Febrile Seizures - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FEBRILE SEIZURES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Febrile Seizures: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00433-X 1. Febrile Seizures-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on febrile seizures. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FEBRILE SEIZURES ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Febrile Seizures ............................................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FEBRILE SEIZURES ........................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Febrile Seizures............................................................................ 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FEBRILE SEIZURES ..................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FEBRILE SEIZURES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Febrile Seizures ...................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FEBRILE SEIZURES ........................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Academic Periodicals covering Febrile Seizures .......................................................................... 73 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 77 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 79 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 81 The Genome Project and Febrile Seizures .................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 97 FEBRILE SEIZURES DICTIONARY ............................................................................................ 99 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 133

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with febrile seizures is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about febrile seizures, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to febrile seizures, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on febrile seizures. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to febrile seizures, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on febrile seizures. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FEBRILE SEIZURES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on febrile seizures.

Federally Funded Research on Febrile Seizures The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to febrile seizures. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to febrile seizures. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore febrile seizures. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for febrile seizures: •

Project Title: ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF HCN*/HIPPOCAMPUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brewster, Amy L.; Pediatrics; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated cation channels (HCNs) generate the Ih current. In the hippocampus, Ih regulates

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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neuronal resting membrane potential and control excitation in the hippocampal circuit. Of the four HCN genes, HCN1 and HCN2 are prominently expressed in the hippocampus, with HCN1 as the dominant HCN isoform in CA1 pyramidal neurons. We have shown that hyperthermia-induced seizures, in the immature rat hippocampus, altered HCN expression by increasing HCN2 and reducing HCNI transcripts. The alteration on the relative expression HCN1 and HCN2 in the hippocampus may be responsible for the alterations on the functional properties of Ih, and the hyperexcitability of the hippocampus after early-life seizure events, e.g., febrile seizures. However, it is not known what molecular mechanisms are involved in the activity-dependent regulation of HCN genes. Since thyroid hormone mediates the regulation HCN channel in the heart, we predicted that thyroid hormone is required for the activity-dependent regulation of the HCN genes in the hippocampus. In this work we will induce seizure-like activity on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in the presence and absence of thyroid hormone. Radioactive in situ hybridization and quantitative linear antisense mRNA amplification approaches will be used to quantify changes in HCN1 and HCN2 mRNA expression. These methodological approaches wilt help elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the seizure-induced alteration of HCN expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALTERED FUNCTION OF A GABA-A RECEPTOR EPILEPSY MUTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, Mathew V.; Professor; Physiology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: A genetic epilepsy syndrome called GEFS+ (Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures plus) is now known to be a common form of genetic epilepsy. At least three of the identified GEFS+ mutations occur in the gene encoding the gamma2 subunit of the GABA A receptor, responsible for most synaptic inhibition in the brain. One such mutation, gamma2(R43Q), replaces a highly conserved arginine residue with a glutamine. Molecular modeling predicts that this substitution may disrupt salt bridge interactions between the gamma2 and beta2 subunits, which may be critical for normal receptor function and pharmacology. Our initial studies of human gamma2(R43Q)containing GABA A receptors reveal dramatic kinetic changes, including enhanced receptor desensitization, that could contribute to GEFS+ by causing a "rundown" in synaptic inhibition during high intensity neural activity. The overall Objective of the proposed research is to understand how alterations in the region of the GABAA receptor near gamma2(R43Q) change receptor function and contribute to epilepsy. The Specific Aims are to 1) determine the biophysical mechanism of the changes in receptor function caused by the mutation, by studying channel kinetics in excised membrane patches, 2) determine the structural basis of the changes by examining point mutations designed to a) rescue the predicted salt bridge formation and b) to further purturb it in controlled manner, 3) determine the impact of the gamma2(R43Q) mutation on synaptic transmission in transgenic mice that express the mutant subunit in place of the wild type allele, and 4) determine whether synapses undergo enhanced desensitization as a result of the mutation, and whether this causes increased network hyperexcitability in cortical, thalamic and hippocampal brain slices. The knowledge gained from these studies will 1) provide valuable information about the structural/functional role of the receptor region affected by the epilepsy mutation gamma2(R43Q), 2) allow us to better understand critical aspects of inhibition that are causally related to epilepsy, 3) provide

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an unprecedented opportunity to study the physiological role of GABA A receptor desensitization at functional synapses and in network excitability; and 4) further develop a novel animal model for future studies of GEFS+ epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONGENITAL HHV6 INFECTION: CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Caroline B.; Pediatrics; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our prospective studies of >6,000 children showed about all acquire primary HHV infection by 3 years, resulting in 20% of emergency room visits, 13% of hospitalizations, and is the most frequent cause of febrile seizures. Continued studies showed 2 important findings: (1) HHV6 congenital transmission occurs in 1% of births, the same as for cytomegalovirus (CMV). (2) HHV6 congenitally infected infants have different viral and clinical characteristics than those with postnatal infection, and are somewhat similar to those of congenital CMV infection. We thus hypothesize that infants with congenital HHV6 infection have a distinctive course and outcome from infants with postnatal infection, and congenital HHV6 infection results in an adverse effect on the control of HHV6 infection and on the child's neurodevelopmental outcome. Hence, we Aim (I) to determine the virologic course of HHV6 in infants with congenital versus postnatal infection and (II) the neurodevelopmental outcome of congenital HHV6 infection. Two cohorts of children, those with congenital and postnatal infection, will be obtained from the obstetrical centers in the Rochester Strong Health System (7400-7800 births/year) by presence or absence of HHV6 DNA in cord bloods. 237-265 infants with cord bloods DNA positive and 237-265 matched infants with negative cord bloods will be followed over 4 years at 2 weeks, 4, 6, 12-15, and 24-30 months. Samples of cord and peripheral bloods, saliva, and urine will be evaluated to delineate the relative persistence of HHV6 infection, its replicative state (latent or productive), and viral load. HHV6 IgG and neutralizing antibody levels and cellular immunity for Thl and Th2 cytokine responses to tetanus will be measured. These combined assays will allow comparison of each cohort's ability to control HHV6 infection. In Aim II, we will determine if congenital HHV6 infection, like CMV, results in progressive neurodevelopmental impairments by evaluating the 2 cohorts at 2 weeks, 4, 6, 12-15, and 20-30 months by audiologic testing and neurodevelopmental assessments which are sensitive, tailored for young infants, and delineate specific neurodevelopmental areas and growth curves. Thus specific areas of impairment may be detected which could be missed with global measurements. Correlation of these measurements with the viral and clinical characteristics in Aim I may allow early identification of risk factors that are predictive of future disabilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CONSEQUENCES OF PROLONGED FEBRILE SEIZURES IN CHILDHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Shinnar, Shlomo; Professor of Pediatric Neurology; Montefiore Medical Center (Bronx, Ny) Bronx, Ny 104672490 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is often associated with Mesial Temporal Sclerosis (MTS). The relationship between Febrile

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Seizures (FSs) and MTS remains controversial. Retrospective data suggest that prolonged FSs cause MTS, but epidemiological studies have not found this association. Recent data from MRIs performed immediately after FSs provide preliminary evidence that very prolonged FSs (i.e. febrile Status Epilepticus (SE)) sometimes produce acute hippocampal injury that evolves into MTS. Identification of children at high risk to develop MTS is necessary prior to designing interventions aimed at prevention. This study will examine the consequences of febrile SE, and clarify the relationship between febrile SE, MTS, and subsequent epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Short-term consequences will be examined using a cohort of 200 children with febrile SE, who will be recruited at 5 centers. All children will have MRIs within 72 hours of their SE and at one year, as well as viral studies, psychological testing, EEGs and clinical follow-up. Intermediate term outcomes (5-9 years) will be ascertained using a cohort of 40 children recruited between 1995 and 200, all of whom had MRIs within 72 hours of the episode of febrile SE. They will have a follow-up MRI, EEG and psychological testing >5 years later. Long-term (10-20 years) outcomes will be examined using an established epidemiologic cohort of 163 children with febrile SE, prospectively identified between 1984 and 1996. These children will receive an MRI, EEG and psychological testing >10 years later. In those who develop epilepsy, we will characterize seizure types and epilepsy syndromes, and correlate them with the presence or absence of MTS. The following hypotheses will be tested: 1) Hippocampal T2 signal and/or volume abnormalities will be seen on 30-40% of acute MRIs. The occurrence and severity of these abnormalities will correlate with total seizure duration and seizure lateralization, the presence of pre-existing brain abnormalities and febrile SE in the context of human herpes virus 6 or 7 infection; 2) The severity of acute MRI hippocampal abnormalities will predict subsequent MTS; 3) Children developing TLE will have MRI evidence of MTS.; 4) Subjects with MTS will have impaired memory, whether or not they have epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRAIN ABNORMALITIES IN FEBRILE SEIZURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hesdorffer, Dale C.; Assistant Professor; Gertrude H Sergievsky Center; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: This project proposes to investigate associations between brain abnormalities detectable with current MRI technology among children under 5 years of age with a first febrile seizure and (1) febrile seizure type, (2) family history of febrile seizures, (3) developmental delays in cognition and behavior, and (4) febrile seizure recurrence. The authors will study these factors in 252 cases with first febrile seizure and 252 febrile children without seizure, frequency matched to cases on age, gender, and month of ascertainment. At baseline, we will compare: (1) the prevalence of brain abnormalities detected on MRI performed within 72 hours of the first febrile seizure by febrile seizure type; (2) the prevalence of febrile seizure in siblings of comparison children compared to cases with and without brain abnormality; and (3) the cognitive and behavioral function of cases with and without brain abnormality and of comparison children. Children will be followed over time for febrile seizure recurrence, and cognitive and behavioral function. This study aims to determine whether: (1) brain abnormalities are more common among children with complex versus simple febrile seizures; (2) brain abnormalities are inversely associated with a family history of febrile seizures in first degree relatives; (3) brain abnormalities are associated with

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developmental delay; and (4) once the influence of family history of febrile seizures is removed, brain abnormalities are not associated with an increased risk of recurrent febrile seizures. Answers to these questions may improve the clinical management of subgroups of children at risk for long-term disability so that future at-risk children can benefit from early interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FEBRILE MECHANISMS

SEIZURE

MODEL:

NEURONAL

INJURY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Baram, Tallie Z.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of febrile seizures, the most prevalent seizure type in young children. An immature rat model of prolonged febrile seizures, those associated with potential development of limbic epilepsy, has been characterized, and has already shed considerable light on the neuroanatomical basis of these seizures and on their functional consequences. Importantly, it was established that experimental prolonged febrile seizures lead to long-lasting enhanced hippocampal excitability. Surprisingly, this increased excitability was associated with persistent increase in GABA-mediated inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells. A resolution to this apparent paradox derives from preliminary data showing functional changes in the Hyperpolarization-activated Cation-Nonselective channels (HCNs) in CA1 pyramidal cells of immature rats who had experienced experimental febrile seizures: Slowed HCN channel kinetics permit increased Na+ entry, depolarizing the cell to promote action potential firing, essentially converting the potentiated inhibition to hyper-excitability. Importantly, slowing of HCN kinetics is consistent with a quantitative shift in the subunit make-up of these recently cloned channel molecules, and preliminary mRNA expression data support this notion. Therefore, this proposal will test the hypothesis that experimental prolonged febrile seizures modulate the expression of HCN channel molecules and disrupt their normal developmental expression patterns, leading to persistently enhanced excitability. Three experiments are proposed: 1) To determine the developmental spatio-temporal expression profiles of the 4 HCN subunit isoforms in defined hippocampal cell populations and single neurons, providing the foundation for probing effects of the seizures; (2) To determine the effects of the seizures on HCN expression in defined individual cells and neuronal populations in vivo; 3) To use an in vitro organotypic hippocampal culture to determine the mechapisms for seizure-induced alteration of HCN isoform expression and the consequent ?neuroplastic? changes in hippocampal excitability. The proposed studies should provide novel and important insight into the remarkable age-and seizure-specific effects of prolonged experimental febrile seizures on the developing hippocampus, changes leading to enhanced excitability long-term. In addition, these studies should contribute to our understanding of fundamental aspects of the functional anatomy of these newly characterized ion channel molecules in developing hippocampus, leading to the definition of the roles of these pacemaker channels in the development of the synchronized hippocampal network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NA+ CHANNEL BETA SUBUNITS IN VIVO Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Yuan T.; Pharmacology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-JAN-2002 Summary: Voltage-gated sodium current is the primary inward current underlying excitability throughout CNS. Relocalization and changes in density of sodium channels at axon initial segments or nodes of Ranvier are related with some diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, a disease involving demyelination of axons. Clinical deficits are related to dysfunction of sodium channels in those axons. Mutations in sodium channel can also cause pediatric febrile seizures. Sodium channels have three subunits: the pore-forming alpha subunit and two auxiliary subunits, beta-1 (or beta-3) and beta-2. Some evidence has suggested that there could be a link between beta subunits and myelin, therefore clustering of sodium channels in nodes of Ranvier could be impacted by the beta subunits of sodium channels. My project is designed to use beta knockout mice to provide a clear-cut test of this hypothesis. Although evidence has also shown that beta subunits have an important role on sodium channel gating, all those experiments were done with the genes expressed in cell line or Xenopus oocytes. Thus, those beta knockout mice also offer a great chance to investigate the current hypothesis. We have also proposed to use gene rescue technique to confirm that the phenotypes of knockout mice are due to the deficiency of particular genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEREDITARY DEFECTS IN HUMAN SODIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: George, Alfred L.; Director, Division of Genetic Medicine a; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1994; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Voltage-gated sodium channels are heteromultimeric integral membrane proteins that are responsible for the initial phase of the action potential in most excitable cells. A variety of inherited disorders affecting skeletal muscle contraction (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonia congenita, K+-aggravated myotonia), cardiac excitability (congenital long QT syndrome, idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, familial conduction system disease) and certain forms of epilepsy have been associated with mutations in various human sodium channel genes. This proposal is a competing renewal of R01-NS32387 that for 8 years has funded our efforts to elucidate the molecular genetic, physiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms of human sodium "channelopathies". We have recently shifted our focus from studies of the two striated muscle sodium channel genes (SCN4A, SCN5A) to investigations of brain sodium channel genes and their role in inherited epilepsies. We propose to perform a series of carefully integrated experiments employing molecular genetic, recombinant DNA and cellular electrophysiological approaches to elucidate the molecular defects responsible for seizure disorders linked to three distinct neuronal sodium channel genes (SCN1B, SCNIA, SCN2A). In Specific Aim 1, we propose to perform molecular genetic screening in a large cohort of families segregating seizure phenotypes consistent with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), severe myoelonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) and other less well characterized disorders that may be associated with mutations in brain sodium channels. In Specific Aim 2, we plan to perform biophysical and pharmacological characterization of epilepsy-associated mutations using recombinant human neuronal sodium channels expressed heterologously in mammalian cells. Our laboratory is uniquely qualified to elucidate the molecular mechanism of SCN1A-associated epilepsy using recombinant human SCN1A, a reagent that we have recently developed. Finally in Specific Aim 3, we will elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for dysfunction of the human sodium channel

