English: Методические указания по английскому языку

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Оренбургский государственный университет» Кафедра английского языка естественно-научных и инженерно-технических специальностей

Е. В. СОКОЛОВА

ENGLISH МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Рекомендовано к изданию Редакционно-издательским советом Государственного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования «Оренбургский государственный университет»

Оренбург 2003

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ББК 81.2Англ я73 С-59 УДК 802.0.621.3 (075.8)

Рецензенты кандидат филологических наук, доцент Н. С. Сахарова кандидат филологических наук, доцент Л.Ф. Мачнева С-59

Соколова Е. В. English: Методические указания по английскому языку – Оренбург: ГОУ ВПО ОГУ, 2003.- 49 c.

Данные методические указания представляют собой подборку текстов, упражнений, диалогов по разговорным темам для студентов первого курса электроэнергетического факультета. Предлагаемые упражнения и тексты способствуют развитию диалогической и монологической речи, а также развивают умения перевода и навыки говорения. Предназначено для использования на практических занятиях по английскому языку.

ББК 81.2Англ я73

©Соколова Е.В.,2003 ©ОГУ ВПО ОГУ, 2003

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Введение Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов первого курса электроэнергетического факультета специальности Электроснабжение. Цель методических указаний- выработка навыков чтения, говорения и понимания литературы технического профиля. Методические указания состоят из 10 уроков (Lessons), включающих тексты для изучающего чтения, упражнения на развитие коммуникативных навыков, упражнения для самостоятельной работы на закрепление лексического и грамматического материала.

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1 Lesson 1 1.1 Выпишите транскрипцию и произнесите названия следующих наук Economics, Geology, Geography, History, Statistics, Medicine, Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics. 1.2 Сравните науки по времени возникновения Example: Astronomy is older than physics. 1.3Скажите, какие науки наиболее важны для вашей специальности 1.4 Выпишите транскрипцию н произнесите следующие интернациональные слова, догадываясь об их значении Africa, America, Asia, Australia, architecture, bank, catastrophe, civilization, cosmic, culture, democracy, Europe, experiment, formulate, fragment, hypothesis, idea, information, laboratory, Latin, legendary, limit, official, paradox, planet, religion, region, technology, test, theory, tradition. 1.5 Произнесите следующие географические названия за преподавателем и переведите эти названия устно. Определите, каким частям света они соответствуют Europe, Australia, Africa, America, Asia Japan, Greece, Great Britain, Athens, Rome, Egypt, Sydney, Canberra, Hamburg 1.6 Прочтите и переведите текст This is Peter Hill in the BBC studio. Good afternoon. My listeners often ask me what information people like most, and where they usually get it. So, let me answer these questions now. People cannot live without new information. But everybody gets it in his own way. Some people like to travel. They travel around Europe, Asia, America and Australia. But why? Why do they go to these distant regions of our planet? Because these regions give them new ideas, of course. Statistics say that people go to the United States and Great Britain for practical information on democracy, to Canberra and Hamburg for information on banking systems, to Rome for ideas on religion, to Sydney to see modern architecture, to Japan to learn about new technologies. If people are interested in the history of culture or dead languages - Latin and Greek, they go to Italy and Greece. Some others do not go anywhere: they sit in laboratories, work at theories, and make experiments. Out of fragments of information these people formulate hypotheses, test their ideas, and get new information about life. 6

So, some do this, some do that. But what do most of us do? Yes, most of us love to read books. Statistics say that the books people like best are about legendary people, contacts of cosmic civilizations, global catastrophes, and traditions of other nations. If we talk about new ideas, we have to answer one more question: what is the easiest, fastest, and least expensive way to get information? It may be a paradox, but most people just talk to each other. I'm sure, today information has no limits. Write to me how you usually get it, and what information interests you most. 1.7 Образуйте Past Indefinite, Participle II, Participle I от следующих глаголов prove, find, grow, lose, appear, develop, originate, lead, study, exist, divide, change, belong, freeze 1.8 Прочтите текст вслух, употребляя глаголы в скобках в соответствующей форме простого настоящего или прошедшего времени Magnus More than two thousand years ago there (live) a boy, Magnus by name. Every day he (watch) his sheep. Magnus (have) a long iron stick. One day he (put) his slick down on a rock. He (want) to run after the sheep but he (can) not take his stick off the rock. The rock (have) a mysterious force which (hold) iron. Magnus (be) the first person who (find) this kind of rock. And that's why we (call) it magnet. Of course, this is a legend. Scientists (prove) that magnets (take) their name from the town of Magnesia in Asia near which there (be) pieces of magnetic rock. 1.9 Прочтите текст, стараясь понять основную идею What Geologists know Geologists know a lot about the functions of the Earth. For example, they discovered how mountains were made and what a volcano is. But they do not know when exactly a volcano will start its activity. They know much about the outside of the Earth, but they are not quite sure about the inside. The scientists are not quite sure about the origin of the Earth. They have many different ideas about this, but there are still more difficult questions for them.

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1.10 Подчеркните предложение, которое передаёт идею текста наиболее точно a) Geologists have different ideas about the origin of the Earth. b) Geologists know a lot about the Earth. c) Geologists still have many questions about the Earth. 1.11 Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на наиболее существенные факты Frozen Patients? There often come interesting reports from scientists studying the past in the coldest parts of the world: Greenland, Alaska, Siberia. Arctic and Antarctic. They find prehistoric animals frozen in the ice. The pieces of flora and fauna look alive, but they are not. They were frozen many thousand years ago; thanks to very low temperature they were preserved to this day. Not long ago Russian scientists discovered a large animal called a mastodon. The precious finding looked much the same as an elephant, but was larger, and had much hair. It was a great sight to see. In 1984, American scientists working near the North Pole found an ancient man frozen in the ice. Thanks to the Arctic cold his body looked the same. It did not change. The facts about frozen relics are very interesting for medicine, and may be a key to a well known problem of incurable diseases. There are some patients who are very ill, and no one can cure them. There is no medicine for them yet. Maybe, these patients can be frozen until there is medicine to help them?

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2 Lesson 2 2.1 Заполните пропуски указанными словами в соответствующей форме about, ancient (2), as for, ВС, European, belong, develop, exist (2), knowledge, law, level Where European Ideas Come from Europe's first big culture….on the island of Crete from….2000 ВС to 1450 ВС. This civilization had beautiful towns, roads and large palaces, fragments of which still…..Later – between the ninth and third centuries….another,….Greek culture…. . Its century was the city of Athens, and many important ideas about democracy, ….., philosophy and architecture…. to it…..Greek…., it was of a high…, too. The language is the largest part of Greek culture: it reflects the …. history and early religion, and that's why people round the world study it at schools and universities. 2.2 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме AD, appear, century, fail, gigantic, quite The Roman Empire After Greece, another legendary nation…. . Founded in 753 ВС, Rome became…. powerful in about 300 ВС, and 200 years later it ruled many nations of the ancient world. Latin became their official language, and many Latin words and phrases entered local languages. Rome had tall buildings, beautiful roads, transport, and a large army. It was a rich and successful empire with a good system of management. But empires don't exist for long: all nations want to be free. During the third and fourth … AD, armies of Vikings and Vandals and other enemies began to attack it. Slowly, the….Roman Empire became weaker, and by 500…..it…. 2.3 Выпишите пары, слова которых имеют сходное значение, и пары, слова которых противоположны по значению exist, die, ancient, old, similar, same, human, animal, mystery, secret, cause, end, grow, fail, fact, legend, unit, part, mention, tell 2.4 Подберите соответствующий эквивалент следующим выражениям 1) according to the legend, 2) the same phenomenon, 3) ancient cultures, 4)highlevel knowledge, 5) mysterious disease, 6) ready-made form, 7) matter structure, 8) 9

single origin, 9) cause and effect, 10) weather forecast, 11) responsible and sure, 12) with pleasure, 13) most important units а) то же самое явление, б) строение вещества, в) таинственное заболевание, г) с удовольствием, д) ответственный и уверенный, е) важнейшие узлы, ж) согласно легенде, з) древние культуры, и) причина и следствие, к) готовая форма, л) высокий уровень знаний, м) прогноз погоды, н) единое происхождение 2.5 Прочтите предложения, догадываясь о значении выделенных слов. Переведите предложения письменно А. 1 Iron is a chemical element which symbol is "Fe". 2 Iron contains much more carbon than steel. 3 We often say "an iron man" when we speak about a person of a strong character. B. 1 Time is money. 2 If you want to learn foreign words fast, repeat them several times. 3Time yourself when you get ready for a run race. C. 1 The idea of metal money originates from the ancient kingdom of Lydia in the territory of modern Turkey. 2 Later, the use of different coins originated a successful system of metal money which spread to other countries. D. 1 Islam is against the democratic law that men and women arc equal . 2 Two and two equals four. 2.6 Выпишите слова с приставкой "re-". Скажите, какое значение она придаст словам a) Some of the students failed the grammar test, and had to rewrite it before the Greek exam. b) Every night Sheila relived the catastrophe in her dream. c) I think, I'll ask Steve for his new earner and retake some of these photos. 2.7 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастия настоящего времени a) Leaving ….. Asia in the 7th century ВС, the Scythians for some 400 years were masters of a great part of Europe. b) We learn to live, reading …..books. c) Dolphins, living ….in the warm sea, sometimes follow the ships for a long distance, playing .... around in the water. d) Studying…. at the University I met my future husband. 10

e) In the 5th century ВС ancient Greeks made some discoveries proving ….. the man's origin from apes. f) Knowing …..that the Earth is globe-shaped, the Egyptians put forward the idea that it rotates in space. 2.8 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в форме простого прошедшего времени и на причастия прошедшего времени a) Both Greeks and Romans used silver for money. b) Bacteria discovered by the Indians became known to the Europeans in the 17th century. c) Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century ВС. d) The lost continent of Atlantis is one of the world's mysteries. Some scientists say, that Atlantis existed near the Bahamas islands. e) The youngest millionaire was a seven - year - old girl called Jackic Coogan. She was a famous film star in a silent film with Charlie Chaplin. 2.9

