Clonazepam - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CLONAZEPAM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. ...

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CLONAZEPAM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Clonazepam: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83829-1 1. Clonazepam-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on clonazepam. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CLONAZEPAM ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Clonazepam................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CLONAZEPAM ................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Clonazepam.................................................................................. 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CLONAZEPAM ........................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CLONAZEPAM ....................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Recent Trials on Clonazepam....................................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CLONAZEPAM ........................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 69 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 69 Chapters on Clonazepam.............................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CLONAZEPAM ............................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Academic Periodicals covering Clonazepam ................................................................................ 72 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ..................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 76 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 95

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CLONAZEPAM DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 139

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with clonazepam is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about clonazepam, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to clonazepam, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on clonazepam. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to clonazepam, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on clonazepam. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CLONAZEPAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on clonazepam.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and clonazepam, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

To Hurt or Not to Hurt Source: Diabetes Forecast. 48(6): 30, 33-33. June 1995. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: In this article, the author answers some common questions about diabetesrelated nerve disease in the feet and legs. Topics covered include the causes of neuropathy, including high blood glucose, smoking, alcohol, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and autoimmunity; avoiding neuropathy; the chances of developing neuropathy; diagnostic tests used to confirm diabetic neuropathy; the symptoms of neuropathy; and treatment options for neuropathy, including better control of blood glucose, acetominophen, use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS),

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capsaicin cream, and prescription drugs such as antidepressants, phenothiazines, carbamazepine, and clonazepam. •

A Possible Therapeutic Solution for Stomatodynia (Burning Mouth Syndrome) Source: Journal of Orofacial Pain. 12(4): 272-278. Fall 1998. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Stomatodynia (burning mouth syndrome or BMS) is a difficult disease for both patients and clinicians. When facing true stomatodynia, i.e. idiopathic burning mouth (where the cause cannot be determined), patients are offered poorly effective treatment. This article reports on a study of the results of local application of clonazepam (0.5 or 1 mg) two or three times daily in 25 subjects who suffered from idiopathic stomatodynia. At the first evaluation, 4 weeks after the beginning of treatment, a visual analog scale (VAS) that represented the intensity of pain decreased significantly. At the second evaluation, 3 to 29 months after the first consultation, the VAS scores dropped significantly further. Analysis of the individual results showed that 10 patients were totally cured and needed no further treatment, 6 patients had no benefit at all, and the remaining 9 patients had some improvement but were not considered to be cured since they did not wish to stop the treatment. Blood level tests that were performed 1 and 3 hours after the topical application revealed the presence of small amounts of the drug. The authors propose a hypothesis that clonazepam acts locally to disrupt the neuropathologic mechanism that underlies stomatodynia. The risk factors that are recognized for this condition could decrease the density or ligand affinity of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. This, in turn, could cause spontaneous pain from the tissues concerned. 1 figure. 34 references. (AA-M).

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How to Help Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 105(3): 59-61, 65-66, 73-74. March 1999. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Summary: This article describes the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS), a condition characterized by four basic elements: a desire to move the limbs, often associated with paresthesia or dysesthesia; symptoms exacerbated by rest and relieved by activity; motor restlessness; and nocturnal worsening of symptoms. The authors note that, once correctly diagnosed, RLS can usually be effectively treated symptomatically and, in some secondary cases, it can even be cured. The authors focus on clinical features that enable timely identification of the condition and on current management strategies. Secondary causes can include iron deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. The most effective drugs for treating RLS are dopaminergic agents, clonazepam, opioids, gabapentin, and clonidine. Those patients with uremia (one possible cause of RLS) may have relief from the syndrome after kidney transplantation or after correction of anemia with erythropoietin. 1 table. 28 references. (AA-M).

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Diagnosis and Management of Sensory Neuropathies in HIV Infection Source: AIDS Clinical Care; Vol. 6, No. 2, Feb. 1994. Contact: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, 21205.

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Summary: This article focuses on the two most common HIV-associated neuropathies: predominantly sensory neuropathy (PSN) or distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) and medication-induced toxic neuropathies (TN). The epidemiology, clinical features, history, physical findings, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. No large-scale, controlled-treatment trials have been conducted thus far, and therefore symptomatic treatment with pharmacologic agents is largely empiric. Choice of medication is based on the severity of the patient's symptoms and side-effect profile. When pain or other dysesthetic symptoms begin to limit functional ability, tricyclic antidepressants may be useful. Where tricyclics are not effective, second-line choices include mexiletine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, baclofen, and clonazepam. For patients with more severe neuropathic pain which inhibits walking, narcotic analgesics may be necessary. The authors present an algorithm for the management of sensory neuropathy as well as guidelines for narcotics use in patients with a history of substance abuse. •

New Developments in Treatment for Spasmodic Dysphonia Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 7(8): 13, 18. February 24, 1997. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue, Box 61556, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0956. (800) 355-1088 or (610) 265-7812. Summary: This article, from a professional newsletter for speech-language pathologists and audiologists, describes new developments in the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia (SD). Injecting botulinum type-A toxin (Botox) directly into the vocal cords is the most widely accepted approach for treating SD. This article describes the recent change in the dosage of Botox needed to decrease the symptoms of the disorder, which impairs or impedes the ability to speak clearly and with a normal voice. The toxin chemically denervates the vocal fold, weakening the muscle but allowing it to move more easily. Larger amounts of Botox resulted in more side effects such as breathiness or difficulty in swallowing liquids. The article describes this change in Botox treatment, then outlines other treatments for SD, including voice therapy and other medications (notably clonazepam). The author notes the importance of exercise and relaxation as part of a program to increase the patient's ability to breathe and phonate properly. The article concludes with the contact information for the researcher interviewed.

Federally Funded Research on Clonazepam The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to clonazepam. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to clonazepam.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore clonazepam. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for clonazepam: •

Project Title: ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS EFFECTS ON HIV1 NEUROPATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lokensgard, James R.; Assistant Professor; Minneapolis Medical Research Fdn, Inc. 600 Hfa Bldg Minneapolis, Mn 55404 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Although the precise mechanisms whereby HIV-1 infection induces neurodegeneration have yet to be determined, a large body of evidence has incriminated glial cells and the production of proinflammatory mediators. For this reason, ideal therapeutic agents for the treatment of AIDS dementia would possess anti-inflammatory as well as anti-viral properties. Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium), are extensively prescribed drugs for anxiety disorders which readily cross the blood-brain barrier and have demonstrated immunomodulatory properties as well as antiviral activity in HIV-1-infected cell lines. In this application, the central hypothesis to be tested is that anxiolytic drugs attenuate HIV-1 neuropathogenesis through both inhibition of viral expression and suppression of brain cell-produced immune mediators. To characterize their inhibitory effects on HIV-1 expression in brain cells, human glial and mixed glial/neuronal cell cultures, as well as chronically infected promonocytes (U1 cells), will be infected with HIV-1 and maintained in the presence or absence of anxiolytic drugs. Expression of HIV-1 p24 Ag in culture supernatants will be quantified by ELISA. To test the hypothesis that the antiviral properties of anxiolytic drugs are mediated through an inhibition of cellular transcription factor activation, nuclear extracts from HIV-1-infected human glial cells as well as U1 cells, incubated in the presence or absence of anxiolytic drugs, will be probed for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activation. To link the effects of anxiolytic druginduced inhibition of NK-kB with direct inhibition of HIV-1, transient transfection assays using HIV-1 promoter-reporter gene constructs, which contain either normal or mutated NF-kB consensus sequences, will be performed. To test the hypothesis that anxiolytic drugs attenuate HIV-1 neuropathogenesis by inhibiting the production of immune mediators, glial and mixed glial/neuronal cell cultures will be infected with HIV-1 and examined for the production of proinflammatory cytokines and betachemokines. The results of the proposed studies aims to contribute to a further understanding of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis and will hopefully have therapeutic implications regarding suppressing viral replication and neurodegeneration in HIV-1infected patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CELLULAR MECHANISMS IN EPILEPTOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Prince, David A.; Professor and Chairman; Neurology & Neurological Scis; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1978; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Experiments examine modulation of thalamic neuronal and network activities by the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA), and by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). One series of experiments focuses on molecular differences in GABA type A receptors in neurons of mouse nucleus reticularis (nRt) and the ventrobasal relay nucleus (VB), and the

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functional and pharmacological consequences of receptor subunit heterogeneity in these structures, whose reciprocal connectivity underlies thalamic rhythm generation. The hypothesis that alpha3 subunit- containing receptors in nRt cells confer sensitivity to the benzodiazepine anticonvulsant clonazepam will be tested in mutated mice. The role of beta3-containing receptors in generating prolonged inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) that have an anti-rhythmogenic action in nRt will be examined. A second group of experiments explores actions of NPY and VIP on neuronal and circuit activities in mice and rats. The hypothesis that NPY is released during intense intrathalamic oscillatory activity, and in turn has anti-oscillatory effects, will be tested. The possibility that chronic dosing of the anticonvulsant valproic acid in vivo enhances expression of NPY in nRt cells, resulting in increased release, will be explored. VIP effects on membrane properties and synaptic currents in nRt and VB neurons, and on thalamic circuit oscillations will be studied. Techniques will include whole cell patch clamp recordings of IPSCs and voltage-dependent membrane currents; application of pharmacological agents; single cell RT-PCR from neurons of in vitro thalamic slices; in situ hybridization; the use of mice mutated for various alpha and beta GABAA receptor subunits; and measurements of peptides released from thalamic slices. The long-term goals are to understand the control of thalamic neuronal and circuit activities and potential abnormalities that may underlie pathophysiological states such as absence epilepsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CENTRAL MODULATION OF LOCOMOTOR RHYTHMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia-Rill, Edgar E.; Director; Anatomy; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1984; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Cholinergic mesopontine cell groups, in concert with catecholaminergic (and serotonergic) neurons, participate in the descending control of locomotion and of postural muscle tone (e.g., startle response and atonia of REM sleep). As part of the Reticular Activating System (RAS), ascending projections of these cells modulate changes in state (e.g., sleep-wake cycles) and the response to afferent input (e.g., sensory gating). That is, they are in a crucial position to modulate fight vs flight responses. The applicants' work has implicated these neurons in psychiatric (e.g., schizophrenia, anxiety disorder), neurological (e.g., Parkinson's Disease) and sleep (e.g., narcolepsy, REM behavior disorder) disturbances, all of which have sleep-wake cycle and motor dysregulation in common. Studies during the previous grant period identified the presence of a novel mechanism whereby mesopontine cholinergic neurons may induce changes in state in descending target neurons. The proposed studies will investigate the characteristics and pharmacological control of this mechanism with a view towards determining the manner in which postural and locomotion systems are switched on and off. In addition, the applicants have developed a preparation in the behaving animal allowing the non-invasive recording of a waveform which is a measure of the ascending output of the RAS. Preliminary data suggest that localized injections of neuroactive agents into the mesopontine region can modulate this vertex-recorded waveform. The proposed studies will investigate the characteristics and pharmacological control of this waveform with a view towards determining the manner in which arousal and sensory gating systems are controlled. This work is of critical importance in the understanding of, and design of therapeutic strategies for, a number of psychiatric, neurological and sleep-wake cycle disorders.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL EXCITABILITY & EPILEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Delorenzo, Robert J.; Professor and Chairman; Neurology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The long term goal of this laboratory is to understand the pathophysiology of limbic epilepsy (LE) at the molecular level. External influences can produce permanent plasticity changes in normal neuronal tissue that cause spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) in hippocampal neuronal networks. This research effort has discovered that the induction of epileptogenesis in several models of LE caused a long term increase in the expression of Ca2+-regulated transcription factors (TFs) that were associated with decreased expression in the gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)A receptor (GABAAR) alpha subunit gene expression. These findings may have considerable significance in understanding the molecular mechanisms that cause LE and will be the focus of this research proposal. The Central Hypothesis to be tested in this research effort is that epileptogenesis in three models of LE produces an altered "epileptic" neuronal phenotype characterized by long lasting alterations in the regulation of [Ca2+]i levels that induce persistent changes in the expression o specific TFs that in turn regulate the expression of several somatic genes, including the expression of specific subunit isoforms of the GABAA receptor that ultimately play a role in producing alterations in neuronal excitability and the development and maintenance of SREDs. A corollary to this hypothesis is that NMDA receptor activation during epileptogenesis elevates [Ca2+]i levels (induction), which in turn causes persistent decreases in CaMKII activity that in turn changes the ability of "epileptic" neuron to release and uptake Ca2+i from intracellular sources, resulting in long lasting increased [Ca2+]i levels in both the cytoplasm and nucleus (maintenance) maintaining some of the long term plasticity changes associated with epileptogenesis. This research project will combine the multi-disciplinary approaches of molecular genetics, biochemistry, and electrophysiology to study 3 models of LE and to accomplish the following Specific Aims: Aim 1: Determine whether NMDA receptor activated increased [Ca2+]i during epileptogenesis causes the long lasting changes in the development of SREDs and the decreased genetic expression and function of GABAAR; Aim 2: Determine whether long lasting changes in the expression of specific NMDA/Ca2+regulated TFs occur during the induction and maintenance of SREDs; Aim 3: Evaluate whether the NMDA/Ca2+-induced changes in TF expression that occur in epileptogenesis cause the long term changes in GABAAR gene expression and function and the development of SREDs; Aim 4: Determine if [Ca2+]i homeostatic mechanisms are altered in a NMDA/Ca2+ manner during epileptogenesis and contribute to the maintenance of SREDs, decreased GABAAR gene expression and function and increased TF expression; Aim 5: Evaluate the molecular mechanisms causing long-term alterations in [Ca2+]i homeostasis and determine their role in regulating TF expression and GABAAR gene expression and function. Results from this study may elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistent reductions of GABAAR gene expression and function and will provide an insight into the pathophysiology of LE and may offer new treatment strategies and opportunities to prevent this debilitating condition. Results from this study may elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistent reductions of GABAAR gene expression and function and will provide an insight into the pathophysiology of LE and may offer new treatment strategies and opportunities to prevent this debilitating condition.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT REFRACTORY PANIC DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Simon, Naomi M.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: This is an application for a Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award with a focus on developing expertise in the study of treatment refractory panic disorder. The candidate proposes to build upon her expertise studying novel therapeutics for panic disorder, and obtain training to assess "next-step" psychopharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches for patients who remain symptomatic despite initial intervention. Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia is a common anxiety disorder, and when broader measures assessing remission including panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobic avoidance, and functional and quality of life measures are used, it is clear that many patients remain symptomatic and significantly impaired despite initial treatment. However, there is minimal data to guide clinicians in their approach to these patients, and the proposed study is designed as an initial step in addressing this issue in a systematic manner. Research Plan: The primary study is a three phase, twenty-four week clinical trial in which patients who remain symptomatic at the end of one phase enter the next. Phase I is a six-week open sertraline treatment trial to prospectively determine treatment refractoriness. Phase II is a six-week double-blind three arm randomized trial of sertraline at continued dose, sertraline at elevated dose, and sertraline plus clonazepam. Phase III is a twelve-week randomized single-blind trial of the addition of cognitivebehavioral therapy versus "medication optimization" with sertraline and clonazepam. Environment: The proposed study will be based at the Massachusetts General Hospital and will complement a program of training and supervised research under the mentorship of Dr. Mark Pollack, with consultation from experts. Career Development Plan: Training will emphasize skills necessary for designing and carrying out studies to evaluate treatment interventions for patients with panic disorder who remain symptomatic despite initial intervention, and will include work at the Harvard School of Public Health on research methodology and statistics, and supervision with consultants regarding training in outcome assessment, cognitive-behavioral therapy training, and strategies to study the transmission of findings regarding panic treatment to primary care and community settings that will lay the foundation for future independent investigation by the candidate in this area. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Clonazepam

site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with clonazepam, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for clonazepam (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of anorexia nervosa associated with epileptic seizures showing favorable responses to sodium valproate and clonazepam. Author(s): Tachibana N, Sugita Y, Teshima Y, Hishikawa Y. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1989 March; 43(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2500550&dopt=Abstract

