-50-9
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
Bichromate of potash; Dipotassium Dichromate; Potassium bichromate; Potassium dichromate (VI)
1310-58-3
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Caustic potash, Lye, Potassium hydrate
7681-11-0
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Iodide
Knollide; Potide
10124-65-9
Potassium laurate
Bayer advenced 2 -in-1 Mossa & Algae Killer
None
Application
Used in pesticide production Is a systemic insecticide Carbamic Acid, Dimethylwith contact, stomach 2-(Dimethylamino)-5, and respiratory action 6-Dimethyl-4- Pyrimidyl Ester 1-Ethenyl-2 Pyrrolidinone Used as an additive to Homopolymer; PVP compact, particulate detergents and cleansers Bromide salt of Potassium; Used for the calming of Tripotassium tribromide seizure and nervous disorders on an enormous scale ND Used as indicator for the titration of chlorides with silver nitrate Used in gold mining, organic synthesis Used as a treatment for mahogany, brings out the color and grain to a very deep, rich appearance Used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover Used to protect the thyroid gland from radiation injury before and following administration of radioactive iodide Use for lawns, roofs and buildings
Carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 ND
Group 3 carcinogen
Not available
Is listed as a carcinogen by ACGIH (A1), IARC (Group 1), NIOSH, NTP, OSHA, or CA Prop 65 Not available Classified A1 (confirmed for human)
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Nitric acid potassium salt; Niter; Saltpeter
137-41-7
Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate solution
K-PAMs 540
ND
7722-64-7
Potassium permanganate
Filter Mate Potassium Permanganate
None
Regeneration of greensand iron filters
590-00-1
Potassium sorbate
Potassium sorbate
2,4-hexadienoic acid, Potassium salt; 2,4-hexadienoic acid, Potassium salt
127277-53-6 and 1344-95-2
Apogees
Prohexadione Calcium
7287-19-6
Prohexadion Calcium; Silicic acid, calcium salt; Proprietary ingredients Prometryn
Used to inhibit molds and yeasts in many foods, such as cheese, wine, yogurt, dried meats, apple cider and baked goods A plant growth regulator
Prometryn
25606-41-1
Propamocarb hydrochloride
Banols Fungicide
2312-35-8
Propargite
Comite ll
2,4-bis(isopropylamino)6-(methylthio)-s-triazine Propyl- 3 {3- dimethylamino) propyl}-carbamate monohydrochloride ND
139-40-2
Propazine
AGPRO NZ Limited
60207-90-1
Propiconazole
Quali-Pro Propiconazole
Used in pesticide production Fungicidal
Miticide For post-emergence control of selected weeds in carrots, parsnips, pine and Douglas fir seed beds Triazole derivative fungicide
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Laboratory studies on a similar compound, Metam Sodium, have shown some carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals Not classified or listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA and ACGIH Not available
Not observed
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not classified or listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA and ACGIH 2D (probable human carcinogen) Not available
None known
119
Propazine, 2-chloro-4,6-bis (isopropylamino)-s-triazine Wetting Agent, Dispersing Agent, Thickening Agent, Antifoam, Biocide Water 1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4propyl-1,3-dioxalan-2-yl] methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole
Used in black powder, rocket fuel, primes, and glitter and sparkproducing formulations Soil fumigant
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
7757-79-1
(Continued)
120
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
94-13-3
Propyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
123312-89-0
Pymetrozine
Pymetrozine
110-86-1
Pyridine
Pyridine
4,5-2H-6-methyl-4(3-pyridinemethano-amino)-1,2,4triadiazin-3-3(2H)-one Azine; Azabenzene; RCRA U196; UN 1282
Used as a preservative, an Not available antimicrobial, and for flavoring Insecticide ND
84087-01-4
Quinclorac
Quali-Pros Quinclorac 75 DF
100646-51-3; 872-50-4 and 64742-94-5 10453-86-8 and 28057-48-9
Quizalofop-p-ethyl; N-methyl pyrrolidinone; Aromatic Hydrocarbons Resmethrin; Bioallethrin
Nissan Registered Trademark
122931-48-0
Rimsulfuron
SBP-1382/Bioallethrin Insecticide Concentrate 8%16% Formula I DPX-E9636 25 DF
83-79-4
Rotenone
Dri-Kil Louse Powder
69-72-7
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid
78-92-2
sec-Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
None
Herbicidal (N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl]3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2pyridinesulfonamide) Dri-Kil Dust Broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide o-Hydroxybenzoic acid; Used in several shampoos 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid. used to treat dandruff Methylethylcarbinol It is used as a solvent, cleaning agent, paint remover, and is found
A3 Confirmed animal carcinogen
Not listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA and ACGIH Not observed
Not listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA and ACGIH Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
Group A4 Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Not available
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Quinclorac: 3,7-dichloro-8quinolinecarboxylic acid
Used to make many different products such as medicines, vitamins, food flavorings, paints, dyes, rubber products, adhesives, insecticides, and herbicides Used when killing crabgrass weeds in Bermuda lawns For the control of certain grass weeds in broadleaf crops For the formulation of insecticides only
Carcinogen
sec-Butylamine
sec-Butylamine
None
74051-80-2
Sethoxydim
Sethoxydim
2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy2-cyclohexen-1-on e
7761-88-8
Silver Nitrate
Silver Nitrate
ND
7440-22-4; 77-92-9; 151-21-3; 773218-5
Silver; Citric Acid, Anhydrous; Sodium Lauryl Sulfat; Water
Critical Care
ND
Not available
No carcinogenic effects were observed
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
13952-84-6
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
121
in perfumes, flavors, dyestuffs, and wetting agents Is used as an intermediate to manufacture insecticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors and dyes Used to control annual and perennial grass weeds in broad-leaved vegetable, fruit and field Used in manufacturing photographic film, silvering mirrors, dyeing hair, plating silver, and in medicine as a cautery and antiseptic Used in photography, jewelry, in electronics because of its very high conductivity, as currency generally in some form of an alloy, in lining vats and other equipment for chemical reaction vessels, water distillation, etc., catalyst in manufacture of ethylene, mirrors, electric conductors, batteries, silver plating, table cutlery, dental, medical, and scientific equipment, electrical
(Continued)
122
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Simazine
PRINCEPs NINE-Ts Herbicide
2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)s-triazine
7784-46-5
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium arsenite, powder, certified
532-32-1
Sodium benzoate
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
Antimol; Benzoate of soda; Sodium benzoic acid; Benzoate sodium
144-55-8
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Baking Soda, Bicarbonate of Soda
7647-15-6
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Bromide
Sedoneural
7647-14-5
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Salt; Rock Salt; Saline; Table Salt
7775-11-3
Sodium chromate, anhydrous
Sodium chromate, anhydrous
Sodium chromate
contacts, bearing metal, magnet windings, brazing alloys, solder A water dispersible granule for selective weed control. For further details please refer to product label It is used as a pesticide, a hide preservative, an antiseptic, and in dyeing and soaps Used in acidic foods and products to control bacteria, mold, yeasts, and other microbes Leavening agent, cleaner ingredient, bath salt ingredient, water softener, diaper rinse ingredient, feed additive Is used in photographic processing, as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of various chemicals, and bromides It has been used in numerous ways including the flavoring and preserving of food Used in the industry as an important source for manufacture of chromium compounds
Carcinogen
Not established
A1 Confirmed human carcinogen
Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
A1 Confirmed human carcinogen
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
122-34-9
Application
Sodium Cyanide
None
128-04-1
Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate
Dimet Solution
Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate; Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt;
7681-49-4
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoride
68915-31-1
Sodium hexametaphosphate
151-21-3
Sodium lauryl sulfate
7631-99-4
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrate
Cubic niter; Soda niter; Chile saltpeter
15630-89-4
Sodium percarbonate
Carbonic acid disodium salt, compd. With hydrogen peroxide
Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate
Sodium Fluoride Powder, Reagent ACS; Sodium Fluoride Powder, USP, EP, BP; Sodium Hydrofluoride; Sodium Monofluoride Metaphosphoric Acid, Calgon, HMP, Medi-Calgon, hexasodium salt SHMP; Sodium Polyphosphates; Glassy; Sodium Polymetaphosphate; Sodium phosphate glass; Polyphosphoric Acids, sodium salts Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, Sodium dodecyl sulfate sodium salt
Used commercially for fumigation, electroplating, extracting gold and silver from ores, and chemical manufacturing Used to enhance the precipitation of metals in wastewater treatment and pretreatment systems Used in pesticide production
Not available
Not listed as a carcinogen by NTP, IARC or OSHA
A4 (not classifiable for human or animal)
Used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types
Not listed as a carcinogen by NTP, IARC or OSHA
Used in many cosmetic products for their cleansing and emulsifying properties Used as an ingredient in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, as an ingredient in smoke bombs, and as a food preservative Used in pesticide production
Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not available
123
Sodium Cyanide
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
143-33-9
(Continued)
124
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
50723-80-3 and 62476-59-9
Sodium Salt of Bentazon; Sodium Salt of Acifluorfen
STORM Herbicide
Herbicidal
16893-85-9
Sodium silicofluoride
Silicate (2-), hexafluoro-, disodium
Sodium acifluorfen, an active ingredient in this product, has been designated as a probable carcinogen by the US EPA A4 (not classifiable for human or animal)
7757-82-6; 7447-40-7
Sodium Sulfate; Potassium chloride
YSI Oxygen Probe Electrolyte for Model 5204, 5906, 5908, & 5909
sodium(3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one2,2-dioxide; sodium 5[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate Sodium Silicofluoride; Sodium hexafluorosilicate; Sodium fluosilicate; Sodium hexafluosilicate; Sodium silicon fluoride; Silicon sodium fluoride; Disodium silicofluoride; Disodium hexafluorosilicat (2-); Disodiuim silicofluoride None
1313-82-2
Sodium sulfide
Sodium sulfide
None
1300-72-7
Sodium xylenesulfonate
NAXONATEs SX
ND
62-74-8 8001-22-7
Sodium Fluoroacetate Soybean oil
Compound 1080 RBD Soybean Oil
None ND
111-01-3
Squalane
Tetracosane, 2,6,10,15,19,23hexamethyl-
Cosbiol, Robane, Spinacane, Vitabiosol; 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane; Dodecahydrosqualene; Perhydrosqualene
Used to control ectoparasites on livestock, as well as crawling insects in homes and work buildings
Used for the manufacture of detergents and in the Kraft process of paper pulping Used as a metal ore reagent and in photography, engraving, and printing Used as a hydrotrope, an organic compound that increases the ability of water to dissolve other molecules Pesticidal Paints and coatings Used in pesticide production
Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans)
Not available
Sodium xylenesulfonate is not considered to be a human or animal carcinogen
No data available Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Stoddard Solvent
Stoddard Solvent
514-78-3; 8001-30-7; Canthaxanthin; Corn oil; Vitamin Canthaxanthin 10% E; Ascorbyl palmitate; 137-66-6; Sucrose; Starch {Corn} 10191-41-0; 57-50-1 and 9005-25-8 5329-14-6 Sulfamic Acid Sulfamic Acid
122836-35-5; 57-556; 108-88-3
Sulfentrazone; Propylene Glycol; Surfactant Blend; Toluene
Spartnt 4 F Herbicide
4151-50-2
Sulfluramid
Firstlinet Termite Bait
74222-97-2
Sulfometuron-methy
Alligare SFM 75
141776-32-1
Sulfosulfuron
Sulfosulfuron
Mineral Spirits ; White Spirits
Canthaxanthin 10% CWS/N
Used as a descaler for either boiler water, cooling water or heat exchange systems Used as a herbicide
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Insecticide
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
A dispersible granule herbicide
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Herbicide
Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
125
Amidosulfonic acid; amidosulfuric acid; aminosulfonic acid; sulfamidic acid FMC 97285; F6285; CAS: N-[2,4-dichloro-5[4-difluoromethyl)4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl] methanesulfonamide; IUPAC: N-[2,4-dichloro-5(4-difluoromethyl-3-methyl5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4] triazol-1-yl)phenyl]methane sulfonamide FMC 66898; GX071; F1898; N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide; IUPAC: Nethyl perfluoro-octane1-sulfonamide Methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl2-pyrimidinyl)amino]-carbonyl] amino]sulfonyl]benzoate 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)3-[(2-ethylsulfonylimidazo [1,2-a] 5 pyridin-3yl) sulfonylurea(IUPAC)
Used as a paint thinner; in Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA some types of photocopier toners, printing inks, and adhesives and as a dry cleaning solvent Used as a food additive is Classified A4 (not classifiable for human or animal) discussed as a possible cause of the crystal deposition
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
8052-41-3
(Continued)
126
Table 3.1 (Continued) Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Application
7446-09-5
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxode
002699-79-8 1401-55-4
Sulfuryl fluoride Tannic acid
Vikane Gas Fumigant Tannic acid
1934-21-0
Tartrazine
Tartrazine
5902-51-2
Tebracil
Sinbars Herbicide
Bisulfite, Sulfurous Anhydride, Used as a preservative for Sulfurous Oxide, Sulfur Oxide dried apricots and other dried fruits owing to its antimicrobial properties None Insecticide None Used in the dyeing process for cellulose fibers such as cotton, often combined with alum and/or iron Used to give foods a Acid Yellow 23; 4,5-Dihydrolemon-yellow color, 5-oxo-1-(4-sulphophenyl)particularly those foods 4-[(4-sulphophenyl)azo]with lemon and lime 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic flavors acid Compound 732, Geonter Herbicidal
107534-96-3
Tebuconazole
Folicurs 430 SC Fungicide
ND
Fungicide for agricultural use
34014-18-1
Tebuthiuron
SPIKE 50 GR
1-(5-(t-butyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol2-yl)- 1, 3-dimethylurea
A ready to use granular herbicide with a prolonged residual action for the nonselective control of a variety of annual and perennial plants in industrial and other non-crop areas as well as for weed control in sisal
Carcinogen Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA
Not available Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Not available
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65 Tebuconazole is not listed by The National Toxicology Program (NTP) or the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a carcinogen Animal studies did not detect any carcinogenic activity. No human information available
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
CAS #
Agricultural Insecticide
Tetrazole tert-Butyl alcohol
Tetrazole Trimetylcarbinol
Etridiazole 2-methyl-2-propanol
Temephos is not listed as a human carcinogen by the IARC, OSHA, or NTP ND A4 (not classifiable for human or animal)
136-47-0
Tetracaine Hydrochloride
Tetracaine HCl
4-Butylaminobenzoicacid-2(dimethylamino)ethylester hydrochloride
127-18-4
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
119-64-2
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Tetrahydronaphthalene
ethylene tetrachloride; tetrachloroethene; perchloroethylene; carbon bichloride; carbon dichloride 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthlene; Benzocyclohexane; Tetralin; Tetranap
Fungicidal Used as a solvent, as a denaturant for ethanol, as an ingredient in paint removers, as an octane booster for gasoline, as an oxygenate gasoline additive, and as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical commodities such as MTBE, ETBE, TBHP, other flavors and perfumes Not available Is used to alter the function of calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors) that control the release of calcium from intracellular stores A3, animal carcinogen Used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants Used in pesticide Not available production
Force CS Insecticide
003383-96-8 and 108-88-3
Temephos; Toluene
2593-15-9 75-65-0
(Continued)
127
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65
Tefluthrin
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
A pyrethroid insecticide
Abate 4-E Insecticide
(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro4-methylphenyl)methyl(1a,3a)-(Z)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3trifluoro-1-propenyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate None
79538-32-2
128
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
108-88-3
Toluene
104-55-2 trans-Cinnamaldehyde 43121-43-3 (40-43%) Triadimefon Technical 141517-21-7 (8%) Trifloxystrobin Technical 14808-60-7 (1%) Crystalline Silica 55219-65-3 (1RS, 2RS; 1RS, 2SR)-1(4-chlorophenoxy)-3, 3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) butan-2-ol 101200-48-0 Tribenuron-methyl 78-48-8 (70.5%) 91- S,S,S-Tributyl 20-3 (1-5%) Phosphorotrithioate, Naphthalene
Synonyms
Application
Carcinogen
Tetraperm 10-10-50 Water Based Concentrate
None
Pesticide
None
Thiram Granuflo Thiamethoxam
Thiram, TMTD None
Fungicide Insecticide
None EPA Not Likely
Leafless
Dimethipin Thidiazuron
Plant growth regulator
None
Thiodicarb
None
Insecticide
EPA B2 (probable)
Thymol
Antiseptic and disinfectant
None
Industrial feedstock, solvent Flavoring Fungicide
None
trans-Cinnamaldehyde ARMADA 50 WP
3-Hydroxy-1-methyl-4-isopropyl benzene; Isopropyl-cresol; Thyme camphor; 2-Isopropyl5-methyl phenol; 3-Hydroxyp-cymene Methylbenzene; Methylbenzol; Phenylmethane; Toluol trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenal None
Triadimenol
None
Fungicide
EPA Group C (possible)
Tribenuron-methyl Folex 6 EC
None Tribufos
Herbicide Cotton defoliant
EPA Group C (possible) IARC Group 2B
Toluene
Not available EPA Group C (possible)
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Tetramethrin Piperonyl butoxide 7696-12-0(10%) Permethrin Aliphatic 51-03-6(50%) Petroleum 52645-53-1(10%) 64742-47-8(.5%) 137-26-8 Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide 153719-23-4 (EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5oxadiazinan-4-ylidene(nitro) amine 55290-64-7 (32.7%) 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin-1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 51707-55-2 N-phenyl-40 -(1,2,3-thiadiazol-50 (8.4%) yl)-urea 59669-26-0 dimethyl N, N0 -[thiobis [(methylimino)carbonyloxy]] bis[ethanimidothioate] (CA) 89-83-8 Thymol
Product Name(s)
Trichloro Carbanilide
Trichloro Carbanilide
3,4,4 - Trichloro Carbanilide
Disinfectant
76-03-9
Trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Precipitation of macromolecules, cosmetic treatments
79-01-6
Trichloroethylene
Nu-blast
Aceto-caustin; Trichloroacetate; Trichloroethanoic acid; Trichloro methanecarboxylic acid; Acetic acid, trichloroAerosol
75-69-4
Trichlorofluoromethane
Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11)
methane, trichlorofluoro-; monofluorotrichloromethane
87-90-1
s-Triazine-2,4,6-Triol
Trichloroisocyanuric acid
Symclosene
3380-34-5 13121-70-5 112-27-6
Triclosan Tricyclohexyltin Hydroxide Triethylene Glycol
Estesol Clear Cyhexatin Triethylene Glycol
68694-11-1
Triflumizole
Procure 50WS
9003-07-01582-09-8
Polypropylene (.74.8%) Trifluralin (,20%)
Biobarrier II
None Cihexaestanho, Cihexatin Ethanol, 2,20 -[1,2-ethanediylbis (oxy)]bis-; triglycol; ethylene glycol dihydroxy-diethyl ether Fungicide (E)-4-Chloro-alpha,alpha,alphatrifluoro-N-(1-imidazol-1-yl2-propoxyethylidene)-otoluidine None Weed control
Condenser coil cleaner Solvent; fire extinguishers; chemical intermediate; blowing agent Disinfectant, bleaching agent, reagent in organic synthesis Hand soap Insecticide Vinyl plasticizer
This product contains a component that has been reported to be probably carcinogenic based on its IARC, OSHA, and ACGIH, NTP or EPA classification Classified A3 (proven for animal) by ACGIH
CA Prop 65 carcinogen Trichloroethylene None
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
101-20-2
None
None None None
None
Carbon black has been evaluated by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). NIOSH recommends that only carbon black with PAH..1% be suspected
129
(Continued)
130
Table 3.1 (Continued) CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Synonyms
Triforine
Saprol Fungicide
95266-40-3
Trinexapac-ethyl
LESCO RegiMax PGRt Plant Growth Regulator
57-13-6
Urea
Urea
1330-20-7
Xylene
Xylenes
16974-11-1
Z-9-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate
ISOMATEs-GBM PLUS
None
155-04-4
Zinc 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
PERKACIT ZMBT
ZMBT; Bantex; Zinc Salt of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole None
Zinc chloride (1025%), 7646-85-7 (zinc ammonium chloride chloride) 12125(2.510%), Petrolatum 02-9 (ammonium (50100%) chloride) 800903-8 (Petrolatum) 1314-13-2 Zinc Oxide
SP-30
Zinc Oxide
Chinese white; zinc white; flowers of zinc; calamine
Carcinogen
Fungicide
carcinogens. The ACGIH classifies carbon black as A4, Not classifiable as human carcinogen None
Plant growth regulator
None
Nitrogen-release fertilizer
None
Aviation gasoline; protective coatings; solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels, rubber cements; synthesis of organic chemicals Isomate-GBM plus suppresses mating of grape berry moth in grapes Accelerator
IARC Group 3
None
None
Soldering paste flux
None
Laboratory reagent
None
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
N,N0 -[1,4-Piperazinediyl-bis (2,2,2-trichloroethylene)-bisformamide] 4-(Cyclopropyl-ahydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethylester; C13H16O5 Carbamide Carbonyldiamine Carbonyl Diamide xylene (xylol); xylol; methyl toluene; benzene, dimethyl-; dimethylbenzene; nci-c55232; violet 3; xylol (dot); socal aquatic solvent 3501
26644-46-2
Application
Zinc phenolsulfonate
Zinc sulfocarbolate; zinc p-phenolsulfonate
Ingredient of cosmetic preparations
None
Zinc Phosphide Zinc stearate Zinc, Zinc Oxide, Lead
Zinc phosphide technical ‘Ratil’ Protective cream 211 Zinc Metal Powder
None Zinc octadecanoate Powdered zinc; blue powder; CI77945; CI Pigment Black 16
None None
12122-67-7
Zineb
Zineb 80W PCP 9318
IARC Group 3
137-30-4
Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamoZIRAM 76DF dithioaot-kappaS, kappaS)-(T-4) Mancozeb, Zoxamide, Electis 75 WG Fungicide : HexamethyleneMAPP 10565/11013 (PCS tetramine 01821)
[Ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate)] zinc; Micide; Aaphytora; Aspor; Bercema; Blizene, Carbadine; CHEM zineb; Cineb; Dithane Z; Dithiamina; ENT 14; Novozin; Lonacol; Parzate C; Phytox; Tanazon; Zidan; Zebtox None
Rodenticide Protective hand cream Anti-corrosion, precision components, construction material, brass, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, micronutrient for humans, animals, and plants Fungicide Group M
Fungicide
IARC Group 3
Fungicide
None
008018 -01-7, 156052-68-5, 000100-97-0
3,5-Dichloro-N-(1-chloro3-methyl-2-oxopentan-3-yl)4-methylbenzamide (Zoxamide)
Toxic and Dangerous Properties
Zinc phenosulfonate
127-82-2 (Anhydrous) 1300-55-6 (Octahydrate) 1314-84-7 557-05-1 7440-66-6 (Zinc), 1314-13-2 (Zinc Oxide), 7439-92-1 (Lead)
131
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 Product NFPA Rating, Decomposition Products, Conditions and Materials to Avoid
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
NA
NA
NA
1
1
1
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
39148-24-8
Aluminum tris Fosetyl-Al (o-ethyl phosphonate) Technical
39148-24-8 and Aluminum tris (o-ethyl Starts brand 15G 36734-19-7 phosphonate), Fungicide (3,5-dichlorophenyl)N-(1methylethyl) -2,4 -dioxo-1imidazolidinecarboxamide
314-40-9 and 330-54-1
Bromacil; Diuron
Weed Blast Residual Weed Control
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Decomposition products NA Prolonged exposure Reducing agents. may be dangerous. Unstable in strongly to temperatures o Decomposition acidic or alkaline in excess of 50 C products include solutions. Will pohosphorous oxides. oxidize when mixed Phosphine-type gases with strong oxidizing may be emitted when agents. Will hydrolize decomposed in in aqueous solutions reducing atmospheres Decomposition products NA Prolonged exposure Reducing agents. may be hazardous. Unstable in strongly to temperatures These may inlcude: acidic or alkaline in excess of 50oC Phosphorus oxide, solutions. Will carbon oxides , oxidize when mixed nitrogen oxides, and with strong oxidizing hydrogen chloride. agents. Will hydrolize Phosphine-type gases in aqueous solutions may be emitted when decomposed in reducing atmospheres NA Excessive heat Bromacil decomposes by Small amount of reaction with amines Nitrogen, Chloride, and/or bromine containing compounds may be
NFPA Rating
Barracudas Selective Bromoxynil octanoate, [1689-99-2]; Diflufenican, [83164-33Herbicide N-Methylpyrrolidone, 4]; [872-50Hydrocarbon solvent 4]; [9043879-2]
Avoid sources of ignition and extremes of temperature
314-40-9
5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil
Bromacil
Heat, Sparcks, and open flame
133-06-2
N-Trichloromethylthio4-cyclohexe-1, 2Dicarboximide
Captan 4L
Extreme temperatures
formed under fire conditions. Incomplete combustion may lead to formation of carbon monoxide and/or other asphyxiants 66 Incompatible with strong Hydrogen bromide, hydrogen cyanide, acids and bases, hydrogen fluoride, oxidizing agents. The and oxides of carbon rubber components and nitrogen may be present in some released in a fire spraying units may be affected by exposure to the solvents in Barracuda NA Toxic gases (such as Decomposes slowly bromine and oxides upon contact with of nitrogen) may be strong acids released in the fire involving bromacil Reactive or incompatible Decomposes above 93.3 390 F (200 C). May with the following materials: oxidizing form oxides of materials, acids and carbon and nitrogen alkalis. Strong acids and nitrites. Should not be used in water where the pH is less than 6.0 due to the possible breakdown of the copper chelate, which could form copper ions, which would precipitate.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
1
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
3
1
0
0.9
6.5
424
1
3
1
12
19
556
2
1
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
63-25-2
Carbaril (1-naphthyl n-methylcarbamate)
Carbaryl 4L
98-82-8
Isopropylbenzene
Cumene
75-09-2
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Should not be applied to water when temperature of the water is below 60 F (15 C) Excessive heat, open Strong bases, acids and Oxides of nitrogen and 43 flame or extreme oxidizers carbon trace amounts cold of methyl isocyanate Strong acids, alkalies, No additional hazardous 36 Keep away from and oxidizers decomposition heat, sparks and products were flame. Forms identified other than peroxides with the combustion prolonged storage products identified in Section 5 of this MSDS Strong oxidizers, strong Emits highly toxic fumes NA Moisture, heat, of phosgene when caustics, plastics, flames, ignition heated to rubber, nitric acid, sources and decomposition. water 1 heat, and incompatibles Decomposes in a chemically active flame or hot surface metals, such as to form toxic gas aluminum and phosgene and magnesium powder, corrosive mists of sodium, potassium,
NFPA Rating
115-32-2 330-54-1 72178-02-0
86-50-0
51235-04-2
36734-19-7
Dicofol N-(3,4-dichlophenyl)-N, N-dimethyl urea 5-[2-chloro-4(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-N(methylsulfonyl )-2-nitrobenzamide Azinphosmethyl
3-cyclohexyl-6(dimethylamino)-1methyl-1,3,53-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)N-(1-methylethyl)2,4-dioxo-1imidazolidinecarboxamide
Dicofol Diuron Fomesafen
Excessive heat Extreme temperatures None known
and lithium. Avoid contact with open flames and electrical arcs. Liquid methylene chloride will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings None known Acids and alkalies Oxidizing agents
hydrochloric acid. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition
None known 193 Toxic oxides of nitrogen NA and carbon None known Not flammable
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
1 2
1 0
0 0
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
2
2
24
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
None
None
None
2
1
1
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
0.7
7
443
4
1
2
Guthion
Sustained temperature above 37.8 C
Strong oxidizing agents and bases
Hexazinone
None known
None known
Iprodione Technical
None known
Decomposition products Noncommay be hazardous. bustiThese may include ble the oxides of nitrogen and carbon and hydrogen chloride Alkalis, amines, and Dimethyl sulfide, sulfur 62 oxidizing compounds dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Strong alkalis; strong None known 40 oxidizing agents
121-75-5
S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbony) Melathion ethyl O
Excessive heat
298-00-0
dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothionate
Keep this product away from heat, sparks, flame, and other sources of ignition
Methyl Parathion
Mineral acids, strong bases
Hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide None known
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Rapidly hydrolysed by alkalis
120
NA
NA
NA
4
1
0
Combustion may produce carbon and nitrogen oxides Reaction of sodium chlorate with acids releases chlorine and chlorine dioxide vapors which may ignite or explode spontaneously
33
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
2
2
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
56-38-2
O,O-diethyl O-(4nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate
Parathion
40487-42-1
Pendimethalin N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6dinitro-3,4-xylidene (IUPAC) 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)- Pramitols 5 PS 6-methoxy-s-triazine
1610-18-0
41198-08-7
O-(4-bromo-2chlorophenyl)-Oethyl-s-propyl phosphorothioate
Profenofos
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Reacts with strong The substance oxidants decomposes on heating producing toxic gases including carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, phosphorous oxides, nitrogen oxides Excessive heat and Strong alkaline material, open flame acid or oxidizing materials Combustibles. heat, None known acids, organic compounds. Phosphorous, sulfur, sulfides. ammonium compounds, and powdered metals Flame, heat, ignition Strong oxidizers sources
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Can decompose at high 55 temperatures forming toxic gases
NFPA Rating
7287-19-6
709-98-8
N, N0 -bis(1methylethyl)-6(methylthio)-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine 30 ,40 -dichloropropionanilide
Prometryn
Strong acids and bases, strong oxidizers
None known
Can decompose at high 81 temperatures forming toxic gases
NA
NA
580
1
1
0
Propanil
None known
There are no known materials, which are incompatible with this product Alkaline and acidic conditions and materials, oxidizing materials
None known
100
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
None known
66.4
0.8
3.2
400
2
0
0
None known
Acids and alkalies
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
1
Not highly flammable 100
NA
NA
NA
1
1
1
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Not flammable
NA
NA
NA
2
0
1
None
Toxic oxides of nitrogen and carbon. Chloride fumes Oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, ethylene thiourea, carbon disulfide Hydrogen fluoride, nitrogenoxides carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide In a fire, formation of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides can be expected None
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
None
None
Does not Flash
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
Propiconazole 1-(2-(2,4dichlorophenyl)-4propyl-1,3-dioxolan2-ylmethyl)-1h1,2,4-triazol 6-chloro-N2,N4-diethyl- Simazine 1,3,5-triazine2,4-diamine Thiophanate methyl 1,2-bis (methoxycarbonylthioureido) benzene
Avoid temperatures above 66 C and below 2 7 C
Excessive heat, fire or water
Oxidizers
1582-09-8
a-a -a -trifluor-2,6Trifluralin dinitro-N,N-dipropylp-toluidin
Moisture
Strong oxidizing agents
1897-45-6 and 53112-28-0
Chlorothalonil and Pyrimethanil
Walabi SC Fungicide
Excessive heat
Oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis
33956-49-9
(E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien1-ol N-{3-(1-methylethoxy) phenyl}-2(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (active ingredient)
ISOMATEs-CM/OFM None TT Prostar 70 WP Fungicide Extreme heat, moisture
60207-90-1
122-34-9
23564-05-8
66332-96-5
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
109
NA
NA
257
0
2
0
23
2.3
13.7
412
1
3
0
185
NA
NA
NA
2
0
2
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
86-86-2
1- Nephthaleneacetamide
Amid -Thins W
ND
112-30-1
n-Decanol
Royaltacs
71-23-8
1- Propanol
Plrp-S - in 1-Propanol/ Water
4080-31-3
1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7triaza-1azoniaadamantane chloride
DOWICIL* 75 Preservative
Materials to Avoid Avoid strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Burning may cause the formation of carbon oxides,sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and unknown fumes and vapors Heat, flames, ignition Oxidizing agents, strong Irritating fumes, Oxides sources and acids, strong bases of carbon incompatibles Carbon dioxide and Heat, flames, ignition Strong acids, aldehydes, carbon monoxide may halides, halogens. sources and form when heated to Reacts violently incompatibles decomposition. May with potassium-tertproduce acrid smoke butoxide. Can react and irritating fumes vigorously with when heated to oxidizing materials decomposition Avoid temperatures Decomposition products Avoid contact with above 80 C. depend upon oxidizing materials. temperature, air Avoid contact with: Active ingredient supply and the Strong acids. Avoid decomposes at presence of other contact with metals elevated materials. such as: Aluminum temperatures. Decomposition Generation of gas products can include during
NFPA Rating
71-55-6
75-91-2
107-06-2
and are not limited decomposition can to: Chlorinated cause pressure in hydrocarbons. Carbon closed systems. dioxide. Ammonia. Avoid static Amines. Hydrogen discharge. Avoid chloride. moisture. Water Trimethylamine. contamination Gases are released may cause heat during decomposition generation and decomposition 95 1,1,1-Trichloroethane {1,1,1-}Trichloroethane High temperatures, Amides (e.g. butyramide, Hydrogen chloride, chlorine, phosgene, diethyltoluamide, incompatible carbon monoxide, dimethyl formamide), materials, carbon dioxide metals (alkali and exposure to moist alkaline, e.g. cesium, air or water potassium, sodium), metals as powders (e.g. hafnium, raney nickel), strong oxidizing agents, aluminum, strong bases, magnesium, sodium, zinc, potassium tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Mechanical shock, 26.7 Reactive with reducing Carbon monoxide, ignition sources, agents, acids, alkalis irritating and toxic combustible fumes and gases, materials, carbon dioxide reducing agents, temperatures above 75 C acids, amines, bases, alkali Thermal decomposition 13 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethylene Dichloride Avoid heat, flames, products or metals, such as sparks and other combustion: oxides of aluminum, oxidizing sources of ignition. carbon, chlorine, materials, high Containers may hydrogen chloride, temperature sources, rupture or explode phosgene pure oxygen, strong if exposed to heat UV light (welding arcs)
7.5
12.5
537
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
3
0
6.2
15.9
413
2
3
0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition Hydrogen chloride, Excess heat, acids, phosgene, carbon bases, alkali metals, monoxide, carbon alkaline earth metals, dioxide aluminum, finely powdered metals, amides Reactive with oxidizing ND agents
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
15
0.15
0.03
557
2
3
0
143
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide May produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride and phosgene when heated to decomposition
112
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
110
2.5
6.6
571
2
1
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
643-79-8
1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde
Heat, incompatibles
78-87-5
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Incompatible materials, ignition sources, excess heat
91-53-2
6-Ethoxy-1,2dihydro2,2,4trimethylquinoline 1,2,4Trimethoxybenzene
Ethoxyquin
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Excess heat, incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents Incompatible materials, strong oxidants Heat, flames, ignition Acids, acid fumes, oxidizers, steam sources and incompatibles
135-77-3
120-82-1
1,2,4Trimethoxybenzene
Materials to Avoid Strong oxidizers
Hazardous Decomposition Products
NFPA Rating
95-50-1
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
o-dichlorobenzene
Incompatible materials, light
Oxidizing agents, aluminum
107-88-0
1,3-Butanediol
1,3-Butanediol
Incompatible materials, excess heat
118-52-5
1,3 Dichloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin
Robarb Bromochem
Incompatible materials, excess heat
542-75-6
1,3 Dichloropropene
Inline Soil Fumigant
77-48-5
1,3-Dibromo-5,5dimethylhydantoin
1,3-Dibromo-5,5dimethylhydantoin
Avoid moisture, open flame, or other high temperature sources Dust generation, moisture
Strong oxidizing agents, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, reducing agents Acids/bases and oxidizers/reducing agents, organic chemicals Avoid contact with amines and strong bases
16079-88-2
1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin
Omni Brominating Tablets for Pools
High temperature. Poor ventilation. Contamination. Moisture/high humidity
35691-65-7
1,2 Dibromo - 2,4 Dicyanobutane 1-Butanethiol
DBDCB
Excessive heat
1-Butanethiol
Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of
109-79-5
Hydrogen chloride, chlorine, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
67
2.2
12
640
NA
NA
NA
121
NA
NA
375
1
1
0
Bromine gas, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
1
1
27
5.5
14.5
NA
3
3
3
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
1
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
0
1
36
ND
ND
ND
1
3
0
Depends on the temperature, air supply and the presence of other materials Strong reducing agents, Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon strong bases, dioxide, hydrogen moisture, easily bromide, bromine oxidizable materials Hydrogen bromide, Avoid contact with bromine, hydrogen water on concentrated chloride, chlorine material in the container. Avoid contact with easily oxidizable material; ammonia, urea, or similar nitrogen containing compounds; inorganic reducing compounds Strong oxidizers, bases Bromine, 1,2 Dicyano-1butene HBr Thermal decomposition or Acids, oxidizing combustion products: materials, nitric acid, oxides of carbon, calcium hypochlorite
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Will not decompose under conditions of usual handling ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
67.7
0.9
8
NA
2
2
0
None known
57.2
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
25655-41-8
Chemical Name
3391-86-4
1-ethyenyl-2pyrrolidinone homopolymer 1-Octen-3-ol
141-43-5
2-Aminoethanol
148-79-8
2-(4-Thiazolyl) Benzimidazole
Product Name(s)
Betadines Solution
1-Octen-3-ol
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
ignition. Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat. Keep out of water supplies and sewers ND Strong alkalis or reducing agents Excess heat, ignition Reactive with oxidizing agents sources, incompatible materials None known None known
Liquid Laundry Detergent Add-2 Prevent Mildew ND Mildewcide Additive
Oxidizing agents, reducing agents, strong acids
Hazardous Decomposition Products
NFPA Rating
oxides of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide
93.33 Carbon monoxide, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides, other potentially toxic fumes may be caused by fire and thermal decomposition
88-82-4 1929-73-3
1928-43-4
97-00-7 93-76-5
88-06-2
2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Moisture acid acid Crossbow * L Herbicide Avoid temperatures 2,4 above or near Dichlorphenoxyacetic flash point acid, butoxyethyl ester Alcos Citrus Fixt 2,4 D: Isooctyl Extreme heat or (2 ethylhexyl) ester extreme cold of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4{2,4-} ND Dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene ND 2,4,5-Trichlotophen2,4,5-Trichlotophenoxyacetic Acid, oxyacetic Acid, Potassium salt Potassium salt 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Phenol, 2,4,6-trichloro- Excess heat, incompatible materials
24157-81-1
2,6 - bis (1-methylerhyl) Amplifys Aerosol - Napthalene Grade Sprout Inhibitor
Excessive heat
128-37-0
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol 2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4Methylphenol
109-86-4 94-96-2
2-Methoxyethanol 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
Incompatible materials, light, dust generation, temperatures above 50 C Excessive Heat Incompatibles and sources of ignition
2-Methoxyethanol 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
Strong oxidation agents Acids, bases, and odixizing materials
Toxic fumes of CO2, CO, HI Noxious fumes may be formed in fire situation
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
64
NA
NA
NA
1
2
0
0.9
6.4
NA
2
2
0
2
22
432
3
1
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
99
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
140
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
127
NA
NA
345
2
1
1
39 136
1.8 NA
14 NA
285 NA
2 2
2 1
0 0
ND
39.4 Amminia, oxides of nitrogen, chlorinecontaining compounds and other unknown hazardous materials may be formed in a fire situation ND 194
Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Strong bases and oxidizers
Reactive with oxidizing agents
Incompatible with oxidizing materials, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides Strong oxidizers, acids, Combustion may chlorine produce CO, NOx, SOx, and reactive hydrocarbons Strong oxidizing agents, Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide acids, strong bases, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, peroxides, metals Strong oxidizing agents ND Strong oxidizing agents Oxides of carbon
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
104
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
123
0.1
0.01
520
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
93
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
81
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
132
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
2492-26-4
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Westco NaMBT 50 Excessive heat solution, sodium salt 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin- Freeman White Cold ND 3-one Glue- High Viscosity 2-Napthoxyacetic Acid 2-Napthoxyacetic Acid Incompatible materials 2-Biphenylol 2-Phenylphenol Excessive heat
2682-20-4 120-23-0 90-43-7
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Courmarin, 3-(alphaacetonylbenzyl)-4hydroxy3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate
3-alphaAcetonylbenzyl)-4hydroxycoumarin Wolmans RainCoats Clear Water Repellent
Incompatible materials
140-67-0
4-allyl-1methoxybenzene
4-Allylanisole
Incompatible materials, strong oxidants
88-04-0
4-Chloro-3,5dimethylphenol
4-Chloro-3,5dimethylphenol
Incompatible materials
81-81-2
55406-53-6
Avoid excessive heat .180 C
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Strong oxidizers and acids ND
Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur May include oxides of carbon Strong oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Strong oxidizing agents, Carbon monoxide, strong bases carbon dioxide Reactive with oxidizing ND agents, acids, alkalis Decomposition may Avoid contact with release carbon strong acids (pH ,2) monoxide, carbon and bases (pH .10) dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and iodine vapors Strong oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide Strong oxidizing agents Hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
NFPA Rating
59-50-7
4-Chloro-3Methylphenol
59756-60-4
Sonar A.S. 4(1h)-pyridinone, 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] 4-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine
504-24-5
122-88-3
4-Chloro-3Methylphenol
Incompatible materials, dust generation
Avoid freezing
Incompatible materials, ignition sources, dust generation Excessive heat and light Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
118 Hydrogen chloride, Bases, acid chlorides, chlorine, phosgene, acid anhydrides, carbon monoxide, sodium hydroxide, carbon dioxide oxidizing agents, steel, brass, copper, and copper alloys 93.3 Reactive or incompatible If water evaporates, residues may product with the following harmful vapors under materials: oxidizing fire conditions materials and acids Oxidizing agents, strong Nitrogen oxides, carbon 156 monoxide, carbon acids, acid chlorides, dioxide acid anhydrides
4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid 4-Heptanone, 2,6dimethyl-
4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid 4-Heptanone, 2,6dimethyl-
80-46-6
4-tert-Amylphenol
BioZidet Disinfectant/ Deodorant
Extreme temperatures; sources of ignition
Strong oxidizers
98-54-4
4-tert.-Butylphenol
4-tert.-Butyl phenol
Oxidizing agents
26172-55-4
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4isothiazolin-3-one
Isothiazolin
Incompatible materials, dust generation, moisture, excess heat NA
108-83-8
Strong oxidizers and bases Strong oxidizers. May attack some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings
Avoid contact with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, amines and mercaptans
NA
NA
590
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
640
3
0
0
COx, HCl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition Decomposition will not occur if handled/ stored properly. Thermal decomposition will emit carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide
49
0.8
7.1
396
1
2
0
22
1.8
9.5
NA
1
3
0
113
NA
NA
510
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Thermal decomposition None may yield oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and hydrogen chloride gas
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
ND
ND
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Flammable hydrogen gas NA Strong alkalis and may be formed on anionic wetting contact with agents (e.g., alkyl and aluminum alkylaryl sulfonates). Corrosive to aluminum
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Oxidizing agents
70
ND
ND
ND
2
2
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
52207-99-5
(Z,Z)-7,11Hexadecadien-1-yl Acetate
PB-ROPE L
10380-28-6
8-Hydroxyquinoline, 8-Hydroxyquinoline, Copper Salt Copper Salt 6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2- Reward Landscape and Aquatic Herbicide a:20 ,10 -c) pyrazinediium dibromide
85-00-7
71751-41-2
Abamectin
Temprano
30560-19-1
Acephate
Acephate 90 Prill
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Exposure to air or moisture over prolonged periods
Strong oxidizing agents
Excess heat, excess dust generation Concentrate should not be stored in aluminum containers. Spray solutions should not be mixed, stored or applied in containers other than plastic, plastic-lined steel, stainless steel or fiberglass High temperatures, ignition sources Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
Strong oxidising agents
Oxidizing agents
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Thermal decomposition ND can lead to release of irritating gases and vapors such as carbon oxides ND NA
Irritating fumes, oxides of carbon Noxious fumes may be formed in fire situation
NFPA Rating
64-19-7
Acetic acid
34256-82-1
Acetochlor 2-chloro-N(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2ethyl-6methylphenyl) acetamide Acetone Acetone
67-64-1
Glacial
Oxidizing agents, acids, Incompatible alkalies, chromic materials, acid, peroxides. ignition sources, Alcohols. Sparks or excess heat. flame. Amines Reacts with most common metals to produce hydrogen
Excess heat
Strong acids. Strong bases. Strong oxidizing/reducing agents
High temperatures, ignition sources, temperatures above 220 C Do not allow to freeze
Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids
2650-18-2
Proprietary Blue Dye Concentrate
LESCO Tracker
None known
62476-59-9
Acifluorfen
Blazers Herbicide
Do not allow to freeze
Oxidizing agents
107-02-8
Acrolein, Inhibited
Acrolein, Inhibited
Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of
Acids, bases, amines, combustible
39 Acetaldehyde, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium nitrate, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, chromic acid, chronic anhydride 1 acetic anhydride, diallyl methyl carbinol 1 ozone, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitric acid 1 acetone, oleum, perchloric acid, permanganates CO/CO2, HCl and NOx 100 on combustion
Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide Burning may yield carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide Including but not limited to oxides of carbon, nitrogen, HCI, HF Thermal decomposition products: oxides of carbon
5.4
16
427
3
2
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2 20
2.5
12.8
465
1
3
0
93
ND
ND
ND
1
0
0
94
ND
ND
ND
2
1
1
-26
2.8
31
220
4
3
3
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
2 1.1
3
17
481
4
3
2
93
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
107-13-1
Acrylonitrile, Inhibited
Acrylonitrile, Inhibited
25322-69-4
polypropylenglycol
Pluriols P 425 Pluracols P 425
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
materials, metal salts, ignition. oxidizing materials Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat. Minimize contact with material. Keep out of water supplies and sewers Thermal decomposition Avoid heat, flames, Acids, metals, amines, products: cyanide bases, halogens, sparks and other compounds peroxides, sources of combustible ignition. materials, oxidizing Containers may materials rupture or explode if exposed to heat. Minimize contact with material. Keep out of water supplies and sewers Excess heat Strong oxidizing agents The product is chemically stable
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
NFPA Rating
15972-60-8
Alachlor
Alachlor
Excess heat
116-06-3
Aldicarb
Bolsters 15G Smartboxs
Avoid dusty conditions and extreme heat
107-18-6
Allyl alcohol
Allyl alcohol
57-06-7
Allyl isothiocyanate, natural
Mustard oil, natural oil
87392-12-9
Pennant Magnum
98-55-5
Acetamide, 2-chloro-N(2-ethyl-6methylphenyl)-N-(2methoxy-1methylethyl]-,(S) Alpha-Terpineol
Incompatible materials, ignition sources Heat, ignition sources (flames, sparks, etc.), incompatible materials None known
7446-70-0
Aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride Solution
Alpha-Terpineol
Corrosive to mild steel, corrosive to aluminum Strong bases
Strong oxidizing agents, oxidizing agents, acids, alkali metals Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis
None known
Strong oxidizing agents, Heat, flame, other strong acids, strong sources of bases ignition Water, ethylene oxide, Incompatible oxygen difluoride, materials, dust phenols, nitro generation, compounds (organic, exposure to moist e.g. nitrobenzene, air or water, heat nitroglycerine, picric acid, trinitrotoluene), perchloryl fluoride, benzene
Thermal decomposition: NA when heated may give off toxic fumes NA This product may emit hazardous fumes of aldicarb nitrile, aldicarb oxime, sulfur oxides, methylamine, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and unidentified organic compounds when it is heated excessively or burned Carbon monoxide, 21 carbon dioxide
NA
NA
NA
2
1
1
NA
NA
NA
4
1
1
2.5
18
375
ND
ND
ND
ND
44
NA
NA
NA
3
2
1
None known
93
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
78
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, aluminum oxide
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Not flammable NA
1.8
NA
NA
4
0
2
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
ND
ND
ND
760
2
3
3
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
20859-73-8
Aluminum phosphide
Weevil - Cides Tablets
10043-01-3
Aluminum Sulfate
Phosfloc
7429-90-5
Aluminum Metal
Aluminum Powder
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Exposure to Strong oxidizing agents Phosphine gas moisture Moisture Oxides of sulfur, Incompatible aluminum oxide materials, dust generation, moisture, exposure to moist air or water Toxic metal fumes may Mercury, halocarbons, Moisture, heat, form when heated to halogens, water (with flames, ignition decomposition bulk aluminum sources and powder) strong incompatibles oxidizing agents, some acids, bases and many other materials. An explosion occurred after mixing sodium hydrosulfite, aluminum powder, potassium carbonate and benzaldehyde
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
NFPA Rating
834-12-8
Ametryn
None known
Amitraz
Excess heat
61-82-5
2-ethylamino-4isopropylamino-6methylthio-s-triazine N-methyl bis(2,4xylylininomethyl) amine Amitrole
Amitrol 240 Liquid Herbicide
None known
7664-41-7
Ammonia
Ammonia
ND
506-87-6
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
7664-41-7
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Solution
Dust generation, exposure to air, excess heat, excess light. Ammonia solutions are corrosive to copper, zinc, aluminum and their alloys High temperatures, incompatible materials
33089-61-1
None known
Can decompose at high NA temperatures forming toxic gases 64 Oxidizing agents Unlikely to spontaneously decompose Hydrogen cyanide, other 100 Avoid contact with cyanide compounds, strong acidic, basic or hydrogen sulfide, oxidizing agents. sulfur dioxide, Toxic products can hydrogen, ammonia, be generated and oxides of carbon, violent reaction oxides of nitrogen possible in extreme and other potentially case. Amitrole is toxic combustion mildly corrosive to products may be iron, aluminum, present copper and copper alloys Under normal conditions ND Incompatible with of storage and use, oxygen and hazardous peroxides. decomposition Incompatible with products should not some strong acids be produced Strong acids, iron salts, Nitrogen oxides, carbon NA alkaloids dioxide, ammonia, urea
Nitric oxide (Box) and Oxidizers, halogens, ammonia (NH3) acids, acrolein, acrylic acid, dimethyl fumes
NA
NA
NA
450
1
1
0
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
2
1
1
15
28
651
3
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
0
1
15.5
27
651
ND
ND
ND
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
7783-20-2
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
Dust generation, excess heat.