Прочтите текст и выпишите ключевые предложения из текста The Mystery Of Stonehenge

In some parts of Britain one can see a number of strange sights — big stones standing in a circle. These are the monuments left by the earliest men of the country. The best-known stone-circle named Stonehenge dates from between 1900 and 1600 ВС. It is made of many upright stones, standing in groups of twos, 8.5 meters high. They are joined on the top by other stones, each weighing about 7 tons. No one can tell how these large stones were moved, or from what places they were brought. Stonehenge is still a mystery. Tourists from various corners of the world come to see this super sight of Wiltshire, England. Archaeologists think that Stonehenge was just a place for religious ceremonies. Now they think it was also a kind of calendar, which showed the movements of the sun and the moon. Those were probably very important to the builders of Stonehenge for religious reasons, and because they were fanners, too. If Stonehenge and many other smaller stone circles in Britain and France are really calendars, we have to change our ideas about people long ago: they weren't primitive. Big stones exist only in the British Isles. According to the official information, there are no such constructions anywhere else. (By the way, a lot of achievements of modem civilization first appeared in Britain. For example, Britain had the first parliament, many present constitutions have their origins in British 'Bill of Rights', the industrial revolution also began in Britain. It is surprising that a small country, cut from the other world, developed so quickly.) There is a hypothesis that some other civilization with a much higher level of knowledge coded main principles of life in the henges, and the British and other 11

world nations developed according to these principles. Why was Britain chosen to build the henges in? Possibly, a small ground was necessary for their experiment. And they found an island, separated from the world. Many world religions have legends about some stones with letters of life on them. Aren't those stones the henges? 2.10 Переведите текст письменно Strange Explosions at Sasovo, in Russia Most mysterious phenomena took place in about 200 miles south-east of Moscow. Some discussions appeared in Russian publications, yet there is none seen in the English-language journals. These phenomena have a few characteristics similar to the Tunguska catastrophe of 1908. One of our Russian correspondents summarized everything known about the Sasovo explosions, and we are happy to present part of his (lightly edited) letter in "Science Frontiers": "On April 12, 1991, a strange explosion happened near the Russian town of Sasovo (350 km to the south-east of Moscow). After the explosion, people found a crater, about 30 m in diameter and 3 m deep. Of all ideas put forward about its nature scientists left only one: that it was of a tectonic origin. The geological study in the region and a secondary, weaker explosion, taking place in 1992 in a sparsely populated area about 9 km away from the first one, proved this. For some years before the explosions, there were signs of growing tectonic activity in the region: a great number of 'fireballs' and the so-called UFOs (unidentified flying objects), some of slow ground deformations, and so on. For about several hours before the 1991 explosion, many places people saw numerous 'fireballs,' often accompanied by ground vibrations. In many houses, animals were anxious. Some people fell ill. Railroad devices failed. About 1 minute before the explosion, noise appeared in radio receivers At a distance of up to several hundred kilometers from the epicenter, some people said that it became very hot and they felt suffocation.' Near the epicenter, a bright light with a duration of several seconds and an explosion (thunder and ground shock) took place. (According to the information received, a 'glowing object' flew down to the ground.) The 1991 Sasovo explosion, accompanied by a number of intriguing phenomena, sometimes resembling ball lightning and even tornado, was quite unusual, and brought selective ruins to the town and even to the village located 20 km from the epicenter. During the explosion, in closed rooms, people saw different things flying and landing. The next day the scientists also learned about the people transported by an unknown force, hollow plastic toys and bulbs exploded, inner windows smashed and outer windows undamaged. At a distance of about 10 km from the main crater, two more craters appeared and there were light phenomena.

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3 Lesson 3 3.1 Выпишите предложения с глаголами в форме пассивного залога и переведите предложения устно a) Australian English is spoken in Australia and New Zealand. Some of its words are not understood in Great Britain. b) Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. c) The Taj Mahai was built in about 1640. It is one of the most famous Indian sights and it is visited by thousands of tourists. d) Rome was the center of a great empire two thousand years ago. e) "Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare and later was translated into many languages. f) The Plaka is a very good part of Athens. g) New democratic ideas will be developed in Russia. 3.2 Прочтите предложения вслух: первый раз - как они даны, второй раз — ставя глаголы в форму пассивного залога и производя соответствующие изменения a) Time will always form the basis of many scientific laws. b) Science gave the world many wonderful discoveries. c) People speak English in many countries. d) Edison patented more than one thousand inventions. e) Scientists decoded the man's genetic system. It's a great job and they won't finish it for several years. f) The Arabs didn't invent Arabic numbers. The Indians invented them. 3.3 Составьте из указанных слов и фраз примеры употребления пассивного залога. Прочтите примеры вслух и переведите их устно a) about ancient people - in future - learn - many new facts b) two thousand years ago - find - magnets - according to the legend c) by the ancient Greeks - use - water clocks - to time the speeches of their orators. d) build - next century - undersea cities. 3.4 Переведите текст устно Eiffel Tower The world famous tower was built in 1889 for the Paris Exposition by one of France's leading engineers Alexander Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923). Eiffel was a chemical engineer, but in 1867 he formed a design company. In 1885 Eiffel's firm de13

signed the carcass for the American symbol — the Statue of Liberty, and four years later there came the government contract for the famous Tower. When it was built, the Eiffel Tower, at 986 feet, was the tallest building in the world. It was the tallest until 1930, when New York's Chrysler Building, sixty feet higher, was built. Working with tall buildings, Eiffel had to study aerodynamics, and became an expert on meteorology. Eiffel put forward many new principles on construction of tall buildings which are still in use. 3.5 Переведите текст письменно Changes in the Calendar Studying the universe, early astronomers knew that the Earth orbits around the Sun in 365.2422 days. But this number makes it difficult to plan a calendar. The first person who tried to do this was Julius Caesar (100-44 ВС). Не asked his astronomer to make what became known as the Julian calendar. Later Julius Caesar gave the idea of a longer — leap year which can easily compensate for the extra 0.2422 of the day in each" year. The Julian calendar was remade, and had a leap year every third year. The calendar which we use today was developed by the Roman Emperor Augustus (63 ВС-14 AD), who in 8 ВС made one leap year every fourth year. Pope Gregory X11I made some changes, and gave the world the Gregorian calendar, according to which the century years can be leap years if they are divided by 400: 1800 and 1900 were not leap years, but 2000 will be. Will the calendar be remade, do you think? 3.6 Прочтите и переведите текст Another Mystery of the Ancient Pyramid Thinking of a key to the phenomenon of ancient knowledge, we should remember the Great Pyramid of Cheops at Giza. Do you know its 'Surprises'? The perimeter of the base divided by twice the height gives us “pi” (3.14159). The height, taken one thousand million times equals the distance between the Earth and the Sun, Other parameters show the Earth's weight, and the four directions of the world. As for the Gallery leading to the Pharaoh's burial chamber, it gives a clear view of the North Star. All these surprises are well-known to Egyptologists. But one, discovered in 1993, is still a mystery. A German engineer R. Gantenbrink was hired to clean the narrow ventilation corridors in the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid with the help of his robot. The robot, using its camera eye, found that the corridor ended in a tiny door, and that the wall of the segment was polished well enough, and that a small gap exists at the bottom of the door, but the camera could not peer through it. What could lie beyond that tiny door, too small for humans? Is there a hidden chamber? What might it contain? No robot or man can answer these questions yet, and scientists do not think it will be so easy in the near future. 14

3.7 Ответьте на вопросы a) What is the surprise of the Great Pyramid's perimeter? b) What is the surprise of the height? c) What do other parameters show? d) What direction is the Gallery built in? e) Who found the last surprise? f) Could the robot see the inside of the door? g) When will it be known what the tiny chamber contains? 3.8 Составьте единый текст из следующих частей, проставляя их номера по порядку A True Proof a) A new world rose from the ashes. Ancient civilizations grew fast in some localized regions — in the valleys of large rivers of India, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. The knowledge of the people was fragmental but carried the features of the same origin. The same mystic numbers were considered sacred in the various corners of the world — 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 24, 27, 36. Some information of those numbers was decoded by scientists later: 9 stands for the number of planets in the solar system, 11 stands for the rhythms of solar activity, 7 — for the biorhythms. So the people who lived after the catastrophe and received fragments of the prehistoric knowledge played the role of catalyst in the development о f known edge. b) According to the fact that the ancient peoples, from the very beginning had "ready-made" knowledge, an earlier civilization existed. c) The cause of this catastrophe is unknown. According to one opinion, the Earth 'seized' the Moon! Others say that our planet collided with a cosmic body, while still others believe that the Sun's activity became catastrophicaly greater. What was the result? Did the Earth's orbit change? Did the poles shift? Did the planet slow down its rotation? (Proving this, the ancient Inca calendar with its 290 days shows that, before the catastrophe, the Earth rotated 1.25 times faster around the Sun.) d) The calendars of the world's oldest civilization of Asia, Africa, North and South America — the early Indians, Egyptians, Asyrians and later the Mayas — show the date of the Catastrophe as 11,542 ВС, and begin their chronological systems from it. e) Those who survived went to different places all over the Earth, carrying some of their knowledge. So people of the Earth had to begin all over again. 3.9 Не читая текста, "Atlantis" угадайте, о чём в нем говорится. Выберите наиболее вероятный ответ a) The origin of the ancient land "Atlantis". b) The Atlantic Ocean and its islands. c) A historic legend. 15