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A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Kaim B. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 1983 August; 11(2): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6578866&dopt=Abstract

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A case of mania secondary to hemodialysis: successful treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Jarecke CR, De Moya VF, Ware MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 August; 10(4): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2286703&dopt=Abstract

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A case of temporal lobe epilepsy with improvement of clinical symptoms and single photon emission computed tomography findings after treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Ide M, Mizukami K, Suzuki T, Shiraishi H. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 October; 54(5): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11043812&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the efficacy of clonazepam and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia. Author(s): Otto MW, Pollack MH, Gould RA, Worthington JJ 3rd, McArdle ET, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2000 July-August; 14(4): 345-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11043885&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind comparison of clonazepam and placebo in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Author(s): Pujalte D, Bottai T, Hue B, Alric R, Pouget R, Blayac JP, Petit P. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1994 June; 17(3): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316669&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind randomized clinical trial of rapid tranquilization with I.M. clonazepam and I.M. haloperidol in agitated psychotic patients with manic symptoms. Author(s): Chouinard G, Annable L, Turnier L, Holobow N, Szkrumelak N. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 November; 38 Suppl 4: S114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8306241&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind trial of clonazepam in benign essential tremor. Author(s): Thompson C, Lang A, Parkes JD, Marsden CD. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1984; 7(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6367975&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind trial of clonazepam in the treatment of parkinsonian dysarthria. Author(s): Biary N, Pimental PA, Langenberg PW. Source: Neurology. 1988 February; 38(2): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3277083&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonazepam in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Hollander E, Kaplan A, Stahl SM. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003 January; 4(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582975&dopt=Abstract

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A fatal drug interaction between oxycodone and clonazepam. Author(s): Burrows DL, Hagardorn AN, Harlan GC, Wallen ED, Ferslew KE. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 May; 48(3): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762549&dopt=Abstract

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A methods comparison: clonazepam by gas chromatography-electron capture and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Author(s): Wilson JM, Friel PN, Wilensky AJ, Raisys VA. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1979; 1(3): 387-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=555581&dopt=Abstract

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A population-based case-control teratologic study of nitrazepam, medazepam, tofisopam, alprazolum and clonazepam treatment during pregnancy. Author(s): Eros E, Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sorensen HT, Olsen J. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 March 10; 101(2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858890&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam

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A study of intramuscular clonazepam for psychotic agitation. Author(s): Benazzi F, Mazzoli M, Rossi E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 February; 38(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8448730&dopt=Abstract

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A successful clonazepam treatment without tolerance in a patient with spontaneous oral dyskinesia. Author(s): Fukasawa T, Takahashi M, Otani K. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2001 October; 25(7): 1477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513361&dopt=Abstract

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A unique effect of clonazepam on frontal lobe seizure control. Author(s): Obeid T, Awada A, Sayes N, Mousali Y, Harris C. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 1999 October; 8(7): 4313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10600586&dopt=Abstract

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Absence status and the concurrent administration of clonazepam and valproate sodium. Author(s): Watson B. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979 July; 36(7): 887. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=112862&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption of clonazepam after intranasal and buccal administration. Author(s): Schols-Hendriks MW, Lohman JJ, Janknegt R, Korten JJ, Merkus FW, Hooymans PM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 April; 39(4): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640154&dopt=Abstract

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Acute intermittent porphyria and epilepsy: safety of clonazepam. Author(s): Suzuki A, Aso K, Ariyoshi C, Ishimaru M. Source: Epilepsia. 1992 January-February; 33(1): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1733741&dopt=Abstract

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Acute severe catatonia in a young woman with chronic schizophrenia responding to parenteral clonazepam. Author(s): Kumar R. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 June; 35(3): 391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437823&dopt=Abstract

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Adjunctive clonazepam for maintenance treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS, Rosenbaum JF, Jones L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 February; 10(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2106533&dopt=Abstract

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Adjunctive clonazepam treatment of tic symptoms in children with comorbid tic disorders and ADHD. Author(s): Steingard RJ, Goldberg M, Lee D, DeMaso DR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 March-April; 33(3): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169185&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse behavioral response to clonazepam as a function of Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancy. Author(s): Rosenfeld WE, Beniak TE, Lippmann SM, Loewenson RB. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1987 November-December; 1(6): 347-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3504409&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam dependency: use of clonazepam for withdrawal. Author(s): Patterson JF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 July; 81(7): 830-1, 836. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3393938&dopt=Abstract

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Alternate-day clonazepam treatment of intractable seizures. Author(s): Sher PK. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1985 August; 42(8): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4026614&dopt=Abstract

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Amiodarone-clonazepam interaction. Author(s): Witt DM, Ellsworth AJ, Leversee JH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 December; 27(12): 1463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305778&dopt=Abstract

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An 125I-radioimmunoassay for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma. Author(s): Dixon R, Crews T. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1977 November; 18(3): 477-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=928948&dopt=Abstract

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An HPLC method for analysis of clonazepam in serum. Author(s): Shaw W, Long G, McHan J. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1983 May-June; 7(3): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6887791&dopt=Abstract

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An open-label, dose escalation pilot study of the effect of clonazepam in burning mouth syndrome. Author(s): Grushka M, Epstein J, Mott A. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1998 November; 86(5): 557-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9830647&dopt=Abstract

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Antiaggressive effect of adjunctive clonazepam in schizophrenia associated with seizure disorder. Author(s): Keats MM, Mukherjee S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 March; 49(3): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3346199&dopt=Abstract

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Antimanic effect of clonazepam. Author(s): Lechin F, van der Dijs B. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 December; 18(12): 1511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6661480&dopt=Abstract

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Antimanic effect of clonazepam. Author(s): Chouinard G, Young SN, Annable L. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 April; 18(4): 451-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6407539&dopt=Abstract

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Antimanic effects of clonazepam. Author(s): Chouinard G. Source: Psychosomatics. 1985 December; 26(12 Suppl): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3911252&dopt=Abstract

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Antipanic effect of clonazepam. Author(s): Fontaine R, Chouinard G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 January; 141(1): 149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6691446&dopt=Abstract

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Arterial and venous concentrations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, clonazepam, and diazepam after rapid intravenous injections. Author(s): Bojholm S, Paulson OB, Flachs H. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1982 October; 32(4): 478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7116763&dopt=Abstract

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Assay of underivatized intrazepam and clonazepam in plasma by capillary gas chromatography applied to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in humans. Author(s): de Boer AG, Rost-Kaiser J, Bracht H, Breimer DD. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1978 January 1; 145(1): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=621234&dopt=Abstract

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Attenuation of carbon dioxide-induced panic after clonazepam treatment. Author(s): Pols H, Zandbergen J, de Loof C, Griez E. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 December; 84(6): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1792935&dopt=Abstract

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Auditory startle reflex in post-traumatic stress disorder patients treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Shalev AY, Rogel-Fuchs Y. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 1992; 29(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1568858&dopt=Abstract

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Automated extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of serum clonazepam. Author(s): Taylor EH, Sloniewsky D, Gadsden RH Sr. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1984; 6(4): 474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6515711&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral disinhibition with clonazepam. Author(s): Marchevsky S, Isaacs G, Nitzan I. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1988 November; 10(6): 447. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3203885&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioural disturbances in children treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Commander M, Green SH, Prendergast M. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1991 April; 33(4): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1904374&dopt=Abstract

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Blepharospasm: successful treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Merikangas JR, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1979 April; 5(4): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=443775&dopt=Abstract

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Blood choline and response to clonazepam and haloperidol in Tourette's syndrome. Author(s): Merikangas JR, Merikangas KR, Kopp U, Hanin I. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1985 October; 72(4): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3865498&dopt=Abstract

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Burning mouth syndrome after taking clonazepam. Author(s): Culhane NS, Hodle AD. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July-August; 35(7-8): 874-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485137&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon dioxide induced panic attacks and short term clonazepam treatment. Preliminary study. Author(s): Nardi AE, Valenca AM, Zin W, Nascimento I. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1999 June; 57(2B): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450339&dopt=Abstract

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Citalopram-Clonazepam combination for primary depersonalization disorder: a case report. Author(s): Sachdev P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 June; 36(3): 424-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060195&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical differences between the generic and nongeneric forms of clonazepam. Author(s): Rapaport MH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 October; 17(5): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315995&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam and sertraline: absence of drug interaction in a multiple-dose study. Author(s): Bonate PL, Kroboth PD, Smith RB, Suarez E, Oo C. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 February; 20(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10653204&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam as a therapeutic adjunct to improve the management of psychiatric disorders. Author(s): Morishita S, Aoki S, Watanabe S. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 February; 52(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682937&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam as an augmenting agent in the treatment of childhood-onset obsessivecompulsive disorder. Author(s): Leonard HL, Topol D, Bukstein O, Hindmarsh D, Allen AJ, Swedo SE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 July-August; 33(6): 792-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8083135&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam augmentation of antidepressants: does it distinguish unipolar from bipolar depression? Author(s): Morishita S, Aoki S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 September; 71(1-3): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167520&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam augmentation therapy in a male at early adolescence with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sugimoto T, Murata T, Omori M, Wada Y. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583934&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam disposition in pediatric patients. Author(s): Walson PD, Edge JH. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1996 February; 18(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8848810&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam for psychiatric disorders? A look at its use in an inpatient psychiatric facility. Author(s): Hulstrand EP. Source: Hospital Formulary. 1992 April; 27(4): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170969&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam for the treatment of lancinating phantom limb pain. Author(s): Bartusch SL, Sanders BJ, D'Alessio JG, Jernigan JR. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1996 March; 12(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8722737&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in acute mania: time-blind evaluation of clinical response and concentrations in plasma. Author(s): Bottai T, Hue B, Hillaire-Buys D, Barbe A, Alric R, Pouget R, Petit P. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 December 24; 36(1-2): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988261&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the long-term treatment of patients with unipolar depression, bipolar and schizoaffective disorder. Author(s): Winkler D, Willeit M, Wolf R, Stamenkovic M, Tauscher J, Pjrek E, Konstantinidis A, Schindler S, Barnas C, Kasper S. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 March; 13(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650958&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a doseresponse study of efficacy, safety, and discontinuance. Clonazepam Panic Disorder Dose-Response Study Group. Author(s): Rosenbaum JF, Moroz G, Bowden CL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 October; 17(5): 390-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315990&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the correlation between clonazepam concentrations in plasma and clinical response. Author(s): Beauclair L, Fontaine R, Annable L, Holobow N, Chouinard G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 April; 14(2): 111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8195451&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam in the treatment of prolonged depression. Author(s): Morishita S, Aoki S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 June; 53(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404714&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam induced delirium in Bosnia. Author(s): Fish DE, Neff R, Benedek D. Source: Military Medicine. 1997 February; 162(2): Iii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9038018&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam prophylaxis and busulfan-related myoclonic epilepsy in autografted acute leukemia patients. Author(s): Meloni G, Nasta L, Pinto RM, Spalice A, Raucci U, Iannetti P. Source: Haematologica. 1995 November-December; 80(6): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8647520&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam treatment of lysergic acid diethylamide-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder with anxiety features. Author(s): Lerner AG, Gelkopf M, Skladman I, Rudinski D, Nachshon H, Bleich A. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598822&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam treatment of panic disorder in patients with recurrent chest pain and normal coronary arteries. Author(s): Wulsin LR, Maddock R, Beitman B, Dawaher R, Wells VE. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1999; 29(1): 97-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376236&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam treatment of rhythmic movement disorders. Author(s): Manni R, Tartara A. Source: Sleep. 1997 September; 20(9): 812. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406333&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam withdrawal in 13 patients with active epilepsy and drug side effects. Author(s): Buchanan N, Sharpe C. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 1994 December; 3(4): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894837&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam: benzodiazepine therapy for the restless legs syndrome. Author(s): Joy MS. Source: Anna J. 1997 December; 24(6): 686-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9444111&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam-induced maniacal reaction in a patient with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ikeda M, Fujikawa T, Yanai I, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki S. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 July; 13(4): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727730&dopt=Abstract

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Clonazepam-sensitive intermittent dystonic tremor. Author(s): Davis TL, Charles PD, Burns RS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 October; 88(10): 1069-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7481966&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability study of clonazepam after oral administration of two tablet formulations. Author(s): Chauhan BL, Sane SP, Revankar SN, Rammamurthy L, Doshi B, Bhatt AD, Bhate VR, Kulkarni RD. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 October; 48(10): 985-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200924&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of clonazepam following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Author(s): Crevoisier C, Delisle MC, Joseph I, Foletti G. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646763&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clonazepam for treating periodic limb movement disorder. Author(s): Edinger JD, Fins AI, Sullivan RJ, Marsh GR, Dailey DS, Young M. Source: Sleep. 1996 June; 19(5): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843536&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the frequency of behavioral disinhibition on alprazolam, clonazepam, or no benzodiazepine in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Author(s): Rothschild AJ, Shindul-Rothschild, Viguera A, Murray M, Brewster S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 February; 20(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10653202&dopt=Abstract

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CsA-associated neurotoxicity and ineffective prophylaxis with clonazepam in patients transplanted for thalassemia major: analysis of risk factors. Author(s): Erer B, Polchi P, Lucarelli G, Angelucci E, Baronciani D, Galimberti M, Giardini C, Gaziev D, Maiello A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1996 July; 18(1): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832009&dopt=Abstract

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Dangerous interaction with nefazodone added to fluoxetine, desipramine, venlafaxine, valproate and clonazepam combination therapy. Author(s): Benazzi F. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1997; 11(2): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9208383&dopt=Abstract

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Degradation of clonazepam in serum by light confirmed by means of a high performance liquid chromatographic method. Author(s): Wad N. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1986; 8(3): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3750378&dopt=Abstract

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Deposition of 7-aminoclonazepam and clonazepam in hair following a single dose of Klonopin. Author(s): Negrusz A, Bowen AM, Moore CM, Dowd SM, Strong MJ, Janicak PG. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002 October; 26(7): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423002&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam (“Rivotril” or “Ro 5-4023”) in plasma by gas chromatography using an internal standard. Author(s): Cano JP, Catalin J, Viala A, Roger J, Tassinari CA, Dravet C, Gastraut H. Source: Eur J Toxicol Environ Hyg. 1976 July-August; 9(4): 213-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=976330&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam and flunitrazepam in blood and urine by electroncapture GLC. Author(s): De Silva JA, Puglisi CV, Munno N. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1974 April; 63(4): 520-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4828697&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam and flunitrazepam in blood by electron-capture gasliquid chromatography. Author(s): de Silva JA, Bekersky I. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1974 November 6; 99(0): 447-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4153993&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam and its 7-amino metabolite in plasma and blood by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Min BH, Garland WA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1977 September 11; 139(1): 121-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=893609&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam and its amino and acetamido metaoblites in human plasma by combined gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring. Author(s): Min BH, Garland WA, Khoo KC, Torres GS. Source: Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1978 December; 5(12): 692-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=747743&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam by flow injection analysis. Author(s): Latorre C, Hernandez Blanco M, Lorenzo Abad E, Vicente J, Hernandez L. Source: The Analyst. 1988 February; 113(2): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3377174&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam in human plasma by gas chromatography--negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Garland WA, Min BH. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 April 21; 172: 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=548531&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of clonazepam in serum by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Lin WN. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1987 September; 9(3): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3672578&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of flunitrazepam, desmethylflunitrazepam and clonazepam in plasma by gas liquid chromatography with an internal standard. Author(s): Cano JP, Guintrand J, Aubert C, Viala A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1977 February; 27(2): 338-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=16619&dopt=Abstract

