Entamoeba Histolytica - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES...

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ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Entamoeba Histolytica: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00404-6 1. Entamoeba Histolytica-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Entamoeba histolytica. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA ...................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Entamoeba Histolytica .................................................................. 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 22 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 33 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA ............................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding Nutrition Studies on Entamoeba Histolytica................................................................. 79 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 84 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA ...................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 85 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 92 General References ....................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA ........................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Dissertations on Entamoeba Histolytica...................................................................................... 95 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA ................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patents on Entamoeba Histolytica ............................................................................................... 97 Patent Applications on Entamoeba Histolytica ......................................................................... 104 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA .................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 107 Chapters on Entamoeba Histolytica........................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 115 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 117 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 119 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 121 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 123 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 123 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 123 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 129 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 129 ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA DICTIONARY ....................................................................... 131 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 183

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Entamoeba histolytica is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Entamoeba histolytica, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Entamoeba histolytica, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Entamoeba histolytica. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Entamoeba histolytica, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Entamoeba histolytica. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Entamoeba histolytica.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Entamoeba histolytica, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Review of the Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding in Children Source: Gastroenterology Nursing. 24(2): 77-83. March-April 2001. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (410) 528-8555. Summary: Bleeding may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which covers a large surface area and is highly vascularized. Pediatric patients who present with blood in their stools (bowel movements) are a special challenge for the health care team. Seeing blood in the child's stools, the caregiver and child may become extremely anxious, fearing a devastating diagnosis. This article reviews the causes of lower GI tract bleeding in children. The differential diagnosis of this symptoms in infants and children

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includes numerous possibilities ranging from benign disorders, which require little or no treatment at all, to serious diseases that require immediate intervention. A complete history, including progression, duration, frequency, and severity of symptoms, is essential in assessing GI bleeding. Associated symptoms that help define the diagnosis include vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, anorexia (lack of appetite), rash, joint pain or swelling, weight loss, fever, irritability, history of GI bleeding, or history of hematological or immunological disorders. Constipation with fissure (a tear in the anus) formation is the most common cause for rectal bleeding in toddlers and school age children. Infection is one of the more common causes of bleeding from the lower GI tract; infections can be due to Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni; Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, or Entamoeba histolytica. Other causes include swallowed blood, hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intussusception (a portion of the bowel turns in on itself, creating an obstruction), polyps, lymphonodular hyperplasia, Meckel's diverticulum, allergic colitis, Henoch Schonlein purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), enterocolitis, child sexual abuse, and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. •

Gastrointestinal Manifestations Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 76(1): 45-62. January 1992. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement is common during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this article, the authors review the GI symptoms that attend AIDS and their causes. Topics include esophageal symptoms; abdominal pain; biliary tract disease; pancreatic disorders; obstruction and perforation of the GI tract; GI bleeding; general considerations regarding diarrhea; protozoal causes of diarrhea, including coccidiosis, microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica, and giardia lamblia; bacterial and fungal causes of diarrhea, including mycobacterium aviumintracellulare infections, salmonella, shigellosis, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and chlamydia trachomatis; and viral causes of diarrhea, including HIV itself, cytomegalovirus, and herpes. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of AIDS enteropathy and its treatment. 1 table. 95 references.

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Clinical Evaluation and Management of Acute Severe Colitis Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 6(3): 214-227. August 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030. Fax (301) 824-7390. Summary: The patient with acute severe colitis usually presents with frequent diarrheas that are more or less bloody. Fever and abdominal pain occur, but not always. This review article concentrates on the clinical evaluation, imaging, therapy, and prognostic factors in acute severe colitis of idiopathic (unknown) as well as infectious origin. The authors note that an immediate rigid rectosigmoidoscopy is essential for diagnosis and quick fecal sampling for cultivation of fecal pathogens, including Clostridium difficile toxin if there is suspicion of such an infection. The medical history and rectosigmoidoscopic appearance is usually sufficient to make a preliminary diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The next step is to evaluate the severity of the attack, extent of inflammation in the colon, and prognostic factors. Plain abdominal x-ray is often sufficient for a preliminary opinion about the extent of disease if the lumen is outlined by gas. The authors describe the superiority of colonoscopy performed at an early state,

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compared to other imaging modalities. Colonoscopy is the most adequate technique to evaluate both the extent and degree of inflammation, and the degree of ulceration. The introduction of early stage surgery resulted in a dramatic decrease in mortality due to severe attacks of UC. However, intensive medical treatment (rather than surgery) of a severe or moderately severe attack of UC may be followed by longstanding remission. This intensive treatment is based on corticosteroids, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), bowel rest, and antibiotics. Other treatments discussed include cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, anti tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha; the authors also discuss factors predicting outcome. A short section on Crohn's disease is followed by a section on acute infectious colitis, including the role of various pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Aeromonas, Clostridium difficile, Entamoeba histolytica, and cytomegalovirus. 188 references. •

Intestinal Protozoa Source: American Family Physician. 53(8): 2507-2516. June 1996. Summary: This article reviews intestinal protozoa and gastrointestinal illness. The author notes that there is confusion about treatment for illnesses caused by the organisms. The author discusses giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, cryptosporidium parvum, balantidium coli, isospora belli, sarcocystis species and other newly described protozoa. Certain protozoa once considered relatively unimportant, such as Cryptosporidium, are now recognized as significant causes of morbidity even in the United States, since transmission readily occurs through contaminated water. The author discusses the impact of each of these illnesses in otherwise healthy and in immunocompromised individuals. One chart summarizes the organisms and the mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of each. 2 figures. 1 table. 22 references. (AA-M).

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Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 12(1): 82-87. January 1996. Contact: Available from Rapid Science Publishers. 400 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (215) 574-2266. Fax (215) 574-2292. Summary: This article reviews recent research in the area of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. The author notes that the problem of Cryptosporidium infection as a public health threat is being increasingly recognized. Cyclospora cayentensis is a newly recognized protozoal parasite that causes prolonged watery diarrhea. The author contends that an increased effort should be made to diagnose infections with these two organisms to facilitate earlier detection of outbreaks of infection within the community, and because an effective treatment for Cyclospora infections is available. The role of microscopy in diagnosing protozoal infections has been questioned, particularly in light of recent evidence that pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar organisms are morphologically indistinguishable. One potentially promising area is the adaptation of vaccine strategies for inducing mucosal immune responses to the delivery of recombinant schistosome and amebic antigens. 1 table. 47 annotated references. (AA-M).

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Diagnostic Tests in Gastrointestinal Infections Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 6(1): 79-88. February 1990.

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Summary: This review article critically examines the area of enteric bacterial, viral, and parasitic diagnostic procedures. The author uses the 1988-1989 data as a structure for the review, presenting alternative interpretations and suggesting applications of the data. Specific topics considered include Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori, Clostridium difficile, Shigella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, and rotavirus. 3 tables. 23 annotated references. •

Traveler's Diarrhea Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 8(1): 110-114. February 1992. Summary: Traveler's diarrhea is an acute, self-limited illness, mostly of infectious causes, which occurs in approximately 20 to 50 percent of international travelers with a variable worldwide incidence. The authors first focus on its etiology, including infection with escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella, Entamoeba histolytica, cyanobacteria-like bodies, or Norwalk virus. They then turn to considerations of therapy, primarily fluid replacement, the use of loperamide, and antimicrobial agents. A final section briefly considers the role of prophylaxis in preventing traveler's diarrhea. 18 references.

Federally Funded Research on Entamoeba Histolytica The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Entamoeba histolytica. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Entamoeba histolytica. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Entamoeba histolytica. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Entamoeba histolytica: •

Project Title: AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ondarza, Raul N.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Molecular characterization of a gene that codifies for a disulfide reductase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: PROTISTS

BIOCHEMICAL

CYTOLOGY

OF

ANAEROBIC

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PARASITIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Muller, Miklos; Associate Professor; Lab/Biochemical Parasitology; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1978; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The goal of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis that core metabolism of the medically important cavity parasites of humans, the amitochondriate Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis differs markedly from that of their human host. It will also be explored to what extent the unique and diverse "chimeric" metabolic patterns of these organisms are due to evolutionary losses or new acquisitions of enzymes. In the next grant period emphasis will be placed on two critical but essentially unexplored aspects of "amitochondriate" parasites, a) carbohydrate (glycogen) reserves and their regulation and, b) enzymes involved in electron transport, to complement accumulating data on glycolysis and its distal extensions. a) Enzymes involved in the mobilization of glucose from glycogen and of glycogen synthesis will be expressed in heterologous systems, purified and studied with biochemical methods, with special emphasis on their regulatory properties. In addition, both the sequences and physiological characteristics of the enzymes will be evaluated in comparison with existing data in order to obtain insight into their evolutionary relationships. b ) Enzymes transferring reducing equivalents from glycolytically reduced NADH and ferredoxin to diverse electron acceptors and O2 will be explored with essentially the same approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY INTERVENTION FOLLOW UP OF COLOMBIAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Karen J.; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Little is known about the short-term consequences of persistent H. pylori infection in apparently healthy children. Short-term consequences such as impacts on growth, nutritional status and susceptibility to co-infections may influence overall health status throughout life as well as risk of cancer and other chronic disease in adulthood. Such short-term consequences can be examined in a community intervention approach that begins with two comparable populations of H. pyloriinfected children, eliminates the infection in one of the populations and follows both groups over time to observe differences between children whose infection persists and those who remain uninfected. The proposed study will undertake such an intervention in two rural communities in the Andean region of Narino, Colombia, where H.pylori infection is nearly universal by adolescence and gastric cancer rates are among the highest in the world. The design of this study will also facilitate secondary aims of identifying factors that predict successful elimination of infection in a high prevalence population, as well as identifying determinates of persistence and reinfection. Another secondary aim will be to study the histopathologic features of H.pylori infection in pediatric gastroenterology patients form this geographic region. Accessibility to biopsies form such patients will also permit validation of diagnostic cutoff values for noninvasive H. pylori detection methods in our study population. In addition, we will pursue supplemental studies to evaluate methods for obtaining bacterial specimens form the community-based population of children in order to investigate the role of

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strain differences in the shortterm consequences of infection. The major specific aim of this study are: 1) To conduct a community intervention in two rural Andean populations (children in the Narino-Genoy community will be maintained clear of H.pylori infection with anti-H.pylori therapy and monitored for H.pylori status and selected health indicators during a period of four years; children in the La LagunaCabrera community will receive no anti-H.pylori therapy and will be monitored for H.pylori status and selected health indicators during a period of four years); 2) To compare anthropometric health-status indicators in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection; 3) To compare hematocrit levels in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection; 4)To compare the incidence of diarrheal disease in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection; 5) To compare the occurrence of the following coinfections in children with persistent H.pylori infection and those who remain free of H.pylori infection: ova and parasites (in particular, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides); 6) To investigate whether the presence of co-infections modifies the effect of H.pylori persistence on general health status and diarrheal disease. In addition the proposed study has the following secondary aims; 1) To identify predictors of successful elimination of H.pylori infection in children from a high prevalence population as well as determinants of persistence and reinfection; 2) To describe the histopathologic features of H.pylori infection in pediatric gastroenterology patients from this geographic region; 3) To assess the accuracy of noninvasive diagnostic methods for H.pylori infection (urea breath test; stool antigen test) against biopsy-based diagnosis in the local pediatric population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: E HISTOLYTICA PHAGOCYTOSIS OF APOPTOTIC HOST CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Huston, Christopher D.; Medicine; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed training plan combines intensive didactic and basic laboratory training to prepare Christopher Huston, M.D., for a career investigating host-pathogen biology during invasive amebiasis. Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan cause of amebic colitis and liver abscess, infects an estimated 50 million people causing up to 100 thousand deaths annually. Amebiasis is an indolent infection and inflammation is sparse given the degree of tissue destruction. Apoptotic host cell killing and phagocytosis further characterize E. histolytica infection. Indeed, clinicians use erythrophagocytosis to distinguish E. histolytica from the non-pathogenic ameba Entamoeba dispar. This project's hypothesis is that apoptotic cell killing followed by rapid phagocytosis limits spillage of toxic intracellular contents and prevents inflammation in an analogous fashion to phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in multicellular organisms. In this way, apoptotic killing and phagocytosis are hypothesized to enable E. histolytica to evade the host immune response and cause disease. Preliminary studies by Dr. Huston have demonstrated apoptotic killing of host cells by E. histolytica and shown that E. histolytica ingested apoptotic cells more efficiently than healthy cells. Specific Aim 1 is to define the nature and mechanism of host cell surface changes that trigger amebic ingestion using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry to assay phagocytosis. Specific Aim 2 is to characterize an amebic ABC transporter, EhABC A1, with homology to the phagocytosis-associated transporter Ced-7 from Caenorhabditis elegans. EhABC A1 function/expression will be disrupted using dominant negative

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mutants, anti-sense RNA expression, and anti-sense peptide nucleic acid oligomers. Results from Specific Aim 1 will clarify the mechanism of amebic cytotoxicity as well as help to identify the amebic phagocytosis receptor. In Specific Aim 2, successful interference with EhABC A1 to test its role in phagocytosis will help to define the amebic phagocytosis machinery and may provide phagocytosis deficient amoebae to delineate the role of phagocytosis for in vivo virulence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA GENOME PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Loftus, Brendan; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes tens of millions of cases of dysentery and liver abscess in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Amebiasis liver abscess, which can be lethal if left untreated, is the third leading cause of death due to a parasite. As developing countries cannot afford the improvements in sanitation that might prevent the fecal-oral spread of the parasite, amebiasis is presently poorly controlled by metronidazole-treatment of symptomatic individuals and there is also a need for specific diagnostic tools and vaccines. Whole genome sequencing raises the sophistication and productivity of experimental approaches for studying amebae to a new level. Amebae have four properties, which make them unique among eukaryotic pathogens. First, amebae live under anaerobic conditions in the lumen of the bowel or in tissue abscesses by means of fermentation enzymes like those of bacteria, which are targets of metronidazole. Amebic alcohol dehydrogenases closely resemble those of gram-positive anaerobes, while malic enzyme and ferredoxin resemble those of archaebacteria. Second, amebae have an atrophic, purple bacterium derived organelle ("crypton"), which lacks mitochondrial enzymes of oxidative-phosphorylation and hydrogenosomal fermentation enzymes. Third, amebae phagocytose and lyse host cells by means of adherence lectins, cysteine proteinases, and pore-forming peptides. Fourth, E. histolytica, which causes disease, has a closely related cousin, E. dispar, which infects the colonic lumen but does not cause disease. The study of the E. histolytica genome serves as a model organism for reconstructing the phylogeny of early branching eukaryotes and will also provide insights into the history of anaerobic lumenal parasites. Because of the medical importance of amebae and their unique biology, the goal of this project is to determine 99 percent of the genomic sequence of E. histolytica strain HM1:IMSS, analyze and annotate the data and provide ready equal access to the sequence information and analysis through the public databases and our World Wide Web server (www.tigr.org). The investigators will not attempt closure of the complete sequence of the E. histolytica genome. The haploid genome of HM1 is less than or equal to 20 Mb in 14 chromosomes; amebic genes have rare introns; intergenic sequences are short; and non-coding repetitive sequences are absent from chromosomal DNAs. The vast majority of the research needs and applications will be met by obtaining 99 percent of the genomic sequence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FIELD VALIDATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND CORRELATION OF PROTOZOAL GENOTYPE Principal Investigator & Institution: Haque, Rashidul; International Centre/Diarrhoeal Dis Res Diarrhoeal Disease Research Dacca,

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Entamoeba Histolytica

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The enteric protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, and the enteric bacteria Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli are the highest priority enteric pathogens in Category B according to the NIAID Blue Ribbon Panel. An important reason is because they are difficult to accurately diagnose. This is due to the insensitivity of our best methods to detect the pathogen and, because all major Category B enteropathogens are capable of causing asymptomatic intestinal infection, the weak positive predictive value of a positive stool result in implying disease causation even when the pathogen is accurately detected. Therefore the first need is for highly sensitive tests for detecting Category B pathogens in stool, and Aim 1 will rigorously validate such tests that come on-line from Projects 1 and 2. This validation will occur in Bangladesh and Tanzania because of the hyperendemic rates of diarrheal illness due to Category B enteropathogens and will be expeditious due to ongoing, productive collaborations between Techlab, the University of Virginia, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases and Research in Bangladesh, and the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Tanzania. The second need for Category B enteric diagnostics is for enhanced specificity in the setting of a positive test result. This is particularly problematic for the Category B protozoa because of their high rates of asymptomatic carriage and widespread environmental contamination. Aim 2, therefore, will correlate Giardia and Cryptosporidium genotype with clinical symptomatology through a case-control study. This will also occur in Bangladesh in Tanzania because of high local rates of asymptomatic infection from Category B protozoa, which permits a highly-powered analysis. Through the work of Project 3 we envision having sensitive diagnostics for the field and the public health laboratory, and an ability to streamline outbreak investigations by knowing which virulence genotypes to track and which asymptomatic, incidentally-detected infections to ignore. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GALACTOSE LECTIN OF E HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mann, Barbara J.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Entamoeba histolytica is a human cytolytic parasite with worldwide distribution that infects up to 50 million people and results in an estimated 70,000 deaths annually. The E. histolytica Ga1NAc lectin mediates trophozoite adherence and plays a role in contact-dependent killing of human immune effector and epithelial cells. The cytolytic capacity of E. histolytica is central to pathogenesis yet little is known about how cytolysis is initiated after cell contact via the Ga1NAc lectin. The hypothesis of this proposal is that protein tyrosine kinases and/or their substrates are intimately involved in the signal transduction by the Ga1NAc lectin. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and/or their substrates have been demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation to associate with the Ga1NAc lectin. We propose to test the role of these PTK/substrates in lectinmediated signal transduction. Ga1NAc lectin-associated PTK/substrates will be identified from lectin co-immunoprecipitations or by the yeast two hybrid system (using the lectin cytoplasmic domain as bait). Lectin-associated PTK/substrates will be cloned and sequenced, the primary amino acid sequence characterized, and mAb produced against them. These reagents will be used to assess changes in the PTK/substrate activity, phosphorylation state and intracellular location during signaling. Finally genetic characterization will be attempted using reverse genetic approaches. Successful completion of these experiments will provide insight into the role and identity of

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PTK/substrates in lectin-mediated killing and may establish the basis for novel therapeutic or prophylactic measures against amebiasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Petri, William A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by the applicant): We propose to study gene expression in Entamoeba histolytica controlled by the upstream regulatory element 3 binding protein (URE3-BP). We hypothesize that URE3-BP regulates virulence by a coordinated regulation of.qene expression in response to changes in intracellular Ca 2*. This sequence-specific DNA binding protein recognizes the URE3 sequence present in the promoters of the Gal/GalNAc-inhibitible lectin hgl5 and ferredoxin 1 fdx genes. URE3BP contains two Ca2*-binding EF-hand motifs, and increases in Ca 2v block its ability to bind to URE3 in vitro and to URE3-containing promoters in vivo. Mutation of the second EF hand motif in URE3-BP leads to a loss of Ca 2. inhibition of DNA binding. These results demonstrate that elevated intracellular Ca 2vblocks the ability of URE3-BP to bind to URE3-containing promoters. Modulation of URE3-BP by intracellular Ca 2v may represent an important mechanism of control of gene expression in E. histolytica. Three specific aims are proposed to test our hypothesis: (1) Study of the URE3-BP URE3 cisacting DNA sequence interaction, including definition of the DNA motif required for the interaction as determined by experimental and computer-assisted modeling; (2) Study of the structure and function of URE3-BP, including mapping residues important in binding to calcium, DNA and membranes as well as domains of the molecule important for intracellular localization; and (3) Determination of gene expression controlled by URE3-BP, including Entamoeba genomic micro-array analysis of global gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation using anti-URE3-BP mAb. Successful completion of these studies will provide insight into transcription regulation of virulence factors by the novel mechanism of direct calcium control of an EF-hand containing transcription factor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC MANIPULATION OF ENTAMOEBA VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Reed, Sharon L.; Professor; Pathology; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (from the applicant's abstract): Cysteine proteinases are key virulence factors of E. histolytica and play a central role in tissue invasion and disruption of host defenses. We have shown that purified cysteine proteinases of E. histolytica degrade components of the extracellular matrix and cleave IgG, IgA, the C3 and C5 components of complement, and the anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a, limiting the host response to amebic infection. E. histolytica and E. dispar are morphologically identical with highly homologous genomes including cysteine proteinase genes, but only E. histolytica can invade the host. We propose to test the hypothesis that surface and extracellular cysteine proteinases are critical for amebic invasion with the following Specific Aims: Aim 1: We will test the hypothesis that the cysteine proteinases, which are critical to invasion, differ in their location, release, or specificity for substrates. These studies will identify the major extracellular proteinases, express active, recombinant cysteine proteinases, and

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Entamoeba Histolytica

identify differences in specificity against peptide and physiological substrates. Aim 2: We will test the hypothesis that inhibition of the key cysteine proteinases will block invasion. These studies will compare the effect of specific peptide inhibitors, antisense constructs, and insertional proteinase mutants on invasion. Aim 3: We will test the hypothesis that complementation of cysteine proteinase expression in proteinasedeficient strains will restore virulence. We will use selectable expression vectors to over express specific cysteine proteinases in E. dispar and L6 to evaluate the effect on invasion. These studies should further our understanding of an important virulence factor of E. histolytica and establish the key cysteine proteinases, which are linked to invasion and could be targets of novel drug therapy in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENOMIC INTERACTION

ANALYSIS

OF

E

HISTOLYTICA-BACTERIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Shah, Preetam; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Entumoeba histolytica is the etiologic agent of amebiasis and amebic liver abscesses and is the third most common cause of parasitic deaths in humans. During its life cycle, the parasite interacts with the normal enteric flora of the host prior to invading epithelial tissue and causing colonic disease. In the last twenty years several studies have indicated that amebic-bacterial interaction alters the virulence of the parasite and plays a significant role in establishing colonic disease. However the molecular mechanisms that govern the alteration of amebic virulence due to this interaction remain unknown. Our goal is to identify amebic virulence determinants that are important for the parasite to cause colonic disease. We will develop and use an E. Histolytica microarray to identify amebic genes whose expression is regulated by amebic-bacterial interaction. Using the microarrays, we will generate transcriptional profiles of parasites in normal tissue culture conditions and in association with various bacterial strains. Genes that have their expression levels specifically modulated by bacterial interaction may serve as virulence determinants in causing colonic disease. In order to functionally characterize some of the genes that appear to be vital in this interaction, we will specifically down-regulate their expression using anti-sense techniques. Genes that show an in-vitro phenotype will be tested invivo using an animal model of amebic colitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF E. HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hughes, Molly A.; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diarrheal diseases kill one of every ten children by his or her fifth birthday in poor countries such as Bangladesh. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the etiologic agents. It is a human parasite that has a remarkable ability to invade and lyse host tissues. Invasive infection with E. histolytica leads to dysentery, amebic colitis, and amebic liver abscess. The imminent completion of the Entamoeba genome project provides an unprecendented opportunity to apply the approaches of genetics to the problem of amebiasis. Three specific aims are proposed: (1) Characterize the host:parasite interface by identifying molecules recruited to this site by the E. histolytica

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GalNAc lectin using a yeast two-hybrid system, (2) Use a proteomics approach in conjunction with the E. histolytica genome sequencing database to further characterize novel proteins that interact with the GalNAc lectin, and (3) Investigate the biological significance of E. histolytica proteins recruited by the GalNAc lectin to the host:parasite interface by creating "knockout" mutants of these proteins using interference RNA (RNAi), antisense RNA technology, and/or expression of dominant negative mutants. Successful completion of these studies will yield a fundamental understanding of amebic proteins that interact with the E. histolytica GalNAc lectin and their role in pathogenicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST AMEBIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ravdin, Jonathan I.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Invasive amoebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Immunity to intestinal infection would prevent the occurrence of amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess (ALA); currently, no vaccine exists. A 260 kDa galactose-inhabitable lectin mediates the binding of E. histolytica trophozoites to colonic mucins and epithelial cells; the lectin consists of 170kDa and 35kDa subunits. The 170kDa subunit contains the galactose-binding activity and is highly antigenic and immunogenic. The genes encoding the 170kDa subunit have been cloned and sequenced for E. histolytica and the non-pathogenic species, E. dispar. A 52kDa cysteine-rich galactose-binding site and is highly antigenic. Subcutaneous vaccination with LC3 provides immunity in the gerbil model of ALA, oral immunization with LC3 and cholera toxin induces are adherence/inhibitory anti-lectin mucosal secretory IgA response in BALB/c mice. The objectives of this proposal are to identify LC3 IgA antibody and T-cell epitopes associated with immunity to E. histolytica intestinal infection and invasive amoebiasis and to develop an efficacious LC3-derived amoebiasis subunit vaccine. The specific aims and methods are: 1) to define the LC3 epitopes associated with acquired immunity to intestinal infection and invasive amoebiasis by utilizing purified LC3 fragment sin ELISA with serum, fecal and salivary IgA antibodies from immune individuals by defining IgA epitopes in D. dispar lectin, by mapping LC3 T-cell epitopes using PBMC from immune subjects, and by identifying LC3 epitopes recognized by baboon IgA following E. histolytica infection; and 2) to develop an LC3 subunit vaccine that elicits an adherence-inhibitory intestinal secretory IgA response and/or a protective cellular immune response by establishing a dose response to oral vaccination in baboons with LC3 and cholera holotoxin for induction of anti-LC3 IgA antibodies, by defining the efficacy in baboons with LC3 and cholera holotoxin for induction of anti-LC3 IgA antibodies, by defining the efficacy in baboons of LC3 vaccination against oral challenge with E. histolytica cysts, by determining antigen-specific cellular immune responses in baboons; and lastly, by identifying LC3 fragments or derived peptides that are sufficient to serve as an efficacious subunit vaccine in the primate model. Successful completion of thee studies is dependent upon collaboration with investigators in Project 2, use of the Hybridoma Core, and ongoing interactions with the "Mucosal Immunity and Infection Project" faculty. The proposed studies will greatly enhance our understanding of human mucosal immunity to E. histolytica, leading to development of an effective amoebiasis subunit vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Entamoeba Histolytica