7783-18-8
Ammonium thiosulfate
Ammonium thiosulfate solution
ND
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
sulfate, gold, silver nitrate, silver oxide, silver oxide plus ethyl alcohol, hypochlorites, mercury, propylene oxide, iodine, nitromethane, iron Oxides of sulfur, Chlorates, nitrites, NA nitrogen oxides alkalis, Many metals, (NOx) and ammonia such as iron and zinc, (NH3) are attacked by ammonium sulfate in the presence of moisture Strong oxidizing agents Heating this product will NA evolve ammonia. Heating to dryness will cause the production of ammonia, ammonium sulfate, sulfur and oxides of sulfur. Ammonia (1625%) may form flammable mixtures with air
NFPA Rating
12771-68-5
Ancymidol
Ancymidol
84-65-1
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone
28300-74-5
Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate
Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate
68477-31-6
Aromatic Petroleum Solvent
ACES II
7778-39-4
Arsenic Acid
Arsenic Acid Solution
1303-28-2
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic(V) oxide
Incompatibles
Strong oxidizing agents, acids
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides Dust generation Strong oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide, Mineral acids, tannic Incompatible irritating and toxic acid, gallic acid, materials, dust fumes and gases, alkali hydroxides, generation, carbon dioxide, carbonates, lead salts, excess heat, antimony/antimony silver salts, mercury strong oxidants oxides, oxides of bichloride, lime potassium water, albumin, alkali carbonates, perchloric acid, soap, strong oxidizing agents None known. Refer to Extreme heat, open (Incompatibles) Strong ‘Hazardous oxidizing agents and flame and direct combustion products’ oxidizers, strong sunlight acids, sulfur dichloride, tetranitromethane, uranium hexafluoride Arsenic compounds, Strong acids, strong Avoid exposure to arsine bases, strong extreme reducing reagents, temperatures and halogens, metals contact with (e.g., aluminum, incompatible cooper, iron, brass, chemicals and zinc). This product will also be incompatible with water-reactive materials Excess heat, moist Acids, aluminum, Oxides of arsenic air halogens, zinc, rubidium carbide
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
185
NA
NA
650
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
29
2.1
20.1
NA
1
3
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
0.9
7
ND
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
2
2
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
8052-42-4
Asphalt
Asphalt
Heat, flames and sparks
Strong acids and oxidizing agents
1912-24-9
Atrazine
Bicep Lite II Magnum
None known
None known
86-50-0
Azinphos-methyl
Guthions 50 WSB
Sustained temperatures above 37.8 C
Strong oxidizing agents and bases
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
In case of fire hazardous 218 decomposition products may be produced such as: Carbon oxides Hydrogen sulfide and other sulfurcontaining gases can evolve from this product particularly at elevated temperatures May decompose at high 93 temperatures forming toxic gases In case of fire hazardous NA decomposition products may be produced such as: hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide
NFPA Rating
513-77-9
Barium Carbonate
Barium Carbonate
Heat, dusting and incompatibles
1344-73-6
Basic Copper Sulfate solution
BCS-copper fungicide
High temperatures
548-62-9
Crystal Violet
Crystal Violet
Avoid exposure obtain special instructions before use
149877-41-8
Bifenazate
Acramites 4SC
ND
22781-23-3
Bendiocarb
FICAM PLUS
Extreme heat or moisture
1861-40-1
Benfluralin
Balan DF
Exessive heat and avoid freezing
17804-35-2 83055-99-6
Benomyl Bensulfuron methyl
Benomyl Londax
None Avoid dust formation
May produce oxides of Bromine trifluoride, carbon and the 2-furanpercarboxylic contained metal acid. It is acid soluble with release of carbon dioxide Hydrogen chloride, Acidic conditions and oxides of hydrogen materials, ammonia. and copper Copper is corrosive to aluminum and iron, especially in aqueous state and at elevated temperatures Reactive or incompatible Under normal conditions of storage and use, with the following hazardous materials: oxidizing decomposition materials, acids, products should not alkalis and moisture be produced Oxidizing agents, strong Irritating fumes, Oxides acids, strong bases of carbon ND When heated to the point of decomposition (above 140 C), bendiocarb gives off a toxic fume which is repidly eliminated by water or fire Do not store in direct Oxides of carbon can be sunlight formed in a fire situation. Will emit toxic fumes as it burns Strong acids and alkalis Butyl isocyanate No materials to be None under normal use especially mentioned
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
104
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
ND NA
ND NA
ND NA
ND 400
2 1
0 1
1 0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
ND
ND
1
2
0
1.4
8.5
190
2
2
0
94 93
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
1 3
0 1
0 1
-11.1
1.2
7.8
497
2
3
0
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
741-58-2
Bensulife
Exessive heat
Oxidizing agents
100-52-7 or 202-860-4
Benzaldehyde
Prefars 4-E Selective Herbicide Benzaldehyde
Unstable on exposure to light and air
68391-01-5 68584-22-5
Benzalkonium cloride Benzene sulfonic acid
Estesols FH NAXSOFTs 98S
Exessive heat Exessive heat
71-43-2
Benzene
Benzene
Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition. Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat. Keep out of water supplies and sewers
Keep away from: heat sources, combustible materials, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, bases Strong oxidizing agents None identified Thermal decomposition Exothermic reaction produces oxides of with water and strong sulfur and hydrogen alkalis sulfide Acids, bases, halogens, Thermal decomposition oxidizing materials, products: oxides of metal salts carbon
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Combustion and toxic 80 materials 64 On exposure to air: peroxidation resulting in increased fire or explosion risk
NFPA Rating
121-54-0
Benzethonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
Dust generation, moisture, excess heat
8032-32-4
Benzine
Petroleum Ether
Heat, flame, ignition sources, sunlight and incompatibles
94-09-7
Benzocaine
Benzocaine
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
65-85-0
Benzoic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Exessive heat
100-51-6
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
120-51-4
Benzyl Benzoate
Benzyl Benzoate
Exessive heat
1214-39-7
6-Benzylaminopurine
6-Benzylaminopurine
Incompatible materials
82657-04-3
Bifenthrin
Orthos MAX PROTM Insecticide
Excessive heat and fire
92-52-4
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
56-35-9
Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide
Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, Incompatible stabilized materials
Strong oxidizing agents
Hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide and Strong oxidizers. Will carbon monoxide may attack some forms of form when heated to plastics, rubber and decomposition coatings An explosion may occur Burning may produce carbon monoxide, when mixed with carbon dioxide, nitrates nitrogen oxides Vigorous exothermic Thermal decomposition reaction products may include toxic oxides of carbon Acids, oxidizing agents, Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may and aluminum. Will form when heated to attack some plastics decomposition Incompatible with As with other organic oxidizing materials materials, combustion will produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide Strong oxidizing agents Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Strong oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride Strong oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide Incompatible materials, Carbon monoxide, rubber carbon dioxide, tin/tin oxides
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
218
1.1
5.9
288
2
4
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
1
121
ND
ND
571
2
1
0
93
NA
NA
436
2
2
1
146
NA
NA
436
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
100
ND
ND
ND
1
1
1
113
0.6
5.8
540
2
1
0
112
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
(Continued)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
125401-92-5
Bispyribac - Sodium
RegimentTM Herbicide
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
8006-82-4
Black pepper oil
Black pepper oil
NA
NA
NA
2
2
0
1303-96-4
Borax
Borax
ND
ND
ND
1
0
0
10043-35-3
Boric Acid
Boric Acid
ND 43 Excessive heat, ignition sources (flames, sparks), incompatible materials None ND Reaction with strong Reaction with strong reducing agents, such reducing agents, as metal hydrides or such as metal alkali metals, will hydrides or alkali generate hydrogen metals, will gas, which could generate create an explosive hydrogen gas, hazard which could create an explosive hazard Loses chemically No information Potassium, acetic ND combined water upon found anhydride, alkalis, heating, forming carbonates, and metaboric acid hydroxides (HBO2) at
ND
ND
ND
2
0
1
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Materials to Avoid Non-reactive with oxidizing and reducing agents and fire suppressant Reactive with oxidizing agents
Hazardous Decomposition Products None expected
NFPA Rating
56073-10-0
Brodifacoum Technical
Talon G
None known
28772-56-7 13863-41-7
Bromadiolone Bromine Chloride
Bromadiolone Bromine Chloride
None None known
1689-99-2
Bromoxynil Octanoate
Bromoxynil Octanoate
69327-76-0
Buprofezin
Buprofezin TC
124-65-2
Cacodylic acid, sodium salt Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate
Cacodylic acid, sodium salt Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate
Dust generation, excess heat
471-34-1
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Carbonate
Heat, incompatibles
10043-52-4
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Chloride
Incompatibles
7790-78-5
None known
212221 F, then pyroboric acid (H2B4O7) at 285320 F, and Boric anhydride at higher temperatures Can decompose at high 191 temperatures forming toxic gases Oxides of carbon NA Elemental oxides 93
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
2 3
0 0
0 0
70
0.6
7
400
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
1
0
NA Cadmium fumes, chloride fumes, toxic cadmium oxide fumes
NA
NA
NA
4
0
0
ND When heated to decomposition (825 C), emits calcium oxide fumes and liberates carbon dioxide ND Emits toxic chlorine Methyl vinyl ether, fumes when heated to water, zinc, bromine decomposition. May trifluoride, mixtures form hydrogen of lime and boric chloride in presence acid, barium chloride,
ND
ND
ND
0
0
0
ND
ND
ND
1
0
1
Alkaline materials May react with organics or acids Avoid sources of Incompatible with strong ND ignition and oxidizing agents and extreme heat strong bases May evolve carbon Direct sunlight, heat ND monoxide and and extreme nitrogen oxides upon temperature combustion ND ND ND Strong oxidizing agents, bromine trifluoride, sulfur, potassium, selenium, tellurium, hydrogen azide Acids, fluorine, magnesium with hydrogen
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
0
0
Oxides of sulfur, irritating and toxic fumes and gases
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
Strong oxidizers such as Heating this product will NA evolve oxides of nitrates, nitrites or sulfur. Heating to chlorates can cause dryness will cause the explosive mixtures if production of calcium heated to dryness. oxide and oxides of Acids will cause the sulfur. Sulfur dioxide release of sulfur is a severe respiratory dioxide, a severe hazard respiratory hazard
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
1344-95-2
Calcium Silicate
7778-18-9
Calcium sulfate, anhydrous
Synthetic Calcium Silicate Hydrate Calcium sulfate, anhydrous
10124-41-1
Calcium thiosulfate
CaTSs
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
ND
and 2-furan percarboxylic acid. Metals will slowly corrode in aqueous calcium chloride solutions. Aluminum (and alloys) and yellow brass will be attacked by calcium chloride Hydrofluoric acid
Incompatible materials, moisture, strong oxidants Incompatibles
Strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous Decomposition Products
NFPA Rating
of sulfuric or phosphoric acids or with water at elevated temperatures
110 Decomposition may produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide ND 113
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Oxidizing agents, alkali metals, iron oxide, lead oxide, liquid oxygen, manganese oxide, metallic salts, chlorinated paraffins, dibenzoyl peroxide, 1,4-diazabicyclo {2.2.2}octane, molybdenum(IV) oxide, nitrobenzaldehyde, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate ND ND
NA
NA
NA
452
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
Oxidizing agents
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
124-07-2
Caprylic acid
Octanoic acid
Keep away from heat and flames
ND
404-86-4
Capsaicin, Natural
Excess heat, dust generation, incompatible materials
Reactive with oxidizing agents
10605-21-7
6-Nonenamide, N-((4Hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl) methyl)-8-methyl-, (E)Carbendazim
CLOUT CM
Incompatible with bases
Strong oxidizing agents
56-23-5
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
ND
ND
7440-44-0
Carbon, Activated
Carbon, Activated
Dust generation, moisture, excess heat
1184-64-1
Copper carbonate
Copper Carbonate
128639-02-1
Carfentrazone-ethyl
Sharks herbicide
Avoid reaction with oxidizing agents Excessive heat and fire
Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen fluoride. Heating can release vapors which can be ignited Hydrogen chloride, phosgene Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
449
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
8001-79-4
Castor Oil
Castor Oil
8000-27-9
Cedar Wood Oil
Cedar Wood Oil
7782-50-5
Chlorine
Chlorine
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride 229 Oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, Incompatible irritating and toxic materials, excess fumes and gases, heat carbon dioxide NA Carbon dioxide and Heat, flame, sources No information found carbon monoxide of ignition, light may form when and heated to incompatibles decomposition Not flamChlorine should be kept Chlorine does not The presence of mable decompose but reacts away from materials moisture in violently to form such as acetylene, gaseous and Hydrochloric Acid turpentine, other liquid chlorine and other potentially hydrocarbons, increases toxic and/or corrosive ammonias, hydrogen, corrosive attack substances. Chlorine ether, powered on most common is stable in steel metals, sulfur, and metals containers at room aluminum. Chlorine temperatures when reacts with hydrogen dry. Intense local heat sulfide and water on steel walls can forming hydrochloric cause the steel to acid. It combines
NFPA Rating
999-81-5
Chlormequat chloride
Chlormequat E- pro Plant Growth Regulator
108-90-7
Chlorobenzene
VANCHEMs HM-50
67-66-3
Chloroform
Chloroform
with carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide to form phosegene and sulfuryl chloride, respectively, which are toxic and corrosive substances Strong alkalis
react and glow in presence of chlorine
NA Combustion may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride and alkylamines Reactive or incompatible Under normal conditions 29.4 Avoid all possible of storage and use, with the following sources of hazardous materials: oxidizing ignition (spark or decomposition materials flame). Do not products should not pressurize, cut, be produced weld, braze, solder, drill, grind or expose containers to heat or sources of ignition. Do not allow vapor to accumulate in low or confined areas NA High temperatures, Strong oxidizing agents, Hydrogen chloride, irritating and toxic aluminum, fluorine, incompatible fumes and gases, magnesium, sodium materials, light carbon dioxide, potassium, lithium, chlorine, phosgene caustics (e.g. gas ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, calcium Freezing temperatures
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
1.3
7
NA
2
3
1
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
64
NA
NA
NA
3
2
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
95-57-8
Chemical Name
o-Chlorophenol
Product Name(s)
o-Chlorophenol
Conditions to Avoid
ND
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide), dinitrogen tetraoxide, sodium 1 methanol, potassium-tertbutoxide, chemically active metals, Attacks some forms of plastics, rubbers, and coatings., nitrogen tetroxide, acetone 1 alkali, disilane, perchloric acid 1 phosphorus pentoxide, sodium methylate, triisopropylphosphine, sodium methoxide 1 methanol Reactive with oxidizing ND agents
NFPA Rating
64902-72-3
Chlorsulfuron
Riverdales Corsairs Selective Herbicide
67-97-0 7738-94-5; 7664-39-3; 13746-66-2
Cholecalciferol Chromic acid, Hydrofluoric Acid, Potassium ferricyanide
Cholecalciferol Alodines 1201
1333-82-0
Chromium(VI) Oxide (1:3)
Chromium Trioxide
77-92-9
Citric acid
Citric Acid
8000-29-1 74115-24-5
Citronella oil Clofentezine
Citronella oil Scottss Ovations SC
Very high or low temperatures
Strong oxidizing agents
Oxides of nitrogen and chlorine. Burning with limited oxygen may produce carbon monoxide ND ND ND May liberate hydrogen None expected Avoid contact with fluoride. When heated organic materials, oils, to decomposition or greases, and any on contact with strong oxidizable materials. acids potassium This product may ferricyanide may emit react with strong fumes of cyanide alkalies Burning may produce Any combustible, Avoid excess heat chrome oxides organic or other and contact with readily oxidizable combustible or material (paper, organic materials wood, sulfur, aluminum or plastics). Incompatible with arsenic, ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus potassium; sodium and selenium will produce incandescence. Corrosive to metals Reactive with oxidizing ND Excess heat, agents, reducing incompatible agents, metals, alkalis materials ND ND ND Temperature None known Chlorine and oxides of extremes sulfur, zinc and nitrogen
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
3 3
1 0
0 0
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
0
1
ND
0.28
2.29
1010
2
1
0
77 NA
ND NA
ND NA
ND NA
2 1
2 0
0 0
(Continued)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Excessive heat and fire
ND
ND
94
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
If product is involved in 93 fire, oxides of nitrogen and halogen dericatives may be formed
ND
ND
ND
1
0
1
Chlorine and chlorinated NA gases
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
Carbon compounds. Carbon oxides (CO, CO2), Coal tar pitch
102
NA
NA
NA
2
3
0
Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
81777-89-1
Clomazone
147150-35-4
Cloransulam-methyl
Commands 3 me Microencapsulated Herbicide FirstRate Herbicide
56802-99-4
Chlorinated trisodium phosphate
Chlorinated Vegetable Cleaner
8007-45-2
Coal Tar
Coal Tar
137-16-6
Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate
Sarkosyl
PVA packaging is Should be stable at incompatible in liquid normal fertilizer. For main temperatures and compound none storage conditions reasonably foreseeable Ammonia, acids and High temperatures easily oxidizable and direct materials sunlight Excess heat Reacts violently with strong oxidizers such as liquid chlorine, sodium or potassium hypochlorite, nitric acid and peroxides Strong oxidizing agents Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat
NFPA Rating
1317-39-1
Copper Oxide
Copper Oxide
7758-99-8
Copper sulfate pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate pentrahydrate
82027-59-6
Copper triethanolamine complex
Omni Concentrated Copper Algicide
7440-50-8
Copper
Copper, Turnings
Heat, flame and incompatible materials Excess heat (high temperatures), incompatible materials, exposure to air High temperature. Poor ventilation. Contamination Dust generation, moisture, exposure to air
Peroxyformic acid
Cu, CuOx fumes
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
Reactive with metals, alkalis
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
Vapors/fumes of Other swimming pool/ organic/inorganic spa chemicals in their materials; oxides of concentrated forms. carbon; copper oxide Oxidizing compounds Liquid copper explodes Copper fumes on contact with water. Reacts violently with ammonium nitrate, bromates, iodates, chlorates, ethylene oxide, hydrazoic acid, potassium oxide, dimethyl sulfoxide 1 trichloroacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, sodium azide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide 1 air, and lead azide. Ignites on contact with chlorine, fluorine (above 121 C), chlorine trifluoride, and hydrazinium nitrate (above 70 C). Incompatible with
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA Not flammable
NA
NA
2
1
0
ND
ND
336
2
2
0
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
8001-29-4
Cottonseed Oil
Testosterone Cypionate Injection
8001-58-9
Creosote
Creosote Oil
3251-23-8
Cupric Nitrate
Cupric Nitrate
Conditions to Avoid
Heat may cause product to decompose, destroying the product or producing toxic fumes Avoid loading or unloading near open flame
Incompatibles
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
1-bromo-2-propyne, potassium dioxide, and actylenic compounds This product is generally Heat may cause product to decompose, compatible with other destroying the common materials in product or producing a medical facility toxic fumes
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
93 Material does not Mixing chlorosulfonic decompose under acid and creosote oil normal conditions of in a closed container use. When heated to can cause an increase extreme temperatures in temperature and creosote emits acrid pressure smoke NA Oxides of nitrogen and Paper, wood, organic toxic metal fumes materials, ether, may form when potassium heated to ferrocyanide, tin, decomposition acetylene, hydrazine, nitromethane,
NFPA Rating
1317-38-0
Cupric Oxide
Cupric Oxide
Incompatibles
7758-98-7
Cupric Sulfate
Cupric Sulfate
Moisture and incompatibles
20427-59-2
Cupric Hydroxide
Cupric Hydroxide
Excessive heat, incompatible materials.
ammonia 1 potassium amide, acetic anhydride, sodium hypobromite, nitromethanes, and any readily oxidizable substance Toxic metal fumes may NA Aluminum, boron, form when heated to cesium acetylene decomposition carbide, dirubidium acetylide, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, lead oxide, magnesium, metals, phospham, potassium, phthalic anhydride, rubidium acetylene carbide, sodium, titanium, and zirconium. Forms acetylides with acetylene, sodium hypobromite and nitromethane Burning may produce NA Substance will ignite sulfur oxides hydroxylamine. Solutions are acidic and can react with magnesium to evolve flammable hydrogen gas. May react with acetylene to form dangerous acetylides Reactive with acids The copper acetylides NA formed in ammonical or caustic solutions
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid Stability is also dependant on method of preparation. May decompose to black copper oxide on standing a few days or on heating
12069-69-1
Cupric Carbonate
Copper (II) Carbonate Basic Monohydrate
Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat, strong oxidants
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
with cupric salts and acetylene are more explosive than those derived from cuprous salts. Copper salts promote the decomposition of hydrazine. Cupric salts are not compatible with sodium hypobromite. Solutions of sodium hypobromite are decomposed by powerful catalytic action of cupric ions, even as impurities. Salts of copper are incompatible with nitromethane Copper salts 1 hydrazine Oxides of copper, acrid NA smoke and fumes react explosively with nitro-methane
NFPA Rating
13426-91-0
Cupriethylenediamine
420-04-2
Cyanamide
1134-23-2
Cycloate
110-82-7
Cyclohexane
108-94-1
Cyclohexanone
66-81-9 52315-07-8
Cycloheximide Cypermethrin
94361-06-5
Cyproconazole
Oxides of carbon, copper Combustible materials, fume, copper oxides acids, metals. Dissolves cotton, wood, and other cellulosic materials Reactive with oxidizing It is thermally unstable. At Cyanamide Incompatible higher temperatures, agents, reducing materials, particularly above the agents, metals, acids, moisture, flames melting point (at alkalis (ignition sources) approximately 122 C), decomposition (polymerization) to dicyandiamide and urea becomes rapid. Above 40 C, violent thermal decompostion will occur. It attacks various metals; i.e, brass, copper, iron, lead, and tin plate RO-Neets E-6 Selective Keep away from Strong oxidizing agents No data available Herbicide heat, sparks and open flame Strong oxidizing agents, Carbon monoxide, Cyclohexane Ignition sources, nitrogen dioxide carbon dioxide excess heat, confined spaces Cyclohexanone Ignition sources, Strong oxidizing agents, Carbon monoxide, excess heat, strong acids, amines, carbon dioxide confined spaces nitric acid, alkalies ND ND ND Cycloheximide Thermal decomposition CynoffFs Ec Insecticide Excessive heat and Avoid acids and bases fire may produce toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide Alto 100 SL None known None known May decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases Cupriethylenediamine, 1.0 M
Incompatible materials, exposure to air and CO2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
141
NA
NA
NA
4
1
0
76
ND
ND
ND
2
2
0
220
1.3
8
245
1
3
0
44
1.1
9.4
420
2
2
0
ND 115
ND NA
ND NA
ND NA
3 2
1 3
0 0
131
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
56
1.8
6.9
603
1
2
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
121552-61-2
Cyprodinil
Vangard WG
None known
None known
2439-10-3
Dodine
Syllit 65W Fruit Fungicide
None known other than excessive heat
Strong oxidizing agents
533-74-4
Dazomet
Basamid
Avoid moisture
Strong oxidizing agents
123-42-2
Diacetone alcohol
Diacetone alcohol
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles. Note: Surfaces that are
Oxidizing agents, reducing agents, amines, alkanol, amines, aluminum, alkalis, pyridines, ammonia,
Hazardous Decomposition Products Can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases Thermal decomposition aliphatic organophosphates, substituted pyimidines, and hydrogen cyanide Methyl isothiocyanate is formed as a result of decomposition of dazomet caused by moisture. Methyl isothiocyanate is irritant to eyes and can cause skin sensitization and irritation Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition. May form acetone
NFPA Rating
1596-84-5
Daminozide
B-NINEs WSG
20824-56-0 33-41-5
Diammonium Dihydrogen Salt Diazinon
EDTA Diammonium Dihydrogen Salt Diazinon 4EC (AG)
84-74-2
Dibutyl Phthalate
900 Catalyst
1194-65-6
Dichlobenil
dichlobenil
8023-53-8
Dichlorobenzalkonium chloride
Tetrosan
s
isocyanates, inorganic and mesityl oxide sufficiently hot acids and bases upon heating and by may ignite reaction with acids or diacetone bases alcohol, even in the absence of sparks and flame. Excessive heat Oxidizing agents. Strong Irritating fumes. Oxides acids. Strong bases of carbon. Oxides of nitrogen ND Reactive with oxidizing ND agents Open fire or flame Oxidizing agents Thermal decomposition products include, but not limited to, various aliphatic organophosphates, substituted pyrimidines, and hydrogen cyanide By fire and high heat: High heat and fire, Water, amines, strong carbon dioxide moisture bases, alcohols, (CO2), carbon copper alloys, monoxide (CO), aluminum oxides of nitrogen (NOx), dense black smoke, hydrogen cyanide, isocyanate, isocyanic acid, other undetermined compounds Excessive heat Oxidizing agents. Strong Irritating fumes. Oxides acids. Strong bases of carbon Excessive heat Strong oxidizing agents Oxides of carbon
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
61
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
104.5
ND
ND
ND
2
2
0
180
0.5
2.5
ND
3
1
1
216
ND
ND
579
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
1
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
ND
ND
ND
2
0
2
12
19
556
2
1
0
2
12
ND
ND
ND
ND
NE
NE
NE
ND
ND
ND
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
None known
None known
Reactive with reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials. Slightly reactive to reactive with moisture Strong oxidizing agents
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
75-71-8
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Halocarbon 12)
2893-78-9
s-Triazine-2,4,6 Dichloroisocya(1H,3H,5H)-trione, nuric Acid dichloro-, sodium salt Sodium Salt
Excess heat, dust generation, incompatible materials, water
75-09-2
Dichloromethane
97-23-4 and 67-63-0
Dichlorophen and Propan-2-OL
62-73-7
Dichlorvos
Contact with strong oxidizers and chlorine products Avoid heat, flames Strong oxidizing substances and other sources of ignition. Avoid contact with strong reducing agents Excess heat May react with strong acids, bases, or other strong oxidizing materials
Rock Miracle Paint and Varnish Remover Moldex
CARD-O-VAP 8
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Under normal conditions NA of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced ND 230
Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
ND
55 Fire creates: Vapors/ gases/fumes of: Carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon dioxide (CO2) Hydrogen chloride, phosphorus oxide, and carbon oxides
53.3
NFPA Rating
Keep away from heat, Ignition sources and incompatible materials None
This product may react Upon decomposition, this product may with strong oxidizing yield oxides of agents, anionic nitrogen and compounds ammonia None Oxides of carbon
39.9
ND
ND
ND
3
3
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
Excess heat
Oxidizing agents. Strong Irritating fumes. Oxides acids. Strong bases of carbon Strong oxidizers, acids Thermal decomposition and bases oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus containing compounds and other unknown hazardous materials may be formed in a fire situation. Incomplete combustion may lead to formation of carbon monoxide and/or other asphyxiants This product may emit Strong acids and bases hazardous fumes of will decompose the hydrogen chloride, ester functions of carbon oxides, and DACTHAL unidentified organic compounds when it is heated excessively or burned None known Extreme temperatures may convert endothall product to endothall anhydride,
100
ND
ND
401
ND
ND
ND
109
NE
NE
NE
2
2
1
Not flammable
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
7173-51-5
Didecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride
Blue Wave Halr 50
104653-34-1
Difethialone
55290-64-7
Dimethipin
GenerationTM BlueMax Mini Blocks Narvades 5 F
60-51-5
Dimethoate
Chemnova dimethoate 4E
Excessive heat and ignition sources
1861-32-1
Dimethyl
DACTHALs W-75 Herbicide
Excess heat
2164-07-0
Dipotassium endothall salt
Aquathols Super K
None known
(Continued)
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Oxidizing agents
a strong vessicant, causing blistering of eyes, mucous membranes and skin ND
121
ND
ND
310
1
1
0
Strong acids
ND
94
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
2
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
25265-71-8
Dipropylene Glycol
Dipropylene Glycol
138-93-2
Disodium Cyanodithioimicarbinate Disoium methanearsenate
IWM 411
144-21-8
1314-56-3
Campbell Passtox Flowable Herbicide Diphosphorus pentoxide Phosphorus Pentoxide
Conditions to Avoid
Excess heat, incompatible materials None
Aluminum or galvanized equipment Incompatible materials, moisture
May release arsine gas Heavy metal salts may precipitate compounds, avoid contact Oxides of phosphorus, Incompatible with phosphorous fumes sodium, aluminum, potassium, ammonia, peroxides, and magnesium. Upon contact with water, diphosphorus pentoxide reacts violently producing heat and an acidic solution.