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Dialysis encephalopathy treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Trauner DA, Clayman M. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1979 December; 6(6): 555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=533254&dopt=Abstract

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Direct derivative spectrophotometric determination of nitrazepam and clonazepam in biological fluids. Author(s): Randez-Gil F, Daros JA, Salvador A, de la Guardia M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1991; 9(7): 539-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1817674&dopt=Abstract

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Discontinuation of clonazepam after long-term treatment. Author(s): Specht U, Boenigk HE, Wolf P. Source: Epilepsia. 1989 July-August; 30(4): 458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2502386&dopt=Abstract

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Discontinuation of clonazepam in patients with active epilepsy. Author(s): Chataway J, Fowler A, Thompson PJ, Duncan JS. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 1993 December; 2(4): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8162399&dopt=Abstract

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Discontinuation of clonazepam in the treatment of social phobia. Author(s): Connor KM, Davidson JR, Potts NL, Tupler LA, Miner CM, Malik ML, Book SW, Colket JT, Ferrell F. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 October; 18(5): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790154&dopt=Abstract

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Disinhibition and anger outbursts in adolescents treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Reiter S, Kutcher SP. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 August; 11(4): 268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1918425&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-ranging studies of clonazepam in man. Author(s): Hollister LE. Source: Psychopharmacol Commun. 1975; 1(1): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1223993&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind acute clonazepam vs. placebo in carbon dioxide-induced panic attacks. Author(s): Nardi AE, Valenca AM, Nascimento I, Mezzasalma MA, Zin WA. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 May 15; 94(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808043&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind clonazepam vs placebo in panic disorder treatment. Author(s): Valenca AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Mezzasalma MA, Lopes FL, Zin W. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2000 December; 58(4): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105068&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind comparison of the effects of clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania. Author(s): Bradwejn J, Shriqui C, Koszycki D, Meterissian G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 December; 10(6): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2126794&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind evaluation of clonazepam on periodic leg movements in sleep. Author(s): Peled R, Lavie P. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1987 December; 50(12): 1679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3437302&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of clonazepam and alprazolam for panic disorder. Author(s): Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Sachs GS, Herman JB, Cohen LS, Spier SA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 February; 52(2): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1993639&dopt=Abstract

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Drop episodes in Coffin-Lowry syndrome: exaggerated startle responses treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Nakamura M, Yamagata T, Momoi MY, Yamazaki T. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1998 August; 19(2): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744638&dopt=Abstract

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Drug interactions during anticonvulsant therapy in childhood: diphenylhydantoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, clonazepam, nitrazepam, carbamazepin and dipropylacetate. Author(s): Windorfer A Jr, Sauer W. Source: Neuropadiatrie. 1977 February; 8(1): 29-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=321985&dopt=Abstract

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Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Author(s): Goddard AW, Brouette T, Almai A, Jetty P, Woods SW, Charney D. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 July; 58(7): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448376&dopt=Abstract

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Editorial: Clonazepam: a new anticonvulsant. Author(s): Hussey HH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 April 5; 235(14): 1481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=815574&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of clonazepam (Ro 5-4023) on epileptic seizures. Author(s): Aarli JA. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1973; 53: 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4148636&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of clonazepam (Ro 5-4023) on interictal EEG abnormalities. Author(s): Hakkinen V. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1973; 53: 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4519457&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of clonazepam on neuroleptic-induced oculogyric crisis. Author(s): Horiguchi J, Inami Y. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1989 November; 80(5): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2574529&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of clonazepam treatment on antipsychotic drug-induced Meige syndrome and changes in plasma levels of GABA, HVA, and MHPG during treatment. Author(s): Yoshimura R, Kakihara S, Soya A, Ueda N, Shinkai K, Nakamura J. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 October; 55(5): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555353&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intravenous injection of biperiden and clonazepam in dystonia. Author(s): Povlsen UJ, Pakkenberg H. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1990; 5(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2296254&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of clobazam and clonazepam on saccadic eye movements and other parameters of psychomotor performance. Author(s): van der Meyden CH, Bartel PR, Sommers DK, Blom M, Pretorius LC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 37(4): 365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689183&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of intravenously administered clonazepam on the interictal paroxysmal activity in various electroclinical forms of epilepsy. Author(s): Striano S, Fels A, Vacca G. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1978 October; 33(5): 426-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=116483&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam on cortex- and amygdalaevoked potentials. Author(s): Albright PS, Burnham WM. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1983 August; 81(2): 308-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6873217&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of single and repeated application of clonazepam and diazepam combined with cyproheptadine on apomorphine stereotypy in rats. Author(s): Georgiev VP, Petkov VV. Source: Agressologie. 1985 January; 26(1): 57-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4041139&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of single and repeated application of clonazepam and diazepam independently and in combination with cyproheptadine on apomorphine stereotypy in rats. Author(s): Georgiev VP, Petkov VV. Source: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1984; 10(3): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6543287&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the anticonvulsant benzodiazepine clonazepam on event-related brain potentials in humans. Author(s): Rockstroh B, Elbert T, Lutzenberger W, Altenmuller E. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1991 February; 78(2): 142-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1704837&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of clonazepam in refractory neurally mediated syncope. Author(s): Kadri NN, Hee TT, Rovang KS, Mohiuddin SM, Ryan T, Ashraf R, Huebert V, Hilleman DE. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1999 February; 22(2): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10087545&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy, safety, and gradual discontinuation of clonazepam in panic disorder: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study using optimized dosages. Author(s): Moroz G, Rosenbaum JF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 September; 60(9): 604-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520979&dopt=Abstract

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Elimination of 7-aminoclonazepam in urine after a single dose of clonazepam. Author(s): Negrusz A, Bowen AM, Moore CM, Dowd SM, Strong MJ, Janicak PG. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 August; 376(8): 1198-204. Epub 2003 July 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845398&dopt=Abstract

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ELISA detection of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in whole blood and urine. Author(s): Elian AA. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 June 24; 134(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842358&dopt=Abstract

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Epileptic seizures induced by clonazepam. Author(s): Alvarez N, Hartford E, Doubt C. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1981 April; 12(2): 57-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7237847&dopt=Abstract

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Erythema multiforme due to clonazepam - supportive evidence from the macrophage migration inhibition factor test. Author(s): Amichai B, Grunwald MH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 September; 23(5): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233601&dopt=Abstract

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Erythromelalgia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Kraus A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 January; 17(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2313664&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of clonazepam in the treatment of epilepsies. Author(s): Groh C, Rosenmayr F. Source: Acta Univ Carol Med Monogr. 1976; (75): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1052634&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of in vitro percutaneous absorption of lorazepam and clonazepam from hydro-alcoholic gel formulations. Author(s): Puglia C, Bonina F, Trapani G, Franco M, Ricci M. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2001 October 9; 228(1-2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576770&dopt=Abstract

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Facial muscle spasms and clonazepam. Author(s): Wieland C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 September 2; 143(5): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4033500&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of carbamazepine to prevent clonazepam withdrawal status epilepticus. Author(s): Sechi GP, Zoroddu G, Rosati G. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1984 September; 5(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6500901&dopt=Abstract

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Familial photosensitive epilepsy: effectiveness of clonazepam. Author(s): Saenz-Lope E, Herranz-Tanarro FJ, Masdeu JC, Bufil J. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1984 January; 15(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6697545&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine impairs clearance of alprazolam but not of clonazepam. Author(s): Greenblatt DJ, Preskorn SH, Cotreau MM, Horst WD, Harmatz JS. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1992 November; 52(5): 479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424422&dopt=Abstract

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Flushing reaction associated with the interaction of phenelzine and clonazepam. Author(s): Karagianis JL, March H. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 June; 36(5): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1884345&dopt=Abstract

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Functional independence in post-anoxic myoclonus: contribution of L-5-HTP sodium valproate and clonazepam. Author(s): Carroll WM, Walsh PJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 December 9; 2(6152): 1612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=365292&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic determination of clonazepam. Author(s): Larking P. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 December 12; 221(2): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7217309&dopt=Abstract

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High leg motor activity in sleep apnea hypopnea patients: efficacy of clonazepam combined with nasal CPAP on polysomnographic variables. Author(s): Noseda A, Nouvelle M, Lanquart JR, Kempenaers Ch, De Maertelaer V, Linkowski R, Kerkhofs M. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 September; 96(9): 693-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243315&dopt=Abstract

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High-performance liquid chromatography determination of clonazepam in plasma using solid-phase extraction. Author(s): Sallustio BC, Kassapidis C, Morris RG. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1994 April; 16(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8009566&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrolysis of clonazepam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam by hydrochloric acid. Identification of some additional products. Author(s): de Bruyne MM, Sinnema A, Verweij AM. Source: Forensic Science International. 1984 February; 24(2): 125-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6706262&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of the human and animal hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in clonazepam metabolism. Author(s): Seree EJ, Pisano PJ, Placidi M, Rahmani R, Barra YA. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 7(2): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8486332&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine and clonazepam for panic disorder. Author(s): Eppel AB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 February; 146(2): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2912281&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate changes of the electroencephalograms after intravenous injection of clonazepam and their relation to its effect on clinical fits in children with minor seizures. Author(s): Iinuma K, Tamahashi S, Otomo H, Onuma A, Takamatsu N. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1978 July; 125(3): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=694924&dopt=Abstract

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Improved gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of clonazepam levels in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. Author(s): Dhar AK, Kutt H. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1981 February 13; 222(2): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7251738&dopt=Abstract

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Improved micromethod for determination of underivatized clonazepam in serum by gas chromatography. Author(s): Edelbroek PM, De Wolff FA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1978 October; 24(10): 1774-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=699288&dopt=Abstract

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Improved selectivity for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of clonazepam in plasma of epileptic patients. Author(s): Le Guellec C, Gaudet ML, Breteau M. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 November 20; 719(1-2): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9869385&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of age and comedication on steady-state clonazepam serum level-dose ratios in Japanese epileptic patients. Author(s): Yukawa E, Satou M, Nonaka T, Yukawa M, Ohdo S, Higuchi S, Kuroda T, Goto Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 October; 26(5): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679028&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of concurrent administration of carbamazepine on the plasma concentrations of clonazepam. Author(s): Sunaoshi W, Miura H, Shirai H. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1988 September; 42(3): 589-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3241484&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of phenytoin and phenobarbital on the disposition of a single oral dose of clonazepam. Author(s): Khoo KC, Mendels J, Rothbart M, Garland WA, Colburn WA, Min BH, Lucek R, Carbone JJ, Boxenbaum HG, Kaplan SA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 September; 28(3): 368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7408397&dopt=Abstract

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Intention myoclonus: successful treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Goldberb MA, Dorman JD. Source: Neurology. 1976 January; 26(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=942766&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between clonazepam and phenelzine. Author(s): Eppel AB. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1990 October; 35(7): 647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2268847&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between clonazepam and sodium valproate. Author(s): Watson WA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 March 22; 300(12): 678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=368635&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent treatment with clonazepam in simple febrile seizures. Author(s): Arcas Martinez J, Martinez Bermejo A, Gonzales Gonzales L, Lopez Martin V, Pascual-Castroviejo I. Source: Brain & Development. 1990; 12(2): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2360705&dopt=Abstract

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Intramuscular clonazepam for the treatment of psychotic agitation. Author(s): Benazzi F. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 November; 36(9): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773408&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous clonazepam in eclampsia. Author(s): Harding DL, Leong CM. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1988 February; 28(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3214388&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children. Author(s): Congdon PJ, Forsythe WI. Source: Epilepsia. 1980 February; 21(1): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7353567&dopt=Abstract

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Is extended clonazepam cotherapy of fluoxetine effective for outpatients with major depression? Author(s): Smith WT, Londborg PD, Glaudin V, Painter JR; Summit Research Network. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 August; 70(3): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12128237&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetic predominant essential tremor: successful treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Biary N, Koller W. Source: Neurology. 1987 March; 37(3): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3822141&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetics of clonazepam in relation to electroencephalographic and clinical effects. Author(s): Stahl Y, Persson A, Petters I, Rane A, Theorell K, Walson P. Source: Epilepsia. 1983 April; 24(2): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6403345&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of clonazepam on serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine. Author(s): Johannessen SI, Strandjord RE, Munthe-Kaas AW. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1977 June; 55(6): 506-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=878840&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Clonazepam in the treatment of drug-induced dyskinesia. Author(s): O'Flanagan PM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 February 1; 1(5952): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1111773&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Thrombocytopenia during treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Veall RM, Hogarth HC. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 November 22; 4(5994): 462. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1192127&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Use of clonazepam in epilepsy. Author(s): Halliday HL, Glasgow JF. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 December 13; 4(5997): 647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1203711&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatographic analysis of clonazepam in human serum with solid-phase (Bond-Elut) extraction. Author(s): Kabra PM, Nzekwe EU. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 June 14; 341(2): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4030987&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatographic assay for serum clonazepam. Author(s): Doran TC. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1988; 10(4): 474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3201534&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium and clonazepam treatment of two cases with cluster headache. Author(s): Takebayashi M, Fujikawa T, Kagaya A, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki S. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 August; 53(4): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10498239&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term experience with clonazepam in patients with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder. Author(s): Worthington JJ 3rd, Pollack MH, Otto MW, McLean RY, Moroz G, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641001&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome after acute treatment with alprazolam or clonazepam for panic disorder. Author(s): Pollack MH, Otto MW, Tesar GE, Cohen LS, Meltzer-Brody S, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 August; 13(4): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8376613&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term treatment of social phobia with clonazepam. Author(s): Davidson JR, Ford SM, Smith RD, Potts NL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 November; 52 Suppl: 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1757453&dopt=Abstract

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Low doses of clonazepam in the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Pols H, Zandbergen J, Lousberg H, de Loof C, Griez E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 May; 36(4): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1868425&dopt=Abstract

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LSD-induced Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder treated with clonazepam: two case reports. Author(s): Lerner AG, Skladman I, Kodesh A, Sigal M, Shufman E. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2001; 38(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11475916&dopt=Abstract

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Management of hemifacial spasm with clonazepam. Author(s): Herzberg L. Source: Neurology. 1985 November; 35(11): 1676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4058762&dopt=Abstract

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Mania associated with clonazepam. Author(s): Dorevitch A. Source: Dicp. 1991 September; 25(9): 938-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1949970&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of clonazepam by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography with application to single-dose pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Miller LG, Friedman H, Greenblatt DJ. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1987 March-April; 11(2): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3573724&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of plasma clonazepam for therapeutic control: a comparison of chromatographic methods. Author(s): de Carvalho D, Lanchote VL. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1991 January; 13(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2057993&dopt=Abstract