Project Title: INVESTIGATING PATHOGENESIS

ENTAMOEBA

HISTOLYTICA

COLONIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Upinder; Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes an estimated 50 million cases of invasive disease annually. The most common manifestation of amebic infection is colonic disease (dysentery). Several virulence factors have been identified that are important for parasite pathogenesis, however the molecular mechanisms that the parasite utilizes as it establishes invasive disease remain unclear. Transcriptional regulation of amebic genes has been shown in a number of biologically relevant conditions including encystation, phagocytosis, drug resistance, stress and nutrient deprivation. Our hypothesis is that amebic virulence determinants that are important in causing invasive colonic disease will be regulated by the stimuli present in the colonic environment and can be identified by methods that detect message abundance. Our goal is to develop and use E. histolytica DNA micro-arrays to investigate amebic colonic pathogenesis. To identify virulence determinants that are important in causing colonic disease we will identify amebic genes that are regulated due to interaction of the parasite with (i) enteric bacteria, (ii) colonic epithelial cells, and (iii) erythrocytes. These conditions to a large extent mimic the environment encountered by the parasite within the host colon. For each given condition we will identify cohorts of genes whose transcript abundance is increased, decreased, or unchanged. Ultimately we would hope to identify genes, which are coordinately regulated (i.e. induced under all the conditions tested or repressed under all the conditions tested) as these may represent virulence determinants in causing colonic disease. Genes of interest will be characterized and their roles in amebic invasiveness and virulence investigated using molecular and genetic approaches. This approach promises to unveil novel molecular aspects of amebic pathogenicity and provide a number of genetic targets for improved diagnostic and treatment strategies. Additionally, the micro-arrays generated as a part of this grant will have a multitude of uses and will prove useful to a number of scientists in the scientists in the Entamoeba scientific community to study varied aspects of amebic pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MICROALGAL ORAL VACCINES FOR CONTROL OF AMEBIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagner, Richard E.; Phycotransgenics, Llc 3416 Ashwood Dr Bloomington, in 47401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-AUG-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The commercial goal of Phycotransgenics, L.L.C. is to develop economical and effective oral vaccine for animals and humans. The specific aim of this proposal is the development of a microalgal-based oral vaccine for the prevention of amebic dysentery in humans caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It is our hypothesis that an oral, microalgal-based vaccine delivery system is a cost-effective means to vaccinate against amebic dysentery. The specific objective of this SBIR Phase 1 research proposal is to determine if microalgae expressing the heavy subunit of the Gal/GaINAc lectin antigen can elicit an immune response in a model mouse system. Our strategy is to: 1) generate and confirm expression of the Gal/GalNAc lectin antigen in transgenic algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii); 2) use the transgenic algae expressing the Gal/GalNAc lectin antigen to

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deliver oral immunogens (in drinking water and/or feed) to mice in collaboration with our University of Virginia partners, and; 3) confirm induction of an immune response specific to the Gal/GalNAc lectin antigen by western blot analysis using preimmune (negative control) and immune sera from vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice. Subsequent research objectives will include pathogen challenge trials of vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals to determine whether the vaccine provides protection from the pathogen. Completion of the Phase I research objectives will provide an eventual model for investigating the delivery of microalgal oral vaccines to humans using this patentpending microalgal-based antigen expression and delivery system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR DISSECTION OF E HISTOLYTICA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanley, Samuel L.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: In work supported by AI30084, we found that tissue damage in amebiasis arises from complex interactions between host and parasite, and that within different host environments E. histolytica is capable of inducing inflammation or programmed cell death. Using a severe combined immunodeficient mouse/human intestinal xenograft (SCID-HU-INT) model of intestinal amebiasis, which mimics human disease, we found that E. histolytica trophozoites induce human intestinal epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators in vivo. These mediators induce neutrophil influx into the intestine with resultant tissue damage. Blocking inflammation by inhibiting activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells reduces amebic damage to the intestine. Thus, parasite- enterocyte interactions play a key role in triggering the host inflammatory response, and inflammation plays a significant role in the tissue damage seen early in amebic infection. These findings contrast with those from our studies of amebic liver abscess using our murine model of disease. We found that there is limited inflammation in amebic infection of liver, and that neutrophils play a protective role in limiting abscess size. Strikingly, within amebic liver abscesses, hepatocytes are dying by apoptosis, with E. histolytica inducing programmed cell death by a Fas ligand- and TNF alpha receptor-independent pathway. The goal of this proposal is to dissect, at the molecular level, how E. histolytica induces host cell responses of inflammation or apoptosis, and to determine whether inhibiting those host responses, by targeting molecules in either the parasite or host, represents a viable approach to blocking disease. Our development of the SCID-HU-INT and murine amebic liver abscess models, and our ability to utilize transfection approaches for specifically inhibiting or augmenting expression of targeted amebic genes, makes these in vivo studies feasible for the first time. We will extend our analysis of the host response to amebic infection by identifying host genes whose expression is altered in response to E. histolytica infection of intestine or liver by screening human or murine cDNA microarrays. These studies will enable us to understand how ameba damage host tissue in vivo, and should provide new paradigms for the interactions between intestinal protozoans and their human hosts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MUCOSAL ADJUVANT FOR ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilkins, Tracy D.; President; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904

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Entamoeba Histolytica

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUCOSAL IMMUNE REGULATION IN MURINE AMEBIC COLITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Houpt, Eric R.; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Amebic colitis is the most common form of amebiasis, a parasitic disease that accounts for 100,000 annual deaths. Human and experimental data have not clearly documented the nature of protective or deleterious acquired immunity in this infection. Recent work of ours using a C3H mouse model of amebic colitis has documented the capacity for acquired immunity to protect against colonization through vaccination as well as a deleterious role for CD4+ T cells in the development of disease. This research plan aims to focus on the latter, to define the mechanism of the CD4+ T cell response in disease pathogenesis. I hypothesize that dysregulated CD4+ T cells in amebic colitis contribute independently to both parasite burden and the development of intestinal inflammation. Possible mechanisms include IL-4 mediated phagocyte inhibition, mast cell induction, or loss of regulatory TGF-b production. Techniques will include in vivo blockade of key T helper cytokines by monoclonal antibody and depletion of phagocytes and mast cells. Development of the C3H SCID mouse model of infection will allow adoptive transfer experiments using CD4+ T cells and subsets therein to test the role of suppressor versus effector CD4+ T cells on the development of colitis. The work thus bridges the fields of parasite biology and mucosal immunology. Rigorous formal training in parasitology and immunology will occur during the first 2 years of the proposed research plan. The sponsor and cosponsor, investigators in molecular parasitology and mucosal immunology, respectively, will guide the laboratory component of the proposal. Additionally a supportive network of collaborators and consultants will be utilized from the departments of Immunology, Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Pathology throughout the University of Virginia and the United States Department of Agriculture. The comprehensive approach in training and research laid out in this research proposal will guide the applicant towards his goal of being an independent investigator in immunoparasitology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AND INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lamm, Michael E.; Professor; Pathology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: OVERALL (Adapted from application): This Program Project Application is submitted by an interactive group of basic and clinical scientists who propose to continue to study the mucosal immune system inr elation to parasitic, bacterial and viral infections. The proposed research focuses on the broad areas of pathogenesis, prevention and therapy of important diseases caused by different classes of infectious agents that infect the gastrointestinal, genital and respiratory mucosae. Project 1 addresses Entamoeba histolytica and amoebiasis, a leading cause of parasitic death and morbidity worldwide. The specific studies focus on the galactose-inhabitable lectin, that mediates the binding of Entamoeba to the intestinal epithelium. The goal is to identify

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immunogenic subdomains of the lectin that can be used to develop an effective oral subunit vaccine. The second project is on Helicobacter pylori, the major cause of peptic ulcer disease. Based upon studies of pathogenesis and mechanisms of immune defense, a major goal is to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines that do not elicit an untoward inflammatory immune defense, a major goal is to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines that do not elicit an untoward inflammatory immune response. Project 3 investigates how mucosal IgA antibodies can counter HIV at epithelial surfaces that are the portals of entry for sexual transmission of this virus. Monoclonal IgA antibodies to HIV, both extracellular and intracellularly. The mechanisms of action of such protection will be studied. The results may further the design of an effective mucosal vaccine for this sexually transmitted disease. The fourth project investigates IgA nephropathy, the most common type of glomerulonephritis, that is associated clinically with respiratory infection The roles that normal and aberrant IgA glycosylation, virus-specific T cells and glomerular mesangial cells play in disease pathogenesis will be investigated in a post infection mouse model in nephritis-sensitive and nephritis-resistant strains. The four projects are supported by administrative and hybridoma cores. The insights to be gained from this PROGRAM Project may e broadly applicable since many infections involve mucous membranes, either as sites of infection or as portals of entry into the host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW DIAGNOSTICS FOR AMEBIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyerly, David M.; Vice President; Techlab, Inc. 1861 Pratt Dr, Ste 1030 Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amoebiasis, is a Category B pathogen considered in the top three biodefense parasites because it is difficult to diagnose. The disease caused by this protozoan pathogen occurs due to intestinal and extra-intestinal infections, both of which are major problems in developing countries. For these reasons, there is an urgent need for new and improved diagnostics for this organism and its disease. In Phase I we will continue and expand our developmental work on stool dipstick antigen detection tests for intestinal amebiasis, including critical clinical evaluations in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Turkey. Clinical investigators will utilize PCR technology to evaluate test performance. We will transfer the technology to a manufacturer of rapid membrane tests and establish test performance of dipsticks manufactured under GMP. Data for 510(k) submissions to the Food and Drug Administration will be collected from in-house performance studies and on-site clinical evaluations. As a logical extension of this work, the dipsticks will be evaluated for the detection of circulating antigen in persons with amebic liver abscess. We will extend efforts on an ELISA for use by military and reference labs for the detection of lectin in fixed specimens. The ELISA will be manufactured under GMP at TechLab and evaluated on-site at reference laboratories in the U.S. The data for a 510(k) submission will be collected and submitted to the FDA. In addition to the ELISA, efforts will continue on a stool antigen detection dipstick that works with fixed specimens for use in the U.S. and other industrialized countries. For extra-intestinal amebiasis, the highest sensitivity diagnostic approach utilizes detection of both serum antigen and antibody. Therefore, we will develop a new serodiagnostic test for extra-intestinal amebiasis utilizing lecA (a recombinant peptide of the lectin) as the capture antigen. In Phase II, clinical evaluations will be extended to include on-site studies in other countries. In addition, we will expand efforts to develop tests for E. histolytica cysts as

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Entamoeba Histolytica

well as develop a panel test for E. histolytica/Cryptosporidium/Giardia. This project will lead to a battery of tests that have broad application in the diagnosis of amebiasis, making these tests suitable for biodefense purposes and for improving global healthcare. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHWAYS REGULATING AMOEBIC CYST FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Eichinger, Daniel J.; Associate Professor; Medical/Molecular Parasitology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant'ps Abstract): Encystation in the human parasite Entamoeba histolytica cannot be studied in vitro. The related reptilian parasite, E. invadens, will encyst in vitro and can be used as model system to study encystation in Entamoeba. Two sugars inhibit the amebic encystation process. Galactose prevents the aggregation of ameba, which precedes encystation while N acetyl glucosamine allows aggregation to occur but still prevents the formation of osmotically resistant cysts. This proposal will study the role of galactose ligands and their receptor in the encystment process. An ortholog of the light subunit of the GalNAc lectin of E. histolytica has been cloned from E. invadens. The E. invadens gene product binds galactose and mucin, appears to be found on the surface of the ameba and likely mediates the initial cellular aggregation step. Gal-terminated glycoconjugates stimulate encystation in a concentration-dependent manner and suggest a role for the lectin in parasite differentiation. The structure of the lectin and a proposed mechanism of regulating encystation will be examined in this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEIN SEQUENCING BY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunt, Donald F.; Chemistry; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-JAN-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Sequence information on the human genome and that of selected organisms is becoming available at an ever increasing rate and is providing unparalleled understanding of the complexity of the proteins in cells. The next challenge is at the level of proteomics, understanding the structure and function of proteins encoded by a particular genome. This information will certainly provide the starting point for development of novel therapeutic interventions against many of the world's diseases. Proposed here is research to develop fully automated mass spectrometric methods for the rapid characterization of known and unknown proteins at the low femtomole or attomole level in complex mixtures. Multistage chromatography in conjunction with automated peak parking technology plus nanoliter/min, high performance liquid chromatography and high performance capillary electrophoresis interfaced to ion trap and Fourier tranform mass spectrometers via an electrospray ionization source will be employed in this effort. Specific aims are to characterize: (a) the proteins that transport unspliced mRNA out of the nucleus; (b) the proteins that facilitate splicing of premRNA; (c) proteins required for mitotic chromosome condensation in yeast; (d) a virulence transcription factor in the enteric protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica; (e) the proteins uniquely synthesized in neuronal dendrites and thus assumed to be involved in intracellular signaling, neural plasticity and long term potentiation (memory); (f) the L-

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selectin glycoprotein ligand that facilitates migration of leucocytes to sites of inflamation; (g) proteins found uniquely on the surface of human sperm that can be used as targets for the development of human contraceptive vaccines; (h) platelet phosphoproteins synthesized in response to thrombin; (i) the post translational modifications on the androgen receptor and the associated proteins that regulate its activity; the proteins that regulate development of the endoderm (internal organs) in the nematode, C. elegans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RAB GTPASES OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Temesvari, Lesly A.; Biological Sciences; Clemson University 300 Brackett Hall Clemson, Sc 296345702 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: The enteric protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, infects 10 percent of the world's population, leading to 50 million cases of invasive amebiasis and 100,000 deaths annually. Vaccines or chemoprophylactic agents, which can protect residents of endemic areas or travelers, are not available. Infection is acquired by ingestion of the cyst form, followed by excystation of amoeboid trophozoites, which migrate to and colonize the bowel lumen. The endosomal and lysosomal (endo-lysosomal (EL)) system of Entamoeba appears to play a role in its pathogenesis as (I) uptake and digestion of nutrients, (ii) invasion of the intestinal epithelium, and (iii) dissemination and establishment of extra-intestinal infections, including liver abscess, rely on endocytosis and the action of hydrolytic enzymes and pore-forming proteins secreted from the pathogen. Despite its importance, little is known about the molecular factors goveming the Entamoeba EL system, including associated proteins which may regulate EL functions. Such proteins may be candidates for vaccine development. Three genes have been isolated from an E. histo!ytica cDNA library encoding a protein (EhRabl 1) that is 56 percent identical in amino acid sequence to human Rabi 1, a protein (EhRab7) that is 56 percent identical in amino acid sequence to human Rab7, and a protein that is a novel member (EhRabA) of the Rab family of GlPases; Rab GTPases are known to regulate vesicular trafficking. EhRabl 1 is enriched in magnetically purified early endosomes of Entamoeba and EhRabA and EhRab7are enriched in magnetically purified early and late endosomes of Enfamoeba. The subcellular localization of these Rab GTPases suggests that they play a role in EL function of E. histolytica. To test this hypothesis, the following aims are proposed. In Specific Aim I the subcetlular location of the EhRabs will be refined using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy of Entamoeba trophozoites. In Specific Aim 2 the role of the EhRabs in EL function and pathogenicity will be addressed. Genetically engineered Entamoeba cell lines overexpressing dominant inhibitory and constitutively active versions of the EhRabs will be generated. In addition, Entamoeba cell lines expressing anisense transcripts of the EhRabs (to reduce the cellular levels of the EhRab) will be generated. EL processes will be examined in these strains, including pinocytosis of fluid phase and phagocytosis of large particles, maintenance of intra-endosomal pH, and secretion of hydrolases. In addiion, the virulence of these genetically altered strains will be assessed by measuring their ability to (i) carry out contact-mediated cell lysis of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, (ii) release pore-forming peptides responsible for the disintegration of host cell membranes (iii) correctly localize an important adherence molecule to the cell surface and, (iv) establish liver abscess in the SCID mouse model. To gain further insight into how EhRabs function, in Specific Aim 3, Entamoeba proteins that interact with the EhRabs will be identified by yeast two-hybrid screening and affinity chromatography.

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These studies represent the first examination of the role of Rab GiPases of Entamoeba in EL function and pathogenicity and will significantly advance the field by contributing to the understanding of how vesicles and proteins are trafficked in this pathogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SHOTGUN SEQUENCING OF THE TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS GENOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlton, Jane; Associate; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. The parasite is responsible for an estimated 5 million cases annually in North America alone, with over 170 million cases reported worldwide. T. vaginalis infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposition to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Its abundance as a pathogen, the increased incidence of HIV transmission in T. vaginalisinfected individuals and the increase in drug resistant strains underscore the societal value of obtaining the complete genome sequence of this parasite. In addition, T. vaginalis is one of the deepest-branching eukaryotes known. Given the tremendous evolutionary distance between the human host and this pathogen, its genome sequence is likely to reveal a number of candidate genes encoding potential chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets specific for the parasite. Furthermore, from a purely academic viewpoint, the complete genomic sequence of T. vaginalis will offer significant insights into the evolution of deep-branching eukaryotic organisms and will help to answer many new evolutionary questions. We propose to sequence, assemble and annotate the approximately 16 Mb genome of T. vaginalis strain G3, using a whole genome shotgun (WGS) strategy. A variety of computer programs and algorithms will be used to provide a comprehensive and current annotation of the T. vaginalis genome. This will include identifying genes through similarity searches of current databases, as well as analysis of sequences for signal peptide motifs and other motifs. Use will be made of the sequence data from the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia genome projects, in a comparative approach to gene identification. In addition, we will generate 30,000 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) to aid in gene identification. A publically accessible, user-friendly web site will be created for access to the genome and EST data during the project, and for access to the final finished genome sequence and annotation at the conclusion of the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE, TRANSHYDROGENASE

FUNCTION

AND

DYNAMICS

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Stout, Charles D.; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This project is concerned with study of the structure and function of bovine mitochondrial, bacterial (Escherichia coli, Rhodospirillum rubrum) and Entamoeba histolytica transhydrogenases (TH), which catalyze hydride ion transfer between NAD(H) and NADP(H) in a reaction that is coupled to transmembrane proton translocation. As proton pumps TH are relatively simple structures, and excellent

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systems for study of proton translocation driven by substrate binding energy via protein conformation change. In mitochondria TH produces NADPH, which is utilized, among other things, by glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase to dissipate harmful H2O2 that results from dismutation of superoxide produced by the respiratory chain. SPECIFIC AIMS are (1) Structure Studies: (a) TH is composed of 3 domains: Extramembranous domains I (400-430 residues) and III(200 residues) that bind NAD(H) and NADP(H), respectively, and membrane-intercalated domain II (360-400 residues) that carries the proton channel. We have expressed in E. coli domains I and III of bovine and R. rubrum TH. Purified domains I and III reconstitute TH activity in the absence of domain II. We have solved the crystal structure of bovine domain III containing bound NADP at 1.2 Angstrom units resolution, and have a complete data set for native crystals of R. rubrum domain I at 2.1 Angstrom units resolution. It is proposed (a) to solve the crystal structures of R. rubrum and bovine domains I, R. rubrum domain III (q nucleotides), and E. histolytica contiguous domain III-I; (b) investigate by computer modeling of these crystal structures and those of appropriate mutants the docking of domains I and III; (c) solve the crystal structure of the entire E. coli TH. (2) Mechanism of Proton Translocation: In domain II, there are 3 clusters of high sequence conservation (60-80 percent). A His and an Asp in 2 of these clusters appear to be concerned (chemically or structurally) with proton translocation. This Asp is the only conserved negatively charged residue in domain II, and its mutation to Asn or Ile also alters the affinity (Km and Kd) of TH for NADPH. The above clusters have 10 conserved hydroxylated residues, which may be involved in proton translocation. In addition, domain III contains a conserved acidic patch which may interact with positively charged residues in the cytoplasmic-side loops of domain II. It is proposed to mutate these residues in the E. coli TH to investigate their role in proton translocation and in conformational energy transfer between domains II and III. Also, docked domains I-III models will be tested by mutation of complementary interface residues and activity assays. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TH2 VACCINES FOR HELICOBACTER DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Nedrud, John G.; Professor; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Since its first isolation 15 years ago, Helicobacter pylori has been recognized as an underlying agent in the genesis of peptic ulcers and as a significant risk factor for gastric cancer. Our laboratory was the first to propose and demonstrate the feasibility of a vaccine versus H. pylori. During the initial funding period of this proposal we demonstrated that antibodies were not required for protection versus Helicobacter infections and we made significant progress in defining a role for cell-mediated immunity in protection. We also showed that not only mucosal vaccination, but also systemic immunization with either Th1 or Th2 biasing adjuvants could be protective. A major problem was that all immunization protocols resulted in a least short term enhanced gastric inflammation upon challenge with liver bacteria, however. There is an urgent need to discern whether experimental infection results in a Th1 type of immune response accompanied by chronic inflammation, we believe that induction of Th2 responses offers the best hope for safe Helicobacter vaccination. Therefore, we propose the study the inflammatory response and Th phenotype of H. pylori challenged mice immunized by both mucosal and systemic Th1 and Th2 inducing protocols. We will also use this information to help define the mechanisms by which cell-mediated immune

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responses participate in protective immunity. In addition, we will extend this research into non- human primates and humans by phenotyping the immune responses of both infected and immunized individuals. Finally, we will continue to evaluate a noel Helicobacter vaccine candidate. We have also shown that 80% of the human subjects from Project 1 are infected with H. pylori. It is very possible that interactions between H. pylori and Entamoeba histolytica affect the disease outcomes associated with these two pathogens. Sharing data and resources among these projects may offer us the opportunity to study such interactions in the future. This project also shares goals and resources with project 4, which also seeks to understand the role T cell cytokines play in mucosal diseases. This project will use Core B to produce monoclonal antibodies for ELISPOT analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THREE LECTIN MODEL OF AMEBIC ENCYSTATION AND EXCYSTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Samuelson, John C.; Professor; Immunology/Infections Diseases; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The proposed experiments will test a three lectin model of amebic encystations and excystation. A constitutive plasma membrane Gal/GalNAc lectin bound sugars in a unique, abundant, encystationsspecific glycoprotein (Jacob), which was first identified here. Jacob was named for a ladder-like series of five Cys-rich, chitin-binding domains (CBD) which resemble CBD of chitinases and peritophin-44, an insect gut wall protein. Anti-Jacob antibodies bound to cyst isolated from patient stools. Galactose inhibited cyst wall formation by blocking binding of Jacob and subsequently chitin to the amebic surface. An encystations-specific chitinase had a Cys-richlectin domain, which resembles those of wheat germ agglutinin and plant chitinases. GlucNAc inhibited binding of Jacob and chitinase to chitin in SDStreated cyst walls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Entamoeba histolytica in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A DNA Sequence Corresponding to the Gene Encoding Cysteine Proteinase 5 in Entamoeba histolytica Is Present and Positionally Conserved but Highly Degenerated in Entamoeba dispar. by Willhoeft U, Hamann L, Tannich E.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96975

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A membrane-associated neuraminidase in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Udezulu IA, Leitch GJ.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260298

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A New Gene Family (ariel) Encodes Asparagine-Rich Entamoeba histolytica Antigens, Which Resemble the Amebic Vaccine Candidate Serine-Rich E. histolytica Protein. by Mai Z, Samuelson J.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107898

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A new in vitro model of Entamoeba histolytica adhesion, using the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2: scanning electron microscopic study. by Rigothier MC, Coconnier MH, Servin AL, Gayral P.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259008

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Adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica or how lectins let parasites stick around. by McCoy JJ, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302925

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Adherence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to rat and human colonic mucosa. by Ravdin JI, John JE, Johnston LI, Innes DJ, Guerrant RL.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261303

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Adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes. by LopezRevilla R, Cano-Mancera R.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347524

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An improved colorimetric PCR-based method for detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in feces. by Britten D, Wilson SM, McNerney R, Moody AH, Chiodini PL, Ackers JP.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232712

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Antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in human milk and serum in Kenya. by Grundy MS, Cartwright-Taylor L, Lundin L, Thors C, Huldt G.; 1983 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272736

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Antigens in electron-dense granules from Entamoeba histolytica as possible markers for pathogenicity. by Munoz ML, Lamoyi E, Leon G, Tovar R, Perez-Garcia J, De La Torre M, Murueta E, Bernal RM.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268199

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Changes in isoenzyme patterns of a cloned culture of nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica during axenization. by Mirelman D, Bracha R, Wexler A, Chayen A.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260244

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Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes a subset of Entamoeba histolytica isolates. by Bhattacharya A, Ghildyal R, Bhattacharya S, Diamond LS.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313678

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Characterization of cell surface carbohydrate receptors for Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin. by Ravdin JI, Stanley P, Murphy CF, Petri WA Jr.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313858

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Chitinase Secretion by Encysting Entamoeba invadens and Transfected Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites: Localization of Secretory Vesicles, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus. by Ghosh SK, Field J, Frisardi M, Rosenthal B, Mai Z, Rogers R, Samuelson J.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96624

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Cloning and expression of a membrane antigen of Entamoeba histolytica possessing multiple tandem repeats. by Stanley SL Jr, Becker A, Kunz-Jenkins C, Foster L, Li E.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=54244

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Cloning and expression of a putative alcohol dehydrogenase gene of Entamoeba histolytica and its application to immunological examination. by Kimura A, Hara Y, Kimoto T, Okuno Y, Minekawa Y, Nakabayashi T.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170328

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Comparison of PCR, Isoenzyme Analysis, and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica Infection. by Haque R, Ali IK, Akther S, Petri WA Jr.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104557

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Comparison of use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kits and PCR amplification of rRNA genes for simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. by Mirelman D, Nuchamowitz Y, Stolarsky T.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229977

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Complement resistance of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica mediated by trypsinsensitive surface component(s). by Hamelmann C, Urban B, Foerster B, Horstmann RD.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280745

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Complementation of an Escherichia coli adhE Mutant by the Entamoeba histolytica EhADH2 Gene Provides a Method for the Identification of New Antiamebic Drugs. by Yong T, Li E, Clark D, Stanley SL.; 1996 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39046

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Contact-dependent transfer of the galactose-specific lectin of Entamoeba histolytica to the lateral surface of enterocytes in culture. by Leroy A, De Bruyne G, Mareel M, Nokkaew C, Bailey G, Nelis H.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173604

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Control of Ferredoxin and Gal/GalNAc Lectin Gene Expression in Entamoeba histolytica by a cis-Acting DNA Sequence. by Gilchrist CA, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108211

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Cytokine activation of murine macrophages for in vitro killing of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Denis M, Chadee K.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313351

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Detection and Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar Isolates in Clinical Samples by PCR and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Gonin P, Trudel L.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149615

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Detection of Entamoeba histolytica immunoglobulins G and M to plasma membrane antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Sathar MA, Bredenkamp BL, Gathiram V, Simjee AE, Jackson TF.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269601

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Development of Monoclonal Antibodies Which Specifically Recognize Entamoeba histolytica in Preserved Stool Samples. by Yau YC, Crandall I, Kain KC.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87802