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[31 subunit in some forms of familial epilepsy. Altogether, this work is designed to establish important correlations between genotype, clinical phenotype and biophysical properties of mutant sodium channels in human epilepsies and will have important pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications for hereditary disorders of sodium channels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS, EARLY BRAIN INJURY AND EPILEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Eid, Tore; Neurosurgery; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common cause of acute and recurrent disease in humans. After the primary infection, which usually occurs in childhood, HSV-1 remains dormant in the nervous system. This proposal is aimed at exploring a novel hypothesis that early infection with HSV-1 plays a critical role in the genesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The virus may contribute to this by creating a specialized brain focus involving alterations in neural circuitry and formation of a unique glial/microvascular substrate that promotes epileptogenesis and maintenance of seizures. Several observations suggest that HSV-1 may cause TLE. For example, survivors of HSV-1 encephalitis frequently develop epilepsy. HSV-1, when causing encephalitis, preferentially invades and lesions limbic structures, including the hippocampus, which also shows neuropathological changes in TLE. Moreover, patients with medically intractable TLE have a ten times higher rate of latent HSV-1 infection in their hippocampus than control subjects. To evaluate our hypothesis two approaches are proposed. (1) To critically explore the connection between HSV-1 and TLE by assessing the presence of viral DNA (by polymerase chain reaction) and virions (by immunohistochemistry) in surgically resected hippocampi from TLE patients, and correlating these with the specific neuropathological characteristics of TLE, i.e. (a) loss of hilar interneurons, (b) gliosis, and (c) vascular proliferation. (2) To assess the causal relationship of HSV-1 to the development of chronic seizures and neuropathology in TLE, rat models of HSV-1 infection will be studied and experimental modifiers of infection such as (a) viral strain, (b) age, (c) fever/febrile seizures, and (d) acute seizures, will be evaluated. The cellular/molecular mechanisms of viral-induced neuropathology and seizures will be explored by investigating the pattern and time-course of viral invasion during the infection. If a viral causation of TLE is established, then this would not only open new avenues for prevention and control of this disorder, but also improve our understanding of viral-induced brain injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HIPPOCAMPAL NETWORK STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN EPILEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sloviter, Robert S.; Professor; Pharmacology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1984; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract): Although complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin can occur as the apparent result of tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and disorders of cortical development, they often occur "spontaneously," in the absence of any obvious cause. In these "cryptogenic" patients, an antecedent episode of prolonged febrile seizures, infection, or head trauma is often reported, but of

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unproved causation. This clinical history led to the hypothesis that an initial injury alters the temporal lobe/hippocampal network in such a way that it ultimately becomes a source of seizure discharges. Experimental studies on this subject can be extrapolated to the human condition because the structural and functional properties of the mammalian temporal lobe have been highly conserved phylogenetically. This application describes experiments designed to test the hypothes:is that post-injury non-principal cell (interneuron) death or dysfunction causes hippocampal principal cell disinhibition and. hyperexcitability. The proposed experiments have been designed to: 1) continue to elucidate the normal structural and functional organization of the hippocampal formation with particular reference to the identification of the interneuron populations that have distant axonal projections necessary for establishing "lateral'' inbibition; 2) determine whether parvalbumin-positive inhibitory basket cells die as a consequence of prolonged seizures, or simply stop expressing parvalbumin; 3) determine if interneuron loss per se induces principal cell disinhibition and hyperexcitability, and; 4) utilize experimental epilepsy models to elucidate the structural and functional changes that follow injury, and precede and follow synaptic reorganization and the development of spontaneous seizures. The first experiments involve the characterization of normal hippocampal interneuron populations in terms of their longitudinal/associational and commissural projections, as well as the neuroactive substances they contain. These studies utilize retrograde and anterograde tracer injections and double fluorescence immunocytochemistry. The second experiments utilize electron nucroscopy and colocalization immunocytochemistry to determine if a subset of basket cells dies or survives after seizures. The third set of experiments involve saporin-based neurotoxins that target different interneuron populations relatively selectively. These studies directly address the "interneuron loss" and "lateral inhibition't' hypotheses proposed previous,ly by the applicant. The f inal set of experiments utilizes the perforant path stimulation-, and pilocarpine models to deterrrune which structural network defects may give rise to abnorrnal network excitability and spontaneous seizures. These studies involve both anesthetized and awake recording, as well as anatomical and irnmunocytochernical methods designed to elucidate the functional and structural basis of epileptogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LIMBIC EXCITABILITY AFTER FEBRILE SEIZURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Soltesz, Ivan; Assistant Professorr; Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Febrile (fever-induced) seizures are the most common forms of childhood seizures, affecting three percent to five percent of infants and young children in the United States and worldwide. In spite of the extremely high incidence of fever-induced seizures, whether and how febrile seizures in the developing brain alter neuronal circuits is not well understood. Indeed, one of the most controversial issues in epilepsy is the relationship of convulsions in infancy to the subsequent development of temporal lobe epilepsy. Retrospective clinical studies indicated that a large fraction of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy have a history of febrile seizures as infants. However, prospective studies have failed to find this association. Recently, an appropriate-aged rodent model of hyperthermia-induced seizures has been introduced, suitable for studying the mechanisms and sequelae of febrile seizures. Under the previous award, we used this model of experimental febrile seizures to determine that experimental febrile seizures in infant rats resulted in a persistent, presynaptic increase in inhibition, but concurrent changes in specific

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postsynaptic ion channels (h-channels) paradoxically converted the potentiated inhibition to hyperexcitability. Here we propose to test the hypothesis that hyperthermia-induced seizures result in persistent, hyper-synchronous inhibitory synaptic inputs to principal cells in the hippocampus. The specific aims will be tested using patch clamp electrophysiological, immunocytochemical and computational modeling techniques. Two types of controls will be employed: 1) age-matched, normothermic sham controls, and 2) age-matched, hyperthermic controls, in which the seizures were blocked using pharmacological agents. Preliminary data indicate that a specific type of interneuron is involved in the generation of hyper-synchronous inhibitory inputs to postsynaptic cells after experimental febrile seizures. Additional preliminary results suggest that activation of cannabinoid-1 receptors can potently modulate the hyper-synchronous inhibitory inputs to principal cells after the seizures, in agreement with recent reports showing the expression of cannabinoid-l receptors on specific interneuronal axon terminals. The data obtained from the proposed experiments will determine how long-term alterations in the interactions of interneurons and principal cells can be regulated, and will help to identify novel mechanisms that could be targeted for anti-epileptic drug therapies in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF CHILDHOOD-ONSET EPILEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Berg, Anne T.; Professor; None; Northern Illinois University De Kalb, Il 60115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epilepsy affects 1-2 percent of the population and is a significant source of disability in many of those affected. This application continues a community-based study begun in 1993 of 613 children with newly diagnosed epilepsy recruited from 1 6/17 child neurologists in Connecticut. Baseline data were collected through medical record review and parent interviews. Review of subsequent records and phone calls every 3 months are the main follow-up mechanisms. An important feature of this study is the incorporation of the International Classification of the Epilepsies to study prognosis with respect to syndrome (specific diagnosis) rather than symptoms and features (e.g. seizure type). The initial primary goals of identifying risk and predictors of intractable epilepsy and two-year remission and the secondary goals have been addressed. Recent information from several sources indicates that long-term outcomes may not be fully appreciated in the short-term and specifically that intractability may occur after several years of quiescence. Additional evidence indicates long-term compromised social, behavioral, and educational outcomes associated with pediatric onset epilepsy. Why this is so is not fully understood. The proposed study would continue the follow-up of this cohort to examine seizure outcomes (e.g. later onset intractability and remission and relapse) over several more years. In addition, a standardized neuropsychological and educational assessment and a MRI are planned -9 years after initial diagnosis. The MRI is specifically designed to detect hippocampal atrophy (HA) a common lesion seen in refractory focal epilepsy but which was only seen in 3/388 children in this cohort who had MRIs at diagnosis. This study will permit examination and correlation of HA with details of the epilepsy at diagnosis (e.g. history of febrile seizures, status epilepticus, seizure types) and over the course of nine years and thus provide knowledge that may ultimately help prevent some of the most extreme forms of epilepsy. The data from this study will provide valuable information that could lead to the design and targeting of a variety of interventions, including social and educational interventions and new neuroprotective measures as they become

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available. This in turn could help lessen the burdens associated with childhood-and adolescent-onset epilepsy for the individual, the family, and society as a whole. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MR METABOLIC BRAIN IMAGING OF THE INFANT BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Vigneron, Daniel B.; Associate Professor; Radiology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Current radiologic techniques are severely limited in their ability to assess neurologic status in newborns and infants. New methods to noninvasively assess infant brain physiology are required both to better understand normal brain development and to detect and characterize neurologic anomalies. We have recently developed 3D MR spectroscopic imaging techniques to detect metabolite levels throughout the majority of the baby brain. 3D MRSI is a significant advance over the single voxel MRS used in prior studies of the infant brain. With the new technique, hundreds of spectra can be obtained throughout the brain in a single acquisition at spatial resolution of 1cc, which is 5-fold better than typically used in single voxel MRS. The preliminary results have demonstrated the ability of 3D MRSI to detect metabolic variations due to anatomic location, development and brain injury. In these studies we have also applied MR diffusion tensor imaging to provide complementary biologic information by detecting physiologic changes associated with the degree and preferred direction of water diffusion. In this exploratory research project, we will apply these new metabolic and functional imaging techniques to the study of infants between ages 1 month and two years. The main focus will be patients with developmental delay resulting from destructive lesions, inborn errors of metabolism, and developmental brain malformations. Anatomic variation of metabolic and diffusion parameters will be measured and correlated with the type and severity of the neurologic abnormality (motor, visual, cognitive). We will also add these techniques to MR exams of agematched infants being examined for macrocephaly, microcephaly, suspected mild trauma, or febrile seizures. Only those with normal development and normal neurologic exams will be included. We expect a large percentage (>80%) of this group to develop normally; thus, they will provide normative data, obviating recruitment of volunteer infants. As most of these patients are truly normal, we will avoid the difficulty and ethical concerns of studying and thus sedating normal volunteer infants in this exploratory study. Moreover, the inclusion of patients with normal neurologic development will provide important, currently lacking data on the metabolic and water diffusion changes that occur temporally and anatomically in this 1-24 month age group. Through this project we will develop and evaluate new MR imaging methods to noninvasively monitor infant brain physiology. These exciting new techniques have the potential to greatly enhance future studies (both research and clinical) of pediatric brain disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SODIUM CHANNEL MUTATIONS THAT CAUSE EPILEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldin, Alan L.; Professor; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The epilepsies are a diverse group of disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the CNS, affecting up to 3% of the

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population. Of this group, approximately 40% are idiopathic in which the underlying cause is most likely a genetic abnormality. The specific abnormality has been identified in only a small minority of cases, most of which are channelopathies involving defects in ion channel function. Even in those cases, the mechanisms by which the defects result in epilepsy are not understood. One class of channelopathies that cause epilepsy are mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels, which cause a number of different syndromes including Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+). The goal of this research is to determine how abnormal sodium channel function resulting from mutations causing GEFS+ leads to epilepsy. There are four goals. The first aim is to determine if different mutations cause GEFS+ by altering sodium channel function in different ways. This will be accomplished by determining the electrophysiological properties of GEFS+ mutants after expression in Xenopus oocytes and transfected mammalian cells. The second aim is to determine if the mutations that cause GEFS+ alter neuronal excitability. This will be accomplished by expressing the mutant channels in primary cortical neurons followed by characterization of neuronal firing using current-clamping. The third aim is to determine if the mutations that cause GEFS+ in humans can cause epilepsy in mice. This will be accomplished by constructing both transgenic and knock-in mice expressing different sodium channel mutations. The mice will provide a model system for studying neuronal excitability in native cells and for studying the development of seizures. The final aim is to determine if comparable mutations in other sodium channel genes can cause epilepsy. Although there are three sodium channel isoforms in the adult mammalian CNS, all of the mutations that are known to cause GEFS+ are in two of the genes, those encoding Na[v]1.1 and Na[v]1.2. We will construct comparable mutations in the other adult CNS isoform (Na[v]1.6) and determine if the mutations alter the properties of those channels in a similar manner. We will also construct transgenic mice expressing those mutant channels to determine if they cause epilepsy or other neurological disorders. These studies should enhance our knowledge concerning the physiological events leading to epilepsy and will provide a model system that can be used to study the development of epilepsy in a controlled manner. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for febrile seizures in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study. by Lahat E, Goldman M, Barr J, Bistritzer T, Berkovitch M.; 2000 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27427

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with febrile seizures, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for febrile seizures (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A contribution to the genetics of febrile seizures: waking and sleep EEG in siblings. Author(s): Degen R, Degen HE, Hans K. Source: Epilepsia. 1991 July-August; 32(4): 515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1868809

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A controlled trial of diazepam administered during febrile illnesses to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures. Author(s): Rosman NP, Colton T, Labazzo J, Gilbert PL, Gardella NB, Kaye EM, Van Bennekom C, Winter MR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 8; 329(2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8510706

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A deletion in SCN1B is associated with febrile seizures and early-onset absence epilepsy. Author(s): Audenaert D, Claes L, Ceulemans B, Lofgren A, Van Broeckhoven C, De Jonghe P. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 23; 61(6): 854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504340

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A locus for febrile seizures (FEB3) maps to chromosome 2q23-24. Author(s): Peiffer A, Thompson J, Charlier C, Otterud B, Varvil T, Pappas C, Barnitz C, Gruenthal K, Kuhn R, Leppert M. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1999 October; 46(4): 671-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10514109

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A locus for simple pure febrile seizures maps to chromosome 6q22-q24. Author(s): Nabbout R, Prud'homme JF, Herman A, Feingold J, Brice A, Dulac O, LeGuern E. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2002 December; 125(Pt 12): 2668-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429594