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Micro-determination of clonazepam in plasma or serum by electron-capture gasliquid chromatography. Author(s): Badcock NR, Pollard AC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 July 9; 230(2): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7107781&dopt=Abstract

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Mixed bipolar disorder responsive to lithium and clonazepam. Author(s): Adler LW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 January; 47(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3079750&dopt=Abstract

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Morphine and clonazepam combinations in the Springfusor 30 infusion device. Author(s): Dean A, Martin K, Yuen K, Oldham L, Ewence K. Source: Palliative Medicine. 1997 May; 11(3): 256. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205664&dopt=Abstract

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Myoclonus following severe asthma: clonazepam relieves. Author(s): Chee YC, Poh SC. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1983 June; 13(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6579942&dopt=Abstract

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Myoclonus in Down's syndrome: treatment with Clonazepam. Author(s): Good DC, Howard HD. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1982 March; 39(3): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6461317&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal apnea associated with maternal clonazepam therapy: a case report. Author(s): Fisher JB, Edgren BE, Mammel MC, Coleman JM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 September; 66(3 Suppl): 34S-35S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022513&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroleptic-induced “painful legs and moving toes” syndrome: successful treatment with clonazepam and baclofen. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1990 December; 11(6): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2081681&dopt=Abstract

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New uses for clonazepam in psychiatry: introduction and overview. Author(s): Rosenbaum JF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 October; 48 Suppl: 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3667547&dopt=Abstract

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Nitroreduction of clonazepam in human foetal liver microsomes and hepatocyte cultures. Author(s): Peng DR, Petters I, Rane A. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1984 February; 12(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6546727&dopt=Abstract

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Nocturnal myoclonus: treatment efficacy of clonazepam and temazepam. Author(s): Mitler MM, Browman CP, Menn SJ, Gujavarty K, Timms RM. Source: Sleep. 1986; 9(3): 385-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2876485&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetrical and neonatal outcome following clonazepam use during pregnancy: a case series. Author(s): Weinstock L, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Blatman R, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 May-June; 70(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340418&dopt=Abstract

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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome induced by clonazepam in a narcoleptic patient with REM-sleep-behavior disorder. Author(s): Schuld A, Kraus T, Haack M, Hinze-Selch D, Pollmacher T. Source: Journal of Sleep Research. 1999 December; 8(4): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646174&dopt=Abstract

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On the alert for clonazepam (Klonopin) versus clonidine. Author(s): Gutierrez MA, Todd K, Nagy RM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 August; 11(4): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1918426&dopt=Abstract

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Opsoclonus--myoclonus syndrome in an adult: a case report and response to clonazepam. Author(s): Garg RK, Kar AM, Dixit V. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1996 June; 44(2): 101-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916599&dopt=Abstract

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Oral clonazepam sensitive focal status epilepticus (FSE). Author(s): Padma MV, Jain S, Maheshwari MC. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1997 May-June; 64(3): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10771867&dopt=Abstract

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Orthostatic tremor: combined treatment with primidone and clonazepam. Author(s): Poersch M. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1994 July; 9(4): 467. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7969218&dopt=Abstract

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Palatal myoclonus successfully treated with clonazepam. Author(s): Bakheit AM, Behan PO. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990 September; 53(9): 806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2246666&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral clonazepam for catatonia. Author(s): Benazzi F. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 May; 36(4): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1868429&dopt=Abstract

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Pedophilia treated with carbamazepine and clonazepam. Author(s): Varela D, Black DW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 July; 159(7): 1245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091213&dopt=Abstract

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Periodic leg movement, sleep fragmentation and central sleep apnoea in two cases: reduction with Clonazepam. Author(s): Guilleminault C, Crowe C, Quera-Salva MA, Miles L, Partinen M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1988 August; 1(8): 762-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3234522&dopt=Abstract

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Periodic leg movements in sleep with restless legs syndrome: effect of clonazepam treatment. Author(s): Horiguchi J, Inami Y, Sasaki A, Nishimatsu O, Sukegawa T. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992 September; 46(3): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487855&dopt=Abstract

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Periodic leg movements in sleep: effect of clonazepam treatment. Author(s): Ohanna N, Peled R, Rubin AH, Zomer J, Lavie P. Source: Neurology. 1985 March; 35(3): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3974901&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacoepidemiologic investigation of a clonazepam-carbamazepine interaction by mixed effect modeling using routine clinical pharmacokinetic data in Japanese patients. Author(s): Yukawa E, Nonaka T, Yukawa M, Ohdo S, Higuchi S, Kuroda T, Goto Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 December; 21(6): 588-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763006&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacoepidemiologic investigation of clonazepam relative clearance by mixedeffect modeling using routine clinical pharmacokinetic data in Japanese patients. Author(s): Yukawa E, Satou M, Nonaka T, Yukawa M, Ohdo S, Higuchi S, Kuroda T, Goto Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 January; 42(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808828&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of clonazepam in children with epilepsy treated with valproate: a preliminary study. Author(s): Wang L, Wang XD. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2002 August; 24(4): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142639&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic profiles of clonazepam in dog and humans and of flunitrazepam in dog. Author(s): Kaplan SA, Alexander K, Jack ML, Puglisi CV, De Silva JA, Lee TL, Weinfeld RE. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1974 April; 63(4): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4828698&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonazepam and its 7-amino-metabolite in man. Author(s): Sjo O, Hvidberg EF, Naestoft J, Lund M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1975 April 4; 8(3-4): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1233220&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of the anticonvulsant drug clonazepam evaluated from single oral and intravenous doses and by repeated oral administration. Author(s): Berlin A, Dahlstrom H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1975 December 19; 9(2-3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1233263&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and treatment issues of benzodiazepines: alprazolam, adinazolam, and clonazepam. Author(s): DeVane CL, Ware MR, Lydiard RB. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1991; 27(4): 463-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1687613&dopt=Abstract

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Phenobarbital versus clonazepam for sedative-hypnotic taper in chronic pain patients. A pilot study. Author(s): Sullivan M, Toshima M, Lynn P, Roy-Byrne P. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1993 June; 5(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348204&dopt=Abstract

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Phenytoin/clonazepam interaction. Author(s): Saavedra IN, Aguilera LI, Faure E, Galdames DG. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1985; 7(4): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4082246&dopt=Abstract

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Pivotal studies of clonazepam in panic disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR, Moroz G. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(2): 169-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640996&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma concentrations of clonazepam after single rectal administration. Author(s): Rylance GW, Poulton J, Cherry RC, Cullen RE. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 February; 61(2): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3954443&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma levels of di-no-propylacetate and clonazepam in epileptic patients. Author(s): Baruzzi A, Bordo B, Bossi L, Castelli D, Gerna M, Tognoni G, Zagnoni P. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1977 September; 15(9): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=334679&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in hepatic and renal insufficiency and after hemodialysis. Author(s): Pacifici GM, Viani A, Rizzo G, Carrai M, Rane A. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1987 December; 9(4): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3424402&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in vitro: interaction with other drugs and the effect of pH and plasma dilution. Author(s): Kimura S, Shimomura J, Koide N, Takebe Y. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1987 September; 41(3): 527-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3448345&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphic acetylation of 7-amino-clonazepam in human liver cytosol. Author(s): Peng DR, Birgersson C, von Bahr C, Rane A. Source: Pediatr Pharmacol (New York). 1984; 4(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6493838&dopt=Abstract

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Possible serotonin syndrome from paroxetine and clonazepam. Author(s): Rella JG, Hoffman RS. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(3): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9656985&dopt=Abstract

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Posttraumatic epilepsy and acute intermittent porphyria: effects of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam. Author(s): Larson AW, Wasserstrom WR, Felsher BF, Chih JC. Source: Neurology. 1978 August; 28(8): 824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=98734&dopt=Abstract

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Posttraumatic rubral tremor responsive to clonazepam. Author(s): Jacob PC, Pratap Chand R. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1998 November; 13(6): 977-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827628&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary evaluation of the effects of clonazepam on parkinsonian tremor. Author(s): Loeb C, Priano A. Source: European Neurology. 1977; 15(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=852470&dopt=Abstract

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Proceedings: Clonazepam-induced changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism in aminals and man. Author(s): Jenner P, Chadwick D, Reynolds EH, Marsden CD. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1975 December; 27 Suppl?-2: 38P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2712&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudo-mycosis fungoides in a patient taking clonazepam and fluoxetine. Author(s): Gordon KB, Guitart J, Kuzel T, Salard D, Bakouche O, Domer P, Roenigk H, Rosen S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642101&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm. Author(s): White MC, Silverman JJ, Harbison JW. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1982 February; 170(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7057171&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitation of clonazepam and its 7-amino and 7-acetamido metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Petters I, Peng DR, Rane A. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 March 9; 306: 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6715463&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitation of clonazepam and its major metabolite 7-aminoclonazepam in hair. Author(s): Negrusz A, Moore CM, Kern JL, Janicak PG, Strong MJ, Levy NA. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2000 October; 24(7): 614-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11043668&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative determination of clonazepam and its metabolites in human plasma by gas chromatography. Author(s): Naestoft J, Larsen NE. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1974 June 12; 93(1): 113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4853992&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative determination of clonazepam in plasma by gas chromatographynegative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Song D, Zhang S, Kohlhof K. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1996 November 15; 686(2): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8971600&dopt=Abstract

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Radioimmunoassay of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam. Author(s): Dixon WR, Young RL, Ning R, Liebman A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1977 February; 66(2): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=557106&dopt=Abstract

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Radioreceptor assay of clonazepam and diazepam in blood for therapeutic drug monitoring. Author(s): Nishikawa T, Nishida A, Ohtani H, Sunaoshi W, Miura H, Sudo Y, Kubo H. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1989; 11(4): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2500757&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of clonazepam in plasma. Author(s): Valenza T, Rosselli P. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 January 16; 386: 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3558615&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid gas chromatographic assay of underivatized clonazepam in plasma. Author(s): Loscher W, Al-Tahan FJ. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1983 June; 5(2): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6879649&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of clonazepam in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Parry GJ, Ferry DG. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1976 November 17; 128(1): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=993294&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid tranquilization with intramuscular clonazepam. Author(s): Benazzi F, Mazzoli M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1994 September; 39(7): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7987793&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of epileptiform activity in response to low-dose clonazepam in children with epilepsy: a randomized double-blind study. Author(s): Dahlin M, Knutsson E, Amark P, Nergardh A. Source: Epilepsia. 2000 March; 41(3): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10714402&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of seizures with low-dose clonazepam in children with epilepsy. Author(s): Dahlin MG, Amark PE, Nergardh AR. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 January; 28(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657420&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory and sedative effects of clobazam and clonazepam in volunteers. Author(s): Wildin JD, Pleuvry BJ, Mawer GE, Onon T, Millington L. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 February; 29(2): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2106335&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory failure after clonazepam and amobarbital. Author(s): Honer WG, Rosenberg RG, Turey M, Fisher WA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 November; 143(11): 1495. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3777263&dopt=Abstract

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Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies with clonazepam. Author(s): Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Prause W, Semler B, Zoghlami A, Gruber G, Hauer C, Saletu B. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 April; 11(2): 153-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313161&dopt=Abstract

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Role of clonazepam in the treatment of idiopathic downbeat nystagmus. Author(s): Young YH, Huang TW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 August; 111(8): 1490-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568589&dopt=Abstract

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Seizure in gradual clonazepam withdrawal, Vol. 14, No. 3, September, 1989, p. 484. Author(s): Alvarez WA, Zona MA. Source: Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1990 March; 15(1): 64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2326391&dopt=Abstract

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Seizures with clonazepam: discontinuation and suggestions for safe discontinuation rates in children. Author(s): Sugai K. Source: Epilepsia. 1993 November-December; 34(6): 1089-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8243361&dopt=Abstract

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Selective effect of clonazepam and (S)-uxepam on the binding of warfarin enantiomers to human serum albumin. Author(s): Fitos I, Simonyi M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 October 21; 450(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2906941&dopt=Abstract

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Serum clonazepam concentrations in children with absence seizures. Author(s): Dreifuss FE, Penry JK, Rose SW, Kupferberg HJ, Dyken P, Sato S. Source: Neurology. 1975 March; 25(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1089913&dopt=Abstract

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Serum concentration of clonazepam after rectal administration. Author(s): Klosterskov Jensen P, Abild K, Nohr Poulsen M. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1983 December; 68(6): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6666549&dopt=Abstract

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Serum concentration of clonazepam and the therapeutic effect of the drug. Author(s): Lambie DG, Johnson RH. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1983 February; 67(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6845979&dopt=Abstract

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Seven cases of Gilles de la tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. Author(s): Gonce M, Barbeau A. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1977 November; 4(4): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=271517&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual disinhibition on clonazepam. Author(s): Kubacki A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1987 October; 32(7): 643-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676996&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term augmentation of fluoxetine with clonazepam in the treatment of depression: a double-blind study. Author(s): Smith WT, Londborg PD, Glaudin V, Painter JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 October; 155(10): 1339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766764&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term cotherapy with clonazepam and fluoxetine: anxiety, sleep disturbance and core symptoms of depression. Author(s): Londborg PD, Smith WT, Glaudin V, Painter JR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(1-2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099743&dopt=Abstract

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Side effects of carbamazepine, valproate and clonazepam during long-term treatment of epilepsy. Author(s): Keranen T, Sivenius J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1983; 97: 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6424398&dopt=Abstract

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Simple and sensitive method for monitoring clonazepam in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Boukhabza A, Lugnier AA, Kintz P, Mangin P, Chaumont AJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 July 13; 529(1): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2211935&dopt=Abstract

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Simple and sensitive method for the determination of clobazam, clonazepam and nitrazepam in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Zilli MA, Nisi G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1986 June 13; 378(2): 492-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2874152&dopt=Abstract

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Simple and specific high performance liquid chromatographic method for the routine monitoring of clonazepam in plasma. Author(s): Rovei V, Sanjuan M. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1980; 2(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7222182&dopt=Abstract

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Simplified high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of clonazepam and other benzodiazepines in serum. Author(s): Haver VM, Porter WH, Dorie LD, Lea JR. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1986; 8(3): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3750377&dopt=Abstract

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Simplified thin-layer chromatographic method for the stimultaneous determination of clonazepam, diazepam and their metabolites in serum. Author(s): Wad NT, Hanifl EJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1977 March 1; 143(2): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=838835&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of clobazam, N-desmethyl clobazam and clonazepam in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Dusci LJ, Hackett LP. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1987; 9(1): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3576656&dopt=Abstract

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Social phobia and clonazepam. Author(s): Ontiveros A, Fontaine R. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1990 June; 35(5): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2372756&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium valproate and clonazepam for treatment-resistant panic disorder. Author(s): Ontiveros A, Fontaine R. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1992 June; 17(2): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637803&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium valproate and clonazepam in the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Lance JW, Anthony M. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1977 January; 34(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=401638&dopt=Abstract

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Some aspects of the clinical use of clonazepam in refractory epilepsy. Author(s): Lander CM, Donnan GA, Bladin PF, Vajda FJ. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1979; 16: 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=121707&dopt=Abstract