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Diagnosis of amebic dysentery by detection of Entamoeba histolytica fecal antigen by an invasive strain-specific, monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Haque R, Rehman T, Aguirre A, Hall A, Guhl F, Warhurst DC, Miles MA.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267163

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Diagnosis of Amebic Liver Abscess and Intestinal Infection with the TechLab Entamoeba histolytica II Antigen Detection and Antibody Tests. by Haque R, Mollah NU, Ali IK, Alam K, Eubanks A, Lyerly D, Petri WA Jr.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87365

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Differences in genomic DNA sequences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica identified by polymerase chain reaction. by Tachibana H, Ihara S, Kobayashi S, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T, Watanabe Y.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270304

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Differentiation of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by using specific DNA probes. by Bracha R, Diamond LS, Ackers JP, Burchard GD, Mirelman D.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267776

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Differentiation of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica infections from nonpathogenic infections by detection of galactose-inhibitable adherence protein antigen in sera and feces. by Abd-Alla MD, Jackson TF, Gathiram V, el-Hawey AM, Ravdin JI.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266142

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Differentiation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica by restriction fragment analysis of a single gene amplified in vitro. by Tannich E, Burchard GD.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269748

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DNA probes specific for Entamoeba histolytica possessing pathogenic and nonpathogenic zymodemes. by Garfinkel LI, Giladi M, Huber M, Gitler C, Mirelman D, Revel M, Rozenblatt S.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313200

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Down Regulation of Entamoeba histolytica Virulence by Monoxenic Cultivation with Escherichia coli O55 Is Related to a Decrease in Expression of the Light (35Kilodalton) Subunit of the Gal/GalNAc Lectin. by Padilla-Vaca F, Ankri S, Bracha R, Koole LA, Mirelman D.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115943

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Effect of silica on resistance of mice to Entamoeba histolytica infection. by Ghadirian E, Kongshavn PA.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263236

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Fate of Entamoeba histolytica during Establishment of Amoebic Liver Abscess Analyzed by Quantitative Radioimaging and Histology. by Rigothier MC, Khun H, Tavares P, Cardona A, Huerre M, Guillen N.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128000

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Free fatty acids released from phospholipids are the major heat-stable hemolytic factor of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Said-Fernandez S, Lopez-Revilla R.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259383

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Geographic Diversity among Genotypes of Entamoeba histolytica Field Isolates. by Haghighi A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Thammapalerd N, Nozaki T.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179867

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Identification of a pathogenic isolate-specific 30,000-Mr antigen of Entamoeba histolytica by using a monoclonal antibody. by Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Kato Y, Nagakura K, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258567

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Identification of the Galactose-Adherence Lectin Epitopes of Entamoeba histolytica that Stimulate Tumor Necrosis Factor-[alpha] Production by Macrophages. by Seguin R, Mann BJ, Keller K, Chadee K.; 1995 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40319

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Immunization of rats with the 260-kilodalton Entamoeba histolytica galactoseinhibitable lectin elicits an intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A response that has in vitro adherence-inhibitory activity. by Kelsall BL, Ravdin JI.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173050

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In vitro and in vivo interaction between trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica and gerbil lymphoid cells. by Chadee K, Meerovitch E, Moreau F.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261289

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In vitro susceptibilities of Entamoeba histolytica to azithromycin, CP-63,956, erythromycin, and metronidazole. by Ravdin JI, Skilogiannis J.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284263

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Interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and intestinal epithelial cells involves a CD44 cross-reactive protein expressed on the parasite surface. by Renesto P, Sansonetti PJ, Guillen N.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175620

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Interaction of laminin with Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases and its effect on amebic pathogenesis. by Li E, Yang WG, Zhang T, Stanley SL Jr.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173583

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Intermediate Subunit of the Gal/GalNAc Lectin of Entamoeba histolytica Is a Member of a Gene Family Containing Multiple CXXC Sequence Motifs. by Cheng XJ, Hughes MA, Huston CD, Loftus B, Gilchrist CA, Lockhart LA, Ghosh S, Miller-Sims V, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr, Tachibana H.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98708

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Isolation of a strain-specific Entamoeba histolytica cDNA clone. by Burch DJ, Li E, Reed S, Jackson TF, Stanley SL Jr.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269855

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Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of an enterotoxin from extracts of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Feingold C, Bracha R, Wexler A, Mirelman D.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261937

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Longitudinal Study of Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica Infections in Asymptomatic Adult Carriers. by Blessmann J, Ali IK, Nu PA, Dinh BT, Ngo Viet TQ, Le Van A, Clark CG, Tannich E.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=294961

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Lysis of complement-sensitive Entamoeba histolytica by activated terminal complement components. Initiation of complement activation by an extracellular neutral cysteine proteinase. by Reed SL, Gigli I.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=329813

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Metronidazole Metabolism in Cultures of Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis. by Beaulieu BB Jr, McLafferty MA, Koch RL, Goldman P.; 1981 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181711

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Modulation of a surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica in response to bacteria. by Bhattacharya A, Ghildyal R, Prasad J, Bhattacharya S, Diamond LS.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257054

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Modulation of tumor necrosis factor production by macrophages in Entamoeba histolytica infection. by Wang W, Keller K, Chadee K.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257298

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Molecular cloning of a 30-kilodalton lysine-rich surface antigen from a nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica strain and its expression in a pathogenic strain. by Bracha R, Nuchamowitz Y, Mirelman D.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173090

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Mucosal Immunogenicity of a Holotoxin-Like Molecule Containing the Serine-Rich Entamoeba histolytica Protein (SREHP) Fused to the A2 Domain of Cholera Toxin. by Sultan F, Jin LL, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Stanley SL Jr.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107928

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Neutralizing monoclonal antibody epitopes of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose adhesin map to the cysteine-rich extracellular domain of the 170-kilodalton subunit. by Mann BJ, Chung CY, Dodson JM, Ashley LS, Braga LL, Snodgrass TL.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280764

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Nucleotide sequence analysis of the rRNA transcription unit of a pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica strain HM-1:IMSS. by Ramachandran S, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S.; 1993 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309446

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Oral immunization with a recombinant cysteine-rich section of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-inhibitable lectin elicits an intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A response that has in vitro adherence inhibition activity. by Beving DE, Soong CJ, Ravdin JI.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173947

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Oral immunization with an attenuated vaccine strain of Salmonella typhimurium expressing the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein induces an antiamebic immune response and protects gerbils from amebic liver abscess. by Zhang T, Stanley SL Jr.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173957

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Oral immunization with attenuated vaccine strains of Vibrio cholerae expressing a dodecapeptide repeat of the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein fused to the cholera toxin B subunit induces systemic and mucosal antiamebic and anti-V. cholerae antibody responses in mice. by Ryan ET, Butterton JR, Zhang T, Baker MA, Stanley SL Jr, Calderwood SB.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175440

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Oral immunization with the dodecapeptide repeat of the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP) fused to the cholera toxin B subunit induces a mucosal and systemic anti-SREHP antibody response. by Zhang T, Li E, Stanley SL Jr.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173157

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Pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica can be differentiated by monoclonal antibodies to the galactose-specific adherence lectin. by Petri WA Jr, Jackson TF, Gathiram V, Kress K, Saffer LD, Snodgrass TL, Chapman MD, Keren Z, Mirelman D.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258726

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Production of mouse monoclonal antibodies which inhibit in vitro adherence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Ravdin JI, Petri WA, Murphy CF, Smith RD.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260066

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with a recombinant Entamoeba histolytica antigen. by Zhang T, Cieslak PR, Stanley SL Jr.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186248

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with recombinant Entamoeba histolytica 29-kilodalton antigen. by Soong CJ, Torian BE, Abd-Alla MD, Jackson TF, Gatharim V, Ravdin JI.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173019

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Protection of Gerbils from Amebic Liver Abscess by Vaccination with a 25-mer Peptide Derived from the Cysteine-Rich Region of Entamoeba histolytica GalactoseSpecific Adherence Lectin. by Lotter H, Khajawa F, Stanley SL Jr, Tannich E.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98337

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Rapid diagnosis of Entamoeba infection by using Entamoeba and Entamoeba histolytica stool antigen detection kits. by Haque R, Neville LM, Hahn P, Petri WA Jr.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228528

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Real-Time PCR for Detection and Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in Fecal Samples. by Blessmann J, Buss H, Nu PA, Dinh BT, Ngo QT, Van AL, Abd Alla MD, Jackson TF, Ravdin JI, Tannich E.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154634

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Recognition of the galactose- or N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin of Entamoeba histolytica by human immune sera. by Petri WA Jr, Joyce MP, Broman J, Smith RD, Murphy CF, Ravdin JI.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260708

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Regulation of Adherence and Virulence by the Entamoeba histolytica Lectin Cytoplasmic Domain, Which Contains a [beta]2 Integrin Motif. by Vines RR, Ramakrishnan G, Rogers JB, Lockhart LA, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr.; 1998 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25460

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Remarkable Genetic Polymorphism among Entamoeba histolytica Isolates from a Limited Geographic Area. by Haghighi A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Masuda G, Nozaki T.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139687

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Repetitive DNA elements characteristic of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica strains can also be detected after polymerase chain reaction in a cloned nonpathogenic strain. by Mirelman D, Bracha R, Rozenblatt S, Garfinkel LI.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258701

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Role of Adherence in Cytopathogenic Mechanisms of Entamoeba Histolytica STUDY WITH MAMMALIAN TISSUE CULTURE CELLS AND HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES. by Ravdin JI, Guerrant RL.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=370926

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Role of the Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase in amebic liver abscess formation in severe combined immunodeficient mice. by Stanley SL Jr, Zhang T, Rubin D, Li E.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173193

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Role of the galactose lectin of Entamoeba histolytica in adherence-dependent killing of mammalian cells. by Saffer LD, Petri WA Jr.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259097

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Roles of target cell membrane carbohydrate and lipid in Entamoeba histolytica interaction with mammalian cells. by Bailey GB, Gilmour JR, McCoomer NE.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258825

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Seropositivity for and Intestinal Colonization with Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in Individuals in Northeastern Brazil. by Braga LL, Mendonca Y, Paiva CA, Sales A, Cavalcante AL, Mann BJ.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105108

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Simple differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in fresh stool specimens by sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin concentration and PCR. by Troll H, Marti H, Weiss N.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229825

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Simultaneous Differentiation and Typing of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar. by Zaki M, Meelu P, Sun W, Clark CG.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140395

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Specificity of glycosphingolipid recognition by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Bailey GB, Nudelman ED, Day DB, Harper CF, Gilmour JR.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258406

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Suppression of T-lymphocyte responses to Entamoeba histolytica antigen by immune sera. by Salata RA, Martinez-Palomo A, Canales L, Murray HW, Trevino N, Ravdin JI.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313759

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Susceptibility of an emetine-resistant mutant of Entamoeba histolytica to multiple drugs and to channel blockers. by Samuelson JC, Burke A, Courval JM.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284341

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Susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica to oxidants. by Ghadirian E, Somerfield SD, Kongshavn PA.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261096

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T-cell suppression and selective in vivo activation of TH2 subpopulation by the Entamoeba histolytica 220-kilodalton lectin. by Talamas-Rohana P, Schlie-Guzman MA, Hernandez-Ramirez VI, Rosales-Encina JL.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173555

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The Abundant Polyadenylated Transcript 2 DNA Sequence of the Pathogenic Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica Represents a Nonautonomous Non-LongTerminal-Repeat Retrotransposon- Like Element Which Is Absent in the Closely Related Nonpathogenic Species Entamoeba dispar. by Willhoeft U, Buss H, Tannich E.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133045

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The Cysteine-Rich Region of the Entamoeba histolytica Adherence Lectin (170Kilodalton Subunit) Is Sufficient for High-Affinity Gal/GalNAc-Specific Binding In Vitro. by Pillai DR, Wan PS, Yau YC, Ravdin JI, Kain KC.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96662

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The Entamoeba histolytica Mitochondrion-Derived Organelle (Crypton) Contains Double-Stranded DNA and Appears To Be Bound by a Double Membrane. by Ghosh S, Field J, Rogers R, Hickman M, Samuelson J.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101756

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The Intestinal Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica Contains 20 Cysteine Protease Genes, of Which Only a Small Subset Is Expressed during In Vitro Cultivation. by Bruchhaus I, Loftus BJ, Hall N, Tannich E.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161451

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The iron-sulfur cluster assembly genes iscS and iscU of Entamoeba histolytica were acquired by horizontal gene transfer. by van der Giezen M, Cox S, Tovar J.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=373444

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The tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulating region of galactose-inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica activates gamma interferon-primed macrophages for amebicidal activity mediated by nitric oxide. by Seguin R, Mann BJ, Keller K, Chadee K.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175356

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Transient transfection of the enteric parasite Entamoeba histolytica and expression of firefly luciferase. by Purdy JE, Mann BJ, Pho LT, Petri WA Jr.; 1994 Jul 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=44346

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha augments nitric oxide-dependent macrophage cytotoxicity against Entamoeba histolytica by enhanced expression of the nitric oxide synthase gene. by Lin JY, Seguin R, Keller K, Chadee K.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186349

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Use of a recombinant 170-kilodalton surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica for serodiagnosis of amebiasis and identification of immunodominant domains of the native molecule. by Zhang Y, Li E, Jackson TF, Zhang T, Gathiram V, Stanley SL Jr.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270529

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Use of indomethacin to demonstrate enterotoxic activity in extracts of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. by Udezulu IA, Leitch GJ, Bailey GB.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351299

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Vaccination of rabbits against Entamoeba histolytica with aqueous suspensions of trehalose-dimycolate as the adjuvant. by Sharma A, Haq A, Ahmad S, Lederer E.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261212

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VH3 Gene Usage in Neutralizing Human Antibodies Specific for the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc Lectin Heavy Subunit. by Tachibana H, Watanabe K, Cheng XJ, Tsukamoto H, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T, Ihara S, Petri, Jr. WA.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166044

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Viruses of Entamoeba histolytica I. Identification of Transmissible Virus-Like Agents. by Diamond LS, Mattern CF, Bartgis IL.; 1972 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=356300

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Viruses of Entamoeba histolytica II. Morphogenesis of the Polyhedral Particle (ABRM2[right arrow]HK-9)[right arrow]HB-301 and the Filamentous Agent (ABRM)2[right arrow]HK-9. by Mattern CF, Diamond LS, Daniel WA.; 1972 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=356301

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Viruses of Entamoeba histolytica III. Properties of the Polyhedral Virus of the HB-301 Strain. by Hruska JF, Mattern CF, Diamond LS, Keister DB.; 1973 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=355068

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Viruses of Entamoeba histolytica IV. Studies on the Nucleic Acids of the Filamentous and Polyhedral Viruses. by Hruska JF, Mattern CF, Diamond LS.; 1974 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=355276

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Viruses of Entamoeba histolytica V. Ultrastructure of the Polyhedral Virus V301. by Mattern CF, Hruska JF, Diamond LS.; 1974 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=355285

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Entamoeba histolytica, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Entamoeba histolytica (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A fast electrophoretic isoenzyme technique for the identification of invasive and noninvasive Entamoeba histolytica and "E. histolytica-like" organisms. Author(s): Moss DM, Mathews HM. Source: J Protozool. 1987 August; 34(3): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2888886

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A longitudinal study of asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gathiram V, Jackson TF. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1987 November 21; 72(10): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2891197

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A monoclonal antibody to the amebic lipophosphoglycan-proteophosphoglycan antigens can prevent disease in human intestinal xenografts infected with Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Zhang Z, Duchene M, Stanley SL Jr. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 October; 70(10): 5873-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228321

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A nested, multiplex, PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in faeces. Author(s): Evangelopoulos A, Spanakos G, Patsoula E, Vakalis N, Legakis N. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2000 April; 94(3): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884867

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A new approach for chemotherapy against Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Seifert K, Duchene M, Wernsdorfer WH, Kollaritsch H, Scheiner O, Wiedermann G, Eibl H. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070202

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A novel anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Kretschmer RR, Rico G, Gimenez JA. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2001 February; 112(2): 201-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223127

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A school waterborne outbreak involving both Shigella sonnei and Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Chen KT, Chen CJ, Chiu JP. Source: Journal of Environmental Health. 2001 November; 64(4): 9-13, 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936033

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A simple stool concentration method for the detection and preservation of the vegetative forms of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar. Author(s): Shibayama-Hernandez H, Pedroza-Gomez J, Rivero-Banos B, Shibayama M, Serrano-Luna J, Tsutsumi V. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070212

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A subunit vaccine candidate region of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-adherence lectin promotes interleukin-12 gene transcription and protein production in human macrophages. Author(s): Campbell D, Mann BJ, Chadee K. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2000 February; 30(2): 423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671197

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A virulence attenuated amoebapore-less mutant of Entamoeba histolytica and its interaction with host cells. Author(s): Bujanover S, Katz U, Bracha R, Mirelman D. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2003 December; 33(14): 1655-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14636681

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Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children. Author(s): Haque R, Ali IM, Sack RB, Farr BM, Ramakrishnan G, Petri WA Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 June 15; 183(12): 1787-93. Epub 2001 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11372032

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Amebic infections due to the Entamoeba histolytica-Entamoeba dispar complex: a study of the incidence in a remote rural area of Ecuador. Author(s): Gatti S, Swierczynski G, Robinson F, Anselmi M, Corrales J, Moreira J, Montalvo G, Bruno A, Maserati R, Bisoffi Z, Scaglia M. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 July; 67(1): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12363056

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An anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Author(s): Utrera-Barillas D, Velazquez JR, Enciso A, Cruz SM, Rico G, Curiel-Quesada E, Teran LM, Kretschmer RR. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2003 October; 25(10): 475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15157024

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An ecto-protein tyrosine phosphatase of Entamoeba histolytica induces cellular detachment by disruption of actin filaments in HeLa cells. Author(s): Anaya-Ruiz M, Perez-Santos JL, Talamas-Rohana P. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2003 July; 33(7): 663-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814646

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An Entamoeba histolytica inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase has a novel 3-kinase activity. Author(s): Field J, Wilson MP, Mai Z, Majerus PW, Samuelson J. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2000 April 30; 108(1): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10802324

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Antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica hemolysin HLY4 in sera from patients with invasive amebiasis. Author(s): Zindrou S, Hagblom P, Leiva B, Tellez A, Cabrera JM, Matute A, Linder E. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070209

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Antigens of Entamoeba histolytica recognized by immune sera from liver abscess patients. Author(s): Joyce MP, Ravdin JI. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988 January; 38(1): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2893553

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Apoptotic killing and phagocytosis of host cells by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Huston CD, Boettner DR, Miller-Sims V, Petri WA Jr. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 February; 71(2): 964-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540579

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Asymptomatic amoebic infection: Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar? That is the question. Author(s): Gatti S, Petithory JC, Ardoin F, Pannetier C, Scaglia M. Source: Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2001 November; 94(4): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11845521

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Asymptomatic cyst passers of Entamoeba histolytica but not Entamoeba dispar in institutions for the mentally retarded in Japan. Author(s): Tachibana H, Kobayashi S, Nagakura K, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T. Source: Parasitology International. 2000 March; 49(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10729715

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Bacterial expression of a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits in vitro adherence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Cheng X, Watanabe K, Ihara S, Takekoshi M, Tachibana H. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070329

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Bacterial expression of a human monoclonal antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate specific for Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Tachibana H, Takekoshi M, Cheng XJ, Nakata Y, Takeuchi T, Ihara S. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2004 January; 11(1): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715571

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Bacterium-assisted invasion of Entamoeba histolytica through human enteric epithelia in two-compartment chambers. Author(s): Leroy A, De Bruyne G, Verspeelt A, Lauwaet T, Nelis H, Mareel M. Source: Invasion & Metastasis. 1997; 17(3): 138-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9702940

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Bile salts promote adherence-decreasing effect of colonic luminal hydrolases on Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Variyam EP. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1992; 23(2): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1340299

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Binding of proteolytically-degraded human colonic mucin glycoproteins to the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Chadee K, Ndarathi C, Keller K. Source: Gut. 1990 August; 31(8): 890-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2201583

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Biochemical analysis of Entamoeba histolytica HM1 strain resistant to complement lysis. Author(s): Arias-Negrete S, Sabanero-Lopez M, Villagomez-Castro JC. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1992; 23(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1340276

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Biochemical homogeneity of Entamoeba histolytica isolates, especially those from liver abscess. Author(s): Sargeaunt PG, Jackson TF, Simjee A. Source: Lancet. 1982 June 19; 1(8286): 1386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123680

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Biological oxidations and flavoprotein catalysis in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Weinbach EC, Claggett CE, Takeuchi T, Diamond LS. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1978; 9 Suppl 1: 89-98. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=29583

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Brain abscess due to infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Ohnishi K, Murata M, Kojima H, Takemura N, Tsuchida T, Tachibana H. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994 August; 51(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7915500

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Calreticulin-like molecule in trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS (Swissprot: accession P83003). Author(s): Gonzalez E, Rico G, Mendoza G, Ramos F, Garcia G, Moran P, Valadez A, Melendro EI, Ximenez C. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 December; 67(6): 636-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518855

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Case of the season. Amebic abscess (Entamoeba histolytica) of the liver. Author(s): Kline MJ, Miller FH, Hoff F, Nemcek AA Jr, Abecassis MM. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 1998 April; 33(2): 98-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9583105

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Caspase 3-dependent killing of host cells by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Huston CD, Houpt ER, Mann BJ, Hahn CS, Petri WA Jr. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2000 December; 2(6): 617-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207613

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Cell killing by the human parasite Entamoeba histolytica is inhibited by the rhoinactivating C3 exoenzyme. Author(s): Godbold GD, Mann BJ. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2000 April 30; 108(1): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10802329

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Cell polarization and adhesion in a motile pathogenic protozoan: role and fate of the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin. Author(s): Tavares P, Sansonetti P, Guillen N. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2000 May; 2(6): 643-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884615

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Cellular and biochemical analysis of phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Marion S, Voigt H, Guillen N. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070273

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Centromeric structure identification in Entamoeba histolytica by anticentromeric/kinetochore antibodies obtained from patients with the CREST syndrome. Author(s): Lopez-Robles MC, Orozco E, Beltran-Castillo JA, Diaz A, HernandezJauregui P, Gomez-Conde E. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070286

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Characterization for virulence of an axenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica: evidence for overexpression of two proteins. Author(s): Gomes MA, Melo MN, Pesquero JL, Silva EF. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997 Winter; 28(4): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9428571

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Characterization of cytosine methylated regions and 5-cytosine DNA methyltransferase (Ehmeth) in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Fisher O, Siman-Tov R, Ankri S. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2004 January 09; 32(1): 287-97. Print 2004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715927

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Characterization of Entamoeba histolytica antigens in circulating immune complexes in sera of patients with amoebiasis. Author(s): Sengupta K, Ghosh PK, Ganguly S, Das P, Maitra TK, Jalan KN. Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2002 September; 20(3): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430757

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Characterization of plasma membrane-associated antigens of diagnostic and prophylactic importance in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Mukhopadhyay P, Sengupta S, Akbar A, Sengupta K, Bhattacharya S, Debnath A, Ganguly S, Das P. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070208

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Cloning and characterization of Entamoeba histolytica antigens recognized by human secretory IgA antibodies. Author(s): Carrero JC, Petrossian P, Acosta E, Sanchez-Zerpa M, Ortiz-Ortiz L, Laclette JP. Source: Parasitology Research. 2000 April; 86(4): 330-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10780744

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Cloning and heterologous expression of Entamoeba histolytica adenylate kinase and uridylate/cytidylate kinase. Author(s): Sanchez LB, Muller M. Source: Gene. 1998 March 16; 209(1-2): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9524270

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Cloning of the Entamoeba histolytica STT3 gene, a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex. Author(s): Gutierrez A, Sanchez-Lopez R, Ramos MA, Alagon A. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070267

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Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential mechanical disseminators of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Pai HH, Ko YC, Chen ER. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 August; 87(3): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875929

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Comparison between R-phycocyanin-labeled and R-phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibody (Mab) probes for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Intrarapuk A, Awakairt S, Thammapalerd N, Mahannop P, Pattanawong U, Suppasiri T. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001; 32 Suppl 2: 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12041583

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Comparison of PCR, isoenzyme analysis, and antigen detection for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Author(s): Haque R, Ali IK, Akther S, Petri WA Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 February; 36(2): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466756

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Construction and immunogenicity of a codon-optimized Entamoeba histolytica Gallectin-based DNA vaccine. Author(s): Gaucher D, Chadee K. Source: Vaccine. 2002 September 10; 20(27-28): 3244-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213393

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Cytological and immunological methods to identify Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar trophozoites in patients from Guanajuato, Mexico. Author(s): Anaya-Velazquez F, Barrios-Conejo A. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070213

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Cytoskeleton activities during the interaction of Entamoeba histolytica with epithelial cells. Author(s): Mounier J, Prevost M, Coudrier E, Guillen N. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070255

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Delinking of S phase and cytokinesis in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Das S, Lohia A. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 January; 4(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11856173

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Detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar isolates in clinical samples by PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Gonin P, Trudel L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517854

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Detection of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in stool samples by two enzyme immunoassays. Author(s): Schunk M, Jelinek T, Wetzel K, Nothdurft HD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 June; 20(6): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476438

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Detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the triage parasite panel enzyme immunoassay. Author(s): Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Bernard CN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 38(9): 3337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10970380

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Determination of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its clinical correlation in pediatric patients. Author(s): Bernal R, Martinez LG, Zepeda B, Hernandez G, Baer GM. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070222

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Determination of the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar in the pernambuco state of northeastern Brazil by a polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Pinheiro SM, Carneiro RM, Aca IS, Irmao JI, Morais MA Jr, Coimbra MR, Carvalho LB Jr. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 February; 70(2): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993636

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Development of a diagnostic test for Entamoeba histolytica using idiotype expression in human. Author(s): Chavez-Rueda K, Agundis-Mata C, Zenteno E, Shibayama M, Tsutsumi V, Munoz O, Leanos-Miranda A, Blanco-Favela F. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2002 April 1; 262(1-2): 29-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11983217

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Development of monoclonal antibodies specifically recognizing the cyst stage of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Walderich B, Burchard GD, Knobloch J, Muller L. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 September; 59(3): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9749623

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Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and intestinal infection with the TechLab Entamoeba histolytica II antigen detection and antibody tests. Author(s): Haque R, Mollah NU, Ali IK, Alam K, Eubanks A, Lyerly D, Petri WA Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 38(9): 3235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10970364

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Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in clinical specimens by PCR-SHELA. Author(s): Aguirre A, Molina S, Blotkamp C, Verveij J, Vinuesa T, Valls ME, Guhl F, Polderman A, Jimenez de Anta MT, Corachan M, Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Frame IA, Warhurst D. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997; 28 Spec No: 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033102