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A meta-analytic review of the preventive treatment of recurrences of febrile seizures. Author(s): Rantala H, Tarkka R, Uhari M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 December; 131(6): 922-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9427902

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A new locus for generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus maps to chromosome 2. Author(s): Lopes-Cendes I, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Rousseau M, Andermann E, Rouleau GA. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2000 February; 66(2): 698-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677328

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A novel SCN1A mutation associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus--and prevalence of variants in patients with epilepsy. Author(s): Escayg A, Heils A, MacDonald BT, Haug K, Sander T, Meisler MH. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 April; 68(4): 866-73. Epub 2001 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254445

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A prospective study of recurrent febrile seizures. Author(s): Berg AT, Shinnar S, Hauser WA, Alemany M, Shapiro ED, Salomon ME, Crain EF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 October 15; 327(16): 1122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1528207

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A retrospective analysis of patients with febrile seizures followed by epilepsy. Author(s): Trinka E, Luef G, Unterberger I, Haberlandt E, Unterrrainer J, Bauer G. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2004 April; 13(3): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010061

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A retrospective analysis of patients with febrile seizures followed by epilepsy. Author(s): Saltik S, Angay A, Ozkara C, Demirbilek V, Dervant A. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2003 June; 12(4): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763467

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A second locus for familial generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus maps to chromosome 2q21-q33. Author(s): Baulac S, Gourfinkel-An I, Picard F, Rosenberg-Bourgin M, Prud'homme JF, Baulac M, Brice A, LeGuern E. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999 October; 65(4): 1078-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10486327

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A synopsis of the American Academy of Pediatrics' practice parameters on the evaluation and treatment of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Duffner PK, Baumann RJ. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 August; 20(8): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10429152

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Alterations of cell-mediated immune response in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Montelli TC, Soares AM, Parise-Fortes MR, Rezkallah-Iwasso MT, Padula NM, Peracoli MT. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1997 June; 55(2): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9629377

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An epidemiologic study of febrile seizures and epilepsy in children. Author(s): Doerfer J, Wasser S. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1987 March; 1(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504391

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An epidemiological study of febrile seizures with special reference to family history and HLA linkage. Author(s): Wadhwa N, Bharucha B, Chablani U, Contractor N. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1992 December; 29(12): 1479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1291492

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An increase of hippocampal calretinin-immunoreactive neurons correlates with early febrile seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Author(s): Blumcke I, Beck H, Suter B, Hoffmann D, Fodisch HJ, Wolf HK, Schramm J, Elger CE, Wiestler OD. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1999 January; 97(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930892

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Antibiotic use in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): James C, Sweeney A, Nunn AJ, Choonara I. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 March; 30(3): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8833575

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Antibiotic use in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): James C, Sweeney A, Nunn AB, Choonara I. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 January; 30(1): 85. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8773174

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Antipyretic effectiveness of acetaminophen in febrile seizures: ongoing prophylaxis versus sporadic usage. Author(s): Schnaiderman D, Lahat E, Sheefer T, Aladjem M. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 September; 152(9): 747-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8223808

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Antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Van Esch A, Van Steensel-Moll HA, Steyerberg EW, Offringa M, Habbema JD, Derksen-Lubsen G. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1995 June; 149(6): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7767417

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Are febrile seizures provoked by a rapid rise in temperature? Author(s): Berg AT. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1993 October; 147(10): 1101-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8213683

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Association analysis of gamma 2 subunit of gamma- aminobutyric acid type A receptor polymorphisms with febrile seizures. Author(s): Chou IC, Peng CT, Huang CC, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH. Source: Pediatric Research. 2003 July; 54(1): 26-9. Epub 2003 April 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672902

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Association of nonpolio enteroviral infection in the central nervous system of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Hosoya M, Sato M, Honzumi K, Katayose M, Kawasaki Y, Sakuma H, Kato K, Shimada Y, Ishiko H, Suzuki H. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 January; 107(1): E12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11134476

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Autosomal dominant epilepsy with febrile seizures plus with missense mutations of the (Na+)-channel alpha 1 subunit gene, SCN1A. Author(s): Ito M, Nagafuji H, Okazawa H, Yamakawa K, Sugawara T, Mazaki-Miyazaki E, Hirose S, Fukuma G, Mitsudome A, Wada K, Kaneko S. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 January; 48(1-2): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11823106

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Behavior disturbance, phenobarbital, and febrile seizures. Author(s): Wolf SM, Forsythe A. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 May; 61(5): 728-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=662511

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Behaviour and confidence of parents instructed in home management of febrile seizures by rectal diazepam. Author(s): Rossi LN, Rossi G, Bossi A, Cortinovis I, Brunelli G. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1989 February; 43(4): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2708070

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Bilateral reductions in hippocampal volume in adults with epilepsy and a history of febrile seizures. Author(s): Barr WB, Ashtari M, Schaul N. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 October; 63(4): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343124

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Carbamazepine does not prevent febrile seizures in phenobarbital failures. Author(s): Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Tibbles JA. Source: Neurology. 1982 March; 32(3): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7199641

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Carbamazepine in febrile seizures. Author(s): Giroud M, Dumas R. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1985 January; 139(1): 9-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3969995

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Carbamazepine in prophylaxis of febrile seizures in phenobarbital failures. Author(s): Giroud M, Dumas R, Langevin P. Source: Neurology. 1983 November; 33(11): 1532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6685251

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Case-control study of primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Hukin J, Farrell K, MacWilliam LM, Colbourne M, Waida E, Tan R, Mroz L, Thomas E. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 February; 101(2): E3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9445513

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Causes of fever in children with first febrile seizures: how common are human herpesvirus-6 and dengue virus infections? Author(s): Pancharoen C, Chansongsakul T, Bhattarakosol P. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 September; 31(3): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289013

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Causes of fever in febrile seizures. Author(s): Ramakrishan K, Mathew KN, Thomas K. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1982 May-June; 49(398): 367-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7141507

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Cerebral hemiatrophy: a possible etiological relation with febrile seizures. Author(s): Garg RK, Karak B. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 January; 35(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707916

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Cerebral hemiatrophy: classification on the basis of MR imaging findings of mesial temporal sclerosis and childhood febrile seizures. Author(s): Dix JE, Cail WS. Source: Radiology. 1997 April; 203(1): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9122406

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Cerebrospinal fluid and serum neuron-specific enolase levels after febrile seizures. Author(s): Tanabe T, Suzuki S, Hara K, Shimakawa S, Wakamiya E, Tamai H. Source: Epilepsia. 2001 April; 42(4): 504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440345

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Cerebrospinal fluid purine metabolite and neuron-specific enolase concentrations after febrile seizures. Author(s): Rodriguez-Nunez A, Cid E, Rodriguez-Garcia J, Camina F, Rodriguez-Segade S, Castro-Gago M. Source: Brain & Development. 2000 October; 22(7): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11102727

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Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin levels in febrile seizures and epilepsy in children. Author(s): Hirai K, Seki T. Source: Neuropeptides. 2000 February; 34(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688964

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Characteristics of the initial seizure in familial febrile seizures. Author(s): van Stuijvenberg M, van Beijeren E, Wils NH, Derksen-Lubsen G, van Duijn CM, Moll HA. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 February; 80(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325737

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Childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures: a family with a GABA(A) receptor mutation. Author(s): Marini C, Harkin LA, Wallace RH, Mulley JC, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 January; 126(Pt 1): 230-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477709

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Childhood-onset epilepsy with and without preceding febrile seizures. Author(s): Berg AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, Testa FM. Source: Neurology. 1999 November 10; 53(8): 1742-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10563622

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Children with febrile seizures do not consume excess health care resources. Author(s): Gordon KE, Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Dooley JM, Bethune P. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 June; 154(6): 594-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10850506

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Children with first-time simple febrile seizures are at low risk of serious bacterial illness. Author(s): Trainor JL, Hampers LC, Krug SE, Listernick R. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2001 August; 8(8): 781-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483452

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Children with onset of febrile seizures after the age of 5 years. Author(s): Voudris KA, Skardoutsou A, Salapata M, Servitzoglou M, Vagiakou EA. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 July; 17(7): 544. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269738

Studies

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Classification of complex features of febrile seizures: interrater agreement. Author(s): Berg AT, Steinschneider M, Kang H, Shinnar S. Source: Epilepsia. 1992 July-August; 33(4): 661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1628581

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Clinical and genetic analysis of a new multigenerational pedigree with GEFS+ (Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus). Author(s): Gerard F, Pereira S, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Genton P, Szepetowski P. Source: Epilepsia. 2002 June; 43(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12060016

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Clinical heterogeneity in pedigrees with 2q-linked febrile seizures. Author(s): Moulard B, Chaigne D, Malafosse A. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 June; 47(6): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852559

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Commentary: the Consensus Development Conference on Febrile Seizures. Author(s): Fishman MA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 December; 97(6): 933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7441421

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Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study. Author(s): Lahat E, Goldman M, Barr J, Bistritzer T, Berkovitch M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 July 8; 321(7253): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884257

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Complex febrile seizures associated with influenza A. Author(s): Stricker T, Sennhauser FH. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 May; 23(5): 480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15131481

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Complex febrile seizures. Author(s): Berg AT, Shinnar S. Source: Epilepsia. 1996 February; 37(2): 126-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8635422

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Consensus on 'rational approach' to therapy of childhood febrile seizures. Author(s): Elliott J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 July 11; 244(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6103969

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Consensus statement--febrile seizures: a consensus of their significance, evaluation, and treatment. Author(s): Freeman JM. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1981 February; 73(2): 82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6942857

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Controversies in febrile seizures. Author(s): Rajadhyaksha S, Shah KN. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2000 January; 67(1 Suppl): S71-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129896

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Decision making and the child with febrile seizures. Author(s): Freeman JM, Vining EP. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1992 August; 13(8): 298-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437894

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Decrease in hospital admissions for febrile seizures and reports of hypotonichyporesponsive episodes presenting to hospital emergency departments since switching to acellular pertussis vaccine in Canada: a report from IMPACT. Author(s): Le Saux N, Barrowman NJ, Moore DL, Whiting S, Scheifele D, Halperin S; Canadian Paediatric Society/ Health Canada Immunization Monitoring Program-Active (IMPACT). Source: Pediatrics. 2003 November; 112(5): E348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595075

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Degree of hippocampal atrophy is not related to a history of febrile seizures in patients with proved hippocampal sclerosis. Author(s): Bower SP, Kilpatrick CJ, Vogrin SJ, Morris K, Cook MJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 December; 69(6): 7338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11080224

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Demographic characteristics and risk factors of first febrile seizures: a Jordanian experience. Author(s): Abuekteish F, Daoud AS, al-Sheyyab M, Nou'man M. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 January; 30(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10842518

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Detection of rotavirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid in a case of rotavirus gastroenteritis with febrile seizures. Author(s): Pang XL, Joensuu J, Vesikari T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 June; 15(6): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8783355

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Diazepam for prevention of recurrence of febrile seizures. Author(s): DeMuri G, Langkamp DL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 August; 119(2): 334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1861228

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Diazepam to prevent febrile seizures. Author(s): Shetty T. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 30; 329(27): 2034; Author Reply 2034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8247083

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Diazepam to prevent febrile seizures. Author(s): Berg AT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 30; 329(27): 2033-4; Author Reply 2034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8247082

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Diazepam to prevent febrile seizures. Author(s): Leiner S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 30; 329(27): 2033; Author Reply 2034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8247081

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Diazepam to prevent febrile seizures. Author(s): Fischbein CA, Berg IJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 30; 329(27): 2033; Author Reply 2034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8247080

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Diazepam to prevent febrile seizures. Author(s): Camfield P, Camfield C. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 30; 329(27): 2034; Author Reply 2034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110244

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Diazepam to reduce recurrences of febrile seizures. Author(s): Rosman NP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 February; 128(2): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8636838

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Do febrile seizures improve memory? Author(s): Baram TZ, Shinnar S. Source: Neurology. 2001 July 10; 57(1): 7-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445620

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Do prolonged febrile seizures produce medial temporal sclerosis? Hypotheses, MRI evidence and unanswered questions. Author(s): Lewis DV, Barboriak DP, MacFall JR, Provenzale JM, Mitchell TV, VanLandingham KE. Source: Prog Brain Res. 2002; 135: 263-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12143347

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Does phenobarbital used for febrile seizures cause sleep disturbances? Author(s): Hirtz DG, Chen TC, Nelson KB, Sulzbacher S, Farwell JR, Ellenberg JH. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1993 March-April; 9(2): 94-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499051

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Double-blind, randomized trial of diazepam versus placebo for prevention of recurrence of febrile seizures. Author(s): Autret E, Billard C, Bertrand P, Motte J, Pouplard F, Jonville AP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 September; 117(3): 490-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2202804

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Drug treatment of recurrent febrile seizures. Author(s): Haddock ST. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1984 May; 138(5): 507-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6711511

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Effect of acetaminophen and of low intermittent doses of diazepam on prevention of recurrences of febrile seizures. Author(s): Uhari M, Rantala H, Vainionpaa L, Kurttila R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 June; 126(6): 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776115

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Effectiveness of daily phenobarbital in the prevention of febrile seizure recurrences in "simple" febrile convulsions and "epilepsy triggered by fever". Author(s): Wolf SM. Source: Epilepsia. 1977 March; 18(1): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=858295

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Efficacy of carbamazepine for febrile seizures. Author(s): Monaco F. Source: Neurology. 1985 April; 35(4): 618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3982664

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Elevated serum creatine kinase. Following febrile seizures. Author(s): Lahat E, Eshel G, Heyman E, Bar J, Katz Y, Aladjem M. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1989 October; 28(10): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2791433

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Epilepsy and mental retardation following febrile seizures in childhood. Author(s): Wolf SM, Forsythe A. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989 March; 78(2): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2929352

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Epilepsy duration, febrile seizures, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Author(s): Theodore WH, Kelley K, Toczek MT, Gaillard WD. Source: Epilepsia. 2004 March; 45(3): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009230

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Evaluation and management of febrile seizures in the out-of-hospital and emergency department settings. Author(s): Warden CR, Zibulewsky J, Mace S, Gold C, Gausche-Hill M. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 February; 41(2): 215-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548271

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Failure to find evidence for association between voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN2A variants and febrile seizures in humans. Author(s): Nakayama J, Yamamoto N, Hamano K, Iwasaki N, Ohta M, Nakahara S, Horigome Y, Nakahara C, Noguchi E, Shiono J, Shimakura Y, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Matsui A, Arinami T. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 30; 329(2): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165424