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Some comments on the treatment of epilepsy by clonazepam with special reference to serum concentrations and EEG beta activity. Author(s): Dumermuth G. Source: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1982; (35): 251-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6749478&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal myoclonus related to an arteriovenous malformation. Response to clonazepam therapy. Author(s): Levy R, Plassche W, Riggs J, Shoulson I. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1983 April; 40(4): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6830478&dopt=Abstract

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Startle disease, or hyperekplexia: response to clonazepam and assignment of the gene (STHE) to chromosome 5q by linkage analysis. Author(s): Ryan SG, Sherman SL, Terry JC, Sparkes RS, Torres MC, Mackey RW. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1992 June; 31(6): 663-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355335&dopt=Abstract

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Stiff-man syndrome and clonazepam. Author(s): Westblom U. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 May 2; 237(18): 1930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=576704&dopt=Abstract

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Successful clonazepam treatment of adolescents with panic disorder. Author(s): Kutcher SP, MacKenzie S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 August; 8(4): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209726&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of cerebellar tremor with clonazepam. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: Clin Pharm. 1985 November-December; 4(6): 615, 618. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4075731&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of primary reading epilepsy with clonazepam. Author(s): Login IS, Kolakovich TM. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1978 August; 4(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=707988&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine and clonazepam. Author(s): Shapleske J, Mickay AP, Mckenna PJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 April; 168(4): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730951&dopt=Abstract

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Successful use of clonazepam in patients with treatment-resistant panic disorder. Author(s): Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1986 August; 174(8): 477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3734770&dopt=Abstract

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The alprazolam to clonazepam switch for the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Herman JB, Rosenbaum JF, Brotman AW. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 June; 7(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3597803&dopt=Abstract

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The anticonvulsant effect of sodium valproate and clonazepam in the management of intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Lance JW, Anthony M. Source: Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1976; 101: 200-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=800689&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of clonazepam on myoclonic seizures in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Aysun S, Renda Y. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1978 July-October; 20(3-4): 91-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=120989&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of adding pharmacologic treatment with clonazepam or cyclobenzaprine to patient education and self-care for the treatment of jaw pain upon awakening: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Herman CR, Schiffman EL, Look JO, Rindal DB. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2002 Winter; 16(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889661&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of clonazepam on the Rolandic discharges. Author(s): Mitsudome A, Ohfu M, Yasumoto S, Ogawa A, Hirose S, Ogata H, Yamada T. Source: Brain & Development. 1997 June; 19(4): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9187478&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of clonazepam and vigabatrin in hyperekplexia. Author(s): Tijssen MA, Schoemaker HC, Edelbroek PJ, Roos RA, Cohen AF, van Dijk JG. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 July; 149(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9168167&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of clonazepam on quality of life and work productivity in panic disorder. Author(s): Jacobs RJ, Davidson JR, Gupta S, Meyerhoff AS. Source: Am J Manag Care. 1997 August; 3(8): 1187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170301&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of clonazepam on rolandic discharge of benign epilepsy of children with centro-temporal EEG foci. Author(s): Takahashi K, Saito M, Kyo K, Gomibuchi K, Niijima S, Tada H, Honda T, Sato Y, Takahashi H, Ohtsuka C. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991 June; 45(2): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1762250&dopt=Abstract

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The long-term effectiveness of clonazepam therapy in the control of partial seizures in children difficult to control with carbamazepine monotherapy. Author(s): Hosoda N, Miura H, Takanashi S, Shirai H, Sunaoshi W. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991 June; 45(2): 471-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1762251&dopt=Abstract

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The realities of clonazepam discontinuation. Author(s): Freeman S. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1997 July; 48(7): 881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219294&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of alprazolam and clonazepam dose to steady-state concentration in plasma. Author(s): Labbate LA, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Tesar GM, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 August; 14(4): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962684&dopt=Abstract

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The stability and reliability of radioimmunoassays for clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital in blood, serum or plasma. Author(s): Spiegel HE, Symington J, Savulich A. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1978 February; 19(2): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=644122&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam: a prospective controlled study. Author(s): Boghen D, Lamothe L, Elie R, Godbout R, Montplaisir J. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1986 August; 13(3): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3527387&dopt=Abstract

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The use of clonazepam in the treatment of nystagmus-induced oscillopsia. Author(s): Currie JN, Matsuo V. Source: Ophthalmology. 1986 July; 93(7): 924-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3763138&dopt=Abstract

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The use of clonazepam in the treatment of tic douloureux (a preliminary report). Author(s): Chandra B. Source: Proc Aust Assoc Neurol. 1976; 13: 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1028998&dopt=Abstract

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The use of long-term clonazepam (CZP) monotherapy in previously untreated epileptics. Author(s): Haigh JR, Feely MP. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1988 June; 77(6): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407391&dopt=Abstract

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The utility of clonazepam in epilepsy of various types. Observations with 22 childhood cases. Author(s): Nogen AG. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1978 January; 17(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=618701&dopt=Abstract

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Three case reports of behavioral disinhibition with clonazepam. Author(s): Binder RL. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1987 March; 9(2): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3569889&dopt=Abstract

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Time-course of interaction between carbamazepine and clonazepam in normal man. Author(s): Lai AA, Levy RH, Cutler RE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1978 September; 24(3): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=688725&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerability of clonazepam in demented and non-demented geropsychiatric patients. Author(s): Calkin PA, Kunik ME, Orengo CA, Molinari V, Workman R. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1997 July; 12(7): 745-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251937&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of depression with clonazepam. Author(s): Kishimoto A, Kamata K, Sugihara T, Ishiguro S, Hazama H, Mizukawa R, Kunimoto N. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1988 January; 77(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3279721&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of epilepsy with clonazepam and its effect on other anticonvulsants. Author(s): Nanda RN, Johnson RH, Keogh HJ, Lambie DG, Melville ID. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1977 June; 40(6): 538-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=409803&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Huntington's disease with clonazepam. Author(s): Stewart JT. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 January; 81(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2962291&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of manic episodes: zuclopenthixol and clonazepam versus lithium and clonazepam. Author(s): Gouliaev G, Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Merinder L, Lund H, Bjerre L. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 February; 93(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686481&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with clonazepam. Author(s): Spier SA, Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Woods SW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 May; 47(5): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3700341&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. Author(s): Davidson JR, Potts N, Richichi E, Krishnan R, Ford SM, Smith R, Wilson WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 December; 13(6): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8120156&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with clonazepam. Author(s): Bhothinard B, McGarry J. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1979 July; 62(7): 393-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=479724&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of status epilepticus with intravenous clonazepam. Author(s): Singh AN, Le Morvan P. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1982; 6(4-6): 539-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6819599&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam. Author(s): Matthews WB. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 March 17; 1(6165): 751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=435767&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of tic douloureux with a new anticonvulsant (clonazepam). Author(s): Court JE, Kase CS. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1976 March; 39(3): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=932745&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral localized hyperhidrosis responding to treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Takase Y, Tsushimi K, Yamamoto K, Fukusako T, Morimatsu M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 April; 126(4): 416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1571268&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary incontinence associated with clonazepam therapy. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1983 August 13; 64(7): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6879368&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary retention with sertraline, haloperidol, and clonazepam combination. Author(s): Benazzi F. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 December; 43(10): 1051-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868574&dopt=Abstract

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Use of clonazepam and valproate in patients with Lance Adams syndrome. Author(s): Wicklein EM, Schwendemann G. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1993 October; 86(10): 618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8230070&dopt=Abstract

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Use of clonazepam for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 May; 51 Suppl: 31-4; Discussion 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1970815&dopt=Abstract

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Use of clonazepam in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. Author(s): Greenspan D, Levin D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 June; 142(6): 774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4003604&dopt=Abstract

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Use of clonazepam in an elderly bipolar patient with tardive dyskinesia: a case report. Author(s): Gerding LB, Labbate LA. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1999 June; 11(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10440526&dopt=Abstract

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Use of clonazepam in mania and schizoaffective disorders. Author(s): Victor BS, Link NA, Binder RL, Bell IR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 September; 141(9): 1111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6465393&dopt=Abstract

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Use of clonazepam in two cases of acute mania. Author(s): Freinhar JP, Alvarez WH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 January; 46(1): 29-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3965440&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of antiparkinsonian drugs during neuroleptic treatment and the effect of clonazepam on akathisia and parkinsonism occurred after antiparkinsonian drug withdrawal: a double-blind study. Author(s): Horiguchi J, Nishimatsu O. Source: Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992 September; 46(3): 733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1362592&dopt=Abstract

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Valproate and clonazepam comedication in patients with intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Mireles R, Leppik IE. Source: Epilepsia. 1985 March-April; 26(2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3921350&dopt=Abstract

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Valproate and clonazepam in the treatment of severe progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Author(s): Iivanainen M, Himberg JJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1982 April; 39(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6803743&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawal and detoxification from benzodiazepine dependence: a potential role for clonazepam. Author(s): Albeck JH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 October; 48 Suppl: 43-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2889723&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CLONAZEPAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and clonazepam.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Clonazepam The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “clonazepam” (or a synonym): •

A case of anorexia nervosa associated with epileptic seizures showing favorable responses to sodium valproate and clonazepam. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Medical School, Japan. Source: Tachibana, N Sugita, Y Teshima, Y Hishikawa, Y Jpn-J-Psychiatry-Neurol. 1989 March; 43(1): 77-84 0912-2036

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Central-type benzodiazepine receptors mediate the antidopaminergic effect of clonazepam and melatonin in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats: involvement of a GABAergic mechanism. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada. Source: Tenn, C C Niles, L P J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1995 July; 274(1): 84-9 0022-3565

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Clonazepam and lithium--a toxic combination in the treatment of mania? Author(s): Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada. Source: Koczerginski, D Kennedy, S H Swinson, R P Int-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 1989 July; 4(3): 195-9 0268-1315

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Clonazepam release from core-shell type nanoparticles in vitro. Author(s): Department of Polymer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea. Source: Jeong, Y I Cheon, J B Kim, S H Nah, J W Lee, Y M Sung, Y K Akaike, T Cho, C S J-Control-Release. 1998 February 12; 51(2-3): 169-78 0168-3659

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Clonazepam suppresses GABAB-mediated inhibition in thalamic relay neurons through effects in nucleus reticularis. Author(s): Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305. Source: Huguenard, J R Prince, D A J-Neurophysiol. 1994 June; 71(6): 2576-81 0022-3077

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Effect of diazepam and clonazepam on the function of isolated rat platelet and neutrophil. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland. Source: Rajtar, G Zolkowska, D Kleinrok, Z Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 April; 8(4): PI37-44 1234-1010

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Effects of carbamazepine, valproate calcium, clonazepam and piracetam on behavioral test methods for evaluation of memory-enhancing drugs. Author(s): Department of Research and Development, VEB Pharmazeutisches Kombinat GERMED Dresden, GDR. Source: Rostock, A Hoffmann, W Siegemund, C Bartsch, R Methods-Find-Exp-ClinPharmacol. 1989 September; 11(9): 547-53 0379-0355

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Efficacy and safety of clonazepam in refractory neurally mediated syncope. Author(s): Creighton University Cardiac Center, Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Nebraska. Source: Kadri, N N Hee, T T Rovang, K S Mohiuddin, S M Ryan, T Ashraf, R Huebert, V Hilleman, D E Pacing-Clin-Electrophysiol. 1999 February; 22(2): 307-14 0147-8389

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In vivo induction and in vitro inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 activity by the benzodiazepine anticonvulsants clonazepam and diazepam. Author(s): Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

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Source: Nims, R W Prough, R A Jones, C R Stockus, D L Dragnev, K H Thomas, P E Lubet, R A Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1997 June; 25(6): 750-6 0090-9556 •

Influence of clonazepam and valproate on kainate-induced model of psychomotor seizures. Author(s): Inst. Physiol. Czechoslov. Acad. Sci., Prague. Source: Velisek, L Ortova, M Veliskova, J Kubova, H Mares, P Act-Nerv-Super-(Praha). 1989 April; 31(1): 66-7 0001-7604

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Interactions between angiotensin II, diazepam, clonazepam and di-n-propylacetate in pentylenetetrazol kindling seizures in mice. Author(s): Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia. Source: Georgiev, V P Lazarova, M B Kambourova, T S Neuropeptides. 1991 April; 18(4): 187-91 0143-4179

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LSD-induced Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder treated with clonazepam: two case reports. Author(s): Lev Hasharon Mental Health Medical Center, Pardessya, Israel. [email protected] Source: Lerner, A G Skladman, I Kodesh, A Sigal, M Shufman, E Isr-J-Psychiatry-RelatSci. 2001; 38(2): 133-6 0333-7308

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Neuroleptic-induced “painful legs and moving toes” syndrome: successful treatment with clonazepam and baclofen. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461. Source: Sandyk, R Ital-J-Neurol-Sci. 1990 December; 11(6): 573-6 0392-0461

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of clonazepam in children with epilepsy treated with valproate: a preliminary study. Author(s): Pediatric Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. [email protected] Source: Wang, L Wang, X D Ther-Drug-Monit. 2002 August; 24(4): 532-6 0163-4356

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Sodium valproate and clonazepam for treatment-resistant panic disorder. Author(s): University Hospital, Monterrey, Mexico. Source: Ontiveros, A Fontaine, R J-Psychiatry-Neurosci. 1992 June; 17(2): 78-80 11804882

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Synergistic anticonvulsant action of diazepam & clonazepam with amino-oxyacetic acid against isoniazid-induced convulsions in rats. Source: Paul, V Krishnamoorthy, M S Indian-J-Med-Res. 1989 April; 90103-6 0971-5916

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The effects of clonazepam on rolandic discharge of benign epilepsy of children with centro-temporal EEG foci. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Takahashi, K Saito, M Kyo, K Gomibuchi, K Niijima, S Tada, H Honda, T Sato, Y Takahashi, H Ohtsuka, C Jpn-J-Psychiatry-Neurol. 1991 June; 45(2): 468-70 0912-2036

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Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of clonazepam and clobazam in the amygdaloid kindled rat. Author(s): Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit (University of Melbourne), Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria. Source: Vajda, F J Lewis, S J Harris, Q L Jarrott, B Young, N A Clin-Exp-Neurol. 1987; 23155-64 0196-6383

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CLONAZEPAM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to clonazepam. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to clonazepam and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to clonazepam: •

A 28-year-old woman with panic disorder, 1 year later. Author(s): Burns RB, Hartman EE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 July 24-31; 288(4): 494. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12132981&dopt=Abstract

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A 28-year-old woman with panic disorder. Author(s): Gorman JM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 July 25; 286(4): 450-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466124&dopt=Abstract

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A case of temporal lobe epilepsy with improvement of clinical symptoms and single photon emission computed tomography findings after treatment with clonazepam. Author(s): Ide M, Mizukami K, Suzuki T, Shiraishi H.