NFPA Rating
298-04-4
77182-82-2
Di-Systoms 8 Exposure to moisture Emulsifiable systemic insecticide DL-Phosphinothricin, DL-Phosphinothricin, Dust generation, Monoammonium Salt Monoammonium Salt moisture, air Disulfoton
14808-60-7 and Dodecylbenzene sulfonic Emerel Multi-Surface 27176-87-0 acid and Quartz Creme Cleanser 13590-97-1 Dodecylguanidine VeriGuard Plus Hydrochloride HC
Do not freeze Not applicable
Diphosphorus pentoxide reacts violently with barium sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and iodides. Forms an explosive mixture with methyl hydroperoxide. Contact with 3propynol causes ignition to occur Incompatible with the Sulfur oxide, Carbon following: Alkalis monoxide, toxic gases/vapors Strong oxidizing agents Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, phosphorous oxides, ammonia Strong oxidizing agents None reasonably foreseeable CO2, HCL, NH3, CO, Contact with string oxidizers (e.g. and amines chlorine, peroxides, chromates, nitric acid, perchlorate, concentrated oxygen, permanganate) may generate heat, fires, explosions and/ or toxic vapors. Contact with strong alkalis (e.g. ammonia and its solution, carbonates, sodium hydroxide (caustic), potassium hydroxide, calcium
90
ND
ND
ND
4
2
1
100
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
93
ND
ND
ND
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
(Continued)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Isomates-Lbam Plus
None
hydroxide (lime), cyanide, sulfide, hypochlorites, chlorites may generate heat, splattering or boiling and toxic vapors None
None
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Dowtherm* SR-1 Heat Transfer Fluid, Dyed
Exposure to elevated Avoid contact with: Strong acids. Strong temperatures can bases. Strong cause product to oxidizers decompose. Generation of gas during decomposition can cause pressure in closed systems
3.2
NE
398
1
1
0
Thionexs (endosulfan) 50W
Excessive heat and fire
Decomposition products 111 depend upon temperature, air supply and the presence of other materials. Decomposition products can include and are not limited to: Aldehydes. Alcohols. Ethers ND ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
33189-72-9
Chemical Name
107-21-1
E-11-Tetradecen-1-yl Acetate (E,E)-9,11Tetradecadien-1-yl Ethylene glycol
115-29-7
Endosulfan
Product Name(s)
ND
NFPA Rating
66230-04-4
Esfenvalerate
Conquers Residual Insecticide Concentrate 2662
Excess heat
55283-68-6
Ethalfluralin
Ethalfluralin Manufacturing Concentrate (EMC)
Do not use or store near open flame
64-17-5
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol, Denatured (A407)
16672-87-0
Ethephon
563-12-2
Ethion
80844-07-1
Etofenprox
26225-79-6 141-78-6 and 110-82-7
Ethofumesate Ethylacetate and Cyclohexane
Strong acidic or alkaline Hydrogen cyanide may 63 materials be formed by thermal decomposition or by contact with alkaline substance such as soda ash & lye 48 Avoid freezing Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and nitrogen oxides may be formed Strong oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, 16.6 carbon dioxide
This material may be sensitive to peroxide formation, incompatible materials, ignition sources Zinc, iron, copper, Proxy Growth Regulator Elevated strong oxidizing temperatures agents, bases, mild extreme humidity steel, aluminum ETHIOs 400EC May burn but does Acidic and alkaline materials not ignite readily. Containers may explode in heat of fire Zenivex E20 Excess heat No incompatibilities known except with strong oxidants such as hypochlorites Prograsss herbicide ND ND SC4000 Cement Excess heat Materials to avoid are strong alkalies and oxidizers
ND
ND
ND
2
2
1
1.5
8.5
ND
2
2
1
3.3
19
363
2
3
0
Decomposition type: thermal hydrogen chloride oxides of carbon Thermal decomposition may release toxic oxides of sulfur and phosphorous
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
27
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Oxides of carbon from combustion
81
ND
ND
ND
2
2
0
ND 1.2
ND NE
ND NE
3 1
3 3
0 0
ND 29 -17 Upon decomposition, this product emits carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and/or low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.8
16
455
2
3
0
ND
ND
ND
1
0
0
2.7
36
450
2
4
0
2.5
12
385
3
2
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
759-94-4
Eptek 7EC
109-94-4
EPTC: (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate Ethyl Formate
Ethyl Formate
96-45-7
Ethylene Thiourea
ETU
74-85-1
Ethylene
Ethylene
107-15-3
Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Extreme None known temperatures and open flames Heat. Contact with Heat, flames, strong nitrates, strong ignition sources oxidizers, strong and alkalis, and strong incompatibles acids may cause fire and explosions ND Oxidizing agent, acids, bases Extremely reactive or Heat, flames, incompatible with the ignition sources following materials: and oxidizing materials incompatibles
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
Acids, strong oxidizers, chlorinated organic compounds, copper alloys. Decomposes upon heating. Corrosive toward aluminum, zinc
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Toxic and irritant oxides 128 of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur 2 20 Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition ND
ND
Under normal conditions 2 136 of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should not be produced 40 Burning may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides
NFPA Rating
75-21-8
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Oxide
97-53-0 22224-92-6
Eugenol Fenamiphos
Eugenol Fenamiphos
Avoid heat, flames, sparks or other sources of ignition. Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat Not available Extreme heat
000110-71-4 and 6016888-9
Ethylene glycol and Fenarimol
Rubigan 12% SC
ND
114369-43-6
Fenbuconazole
Excess heat
126833-17-8 122-14-5
Fenhexamid Fenitrothion
Fenbuconazole Technical Fungicide Judget 50 WDG Fendures 500ULV
72490-01-8 39515-41-8
Fenoxycarb Fenpropathrin
Precision Fenpropathrin
134098-61-6
Fenpyroximate
55-38-9
Fenthion
Akari 5SC Miticide/ Insecticide Baytex 550 Insecticide
ND Contact with iron and stong alkalis and storage above 50 C None known Excess heat Not known Excess heat
Acids, combustible materials, bases, metal salts, metal oxides, amines, halo carbons, metals, cyanides, oxidizing materials
Thermal decomposition products: oxides of carbon
ND
ND
ND
429
2
4
3
104 NA
NE NA
NE NA
NE NA
2 2
1 0
0 0
NE
NE
NE
NE
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
1
0
ND 36
ND ND
ND ND
295 ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
None known ND
NA 205
NA ND
NA ND
NA ND
1 2
0 1
0 0
None
None
None
None
None
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
500
ND
ND
ND
Not available Oxidizing agents, bases
Not available In a fire, phosphorus pentoxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides may be formed None known other than None known. See Section 5 for thermal those which react decomposition with water products Avoid contact with acids None known and oxidizing agents ND ND Avoid contact with ND strong oxidizers
None known Avoid contact with alkaline materials Not known
38 Sulfur dioxide and Avoid iron and strong phosphorus pentoxide oxidizing agents. may be emitted in the Avoid highly alkaline event of fire conditions
(Continued)
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
2
Thermal decomposition may yield oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, as well as hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide Oxides of sulfur and the contained metal May decompose under fire conditions to release vapors or gases which are toxic and irritating to the respiratory tract Can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
100
ND
ND
425
2
1
0
60
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
51630-58-1
Fenvalerate
Fenvalerate
Excess heat
Reactive with oxidizing agents, moisture Oxidizers
14484-64-1
Ferbam
Ferbam
Excessive heat and moisture
10028-22-5
Ferric sulfate
Ferric sulfate
79622-59-6
Fluazinam
Allegro 500F
Heat, light, moisture No incompatibility data found No additional Avoid contact with heat remark or open flame
131341-86-1
Fludioxonil
Scholar
None known
142459-58-3
Flufenacet Techncial
DefineTM SC Herbicide
62924-70-3
Flumetralin
Drexalin Plus
Temperatures above Bases 70 C Extreme Strong oxidizers temperatures
None known
Toxic glasses
NFPA Rating
103361-09-7
Flumioxazin
Flumioxazin Herbicide
ND
May react with strong acids, bases, or other strong oxidizing materials ND
117337-19-6
Fluthiacet-methyl
Cadett
Excessive heat and fire
133-07-3
Folpet
FOLPANs 80WDG
Alkali material, such as lime and Bordeaux mixture will reduce fungicide activity
108731-70-0 72178-02-0 23422-53-9
Fomesafen Sodium Salt Fomesafen Formetanate hydrochloride
Reflex Herbicide Fomesafen Dicarzol 50% SP
Protect from (sun) light, open flame sources of heat and humidity. Keep away from heat, fire and sparks None known Excess heat None known
39148-24-8
Fosetyl-Al
Quali-Pros Fosetyl-Al 80WDG
Extreme humidity
Strong acids and strong bases
110-17-8 77-06-5
Fumaric acid Gibberellic acid
Fumaric acid Gibberellic acid
Not available High temperatures, incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat
Not available Strong oxidizers
Acids Oxidizing agents Oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride CSCl2, HCl, SOx, NOx, CO, CO2
87.22
ND
ND
ND
3
2
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
None known ND May give off poisonous fumes including hydrogen chloride and oxides of nitrogen Thermal decomposition emits toxic fumes: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, AlOx, POx Not available Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide
100 93 NA
NA ND NA
NA ND NA
NA ND NA
3 2 4
1 2 1
0 0 0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
ND NA
ND NA
ND NA
ND NA
2 1
1 0
0 0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
193
1.1
ND
400
1
1
0
93
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
ND
ND
ND
3
1
0
ND
ND
ND
1
1
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Incompatible materials, ignition sources, excess heat Extreme heat
Not available
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
56-81-5
Glycerine
Glycerine
70161-44-3
Suttocide A 50% Solution
79-14-1
Glycine, N(hydroxymethyl)-, monosodium salt; Water Glycolic acid
Glycolic acid
Excess heat, dust generation, incompatible materials, moist air or water
38641-94-0
Glyphosate
Glyfos Herbicide
Incompatible materials Keep this product away from heat, sparks, flame, and other sources of ignition (e.g). pilot lights, electric motors, static electricity). This
Epoxy or phenolic-lined containers
Reactive with oxidizing agents, alkalis, moisture
Hazardous Decomposition Products Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide ND
ND Hygroscopic; Deliquescent. Aliphatic amines, isocyanates, alkylene oxides, epichlorohydrin, caustics, ammonia, sulfuric acid None known 113
NFPA Rating
100784-20-1
Halosulfuron methyl
51235-04-2
Hexazinone
78587-05-0
Hexythiazox
67485-29-4
Hydramethylnon
7647-01-0
Hydrogen chloride
product should be mixed, stored or applied using only stainless steel, fiberglass, plastic, or plastic lined containers and equipment. This product can react with containers made of iron, galvanized steel and unlined steel to produce flammable hydrogen gas Sedgehammers Store under cool, None None known Herbicide dry conditions Incompatible with strong Decomposition will not Velpars DFs herbicide None known acids or bases occur Hexythiazox None known None known Decomposition will not occur Oxidizing agents None known Maxforces Professional Excess heat s Insect Control Granular Hydrogen chloride Excess heat Metals, strong oxidizing Hydrogen chloride, chlorine, hydrogen agents, strong gas. reducing agents, bases, acetic anhydride, alcohols, amines, sulfuric acid, vinyl acetate, epoxides (e.g. butyl glycidyl ether), chlorosulfonic acid, carbides, beta-
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
94
ND
ND
ND
1
1
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
218
5.6
40
538
4
4
2
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
74-90-8
Chemical Name
Hydrogen Cyanide
Product Name(s)
Hydrogen Cyanide, Anhydrous, Stabilized
Conditions to Avoid
Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition. Minimize contact with material. Avoid inhalation of material or combustion byproducts. Keep out of water supplies and sewers
Materials to Avoid propiolactone, ethyleneimine, propylene oxide, lithium silicides, 2aminoethanol, 1,1difluoroethylene, magnesium boride, mercuric sulfate, aldehydes, cyanides, sulfides, phosphides Combustible materials, bases, amines, oxidizing materials, acids
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Thermal decomposition products: cyanides
NFPA Rating
7722-84-1
Hydrogen Peroxide
Duroxs Reg
35554-44-0
Imazalil
Imazalil
81334-34-1 and Imazapyr and Diuron 330-54-1
MOJAVE 70 EG
133-32-4
Indole-3-butyric Acid
Indole-3-butyric Acid
173584-44-6
Indoxacarb
Avatars insecticide
79-31-2
Isobutyric Acid
Isobutyric Acid
108-21-4 67-63-0
Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl Alcohol
Reducing agents, wood, Oxygen which supports combustion paper and other combustibles, iron and other heavy metals, copper alloys and caustic Avoid contact with: NOX, CO, CO2, HCl, Protect from (sun) strong acids and light, open flame Chlorides strong bases and sources of heat. Decomposes upon heating None when stored and Liquid solutions Extreme handled as containing this temperatures and prescribed/indicated. product must not be prolonged Refer to Section 5 for stored in unlined steel exposure to hazardous (except stainless extreme heat. All combustion products steel) containers or sources of tanks ignition. Electrostatic discharges Light, heat, Strong oxidizers Burning may produce incompatibles carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides Decomposition will not None known None known occur High temperatures, Reactive with oxidizing ND agents ignition sources (flames, sparks), incompatible materials Excess heat Oxidizing agents Not available Carbon dioxide and Heat, flames, ignition Heat, flame, strong carbon monoxide sources and oxidizers, may form when incompatibles acetaldehyde, acids, heated to chlorine, ethylene decomposition oxide, hydrogenExcessive heat or contamination could cause product to become unstable
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
55
2
9
501.67
3
2
1
2 12
1.8 2
7.8 12.7
460 399
1 1
3 3
0 0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
209
ND
ND
ND
0
1
0
ND Toxic fumes of lead or lead oxide and carbon monoxide may be released when heated to decomposition
ND
ND
ND
3
1
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
palladium combination, hydrogen peroxidesulfuric acid combination, potassium tertbutoxide, hypochlorous acid, isocyanates, nitroform, phosgene, aluminum, oleum and perchloric acid Reactive with oxidizing None known agents Strong oxidizing agents High temperatures of fire may produce irritating gases and vapors (CO2, CO, NOx) Strong oxidizing agents Not available
525-79-1
Kinetin
Kinetin
Excess heat
143390-89-0
Kresoxim-methyl
VISTA Flo
8006-54-0
Lanolin, anhydrous
Lanolin, anhydrous
301-04-2
Lead Acetate
Lead Acetate
Avoid extreme heat and cold. Decomposes at elevated temperatures Incompatible materials Heat, flames, ignition Bromates, phenol, chloral hydrate, sources and sulfides, hydrogen incompatibles peroxide, resorcinol, salicylic acid,
NFPA Rating
8007-02-1
Lemongrass oil
Lemongrass oil
7786-30-3
Magnesium Chloride
10034-99-8
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
8018-01-7
Mancozeb
108-39-4
m-Cresol
24307-26-4
Mepiquat Chloride
7487-94-7
Mercuric chloride
When heated to NA Furan-2decomposition it peroxycarboxylic emits corrosive acid. Strong oxidizing hydrochloric acid agents will release vapor. When heated chlorine to temperatures above 300 C (572 F) it emits toxic fumes of chlorine gas NA Strong oxidizing agents, Sulfur oxides (SOx), Magnesium sulfate Incompatible including sulfur oxide explosive when heptahydrate materials, dust and sulfur dioxide, heated with generation, oxides of magnesium ethoxyethynl alcohols excess heat Oxidizing agents Carbon disulfide NA Dithane M-45 Fungicide Keep away from hydrogen sulfide moisture, heat or flame 86 Carbon dioxide and m-Cresol Heat, flame, ignition Oxidizing agents and bases carbon monoxide sources, may form when incompatibles, heated to light, and air decomposition PixsWSG Heat No hazardous reactions Toxic and irritant vapors NA if stored and handled as prescribed NA Reactive with oxidizing May decompose on Mercuric chloride Incompatible agents, metals, acids, exposure to light. materials, light, alkalis Reacts with sodium, excess heat, potassium and their organic matter alloys. Incompatible with acids, albumin, Magnesium Chloride
Incompatible materials Heat, moisture, incompatibles
sulfites, vegetable infusions, alkalis, tannin, phosphates, citrates, chlorides, carbonates, tartrates and acids Oxidizing agents ND
71
ND
ND
ND
2
2
0
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
1.1
1.4
1038
3
2
0
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
4
0
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
70630-17-0
Metalaxyl-M
Metalaxyl-M
None known
108-62-3
Metaldehyde
Metaldehyde TC
Ignition sources
137-42-8
Metham Sodium
VAPAMs HL Soil Fumigant
Do not allow the solution to stand
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
alkalis, alkaloid salts, ammonia, antimony, arsenic, borax, bromides, carbonates, copper, formates, gelatin, hypophosphites, iron, lead, lime water, metals, phosphates and postassium None known Can decompose at high 40 temperatures forming toxic gases Oxidizing agents Carbon monoxide, 50 carbon dioxide When treated with water 93 This product is or heated to incompatible with decomposition, this additional water and product will give off strong aqueous acids. toxic fumes of methyl In addition, it is isothiocyanate corrosive to copper, (MITC), hydrogen brass, and zinc, and sulfide, and nitrogen may soften and/or oxides. If treated with discolor iron
NFPA Rating
950-37-8 2724-375 161050-58-4
Methidathion Methoprene Methyl Bromide
Methidathion Altosids Briquets Halocarbon 40B1
99-76-3
Methyl Paraben
Methyl Paraben
51218-45-2 21087-64-9
Metolachlor Metribuzin
Metolachlor Metribuzin
443-48-1
Metronidazole
Metronidazole
2212-67-1
Molinate Technical
Ordram 15GM
21351-39-3
Monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate
Monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate
2163-80-6
Monosodium methanearsonate
MSMA Crabgrass Killer2
None known None Excess heat
strong acids, fumes of carbon disulfide and monomethylamine will be given off None known NA None NA Hydrogen bromide, ND carbonyl bromide and carbon monoxide
None known None Reacts with aluminum and its alloys, forming methylated aluminum compounds which are spontaneously flammable in air Heat, flame, ignition No information found Carbon dioxide and sources, and carbon monoxide dusting may form when heated to decomposition None known None known None known Excess heat None reasonably Decomposition will not foreseeable occur Excess heat Reactive with oxidizing None known agents None known None known Decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases High temperatures Avoid strong oxidizers, Carbon monoxide, CO2 and oxides of strong alkalies, nitrogen and sulfur amines, metal salts of sulfides and sulfites ND ND Avoid strong reducing agents such as aluminum, zinc, sodium borohydride, sulfur dioxide. Heavy metal salts may
NA NA 10
NA NA 16
NA NA 537
1 0 3
0 0 1
0 0 0
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
1
0
93 NA
ND NA
ND NA
ND NA
1 1
1 0
0 0
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
2
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
ND
ND
3
2
0
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
300-76-5
Naled
TRUMPETs EC Insecticide
It may be photochemically reactive
15299-99-7
Napropamide
United Phosphorus Devrinol WG Herbicide
Keep containers tightly closed. Store in the closed original container in a dry, cool, wellventilated area out of direct sunlight
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
precipitate compound. Reducing agents may release arsine gas 79 Unstable in the presence Heating product to decomposition will of iron or alkaline cause emission of media. Corrosive to acrid smoke and iron, aluminum and fumes of hydrogen magnesium. chloride, hydrogen Hydrolyzes slowly bromide, under neutral or acid phosphorous oxides, conditions carbon oxides and unknown organic compounds NA Carbon dioxide, and if strong acids, strong combustion is bases, strong incomplete, carbon oxidizing agents monoxide and smoke. Nitrogen and its compounds, and under some circumstances, oxides of nitrogen.
NFPA Rating
Heat, ignition sources Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids (flames, sparks), incompatible materials None known None known
Occasionally hydrogen cyanide gas. Water. Carbon monoxide poisoning produces headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, confusion, dimness of vision, disturbance of judgment, and unconsciousness followed by coma and death ND 95
54-11-5
Nicotine
L-Nicotine
27314-13-2
Norflurazon
EVITALs 5G
19044-88-3
Oryzalin
Quali-Pros Oryzalin 4 Pro
None known
None known
19666-30-9
Oxadiazon
Quali-Pros Oxadiazon 2G
None known
Strong bases, acids and oxidizing agents
7091-57-8 and 67-63-0 301-12-2 and 108-10-4
Oxine Benzoate and Oxine Benzoate Isopropyl Alchohol Oxydemeton-methyl and INJECT-A-CIDEs Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Heat, sparks, and open flame Sustained temperatures above 104 F (40 C). Avoid exposure to strong oxidizing
Strong oxidizers
Can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases Nitrogen oxides and other toxic gases may be formed if product is involved in a fire Thermal decomposition may yield hydrogen chloride, oxides of nitrogen and carbon oxides CO, CO2
Avoid oxidizing agents
CO, P2O5, SO2
0.7
4
244
4
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
93
ND
ND
ND
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
12
2
12.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
21
1.2
NE
ND
3
4
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
ND
ND
ND
4
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
agents. Subject to hydrolysis. Unstable in alkaline media Incompatibles Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases
76738-62-0
Paclobutrazol
Paclobutrazol
1910-42-5
Paraquat
Paraquat
Stable in acidic and neutral solution. Decomposed by alkali and in the presence of UV light. Compound inactivated by adsorption onto inert clay
87-86-5
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Carbon dioxide, carbon NA monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride gas Combustion products of 90 Hydrolyzes in alkaline dry material: Carbon media. This product dioxide, carbon reacts with aluminum monoxide, chlorine, to produce hydrogen hydrogen chloride; gas. Do not mix or possible trace store in containers or amounts of phosgene, systems made of nitrogen oxides, aluminum or having ammonia and other aluminum fittings toxic and noxious fumes NA Strong oxidizing agents, Hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, strong bases, acid irritating and toxic anhydrides, alkalies, fumes and gases, acid chlorides, carbon dioxide, organic materials chlorinated phenols
NFPA Rating
strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents
298-02-2
Phorate
Umet 100G Systemic Soil Granular Insecticide
This product should be kept in a cool place, preferably below 30 C. Containers should be kept dry. Store in the closed original container in a dry, cool, wellventilated area out of direct sunlight
2310-17-0
Phosalone
Phosalone
Fire and flame, high Avoid oxidizing agents temperature
732-11-6
Phosmet
Imidans 50-WP Instapaks
Excessive heat
Combustion products; toxic materials
52508-35-7 142-64-3 and 7757-93-9
Pinscher Pinschers PGR Piperazine Pipa-Tabs 50 mg and Dihydrochloride and 250 mg Dicalcium Phosphate
None known ND
None known Avoid strong oxidizers
Carbon dioxide, and if combustion is incomplete, carbon monoxide and smoke. Oxides of sulfur and other sulfur compounds. Most will have a foul odour. Oxides of phosphorus and other phosphorus compounds. Water. Carbon monoxide poisoning produces headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, confusion, dimness of vision, disturbance of judgment, and unconsciousness followed by coma and death Hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, phosphorous oxides and sulfur oxides Relatively non-reactive. Non-corrosive to materials commonly used in the construction of process equipment, storage and shipping containers None known ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
4
1
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
43 ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
1 ND
1 ND
0 ND
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
93
ND
ND
ND
1
2
0
ND
ND
550
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
52645-53-1 and Permethrin and 51-03-6 Piperonyl buxide 23103-98-2 Pirimicarb
Permanone 31-66
ND
Strong oxidizing agents
ND
Pirimicarb
Keep away from heat. High temperatures, sparks, open flames
Strong oxidizing agents. Acids and alkaline materials
9003-39-8
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone K15
Strong oxidizing agents
7758-02-3
Potassium bromide
Potassium bromide
7789-00-6
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Chromate
151-50-8
Potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide
7778-50-9
Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate
High temperatures, incompatible materials, dust generation Incompatible materials, moisture Incompatible materials Incompatible materials, water, moisture, light, air Incompatible materials
Thermal decomposition ND products are toxic and may include hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen Nitrogen oxides, carbon NA monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide ND NA
CAS #
Chemical Name
Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids
NFPA Rating
Combustible or readily oxidizable materials Highly reactive with oxidizing agents. Reactive with acids
Oxides of potassium, NA oxides of chromium Reacts with water or any NA acid releasing hydrogen cyanide
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids, alkalis
ND
NA
NA
NA
4
0
0
NA
1310-58-3
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
7681-11-0
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Iodide
10124-65-9
Potassium laurate
Bayer advenced 2-in-1 Moss & Algae Killer
7757-79-1
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Generates large amounts Oxides of potassium Incompatible of heat when in materials, contact with water moisture, contact and may steam and with water, acids, splatter. Reacts with metals chlorine dioxide, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrogen trichloride, peroxidized tetrahydrofuran, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, bromoform 1 crown ethers, acids alcohols, sugars, germanium cyclopentadiene, maleic dicarbide. Corrosive to metals such as aluminum, tin, and zinc to cause formation of flammable hydrogen gas Oxides of potassium, Strong acids, strong Incompatible iodine reducing agents, materials, light, strong bases, strong dust generation, oxidizing agents moisture, metals, excess heat Exposure to extreme None known Carbon dioxide, carbon heat monoxide and nitrogen oxides Nitrogen oxides, oxygen Dust generation, Reacts violently with excess heat organic materials, combustible materials, and reducing agents.
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NE
NE
NE
2
1
0
CAS #
137-41-7
Chemical Name
Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate solution
Product Name(s)
K-PAMs 540
Conditions to Avoid
Do not allow the solution to stand
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Specific incompatibles under various conditions include aluminum, titanium, antimony, germanium, zinc, zirconium, calcium disilicide, chromium nitride, metal sulfides, boron, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, phosphides, sodium phosphinate, sodium thiosulfate, citric acid, tin chloride, sodium acetate, and thorium carbide When treated with water 93 This product is or heated to incompatible with decomposition, this additional water and product will give off strong aqueous acids. toxic fumes of methyl In addition, it is isothiocyanate corrosive to copper,
NFPA Rating
7722-64-7
Potassium permanganate Filter Mate Potassium Permanganate
Do not mix with other chemicals
590-00-1 127277-53-6 and 1344-95-2
Potassium sorbate Prohexadion Calcium; Silicic acid, calcium salt; Proprietary ingredients Prometryn Propamocarb hydrochloride
Potassium sorbate Apogees
Not available ND
brass, and zinc, and may soften and/or discolor iron Acids. Reducing agents. Metals. Organic materials. Combustible materials Not available Strong oxidizing agents
Prometryn Banols Fungicide
Not available Not available
Not available Not available
2312-35-8
Propargite
Comite ll
139-40-2 60207-90-1
7287-19-6 25606-41-1
Strong acids and strong bases
Propazine Propiconazole
Keep away from all sources of ignition AGPRO NZ Limited None Quali-Pro Propiconazole ND
94-13-3 123312-89-0
Propyl paraben Pymetrozine
Propyl paraben Pymetrozine
Not available None known
Not available None known
110-86-1
Pyridine
Pyridine
Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition.
Acids, combustible materials, oxidizing materials, halogens, halo carbons
None Avoid contact with the following: acids, strong oxidizers
(MITC), hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides May include and are not NA limited to: Oxides of manganese. Oxygen
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
Not available No hazardous decomposition products known
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
2 ND
1 ND
0 ND
Not available May give off poisonous fumes including hydrogen chloride and oxides of nitrogen Oxides of sulfur and oxides of phenolic
ND Does not flash
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND 1
ND 1
ND 0
71
ND
ND
ND
3
2
0
NA 83
NA ND
NA ND
NA ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
NA ND
NA ND
NA ND
NA ND
2 ND
1 ND
0 ND
20
1.8
12.4
482
3
3
0
None Thermal decomposition may yield the following: oxides of nitrogen, carbon and chloride Not available Can decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases Thermal decomposition products: oxides of carbon, nitrogen
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
ND
Hydrogen chloride, oxides of nitrogen and carbon
Does not flash
ND
ND
ND
2
1
1
No incompatibilities reasonably foreseeable
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
CAS #
84087-01-4
Chemical Name
Quinclorac
Product Name(s)
Quali-Pros Quinclorac 75 DF
Conditions to Avoid Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat Avoid exposure to high moisture conditions for prolonged periods ND
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
NFPA Rating
Nissan Registered Quizalofop-p-ethyl; N100646-51-3; Trademark methyl pyrrolidinone; 872-50-4 Aromatic and 64742Hydrocarbons 94-5 10453-86-8 and Resmethrin; Bioallethrin SBP-1382/Bioallethrin 28057-48-9 Insecticide Concentrate 8%16% Formula I 122931-48-0 Rimsulfuron DPX-E9636 25 DF
Keep away from sources of ignition
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
2
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
83-79-4
Rotenone
Dri-Kil Louse Powder
ND
None reasonably foreseeable Oxidizers
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
69-72-7
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid
High temperatures, incompatible materials, light, moisture, strong oxidants
Sulfur oxides (SOx). ND Carbon oxides (COx) 157 Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide
1.1
ND
535
0
1
0
Oxidizing agents, lead acetate, iron salts, alkalis, iodine, spirit nitrous ether
78-92-2
sec-Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Excess heat
13952-84-6
sec-Butylamine
sec-Butylamine
74051-80-2
Sethoxydim
Sethoxydim
7761-88-8
Silver Nitrate
Silver Nitrate
7440-22-4; 77-92-9; 151-21-3; 7732-18-5 122-34-9
Silver; Citric Acid, Anhydrous; Sodium Lauryl Sulfat; Water
Critical Care
Keep away from all sources of ignition Oxidizing agents Avoid sources of ignition and extreme heat Subject to Explosive compounds discoloration upon may be formed in the exposure to light presence of ammonia Not available Not available
Simazine
PRINCEPs NINE-Ts Herbicide
None known
Strong acids and bases
7784-46-5
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium Arsenite
Strong acids
532-32-1
Sodium benzoate
144-55-8
Sodium Bicarbonate
Benzoic acid, sodium salt Sodium Bicarbonate
7647-15-6
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Bromide
Moisture, extreme temperatures Excess heat, dust generation Contact with acids except under controlled conditions Moisture and incompatibles
7647-14-5
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Incompatibles
Highly reactive with oxidizing agents Oxidizing agents
ND
23.9
1.7
9.8
406.1
1
3
0
ND
2 8.7
ND
ND
378
3
3
0
None
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
None
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Not available
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
During a fire, irritating and possibly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion Oxides of arsenic
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Reactive with oxidizing agents Reacts with acids to release carbon dioxide gas and heat
CO, CO2
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
None
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
Acids, alkaloidal and heavy metal salts, oxidizers, and bromine trifluoride Lithium, bromine trifluoride
Oxides of the contained metal and halogen, possibly also free, or ionic halogen When heated to above 801 C (1474 F) it emits toxic fumes of chloride and sodium oxide
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
NA It emits toxic fumes hydgrogen cyanide and oxides of nitrogen Heating this product will 94 Acids and oxidizing evolve carbon agents. Contact with disulfide and strong acids or acidic dimethylamine materials may evolve carbon disulfide. Dimet is not compatible with copper, or its alloys (i.e. bronze, brass, etc.). These materials of construction should not be used in handling systems or storage containers for this product
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
ND
ND
ND
3
1
1
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid Strong reducing agents, organic materials, combustible materials, easily oxidizable materials Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, moisture
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
7775-11-3
Sodium chromate, anhydrous
Sodium chromate, anhydrous
Dust generation
143-33-9
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Cyanide
Excess heat, moisture, incompatibles
128-04-1
Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate
Dimet Solution
Excess heat
Hazardous Decomposition Products Toxic fumes of sodium oxide, toxic chromium oxide fumes
NFPA Rating
7681-49-4
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoride
68915-31-1
Sodium hexametaphosphate
Metaphosphoric Acid, hexasodium salt
151-21-3
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester, sodium salt
7631-99-4
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrate
15630-89-4
Sodium percarbonate
Carbonic acid disodium salt, compd. With hydrogen peroxide
50723-80-3 and Sodium Salt of 62476-59-9 Bentazon; Sodium Salt of Acifluorfen 16893-85-9 Sodium silicofluoride
STORM Herbicide
7757-82-6; 7447-40-7
Sodium Sulfate; Potassium chloride
1313-82-2
Sodium sulfide
Silicate (2-), hexafluoro-, disodium YSI Oxygen Probe Electrolyte for Model 5204, 5906, 5908, & 5909 Sodium sulfide
1300-72-7
Sodium xylenesulfonate
NAXONATEs SX
Incompatible materials, dust generation, excess heat Incompatible materials
Reactive with oxidizing It emits toxic fumes of agents, metals, acids, sulfur oxides, and alkalis sodium oxide
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Reactive with oxidizing agents
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
Oxides of nitrogen, oxygen
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
Not available
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
2
ND Combustion may generate SO(2), NOx, HCI, HF It emits toxic fumes of NA hydrogen fluoride None NA
ND
ND
ND
3
0
0
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
No data available
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
1
1
When heated to decomposition, may emit highly toxic carbon and sulfur oxides
NA
ND
ND
490
1
1
0
Reactive with oxidizing Excess heat, dust agents generation, incompatible materials Reducing agents, finely Dust generation, powdered metals, excess heat, organic materials, exposure to moist combustible air or water materials, easily oxidizable materials Not available Highly reactive with reducing agents, acids. Reactive with organic materials, metals, moisture None Protect material from freezing temperatures Incompatible Reactive with acids, materials alkalis Not available Strong acids and oxidizing agents
Not available Excess heat
Highly reactive with acids Strong oxidizers
It emits toxic fumes of sulfur oxides, and sodium oxide It emits toxic fumes of sulfur oxides, and sodium oxide
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
Not Flam- ND mable
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
260 217
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
1 1
1 1
0 0
39
1.1
6
232
2
3
0
93.3
ND
ND
ND
0
1
0
May emit ammonia, oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of carbon
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
93
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
62-74-8
Sodium Fluoroacetate
Compound 1080
None known
8001-22-7 111-01-3
Soybean oil Squalane
8052-41-3
Stoddard Solvent
RBD Soybean Oil Tetracosane, 2,6,10,15,19,23hexamethyl Stoddard Solvent
None known Excess heat, incompatible materials Incompatible materials, ignition sources, excess heat Excess heat, incompatible materials
Canthaxanthin; Corn oil; Canthaxanthin 10% 514-78-3; Vitamin E; Ascorbyl 8001-30-7; palmitate; Sucrose; 137-66-6; Starch {Corn} 10191-41-0; 57-50-1 and 9005-25-8 5329-14-6 Sulfamic Acid Sulfamic Acid
122836-35-5; 57-55-6; 108-88-3
Sulfentrazone; Propylene Spartnt 4 F Herbicide Glycol; Surfactant Blend; Toluene
Dusting and incompatibles
Excessive heat and fire
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Materials to Avoid
Strong acids, alkalis and Carbon dioxide, carbon oxidizing agents monoxide and fluorides water Strong oxidizing agents No data available Reactive with oxidizing No data available agents Strong oxidizing agents
Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis
Strong oxidizers, nitric acid, chlorine. Solutions are strong acids and react violently with bases Strong oxidizing agents
Carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide Not available
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
NFPA Rating
4151-50-2
Sulfluramid
Firstlinet Termite Bait
74222-97-2 141776-32-1
Sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron
Alligare SFM 75 Sulfosulfuron
Excessive heat and fire Data not available Data not available
7446-09-5
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxode
Data not available
002699-79-8
Sulfuryl fluoride
Vikane Gas Fumigant
ND
1401-55-4
Tannic acid
Tannic acid
1934-21-0 5902-51-2
Tartrazine Tebracil
Tartrazine Sinbars Herbicide
Dust generation, moisture, temperatures above 200 C, prolonged exposure to air, excess light Not available Heat and flame
Strong oxidizing agents
sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride Data not available
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride under fire conditions with hydrocarbons Strong oxidizing agents; Carbon monoxide, strong bases carbon dioxide
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
1
199
ND
ND
527
1
1
1
Not available Strong oxidizing agents
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
2 1
1 1
0 0
None known No incompatibility known with other materials Reacts violently with peroxides, chromates, bichromates, permanganates and oxygen difluoride. It also reacts with chlorates to form chlorine, which may become explosive at elevated temperatures. Forms sulfuric acid solutions with water Strong bases
Data not available Hazardous decomposition products not known Data not available
Not available Will not occur
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
100
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
95
ND
ND
420
2
1
0
61.5
ND
ND
ND
2
2
0
110
ND
ND
355
2
3
0
11.1
2.4
8
477.78 1
3
0
Not available
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
107534-96-3
Tebuconazole
Folicurs 430 SC Fungicide
Excessive heat
Oxidizing agents
34014-18-1
Tebuthiuron
SPIKE 50 GR
ND
79538-32-2
Tefluthrin
Force CS Insecticide
None known
Hydrolyzed at higher temperatures by strong alkalis and strong acids None known
003383-96-8 Temephos; Toluene and 108-88-3
Abate 4-E Insecticide
Storage above 60 C
Strong alkalis and some oxidizing agents
2593-15-9
Tetrazole
Tetrazole
Excess heat
Oxidizing agents
75-65-0
tert-Butyl alcohol
Trimetylcarbinol
Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids
136-47-0
Tetracaine Hydrochloride Tetrachloroethylene
Tetracaine HCl
Heat, ignition sources, incompatibles Not available
127-18-4
Tetrachloroethylene
Reactive with oxidizing agents, alkalis Moisture, light, heat Strong acids, strong oxidizers, strong and alkalis, especially incompatibles
Hazardous Decomposition Products In a fire, formation of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides can be expected Thermal decomposition may release toxic oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur May decompose at high temperatures forming toxic gases May produce oxides of carbon, phosphorous, and sulfur Irritating fumes, oxides of carbon ND
NFPA Rating
NaOH, KOH; finely divided metals, especially zinc, barium, lithium. Slowly corrodes aluminum, iron and zinc
119-64-2
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Tetrahydronaphthalene
7696-12-0 (10%) 51-03-6 (50%) 52645-53-1 (10%) 64742-47-8 (.5%) 137-26-8
Tetramethrin Piperonyl butoxide Permethrin Aliphatic Petroleum
Tetraperm 10-10-50 Water Based Concentrate
Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide
Thiram Granuflo
halogens, acids, Avoid heat, flames, oxidizing materials, sparks and other peroxides sources of ignition. Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat. Keep out of water supplies and sewers NA NA
Excessive heat
Acids, oxidizers, copper
heated to decomposition. Hydrogen chloride gas and phosgene gas may be formed upon heating. Decomposes with moisture to yield trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid Thermal decomposition 71 products: oxides of carbon
NA
.93
Decomposed by excessive NA heat and acids. Heating to decomposition generates carbon disulfide and oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Acid decomposition may evolve carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide
0.8
5
385
4
2
0
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
(Continued)
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.100
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
None
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
1
0
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
4
1.1% vol
7.1% vol
480
2
3
0
Hazardous Decomposition Products
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid
153719-23-4
Thiamethoxam
None
None
Can decompose at high NA temperatures forming toxic gases
Leafless
Heat
Strong acids or alkalis, extreme heat
Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen under burning conditions
Thiodicarb
Extreme heat
None
89-83-8
(EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5methyl-1,3,5oxadiazinan-4-ylidene (nitro)amine 2,3-dihydro-5,6dimethyl-1,4-dithiin1,1,4,4-tetraoxide Nphenyl-N0 -(1,2,3thiadiazol-50 yl)-urea dimethyl N, N0 -[thiobis [(methylimino) carbonyloxy]]bis [ethanimidothioate] (CA) Thymol
Thymol
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
108-88-3
Toluene
Toluene
Ignition sources, excess heat, confined spaces
Acetanilide, antipyrine, camphor, chorohydrate, strong oxidizers, spirit nitrous ether, menthol, quinine sulfate, salol, and urethane Strong oxidizing agents, nitric acid, sulfuric acid
55290-64-7 (32.7%) 51707-55-2 (8.4%) 59669-26-0
Materials to Avoid
Flash Point oC
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
NFPA Rating
104-55-2 43121-43-3 (40-43%) 141517-217 (8%) 14808-60-7 (1%) 55219-65-3
trans-Cinnamaldehyde trans-Cinnamaldehyde ARMADA 50 WP Triadimefon Technical Trifloxystrobin Technical Crystalline Silica
Not available Exposure to moisture. Exposure to extreme heat
(1RS, 2RS; 1RS, 2SR)- Triadimenol 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)3, 3-dimethyl-1-(1H1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) butan-2-ol
Strong oxidizing agents, When involved in a fire, Do not store at acids may evolve noxious elevated fumes, which may temperatures for include HCL, prolonged hydrazines, amines, periods of time. nitrogen oxides, and Protect from carbon monoxide repeated freezing and thawing NA NA NA Stable under normal Avoid strong oxidizers, Heating product to decomposition will strong acids, strong use and storage cause emission of bases, heat, and conditions. acrid smoke and sources of ignition fumes of hydrogen chloride, phosphorous oxides, and carbon oxides None Strong oxidizing agents, Hazardous strong bases decomposition products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride gas, nitrogen oxides Reactive with oxidizing None Incompatible agents, metals materials, moisture Heat, flames and Reactive metals. Carbon oxides, hydrogen sparks. Extremes Magnesium. Strong chloride (trace
101200-48-0 Tribenuron-methyl S,S,S-Tributyl 78-48-8 Phosphorotrithioate, (70.5%) 91Naphthalene 20-3 (1-5%)
Tribenuron-methyl Folex 6 EC
101-20-2
Trichloro Carbanilide
Trichloro Carbanilide
76-03-9
Trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
79-01-6
Trichloroethylene
Nu-blast
Not available Strong oxidizing agents, acids
Not available. 71 Thermal decomposition, NA hydrogen chloride, amines, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
2 2
2 1
0 1
.93.3
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
ND 184
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
NA 3
NA 2
NA 0
.150
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
0
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
0
0
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
NA
NA
NA
2
1
2
ND
ND
ND
2
0
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
Conditions to Avoid of temperature and direct sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures above 54 C
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
amounts), phosgene oxidizing agents. (trace amounts) or Product may react chlorine (trace with aluminum if amounts) immersed in liquid concentrate trichloroethylene for extended periods None Highly reactive or incompatible with the following materials: organic materials and acids Hydrogen chloride, Strong bases, strong nitrogen oxides, oxidizing agents, carbon monoxide, strong reducing carbon dioxide agents
75-69-4
trichlorofluoromethane
Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11)
None
87-90-1
s-Triazine-2,4,6-Triol
Trichloroisocyanuric acid
3380-34-5
Triclosan
Estesol Clear
NA Incompatible materials, dust generation, combustible materials, exposure to moist air or water None Avoid strong oxidizing Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen .200 sulfide, nitrous agents. This product oxides, ammonia bymay react with strong products acids
NFPA Rating
13121-70-5 112-27-6
68694-11-1 9003-07-0 1582-09-8
26644-46-2
95266-40-3
57-13-6
1330-20-7 16974-11-1
Tricyclohexyltin Hydroxide Triethylene Glycol
Cyhexatin
Acid and light
Acid pesticide
NA
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition Triflumizole Procure 50WS None Oxidizing agents, strong None acids, strong bases None Upon decomposition this Polypropylene (.74.8%) Biobarrier II Combustible when product may emit Trifluralin (,20%) exposed to open carbon dioxide, flames. Avoid carbon monoxide chlorine, fluorine, and/or lowand other strong molecular-weight oxidizers hydrocarbons Emits acrid smoke and Triforine Saprol Fungicide Isolate from sources Strong alkalis, acids, fumes when heated to nitrates and oxidizing of heat, naked decomposition agents flames or sparks Trinexapac-ethyl LESCO RegiMax PGRt Keep away from None Can decompose at high Plant Growth heat and flame temperatures forming Regulator toxic and explosive gases When heated above Nitric acid, sodium Urea Urea Decomposes when melting point, nitrite, nitrosyl heated above decomposes to perchlorate, gallium melting point ammonia and carbon perchlorate, dioxide. If burned, hypochlorites, emits small amounts phosphorus of nitrogen oxides pentachloride Xylene Xylenes None None None Z-9-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate
Triethylene Glycol
s
ISOMATE -GBM PLUS
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
None
Strong oxidizers
None
None
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
177
ND
ND
371
0
1
0
NA
NA
NA
432
NA
NA
NA
.329
NA
NA
.275
0
1
0
70
NA
NA
363
NA
NA
NA
.230
NA
NA
ND
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
3
0
NA
463.3 to 2 528.9 NA NA
NA
NA
26.85 to 31.85 NA
NA
(Continued)
Flash Point oC
Lower
Upper
Auto-Ignition Temp., oC
Health
Fire
Reactivity
Table 3.2 (Continued)
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
221
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
1
0
Explosive Limits in Air (%)
CAS #
Chemical Name
Product Name(s)
155-04-4
Zinc 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
PERKACIT ZMBT
Zinc chloride (1025%), SP-30 7646-85-7 ammonium chloride (zinc (2.510%), Petrolatum chloride) (50100%) 12125-02-9 (ammonium chloride) 8009-03-8 (Petrolatum) 1314-13-2 Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Keep away from heat, Strong oxidizing agents. Carbon monoxide. Strong acids Oxides of nitrogen. sparks and flame. Oxides of sulfur. Dispersion of dust. Toxic zinc metal Avoid contact with fumes strong oxidants such as liquid chlorine and concentrated oxygen None Strong acids, strong Carbon monoxide and oxidizers carbon dioxide hydrogen chloride (HCl) zinc oxide
Heat, incompatibles
Has exploded when mixed When heated to very high temperatures, with chlorinated zinc oxide sublimes rubber. Reacts violently to produce toxic with magnesium, fumes linseed oil. Zinc oxide and magnesium can react explosively when heated
NFPA Rating
NA Burning may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides
127-82-2 (Anhydrous) 1300-55-6 (Octahydrate) 1314-84-7
Zinc phenosulfonate
Zinc Phenolsulfonate
None
Alkali soaps; ferric salts turn material red or violet
Zinc Phosphide
ZINC PHOSPHIDE TECHNICAL “RATIL”
Moist air
557-05-1
Zinc stearate
Protective cream 211
Oxidizing agents
Zinc, Zinc Oxide, Lead 7440-66-6 (Zinc), 131413-2 (Zinc Oxide), (7439-92-1 (Lead)
Zinc Metal Powder
Heat, flames, ignition sources and incompatibles
12122-67-7
Zineb
Zineb 80W PCP 9318
137-30-4
ZIRAM 76DF Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioaotkappaS, kappaS)-(T-4) Electis 75 WG Mancozeb, Zoxamide, Fungicide : MAPP Hexamethyl10565/11013 (PCS enetetramine 01821)
Excessive heat. Spontaneously combustible in the presence of moisture Keep away from children
Will react with moist air, NA Avoid contact with water, acids and some water, acids including other liquid to form dilute and oxidizing toxic and flammable agents gases Oxidizing agents None None-toboil NA Hydrogen in moist air, Zinc powder can react zinc oxide with violently with water, oxygen at high sulfur and halogens. temperature. Zinc Dangerous or metal, when melted, potentially dangerous produces zinc vapor with strong oxidizing which oxidizes and agents, lower condenses in air to molecular weight form zinc fume chlorinated hydrocarbons, strong acids and alkalis Thermal decomposition NA Corrodes copper and will generate carbon iron metals when in disulfide and other the presence of asphyxiants moisture
008018 -01-7, 156052-685, 00010097-0
Avoid moisture. Excessive heat. Open flames
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
NA
NA
NA
3
3
1
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
NA
NA
460
2
2
2
NA
NA
NA
1
1
0
Strong oxidizing agents
Oxides of sulfur
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
0
0
Oxidizing agents. Acids
None under normal conditions of storage and use. Thermal decomposition products include: Hydrogen sulfide. Carbon disulfide. Hydrogen chloride
NA
NA
NA
162 (ap.)
NA
NA
NA
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4 Atrazine 4.1
Introduction
Atrazine is a widely used herbicide utilized for the control of broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, rangeland, sugarcane, macadamia orchards, pineapple, turf grass sod, asparagus, forestry grasslands, grass crops, and roses. An odorless, white powder, pure atrazine will dissolve in water and is not very volatile, reactive, or flammable. Atrazine is a synthetic compound that does not occur naturally and it is most extensively used on corn crop in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin. Total estimated agricultural use in the United States is 76.4 million pounds annually, where 86% of that amount is applied to corn alone (EPA, 2008). The following is a map from the United States Geological Survey that shows the distribution of domestic atrazine usage in 2002 (Figure 4.1).
4.2
Regulations
Due to its persistence in water and various adverse health effects on humans, atrazine has been listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP), meaning that only certified herbicide users may purchase or use it. Certification for the user can be obtained through the appropriate state office where the herbicide user is located (ATSDR, 2003). Under EPA regulations, the maximum contamination limit (MCL) for atrazine is set at 3 ppb or 0.003 µg/L (EPA, 2008). The following list shows the history of regulatory action regarding atrazine. G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Atrazine First Registered Groundwater Mitigation Surface Water Mitigation Special Review Initiated Under the Federal Insecticede, Fungicede, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Additional Surface Water Mitigation Revised Cancer Characterization NRDC Consent Decree Preliminary Risk Assessment Revised Risk Assessment Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision Ammended IRED with consideration of ecological issues, including amphibians
(1958) (1990) (1992) (1994) (1996) (2000) (2000 & 2001) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2003)
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00004-2 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Atrazine – Herbicide 2002 estimated annual agricultural use
Average annual use of active ingredient (pounds per square mile of agricultural land in country) No estimated use 0.001 to 0.307 0.308 to 1.91 1.911 to 9.32 9.321 to 34.596 > = 34.597
Total pounds applied Corn 66149829 Sorghum 5636302 Sugarcane 2377458 Cropland in summer fallow 1843850 Sweet corn 423851 Sod harvested 54700 Other hay 7013 Field and grass seed crop 620 Crops
Percent national use 86.47 7.37 3.11 2.41 0.56 0.07 0.01 0.00
Figure 4.1 Domestic atrazine use. (Source: http://www.usgs.gov/.)
In contrast to the United States, Europe has stricter regulations on atrazine use. A 1991 European Union (EU) directive on pesticides curtailed the use of products suspected of harming human health, groundwater, or the environment. Additionally the order also established a 12-year review period for products already on the market, such as atrazine, to determine their environmental and health impacts. Twelve years later, in 2003, the scientific committee reviewing atrazine concluded that the herbicide had the potential to contaminate groundwater levels exceeding the allowed 0.1 µg/L even during appropriate use. This finding instigated a regulatory ban on atrazine applying to all EU member states, which went into effect in 2005. As a result, Europe is now launching a continent-wide experiment in agriculture without the use of atrazine (Ackerman, 2007).
4.3 4.3.1
How Atrazine Works Chemical Properties
Atrazine has many synonyms and trade names. Atrazine may also be known as 6-chloro-n-ethyl-n0 -(1-methylethyl)-triazine-2,4-diamine, 2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-
Atrazine
217
Table 4.1 Chemical/Physical Properties of Atrazine (ATSDR, 2003b) Chemical structure
H3C
H N
H N
N N
N
CH3 CH3
Cl
Chemical formula CAS # Color Odor Molecular weight Density Vapor pressure Solubility Log Kow Log Koc Henry’s law constant pKa Hydrolosis rate constant Melting point Boiling point
C8H14ClN5 1912-24-9 White colorless Odorless 215.69 1.23 g/ml at 22 C 2.89 3 1027 mm Hg at 25 C 34.7 mg/l of water at 20 C 2.602.71 1.963.38 2.96 3 1029 atm-m3/mol at 25 C 1.68 2.735 3 10211 cm3/molecule-second 173175 C 200 C
6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine, 2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine, or 2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-chloro-s-triazine. Syngenta, a corporation based in Switzerland, is the primary producer and distributor of atrazine in the United States that markets the chemical in a long line of products. Registered trade names of atrazine include Aatrex, Aatram, Atratol, Gesaprim, and many more (ATSDR, 2003). Chemical properties for atrazine are provided in Table 4.1.