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Familial temporal lobe epilepsy with febrile seizures. Author(s): Depondt C, Van Paesschen W, Matthijs G, Legius E, Martens K, Demaerel P, Wilms G. Source: Neurology. 2002 May 14; 58(9): 1429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011300

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Family history and recurrence of febrile seizures. Author(s): van Esch A, Steyerberg EW, Berger MY, Offringa M, Derksen-Lubsen G, Habbema JD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 May; 70(5): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8017960

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FDG-PET and MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy: relationship to febrile seizures, hippocampal sclerosis and outcome. Author(s): Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R, Smith R, Wellman H, Hutchins G, Park H, Ghetti B, Azzarelli B. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1998 March; 97(3): 146-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531429

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Febrile seizures after immunization with meningococcal A + C vaccine. Author(s): Novelli VM, Dawod S, Ali M, al-Kuwari A, al-Jaber K. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1989 April; 8(4): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2717277

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Febrile seizures and cot deaths. Author(s): Koepsell TD, Spiers PS. Source: Lancet. 1981 October 17; 2(8251): 870. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6116977

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Febrile seizures and epilepsy: the contributions of epidemiology. Author(s): Berg AT. Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 1992 April; 6(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1584717

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Febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy associated with a mutation in the Na+channel beta1 subunit gene SCN1B. Author(s): Wallace RH, Wang DW, Singh R, Scheffer IE, George AL Jr, Phillips HA, Saar K, Reis A, Johnson EW, Sutherland GR, Berkovic SF, Mulley JC. Source: Nature Genetics. 1998 August; 19(4): 366-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9697698

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Febrile seizures and hippocampal sclerosis: frequent and related findings in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy of childhood. Author(s): Harvey AS, Grattan-Smith JD, Desmond PM, Chow CW, Berkovic SF. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1995 April; 12(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7619185

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Febrile seizures and later intellectual performance. Author(s): Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1978 January; 35(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619868

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Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis: no association in a long-term followup study. Author(s): Scott R. Source: Neurology. 2003 August 26; 61(4): 588; Author Reply 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12939457

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Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis: No association in a long-term followup study. Author(s): Tarkka R, Paakko E, Pyhtinen J, Uhari M, Rantala H. Source: Neurology. 2003 January 28; 60(2): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552033

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Febrile seizures and parental anxiety: does information help? Author(s): Flury T, Aebi C, Donati F. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2001 September 22; 131(37-38): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759176

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Febrile seizures and purulent meningitis. Author(s): Samson JH, Apthorp J, Finley A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1969 December 8; 210(10): 1918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5394954

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Febrile seizures in a south Indian district: incidence and associations. Author(s): Hackett R, Hackett L, Bhakta P. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1997 June; 39(6): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9233362

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Febrile seizures in children. Author(s): Ravikumar T, Thangadorai C. Source: Natl Med J India. 1994 March-April; 7(2): 75-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8019403

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Febrile seizures in children. Author(s): Aicardi J, Chevrie JJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1979 April; 36(4): 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=426676

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Febrile seizures in children. Author(s): Henderson BM, Levi JS. Source: American Family Physician. 1975 January; 11(1): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1109536

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Febrile seizures in Malaysian children: epidemiology and clinical features. Author(s): Deng CT, Zulkifli HI, Azizi BH. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1994 December; 49(4): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674969

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Febrile seizures in patients with complex partial seizures. Author(s): Schmidt D, Tsai JJ, Janz D. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1985 July; 72(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4050320

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Febrile seizures, early onset of temporal epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis. Author(s): Tugendhaft P. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1986 January; 73(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3953262

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Shinnar S, Glauser TA. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 January; 17 Suppl 1: S44-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918463

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Depiero AD, Teach SJ. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 October; 17(5): 384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11673720

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Singhi PD, Srinivas M. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 July; 38(7): 733-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11463960

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Hirtz DG. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997 January; 18(1): 58; Quiz 9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8993063

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Stenklyft PH, Carmona M. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1994 November; 12(4): 989-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956895

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Puri V. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 March; 28(3): 309-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1937715

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Bharucha NE, Bharucha EP, Bharucha AE. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 1991; 10(3): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1922647

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Verburgh ME. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1990 March; 30(3): 262. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2340017

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Parks BR Jr. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1988 November-December; 14(6): 518. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3211611

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Rosman NP. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1987 November; 5(4): 719-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3117519

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Varma RR. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 August; 69(8): 697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356222

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Addy DP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 August 9; 281(6237): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7427317

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Livingston S, Pauli LL, Pruce I. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1979 March; 36(3): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=435141

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Majer LS, Charmey E, Roberts K. Source: Pediatrics. 1979 February; 63(2): 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=440831

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Febrile seizures. Author(s): Gorman RJ, Snead OC. Source: American Family Physician. 1979 January; 19(1): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760419

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Febrile seizures. Recognition and management. Author(s): Smith MC. Source: Drugs. 1994 June; 47(6): 933-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7521832

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Febrile seizures. When is treatment justified? Author(s): Kaplan RE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1987 October; 82(5): 63-6, 69-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3313341

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Febrile seizures: a clinical review. Author(s): Poth RA, Belfer RA. Source: Compr Ther. 1998 February; 24(2): 57-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9533985

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Febrile seizures: a consensus of their significance, evaluation, and treatment. Author(s): Freeman JM. Source: Pediatrics. 1980 December; 66(6): 1009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7454463

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Febrile seizures: a decision-making analysis. Author(s): Freeman JM, Vining EP. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 October; 52(5): 1401-6, 1409-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7572563

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Febrile seizures: a new look at an old controversy. Author(s): Lee WL. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1994 May; 23(3): 387-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7944256

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Febrile seizures: a protocol for emergency management. Author(s): Felter RA, Asch SM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1986 June; 2(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3786217

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Febrile seizures: an end to confusion. Author(s): Freeman JM. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 May; 61(5): 806-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=662527

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Febrile seizures: an overview. Author(s): Chadwick DJ 2nd. Source: Minn Med. 2003 March; 86(3): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12661956

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Febrile seizures: an update. Author(s): Singhi PD, Jayshree K. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1995 May; 32(5): 564-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8613315

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Febrile seizures: clinical characteristics and initial EEG. Author(s): Sofijanov N, Emoto S, Kuturec M, Dukovski M, Duma F, Ellenberg JH, Hirtz DG, Nelson KB. Source: Epilepsia. 1992 January-February; 33(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733760

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Febrile seizures: clinical course and diagnostic evaluation. Author(s): Shiva F, Hashemian HR. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1998 September; 48(9): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028796

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Febrile seizures: controversies and current concepts. Author(s): Anandam R. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1986 November; 23(11): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3793212

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Febrile seizures: current concepts concerning prognosis and clinical management. Author(s): Applegate MS, Lo W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1989 October; 29(4): 422-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2677213

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Febrile seizures: current concepts. Author(s): Gururaj VJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1980 November; 19(11): 731-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6968648

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Febrile seizures: emergency department diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Bettis DB, Ater SB. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1985; 2(5): 341-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3910715

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Febrile seizures: factors affecting risk of recurrence in Pakistani children presenting at the Aga Khan University Hospital. Author(s): Habib Z, Akram S, Ibrahim S, Hasan B. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2003 January; 53(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666845

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Febrile seizures: genetics and relationship to other epilepsy syndromes. Author(s): Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 1998 April; 11(2): 129-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9551293

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Febrile seizures: is the EEG a useful predictor of recurrences? Author(s): Kuturec M, Emoto SE, Sofijanov N, Dukovski M, Duma F, Ellenberg JH, Hirtz DG, Nelson KB. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1997 January; 36(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007345

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Febrile seizures: rate and risk factors of recurrence. Author(s): al-Eissa YA. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1995 July; 10(4): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594268

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Febrile seizures: recent developments. Author(s): Farwell JR. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1991 January; 20(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2000230

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Febrile seizures: the treatment controversy. Author(s): Fishman MA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979 February; 94(2): 177-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=368298

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Febrile seizures: to treat or not to treat. Author(s): Lagos JC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1970 February; 47(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5415153

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Febrile seizures: treatment and prognosis. Author(s): Knudsen FU. Source: Epilepsia. 2000 January; 41(1): 2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643916

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Febrile seizures--treatment and outcome. Author(s): Knudsen FU. Source: Brain & Development. 1996 November-December; 18(6): 438-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980840

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Febrile seizures--treatment and prevention or not? Author(s): Sagraves R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1999 March-April; 13(2): 79-83; Quiz 84-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382469

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First febrile seizures. Characteristics of the child, the seizure, and the illness. Author(s): Farwell JR, Blackner G, Sulzbacher S, Adelman L, Voeller M. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1994 May; 33(5): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8050254

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First place winner. Recurrent febrile seizures: an unusual presentation of nutritional rickets. Author(s): Hoecker CC, Kanegaye JT. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 November; 23(4): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480016

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Free amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Cremades A, Penafiel R, Monserrat F, Ceron I, Perez-Flores D. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1989 August; 20(3): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2779740

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Functional and biochemical analysis of a sodium channel beta1 subunit mutation responsible for generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus type 1. Author(s): Meadows LS, Malhotra J, Loukas A, Thyagarajan V, Kazen-Gillespie KA, Koopman MC, Kriegler S, Isom LL, Ragsdale DS. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 December 15; 22(24): 10699-709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486163

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Functional characterization of the D188V mutation in neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel causing generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS). Author(s): Cossette P, Loukas A, Lafreniere RG, Rochefort D, Harvey-Girard E, Ragsdale DS, Dunn RJ, Rouleau GA. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2003 February; 53(1-2): 107-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576172

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gamma-Aminobutyric acid in CSF of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Knight M, Ebert J, Parish RA, Berry H, Fogelson MH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1985 May; 42(5): 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3994564

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+): clinical spectrum in seven Italian families unrelated to SCN1A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 gene mutations. Author(s): Bonanni P, Malcarne M, Moro F, Veggiotti P, Buti D, Ferrari AR, Parrini E, Mei D, Volzone A, Zara F, Heron SE, Bordo L, Marini C, Guerrini R. Source: Epilepsia. 2004 February; 45(2): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738422

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a case report of two Italian families. Author(s): Veggiotti P, Cardinali S, Montalenti E, Gatti A, Lanzi G. Source: Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape. 2001 January-March; 3(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11313220

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. A genetic disorder with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. Author(s): Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1997 March; 120 ( Pt 3): 479-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126059

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus: a common childhood-onset genetic epilepsy syndrome. Author(s): Singh R, Scheffer IE, Crossland K, Berkovic SF. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1999 January; 45(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894880

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus: further heterogeneity in a large family. Author(s): Lerche H, Weber YG, Baier H, Jurkat-Rott K, Kraus de Camargo O, Ludolph AC, Bode H, Lehmann-Horn F. Source: Neurology. 2001 October 9; 57(7): 1191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591834

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus: mutation of the sodium channel subunit SCN1B. Author(s): Wallace RH, Scheffer IE, Parasivam G, Barnett S, Wallace GB, Sutherland GR, Berkovic SF, Mulley JC. Source: Neurology. 2002 May 14; 58(9): 1426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011299

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Generalized tonic-clonic and febrile seizures. Author(s): Hirtz DG. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1989 April; 36(2): 365-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2494639

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Genetic and environmental factors in febrile seizures: a Danish population-based twin study. Author(s): Kjeldsen MJ, Kyvik KO, Friis ML, Christensen K. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 September; 51(1-2): 167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12350392

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Hereditary febrile seizures: phenotype and evidence for a chromosome 19p locus. Author(s): Kugler SL, Stenroos ES, Mandelbaum DE, Lehner T, McKoy VV, Prossick T, Sasvari J, Swannick K, Katz J, Johnson WG. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 October 12; 79(5): 354-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779801

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High prevalence of stress hyperglycaemia in children with febrile seizures and traumatic injuries. Author(s): Valerio G, Franzese A, Carlin E, Pecile P, Perini R, Tenore A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 June; 90(6): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440092

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Hippocampal atrophy, epilepsy duration, and febrile seizures in patients with partial seizures. Author(s): Theodore WH, Bhatia S, Hatta J, Fazilat S, DeCarli C, Bookheimer SY, Gaillard WD. Source: Neurology. 1999 January 1; 52(1): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9921860

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Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy and childhood febrile seizures. Author(s): Kuks JB, Cook MJ, Fish DR, Stevens JM, Shorvon SD. Source: Lancet. 1993 December 4; 342(8884): 1391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7901683

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Hippocampal sclerosis: cause or consequence of febrile seizures. Author(s): Koepp MJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 December; 69(6): 7167. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11080220

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Hippocampal volumetry in children 6 years or younger: assessment of children with and without complex febrile seizures. Author(s): Szabo CA, Wyllie E, Siavalas EL, Najm I, Ruggieri P, Kotagal P, Luders H. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1999 January; 33(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022361

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Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children with first febrile seizures. Author(s): Barone SR, Kaplan MH, Krilov LR. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 July; 127(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608818

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Human herpesviruses types 6 and 7 and febrile seizures. Author(s): Teach SJ, Wallace HL, Evans MJ, Duffner PK, Hay J, Faden HS. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1999 October; 21(4): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10580881

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Identification of a new locus for generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) on chromosome 2q24-q33. Author(s): Moulard B, Guipponi M, Chaigne D, Mouthon D, Buresi C, Malafosse A. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999 November; 65(5): 1396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10521305

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Immunoglobulin abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Eeg-Olofsson O, Wigertz A, Link H. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1982 February; 13(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7078707

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Immunoglobulin subgroups in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Caksen H, Oner AF, Arslan S, Kan MC, Cesur Y, Uner A. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 February; 43(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11208001

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Incidence of bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and unsuspected bacterial meningitis in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Teach SJ, Geil PA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1999 February; 15(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10069303

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Incidence of febrile seizures in The Netherlands. Author(s): Verburgh ME, Bruijnzeels MA, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, van der Velden J, Hoes AW, Offringa M. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 1992; 11(4-6): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1291879

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Increased frequency of interleukin-1beta (-511) allele 2 in febrile seizures. Author(s): Virta M, Hurme M, Helminen M. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 March; 26(3): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11955925

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Increased plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with febrile seizures. Author(s): Virta M, Hurme M, Helminen M. Source: Epilepsia. 2002 August; 43(8): 920-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12181012

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Influenza A infection is an important cause of febrile seizures. Author(s): Chiu SS, Tse CY, Lau YL, Peiris M. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 October; 108(4): E63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11581471

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Interleukin-1beta levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Lahat E, Livne M, Barr J, Katz Y. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1997 July; 17(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308973