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Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 October; 54(5): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11043812&dopt=Abstract •

A parasomnia overlap disorder involving sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder in 33 polysomnographically confirmed cases. Author(s): Schenck CH, Boyd JL, Mahowald MW. Source: Sleep. 1997 November; 20(11): 972-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456462&dopt=Abstract

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Acute effects of anticonvulsants on brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in rats. Author(s): Hirose G, Chujo T, Kataoka S, Kawada J, Yoshioka A. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1990 June; 75(6): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1693898&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative therapies for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lerer B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 August; 46(8): 309-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926754&dopt=Abstract

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Anticonvulsant drug hypersensitivity. Author(s): Galindo PA, Borja J, Gomez E, Mur P, Gudin M, Garcia R, Encinas C, Romero G, Garrido JA, Cortina P, Feo F. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(4): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926190&dopt=Abstract

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Anticonvulsant profile of the imidazoquinazolines NNC 14-0185 and NNC 14-0189 in rats and mice. Author(s): Jackson HC, Hansen HC, Kristiansen M, Suzdak PD, Klitgaard H, Judge ME, Swedberg MD. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996 July 11; 308(1): 21-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8836628&dopt=Abstract

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Antiemotional and anticonvulsant activity of brotizolam and its effects on motor performance in animals. Author(s): Boke-Kuhn K, Danneberg P, Kuhn FJ, Lehr E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1986 March; 36(3A): 528-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2872899&dopt=Abstract

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Audiogenic seizure-induced changes in energy metabolites in cerebral cortical and cerebellar layers. Author(s): McCandless DW, Schwartzenburg FC Jr.

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Source: Epilepsia. 1982 October; 23(5): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6814900&dopt=Abstract •

Benzodiazepine receptor agonists modulate thymocyte apoptosis through reduction of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Author(s): Tanimoto Y, Onishi Y, Sato Y, Kizaki H. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 February; 79(2): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202853&dopt=Abstract

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Cannabidiol--antiepileptic drug comparisons and interactions in experimentally induced seizures in rats. Author(s): Consroe P, Wolkin A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1977 April; 201(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=850145&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebellar ataxia. Author(s): Perlman SL. Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2000 May; 2(3): 215-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096749&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of tiagabine (NO-328), a new potent and selective GABA uptake inhibitor. Author(s): Nielsen EB, Suzdak PD, Andersen KE, Knutsen LJ, Sonnewald U, Braestrup C. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1991 April 24; 196(3): 257-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1832636&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic pain in the spinal cord injured: statistical approach and pharmacological treatment. Author(s): Fenollosa P, Pallares J, Cervera J, Pelegrin F, Inigo V, Giner M, Forner V. Source: Paraplegia. 1993 November; 31(11): 722-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7507585&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features and management of two cases of encephalitis lethargica. Author(s): Blunt SB, Lane RJ, Turjanski N, Perkin GD. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1997 May; 12(3): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159730&dopt=Abstract

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Clobazam shows a different antiepileptic action profile from clonazepam and zonisamide in Ihara epileptic rats. Author(s): Miura Y, Amano S, Torii R, Ihara N.

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Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 May; 49(3): 189-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076840&dopt=Abstract •

Determination of drug interactions occurring with the metabolic pathways of irinotecan. Author(s): Charasson V, Haaz MC, Robert J. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 June; 30(6): 731-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019202&dopt=Abstract

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Drug utilization pattern of antiepileptic drugs and traditional Chinese medicines in a general hospital in Taiwan - a pharmaco-epidemiologic study. Author(s): Chen LC, Chen YF, Yang LL, Chou MH, Lin MF. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2000 April; 25(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849190&dopt=Abstract

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Drugs acting on amino acid neurotransmitters. Author(s): Meldrum BS. Source: Adv Neurol. 1986; 43: 687-706. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2868623&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of (-)-baclofen, clonazepam, and diazepam on tone exposure-induced hyperexcitability of the inferior colliculus in the rat: possible therapeutic implications for pharmacological management of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Author(s): Szczepaniak WS, Moller AR. Source: Hearing Research. 1996 August; 97(1-2): 46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844185&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of in vitro percutaneous absorption of lorazepam and clonazepam from hydro-alcoholic gel formulations. Author(s): Puglia C, Bonina F, Trapani G, Franco M, Ricci M. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2001 October 9; 228(1-2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576770&dopt=Abstract

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Familial paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis: clinical findings in a large Japanese family and genetic linkage to 2q. Author(s): Matsuo H, Kamakura K, Saito M, Okano M, Nagase T, Tadano Y, Kaida K, Hirata A, Miyamoto N, Masaki T, Nakamura R, Motoyoshi K, Tanaka H, Tsuji S. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1999 June; 56(6): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369313&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of reversing benzodiazepine tolerance with flumazenil. Author(s): Savic I, Widen L, Stone-Elander S.

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Source: Lancet. 1991 January 19; 337(8734): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1670787&dopt=Abstract •

Hyperekplexia: report of a nonfamilial adult onset case associated with obstructive sleep apnea and abnormal brain nuclear tomography. Author(s): Hochman MS, Chediak AD, Ziffer JA. Source: Sleep. 1994 April; 17(3): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7939129&dopt=Abstract

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Irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Wald A. Source: Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 1999 February; 2(1): 13-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096567&dopt=Abstract

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Landau-Kleffner syndrome: relation of clinical, EEG and Tc-99m-HMPAO brain SPECT findings and improvement in EEG after treatment. Author(s): Sayit E, Dirik E, Durak H, Uzuner N, Anal O, Cevik NT. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1999 December; 13(6): 415-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656276&dopt=Abstract

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Medical management of migraine-related dizziness and vertigo. Author(s): Johnson GD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 January; 108(1 Pt 2): 1-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430502&dopt=Abstract

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Novel rat cardiac arrest model of posthypoxic myoclonus. Author(s): Truong DD, Matsumoto RR, Schwartz PH, Hussong MJ, Wasterlain CG. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1994 March; 9(2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196684&dopt=Abstract

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Oral clonazepam sensitive focal status epilepticus (FSE). Author(s): Padma MV, Jain S, Maheshwari MC. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1997 May-June; 64(3): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10771867&dopt=Abstract

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Pacemaker frequency is increased by sodium nitroprusside in the guinea pig gastric antrum. Author(s): Kito Y, Suzuki H. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 January 1; 546(Pt 1): 191-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509488&dopt=Abstract

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Parasomnias: epidemiology and management. Author(s): Wills L, Garcia J. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(12): 803-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421114&dopt=Abstract

•

Perspectives on bipolar illness. Author(s): Cook BL, Winokur G. Source: Compr Ther. 1990 December; 16(12): 18-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1981697&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacological options for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. Author(s): Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Ruiz PJ. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(15): 2207-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772131&dopt=Abstract

•

Potentiation of the anticonvulsant effects of antiepileptic drugs by “nootropics”; a potential new therapeutic approach. Author(s): Mondadori C, Schmutz M, Baltzer V. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1984; 99: 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6430020&dopt=Abstract

•

Precise localization of dysfunctional areas in vertebro-basilar infarction by FDG- and O-15-H2O-PET using standardized image analysis and image registration to 3-D MR. Author(s): Juengling FD, Kassubek J, Moser E, Nitzsche EU. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 1999; 38(8): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615670&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychomotor status--a female case in the 34th week of pregnancy. Author(s): Murasaki M, Okamoto K, Takahashi A, Nagai T. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1983; 37(4): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6543812&dopt=Abstract

•

Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, depression and cognitive impairment. Case study. Author(s): Clarke NA, Williams AJ, Kopelman MD. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2000 February; 176: 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755059&dopt=Abstract

•

Recent developments in the diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy. Author(s): Engel J Jr, Troupin AS, Crandall PH, Sterman MB, Wasterlain CG.

Alternative Medicine 63

Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 October; 97(4): 584-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6812475&dopt=Abstract •

Recovery from neuroendocrinological abnormalities and frontal hypoperfusion after remission in a case with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Shimizu E, Kodama K, Sakamoto T, Komatsu N, Yamanouchi N, Okada S, Sato T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1997 August; 51(4): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316165&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of clonazepam and vigabatrin in hyperekplexia. Author(s): Tijssen MA, Schoemaker HC, Edelbroek PJ, Roos RA, Cohen AF, van Dijk JG. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 July; 149(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9168167&dopt=Abstract

•

Tolerance to anticonvulsant effects of clobazam, diazepam, and clonazepam in genetically epilepsy prone rats. Author(s): De Sarro GB, Rotiroti D, Gratteri S, Sinopoli S, Juliano M, De Sarro A. Source: Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1992; 47: 249-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1354917&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to clonazepam; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzodiazepines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CLONAZEPAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning clonazepam.

Recent Trials on Clonazepam The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to clonazepam.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Clonazepam and Paroxetine for Rapid Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that follows exposure to an extremely traumatic stressors. PTSD is associated with serious symptoms. While numerous approaches have been used to treat PTSD, these treatments have several limiting factors. This study will evaluate a combination of the drugs clonazepam and paroxetine for the treatment of PTSD symptoms. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025740

•

Evaluation of Clonazepam and Paroxetine for Panic Disorder with Depression Condition(s): Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the safety and effectiveness of the drug combination paroxetine and clonazepam in treating people with panic disorder (PD) and major depression. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031317

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “clonazepam” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

Clinical Trials 67

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CLONAZEPAM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to clonazepam. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on clonazepam include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “clonazepam” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “clonazepam” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “clonazepam” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Clonazepam update : a review of the literature; ISBN: 0444013873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444013873/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:6 6 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed

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•

Symposium on the Therapeutic Use of the Anti-Convulsant Ro 5-4023 (Clonazepam) in Different Forms of Epilepsy, Copenhagen, 26th May 1972. Editor: Mogens Lund. Author: Lund, Mogens.; Year: 1973; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1973; ISBN: 8716013190

Chapters on Clonazepam In order to find chapters that specifically relate to clonazepam, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and clonazepam using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on clonazepam: •

Drugs Meant to Block Symptoms Temporarily Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 163-170. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the use of drugs meant to block symptoms temporarily. The author groups these drugs into three categories: motion sickness drugs, drugs used for nausea and vomiting, and anti-anxiety anti-vertigo drugs. For each category, the author briefly reviews the drugs included, limitations as to who can use the drugs, possible side effects, and strategies for safe and effective drug use. Drugs covered include meclizine (Antivert), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), scopolamine, promethazine (Phenergan), prochlorperazine (Compazine), trimethobenzamide (Tigan), diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin). 10 references.

in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CLONAZEPAM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover clonazepam.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on clonazepam is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to clonazepam. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “clonazepam” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for clonazepam: •

Clonazepam improves response to fluoxetine in patients with major depression Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 20, 1998

•

Clonazepam During Pregnancy May Be Safe Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 07, 1996

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “clonazepam” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to clonazepam, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “clonazepam” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Clonazepam Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to clonazepam. In addition to

Periodicals and News

73

these sources, you can search for articles covering clonazepam that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for clonazepam. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with clonazepam. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to clonazepam: Benzodiazepines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

79

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2663 9 776 4 0 3452

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “clonazepam” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on clonazepam can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to clonazepam. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to clonazepam. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “clonazepam”:

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•

Other guides Multiple Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplesclerosis.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Prescription Drug Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on clonazepam. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Drugs and Tinnitus Source: London, England: Royal National Institute for Deaf People. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from RNID Helpline. P.O. Box 16464, London EC1Y 8TT, United Kingdom. 0870 60 50 123. Fax 0171-296 8199. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.rnid.org.uk. Also available from RNID Tinnitus Helpline. Castle Cavendish Works, Norton Street, Radford, Nottingham NG7 5PN, United Kingdom. 0345 090210. Fax 0115-978 5012. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet from the Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) discusses the relationship between drugs and tinnitus (ringing or noises in the ears). The fact sheet reports on a brief survey of four categories of drugs for tinnitus, drugs for the effects of tinnitus, drugs to relieve other conditions that may be causing the tinnitus, and drugs that might cause or aggravate tinnitus. These include lignocaine, carbamazepine, clonazepam, tocainide, flecainide, mexiletine, frusemide, phenytoin sodium, vigabatrin, nimodipine, alprazolam, betahistine, tranquilizers, diazepam, antidepressants, diuretics, antihypertensives, decongestants and antihistamines, zinc sulfate, sodium fluoride, aspirin, quinine, loop diuretics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and neomycin. The fact sheet emphasizes the importance of working closely with health care providers before changing any medications. The fact sheet concludes with information on the RNID Tinnitus Helpline (in Nottingham, UK), which is also accessible online at [email protected]. The RNID website is at www.rnid.org.uk.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to clonazepam. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to clonazepam. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with clonazepam. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about clonazepam. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “clonazepam” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “clonazepam”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “clonazepam” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “clonazepam” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

95

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CLONAZEPAM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH]

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Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Amino acids released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Among the amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamate (glutamic acid) and GABA which are, respectively, the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

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Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidopaminergic: Preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine. [EU] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant.

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[EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apnoea: Cessation of breathing. [EU] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the

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diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes,

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producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Betahistine: N-Methyl-2-pyridineethanamine. A physiological histamine analog vasodilator agent that also acts as a histamine H1 receptor agonist. It is used in Meniere's disease and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms

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induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]

Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Busulfan: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH]

Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH]

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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH]

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Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all

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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes

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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT

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scan). [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be

Dictionary 109

classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline

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is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimenhydrinate: A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and

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sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Hypersensitivity: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Drug-Induced Dyskinesia: A form of coordination neurosis resulting from a prolonged and intense stimulation of the motor centers. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]

symptoms

resulting

from

an

absent

or

Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH]

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Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain

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microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH]

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Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias. Paradoxically, however, in myocardial infarct patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmia, flecainide exacerbates the arrhythmia and is not recommended for use in these patients. [NIH] Flow Injection Analysis: The analysis of a chemical substance by inserting a sample into a carrier stream of reagent using a sample injection valve that propels the sample downstream where mixing occurs in a coiled tube, then passes into a flow-through detector and a recorder or other data handling device. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Flunitrazepam: Benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of diazepam. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug. Steps are being taken to reclassify this substance as a Schedule 1 drug with no accepted medical use. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH]

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Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have

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failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH]

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Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperacusis: An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. Cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; facial nerve diseases; stapes surgery; and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence)

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or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU]

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Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival

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behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysergic acid: A compound close in chemical structure to LSD-25 but without hallucinogenic effects; one of the direct chemical predecessors of LSD-25. Sometimes LSD-25 is erroneously called by this name. [NIH] Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malformation:

A

morphologic

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

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developmental process. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. [NIH] Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is diazepam and one of its excretion products is oxazepam. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH]

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Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude,

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followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous

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system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculogyric: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oculogyration (circular movements of the eyeballs, as in an oculogyric crisis). [EU]

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Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxycodone: Semisynthetic derivative of codeine that acts as a narcotic analgesic more potent and addicting than codeine. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.