4.3.2
Atrazine in the Environment
Atrazine is applied to agricultural fields and crops for the purpose of destroying weeds. The substance may also be used near highways and railroads for aesthetic reasons. Atrazine acts as a selective herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis in susceptible plants. A selective herbicide is a herbicide where the target weeds are controlled, with little or no injury to the crop. Corn, sorghum, and certain other plants are not susceptible. They absorb and metabolize atrazine without experiencing its toxic effects. Significant amounts of atrazine not absorbed by plants can find their way into the surrounding environment. Small amounts of atrazine can enter the air after it is applied to the soil. After application, atrazine is only weakly adsorbed to soil particles and thus leaves the field primarily in runoff water. To make matters worse, much of the land that atrazine is applied to has a slow infiltration rate, increasing runoff. Significant amounts of atrazine are washed from the soil by rainfall and enter surrounding areas, including streams, lakes, or other waterways. Some
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
atrazine may migrate from the upper soil surface to deeper soil layers and enter the groundwater. Atrazine that is washed from the soil into streams and other bodies of water will persist for long periods of time (half lives . 200 days) (ATSDR, 2003). Due to atrazine’s persistence in the environment and its readiness to enter water systems via runoff, drinking water contamination is a major public health issue in areas of heavy application (ATSDR, 2003).
4.4
Breakdown Products
The breakdown products of atrazine are still relatively unknown, but are increasingly being studied and discussed. Three of atrazine’s primary degradates are: deisopropyl atrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA), and hydroxyatrazine (HA). The reactions and structures of the compound are shown in Figure 4.2.
4.4.1
Degradates
Atrazine has many more breakdown products than the three shown in Figure 4.2, however. One study revealed over 40 different degradates of atrazine (Chen, 2009). Many of those compounds are not regulated or tested for, and could pose a potential health risk. Although atrazine and its daughter products can be detected using gas chromatography or mass spectrometry, most degradates are not tested for in Cl
Atrazine transformation N
N
H
H N
N
N
Atrazine
Dealkylation (microbes required) 3CO2
2CO2
N
N
H
H N
N
H2O
Hydrolysis HCl OH
Cl
Cl N
Dealkylation (microbes required)
N
H N
H Deisopropyl atrazine
N
N
H N
N
N
H
H N
N
N
H Deethylatrazine
Figure 4.2 Breakdown products of atrazine. (Source: http://www.usgs.gov/.)
Hydroxyatrazine
Atrazine
219
Figure 4.3 N-nitrosoatrazine, CAS number 56525-09-8. (Source: ATSDR, 2006.)
Cl N N
N N
N N O
community water systems. Syngenta elected to include only three degradates in the Syngenta Monitoring Program: DIA, DEA, and diaminochlorotriazine (DAC). The health effects of many of atrazine’s degradates are unknown, but like atrazine, degradates of atrazine have the potential to affect water quality. The degradates may be more or less toxic than the parent compound, although most of them have toxicities similar to or lower than that of the parent compound (USGS, 2006). DEA and DIA have toxic effects similar to atrazine, but HA has a lower toxicity than its parent compound.
4.4.2
N-nitrosoatrazine
Atrazine and nitrate fertilizer are commonly applied to the same fields. Some of the atrazine and nitrate can react together to form N-nitrosoatrazine. Atrazine and nitrite have been shown to react at acidic pH to form N-nitrosoatrazine (Figure 4.3). Most N-nitrosoamines are carcinogenic (ATSDR, 2006). N-nitrosoatrazine has not been classified for its carcinogenicity, but structureactivity considerations raise concerns that the substance may have carcinogenic potential. Additional experimentation is needed to fully understand the potential health effects of this chemical.
4.5
Water Contamination Issues
Drinking water contamination by pesticides has become a major issue in many community water systems (CWS) across the nation. Atrazine has infiltrated hundreds of lakes and rivers across the Midwest (Figure 4.4), and has become the most commonly detected pesticide in surface water. This is primarily due to both its volume of usage and its tendency to move with water. Many factors contribute to atrazine runoff and drinking water contamination. First, atrazine does not bind well to soil particles, so it is easily carried off of fields with storm water. Second, many areas of heavy application (namely Northern Missouri and Southern Iowa) have high clay content in the soil. Clay soils have relatively low infiltration rates and thus promote runoff during storm or flood events. Third, many Midwest farms practice no-till farming, which increases runoff potential and loss of atrazine due to the restrictive layer of the claypan that limits infiltration. Finally, atrazine application periods typically occur during the months that receive the most rain. Heavy rainfall directly following application can greatly increase atrazine losses. Because of these factors and the sheer quantity and density of atrazine application, hundreds of water systems have atrazine detections in their finished drinking
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Wisconain
Iowa Natraska
Illinois
Indiana
Missouri Kentucky
Notes:
Population 0–50000 50001–100000 100001–250000 250001–500000
A. Atrazine data acquired from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Water – Public Water Supply Section. Kentucky’s Division of Water. Iowa’s Dept. of Natural Resources Water Supply Program, Illinois’s Dept. of Natural Resources, Indiana’s Department of Environmental Management. Missouri’s Department of Natural Resources Water Protection Program, Nebraska Dept. of Health and Human Services – Environmental Health, Ohio’s Division of Drinking and Groundwaters, and Wisconsin’s Dept. of Natural Resources – Public Water Supply. B. Population data from USEPA SDWIS (Safe Drinking Water Information System)
500001–750000
Figure 4.4 Water systems with atrazine detections across the Midwest. (Source: Atrazine data from state water departments. Population data from USEPA SDWIS.)
water, impacting millions of people across the country. The following map shows the locations of water systems across the Midwest with atrazine detections in finished water. As the figure demonstrates, atrazine detections are not sparse. It is critical to properly manage atrazine use in order to prevent drinking water contamination by pesticides.
4.6
Syngenta Atrazine Monitoring Program (AMP)
The primary manufacturer of atrazine is Syngenta, a corporation based in Switzerland. After the use of atrazine was banned in Europe in 2004, US EPA expressed concern over the presence of atrazine in some water systems in the United States. Subsequently, the Atrazine Monitoring Program (AMP) was implemented. With assistance from the EPA, Syngenta tested 134 public water systems weekly or bi-weekly for atrazine and three ‘chlorotriazine’ breakdown products (DIA, DEA, DAC). The Atrazine Monitoring Program’s data revealed that levels of atrazine and its chlorotriazine breakdown products during some periods of the year were much higher than levels reported by water systems. Many water systems tested as part of the AMP showed levels exceeding the MCL at some point during the year. In other words, values reported by water systems and values shown by the AMP did not match up.
Atrazine
221 2008 Detections of Four Triazines in Osceola, IA
7.00
IDNSWP data did not contain Atrazine detections at the Osceola Plant in 2008
6.00
Concentration (ppb)
5.00 Atrazine Finished
4.00 Atrazine Raw
3.00 4 Total Triazines Finished*
2.00
4 Total Triazines Raw*
1.00
11/3/2008
11/17/2008
10/20/2008
9/8/2008
10/6/2008
8/25/2008
8/11/2008
7/28/2008
7/7/2008
7/14/2008
6/30/2008
6/23/2008
6/9/2008
6/16/2008
6/2/2008
5/27/2008
5/19/2008
5/5/2008
5/12/2008
4/28/2008
4/7/2008
4/22/2008
3/24/2008
3/10/2008
2/25/2008
2/11/2008
1/28/2008
1/7/2008
1/14/2008
0.00
Date *Total triazines include atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of IDNSWP atrazine detections are approximate
Figure 4.5 Comparison of Syngenta AMP data and state data. (Source: Syngenta AMP, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) Bureau of Water, Iowa Department of Natural Resources Water Supply Program (IDNSWP), Ohio Division of Drinking and Ground Waters, Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)). Lines represent concentrations of atrazine or atrazine plus three degradate triazines detected in raw or finished water under the Atrazine Monitoring Program. Dots represent atrazine concentrations reported to the state by water systems.
The AMP data showed that atrazine ‘spikes’ likely occurred during weeks of atrazine application or heavy rainfall. These spikes demonstrated that atrazine levels in post-treatment water were above the 3 ppb MCL for short periods of time, but averaging and infrequent testing by water systems allowed these levels to be overlooked. Figure 4.5 gives examples of AMP data from several water systems showing an atrazine ‘spike,’ which are not indicated in the state data from the same period. Inconsistencies between the data reported to the state and data from the Atrazine Monitoring Program sparked much political and media interest. In August 2009, the New York Times published an article titled, ‘Debating How Much Weed Killer is Safe in Your Water Glass,’ detailing inconsistencies between the two data sets and the overall danger of atrazine contamination in the US. Increased media coverage placed more pressure on Congress to address these issues, which in turn placed pressure on the EPA. The EPA responded with a press release on October 7th, 2009 stating it would begin a re-evaluation of atrazine detection.
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2.50
Concentration (ppb)
2.00
Atrazine Finished
1.50
Atrazine Raw
1.00
4 Total Triazines Finished* 4 Total Triazines Raw*
0.50 Atrazine Detections Received from IDNS
9/26/2006
Date
10/10/2006
9/12/2006
8/29/2006
8/1/2006
8/15/2006
7/4/2006
7/18/2006
6/6/2006
6/20/2006
5/9/2006
5/23/2006
4/25/2006
4/11/2006
3/28/2006
3/14/2006
2/28/2006
2/14/2006
1/31/2006
1/3/2006
1/17/2006
0.00
*Total triazines includes atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of IDNS atrazine detections are approximate
2008 Detections of Four Triazines in Aqua (Vermilion Co), IL 6.00 IEPA data did not contain Atrazine detections at the Aqua Plant in 2008
Concentration (ppb)
5.00
4.00 Atrazine Finished
3.00 Atrazine Raw
4 Total Triazines Finished*
2.00
4 Total Triazines Raw*
1.00
1/2/2008 1/14/2008 1/28/2008 2/11/2008 2/26/2008 3/10/2008 3/25/2008 4/7/2008 4/15/2008 4/21/2008 4/28/2008 5/5/2008 5/12/2008 5/19/2008 5/27/2008 6/2/2008 6/9/2008 6/16/2008 6/23/2008 7/2/2008 7/7/2008 7/14/2008 7/21/2008 7/28/2008 8/11/2008 8/25/2008 9/8/2008 9/22/2008 10/6/2008 10/20/2008 11/3/2008 11/17/2008 12/1/2008
0.00
Date *Total triazines includes atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of IEPA atrazine detections are approximate
Figure 4.5 (Continued)
Atrazine
223 2008 Detections of Four Triazines in Evansville, IL
18.00 16.00
Concentration (ppb)
14.00 Atrazine Finished
12.00 Atrazine Raw
10.00 4 Total Triazines Finished*
8.00
4 Total Triazines Raw*
6.00
Atrazine Detections Received from IEPA
4.00 2.00
11/4/2008
11/17/2008
10/20/2008
9/8/2008
9/22/2008
8/12/2008
7/31/2008
7/14/2008
6/30/2008
6/18/2008
6/3/2008
6/10/2008
5/19/2008
5/19/2008
5/6/2008
5/12/2008
4/23/2008
4/9/2008
4/15/2008
3/24/2008
3/11/2008
2/26/2008
2/11/2008
1/29/2008
1/14/2008
0.00
Date *Total triazines includes atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of IEPA atrazine detections are approximate
2008 Detections of Four Triazines in Concordia Water Treatment Plant, MO 10.00 9.00 8.00
Concentration (ppb)
7.00 6.00
Atrazine Finished
5.00
Atrazine Raw
4.00
4 Total Triazines Finished*
3.00
4 Total Triazines Raw*
2.00
Atrazine Detections Received from MDNR
1.00
10/6/2008
10/20/2008
9/8/2008
8/11/2008
7/28/2008
7/21/2008
7/7/2008
6/30/2008
6/23/2008
6/16/2008
5/27/2008
5/12/2008
5/5/2008
4/28/2008
4/21/2008
4/14/2008
4/7/2008
2/28/2008
2/11/2008
1/29/2008
0.00
Date *Total triazines includes atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of MDNR atrazine detections are approximate
Figure 4.5 (Continued)
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production 2008 Detections of Triazines at Jamesport Water Treatment Plant, MO
3.00 MDNR data did not contain Atrazine detections at Jamesport Plant in 2008
Concentration (ppb)
2.50
2.00 Atrazine Finished
1.50
Atrazine Raw
4 Total Triazines Finished*
1.00
4 Total Triazines Raw*
0.50
1/14/2008 1/28/2008 2/11/2008 2/25/2008 3/11/2008 3/31/2008 4/7/2008 4/14/2008 4/21/2008 4/28/2008 5/5/2008 5/12/2008 5/19/2008 5/27/2008 6/2/2008 6/9/2008 6/16/2008 6/23/2008 6/30/2008 7/7/2008 7/14/2008 7/21/2008 7/28/2008 8/12/2008 8/26/2008 9/8/2008 9/22/2008 10/6/2008 10/20/2008 11/3/2008 11/17/2008 12/1/2008
0.00
Date
*Total triazines includes atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of MDNR atrazine detections are approximate
2008 Detections of Four Triazines in Defiance, OH 16.00 14.00
Concentration (ppb)
12.00 10.00
Atrazine Finished
8.00
Atrazine Raw
6.00
4 Total Triazines Finished*
4.00
4 Total Triazines Raw* Atrazine Detections Received from MDNR
2.00
11/3/2008
11/20/2008
10/20/2008
9/8/2008
9/22/2008
8/25/2008
8/11/2008
7/27/2008
7/21/2008
7/7/2008
7/14/2008
10/14/2008
Date
6/30/2008
6/23/2008
6/9/2008
6/16/2008
6/3/2008
5/27/2008
5/19/2008
5/7/2008
5/12/2008
4/28/2008
4/21/2008
4/7/2008
4/14/2008
3/24/2008
3/10/2008
2/25/2008
1/28/2008
0.00
*Total triazines includes atrazine and 3 daughter products, although many other breakdown products may be present. Dates of ODDGW atrazine detections are approximate
Figure 4.5 (Continued)
Atrazine
4.7
225
Health Effects
Exposure of atrazine to humans occurs primarily through ingestion of contaminated drinking water. However, exposure can also occur during application. The adverse effects of atrazine are still under research. It is agreed, however, that the primary health concern from atrazine exposure is endocrine disruption.
4.7.1
Endocrine Disruption
The EPA provides the following explanations of the endocrine system and endocrine disruption: Endocrine systems, also referred to as hormone systems, are found in all mammals, birds, fish, and many other types of living organisms. They are made up of: glands located throughout the body; hormones that are made by the glands and released into the bloodstream or the fluid surrounding cells; and receptors in various organs and tissues that recognize and respond to the hormones. (EPA, 2007) The endocrine system regulates all biological processes in the body from conception through adulthood and into old age including the development of the brain and nervous system, the growth and function of the reproductive system, as well as the metabolism and blood sugar levels. The female ovaries, male testes, and pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are the major constituents of the endocrine system. (EPA, 2007) Disruption of the endocrine system can occur in various ways. Some chemicals mimic a natural hormone, fooling the body into over-responding to the stimulus (e.g. a growth hormone that results in increased mass), or responding at inappropriate times (e.g., producing insulin when it is not needed). Other endocrine disrupting chemicals block the effects of a hormone from certain receptors (e.g. growth hormones required for normal development). Still others directly stimulate or inhibit the endocrine system and cause overproduction or underproduction of hormones (e.g. an over or underactive thyroid). Certain drugs are used to intentionally cause some of these effects, such as birth control pills. In many situations involving environmental chemicals, however, an endocrine effect is not desirable. (EPA, 2007)
The EPA has discussed research addressing the potential risks of atrazine to health: EPA investigators found that atrazine alters the way the brain controls pituitary functions, an observation that would be consistent with atrazine-induced premature aging. They found that atrazine suppressed two hormones the luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin hormone (PRL) by altering the hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone secretion. Although scientists are still studying the precise mechanism through which atrazine causes these changes, they have demonstrated the adverse outcomes of the changes in LH and PRL.
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EPA research showed that brief atrazine exposure to a lactating mother can influence development in the offspring by modifying endocrine constituents of the mother’s milk. Second, this work has identified a sensitive period of time for this type of early lactation exposure and raises the issue of whether other environmental compounds may similarly affect reproductive function in the offspring of mothers exposed to atrazine and potentially other similar chemicals. Other EPA research showed that juvenile exposure to atrazine and the primary metabolites of atrazine result in delayed puberty in male and female rats. Three of the primary metabolites of atrazine appear to be just as potent as the parent compound in inducing these effects on pubertal development (EPA, 2009).
The health effects of atrazine exposure have also been discussed in peer-reviewed literature. One study investigated atrazine exposure through drinking water and the prevalence of small-for-gestational age (SGA) and preterm delivery (\Ochoa-Acuna, 2009). The study found that atrazine, and perhaps other co-occurring herbicides in drinking water, is associated with an increased prevalence of SGA. In fact, exposure to atrazine via drinking water at levels above 0.1 µg/L resulted in an increase of SGA. This shows that atrazine is likely to have adverse effects on humans at levels well below the current MCL of 3.0 µg/L.
4.7.2
Other Health Effects
Additional peer-reviewed studies showed health effects including: increased risk of intrauterine growth retardation, reduced semen quality, and spontaneous abortions in humans, as well as demasculinization and hermaphrodism in frogs (Munger, 1997; Arbuckle, 2001; Hayes, 2002; Swan, 2003).
4.8 4.8.1
Atrazine Exposure Case Studies Triazine Herbicide Manufacturing Workers
A study published in 2002 found evidence that triazine exposure may cause an increase in cancer. The study, ‘Cancer Incidence among Triazine Herbicide Manufacturing Workers,’ was conducted by P.A. MacLennon and published in the Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine (MacLennan, 2002). The study evaluated cancer incidence among approximately 2000 workers at a Louisiana plant that manufactured atrazine and other triazine herbicides. The results of the study showed an increase in cancer instances. Subjects had a total of 46 observed cancers when only 40 were expected (SIR 5 114, CI 5 83152). The test subjects had 11 prostate cancers compared to 6.3 expected cases (SIR 5 175, CI 5 87312). In addition, the prostate cancer excess was greater in actively working company employees. Active company employees had 5 observed cases to 1.3 expected (SIR 5 394, CI 5 128920). Contract employees or inactive company employees had 6 observed cases and 5 expected cases (SIR 5 119, CI 5 44260) (MacLennan, 2002).
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227
4.8.2
Reproductive Effects
A growing body of evidence indicates that agrichemical exposures may contribute to birth defects. P. Winchester’s study, ‘Agrichemicals in Surface Water and Birth Defects in the United States,’ investigated whether babies conceived during the months when surface water agrichemicals are highest are at greater risk for birth defects. Monthly concentrations of nitrates, atrazine, and other pesticides were calculated using the United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) data, the most comprehensive analysis of pesticide occurrence and concentrations in streams and groundwater in the nation. Pesticide concentrations were measured in water samples from 186 stream sites representing 51 hydrological systems from 1991 to 2002, accounting for 70% of total water use, and 50% of the United States drinking water. Pesticides were found in most stream water samples and more than half of the groundwater samples. The highest concentrations of pesticides were found in May and June, with annual peaks from April to July (Winchester, 2009). The results of the study were concerning. A total of 30.11 million births were studied. The study included 22 birth defect categories with the overall birth defect rate defined as any one birth defect. Results showed that total birth defects, as well as 1 of the 22 birth defect subcategories were more likely to occur in babies that were conceived between April and July. The results of the study are shown in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.6. Table 4.2 Birth Defects in Relation to Month and Pesticide Concentrations Birth Defect Rate (per 100 000 live births)* Maternal Risk Factor All Mothers: Alcohol: Smoking: Diabetes: Agrichemical Atrazine (ug/L) Nitrate (mg/L) Pesticides (ug/L)
Yes No Yes No Yes No
April-July
All Other Months
p-value#
1620.66 (34.09) 2591.95 (57.56)^ 1465.80 (4.04) 2111.56 (15.30)^ 1371.57 (4.19) 2502.35 (31.96)^ 1541.47 (4.25)
1572.58 (23.64) 2534.75 (40.52)^ 1425.49 (2.81) 2074.07 (10.56)^ 1330.66 (2.89) 2472.75 (21.70)^ 1492.62 (2.94)
,0.01 NS ,0.01 ,0.05 ,0.01 NS ,0.01
Surface Water ConcentrationsB 1.31 (0.20) 1.94 (0.10) 0.14 (.05)
0.16 (0.02) 1.65 (0.04) 0.05 (0.01)
,0.01 ,0.05 ,0.01
* Values in cells are mean (SE) of birth defect rate (per 100 000 live births), estimated from multivariable logistical regression models adjusting for maternal demographics and year. # p-values ,0.05 indicated significant difference between months AprilJuly and all other months. NS 5 not significant with p.0.05. ^ The birth defect rate of the category ‘yes’ is higher than that of the category no with p-value ,0.01. B Values in cells are geometric mean (SE) of surface water concentrations, estimated from multivariable regression models adjusting for year. (Source: Winchester, 2009.)
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Birth defects vs atrazine 1996–2002 US 1640 1.4 1620 1.2
0.8 0.6
1580 1560
0.4
1540
0.2
1520
Cases/100k
µg/L Atrazine
1600 1.0
0.0 1500 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec LMP month Atrazine Birth defects
Figure 4.6 Correlation between birth defects and atrazine concentrations. (Source: Winchester, 2009.)
4.9
Atrazine Removal Technologies
There are many technologies used to lower atrazine concentration in drinking water, but only one is supported by the EPA. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is the technology that has been proven to be effective for removing atrazine below the MCL of 0.003 µg/L or 3 parts per billion (ppb) (EPA, 2010). Powdered activated carbon (PAC) and reverse osmosis can also be used to lower atrazine concentrations. However, PAC has a much lower removal efficiency than GAC, and reverse osmosis systems are less efficient and have higher operational costs. Therefore GAC is the best available technology for the removal of synthetic organic chemicals from drinking water (EPA, 2001).
4.9.1
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
Granular activated carbon is made of tiny clusters of carbon atoms stacked upon one another, and is produced by heating the carbon source (coal, lignite, wood, nutshells, or peat) in the absence of air which produces a high carbon content material (USBR, 2009). Granular activated carbon has a random porous structure, containing a broad range of pore sizes ranging from visible cracks and crevices down to molecular dimensions. GAC uses this porous structure to remove dissolved contaminants from water in a process known as adsorption. This porous structure leads to an extremely large amount of adsorption surface area, generally around 73 acre/lb (650 m2/gram) to 112 acre/lb (1000 m2/gram) (USBR, 2009).
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229
Granular activated carbon is found in many applications ranging from personal in-home use to industrial, commercial and municipal treatment systems. GAC treatment technologies include: G
G
G
G
pour-through devices for treating small volumes, such as a hand held Brita filter faucet-mounted (with or without by-pass) for treating water at a single faucet in-line filter (with or without by-pass) for treating large volumes for several faucets high-volume commercial units for treating community water supply systems. Typically they are gravity-fed (larger volumes) or pressure-driven (smaller volumes) contactors. These high-volume units can be sequenced in parallel or in series. GAC filters can be used alone or can also be combined with media filters (USBR, 2009).
GAC vessels come in many different shapes and sizes in order to accommodate each individual water system’s needs. The overall performance of an adsorption treatment process depends on the following factors: G
G
G
G
G
physical properties of the GAC source of raw carbon, method of activation, pore size distribution, and surface area chemical and electrical properties of the carbon source or method of activation. The hydrogen and oxygen content in the GAC impacts performance as well chemical composition and concentration of contaminants the temperature and pH of the water. Adsorption usually increases as temperature and pH decrease the flowrate and exposure time to the GAC. For example, lower contaminant concentrations and flowrates tend to increase the life of the GAC (USBR, 2009).
Installation and operation of granular activated carbon systems are expensive. Capital costs to install GAC systems are on the order of millions of dollars. Purchase of land (if necessary), and operation and maintenance costs, including reactivation or the purchasing of new carbon columns can add to the overall cost. Many public water providers cannot afford to install this type of advanced treatment system. However, many systems in the Midwest have atrazine concentrations above 3 ppb for many weeks out of the year. In order to recover costs for installing a new GAC system, Holiday Shores Sanitary District (in Holiday Shores, Illinois) filed a lawsuit against the manufacturers and primary distributors of atrazine. This lawsuit has expanded to include over 60 cities from across the Midwest that are looking to hold Syngenta responsible for contaminating their drinking water systems.
4.10
Alternatives to Atrazine
Atrazine is an effective product for controlling weeds in corn fields, but it is not the only product that can increase corn yields. One of atrazine’s more common competitors is simazine. Simazine is also a triazine that has similar toxic effects. However, there are many differences between atrazine and simazine that make atrazine the more widely used chemical. First, corn and sorghum are more sensitive to simazine than atrazine. Second, atrazine can be applied before or after the weeds have emerged, but simazine must be applied pre-emergence. These simpler
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1.2
Germany Italy USA
Ratio to US yield
1.1
1.0
0.9 Italy, Germany ban atrazine 0.8 1981
1983 1991 1996 3-year moving average
2001
Figure 4.7 Corn yields in Germany, Italy, and the US. (Source: Ackerman, 2007.)
application procedures lead to higher atrazine use in agriculture. Third, sheep and cattle are especially sensitive to simazine, which makes it dangerous to spray simazine near any grazing area (Hayes, 1982). There are at least four other chemical alternatives to atrazine: dicambia, mesotrione, S-Metachlor, and terbuthylazine. Syngenta offers at least seven herbicide products designed for corn application that do not contain atrazine. The two most common are terbuthylazine and mesotrione. Terbuthylazine is a triazine that degrades rapidly in the environment, and therefore is less of a drinking water concern (WHO, 2003). Mesotrione is adopted from a naturally occurring herbicide used by the Callistemon (bottle brush) plant. Studies show that corn yields can be maintained and increased without the use of atrazine. Atrazine was banned in Germany and Italy in 1991, but since then, their corn yields have increased relative to the United States, where the chemical is still legal (Ackerman, 2007) (Figure 4.7). Figure 4.7 shows the ratio of corn yields in both Italy and Germany to the corn yields in the US. As you can see, after 1991 when Italy and Germany banned atrazine, the ratio of corn yields ranges from about 0.9 to 1.2, demonstrating that corn production can be maintained without applying atrazine.
References Ackerman, F. (2007). The economics of atrazine. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 13(4), 441449. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2003, September). Toxicological profile for atrazine.
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2006, August). Interaction profile for: Atrazine, deethylatrazine, diazinon, nitrate and simazine. Hayes, W. J. (1982). Pesticide studies in man. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. Marley, S. (2010, February). Personal conversation held with the Superintendent of Creston Water Works, Steve Marley. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2001, October 25). The incorporation of water treatment effects on pesticide removal and transformations in Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) drinking water assessments. Office of pesticide programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007). What are endocrine disruptors? Endocrine disruptor screening program. Retrieved 1 November 2007 ,http:// www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/edspoverview/whatare/htm/.. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2008). Atrazine background. Retrieved 19 August 2008 ,http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/atrazine_background.htm/.. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2009). Research addresses potential risks of atrazine. Retrieved 1 November 2007 ,http://www.epa.gov/hhrp/factsheets/ potential-risks-of-atrazine-and-related-pesticides.html/.. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Basic information about atrazine in drinking water. Retrieved 5 March 2010 ,http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/ contaminants/basicinformation/atrazine.html/.. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). (2009). Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). Retrieved 30 September 2009 ,http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/ water/publications/reportpdfs/Primer%20Files/07%20-%20Granular%20Activated% 20Carbon.pdf/.. United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2006). Pesticides in the nation’s streams and ground water, 1992-2001. (Chapter 5, pp. 6786). United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2010). 2002 Pesticide use maps atrazine. Pesticide national synthesis project. Retrieved 21 January 2010 ,http://water.usgs.gov/ nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year502&map5m1980/.. World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Terbuthylazine (TBA) in drinking-water. Retrieved 5 March 2002 ,http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ terbuthylazine.pdf/..
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5 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) 5.1 5.1.1
Introduction Chemical Overview
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (hereinafter referred to as TCP) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that was historically used as an industrial solvent and a degreasing agent. Currently, however, TCP is utilized as an intermediate in the production of polymer cross-linking agents, pesticides, and glycerol. In its pure form, TCP is a colorless to yellow liquid with limited solubility in water, a strong chloroform-like odor, moderate volatility, and high flammability. Additional chemical properties may be found in Table 5.1. Produced in large quantities as an epichlorohydrin production byproduct, TCP is a synthetic compound that does not occur naturally in the environment. In the agrochemical industry, TCP is formed via the manufacture of dichloropropene-derived nematicides (pesticides used to kill parasitic nematodes), and it is also present as an impurity in these soil fumigants. As a result, application of these products has produced significant atmosphere, soil, and groundwater contamination, which in turn can induce various health problems in wildlife and humans. The toxicological effects of TCP depend on dose and duration, but can range from kidney and liver damage to tumors and cancers. Approximately 50 000 metric tons (110 million pounds) of 1,2,3-trichloropropane are produced worldwide each year (WHO, 2003). In 2002, total US production was estimated at between 453 to 4530 metric tons (1 10 million pounds).
5.1.2
Environmental Transport, Distribution, and Transformation
In general, TCP is released into the environment where it is found primarily in air (85%) and, to a lesser extent, in water (11%) (Mackay et al., 1993). Due to its moderate volatility, TCP escapes aqueous solution relatively quickly with a 56-minute water-stripping half-life (Dilling, 1977). The substance evaporates rapidly from surface water and surface soil where it concentrates in the atmosphere. In soil, the half-life of TCP from abiotic loss (mostly evaporation) was shown to be 2.2 3.5 days (Andersen et al., 1991). Thus when TCP is co-injected with fumigants into soil, it is able to volatize and transport from the soil into the surrounding air reasonably quickly. High atmospheric concentrations of TCP can result in a variety of possible health effects which will be detailed in later sections. Additionally, TCP is subject to leaching and groundwater infiltration. Its low soil sorption coefficient (KOC) and relatively low vapor pressure (Table 5.1) Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00005-4 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 5.1 Chemical Properties of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (WHO, 2003; EPA, 2009) Property
Value
Chemical structure
Cl Cl
CAS registry number Chemical formula Physical state Color Odor Molecular weight (g/mol) Density (g/cm3) Solubility in water (mg/L) Miscible organic solvents Vapor pressure (mm Hg) Henry’s Law constant (atm-m3/mol) Organic carbon absorption coefficient (Log KOC) Octanol-water partition coefficient (Log KOW) Metling point ( C) Boiling point ( C) Conversion factors
Cl
96-18-4 C3H5Cl3 Liquid Clear to yellow Sweet, strong 147.43 1.38 (at 20 C) 1750 (at 25 C) Ethyl alcohol, chloroform, ethyl ether, benzene 3.1 3.69 (at 25 C) 3.43 3 1024 (at 25 C) 1.98 2.27 (measured) 2 2.54 (calculated) 214.7 156 1 ppm 5 6.1 mg/m3 at 20 C, 1 atm 1 mg/m3 5 0.16 ppm
demonstrate high soil mobility. As such, the substance is able to leach from deeper soil into the groundwater where it slowly breaks down. Due to little evaporation from groundwater, TCP is extremely persistent in groundwater and has a calculated hydrolysis half-life of 44 74 years (Ellington et al., 1987). Moreover, a number of aerobic biodegradation and biotransformation studies using a variety of bacterial strains indicate that TCP is not readily biodegradable (0% biological oxygen demand during 28 day incubation) (WHO, 2003). Furthermore, TCP is a Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL), one of a group of organic substances that are relatively insoluble in water and denser than water (EPA, 2010); thus TCP will often sink to the bottom of an aquifer, making remediation difficult. Due to these factors, soil and groundwater contamination by TCP are serious issues that will persist if not managed properly.
5.2 5.2.1
Toxicology and Health Risks Exposure
The general public may be exposed to TCP through inhalation of ambient air, consumption of contaminated food or water, and dermal contact. TCP can enter the environment while it is being produced, where it is used to produce other
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substances, or where it is released in the waste created during production. Exposure in the workplace also poses an occupational risk and can occur from both accidental spills and normal operations. Furthermore, those living near areas at high risk for TCP such as hazardous waste disposal sites may be exposed to TCP (from breathing air or drinking water) if the site does not handle and store the chemical properly.
5.2.2
Cancer Effects
TCP is recognized by the State of California as a human carcinogen (SWRCB, 2009). In 1992, it was added to the list of carcinogens in the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, created to inform and protect California’s citizens from exposures to such chemicals. Additionally the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified TCP as a Group A3 confirmed animal carcinogen. In exposure studies, NTP (1993) found that rats and mice ingesting low doses of TCP developed tumors in several organs, including the kidneys, preputial gland, mammary gland, liver, uterus, and oral cavity. Accordingly, all tissues that have a homologous counterpart in humans could be target organs for carcinogenicity in those exposed to TCP (Tardiff and Carson, 2010).
5.2.3
Non-Cancer Effects
Exposure to high levels of TCP for short intervals of time can induce eye and throat irritation. Contact with TCP can irritate and burn the skin and eyes, while breathing TCP can irritate the nose, throat, and lungs, cause headaches, and affect concentration, memory, and muscle coordination. The earliest set of human data on the health effects of TCP comes from a study conducted in 1946 where people exposed to TCP vapors of 100 ppm for 15 minutes immediately reported eye and throat irritation (WHO, 2003). The toxicity of TCP has been investigated in rats and mice using subchronic and chronic durations of exposure, including oral ingestion via contaminated drinking water and corn oil. Intake of contaminated drinking water resulted in histopathologic changes in the liver, kidney, and thyroid, while ingestion of TCP in corn oil yielded symptoms such as liver necrosis, increased serum cholesterol, and necrosis of the cardiac myocardium (Tardiff and Carson, 2010). As such, tests in which TCP was subchronically administered via both drinking water and corn oil both resulted in adverse health effects of vital organs such as the liver. Furthermore, studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) concluded that repeated and prolonged TCP exposure targeted the kidneys, liver, and pancreas (NTP, 1993). Additionally NTP noted that their findings were clouded by high premature mortality. Many of the non-cancer effects included changes in body weight, organ-to-body-weight ratios, and some hyperplasia which may have occurred in response to cell damage. In addition, animal studies have also found that there is a statistically significant decrease in litter-size after chronic exposure to TCP, which is indicative of possible reproductive harm (Chapin et al., 1997).
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In summary TCP is suspected to cause kidney, liver, cardiac, and reproductive organ damage, and it is assumed that the same organs are targeted in humans (Tardiff and Carson, 2010).
5.2.4
Metabolism in the Body
Based on metabolic pathways for other chloroalkanes, 1,2,3-trichloropropane can undergo dehalogenation reactions via cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal metabolism, resulting in the formation of highly reactive intermediates that may lead to protein and DNA adducts or lipid peroxidation (Ivanetich et al., 1978). Glutathione also appears to be very important in TCP metabolism. In rats, the target organ for TCP metabolism is the liver, with the maximum corporeal concentration occurring in the liver 4 hours after intravenous TCP administration (Volp et al., 1984). Although measures are available to calculate TCP levels in blood, urine, and breath, these tests cannot determine how much TCP individuals have been exposed to or whether their health will be affected. Thus it is in individuals’ best interest to reduce potential exposure to TCP.
5.3
Regulations and Standards
Due to the recently established health risks and the need for further studies regarding the toxicological effects of TCP, the chemical is classified by the EPA as an ‘emerging contaminant.’ While many regulatory standards exist (Table 5.2), there are currently no federal or state-wide maximum contamination levels (MCLs) in place for TCP. More effective and affordable testing methods need to be developed in order to properly manage and monitor TCP levels in water so as to promote environmental and human health. As of 1992, TCP was discovered as a contaminant in 8 of the 1300 EPA National Priorities List sites; yet it remains unclear how many other NPL sites have been tested (ATSDR, 1992a). US EPA methods 8010, 8021, or
Table 5.2 Regulatory Standards for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Regulatory Property
Value
California DHS* advisory action level OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) EPA HEAST** Oral Cancer Slope Factor ACGIH Time Weighted Threshold Limit Value (TLV-TWA) OEHHA recommended Public Health Goal (PHG)
0.005 µg/L (0.005 ppb) 50 ppm 10 ppm 100 ppm 7.0 per mg/kg/day 10 ppm 0.0007 ppb
*
Department of Health Services. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables.
**
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP)
237
8260 are approved for TCP testing but their usefulness is limited because their quantitation limits are significantly higher than the EPA screening level for tapwater and groundwater. There are more sensitive testing methods developed by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) that can detect TCP within the range of regulatory standards, but these are expensive and require significant laboratory expertise (SWRCB, 2009). Atmospheric concentrations of TCP vary across different regions, ranging from undetectable in some urban areas, to 0.21 µg/m3 in Montreal, Canada, and 0.4 µg/m3 in Bochum, Germany (WHO, 2003). A sampling of groundwater in the Netherlands revealed TCP concentrations of up to 5.6 µg/L, and similar studies of US groundwater revealed TCP concentrations ranging from 2 µg/L in Hawaii to 100 µg/L in New York State (WHO, 2003). Drinking water concentrations of TCP range from 0.1 µg/L to 0.24 µg/L (City of Shafter, 2000; WHO, 2003). It is not uncommon for TCP levels to be found above levels that are considered safe. In fact a general survey of California groundwater samples by the State Water Board found several areas namely Kern, Fresno, Los Angeles, and Merced with TCP concentrations of 50 150 µg/L, which is significantly higher than the California Department of Health Services advisory action level of 0.005 µg/L (SWRCB, 2009). The need for stricter regulatory and enforcement measures is evident.
5.4
The TCP–DCP Fumigant Link
Dichloropropene (‘DCP’) soil fumigants have been marketed for use on citrus fruits, pineapples, soybeans, cotton, tomatoes, and potatoes. They are still used today on potatoes, tobacco, carrots, peanuts, cotton, and other fruits and vegetables (Figure 5.1). Before 1978, approximately 55 million pounds of 1,3-dichloropropene were produced per year in the United States, and approximately 20 million pounds of 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,2,3-TCP were produced per year as by-products in the production of 1,3-dichloropropene. In fact, over 2 million pounds of pesticides containing 1,3-dichloropropene were used in California alone in 1978 (EPA, 2005). The primary DCP-containing pesticides still in use in the United States today are Telone II (1,3-dichloropropene), Telone C-17 (1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin), and InLine (also 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin), which are all manufactured by DOW AgroSciences. The European Union chose to gradually phase out the use of DCP-containing soil fumigants in 2007 (EU Directive, 91/414/EEC). Alternative soil fumigants which do not contain DCP include chloropicrin (trade name: Chloro-O-pic), metam (or metham) sodium (trade names: Vapam, Metam 426, Polefume) and methyl bromide. One serious concern of environmental policymakers is that the phasing out of DCP fumigants might lead to increased use of even more toxic fumigants such as methyl bromide. A summary of the indicated uses of various soil fumigants is presented in Table 5.3. A large number of sources report that TCP is present as an impurity in these DCP-containing nematicidal soil fumigants in varying concentrations, and that use of these fumigants is associated with local groundwater contamination
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Average annual use of active ingredient (pounds per square mile of agricultural land in county) No estimated use 0.001 to 0.046 0.047 to 0.466 0.467 to 5.748 5.751 to 34.062 > = 34.063
Crops
Total pounds applied
Percent national use
Potatoes Tobacco Sugarbeets Dry onions Cotton Carrots Sweet potatoes Watermelons Chile peppers Grapes
10024222 7045543 3092641 1262663 1261448 916641 660504 553465 479543 454611
35.02 24.61 10.80 4.41 4.41 3.20 2.31 1.93 1.68 1.59
Figure 5.1 Annual 1,3-dichloropropene soil fumigant for agricultural use in the US in 2002 (USGS, NAWQA). Table 5.3 Applications of Various Soil Fumigants (EPA, 2005) Major Types of Pests Controlled Fumigant
Nematodes
Plant Pathogens
Weeds
Methyl bromide Chloropicrin 1,3-Dichloropropene Dazomet Metam sodium Metam potassium
u
u u
u
u u u
u u u
u u u u
(Oki & Giambelluca, 1987; Zebarth, 1998; Tesorierio et al., 2001; WHO, 2003). It is important to note that because these fumigants are mixtures of chloropropanes, the actual concentration of TCP in these fumigants varies with each batch produced. One study found Shell D-D fumigant to contain 0.4% TCP by weight (Department of Agriculture, 1984), while another found Shell D-D to contain 6 7% TCP by weight (Carter, 1954). Telone II, a widely used DCP fumigant
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP)
239
manufactured by DOW AgroSciences has been found to contain up to 0.17% TCP by weight (Zebarth et al., 1998).
5.5 5.5.1
Groundwater Contamination Case Studies Oahu, Hawaii
A number of case studies have been undertaken, primarily in Hawaii and California, to demonstrate the link between DCP-containing fumigant use and local groundwater contamination. From the 1940s to 1977, Shell D-D was used for pineapple cultivation on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It was applied in conjunction with the fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) at 40 60 gallons per acre every 3 5 years before planting. Water well testing revealed that all TCPcontaminated wells on the island were either hydraulically downgradient, or directly within areas of pineapple cultivation (Oki and Giambelluca, 1987). Despite the fact that TCP was only a minor constituent of Shell D-D, testing of the groundwater in Oahu revealed that TCP was present in the water table at concentrations two orders of magnitude greater than either of the other two pesticides that were applied throughout the history of the island (DBCP and Ethylene dibromide).
5.5.2
Shafter & Merced, California
TCP groundwater contamination associated with the use of DCP fumigants was also observed in the Central Valley of California (City of Shafter, 2000). In 1999, TCP was detected in five of six active water supply wells at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.11 µg/L (EPA, 2005). TCP was found in groundwater from all wells where 1,2-dichloropropane (another co-contaminant of DCP fumigants) was detected. Although 1,3-DCP had been applied heavily (thousands of pounds per section), little to none showed up in groundwater because 1,3-DCP is more easily biodegraded than either TCP or 1,2-DCP. A study of water wells in another region of California, the heavily agricultural area of Merced, revealed that some wells contained up to 150 µg/L of TCP (SWRCB, 2009). These studies of California water systems indicated that 1,2,2-trichloropropane (1,2,2-TCP) should also be analyzed where 1,2,3-TCP is detected in groundwater, as it is also a by-product of the manufacture of 1,3-DCP.
5.6
Another Toxic Soil Fumigant: Dibromochloropropane
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (hereinafter referred to as DBCP) is a soil fumigant that was often used in conjunction with TCP. Since they were applied together, TCP and DBCP are often found together in contaminated groundwater and must therefore be considered together during treatment and remediation.
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Usage and Regulation
The EPA banned all uses of DBCP in 1985 (EPA, 2007). Prior to the ban, it was used as a soil fumigant to control nematodes in field crops, vegetables, fruits and nuts, greenhouse and nursery crops, and turf. DBCP was manufactured by DOW Chemical Corporation, Shell Chemical Corporation, Amvac Chemical, and many other companies prior to being banned. The various trade names of DBCP include: Fumagon, Fumazone, Nemabrom, Nemafum, Nemagon, Nemanax, Nemapaz, Nemaset, Nemazon, and GroTone Nematode. In 1977, the EPA suspended all registrations for the use of products containing the compound except for use on pineapples in Hawaii. In 1985 use of DBCP on pineapples in Hawaii was also banned. In 1974, US farmers had applied 9.8 million pounds of DBCP to crops. In 1977, 831 000 pounds of DBCP was used in California alone, primarily on grapes and tomatoes (IARC, 1979). DBCP is now used only as an intermediate in organic synthesis and for research purposes (ATSDR, 1992b; NTP, 2005).