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Interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitrite levels in febrile seizures. Author(s): Haspolat S, Mihci E, Coskun M, Gumuslu S, Ozben T, Yegin O, Ozbenm T. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 October; 17(10): 749-51. Erratum In: J Child Neurol. 2003 February; 18(2): 118. Ozbenm Tomris [corrected to Ozben Tomris]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546429

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Interleukin-4 intron 3 polymorphism is not related to susceptibility to febrile seizures. Author(s): Tsai FJ, Chou IC, Hsieh YY, Lee CC, Lin CC, Tsai CH. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 October; 27(4): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435565

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Intermittent diazepam and continuous phenobarbital to treat recurrence of febrile seizures: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Author(s): Masuko AH, Castro AA, Santos GR, Atallah AN, do Prado LB, de Carvalho LB, do Prado GF. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2003 December; 61(4): 897-901. Epub 2004 January 06. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14762586

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Intermittent treatment with clonazepam in simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Arcas Martinez J, Martinez Bermejo A, Gonzales Gonzales L, Lopez Martin V, Pascual-Castroviejo I. Source: Brain & Development. 1990; 12(2): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2360705

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Intranasal midazolam for febrile seizures. A step forward in treating a common and distressing condition. Author(s): Koren G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 July 8; 321(7253): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884237

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Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Buccal midazolam for childhood seizures at home preferred to rectal diazepam. Author(s): Wassner E, Morris B, Fernando L, Rao M, Whitehouse WP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203721

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Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Buccal midazolam should be preferred to nasal midazolam. Author(s): Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154640

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Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Caution is advised in interpreting trial conclusions. Author(s): Johnson T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154638

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Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Caution is required in applying hospital based evidence to primary care population. Author(s): Harnden A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154641

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Intranasal midazolam for treating febrile seizures in children. Safety is as important as efficacy. Author(s): Phillips B, Appleton R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154642

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Is routine EEG helpful in the management of complex febrile seizures? Author(s): Cuestas E. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004 March; 89(3): 290. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977720

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Just say no! Drugs and febrile seizures. Author(s): Freeman JM. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 October; 86(4): 624. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2216631

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Lack of SCN1A mutations in familial febrile seizures. Author(s): Malacarne M, Madia F, Gennaro E, Vacca D, Guney AI, Buono S, Bernardina BD, Gaggero R, Gobbi G, Lispi ML, Malamaci D, Melideo G, Roccella M, Sferro C, Tiberti A, Vanadia F, Vigevano F, Viri F, Vitali MR, Bricarelli FD, Bianchi A, Zara F. Source: Epilepsia. 2002 May; 43(5): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027919

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Late-onset or persistent febrile seizures. Author(s): Goraya JS. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 March; 17(3): 243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12026248

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Letter: Allergy and febrile seizures. Author(s): Malagodi MH. Source: American Family Physician. 1975 May; 11(5): 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1130252

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Letter: parenteral compliance in the continuous administration of phenobarbital for the prevention of febrile seizures. Author(s): Wolf SM, Carr AC, Hanson RA, Dale EP, Davis DC, Goldenberg ED, Lulejian GA, Sharpe KS, Treitman P, Weinstein AW. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1973 December; 83(6): 1085-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4757524

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Letter: Treatment of "febrile seizures". Author(s): Livingston S, Pauli LL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 July; 89(1): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=932897

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Leukotriene B4 and C4 in cerebrospinal fluid from children with meningitis and febrile seizures. Author(s): Matsuo M, Hamasaki Y, Masuyama T, Ohta M, Miyazaki S. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1996 February; 14(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703223

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Locus for febrile seizures. Author(s): Scheffer IE, Wallace RH, Mulley JC, Berkovic SF. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 June; 47(6): 840-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852560

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Long term prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Author(s): Ramakrishnan K, Thomas K. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1986 May-June; 53(3): 397-400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531001

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Long-term outcome of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Lee WL. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1989 January; 18(1): 32-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2653172

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Long-term prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Author(s): Kovoor L. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1986 November-December; 53(6): 823-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3818009

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Low risk of bacteremia in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Shah SS, Alpern ER, Zwerling L, Reid JR, McGowan KL, Bell LM. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 May; 156(5): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980552

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Low sodium levels in serum are associated with subsequent febrile seizures. Author(s): Ann Pharmacother. 1996 Mar;30(3):301-2 Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 December; 84(12): 1372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8833575

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Lumbar puncture for febrile seizures: do we need a "maxim"? Author(s): Green SM, Rothrock SG. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1991 November; 9(6): 624-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1930412

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Management and treatment of febrile seizures. Author(s): Camfield PR, Camfield CS. Source: Curr Probl Pediatr. 1997 January; 27(1): 6-14. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9111701

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Management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Kumaresan G. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 November; 101(11): 658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15198415

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Management of febrile seizures: current concepts and recommendations for phenobarbital and the electroencephalogram. Author(s): Millichap JG. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1991 January; 22(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1991413

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Management of febrile seizures: survey of current practice and phenobarbital usage. Author(s): Millichap JG, Colliver JA. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1991 July-August; 7(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1930414

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Managing febrile seizures in children. Author(s): Champi C, Gaffney-Yocum PA. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1999 October; 24(10): 28-30, 34-5, 39-43; Quiz 44-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546256

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MMR vaccination and febrile seizures: evaluation of susceptible subgroups and longterm prognosis. Author(s): Vestergaard M, Hviid A, Madsen KM, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, Schendel D, Melbye M, Olsen J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 July 21; 292(3): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15265850

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Molecular genetics of febrile seizures. Author(s): Iwasaki N, Nakayama J, Hamano K, Matsui A, Arinami T. Source: Epilepsia. 2002; 43 Suppl 9: 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383277

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Mutant GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit in childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures. Author(s): Wallace RH, Marini C, Petrou S, Harkin LA, Bowser DN, Panchal RG, Williams DA, Sutherland GR, Mulley JC, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Source: Nature Genetics. 2001 May; 28(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11326275

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Natural course of febrile seizures. Author(s): Huttenlocher PR. Source: Pediatrics. 1980 March; 65(3): 680. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7360574

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Nav1.1 mutations cause febrile seizures associated with afebrile partial seizures. Author(s): Sugawara T, Mazaki-Miyazaki E, Ito M, Nagafuji H, Fukuma G, Mitsudome A, Wada K, Kaneko S, Hirose S, Yamakawa K. Source: Neurology. 2001 August 28; 57(4): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524484

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Neurological and electroencephalographic abnormalities after febrile seizures. Possible association with cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Iannetti P, Del Grosso N, D'Ambrosio E, Balducci L. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1981 May; 2(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6277827

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Neuronal sodium-channel alpha1-subunit mutations in generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Author(s): Wallace RH, Scheffer IE, Barnett S, Richards M, Dibbens L, Desai RR, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D, Mazarib A, Brand N, Ben-Zeev B, Goikhman I, Singh R, Kremmidiotis G, Gardner A, Sutherland GR, George AL Jr, Mulley JC, Berkovic SF. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 April; 68(4): 859-65. Epub 2001 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254444

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Non increased neuron-specific enolase concentration in cerebrospinal fluid during first febrile seizures and a year follow-up in pediatric patients. Author(s): Dorta-Contreras AJ, Tabio-Valdes E, Tabio-Valdes A, Delgado-Fernandez C, Reiber H. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1998 September; 56(3B): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850747

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Nonfebrile seizures after febrile convulsions: possible role of chronic cytomegalovirus infection. Author(s): Iannetti P, Fiorilli M, Sirianni MC, Pana A, Aiuti F. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 July; 101(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6283054

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Nursing care of children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Bindler RM, Howry LB. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1978 September-October; 3(5): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=99611

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Occult bacteremia in children with simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Chamberlain JM, Gorman RL. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1988 October; 142(10): 1073-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3052032

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Optimum management of febrile seizures in childhood. Author(s): Knudsen FU. Source: Drugs. 1988 July; 36(1): 111-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3063493

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Parental reactions to febrile seizures in Malaysian children. Author(s): Deng CT, Zulkifli HI, Azizi BH. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1996 December; 51(4): 462-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968035

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Parents' fear regarding fever and febrile seizures. Author(s): van Stuijvenberg M, de Vos S, Tjiang GC, Steyerberg EW, Derksen-Lubsen G, Moll HA. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 June; 88(6): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10419245

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Parents' views of lumbar puncture in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Deng CT, Zulkifli HI, Azizi BH. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1994 September; 49(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845277

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Partial and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and a novel SCN1A mutation. Author(s): Abou-Khalil B, Ge Q, Desai R, Ryther R, Bazyk A, Bailey R, Haines JL, Sutcliffe JS, George AL Jr. Source: Neurology. 2001 December 26; 57(12): 2265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756608

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Pathogenetic role of monoamine metabolism in complex febrile seizures. Author(s): Nishimura K, Hara M. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1999 August; 21(2): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10465142

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Pediatric febrile seizures and childhood headaches in primary care. Author(s): Reinhold J, Bentti AL. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 2000 March; 35(1): 137-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10673570

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Pediatric fever and febrile seizures. Author(s): Kim G, Brown L, Mejia C. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 2003 July; 32(7): 71-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889428

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Pediatric management problems. Febrile seizures. Author(s): Belkengren R, Sapala S. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1997 March-April; 23(2): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9165938

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Pedigree analysis in families with febrile seizures. Author(s): Johnson WG, Kugler SL, Stenroos ES, Meulener MC, Rangwalla I, Johnson TW, Mandelbaum DE. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 February 2; 61(4): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834046

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Phenobarbital for febrile seizures--effects on intelligence and on seizure recurrence. Author(s): Farwell JR, Lee YJ, Hirtz DG, Sulzbacher SI, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 February 8; 322(6): 364-9. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1992 January 9; 326(2): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2242106

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Phenobarbital for pediatric febrile seizures: risk-benefit update. Author(s): Engel NS. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1990 July-August; 15(4): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2115957

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Phenotypic features of familial febrile seizures: case-control study. Author(s): Pal DK, Kugler SL, Mandelbaum DE, Durner M. Source: Neurology. 2003 February 11; 60(3): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578920

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Possible contribution of interferon-alpha to febrile seizures in influenza. Author(s): Masuyama T, Matsuo M, Ichimaru T, Ishii K, Tsuchiya K, Hamasaki Y. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 October; 27(4): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435568

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Practical guidelines for physicians in the management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Fukuyama Y, Seki T, Ohtsuka C, Miura H, Hara M. Source: Brain & Development. 1996 November-December; 18(6): 479-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980847

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Prediction of febrile seizures in siblings: a practical approach. Author(s): van Esch A, Steyerberg EW, van Duijn CM, Offringa M, Derksen-Lubsen G, van Steensel-Moll HA. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 April; 157(4): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9578974

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Predictors of epilepsy in children who have experienced febrile seizures. Author(s): Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 November 4; 295(19): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=972656

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Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. A prospective cohort study. Author(s): Berg AT, Shinnar S, Darefsky AS, Holford TR, Shapiro ED, Salomon ME, Crain EF, Hauser AW. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1997 April; 151(4): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9111436

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Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures: a metaanalytic review. Author(s): Berg AT, Shinnar S, Hauser WA, Leventhal JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 March; 116(3): 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2137875

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Prenatal and perinatal antecedents of febrile convulsions and afebrile seizures: data from a national cohort study. Author(s): Greenwood R, Golding J, Ross E, Verity C. Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 1998 July; 12 Suppl 1: 76-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9690275

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Prenatal and perinatal antecedents of febrile seizures. Author(s): Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1990 February; 27(2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2317009

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Prevalence of febrile seizures in Dutch schoolchildren. Author(s): Offringa M, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Derksen-Lubsen G. Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 1991 April; 5(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2052480

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Preventing febrile seizures in children with oral diazepam: can a controlled trial truly be "double-blind?". Author(s): Rosman NP, Douglass LM, Paolini JL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 April; 138(4): 548-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295719

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Prevention and management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Baumann RJ. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2001; 3(8): 585-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11577923

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Prevention of recurrent febrile seizures. Author(s): Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Gordon K, Dooley JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 June; 126(6): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776096

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Preventive treatment for recurrent febrile seizures. Author(s): Rantala H, Tarkka R, Uhari M. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2000 April; 32(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821324

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Prognosis in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 May; 61(5): 720-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=662510

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Prolonged febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Author(s): Shinnar S. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1998 April; 43(4): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546320

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Pros and cons of treatments and studies of recurrent febrile seizures. Author(s): Watanabe T. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 November; 133(5): 715. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9821440

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Purine metabolites and pyrimidine bases in cerebrospinal fluid of children with simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Rodriguez-Nunez A, Camina F, Lojo S, Rodriguez-Segade S, Castro-Gago M. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1991 October; 33(10): 908-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1743415

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Relationship of hippocampal sclerosis to duration and age of onset of epilepsy, and childhood febrile seizures in temporal lobectomy patients. Author(s): Davies KG, Hermann BP, Dohan FC Jr, Foley KT, Bush AJ, Wyler AR. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1996 June; 24(2): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8796360

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Retrospective study of febrile seizures: subsequent electroencephalogram findings, unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in adolescents. Author(s): Piperidou HN, Heliopoulos IN, Maltezos ES, Stathopoulos GA, Milonas IA. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 November-December; 30(6): 560-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12526282

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Retrospective study of late febrile seizures. Author(s): Webb DW, Jones RR, Manzur AY, Farrell K. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1999 April; 20(4): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328275

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Right hippocampal sclerosis is more common than left after febrile seizures. Author(s): Janszky J, Woermann FG, Barsi P, Schulz R, Halasz P, Ebner A. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 8; 60(7): 1209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682340

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Risk factors for febrile seizures in the People's Republic of China: a case control study. Author(s): Zhao F, Emoto SE, Lavine L, Nelson KB, Wang CC, Li SC, Cheng XM, Bolis CL, Schoenberg BS. Source: Epilepsia. 1991 July-August; 32(4): 510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1868808

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Risk factors for recurrence of febrile seizures. Author(s): Paul Y. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 December; 38(12): 1433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752752

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Risk factors for seizure recurrence in children with febrile seizures: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from five studies. Author(s): Offringa M, Bossuyt PM, Lubsen J, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB, Knudsen FU, Annegers JF, el-Radhi AS, Habbema JD, Derksen-Lubsen G, et al. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 April; 124(4): 574-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8151472

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Risk factors in febrile seizures. Any surprises? Author(s): Ferry PC. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1993 January; 147(1): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8418591

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Risk of febrile seizures in childhood in relation to prenatal maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol intake. Author(s): Cassano PA, Koepsell TD, Farwell JR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 September; 132(3): 462-73; Discussion 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2389751