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[NIH]

Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]

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Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called

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tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a

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protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita,

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because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of

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treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to

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as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Syndrome: An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium

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current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereotypy: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH]

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Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temazepam: A benzodiazepinone that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-anxiety agent. [NIH]

Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]

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Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of sodium channels. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen

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plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU]

Dictionary 137

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Headaches: A group of disorders characterized by recurrent headaches associated with abnormal dilation and constriction of cerebral blood vessels. Representative disorders from this category include migraine, cluster headache, and paroxysmal hemicrania. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear

138 Clonazepam

part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

139

INDEX A Abdominal, 97, 125 Acetylcholine, 97, 105 Acute leukemia, 18, 97 Adaptation, 97, 127 Adolescence, 17, 97 Adrenergic, 97, 100, 111 Adverse Effect, 97, 101, 106, 131, 132 Afferent, 7, 97, 113 Affinity, 4, 97, 106, 110, 132 Agonist, 97, 100, 102, 111, 120 Agoraphobia, 9, 18, 49, 97, 125, 127 Airway, 98, 132 Akathisia, 10, 51, 98, 100 Algorithms, 98, 102 Alimentary, 98, 125, 126 Alkaline, 98, 104 Alkaloid, 98, 101, 104, 122, 129, 131, 135 Alkylating Agents, 98, 103 Alternative medicine, 72, 98 Ambulatory Care, 98 Amenorrhea, 98, 99 Amino Acid Motifs, 98, 108 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters, 60, 98 Amino Acid Sequence, 98, 108 Amino Acids, 98, 108, 124, 126, 127, 129, 136, 137 Amygdala, 25, 98, 102, 120, 135 Anaesthesia, 99, 118 Analgesic, 99, 106, 122, 125, 129 Analog, 4, 99, 102 Analogous, 99, 136 Anaphylatoxins, 99, 107 Anatomical, 99, 117 Anemia, 4, 99, 135 Anesthesia, 98, 99 Anions, 99, 119, 132 Anorexia, 10, 54, 99 Anorexia Nervosa, 10, 54, 99 Antagonism, 99, 106, 120, 135 Antiallergic, 99, 109, 128 Antiarrhythmic, 99, 121, 135 Antibiotics, 86, 99, 128 Antibody, 97, 99, 100, 107, 109, 115, 116, 118, 121, 130, 133 Anticoagulant, 99, 138

Anticonvulsant, 7, 13, 24, 26, 37, 40, 46, 50, 55, 58, 62, 63, 99, 104, 106, 120, 121, 124, 137 Antidepressant, 99, 114, 137 Antidopaminergic, 54, 99 Antidote, 99, 114 Antiemetic, 99, 100, 110 Antiepileptic, 59, 60, 62, 100 Antigen, 97, 99, 100, 107, 116, 117, 118, 121, 130 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 100, 107 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 100, 101 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 100, 101 Antipruritic, 100, 109 Antipsychotic, 25, 100, 106, 123, 131 Antipyretic, 100, 129 Antispasmodic, 100, 131 Antitussive, 100, 110 Antiviral, 6, 100 Anus, 100, 103, 130 Anxiety, 6, 7, 9, 10, 18, 43, 65, 70, 98, 100, 120, 121, 125, 127, 128, 134 Anxiety Disorders, 6, 10, 100, 125 Anxiolytic, 6, 100 Apathy, 100, 123 Apnea, 34, 100 Apnoea, 36, 100 Apomorphine, 25, 100 Apoptosis, 59, 101 Aqueous, 101, 102, 109 Arrhythmia, 99, 101, 114 Arterial, 15, 101, 117, 129 Arteries, 19, 101, 103, 108, 121, 122 Arterioles, 101, 103, 104 Arteriovenous, 45, 101 Articulation, 101, 111 Aspirin, 86, 101 Assay, 15, 32, 40, 101, 130 Asymptomatic, 101, 114 Ataxia, 59, 101, 105, 135 Atrial, 101, 114, 138 Atrial Fibrillation, 101, 138 Atropine, 101, 131 Attenuated, 101, 110 Atypical, 101, 106 Auditory, 15, 58, 101, 113, 117 Autoimmune disease, 101 Autoimmunity, 3, 101

140 Clonazepam

Autonomic, 97, 100, 101, 124, 126, 132 B Babesiosis, 101, 129 Baclofen, 5, 34, 55, 60, 102 Basal Ganglia, 100, 101, 102, 105, 117, 120 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 101, 102, 105, 117 Base, 102, 109, 110, 119, 134 Benign, 11, 47, 55, 102, 115 Benzene, 102 Benzodiazepines, 6, 37, 44, 64, 76, 102, 114 Betahistine, 86, 102 Bile, 102, 114, 120 Bioavailability, 15, 19, 102 Biochemical, 34, 102, 132 Biopsy, 102, 126 Biotechnology, 9, 69, 72, 81, 102 Biperiden, 25, 102 Bipolar Disorder, 17, 19, 33, 58, 63, 103 Bladder, 103, 117, 137 Blepharospasm, 16, 39, 103 Blood Coagulation, 103, 104 Blood Glucose, 3, 103, 116 Blood Platelets, 103, 132 Blood pressure, 3, 103, 105, 117, 122, 124, 132 Blood vessel, 103, 104, 105, 112, 116, 132, 134, 135, 137 Blood-Brain Barrier, 6, 103 Body Fluids, 103, 132 Body Image, 103, 110 Bone Marrow, 20, 97, 102, 103, 113, 120 Bowel, 61, 103, 110, 118, 133 Bowel Movement, 103, 110, 133 Branch, 93, 103, 126, 133, 135 Breakdown, 103, 110, 114 Bronchial, 102, 103, 116, 135 Buccal, 12, 103, 120 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 4, 14, 103 Busulfan, 18, 103 Butyric Acid, 8, 103 C Calcium, 54, 104, 107, 124 Camptothecin, 104, 119 Capillary, 15, 104, 137 Capsaicin, 4, 104 Carbamazepine, 4, 5, 25, 27, 29, 31, 36, 38, 43, 47, 48, 54, 86, 104 Carbon Dioxide, 15, 23, 104, 131 Carcinogenic, 98, 102, 104, 118, 128 Cardiac, 54, 61, 99, 101, 104, 106, 113, 119, 122, 124 Cardiac arrest, 61, 104

Cardiovascular, 104, 132 Carrier Proteins, 104, 127, 130 Case report, 16, 33, 34, 35, 48, 51, 55, 104 Case series, 35, 104 Cell Death, 101, 104, 123 Central Nervous System Infections, 104, 115 Cerebellar, 45, 58, 59, 101, 105, 130, 136 Cerebellar Diseases, 101, 105, 136 Cerebellum, 105, 130 Cerebral, 58, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 114, 129, 134, 135, 137 Cerebrospinal, 40, 105 Cerebrospinal fluid, 40, 105 Cerebrovascular, 102, 105, 124, 135 Cerebrum, 105 Cervical, 105, 136 Chemokines, 6, 105 Chemoreceptor, 100, 105 Chemotactic Factors, 105, 107 Chemotherapy, 105, 110 Chest Pain, 19, 105 Cholesterol, 3, 102, 105 Choline, 16, 105 Cholinergic, 7, 100, 105 Chorea, 100, 105 Chromatin, 101, 105 Chromosome, 45, 105, 120 Chronic, 7, 12, 37, 59, 106, 118, 122, 134 Cinchona, 106, 129 Clamp, 7, 106 Clinical trial, 6, 9, 65, 66, 81, 106, 108, 122, 130 Clonic, 103, 106 Cloning, 102, 106 Clozapine, 46, 106 Coagulation, 103, 106, 116, 127, 135, 138 Cochlear, 106, 117, 135, 137, 138 Cochlear Diseases, 106, 135 Codeine, 106, 125 Cofactor, 106, 129 Cognition, 106, 123 Collapse, 103, 106, 132 Colloidal, 106, 132 Combination Therapy, 20, 106 Complement, 9, 99, 106, 107, 127 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 64, 107 Complementary medicine, 57, 107 Complete remission, 107, 131 Computational Biology, 81, 107 Computed tomography, 10, 57, 107

Index 141

Computerized axial tomography, 107 Computerized tomography, 107 Confusion, 108, 111, 117, 123, 137 Congenita, 108, 129 Congestion, 100, 108 Conjugated, 108, 109 Connective Tissue, 103, 108, 120, 134 Consciousness, 99, 108, 109, 110, 111, 133, 134 Consensus Sequence, 6, 98, 108 Conserved Sequence, 98, 108 Constipation, 100, 108 Consultation, 4, 9, 108 Contraindications, ii, 108 Controlled study, 48, 108 Convulsions, 55, 99, 108, 112, 117 Coordination, 105, 108, 111, 129 Coronary, 19, 108, 121, 122 Coronary Thrombosis, 108, 121, 122 Cortex, 25, 101, 108, 113, 130 Cortical, 58, 108, 113, 131, 135 Cranial, 105, 108, 113, 115, 118, 126, 137 Craniocerebral Trauma, 102, 108, 115, 135 Curative, 109, 135 Cutaneous, 109, 120, 125 Cyproheptadine, 25, 109 Cysteine, 105, 109 Cytochrome, 54, 109 Cytokines, 6, 105, 109 Cytoplasm, 8, 101, 109, 112 D Databases, Bibliographic, 81, 109 Degenerative, 109, 122 Deletion, 101, 109 Delirium, 18, 100, 109 Dementia, 6, 100, 109 Dendrites, 110, 123 Density, 4, 110, 125 Dental Caries, 110, 133 Depersonalization, 16, 110, 125, 131 Depressive Disorder, 110, 120 Derealization, 110, 125 Desipramine, 20, 110 Detoxification, 52, 110 Diagnostic procedure, 72, 110 Dialyzer, 110, 116 Diffusion, 110 Digestion, 98, 102, 103, 110, 118, 120, 126, 133 Digestive system, 67, 110 Dilution, 38, 110 Dimenhydrinate, 70, 110

Diphenhydramine, 70, 110 Direct, iii, 6, 22, 75, 111, 120, 130 Disorientation, 108, 109, 111 Disposition, 17, 30, 60, 111 Dissociation, 97, 111, 119 Distal, 5, 111, 126, 129 Dizziness, 61, 111, 125, 137 Dopamine, 99, 100, 106, 111, 122 Drug Hypersensitivity, 58, 111 Drug Interactions, 60, 76, 111 Drug Monitoring, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22, 28, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 111 Drug Tolerance, 111, 135 Drug-Induced Dyskinesia, 31, 111 Dumping Syndrome, 109, 111 Dysarthria, 11, 111 Dyskinesia, 12, 51, 100, 111 Dysphonia, 5, 111 Dyspnea, 112, 125 Dystonia, 25, 46, 100, 112 E Eclampsia, 30, 112 Effector, 97, 107, 112, 124 Efficacy, 10, 18, 26, 28, 34, 54, 112 Elective, 42, 112 Electrolyte, 109, 112, 132 Electrons, 102, 112, 119, 125, 130 Emboli, 112, 138 Embolism, 112, 129, 138 Embolization, 112, 138 Embolus, 112, 118 Embryo, 112, 118 Emetic, 100, 112 Empiric, 5, 112 Encephalitis, 59, 112 Encephalitis, Viral, 112 Encephalopathy, 22, 112 Endothelial cell, 103, 112 Endotoxins, 107, 112 Environmental Health, 80, 82, 113 Enzymatic, 104, 107, 110, 113, 116 Enzymes, 113, 123, 125, 129, 136 Ergot, 113, 120 Erythrocytes, 99, 101, 103, 113 Erythropoietin, 4, 113 Escalation, 14, 113 Esophagus, 110, 113, 133 Essential Tremor, 11, 31, 113 Eukaryotic Cells, 113, 117, 125 Evoked Potentials, 25, 58, 113 Excitability, 8, 113, 123 Excitatory, 98, 102, 113, 115

142 Clonazepam

Exogenous, 113, 129 Extracellular, 108, 113, 132 Extraction, 15, 28, 32, 113 Extrapyramidal, 98, 100, 102, 111, 113 Eye Movements, 25, 113 F Facial, 27, 113, 114, 117 Facial Nerve, 113, 114, 117 Facial Nerve Diseases, 114, 117 Family Planning, 81, 114 Fat, 103, 112, 114, 120 Febrile, 30, 114 Fetus, 113, 114 Flatus, 114 Flecainide, 86, 114 Flow Injection Analysis, 21, 114 Flumazenil, 60, 114 Flunitrazepam, 21, 22, 28, 37, 114 Fluoxetine, 20, 27, 31, 39, 43, 71, 114 Foetal, 34, 114 Fold, 5, 114 Forearm, 103, 114 Frontal Lobe, 12, 114 Fungus, 113, 114, 122 G GABA, 6, 8, 25, 59, 98, 102, 106, 114, 127, 134, 137 Gallbladder, 97, 110, 114 Gas, 11, 15, 21, 22, 28, 29, 33, 40, 104, 110, 114, 116, 124 Gastrectomy, 109, 114 Gastric, 61, 115, 116, 126 Gastrointestinal, 111, 115, 132, 134 Gastrointestinal tract, 115, 132 Gene, 6, 8, 45, 69, 102, 115, 127 Gene Expression, 8, 115 Genetics, 8, 115 Genotype, 115, 127 Glucose, 3, 103, 115, 116, 117 Glutamate, 98, 115, 119, 127 Glutamic Acid, 98, 115 Glycerol, 103, 115 Governing Board, 115, 128 Growth, 97, 99, 101, 104, 115, 121, 127, 136 H Hallucination, 115 Hallucinogen, 18, 33, 55, 115, 120 Haloperidol, 11, 16, 50, 115 Haptens, 97, 115, 130 Headache, 32, 115, 117, 137 Headache Disorders, 115 Heme, 109, 115, 128

Hemodialysis, 10, 38, 110, 115 Hemoglobin, 99, 113, 115, 116, 128, 135 Hemolytic, 116, 135 Hemorrhage, 109, 115, 116, 134 Hemostasis, 116, 132 Hepatic, 28, 38, 54, 109, 116, 122, 128 Hepatocyte, 34, 116 Hereditary, 116, 122, 135 Heredity, 115, 116 Heterogeneity, 7, 97, 116 Histamine, 99, 100, 102, 109, 110, 116, 121, 128 Homeostasis, 8, 116 Homologous, 116, 134 Hormone, 113, 116 Hydrochloric Acid, 28, 116 Hydrogen, 102, 116, 122, 125, 126 Hydrolysis, 28, 117, 127, 129 Hyperacusis, 60, 114, 117 Hyperhidrosis, 50, 117 Hypersensitivity, 110, 117 Hypertension, 117, 118, 128 Hypnotic, 37, 110, 117, 120, 124 Hypoglycaemia, 109, 117 Hypokinesia, 117, 125 Hypotension, 100, 108, 117 Hypoxia, 109, 117, 135 I Id, 56, 63, 87, 92, 94, 117 Idiopathic, 4, 41, 102, 117 Illusion, 117, 137 Immune system, 101, 117, 120, 138 Immunogenic, 117, 130 Immunology, 97, 117 Impairment, 62, 101, 109, 111, 117, 121, 129 In situ, 7, 117 In Situ Hybridization, 7, 117 In vitro, 7, 27, 38, 54, 60, 117 In vivo, 7, 54, 117 Incision, 117, 119 Incontinence, 50, 117, 131 Incubated, 6, 118 Indicative, 69, 118, 126, 137 Induction, 8, 54, 100, 118 Infancy, 46, 118 Infarction, 62, 118 Infection, 4, 6, 105, 109, 112, 118, 120, 124, 134, 138 Inflammation, 100, 101, 112, 118, 134 Infusion, 34, 118 Inguinal, 117, 118