5.6.2
DBCP in the Environment
There are no known natural sources of DBCP (IARC, 1979). Data on releases of DBCP to the atmosphere, water, and soil are lacking, but current releases of the chemical to the environment that result from the production and use of the chemical are expected to be low because its current uses are limited (see above). However, contaminated soil, groundwater, and surface water remain a concern, especially at or near agricultural areas where DBCP had been extensively used in the past or where a chemical spill occurred, and from hazardous waste sites where improper disposal techniques were used. DBCP in soil is subject both to leaching into groundwater and to volatilization to the atmosphere from near-surface soil, as has been observed in field soil studies. Small amounts of DBCP may be absorbed through the soil roots and translocated to other plant parts. Although DBCP present in water is expected to volatilize to the atmosphere, degradation of DBCP in natural waters and soil is a slow process. DBCP may be susceptible to slow biodegradation in soil and natural waters based on the observation of biologically mediated dehalogenation in certain soils. DBCP residues that do not leach or volatilize appear to be very persistent in soil based upon monitoring data. The half-life of DBCP in an aquifer with a temperature of 15 C is estimated at 141 years (ATSDR, 1992b). A summary of the chemical properties of DBCP is presented below in Table 5.4. The fact that DBCP has similar properties to TCP makes it a significant groundwater contamination risk. Moreover the most comprehensive case studies of DBCP contamination undertaken thus far have been in California. DBCP pesticides were used heavily in California from 1955 1979 and more than 30 years since DCBP use stopped, groundwater contamination remains a serious problem. Furthermore, of the 7689 wells sampled by the California State Water Board, 364 have yielded concentrations of DBCP above the MCL of 0.2 µg/L (SWRCB, 2010). Water treatment systems are being installed on these contaminated wells and DBCP analysis continues throughout California’s water supply infrastructure.
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP)
241
Table 5.4 Chemical Properties of 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (ATSDR, 1992a,b) Property
Value
Chemical structure
Br Br
CAS registry number Chemical formula Physical state Color Odor Molecular weight (g/mol) Density (g/cm3) Solubility in water (mg/L) Miscible organic solvents Vapor pressure (mm Hg) Henry’s Law constant (atm-m3/mol) Organic carbon absorption coefficient (Log KOC) Octanol-water partition coefficient (Log KOW) Metling point ( C) Boiling point ( C) Conversion factors
Cl
96-12-8 C3H5Br2Cl Liquid Clear to yellow to dark brown Pungent 236.36 2.093 (at 14 C) 1230 (at 20 C) Methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons 0.58 (at 20 C) 1.47 3 1024 (at 20 C) 2.11 2.17 2.26 (estimated) 6 196 1 ppm 5 9.67 mg/m3 at 20 C, 1 atm 1 mg/m3 5 0.103 ppm
Much like TCP contamination on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu, Oki and Giambelluca (1987) have linked DBCP contamination of Oahu’s aquifers to the extensive application of DBCP pesticides to pineapple cultivation areas. Thus it is essential to monitor and regulate DBCP when used as a soil fumigant in order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination, thereby reducing human health impacts.
5.6.3
Health Effects of DBCP
While the deleterious health effects of DBCP on humans are wide ranging, the most commonly observed effect in accidental exposures has been reproductive organ damage. The reproductive effects of DBCP have resulted in a number of lawsuits against the manufacturers and users of DBCP. Most notably, the Dole Food Company refused to stop use of DBCP on its banana plantations in Latin America after the health effects of DBCP had been discovered. After years of litigation, a group of farmworkers made sterile by handling DBCP on Dole’s banana plantations in the 1970s was awarded $3.2 million dollars by a Los Angeles jury (Spano, 2007).
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Similar cases were filed against DOW Chemical Corporation by factory workers at DOW who were made sterile during DBCP manufacturing. A summary of the acute, chronic, and carcinogenic health effects of DBCP on humans and animals is presented below (EPA, 2007): G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Acute exposure to DBCP produces moderate depression of the CNS and pulmonary congestion after exposure by inhalation, and gastrointestinal distress and pulmonary edema after oral exposure in humans. Tests involving acute exposure of rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs have demonstrated DBCP to have high acute toxicity from inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. Chronic exposure to DBCP by inhalation has been reported to affect the nasal cavity, spleen, adrenal gland, kidneys, stomach, and liver in rats and mice. Chronic exposure to DBCP causes male reproductive effects. Decreased sperm counts have been observed in men occupationally exposed to DBCP. Testicular effects and decreased sperm count were observed in animals chronically exposed to DBCP by inhalation. A study by the NTP reported tumors of the respiratory tract and tongue in male and female rats, tumors of the adrenal cortex in female rats, and tumors of the nasal cavity and lung in male and female mice when exposed to DBCP by inhalation. EPA has classified DBCP as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen. EPA has calculated an oral cancer slope factor of 1.4 (mg/kg/d)21 and an inhalation unit risk factor of 6.9 3 1027 (µg/m3)21. The Reference Concentration (RfC) for DBCP is 0.0002 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) based on testicular effects in rabbits. EPA has not established a Reference Dose (RfD) for DBCP. ATSDR has established an intermediate oral minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.002 milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg/d) based on reproductive effects in rabbits.
5.7
Treatment and Remediation Technologies
In 2003, TCP-related issues contributed to 23% of drinking water production loss (about 1.3 trillion gallons of water) for the city of Burbank, California. As analysis for TCP becomes widespread, it is expected that many more municipalities will be forced to devote considerable resources to TCP remediation. The fact that TCP has relatively low notification level concentrations compared to many other contaminants makes remediating TCP particularly troublesome (EPA, 2005). As noted earlier, DBCP also poses a significant remediation problem for a large number of water systems. The California Department of Public Health has estimated the cost of implementing the recently established DBCP maximum contamination limit of 0.2 ppb to be $28.6 million dollars (CDPH, 2008).
5.7.1
In Situ Treatment
A number of remediation strategies exist for groundwater and soil contaminated with TCP and DBCP. Most of these strategies are similar to those used for other chlorinated hydrocarbons. In situ, or on-site, vacuum extraction has shown moderate
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243
success for removing TCP from contaminated soil, water, and vapor and is currently underway at a TCP-contaminated superfund site in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (EPA, 2005). In addition, oxidants can be injected into subsurface areas prior to vacuuming to enhance the breakdown and volatilization of TCP, especially when DNAPLs are present. Another in situ remediation strategy for TCP-contaminated groundwater is the injection of hydrogen-releasing compounds into the aquifer. Hydrogen-releasing compounds function by releasing lactic acid, stimulating microbes to produce hydrogen, and thereby induce reductive dechlorination of the TCP. This remediation technique showed 99.9% reduction of TCP over 1000 days in a study performed in California and is currently being used by John Taylors Fertilizers Company and Western Farm Service, Inc. for on-site groundwater remediation (EPA, 2005). Furthermore permeable reactive barriers consisting of zerovalent granular iron have demonstrated feasibility for TCP remediation, achieving remediation levels of nearly 100% (EPA, 1997). These permeable treatment walls are installed across the flow path of groundwater plumes and take advantage of the natural movement of the contaminated water systems. Bosma (2002) demonstrated a genetically engineered bacterium that could consume, and remove, TCP as a food source, however this emerging bioengineering strategy has yet to demonstrate efficacy in large-scale natural systems.
5.7.2
Ex Situ Treatment
For ex situ, or off-site, treatment of TCP-contaminated groundwater, the most common method employed is granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. Water is pumped through a filter bed composed of granular activated carbon, and TCP contaminants adsorb to the filter (EPA, 2005). While this technique is widely used and has shown effectiveness in removing large quantities of TCP from contaminated water, there has been no documented success in reducing TCP concentrations to below the 0.005 ppb notification level. Air stripping using a packed column or lowprofile sieve tray air stripper can be employed in conjunction with GAC for ex situ groundwater treatment. However air stripping alone will not reduce TCP to below Table 5.5 Removal Technologies for Ex Situ Treatment of TCP Contaminated Groundwater (EPA, 2005) Treatment Technology
Application Performance Opinion
Air Stripping Liquid-Phase Granular Activated Carbon (LGAC) Adsorption Advanced Oxidation Biological Reduction Ion Exchange Reverse Osmosis Zero-Valent Iron Dechlorination
Poor Very Good
NA
Not applicable.
Poor Poor NA Fair Fair
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clean-up levels due to the relatively low vapor pressure and Henry’s law constant for TCP. Injecting ozone and hydrogen peroxide, in a process known as advanced oxidation or HiperOxidation, has shown limited success. This treatment method is beset with high operating and maintenance costs compared to GAC and has only modest removal success (EPA, 2005). The most common method of treatment for DBCP-contaminated drinking water is using GAC in conjunction with packed tower aeration. Most of the TCP treatment strategies mentioned above including air-stripping, advanced oxidation, permeable reactive barriers, and GAC can also be used to remove DBCP from contaminated water systems (SWRCB, 2010). A summary of the performance of various treatment technologies is presented in Table 5.5.
References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1992a, September). Toxicological profile for 1,2,3-trichloropropane, Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1992b). Toxicological profile for 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-propane (Final Report). NTIS Accession No. PB93-110906. Atlanta. GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Bosma, T., 2002. Engineering bacteria for the degradation of halopropanes. Dissertation, Netherlands: University of Groningen. Retrieved 20 July 2010 ,http://dissertations.ub. rug.nl/faculties/science/2002/t.bosma/.. California Department of Public Health (CDPH). (2008, February). DBCP consumer fact sheet. Berkeley. CA: Hazard Evaluation Section and Public Water Supply Branch of the California Department of Health Services. Carter, W. (1954). Dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixtures of different composition as soil fumigants in pineapple land. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47(6), 1101 1103. Chapin, R., Gulati, D., Mounce, R., Russell, S., & Poonacha, K. (1997). Trichloropropane. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(S1), 1 2. City of Shafter (2007). Consumer confidence report for water quality. Shafter, California: City of Shafter. Department of Agriculture (1984). Chemical composition of shell D-D soil fumigant. Honolulu, Hawaii: State of Hawaii. Department of Public Health (2008). 1,2,3-trichloropropane. California Department of Public Health. Retrieved 12 July 2010 ,http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/ Pages/123TCP.aspx/.. Dilling, W. L. (1977). Interphase transfer processes. II. Evaporation rates of chloromethanes, ethanes, ethylenes, propanes and propylenes from dilute aqueous solutions. Comparisons with theoretical predictions. Environmental Science & Technology, 11(4), 405 409. Ellington, J. J., Stancil, F. E., & Payne, W. D. (1987). Measurement of hydrolysis rate constants for evaluation of hazardous waste land disposal. Vol. 1. Data on 32 chemicals, EPA-600/3-86/043; PB 87-140349/GAR. US Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Research Laboratory. pp. 1 25. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). (2005). 1,2,3-trichloropropane, Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Retrieved 15 July 2010 ,http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/ htmlgen?HSDB/..
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International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1995). 1,2,3-trichloropropane. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, 63, 223 244. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1979). Some halogenated hydrocarbons. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, 20, 609. Ivanetich, K. M., Lucas, S., Marsh, J. A., Ziman, M. R., Katz, I. D., & Bradshaw, J. J. (1978). Organic compounds. Their interaction with and degradation of hepatic microsomal drugmetabolizing enzymes in vitro. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 6(3), 218 225. Mackay, D., Shiu, W., & Ma, K. (1993). Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Vol. 3. Volatile organic chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2004). 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1993). 1,2,3-trichloropropane reproduction and fertility assessment in Swiss CD-1 mice when administered via gavage. NTP 90-209, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: US Department of Health and Human Services. National Toxicology Program (NTP). (2005). 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. 11th Report on Carcinogens. Retrieved online 3 August 2010 ,http://www.ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/ eleventh/profiles/s182tcp.pdf/.. Oki, D. S., & Giambelluca, T. W. (1987). DBCP, EDBB, and TCP contamination of ground water in Hawaii. Ground Water, 25(6), 693 702. Spano, J. (2007). Dole must pay farmworkers $3.2 million. Los Angeles Times, 6 November 2007 ,http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/06/local/me-dole6/.. State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). (2009, November). 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP). California: Division of Water Quality, GAMA Program. State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). (2010, June). Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). California: Division of Water Quality, GAMA Program. Tardiff, R. G., & Carson, M. L. (2010). Derivation of a reference dose and drinking water equivalent level for 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(6), 1488 1510. Tesoriero, A. J., Loffler, F. E., & Liebscher, H. (2001). Fate and origin of 1,2-dichloropropane in an unconfined shallow aquifer. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(3), 455 461. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1997, June). Metal enhanced dechlorination of volatile organic compounds using an above-ground reactor. Cincinnati, Ohio: Innovative Technology Evaluation Report, EPA/540/R-96/503. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2005, July). Interim guidance for investigating potential 1,2,3-trichloropropane sources in San Gabriel Valley, E072005013SCO. San Francisco, California. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2007). 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (CASRN 96-12-8). Retrieved 10 November 2009 ,http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/ dibromo-.html/.. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2009, September). Toxicological review of 1,2,3-trichloropropane, EPA/635/R-08/010F. Washington DC: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Waste and cleanup risk assessment glossary. Available at: ,http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/glossary.htm/.. Volp, R. F., Sipes, I. G., Falcoz, C., Carter, D. E., & Gross, J. F. (1984). Disposition of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in the Fischer 344 rat: Conventional and physiological pharmacokinetics. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 75(1), 8 17. World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 56, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 4 July 2010 ,http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad56.pdf/.. Zebarth, B. J., Szeto, S. Y., Hii, B., Liebscher, H., & Grove, G. (1998). Groundwater contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbon impurities present in soil fumigant formulations. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 33(1), 31 50.
6 DDT and Related Compounds 6.1
Introduction
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (hereinafter referred to as DDT) is one of the most widely used and well-studied pesticides ever synthesized. Commercial grade DDT also contains the compounds dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), both of which are also metabolites of DDT and have similar chemical properties (see Table 6.1). (Unless otherwise noted, DDT, DDE, and DDD will refer to p,p0 -DDT, p,p0 -DDE, and p,p0 -DDD, respectively.) DDT is an organochlorine compound that was introduced for commercial use in 1945 and was used heavily in populated areas for vector control and in agriculture for pest control. DDT is an extremely persistent compound due to its near insolubility in water and tendency to bioaccumulate in fatty tissue and biomagnify throughout trophic levels. By 1972, DDT use was banned in the United States and worldwide production and use began to decrease as well. Despite the injurious impacts on the environment and potential adverse health effects in humans, DDT is still produced; in fact global production actually appears to be increasing (UNEP, 2008).
6.2
History of DDT: Production and Uses
DDT was first synthesized by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler in 1874 but its effectiveness as an insecticide was not discovered until 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Mu¨ller. DDT was so effective for the control of vectorborne diseases that Mu¨ller was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering its insecticidal properties. Initially, DDT was restricted to military use so that all DDT supplies could be devoted to combating vectorborne diseases in World War II troops. The popularity of DDT skyrocketed after it demonstrated unparalleled effectiveness in combating malaria and typhus throughout the war. On August 31, 1945 DDT was released for commercial use and widespread civilian and agricultural application began shortly thereafter. In 1944, prior to its commercial release only 4366 tons of DDT were produced in the US. By the following year, US production of DDT had risen to 15 079 tons (WHO, 1979). Of the quantity of the pesticide used in 197072, over 80% was applied to cotton crops, with the remainder being used predominantly on peanut and soybean crops (ATSDR, 2002). It is suspected that DDT use in urban areas and on military personnel aided in the total eradication of mosquito-borne malaria Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00006-6 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 6.1 Chemical Properties of DDT, DDE, and DDD (ATSDR, 2002) Property Name
p,p0 -DDT
p,p0 -DDE
Other names
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; 1,10 - Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; (2,2,2-trichloroethylidene) bis(41,10 -(2,2-dichloroethylidene)bis(4chlorobenzene); 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2chlorobenzene); 1,1-dichloro-2,2bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene Cl Cl
p,p0 -DDD
Cl
Cl
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane; 1,1-bis (4-chlorophenyl)-2,2dichloroethane; 1,1-dichloro-2,2bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane Cl
Cl
Cl
Chemical structure Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
50-29-3 C14H9C5 Crystals or powder White Weak aromatic or odorless 354.49 0.980.99 0.025 (at 25 C) Ethyl ether, acetone 1.60 3 1027 (at 20 C) 8.3 3 1026
72-55-9 C14H8C4 Crystals White N/A 318.03 N/A 0.12 (at 25 C) Lipids, many organic solvents 6.0 3 1026 (at 25 C) 2.1 3 1025
72-54-8 C14H10C4 Crystals or powder White Odorless 320.05 1.385 0.090 (at 25 C) N/A 1.35 3 106 (at 25 C) 4.0 3 106
5.18 6.91 109 Decomposes
4.70 6.51 89 336
5.18 6.02 109110 350
Cl
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Cl
CAS registry number Chemical formula Physical state Color Odor Molecular weight (g/mol) Density (g/cm3) Solubility in water (mg/L) Miscible organic solvents Vapor pressure (torr) Henry’s Law constant (atm-m3/mol) Log KOC Log KOW Metling point ( C) Boiling point ( C)
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transmission in the US, which occurred in 1953 (WHO, 1979). DDT reached its production maximum in 1963 and its use maximum in 1959. Approximately 600 000 tons (1.35 billion lbs) of DDT were used in the US prior to the 1972 ban (EPA, 1975).
6.2.1
The Decline of DDT
Data contraindicating the use of DDT started to become available as early as 1945 when one study found that DDT accumulates in the fat tissue of mammals and another study found that bird populations declined significantly near farms on which DDT was used (Cameron & Burgess, 1945; Hotchkiss & Pough, 1946). The properties of DDT that made it such an effective pesticide, namely its persistence and insolubility in water, later contributed to the concern over the pesticide’s use. DDT usage began to decline as insects became resistant, alternative pesticides were developed, public awareness to DDT’s environmental side effects increased, and governments began to restrict DDT use (EPA, 1975). Following is a summary of the regulatory history of DDT in the United States (WHO, 1979; EPA, 2002). G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
The Government begins to restrict DDT use on dairy farms to minimize dietary exposure in humans (1949). The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits the spraying of DDT in specified protective strips around aquatic areas on lands under its jurisdiction (1957). The USDA begins to phase out forest-spraying of DDT, using alternative pesticides whenever possible (1958). Secretary of the Interior states DDT should be avoided unless no other substitutes are available (1964). The USDA Forest Service begins to use Zectran as a DDT alternative in spruce budworm and gypsy moth control (1966). The USDA cancels DDT registrations for use against houseflies and roaches, on foliage of more than 17 crops, in milk rooms, and on cabbage and lettuce (November 1967April 1969). The USDA cancels Federal registrations of DDT products used as follows: (1) on 50 food crops, beef cattle, goats, sheep, swine, seasoned lumber, finished wood products and buildings; (2) around commercial, institutional, and industrial establishments including all nonfood areas in food processing plants and restaurants, and (3) on flowers and ornamental turf areas (1970). The EPA cancels all DDT uses except for health use due to its ‘carcinogenicity, bioaccumulation, and hazard to wildlife and other chronic effects’ (1972). DDT falls under regulation by the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (1973). Specific use exemptions are granted by the EPA on a case-by-case basis for emergency disease control (mostly for rabies and plague) from 19731977. DDT is still being produced in the US for export by two companies (1985). All DDT use and production in the US is outlawed by the EPA (1990).
Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring, published in 1962, had an enormous impact on the public concern over DDT, which contributed to the EPA’s passing of stringent DDT legislation in the 1970s. By 1971, US production of DDT was less than
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90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
0
Production
Use
Figure 6.1 US DDT production and use from 19441970 (in metric tons) (WHO, 1979).
it had been prior to becoming commercially available, with only 2000 tons being produced (ATSDR, 2002). In Europe, a complete ban of DDT use occurred earlier than in the US, first in Hungary in 1968, then in Norway and Sweden in 1970. DDT use was not banned in the United Kingdom until 1984. DDT is still used today in developing nations, mostly for vector control via indoor residual spraying, although its use is regulated by the United Nation’s Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001).
6.3
Distribution, Transport, and Environmental Fate
DDT, DDE, and DDD are synthetic chemicals that are not naturally present in the environment. DDT enters the atmosphere from current spraying operations and from volatilization of residual DDT in soil and water from past use. Spray and aerosol application of DDT leads to significant loss of the pesticide to winds. Once in the atmosphere, DDT is carried either as a vapor, or on dust particles, and can undergo a cycle of long-range global transport and deposition known as ‘global distillation’ (usually from warm areas to colder areas). One interesting example of this occurred in 1966 when a dense, DDT-containing dust-cloud was observed being blown from Texas to Ohio, a distance of over 1600 kilometers. The final
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concentration of DDT in the cloud once it settled in Ohio was 0.6 mg DDT/kg dust (Cohen & Pinkerton, 1966). There are numerous examples of DDT and its metabolites being found in high concentrations in the air, sediment, snow, and biota of remote locations where DDT use has never been reported (e.g. in the Arctic and Antarctic) (Subramanian et al., 1986; Wade et al., 1997; Bengtson Nash et al., 2008; Scheringer, 2009; Skarphedinsdottir et al., 2010). DDT has two important fate processes in soil: volatilization and adsorption. Due to its high log KOC of 5.18 DDT has little mobility through soil layers and tends to stay in the surface layers where it is taken up by plants that are eaten by animals. In moist soils, DDT will volatilize more rapidly than in dry soils. In addition, in flooded soils, DDT biodegrades primarily to DDD and in dry soils, primarily to DDE. Thus, the transport and degradation profile of DDT is highly variable and dependent on local soil conditions. In tropical regions, the half-life for disappearance of DDT from soil can range from 22327 days, while the half-life of DDE can range from 151271 days (ATSDR, 2002). Soil half-lives in temperate regions range from 8376087 days and one study of DDT-sprayed forest soils in Maine reported a disappearance half-life of 2030 years (Dimond & Owen, 1996). The pH of the soil influences disappearance time, with higher acidity yielding much longer residence times (ATSDR, 2002). Thus, the half-lives of DDT and DDE are highly variable and it cannot be known with certainty how long they may persist in soil. It is important to note that when half-lives for DDT are given, it does not imply that the 50% of DDT remaining after one half-life has passed will be lost in the same amount of time. In fact, because initial DDT losses are primarily due to volatilization and later DDT losses primarily to biodegradation, DDT loss is nonlinear and residual DDT will require significant lengths of time to leave the system (Alexander, 1995, 1997). DDT also becomes sequestered in soil particles over time which makes it less available to organisms for biodegradation and changes its degradation kinetics.
6.3.1
Human Exposure
Humans are exposed to DDT primarily through the consumption of food. The food sources with the highest DDT concentrations are meat, fish, poultry, and dairy products. DDT residues in food have declined since it was banned but because of the extreme persistence of DDT and DDE, it is anticipated that low levels of residues will be present in food products for decades (ATSDR, 2002). Elevated DDT levels are most likely to occur in food products imported from countries that currently use DDT for vector control. In the 1999 FDA Total Diet Study, DDT was found in 255 of 1040 (22%) items analyzed (FDA, 1999). In a more recent FDA study conducted in 2001, the mean concentrations of p,p-DDT and o,p-DDT ranged from 0.0002 to 0.005 ppm. The mean concentrations of p,p-DDE ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0257 ppm, with the highest values found in dairy, fish, and vegetable products (FDA, 2001).
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DDT and its metabolites were present in 441 of the 1613 EPA National Priorities List (NPL) sites in 2002 (ATSDR, 2002). p,p0 -DDT, p,p0 -DDD, and p,p0 DDE were found in 326, 276, and 219 NPL sites, respectively, however, it is not known how many other sites were tested for these compounds (ATSDR, 2002). The ‘orthro-’ forms of these compounds (o,p0 -DDT, o,p0 -DDD, and o,p0 -DDE) are not targeted for analysis at NPL sites, despite mounting evidence that these compounds are endocrine effectors. Releases of DDT, DDE, or DDD are not required to be reported in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) database (ATSDR, 2002).
6.4
Impact on Wildlife
The deleterious impacts of DDT on wildlife were first noticed as early as 1946. A study entitled ‘The Effect on Forest Birds of DDT Used for Gypsy Moth Control in Pennsylvania’ noted the marked decline in bird populations on a tract of land after application of DDT (Hotchkiss & Pough, 1946). The US Fish and Wildlife Service also published a report in 1946 warning that DDT can cause damage to fish and aquatic invertebrates such as crab (USFWS, 1946). Since then, numerous studies have shown that DDT causes eggshell thinning and reproductive damage in birds (Fry, 1995) and toxicity to fish as well (Henderson et al., 1959). Because DDT accumulates in fatty tissue, it has a tendency to biomagnify through trophic levels and can be found in birds in concentrations of up to 10 million times higher than the concentration of DDT in water in which the birds feed (USFWS, 2009).
6.4.1
Montrose Chemical Corporation
From 1947 to 1982, Montrose Chemical Corporation of Montrose California was one of the largest producers of DDT in the United States. Their manufacturing operations resulted in the release of nearly 1700 tons of DDT into the Pacific Ocean and the commencement of one of the largest and most publicized cases of environmental litigation in American history. DDT entered the environment through the plant’s waste disposal system, which was directly linked to the county sewer system. As a result, DDT was being pumped off the coast of Palos Verdes (near Los Angeles) onto what is known as the Palos Verdes Shelf (‘PVS’). While dumping stopped in 1983, the Palos Verdes Shelf remains contaminated to this day. As DDT entered the Palos Verdes Shelf, it accumulated in the tissue of fish, fish-eating birds, marine mammals, and bird of prey. DDT also accumulated in the sediment on the floor of the Palos Verdes Shelf during the nearly four decades of dumping. This sediment contains some of the highest environmental DDT concentrations in the world, and bottom-feeding fish such as kelp bass, rockfish, queenfish, black croaker, sheepshead, surfperches, and sculpin are currently subject to high levels of DDT contamination. White croaker has the highest contamination levels of all bottom-feeding fish in the Palos Verdes Shelf, and there is currently a
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commercial fishing ban on white croaker (EPA, 2007). Implementation of this fishing ban, however, has proven difficult. The most prominent effects of the DDT spillage off the Palos Verdes Coast were on the Bald Eagles of Catalina Island and the Peregrine Falcons of the Southern California Bight. By the time of the EPA ban on DDT in 1973, the Bald Eagle population on Catalina Island was decimated and there was no population of Peregrine Falcons in the Southern California Bight. Since then, the recovery of these bird populations has been sluggish and fraught with difficulty. To this day the Bald Eagles of Catalina Island are unable to reproduce on their own and wildlife rescue teams as part of the Montrose Settlements Restoration Program (MSRP) must remove eggs from the wild and hatch them in special facilities at the San Francisco Zoo. Only eight chicks have successfully hatched from the 47 eggs that have been rescued from Catalina Island since 1989. Peregrine falcons have gradually returned to the Channel Islands due to the release of birds bred in captivity. The former Montrose Chemical site was added to the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) in 1990. The United States and the State of California have filed lawsuits against Montrose Chemical and nine other facilities near the Palos Verdes peninsula, citing damages to the nearby marine environment and resulting in settlements totaling $140 million from these corporations as of the year 2000.
6.5 6.5.1
Health Effects Mechanism of Action on Insects
While DDT does not readily absorb through the skin of mammals, DDT easily absorbs through the exoskeletons of insects (NPIC, 1999). DDT is thought to act on the nervous system of these insects, primarily on axonal membranes. Studies on lobster giant axons have shown that DDT prevents the closure of membranous sodium channels, disturbs the opening of potassium channels, and leads to death of the animal by disrupting nerve impulse conduction (Narahashi & Haas, 1967).
6.5.2
Metabolism and Health Effects in Humans
The most important route of DDT exposure in humans is ingestion. Complete gastric absorption of DDT on food residues is usually achieved and is facilitated by the fat content in such foods. DDT is readily stored in adipose tissue and the extent of storage in tissues or organs is proportional to the fat content of those tissues. Small repeated doses result in the most significant distribution to adipose tissue. Despite the affinity of DDT for fat, DDT in blood is carried by serum proteins, and not by blood lipids (WHO, 1979). In humans and most other species, some portion of ingested DDT is metabolized into DDE (see Table 6.1), a compound that is even more readily stored than DDT.
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The final excretory product of DDT, is 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-acetic acid (DDA), which is excreted via the urine of exposed individuals. The most established health effect of DDT on humans is neurological damage. As in insects, DDT causes extended depolarization of neurons in humans and impaired nerve impulse conduction. Acute exposure to DDT causes symptoms characteristic of neurological toxicity including: paresthesia of the mouth and tongue, hypersensitivity to stimuli, vertigo, tremor, and convulsions (Ecobichon et al., 1990; HSDB, 2010). In incidents of acute exposure to DDT temporary jaundice is observed, indicative of liver toxicity. Workers with high occupational exposure to DDT have lower serum bilirubin and slightly elevated liver enzymes presumably because of activation of hepatic cytochrome oxidases (Morgan & Lin, 1978). The EPA has classified DDT, DDE, and DDD as group B2, probable human carcinogens, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified DDT and DDE as group 2B possible human carcinogens. A study of workers exposed to technical grade DDT revealed that they had an increased risk of pancreatic cancer which increased with the duration of exposure (odds ratio 4.8, 95% Confidence Interval 1.317.6). Exposure to DDD was also associated with an increased risk (Garabrant et al., 1992) of pancreatic cancer. Studies have demonstrated an increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) correlated with exposure to DDT. A large study of agricultural workers in the US who had applied DDT without protective equipment found that they had an odds ratio of developing NHL of 2.0 (95% CI 1.33.1) (Woods & Polissar, 1989). DDT and DDE have been studied for their association with breast cancer. One study (Wolff et al., 1993) found an odds ratio for breast cancer of 1.27 in subjects with elevated serum DDE levels. While carcinogenicity in humans is still being researched, there is adequate evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents and non-human primates. Rodents develop tumors of the liver after long-term oral administration of DDT (ATSDR, 2002) and one study showed that Rhesus and Cynomolgus monkeys have a 15% increased incidence of malignant neoplasms when exposed to DDT (Agarwal et al., 1978). There are concerns that compounds present in DDT formulations act as endocrine disruptors in humans. Kelce et al. (1996) found that DDE strongly binds to the androgen receptor in rats and noted measurable reproductive effects when using DDE concentrations comparable to moderate human exposure. Studies have shown that o,p’-DDT, the inactive form of DDT present in most insecticidal formulations, mimics the action of 17β-estradiol, albeit with significantly lower estrogenic potencies (10001 000 0000 times lower) (ATSDR, 2002). The form of DDT with active insecticidal properties, p,p’-DDT, also acts as an androgen antagonist in vivo in rodent studies (ATSDR, 2002). Thus, it appears that both DDT and DDE have a feminizing effect on animals through antiandrogenic effects, and through stimulation of estrogen production. Additionally, it has been known for quite some time that DDT accumulates in breast tissue and is secreted into breast milk during lactation (Sonawane, 1995); however the clinical significance of infant exposure to DDT is not yet known. Some data suggest that DDE exposure is associated with a decreased duration of lactation (Rogan et al., 1987; Gladen & Rogan, 1995).
DDT and Related Compounds
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255
Current Use, Malaria Controversy, and Alternatives
A large quantity of the DDT produced today is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of the acaricide dicofol (trade name: Kelthane). The active ingredient in dicofol is 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol. In 1986, the EPA temporarily cancelled registration of dicofol because large quantities of DDT were ending up in the final product. Currently, the EPA and the United Nations Economic Commisions for Europe (UNECE) mandate that dicofol formulations cannot contain more than 0.1% DDT by weight (EPA, 1998; Rasenberg et al., 2003). However, some dicofol formulations in developing nations are still found to contain up to 3.5% DDT by weight (Van de Plassche et al., 2002). A recent study of dicofol formulations in China found that dicofol might be a significant contributor to DDT pollution in China and could also be responsible for the unchanging DDT levels found in China more than two decades since technical DDT was banned (Qiu et al., 2005). Further study into dicofol’s contribution to the global DDT burden and into dicofol’s chronic health effects is warranted. In 2004 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, a meeting of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), outlawed several persistent organic pollutants, and restricted DDT use to vector control. The treaty has been held in favor by many environmental groups and has been ratified by more than 160 countries (UNEP, 2008). Under the convention, public health use of DDT is allowed pending acceptable alternatives. The convention highlights that total elimination of DDT use in many malaria-prone countries is currently unfeasible because there are few affordable or effective alternatives. Some organizations and individuals criticize the stringent worldwide regulation of DDT (Pesticide Action Network, 2010). Critics of DDT regulation claim that outlawing or discouraging DDT use leads to preventable deaths from malaria in developing nations (FAQ Africa Fighting Malaria, 2010). DDT is currently the cheapest insecticide available for indoor residual spraying, although alternatives such as pyrethroids are nearly the same price and are becoming cheaper. Nonchemical methods with varying degrees of efficacy are also available, including source reduction, irrigation management, home improvement, introduction of aquatic predators of mosquito larvae, polystyrene beads, and microbial larvicides (UNEP, 2008). According to the Stockholm Convention, DDT is currently being produced in three countries, India, China, and North Korea (UNEP, 2008). By far the largest amounts are produced in India, at one plant, for the purpose of disease vector control. In 2007, production in India was up 50% from the 2005 level (UNEP, 2008). It is unclear whether this increase is in response to greater demand from Africa, because there is no information available on export. In China, the average annual production during the period 20002004 was 4500 tons of DDT, but 8090% was used as intermediate in the production of dicofol and around 4% was used as additive in anti-fouling paints (UNEP, 2008). The remainder, which was produced at a single plant, was meant for malaria control and was all exported. Recent
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Table 6.2 Global Production and Use of DDT in 2003, 2005, and 2007 (in 103 kg Active Ingredient) (Adapted from van den Berg, 2009) Country
2003
2005
2007
Comment
Production of DDT for Vector Control China 450 490
NA
India
4100
4250
4495
North Korea
NA
NA
5
For export. Also used for dicofol manufacture (B200 metric tons per year) For malaria and leishmaniasis. Also used for dicofol manufacture (B280 metric tons per year) .155 metric tons for use in agriculture
Global production
.4550
.4740
.4500
Use of DDT for vector control Cameroon China Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia India DPRK
0 0 13 272 0 4444 NA
0 0 15 398 0 4253 NA
0 0 15 371 NA 3413 5
Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Papua New Guinea South Africa Sudan Swaziland Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Global use
45 0 1 1 0 1 40 NA 54 75 NA 0 7 0 .4953
0 0 1 1 308 1 40 NA 62 NA 8 0 26 108 .5219
0 0 ,1 0 NA NA 40 0 66 0 8 NA 22 12 .3950
Plan to pilot in 2009 Discontinued use in 2003 Epidemic-prone areas Epidemic-prone areas Reintroduction in 2008 For malaria and leishmaniasis .155 metric tons used in agriculture Plan to resume use in 2009 Plan to pilot in 2009 To prevent malaria introduction For occasional outbreaks Reintroduction in 2005 Phasing out Long-term use No recent use reported Reintroduction in 2000 No recent use reported Long-term use High Court prohibited use, 2008 Reintroduction in 2000 Reintroduction in 2004
information from North Korea indicates 160 tons of DDT produced per year, mainly for use in agriculture (not allowed under the Stockholm Convention) and a small portion for use in public health (UNEP, 2008). The global production of DDT for vector control is estimated at 4550 tons in 2003 and 4740 tons in 2005. In 2007, production increased, with 6300 tons produced in India alone. DDT is being formulated in Ethiopia and South Africa with ingredients imported from China (UNEP, 2008).
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References Africa Fighting Malaria (AFM). (2010, August). Frequently Asked Questions; http://www. fightingmalaria.org/faq.aspx. Agarwal, N., Sanyal, S., & Khuller, G. (1978). Effect of acute administration of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane on certain enzymes of Rhesus monkey. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 68, 10011006. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2002, September). Toxicological Profile for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. PB/2002/100137. Alexander, M. (1995). How toxic are toxic chemicals in soil? Environmental Science and Technology, 28(11), 27132717. Alexander, M. (1997). Sequestration and bioavailability of organic compounds in soil. In D. G. Linz, & D. U. Nakles (Eds.), Environmentally acceptable endpoints in soil (pp. 43136). Annapolis, MD: American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Bengtson Nash, S. M., Poulsen, A. H., Kawaguchi, S., Vetter, W., & Schlabach, M. (2008). Persistent organohalogen contaminant burdens in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from the eastern Antarctic sector: A baseline study. The Science of the Total Environment, 407(1), 304314. Cameron, G. R., & Burgess, F. (1945). The toxicity of 2,2-bis (P-chlorphenyl) 1,1,1-trichlorethane (D.D.T.). British Medical Journal, 1, 865871. Cohen, J. M., & Pinkerton, C. (1966). Widespread translocation of pesticides by air transport and rain-out. Advances in Chemistry, 13, 163176. Ecobichon D. J., Davies J. E., Doull J., Ehrich M., Joy R., McMillan, D., MacPhail, R., et al. 1990. Neurotoxic effects of pesticides. In S. R. Baker & C. F. Wilkinson (Eds.), The Effect of Pesticides on Human Health (pp. 13199). Princeton Scientific Pub. Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1998, November). R.E.D. Facts: Dicofol. Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. EPA-738-F-98-016. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2002). List of Actions Published Between 1969 and 2002 in the Federal Register that Relate to DDT; ,http://www.epa.gov/history/ topics/ddt/DDT%20FR%20pages.pdf/.. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2007). Fish Contamination in Southern California; ,www.epa.gov/region09/features/pvshelf/.. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), (1999). Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program: Residue Monitoring 1999. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ,http://www. cfsan.fda.gov/Bdms/pesrpts.html/.. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2001). Food and Drug Administration total diet study. College Park, MD: Center for Food Safety, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ,http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/Bcomm/lds_toc.html/.. Fry, D. M. (1995). Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, 165171. Garabrant, D. H., Held, J., Langholz, B., Peters, J. M., & Mack, T. M. (1992). DDT and related compounds and risk of pancreatic cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 84, 764771. Gladen, B. C., & Rogan, W. J. (1995). DDE and shortened duration of lactation in a northern Mexican Town. American Journal of Public Health, 85(4), 504508. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), (2010). DDT CASRN: 50-29-3; 7/23/2010; ,http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/BT9Ub3h:1:FULL/..
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Henderson, C., Pickering, Q. H., & Tarzwell, C. M. (1959). Relative toxicity of ten chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to four species of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 88, 2332. Hotchkiss, N., & Pough, R. H. (1946). Effect on forest birds of DDT used for gypsy moth control in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management, 10, 202207. Kelce, W. R., Stone, C. R., Laws, S. C., Gray, E. L., Kemppainen, J. A., & Wilson, E. M. (1996). Persistent DDT metabolite p,p’-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 51(2), 111114. Morgan, D. P., & Lin, L. I. (1978). Blood organochlorine pesticide concentrations, clinical hematology and biochemistry in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 7, 423447. Narahashi, T., & Haas, H. G. (1967). DDT: Interaction with nerve membrane conductance changes. Science, 157, 14381440. Pesticide Action Network (2010, August). Who’s Promoting DDT; ,http://www.panna.org/ ddt/promoting/.. Qiu, X. H., Zhu, T., Yao, B., Hu, J. X., & Hu, S. W. (2005). Contribution of dicofol to the current DDT pollution in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 43854390. Rasenberg M. H. C., & van de Plassche E. J. (2003, January). Dicofol Dossier prepared for the meeting March 17219 in Norway of the UNECE Ad-hoc Expert Group on POPs, 4L0002.A1/R0011/EVDP/Nijm. Rogan, W. J., Gladen, B. C., McKinney, J. D., Carreras, N., Hardy, P., & Thullen, J., et al. (1987). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) in human milk: Effects on growth, morbidity, and duration of lactation. American Public Health Association, 77(10), 12941297. Scheringer, M. (2009). Long-range transport of organic chemicals in the environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28(4), 677690. Skarphedinsdottir, H., Gunnarsson, K., Gudmundsson, G. A., & Nfon, E. (2010). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organochlorines in a marine food web at a pristine site in Iceland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58(3), 800809. Sonawane, B. R. (1995). Chemical contaminants in human milk: An overview. Environmental Health Perspectives, 6, 197205. Subramanian, A., Tanabe, S., Hidaka, H., & Tatsukawa, R. (1986). Bioaccumulation of organochlorines (PCBs and p,p’-DDE) in antarctic adelie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae collected during a breeding season. Environmental Pollution, 40, 173189. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2008, October 23). Global Status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease. Geneva, Switzerland: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. UNEP/POPS/ DDT.1/2. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), (2009). Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (Organochlorines) DDT; ,http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/Info/ddt.html/. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), (1946). New Publication Announcement DDT: It’s Effects on Fish and Wildlife; ,http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/pdf/historic/ 19460518.pdf/.. Van den Berg, H. (2009). Global status of DDT and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(11), 16561663. Van de Plassche E. J., Schwegler A. M. G. R., Rasenberg M., & Schouten, G., (2002). DDT in dicofol. Further Assessment of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Compendium of
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Substance-Related Information. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, UNECE. Wade, T. L., Chambers, L., Gardinall, P. R., Serlcano, J. L., Jackson, T. J., & Tarpley, R. J., et al. (1997). Toxaphene, PCB, DDT, and Chlordane Analyses of Beluga whale blubber. Chemosphere, 34(5-7), 13511357. Wolff, M. S., Toniolo, P. G., Lee, E. W., Rivera, M., & Dubin, N. (1993). Blood Levels of Organochlorine Residues and Risk of Breast Cancer. Jounral of the National Cancer Institute, 85(8), 648652. World Health Organization (WHO), (1979). oEnvironmental Health Criteria 9, DDT and its Derivatives, ISBN 92 4 154069 9. Geneva, Switzerland.
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7 Agent Orange 7.1
Introduction
Agent Orange refers to a specific blend of herbicides used during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. The US military sprayed millions of gallons of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam to remove leaves from trees that provided cover for enemy forces (Department of Veteran Affairs, 2010). The name ‘Agent Orange’ came from the identifying orange stripe around the 55-gallon drums in which the herbicide was stored. The herbicide was manufactured under Department of Defense contracts for military use in Vietnam by various companies, including Diamond Shamrock Corporation, Dow Chemical Company, Hercules Inc., Monsanto Company, T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company, Thompson Chemicals Corporation, and Uniroyal Inc. (Martin, 2009). Along with Agent Orange, the US military sprayed other herbicide combinations, as part of Operation Ranch Hand, in the so-called Rainbow herbicides program. Other herbicides used in Vietnam included: Agent Blue, Agent Green, Agent Pink, Agent Purple, Agent White, Bromacil, Dalapon, Dinoxol, Diquat, Diuron, Monuron, Tandex, and Trinoxol. During the conflict, Agent Orange was the blend most widely used. While lesser known, Agent Purple contained more than three times the level of lethal dioxin as Agent Orange and was also laced with arsenic (Elliott, 2005). Agent Purple was so destructive that the US military discontinued its use in Vietnam in 1965. Many Vietnam veterans, especially those in the Army Chemical Corps (ACC), were exposed to significant amounts of these herbicides. Members of ACC were responsible for handling and spraying herbicides such as Agent Orange around the perimeters of military base camps in Vietnam to provide a clearer view for guards on duty. One study suggests that ACC members make up the largest group of veterans who were directly exposed to Agent Orange during the war (Cypel & Kang, 2010).