d) Archaeological findings. e) Proofs of Atlantis' existence. 3.10 Прочтите текст внимательно, обращая внимание на подробности, и скажите, насколько ваш прогноз о его содержании оказался верен Atlantis One of the world's greatest mystery stories is about the lost continent of Atlantis. A historian of old Greece Plato (about 428-347 ВС) was the first who wrote about it in his "Dialogues". In 1968 an old wall was found under the water near the coast of Bimini in the Bahamas. According to Plato this was the very place in which Atlantis existed. Plato said that some old parts of that continent could be found, and that one day in the future, Atlantis could come out from the sea again. Where was Atlantis? When did it exist? Why did it disappear? And will it rise from the ocean again? These are some of the questions people ask about this mysterious continent. When Plato first wrote about Atlantis, he was sure it was near Gibraltar. A long time after Plato another man called Ignatius Donnelly began to write about Atlantis. He said it was in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe, and Africa. Plato believed Atlantis existed 12,000 years ago. He said it was "larger than Asia and Libya together" and it had good lands, high mountains, and was rich in minerals. The people had high-level knowledge and lived in wealth and harmony. One day Atlantis disappeared into the sea because of a terrible earthquake. Looking at the land below the Atlantic Ocean, scientists found hills and mountains which were once above the water. Fragments of buildings and walls were also found. Perhaps they once belonged to an earlier civilization. Because of the feet, that the Atlantic Ocean is one of the most active parts of the Earth, it is quite possible that 12,000 years ago there was some great activity which caused a large continent to disappear under the water. But this is not the only idea to believe that Atlantis really existed. Another idea is linguistic. In the languages of the countries which are far from each other, there are words with the same meaning. Take, for example, the English word "paradise". It is pronounced and spelt in the same way in many languages of the world. According to Plato, Atlantis was the "paradise" in which people lived in wealth and harmony. The Greek word for "paradise" is ATLANTIS. On the other side of the ocean, the North and South American Indians used "paradise" for some eastern land. Their legends say that the Indian civilization was started by superior men from a great continent in the east. How is it possible that so many people in different countries so far from each other could have a similar word for a similar place? And what's more, they all seem to put this place in the same location! These are just a few of the facts why some people say there was a civilization of Atlantis over 12,000 years ago. 16

4 Lesson4 4.1 Выпишите транскрипцию и произнесите названия следующих наук. Переведите названия устно Biology ,Physiology, Physics, Psychology, Chemistry, Linguistics 4.2 Допишите утверждения и прочтите их вслух Example: Elements are studied in Physics and Chemistry. 1 Flowers and plants are studied in... 2 Human nature is studied in... 3 Human body is studied in... 4 Languages are studied in... 4.3 Прочтите вслух и переведите устно a) to formulate a theorem; b) molecules and atoms; c) traditional design; d) to experiment with flying apparatus; e) the problem of radioactivity; f) to test temperature; h) alternative medicine; i) the law of gravitation; j) an official prize; k) to invent the telegraph ; 1) different minerals; m) the principle of inertia; n) a laboratory thermometer; o) an alternative position; p) to focus on ancient eras; q) a traditional phrase; r) laboratory material; 4.5 Произнесите следующие географические названия за преподавателем. Подберите соответствующий русский эквивалент Sweden, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Oxford, Stockholm, Geneva, Vienna, Zurich, Edinburgh, Warsaw, Cambridge, Spain, Belgium, France, Brussels, Paris

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4.6 Определите, каким странам соответствуют следующие города Austria, Sweden, Poland, Switzerland, Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, France Vienna, Zurich, Warsaw, Stockholm, Edinburgh, Geneva, London, Madrid, Cambridge, Paris, Brussels 4.7 Прочтите и переведите текст Edward and Wallis In April 1987 TV, radio and telegraph were focused on the single auction in Geneva. Switzerland, where three hundred people from Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, Spain and some other countries of the world came. They were kings, presidents, film stars, businessmen. The auction did not sell the usual things — pictures, clocks, early Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers and other old and expensive apparatuses, but the things a man, called Edward, gave a woman called Wallis. Just in a few hours ear-rings and bracelets of gold and minerals of different design were sold for $50,000,000. That sum was much more than the real cost of the things bought for Wallis. What put those things in the focus of TV, radio and telegraph? What mysterious problem did they hold? Edward and Wallis is not a simple two-word phrase, but a long era of true love. In their long lifetime the world saw great discoveries in biology and physiology, and received new ideas about atoms and molecules, acted in the wars and studied the philosophy of peace. Edward was born in 1894. 1-lis father was King George V, and his mother was Queen Mary. After a year at Oxford University, Edward went to fight in the First World War. He saw the death from gases on the front line in Belgium, he decided to make the world a better place. For that he had to learn the world and its people — the friends and enemies of Britain. Cambridge, London, Edinburgh were his home, and he knew its principles well. So, in 1920 he left England and visited 45 different countries. Everywhere he got out of his car, spoke with the people and shook their hands, which was not in the tradition of kings. Very soon Edward became famous in Vienna and Zurich, Stockholm and Warsaw, Madrid and Brussels, west and east, north and south. In the autumn of 1930 Edward went to some friends in England to fide horses. But on that day the temperature was unusually very low, and he decided to stay in the house for lunch. 'That lunch he never forgot. He saw Wallis. Theirs was a love story that shook the world. The man of the highest official position and the wrong woman, American and married. In 1936 he became Edward VIII, King of Great Britain, King of Australia, and King of 40 other countries, and he had to do the theorem of his life: to be a king, or to love and to be loved and to leave his country. The alternative was not easy, but Wallis was his prize, and he chose her. 18

They settled in France, in a beautiful large house in Paris. To be happy deep in your heart is the most wonderful thing in the world. 4.8 Прочтите текст и выпишите ключевые предложения A Break - through in Human History In the 1780s, a British judge called Sir William Jones was living and working in India. During that time there he studied the ancient literary language of India called Sanskrit, and noticed something unusual about a number of Sanskrit words: in fact, they were similar to their equivalents in Latin. Take mother and father, for example. In Sanskrit they are Mater and Piter. In Latin they are mater and pater. Could there, he wondered, be some connection between Sanskrit and Latin, or could they be of a common origin? The modern answer is 'yes'. Their research shows that between 6000-4500 ВС a tribe called the Indo-Europeans settled in the northern part of Central Europe. These people kept animals, grew crops and worked with leather and wool. They also had their own language. Until 3000 ВС this language existed only in Central Europe, but then two wonderful things happened: the Indo-Europeans learned to ride horses, and they discovered the wheel. As the result, they (and their language) began to travel long distances for the first time. Some went east to India and some went west to Scandinavia, Britain and the Mediterranean. During the next 3000-4000 years, the languages Sanskrit and Latin developed in these new regions — each with its own local words and phrases, and grammar. Meanwhile, as they became stronger, Indo-European itself became weaker, until in the end it disappeared completely. So, now it is a true fact that in the past all IndoEuropeans spoke the same language, and lived in the same territory. 4.9 Прочтите и переведите текст Leonardo da Vinchi, a Complete Man Leonardo da Vinchi was one of the greatest men in the world. Most of us think of him as an artist, as the painter of the "Mona Lisa", but he was much more than that. He was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, an astronomer, an inventor, an engineer, an anatomist, a botanist, a chemist and a geologist. Leonardo was born in the year of 1452 in the village of Vinci, sixty miles from Florence in Italy. He was very good at drawing. Leonardo's father showed his work to a friend named Verrochio. Verrochio was a famous artist and teacher. He liked Leonardo's drawings and took the boy as a pupil to help him in his studio. Once Verrochio designed a picture for a monastery and Leonardo was told to carry out the de-sign. When Verrochio saw Leonardo's beautiful painting, he knew that this boy was a much better artist than he himself. Leonardo never studied the work of other artists. He wanted to understand everything for him-self. 19

He studied optics and physiology of the eye, the movements of waves. And this was in the 15th century! He studied the structure of the human body. He also studied the structure and working of the heart and speculated on the circulation of the blood. Leonardo anticipated discoveries in almost every field. He was a military engineer and he drew sketches of primitive tanks and airplanes. He is supposed to be a designer of the first parachute and to be a constructor of the first elevator. To de-sign airplanes he studied the flight of birds, and for submarine designs he studied how fish swam. As a civil engineer he had plans for a complete system of irrigation. In science Leonardo had a notion of the principle of inertia, and nearly a century before Galileo he understood that falling bodies accelerated as they fell. He considered that the moon shone by reflected sunshine; and the Earth was not the centre of the Universe. He made designs for tunnels and canals, hundred years before the materials for these things were thought of. Unfortunately, he kept his ideas to himself, writing them in code notebooks so that his contemporaries knew nothing of his ideas. Because he was left-handed, Leonardo wrote all his notes from right to left. And all the letters of the words were backwards, so that you could only read them if you looked at the notes in a looking-glass. Between 1500 and 1505 Leonardo painted the portraits of two important ladies in Florence. The first portrait is lost but the second now hangs in the Art gallery in Paris. It is the "Mona Lisa" Leonardo worked on this portrait for three years When he was painting the lady , music played. That’s why the eyes of the lady in the picture are so mysterious and she has such a beautiful smile. During his lifetime Leonardo was greatly loved. He spent his last few years in a castle given to him by the king of France. As a man he was handsome, tactful, athletic; he was popular with his friends, followers and pupils. In fact, he was a complete man. 4.10 Ответьте на вопросы a) What painting is Leonardo da Vinci famous for? b) What were his other interests besides painting and sculpture? c) What discoveries did he anticipate? d) What was Leonardo da Vinci like as a man? e) Why did his contemporaries know nothing about his ideas?