Index 143

Initiation, 118, 136 Inorganic, 118, 133 Insight, 8, 118 Intermittent, 12, 19, 30, 38, 118 Intestinal, 6, 118 Intestine, 103, 116, 118, 119 Intoxication, 109, 118, 138 Intracellular, 8, 118, 130 Intracranial Hypertension, 115, 118, 135 Intramuscular, 12, 20, 30, 41, 118, 125 Intravenous, 15, 20, 25, 29, 30, 31, 37, 50, 118, 125 Intrinsic, 97, 118 Invasive, 7, 119 Involuntary, 102, 105, 113, 119, 122, 130, 133, 135 Ionization, 21, 40, 119 Ions, 102, 111, 112, 116, 119, 122, 132 Irinotecan, 60, 119 Isoniazid, 55, 119 J Joint, 101, 119, 134 K Kainate, 55, 119 Kb, 80, 119 Kidney Transplantation, 4, 119 L Labile, 106, 119 Large Intestine, 110, 118, 119, 130 Larynx, 119, 138 Lesion, 119, 120, 134 Leukemia, 119 Leukocytes, 103, 105, 109, 119 Library Services, 92, 119 Lidocaine, 119, 121 Ligaments, 108, 119 Limbic, 8, 98, 119 Limbic System, 98, 119 Linkage, 45, 60, 120 Lipid, 105, 115, 120 Lithium, 32, 33, 49, 54, 100, 120 Liver, 34, 38, 97, 102, 110, 113, 114, 116, 120, 122, 137 Localization, 62, 120 Localized, 7, 50, 110, 117, 118, 120, 122, 127 Locomotion, 7, 120, 127 Loop, 86, 120 Lorazepam, 23, 27, 60, 70, 76, 120 Lupus, 120, 134 Lymph, 105, 112, 120, 122 Lymph node, 105, 120, 122

Lymphatic, 118, 120 Lymphoma, 120, 122 Lysergic acid, 18, 120 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 18, 120 M Macrophage, 26, 120 Malformation, 45, 120 Malignant, 121, 122 Mania, 10, 17, 23, 33, 51, 54, 121 Manic, 11, 49, 100, 103, 120, 121, 129 Meclizine, 70, 121 Medazepam, 11, 121 Mediate, 54, 111, 121 Mediator, 121, 132 MEDLINE, 81, 121 Meiosis, 121, 134 Membrane, 7, 107, 110, 113, 119, 121, 125, 130, 132 Memory, 54, 99, 109, 121 Mental Disorders, 67, 117, 121, 129 Mesolimbic, 100, 121 Metabolite, 21, 37, 39, 121 Mexiletine, 5, 86, 121 MI, 95, 121 Migration, 26, 121 Mitosis, 101, 121 Modeling, 36, 121 Modification, 121, 129 Modulator, 122, 134 Molecular, 6, 8, 81, 83, 102, 107, 122, 130, 136 Molecular Structure, 122, 136 Molecule, 100, 102, 107, 111, 112, 117, 122, 125, 130 Monitor, 122, 124 Monoamine, 122, 132 Monoamine Oxidase, 122, 132 Monotherapy, 47, 48, 122 Morphine, 34, 100, 106, 122, 123 Motility, 122, 132 Motion Sickness, 70, 110, 121, 122, 123, 128, 131 Motor Activity, 28, 108, 122, 129 Movement Disorders, 19, 25, 35, 39, 59, 61, 100, 122, 135 Multicenter study, 26, 122 Muscle relaxant, 121, 122 Mycosis, 39, 122 Mycosis Fungoides, 39, 122 Mydriatic, 122, 131 Myocardial infarction, 108, 121, 122, 138 Myocardium, 121, 122

144 Clonazepam

Myoclonus, 28, 30, 34, 35, 45, 51, 61, 122 Myotonia, 123, 129 N Narcolepsy, 7, 123 Narcosis, 123 Narcotic, 5, 122, 123, 125 Nausea, 70, 99, 100, 110, 121, 123, 125, 137 NCI, 1, 66, 79, 123 Necrosis, 101, 118, 121, 122, 123 Need, 3, 70, 88, 123, 135 Neomycin, 86, 123 Neonatal, 34, 35, 123 Nerve, 3, 97, 99, 101, 110, 113, 114, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, 133, 137, 138 Nervous System, 97, 98, 102, 104, 106, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 132, 135 Networks, 8, 123 Neural, 97, 110, 122, 123, 133 Neuroleptic, 10, 24, 34, 51, 55, 98, 100, 106, 123 Neuromuscular, 97, 123, 132 Neuronal, 6, 8, 123 Neurons, 6, 7, 54, 98, 110, 113, 122, 123, 124, 134, 138 Neuropathy, 3, 5, 124, 126 Neuropeptide, 6, 124 Neurosis, 111, 124, 127 Neurotoxicity, 20, 124 Neurotransmitters, 98, 124 Neutrophil, 54, 124 Nimodipine, 86, 124 Nitrazepam, 11, 22, 24, 28, 43, 124 Nitrogen, 29, 98, 124, 136 Nitroprusside, 61, 124 Norepinephrine, 97, 110, 111, 124, 131 Nuclear, 6, 61, 102, 104, 112, 113, 120, 123, 124 Nuclei, 98, 112, 114, 120, 121, 124, 138 Nucleic acid, 117, 124 Nucleus, 6, 8, 54, 101, 102, 105, 109, 113, 121, 124, 128, 135, 138 Nystagmus, 41, 48, 124 O Oculi, 103, 124 Oculogyric, 24, 124 Opacity, 110, 125 Orbicularis, 103, 125 Organelles, 109, 125 Orthostatic, 35, 100, 125 Osmotic, 125, 132 Outpatient, 125

Oxazepam, 121, 125 Oxidation, 109, 125 Oxycodone, 11, 125 P Palliative, 34, 125, 135 Pancreas, 97, 110, 125 Panic, 9, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 38, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 55, 57, 65, 66, 86, 125 Panic Disorder, 9, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 38, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 55, 57, 65, 66, 86, 125 Parenteral, 12, 36, 125 Paresthesia, 4, 125 Parkinsonism, 51, 100, 101, 102, 125 Paroxetine, 38, 65, 66, 125 Paroxysmal, 25, 60, 115, 126, 137 Partial remission, 126, 131 Patch, 7, 126 Pathologic, 101, 102, 108, 117, 126 Pathologic Processes, 101, 126 Pathophysiology, 8, 126 Patient Education, 46, 86, 90, 92, 95, 126 Peptic, 102, 126 Peptic Ulcer, 102, 126 Peptide, 126, 127, 128, 129 Perception, 18, 33, 55, 110, 115, 126, 131 Percutaneous, 27, 60, 126 Pericardium, 126, 134 Perineal, 117, 126 Peripheral Nervous System, 102, 111, 126, 134 Peripheral Neuropathy, 4, 126 PH, 10, 57, 61, 62, 126 Pharmacodynamic, 37, 55, 126 Pharmacokinetic, 15, 36, 37, 55, 126 Pharmacologic, 5, 46, 99, 114, 126, 136 Phenobarbital, 15, 30, 31, 37, 47, 127 Phenotype, 8, 127 Phobia, 10, 22, 32, 44, 49, 127 Phobic Disorders, 127 Phosphorus, 104, 127 Physiologic, 97, 117, 123, 127, 130, 136 Pilot study, 14, 37, 42, 127 Piracetam, 54, 127 Plants, 98, 101, 104, 105, 115, 124, 127, 136 Plasma, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 33, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47, 116, 127, 132 Plasma protein, 38, 127, 132 Plasticity, 8, 127 Platinum, 120, 127 Poisoning, 100, 109, 113, 118, 123, 127 Polypeptide, 6, 98, 108, 127, 135

Index 145

Porphyria, 12, 38, 128 Porphyrins, 128 Posterior, 101, 105, 125, 128 Postsynaptic, 7, 128 Post-traumatic, 15, 115, 122, 128 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 15, 128 Postural, 7, 128 Potentiates, 110, 128 Practice Guidelines, 82, 128 Precursor, 105, 111, 112, 113, 124, 128, 136 Pre-eclamptic, 112, 128 Premedication, 128, 131 Progressive, 51, 110, 111, 113, 115, 123, 128, 131 Promethazine, 70, 128 Promoter, 6, 128 Prone, 63, 128 Prophase, 128, 134 Prophylaxis, 18, 20, 128, 138 Protease, 106, 128 Protein Binding, 129 Protein S, 69, 102, 108, 123, 129 Proteins, 98, 100, 104, 105, 107, 109, 113, 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 136 Proteolytic, 107, 129 Proximal, 111, 129 Pruritus, 110, 128, 129 Psychiatric, 7, 16, 17, 20, 47, 121, 129 Psychic, 124, 129, 131 Psychomotor, 25, 55, 62, 104, 109, 123, 129 Psychomotor Performance, 25, 129 Psychosis, 39, 100, 129 Public Policy, 81, 129 Pulmonary, 103, 129, 137, 138 Pulmonary Artery, 103, 129, 137 Pulmonary Embolism, 129, 138 Q Quality of Life, 9, 47, 129 Quaternary, 129, 131 Quinine, 86, 106, 129 R Race, 121, 130 Radiation, 121, 130, 138 Radioactive, 116, 119, 124, 130 Radioimmunoassay, 13, 40, 130 Radiological, 126, 130 Randomized, 9, 11, 41, 46, 112, 130 Randomized clinical trial, 11, 46, 130 Rape, 128, 130 Reagent, 114, 116, 130 Receptor, 7, 8, 59, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 119, 127, 130, 132

Receptors, Serotonin, 130, 132 Rectal, 38, 42, 130 Rectum, 100, 103, 110, 114, 118, 119, 130 Recurrence, 103, 130 Red Nucleus, 101, 130 Refer, 1, 103, 106, 111, 120, 123, 129, 130, 137 Reflex, 15, 113, 130 Refractory, 9, 26, 44, 54, 130 Regimen, 112, 130 Reliability, 47, 131 Remission, 9, 63, 103, 130, 131 Renal failure, 109, 116, 131 Reserpine, 103, 131 Respiration, 100, 104, 105, 122, 131 Restless legs, 4, 19, 36, 41, 48, 50, 131 Rigidity, 125, 127, 131 Risk factor, 4, 20, 131 Rod, 106, 131 S Salivary, 110, 113, 131 Salivary glands, 110, 113, 131 Schizoid, 131, 138 Schizophrenia, 7, 12, 14, 131, 138 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 110, 131, 138 Scopolamine, 70, 131 Screening, 106, 131 Sedative, 37, 41, 106, 111, 114, 120, 121, 128, 131 Seizures, 10, 13, 24, 26, 29, 30, 41, 42, 46, 47, 54, 55, 59, 104, 106, 109, 126, 131, 133 Serotonin, 38, 100, 106, 109, 110, 114, 120, 122, 125, 130, 131, 132, 136 Serotonin Syndrome, 38, 132 Sertraline, 9, 16, 24, 50, 132 Serum, 14, 15, 20, 22, 29, 31, 32, 33, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 99, 106, 130, 132 Serum Albumin, 42, 130, 132 Sex Characteristics, 97, 132 Shock, 122, 132, 136 Side effect, 5, 19, 43, 70, 75, 97, 98, 100, 120, 132, 136 Signs and Symptoms, 131, 132 Skeletal, 106, 132, 133 Skull, 109, 132, 134 Sleep apnea, 28, 35, 61, 132 Smooth muscle, 99, 116, 122, 132, 133, 134 Social Environment, 129, 132 Sodium, 10, 12, 28, 30, 44, 46, 54, 55, 61, 86, 130, 132, 133, 135, 137 Sodium Channels, 130, 132, 135, 137

146 Clonazepam

Sodium Fluoride, 86, 133 Soma, 133 Somatic, 8, 97, 119, 121, 126, 133 Spasm, 33, 100, 103, 133 Spasmodic, 5, 49, 133 Spasticity, 102, 133 Spatial disorientation, 111, 133 Specialist, 87, 133 Species, 104, 108, 121, 130, 133, 136 Specificity, 97, 133 Sperm, 105, 133 Spinal cord, 59, 102, 104, 105, 123, 124, 126, 130, 133 Stapes, 117, 133 Status Epilepticus, 27, 31, 35, 50, 61, 133 Steel, 106, 133 Stem Cells, 113, 133 Stereotypy, 25, 133 Stimulant, 109, 116, 133 Stimulus, 113, 115, 127, 130, 133, 135 Stomach, 97, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 133 Stool, 118, 119, 133 Stress, 65, 123, 134 Stroke, 67, 80, 134 Stupor, 123, 134 Subacute, 118, 134 Subarachnoid, 115, 134 Subclinical, 118, 131, 134 Subcutaneous, 125, 134 Substance P, 121, 134 Suppression, 6, 134 Supraspinal, 102, 134 Symptomatic, 5, 9, 114, 134 Symptomatic treatment, 5, 134 Synapsis, 134 Synaptic, 7, 134 Syncope, 26, 54, 134 Synergistic, 55, 134, 135 Systemic, 27, 76, 103, 109, 118, 134, 138 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 27, 134 T Tardive, 46, 51, 100, 134 Temazepam, 34, 134 Temporal, 10, 47, 55, 57, 98, 114, 115, 134, 135 Temporal Lobe, 10, 57, 98, 135 Thalamic, 6, 54, 101, 135 Thalamic Diseases, 101, 135 Thalassemia, 20, 135 Theophylline, 110, 135

Therapeutics, 9, 15, 27, 29, 30, 48, 55, 59, 60, 76, 122, 135 Threshold, 113, 117, 135 Thrombosis, 129, 134, 135 Thrombus, 108, 118, 135, 137 Tic, 13, 48, 50, 135 Tin, 125, 126, 127, 135 Tinnitus, 60, 86, 135, 138 Tocainide, 86, 135 Tolerance, 12, 55, 60, 63, 106, 135 Tomography, 61, 135 Tonic, 103, 106, 136 Tonicity, 112, 136 Topical, 4, 136 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 119, 136 Torsion, 118, 136 Torticollis, 49, 136 Toxic, iv, 5, 54, 98, 101, 102, 106, 124, 136 Toxicity, 111, 136 Toxicology, 14, 20, 33, 38, 39, 54, 82, 136 Toxins, 100, 112, 118, 136 Traction, 106, 136 Transcription Factors, 8, 136 Transcutaneous, 3, 136 Transfection, 6, 102, 136 Translation, 123, 136 Trauma, 109, 123, 136 Tremor, 19, 35, 39, 45, 125, 136 Tricyclic, 5, 110, 136 Trigger zone, 100, 136 Tryptophan, 132, 136 Tuberculosis, 119, 120, 136 Tuberculostatic, 119, 136 U Unconscious, 117, 137 Urea, 137 Uremia, 4, 131, 137 Urethra, 137 Urinary, 50, 117, 131, 137 Urine, 21, 26, 43, 103, 117, 137 V Valproic Acid, 7, 137 Vascular, 102, 115, 118, 135, 137 Vascular Headaches, 102, 137 Vasoactive, 6, 137 Vasodilator, 102, 111, 116, 124, 137 Vein, 101, 118, 124, 137 Venlafaxine, 20, 137 Venous, 15, 101, 129, 137, 138 Venous Thrombosis, 137, 138 Ventricle, 98, 129, 137 Ventricular, 114, 137

Index 147

Venules, 103, 104, 137 Vertebrae, 133, 137 Vertigo, 61, 70, 110, 121, 137, 138 Vestibular, 70, 137, 138 Vestibule, 137 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 117, 135, 137, 138 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 117, 135, 138 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 138 Viral, 6, 112, 138 Virus, 104, 138 Viscera, 122, 133, 138 Vitro, 138

Vivo, 138 Vocal cord, 5, 138 W Wakefulness, 109, 138 War, 128, 138 Warfarin, 42, 138 White blood cell, 99, 118, 119, 120, 124, 138 Withdrawal, 13, 19, 27, 42, 51, 52, 109, 125, 138 X X-ray, 107, 124, 138 Y Yeasts, 114, 127, 138

148 Clonazepam

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