7.2
Chemical Composition
The two active ingredients in Agent Orange were equivalent amounts of: 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), with trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (also known as TCDD or Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00007-8 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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dioxin). TCDD is thought to be responsible for most of the medical problems associated with exposure and has been shown to cause a variety of illnesses in laboratory animals (VA, 2009), namely reproductive defects. Dioxin has also been shown to cause a range of illnesses in humans (WHO, 2010). Dioxins are environmental pollutants that are mainly by-products of industrial processes, but can also result from natural processes like volcanic eruptions and forest fires. They are known for their high toxicity and persistence in the human body because they are chemically stable and easily absorbed by fat tissue. Furthermore the toxin persists because it is a poor substrate for detoxification enzymes (Frueh, 1999). The World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) reports that more than 90% of human exposure occurs through food, specifically meat, fish, and dairy products. The Department of Veterans Affairs suggests that dioxin may be related to a number of cancers and other health effects. In humans, TCDD can produce a skin condition called chloracne, an acne-like skin disorder caused by prolonged exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons. TCDD has been associated with cancer, endocrine alterations, immunological changes, and birth defects (WHO, 2010).
7.3 7.3.1
Uses in the Vietnam War Herbicide Spraying
The US military herbicide program in South Vietnam began in 1961 and terminated in 1971. According to the Department of Veterans Affairs (2009), herbicides were sprayed in all four military zones of Vietnam. More than 19 million gallons of various herbicide combinations were used. About 12 000 square miles, or 9.6% of Vietnam’s area, were sprayed with herbicides during the war, while over 10 000 square miles were sprayed more than twice (Martin, 2009). Heavily sprayed areas included: inland forests near the demarcation zone; inland forests at the junction of the borders of Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam; inland forests north and northwest of Saigon; mangrove forests on the southernmost peninsula of Vietnam; and mangrove forests along major shipping channels southeast of Saigon (VA, 2009). During this time period, an estimated 2.6 million servicemen and women were exposed to Agent Orange (Kuehn, 2010). In Vietnam, a typical mission disseminated 14.8 kilograms of Agent Orange per hectare usually by aircraft (VVA, 2007). Most of the Agent Orange in Vietnam was intercepted by forest canopy and some of it was destroyed by sunlight. From June 1962 through June 1970, fixed-wing airplanes, helicopters, or jet aircrafts sprayed massive amounts of defoliant. During the conflict, at least 12 million gallons of Agent Orange were sprayed from planes (NY Times, 1981). Once released into the atmosphere, the herbicide can be carried by the wind and enter ponds and streams, where it may be absorbed by fish, and reach areas used for recreational fishing and swimming.
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Figure 7.1 A UH-1D helicopter spraying a defoliation agent on a dense jungle area, the Mekong delta, during the Vietnam War. (Source: http://www.squidoo.com/agent-orange).
7.3.2
Aircraft Accidents
Substantial numbers of US military servicemen located on military bases in Vietnam were also exposed to Agent Orange when planes on defoliation missions had to abandon cargo. In fact, Pentagon records showed 90 instances when airplanes dumped chemical cargoes during emergencies, including 41 in which Agent Orange was dumped ‘directly over or near US air bases and other military installations’ (NY Times, 1981). These accidents resulted in many US servicemen being exposed to the herbicide and at risk for a variety of health conditions.
7.3.3
Program Termination
The herbicide program terminated in 1971 when various questions were raised concerning the legality, morality, and possible long-term consequences of the program (Institute of Medicine, 1994). In 1969, both the National Institutes of Health and the American Association for the Advancement of Science reported that Agent Orange caused birth defects in rodents (Institute of Medicine, 1994). Fearing significant impact on human health, that same year the Department of Defense chose to
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restrict the use of Agent Orange to only areas remote from populations. Soon after, the Department of Defense temporarily suspended all use of Agent Orange in military procedures. Vietnamese women began complaining that they were giving birth to high numbers of children with birth defects (NY Times, 1981), and in 1971 the US Military Assistance Command announced that herbicides would no longer be used for crop destruction. Subsequent herbicide operations involving Agent Blue and White were limited to certain strictly controlled use around allied fire bases.
7.4
Health Effects
Adverse effects of the herbicide were observed as early as 1949 when a Monsantoowned 2-4-5-T production plant in West Virginia experienced an explosion and 228 workers developed chloracne (VVNW, 2010). In 1964, Dow Chemical workers similarly experienced an outbreak of chloracne that affected over 70 workers. After running its own studies, the director of Dow’s Midland Division stated that severe contact with Agent Orange could lead to internal organ damage and nervous system disorders (VVNW, 2010). In humans, mild exposure symptoms could include: fatigue, loss of appetite, stomach and kidney pain, and skin and eye irritations. At high levels, the substance was shown to be toxic and fatal to animals, with maximum symptoms observed about 1 2 years after the initial exposure although symptoms could emerge after even 20 years. Several workers died of severe liver damage. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has recognized that Agent Orange contributes to the development of acute and sub-acute transient peripheral neuropathy, chloracne, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, porphyria cutanea tarda, prostate cancer, respiratory cancers, and certain soft-tissue sarcomas (Kuehn, 2010). Vietnam veterans who developed these conditions were able to apply for benefits. In October 2009, the VA extended benefits to those with B-cell leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, and ischemic heart disease. Today some scientists believe Agent Orange may also be linked to desmoplastic small round-cell tumor an uncommon, highly aggressive tumor that tends to target pediatric age groups and young adults (Dhar, 2010). As such, Agent Orange is a very dangerous herbicide capable of inflicting a range of different health conditions in humans. In 2010, Cypel and Kang examined the long-term mortality experience of Army Chemical Corps (ACC) veterans who were occupationally exposed to the herbicide in Vietnam. The study found that the risk of death from respiratory disease, malignant or nonmalignant, was ‘significantly greater for ACC Vietnam veterans in comparison with their non-Vietnam veteran peers and US men.’ However, the authors note that due to the unique nature of the subjects’ military duties and study limitations, findings may not be generalized to Vietnam veterans as a whole.
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265
Government Response Response in Vietnam
The Vietnamese government responded to growing health concerns by providing special assistance to Vietnamese people presumed to be suffering from conditions related to exposure. Exhibiting certain medical conditions, victims may have been eligible to receive a disability stipend from the AO Central Payments Program (Martin, 2009). In 2000, studies reported that the Vietnamese government paid $41 million to victims in income supplements (Palmer, 2005). Additionally the Vietnamese government has created a Health Insurance Card providing free access to health care, but it is only granted by the government. A voluntary health insurance card is also available so long as city residents are able to pay an annual premium. In the last few years, various non-government organizations have placed more pressure on the Vietnamese government to remove dioxin from the environment and provide better care to people exposed to Agent Orange. The Vietnamese government has long sought assistance from the US, asserting they lack the financial resources to undertake correctional projects on their own. To date, the official US response has been to deny any legal liability for Agent Orange. However in the past decade, the US has shown greater enthusiasm in providing both cleanup and humanitarian support. In 2002, Vietnam and the US held a joint conference on Human Health and Environmental Impacts of Agent Orange. Likewise in 2005, the US Environmental Protection Agency began working with the Vietnamese government to measure levels of dioxin and to explore possible remediation methods. In 2006, the Joint Advisory Committee (JAC) was created to evaluate potential joint activities related to dioxin contamination. Furthermore in both fiscal years 2007 and 2009, Congress appropriated $3 million for dioxin removal and health care facilities in Da Nang, the fifth largest city in Vietnam (Martin, 2009). However, other government ministries are concerned that highlighting the effects of dioxin in Vietnam could have undesired consequences for joint relations with the United States or for Vietnam’s economy (Martin, 2009). In response to rising public anxiety over herbicide effects, the Vietnamese government has raised the profile of Agent Orange with US officials, most recently during the June 2008 summit between President Bush and Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung. Additionally, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is concerned that by drawing attention to the continual persistence of dioxin in Vietnam’s environment, other countries may prohibit or restrict the import of Vietnamese crops, aquatic products, meats and poultry, and processed foods for health risk reasons (Martin, 2009). There has also been an international response to Vietnam’s struggle in eliminating dioxin from the environment and treating those who were in contact with Agent Orange. International sources of assistance include: the Ford Foundation, the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. These groups have
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aided Vietnam’s efforts for dioxin remediation and assistance to people with disabilities associated with exposure.
7.5.2
Response in the United States
In 1991, Congress enacted the Agent Orange Act which gave the Department of Veterans Affairs the authority to declare certain conditions presumptive to Agent Orange exposure enabling eligible American veterans to receive treatment and compensation for these conditions (VA, 2010). As mentioned previously, conditions include: acute and sub-acute transient peripheral neuropathy, chloracne, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, porphyria cutanea tarda, prostate cancer, respiratory cancers, certain soft-tissue sarcomas, B-cell leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, and ischemic heart disease (Kuehn, 2010).
7.6
Litigation
Various manufacturers of the herbicide, including Dow Chemical Company, were ultimately sued over Agent Orange. Filed in 1979, the Agent Orange class action lawsuit became the largest mass tort class action in history and was settled quickly in 1985. Under the settlement terms, a $180 million fund was created by seven chemical companies to pay the veterans that had developed Agent Orange-related diseases (Agent Orange Lawsuit, 2003). The Agent Orange settlement provided an estimated 50 000 class members of the 2.6 million Vietnam veterans a small amount of compensation if total disability was demonstrated between 1971 and 1994. However, the best available scientific information suggested that the illnesses, if any, from Agent Orange and other defoliants would manifest themselves within 20 years of exposure. Therefore, since the military had discontinued the use of chemical defoliants in Vietnam in 1971, the class settlement called for an end to the fund’s distribution program on December 31, 1994 (Tidmarsh, 2002). Class counsel, class representatives, and the judge all agreed. Still, the settlement did not include veterans that developed conditions after 1994 or those eligible for compensation but were unaware of the settlement at the time. Nevertheless, the money from the Agent Orange class action lawsuit was depleted in 1994. On June 9, 2003, a tied Supreme Court vote allowed the Vietnam veterans that developed Agent Orange illnesses after 1994 to sue the compound’s manufacturers despite the 1985 settlement. Although the Vietnam War was decades ago, some Vietnam veterans are now just beginning to suffer the serious effects of Agent Orange exposure. The 1985 Agent Orange settlement excluded many Vietnam veterans that have suffered, are suffering, and will continue to suffer because of exposure. In 2004, a US civil suit, Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/ Dioxin v. Dow Chemical Co., sought compensation for the Vietnamese exposed to
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Agent Orange from herbicide manufacturers. In the US District Court, the case was initially dismissed on the grounds that manufacturers were protected under the government contractor defense, which protects government contractors from state tort liability under certain circumstances. The Second Circuit Court upheld the decision of the District Court, and a petition was filed with the US Supreme Court in 2008. However, the Supreme Court decided not to review the case, ending the claimant’s appeal process.
7.7
Other Uses
During the Korean War, the Republic of Korea military forces used small amounts of Agent Orange during 1968 and 1969 in the area from the Civilian Control line to the southern boundary of the Demilitarized Zone (VA, 2009). According to the Department of Defense, only Republic of Korea troops were involved in the actual spraying of Agent Orange in Korea. However, it is possible that some US military troops may have been exposed to herbicides in Korea.
References Agent Orange Lawsuit, (2003). Agent orange lawsuit. Retrieved on 19 July 2010 ,http:// www.agent-orange-lawsuit.com/.. Dhar, M. (2010). Desmoplastic small round-cell tumor: An adult with previous exposure to agent orange. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(6), 593 595. Frueh, F. W. (1999). Dioxin. Stanford University. Retrieved on 21 July 2010 ,http://www. stanford.edu/group/whitlock/dioxin.html/.. Institute of Medicine (1994). Veterans and agent orange. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Kuehn, B. (2010). Agent orange effects. JAMA, 303(8), 722. Martin, M. F. (2009). Vietnamese victims of agent orange and U.S.-Vietnam relations. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on 21 July 2010 ,http://www.fas.org/sgp/ crs/row/RL34761.pdf/.. New York Times (NY Times) (1981, September 24). US says its planes dumped agent orange near its bases. Retrieved on 19 July 2010 ,http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/ 24/us/us-says-its-planes-dumped-agent-orange-near-its-bases.html/.. Palmer, M. G. (2005). The legacy of agent orange: Empirical evidence from central vietnam. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 1061 1070. Tidmarsh, J. (2002, December 18). Agent orange head to the supreme court. University of Pittsburgh Law School, Jurist. Retrieved on 19 July 2010 ,http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/ forum/forumnew81.php/.. US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) (2009). Agent orange: Basics. Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards. Retrieved on 19 July 2010 ,http://www. publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/basics.asp/.. US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) (2010). Agent orange. Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards. Retrieved on 19 July 2010 ,http://www.publichealth.va.gov/ exposures/agentorange/..
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Veterans of the Vietnam War (VVNW), (2010). Agent orange fact sheet: A historical perspective. Retrieved on 21 July, 2010 ,http://www.vvnw.org/educational_material/ agent_orange.htm#Service/.. Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA), (2007, September/October). Air force admits agent orange spraying in florida 1962 70. Retrieved on 19 July 2010 ,http://www.vva.org/ veteran/1007/ao_spraying.html/.. World Health Organization (WHO). Dioxins and their effects on human health. Retrieved on 21 July 2010 ,http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/..
8 Pesticide Residue in Foods Beginning in 1962 with Rachel Carson’s groundbreaking book Silent Spring, the American public has been aware of, and increasingly concerned about the possibility and hazards of pesticide exposure. While 80% of US citizens live in urban or suburban areas (UN, 2007) removed from agriculture and direct pesticide exposure, the specter of pesticides traveling on/in foods from fields to the dinner tables has concerned the public. In a survey by Sachs et al. (1987) comparing attitudes toward pesticides in both 1965 and 1984, the percentage of people trusting that food in grocery stores was adequately inspected for pesticide residue fell precipitously from 94% to 48.9%. In the same survey, respondents’ trust in the government to regulate adequately also dropped from 97.7% to 45.4%. Since 1984, several fundamental changes have occurred in both government regulation and public purchasing. The enhancement of government surveillance and monitoring, the passing of the Food Quality Protection Act in 1996, and the organic food movement have all contributed to increased understanding of pesticide deposition, transport and fate in food. Studies examining how cooking and processing modify pesticides, and research into how acute poisonings can occur also have expanded the collective knowledge base.
8.1
Federal Monitoring and Surveillance of Residue Contamination
Pesticide residue monitoring and regulation are handled by three government organizations: the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
8.1.1
EPA Tolerances
The US EPA registers pesticides, sets pesticide Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for raw, unprocessed commodities, and researches environmental fate of residues (NRC, 1993). In terms of pesticides in foods, the EPA’s role is small, but significant. The US EPA sets MRLs, or tolerances, for pesticide residue levels that are encountered in consumer foods and beverages. Tolerances are defined as the maximum amount of pesticide residue that the EPA will allow (or tolerate) in a food item. The EPA uses pesticide toxicity levels, pesticide application amounts and frequency, and Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00008-X © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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the persistence of the pesticide in foods to set these tolerance levels. Tolerances set by the EPA are then used by the USDA to enforce pesticide levels in meat, poultry, some egg products and the FDA for enforcement in other commodities. New tolerances and changes to old tolerances (e.g. for pesticide re-registration) are published in the Federal Register as required in the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). The FQPA, (1996) required the EPA by 2006 to review the 9700 tolerances approved before the Act was passed, and determine potential risks posed by pesticides to humans and the environment. As of 2010, the EPA has completed 99% of these required re-registrations.
8.1.2
USDA Pesticide Data Program
The incidence of pesticide contamination of uncooked food in the United States is largely monitored by the USDA’s Pesticide Data Program (PDP). This database supports pesticide residue data on 85 different commodities tested for 440 different pesticides in ten different States (USDA, 2008a). The testing is extensive. In their most recent report (2008), the PDP tested 13 381 samples of food and water including (in descending order) fruit and vegetables, corn grain, drinking water, honey, catfish, potable groundwater, almonds, and rice. Of the food samples analyzed in the 2008 report (excluding catfish), 70% contained either a pesticide or metabolite. Out of that 70%, 46% contained two or more pesticides. Of the groundwater sampled, 44% contained trace levels of pesticide. Of all the food tested, 0.5% of the samples violated tolerance levels set by the EPA. The PDP data are primarily used by the EPA to establish tolerances for pesticide residue levels found in food. Risks posed to infants and children by contaminated foods are of first concern. ‘The purpose of PDP is to provide EPA with information about the level of pesticides being indirectly consumed by the general public through foods. This information is used to assist EPA in establishing and reviewing the effectiveness of existing pesticide residue limits to protect public health. PDP is required by law to focus on products frequently consumed by infants and children.’ (USDA, 2008a). Despite use of newer, safer products, pesticide residue is still evident. So-called ‘old pesticides,’ such as the organophosphates acephate and methamidophos, were still present in respectively 35% and 20.8% of celery tested in the 2008 PDP report, though residue levels have gone down since 2002. The PDP has attributed this decrease in ‘old pesticide’ residues to the EPA’s recent substitutions of older, more hazardous pesticides (e.g. organophosphates acephate and methamidophos, chlorothalonil and oxamyl) for newer, safer products (e.g. azoxystrobin, methoxyfenozide, imidacloprid and pyraclostobrin). Safer, however, is a relative term, as several recent studies have revealed hazards associated with the aforementioned chemicals. In a report by Feng et al. (2005), the authors found supporting evidence for the genotoxic effects of imidacloprid in human blood lymphocytes. Another study by Najafi et al. (2010) tested the effects of oral exposure of imidacloprid on rats. The authors reported decreased movement, staggering gait, occasional trembling, diarrhea and spasms present in
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the test group; also, a significant decrease in the testosterone levels of the exposed rats was reported. The pesticide azoxystrobin has been shown to induce the human cytochrome enzyme, CYP1A, which has been associated with carcinogenesis (Rudzok, 2009).
8.1.3
FDA Pesticide Monitoring Program and Total Diet Study
The FDA enforces EPA pesticide tolerance levels in foods (except in meat and poultry), and monitors pesticide residues in national and international foods in domestic markets. Unlike the PDP, which washes commodities to be sampled (to emulate grocery store conditions), the FDA’s Pesticide Monitoring Program primarily examines raw, unwashed, unpeeled agricultural product. It does include processed foods, but to a lesser extent. The foods are tested and if pesticide levels on the commodity surpass either the EPA’s tolerance levels, or the FDA’s enforcement levels, the FDA will act to remove the product from the market (FDA, 2007). In the FDA’s most recently available Pesticide Monitoring Summary (2007), they reported that 42% of the tested foods contained pesticide residue. In the same report, 2.3% of domestic foods tested had residue levels that violated federal regulations (see Figure 8.1). The Total Diet Study, also known as the market basket study, has been conducted by the FDA annually since 1961. Unlike the USDA’s PDP, it presents data on food that is ‘table-ready,’ i.e. foods are prepared for consumption before testing. The testing of prepared food can produce more realistic results in that it can account for secondary contaminants which can occur during cooking. Pesticides are among the many chemicals tested for in the report. The FDA purchases foods sold in US grocery stores, supermarkets, and fast food restaurants for the testing samples, hence the unofficial name of the study: ‘market basket.’ FDA officials shop four times per year, drawing from four different regions of the country (West, North Central, South, and Northeast). In 1991, infant and toddler foods were added to the food list which, in the most recent TDS, was composed of 280 commodities. In the most recent market basket study (FDA, 2003), 4747 of 8402 food samples, or 56%, tested positive for pesticide residue. Figure 8.1 Summary of results for FDA Pesticide Monitoring Summary (2007). (Source: FDA, 2007.)
Violate 2.3%
No residues found 58.0%
Residues found; no violation 39.7%
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Modification of Pesticides During Post-Harvest
Food processing generally results in the substantial decrease of residual pesticide levels. Washing, blanching, and canning are three typical methods used by processors to prepare a food for market. In a report presented by the National Resource Council, these three processes reduced malation levels by 99%, and carbaryl levels by 99% in treated tomatoes. In green beans, levels of malathion and carbaryl were reduced by 94% and 73% respectively. Washing removes water-soluble, polar compounds (e.g. carbaryl), as well as loose surface materials. Washing effectiveness depends on four factors. First, the closer the residue is to the surface, the more accessible it will be to water contact. Second, the more time that elapses after the pesticide application, the further the pesticide will sink into the commodity and the less accessible it will be to exterior washing. Third, the solubility/polarity of the pesticide will affect how effective polar water molecules will be at pulling the pesticide off the commodity surface. The more polar a compound is, the better water will be at removing it. Fourth, higher water temperature has been shown to increase residual removal, as well as the use of detergent. Blanching further removes pesticides and may hydrolyze certain compounds. Canning, where heating is involved, increases volatilization, hydrolysis and other chemical degradation (Kaushik et al., 2009). Nonpolar substances are firmly held in the lipophilic peels of fruits and vegetables. These are effectively removed when fruits and vegetables are peeled; however, the peels disposed of as waste still contain the pesticides. Not all processing decreases pesticide levels however. Pesticide levels in commodities can further concentrate over time, without further pesticide application. This occurs, for example, if the commodity decreases in weight such as during the oven-drying of fruit. Concentrated lipophilic residues in oils, and grain protectants in the bran of grain also can exhibit high levels of residue; however, the mixing and blending that occurs in these mass-produced commodities are typically enough to dilute residue to safe levels (Hamilton et al., 2004). Cooking, including its use in canning, juicing, and baking, can render pesticides harmful or harmless. Hydrolysis is the most typical method of transformation during cooking, and pesticides most susceptible to that process are therefore most likely to be altered. Captan is detoxified to tetrahydrophthalimide, whereas ethylenebisdithiocarbamates are converted to the more toxic ethylenethiourea. Ethylene thiourea (ETU) levels increased by 94.5% in frozen turnip greens (due to maneb degradation) after cooking them in a saucepan (NRC, 1993).
8.3
The Food Quality Protection Act (US EPA, 2008)
Congress unanimously passed the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996 to address pesticide contamination in food directly. The Act amended the Federal
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Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) as well as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), which until that point had been the basis for EPA pesticide regulation; however, these laws proved to be too disjointed and general to be effective in pesticide regulation (US EPA, 2008). The FQPA grants the EPA the power to (1) set pesticide residue limits in food and (2) control the registration and re-evaluation of new and existing pesticides. The law required the EPA to set tolerance levels that are based on health effects. If pesticide residue is detected on food, there must be a ‘reasonable certainty of no harm’ to the consumer. According to the EPA, this single standard will avoid the problems of contradiction and confusion sometimes associated with the complexity of multiple standards. It also forces the EPA to examine the problem from an effects-based perspective. Other highlights of the FQPA include: special considerations for infants and children when setting tolerances, required testing for endocrine disruptors and implementing pesticide re-registrations with the EPA.
8.4 8.4.1
Organic Foods Federal Organic Foods Protection Act of 1990
According to the Federal Organic Foods Protection Act of 1990, to be sold or labeled as organic, a product must have (1) been ‘produced and handled’ without using synthetic chemicals, (2) grown on land free from synthetic chemical application for 3 years prior and (3) abide by the ‘organic plan’ agreed upon by the producer, handler, and certifying agent (OFPA, 1990). Winter et al. (2006) define ‘synthetic chemical’ as a ‘substance that is formulated or manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that chemically changes a substance extracted from a naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral source.’ The FOFPA does allow some exceptions for certain ‘synthetic chemicals.’ These allowed synthetic chemicals are generally those that degrade quickly in sunlight and in the presence of oxygen. These include soap-based herbicides; water disinfectants such as calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and copper sulfate; and insecticides such as boric acid, lime sulfur, elemental sulfur, copper sulfate, and oils. The complete list, known officially as the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances (NLAPS), is maintained by the USDA. The meaning of the phrase ‘Organic plan’ varies from state to state and is mandated by the state governments. Farmers must submit a plan to the State organic certification program for review. The contents of the plan must include a comprehensive assessment of their farmland, and specifics on how they plan to implement pest reduction measures.
8.4.2
Pesticides in Organic Foods
Organically produced commodities usually cost the consumer 50 100% more than their conventional alternatives; despite this discrepancy, the organics industry has
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Table 8.1 Most Contaminated and Least Pesticide-Contaminated Fruits and Vegetables Dirty Dozen
Clean Fifteen
Peaches Strawberries Apples Domestic blueberries Nectarines Cherries Imported grapes Celery Sweet bell peppers Spinach Kale/collard greens Potatoes
Onions Avocado Sweet corn Pineapple Mangos Sweet peas Asparagus Kiwi Cabbage Eggplant Cantaloupe Watermelon Grapefruit Sweet potato Honeydew/melon
Source: EWG, 2010.
grown enormously. Between 1990 and 2009, US organic food sales rose from $1 billion/year, to $24.8 billion/year (OTA, 2010). Sales in 2009 grew 5.1% from 2008. Simply put, the industry is thriving. Consumers are willing to pay a premium for organically produced products and the assurances that they come with. One of those assurances is pesticide-free food. According to one survey conducted by Whole Foods Market in 2005, 70% of shoppers who buy organic do so to avoid pesticide residue (Winter et al., 2006). Indeed, compared to pesticide residue levels detected by the FDA in conventionally grown foods (see Table 8.1), levels in organic foods have been reported to be substantially lower. In one review of European organic food studies, the author found that a ‘vast majority (94%)’ of organically produced crops contain no detectable pesticide residue (Lairon, 2010). The 6% discrepancy can be accounted for by pesticide drift from adjacent, non-organic fields, persistent chemicals remaining in the soil, groundwater/ irrigation water contamination, or simply the unauthorized application of pesticides.
8.5
The ‘Dirty Dozen’
Between 2000 and 2008, the Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture conducted 89 000 pesticide-contamination tests on the most consumed 50 fruits and vegetables in the United States. From these studies, a Washington
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think-tank, the Environmental Working Group, synthesized the data and published their findings as the ‘Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides.’ The group found that certain produce absorbed and retained pesticides more effectively than others, even after peeling and/or washing. Of the 50 fruits and vegetables tested, 12 appeared to retain pesticides effectively enough to be dubbed ‘the Dirty Dozen.’ The Dozen include seven fruits (peaches, strawberries, apples, domestic blueberries, nectarines, cherries, and imported grapes) and five vegetables (celery, sweet bell peppers, spinach, kale/collard greens, and potatoes). Celery, the worst of the Dozen, was shown to have pesticides in 95% of 2953 tests, with an average of 3.79 different pesticides found per single sample. These 12 fruits and vegetables have softer, more absorbent skin than other produce resulting in more pesticide pickup (Dellorto, 2010). By purchasing the Dozen from organic sources rather than ones that use pesticides, the group claims that an individual’s pesticide intake can be reduced by four-fifths (from an average exposure of ten pesticides per day, to two pesticides per day). Conversely, the EWG also established a Clean Fifteen grouping of fruits and vegetables those that can be treated with pesticides, but which are safe to eat after washing and peeling. These include: onions, avocado, sweet corn, pineapple, mangos, sweet peas, asparagus, kiwi, cabbage, eggplant, cantaloupe, watermelon, grapefruit, sweet potato, and honeydew and melon. The tough outer skin fortifies these 15 from pesticide absorption.
8.6
Measuring Residual Levels (Nasreddine et al., 2002)
Term
Explanation
Maximum residual level or tolerance
This is the maximum amount of residue that a commodity can contain while there is still a ‘reasonable certainty of no harm.’ If the detected residue levels exceed the MRL, the acceptable daily intake (ADI) must be taken into account Describes the amount of a pesticide that can be ingested daily over the course of a lifetime without incurring risk, measured in (mg/kg [body weight]). This measurement is used to quantify chronic exposure levels This methodology is used to determine the presence and amount of a single pesticide in varying foods. SRMs are typically used by pesticide manufacturers in self-directed studies required by the EPA for pesticide registration MRMs are used to detect multiple pesticides in multiple foods. They are frequently employed by government agencies for the surveillance and monitoring of multiple pesticides
Acceptable daily intake (ADI)
Single residue methods (SRMs)
Multiresidue methods (MRMs)
(Continued)
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
Term
Explanation
Limits of detection
According to the NRC, pesticide dissipation obeys the properties of first-order kinetics. In other words, given a graph of log concentration over time, the plot will be linear. Given a graph of concentration remaining over time, the plot will asymptotically approach the time axis. Theoretically, it will never reach zero concentration, and therefore there will always be pesticide residue on exposed commodities. As pesticide residues on the commodity decrease over time, they will approach, but never fully reach, zero. Therefore limits of detection will vary with the sensitivity of the instruments used (NRC, 1993)
8.7
Acute Exposures and Contamination Variability
Exposures of consumers to residual pesticides can occur in both long-term (chronic) exposures and short-term (acute) exposures. Chronic, low-level exposures are vastly more common than acute, high-level exposures. Government regulations (e.g. tolerance levels) require farmers to keep pesticide levels low, so as to reduce the chance of acute exposures. Though high-level exposures are more common as occupational hazards for agricultural workers, acute exposures do occur at the residual, consumer level.
8.7.1
Aldicarb: A Case Study of Acute Exposure
A textbook example of acute exposure to consumers can be found in the pesticide Aldicarb. Aldicarb is used to protect cucumbers, watermelons, bananas, potatoes, and other crops from nematodes and insects. Once applied to fields the chemical is absorbed by the roots and exterior surfaces of plants where it is metabolized to create the toxic aldicarb sulfoxide (ASO). If ingested by humans, ASO inhibits cholinesterase in both the central and peripheral nervous system and at the neuromuscular junctions. ASO ingested at levels of 25 µg/kg body weight in humans inhibits the enzyme by 50% in the bloodstream. Greater than 30% inhibition in humans is ‘cause for concern’ (NRC, 1993). From 1978 to 1988, there were three food poisoning outbreaks caused by ASO, used in these cases to protect cucumbers and watermelons. All instances reported were from produce purchased at the consumer level (grocery store, warehouse). Residual levels of ASO in the contaminated cucumbers and watermelons ranged from 0.3 ppm to 10.7 ppm, and were high enough to induce vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, disorientation, and other symptoms within roughly one hour of consumption. As determined in a follow-up study by Goldman et al. in 1990, dosage levels of ASO in the ill subjects ranged from 0.0011 to 0.057 mg/kg of body weight.
Pesticide Residue in Foods
277
The methods of contamination in all cases were unconfirmed. Green et al. (1987) remarked that contamination in a 1985 outbreak could have occurred from persistence of aldicarb in the soil from a previous season. The authors infer that this existing aldicarb combined with newly applied aldicarb may have been enough to increase the pesticide concentration to toxic levels. The half life of ASO in soil at 15 C, and pH7.5 has been calculated to be 360 days, so indeed this theory is possible; however, a great deal of research still needs to be conducted on the mechanisms leading to acute poisonings.
8.7.2
Contamination Variability in Acute Exposures
Residual acute exposure (RAE) to pesticides can result from consuming a single meal that has significant above average levels of residual pesticides. RAEs are difficult to assess due to the one-time nature of single exposure, as opposed to exposure over a lifetime, as well as the overall rarity of exposure. Because aldicarb is an acute toxicant, it causes harm in short-term, relatively high-level exposures, such as those encountered after consuming only one serving of a product. Fruits and vegetables (like those associated with aldicarb outbreaks) were consumed whole, i.e. not processed or blended. Therefore average sampling across a mixture of individual units (such as in a blended mixture) is ineffective in determining actual singular dosage levels due to dilution effects. This is especially difficult when pesticide levels vary greatly between individual units. All produce varies in the pesticide load it carries to market. Even produce grown in the same field, or transported in the same container can contain more or less residuals than its cohorts. In one review examining variability factors (Hamilton et al., 2004), the authors found that deposition of pesticides during crop application was the most significant contributor to pesticide level variability in grocery store produce. For example, pesticide levels on the bottom two-thirds of apple tree foliage were found to be three times higher than levels on the top of the foliage after treatment with pesticides. In another example described by Hamilton et al. apples in transit to grocery stores were treated with a post-harvest pesticide. It was found that the apples at the bottom of the crate contained more of the pesticide than those at the top of the crate. The authors discovered that in most cases across a range of crops, individual product size did not correlate with pesticide deposition, i.e. growth dilution effects were not observed. Other studies however have found dissenting evidence. Pesticide treatment levels did not affect variability of residue distribution.
8.7.3
Residual Pesticide Poisoning Epidemics
Periodically since the 1950s, and occasionally before, residual pesticide poisoning epidemics have occurred worldwide and have affected thousands of people (some mortally). In a study by Ferrer and Cabral (1995), the authors outlined four methods of genesis for pesticide outbreaks: contamination of foodstuff during transport or storage; ingestion of seed dressed for sowing; use of pesticides in food
278
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
preparation, and presence of pesticides due to misuse during harvest, misuse of containers, or excessive application. Contamination during transport or storage usually occurs in products that are powdered or granulated (e.g. flour, sugar). Contamination occurs when the commodity is placed in an area that once contained pesticides, or near an area housing pesticides. For example, in Sierra Leone, 10 15 ml of the pesticide parathion leaked into a 22.5 kg bag of flour in transit from mill to market. The contamination resulted in 14 deaths and 49 illnesses. In the cases examined by Ferrer and Cabral, a majority of the incidents involved parathion. The consumption of seeds containing pesticide is more chronic in nature, occurring over a longer time period, with periodic low-level exposure. Larger populations are generally affected. Exposure is almost always due to accidental mixing of treated seed, intended to be used as poisonous bait for example, with those meant for consumption. A notorious example occurred in Iraq in 1971 when seed treated with methyl mercury was used in the production of bread. Of the 6530 people affected, 479 died. The most common contaminant in the cases studied was organic mercury. Pesticides do not always have to be contaminants. In at least 23 recorded cases, pesticides have either been mislabeled or mistaken for a food product and consequently used in food production. Granulated pesticides, such as barium carbonate and sodium fluoride are typically the most confused due to their similar appearance for flour, sugar, and salt. The worst case, according to Ferrer and Cabral, occurred in Oregon where sodium fluoride (used to kill cockroaches) was confused for powdered milk and used to make scrambled eggs. Of the 263 people affected, 47 died, while the rest were afflicted with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blood vomit and stool and later collapse, paralysis, and muscular spasms. Finally the last method of exposure, agricultural misuse, was reported to have caused 19 epidemics between 1951 and 1988, the largest of which resulted in the poisoning of 1350 people. This mechanism is described in Section 8.7.1.
References Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, National Research Council (NRC) (1993). Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Dellorto, D. (2010, July 27). ‘Dirty Dozen’ produce carries more pesticide residue, group says. CNN. ,http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/06/01/dirty.dozen.produce.pesticide/ index.html.. Environmental Working Group (2010, July). EWG’s shopper’s guide to pesticides. ,http:// www.foodnews.org/.. Federal Organic Foods Production Act of (1990), (OFPA). Title XXI of the Food, Agriculture, Conversation, and Trade Act of 1990 (Public Law 101 624). ,http://www. ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5060370&acct=nopgeninfo.. Feng, S., Kong, Z., Wang, X., Peng, P., & Zeng, E. Y. (2005). Assessing the genotoxicity of imidacloprid and RH-5849 in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro with comet assay and cytogenetic tests. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 61(2), 239 246.
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Ferrer, A., & Cabral, R. (1995). Recent epidemics of poisoning by pesticides. Toxicology Letters, 55 63. Food Quality Protection Act, P.L. (FQPA). (1996). Public Law 104 170. Aug 3, 1996. 110 Stat. 1489. ,http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws/fqpa/gpogate.pdf. Goldman, L. R., Beller, M., & Jackson, R. J. (1990). Aldicarb food poisonings in California, 1985-1988: Toxicity estimates for humans. Archives of Environmental Health, 45(3), 141 147. Green, M. A., Heumann, M. A., Wehr, M. H., Foster, L. R., Williams, P. L., & Polder, J. A., et al. (1987). An outbreak of watermelon-borne pesticide toxicity. American Journal of Public Health, 77(11), 1431 1434. Hamilton, D., Ambrus, A., Dieterle, R., Felsot, A., Harris, C., & Petersen, B., et al. (2004). Pesticide residues in food acute dietary exposure. Pest Management Science, 60, 311 338. Kaushik, G., Naik, S. N., & Satya, S. (2008). Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation A review. Food Research International, 42, 26 40. Lairon, D. (2010). Nutritional quality and safety of organic food. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30(1), 33 41. Najafi, G., Razi, M., Hoshyar, A., Shahmohamadloo, S., & Feyzi, S. (2010). The effect of chronic exposure with imidacloprid insecticide on fertility in mature male rats. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, 4(1), 9 16. Nasreddine, L., & Parent-Massin, D. (2002). Food contamination by metals and pesticides in the European union. Should We Worry? Toxicology Letters, 127, 29 41. Organic Trade Association (OTA). (2010, July). Industry statistics and projected growth. Organic Trade Association’s 2010 organic industry survey. ,http://www.ota.com/ organic/mt/business.html.. Rudzok, S., Schmucking, E., Graebsch, C., Herbarth, O., & Bauer, M. (2009). The inducibility of human cytochrome P450 1A by environmental-relevant xenobiotics in the human hepatoma derived cell line HepG2. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 28, 370 378. Sachs, C., Blair, D., & Richter, C. (1987). Consumer pesticide concerns: A 1965 and 1984 comparison. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 21(1), 96 107. The United Nations (UN), (2007, July). World urbanization prospects: The 2007 revision. Department of economic and social affairs. ,http://www.un.org/ esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf.: [a] US Department of Agriculture (USDA), (2008, July). Quick facts about the Pesticide Data Program (PDP). USDA AMS Pesticide Data Program. ,http://www.ams.usda.gov/ AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName5STELDEV3003252.; [b] US Department of Agriculture (USDA), (2008, July). Overview of 2008 findings. USDA AMS Pesticide Data Program. ,http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName5stelprdc5084847.. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), (2008, July). The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) background. US EPA Pesticides. ,http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws/fqpa/backgrnd.htm.. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), (2003, July). Total diet study Results. Food safety. ,http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/Total DietStudy/ucm184293.htm.. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), (2007, July). Pesticide monitoring program FY 2007. Food safety. ,http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminants Adulteration/Pesticides/ResidueMonitoringReports/ucm169577.htm#tdsM.. Winter, C., & Davis, S. F. (2006). Organic foods. Journal of Food Science, 71(6).
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9 EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) developed RSLs (Regional Screening Levels) for the Superfund/RCRA programs. RSLs are risk-based concentrations, derived from standardized equations combining exposure information assumptions with US EPA toxicity data. They are considered by the Agency to be protective for humans (including sensitive groups), over a lifetime. The RSLs contained in the table are generic. They are calculated without site-specific information. They may be re-calculated using site-specific data. Region 9’s PRGs should be viewed as Agency guidelines, not legally enforceable standards (USEPA[a], 2010). The following table presents the US EPA Region 9 RSLs. Three categories relating to pesticides have been added. These three categories are labeled as EPA Reregistration Status, EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists, and Pesticide or Intermediate. EPA Reregistration Status refers to those pesticides whose Maximum Residue Limits have been reassessed and accepted under the new standards set by the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act. Maximum Residue Limit (i.e. tolerance) is the maximum pesticide load that the EPA will allow to be present as residue in food. EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists indicates a federal residue limit is in place, regardless of reregistration status. The final column, Pesticide or Intermediate, indicates whether the specific chemical is marketed as a pesticide, EPA-regulated as a pesticide, or is otherwise used as a pesticide. Intermediates, in this case, are chemical by-products that are produced when manufacturing pesticides. They are ‘intermediaries’ between the parent chemical and the ultimate pesticide. Note that some chemicals, which are not registered by the EPA as pesticides, are still used by farmers, industry and homeowners as such. It should also be noted that due to chemical naming inconsistencies between federal regulations and the US EPA Region 9 RSLs, the EPA Reregistration Status, and EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists categories may contain omissions. The Pesticide or Intermediate category was part of an exhaustive search by chemical CAS number, and name. It should be considered as complete as possible.
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-7825-0.00009-1 © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
282
Table 9.1 EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status CAS No.