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Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica in a routine cervical smear. Author(s): Gupta RK, Naran S, Lallu S, Fauck R. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 July; 29(1): 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12827708

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Differential gene expression in Entamoeba histolytica isolated from amoebic liver abscess. Author(s): Bruchhaus I, Roeder T, Lotter H, Schwerdtfeger M, Tannich E. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2002 May; 44(4): 1063-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010498

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Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar cysts using polymerase chain reaction on DNA isolated from faeces with spin columns. Author(s): Verweij JJ, Blotkamp J, Brienen EA, Aguirre A, Polderman AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 May; 19(5): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898137

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Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar using PCR-SHELA and comparison of antibody response. Author(s): Verweij JJ, van Lieshout L, Blotkamp C, Brienen EA, van Duivenvoorden S, van Esbroeck M, Polderman AM. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070218

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Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar by PCR and their correlation with humoral and cellular immunity in individuals with clinical variants of amoebiasis. Author(s): Sanchez-Guillen Mdel C, Perez-Fuentes R, Salgado-Rosas H, Ruiz-Arguelles A, Ackers J, Shire A, Talamas-Rohana P. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 June; 66(6): 731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224582

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Disturbance of tight junctions by Entamoeba histolytica: resistant vertebrate cell types and incompetent trophozoites. Author(s): Leroy A, Lauwaet T, Oliveira M, De Bruyne G, Bracha R, Ankri S, Katz U, Mirelman D, Mareel M. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070291

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Do Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites signal via enteric microvilli? Author(s): Lauwaet T, Oliveira MJ, De Bruyne G, Cornelissen M, Mareel M, Leroy A. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070251

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Does Entamoeba dispar produce monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) like Entamoeba histolytica? Author(s): Silva R, Rico G, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Gimenez JA, Kretschmer R. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070239

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Does Entamoeba histolytica cause irritable bowel syndrome? Author(s): Sinha P, Ghoshal UC, Choudhuri G, Naik S, Ayyagari A, Naik SR. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1997 October; 16(4): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9357182

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Down regulation of Entamoeba histolytica virulence by monoxenic cultivation with Escherichia coli O55 is related to a decrease in expression of the light (35-kilodalton) subunit of the Gal/GalNAc lectin. Author(s): Padilla-Vaca F, Ankri S, Bracha R, Koole LA, Mirelman D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 May; 67(5): 2096-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225860

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Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Akisu C, Aksoy U, Cetin H, Ustun S, Akisu M. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2004 March 1; 10(5): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991951

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Effectiveness of peptone-yeast extract (P-Y) medium in the cultivation and isolation of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in Turkish patients. Author(s): Dagci H, Balcioglu IC, Ertabaklar H, Kurt O, Atambay M. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 February; 45(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614984

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Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Ghosh S, Chan JM, Lea CR, Meints GA, Lewis JC, Tovian ZS, Flessner RM, Loftus TC, Bruchhaus I, Kendrick H, Croft SL, Kemp RG, Kobayashi S, Nozaki T, Oldfield E. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2004 January 1; 47(1): 175-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695831

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Effects of Cd(+2), Cu(+2), Ba(+2) and Co(+2) ions on Entamoeba histolytica cysts. Author(s): Aksoy U, Ustun S, Dagci H, Yazar S. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2004 February 1; 10(3): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760778

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Efficacy of macrolides vs. metronidazole against Entamoeba histolytica clinical isolates. Author(s): Georgopoulos A, Linnau KF, Buxbaum A, Coste C, Ramirez de Los Santos MA, Shabpar A, Graninger W. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 August 16; 113(15-16): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11571837

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Ehp53, an Entamoeba histolytica protein, ancestor of the mammalian tumour suppressor p53. Author(s): Mendoza L, Orozco E, Rodriguez MA, Garcia-Rivera G, Sanchez T, Garcia E, Gariglio P. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2003 April; 149(Pt 4): 885-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686631

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Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections as detected by monoclonal antibody in an urban slum in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Braga LL, Gomes ML, Silva MW, Paiva C, Sales A, Mann BJ. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2001 September-October; 34(5): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600913

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Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases disrupt the polymeric structure of colonic mucin and alter its protective function. Author(s): Moncada D, Keller K, Chadee K. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 February; 71(2): 838-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540564

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Entamoeba histolytica: a beta 1 integrin-like fibronectin receptor assembles a signaling complex similar to those of mammalian cells. Author(s): Flores-Robles D, Rosales C, Rosales-Encina JL, Talamas-Rohana P. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2003 January-February; 103(1-2): 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810041

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Entamoeba histolytica: an update. Author(s): Stauffer W, Ravdin JI. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 16(5): 479-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502002

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Entamoeba histolytica: direct PCR-based typing of strains using faecal DNA. Author(s): Zaki M, Verweij JJ, Clark CG. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2003 May-June; 104(1-2): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12932765

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Entamoeba histolytica: genetic diversity of clinical isolates from Bangladesh as demonstrated by polymorphisms in the serine-rich gene. Author(s): Ayeh-Kumi PF, Ali IM, Lockhart LA, Gilchrist CA, Petri WA Jr, Haque R. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2001 October; 99(2): 80-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748961

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Entamoeba histolytica: rapid identification and differentiation of Indian isolates by riboprinting. Author(s): Mukhopadhyay A, Chakraborti A, Mahajan RC, Ganguly NK. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2002 October; 102(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12706746

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Entamoeba histolytica: sequence conservation of the Gal/GalNAc lectin from clinical isolates. Author(s): Beck DL, Tanyuksel M, Mackey AJ, Haque R, Trapaidze N, Pearson WR, Loftus B, Petri WA. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2002 June-July; 101(2-3): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427470

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Entamoeba histolytica: transferrin binding proteins. Author(s): Reyes-Lopez M, Serrano-Luna JJ, Negrete-Abascal E, Leon-Sicairos N, Guerrero-Barrera AL, de la Garza M. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2001 November; 99(3): 132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846523

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Entamoeba histolytica-induced dephosphorylation in host cells. Author(s): Teixeira JE, Mann BJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 April; 70(4): 1816-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895943

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Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on Entamoeba histolytica infections in preschool children in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Author(s): Haque R, Mondal D, Kirkpatrick BD, Akther S, Farr BM, Sack RB, Petri WA Jr. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 October; 69(4): 398-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640500

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Evaluation of laboratory techniques for differentiation between Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar. Author(s): Zaki NR, Ibrahim SA, Atef SM, Omar HM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 August; 31(2): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11478433

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Evaluation of recombinant fragments of Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin intermediate subunit for serodiagnosis of amebiasis. Author(s): Tachibana H, Cheng XJ, Masuda G, Horiki N, Takeuchi T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 March; 42(3): 1069-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004055

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Experimental amoebic liver abcess produced by oral administration of Entamoeba histolytica cysts. Author(s): Sadaka HA, El-Nassery SM, Allam SR, Eissa MM, Baddour NM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2001 August; 31(2): 407-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11478441

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Factors associated with the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men. Author(s): Law CL, Walker J, Qassim MH. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1991 September-October; 2(5): 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1958719

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Factors contributing to the pathogenic behavior of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gitler C, Mirelman D. Source: Annual Review of Microbiology. 1986; 40: 237-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2877612

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Factors influencing the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Soh CT. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1988; 29(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2898182

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Field study on the distribution of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in the northern Philippines as detected by the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Rivera WL, Tachibana H, Kanbara H. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 December; 59(6): 916-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9886200

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First isolation and characterization in humans of Entamoeba histolytica (laboratorymade) zymodeme XX. Author(s): Gatti S, Cevini C, Bruno A, Ramsan M, Marchi L, Scaglia M. Source: Parasitology Research. 1997; 83(7): 716-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9272564

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Freeze-fracture study of the trophozoite and the cyst of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Yoshikawa H, Yamada M, Yoshida Y. Source: J Protozool. 1988 May; 35(2): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2899642

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Frequency distribution of Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in a rural South African population. Author(s): Gathiram V, Jackson TF. Source: Lancet. 1985 March 30; 1(8431): 719-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2857996

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Functional heterogeneity of colonic adenocarcinoma mucins for inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica adherence to target cells. Author(s): Gottke MU, Keller K, Belley A, Garcia RM, Hollingsworth MA, Mack DR, Chadee K. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1998 March-April; 45(2): 17S-23S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9561779

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Further characterization of a human monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Kretschmer RR, Castro EM, Rico G, Pacheco G, Noriega R, Arellano J. Source: Parasitology Research. 1989; 75(3): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2540491

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Further physicochemical characterization of the monocyte locomotion inhibition factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Diaz-Guerra O, Rico G, Ladron de Guevara O, Padilla P, Garcia L, Kretschmer RR. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1992; 23(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1340280

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Further studies on a cytotoxin/enterotoxin from Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Lushbaugh WB, Kairalla AB, Hofbauer AF, Cantey JR, Pittman FE. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1980; 11(1 Suppl): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6258506

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Galactose-specific adhesion mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica: model for study of enteric pathogens. Author(s): Kain KC, Ravdin JI. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1995; 253: 424-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7476406

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Genomic DNA differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Tannich E, Horstmann RD, Knobloch J, Arnold HH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1989 July; 86(13): 5118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2544890

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Geographic diversity among genotypes of Entamoeba histolytica field isolates. Author(s): Haghighi A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Thammapalerd N, Nozaki T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3748-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904386

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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome and Entamoeba histolytica infection. Author(s): McKinney RE Jr. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 July-August; 3(4): 371. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6473145

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Heterogeneity of Entamoeba histolytica rac genes encoding p21rac homologues. Author(s): Lohia A, Samuelson J. Source: Gene. 1996 September 16; 173(2): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8964500

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High affinity binding of the Entamoeba histolytica lectin to polyvalent Nacetylgalactosaminides. Author(s): Adler P, Wood SJ, Lee YC, Lee RT, Petri WA Jr, Schnaar RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995 March 10; 270(10): 5164-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7890626

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High cell surface hydrophobicity of virulent Entamoeba histolytica isolates. Author(s): Mukherjee RM, Bhol KC, Mehra S, Maitra TK, Jalan KN. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 JulyAugust; 86(4): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440815

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High rate of occult infection with Entamoeba histolytica among non-dysenteric Mexican children. Author(s): Newton-Sanchez OA, Sturm-Ramirez K, Romero-Zamora JL, Santos-Preciado JI, Samuelson J. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997; 28 Spec No: 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033114

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High seropositivity for Entamoeba histolytica infection in Japanese homosexual men: further evidence for the occurrence of pathogenic strains. Author(s): Takeuchi T, Miyahira Y, Kobayashi S, Nozaki T, Motta SR, Matsuda J. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 March-April; 84(2): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2389318

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HLA characterization in adult asymptomatic cyst passers of Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar. Author(s): Valdez E, del Carmen Martinez M, Gomez A, Cedillo R, Arellano J, Perez ME, Ramos F, Moran P, Gonzalez E, Valenzuela O, Melendro EI, Ramiro M, Kretschmer R, Munoz O, Ximenez C. Source: Parasitology Research. 1999 October; 85(10): 833-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10494810

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Host tissue destruction by Entamoeba histolytica: molecules mediating adhesion, cytolysis, and proteolysis. Author(s): Horstmann RD, Leippe M, Tannich E. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1992; 87 Suppl 5: 57-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1342717

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Household epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica infection in an urban community in northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Braga LL, Gomes ML, Da Silva MW, Facanha FE Jr, Fiuza L, Mann BJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 October; 65(4): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693867

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Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Mai Z, Ghosh S, Frisardi M, Rosenthal B, Rogers R, Samuelson J. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1999 March; 19(3): 2198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022906

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Human infections of Entamoeba chattoni masquerade as Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Sargeaunt PG, Patrick S, O'Keeffe D. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 November-December; 86(6): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287923

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Human neutrophils activated by interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha kill Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro. Author(s): Denis M, Chadee K. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 1989 September; 46(3): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2547889

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Human T-lymphocyte proliferation, lymphokine production, and amebicidal activity elicited by the galactose-inhibitable adherence protein of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Schain DC, Salata RA, Ravdin JI. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1992 May; 60(5): 2143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1563804

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Humoral and mucosal IgA antibody response to a recombinant 52-kDa cysteine-rich portion of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-inhibitable lectin correlates with detection of native 170-kDa lectin antigen in serum of patients with amebic colitis. Author(s): Abou-el-Magd I, Soong CJ, el-Hawey AM, Ravdin JI. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 July; 174(1): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8655985

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Humoral immune response against a 70-kilodalton heat shock protein of Entamoeba histolytica in a group of patients with invasive amoebiasis. Author(s): Ortner S, Plaimauer B, Binder M, Wiedermann G, Scheiner O, Duchene M. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1992 September; 54(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1435858

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Identification and characterization of a cyclooxygenase-like enzyme from Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Dey I, Keller K, Belley A, Chadee K. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 November 11; 100(23): 13561-6. Epub 2003 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585927

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Identification of A 35 kDa glycoprotein from the outer membrane of Entamoeba histolytica by sera from patients with amebic liver abscess and with mouse monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Agundis-Mata C, Blanco F, Chavez K, Cervera H, Kumate J, Isibasi A. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997; 28 Spec No: 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033095

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Identification of Entamoeba histolytica thiol-specific antioxidant as a GalNAc lectinassociated protein. Author(s): Hughes MA, Lee CW, Holm CF, Ghosh S, Mills A, Lockhart LA, Reed SL, Mann BJ. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2003 April 3; 127(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672520

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Identification of two Entamoeba histolytica sequence-specific URE4 enhancerbinding proteins with homology to the RNA-binding motif RRM. Author(s): Schaenman JM, Gilchrist CA, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 January 12; 276(2): 1602-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11038357

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Immunochromatographic strip-based detection of Entamoeba histolytica-E. dispar and Giardia lamblia coproantigen. Author(s): Pillai DR, Kain KC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 September; 37(9): 3017-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10449494

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Importance of differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica from entamoeba dispar. Author(s): Baqai R. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1999 October; 49(10): 229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10647224

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In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Adagu IS, Nolder D, Warhurst DC, Rossignol JF. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 49(1): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751773

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In vitro and in vivo interaction of Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin with various target cells: an immunocytochemical analysis. Author(s): Pacheco J, Shibayama M, Campos R, Beck DL, Houpt E, Petri WA Jr, Tsutsumi V. Source: Parasitology International. 2004 March; 53(1): 35-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984834

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In vitro Entamoeba histolytica adhesion to human endothelium: a comparison using two strains of different virulence. Author(s): Flores-Romo L, Estrada-Garcia T, Shibayama-Salas M, Campos-Rodriguez R, Bacon K, Martinez-Palomo A, Tsutsumi V. Source: Parasitology Research. 1997; 83(4): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9134567

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In vivo nanoimaging and ultrastructure of Entamoeba histolytica by using atomic force microscopy. Author(s): Joshi NV, Medina H, Urdaneta H, Berrueta L. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1999 October; 93(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10502472

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Incidence of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in international travelers, extracommunitary immigrants, and adopted children. Author(s): Gatti S, Bernuzzi AM, Maserati R, Scaglia M. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070219

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Infection and immunity mediated by the carbohydrate recognition domain of the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin. Author(s): Dodson JM, Lenkowski PW Jr, Eubanks AC, Jackson TF, Napodano J, Lyerly DM, Lockhart LA, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 February; 179(2): 460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9878032

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Influence of human leukocyte antigen class II alleles on susceptibility to Entamoeba histolytica infection in Bangladeshi children. Author(s): Duggal P, Haque R, Roy S, Mondal D, Sack RB, Farr BM, Beaty TH, Petri WA Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 February 1; 189(3): 520-6. Epub 2004 January 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14745711

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Inguinal lymphadenitis caused by Entamoeba histolytica: case report and literature review. Author(s): Mayhew KM, Dundoo M, Dunne EF, Dwinnell BG, Stephens JK. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 May; 75(5): 513-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807081

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Inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica proteolytic activity by human salivary IgA antibodies. Author(s): Guerrero-Manriquez GG, Sanchez-Ibarra F, Avila EE. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998 November; 106(11): 1088-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9890272

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Interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and intestinal epithelial cells involves a CD44 cross-reactive protein expressed on the parasite surface. Author(s): Renesto P, Sansonetti PJ, Guillen N. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1997 October; 65(10): 4330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9317044

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Involvement of the actin cytoskeleton and p21rho-family GTPases in the pathogenesis of the human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Godbold GD, Mann BJ. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1998 August; 31(8): 1049-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777011

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Isoenzyme and molecular characterization of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Author(s): Sinha P, Naik S, Ayyagari A, Naik SR. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1999 January-March; 18(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063741

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Isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from homosexual men. Author(s): Weinke T, Friedrich-Janicke B, Lichy S, Janitschke K. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1987 December; 38(4): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2894714

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Isolation and characterization of polymorphic DNA from Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Zaki M, Clark CG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 March; 39(3): 897-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230401

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Lectin activity in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Kobiler D, Mirelman D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1980 July; 29(1): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6249757

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Lethal recognition between Entamoeba histolytica and the host tissues. Author(s): Gitler C, Mogyoros M, Calef E, Rosenberg I. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985; 79(5): 581-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2420045

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Leucocyte migration inhibition index responses of patients of amoebic liver abscess to various antigens of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Nayeem MA, Habibullah CM. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1994 May; 32(5): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927532

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Lipophosphoglycan is present in distinctly different form in different Entamoeba histolytica strains and absent in Entamoeba moshkovskii and Entamoeba invadens. Author(s): Srivastava G, Anand MT, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1995 September-October; 42(5): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7581337

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Lipophosphopeptidoglycan of Entamoeba histolytica induces an antiinflammatory innate immune response and downregulation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) gene expression in human monocytes. Author(s): Maldonado C, Trejo W, Ramirez A, Carrera M, Sanchez J, Lopez-Macias C, Isibasi A. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070229

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Localization and identification of an Entamoeba histolytica adhesin. Author(s): Arroyo R, Orozco E. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1987 March; 23(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883572

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Longitudinal study of intestinal Entamoeba histolytica infections in asymptomatic adult carriers. Author(s): Blessmann J, Ali IK, Nu PA, Dinh BT, Viet TQ, Van AL, Clark CG, Tannich E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 41(10): 4745-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532214

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Longitudinal study of the antibody response to recombinant Entamoeba histolytica antigens in patients with amebic liver abscess. Author(s): Stanley SL Jr, Jackson TF, Foster L, Singh S. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 April; 58(4): 4146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9574784

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Loss of susceptibility to complement lysis in Entamoeba histolytica HM1 by treatment with human serum. Author(s): Calderon J, Tovar R. Source: Immunology. 1986 July; 58(3): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2874111

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Low temperature strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Robinson GL, Sargeaunt PG. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1969; 63(3): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4307558

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LSSP-PCR for characterization of strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in Brazil. Author(s): Gomes MA, Silva EF, Macedo AM, Vago AR, Melo MN. Source: Parasitology. 1997 June; 114 ( Pt 6): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9172422

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Lysis of complement-sensitive Entamoeba histolytica by activated terminal complement components. Initiation of complement activation by an extracellular neutral cysteine proteinase. Author(s): Reed SL, Gigli I. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990 December; 86(6): 1815-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2254446

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Lysis of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica by human complement: methodological analysis. Author(s): Hamelmann C, Foerster B, Burchard GD, Horstmann RD. Source: Parasite Immunology. 1992 January; 14(1): 23-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1557228

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Membrane lipid composition protects Entamoeba histolytica from self-destruction by its pore-forming toxins. Author(s): Andra J, Berninghausen O, Leippe M. Source: Febs Letters. 2004 April 23; 564(1-2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094050

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Membrane-bound acid phosphatase (MAP) from Entamoeba histolytica has phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton of host cells. Author(s): Aguirre-Garcia MM, Anaya-Ruiz M, Talamas-Rohana P. Source: Parasitology. 2003 March; 126(Pt 3): 195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666878

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Metastasis of Entamoeba histolytica compared to colon cancer: one more step in invasion. Author(s): Leroy A, Mareel M, De Bruyne G, Bailey G, Nelis H. Source: Invasion & Metastasis. 1994-95; 14(1-6): 177-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7657511

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Microbes and microbial toxins: paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions. VI. Entamoeba histolytica: parasite-host interactions. Author(s): Stanley SL Jr, Reed SL. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2001 June; 280(6): G1049-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11352795

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Modifications of Kohn's chlorazol black E staining and Wheatley's trichrome staining for temporary wet mount and permanent preparation of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Kumagai M, Kobayashi S, Okita T, Ohtomo H. Source: J Parasitol. 2001 June; 87(3): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426739

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Molecular analysis of the Gal/GalNAc adhesin of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Mann BJ, Lockhart LA. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1998 March-April; 45(2): 13S-16S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9561778

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Molecular and cell biology of opportunistic infections in AIDS. Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Spice WM, Cruz-Reyes JA, Ackers JP. Source: Mol Cell Biol Hum Dis Ser. 1993; 2: 95-137. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8261181

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Molecular basis of defence against oxidative stress in Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Author(s): Tekwani BL, Mehlotra RK. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 1999 April; 1(5): 385-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10602671

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Molecular biology of Entamoeba histolytica: a review. Author(s): Carrero JC, Laclette JP. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1996 Autumn; 27(3): 403-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8854402

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Molecular changes in Entamoeba histolytica in response to bacteria. Author(s): Bhattacharya A, Anand MT, Paul J, Yadav N, Bhattacharya S. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1998 March-April; 45(2): 28S-33S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9561781

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Molecular characterization of myosin IB from the lower eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica, a human parasite. Author(s): Vargas M, Voigt H, Sansonetti P, Guillen N. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1997 May; 86(1): 61-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9178268

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Molecular characterization of the Entamoeba histolytica enolase gene and modelling of the predicted protein. Author(s): Hidalgo ME, Sanchez R, Perez DG, Rodriguez MA, Garcia J, Orozco E. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1997 March 15; 148(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9084139

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Molecular cloning and characterization of a protein farnesyltransferase from the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Kumagai M, Makioka A, Takeuchi T, Nozaki T. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 January 16; 279(3): 2316-23. Epub 2003 October 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583615

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Molecular cloning of a rac family protein kinase and identification of a serine/threonine protein kinase gene family of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Que X, Samuelson J, Reed S. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1993 August; 60(2): 161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8232409

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Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a serine proteinase inhibitor gene from Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Riahi Y, Siman-Tov R, Ankri S. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2004 February; 133(2): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698428

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Molecular mechanisms of invasion by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Petri WA Jr, Mann BJ. Source: Seminars in Cell Biology. 1993 October; 4(5): 305-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7504959

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Molecular weight analysis of Entamoeba histolytica antigens recognized by IgG and IgM antibodies in the sera of patients with amoebiasis. Author(s): Schulz TF, Kollaritsch H, Hengster P, Stemberger H, Scheiner O, Wiedemann G, Dierich MP. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1987 September; 38(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2893443

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Multilayer-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ML-ELISA) for detection of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite coproantigen. Author(s): Anand P, Malaviya B, Das P, Mateen MA, Habibullah CM, Das SR. Source: Immunological Investigations. 1985 October; 14(5): 443-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2867033

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Multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar DNA from stool samples. Author(s): Nunez YO, Fernandez MA, Torres-Nunez D, Silva JA, Montano I, Maestre JL, Fonte L. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 May-June; 64(56): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11463120

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Myosin IB from Entamoeba histolytica is involved in phagocytosis of human erythrocytes. Author(s): Voigt H, Olivo JC, Sansonetti P, Guillen N. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 1999 April; 112 ( Pt 8): 1191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10085254

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N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. I. Partial purification and relation to amoebic virulence in vitro. Author(s): Ravdin JI, Murphy CF, Salata RA, Guerrant RL, Hewlett EL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 May; 151(5): 804-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2859338

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N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. II. Mitogenic activity for human lymphocytes. Author(s): Salata RA, Ravdin JI. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 May; 151(5): 816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2859339

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Necrosis versus apoptosis as the mechanism of target cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Berninghausen O, Leippe M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1997 September; 65(9): 3615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9284127

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Neutralizing monoclonal antibody epitopes of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose adhesin map to the cysteine-rich extracellular domain of the 170-kilodalton subunit. Author(s): Mann BJ, Chung CY, Dodson JM, Ashley LS, Braga LL, Snodgrass TL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1993 May; 61(5): 1772-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7682994

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New bioassay system for evaluating per cent survival of Entamoeba histolytica cysts. Author(s): Stringer RP. Source: J Parasitol. 1972 April; 58(2): 306-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4336773

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New insights into the role of the cytoskeleton in phagocytosis of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Voigt H, Guillen N. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 1999 November; 1(3): 195-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207552

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Nondysenteric intestinal amebiasis. Colonic morphology and search for Entamoeba histolytica adherence and invasion. Author(s): Variyam EP, Gogate P, Hassan M, Costerton WJ, Pillai S, Ward H, Jalan K. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1989 May; 34(5): 732-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2540942

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Non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica in Italian HIV-infected homosexuals. Author(s): Gatti S, Cevini C, Atzori C, Muratori S, Zerboni R, Cusini M, Scaglia M. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1992 October; 277(3): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486238

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Non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica: functional and biochemical characterization of a monoxenic strain. Author(s): Vargas MA, Isibasi A, Kumate J, Orozco E. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1990 May; 40(2): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2362603

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Non-specific reactions in enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for serum antibody to Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in non-endemic areas. Author(s): Shetty NP, Raj IS, Macaden RS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 November; 43(11): 950-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2262568

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Nuclear size in diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica on stained smears. Author(s): Copeland BE, Kimber J. Source: Tech Bull Regist Med Technol. 1968 October; 38(10): 282-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4178916

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Nucleotide sequence of a small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S-like rRNA) gene from Entamoeba histolytica: differentiation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic isolates. Author(s): Que X, Reed SL. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 1991 October 11; 19(19): 5438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1923831

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Observations on zymodeme studies of Entamoeba histolytica in Durban, South Africa. Author(s): Jackson TF, Sargeaunt PG, Williams JE, Simjee AE. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1982; 13 Suppl 3: 83-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6295333

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Opportunities and obstacles in developing a vaccine for Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Miller-Sims VC, Petri WA Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 2002 October; 14(5): 549-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183151

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Optimal growth conditions for (Ibadan) strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Abioye AA. Source: Afr J Med Sci. 1973 January; 4(1): 67-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4348717

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Outbreak of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections in travellers returning from the tropics. Author(s): de Lalla F, Rinaldi E, Santoro D, Nicolin R, Tramarin A. Source: Infection. 1992 March-April; 20(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1582688