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5 Lesson 5 5.1 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме anticipate, artists, construct, external, increase, influence, generation, graduate, mean, soft, success The Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of ….for many European countries: Britain, Austria, Sweden, Poland, and some others. During the Renaissance the number of great people in arts and sciences largely …. It began in Northern Italy during the fifteenth century, and was …..by classical Greek and Roman ideas. "Renaissance" …."rebirth" and that's exactly what happened. European culture was reborn, and produced a ….of new painters, whose works were a success with the people. The names of four legendary ….of that time are well - known: Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo, Botticelli and Raphael. Today many young artists - those who enter and those who …. from arts academies - dream of the same ….colours and lines in their pictures as Botticelli's and Leonardo's. Achievements in art ….. discoveries in other sciences - such as astronomy, medicine, literature and philosophy. In architecture, for example, more beautiful buildings were …., and different …. designs were developed. 5.2 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме artificial, break-through, civil, contemporary, in fact, military, note, notion, observe, sketch, though Picasso (1881 -1973) The twentieth century's most ambitious artist spent most of his life in France, …. he was born and grew up in Spain. In France he painted his beautiful …., and pictures of the famous "Blue" and "Rose" periods. Picasso and some other __ artists developed cubism - a new style and a ….in art. The….of cubism meant a new way to ….life. At that time many people were against cubism, calling it too …... But, influenced by African art, cubism started a revolution in European painting. …. it made Pablo Picasso a successful international star, which is exactly what he was for the next 60 years. Talking about Picasso, it must also be …. that he was always against …. ideas.

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5.3 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме arrive, attract, attention, belief, believe, the Bible, complete, consider, heart, height, link, reflect The Influence of the Vatican Vatican City is situated in Rome, and is also the world's smallest state. It is the of Roman Catholicism and it ….. lots of people who ….in God and belong to the Catholic Church. It is also …..one of the most famous sights of the world, because it …. traditions of the Renaissance. Tourists …. there can see churches with works by Michelangelo and Raphael, galleries and palaces, all …. to a small territory, surrounded by walls of a surprising ….. A visit to the Vatican won't be…..without seeing the Vatican Library, which holds a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, also on other …. from the pre - Christian and Christian eras. However, after the Renaissance, when the popes were among Italy's greatest patrons of the arts, the Vatican's cultural life greatly decreased. Today the Vatican publishes its own daily newspaper which attracts the …. of a large public, and its press can publish copies …. in any language of the world. The city has its own telephone, telegraph and banking systems, a radio station and an army of more than one hundred soldiers. Almost everything - food, water, electricity, and gas are imported. Vatican City was given its independence by the Fascist Italian government in 1929. The pope has absolute power within the city. 5.4 Выпишите пары, слова которых имеют сходное значение, и пары, слова которых противоположны но значению observe, study, internal, external, devote, give, visible, invisible, strong, weak, sketch, drawing, construct, build, complete, start, military, civil, soft, hard, consider, believe, wonder, sight, battle, fight, dangerous, safe 5.5 Переведите предложения 1 The U. S. Metropolitan Museum of Art houses more than 3.3 million works of art from ancient and modern times, and from all countries of the world. 2 Students of construction and architectural universities sketch a lot during their first year. 3 It is often necessary to X-ray an organ in the body to find the disease.

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5.6 Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим выражениям temperature scale, to carry out an experiment, require deep knowledge, the notion of gravitation, to speculate on the problem, to go through the walls, to contribute, to science, scientific research, ambitious people требовать глубоких знаний, проходить сквозь стены, температурная шкала, внести вклад в науку, провести эксперимент, смелые люди, целеустремленные люди, рассуждать о проблеме, научное исследование, понятие гравитации 5.7 Заполните пропуски neither...nor или either...or a) In Great Britain when people are having a party they invite friends …..over the phone ….. over the invitation. For example, they usually say, ….. "Please come over for a drink" "Would you like to come over for dinner this Saturday" b) "New Cars" is the name of a large company. But they make …. cars …. lorries. They design motorbikes. 5.8 Прочтите текст вслух и переведите его устно Symbols of the Nation There is a place in London which is very well-known. It holds symbols of the national history and culture of Great Britain. This is Trafalgar Square. It is famous for its Nelson's Column, a monument to heroic Admiral Horatio Nelson, who won a battle between the English and the French near Trafalgar in 1805. Though the French fleet lost, many Englishmen were killed in this battle. The brave admiral died, too. But to Englishmen he is a symbol of national victory. Not far from Nelson's Column there stands the National Portrait Gallery, in which a visitor can see portraits of legendary British personalities: William Shakespeare — the greatest writer and the symbol of talent, and Oliver Cromwell, the symbol of progress, because he was a brave politician and the head of the first republic in England. 5.9 Скажите, какие исторические личности Великобритании вам известны 5.10 Заполните пропуски словами, подходящими по смыслу, и прочтите предложения вслух height - length -width - weight - depth – strength a) The Atlantic Ocean is one of the world's largest oceans. It is 33,420,000 square miles and its …. is 11, 730 feet. b) The …. of the Thames is 236 miles. 23

c) The …. of some lakes at their maximum equals their length. d) All people know that the highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest. Its …. is 8,748 meters. 5.11 Прочтите текст, стараясь понять как основные, так и второстепенные факты An Unusual Tower The "Crooked Spire" on a Chesterfield church, England, is one of the most famous and unusual towers of the world in form and size. Its height is 69.5 m and it is leaning 3 m from its center. From the far the Spire looks like a thick, crooked needle, and it is standing on the skyline like a question mark: why? How did it happen? Is it safe? On what principle was it built? Will it fall down? In tact, Chesterfield's Spire started its life straight. History doesn't tell us when it began to lean. We also know that it is still moving. It is tested every year, and the civil engineers who arc constantly observing the Spire are sure that the Spire is quite safe. So, how did it happen? There is a belief among the local people that one day a young lady of such breathtaking beauty entered the church that the Spire leaned in love and respect. Another belief talks of a terrible storm and the lightning which struck the single lower. Contemporaries never recorded the story of the Spire, but historians tell of the dark year 1349, the year of Black Death in Chesterfield, about the same time that the Spire was built. Medicine was completely helpless and most of the people who were working on the Spire died. Those who survived were too weak to continue the work. That's why the Spire was never built to the end. Another dark year for the Church was on December 22, 1961 because of the fire. The fire moved quickly through the building and the Spire itself was in danger. It took two hours to get the fire under control. Many beautiful things, church treasures, were saved. In a few days, Christmas services were held in the Church again. Architects note that the tower's structure is causing the tower to lean. In fact, the weight of the lead pieces which cover the Spire is 32 tons. It is too heavy, isn't it? Though no one can tell the true story of the Crooked Spire, it will always remain the symbol of Chesterfield. 5.12 Ответьте на вопросы a) What is the "Crooked Spire" famous for? b) What is the story of the Spire according to legends? c) Why is the Spire the symbol of Chesterfield? 5.13 Кратко изложите текст 24

6 Lesson 6 6.1 Образуйте глаголы с отрицательным префиксом "dis-". Прочтите и устно переведите словосочетания с ними Example: to appear- disappear in the darkness (исчезнуть в темноте) a) to connect- an electric chain b) to prove - a hypothesis c) to like -a sketch d) to organise - work e) to agree - with a professor 6.2 Образуйте слова с отрицательным префиксом "un-" и напишите как можно больше слов, сочетающихся с ними usual, necessary, happy, true, clean, comfortable, real 6.3 Заполните пропуски словами с отрицательными приставками a) Penguins are unus__ birds: they have wings, but they cannot fly b) The American Civil War was an unh__ time. The North was fighting the South. People disagr__ about which side was right. Even members of the same family sometimes disagr__. c) Why are people often nervous and discomf__ in winter? Is it because it is very cold outside? Doctors say "no". People are unh__ because there is little day light. 6.4 Составьте единый текст из следующих частей, проставляя их номера по порядку Michael Faraday, the Father of the Electric Motor a) During his lifetime, Faraday made more than two thousand difficult experiments and made many great discoveries in chemistry and physics. The most important discovery was that electricity originates from magnet-ism. Faraday was wondering whether a ma-net could in some way be made to give an electric current. Other scientists in other parts of the world were working on the same problem. In Russia, France and Germany scientists were making experiments, but they all failed. Faraday tried different ways to produce the electric current. He got it when he moved the wire instead of the magnet. b) One of the great names in the history of man's work in electricity is Michael Faraday. He was born in a small village near London on September 22, 1791 in a poor family. As a boy Michael did not have much schooling. When he was thirteen, he went to work in a bookbinder's shop. 25

He lived among books. Some of the scientific works which passed through his hands aroused his interest in science and he started to read. The boy could read every book in the shop because he was busy and had not much time. He began to take home the books which he liked best. c) Davy wrote Faraday a letter, too, offering him to do scientific research. At first, Michael's work was to wash apparatus and pre-pare what Davy and the other scientists used in their experiments. But Faraday was happy. He could now work in the company of scientist. He could hear what they said and watch them at work. Davy sometimes took trips to Europe, where he met great scientists of other countries, and one day asked Faraday if he wanted to go with him. Faraday, of course, was glad. The journey lasted a year and a half. It was a wonderful experience. Faraday learned much during the trip and he met, among other people, Volta and Ampere. When Faraday returned to London he started to write articles for a scientific magazine. For five more years he studied electricity and other sciences, and then he himself began to teach. The scientific interests of this ambitious man were quite different. He made a new kind of steel and a new kind of glass. He studied flying. He did many kinds of work, and he did most of it alone. d) It was after some more experiments of that kind, that he made a machine. This was the beginning of all the great ma-chines that make our electricity today. They light and heat our houses; they make our radio-sets work; they give the necessary power to drive our electric trains. It was the beginning of the electrical age, which changed the face of the earth. e) Once he read an article on electricity. When Faraday began to read it he knew nothing of the subject, but it interested him a lot. Soon his main interest was in science, and especially in electricity and chemistry. He read as much as he could on these subjects. He made notes from the books that interested him most. Like all scientists, Faraday cared neither for clothes nor for money. He only wanted to make experiments. He bought a cheap and simple apparatus and some materials. The more he studied, the more interested he became. At that time lectures on scientific subjects were being given in London by a great scientist and the most popular lecturer Sir Humphry Davy. Faraday went to these lectures, and as he sat and listened, he took notes and made sketches to illustrate them. As Faraday learnt more about electricity, he didn't want to do his work at the bookbinder's shop any more. He wrote a letter to Humphry Davy, telling him of his great interest in science and asking for his help. In the letter he put some of the notes and also some of his sketches.