ALAR Acephate Acetaldehyde Acetochlor Acetone Acetone Cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone Acetylaminofluorene, 2Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Alachlor Aldicarb Aldicarb Sulfone Aldrin Ally Allyl Alcohol Allyl Chloride Aluminum Aluminum Phosphide Amdro Ametryn Aminobiphenyl, 4Aminophenol, mAminophenol, p-
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
5.60E101 1.00E101 1.20E103 6.10E104 2.00E102 8.70E102 7.80E103 1.30E201 1.50E201 2.30E201 3.00E104 2.40E201 8.50E106 8.70E100 6.10E101 6.10E101 2.90E202 1.50E104 3.00E102 6.80E201 7.70E104 3.10E101 1.80E101 5.50E102 2.30E202 4.90E103 1.20E103
2.00E102 5.20E101 1.20E104 6.30E105 2.10E103 3.70E103 1.00E105 4.50E201 6.50E201 3.40E100 2.90E105 1.20E100 3.60E107 3.10E101 6.20E102 6.20E102 1.00E201 1.50E105 3.10E103 3.40E100 9.90E105 4.10E102 1.80E102 5.50E103 8.20E202 4.90E104 1.20E104
7.70E100 1.10E100 c** 5.60E100 c** 2.20E100 7.30E102 3.20E104 n 1.40E105 n 2.20E104 6.30E101 n 2.60E102 n 5.80E101 6.30E101 n 2.60E102 n 3.70E103 1.90E203 c 9.40E203 c 1.80E202 2.10E202 n 8.80E202 n 4.20E202 9.60E203 c 1.20E201 c 4.30E202 1.00E100 n 4.40E100 n 1.80E104 3.60E202 c* 1.80E201 c* 4.50E202 6.30E100 n 2.60E101 n 1.20E100 3.70E101 3.70E101 5.00E204 c 2.50E203 c 4.00E203 9.10E103 1.00E201 n 4.40E201 n 1.80E102 4.10E201 c** 2.00E100 c** 6.50E201 5.20E100 n 2.20E101 n 3.70E104 1.50E101 1.10E101 3.30E102 4.10E204 c 2.00E203 c 3.20E203 2.90E103 7.30E102
c** c** n n n n ns c n c n c* nm c* n n c* n n c** n n n n c n n
c* c** n nms n n nms c n c nm c* nm c n n c nm n c** nm n n n c n n
c* c** n n n n n c n c n c* c n n c n n c** n n n n c n n
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
3
3
3
3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3 3 3 3 3 3* 3*
3
3
3 3* 3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
1596-84-5 30560-19-1 75-07-0 34256-82-1 67-64-1 75-86-5 75-05-8 98-86-2 53-96-3 107-02-8 79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 111-69-3 15972-60-8 116-06-3 1646-88-4 309-00-2 74223-64-6 107-18-6 107-05-1 7429-90-5 20859-73-8 67485-29-4 834-12-8 92-67-1 591-27-5 123-30-8
Chemical Name
Amitraz Ammonia Ammonium Perchlorate Ammonium Sulfamate Aniline Antimony (metallic) Antimony Pentoxide Antimony Potassium Tartrate Antimony Tetroxide Antimony Trioxide Apollo Aramite Arsenic, Inorganic Arsine Assure Asulam Atrazine Auramine Avermectin B1 Azobenzene Barium Baygon Bayleton Baythroid Benefin Benomyl Bentazon Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzenethiol Benzidine Benzoic Acid Benzotrichloride Benzyl Alcohol Benzyl Chloride Beryllium and compounds
1.50E102 n
1.50E103 n
9.10E101 n 1.00E102 n
5.50E101 1.60E104 8.50E101 3.10E101 3.90E101 7.00E101 3.10E101 2.80E105 7.90E102 1.90E101 3.90E201 2.70E201 5.50E102 3.10E103 2.10E100 7.30E201 2.40E101 5.10E100 1.50E104 2.40E102 1.80E103 1.50E103 1.80E104 3.10E103 1.80E103 7.80E103 1.10E100 7.80E201 5.00E204 2.40E105 4.90E202 6.10E103 1.00E100 1.60E102
n n c** n n n n nm n c c* n n n c c n c n n n n n n n ns c* n c nm c n c* n
7.20E102 2.00E105 3.00E102 4.10E102 5.10E102 9.20E102 4.10E102 1.20E106 8.00E103 6.90E101 1.60E100 3.60E100 5.50E103 3.10E104 7.50E100 3.30E100 2.50E102 2.30E101 1.90E105 2.50E103 1.80E104 1.50E104 1.80E105 3.10E104 1.80E104 1.00E105 5.40E100 1.00E101 7.50E203 2.50E106 2.20E201 6.20E104 4.90E100 2.00E103
n nm c* n n n n nm n c c n n n c c n c nm n n n nm n n nms c* n c nm c n c* n
1.00E100 n
2.10E201 n 3.40E201 c 5.70E204 c* 5.20E202 n
4.40E100 n
2.60E101 7.30E103 1.20E101 1.50E101 1.80E101 3.30E101 1.50E101
n n c* n n n n
4.70E102 2.70E100 4.50E202 1.30E201 3.30E102 1.80E103 2.90E201 7.60E202 1.50E101 1.20E201 7.30E103 1.50E102 1.10E103 9.10E102 1.10E104 1.80E103 1.10E103 3.70E103 4.10E201 3.70E201 9.40E205 1.50E105 5.20E203 3.70E103 7.90E202 7.30E101
n c c n n n c c n c n n n n n n n n c n c n c n c* n
3 3
1.70E100 c 2.90E203 c* 2.20E201 n
4.90E202 c
7.80E202 c 5.20E201 n
4.00E201 c 2.20E100 n
3.10E201 c
1.60E100 c*
1.40E205 c
1.80E204 c
2.50E201 c* 5.10E203 c*
3 3 3 3*
3 3 3 3 3
8.80E201 n
9.70E203 c
5.00E202 c* 1.00E203 c*
3
4.40E102 n
3
3
3 3 3 v 3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
33089-61-1 7664-41-7 7790-98-9 7773-06-0 62-53-3 7440-36-0 1314-60-9 11071-15-1 1332-81-6 1309-64-4 74115-24-5 140-57-8 7440-38-2 7784-42-1 76578-14-8 3337-71-1 1912-24-9 492-80-8 65195-55-3 103-33-3 7440-39-3 114-26-1 43121-43-3 68359-37-5 1861-40-1 17804-35-2 25057-89-0 100-52-7 71-43-2 108-98-5 92-87-5 65-85-0 98-07-7 100-51-6 100-44-7 7440-41-7
3
3
3
3 3
283
(Continued)
284
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
Bidrin Bifenox Biphenthrin Biphenyl, 1,10 Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Bis(chloromethyl)ether Bisphenol A Boron And Borates Only Boron Trifluoride Bromate Bromo-2-chloroethane, 1Bromobenzene Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Bromomethane Bromophos Bromoxynil Bromoxynil Octanoate Butadiene, 1,3Butanol, NButyl Benzyl Phthalate Butyl alcohol, secButylate Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylphthalyl Butylglycolate
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
6.10E100 5.50E102 9.20E102 3.90E103 4.60E100 1.80E102 2.10E201 3.50E101 7.70E205 3.10E103 1.60E104 3.10E103 9.10E201 2.40E202 3.00E102 2.70E201 6.10E101 7.30E100 3.10E102 1.20E103 1.20E103 5.40E202 6.10E103 2.60E102 1.60E105 3.10E103 3.20E103 6.10E104
6.20E101 5.50E103 9.20E103 5.10E104 2.20E101 1.80E103 1.00E100 1.20E102 3.90E204 3.10E104 2.00E105 4.10E104 4.10E100 1.20E201 1.80E103 1.40E100 2.20E102 3.20E101 3.10E103 1.20E104 1.20E104 2.60E201 6.20E104 9.10E102 2.00E106 3.10E104 1.40E104 6.20E105
n n n ns c n c c* c n n n c c n c c* n n n n c* n c* nm n c n
n n n ns c n c c c n nm n c c ns c c* n n n n c* n c nm n c nm
2.40E201 c
1.20E100 c
7.40E203 c 1.00E100 c 3.90E205 c
3.70E202 c 5.10E100 c 2.00E204 c
2.10E101 n 1.40E101 n
8.80E101 n 5.70E101 n
4.10E203 6.30E101 6.60E202 2.20E100 5.20E100
2.00E202 2.60E102 3.30E201 1.10E101 2.20E101
c n c c n
8.10E202 c*
c n c c n
4.10E201 c*
3.10E104 n
1.30E105 n
4.30E101 c
2.20E102 c
3.70E100 3.30E102 5.50E102 1.80E103 3.20E201 1.10E102 1.20E202 4.80E100 6.20E205 1.80E103 7.30E103 1.50E103 9.60E202 6.50E203 8.80E101 1.20E201 8.50E100 8.70E100 1.80E102 7.30E102 7.30E102 1.80E202 3.70E103 3.50E101 7.30E104 1.80E103 3.40E102 3.70E104
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
n n n n c n c c c n n n c c n c c* n n n n c n c n n c n
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3 3 3 3 3 3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3
3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
141-66-2 42576-02-3 82657-04-3 92-52-4 108-60-1 111-91-1 111-44-4 117-81-7 542-88-1 80-05-7 7440-42-8 7637-07-2 15541-45-4 107-04-0 108-86-1 75-27-4 75-25-2 74-83-9 2104-96-3 1689-84-5 1689-99-2 106-99-0 71-36-3 85-68-7 78-92-2 2008-41-5 25013-16-5 85-70-1
Chemical Name
Cacodylic Acid Cadmium (Diet) Cadmium (Water) Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon Disulfide Carbon Tetrachloride Carbosulfan Carboxin Ceric oxide Chloral Hydrate Chloramben Chloranil Chlordane Chlordecone (Kepone) Chlorfenvinphos Chlorimuron, EthylChlorine Chlorine Dioxide Chlorite (Sodium Salt) Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1Chloro-1,3-butadiene, 2Chloro-2-methylaniline HCl, 4Chloroacetaldehyde, 2Chloroacetic Acid Chloroacetophenone, 2Chloroaniline, pChlorobenzene Chlorobenzilate Chlorobenzoic Acid, pChlorobenzotrifluoride, 4Chlorobutane, 1Chlorodifluoromethane
1.20E103 n 7.00E101 n
1.20E104 n 8.00E102 n
3.10E104 3.20E100 2.10E102 6.10E103 3.10E102 8.20E102 6.10E201 6.10E102 6.10E103 1.30E106 6.10E103 9.20E102 1.20E100 1.60E100 4.90E202 4.30E101 1.20E103 7.50E103 2.30E103 2.30E103 5.80E104 8.40E100 1.10E100 2.40E100 1.20E102 4.30E104 2.40E100 2.90E102 4.40E100 1.80E103 2.10E102 3.10E103 5.30E104
3.10E105 1.10E101 7.50E102 6.20E104 3.10E103 3.70E103 3.00E100 6.20E103 6.20E104 5.40E106 6.20E104 9.20E103 4.30E100 6.50E100 1.70E201 4.30E102 1.20E104 9.10E104 3.00E104 3.10E104 2.40E105 3.60E101 3.70E100 1.10E101 1.20E103 1.80E105 8.60E100 1.40E103 1.60E101 1.80E104 2.30E103 4.10E104 2.20E105
n c* c* n n ns c n n nm n n c c* c n n n n n ns n c c n n c n c n ns ns ns
nm c c n n ns c n n nm n n c c* c n n n n n nms n c c n nm c ns c n ns ns nms
7.30E102 n 1.40E203 c** 6.80E203 c** 1.80E101 1.80E104 5.70E202 c 2.90E201 c 4.50E201 3.70E100 c 1.90E101 c 2.90E101 3.70E103 1.80E102 7.30E102 n 3.10E103 n 1.00E103 4.10E201 c 2.00E100 c 4.40E201 3.70E102 3.70E103 9.40E201 n 3.90E100 n 3.70E103 5.50E102 1.70E201 2.40E202 c* 1.20E201 c* 1.90E201 5.30E204 c 2.70E203 c 6.70E203 2.60E101 7.30E102 1.50E201 n 6.40E201 n 3.70E103 2.10E201 n 8.80E201 n 1.10E103 1.10E103 5.20E104 n 2.20E105 n 1.00E105 7.30E100 n 3.10E101 n 1.40E101 1.50E201 2.50E201 7.30E101 3.10E202 n 1.30E201 n 3.40E201 5.20E101 n 2.20E102 n 9.10E101 7.80E202 c 4.00E201 c 6.10E201 1.10E103 3.10E102 n 1.30E103 n 9.30E101 1.50E103 5.20E104 n 2.20E105 n 1.00E105
n n c c n n n c n n n n c c* c n n n n n n n c c n c n c n n n n
3
3
3 a a
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3 b 3 3
3
3
3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 c 3 3 3 3 3 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
75-60-5 7440-43-9 7440-43-9 105-60-2 2425-06-1 133-06-2 63-25-2 1563-66-2 75-15-0 56-23-5 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 1306-38-3 302-17-0 133-90-4 118-75-2 12789-03-6 143-50-0 470-90-6 90982-32-4 7782-50-5 10049-04-4 7758-19-2 75-68-3 126-99-8 3165-93-3 107-20-0 79-11-8 532-27-4 106-47-8 108-90-7 510-15-6 74-11-3 98-56-6 109-69-3 75-45-6
3 3 3 3
285
(Continued)
286
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
Chloroform Chloromethane Chloromethyl Methyl Ether Chloronaphthalene, BetaChloronitrobenzene, oChloronitrobenzene, pChlorophenol, 2Chloropicrin Chlorothalonil Chlorotoluene, oChlorotoluene, pChlorozotocin Chlorpropham Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos Methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlorthiophos Chromium(III), Insoluble Salts Chromium(VI) Chromium, Total Cobalt Coke Oven Emissions Copper Cresol, mCresol, oCresol, pCresol, p-chloro-mCresols
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
2.90E201 1.20E102 1.90E202 6.30E103 1.60E100 6.10E101 3.90E102 5.70E105 1.60E102 1.60E103 5.50E103 2.70E203 1.20E104 1.80E102 6.10E102 3.10E103 4.90E101 1.20E105 2.90E201
1.50E100 5.00E102 9.40E202 8.20E104 5.70E100 2.70E102 5.10E103 2.40E106 5.60E102 2.00E104 7.20E104 1.20E202 1.20E105 1.80E103 6.20E103 3.10E104 4.90E102 1.50E106 5.60E100
1.10E201 c 9.40E101 n 3.50E203 c
5.30E201 c 3.90E102 n 1.80E202 c
1.00E202 n 6.30E201 n
4.40E202 n 2.60E100 n
1.90E201 1.90E102 5.60E203 2.90E103 2.20E201 1.10E101 1.80E102
c n c n c c** n
4.20E201 n 2.70E100 c
1.80E100 n 1.40E101 c
3.50E205 c
1.80E204 c
2.20E101 7.30E102 2.60E103 2.80E204 7.30E103 1.10E102 3.70E102 1.80E103 2.90E101 5.50E104 4.30E202
c* n n c n n n n n n c
c n c ns c n n nm c** ns ns c n n n n n nm c
c n c ns c c** n nm c* ns ns c nm n n n n nm c
2.30E101 n
3.00E102 n
3.10E103 3.10E103 3.10E103 3.10E102 6.10E103 7.50E103
4.10E104 3.10E104 3.10E104 3.10E103 6.20E104 9.10E104
n n n n n n
n n n n n ns
1.10E205 c
1.50E204 c
2.70E204 c* 1.50E203 c
1.40E203 c* 2.00E202 c
6.30E102 n 6.30E102 n 6.30E102 n
2.60E103 n 2.60E103 n 2.60E103 n
6.30E102 n
2.60E103 n
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
1.50E103 1.80E103 1.80E103 1.80E102 3.70E103 9.30E102
n n n n n n
Pesticide or Intermediate
3
3
1.10E101 n
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 d 3 3 3 3 3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
67-66-3 74-87-3 107-30-2 91-58-7 88-73-3 100-00-5 95-57-8 76-06-2 1897-45-6 95-49-8 106-43-4 54749-90-5 101-21-3 2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 60238-56-4 16065-83-1 18540-29-9 7440-47-3 7440-48-4 8007-45-2 7440-50-8 108-39-4 95-48-7 106-44-5 59-50-7 1319-77-3
Chemical Name
592-01-8 544-92-3 57-12-5 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4 74-90-8 151-50-8 506-61-6 506-64-9 143-33-9 463-56-9 557-21-1 110-82-7 87-84-3 108-94-1 108-91-8 68085-85-8 52315-07-8 66215-27-8 72-54-8 72-55-9 50-29-3 1861-32-1 75-99-0 1163-19-5
8065-48-3 103-23-1
Crotonaldehyde, transCumene Cupferron Cyanazine Cyanides BCalcium Cyanide BCopper Cyanide BCyanide (CN-) BCyanogen BCyanogen Bromide BCyanogen Chloride BHydrogen Cyanide BPotassium Cyanide BPotassium Silver Cyanide BSilver Cyanide BSodium Cyanide BThiocyanate BZinc Cyanide Cyclohexane Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6chloroCyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyhalothrin/karate Cypermethrin Cyromazine DDD DDE, p,p0 DDT Dacthal Dalapon Decabromodiphenyl ether, 2,20 ,3,30 ,4,40 ,5,50 ,6,60 (BDE2209) Demeton Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
3.40E201 2.10E103 2.90E100 5.80E201
c ns c c
1.50E100 1.10E104 1.30E101 2.10E100
c ns c c
3.10E103 3.90E102 1.60E103 3.10E103 7.00E103 3.90E103 1.90E101 3.90E103 1.60E104 7.80E103 3.10E103 1.60E101 3.90E103 7.00E103 2.10E101
n n n ns n n n n n n n n n ns c
4.10E104 5.10E103 2.00E104 4.10E104 9.20E104 5.10E104 8.00E101 5.10E104 2.00E105 1.00E105 4.10E104 2.00E102 5.10E104 2.90E104 7.50E101
n n n ns n ns n n nm nm n n n ns c
3.10E105 1.20E104 3.10E102 6.10E102 4.60E102 2.00E100 1.40E100 1.70E100 6.10E102 1.80E103 4.30E102
nm n n n n c c c* n n n
3.10E106 1.20E105 3.10E103 6.20E103 4.60E103 7.20E100 5.10E100 7.00E100 6.20E103 1.80E104 2.50E103
nm nm n n n c c c* n n c**
2.40E100 n 4.00E102 c*
2.50E101 n 1.40E103 c
4.20E102 n 3.90E202 c
3.10E100 n
6.30E103 n
3.50E202 c 2.50E202 c 2.50E202 c
1.80E103 n 1.90E201 c
1.30E101 n
2.60E104 n
1.80E201 c 1.30E201 c 1.30E201 c
3.50E202 6.80E102 3.10E201 8.00E202
c n c c
1.50E103 1.80E102 7.30E102 1.50E103 3.30E103 1.80E103 6.20E100 1.80E103 7.30E103 3.70E103 1.50E103 7.30E100 1.80E103 1.30E104 2.90E100
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n c
1.80E105 7.30E103 1.80E102 3.70E102 2.70E102 2.80E201 2.00E201 2.00E201 3.70E102 1.10E103 9.60E101
n n n n n c c c* n n c**
1.50E100 n 5.60E101 c
3
3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 e 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
123-73-9 98-82-8 135-20-6 21725-46-2
3
3 3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
287
(Continued)
288
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
156-59-2 156-60-5 120-83-2 94-75-7
Diallate Diazinon Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2Dibromobenzene, 1,4Dibromochloromethane Dibromoethane, 1,2Dibromomethane (Methylene Bromide) Dibutyl Phthalate Dibutyltin Compounds Dicamba Dichloro-2-butene, 1,4Dichloro-2-butene, cis-1,4Dichloro-2-butene, trans-1,4Dichloroacetic Acid Dichlorobenzene, 1,2Dichlorobenzene, 1,4Dichlorobenzidine, 3,30 Dichlorobenzophenone, 4,40 Dichlorodifluoromethane Dichloroethane, 1,1Dichloroethane, 1,2Dichloroethylene, 1,1Dichloroethylene, 1,2(Mixed Isomers) Dichloroethylene, 1,2-cisDichloroethylene, 1,2-transDichlorophenol, 2,4Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid, 2,4-
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
8.00E100 4.30E101 5.40E203 6.10E102 6.80E201 3.40E202 2.50E101 6.10E103 1.80E101 1.80E103 6.50E203 6.90E203 6.90E203 9.70E100 1.90E103 2.40E100 1.10E100 5.50E102 1.80E102 3.30E100 4.30E201 2.40E102 7.00E102
c n c n c c n n n n c c c c* ns c c n n c c n n
2.80E101 4.30E102 6.90E202 6.20E103 3.30E100 1.70E201 1.10E102 6.20E104 1.80E102 1.80E104 3.30E202 3.50E202 3.50E202 3.40E101 9.80E103 1.20E101 3.80E100 5.50E103 7.80E102 1.70E101 2.20E100 1.10E103 9.20E103
c n c n c c n n n n c c c c* ns c c n n c c n ns
7.80E102 1.50E102 1.80E102 6.90E102
n n n n
1.00E104 6.90E102 1.80E103 7.70E103
ns n n n
1.60E204 c
2.00E203 c
9.00E202 c 4.10E203 c 4.20E100 n
4.50E201 c 2.00E202 c 1.80E101 n
5.80E204 c 5.80E204 c 5.80E204 c
2.90E203 c 2.90E203 c 2.90E203 c
2.10E102 n 2.20E201 c 7.20E203 c
8.80E102 n 1.10E100 c 3.60E202 c
2.10E102 1.50E100 9.40E202 2.10E102
8.80E102 7.70E100 4.70E201 8.80E102
n c c n
6.30E101 n
n c c n
2.60E102 n
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
1.10E100 2.60E101 3.20E204 3.70E102 1.50E201 6.50E203 8.20E100 3.70E103 1.10E101 1.10E103 1.20E203 1.20E203 1.20E203 1.30E100 3.70E102 4.30E201 1.50E201 3.30E102 3.90E102 2.40E100 1.50E201 3.40E102 3.30E102
c n c n c c n n n n c c c c n c c n n c c n n
3.70E102 1.10E102 1.10E102 3.70E102
n n n n
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3 g h 3 3 3 3
3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
2303-16-4 333-41-5 96-12-8 106-37-6 124-48-1 106-93-4 74-95-3 84-74-2 NA 1918-00-9 764-41-0 1476-11-5 110-57-6 79-43-6 95-50-1 106-46-7 91-94-1 90-98-2 75-71-8 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 540-59-0
Chemical Name
78-87-5 142-28-9 616-23-9 542-75-6 62-73-7 77-73-6 60-57-1 NA 111-42-2 84-66-2 112-34-5 111-90-0 617-84-5 56-53-1 43222-48-6 35367-38-5 75-37-6 94-58-6 108-20-3 1445-75-6 55290-64-7 60-51-5 119-90-4 756-79-6 60-11-7 21436-96-4 95-68-1 121-69-7 119-93-7 68-12-2 57-14-7 540-73-8 105-67-9 576-26-1
Dichlorophenoxy)butyric Acid, 4-(2,4Dichloropropane, 1,2Dichloropropane, 1,3Dichloropropanol, 2,3Dichloropropene, 1,3Dichlorvos Dicyclopentadiene Dieldrin Diesel Engine Exhaust Diethanolamine Diethyl Phthalate Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Diethylformamide Diethylstilbestrol Difenzoquat Diflubenzuron Difluoroethane, 1,1Dihydrosafrole Diisopropyl Ether Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate Dimethipin Dimethoate Dimethoxybenzidine, 3,3 0 Dimethyl methylphosphonate Dimethylamino azobenzene [p-] Dimethylaniline HCl, 2,4Dimethylaniline, 2,4Dimethylaniline, N,NDimethylbenzidine, 3,30 Dimethylformamide Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1Dimethylhydrazine, 1,2Dimethylphenol, 2,4Dimethylphenol, 2,6-
4.90E102 n
4.90E103 n
8.90E201 1.60E103 1.80E102 1.70E100 1.70E100 2.70E101 3.00E202
c* ns n c* c* n c
4.50E100 2.00E104 1.80E103 8.10E100 5.90E100 1.20E102 1.10E201
c* ns n c* c* n c
4.30E106 4.90E104 1.80E103 3.60E103 6.10E101 1.40E203 4.90E103 1.20E103 5.20E104 1.50E101 1.40E103 6.30E103 1.20E103 1.20E101 3.50E101 2.90E102 1.10E201 8.40E201 6.50E201 1.60E102 4.40E202 6.10E103 6.10E100 8.80E204 1.20E103 3.70E101
nm n n n n c n n ns c n ns n n c c* c c c n c n n c n n
1.80E107 4.90E105 1.80E104 3.60E104 6.20E102 4.90E203 4.90E104 1.20E104 2.20E105 6.50E101 5.80E103 8.20E104 1.20E104 1.20E102 1.20E102 1.00E103 3.70E201 3.00E100 2.30E100 2.00E103 1.60E201 6.20E104 6.10E101 3.10E203 1.20E104 3.70E102
nm nm n n n c n n nms c ns ns n n c c* c c c ns c n n c n n
3
2.90E102 n 2.40E201 c*
1.20E100 c*
6.10E201 2.90E202 7.30E100 5.30E204 8.10E203 3.10E100
3.10E100 1.50E201 3.10E101 2.70E203 4.10E202 1.30E101
c* c* n c c n
c* c* n c c n
1.00E201 n 3.10E201 n
4.40E201 n 1.30E100 n
2.40E205 c
1.20E204 c
4.20E104 n 1.90E201 c 4.20E102 n
1.80E105 n 9.40E201 c 1.80E103 n
1.90E203 c
9.40E203 c
3.10E101 n 2.10E203 n 1.50E205 c
1.30E102 n 8.80E203 n 7.70E205 c
3.90E201 7.30E102 1.10E102 4.30E201 2.30E201 1.40E101 4.20E203
c* n n c* c* n c
2.90E104 1.10E103 2.20E103 3.70E101 1.90E204 2.90E103 7.30E102 8.30E104 1.50E100 8.30E102 2.90E103 7.30E102 7.30E100 4.80E100 4.00E101 1.50E202 1.20E201 9.00E202 7.30E101 6.10E203 3.70E103 3.70E100 1.20E204 7.30E102 2.20E101
n n n n c n n n c n n n n c c* c c c n c n n c n n
3 3
3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
94-82-6
3 3 3
289
(Continued)
290
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
NA 1746-01-6 957-51-7 127-63-9 122-39-4 122-66-7 85-00-7 1937-37-7 2602-46-2 16071-86-6
Dimethylphenol, 3,4Dimethylterephthalate Dimethylvinylchloride Dinitro-o-cresol, 4,6Dinitro-o-cyclohexyl Phenol, 4,6Dinitrobenzene, 1,2Dinitrobenzene, 1,3Dinitrobenzene, 1,4Dinitrophenol, 2,4Dinitrotoluene Mixture, 2,4/2,6Dinitrotoluene, 2,4Dinitrotoluene, 2,6Dinitrotoluene, 2-Amino-4,6Dinitrotoluene, 4-Amino-2,6Dinoseb Dioxane, 1,4Dioxins BHexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Mixture BTCDD, 2,3,7,8Diphenamid Diphenyl Sulfone Diphenylamine Diphenylhydrazine, 1,2Diquat Direct Black 38 Direct Blue 6 Direct Brown 95
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
6.10E101 7.80E103 1.40E101 4.90E100 1.20E102 6.10E100 6.10E100 6.10E100 1.20E102 7.10E201 1.60E100 6.10E101 1.50E102 1.50E102 6.10E101 4.40E101
6.20E102 1.00E105 6.40E101 4.90E101 1.20E103 6.20E101 6.20E101 6.20E101 1.20E103 2.50E100 5.50E100 6.20E102 2.00E103 1.90E103 6.20E102 1.60E102
n ns c n n n n n n c c* n n n n c
n nms c 1.90E201 c n n n n n n c c 2.70E202 c n n n n c 3.20E201 c
1.60E100 c
3.70E101 3.70E103 1.50E100 2.90E100 7.30E101 3.70E100 3.70E100 3.70E100 7.30E101 9.90E202 2.20E201 3.70E101 7.30E101 7.30E101 3.70E101 6.10E100
9.40E201 c
1.40E201 c
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
n n c n n n n n n c c n n n n c
9.40E205 c
3.90E204 c
1.90E206 c
9.40E206 c
1.10E205 c
4.50E206 1.80E103 4.90E101 1.50E103 6.10E201 1.30E102 6.60E202 6.60E202 7.20E202
1.80E205 1.80E104 4.90E102 1.50E104 2.20E100 1.40E103 2.30E201 2.30E201 2.60E201
6.40E208 c
3.20E207 c
5.20E207 1.10E103 2.90E101 9.10E102 8.40E202 8.00E101 9.10E203 9.10E203 1.00E202
c* n n n c n c c c
c* n n n c n c c c
1.10E202 c
5.60E202 c
1.20E203 c 1.20E203 c 1.30E203 c
5.80E203 c 5.80E203 c 6.50E203 c
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
c* n n n c n c c c
Pesticide or Intermediate
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
95-65-8 120-61-6 513-37-1 534-52-1 131-89-5 528-29-0 99-65-0 100-25-4 51-28-5 25321-14-6 121-14-2 606-20-2 35572-78-2 19406-51-0 88-85-7 123-91-1
Chemical Name
Disulfoton Dithiane, 1,4Diuron Dodine EPTC Endosulfan Endothall Endrin Epichlorohydrin Epoxybutane, 1,2Ethephon Ethion Ethoxyethanol Acetate, 2Ethoxyethanol, 2Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Acrylate Ethyl Chloride Ethyl Ether Ethyl Methacrylate Ethyl-p-nitrophenyl Phosphonate Ethylbenzene Ethylene Cyanohydrin Ethylene Diamine Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Ethylene Oxide Ethylene Thiourea Ethyleneimine Ethylphthalyl Ethyl Glycolate Express Fenamiphos Fenpropathrin Fluometuron Fluoride Fluorine (Soluble Fluoride) Fluridone
2.40E100 6.10E102 1.20E102 2.40E102 2.00E103 3.70E102 1.20E103 1.80E101 2.00E101 1.70E102 3.10E102 3.10E101 1.80E104 2.40E104 7.00E104 1.30E101 1.50E104 1.60E104 7.00E103 6.10E201 5.40E100 1.80E103 5.50E103 1.20E105 6.10E103 1.70E201 4.90E100 9.80E203 1.80E105 4.90E102 1.50E101 1.50E103 7.90E102 3.10E103 4.70E103 4.90E103
n n n n ns n n n n n n n n n ns c ns ns ns n c n n nm n c n c nm n n n n n n n
2.50E101 6.20E103 1.20E103 2.50E103 2.60E104 3.70E103 1.20E104 1.80E102 8.80E101 7.20E102 3.10E103 3.10E102 1.80E105 2.50E105 9.20E105 6.00E101 6.10E104 2.00E105 9.20E104 6.20E100 2.70E101 1.80E104 5.50E104 1.20E106 6.20E104 8.30E201 3.80E101 4.40E202 1.80E106 4.90E103 1.50E102 1.50E104 8.00E103 4.10E104 6.10E104 4.90E104
n n n n ns n n n n n n n nm nm nms c ns nms ns n c n n nm n c c** c nm n n n n n n n
1.00E100 n 2.10E101 n
4.40E100 n 8.80E101 n
3.10E102 n 2.10E102 n
1.30E103 n 8.80E102 n
1.00E104 n
4.40E104 n
9.70E201 c
4.90E100 c
4.20E102 1.70E103 2.80E202 1.90E201 1.30E204
1.80E103 7.00E103 1.40E201 9.40E201 6.50E204
n n c c c
1.40E101 n 1.40E101 n
n n c c c
5.70E101 n 5.70E101 n
1.50E100 3.70E102 7.30E101 1.50E102 9.10E102 2.20E102 7.30E102 1.10E101 2.10E100 4.20E101 1.80E102 1.80E101 1.10E104 1.50E104 3.30E104 1.40E100 2.10E104 7.30E103 3.30E103 3.70E201 1.50E100 1.10E103 3.30E103 7.30E104 3.70E103 4.40E202 1.50E100 1.00E203 1.10E105 2.90E102 9.10E100 9.10E102 4.70E102 1.50E103 2.20E103 2.90E103
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n c n n n n c n n n n c c** c n n n n n n n n
3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3* 3 3*
3
3
3 3
3 3 3
3
3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
298-04-4 505-29-3 330-54-1 2439-10-3 759-94-4 115-29-7 145-73-3 72-20-8 106-89-8 106-88-7 16672-87-0 563-12-2 111-15-9 110-80-5 141-78-6 140-88-5 75-00-3 60-29-7 97-63-2 2104-64-5 100-41-4 109-78-4 107-15-3 107-21-1 111-76-2 75-21-8 96-45-7 151-56-4 84-72-0 101200-48-0 22224-92-6 39515-41-8 2164-17-2 16984-48-8 7782-41-4 59756-60-4
3* 3* 3* 3 f
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
291
(Continued)
292
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
132-64-9 110-00-9 67-45-8 98-01-1 531-82-8 60568-05-0 77182-82-2 111-30-8 765-34-4 1071-83-6 42874-03-3 86-50-0 69806-40-2 79277-27-3 76-44-8 1024-57-3 87-82-1
Flurprimidol Flutolanil Fluvalinate Folpet Fomesafen Fonofos Formaldehyde Formic Acid Fosetyl-AL Furans BDibenzofuran BFuran Furazolidone Furfural Furium Furmecyclox Glufosinate, Ammonium Glutaraldehyde Glycidyl Glyphosate Goal Guthion Haloxyfop, Methyl Harmony Heptachlor Heptachlor Epoxide Hexabromobenzene
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
1.20E103 3.70E103 6.10E102 1.40E102 2.60E100 1.20E102 1.20E104 1.20E105 1.80E105
n n n c* c n n nm nm
1.20E104 3.70E104 6.20E103 4.90E102 9.10E100 1.20E103 1.20E105 1.20E106 1.80E106
n n n c c n nm nm nm
7.80E101 7.80E101 1.30E201 1.80E102 3.20E201 1.60E101 2.40E101 1.10E105 2.40E101 6.10E103 1.80E102 1.80E102 3.10E100 7.90E102 1.10E201 5.30E202 1.20E102
n n c n c c n nm n n n n n n c c* n
1.00E103 1.00E103 4.50E201 1.80E103 1.10E100 5.70E101 2.50E102 4.80E105 2.50E102 6.20E104 1.80E103 1.80E103 3.10E101 8.00E103 3.80E201 1.90E201 1.20E103
ns n c n c c n nm n n n n n n c c* n
1.90E201 c* 3.10E100 n
5.20E101 n 5.70E203 c 2.80E201 c 8.30E202 n 1.00E100 n
9.40E201 c* 1.30E101 n
2.20E102 n 2.90E202 c 1.40E100 c 3.50E201 n 4.40E100 n
1.00E101 n
4.40E101 n
1.90E203 c 9.40E204 c
9.40E203 c 4.70E203 c
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
7.30E102 2.20E103 3.70E102 1.90E101 3.50E201 7.30E101 7.30E103 7.30E104 1.10E105
n n n c c n n n n
3.70E101 3.70E101 1.80E202 1.10E102 4.50E202 2.20E100 1.50E101
n n c n c c n
1.50E101 3.70E103 1.10E102 1.10E102 1.80E100 4.70E102 1.50E202 7.40E203 7.30E101
n n n n n n c c* n
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3
3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3* 3 3 3 i
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
56425-91-3 66332-96-5 69409-94-5 133-07-3 72178-02-0 944-22-9 50-00-0 64-18-6 39148-24-8
Chemical Name
118-74-1 87-68-3 319-84-6 319-85-7 58-89-9 608-73-1 77-47-4 67-72-1 70-30-4 121-82-4 822-06-0 110-54-3 124-04-9 591-78-6 51235-04-2 302-01-2 10034-93-2 7647-01-0 7664-39-3 7783-06-4 123-31-9 35554-44-0 81335-37-7 7553-56-2 36734-19-7 7439-89-6 78-83-1 78-59-1 33820-53-0 67-63-0 1832-54-8 82558-50-7
Hexabromodiphenyl ether, 2,20 ,4,40 ,5,50 - (BDE2153) Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorocyclohexane, AlphaHexachlorocyclohexane, BetaHexachlorocyclohexane, Gamma(Lindane) Hexachlorocyclohexane, Technical Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane Hexachlorophene Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) Hexamethylene Diisocyanate, 1,6Hexane, NHexanedioic Acid Hexanone, 2Hexazinone Hydrazine Hydrazine Sulfate Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen Sulfide Hydroquinone Imazalil Imazaquin Iodine Iprodione Iron Isobutyl Alcohol Isophorone Isopropalin Isopropanol Isopropyl Methyl Phosphonic Acid Isoxaben
1.60E101 n
2.00E102 n
7.30E100 n
3.00E201 6.20E100 7.70E202 2.70E201 5.20E201
c c** c c c*
1.10E100 2.20E101 2.70E201 9.60E201 2.10E100
c c* c c c
5.30E203 1.10E201 1.40E203 4.60E203 7.80E203
2.70E201 3.70E102 3.50E101 1.80E101 5.50E100
c n c** n c*
9.60E201 3.70E103 1.20E102 1.80E102 2.40E101
c n c** n c
3.40E100 5.70E102 1.20E105 2.10E102 2.00E103 2.10E201 2.10E201 2.80E107 3.10E103 2.80E106 8.10E100 7.90E102 1.50E104 7.80E102 2.40E103 5.50E104 2.30E104 5.10E102 9.20E102 9.90E109 6.10E103 3.10E103
n ns nm n n c c nm n nm c n n n n n ns c* n nm n n
1.40E101 2.60E103 1.20E106 1.40E103 2.00E104 9.50E201 9.50E201 1.20E108 4.10E104 1.20E107 2.90E101 8.00E103 1.50E105 1.00E104 2.50E104 7.20E105 3.10E105 1.80E103 9.20E103 4.20E110 6.20E104 3.10E104
n ns nm n n c c nm n nm c n nm n n nm nms c* n nm n n
c c c c c
c c c c c
4.20E202 8.60E201 1.10E202 3.70E202 6.10E202
c c* c c c
4.80E203 c 2.10E201 n 6.10E201 c
2.40E202 c 8.80E201 n 3.10E100 c
3.70E202 2.20E102 4.80E100 1.10E101 6.10E201
c n c** n c
1.00E202 n 7.30E102 n
4.40E202 n 3.10E103 n
3.10E101 n
1.30E102 n
5.00E204 5.00E204 2.10E101 1.50E101 2.10E100
2.50E203 2.50E203 8.80E101 6.10E101 8.80E100
2.10E202 8.80E102 7.30E104 4.70E101 1.20E103 2.20E202 2.20E202
n n n n n c c
c* c n n n
2.10E103 n 7.30E103 n
2.70E202 5.60E201 6.80E203 2.30E202 4.00E202
c* c n n n
8.80E103 n
3
3 3 3 3
3 3
3
c n n n n n n c n
3 3 3 3 3
1.50E103 n 1.10E100 4.70E102 9.10E103 3.70E102 1.50E103 2.60E104 1.10E104 7.10E101 5.50E102
3 3 3 3 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
68631-49-2
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
3
3 3 3 3
3 3
3.10E104 n 3.70E103 n 1.80E103 n
3
293
(Continued)
294
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
NA 23950-58-5 77501-63-4
7487-94-7 1344-48-5
JP-7 Kerb Lactofen Lead Compounds BLead acetate BLead and Compounds BLead subacetate BTetraethyl Lead Linuron Lithium Lithium Perchlorate Londax MCPA MCPB MCPP Malathion Maleic Anhydride Maleic Hydrazide Malononitrile Mancozeb Maneb Manganese (Diet) Manganese (Water) Mephosfolan Mepiquat Chloride Mercury Compounds BMercuric Chloride BMercuric Sulfide
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
4.30E108 nm 4.60E103 n 1.20E102 n
1.80E109 nm 4.60E104 n 1.20E103 n
3.10E102 n
1.30E103 n
6.30E102 n 2.70E103 n 7.30E101 n
2.30E100 4.00E102 1.70E101 6.10E203 1.20E102 1.60E102 5.50E101 1.20E104 3.10E101 6.10E102 6.10E101 1.20E103 6.10E103 3.10E104 6.10E100 1.80E103 3.10E102
1.00E101 8.00E102 7.50E101 6.20E202 1.20E103 2.00E103 7.20E102 1.20E105 3.10E102 6.20E103 6.20E102 1.20E104 6.10E104 3.10E105 6.20E101 1.80E104 3.10E103
3.00E202 c
1.50E201 c
2.40E201 c
2.20E201 c
1.10E100 c
1.80E100 3.70E203 7.30E101 7.30E101 2.60E101 7.30E103 1.80E101 3.70E102 3.70E101 7.30E102 3.70E103 1.80E104 3.70E100 1.10E103 1.80E102
c n c n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
c n c n n n n nm n n n n n nm n n n
7.30E201 n
1.80E103 n 5.50E100 n 1.80E103 n
2.30E104 n 5.50E101 n 1.80E104 n
5.20E202 n
2.30E101 n 2.30E101 n
3.10E102 n 3.10E102 n
3.10E202 n
3.10E100 n
2.20E201 n
1.30E201 n
c n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
8.80E102 n 3.30E100 n 1.10E103 n 1.10E101 n 1.10E101 n
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3* 3 3 3 3
3
3 3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
301-04-2 7439-92-1 1335-32-6 78-00-2 330-55-2 7439-93-2 7791-03-9 83055-99-6 94-74-6 94-81-5 93-65-2 121-75-5 108-31-6 123-33-1 109-77-3 8018-01-7 12427-38-2 7439-96-5 7439-96-5 950-10-7 24307-26-4
Chemical Name
624-83-9 80-62-6 298-00-0 993-13-5 25013-15-4 66-27-3 1634-04-4 99-55-8 70-25-7 636-21-5 124-58-3 56-49-5 75-09-2 101-14-4 101-61-1
5.60E100 2.30E101 7.80E100 4.90E100 1.80E100 1.80E100 3.70E103 3.20E100 3.10E100 3.10E104 6.10E101 1.50E103 9.90E100 3.10E102 1.20E102 1.80E102 7.80E104 2.30E103 2.80E104 5.30E103
ns n n n n n n n n n n n c n n n ns n n ns
3.40E101 3.10E102 1.00E102 4.90E101 1.80E101 1.80E101 3.70E104 1.80E101 3.10E101 3.10E105 6.20E102 1.50E104 3.50E101 3.10E103 1.20E103 1.80E103 1.00E106 3.10E104 2.00E105 5.30E104
ns n n n n n n n n nm n n c n n n nms ns nms ns
1.40E106 4.80E103 1.50E101 3.70E103 2.50E102 4.90E100 4.30E101 1.50E101 7.70E202 3.70E100 6.10E102 2.20E202 1.10E101 1.20E100 1.10E101
nm ns n n n c c c c c n c c c c
6.00E106 2.10E104 1.50E102 3.70E104 1.60E103 1.70E101 2.20E102 5.20E101 3.40E201 1.30E101 6.20E103 7.80E202 5.30E101 1.70E101 3.70E101
nm ns n n ns c c c c c n c c c* c
3.00E201 c
1.10E100 c
3.10E201 n
1.30E100 n
7.30E201 n
3.10E100 n
4.20E103 n
1.80E104 n
1.70E201 c
8.80E201 c
9.40E101 n 2.10E101 n
3.90E102 n 8.80E101 n
5.20E103 n 3.10E103 n
2.20E104 n 1.30E104 n
1.00E100 n 7.30E102 n
4.40E100 n 3.10E103 n
4.20E101 n 8.70E202 c 9.40E100 c
1.80E102 n 4.40E201 c 4.70E101 c
1.00E203 c 6.60E202 c
5.10E203 c 3.30E201 c
3.90E204 5.20E100 2.20E203 1.90E201
1.90E203 2.60E101 2.90E202 9.40E201
c c c c
5.30E203 c
c c c c
2.70E202 c
5.70E201 1.10E101 3.70E100 2.90E100 1.10E100 1.10E100 2.20E103 1.00E100 1.80E100 1.80E104 3.70E101 9.10E102 1.40E100 1.80E102 7.30E101 1.10E102 3.70E104 1.10E103 7.10E103 2.00E103
n n n n n n n n n n n n c n n n n n n n
1.40E103 9.10E100 2.20E103 6.00E101 6.80E201 1.20E101 2.00E100 8.10E203 5.20E201 3.70E102 3.10E203 4.80E100 2.20E201 1.50E100
n n n n c c c c c n c c c c
3
3
3 3 i 3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3
3
3 3
3*
3
3
3 3* 3 3*
3 f
295
101-77-9
BMercury (elemental) BMercury, Inorganic Salts BMethyl Mercury BPhenylmercuric Acetate Merphos Merphos Oxide Metalaxyl Methacrylonitrile Methamidophos Methanol Methidathion Methomyl Methoxy-5-nitroaniline, 2Methoxychlor Methoxyethanol Acetate, 2Methoxyethanol, 2Methyl Acetate Methyl Acrylate Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone) Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (4-methyl-2pentanone) Methyl Isocyanate Methyl Methacrylate Methyl Parathion Methyl Phosphonic Acid Methyl Styrene (Mixed Isomers) Methyl methanesulfonate Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Methyl-5-Nitroaniline, 2Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, NMethylaniline Hydrochloride, 2Methylarsonic acid Methylcholanthrene, 3Methylene Chloride Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline), 4,4 0 Methylene-bis(N,N-dimethyl) Aniline, 4,40 Methylenebisbenzenamine, 4,40 -
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
7439-97-6 NA 22967-92-6 62-38-4 150-50-5 78-48-8 57837-19-1 126-98-7 10265-92-6 67-56-1 950-37-8 16752-77-5 99-59-2 72-43-5 110-49-6 109-86-4 79-20-9 96-33-3 78-93-3 108-10-1
4.20E202 c
(Continued)
296
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate Methylstyrene, AlphaMetolachlor Metribuzin Mineral oils Mirex Molinate Molybdenum Monochloramine Monomethylaniline N,N0 -Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine Naled Naphtha, High Flash Aromatic (HFAN) Naphthylamine, 2Napropamide Nickel Carbonyl Nickel Oxide Nickel Refinery Dust Nickel Soluble Salts Nickel Subsulfide Nitrate Nitrite Nitroaniline, 2Nitroaniline, 4Nitrobenzene Nitrocellulose Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurazone
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
8.50E105 5.50E103 9.20E103 1.50E103 2.30E105 2.70E202 1.20E102 3.90E102 7.80E103 1.20E102 1.80E101 1.20E102 2.30E103 2.70E201 6.10E103 3.70E103 3.80E103 3.70E103 1.50E103 3.80E201 1.30E105 7.80E103 6.10E102 2.40E101 4.80E100 2.30E108 4.30E103 3.70E201
3.60E106 7.20E104 9.20E104 1.50E104 3.10E106 9.60E202 1.20E103 5.10E103 1.00E105 1.20E103 1.80E102 1.20E103 3.10E104 9.60E201 6.20E104 4.40E104 4.70E104 4.40E104 2.00E104 1.70E100 1.60E106 1.00E105 6.00E103 8.60E101 2.40E101 3.10E109 4.30E104 1.30E100
6.30E201 n
2.60E100 n
nm ns n n nm c n n n n n n n c n n n n n c nm n n c* c* nm n c
nm ns n n nm c n n nm n n n n c n n n n n c nm nm n c* c* nm n c
2.60E103 5.50E103 9.10E102 1.10E105 4.80E204 c 2.40E203 c 3.70E203 7.30E101 1.80E102 3.70E103 7.30E101 1.10E101 7.30E101 1.00E102 n 4.40E102 n 1.80E102 3.70E202 3.70E103 5.20E202 n 2.20E201 n 1.80E103 1.00E201 n 4.40E201 n 1.80E103 1.00E202 c** 5.10E202 c** 1.80E103 9.40E203 c* 4.70E202 c** 7.30E102 5.10E203 c* 2.60E202 c** 4.00E202 5.80E104 3.70E103 5.20E202 n 2.20E201 n 3.70E102 6.30E100 n 2.60E101 n 3.40E100 6.10E202 c 3.10E201 c 1.20E201 1.10E108 2.60E103 6.60E203 c 3.30E202 c 5.20E202