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Routine investigations in first febrile seizures. Author(s): Noah PK, Archer EY. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1987 December; 36(4): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3439170

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Routine skull roentgenograms in the management of simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Nealis JG, McFadden SW, Asnes RA, Ouellette EM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 April; 90(4): 595-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=839372

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Sample selection and the natural history of disease. Studies of febrile seizures. Author(s): Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 April 4; 243(13): 1337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7359696

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Serum neuron-specific enolase in children with febrile seizures: time profile and prognostic implications. Author(s): Borusiak P, Herbold S. Source: Brain & Development. 2003 June; 25(4): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767459

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Significant evidence for linkage of febrile seizures to chromosome 5q14-q15. Author(s): Nakayama J, Hamano K, Iwasaki N, Nakahara S, Horigome Y, Saitoh H, Aoki T, Maki T, Kikuchi M, Migita T, Ohto T, Yokouchi Y, Tanaka R, Hasegawa M, Matsui A, Hamaguchi H, Arinami T. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2000 January 1; 9(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10587582

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Simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Pascoe JM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 July; 132(7): 723. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=665604

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Simple febrile seizures: do polymorphisms of the interleukin 1 gene cluster simplify our understanding? Author(s): Lewis DB. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 June; 156(6): 529-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12038881

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Subtle hippocampal malformation: importance in febrile seizures and development of epilepsy. Author(s): Sloviter RS, Pedley TA. Source: Neurology. 1998 April; 50(4): 846-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9566359

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Survey on the management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Hirtz DG, Lee YJ, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 September; 140(9): 909-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3090870

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Systematic review of the role of prostaglandins and their synthetase inhibitors with respect to febrile seizures. Author(s): Rantala H, Tarkka R, Uhari M. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2001 September; 46(3): 251-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11518626

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Technical report: treatment of the child with simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Baumann RJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 June; 103(6): E86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353983

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Temporal lobe epilepsy following febrile seizures: unusually prolonged latent periods. Author(s): Lhatoo SD, Sander JW, Fish D. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 46(3): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598341

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The best medicine for febrile seizures. Author(s): Freeman JM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 October 15; 327(16): 1161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1528213

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The child with febrile seizures. Author(s): Wright SW. Source: American Family Physician. 1987 November; 36(5): 163-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318356

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The current status of treatment of febrile seizures. Author(s): Sinha KK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1985 November; 83(11): 385-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3833990

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The duration of febrile seizures and peripheral leukocytosis. Author(s): van Stuijvenberg M, Moll HA, Steyerberg EW, van Gijssel EN, Moons KG, Derksen-Lubsen G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 October; 133(4): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787698

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The genetics of febrile seizures and related epilepsy syndromes. Author(s): Hirose S, Mohney RP, Okada M, Kaneko S, Mitsudome A. Source: Brain & Development. 2003 August; 25(5): 304-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850508

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The initial management of simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Trubuhovich RV. Source: N Z Med J. 1978 September 13; 88(619): 212. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=280803

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The initial management of simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Daneman D, McArthur JE. Source: N Z Med J. 1978 June 28; 87(614): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=308210

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The management of febrile seizures in the Mersey Region. Author(s): Sweeney A, Gibbs J, Monteil F, Appleton R, Choonara I. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1996 July; 38(7): 578-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8674908

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The natural history of febrile seizures. Author(s): Hirtz DG, Nelson KB. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1983; 34: 453-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6344771

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The occurrence of epilepsy and febrile seizures in Virginian and Norwegian twins. Author(s): Corey LA, Berg K, Pellock JM, Solaas MH, Nance WE, DeLorenzo RJ. Source: Neurology. 1991 September; 41(9): 1433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1891093

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The pathogenesis of febrile seizures: is there a role for specific infections? Author(s): van Zeijl JH, Mullaart RA, Galama JM. Source: Reviews in Medical Virology. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 93-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11921305

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The PNP's role in evaluation and management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Berkowitz CD, Jones CR. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1983 November-December; 9(6): 432-4, 473. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6557451

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The risk of nonfebrile seizures in children who have experienced febrile convulsions. Author(s): Seki T, Yamawaki H, Suzuki N. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1981; 35(3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6799374

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The role of neuroimaging in the investigation of patients with single seizures, febrile seizures, or refractory partial seizures. Author(s): Bonilha L, Montenegro MA, Cendes F, Li LM. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2004 March; 10(3): Ra40-6. Epub 2004 March 01. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14976443

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The value of early postictal EEG in children with complex febrile seizures. Author(s): Maytal J, Steele R, Eviatar L, Novak G. Source: Epilepsia. 2000 February; 41(2): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10691120

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Three or more infantile febrile seizures and HHV-6. Author(s): Westarp ME, Kleiser B, Bechinger D, Kornhuber HH. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 1995 September; 1(3-4): 321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9222371

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Total cerebral volume is reduced in patients with localization-related epilepsy and a history of complex febrile seizures. Author(s): Theodore WH, DeCarli C, Gaillard WD. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 February; 60(2): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580711

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Treatment of children with simple febrile seizures: the AAP practice parameter. American Academy of Pediatrics. Author(s): Baumann RJ, Duffner PK. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2000 July; 23(1): 11-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10963965

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Treatment of febrile seizures with intermittent clobazam. Author(s): Manreza ML, Gherpelli JL, Machado-Haertel LR, Pedreira CC, Heise CO, Diament A. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1997 December; 55(4): 757-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9629335

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Treatment of febrile seizures. Author(s): Dianese G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 March; 96(3 Pt 1): 516-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7359252

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Treatment of febrile seizures: the influence of treatment efficacy and side-effect profile on value to parents. Author(s): Gordon KE, Dooley JM, Camfield PR, Camfield CS, MacSween J. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 November; 108(5): 1080-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694684

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Truncation of the GABA(A)-receptor gamma2 subunit in a family with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Author(s): Harkin LA, Bowser DN, Dibbens LM, Singh R, Phillips F, Wallace RH, Richards MC, Williams DA, Mulley JC, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE, Petrou S. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 February; 70(2): 530-6. Epub 2001 December 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748509

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from children with prolonged febrile seizures. Comparison with acute encephalitis/encephalopathy. Author(s): Ichiyama T, Nishikawa M, Yoshitomi T, Hayashi T, Furukawa S. Source: Neurology. 1998 February; 50(2): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9484363

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Two novel SCN1A missense mutations in generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Author(s): Annesi G, Gambardella A, Carrideo S, Incorpora G, Labate A, Pasqua AA, Civitelli D, Polizzi A, Annesi F, Spadafora P, Tarantino P, Ciro Candiano IC, Romeo N, De Marco EV, Ventura P, LePiane E, Zappia M, Aguglia U, Pavone L, Quattrone A. Source: Epilepsia. 2003 September; 44(9): 1257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12919402

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Unconsciousness and delirious behavior in children with febrile seizures. Author(s): Okumura A, Uemura N, Suzuki M, Itomi K, Watanabe K. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2004 May; 30(5): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15165632

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Unprovoked seizures in children with febrile seizures: short-term outcome. Author(s): Berg AT, Shinnar S. Source: Neurology. 1996 August; 47(2): 562-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8757039

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Variation in clinical practice in the management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Chessare JB, Berwick DM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1985 March; 1(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3843423

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Viral infections in febrile seizures. Author(s): Offringa M, Kroes AC, Derksen-Lubsen G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 September; 117(3): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2391613

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What have we learned from febrile seizures? Author(s): Freeman JM. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1992 June; 21(6): 355-6, 359-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1620560

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What types of epilepsy are preceded by febrile seizures? A population-based study of children. Author(s): Camfield P, Camfield C, Gordon K, Dooley J. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1994 October; 36(10): 887-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7926320

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When does an EEG contribute to the management of febrile seizures? Author(s): Stores G. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1991 April; 66(4): 554-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2031622

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Which children with febrile seizures need lumbar puncture? A decision analysis approach. Author(s): Joffe A, McCormick M, DeAngelis C. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1983 December; 137(12): 1153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6637930

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FEBRILE SEIZURES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and febrile seizures.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Febrile Seizures The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “febrile seizures” (or a synonym): •

An increase of hippocampal calretinin-immunoreactive neurons correlates with early febrile seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Author(s): Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Germany. [email protected] Source: Blumcke, I Beck, H Suter, B Hoffmann, D Fodisch, H J Wolf, H K Schramm, J Elger, C E Wiestler, O D Acta-Neuropathol-(Berl). 1999 January; 97(1): 31-9 0001-6322

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Childhood febrile seizures (Benin City experience). Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, Asir Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Source: Obi, J O Ejeheri, N A Alakija, W Ann-Trop-Paediatr. 1994; 14(3): 211-4 0272-4936

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Do recurrent febrile convulsions decrease the threshold for pilocarpine-induced seizures? Effects of nitric oxide. Author(s): Uludag University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Gulec, G Noyan, B Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 2001 February 28; 126(2): 223-8 0165-3806

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Home management of febrile convulsion in an African population: a comparison of urban and rural mothers' knowledge attitude and practice. Author(s): Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1111, Benin City, Nigeria. [email protected] Source: Ofovwe, G E Ibadin, O M Ofovwe, E C Okolo, A A J-Neurol-Sci. 2002 August 15; 200(1-2): 49-52 0022-510X

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Incidence of febrile convulsions in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Japan. Source: Asami, T Sasagawa, F Kyo, S Asami, K Uchiyama, M Acta-Paediatr. 1998 June; 87(6): 623-6 0803-5253

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Intention to treat febrile convulsions with rectal diazepam, valproate or phenobarbitone. Author(s): University of Manchester, Department of Child Health. Source: McKinlay, I Newton, R Dev-Med-Child-Neurol. 1989 October; 31(5): 617-25 0012-1622

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Prevention of febrile seizures by dietary supplementation with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Dana Childrens Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel. Source: Spirer, Z Koren, L Finkelstein, A Jurgenson, U Med-Hypotheses. 1994 July; 43(1): 43-5 0306-9877

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The impact of socio-cultural factors on febrile convulsions in Nigeria. Source: Iloeje, S O West-Afr-J-Med. 1989 Jan-March; 8(1): 54-8 0189-160X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

Nutrition

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FEBRILE SEIZURES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to febrile seizures. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to febrile seizures and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to febrile seizures: •

A clinical study of seizures induced by hot bathing. Author(s): Sumi K, Nagaura T, Nagai T, Imai K. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1993 June; 47(2): 350-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8271591

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A controlled trial of pyridoxine supplementation in children with febrile convulsions. Author(s): McKiernan J, Mellor DH, Court S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1981 March; 20(3): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7009019

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Adjuvant drug strategies in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Author(s): Avidano MA, Singleton GT.

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Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 February; 112(2): 197-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7530830 •

Auditory brain stem response in convulsive disorders of children. Author(s): Fujita H, Matsuzawa K, Seki S, Shimizu S, Ozawa Y. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1980; 34(3): 353-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7216041

•

Childhood convulsions in the tropics. Author(s): Voorhoeve HM. Source: Trop Doct. 1980 July; 10(3): 122-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7394887

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Childhood febrile seizures (Benin City experience). Author(s): Obi JO, Ejeheri NA, Alakija W. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1994; 14(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7825994

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Clinical study of epilepsy with severe febrile seizures and seizures induced by hot water bath. Author(s): Fukuda M, Morimoto T, Nagao H, Kida K. Source: Brain & Development. 1997 April; 19(3): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9134194

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Epilepsy in children. Author(s): Arnold ST, Dodson WE. Source: Baillieres Clin Neurol. 1996 December; 5(4): 783-802. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9068881

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Fever in childhood. Author(s): Schmitt BD. Source: Pediatrics. 1984 November; 74(5 Pt 2): 929-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6333668

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Home management of febrile convulsion in an African population: a comparison of urban and rural mothers' knowledge attitude and practice. Author(s): Ofovwe GE, Ibadin OM, Ofovwe EC, Okolo AA. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2002 August 15; 200(1-2): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127675

Alternative Medicine 63

•

Hyperthermic seizures: an animal model for hot-water epilepsy. Author(s): Ullal GR, Satishchandra P, Shankar SK. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 1996 September; 5(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902925

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Kindling phenomenon of hyperthermic seizures in the epilepsy-prone versus the epilepsy-resistant rat. Author(s): Zhao DY, Wu XR, Pei YQ, Zuo QH. Source: Brain Research. 1985 December 9; 358(1-2): 390-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4075129

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Long-term effects of febrile convulsion on seizure susceptibility in P77PMC rat-resistant to acoustic stimuli but susceptible to kainate-induced seizures. Author(s): Zhao DY, Wu XR, Pei YQ, Zuo QH. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1985 June; 88(3): 688-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3996515

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Management of febrile seizures in a developing country. Author(s): Canagarayar UT, Soysa P. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 August; 90(4): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3656493

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Prevention of febrile seizures by dietary supplementation with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Spirer Z, Koren L, Finkelstein A, Jurgenson U. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 July; 43(1): 43-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7968719

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Research on childhood epilepsy in the People's Republic of China. Author(s): Zuo CH. Source: Brain & Development. 1988; 10(3): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3407850

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Seizures in rural Zambia. Author(s): Birbeck GL. Source: Epilepsia. 2000 March; 41(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714398

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The genetics of epilepsy. Author(s): Anderson VE, Hauser WA.