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6.5 Расскажите о вкладе, который внёс М. Фарадей в науку. 6.6 Не читая текста "The Two Generations of Scientists", угадайте, о чём в нём говорится. Выберите наиболее вероятный ответ a) The life of modern and early scientists. b) Modern and early methods of research. c) Life and career of people of the same family. d) Conflicts between scientists. e) Characteristics of the scientists. 6.7 Прочтите текст и скажите, насколько ваш прогноз о содержании текста оказался верен The Two Generations of Scientists There are people whose life is a story, and a lesson to others. Behind the few lines with their names in encyclopaedias there are standing failures and fame, love and battle, devotion and achievements. MARIA SK.LODOWSKA, the future mother of the world famous family, was very ambitious from her childhood, maybe because of her unusual memory At 16 the girl won a gold medal in the Russian school in Warsaw, but could not use the chance to enter a university. Her father lost all his money in an unlucky investment, and Marie had no other alternative but to work and finance her sister's medical studies in Paris. Her dream came true in 1891 when she left Poland and entered the Sorbonne. The Polish family was far from wealthy, and Sklodowska, working into the night in her students' room, lived on bread and butter and tea. But she came first among the students in physical sciences in 1893, second in mathematical sciences a year later. In the spring of that year she met Pierre Curie. Their marriage was a symbol of love and respect, and a partnership which gave the world the discovery of polonium, so called by Marie in honor of Poland, and radium. Two later events in Marie's life might fail her intensive work: joyful — the birth of her two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904, and catastrophic — the sudden death of Pierre Curie (April, 1906) in a road accident. But they did not It was just four years later that Marie's basic theory of radioactivity was published. The Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of pure radium came to her next year. Unfortunately, Marie knew nothing about either the deadly danger в radiation, or of the lead's property to prevent it: the experiments were not safe at all. Marie Curie, at the highest point of her fame and, a member of the Academy of Medicine, de-voted her research to the study of chemistry of radioactive substances and the medical uses of these substances. Marie was known and respected the world over, she gave lectures in Europe and America, and her name meant freedom and equal rights for women, too. In 1921, Marie with her two daughters, went on a triumphant journey to the United 27

States, where President Warren G. Harding presented her with a gram of pure radium bought for the money of American women. Time went by, and Marie's daughter Irene received her bachelor's degree, became her mother's assistant at the Institute of Radium and started her doctoral research on the alpha rays of polonium. Events went as if on inertia until she met Frederic Joliot in her mother's laboratory, lie was young, good-looking, sportive, and a great lover of arts. Actually, when a boy Frederic Joliot distinguished himself more in sports than in studies. Be-cause of little money his family chose a free public education at the Lavoisier municipal school and later — engineering studies at the school of physics. After his military service, on the recommendation of a physicist, Frederic was hired in 1925 as Marie Curie's assistant. The following year Frederic and Irene were married. Under the influence of his talented wife Joliot observed different substances, and learned laboratory techniques and very soon became a complete physicist. Together they bombarded boron, aluminum, and magnesium with alpha particles; and obtained radioactive isotopes of elements not originally radioactive — nitrogen, phosphorus, and aluminium. Those discoveries made it possible to use artificial radioactive elements for chemical changes and physiological processes, and soon their use was a great success. Though their little children, Helene and Pierre took much of their time, Irene and Frederic were very active socially, in fact, they joined the Socialist Party in 1934, and took a stand in 1936 on the side of Republican Spain. Frederic became a professor at the College of France in 1937. He then directed the construction of electrostatic accelerators and a cyclotron of seven million electron volts at the College of France. At that time the Joliot-Curies decided to public everything, including their breakthrough ideas of artificial radioactive elements. But fear of Nazism and the possible dangers that could come from the use of nuclear reactions did not let them do that. On October 30, 1939, they recorded the principle of nuclear reactors in a sealed envelope, and left it at the French Academy of Sciences; this message to the next generations remained secret until 1949. Frederic chose to stay in occupied France with his family and was sure that the Germans who came into his laboratory could not use his work. In the war time the Joliot-Curies continued their research in biology. But the battle against the occupying fascist forces began to require more and more of his attention. In June of 1941 the brave man took part in the founding of the National Front Committee, and became its president. In the spring of 1942 the famous theoretical physicist J. Solomon was killed by the Nazis. Frederic joined the French Communist Party. In May 1944 Irene and their children took refuge in Switzerland, and Frederic lived in Paris under the name of Jean-Pierre Gaumont. His laboratory at the College of France was used as a military arsenal during the battle for Paris. Back in France after the war, Irene experimented a lot with raw materials. In 1946 she was appointed director of the Institute of Radium. Frederic's activities were fo28

cused on the first French nuclear reactor, which was not very powerful, but reflected the end of the Anglo-Saxon monopoly. In April during the climax of the cold war and anti-Communism, Prime Minister Georges Bidault removed Frederic and Irene without a word of explanation from their high official positions. They did not stop their research, but limited it to laboratory work and teaching. They did not stop their activity in various peace movements. During the 1950s, following several operations, Irene's health became worse. Being ill with leukaemia as her mother, she again entered the Curie Hospital, where she died in 1956. Being ill and knowing that his days were also numbered, Frederic decided to continue the unfinished work of the woman he loved so much. In September 1956 he took the position of professor at the University of Paris left vacant by Irene, at the same time occupying his own chair at the College of France. He worked successfully, but for a very short time... What gave the people of the two generations such strength? Their love to each other? Their love to people? Their love to their students? Their love for science? Or anything else, but love? 6.8 Прочтите текст второй раз, обращая внимание на подробности изложения 6.9 Скажите, о каких видах радиоактивности говорится в тексте 6.10 Как вы думаете, какие проблемы были главными в жизни Мари, Ирэн и Фредерика Джолио-Кюри

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7 Lesson 7 7.1 Выпишите транскрипцию и произнесите названия следующих наук Geophysics, Political science, Genetics, Physical Chemistry, Anthropology, Mechanics 7.2 Назовите науки, которые вам хорошо известны, и науки о которых вы знаете мало Example: I know quite a lot about political science, but I don't know very much about genetics. 7.3 Выпишите транскрипцию и произнесите следующие интернациональные слова, догадываясь об их значении. Определите, каким наукам они соответствуют Mechanics, Geophysics, Anthropology, Political Science, Physical Chemistry, Genetics abbreviation, Canada, candidate, certificate, code, communication, constant, control, conversion, cultivate , debate, demonstrate, director, equivalent, faculty, gene, license, mechanism, metal, Montreal, Ontario, organize, plantation, practical, president, prestigious, process, programme, Quebec, revolution, scanner, special, teleportation 7.4 Прочтите вслух и переведите устно to control a process; solar energy; codes used in teleportation; a candidate from Quebec; to show a certificate; the director's programme; a constant experiment; the notion of conversion; to take part in the debates;soft metals; to get a license; a practical man; different faculties; to cultivate vegetables at the plantation; to work with a scanner; prestigious universities of Europe, the U.S.. and Canada 7.5 Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты California ;Kansas ; Техас; Alaska ; Missouri ; Hawaii ; Ohio ;Texas; Utah ; Mississippi ; Connecticut; Florida; Massachusett 7.6 Прочтите и переведите текст Good evening. I'm Brands Calvey. Michael Long is in the BBC studio with me, speculating on the U.S.A. Michael is Director of the U.S. famous "Pan American 30

Tourists" agency. He'll help me answer your questions about the U.S. telling a story prepared by his agency. In fact, the history of the U.S. is an interesting story of constant travel. Many centuries ago travellers from ancient Europe — Norwegian Vikings --- came to live in the unknown land. That region was the east о I the States. It was just there, that the first American colonies were organized in 1607 and from where the American Revolution started in 1773. The early settlers controlled the territory of present day Connecticut, Massachusetts, and other Eastern states. At first, people stayed near the sea, but then the strongest and bravest of them, went west, to Hawaii and Alaska. In 1804 they started on their long travel from Missouri to the North. The process of immigration did not stop with the years, and millions of people arrived from Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Latin America. Most of them had the same characteristics as the settlers of the first generation: they were talented, full of energy, and opposed to any religious conversion or debate. They did not care for money, certificates or licenses. It was freedom that they all cared for the freedom (o live according to their ideas and principles. They built new cities on the territory of present Kansas, Mississippi and other states. Many of them traveled deeper and deeper into the new land. Some followed religious leaders like the legendary Mormon Joseph Smith, who built Salt Lake City in Utah. Others went for gold. You can follow their way going from state to state, too, in our Historic four. Because of intense travelling and hard work unknown minerals and necessary metals were found in Ohio and Florida good lands for plantations in Texas and California. People discovered and cultivated new vegetables. Also. America went on demonstrating the world scientific and practical progress, starting with simple mechanisms on electricity and ending in modem super scanners of genetic codes and molecules at teleportation. You can see these and many other interesting things in our special tour — "America's progress." The history and economy of the U.S. are closely connected with Canada and its provinces — Quebec and Ontario. French settlers came to Canada, founded Quebec City and Montreal, named the, land New France, and declared it a colony. In 1717 Canada became a British colony. That's why there are two official languages -English and French. Another interesting question people often ask is about Washington. The thing is that two different notions, having the same name, are sometimes mixed up: the state of Washington in the west of the U.S., and Washington, D.C.. the capital of the U.S. Washington, D.C. is neither state, nor city. It is also known as D.C., the District and the District of Columbia. The capital attracts thousands of visitors. Classical buildings and large parts of D.C. reflect the hi story of the U.S. The White House, the President's residence, is a perfect example of the late eighteenth century Renaissance. A special tour "Two Washingtons" will take you around the state and the District. Completing our story I'd like to give you some useful advice. When you write to the U.S., don't use the full name of the state. Use postal abbreviations — the short 31