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
Pesticide or Intermediate
f n n n n c n n n n n n n c n n n n n c n n n c* c n n c
3 3
3 3
3
3
3 3 3* 3 3
3
3
3
3
3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
101-68-8 98-83-9 51218-45-2 21087-64-9 8012-95-1 2385-85-5 2212-67-1 7439-98-7 10599-90-3 100-61-8 74-31-7 300-76-5 64724-95-6 91-59-8 15299-99-7 13463-39-3 1313-99-1 NA 7440-02-0 12035-72-2 14797-55-8 14797-65-0 88-74-4 100-01-6 98-95-3 9004-70-0 67-20-9 59-87-0
Chemical Name
152-16-9 19044-88-3 19666-30-9 23135-22-0 76738-62-0 1910-42-5 56-38-2 1114-71-2 40487-42-1 32534-81-9 60348-60-9
6.10E100 6.10E103 4.90E100 1.30E202 1.80E202 4.00E203 8.70E202 6.90E202 1.70E201 7.70E204 2.30E203 9.90E101 2.20E202 7.20E202 5.20E202 2.30E201 6.10E100 2.90E100 3.00E101 2.10E101 2.40E103 4.30E101 1.80E102 3.80E103
n n c* c c c c c c c c c c c c c n c* c** ns n n n n
6.20E101 6.20E104 2.50E101 6.40E202 6.40E202 1.40E202 4.00E201 2.50E201 6.20E201 1.10E202 3.40E202 3.50E102 7.80E202 2.60E201 1.80E201 8.20E201 6.20E101 1.30E101 1.10E102 2.30E102 2.50E104 4.30E102 1.80E103 4.90E104
n n c* c c c c c c c c c c c c c n c* c* ns n n n n
1.20E102 3.10E103 3.10E102 1.50E103 7.90E102 2.70E102 3.70E102 3.10E103 2.40E103 1.20E102 7.80E100
n n n n n n n n n n n
1.20E103 3.10E104 3.10E103 1.50E104 8.00E103 2.80E103 3.70E103 3.10E104 2.50E104 1.20E103 1.00E102
n n n n n n n n n n n
2.70E201 9.00E204 3.20E204 7.20E205 1.50E203 1.20E203 3.00E203 2.20E205 6.90E205 9.40E201 3.90E204 1.30E203 9.00E204 4.00E203
c* c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2.10E102 n
1.40E100 4.50E203 1.60E203 3.60E204 7.70E203 6.10E203 1.50E202 2.90E204 8.80E204 4.70E100 1.90E203 6.50E203 4.50E203 2.00E202
c* c c c c c c c c c c c c c
8.80E102 n
3.70E100 3.70E103 5.40E201 1.80E203 2.50E203 5.60E204 2.40E203 9.60E203 2.40E202 1.40E204 4.20E204 1.40E101 3.10E203 1.00E202 7.20E203 3.20E202 3.70E100 3.10E201 4.20E100 1.10E101 1.50E103 2.60E101 1.10E102 1.80E103
n n c* c c c c c c c c c c c c c n c c* n n n n n
7.30E101 1.80E103 1.80E102 9.10E102 4.70E102 1.60E102 2.20E102 1.80E103 1.50E103 7.30E101 3.70E100
n n n n n n n n n n n
3 3
3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
297
Nitroglycerin Nitroguanidine Nitromethane Nitropropane, 2Nitroso-N-ethylurea, NNitroso-N-methylurea, NNitroso-di-N-butylamine, NNitroso-di-N-propylamine, NNitrosodiethanolamine, NNitrosodiethylamine, NNitrosodimethylamine, NNitrosodiphenylamine, NNitrosomethylethylamine, NNitrosomorpholine [N-] Nitrosopiperidine [N-] Nitrosopyrrolidine, NNitrotoluene, mNitrotoluene, oNitrotoluene, pNonane, nNorflurazon Nustar Octabromodiphenyl Ether Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7tetra (HMX) Octamethylpyrophosphoramide Oryzalin Oxadiazon Oxamyl Paclobutrazol Paraquat Dichloride Parathion Pebulate Pendimethalin Pentabromodiphenyl Ether Pentabromodiphenyl ether, 2,2 0 ,4,40 ,5(BDE299)
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
55-63-0 556-88-7 75-52-5 79-46-9 759-73-9 684-93-5 924-16-3 621-64-7 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 86-30-6 10595-95-6 59-89-2 100-75-4 930-55-2 99-08-1 88-72-2 99-99-0 111-84-2 27314-13-2 85509-19-9 32536-52-0 2691-41-0
(Continued)
298
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
29232-93-7 59536-65-1
Pentachlorobenzene Pentachloroethane Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentane, nPerchlorate and Perchlorate Salts Permethrin Phenacetin Phenmedipham Phenol Phenylenediamine, mPhenylenediamine, oPhenylenediamine, pPhenylphenol, 2Phorate Phosgene Phosmet Phosphine Phosphoric Acid Phosphorus, White Phthalic Acid, PPhthalic Anhydride Picloram Picramic Acid (2-Amino-4,6dinitrophenol) Pirimiphos, Methyl Polybrominated Biphenyls Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
4.90E101 5.40E100 1.90E100 3.00E100 8.70E102 5.50E101 3.10E103 2.20E102 1.50E104 1.80E104 3.70E102 1.00E101 1.20E104 2.50E102 1.20E101 3.30E201 1.20E103 2.30E101 1.40E107 1.60E100 6.10E104 1.20E105 4.30E103 6.10E100
4.90E102 1.90E101 6.60E100 9.00E100 3.70E103 7.20E102 3.10E104 7.80E102 1.50E105 1.80E105 3.70E103 3.70E101 1.20E105 8.90E102 1.20E102 1.40E100 1.20E104 3.10E102 6.00E107 2.00E101 6.20E105 1.20E106 4.30E104 6.20E101
n c c* c ns n n c n n n c n c n n n n nm n n nm n n
6.10E102 n 1.60E202 c*
n c c c ns n n c nm nm n c nm c n n n n nm n nm nm n n
6.20E103 n 5.70E202 c*
4.80E201 c 1.00E103 n
2.40E100 c 4.40E103 n
3.90E100 c
1.90E101 c
2.10E102 n
8.80E102 n
3.10E201 n
1.30E100 n
3.10E201 n 1.00E101 n
1.30E100 n 4.40E101 n
2.10E101 n
2.80E204 c
8.80E101 n
1.40E203 c
2.90E101 7.50E201 2.60E201 5.60E201 2.10E103 2.60E101 1.80E103 3.10E101 9.10E103 1.10E104 2.20E102 1.40E100 6.90E103 3.50E101 7.30E100
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
n c c c n n n c n n n c n c n
7.30E102 n 1.10E101 n 7.30E201 3.70E104 7.30E104 2.60E103 3.70E100
n n n n n
3.70E102 n 2.20E203 c
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3
3 3
3 3
3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3
3
3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
608-93-5 76-01-7 82-68-8 87-86-5 109-66-0 14797-73-0 52645-53-1 62-44-2 13684-63-4 108-95-2 108-45-2 95-54-5 106-50-3 90-43-7 298-02-2 75-44-5 732-11-6 7803-51-2 7664-38-2 7723-14-0 100-21-0 85-44-9 1918-02-1 96-91-3
Chemical Name
52663-72-6 69782-90-7 38380-08-4 32774-16-6 65510-44-3 31508-00-6 32598-14-4 74472-37-0 57465-28-8 1336-36-3 1336-36-3 1336-36-3 32598-13-3 70362-50-4
BAroclor 1016 BAroclor 1221 BAroclor 1232 BAroclor 1242 BAroclor 1248 BAroclor 1254 BAroclor 1260 BHeptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,30 ,4,40 ,5,50 (PCB 189) BHexachlorobiphenyl, 2,30 ,4,40 ,5,50 (PCB 167) BHexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,30 ,4,40 ,50 (PCB 157) BHexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,30 ,4,40 ,5(PCB 156) BHexachlorobiphenyl, 3,30 ,4,40 ,5,50 (PCB 169) BPentachlorobiphenyl, 20 ,3,4,40 ,5(PCB 123) BPentachlorobiphenyl, 2,30 ,4,40 ,5(PCB 118) BPentachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,30 ,4,40 (PCB 105) BPentachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,40 ,5(PCB 114) BPentachlorobiphenyl, 3,30 ,4,40 ,5(PCB 126) BPolychlorinated Biphenyls (high risk) BPolychlorinated Biphenyls (low risk) BPolychlorinated Biphenyls (lowest risk) BTetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,30 ,4,40 - (PCB 77) BTetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,4,40 ,5- (PCB 81)
3.90E100 1.40E201 1.40E201 2.20E201 2.20E201 2.20E201 2.20E201 3.40E202
n c c c c c** c c
2.10E101 5.40E201 5.40E201 7.40E201 7.40E201 7.40E201 7.40E201 1.10E201
c** c c c c c* c c
1.20E201 4.30E203 4.30E203 4.30E203 4.30E203 4.30E203 4.30E203 6.40E204
c c c c c c c c
6.10E201 2.10E202 2.10E202 2.10E202 2.10E202 2.10E202 2.10E202 3.20E203
c c c c c c c c
9.60E201 6.80E203 6.80E203 3.40E202 3.40E202 3.40E202 3.40E202 5.20E203
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
12674-11-2 11104-28-2 11141-16-5 53469-21-9 12672-29-6 11097-69-1 11096-82-5 39635-31-9
c** c c c c c* c c
3.40E201 c
1.10E100 c
6.40E203 c
3.20E202 c
5.20E202 c
6.80E203 c
2.30E202 c
1.30E204 c
6.50E204 c
1.00E203 c
6.80E203 c
2.30E202 c
1.30E204 c
6.50E204 c
1.00E203 c
3.40E204 c
1.10E203 c
6.40E206 c
3.20E205 c
5.20E205 c
3.40E202 c
1.10E201 c
6.40E204 c
3.20E203 c
5.20E203 c
3.40E202 c
1.10E201 c
6.40E204 c
3.20E203 c
5.20E203 c
3.40E202 c
1.10E201 c
6.40E204 c
3.20E203 c
5.20E203 c
6.80E204 c
2.30E203 c
1.30E204 c
6.50E204 c
1.00E204 c
3.40E205 c
1.10E204 c
6.40E207 c
3.20E206 c
5.20E206 c
2.20E201 c
7.40E201 c
4.30E203 c 2.40E202 c 1.20E201 c
2.20E202 c 1.20E201 c 6.10E201 c
1.70E201 c
3.40E202 c
1.10E201 c
6.40E204 c
3.20E203 c
5.20E203 c
3.40E202 c
1.10E201 c
6.40E204 c
3.20E203 c
5.20E203 c
3* 3* 3*
299
(Continued)
300
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
9016-87-9
Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (PMDI) Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) BAcenaphthene BAnthracene BBenz[a]anthracene BBenzo(j)fluoranthene BBenzo[a]pyrene BBenzo[b]fluoranthene BBenzo[k]fluoranthene BChrysene BDibenz[a,h]anthracene BDibenzo(a,e)pyrene BDimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 7,12BFluoranthene BFluorene BIndeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene BMethylnaphthalene, 1BMethylnaphthalene, 2BNaphthalene BNitropyrene, 4BPyrene Potassium Perchlorate Prochloraz Profluralin Prometon Prometryn
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
8.50E105 nm
3.60E106 nm
6.30E201 n
2.60E100 n
3.40E103 1.70E104 1.50E201 5.30E201 1.50E202 1.50E201 1.50E100 1.50E101 1.50E202 5.30E202 1.80E203 2.30E103 2.30E103 1.50E201 2.20E101 3.10E102 3.60E100 5.30E201 1.70E103 5.50E101 3.20E100 3.70E102 9.20E102 2.40E102
3.30E104 1.70E105 2.10E100 2.40E100 2.10E201 2.10E100 2.10E101 2.10E102 2.10E201 2.40E201 6.20E203 2.20E104 2.20E104 2.10E100 9.90E101 4.10E103 1.80E101 2.40E100 1.70E104 7.20E102 1.10E101 3.70E103 9.20E103 2.50E103
n n c c c c c c c c c n n c c n c* c n n c n n n
n nm c c c c c c c c c n n c c ns c* c n n c n n n
8.70E203 2.20E202 8.70E204 8.70E203 8.70E203 8.70E202 8.00E204 2.20E203 3.40E205
c c c c c c c c c
8.70E203 c
7.20E202 c* 2.20E202 c
1.10E201 1.10E201 1.10E202 1.10E201 1.10E201 1.10E100 1.00E202 1.10E202 1.70E204
c c c c c c c c c
1.10E201 c
3.60E201 c* 1.10E201 c
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3*
2.20E103 1.10E104 2.90E202 5.60E202 2.90E203 2.90E202 2.90E201 2.90E100 2.90E203 5.60E203 2.70E204 1.50E103 1.50E103 2.90E202 2.30E100 1.50E102 1.40E201 5.60E202 1.10E103 2.60E101 4.50E201 2.20E102 5.50E102 1.50E102
n n c c c c c c c c c n n c c n c* c n n c n n n
3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
83-32-9 120-12-7 56-55-3 205-82-3 50-32-8 205-99-2 207-08-9 218-01-9 53-70-3 192-65-4 57-97-6 206-44-0 86-73-7 193-39-5 90-12-0 91-57-6 91-20-3 57835-92-4 129-00-0 7778-74-7 67747-09-5 26399-36-0 1610-18-0 7287-19-6
Chemical Name
Propachlor Propanil Propargite Propargyl Alcohol Propazine Propham Propiconazole Propionaldehyde Propyl benzene Propylene Propylene Glycol Propylene Glycol Dinitrate Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Propylene Oxide Pursuit Pydrin Pyridine Quinalphos Quinoline Refractory Ceramic Fibers Resmethrin Ronnel Rotenone Safrole Savey Selenious Acid Selenium Selenium Sulfide Sethoxydim Silica (crystalline, respirable) Silver Simazine Sodium Acifluorfen Sodium Azide Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate
7.90E102 3.10E102 1.20E103 1.20E102 1.20E103 1.20E103 7.90E102 8.00E101 3.40E103 4.30E109 1.20E106 5.70E101 4.30E104 4.30E104 1.90E100 1.50E104 1.50E103 7.80E101 3.10E101 1.60E201 4.30E107 1.80E103 3.10E103 2.40E102 2.20E100 1.50E103 3.90E102 3.90E102 3.90E102 5.50E103 4.30E106 3.90E102 4.00E100 7.90E102 3.10E102 1.80E100
n n n n n n n n ns nm nm n n n c n n n n c nm n n n c n n n n n nm n c* n n c
8.00E103 3.10E103 1.20E104 1.20E103 1.20E104 1.20E104 8.00E103 3.40E102 2.10E104 1.80E110 1.20E107 2.40E102 4.30E105 4.30E105 8.80E100 1.50E105 1.50E104 1.00E103 3.10E102 5.70E201 1.80E108 1.80E104 3.10E104 2.50E103 7.80E100 1.50E104 5.10E103 5.10E103 5.10E103 5.50E104 1.80E107 5.10E103 1.40E101 8.00E103 4.10E103 6.40E100
n n n n n n n n ns nm nm n nm nm c nm n n n c nm n n n c n n n n n nm n c n n c
8.30E100 n 1.00E103 n 3.10E103 n
3.50E101 n 4.40E103 n 1.30E104 n
2.80E201 n
1.20E100 n
2.10E103 n 6.60E201 c*
8.80E103 n 3.30E100 c*
3.10E101 n
4.70E102 1.80E102 7.30E102 7.30E101 7.30E102 7.30E102 4.70E102 1.70E101 1.30E103
n n n n n n n n n
7.30E105 5.70E201 2.60E104 2.60E104 2.30E201 9.10E103 9.10E102 3.70E101 1.80E101 2.20E202
n n n n c n n n n c
1.10E103 1.80E103 1.50E102 3.10E201 9.10E102 1.80E102 1.80E102 1.80E102 3.30E103
n n n c n n n n n
3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
1918-16-7 709-98-8 2312-35-8 107-19-7 139-40-2 122-42-9 60207-90-1 123-38-6 103-65-1 115-07-1 57-55-6 6423-43-4 1569-02-4 107-98-2 75-56-9 81335-77-5 51630-58-1 110-86-1 13593-03-8 91-22-5 NA 10453-86-8 299-84-3 83-79-4 94-59-7 78587-05-0 7783-00-8 7782-49-2 7446-34-6 74051-80-2 7631-86-9 7440-22-4 122-34-9 62476-59-9 26628-22-8 148-18-5
3 3 3
1.30E102 n
3.90E202 c
1.90E201 c
2.10E101 n 2.10E101 n
8.80E101 n 8.80E101 n
3.10E100 n
1.30E101 n 1.80E102 5.60E201 4.70E102 1.50E102 2.50E201
n c n n c
3
3
3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
301
(Continued)
302
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
95-94-3 630-20-6 79-34-5 127-18-4 58-90-2 5216-25-1 3689-24-5 811-97-2
Sodium Fluoride Sodium Fluoroacetate Sodium Metavanadate Sodium Perchlorate Stirofos (Tetrachlorovinphos) Strontium, Stable Strychnine Styrene Sulfonylbis(4-chlorobenzene), 1,10 Sulfuric Acid Systhane TCMTB Tebuthiuron Temephos Terbacil Terbufos Terbutryn Tetrabromodiphenyl ether, 2,20 ,4,40 (BDE247) Tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6Tetrachlorotoluene, p- alpha, alpha, alphaTetraethyl Dithiopyrophosphate Tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
3.90E103 1.20E100 7.80E101 5.50E101 2.00E101 4.70E104 1.80E101 6.30E103 4.90E101 1.40E106 1.50E103 1.80E103 4.30E103 1.20E103 7.90E102 1.50E100 6.10E101 7.80E100
n n n n c* n n ns n nm n n n n n n n n
5.10E104 1.20E101 1.00E103 7.20E102 7.20E101 6.10E105 1.80E102 3.60E104 4.90E102 6.00E106 1.50E104 1.80E104 4.30E104 1.20E104 8.00E103 1.50E101 6.20E102 1.00E102
n n n n c nm n ns n nm n n n n n n n n
1.40E101 n
5.70E101 n
1.80E103 7.30E201 3.70E101 2.60E101 2.80E100 2.20E104 1.10E101 1.60E103 2.90E101
n n n n c n n n n
9.10E102 1.10E103 2.60E103 7.30E102 4.70E102 9.10E201 3.70E101 3.70E100
n n n n n n n n
1.80E101 1.90E100 5.60E201 5.50E201 1.80E103 2.40E202
n c c c n c
1.80E102 9.30E100 2.80E100 2.60E100 1.80E104 8.60E202
n c c c n c
1.10E101 5.20E201 6.70E202 1.10E201 1.10E103 3.40E203
n c c c n c
3 3 3 3
1.80E101 n 1.70E105 n
3 3
1.00E103 n
4.40E103 n
1.00E100 n
4.40E100 n
3.30E201 c 4.20E202 c 4.10E201 c
1.70E100 c 2.10E201 c 2.10E100 c
3.10E101 n 3.10E102 n 1.10E105 nms 4.60E105 nms 8.30E104 n
3.50E105 n
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3
3
3
3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
7681-49-4 62-74-8 13718-26-8 7601-89-0 961-11-5 7440-24-6 57-24-9 100-42-5 80-07-9 7664-93-9 88671-89-0 21564-17-0 34014-18-1 3383-96-8 5902-51-2 13071-79-9 886-50-0 5436-43-1
Chemical Name
Tetryl (Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) Thallium (Soluble Salts) Thiobencarb Thiodiglycol Thiofanox Thiophanate, Methyl Thiram Tin Titanium Tetrachloride Toluene Toluidine, pToxaphene Tralomethrin Tri-n-butyltin Triallate Triasulfuron Tribromobenzene, 1,2,4Tributyl Phosphate Tributyltin Compounds Tributyltin Oxide Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2Trichloroacetic Acid Trichloroaniline HCl, 2,4,6Trichloroaniline, 2,4,6Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4Trichloroethane, 1,1,1Trichloroethane, 1,1,2Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 2,4,5Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid, -2,4,5 Trichloropropane, 1,1,2Trichloropropane, 1,2,3-
2.40E102 n
2.50E103 n
1.50E102 n
6.10E102 5.40E103 1.80E101 4.90E103 3.10E102 4.70E104 1.40E105 5.00E103 2.60E100 4.40E201 4.60E102 1.80E101 7.90E102 6.10E102 3.10E102 5.30E101 1.80E101 1.80E101 4.30E104
n n n n n n nm ns c c n n n n n c n n ns
6.20E103 6.80E104 1.80E102 4.90E104 3.10E103 6.10E105 6.00E105 4.50E104 9.10E100 1.60E100 4.60E103 1.80E102 8.00E103 6.20E103 3.10E103 1.90E102 1.80E102 1.80E102 1.80E105
n n n n n nm nm ns c c n n n n n c n n nms
3.70E102 2.60E103 1.10E101 2.90E103 1.80E102 2.20E104
n n n n n n
2.30E103 3.50E201 6.10E202 2.70E102 1.10E101 4.70E102 3.70E102 1.80E102 7.30E100 1.10E101 1.10E101 5.90E104
n c c n n n n n c n n n
1.70E101 1.40E101 4.90E101 2.20E101 8.70E103 1.10E100 2.80E100 7.90E102 6.10E103 4.40E101 6.10E102 4.90E102 3.90E102 5.00E203
c c n c** ns c c n n c** n n n c
5.90E101 5.10E101 4.90E102 9.90E101 3.80E104 5.30E100 1.40E101 3.40E103 6.20E104 1.60E102 6.20E103 4.90E103 5.10E103 9.50E202
c c ns c** ns c c ns n c** n n ns c
2.30E100 2.00E100 2.90E101 2.30E100 9.10E103 2.40E201 2.00E100 1.30E103 3.70E103 6.10E100 3.70E102 2.90E102 1.80E102 7.20E204
c c n c** n c c n n c** n n n c
1.00E201 n 5.20E103 n
4.40E201 n 2.20E104 n
7.60E203 c
3.80E202 c
3.10E104 n
2.10E100 5.20E103 1.50E201 1.20E100 7.30E102
n n c c n
7.80E201 c
3.10E201 n
1.30E105 n
8.80E100 2.20E104 7.70E201 6.10E100 3.10E103
n n c c n
4.00E100 c
1.30E100 n
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3 3
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
479-45-8 7440-28-0 28249-77-6 111-48-8 39196-18-4 23564-05-8 137-26-8 7440-31-5 7550-45-0 108-88-3 106-49-0 8001-35-2 66841-25-6 688-73-3 2303-17-5 82097-50-5 615-54-3 126-73-8 NA 56-35-9 76-13-1 76-03-9 33663-50-2 634-93-5 87-61-6 120-82-1 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 95-95-4 88-06-2 93-76-5 93-72-1 598-77-6 96-18-4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
303
(Continued)
304
Table 9.1 (Continued) CAS No.
Trichloropropene, 1,2,3Tridiphane Triethylamine Trifluralin Trimethyl Phosphate Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4Trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5Trinitrobenzene, 1,3,5Trinitrotoluene, 2,4,6Triphenylphosphine Oxide Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate Uranium (Soluble Salts) Urethane Vanadium Pentoxide Vanadium Sulfate Vanadium and Compounds Vanadium, Metallic Vernolate Vinclozolin Vinyl Acetate Vinyl Bromide Vinyl Chloride Warfarin Xylene, Mixture Xylene, PXylene, m-
Residential Soil (mg/kg)1
Industrial Soil (mg/kg)1
Residential Air (ug/m^3)1
Industrial Air (ug/m^3)1
Tap Water (ug/l)1
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
Cancer Code
7.80E201 1.80E102 1.20E102 6.30E101 1.30E101 6.20E101 7.80E102 2.20E103 1.90E101 1.20E103 1.20E103 2.40E101 1.50E102 2.30E102 6.40E201 4.00E102 1.60E103 3.90E102 5.50E100 6.10E101 1.50E103 9.70E102 1.10E201 6.00E202 1.80E101 6.30E102 3.40E103 3.40E103
3.30E100 1.80E103 5.20E102 2.20E102 4.70E101 2.60E102 1.00E104 2.70E104 7.90E101 1.20E104 1.20E104 8.60E101 5.40E102 3.10E103 2.90E100 2.00E103 2.00E104 5.20E103 7.20E101 6.20E102 1.50E104 4.10E103 5.60E201 1.70E100 1.80E102 2.70E103 1.70E104 1.70E104
3.10E201 n
1.30E100 n
7.30E100 n
3.10E101 n
6.20E201 1.10E102 1.50E101 8.70E100 1.80E100 1.50E101 3.70E102 1.10E103 2.20E100 7.30E102 7.30E102 3.40E100 2.10E101 1.10E102 6.70E202 3.30E102 7.30E102 1.80E102 2.60E100 3.70E101 9.10E102 4.10E102 1.50E201 1.60E202 1.10E101 2.00E102 1.20E103 1.20E103
n n n c** c n ns n c** n n c* c* n c c** n n n n n n c* c n ns ns ns
n n n c* c ns ns n c** n n c* c n c c** n n n n n ns c* c n ns ns ns
7.30E100 n
3.10E101 n
3.10E201 n 8.40E203 c 2.90E204 c*
1.30E100 n 4.20E202 c 1.50E203 c*
1.00E201 n
4.40E201 n
2.10E102 n 7.60E202 c* 1.60E201 c
8.80E102 n 3.80E201 c* 2.80E100 c
1.00E102 n 7.30E102 n 7.30E102 n
4.40E102 n 3.10E103 n 3.10E103 n
EPA Reregis tration2 Status
n n n c* c n n n c** n n c* c n c n n n n n n n c* c n n n n
3
EPA Maximum Residue Limit Exists3
3
Pesticide or Intermediate
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3 j
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Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production
96-19-5 58138-08-2 121-44-8 1582-09-8 512-56-1 95-63-6 108-67-8 99-35-4 118-96-7 791-28-6 13674-87-8 115-96-8 78-42-2 NA 51-79-6 1314-62-1 36907-42-3 NA 7440-62-2 1929-77-7 50471-44-8 108-05-4 593-60-2 75-01-4 81-81-2 1330-20-7 106-42-3 108-38-3
Chemical Name
Xylene, oZinc (Metallic) Zinc Phosphide Zineb
3.80E103 2.30E104 2.30E101 3.10E103
ns n n n
1.90E104 3.10E105 3.10E102 3.10E104
ns nm n n
7.30E102 n
3.10E103 n
1.20E103 1.10E104 1.10E101 1.80E103
n n n n
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Cancer Code: c 5 cancer; * 5 where: n SL , 100X c SL; ** 5 where n SL , 10X c SL; n 5 noncancer; m 5 Concentration may exceed ceiling limit; s 5 Concentration may exceed Csat Other Notes: 1 US EPA Regional Screening Levels (May 2010): http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/index.html 2 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm 3 http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c 5 ecfr&sid 5 bd32aab1f2263d189c2ea7ae45c321e9&tpl 5 /ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr180_main_02.tpl * Inert ingredient permitted for use in nonfood pesticide products. ** Some chemicals may be omitted due to chemical common name variation between EPA Tolerance List and EPA Preliminary Remediation Goals List. a use in pesticides banned in 1986. b EPA cancelled pesticide products. c registration cancelled in 1978 in the 1980s. d all uses canceled in 1986 except wood use. e not registered for use in the U.S. f removed from current permitted inert list (2010) since 2001. g residential use phased out by EPA in 2004. h use banned in 1980s. i currently undergoing EPA registration process. j registration cancelled in 1987.
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EPA Screening Levels and Pesticide Status
95-47-6 7440-66-6 1314-84-7 12122-67-7
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Index A ACC see Army Chemical Corps ACGIH see American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Agent Orange: aircraft accidents, 263 chemical composition, 261 2 government response United States, 266 Vietnam, 265 6 health effects, 264 introduction, 261 Korean War, 267 litigation, 266 7 name, 261 program termination, 263 4 Vietnam War, 262 3 World Health Organization, 262 Agent Purple, 261 Agrichemicals in Surface Water and Birth Defects in the United States, 227 Air emissions: ammonium nitrate, 27 9 ammonium phosphates, 32 nitric acid, 27 8 normal superphosphates, 32 3 pesticides formulations, 33 4 packaging/repackaging, 33 4 phosphoric acid, 31 2 pollution prevention, 70, 75 6 processes, 26 synthetic ammonia, 27 triple superphosphates, 33 urea, 30 1 Aldicarb sulfoxide (ASO), 276 7 Aluminium fluoride: JPMC, 25 production, 45 properties, 47 uses, 47
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 235 Ammonia: manufacture, 40 plant, 12 pollution prevention, 79 production, 50 scrubbing, 54 6 synthetic, 2, 5, 13 14, 27, 37 Ammonium nitrate, 2 3, 5, 17 19, 23, 27 9 Ammonium phosphates, 3, 6 7, 20 1, 32 Ammonium sulfate, 3, 6 Applications of products, 82 131 Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ), 56 7 Army Chemical Corps (ACC), 261, 264 ASEZ see Aqaba Special Economic Zone ASO see aldicarb sulfoxide Atrazine: alternatives, 229 30 breakdown products ‘chlorotriazines’, 220 de-ethylatrazine, 218 de-isopropyl atrazine, 218 degradates, 218 19 di-aminochlorotriazine, 219 hydroxyatrazine, 218 N-nitrosoatrazine, 219 chemical properties, 216 18 environment, 217 18 EPA, 215 health effects endocrine disruption, 225 6 reproduction, 227 triazine herbicide manufacture, 226 introduction, 215 names, 216 17 properties, 217 regulations, 215 16 removal granular activated carbon, 228 9
308
Atrazine: (Continued) introduction, 228 restricted use pesticide, 215 Syngenta Monitoring Program, 219, 220 4 United States usage, 215 16 water contamination, 219 20 Auto-ignition temperatures, 132 214 B Bald Eagles on Catalina Island, California and DDT, 253 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 265 Biological pesticides (biopesticides), 9 C Cancer Incidence among Triazine Herbicide Manufacturing Workers, 226 Carcinogenic ingredients of products, 82 131 Carson, Rachel, 249, 269 ‘Chlorotriazines’, 220 Chrysanthemums, 9 Community water systems (CWS), 219 Conditions to avoid (for products), 132 214 CWS see community water systems D 2, 4-D see 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid DAP see diammonium phosphate DBCP see dibromochloropropane DCP see dichloropropene DDD (dichlorodiphenylethane), 247 8, 254 DDE (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene), 247 8, 251, 253 4 DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane): Bald Eagles on Catalina Island, 253 chemistry, 248 China, 257 current use, 255 7 decline, 249 50 distribution and transport, 250 1 environmental fate, 250 1 EPA, 249, 252 3, 255 health effects insects, 253 metabolism in humans, 253 4 history, 247 8 human exposure, 251 2 India, 257 introduction, 247
Index
Malaria controversy, 255 6 Montrose Chemical Corporation, 252 3 National Priorities List, 252, 253 North Korea, 257 Palos Verdes Shelf, 252 3 Peregrine Falcons in Southern California Bight, 253 production and uses, 247 8 vector control, 255 7 wildlife, 252 World Health Organization, 247, 249, 253 De-ethylatrazine (DEA), 218 19, 220 De-isopropyl atrazine (DIA), 218 19, 220 DEA see de-ethylatrazine Department of Veteran Affairs (VA), 262, 264 Di-aminochlorotriazine (DIC), 219 DIA see de-isopropyl atrazine Diacambia (alternative to atrazine), 230 Diammonium phosphate (DAP), 4, 6 7, 20 1, 24, 46 7 Dibromochloropropane: chemistry, 241 environment, 240 EPA, 242 health effects, 241 2 TCP, 239 41 treatment, 242 3 usage and regulation, 240 DIC see di-aminochlorotriazine Dichlorodiphenylethane see DDD Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane see DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene see DDE 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), 261 Dichloropropene (DCP), 237 9 Dioxin see 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin Dole Food Company, 241 Dorr-Oliver slurry granulation process, 22 DOW AgroSciences, 237 DOW Chemical Company, 242, 266
E EDPM (ethylene-propylene-diene) monomer, 65 EMSs see Environmental Management Systems
Index
ENECE see United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe Environmental aspects of pollution: ammonia scrubbing, 54 6 control technologies, 53 4 target pollution loads, 53 4 waste, 53 Environmental Management Systems (EMSs), 25, 44, 67 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): agricultural chemicals, 1 atrazine, 215, 220 1, 225 6, 228 DBCP, 242 DDT, 249, 252 3, 255 pesticide residues in foods, 269 71 pesticide status, 281, 282 305 screening levels, 281, 282 305 TCP, 236 7 EPA see Environmental Protection Agency EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene) monomer, 65 Eshidiya Mining Operations, 67 8 Essential nutrients for plant life, 1 European Union (EU): atrazine, 216 DCP-containing soil fumigants, 237 Explosive limits in air, 132 214
F FDA see Food and Drug Administration Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 10, 249 Federal Organic Foods Protection Act, 1990 (FOFPA), 273 Fertilizers: mixing only, 4 nitrogenous, 2 3, 11 12, 13 19 phosphatic, 3 4, 20 4 FIFRA see Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Flash point temperatures, 132 214 FOFPA see Federal Organic Foods Protection Act, 1990 Food and crop enhancement, 1 Food and Drug Administration (FDA): ‘dirty dozen’, 274 5 pesticide monitoring program, 271 pesticide residues in food, 269, 274
309
Food Quality Protection Act (FQWA), 270, 272 3 FQWA see Food Quality Protection Act Fungicides, 9 G GAC see granular activated carbon Genetically modified plants, 9 Granular activated carbon (GAC): atrazine, 228 9 TCP, 243 Granular TSP, 47 Granulation plant, 45 Gypsum (calcium sulfate), 20 H HA see hydroxyatrazine Hazardous decomposition products, 132 214 Health hazards of products, 82 131 Herbicides, 8 Hydroxyatrazine (HA), 218 I InLine (1, 3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin), 237 Insecticides, 8 9 Ion-exchange technologies, 66 7 ISO 14001, 25, 67 J Jordan Phosphate Mines Co (JPMC), Aqaba: aluminium fluoride, 45, 47 case study, 25 52 diammonium phosphate, 46 7 energy efficiency and sulfuric acid, 61 2 environmental aspects, 53 6 granulation plant, 45 high-cost options, 66 8 low-cost options, 65 phosphoric acid, 44 5, 49 50 pollution prevention, 56 7, 68 79 recommendations, 57 9 source reduction, 59 steam losses and heat recovery, 62 4 sulfuric acid, 44, 46, 48 50 utility plant, 45 6 water management, 60 1
310
K Kelthane (aciride dicofol), 255 L LH see luteinizing hormone Luteinizing hormone (LH), 225 M MacLennon, P.A., 226 Malaria controversy and DDT, 255 7 MAP see monoammonium phosphate Material handling facilities, 45 6 Materials to avoid (for products), 132 214 Maximum residue limits (MRLs), 269 Mesotrione (alternative to atrazine), 230 Methanol manufacture, 42 Monoammonium phosphate (MAP), 4, 6 7, 20 1 Montrose Chemical Corporation, 252 3 Montrose Settlements Restoration Program (MSRP), 253 MRLs see maximum residue limits MSRP see Montrose Settlements Restoration Program N Names of products, 82 131, 132 214 National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances (NLAPS), 273 National Priorities List (NPL), 252, 253 National Toxicology Program (NTP), 235 National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA), 227 New York Times, 221 NFPA ratings for products, 132 214 NHL see non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Nitrate compounds manufacture, 41 2 Nitric acid: air emissions, 27 8 nitrogenous fertilizers, 5 production, 2, 11, 15 16 uses, 2 Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) mixes, 4, 7, 46 Nitrogenous fertilizers: classification, 2 3, 5 6 manufacture ammonium nitrate, 11 12, 17 19
Index
nitric acid, 11, 15 16 processes, 11 synthetic ammonia, 13 14 urea, 11 12, 17 19 products, 5 6 N-Nitrosoatrazine, 219 NLAPS see National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 254 Normal superphosphates (NSPs), 4, 7, 21 2, 32 3 NPK see nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium NPL see National Priorities List (NPL) NSP see normal superphosphate NTP see National Toxicology Program O Operation Ranch Hand, 261 Organic foods: FOFPA, 273 pesticides, 273 4 Organic mercury poisoning, 278 ‘Organic plan’, 273 P P2 see pollution prevention Palos Verdes Shelf (PVS), Los Angeles, 252 PAP see phosphoric acid plant Parathion poisoning, 278 Peregrine Falcons in Southern California Bight, 253 Pesticide data program (PDP), 270 1 Pesticide residue in foods: acute exposures aldicarb, 276 7 contamination variability, 277 poisoning epidemics, 277 8 ‘dirty dozen’, 274 5 federal monitoring EPA tolerances, 269 70 FDA pesticide monitoring, 271 2 FDA total diet study, 271 2 USDA, 270 1 Food Quality Protection Act, 272 3 introduction, 269 measurement, 275 6 modification during post-harvest, 272 organic foods, 273 4
Index
surveillance of residue contamination, 269 70 Pesticides: biological, 9 common, 8 formulations, 10 fungicides, 9 genetically modified plants, 9 herbicides, 8 insecticides, 8 9 packaging/repackaging, 33 4 plant growth regulators, 9 sex attractants, 9 solid/hazardous/residual wastes, 39 40 Phosphatic fertilizers: classification, 3 4 manufacture ammonium phosphate, 20 1 normal super phosphate, 21 2 triple superphoshate, 22 wet process, 20 products, 6 7 Phosphogypsum slurry (calcium sulfate), 49 Phosphoric acid: air emission sources, 31 2 chemistry, 49 manufacture, 23, 40 1 phosphatic fertilizers, 3, 6, 23 production, 49 50 Phosphoric acid plant (PAP), 23, 44 Phosphorus pentoxide, 3 4, 23, 47 Plants: essential nutrients, 1 growth regulators, 9 Poisoning epidemics, 277 8 Pollution: case study, 25 51 desalination, 56 7 environmental aspects, 53 sources, 25 Pollution Prevention Act 1990, 68 Pollution prevention (P2): aerosol container leak testing, 74 air emissions, 70, 75 6 ammonia converter retrofit, 79 best management, 69 carbon dioxide removal, 79 cleaning bulk tank, 72 4
311
floor/wall equipment, 76 7 laboratory equipment, 74 5 leaks and spills, 77 shipping container/drum, 70 2 containers, 70 containment pad in loading/unloading area, 78 9 feed-gas saturator, 79 good housekeeping, 69 hydrogen recovery from purge gas, 79 introduction, 68 microprill formation, 76 off-specification products, 70 practices, 69 79 spills and areas washdowns, 69 storage tanks, 75 stormwater run-off, 77 8 technology adaptations, 69 waste minimization, 69 wastewater streams, 70 Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 238 PRL see prolactin hormone Product names, 82 131, 132 214 Prolactin hormone (PRL), 225 PVS see Palos Verdes Shelf Pyrethroids, 9
R Reproduction and atrazine, 227 Residual acute exposure (RAE), 277 Restricted use pesticide (RUP) and atrazine, 215
S S-metachlor (alternative to atrazine), 230 SAP see sulfuric acid plant Sex attractants (pesticides), 9 Shell D-D fumigant, 238 9 Silent Spring, 249, 269 Simazine (competitor to atrazine), 230 1 Single or normal phosphate (SSP), 47 Sodium fluoride poisoning, 278 Solid/hazardous/residual wastes: fertilizers, 37 9 pesticides, 39 40 SSP see single or normal phosphate Steam losses and heat recovery, 62 4
312
Sulfuric acid: energy efficiency, 61 2 JPMC, 25 manufacture, 43 production, 46, 48 9 storage, 51 Sulfuric acid plant (SAP), 44 Syngenta Atrazine Monitoring Program (AMP), 219, 220 4 Syngenta Corporation, Switzerland, 220 Synonyms of products, 82 131 Synthetic ammonia, 2, 5, 13 14, 27 T 2,4,5-T see 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid TCDD see 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin TCP see 1, 2, 3-trichloropropane TCP DCP link, 237 9 Telone C-17 (1, 3-dichloropropene), 237 Telone II (1, 3-dichloropropene), 237 Terbuthylazine (alternative to atrazine), 230 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 261 2 Toxic and dangerous properties of chemicals: applications, 82 131 auto-ignition temperature, 132 214 carcinogenic ingredients, 82 131 conditions to avoid, 132 214 explosive limits in air, 132 214 flash point temperature, 132 214 hazardous decomposition products, 132 214 health hazards, 82 131 materials to avoid, 132 214 NFPA ratings, 132 214 product names, 82 131, 132 214 synonyms, 82 131 Triazine herbicide manufacture, 226 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5T), 261, 264 1, 2, 3-Trichloropropane (TCP): atmospheric concentrations, 237 chemistry, 233 4 DCP link, 237 9
Index
dibromochloropropane, 239 42 distribution, 233 4 Environmental Protection Agency, 236 7 environmental transport, 233 4 groundwater contamination Burbank, California, 242 Oahu, Hawaii, 239 Shafter & Merced, California, 239 regulations and standards, 236 7 toxicology cancer effects, 235 exposure, 234 5 metabolism, 236 non-cancer effects, 235 6 transformation, 233 4 treatment and remedial technologies ex situ, 243 4 in situ, 242 3 Triple superphosphate (TSP), 4, 7, 22 4, 33, 47 TSP see triple superphosphate
U United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 265 United Nations Development Fund (UNDP), 265 United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe (UNECE), 255 United Nations Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 250, 255, 257 United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 252 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 227 Urea (carbamide or carbonyl diamide), 3, 6, 17 19, 23, 30 1 US Department of Agriculture (USDA): ‘dirty dozen’, 274 5 NLAPS, 273 Pesticide data program, 270 1 pesticide residue in foods, 269 US EPA see EPA USAID, 57, 68 USGS see United States Geological Survey Utility plant, 45 6