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Source: Prog Med Genet. 1985; 6: 9-52. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3915368 •

The impact of socio-cultural factors on febrile convulsions in Nigeria. Author(s): Iloeje SO. Source: West Afr J Med. 1989 January-March; 8(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2486773

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To sponge or not to sponge. Author(s): Glass BA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1987 May; 16(5): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3565885

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Traditional African medicines complicate the management of febrile seizures. Author(s): Birbeck GL. Source: European Neurology. 1999; 42(3): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10529549

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Treatment practices for degedege, a locally recognized febrile illness, and implications for strategies to decrease mortality from severe malaria in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Author(s): Makemba AM, Winch PJ, Makame VM, Mehl GL, Premji Z, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1996 June; 1(3): 305-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8673832

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FEBRILE SEIZURES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “febrile seizures” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on febrile seizures, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Febrile Seizures As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to febrile seizures:

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Sodium-channel alpha1-subunit and their polypeptides and their treatment of generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus Inventor(s): Berkovic, Samuel Frank; (Caulfield North, Victoria, AU), Mulley, John Charles; (Firle, AU), Wallace, Robyn Heather; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: Jenkins & Wilson, PA; 3100 Tower Blvd; Suite 1400; Durham; NC; 27707; US Patent Application Number: 20040110706 Date filed: October 8, 2003 Abstract: The mutations D188V, V1353L, I1656M in the neuronal gene sodium-channel alpha1-subunit, SCN1A, are disclosed. The methods of using their associated polypeptides for treating sodium channel dysfunction disorders including generalised epilepsy are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to mutations in the alpha subunit of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels which are associated with idiopathic epilepsies and other disorders such as malignant hyperthermia, myasthenia, episodic ataxia, neuropathic and inflammatory pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, hyperekplexia, myotonias and cardiac arrhythmias, and to polymorphisms in the gene encoding the alpha subunit. Generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+; MIM 604236) was first described by Scheffer and Berkovic (1997) and is now recognised as a common epilepsy syndrome (Singh et al. 1999; Baulac et al. 1999; Moulard et al. 1999; Peiffer et al. 1999; Scheffer et al. 2000). Although GEFS+ is familial, it was initially difficult to recognise it as a distinct syndrome, because of clinical heterogeneity within each family. The common phenotypes are typical febrile seizures (FS) and febrile seizures plus (FS+); FS+ differs from FS in that the attacks with fever continue beyond age 6 years and/or include afebrile tonic-clonic seizures. Less common phenotypes include FS+ associated with absences, myoclonic or atonic seizures, and even more-severe syndromes such as myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. That such phenotypic diversity could be associated with the segregation of a mutation in a single gene was established with the identification of a mutation in the voltage gated sodium channel beta-1 subunit gene (SCN1B) (Wallace et al. 1998). This mutation (C121W) changes a conserved cysteine residue, disrupting a putative disulfide bridge, which results in in vitro loss of function of the beta-1 subunit. Without a functional beta1 subunit the rate of inactivation of sodium channel alpha subunits decreases, which may cause increased sodium influx, resulting in a more depolarised membrane potential and hyperexcitability. Modifier genes or the environment may interact with the SCN1B gene to account for clinical heterogeneity, but the rarity of SCN1B mutations (Wallace et al. 1998) strongly suggested additional genes of large effect underlie GEFS+ in other families (Singh et al. 1999). GEFS+ in four families has been mapped to chromosome 2q (Baulac et al. 1999; Moulard et al. 1999; Peiffer et al. 1999; Lopes-Cendes et al. 2000). Recently, mutations in the neuronal voltage gated sodium channel alpha-1 (SCN1A) subunit were described in two GEFS+ families (Escayg et al. 2000). The mutations (T875M and R1648H) are located in highly conserved S4 transmembrane segments of the channel which are known to have a role in channel gating. It was suggested that these mutations may reduce the rate of inactivation of SCN1A and therefore have a similar effect as the beta-1 subunit mutation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with febrile seizures, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on febrile seizures. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning febrile seizures. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FEBRILE SEIZURES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover febrile seizures.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on febrile seizures is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to febrile seizures. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “febrile seizures” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for febrile seizures: •

First-time simple febrile seizures not linked with increased risk of serious bacterial infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 24, 2001

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•

No brain risk from febrile seizures in most kids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 09, 2001

•

AAP: Simple febrile seizures in children should not be treated with antiepileptics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 19, 2000

•

Early febrile seizures induce long-term changes in neuronal excitability in rats Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 27, 1999

•

Time, age, temperature affect risk of pediatric febrile seizure recurrence Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 30, 1998

•

Predictors Of Recurrent Febrile Seizures In Children Identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 25, 1997

•

AAP Publishes Guidelines For Evaluating Febrile Seizures In Children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 21, 1996

•

Human Herpesvirus-6 Linked To Febrile Seizures In Children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 19, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “febrile seizures” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to febrile seizures, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “febrile seizures” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Febrile Seizures Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to febrile seizures. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering febrile seizures that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1787 22 979 4 45 2837

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Febrile Seizures In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and febrile seizures. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for febrile seizures: •

Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures Plus Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=604233 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

22

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on febrile seizures can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to febrile seizures. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to febrile seizures. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “febrile seizures”:

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Epilepsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/epilepsy.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Tuberous Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberoussclerosis.html Whooping Cough http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/whoopingcough.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to febrile seizures. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

Patient Resources

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to febrile seizures. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with febrile seizures. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about febrile seizures. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “febrile seizures” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “febrile seizures”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format

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option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “febrile seizures” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “febrile seizures” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on febrile seizures: •

Basic Guidelines for Febrile Seizures Febrile seizure (children) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000980.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Febrile Seizures Amnesia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Breathing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Changes in mental status Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm

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Convulsion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Incontinence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003142.htm Loss of consciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Loss of memory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Muscle contraction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Seizure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Vomit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

Online Glossaries 97

Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Febrile Seizures EEG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm EEG, Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Lumbar puncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm Spinal tap Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm

•

Background Topics for Febrile Seizures Aspiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002216.htm Brain injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

99

FEBRILE SEIZURES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

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herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH]

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Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH]

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Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the

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blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU]

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Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and

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leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]

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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dengue Virus: A species of the genus Flavivirus which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU]

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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting

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from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Screening: Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and

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other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hemiatrophy: Progressive atrophy of all structures of one side of the face, including skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle and bone. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]

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Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different

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cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Karyotypes: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU]

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Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH]

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Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant Hyperthermia: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]

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Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH]

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Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

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Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and schwann cells) and microglia. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

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Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,

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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a

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gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]

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Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between

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the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH]

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Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

Dictionary 131

Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]

White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

133

INDEX A Abdominal, 99, 109, 120 Acetaminophen, 17, 24, 99 Acetylcholine, 99, 119 Acoustic, 63, 99 Actin, 99, 118 Adverse Effect, 5, 99, 121, 126 Affinity, 99, 101, 119, 126 Age of Onset, 48, 99 Agonist, 99, 107, 121 Algorithms, 99, 102 Alimentary, 99, 114, 120 Allergen, 99, 107 Alpha-1, 68, 99 Alternative medicine, 72, 99 Amino acid, 34, 100, 101, 106, 110, 120, 122, 123, 128, 130 Ammonia, 100, 110 Amnestic, 100, 117 Amplification, 4, 100 Amygdala, 100, 102, 129 Anal, 15, 100 Analgesic, 99, 100, 112 Anatomical, 10, 100, 104, 112, 117, 125 Anemia, 83, 100, 116 Anesthesia, 100, 116, 117 Animal model, 5, 63, 100 Annealing, 100, 122 Anomalies, 12, 100 Anorexia, 100, 109 Antecedent, 9, 100 Anterograde, 10, 100 Antibacterial, 100, 127 Antibiotic, 17, 100, 127 Antibodies, 100, 101, 111, 112 Antibody, 5, 99, 101, 105, 111, 112, 113 Anticonvulsant, 101, 103, 104, 121 Antigen, 99, 100, 101, 105, 111, 112, 113, 117 Anti-inflammatory, 38, 99, 101, 112 Antipyretic, 17, 99, 101 Antiviral, 101, 113 Anus, 100, 101, 105, 114, 124 Anxiety, 27, 101 Anxiolytic, 101, 117 Arachidonic Acid, 101, 123 Arginine, 4, 101, 119 Arterial, 101, 123

Arteries, 101, 102, 106, 117 Arteriovenous, 9, 101 Artery, 101, 102, 106, 124, 131 Astrocytes, 101, 110, 117, 119 Ataxia, 68, 82, 83, 101, 129 Atrophy, 11, 22, 36, 82, 101, 111 Axonal, 10, 102 Axons, 8, 102, 107, 114, 124 B Bacteremia, 37, 41, 44, 102 Bacteria, 100, 101, 102, 127, 130, 131 Basal Ganglia, 101, 102 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 101, 102 Bewilderment, 102, 105 Biochemical, 34, 102, 115 Biological Transport, 102, 107 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 72, 79, 81, 82, 83, 102 Bladder, 102, 105, 123, 130 Blood pressure, 102, 117, 126 Blood vessel, 102, 104, 108, 114, 128, 129, 131 Body Fluids, 102, 126 Bone Marrow, 102, 112, 115, 118 Bowel, 100, 102, 128 Bradykinin, 102, 119 Brain Stem, 62, 103 Bronchiseptica, 103, 121 C Carbamazepine, 18, 25, 103 Carcinogens, 103, 120 Cardiac, 8, 68, 103, 109, 117, 118, 120 Cardiorespiratory, 103, 117 Case report, 35, 103, 104 Case series, 103, 104 Causal, 9, 103, 129 Cell Division, 82, 102, 103, 116, 117, 122, 123, 126 Cell membrane, 102, 103, 109, 127, 131 Central Nervous System, 17, 99, 103, 109, 110, 117, 121, 122 Cerebellar, 101, 103, 124 Cerebral, 19, 25, 53, 101, 102, 103, 104, 116, 124, 129 Cerebral Cortex, 101, 103, 124 Cerebral hemispheres, 102, 103, 104 Cerebrospinal, 19, 20, 23, 34, 37, 38, 40, 43, 48, 54, 103, 104, 115, 127

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Cerebrospinal fluid, 19, 20, 23, 34, 37, 38, 40, 43, 48, 54, 104, 115, 127 Cerebrum, 103, 104, 130 Chin, 104, 117 Chromosomal, 100, 104 Chromosome, 15, 16, 36, 37, 50, 68, 104, 114, 115, 126 Chronic, 9, 43, 82, 97, 104, 108, 113, 114, 122, 128 Chronic renal, 104, 122 Clamp, 11, 104 Clinical study, 61, 62, 104 Clinical trial, 3, 79, 104, 107, 124 Clonazepam, 38, 104 Clonic, 35, 68, 104 Cloning, 102, 104 Cofactor, 104, 123 Cognition, 6, 104 Collagen, 100, 104, 109, 122 Colon, 82, 104, 114 Complement, 105, 114 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 65, 105 Complementary medicine, 61, 105 Compliance, 40, 105 Computational Biology, 79, 81, 105 Conduction, 8, 105 Confusion, 31, 95, 105, 107 Congenita, 8, 105 Conjunctiva, 105, 113 Connective Tissue, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 125 Consciousness, 96, 100, 106, 127 Constitutional, 106, 118 Contamination, 106, 125 Contraindications, ii, 106 Convulsion, 58, 62, 63, 96, 106 Convulsive, 62, 106 Coronary, 106, 117 Coronary Thrombosis, 106, 117 Cortex, 106, 108, 124 Cortical, 4, 9, 13, 106, 124, 126, 129 Creatine, 25, 106 Creatine Kinase, 25, 106 Creatinine, 106 Curative, 106, 125, 129 Cyclic, 3, 106, 110, 119 Cysteine, 68, 106 Cystine, 106 Cytokine, 5, 106 Cytomegalovirus, 5, 43, 106

D Degenerative, 106, 110 Deletion, 14, 107 Denaturation, 107, 122 Dendrites, 107, 119, 124 Dengue Virus, 19, 107 Density, 8, 107, 120, 127 Dentate Gyrus, 107, 111 Desensitization, 4, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 73, 107 Diarrhoea, 107, 109 Diffusion, 12, 102, 107 Direct, iii, 107, 125, 128 Disorientation, 105, 107 Distal, 102, 107 Dopamine, 107, 117, 119 Double-blind, 24, 47, 107 Drug Interactions, 107 Dura mater, 107, 117, 120 Dysplasia, 83, 107 Dystrophy, 82, 107 E Efficacy, 17, 25, 39, 53, 108 Electrolyte, 108, 126 Electrophysiological, 8, 11, 13, 108 Encephalitis, 9, 54, 108 Encephalitis, Viral, 108 Encephalopathy, 54, 108 Endemic, 108, 116, 127 Endoscopic, 108, 117 Endothelium, 108, 119 Endothelium-derived, 108, 119 End-stage renal, 104, 108, 122 Entorhinal Cortex, 108, 111 Environmental Exposure, 108, 120 Environmental Health, 78, 80, 108 Enzymatic, 100, 105, 108, 122 Enzyme, 108, 110, 114, 117, 122, 124, 128, 131 Epidemic, 108, 127 Epidemiological, 6, 16, 108 Erythrocytes, 100, 102, 108 Essential Tremor, 82, 108 Eukaryotic Cells, 109, 112 Excitability, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 72, 109 Excitation, 4, 109, 119 Exhaustion, 109, 116 Extracellular, 101, 105, 106, 109, 119, 126 F Family Planning, 79, 109 Fat, 101, 102, 109, 115, 122, 125 Fetus, 109, 123

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Fibrillation, 109 Fibroblasts, 109, 114 Fibrosis, 83, 109, 125 Fluorescence, 10, 109 Fold, 12, 109 G GABA, 4, 7, 20, 42, 54, 104, 109, 121 Ganglia, 99, 102, 109, 119, 121 Gap Junctions, 109, 128 Gas, 100, 107, 109, 119 Gastrin, 109, 111 Gastroenteritis, 23, 109, 125 Gastrointestinal, 103, 109, 110, 116, 127, 128 Gastrointestinal tract, 110, 127 Gene, 4, 8, 18, 25, 26, 34, 50, 68, 83, 84, 102, 110, 120, 126 Genetic Screening, 8, 110 Genetic testing, 110, 122 Genetics, 12, 14, 15, 16, 26, 32, 36, 37, 42, 43, 45, 50, 51, 54, 63, 110 Genotype, 9, 110, 121 Germ Cells, 110, 116, 120, 127 Gestation, 110, 121 Gland, 110, 120, 123, 126, 127, 129 Gliosis, 9, 110 Glottis, 110, 121 Glucose, 25, 82, 110, 111 Glutamate, 110, 114, 121 Glutamic Acid, 110, 119 Glutamine, 4, 110 Glycine, 100, 110, 119 Glycoprotein, 110, 130 Governing Board, 110, 123 Guanylate Cyclase, 110, 119 H Headache, 96, 110, 113 Heartbeat, 111, 131 Hemiatrophy, 19, 111 Hemoglobin, 100, 108, 111 Hemoglobinuria, 82, 111 Hereditary, 9, 36, 111, 125 Heredity, 110, 111 Herpes, 6, 9, 111 Herpes virus, 6, 111 Herpes Zoster, 111 Heterogeneity, 21, 35, 68, 99, 111 Hippocampus, 3, 7, 9, 11, 107, 111, 124, 128 Homologous, 111, 126, 128 Hormonal, 101, 111 Hormone, 4, 109, 111, 116, 120, 127, 129