equivalents for the names. For example, use OH for Ohio, KS for Kansas, FL for Florida, and MA for Massachusetts. But if you are going to buy our tour, you don't have to write any letters to Boston. MA. Just call our Agency 1-800-619-1036. See you soon in the U.S. and Canada! 7.7 Выпишите из текста глаголы в форме настоящего совершенного времени The English Channel The length of the Channel from the Atlantic Ocean to the North Sea is 350 miles. It separates England's south coast from the France's north coast. At its widest point it's 120 miles while at its narrowest - it's only 21 miles. The Channel has been Britain's deference against enemies. It has also been the way to the Continent. Sailors know the Channel as perhaps the most dangerous sea channel in Europe. Half of all the world's sea catastrophes take place between the Western end of the Channel and the Baltic. Several armies have crossed the Channel, but no one has crossed for over nine centuries, though some have tried. Over the years, people have crossed it by balloon, boat, parachute, water - skis, and swimming. Now that the tunnel under the Channel is in operation it has become easy and safe to cross it. 7.8 Заполните пропуски глаголами в форме настоящего совершенного времени a) English __ (become) the number one language in business and communication, b) As London __ (grow) the population __ (move) out from the center. c) __ you ever __ (wonder) how the first aborigines got to Australia? d) Smoking __ always __ (be) a cause of many diseases. e) __ you ever __ (hear) of or __ (read) "Gone with the Wind?" f) How many countries __ you __ (be) to? g) Americans __ (contribute) to many art forms, but jazz is the only art form that was created in the United States. h) __ William ever __ (see) a tornado? i) __ you __ (hear) of London's Fleet Street, the center of the newspaper industry? j) We __ (do) all of that work finally. 7.9 Прочтите предложения, употребляя глаголы в скобках в форме прошедшего простого или настоящего совершенного времени a) Each country __ (develop) its own culture; its religion, arts, form of government and, of course, its own money. b) In the nineteenth century there __ (be) an industrial revolution in Europe. c) I __ always __ (want) to travel around the world. 32

d) Fifty years ago, space stations __ (seem) impossible. c) There __ (be) many catastrophes in the history of the twentieth - century travel and transport. f) In 1896 Henry Ford __(build) his first car, g) British Parliament __(meet) at Westminster since the thirteenth century, h) Henry _ (have) five different jobs since he graduated from the University, i)I __ never __ (fly) across the Atlantic Ocean. j) _ you __ (have) a good holiday last year? 7.10 Заполните пропуски глаголами в форме прошедшего времени a) Before 1959, no one __ (see) the "dark" side of the Moon. b) The Chinese __ (invent) printing, but Gutenberg discovered the most practical way to use it. c) Florence __ (be) a center of art for more than 200 years before Michelangelo was here. d) My friend told me she __ (work) in Kansas. e) None of us came to the faculty meeting because John __ (forget) to tell us about it. f) It was an unusual hobby that 1 __ never __ (hear) of. g) Anne couldn't find the book that I __ (give) her earlier. h) After 1 __ (graduate) from the University, I worked for an American firm. i) The lecture __ (start) when I arrived. 7.11 Образуйте существительные от глаголов с помощью суффиксов и переведите их - er : build, produce, design, mix, paint, examine observe - observer (наблюдатель) - or: accelerate, invent, operate, calculate. instruct - instructor (инструктор)

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8Lessson8 8.1 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме academic, additional, adults, advance, consist, crop, depend on, education, elementary, high, involve, pass, proud, public, remain (2), severe Education in Alaska There is much …. debate among teachers of different nations on how to improve education in …. natural conditions. The Organization of some …. programmes might be a solution to the problem. This is what American teachers say about school …. in Alaska. Just think of Alaska! The terrible winter cold of-50C, soft white snow everywhere around, the bright blue sky above, and small wooden houses at a distance of eighty, one hundred, two hundred and more kilometers from one another. Few ….grow in Alaska. Young children of Eskimos, Indians, and white Americans traditionally help the …. hunt and fish, because the family's wealth still …on these. Public life does not …. much social activity in this severe region. However, local school education ….of elementary school and ….school, just like in any other American town or village. Also, …. school for children of 6-12 years old often includes pre - school activity for little children of four and five. It may be a shock for an outsider to see the adults …. in the sledges, primitively run by dogs, in contrast to their five year - old son watching an __ video film and their seven year - old daughter studying the ….. of Roman civilization on the computer. According to the government programmes once every two weeks a teacher arrives in a plane to every Alaskan child to check his academic progress, and to give him new tasks, and new computer programmes. The children living in Alaska today….. faster than children of other regions and easily pass difficult exams to the most prestigious universities and colleges of the U.S. and Canada. Yes, life in Alaska …. severe, but it makes the children active and strong. Modern school and higher education help them become the most original and unique in their scientific, engineering, and business ideas. So, why not go to Alaska if you want to be ….of your children? 8.2 Расскажите об образовательных программах Аляски

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8.3 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме admit, apply, cheap, expensive, found, private, quality, special Private Education Private schools were….. many centuries ago. ….. doesn't always mean better. But it always means ….., and never means ….. Parents, who send their children to a private school, pay a lot of money. But not everyone who has enough money and … for the education, is …. Most private schools accept only children who are already doing well at school and are able to work hard. Private schools can be different in different countries, too. There are …. schools for boys and girls. They also differ in the…. of education. The number of such schools in America is not very large. Only about 17 percent of American children arc sent to private schools. 8.4 Расскажите о частных школах 8.5 Выпишите пары, слова которых имеют сходное значение, и пары, слова которых противоположны по значению affect, influence, code, decode, pattern, design, pass, fail, admit, adopt, public, private, wood, forest, provide, supply, arrange, organize, destroy, restore, disaster, catastrophe, perhaps, maybe, power, energy, produce, make, refuse, agree, sense, feeling 8.6 Подберите соответствующие эквиваленты к следующим выражениям adopt a law, additional information, public opinion, obtain a higher education, support a programme, science fiction and poetry, reliable candidate, carry out an investigation, prevent a disaster, waste of time, provide trade, common sense, various crops здравый смысл, получить высшее образование, общественное мнение, поддерживать программу, принять закон, обеспечивать торговлю, разнообразные сельскохозяйственные культуры, дополнительная информация, надежный кандидат, потеря времени, предотвратить бедствие, научная фантастика и поэзия, проводить исследование 8.7 Переведите предложения 1 In summer in hot climates heat comes to 50 degrees C. 2 Solar energy can be used to heat houses. 35

3 Anne's knowledge of English is perfect. She speaks quickly and easily. 4 When Henry Ford perfected his method to build cars, it took less than two hours instead of fourteen to build a car. 5 Radio waves are divided into several groups according to their length. 6 Could you show me the way to the station? 7 There are different ways to do this exercise. 8.8 Прочтите предложения, употребляя глаголы в форме простого прошедшего или простого совершенного времени a) Between 1850 and 1900 a complete transport revolution __ (begin). b) By 1960 cars and planes __ (make) long-distance travel a possibility for millions of people. c) When I __ (return) from my travelling to Canada my friend asked me what I __ (like) most there. d) The show __ already __ (begin) when we __ (come) to the theatre. e) It was my first time in a plane. 1 __ (be) very nervous because I __ (fly) before. f) Henry __ (be) away for some months before the first letter __ (come). 8.9 Заполните пропуски словами, подходящими по смыслу, и прочтите предложения вслух never - ever - just - always - yet — already — recently — for - since — by a) Scientists have __ made many important discoveries in genetics. b) Have you __ thought where and when banks were invented? c) The White House has been the home of every U.S. president _____ 1800. d) I have __ been to Florida. e) My friend hasn't passed all his exams __. f)_____ the time I got to the University, the lecture on education in the U.S. had already begun. g) I've been very busy __. h) The weather has been bad __ three days. i) I've ___ read an interesting book on mechanics. 8.10 Переведите устно What Every American Knows "Uncle Sam" is the famous symbol of the U.S. government. He has appeared in magazines, newspapers and TV for the last 150 years. During the War of 1812 against England a man named Samuel Wilson was selling meat to the army. He was a very friendly man. Everybody loved him and called him Uncle Sam, 36

There were two large letters "U" and "S" stamped on the boxes of meat which went to the army. The abbreviation meant: "for the United States," One day some government inspectors arrived. They asked a worker what the "U.S." meant. As a joke, the worker answered that these letters were the first letters of his boss's name. Uncle Sam. That joke was a great success, and became very popular in the Army. The soldiers began to say that their food was sent by Uncle Sam. "Uncle Sam" became a symbol of the U.S. government. Soon there were drawings of Uncle Sam in newspapers the world over. The most famous picture dates back to the period of World War 1. In the picture Uncle Sam was saying to men: "I want you for the U.S. Army!" 8.11 Расскажите о символе администрации США

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9Lesson 9 9.1 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме declare, destroy, exactly, identity, refuse, reliable, sense. Is It Really True that Man Originates from Apes? It was a British anthropologist and archaeologist Louis Leakey (1903-1972), who tried to ….all old reliable theories on man's origin from apes and firmly believed that it is not true. Louis Leakey, together with his wife Mary Leakey (1903-1996) carried out some investigations and made many important discoveries about early humans. He …. his theory: the remains of early human Homo Erectus have no …. to Homo Sapiens and so Homo Sapiens or an early human cannot originate from an ape. Though scientists admit that there is much …. in Leakey's theory, the theory itself cannot be adopted, because Leakey's information is not quite …. However we don't know ….how the man originated. Perhaps, his theory will be proved in the future and his countrymen wilt be proud of him. 9.2 Заполните пропуски в тексте указанными словами в соответствующей форме affect, celebrate, Christmas, congratulate, expect, follow, trade, wish (3) Christmas and New Year Among traditional holidays in America and Europe the most popular are Christmas and New Year. It is in these periods that ….. is most active. ….Day, the 25th of December, is the day when people …. each other, saying "Merry Christmas", give various presents and ask their guests to the traditional dinner of turkey ….by Christmas pudding, peanuts and fruits. Parents prepare a large variety of presents for their children and tell them that Santa Claus will come to their houses at night. Children leave long socks at the end of their beds on the 24th of December, because they ….Santa Claus to come and bring them small presents and, if he doesn't, it many …. their feelings. Later in the afternoon many families watch special Christmas TV, and children play with their new toys. On New Year's Eve (December 31st) people …. the end of the old year. New Year, like Christmas, remains a family holiday, when many people travel home …. their families a Happy New Year. New Year is a more important festival in Scotland, than in other European countries. It has a special name - Hogmanay. Long ago there was a belief that the first person to visit your house on this day could bring good or bad luck. The first person to 38

walk into the house was required to carry three things: a piece of coal for the fireplace to wish warmth, a piece of bread to …. food, and a silver coin to …. wealth. 9.3 Расскажите, как празднуется Рождество и Новый год в Европе и Америке 9.4 Образуйте существительные от глаголов с помощью суффиксов -ion: act, contribute, anticipate, educate, create, adopt, direct, communicate, demonstrate, rotate, radiate ; speculate -ation: observe, found, consider, transport, organize, plant, inform -ment: develop, move, improve, require, pay, manage, agree, measure -ence: depend, exist -ance: appear, perform