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Outcome of untreated infection with Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men with and without HIV antibody. Author(s): Allason-Jones E, Mindel A, Sargeaunt P, Katz D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 September 10; 297(6649): 654-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2902889

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Overview of Entamoeba histolytica and amebiasis in Korea with special reference to research notes. Author(s): Soh CT. Source: Kisaengch'unghak Chapchi. the Korean Journal of Parasitology. 1990 December; 28 Suppl: 13-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2133418

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Parasite evasion mechanism altered by zinc in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Vega-Robledo GB, Leandro E, Rico G. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070244

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Partial characterization of a 36-kDa antigen of Entamoeba histolytica and its recognition by sera from patients with amoebiasis. Author(s): Singh K, Vohra H, Vinayak VK, Ganguly NK. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2000 January; 27(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617786

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Physiology and molecular biology of multidrug resistance in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gomez MD, Perez DG, Ayala P, Samuelson J, Orozco E. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1996 Autumn; 27(3): 421-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8854404

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Polymerase chain reaction-solution hybridization enzyme-linked immunoassay (PCR-SHELA) for the differential diagnosis of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Aguirre A, Warhurst DC, Guhl F, Frame IA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 March-April; 89(2): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778145

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Preparation of recombinant human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments specific for Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Tachibana H, Cheng XJ, Watanabe K, Takekoshi M, Maeda F, Aotsuka S, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T, Ihara S. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 May; 6(3): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225840

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Present characteristics of symptomatic amebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica in the east-southeast area of Tokyo. Author(s): Ohnishi K, Murata M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1997 December; 119(3): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9440441

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Present characteristics of symptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection in the big cities of Japan. Author(s): Ohnishi K, Kato Y, Imamura A, Fukayama M, Tsunoda T, Sakaue Y, Sakamoto M, Sagara H. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2004 January; 132(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979590

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Prevalence and immune response to Entamoeba histolytica infection in preschool children in Bangladesh. Author(s): Haque R, Ali IM, Petri WA Jr. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 June; 60(6): 10314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403338

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Prevalence and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica in three different regions of Pernambuco, northeast Brazil. Author(s): Aca Ida S, Kobayashi S, Carvalho Junior LB, Tateno S, Takeuchi T. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1994 NovemberDecember; 36(6): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7569626

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Prevalence of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in Mexico measured by ELISA. Author(s): Gonzalez CR, Isibasi A, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Paniagua J, Garcia JA, Ramirez A, Salvatierra B, Tapia R, Sepulveda J, Gutierrez G, et al. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1995 December; 115(3): 535-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8557086

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Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in a highly endemic rural population. Author(s): Ramos F, Valdez E, Moran P, Gonzalez E, Padilla G, Gomez A, Ramiro M, Melendro EI, Munoz O, Clark CG, Ximenez C. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070214

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Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections with special reference to Entamoeba histolytica on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). Author(s): Roche J, Benito A. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 February; 60(2): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10072147

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Primary sequence of a putative non-ATPase subunit of the 26S proteasome from Entamoeba histolytica is similar to the human and yeast S2 subunit. Author(s): Hellberg A, Sommer A, Bruchhaus I. Source: Parasitology Research. 1999 May; 85(5): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10227061

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Prospect for an Entamoeba histolytica Gal-lectin-based vaccine. Author(s): Gaucher D, Chadee K. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2003 February; 25(2): 55-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791100

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with recombinant Entamoeba histolytica 29-kilodalton antigen. Author(s): Soong CJ, Torian BE, Abd-Alla MD, Jackson TF, Gatharim V, Ravdin JI. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1995 February; 63(2): 472-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822012

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Proteolysis of enteric cell villin by Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases. Author(s): Lauwaet T, Oliveira MJ, Callewaert B, De Bruyne G, Saelens X, Ankri S, Vandenabeele P, Mirelman D, Mareel M, Leroy A. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 June 20; 278(25): 22650-6. Epub 2003 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690119

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Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel cysteine protease of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Spinella S, Levavasseur E, Petek F, Rigothier MC. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1999 November; 266(1): 170-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10542062

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Purification and biochemical characterization of three cysteine proteases of Entamoeba histolytica with potential application in epidemiologic trials. Author(s): Gonzalez E, Rico G, Moran P, Ramos F, Garcia G, Padilla G, Ramiro M, Valdez E, Munoz O, Gomez A, Kretschmer R, Melendro EI, Ximenez C. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070220

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Purification and characterization of galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-specific adhesin lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Petri WA Jr, Schnaar RL. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1995; 253: 98-104. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7476421

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Purification and identification of major soluble 40-kDa antigenic protein from Entamoeba histolytica: its application for serodiagnosis of asymptomatic amebiasis. Author(s): Sanuki J, Nakano K, Tokoro M, Nozaki T, Okuzawa E, Kobayashi S, Asai T. Source: Parasitology International. 2001 July; 50(2): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11438429

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RAPD in the analysis of isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gomes MA, Melo MN, Macedo AM, Furst C, Silva EF. Source: Acta Tropica. 2000 February 25; 75(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10708008

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Rat and human colonic mucins bind to and inhibit adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Chadee K, Petri WA Jr, Innes DJ, Ravdin JI. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987 November; 80(5): 1245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2890655

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Real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in fecal samples. Author(s): Blessmann J, Buss H, Nu PA, Dinh BT, Ngo QT, Van AL, Alla MD, Jackson TF, Ravdin JI, Tannich E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454128

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Recent progress in the molecular biology of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Horstmann RD, Leippe M, Tannich E. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1992 December; 43(4): 213-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1338130

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Recognition of carbohydrate epitopes specific for electron-dense granule antigens from Entamoeba histolytica by monoclonal antibodies in the cecal content of infected hamsters. Author(s): Arias-Negrete S, Leon G, Anaya-Velazquez F, Tovar R, Moreno MA, Hernandez JM, Munoz ML. Source: Current Microbiology. 2001 December; 43(6): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685506

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Recognition of Entamoeba histolytica 115-kDa surface protein by human secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies from asymptomatic carriers. Author(s): Barbosa-Sabanero G, Avila EE. Source: J Parasitol. 2004 April; 90(2): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15165062

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Recognition of Entamoeba histolytica in liver abscess cases through their specific antiamoebic antibodies. Author(s): Nayeem MA, Habibullah CM. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1993 May; 31(5): 476-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8359857

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Recognition of Entamoeba histolytica lipophosphoglycan by a strain-specific monoclonal antibody and human immune sera. Author(s): Prasad R, Tola M, Bhattacharya S, Sharma MP, Bhattacharya A. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1992 December; 56(2): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1283004

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Recognition of the galactose- or N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin of Entamoeba histolytica by human immune sera. Author(s): Petri WA Jr, Joyce MP, Broman J, Smith RD, Murphy CF, Ravdin JI. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1987 October; 55(10): 2327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2888730

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Recombinant expression, purification and biochemical characterization of a superoxide dismutase from Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Bruchhaus I, Brattig NW, Tannich E. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1992; 23(2): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1340312

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Regulation of adherence and virulence by the Entamoeba histolytica lectin cytoplasmic domain, which contains a beta2 integrin motif. Author(s): Vines RR, Ramakrishnan G, Rogers JB, Lockhart LA, Mann BJ, Petri WA Jr. Source: Molecular Biology of the Cell. 1998 August; 9(8): 2069-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693367

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Regulatory effects of IL-12 and IL-18 on Onchocerca volvulus- and Entamoeba histolytica-specific cellular reactivity and cytokine profiles. Author(s): Pfaff AW, Kirch AK, Hoffmann WH, Banla M, Schulz-Key H, Geiger SM, Soboslay PT. Source: Parasite Immunology. 2003 June; 25(6): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507330

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Remarkable genetic polymorphism among Entamoeba histolytica isolates from a limited geographic area. Author(s): Haghighi A, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Masuda G, Nozaki T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4081-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12409379

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Replication initiates at multiple dispersed sites in the ribosomal DNA plasmid of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Dhar SK, Choudhury NR, Mittal V, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1996 May; 16(5): 2314-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8628298

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Review of the human immune mechanisms directed against Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Salata RA, Ravdin JI. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1986 March-April; 8(2): 261-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2871622

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Ribosomal DNA sequences in the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Cruz-Reyes JA, Spice WM, Rehman T, Gisborne E, Ackers JP. Source: Parasitology. 1992 April; 104 ( Pt 2): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1594290

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Role of excretory-secretory products of Entamoeba histolytica in human amebiasis. Author(s): Sengupta S, Akbar A, Mukhopadhyay P, Ganguly S, Sen P, Das P. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070294

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Role of host caspases in cell killing by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Huston CD, Mann BJ, Hahn CS, Petri WA. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070290

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Role of signalling and cytoskeletal rearrangements in the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Guillen N. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 1996 May; 4(5): 191-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8727599

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Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Meeting at Manson House, London, 19 February 1998. Amoebic disease. Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar: comparison of molecules considered important for host tissue destruction. Author(s): Tannich E. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 November-December; 92(6): 593-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326098

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Salpingitis due to Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Calore EE, Calore NM, Cavaliere MJ. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 6(2): 97-9. Epub 2003 March 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980611

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Secreted Entamoeba histolytica proteins stimulate interleukin-8 mRNA expression and protein production in human colonic epithelial cells. Author(s): Yu Y, Chadee K. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997; 28 Spec No: 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033079

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Sensitivity of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar patient isolates to human complement. Author(s): Walderich B, Weber A, Knobloch J. Source: Parasite Immunology. 1997 June; 19(6): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364556

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Sequence and organization of an unusual histone H4 gene in the human parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Binder M, Ortner S, Plaimauer B, Fodinger M, Wiedermann G, Scheiner O, Duchene M. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1995 May; 71(2): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7477106

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Serodiagnosis of amoebiasis using a recombinant protein fragment of the 29 kDa surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Lee J, Park SJ, Yong TS. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2000 December; 30(14): 1487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428340

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Seroepidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a slum in northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Braga LL, Lima AA, Sears CL, Newman RD, Wuhib T, Paiva CA, Guerrant RL, Mann BJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 December; 55(6): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9025700

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Serologic characterization of Entamoeba histolytica asymptomatic carriers from a community of Puebla state, Mexico. Author(s): Sanchez-Guillen MC, Merino-Guzman G, Perez-Fuentes R, Rosales-Encina JL, Talamas-Rohana P. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1997; 28 Spec No: 322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033118

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Seropositivity for and intestinal colonization with Entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar in individuals in northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Braga LL, Mendonca Y, Paiva CA, Sales A, Cavalcante AL, Mann BJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 October; 36(10): 3044-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738064

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Short communication: Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in northern Ghana. Author(s): Verweij JJ, Oostvogel F, Brienen EA, Nang-Beifubah A, Ziem J, Polderman AM. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 December; 8(12): 11536. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641852

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Short report: identification of B-cell epitopes in the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein. Author(s): Wang L, Calderon J, Stanley SL Jr. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 December; 57(6): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9430535

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Signal transduction in Entamoeba histolytica induced by interaction with fibronectin: presence and activation of phosphokinase A and its possible relation to invasiveness. Author(s): Franco E, Manning-Cela R, Meza I. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 July-August; 33(4): 389-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234529

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Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR. Author(s): Verweij JJ, Blange RA, Templeton K, Schinkel J, Brienen EA, van Rooyen MA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 March; 42(3): 1220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004079

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Simultaneous differentiation and typing of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar. Author(s): Zaki M, Meelu P, Sun W, Clark CG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923344

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Solution structure of the pore-forming protein of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Hecht O, Van Nuland NA, Schleinkofer K, Dingley AJ, Bruhn H, Leippe M, Grotzinger J. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 April 23; 279(17): 17834-41. Epub 2004 February 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970207

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Specific detection of Entamoeba histolytica DNA by hemolysin gene targeted PCR. Author(s): Zindrou S, Orozco E, Linder E, Tellez A, Bjorkman A. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 February 23; 78(2): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230821

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Stereotypic and specific elements of the human colonic response to Entamoeba histolytica and Shigella flexneri. Author(s): Zhang Z, Stanley SL Jr. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2004 June; 6(6): 535-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104595

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Stool culture as a diagnostic aid in the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in the faecal specimens. Author(s): Parija SC, Rao RS. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1995 October; 38(4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726144

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Stress-dependent expression of a polymorphic, charged antigen in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Satish S, Bakre AA, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 August; 71(8): 4472-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874327

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Structure and function of the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin. Author(s): Mann BJ. Source: Int Rev Cytol. 2002; 216: 59-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049210

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Synergy between Entamoeba histolytica and Escherichia coli in the induction of cytokine gene expression in human colon epithelial cells. Author(s): Kim JM, Jung HC, Im KI, Song IS, Kim CY. Source: Parasitology Research. 1998 June; 84(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9660143

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The bactericidal activity of blood platelets in patients infested with Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar. Author(s): Matowicka-Karna J, Panasiuk A, Kemona H. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1997; 42(1): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9581473

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The bittersweet interface of parasite and host: lectin-carbohydrate interactions during human invasion by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Petri WA Jr, Haque R, Mann BJ. Source: Annual Review of Microbiology. 2002; 56: 39-64. Epub 2002 January 30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142490

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The cloning and sequencing of ribosomal protein S18 of parasitic protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Tanaka T, Tanaka M, Mitsui Y. Source: Dna Sequence : the Journal of Dna Sequencing and Mapping. 1998 March; 8(4): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10520458

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The effect of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica upon nitric oxide production by human leukocytes. Author(s): Rico G, Leandro E, Rojas S, Gimenez J, Kretschmer R. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070237

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The effects of Entamoeba histolytica lysates on human colonic mucins. Author(s): Spice WM, Ackers JP. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1998 March-April; 45(2): 24S-27S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9561780

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The EhADH112 recombinant polypeptide inhibits cell destruction and liver abscess formation by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Martinez-Lopez C, Orozco E, Sanchez T, Garcia-Perez RM, HernandezHernandez F, Rodriguez MA. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2004 April; 6(4): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009028

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The electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in two major cities in Canada. Author(s): Proctor EM, Wong Q, Yang J, Keystone JS. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987 September; 37(2): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2889385

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The endocytic pathway in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Batista EJ, de Menezes Feitosa LF, de Souza W. Source: Parasitology Research. 2000 November; 86(11): 881-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11097295

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The galactose-inhibitable surface lectin of Entamoeba histolytica, a possible candidate for a subunit vaccine to prevent amoebiasis. Author(s): Lotter H, Tannich E. Source: Behring Inst Mitt. 1997 March; (99): 112-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9303210

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The human monocyte locomotion-inhibitory factor produced by Entamoeba histolytica does not inhibit the locomotion of human eosinophils. Author(s): Rico G, Arellano J, Kretschmer RR. Source: Parasitology Research. 1998 June; 84(6): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9660147

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The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by Entamoeba histolytica inhibits induced nitric oxide production in human leukocytes. Author(s): Rico G, Leandro E, Rojas S, Gimenez JA, Kretschmer RR. Source: Parasitology Research. 2003 July; 90(4): 264-7. Epub 2003 March 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884017

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The neutral cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica degrades IgG and prevents its binding. Author(s): Tran VQ, Herdman DS, Torian BE, Reed SL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 February; 177(2): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466550

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The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in lactating women and in their infants in Bangladesh. Author(s): Islam A, Stoll BJ, Ljungstrom I, Biswas J, Nazrul H, Huldt G. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988; 82(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2902705

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The role of gamma interferon in the generation of human macrophages cytotoxic for Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Salata RA, Murray HW, Rubin BY, Ravdin JI. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1987 July; 37(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2886071

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The TATA-box binding protein of Entamoeba histolytica: cloning of the gene and location of the protein by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Author(s): Luna-Arias JP, Hernandez-Rivas R, de Dios-Bravo G, Garcia J, Mendoza L, Orozco E. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 1999 January; 145 ( Pt 1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10206708

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The use of real-time PCR to identify Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar infections in prisoners and primary-school children in Ethiopia. Author(s): Kebede A, Verweij JJ, Endeshaw T, Messele T, Tasew G, Petros B, Polderman AM. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2004 January; 98(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15000730

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Treatment of asymptomatic intestinal Entamoeba histolytica infection. Author(s): Blessmann J, Tannich E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397207

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Treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica or E. dispar: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. Author(s): Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 August 1; 184(3): 381-4. Epub 2001 July 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11443569

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Two CCAAT/enhancer binding protein sites are cis-activator elements of the Entamoeba histolytica EhPgp1 (mdr-like) gene expression. Author(s): Marchat LA, Gomez C, Perez DG, Paz F, Mendoza L, Orozco E. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 November; 4(11): 725-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427095

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Two novel calcium-binding proteins from cytoplasmic granules of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Nickel R, Jacobs T, Urban B, Scholze H, Bruhn H, Leippe M. Source: Febs Letters. 2000 December 8; 486(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11113449

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Ultrastructure of an autochtonous strain of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from a carrier. Author(s): Silard R, Stoicescu V, Dunareanu G. Source: Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol. 1975 December; 34(4): 313-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=179496

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Ultrastructure of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites obtained from the colon and from in vitro cultures. Author(s): el-Hashimi W, Pittman F. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1970 March; 19(2): 215-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4315287

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Ultrastructure of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica from human amoebic liver abscess. Author(s): Proctor EM. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1976; 70(3): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=185759

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Urinary tract infection with Entamoeba histolytica after ileocaecal bladder replacement. Author(s): Kjaeldgaard P, Gutschik E, Finnerup B, Steven K. Source: Lancet. 1985 May 4; 1(8436): 1051. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2859507

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Use of a high molecular weight Entamoeba histolytica antigen fraction in enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and thin layer immunoassay tests. Author(s): Sharma A. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1993; 100(4): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8481651

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Use of a monoclonal antibody in an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in fecal specimens. Author(s): Ungar BL, Yolken RH, Quinn TC. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985 May; 34(3): 46572. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2860814

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Use of a recombinant 170-kilodalton surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica for serodiagnosis of amebiasis and identification of immunodominant domains of the native molecule. Author(s): Zhang Y, Li E, Jackson TF, Zhang T, Gathiram V, Stanley SL Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 November; 30(11): 2788-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1452647

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Use of antibodies to characterize a 220-kilodalton surface protein from Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Meza I, Cazares F, Rosales-Encina JL, Talamas-Rohana P, Rojkind M. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 November; 156(5): 798-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2888826

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Use of polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive DNA probes to diagnose Entamoeba histolytica in clinical samples. Author(s): Romero JL, Descoteaux S, Reed S, Orozco E, Santos J, Samuelson J. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1992; 23(2): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1340314

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Use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Entamoeba histolytica antigen in faecal samples. Author(s): Randall GR, Goldsmith RS, Shek J, Mehalko S, Heyneman D. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1984; 78(5): 593-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6095493

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Use of the ProSpecT microplate enzyme immunoassay for the detection of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica in faecal specimens. Author(s): Ong SJ, Cheng MY, Liu KH, Horng CB. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 MayJune; 90(3): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758065

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Use of Wright's stain to identify Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in faeces. Author(s): Anaya-Velazquez F, Sabanero-Lopez G, Arias-Negrete S. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989 March-April; 83(2): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2481895

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Utility of culture technique for both faeces and biopsy material for the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Nanda R, Anand BS, Goyal P, Sachdev GK, Baveja U. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1985 July; 4(3): 145-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3848408

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Vacuolar localization of an Entamoeba histolytica homologue of the plasma membrane ATPase (PMCA). Author(s): Ghosh SK, Rosenthal B, Rogers R, Samuelson J. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2000 April 30; 108(1): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10802325

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Value of microscopy in the diagnosis of dysentery associated with invasive Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Haque R, Aguirre A, Castanon G, Hall A, Guhl F, RuizPalacios G, Miles MA, Warhurst DC. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1994 March; 47(3): 236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8163695

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VH3 gene usage in neutralizing human antibodies specific for the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin heavy subunit. Author(s): Tachibana H, Watanabe K, Cheng XJ, Tsukamoto H, Kaneda Y, Takeuchi T, Ihara S, Petri WA Jr. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 August; 71(8): 4313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874307

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Virulence and functions of myosin II are inhibited by overexpression of light meromyosin in Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Arhets P, Olivo JC, Gounon P, Sansonetti P, Guillen N. Source: Molecular Biology of the Cell. 1998 June; 9(6): 1537-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9614192

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Virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gilchrist CA, Petri WA. Source: Current Opinion in Microbiology. 1999 August; 2(4): 433-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458982

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Virulence of bacteria-associated, Crithidia-associated, and axenic Entamoeba histolytica: experimental hamster liver infections with strains from patients and carriers. Author(s): Bos HJ, Hage AJ. Source: Z Parasitenkd. 1975 September 12; 47(2): 79-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=171875

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Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica according to the strains in Korea. II. Studies on the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica strains in rats. Author(s): Soh CT, Cho KM, Lee JY. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1969; 10(2): 181-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4319141

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Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica in rat and its comparison with the serological responses of the amoebic patients. Author(s): Vinayak VK, Sawhney S, Jain P, Chugh S, Naik SR, Chakravarti RN. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1981; 75(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6267744

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Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica strains of human origin in Bombay to golden hamster. Author(s): Guirges SY. Source: Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1984 June; 37(3): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6094892

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Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Neal RA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1972; 66(3): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4339967

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Virulence of nonpathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica isolates from asymptomatic subjects in Calcutta, India. Author(s): Mukherjee RM, Mazumdar M, Maitra TK, Jalan KN. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1992; 25(9): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1342835

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Virulence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica (Indian strains) in guinea-pigs. Author(s): Vohra H, Bhatti HS, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989 September-October; 83(5): 648-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2559510

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Virulence, haemolysis pattern and haemophagocytosis index of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Bhatia VN, Parmar U, Subramanian C, Sharma S, Singh DS. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982 October; 76: 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6295930

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Western blot of Entamoeba histolytica antigenic fractions: reactivity analysis with sera from intestinal amoebiasis patients. Author(s): Ximenez C, Sosa O, Leyva O, Moran P, Melendro EI, Ramiro M. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1992 April; 86(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417202

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Zymodeme alteration of Entamoeba histolytica isolates under varying conditions. Author(s): Mukherjee RM, Bhol KC, Mehra S, Maitra TK, Jalan KN. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993 JulyAugust; 87(4): 490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080488

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Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Author(s): Haque R, Hall A, Tzipori S. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1990 December; 84(6): 629-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2150165

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Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in the Amazon and the north-east of Brazil. Author(s): Nozaki T, Aca Ida S, Okuzawa E, Magalhaes M, Tateno S, Takeuchi T. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 MayJune; 84(3): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2260174

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Entamoeba histolytica.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Entamoeba Histolytica The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Entamoeba histolytica” (or a synonym): •

A serum-free, partly defined medium, PDM-805, for axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 and other Entamoeba. Author(s): Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. Source: Diamond, L S Cunnick, C C J-Protozool. 1991 May-June; 38(3): 211-6 0022-3921

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Actin induction during PMA and cAMP-dependent signal pathway activation in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia Celular, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico, DF, Mexico. Source: Ortiz, D del Carmen Dominguez Robles, M Villegas Sepulveda, N Meza, I CellMicrobiol. 2000 October; 2(5): 391-400 1462-5814

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Antiparasitic activity of diallyl trisulfide (Dasuansu) on human and animal pathogenic protozoa (Trypanosoma sp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) in vitro. Author(s): Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel. Source: Lun, Z R Burri, C Menzinger, M Kaminsky, R Ann-Soc-Belg-Med-Tropage 1994 March; 74(1): 51-9 0365-6527

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Auxotrophy to lipoproteins of Entamoeba histolytica cultivated under axenic conditions. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Division de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Administracion de Correos No. 4, Monterrey, Mexico. Source: Mata Cardenas, B D Vargas Villarreal, J Martinez Rodriguez, H G Castro Garza, J Gonzalez Garza, M T Said Fernandez, S Parasitol-Res. 2000 December; 86(12): 1018-21 0932-0113

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Differential effects of the (+)- and (-)-gossypol enantiomers upon Entamoeba histolytica axenic cultures. Author(s): Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. Source: Gonzalez Garza, M T Matlin, S A Mata Cardenas, B D Said Fernandez, S JPharm-Pharmacol. 1993 February; 45(2): 144-5 0022-3573

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Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in cyst-passers by immunoblot. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea. Source: Lee, M Hong, S T Korean-J-Parasitol. 1996 December; 34(4): 247-54 0023-4001

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Effect of calcium antagonists, calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors on the growth and encystation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens. Author(s): Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected] Source: Makioka, A Kumagai, M Ohtomo, H Kobayashi, S Takeuchi, T Parasitol-Res. 2001 October; 87(10): 833-7 0932-0113

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Effect of exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine on pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica in experimental animals. Source: Acharya, D P Sen, M R Sen, P C Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1989 August; 27(8): 718-20 0019-5189

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Effect of histamine and glucose on encystation of Entamoeba histolytica in vitro. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, Osmania General Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Andhra Pradesh, India. Source: Nayeem, M A Habibullah, C M Trop-Gastroenterol. 1994 Jul-September; 15(3): 157-60 0250-636X

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Effect of silica on resistance of mice to Entamoeba histolytica infection. Source: Ghadirian, E. Kongshavn, P.A.L. Infect-Immun. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. August 1984 volume 45 (2) page 399-402. 0019-9567

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Effect of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica upon the respiratory burst of human leukocytes. Author(s): Division of Immunology, Subjefatura de Investigacion, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico, DF. Source: Rico, G Diaz Guerra, O Gimenez Scherer, J A Kretschmer, R R Arch-Med-Res. 1992; 23(2): 157-9 0188-4409

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Effect of zinc on Entamoeba histolytica pathogenicity. Author(s): Departamento de Inmunologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. Source: Vega Robledo, G B Carrero, J C Ortiz Ortiz, L Parasitol-Res. 1999 June; 85(6): 487-92 0932-0113

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Effects of aphidicolin on Entamoeba histolytica growth and DNA synthesis. Author(s): Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Makioka, A Ohtomo, H Kobayashi, S Takeuchi, T Tokai-J-Exp-Clin-Med. 1998 December; 23(6): 417-22 0385-0005

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Identification of the 150-kDa surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica as a galactoseand N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin. Author(s): Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Cheng, X J Tsukamoto, H Kaneda, Y Tachibana, H Parasitol-Res. 1998 August; 84(8): 632-9 0932-0113

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Immunoprecipitation studies with biotinylated Entamoeba histolytica antigens. Author(s): Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Haukeland Hospital, Norway. Source: Andrews, B J Bjorvatn, B Parasite-Immunol. 1991 January; 13(1): 95-103 01419838

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In vitro encystation and excystation of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, Osmania General Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India. Source: Nayeem, M A Habibullah, C M Saleem, Y Quadri, G S Ishaq, M Indian-J-ExpBiol. 1993 June; 31(6): 562-3 0019-5189