Hybridomas, 111, 113 Hydroxyproline, 100, 104, 111 Hyperreflexia, 111, 129 Hypersensitivity, 99, 107, 111 Hyperthermia, 4, 10, 112 Hypnotic, 112, 117 Hypothalamus, 112, 127 Hypothyroidism, 58, 112 I Ibuprofen, 17, 112 Idiopathic, 8, 13, 68, 112 Imaging procedures, 112, 130 Immune response, 16, 101, 112, 128, 131 Immune Sera, 112 Immune system, 112, 115, 131 Immunization, 22, 26, 112 Immunodeficiency, 82, 112 Immunohistochemistry, 9, 112 Immunologic, 112 Immunotherapy, 107, 112 Impairment, 5, 6, 101, 102, 112, 117 In situ, 4, 112 In Situ Hybridization, 4, 112 In vitro, 7, 68, 113, 122 In vivo, 7, 113 Incubation, 113, 121 Incubation period, 113, 121 Infancy, 8, 10, 35, 113, 125 Infantile, 53, 113 Infarction, 106, 113, 117 Infection, 5, 6, 9, 17, 19, 36, 38, 43, 71, 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115, 121, 128, 131 Inflammation, 101, 108, 109, 111, 113, 117, 120, 122, 123, 125 Influenza, 21, 38, 46, 113 Insight, 7, 113 Interferon, 46, 113 Interferon-alpha, 46, 113 Interleukin-1, 37, 38, 54, 113 Interleukin-2, 113 Interleukin-6, 54, 113 Intermittent, 24, 38, 53, 114 Interneurons, 9, 11, 114 Intestinal, 114, 116 Intestines, 99, 109, 110, 114 Intracellular, 113, 114, 116, 119 Intracellular Membranes, 114, 116 Intramuscular, 114, 120 Intravenous, 14, 21, 114, 120 Involuntary, 102, 106, 108, 109, 114, 118, 126, 127 Ion Channels, 11, 101, 114, 119, 121, 128

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Ions, 108, 114, 127 Ischemia, 101, 114 Isoenzyme, 106, 114 K Kainate, 63, 114 Karyotypes, 110, 114 Kb, 78, 114 Kidney Disease, 78, 83, 114 Kinetic, 4, 114 L Laceration, 114, 129 Large Intestine, 114, 124, 126 Latent, 5, 9, 51, 114 Latent period, 51, 114 Lectin, 115, 116 Lens, 105, 115 Lesion, 11, 110, 115 Lethargy, 112, 115 Leucocyte, 99, 115 Leukemia, 82, 115 Leukocytes, 102, 113, 115, 118, 130 Leukocytosis, 51, 115 Ligament, 115, 123 Limbic, 7, 9, 100, 115 Linkage, 16, 50, 115 Lipid, 115, 117 Liver, 99, 101, 106, 115 Lobe, 10, 51, 115 Localization, 53, 112, 115 Localized, 113, 115, 121, 129 Lumbar, 41, 44, 55, 97, 115, 127 Lumbar puncture, 41, 44, 55, 97, 115, 127 Lymphatic, 108, 113, 115, 127, 129 Lymphocytes, 101, 111, 112, 113, 115, 127, 129, 131 Lymphoid, 100, 115 Lymphoma, 82, 115 M Macrophage, 113, 115 Malabsorption, 82, 116 Malaria, 64, 116 Malaria, Falciparum, 116 Malaria, Vivax, 116 Malformation, 50, 116 Malignant, 68, 82, 116 Malignant Hyperthermia, 68, 116 Malnutrition, 101, 116, 118 Manifest, 102, 116 Medial, 24, 116 MEDLINE, 79, 81, 83, 116 Meiosis, 116, 128 Melanocytes, 116

Melanoma, 82, 116 Membrane, 4, 8, 68, 101, 103, 105, 109, 114, 116, 118, 121, 128 Membrane Proteins, 8, 116 Memory, 6, 24, 96, 100, 116 Meninges, 103, 107, 116, 117 Meningitis, 27, 37, 40, 117 Mental, iv, 3, 25, 78, 80, 84, 95, 103, 104, 105, 107, 112, 116, 117, 124, 125 Mental Retardation, 25, 84, 117 Meta-Analysis, 38, 117 Metabolite, 12, 19, 117 MI, 97, 117 Microglia, 101, 117, 119 Midazolam, 14, 21, 39, 117 Miotic, 117, 121 Mitochondrial Swelling, 117, 118 Modeling, 4, 11, 117 Modification, 100, 117 Molecular, 4, 8, 9, 12, 42, 50, 79, 81, 102, 105, 107, 117, 130 Molecule, 101, 105, 108, 109, 115, 117, 122, 124 Monitor, 12, 52, 106, 117, 119 Monoamine, 45, 117 Monocytes, 113, 114, 115, 118 Mononuclear, 118, 130 Mucins, 118, 125 Muscle Contraction, 8, 118 Muscle Fibers, 118 Muscle Relaxation, 118 Muscular Atrophy, 82, 118 Muscular Dystrophies, 107, 118 Myalgia, 113, 118 Myasthenia, 68, 118 Myelin, 8, 118, 119 Myocardium, 117, 118 Myosin, 118 Myotonia, 8, 118 Myotonic Dystrophy, 82, 118 N Nasal Mucosa, 113, 118 Nausea, 96, 109, 118 Necrosis, 54, 113, 117, 118 Neoplasia, 82, 118 Neoplastic, 111, 115, 118 Nephropathy, 114, 118 Nerve, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 127, 130, 131 Nervous System, 9, 82, 103, 118, 119, 121, 128 Neural, 4, 9, 117, 119, 127

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Neuroglia, 110, 119 Neurologic, 12, 86, 119 Neuronal, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 34, 43, 68, 72, 119 Neurons, 4, 7, 13, 16, 58, 107, 109, 114, 119, 124, 128 Neurotoxic, 119 Neurotoxins, 10, 119 Neurotransmitter, 99, 100, 103, 107, 109, 110, 114, 119, 127, 128 Nitric Oxide, 58, 119 Nitrogen, 110, 119 Nuclear, 102, 109, 118, 119 Nucleic acid, 112, 119 Nucleus, 102, 106, 109, 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 128, 129 O Oncogene, 82, 120 Oocytes, 8, 13, 120 Opacity, 107, 120 Ossification, 120, 125 P Pacemaker, 7, 120 Pachymeningitis, 117, 120 Palliative, 120, 129 Pancreas, 99, 120, 127 Pancreatic, 82, 120 Pancreatic cancer, 82, 120 Paralysis, 8, 120 Parathyroid, 120, 125 Parathyroid Glands, 120, 125 Parenteral, 40, 120 Paroxysmal, 82, 120, 121, 131 Partial remission, 120, 125 Patch, 11, 120 Pathogenesis, 52, 120 Pedigree, 21, 45, 120 Pelvic, 120, 123 Pelvis, 115, 120 Peptide, 100, 120, 122, 123, 124, 129 Perinatal, 26, 46, 47, 121 Peripheral blood, 5, 113, 121 Peripheral Nervous System, 119, 121, 127, 128 Pertussis, 22, 121, 131 Pharmacologic, 8, 100, 121, 130 Pharynx, 113, 121 Phenobarbital, 18, 24, 25, 38, 40, 42, 45, 121 Phenotype, 9, 36, 121 Phenytoin, 103, 121 Physiologic, 8, 12, 99, 121, 124 Physiology, 4, 12, 58, 108, 121

Pigment, 116, 121 Pilocarpine, 10, 58, 121 Plants, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 130 Plasma, 38, 100, 103, 111, 122, 126, 131 Platelet Aggregation, 119, 122 Platelets, 119, 122 Pneumonia, 106, 122 Point Mutation, 4, 122 Poisoning, 109, 118, 122 Polycystic, 83, 122 Polymerase, 9, 122 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 9, 122 Polymorphism, 38, 122 Polypeptide, 100, 104, 122, 127 Polyunsaturated fat, 58, 63, 122 Pons, 103, 122 Posterior, 100, 101, 120, 122 Postnatal, 5, 122 Postsynaptic, 11, 122, 128 Potentiates, 113, 122 Practice Guidelines, 80, 122 Prenatal, 46, 47, 49, 110, 123 Presynaptic, 10, 119, 123, 128 Prevalence, 6, 15, 36, 47, 123 Progression, 100, 123, 131 Progressive, 5, 104, 111, 118, 123 Projection, 114, 123, 124 Prone, 63, 123 Prophase, 120, 123, 128 Prophylaxis, 17, 18, 41, 123, 131 Prospective Studies, 5, 10, 123 Prospective study, 15, 123 Prostaglandins, 50, 101, 123 Prostaglandins A, 50, 123 Prostaglandins D, 123 Prostate, 82, 123 Protein S, 83, 102, 123 Proteins, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 131 Proteolytic, 99, 105, 124 Protocol, 31, 124 Protozoan, 116, 124 Psychic, 117, 124, 126 Psychomotor, 103, 124 Public Policy, 79, 124 Publishing, 13, 124 Pulse, 117, 124 Purulent, 27, 124 Pyramidal Cells, 7, 107, 124 R Radiation, 108, 109, 112, 124

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Radioisotope, 124, 130 Randomized, 24, 108, 124 Reagent, 8, 124 Receptor, 4, 17, 20, 42, 54, 101, 104, 107, 114, 121, 124 Recombinant, 8, 124 Rectal, 18, 39, 58, 124 Rectum, 101, 104, 109, 114, 123, 124 Recurrence, 6, 14, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 38, 45, 49, 72, 124 Red Nucleus, 101, 124 Refer, 1, 105, 111, 114, 115, 125, 130 Refraction, 125, 127 Refractory, 11, 52, 125 Regimen, 108, 125 Relapse, 11, 125 Remission, 11, 124, 125 Resected, 9, 125 Respiration, 117, 125 Retinoblastoma, 82, 125 Retrograde, 10, 125 Retrospective, 6, 10, 15, 16, 48, 125 Rheumatism, 112, 125 Rickets, 34, 125 Risk factor, 5, 22, 33, 48, 49, 123, 125 Rod, 104, 125 Rotavirus, 23, 125 S Saliva, 5, 125 Salivary, 106, 120, 125 Salivary glands, 106, 125 Schizophrenia, 68, 125 Sclerosis, 5, 8, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 36, 47, 48, 82, 125 Screening, 104, 110, 125 Secretion, 112, 117, 118, 125, 126 Secretory, 126, 128 Sedative, 117, 126 Segregation, 68, 126 Semen, 123, 126 Sequencing, 122, 126 Serotypes, 107, 126 Serum, 19, 25, 38, 41, 50, 105, 106, 112, 126, 130 Sex Determination, 83, 126 Shock, 126, 130 Side effect, 99, 126, 130 Signs and Symptoms, 125, 126 Skeletal, 8, 104, 106, 118, 126, 127 Skeleton, 99, 126 Skull, 49, 126, 129 Small intestine, 111, 114, 126

Sneezing, 121, 126 Sodium, 8, 13, 25, 34, 35, 41, 43, 68, 126, 127 Sodium Channels, 8, 13, 68, 127 Soma, 124, 127 Somatostatin, 20, 127 Sound wave, 105, 127 Soybean Oil, 122, 127 Spasm, 106, 127 Spasmodic, 121, 127 Specialist, 87, 127 Species, 107, 109, 114, 116, 127, 130, 131 Spectroscopic, 12, 127 Spectrum, 34, 117, 127 Sperm, 104, 127 Spinal cord, 101, 103, 104, 107, 116, 119, 120, 121, 127 Spinal tap, 97, 115, 127 Spleen, 106, 115, 127 Sporadic, 17, 125, 127 Status Epilepticus, 6, 11, 127 Steel, 104, 127 Stimulus, 109, 114, 127, 129 Stomach, 99, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 121, 126, 127 Stool, 104, 114, 128 Strand, 122, 128 Stress, 36, 109, 118, 128 Subacute, 113, 128 Subclinical, 113, 126, 128 Subcutaneous, 111, 120, 128 Subiculum, 111, 128 Substance P, 117, 126, 128 Substrate, 9, 128 Supplementation, 58, 61, 63, 128 Symphysis, 104, 123, 128 Synapse, 123, 128, 130 Synaptic, 4, 10, 11, 119, 128 Synaptic Transmission, 4, 128 Synaptic Vesicles, 128 Systemic, 102, 113, 128, 130 T Tachycardia, 102, 128 Tachypnea, 102, 128 Telangiectasia, 83, 128 Temporal, 5, 7, 9, 10, 16, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28, 47, 48, 51, 58, 100, 111, 129 Temporal Lobe, 5, 9, 10, 16, 26, 27, 48, 58, 100, 129 Tetani, 129 Tetanic, 129 Tetanus, 5, 129

139

Thalamic, 4, 101, 129 Thalamic Diseases, 101, 129 Therapeutics, 129 Thermal, 122, 129 Thorax, 115, 129 Threshold, 58, 109, 129 Thrombosis, 123, 129 Thymus, 112, 115, 129 Thyroid, 4, 112, 120, 129 Thyrotropin, 112, 129 Tissue, 101, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130 Tolerance, 104, 129 Tone, 129 Tonic, 35, 68, 104, 129 Toxic, iv, 108, 119, 129, 130 Toxicity, 107, 130 Toxicology, 80, 130 Toxin, 129, 130 Tracer, 10, 130 Trachea, 121, 129, 130 Traction, 104, 130 Transfection, 102, 130 Transfer Factor, 112, 130 Translation, 100, 130 Transmitter, 99, 101, 107, 114, 119, 128, 130 Transplantation, 104, 112, 130 Trauma, 9, 12, 102, 110, 118, 129, 130 Tuberous Sclerosis, 83, 86, 130 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 38, 130

U Ureters, 130 Urethra, 123, 130 Urinary, 37, 130 Urinary tract, 37, 130 Urinary tract infection, 37, 130 Urine, 5, 19, 48, 102, 106, 111, 130 V Vaccination, 42, 131 Vaccines, 131 Vascular, 9, 108, 113, 119, 131 Vasodilators, 119, 131 Vein, 101, 114, 119, 131 Venoms, 119, 131 Venous, 101, 123, 131 Ventricle, 100, 111, 112, 124, 131 Ventricular, 8, 131 Ventricular fibrillation, 8, 131 Veterinary Medicine, 79, 131 Viral, 5, 6, 9, 54, 108, 113, 131 Viral Load, 5, 131 Virus, 9, 113, 131 Vitro, 131 Vivo, 131 Voltage-gated, 8, 13, 25, 34, 68, 131 W White blood cell, 101, 115, 131 Whooping Cough, 86, 121, 131 Windpipe, 121, 129, 131 X Xenograft, 100, 131 Y Yeasts, 121, 132

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