9.5 Заполните пропуски указанными существительными, подходящими по смыслу, в соответствующей форме movement - radiation - exploration - measurement - co-operation - equipment - formation -observation – explorer The Ice Continent Antarctica is the least known part of our planet. The __ of Antarctica is very difficult because it is a land of cold summers, winds and snowstorms. However, many __ from different countries are working here in contact and __. Special __ is used to make __ and study different phenomena from land, ships and air: intensity of cosmic __, nature of the earth's magnetic field. Studies are also made of the thickness of ice, its __ and the speed of its __. In future scientists will be exploring Antarctica and making __ that will be of great practical importance. 9.6 Прочтите вслух и устно переведите те предложения, в которых говорится о событиях, которые произойдут до определённого момента в будущем a) It will rain next week. b) I'll have been exhausted by the end of the session. c) The next generation of computers will be different. d) The football match will have finished by 8.30. 39

9.7 Выберите форму вспомогательного глагола "to be" , соответствующую смыслу предложения a) I (am / have been) learning English since I was ten. b) Anne (has been / is) looking for a job now. c) My parents ( are / have been) married for twenty years. d) 1 (have been / was) preparing for my maths exam the whole day yesterday. e) How long ( are / have been) you smoking? f) The telephone ( was / has been ) ringing for ten minutes. Will you answer it? 9.8 Прочтите диалог, выделяя формы глаголов "prepare" и "learn" A: You look tired. What are you doing? B: I'm preparing for my English word test. A: I say, how long have you been preparing for it? B: Actually, I have been preparing for four hours. A: And how many words have you learned? B: Believe it or not. I've already learned two hundred words. A: Two hundred words? No wonder you are tired. 9.9 Задайте друг другу вопросы и ответьте на них a) How long have you been learning English? b) What foreign language had you studied before you entered the institute? c) Who is your English teacher? How long has she (he) been your teacher? d) Have you ever spoken English to an Englishman or an American? e) Have you ever been to Great Britain, the U.S. or any other English-speaking country? f) Have you ever read an English book in the original? g) Have you learned many new English words in this unit? h) Have you got a good friend? How long haven't you phoned him (her) or written to him(her)? i) How long have you been studying in this university? j) How long have you been a student? 9.10 Прочтите текст, стараясь понять основную идею What Does MSC Mean? You've probably noticed that different materials reflect different kinds of light. Asphalt reflects grey, leaves and grass reflect green. You know these things because your eyes are sensitive to a variety of wave lengths, or spectra of light. As the wavelength changes, your eye sends a different signal to your head, which tells you that you're looking at a different colour. Like the eye, a multi-spectral camera (abbreviation — MSC) can measure wavelengths (actually, far more than your 40

eye can see). But while your eye registers the wavelengths as different colours , the camera tracks them numerically. And instead of using nerve cells, it uses electronic sensors like those found in video cameras. Using the MSC maps, it became possible to prevent many disasters in the world. In fact, MSC worked so well that it's also been used to track fires in woods, rain, and snow-conditions, It can also be used to look for new mineral deposits. Now MSC is finding more new special applications. And who knows: perhaps in future with the help of more advanced technique it will be possible to track and find people, using the spectrometer. 9.10 Подчеркните предложение, которое передаёт содержание текста наиболее точно a) It's necessary to know that different materials reflect different kinds of light. b) A multi-spectra) camera prevents disasters. c) A multi-spectral camera is used to track forest fires.

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10Lesson 10 10.1 Выпишите из текста глаголы в форме пассивного залога. Прочтите вслух и устно переведите предложения с ними A World Language English has been called a world language for a century and a half. The number of people who now speak it as their native language is about 400 million. It is considered the official language in countries where about 1,5 billion people live. In China the importance given to learning English is so great that there is a special teaching course on TV and 100 million people watch it. But English has not always been so widely spoken in the world. For example, in the late sixteenth century, when William Shakespeare lived, it was spoken by five million people. The rise of English has been linked to the imperial history of the Englishspeaking people. 10.2 Заполните пропуски глаголами в форме пассивного залога настоящего или прошедшего совершенного времени Example: Over 65 million copies of the Guinness Book of Records have been sold (sell) since it first appeared in 1955. a) In the past, spacecraft __ (use) only once, but the shuttle changed all that. b) Many important scientific experiments __ (carry put) in this laboratory. c) Lasers _ (use) in eye operations since the 1960s. d) There was a time when scientists thought that originally the oceans and seas (make) of fresh water which gradually became salty as the rivers washed salt and other chemicals into the seas. e) Britain and the Continent __ (separate) by the English Channel for thousands of years. f) National strategies for health (develop) for the four countries of Britain; England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. g) New places for fishing __ (discover) in the Indian Ocean. 10.3 Прочтите предложения вслух первый раз — как они даны, второй раз - ставя глаголы в пассивный залог и производя соответствующие изменения Example: 1) John has just admitted his mistake. 2) The mistake has just been admitted by John.

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a) Writers, artists, politicians have used coffee houses as informal places to meet, talk and do business since the eighteenth century. b) They had completed their experiments on solar energy by the first of June. c) Astronauts have brought back 382 kilos of rock and dust from the Moon. d) Britain has developed a design industry and it is admired in the whole world, e) Scientists have known for years that cars, using electricity and not petrol, are better for the environment. f) Seventy British citizens have won Nobel prizes for science — more than any other country except for the United States. 10.4 Выпишите из текста глаголы в форме прошедшего совершенного времени. Прочтите вслух и устно переведите предложения с этими глаголами Was the Shuttle Programme Lucky? America's space shuttle programme had begun long before 1981 when the space shuttle "Columbia" completed its first flight. By 1980 there had been four shuttle orbiters in the U.S. — "Columbia," "Challenger," "Discovery," and "Atlantis" to carry out scientific experiments in space. The shuttle programme was a great scientific success. It was very popular with Americans, who liked to watch the start and landing of each flight. The start of "Challenger" on January 28, 1986 was unusual, because one of the seven astronauts was not professional. Her name was Christa McAuliffe, she was a high-school teacher. The (light had already been delayed five times because of bad weather and technical problems. The night before had been very cold. But on that day everything looked fine. "Challenger" rose into the air and began its flight. For seventy-three seconds the flight was normal. There had been no signals of the catastrophe. Suddenly, the people watching the flight saw a big ball of orange fire in the sky. The seven astronauts tragically died. The Challenger catastrophe shocked America and was the nation's worst disaster in space. It was possible to begin shuttle flights again in 1988 after some new safety systems had been created for the three other orbiters — "Columbia," "Discovery," and "Atlantis." 10.5 Допишите глаголы The Worst Sea Disaster There had never be _ a ship like the Titanic. Built in 1912, it was the biggest and most beautiful liner that had ever been buil__ before. It w__ also considered very safe because of its special design. 43

There w__ 2,224 people on its board when the Titanic was ma__ its first voyage from England to New York. For several days everything went well. But on the 14th of April, when the ship was 640 kilometers south of Newfoundland in Canada, it collid__ with an iceberg. The result was a gigantic hole in the Titanic's right side. When the catastrophe happ.. ., many passengers were sleep , others were danc in the ship's ballroom. Hundreds of people tried to go away in lifeboats. They were the lucky people. But fifteen hundred men, women and children could not lea_ the ship. They die_ in the icy waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It took the Titanic two and a half hours to go down. Only the arrival of the liner "Carpatia" 1 hour and 20 minutes after the ship went down preven… more human losses in the icy waters. As a result of the catastrophe, the first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea was call in London in 1913. The Convention work out the rules requiring that every ship must have a lifeboat place for each passenger. The Titanic ha.__ only 1,178 boat places for 2,224 passengers. It was also deman to have a 24hour radio watch on every ship. The liner "Californian," which was less than 32 kilometers away from the Titanic, didn't receive its SOS signals because the radio operator wasn't on duty at night. 10.6 Расскажите о корабле "Титаник" и его гибели 10.7 Прочтите предложения вслух, употребляя глаголы в скобках в нужной форме, и переведите их устно a) On my way to the office I turned round because I (forget) to turn off the gas. b) We (play) a lot of tennis recently. c) Brother Val (not be) home for three years. He (work) for an American firm in Quebec. d) The criminals (find) in Warsaw by Interpol. e) How many times (see) you the famous film "K-9"? f) Grandfather often talked to us about interesting things he (do) in his life. g) Mary never (learn) French. She speaks Spanish. h) (Be) you to a song festival? i) The inflation (increase) in Russia in 1990-es, and that period was very hard for the people, j) We (live) in California until I (be) fifteen, k) The lecture already (start) when Chris arrived. 1) Montreal (change) a lot since I (be) there last, m) A beautiful office building (built) nearby. n) When I (come) home Mom and Dad (watch) TV. o) The smallest car of the Opel family (design) recently, p) Phi! (read) for his math exam when Irene came.