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In vitro susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to some medicinal plants used by the people of Southern Mexico. Source: Calzada, F. Alanis, A.D. Meckes, M. Tapia Contreras, A. Cedillo Rivera, R. PTR,Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. February 1998. volume 12 (1) page 70-72. 0951-418X

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Inhibition and stimulation of growth of Entamoeba histolytica in culture: association with PKC activity and protein phosphorylation. Author(s): Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhan nagar, Calcutta, 700064, India. Source: Chaudhuri, S Raha, S Exp-Parasitol. 2000 May; 95(1): 28-35 0014-4894

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Inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolytica by allicin, the active principle of garlic extract (Allium sativum). Source: Mirelman, D Monheit, D Varon, S J-Infect-Dis. 1987 July; 156(1): 243-4 0022-1899

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Inhibition of the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes by carbohydrates. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico DF. Source: Cano Mancera, R Lopez Revilla, R Parasitol-Res. 1987; 74(1): 18-22 0932-0113

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Isolation of emetine resistant clones of Entamoeba histolytica by petri dish agar method. Author(s): Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh. Source: Prabhu, R Sehgal, R Chakraborti, A Malla, N Ganguly, N K MahaJanuary, R C Indian-J-Med-Res. 2000 Jan; 11111-3 0971-5916

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Metabolic labeling of Entamoeba histolytica antigens: characterization of a 28-kDa major intracellular antigen. Source: Bhattacharya, A. Bhattacharya, S. Sharma, M.P. Diamond, L.S. Exp-parasitol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. April 1990. volume 70 (3) page 255-263. 0014-4894

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Mg, Mn, and Co ions enhance the formation of Entamoeba histolytica cyst-like structures resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Author(s): Division de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. Source: Campos Gongora, E Viader Salvado, J M Martinez Rodriguez, H G Zuniga Charles, M A Galindo, J M Said Fernandez, S Arch-Med-Res. 2000 Mar-April; 31(2): 1628 0188-4409

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Mg2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ stimulate Entamoeba histolytica to produce chitin-like material. Author(s): Division de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. Source: Said Fernandez, S Campos Gongora, E Gonzalez Salazar, F Martinez Rodriguez, H G Vargas Villarreal, J Viader Salvado, J M J-Parasitol. 2001 August; 87(4): 919-23 00223395

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Overexpression of P-glycoprotein gene 1 by transfected Entamoeba histolytica confers emetine-resistance. Author(s): Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Ghosh, S K Lohia, A KuMarch, A Samuelson, J Mol-Biochem-Parasitol. 1996 November 25; 82(2): 257-60 0166-6851

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Oxido-reductive functions of Entamoeba histolytica in relation to virulence. Author(s): Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. Source: KuMarch, S Tripathi, L M Sagar, P Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1992 June; 86(3): 239-48 0003-4983

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by vaccination with a 25-mer peptide derived from the cysteine-rich region of Entamoeba histolytica galactose-specific adherence lectin. Author(s): Department of Molecular Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany. Source: Lotter, H Khajawa, F Stanley, S L Tannich, E Infect-Immun. 2000 August; 68(8): 4416-21 0019-9567

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Role of prostaglandins and calcium in the effects of Entamoeba histolytica on colonic electrolyte transport. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Source: McGowan, K Piver, G Stoff, J S Donowitz, M Gastroenterology. 1990 April; 98(4): 873-80 0016-5085

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Specific features of phosphomonoesterase of Entamoeba histolytica (NIH-200). Author(s): Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. Source: Agrawal, A Prasad, H C Pandey, V C Sagar, P Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1990 February; 28(2): 141-3 0019-5189

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Specificity of glycosphingolipid recognition by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310. Source: Bailey, G B Nudelman, E D Day, D B Harper, C F Gilmour, J R Infect-Immun. 1990 January; 58(1): 43-7 0019-9567

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The antiamoebic effect of a crude drug formation of herbal extracts against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo. Source: Sohni, Y.R. Kaimal, P. Bhatt, R.M. J-ethnopharmacol. Ireland : Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. January 1995. volume 45 (1) page 43-52. 0378-8741

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The major surface antigens of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites are GPI-anchored proteophosphoglycans. Author(s): Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel. Source: Moody Haupt, S Patterson, J H Mirelman, D McConville, M J J-Mol-Biol. 2000 March 24; 297(2): 409-20 0022-2836

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Up-regulation of action mRNA and reorganization of the cytoskeleton in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Source: Manning Cela, R Meza, I J-Eukaryot-Microbiol. 1997 Jan-February; 44(1): 18-24 1066-5234

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Use of Chinese hamster ovary cells with altered glycosylation patterns to define the carbohydrate specificity of Entamoeba histolytica adhesion. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Source: Li, E Becker, A Stanley, S L J-Exp-Med. 1988 May 1; 167(5): 1725-30 0022-1007

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Entamoeba histolytica. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Entamoeba histolytica and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Entamoeba histolytica: •

A review of plant species assessed in vitro for antiamoebic activity or both antiamoebic and antiplasmodial properties. Author(s): Sharma P, Sharma JD. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 February; 15(1): 1-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180515

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Activation of complement by pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Reed SL, Curd JG, Gigli I, Gillin FD, Braude AI. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1986 March 15; 136(6): 2265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2869084

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Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Ortiz-Ortiz L, Capin R, Capin NR, Sepulveda B, Zamacona G.

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Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1978 October; 34(1): 10-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=219975 •

Allicin from garlic strongly inhibits cysteine proteinases and cytopathic effects of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Ankri S, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 October; 41(10): 2286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9333064

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Amebic prostatitis. Author(s): Goff DA, Davidson RA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1984 August; 77(8): 1053-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6087468

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Amoebicidal and giardicidal compounds from the leaves of Zanthoxylum liebmannianun. Author(s): Arrieta J, Reyes B, Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Navarrete A. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 March; 72(3): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295310

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Amoebicidal compounds from medicinal plants. Author(s): Di Stasi LC. Source: Parassitologia. 1995 April; 37(1): 29-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8532364

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Amoebicidal effect of essential oils in vitro. Author(s): De Blasi V, Debrot S, Menoud PA, Gendre L, Schowing J. Source: J Toxicol Clin Exp. 1990 October; 10(6): 361-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2130180

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An outbreak of amebiasis spread by colonic irrigation at a chiropractic clinic. Author(s): Istre GR, Kreiss K, Hopkins RS, Healy GR, Benziger M, Canfield TM, Dickinson P, Englert TR, Compton RC, Mathews HM, Simmons RA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 August 5; 307(6): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6283354

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Antiamebic activity of aqueous extracts from five medicinal plants from Northeastern Mexico. Author(s): Cruz-Vega DE, Aguilar A, Castro-Garza J, Gonzalez-Garza MT. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2000 July-August; 31(4 Suppl): S17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070206

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Antiamoebic activity of benzyl glucosinolate from Lepidium virginicum. Author(s): Calzada F, Barbosa E, Cedillo-Rivera R. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820228

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Antiamoebic activity of chonemorphine, a steroidal alkaloid, in experimental models. Author(s): Chatterjee DK, Iyer N, Ganguli BN. Source: Parasitology Research. 1987; 74(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2894025

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Antiamoebic activity of Piper longum fruits against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Ghoshal S, Prasad BN, Lakshmi V. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1996 March; 50(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8691851

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Anti-amoebic activity of plant compounds from Virgilia oroboides and Chlorophora excelsa. Author(s): Padayachee T, Odhav B. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 November; 78(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585689

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Antiamoebic and antigiardial activity of plant flavonoids. Author(s): Calzada F, Meckes M, Cedillo-Rivera R. Source: Planta Medica. 1999 February; 65(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10083850

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Antiamoebic and antiplasmodial activities of alkaloids isolated from Strychnos usambarensis. Author(s): Wright CW, Bray DH, O'Neill MJ, Warhurst DC, Phillipson JD, QuetinLeclercq J, Angenot L. Source: Planta Medica. 1991 August; 57(4): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1775573

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Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants. Author(s): Tona L, Kambu K, Ngimbi N, Cimanga K, Vlietinck AJ. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 May; 61(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9687082

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Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. Author(s): Tona L, Kambu K, Ngimbi N, Mesia K, Penge O, Lusakibanza M, Cimanga K, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Totte J, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ.

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Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 March; 7(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10782488 •

Antibacterial, anthelmintic and anti-amoebic activity in South African medicinal plants. Author(s): McGaw LJ, Jager AK, van Staden J. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 September; 72(1-2): 247-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10967478

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Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Author(s): Ankri S, Mirelman D. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 1999 February; 1(2): 125-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594976

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Antiparasitic activity of diallyl trisulfide (Dasuansu) on human and animal pathogenic protozoa (Trypanosoma sp., Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) in vitro. Author(s): Lun ZR, Burri C, Menzinger M, Kaminsky R. Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1994 March; 74(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8024350

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Antiplasmodial and antiamoebic activities of medicinal plants from Sierra Leone. Author(s): Marshall SJ, Russell PF, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Wright CW. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 August; 14(5): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10925402

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Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Conyza filaginoides. Author(s): Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Mata R. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 May; 64(5): 671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374974

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Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Rubus coriifolius. Author(s): Alanis AD, Calzada F, Cedillo-Rivera R, Meckes M. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 681-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820241

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Antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of Teloxys graveolens. Author(s): Calzada F, Velazquez C, Cedillo-Rivera R, Esquivel B. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12916068

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Antiprotozoal properties of Helianthemum glomeratum. Author(s): Meckes M, Calzada F, Tapia-Contreras A, Cedillo-Rivera R. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 March; 13(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190180

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Attachment and ingestion of bacteria by trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Bracha R, Kobiler D, Mirelman D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1982 April; 36(1): 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6281192

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Cytopathogenic mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Ravdin JI, Croft BY, Guerrant RL. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1980 August 1; 152(2): 377-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6249882

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Effect of antagonists of calcium and phospholipase A on the cytopathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Ravdin JI, Murphy CF, Guerrant RL, Long-Krug SA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 September; 152(3): 542-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2863317

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Effect of calcium antagonists, calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors on the growth and encystation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens. Author(s): Makioka A, Kumagai M, Ohtomo H, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T. Source: Parasitology Research. 2001 October; 87(10): 833-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688889

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Effect of metabolic activators, inhibitors and drugs on the proteolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Kalra IS, Sabri MI, Dutta GP, Rao VK. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig]. 1970; 213(1): 135-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4318267

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Effects of chaparrin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and their structural analogues on Entamoeba histolytica cultures. Author(s): Calzado-Flores C, Segura-Luna JJ, Guajardo-Touche EM. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1995; 38: 105-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7479999

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Entamoeba histolytica: tyrosine kinase activity induced by fibronectin through the beta1-integrin-like molecule. Author(s): Hernandez-Ramirez VI, Anaya-Ruiz M, Rios A, Talamas-Rohana P.

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Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2000 June; 95(2): 85-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10910709 •

In vitro activity of certain quassinoid anti-tumor agents against Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gillin FD, Reiner DS. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1982; 13 Suppl 3: 43-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6295327

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Inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolytica by allicin, the active principle of garlic extract (Allium sativum). Author(s): Mirelman D, Monheit D, Varon S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 July; 156(1): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2885381

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Interaction of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica with human complement. Author(s): Reed SL, Gault M, Gillin FD, Gigli I, Braude AI, Curd JG, Sargeaunt PG. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1987 April-June; 18(2): 141-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2889433

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Involvement of protein kinases on the process of erythrophagocytis by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Batista Ede J, de Souza W. Source: Cell Biology International. 2004; 28(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15109979

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Nitric oxide synthase in Entamoeba histolytica: its effect on rat aortic rings. Author(s): Hernandez-Campos ME, Campos-Rodriguez R, Tsutsumi V, Shibayama M, Garcia-Latorre E, Castillo-Henkel C, Valencia-Hernandez I. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2003 July-August; 104(3-4): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552855

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Quassinoids exhibit greater selectivity against Plasmodium falciparum than against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. Author(s): Wright CW, Anderson MM, Allen D, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Chang HR. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1993 May-June; 40(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508162

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Ribonuclease activity of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Azhar S, Mohan Rao VK.

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Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig A]. 1975; 230(2): 270-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=238352 •

Selective agglutination of pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica induced con A. Author(s): Martinez-Palomo A, Gonzalez-Robles A, De la Torre M. Source: Nat New Biol. 1973 October 10; 245(145): 186-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4355103

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Sites of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein-filament assembly in relation to helical body formation in axenic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Kress Y, Wittner M, Rosenbaum RM. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 1971 June; 49(3): 773-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4326458

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The antiamoebic effect of a crude drug formulation of herbal extracts against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Sohni YR, Kaimal P, Bhatt RM. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 January; 45(1): 43-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7739226

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The cellular regulation of vesicle exocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Ravdin JI, Murphy CF, Schlesinger PH. Source: J Protozool. 1988 February; 35(1): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2452880

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The collagenase of Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Munoz ML, Calderon J, Rojkind M. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1982 January 1; 155(1): 42-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6274995

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Ultrastructural changes associated with the inhibition of monocyte chemotaxis caused by products of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica. Author(s): Gimenez-Scherer JA, Pacheco-Cano MG, Cruz de Lavin E, HernandezJauregui P, Merchant MT, Kretschmer RR. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1987 July; 57(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2885445

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Entamoeba histolytica; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Chaparral Alternative names: Larrea tridentata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER

4.

DISSERTATIONS HISTOLYTICA

ON

ENTAMOEBA

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Entamoeba histolytica. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Entamoeba histolytica” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Entamoeba histolytica, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Entamoeba Histolytica ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Entamoeba histolytica. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Activity and behaviour of Entamoeba histolytica in vitro by Smith, James Martin; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58062

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Entamoeba histolytica” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Entamoeba histolytica, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Entamoeba Histolytica By performing a patent search focusing on Entamoeba histolytica, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Entamoeba histolytica: •

Amebiasis vaccine Inventor(s): Petri, Jr.; William A. (Palmyra, VA), Ravdin; Jonathan I. (Earlysville, VA) Assignee(s): The University of Virginia Alumni Patents Foundation (Charlottesville, VA) Patent Number: 5,004,608 Date filed: December 29, 1989 Abstract: Purified Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica is used for development of a vaccine to prevent human amebiasis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the control and reduction of human disease due to the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which are parasitic amoebas of vertebrates which cause breakdown of body tissue. Amoebas are a large genus of naked rhizopod protozoans. Currently, 10% of the world's population is infected with E. histolytica. Worldwide there are 50,000,000 cases of invasive amebiasis resulting in 50 to 100 thousand deaths per annum. Amebiasis is a disease or infection caused by amoebas. At present, there is no vaccine available to prevent invasive amebiasis. The molecule responsible for adherence of the parasite to tissue was not previously described. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05004608__

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Diagnostic methods for E. histolytica Inventor(s): Petri, Jr.; William A. (Glen Allen, VA), Ravdin; Jonathan I. (Earlysville, VA) Assignee(s): The University of Virginia Alumni Patents Foundation (Charlottesville, VA) Patent Number: 5,272,058 Date filed: February 13, 1990 Abstract: A simple immunoassay method is provided which distinguishes pathogenic from nonpathogenic forms Entamoeba histolytica in biological samples. This assay utilizes monoclonal antibody preparations which are specific for designated epitopes of the 170 kd subunit of the Gal/GalNAc lectin. When pathogenic forms, specifically, are to be detected, at least one antibody which is immunospecific for an epitope unique to the forms of the 170 kd lectin found in pathogenic strains is used in the assay. The invention further includes monoclonal antibodies which are immunospecific for epitopes 1-3 of the 170 kd subunit of the Gal/GalNAc lectin of either pathogenic or nonpathogenic forms and to monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with epitopes unique to nonpathogenic derived 170 kd subunit, as well as purified forms of the Gal/GalNAc lectin from both pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to diagnosis of parasitic diseases. More particularly, the invention offers a method to diagnose infection with Entamoeba histolytica and to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic strains. Entamoeba histolytica infection is extremely common and affects an estimated 480 million individuals annually. However, only about 10% of these persons develop symptoms such as colitis or liver abscess. The low incidence of symptom occurrence is putatively due to the existence of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms of the amoeba. As of 1988, it had been established that the subjects who eventually exhibit symptoms harbor "zymodemes" which have

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been classified as such on the basis of their distinctive hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes. The pathogenic forms are not, however, conveniently distinguishable from the nonpathogenic counterparts using morphogenic criteria. The distinction between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains in diagnosis is of great practical importance, because only persons infected with E. histolytica who will develop the disease should be treated. This is bad enough in developed countries where it would at least be possible economically to treat every carrier with a known effective drug (metronidazole); it is, of course, undesirable to administer such drugs unnecessarily. In less developed countries, the cost of these unnecessary administrations is significant enough to have a dramatic negative impact on the resources for overall health care. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05272058__ •

Entamoeba histolytical immunogenic protein and cDNA clone Inventor(s): Li; Ellen (St. Louis, MO), Stanley, Jr.; Samuel L. (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Washington University (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 5,130,417 Date filed: April 30, 1990 Abstract: An Entamoeba histolytica specific cDNA clone which encodes an antigenic surface membrane protein possessing multiple tandem repeats and expression in E. coli is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an immunogenic protein and cDNA which codes for said protein. More particularly, the invention is concerned with a surface membrane antigen of Entamoeba histolytica and a E. histolytica specific cDNA clone which encodes a serine rich E. histolytica protein. The protozoan pathogen Entamoeba histolytica is a major cause of debilitating illness and death worldwide, infecting more than 500,000,000 people, and causing an estimated 50,000,000 cases of diarrhea, and 50,000 deaths yearly [Walsh in Aembiasis, Human Infection by Entamoeba histolytica, ed. Ravdin, J. I., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, N.Y., pp. 93-105 (1988)]. There is an urgent need for a vaccine which could prevent the establishment of E. histolytica infection, or the development of invasive disease. Previous studies in animal models have demonstrated that immunity to E. histolytica infection can be produced by immunization with E. histolytica lysates [Ghadirian et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 779-784 (1980); Krupp, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 355-360 (1974); and Swartzwelder and Avant, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1, 567-575 (1952)]. However, the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of trophozoites, and the relatively crude nature of the immunizing preparations have severely limited the scope of these prior studies. Recently, genomic differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. histolytica have been reported by Tannich et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5118- 5122 (1989). These scientists utilized antibody screening and reported an amino acid sequence derived from a partial cDNA clone. No putative initiator methionine was found and no nucleotide data was reported by them. Nor are any tandem repeats or other characterization of the partial amino acid sequence provided by Tannich et al. No biological role for the Tannich et al protein is found in their report; instead, the paper is completely directed to the use of their partial cDNA clone to detect genomic differences between E. histolytica strains. However, Southern blotting with actin (a conserved protein, found in almost all organisms, and originally isolated by another scientific group) shows the same ability to differentiate between strains of E. histolytica as their probe, thereby suggesting that their probe is not unique in its ability to differentiate between E. histolytica strains.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05130417__ •

Immunoassay with membrane immobilized antibody Inventor(s): Cole; Francis X. (Stow, MA), Root; David M. (Bedford, MA) Assignee(s): Millipore Corporation (Bedford, MA) Patent Number: 4,200,690 Date filed: July 14, 1978 Abstract: The presence of antigens is detected with a device having an antibody immunochemically reactive with the antigen bound to a first microporous membrane coated with an inert proteinaceous material and an antibody immunochemically nonreactive with the antigen bound to a second microporous membrane coated with an inert proteinaceous material. The device is particularly useful in an immunoassay for an antigen of Entamoeba histolytica in unfractionated feces or colon aspirate. Excerpt(s): This invention makes use of the immobilization techniques that are disclosed and claimed in the copending, commonly assigned patent application of C. J. Lai, et al., Ser. No. 684,746, now published as German OS 2539657, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,066,512. This invention relates to the detection of infections using immunological chemical reactions. More particularly, this invention is concerned with the detection of infections with intestinal parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica by the examination of stool samples. Immunochemical methods have proven useful for the diagnosis of disease, especially where physical symptoms are ambiguous, asymptomatic carrier states exist, and where the causative agent is difficult to detect by conventional means. These methods have been most commonly used in the past in the examination of serum, lymph and cerebro-spinal fluid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04200690__

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Preparation of preserved Entamoeba histolytica antigens without enzymatic inhibitors and their use in immunological methods Inventor(s): Flores-Castaneda; Maria S. (Monterrey, MX) Assignee(s): Universidad Autonoma De Nuevo Leon (Monterrey, MX) Patent Number: 5,861,263 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The method of the invention relates to the preservation of a complex antigenic system of Entamoeba histolytica molecules, without using enzymatic inhibitors and using these preserved Entamoeba histolytica molecules as a reagent in a diagnostic assay system and as a starting material for the isolation of Entamoeba histolytica proteins. Excerpt(s): Amebiasis is a parasitic disease provoked by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It affects mainly the inhabitants of developing countries. Under appropriate conditions, which are not well known, trophozoites differentiate into an ineffective form or cyst, which is present in excrements and by this route can infect a new host by oral ingestion of food and water or person to person transmission. Most of the people infected with Entamoeba histolytica are asymptomatic, but in 10% of the people with amebiasis, the protozoan produces sickness when it invades the intestinal mucosa

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producing amoebic colitis or more dangerous damage when the protozoan is extraintestinal and there is a dissemination of the protozoan to the liver, provoking an amoebic liver abscess. In the cases in which there is a perforation of the liver or the intestine, it can provoke pleural damage, pericarditis, peritonitis and even death. Amebiasis occupies the sixth place among the most frequent causes of death in Mexico. In Mexico as in Venezuela, 2% to 15% of the cases of children with diarrhea who have been hospitalized, have infections associated with an Entamoeba histolytica. To conduct correct epidemiological studies, it will require the development of diagnostic methods which are sensitive and specific. The coproparasitoscopic diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica is especially difficult, because it requires highly skilled workers to prevent false interpretations. The serologic diagnosis is not effective because the existing tests are not sensitive enough, especially when they are used in highly endemic zones. To obtain useful diagnostic tests, it is necessary to know the amoebic molecules that are actively involved in the cases of invasive amebiasis and to utilize these molecules to design effective diagnostic tests. Once the role of these molecules is known, studies can be performed to determine their involvement in the immune protection mechanisms generated against amoebas and the possible implementation of vaccines. A major impediment to achieve this goal is the highly elevated enzymatic activity of the proteases present in the amoebic extracts (see McLaughlin et al., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 23: 420-425 (1977), and Perez-Monfort, et al., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 26: 87-98 (1987)). The proteases degrade proteins in the amoebic extracts by producing degradation products and making it impossible or at least very difficult, to standardize the methods of analysis of the antigenicity of these proteins. To prevent this enzymatic activity, enzymatic inhibitors have been used; however, because these inhibitors are not completely effective protein degradation continues. Generally, amebic extracts containing enzymatic inhibitors only permit working with extracts for relatively short periods of time and they do not provide the opportunity to store the same samples for later tests. A later study by Arguello-Garcia et al., Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex.) 21: 3-9 (Supl. 1) (1990) reported evaluating E. histolytica antigens utilizing different protein extraction methods. The highest yield of proteins from E. histolytica cell lysates was obtained by homogenizing trophozoites in the presence of 10 mM phydroxymercuribenzoate (pHMB) and by lysis with Triton X-100 and a mixture of protease inhibitors. Frozen extracts were found to be stable for a period of two or three months. However, these extracts were not subjected to repeated freezing and thawing (personal communication). The authors found that different methods for preparing amebic extracts resulted in differences in protein yields as well as antigenic composition as observed by electrophoretic patterns and that there was a need to select a standardized procedure for preparing amebic extracts for use in serological assays. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861263__ •

Process to obtain monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to identify pathogenic amebiasis and pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites Inventor(s): De Lourdes Munoz Moreno; Maria (Edo. De, MX) Assignee(s): Centro De Investigacion Y De Estudios Avanzados Del I.P.N. (MX) Patent Number: 5,661,010 Date filed: August 15, 1990 Abstract: The present invention is a process to obtain polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies useful to identify symptomatic or asymptomatic amebiasis. This invention

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includes the following steps: 1) Antigen preparation from electron dense granules (EDGs) secreted by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites incubated in medium containing collagen type I; 2) EDG purification by differential centrifugation and 3) Production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Anti-EDG polyclonal antibodies were prepared from the serum of a goat hyperimmunized with EDGs. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained by fusion of spleen cells from Balb/c mice injected with EDG protein and SP2/O-Ag14 cells. Excerpt(s): Invasive amebiasis, a disease caused by the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is a major public health problem in developing countries (32). Recently, progress has been made in understanding the molecular bases of the pathogenesis of this disease. Thus, it has been shown that attachment of E. histolytica trophozoites to mammalian cells, mediated by a surface lectin, is required for direct-contact amebic cytolytic activity (20, 21, 22). An amebic protein which forms ion channels in the membranes of target cells and probably participates in cytotoxicity has also been identified (15, 33). In addition, proteolytic enzymes present on the parasite surface have been implicated in the disruption of the intestinal extracellular matrix (8, 14, 18, 19, 24). Differences between pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. histolytica isolates have been observed recently using monoclonal antibodies (26) and DNA probes (3, 9, 27). However, until now there are not practical techniques to manage clinical patients. The applicant has observed, that EDGs secreted by the parasite E. histolytica, contains an unknown collagenolytic activity specific for collagen type I. Consequently, this activity has been correlated with human tissue invasion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05661010__ •

Recombinant Entamoeba histolytica lectin subunit peptides and reagents specific for members of the 170 kDa subunit multigene family Inventor(s): Dodson; James M. (Charlottesville, VA), Mann; Barbara J. (Charlottesville, VA), Petri, Jr.; William A. (Charlottesville, VA) Assignee(s): University of Virginia Patent Foundation (Charlottesville, VA) Patent Number: 6,187,310 Date filed: September 16, 1997 Abstract: The 170 kDa adhesin subunit of the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin is encoded by members of a gene family that includes hgl1, hgl2 and a newly discovered gene, hgl3. The DNA and encoded protein sequences of the hgl genes are disclosed. A number of proteins and peptide fragments of the adhesin as well as other functional derivatives, preferably produced by recombinant methods in prokaryotic cells are disclosed. A preferred peptide for a vaccine composition corresponds to amino acids 896-998 of the mature 170 kDa lectin and contains the galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-binding activity of the native lectin. These compositions are useful as immunogenic vaccine components and as diagnostic reagents. Methods are provided for a vaccine comprising one or more peptides of the lectin to immunize subjects at risk for infection by E. histolytica. Additionally, immunoassay methods are disclosed for measuring antibodies specific for an epitope of the lectin. These methods detect E. histolytica-specific antibodies, some of which are specific for epitopes characteristic of pathogenic strains, nonpathogenic strains, or both. Excerpt(s): The invention in the field of infectious diseases and immunology concerns vaccine and diagnostic compositions and methods. The compositions comprise peptides