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10.8 Переведите письменно Never Mix up a Backpack and a Parachute! One night, a plane was flying somewhere above New Jersey. There were five people on board: the pilot, Michael Jordan, Bill Gales, the Dali Lama, and a hippie. Suddenly, an illegal oxygen generator exploded loudly in the luggage compartment, and the passenger cabin began to fill with smoke. The cockpit door opened, and the pilot burst into the compartment. "Gentlemen," he began, "I have good news and bad news. The bad news is that we've been going down for two minutes and will have been crashed in New Jersey in five. The good news is that there are four parachutes and I have always had one of them!" With that, the pilot opened the door and jumped out from the plane. Michael Jordan was on his feet in a Hash. "Gentlemen," he said, "1 am the world's greatest athlete. The world has always needed great athletes. 1 think the world's greatest athlete should have a parachute!" With these words, he grabbed one of the remaining parachutes, and jumped into the night. Bill Gates rose and said, "Gentlemen, there is nobody in the world as smart as me. The world has always needed smart men. I think such men should have parachutes, too." He grabbed one, and out he jumped. The Dali Lama and the hippie looked at one another. Finally, the Dali Lama spoke. "My son." he said, "A satisfying life has been lived by me. Your life is ahead of you; you take the parachute, and I will go down with the plane." The hippie smiled slowly and said, "Hey, don't worry! The world's smartest man has just jumped out wearing my backpack." 10.9 Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на наиболее существенные факты The Gene Revolution Genetics is a very young science. It appeared in the 19th century. William Bateson, an English biologist, is considered to be the founder of this science. Every plant, animal and person consists of cells. Each cell has a special mechanism which is responsible for the cell's identity and development. It controls, for example, if it's a leaf cell, an eye cell or an ear cell. All this information is recorded in the cell's genes, a complex combination of atoms which are molecules. Scientists have known about genes for a long time, but only recently they have discovered how to change them. Many people agree that genetic engineering is a break-through in science. But how will we use our new genetic knowledge? To control criminals, to create "perfect" babies or to stop people growing old? The genetic control has begun in the form of cloning. Clones are identical copies. To some degree they have been used since ancient times. Some kind of apple trees, 45

for example, are members of a clone, originating from a single plant. A large number of fruit and nut trees and ornamental plants are clones. During the second half of the 20th century, techniques for cloning animals were successfully demonstrated. Now it has become possible to make clones of sheep and cows in a laboratory, using genes. British scientists are proud of their "sheep" the created animal which is 50% sheep and 50% goat. Dolly, that's the name of the "sheep," is a genetic copy of its parents. Is it possible to clone people? Genetic engineers say "yes," but on certain conditions, of course. 10.10 Выберите правильный ответ 1) Genetics was founded by a) an American psychologist. b) an English biologist. c) German mathematician. 2) Scientists have known about genes a) for a long time, b) since the 19th century. c) only for 50 years. 3) Genetic engineering is a) a break - through in politics. b) a break - through in science. c) a discovery of new genetic knowledge. 4) Clones are a) identical copies b) identical genes. c) similar people. 10.11 Прочтите текст и выпишите ключевые предложения Human activity in the twenty-first century will depend on electricity, as the most important kind of power. Today there is a debate among scientists how to produce energy of tomorrow. What sources should be used'? Men have been working on the application of solar energy since earliest times, but there had been a problem how to generate useful power from the sun's heat until hot-air engines were invented. The amount of energy reaching the Earth from the Sun 46

can meet all human needs. Solar energy has been used for generating electricity since 1954, Solar panels on the houses turn the energy of the Sun into electricity. Another energy resource is the heat from inside the Earth: from volcanoes, geysers, boiling pools. Several applications have been developed for this geothennal energy. For example, buildings and greenhouses can be heated by it. Hot water from such sources is also used for heating soil to increase agricultural production. The most important application of geothennal energy, however, is the generation of electricity. The first geothermal power station was built in Italy in the early 1900s. Since then similar stations have been built in different countries. For example, San Francisco gets half of the energy from geothennal sources. A great amount of electrical energy can be created by wind-powered generators. It's only possible in windy areas. But, unfortunately, when there's no wind, no energy is produced. In California, over 13,000 of these generators have been built. The power of ocean waves can also be used to make electricity. And there might be some other forms of energy we don't know anything about yet. 10.12 Прочтите текст, стараясь понять как основные, так и второстепенные факты Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) is an object or optical phenomenon not explainable to the observer. UFOs became a subject of great interest with the developments in aeronautics and astronautics following World War II. In 1948 the U.S. Air Force began collecting reports on UFO which started the work called Project Blue Book. A number of radar discoveries together with what people saw near the National Airport in Washington, D.C,, in July 1952, came to forming a committee of scientists headed by H.P. Robertson, a physicist of the California Institute of Technology (Pasadena), and including engineers, meteorologists, physicists, and an astronomer. The Committee was organized by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and was concentrated on U.S. military activities and intelligence. Its report was originally classified Secret. Later declassified, the report showed that 90 percent of what was taken for UFO by the people who saw them could be readily identified with astronomical and meteorologic phenomena, such as bright planets, meteors, or with airplanes, birds, balloons, hot gases, and other phenomena. The interest to the phenomenon grew in many countries and as a result a second committee was organized in February 1966 which came to the similar conclusions. This left a number of phenomena unexplained, and in the mid-1960s a few scientists and engineers concluded that small percent of the most reliable UFO reports spoke of the presence of the visitors from other planets. This was a sensational hypothesis, which met opposition from other scientists. A conference on this problem was organized in 1968 at the University of Colorado. About 37 scientists wrote reports for the conference, speculating on the investigations of 59 UFO phenomena in detail. Though at last it was declared that no more investigation was necessary, the conference left a wide variety of opinions on UFOs. In 1973 a group of American scientists organized the Center for UFO Studies in Northfield, 111., to carry out additional work on these phenomena. However, there 47

are official records of UFO objects. By 1969 Project Blue Book had recorded reports of 12,618 events of this kind, each of which was classified as "identified" with a known astronomical, atmospheric, or artificial phenomenon, or as "unidentified," including cases in which there was not enough information The only other official and complete records were made in Canada. According to the Canadian records, there were about 750 in the late 1960s. Lesscomplete records have been made in Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Australia, and Greece. 10.13 Ответьте на вопросы a) What is UFO? b) What kind of UFO objects can exist? 10.14 Составьте единый текст из следующих частей, проставляя их номера по порядку George Washington Carver, the Farther of National Products a) Many scientists thought of Carver more as an unreal person than as a contributor to scientific knowledge. Many of his contemporaries were critical of him and his work. It was strange for them that this small, soft-spoken, modest man, eccentric in dress and manners, never thought of pleasures and rewards in this life. But these qualities were admired by many people and Carver became a comfortable symbol of the intellectual achievements of black Americans. b) Then Carver left Iowa for Alabama to direct the newly organized department of agriculture at the Tuskegce Institute, a school headed by the noted black American educator Booker T. Washington. There Washington was trying to improve the life of black Americans through education. Though Carver was offered many jobs in other places, he stayed at Tuskegee all his life. In 1896 Carver became the institute's director of agricultural research. He devoted his time to research projects aimed at helping Southern agriculture, demonstrating ways in which fanners could improve their economic situation. At this time agriculture in the South was in serious trouble because of the exhausted and worthless fields. It was then that Carver decided to plant peanuts which could restore the lands. Carver found that Alabama's lands were particularly good for peanuts and sweet potatoes, but when the fanners began to cultivate these crops instead of cotton, they found little demand for them on the market. To solve this problem. Carver began to work on his programme 'how to grow peanuts' and make laboratory research. In the result, he developed 300 products from peanuts — among them cheese, milk, coffee, plastics, wood, soap, linoleum, medicinal oils, and cosmetics — and 118 from sweet potatoes, including flour, vinegar, rubber, ink, and others. c) Today you can hardly meet a person who has never eaten peanuts or who just doesn't know what they are. But thinking about peanuts you will never think about 48

agriculture, though these two notions are closely connected. In fact the discovery and the development of peanuts in the U.S. came to a revolution in the agricultural economy. That's why it may be interesting to learn about the life of a person who made a large contribution in agriculture of that time and whose career and research were devoted to these discoveries. d) In 1914 Carver demonstrated his experiments to the public, and increasing numbers of the South's farmers began to turn to peanuts and sweet potatoes. Much exhausted land was renewed, and the South became a big new supplier of agricultural products. When Carver arrived at Tuskegee in 1896, the peanut had not even been considered a crop, but during the next half century it became one of the six most important crops throughout the United States. In 1942 the U.S. government gave 5,000,000 acres of peanuts to fanners. e) As it often happens to talented people, George Washington Carver was from a very poor family. Actually, he was the son of a slave woman owned by Moses Carver. During the Civil War, slave owners found it difficult to hold slaves in Missouri, and Moses Carver sent his slaves, including the young child and his mother, to Arkansas. After the war, Moses Carver learned that all his slaves -had disappeared except for a child named George. Weak and very ill, the motherless child was returned to his owner's home and nursed back to health. The boy had a very good sense of colour and form and learned to draw; later in life he devoted much time to painting flowers and plants. Though the Carvers told him. he was no longer a slave, he stayed on their plantation until he was about 10 or 12 years old, when he left to get an education. He spent some time working with his hands and developing his interest in plants and animals. f) By books and experience, George got a fragmentary education. He supported himself by different occupations that included general household worker, hotel cook, and farm worker. When he was 20 he obtained a high school education in Minneapolis, Kansas, working as a farm-hand. After a university in Kansas refused to admit him because he was black, Carver entered Simpson College, where he studied piano and art, transferring to Iowa State Agricultural College, where he received a bachelor's degree in agricultural science followed by a "master of science" degree. 10.15 Расскажите о судьбе Джорджа Карвера

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