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and proteins which include epitope-bearing regions of the 170 kDa subunit (or adhesin) of the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin. The compositions are produced recombinantly in prokaryotic hosts. These peptides are used to measure subunit-specific antibodies in a subject infected by E. histolytica or responding to these vaccines. This invention includes the discovery of a novel variant of the 170 kDa subunit and the gene (hgl3) which encodes it. Hgl3 is the third member of a multigene family each member of which encodes a 170 kDa subunit of the lectin. Entamoeba histolytica infection is extremely common and affects an estimated 480 million individuals annually. However, only about 10% of these persons develop symptoms such as colitis or liver abscess. The low incidence of symptoms is thought to be due to the existence of nonpathogenic as well as pathogenic strains of this ameba. As of 1988, it had been established that the subjects who eventually exhibit symptoms harbor pathogenic "zymodemes" classified on the basis of their distinctive hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes. The pathogenic forms are not conveniently distinguishable from the nonpathogenic counterparts using morphogenic criteria, but there is an almost perfect correlation between pathogenicity of the infecting zymodeme and development of symptoms. It is known that E. histolytica infection is mediated at least in part by the "Gal/GalNAc" adherence lectin which was isolated from a pathogenic strain and purified 500 fold by Petri, W. A. et al., J Biol Chem (1989) 264:3007-3012. This nomenclature derives from the fact that adherence of the organism to target cells via this lectin is inhibited by the saccharides galactose and Nacetylgalactosamine. The purified lectin was shown to have a nonreduced molecular weight of 260 kDa on SDS-PAGE; reduction with.beta.-mercaptoethanol yielded two subunits having molecular masses of 170 kDa and 35 kDa. The 170 kDa subunit is also referred to herein as the 170 kDa adhesin or the 170 kDa protein. Further studies showed that antibodies directed to the 170 kDa subunit were capable of blocking surface adhesion to test cells (Petri, et al., supra). Therefore, the 170 kDa subunit is believed to be of primary importance in mediating adhesion, hence is designation as the 170 kDa adhesin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06187310__ •

Serodiagnostic reagent for Entamoeba histolytica Inventor(s): Keene; William E. (Berkeley, CA), McKerrow; James H. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): The University of California (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 4,762,789 Date filed: January 16, 1986 Abstract: The present invention is a composition of matter composed essentially of a purified homogeneous thiol proteinase secreted by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. In purified homogeneous form the neutral thiol proteinase has a subunit molecular weight of about 56,000.+-.4,000, a neutral pH optimum, and an isoelectric point of about 6. The purified neutral thiol proteinase of the present invention can be obtained by using anion exchange and chromatofocusing Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) to purify the major neutral proteinase from secretions of axenically cultured Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.The homogeneous neutral thiol proteinase of the present invention is immunogenic. It is useful as a serodiagnostic reagent for identifying the presence of antibodies in the sera of individuals exposed to Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. The purified homogeneous enzyme can be used in ELISA assays or in other standard immunoassays.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a homogeneous proteinaceous composition. More specifically, this invention relates to a purified thiol proteinase secreted by trophozoites of the human parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In isolated, homogeneous form, the Entamoeba histolytica thiol proteinase is immunogenic and useful as a serodiagnostic reagent for detecting the presence of antibodies to the protozoan parasite known to cause amebiasis. Amebiasis is defined as infection with Entamoeba histolytica. While the majority of infections are asymptomatic, intestinal manifestations may include dysentery and colitis. Most amebiasis-associated mortality stems from extra-intestinal infection, which results from invasion of the bowel wall and subsequent spread through the body. See Krogstad, et al. (1978). Amebiasis is one of the world's great health problems, especially in third world countries. It is also a disease of western countries, particularly of travelers, institutionalized persons, and homosexual males. An amebic infection is usually acquired by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with cysts of Entamoeba histolytica. Sexual transmission has also been reported among homosexual males. Not surprisingly, amebiasis is a common complicating infection in AIDS patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04762789__

Patent Applications on Entamoeba Histolytica As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Entamoeba histolytica: •

Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor Inventor(s): Schmid, Roberto Rodolfo Kretschmer; (Del. Alvaro Obregon, MX) Correspondence: Ropes & Gray Llp; One International Place; Boston; MA; 02110-2624; US Patent Application Number: 20040001855 Date filed: October 3, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to an anti-inflammatory oligopeptide which can be obtained from the microorganism Entamoeba histolytica or synthesized by known methods. The oligopeptides are useful in treating inflammatory diseases when formulated in pharmaceutical compositions for administration to patients. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an isolated oligopeptide, obtained from Entamoeba histolytica, which is useful in treating inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The isolated oligopeptide, which is identified herein as monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor ("MLIF"), is useful for suppressing leukocyte, macrophage and neutrophil activity which may be caused by an inflammatory event. Entamoeba histolytica, in motile form, is a dynamic pleomorphic protozoon which is common in Mexico, Africa and Asia. E. histolytica is an invasive parasite having a simple cytoplastic structure. Infection by pathogenic E. histolytica may result in the invasion of several organs and tissues in humans. The most commonly affected organs are the colon and the liver. Less frequently, the parasite may invade the lungs, the brain, the skin and the

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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genitalia. E. histolytica is known to cause liver abscesses and other lesions in the human population. In amoebic liver lesions, a moderate inflammation occurs characterized by the presence of neutrophils, epithelioid cells and macrophages, with less abundant neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. It has been observed that although the early stages of parasitic invasion arc characterized by acute inflammation in which even some eosinophilic leukocytes occur, the advanced stages are characterized by a scarcity of inflammation. E Moreover, livers with such hepatic abscesses have been found to regenerate perfectly without a trace of scarring following effective treatment with appropriate medicines. Sepulveda, B. et al., Immunology of Parasitic Disease, ppg. 170191 (1982). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Entamoeba histolytica, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Entamoeba histolytica. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Entamoeba histolytica. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Entamoeba histolytica. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Entamoeba histolytica include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Entamoeba histolytica” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Entamoeba histolytica” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Entamoeba histolytica” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Amebiasis: Human Infection by Entamoeba Histolytica (A Wiley medical publication) by Jonathan I. Ravdin; ISBN: 0471828173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471828173/icongroupinterna

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The Biology of Entamoeba Histolytica (Tropical Medicine Research Studies) by Adolfo Martinez-Palomo; ISBN: 0471104043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471104043/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Entamoeba Histolytica In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Entamoeba histolytica, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your

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search to book chapters and Entamoeba histolytica using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Entamoeba histolytica: •

Infectious Agents as Aggravating Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 95-98. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on infectious agents as aggravating factors is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). When patients present with diarrhea, one of the first questions is whether it is an infection or an attack of IBD. Initial symptoms may be very similar, including diarrhea (with or without blood), abdominal pain or cramps, fever, and even arthralgias (pain in the joints). Clinical features that favor infection are acute onset of diarrhea (often greater than 10 bowel movements per day) and fever early in the course. Conversely, IBD usually has a more insidious onset, fewer than 6 bowel movements daily, and early fever is uncommon. Colonoscopic features can suggest infection or UC, but are rarely diagnostic. Mucosal biopsy, however, can be useful in distinguishing acute self-limited colitis or infectious-type colitis from IBD. However, to further complicate matters, infections sometimes can precipitate IBD, and intercurrent (happening at the same time) infections can mimic or induce flares of IBD. This chapter considers infections that mimic IBD, including amebic colitis and chronic infectious colitides (including Entamoeba histolytica and Yersinia); and infections that aggravate IBD, including Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Clostricium difficile, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, parasites, and mycobacterium. 1 table. 22 references.

•

Approach to Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning Source: in Feigin, R.D. and Cherry, J.D., eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1998. p. 567-601. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $315.00. ISBN: 0721664482. Summary: This chapter on managing young patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections and food poisoning is from a textbook on pediatric infectious diseases. The authors stress that the approach to patients must begin with a thorough medical history, including information about epidemiologic factors, a physical examination, and knowledge of the pathophysiology of various enteropathogens. GI tract infections can include a wide range of symptoms and can be caused by a variety of agents and organisms. However, most infectious diarrhea illness can be classified into a category based on its cause, its pathophysiology, and the clinical response. This information can then be used to determine the appropriate diagnostic and monitoring tests and to decide

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which therapy to use. All patients with diarrhea require some degree of fluid and electrolyte therapy, a few need other nonspecific support, and for some, specific antimicrobial therapy is indicated to shorten the illness. The authors consider epidemiology and etiology, including outbreaks in child care centers and hospitals, foodborne or waterborne diarrhea, antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, travelers' diarrhea, and diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS; bacterial organisms that cause gastroenteritis, including Aeromanas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica; viral agents, including rotaviruses, astroviruses, calciviruses, and enteric adenoviruses; and parasites, including Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Isospora belli, microsporidia, and Cyclospora. Diagnostic considerations, including laboratory testing, are reviewed. The authors also discuss treatment options, including fluid and electrolyte therapy, dietary manipulation, nonspecific therapy with antidiarrheal compounds, and specific therapy with antimicrobial agents. 5 figures. 18 tables. 392 references. (AA-M). •

Liver Abscess (Amebic and Pyogenic) Source: in Okuda, K., ed.,et al. Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. p. 517-532. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 0632055421. Summary: Worldwide, the most common type of liver abscess is amebic abscess, which is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite. In the industrialized coutries, amebic liver abscess is rare, and more liver abscesses are pyogenic (caused by bacterial infection). This chapter on amebic and pyogenic liver abscess is from a textbook that familiarizes the reader with various imaging modalities, the information they provide, and the merits of each, in order to facilitate the combined use of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of hepatobiliary (liver and bile tract) diseases. As medicine has progressed, the incidence of pyogenic liver abscess has been reduced, and the primary foci from which infection spreads to the liver have also undergone considerable changes. In developed countries in which there is no amebic dysentery, amebic abscess does occur sporadically, and it is frequently mistaken for pyogenic abscess. With current imaging methods, abscesses are easily detected, and early diagnosis and treatment have vastly improved the prognosis. The mortality rate associated with liver abscess, which was previously 70 percent, has been reduced to less than 10 percent in developed countries. The prognosis largely depends on the primary infection causing the pyogenic liver abscess, and on the complications arising. The most common current source of infection for pyogenic liver abscess is biliary tract disease, particularly cholangitis (gallbladder inflammation), a common complication of gallstones. The author reviews bacteriology, pathogenesis and pathology, epidemiology, clinical features, imaging techniques, treatment options, complications, and prognosis. 13 figures. 1 table. 40 references.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4832 26 437 17 5 5317

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Entamoeba histolytica can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Entamoeba histolytica. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Entamoeba histolytica. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Entamoeba histolytica”:

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Cryptosporidiosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cryptosporidiosis.html Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Entamoeba histolytica. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Entamoeba histolytica. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Entamoeba histolytica. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Entamoeba histolytica. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Entamoeba histolytica” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Entamoeba histolytica”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Entamoeba histolytica” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP

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and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

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Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amebic dysentery: A form of dysentery, usually mild, found especially in childhood epidemics in many temperate countries. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoeba: A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission. [NIH] Amoeboid: Cells capable of active migration by the throwing out and retraction of pseudopodia. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU]

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Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody

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molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon nonmultiplying cells. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Axenic: Not contaminated by or, associated with any foreign organisms. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It

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has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Balantidium: A genus of protozoa parasitic in the digestive tract of vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. Asexual multiplication is accomplished by transverse binary fission. Its organisms are ovoidal in shape and have a ciliated covering over the entire body. [NIH] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile

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acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.

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There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium-Binding Proteins: Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter jejuni: A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]

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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

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Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone

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proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is

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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations

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are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium parvum: A species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. Its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. These organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and

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chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Granules: Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane. [NIH] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of

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special organs. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH]

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Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysentery, Amebic: Dysentery resulting from ulcerative inflammation of the bowel, caused chiefly by infection with Entamoeba histolytica. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH]

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Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the

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entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Entamoebiasis: Infection with amoebae of the genus Entamoeba. Infection with E. histolytica causes dysentery, amebic and liver abscess, amebic. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemics: A period of increased prevalence of a particular disease in a population. [NIH] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most

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species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelioid Cells: Characteristic cells of granulomatous hypersensitivity. They appear as large, flattened cells with increased endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to be activated macrophages that have differentiated as a result of prolonged antigenic stimulation. Further differentiation or fusion of epithelioid cells is thought to produce multinucleated giant cells. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]

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Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in

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diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene

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action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardia lamblia: A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

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occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gossypol: Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC

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4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haemolysis: Disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance.

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[NIH]

Hexokinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate

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and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idiotype: The unique antigenic determinant in the variable region. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH]

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Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical

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signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]

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Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]

Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipecac: A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, Cephaelis ipecacuanha and C. acuminata, belonging to the Rubiaciae family. They contain emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine and other isoquinolines. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. [NIH]

Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH]

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Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isospora: A genus of protozoan parasites found in the intestines of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, including man. The oocysts produce two sporocysts, each with four sporozoites. Many species are parasitic in wild and domestic animals. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between

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linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH]

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Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of

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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH]

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Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multigene Family: The progeny of a single open-pollinated parent or of a single cross between two individuals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection: A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH]

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Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Noel: The highest dose level of a chemical that, in a given toxicity test, causes no observable adverse effect in the test animals. [NIH] Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through

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the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the

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electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or

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duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphoglucomutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. [NIH] Phycocyanin: The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls. [NIH]

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Phycoerythrin: The metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. It functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pinocytosis: The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the

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interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH]

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Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prokaryotic Cells: Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH]

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Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Pseudopodia: A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis,

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caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU]

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Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Sarcocystis: A genus of protozoa found in reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. This heteroxenous parasite produces muscle cysts in intermediate hosts such as domestic herbivores (cattle, sheep, pigs) and rodents. Final hosts are predators such as dogs, cats, and man. [NIH] Schistosome: Dermatitis caused by the snail parasite, Schistosoma cercariae. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH]

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Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall

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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spasmogenic: Capable of producing convulsions. [NIH] Spasmolytic: Checking spasms; antispasmodic. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporocysts: A stage in the life-cycle of many protozoa and of trematoda. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a

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smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of

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need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urea Breath Test: A test used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. The test measures breath samples for urease, an enzyme H. pylori makes. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,

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protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection

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and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 131, 137, 146, 159, 161, 176 Abdominal, 4, 108, 131, 145, 151, 159, 167, 168, 179 Abdominal Pain, 4, 108, 131, 151, 159, 168, 179 Aberrant, 17, 131 Abortion, 131, 138, 180 Acetylcholine, 131, 161, 165 Acetylgalactosamine, 30, 64, 66, 102, 103, 131 Acid Phosphatase, 56, 131 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 4, 131 Actin, 35, 54, 56, 80, 99, 131, 164, 172 Acute renal, 131, 154 Adaptability, 131, 139 Adaptation, 5, 131, 164, 169 Adenocarcinoma, 48, 131 Adenylate Cyclase, 131, 140 Adenylate Kinase, 39, 132 Adjustment, 131, 132 Adjuvant, 32, 132, 151 Adolescence, 7, 132 Adoptive Transfer, 16, 132 Adrenergic, 132, 149, 161 Adverse Effect, 132, 135, 165, 175 Aerobic, 132, 163, 164 Aerosol, 132, 177 Affinity, 19, 21, 31, 49, 132, 175 Affinity Chromatography, 19, 132 Agar, 82, 132, 143, 156 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 9, 24, 132 Algorithms, 20, 132, 137 Alimentary, 133, 167 Alkaline, 36, 133, 138 Alkaline Phosphatase, 36, 133 Alkaloid, 87, 133, 147 Alleles, 53, 133 Alternative medicine, 133 Amebiasis, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 32, 35, 36, 47, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 75, 86, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107, 133, 162 Amebic dysentery, 14, 25, 109, 133 Amine, 133, 155 Amino Acid Sequence, 10, 19, 99, 133, 134, 152 Ammonia, 133, 179

Amoeba, 98, 133 Amoeboid, 19, 133 Amplification, 24, 59, 133 Anaerobic, 9, 133, 149, 174, 175 Anaesthesia, 134, 157 Anal, 134, 161 Analogous, 8, 134, 178 Anaphylatoxins, 11, 134, 142 Anemia, 134, 154 Animal model, 12, 99, 134 Anionic, 134, 175 Anions, 134, 159, 177 Annealing, 134, 170 Anorexia, 4, 134, 151 Anthelmintic, 88, 134 Antibiotic, 134, 135, 141, 149 Anticoagulant, 134, 171 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 134, 142 Anti-inflammatory, 34, 35, 104, 135, 157 Antimicrobial, 6, 52, 86, 88, 109, 135 Antioxidant, 52, 135, 165, 166, 167 Antispasmodic, 135, 176 Antiviral, 135, 158 Anus, 4, 134, 135, 138, 142, 173 Aphidicolin, 81, 135 Apoptosis, 15, 59, 135, 139 Aqueous, 32, 86, 135, 144, 147, 155, 161, 175 Arachidonic Acid, 135, 165, 171 Arginine, 134, 135, 155, 165, 179 Arterial, 135, 156, 172 Arteries, 135, 137, 143, 163 Arterioles, 135, 137, 138 Aspartic, 135, 139, 147 Aspartic Acid, 135, 139 Assay, 8, 34, 59, 98, 100, 135, 156, 179 Asymptomatic, 10, 27, 33, 36, 50, 54, 55, 64, 65, 68, 73, 77, 100, 101, 104, 133, 135, 152 Attenuated, 28, 29, 35, 135, 179 Axenic, 39, 76, 80, 91, 135 Azithromycin, 27, 135 B Bacteremia, 136, 174 Bacterial Infections, 136, 173 Bacterial Physiology, 131, 136 Bactericidal, 71, 136, 149 Bacteriophage, 136, 174, 178, 180

184

Entamoeba Histolytica

Bacteriostatic, 136, 149 Bacterium, 9, 37, 136, 154, 164, 175 Balantidium, 5, 136 Base Sequence, 136, 144, 151, 152 Basement Membrane, 136, 150, 160 Basophils, 136, 160 Benign, 4, 136, 165 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 136, 158 Bewilderment, 136, 143 Bile, 37, 109, 136, 137, 140, 151, 154, 155, 161 Bile Acids, 136 Bile Acids and Salts, 136 Bile duct, 137, 140 Biliary, 4, 109, 137, 154 Biliary Tract, 4, 109, 137 Bioassay, 60, 137 Biochemical, 7, 34, 35, 37, 38, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68, 76, 101, 133, 137, 150, 153, 160 Biopsy, 8, 76, 108, 137 Biosynthesis, 135, 137, 171, 175 Biotechnology, 22, 33, 115, 137 Bladder, 74, 137, 171, 179 Bloating, 137, 159 Blood Cell Count, 137, 154 Blood Coagulation, 137, 138, 177 Blood Platelets, 71, 137, 169 Blood pressure, 137, 156, 175 Blood vessel, 137, 138, 140, 147, 152, 154, 161, 175, 177, 180 Blot, 15, 78, 137 Body Fluids, 137, 146, 175 Bone Marrow, 137, 144, 156, 161 Bowel, 3, 4, 5, 9, 19, 104, 108, 134, 137, 138, 145, 146, 148, 158, 159, 160, 168, 176, 179 Bowel Movement, 3, 108, 138, 145, 176 Bradykinin, 138, 165 Bronchial, 138, 155 C Calcium, 11, 73, 80, 83, 89, 138, 142, 172 Calcium channel blocker, 80, 89, 138 Calcium Channel Blockers, 80, 89, 138 Calcium-Binding Proteins, 73, 138 Calmodulin, 80, 89, 138 Campylobacter, 4, 5, 6, 108, 109, 138 Campylobacter jejuni, 4, 5, 108, 138 Capillary, 18, 138, 180 Carbohydrate, 7, 24, 30, 53, 65, 71, 83, 138, 153, 170, 174 Carbon Dioxide, 138, 143, 145, 179 Carcinogen, 138, 162

Carcinogenesis, 138, 168 Carcinogenic, 138, 158 Carcinoma, 23, 138, 139, 145 Cardiac, 139, 147, 149, 164 Carrier State, 100, 133, 139 Case report, 53, 139 Caspases, 67, 139 Cations, 139, 159 Cause of Death, 9, 13, 139 Cell, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31, 38, 43, 49, 57, 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71, 76, 80, 90, 91, 101, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180 Cell Cycle, 139, 180 Cell Death, 15, 59, 135, 139, 152, 165 Cell Division, 136, 139, 163, 169 Cell membrane, 19, 30, 138, 139, 154, 163, 168, 169 Cell proliferation, 135, 139 Cell Respiration, 139, 163 Cell Size, 139, 150 Cellulose, 139, 169 Central Nervous System, 131, 139, 161 Centrifugation, 102, 139, 154 Cerebral, 139, 140, 149, 150, 176 Cerebral Cortex, 140, 150 Cerebrovascular, 138, 140 Cervical, 20, 42, 140 Cervix, 131, 140 Chemokines, 35, 140 Chemotactic Factors, 140, 142 Chemotaxis, 91, 140 Chemotherapy, 34, 52, 86, 140 Child Care, 109, 140 Chiropractic, 86, 140 Chlamydia, 4, 140 Chlamydia trachomatis, 4, 140 Chlorophyll, 140, 143 Chloroplasts, 140, 144 Cholangitis, 109, 140 Cholera, 13, 28, 29, 140, 180 Cholera Toxin, 13, 28, 29, 140 Cholesterol, 136, 140, 162 Chromatin, 11, 135, 140, 148 Chromosomal, 9, 133, 141, 155, 169 Chromosome, 18, 141, 154, 160 Chronic, 7, 21, 108, 133, 141, 157, 172, 173, 176, 179, 180 Chronic Disease, 7, 141

185

CIS, 25, 73, 141 Clathrin, 141, 147 Cleave, 11, 141 Clinical trial, 6, 115, 141, 143, 144, 146, 173 Clone, 27, 99, 141 Cloning, 24, 28, 39, 58, 71, 73, 137, 141, 158 Clostridium, 4, 6, 109, 141 Clostridium difficile, 4, 6, 109, 141 Coated Vesicles, 141, 147 Coccidiosis, 4, 141 Codon, 40, 141, 152 Cofactor, 141, 172, 177 Colitis, 4, 8, 12, 13, 16, 51, 98, 101, 103, 104, 108, 141, 159 Collagen, 102, 133, 136, 141, 150, 151, 169, 171 Colloidal, 142, 147, 177 Colon, 4, 14, 23, 56, 70, 74, 100, 104, 141, 142, 146, 158, 159, 160, 179 Colonoscopy, 4, 142 Colostrum, 44, 142 Complement, 7, 11, 24, 27, 37, 55, 56, 68, 85, 90, 134, 142, 152, 154 Complement Activation, 27, 56, 134, 142 Complementary and alternative medicine, 85, 93, 142 Complementary medicine, 85, 142 Complementation, 12, 24, 142 Computational Biology, 115, 143 Conception, 131, 143 Confusion, 5, 143, 146 Conjugated, 136, 143, 144, 168, 169 Connective Tissue, 137, 141, 143, 151, 161, 174 Constipation, 4, 143, 159, 168 Contamination, 10, 120, 143, 174 Contraceptive, 19, 143 Contraindications, ii, 143 Controlled study, 73, 143 Coronary, 143, 163 Coronary Thrombosis, 143, 163 Cryptosporidiosis, 120, 136, 143 Cryptosporidium, 5, 6, 10, 18, 41, 69, 109, 143 Cryptosporidium parvum, 5, 10, 41, 69, 143 Culture Media, 132, 143 Cyanobacteria, 6, 143 Cyclic, 131, 138, 144, 153, 165 Cyclosporine, 5, 144 Cyst, 19, 22, 36, 42, 48, 50, 80, 82, 100, 144

Cysteine, 9, 11, 13, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 45, 51, 56, 59, 64, 72, 83, 86, 139, 140, 144, 147, 177 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 139, 144, 147 Cystine, 144 Cytochrome, 144, 173 Cytochrome b, 144, 173 Cytokine, 25, 66, 70, 144, 158 Cytokinesis, 41, 144 Cytomegalovirus, 4, 5, 108, 144 Cytoplasm, 135, 136, 139, 140, 144, 148, 149, 171 Cytoplasmic Granules, 73, 144 Cytosine, 39, 144, 173 Cytoskeleton, 40, 54, 56, 60, 83, 144 Cytotoxic, 72, 144 Cytotoxicity, 9, 23, 32, 102, 144 D Deamination, 145, 179 Decarboxylation, 145, 155 Dehydration, 140, 145, 175 Deletion, 135, 145 Dementia, 131, 145 Denaturation, 145, 170 Dendrites, 18, 145, 165 Density, 139, 145, 150 Deprivation, 14, 145 Dermatitis, 135, 145, 174 DES, 134, 145 Developed Countries, 99, 109, 145 Developing Countries, 9, 17, 100, 102, 145 Diagnostic procedure, 6, 97, 145 Diaphragm, 145, 169 Diarrhea, 4, 5, 6, 46, 73, 99, 101, 108, 109, 133, 143, 145, 147, 149, 157, 159, 175 Diarrhoea, 145, 151 Digestion, 19, 133, 136, 137, 145, 159, 161, 167, 176, 180 Digestive system, 145, 151 Digestive tract, 136, 145, 175 Dihydrotestosterone, 145, 173 Dimethyl, 145, 161 Diploid, 143, 146, 169 Direct, iii, 11, 45, 102, 146, 152, 161, 167, 173 Disorientation, 143, 146 Dissociation, 132, 146, 159 Distal, 7, 146, 173 Diuretic, 146, 175, 176 Diverticulum, 4, 146 Double-blind, 73, 146 Drug Resistance, 14, 146

186

Entamoeba Histolytica

Drug Tolerance, 146 Duct, 146, 174 Duodenum, 136, 146, 168, 176 Dysentery, 9, 12, 14, 76, 104, 133, 146, 148, 175 Dysentery, Amebic, 12, 146, 148 E Effector, 10, 16, 131, 142, 146 Efficacy, 13, 44, 146 Elastin, 142, 146 Elective, 91, 147 Electrolyte, 83, 109, 147, 175 Electrons, 135, 147, 159, 166, 173 Electrophoresis, 18, 147, 156 Emaciation, 131, 147 Embryo, 131, 147, 152, 157 Emetine, 31, 82, 147, 159 Emulsions, 132, 147 Endemic, 19, 60, 63, 101, 140, 147 Endocytosis, 19, 147 Endoderm, 19, 147 Endogenous, 147, 166, 168 Endopeptidases, 144, 147, 168, 171 Endosomes, 19, 147 Endothelial cell, 147, 158, 177 Endothelium, 52, 147, 148, 165 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 147 Endothelium, Vascular, 147 Endothelium-derived, 148, 165 Endotoxins, 142, 148 Enhancer, 52, 73, 148 Entamoebiasis, 148 Enteritis, 138, 148 Enterocolitis, 4, 141, 148 Enterocytes, 25, 148 Enteropeptidase, 148, 179 Environmental Health, 34, 114, 116, 148 Enzymatic, 100, 101, 133, 138, 142, 148, 155, 162, 170 Enzyme, 9, 24, 25, 41, 51, 59, 60, 62, 74, 75, 103, 131, 132, 133, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 24, 25, 41, 74, 75, 148 Eosinophilic, 105, 148 Eosinophils, 72, 148, 160 Epidemics, 133, 148 Epidemiologic Factors, 108, 148 Epidemiological, 101, 148 Epidermis, 148, 160, 172

Epinephrine, 132, 148, 165, 179 Epithelial, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 27, 40, 54, 68, 70, 131, 140, 149, 153, 154, 160 Epithelial Cells, 10, 13, 14, 15, 27, 40, 54, 68, 70, 140, 149, 154, 160 Epithelioid Cells, 105, 149 Epithelium, 16, 19, 136, 143, 147, 148, 149 Epitope, 98, 102, 103, 149 Erythrocytes, 14, 23, 59, 82, 134, 137, 149, 173 Erythromycin, 27, 135, 149 Escherichia, 4, 5, 6, 20, 24, 26, 44, 70, 108, 109, 149, 151, 154 Escherichia coli, 4, 5, 6, 20, 24, 26, 44, 70, 108, 109, 149, 151, 154 Esophageal, 4, 149 Esophagus, 145, 149, 151, 167, 176 Ethanol, 132, 149, 150 Eukaryote, 58, 149 Eukaryotic Cells, 135, 149, 166 Evacuation, 143, 149, 160 Excitation, 149, 150, 165 Exogenous, 80, 147, 149 Expectorant, 150, 175 Extensor, 150, 172 Extracellular, 11, 17, 27, 28, 56, 59, 102, 143, 147, 150, 175 Extracellular Matrix, 11, 102, 143, 150 Extracellular Space, 150 Extraction, 101, 150 F Faecal, 45, 70, 75, 145, 150 Family Planning, 115, 150 Fat, 135, 137, 142, 150, 160, 174, 175, 177 Feces, 23, 26, 100, 143, 150, 176 Fermentation, 9, 132, 150, 174 Fibrinogen, 150, 177 Fibroblasts, 150, 158 Fibronectin, 45, 69, 89, 150 Fissure, 4, 150 Flatus, 150, 151 Flow Cytometry, 8, 150 Fluorescence, 150, 151 Fluorescent Dyes, 150, 151 Fold, 103, 150, 151 Frameshift, 151, 179 Frameshift Mutation, 151, 179 Free Radicals, 135, 146, 151 Fungi, 135, 151, 163, 179, 181 G Gallbladder, 109, 131, 137, 145, 151

187

Gas, 4, 133, 138, 150, 151, 155, 159, 165, 175, 177 Gastric, 7, 21, 151, 155, 159, 167, 168 Gastric Juices, 151, 167 Gastroenteritis, 109, 151, 174 Gastroenterology, 3, 5, 6, 7, 16, 44, 81, 83, 151 Gastrointestinal, 3, 4, 5, 16, 57, 108, 138, 149, 151, 153, 177, 180 Gastrointestinal tract, 5, 149, 151, 153 Gelatin, 143, 151, 153, 177 Gene Expression, 11, 25, 42, 55, 70, 73, 151 Genetic Code, 152, 166 Genetic Engineering, 137, 141, 152 Genetic testing, 152, 170 Genetics, 12, 152 Genital, 16, 152, 179 Genotype, 10, 152, 168 Germ Cells, 152, 166 Germ Layers, 147, 152 Giant Cells, 149, 152 Giardia, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 41, 52, 57, 60, 61, 69, 73, 80, 81, 88, 90, 109, 152 Giardia lamblia, 4, 7, 8, 10, 20, 41, 52, 57, 60, 61, 69, 80, 81, 88, 109, 152 Giardiasis, 152, 162 Gland, 152, 161, 167, 171, 174, 176, 178 Glomerular, 17, 152 Glomeruli, 152 Glomerulonephritis, 17, 152 Glomerulus, 152, 165 Glucokinase, 152, 155 Glucose, 7, 81, 139, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 168, 176 Glutathione Peroxidase, 21, 153 Glycerol, 153, 168 Glycerophospholipids, 153, 168 Glycine, 133, 136, 153, 165, 175 Glycogen, 7, 140, 153 Glycolysis, 7, 153 Glycoprotein, 19, 22, 51, 82, 150, 152, 153, 160, 177, 179 Glycoside, 153, 156 Glycosidic, 153, 165, 166 Glycosylation, 17, 83, 153 Goblet Cells, 148, 153 Gossypol, 80, 153 Governing Board, 153, 170 Gram-negative, 140, 144, 149, 153, 174, 175, 180 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 144, 153 Gram-positive, 9, 141, 153, 164

Gram-Positive Bacteria, 141, 153 Granule, 65, 153 Guanylate Cyclase, 153, 165 H Habitat, 154, 164 Haemolysis, 78, 154 Hair follicles, 154, 180 Haploid, 9, 154, 169 Haptens, 132, 154 Health Status, 7, 154 Hematocrit, 8, 137, 154 Hemoglobin, 134, 137, 149, 154 Hemolytic, 4, 26, 49, 154 Hemorrhage, 154, 173 Hemorrhoids, 4, 154 Hepatic, 105, 147, 154 Hepatobiliary, 109, 154 Hepatocytes, 15, 154 Heredity, 151, 152, 154 Herpes, 4, 108, 154 Herpes Zoster, 154 Heterogeneity, 48, 49, 132, 154 Hexokinase, 99, 103, 155 Histamine, 81, 134, 155, 161 Histamine Release, 134, 155 Histidine, 155 Histones, 140, 155 Homogeneous, 103, 104, 155 Homologous, 11, 133, 155 Hormone, 137, 145, 148, 155, 174, 177, 178 Horseradish Peroxidase, 148, 155 Humoral, 43, 51, 155 Humour, 155 Hybrid, 10, 13, 19, 141, 155 Hybridoma, 13, 17, 155 Hydrogen, 132, 133, 138, 145, 153, 155, 160, 163, 166, 177 Hydrogen Peroxide, 153, 155, 160, 177 Hydrolases, 19, 37, 155, 168 Hydrolysis, 135, 156, 165, 168, 170, 172, 179 Hydroxylysine, 142, 156 Hydroxyproline, 133, 142, 156 Hyperplasia, 4, 156 Hypersensitivity, 149, 156, 174 Hypertension, 138, 156 Hypertrophy, 156 Hypoxic, 156, 162 I Idiopathic, 4, 156 Idiotype, 42, 156

188

Entamoeba Histolytica

Immune response, 5, 8, 13, 14, 17, 21, 28, 51, 55, 63, 132, 134, 154, 156, 157, 177, 179, 180 Immune Sera, 15, 30, 31, 36, 66, 156 Immune system, 16, 156, 157, 162, 168, 180 Immunization, 13, 21, 27, 28, 29, 64, 99, 132, 156, 157 Immunoassay, 41, 62, 74, 75, 98, 100, 102, 148, 156 Immunocompromised, 5, 109, 156 Immunodeficiency, 131, 156 Immunodiffusion, 132, 156 Immunoelectrophoresis, 132, 156 Immunofluorescence, 19, 73, 157 Immunogenic, 13, 17, 99, 102, 103, 104, 157 Immunoglobulin, 27, 28, 65, 134, 157, 163 Immunologic, 132, 140, 156, 157 Immunosuppression, 157, 166 Immunosuppressive, 157, 177 Immunotherapy, 132, 157 In vivo, 9, 11, 15, 16, 27, 31, 44, 52, 53, 83, 87, 91, 157, 166, 177 Incision, 157, 159 Incubated, 102, 157 Indolent, 8, 157 Indomethacin, 32, 157 Induction, 13, 15, 16, 21, 70, 80, 157 Infarction, 136, 143, 157, 162 Infectious Diarrhea, 108, 157 Infiltration, 152, 157 Inflammation, 4, 8, 15, 16, 21, 92, 105, 109, 135, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 151, 154, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 179, 180 Inflammatory bowel disease, 4, 108, 158 Ingestion, 8, 19, 89, 100, 104, 158, 170 Inhalation, 132, 158, 170 Initiator, 99, 158 Inorganic, 132, 158, 164, 177 Inositol, 35, 158 Insertional, 12, 158 Insight, 7, 10, 11, 19, 158 Interferon, 32, 51, 72, 158 Interferon-alpha, 158 Interleukin-1, 34, 158 Interleukin-12, 34, 158 Interleukin-2, 158 Interleukin-8, 68, 158 Interstitial, 150, 158, 165 Intestinal Mucosa, 100, 148, 152, 159 Intestine, 15, 101, 137, 138, 148, 149, 159, 160, 180

Intracellular, 8, 10, 11, 18, 82, 138, 139, 141, 157, 159, 162, 165, 174 Intramuscular, 159, 167 Intravenous, 159, 167 Intrinsic, 132, 136, 159 Introns, 9, 159 Intussusception, 4, 159 Invasive, 8, 12, 13, 14, 19, 25, 33, 36, 51, 76, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 159 Invertebrates, 152, 159 Ion Channels, 102, 159 Ionization, 18, 159 Ions, 44, 82, 138, 146, 147, 155, 159, 160, 172, 175 Ipecac, 147, 159 Irrigation, 86, 159 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 44, 159 Irritants, 146, 159 Isoelectric, 103, 159, 160 Isoelectric Point, 103, 160 Isoenzyme, 24, 33, 40, 54, 71, 155, 160 Isospora, 5, 109, 160 K Kb, 114, 160 Keratinocytes, 158, 160 L Labile, 142, 160 Lactation, 142, 160 Laminin, 27, 136, 160 Large Intestine, 145, 159, 160, 173, 175, 180 Latent, 160, 170 Laxative, 132, 160, 176 Lesion, 160, 161, 179 Lethal, 9, 54, 136, 160 Leukocytes, 71, 72, 81, 105, 136, 137, 140, 148, 157, 158, 160, 179 Life cycle, 12, 151, 160 Ligands, 18, 160 Linkages, 154, 155, 160, 165, 177 Lipid, 30, 56, 147, 153, 160, 167 Lipid Peroxidation, 160, 167 Lipoxygenase, 160, 165 Liquor, 161, 173 Localization, 11, 19, 24, 55, 76, 161 Localized, 131, 157, 160, 161, 164, 169, 179 Locomotion, 43, 48, 71, 72, 81, 104, 161, 169, 172 Longitudinal study, 33, 55, 161 Loperamide, 6, 161 Lucida, 160, 161 Luciferase, 32, 161 Lymph, 100, 140, 147, 155, 161

189

Lymph node, 140, 161 Lymphadenitis, 53, 161, 164 Lymphatic, 147, 157, 161, 176, 178 Lymphatic system, 161, 176, 178 Lymphocyte, 31, 51, 131, 134, 157, 162 Lymphocyte Count, 131, 162 Lymphoid, 27, 134, 162 Lymphokine, 51, 162 Lysine, 28, 155, 156, 162, 179 Lytic, 162, 175, 180 M Macrolides, 44, 162 Macrophage, 32, 104, 158, 162 Malignant, 131, 162, 165 Mammary, 142, 162 MEDLINE, 115, 162 Melanin, 162, 168, 179 Membrane Lipids, 162, 168 Memory, 18, 134, 145, 162 Mental, iv, 6, 114, 116, 140, 143, 145, 146, 162, 172 Mental Health, iv, 6, 114, 116, 162, 172 Mercury, 150, 162 Methionine, 99, 145, 162, 177 Methyltransferase, 39, 162 Metronidazole, 9, 27, 28, 44, 99, 162 MI, 89, 129, 162 Microorganism, 104, 141, 163, 167, 180 Microvilli, 43, 163 Migration, 19, 55, 133, 163 Mitochondria, 21, 163, 166 Mitochondrial Swelling, 163, 165 Mitosis, 135, 163 Mitotic, 18, 163 Mobilization, 7, 163 Mode of Transmission, 5, 163 Modeling, 11, 21, 163 Modification, 133, 152, 163 Molecular mass, 103, 163 Monoclonal antibodies, 22, 29, 42, 65, 98, 101, 102, 163 Monocyte, 43, 48, 71, 72, 81, 91, 104, 163 Mononuclear, 164, 179 Morphology, 60, 164 Motility, 152, 157, 164 Mucins, 13, 48, 65, 71, 148, 153, 164, 174 Mucosa, 23, 159, 164 Mucus, 146, 150, 164, 179 Multidrug resistance, 62, 164 Multigene Family, 102, 103, 164 Muscle Fibers, 164 Mutate, 21, 164

Mycobacterium, 4, 108, 136, 164, 179 Mycobacterium avium, 4, 136, 164 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection, 4, 164 Myeloma, 155, 164 Myocardium, 162, 164 Myosin, 58, 59, 76, 164 N Natural killer cells, 158, 164 Nausea, 151, 164 NCI, 1, 113, 141, 164 Necrosis, 32, 51, 59, 135, 157, 162, 165 Neoplasm, 165, 179 Nephritis, 17, 165 Nephropathy, 17, 165 Nerve, 132, 140, 145, 165, 176, 178 Nervous System, 139, 165, 177, 180 Neural, 18, 155, 165 Neuraminidase, 23, 165 Neuronal, 18, 165 Neurons, 145, 165 Neurotransmitter, 131, 133, 135, 138, 153, 155, 159, 165, 177 Neutrophil, 15, 104, 165 Nitric Oxide, 32, 71, 72, 165 Nitrogen, 133, 143, 163, 165, 179 Noel, 22, 165 Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, 89, 165 Nuclear, 60, 82, 147, 149, 165, 171 Nuclei, 147, 152, 155, 159, 163, 166, 169 Nucleic acid, 9, 136, 144, 152, 165, 166, 172, 173 Nucleotidases, 156, 166 Nucleus, 18, 133, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 164, 166, 176 Nutritional Status, 7, 166 O Occult, 49, 166 Ocular, 140, 166 Oligopeptides, 104, 166 Oligosaccharides, 165, 166 On-line, 10, 129, 166 Opportunistic Infections, 57, 131, 166 Organ Culture, 166, 178 Organelles, 139, 141, 144, 166 Ovary, 19, 83, 166 Ovum, 160, 166 Oxidants, 31, 166 Oxidation, 135, 144, 153, 160, 166, 167 Oxidation-Reduction, 166 Oxidative Stress, 57, 167

190

Entamoeba Histolytica

P Pancreas, 131, 145, 151, 167, 179 Pancreatic, 4, 167 Parasitic, 5, 6, 12, 16, 71, 80, 98, 100, 105, 120, 136, 143, 146, 152, 160, 167, 174 Parasitic Diseases, 80, 98, 120, 167 Parenteral, 5, 167 Parenteral Nutrition, 5, 167 Parietal, 167, 168, 169 Partial remission, 167, 173 Particle, 32, 167, 178 Patch, 21, 167 Pathogen, 8, 10, 15, 17, 19, 20, 99, 167 Pathogenesis, 10, 14, 16, 19, 27, 54, 67, 102, 109, 167 Pathologic, 135, 137, 143, 156, 167, 172 Pathologic Processes, 135, 167 Pathophysiology, 108, 109, 167 Pepsin, 167 Peptic, 17, 21, 167 Peptic Ulcer, 17, 21, 167 Peptide, 9, 12, 17, 20, 29, 83, 102, 133, 140, 147, 148, 156, 168, 170, 171, 172 Peptide Fragments, 102, 168 Peptide Hydrolases, 147, 156, 168 Perforation, 4, 101, 168, 180 Pericarditis, 101, 168 Peritoneum, 168 Peritonitis, 101, 168, 180 Phagocyte, 16, 166, 168 Phagocytosis, 8, 14, 19, 36, 38, 59, 60, 168 Pharmacologic, 168, 178 Phenotype, 12, 21, 142, 168 Phenylalanine, 168, 179 Phosphoglucomutase, 99, 103, 168 Phospholipids, 26, 150, 158, 162, 168 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 156, 168 Phosphorus, 138, 168 Phosphorylation, 9, 10, 82, 132, 168 Phosphotyrosine, 56, 168 Phycocyanin, 40, 168 Phycoerythrin, 40, 169 Phylogeny, 9, 169 Physical Examination, 108, 169 Physicochemical, 48, 169 Physiologic, 137, 169, 173 Physiology, 57, 62, 151, 169 Pigment, 140, 153, 168, 169 Pinocytosis, 19, 169 Plants, 81, 86, 87, 88, 133, 135, 138, 140, 153, 160, 164, 169, 178, 180

Plasma, 22, 25, 39, 76, 105, 134, 136, 139, 147, 150, 151, 154, 164, 169, 172 Plasma cells, 105, 134, 164, 169 Plasmid, 66, 169, 180 Plasticity, 18, 169 Platelet Aggregation, 134, 165, 169 Platelet Factor 4, 158, 169 Platelets, 136, 165, 169 Pleomorphic, 104, 169 Pleura, 169 Pleural, 101, 169 Pneumonia, 143, 170 Poisoning, 108, 120, 151, 162, 164, 170, 174 Polymerase, 25, 30, 41, 43, 47, 59, 62, 75, 135, 170 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 25, 30, 41, 43, 47, 59, 75, 170 Polymorphic, 54, 70, 170 Polymorphism, 30, 66, 170 Polypeptide, 71, 133, 141, 150, 170, 171, 181 Polysaccharide, 134, 139, 170 Polyvalent, 49, 170 Potentiates, 158, 170 Potentiation, 18, 170 Practice Guidelines, 116, 170 Precursor, 135, 146, 148, 168, 170, 172, 179 Predisposition, 20, 170 Prevalence, 7, 41, 63, 69, 72, 148, 170 Probe, 99, 170 Progeny, 164, 170 Prognostic factor, 4, 171 Progression, 4, 134, 171 Progressive, 145, 146, 165, 171, 179 Prokaryotic Cells, 102, 147, 171 Proline, 142, 156, 171 Prophylaxis, 6, 171, 179 Prospective study, 161, 171 Prostaglandins, 83, 135, 157, 171 Prostaglandins A, 83, 157, 171 Prostaglandins D, 171 Prostate, 171 Prostatitis, 86, 171 Protease, 31, 64, 101, 171 Protease Inhibitors, 101, 171 Protective Agents, 138, 171 Protein C, 21, 133, 136, 141, 171, 179 Protein Conformation, 21, 133, 171 Protein Kinases, 90, 172 Protein S, 73, 102, 137, 147, 149, 152, 171, 172 Proteolytic, 53, 89, 102, 142, 148, 150, 172

191

Prothrombin, 172, 177 Protozoa, 5, 10, 71, 80, 88, 133, 136, 143, 146, 152, 163, 172, 174, 176, 180 Protozoal, 4, 5, 172 Proxy, 4, 172 Pseudopodia, 133, 172 Psoriasis, 104, 135, 172 Public Health, 5, 10, 22, 40, 82, 102, 116, 172 Public Policy, 115, 172 Publishing, 22, 172 Pulmonary, 137, 148, 164, 172, 177 Purines, 136, 172, 175 Purpura, 4, 172 Pyogenic, 109, 149, 173 Pyrimidines, 136, 173, 175 Q Quaternary, 171, 173 R Race, 163, 173 Radiation, 150, 151, 157, 162, 173, 181 Radioactive, 155, 159, 163, 165, 173 Randomized, 73, 146, 173 Reagent, 100, 103, 104, 161, 173 Receptor, 9, 15, 18, 19, 45, 55, 131, 134, 173 Recombinant, 5, 11, 17, 28, 29, 32, 47, 51, 55, 62, 64, 66, 68, 71, 75, 102, 173, 180 Rectal, 4, 92, 173 Rectum, 135, 138, 142, 145, 150, 151, 158, 160, 171, 173 Red blood cells, 149, 154, 173 Reductase, 6, 21, 173 Refer, 1, 142, 151, 154, 161, 173, 178 Regimen, 146, 173 Reinfection, 7, 173 Remission, 5, 173 Respiratory Burst, 81, 173 Respiratory Mucosa, 16, 173 Retraction, 133, 173 Reversion, 174, 179 Rheumatism, 174 Rheumatoid, 104, 166, 174 Rheumatoid arthritis, 104, 174 Rickettsiae, 174, 180 Risk factor, 21, 171, 174 Rod, 136, 149, 174, 175 Rotavirus, 6, 174 Rural Population, 63, 174 S Saliva, 174 Salivary, 13, 53, 144, 145, 174 Salivary glands, 144, 145, 174

Salmonella, 4, 5, 6, 28, 108, 109, 151, 174 Sanitation, 9, 174 Sarcocystis, 5, 174 Schistosome, 5, 174 Screening, 15, 19, 87, 99, 141, 174 Sebaceous, 159, 174, 180 Secretion, 19, 24, 155, 160, 164, 174, 180 Secretory, 13, 24, 27, 28, 39, 65, 67, 174 Sedimentation, 139, 174 Sequence Analysis, 28, 174 Sequencing, 9, 13, 71, 170, 175 Serine, 23, 28, 29, 45, 58, 69, 99, 147, 175, 179 Serologic, 68, 101, 156, 175 Serous, 142, 147, 169, 175 Serum, 13, 17, 23, 51, 55, 60, 80, 100, 102, 132, 134, 142, 156, 168, 175, 179 Sex Characteristics, 132, 175, 177 Shigella, 4, 5, 6, 10, 34, 70, 108, 109, 175 Shigellosis, 4, 175 Shock, 51, 175, 178 Side effect, 132, 175, 178 Signs and Symptoms, 173, 175 Skeleton, 131, 175 Small intestine, 146, 148, 152, 155, 159, 175, 179 Smooth muscle, 134, 138, 155, 175, 177 Sodium, 30, 82, 175 Sodium Acetate, 30, 175 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 82, 175 Somatic, 132, 155, 163, 175 Sorbitol, 155, 176 Spasmogenic, 134, 176 Spasmolytic, 87, 176 Spastic, 159, 176 Specialist, 121, 176 Specificity, 10, 11, 31, 83, 132, 147, 176 Sperm, 19, 141, 176 Spleen, 102, 144, 155, 161, 176 Sporocysts, 160, 176 Standardize, 101, 176 Stimulant, 155, 176 Stimulus, 149, 158, 159, 176 Stomach, 131, 145, 149, 151, 155, 164, 167, 175, 176, 180 Stool, 8, 10, 17, 25, 29, 30, 34, 41, 59, 70, 100, 142, 159, 160, 176, 177 Strand, 170, 176 Stress, 14, 70, 108, 151, 159, 164, 167, 170, 174, 176 Subacute, 157, 176 Subclinical, 157, 176

192

Entamoeba Histolytica

Subcutaneous, 13, 167, 176 Subspecies, 176 Substance P, 149, 174, 177 Substrate, 10, 21, 148, 155, 165, 177 Sulfates, 175, 177 Sulfur, 31, 162, 177 Superoxide, 21, 66, 173, 177 Superoxide Dismutase, 66, 177 Suppression, 31, 177 Surfactant, 175, 177 Suspensions, 32, 177, 179 Symptomatic, 9, 54, 62, 101, 177 Symptomatology, 10, 177 Systemic, 21, 29, 137, 149, 157, 164, 175, 177, 178 Systemic disease, 164, 177 T Tacrolimus, 5, 177 Teichoic Acids, 153, 177 Tenesmus, 146, 177 Testosterone, 173, 177 Thermal, 146, 170, 177 Threonine, 58, 175, 177 Thrombin, 19, 150, 169, 171, 172, 177 Thrombomodulin, 171, 177 Thrombosis, 136, 172, 177 Thymus, 156, 161, 178 Thyroid, 178, 179 Tissue Culture, 12, 178 Tooth Preparation, 131, 178 Toxic, iv, 8, 144, 178 Toxicity, 162, 165, 178 Toxicology, 116, 178 Toxin, 4, 141, 178 Transduction, 10, 69, 158, 168, 178 Transfection, 15, 32, 137, 178 Transfer Factor, 156, 178 Transferases, 153, 178 Translation, 133, 149, 178 Translational, 19, 178 Translocation, 20, 149, 178 Transmitter, 131, 159, 178 Transplantation, 156, 178 Trauma, 165, 178 Triage, 41, 178 Trichomoniasis, 20, 162, 179 Trypsin, 24, 148, 179, 181 Tryptophan, 142, 179 Tuberculosis, 164, 179 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 5, 26, 28, 32, 179 Tumour, 45, 51, 179 Tunica, 164, 179

Typhimurium, 28, 179 Tyrosine, 10, 35, 89, 168, 179 U Ulcer, 179 Ulceration, 5, 167, 179 Ulcerative colitis, 4, 108, 158, 179 Urea, 8, 179 Urea Breath Test, 8, 179 Urease, 179 Urinary, 74, 175, 179 Urine, 137, 146, 179 Urogenital, 140, 179 Urogenital Diseases, 140, 179 Uterus, 131, 140, 179 V Vaccination, 13, 16, 21, 29, 32, 83, 179 Vaccines, 9, 15, 17, 19, 101, 103, 179, 180 Vacuoles, 147, 166, 169, 180 Vascular, 138, 147, 148, 157, 165, 180 Vasodilator, 138, 155, 180 Vector, 158, 167, 178, 180 Vegetative, 34, 180 Venous, 136, 137, 154, 172, 180 Venules, 137, 138, 147, 180 Vesicular, 19, 133, 154, 180 Veterinary Medicine, 115, 180 Vibrio, 29, 109, 140, 180 Viral, 4, 6, 16, 20, 109, 135, 152, 178, 180 Virulence, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 26, 30, 35, 39, 44, 52, 59, 66, 76, 77, 78, 82, 135, 178, 180 Virulent, 49, 180 Virus, 6, 17, 32, 33, 108, 131, 136, 148, 152, 158, 178, 180 Vitamin A, 158, 180 Vitro, 11, 12, 18, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 44, 51, 52, 59, 74, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 95, 157, 170, 177, 178, 180 Vivo, 12, 15, 180 Volvulus, 66, 180 Vulgaris, 92, 180 W White blood cell, 134, 142, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 180 X Xenograft, 15, 134, 181 X-ray, 4, 150, 165, 181 Y Yeasts, 151, 168, 181 Z Zymogen, 171, 181

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